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 THE 
 
 READER'S HANDBOOK 
 
 ALL US TONS, REFERENCES, PLOTS 
 AND STORIES 
 
 WITH TWO APPENDICES 
 
 BY THE REV. 
 
 
 E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D. 
 
 TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE 
 
 AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF PHRASE AND FAKLE " AND "GUIDE TO SCIENCF.. 
 
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 PHILADELPHIA 
 J - B . LIPPINCOTT & CO 
 
 1883 
 

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TO MY DAUGHTERS, 
 
 NELLIE AND AMY, 
 
 dfjis Falumc is Qctricateti 
 
 BY THEIB 
 
 AFFECTIONATE FATHER 
 
 i 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The object of this Handbook is to supply readers and speakers with a lucid, 
 but very brief account of such names as are used in allusions and references, 
 whether by poets or prose writers, — to furnish those who consult it with 
 the plot of popular dramas, the story of epic poems, and the outline of 
 well-known tales. Who has not asked what such and such a book is about ? 
 and who would not be glad to have his question answered correctly in a few 
 words ? When the title of a play is mentioned, who has not felt a desire to 
 know who was the author of it ? — for it seems a universal practice to allude 
 to the title of dramas without stating the author. And when reference is 
 made to some character, who has not wished to know something specific about 
 the person referred to? The object of this Handbook is to supply these 
 wants. Thus, it gives in a few lines the story of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, 
 of Virgil's Mneid, Lucan's Pharsalia, and the Thebaid of Statius ; of Dante's 
 Dioine Comedy, Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, and Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered ; 
 of Milton's Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained ; of Thomson's Seasons; 
 of Ossian's tales, the Nibelungen Lied of the German minnesingers, the 
 Bomance of the Pose, the Lusiad of Camoens, the Loves of Theagenes and 
 Charicleia by Heliodorus (fourth century), with the several story poems 
 of Chaucer, Gower, Piers Plowman, Hawes, Spenser, Drayton, Phineas 
 Fletcher, Prior, Goldsmith, Campbell, Southey, Byron, Scott, Moore, Tenny- 
 son, Longfellow, and so on. Far from limiting its scope to poets, the Hand- 
 book tells, with similar brevity, the stories of our national fairy tales and 
 romances, such novels as those by Charles Dickens, Vanity Fair by 
 Thackeray, the Basselas of Johnson, Gulliver's Travels by Swift, the 
 Sentimental Journey by Sterne, Bon Quixote and Gil Bias, Telemachus by 
 Fenelon, and Undine by De la Motte Fouque. Great pains have been 
 aken with the Arthurian stories, whether from sir T. Malory's collection or 
 rom the Mabinogion, because Tennyson has brought them to the front 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 in his Idylls of the King ; and the number of dramatic plots sketched out 
 is many hundreds. 
 
 Another striking and interesting feature of the book is the revelation of 
 the source from which dramatists and romancers have derived their stories, 
 and the strange repetitions of historic incidents. Compare, for example, the 
 stratagem of the wooden horse by which Troy was taken, with those of Abu 
 Obeidah in the siege of Arrestan, and that of the capture of Sark from the 
 French, p. 454. Compare, again, Dido's cutting the hide into strips, with 
 the story about the Yakutsks, p. 164 ; that of Pomulus and Kemus, with the 
 story of Tyro, p. 843 ; the Shibboleth of Scripture story, with those of the 
 "Sicilian Vespers," and of the Danes on St. Bryce's Day, p. 901; the story 
 of Pisistratos and his two sons, with that of Cosmo de Medici and his two 
 grandsons, p. 771 ; the death of Marcus Licinius Crassus, with that of 
 Manlius Nepos Aquilius, p. 392; and the famous " Douglas larder," with 
 the larder of Wallace at Ardrossan, p. 269. Witness the numerous tales 
 resembling that of William Tell and the apple, p. 980 ; of the Pied Piper ot 
 Hamelin, p. 766 : of Llewellyn and his dog Gelert, p. 369 ; of bishop Hatto 
 and the rats, p. 429 ; of Ulysses and Polyphemos, p. 1050 r and of lord Lovel's 
 bride, p. 571. Witness, again, the parallelisms of David in his flight from 
 Saul, and that of Mahomet from the Koreishites, p. 937 ; of Jephtha and his 
 daughter, and the tale of Idomeneus of Crete, or that of Agamemnon and 
 Iphigenia, p. 491 ; of Paris and Sextus, p. 895 ; Salome and Fulvia, p. 864 ; 
 St. Patrick preaching to king O'Neil, and St. Arced before the king of 
 Abyssinia, p. 738 ; with scores of others mentioned in this Handbook. 
 
 In the appendix are added two lists, which will be found of great use : 
 the first contains the date and author of the several dramatic works set 
 down ; and the second, the date of the divers poems or novels given under 
 their author's name. 
 
 To ensure accuracy, every work alluded to in this large volume has been 
 read personally by the author expressly for this Handbook, and since the 
 compilation was commenced ; for although, at the beginning, a few others 
 were employed for the sake of despatch', the author read over for himself, 
 while the sheets were passing through the press, the works put into their 
 hands. The very minute references to words and phrases, book and chapter, 
 act and scene, often to page and line, will be sufficient guarantee to the reader 
 that this assertion is not overstated. 
 
 The work is in a measure novel, and cannot fail to be useful. It is owned 
 that Charles Lamb hns told, and told well, the Tales of Shakespeare ; but 
 Charles Lamb has occupied more pages with each tale than the Handbook 
 has lines. It is also true that an "Argument" is generally attached to each 
 book of an epic story ; but the reading of these rhapsodies is like reading an 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 udex — few have patience to wade through, them, and fewer still obtain there- 
 
 om any clear idea of the spirit of the actors, or the progress of the story. 
 
 revity has been the aim of this Handbook, but clearness has not been 
 
 icrificed to terseness ; and it has been borne in mind throughout that it 
 
 is not enough to state, a fact, — it must be stated attractively, and the 
 
 character described must be drawn characteristically, if the reader is to 
 
 appreciate it, and feel an interest in what be reads. 
 
 It would be most unjust to conclude this preface without publicly 
 acknowledging the great obligation which the author owes to the printer's 
 reader while the sheets were passing through the press. He seems to have 
 entered into the very spirit of the book; his judgment has been sound, his 
 queries have been intelligent, his suggestions invaluable, and even some of 
 the articles were supplied by him. 
 
 Those verses introduced but not signed, or signed with initials only, are by the author of the 
 Handbook. They are the Stornello Verses, p. 948; Nones and Ides, p. G89 ; the Seven Wise Men, 
 p. 894; the Seven Wonders of the World, p. 894; and the following translations: — Lucau's "Ser- 
 pents," p. 759; "Veni Wakefield peramamum," p. 373; specimen of Tyrtaeos, p. 1047 ; " Vos non 
 vobis,"p. 1075; "Roid'Yvelot," p. 1126; "Non amo te," p. 1120; Marot's epigram, p. 509; epigram 
 on a violin, p. 1070 ; epigram on the Fair Rosamond, p. 844 ; the I leidclberg tun, p. 1010; Dismas and 
 Gesmas, pp. 248, 375; "Roger Bonteraps," p. 839 ; " Le bon roi Dagobert," p. GTS ; "Pauvre Jacques," 
 p. 741 ; Virgil's epitaph, p. 1070; "Cunctis mare," p. 874; "Ni fallal fatum," p. 879; St. Elmo. 
 p. 859 ; Baviad, etc., pp. 85, 591 ; several oracular responses (sec Pbomiect, p. 795 ; Woodkn 
 Walls, p. 1117; etc); and many others. The chief object of this note is to prevent any useless 
 learch after these trifles. 
 
WAR DEPABTMBUl 
 LIBRARY, i 
 
 Sept. 6, 1887. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE VOLUME. 
 
 Animals admitted into paradise, p. 983 ; animals with human speech, p. 1073. 
 
 Athens, the violet-crowned city, p. 1070. 
 
 Authors and dates of dramas, operas, and oratorios, Appendix I. 
 
 Children of precocious genius, p. 789 ; calculating boys, p. 149. 
 
 Curiosities connected with dates, dynasties, names, and letters (see M). 
 
 Dates of poems, novels, tales, and so on, of our best authors, Appendix II 
 
 Death by wild horses, p. 1102 ; death from strange causes, p. 242. 
 
 Dying words of historic characters, p. 282. 
 
 Elastic tents, ships, horses, and carpets, p. 983. 
 
 End of the world, p. 1118 ; an endless tale, p. 515, col. 2, Last art. 
 
 Errors of references and illustrations, pp. 301-7 ; anachronisms, p. 34 ; etc. 
 
 Examinations, stock books and pieces for, p. 1009. 
 
 Foote's farrago of nonsense, p. 727 ; " An Austrian army . . ." p. 719 ; Tom 
 Tusser's T totals, p. 968; Storneilo Verses, p. 948; "The cipher you 
 sigh fof," p. 190. 
 
 Harmonious blacksmith, who, and where he lived, p. 1096. 
 
 Historical, legendary, dramatic, and other parallels. 
 
 Kings of Ireland, p. 1049, art. Ulster ; kings of England, p. 517 ; kings of 
 France, p. 518 ; surnames of kings, pp. 511-15. (See Sovereigns.) 
 
 Legends, such as " The Devil's Dyke," Brighton, p. 249 ; the " Jackdaw of 
 Rheims," p. 826 ; the sinner saved, p. 915 ; and many others. 
 
 Lists of bogie names, p. 675 ; of noted diamonds and nuggets, dwarfs and 
 giants, fools and jesters ; favourites of great men, p. 573 ; improvisators ; 
 kings with character names, pp. 511-15 ; knights ; literary impostors, 
 pp. 469-70 ; of lives exceeding 100 years, p. 564 ; of lord mayors who have 
 founded noble houses, p. 626 ; of medical quacks, pp. 804-6 ; of the 
 oaths of great men, relics, revolutionary songs, ring posies, runners, 
 the sagas ; instances of spontaneous combustion, p. 938 ; water standards, 
 pp. 941; strong men, pp. 949-50; the ill-fated Stuarts, p. 950; sum- 
 monses to death, p. 954 ; famous swimmers, p. 964 ; United States of 
 America, p. 30 ; warning-givers, pp. 1082-87 ; etc. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Marriage a civil contract in Shakespeare's time (see Vincentio, p. 1068). 
 
 Men with tails, p. 969 ; men turned to wolves, p. 1114. 
 
 Miracle-workers or Thaumaturgi, p. 988. 
 
 Musical instruments which played at a bidding, p. 979. 
 
 Names and characters of dramas, novels, tales, romances, epic poems, etc. . ' 
 
 Nine tailors make a man, p. 970. 
 
 Numbers associated with great names : as September 3 with Cromwell, p. 
 222 ; number 2 with Napoleon, p. 677 ; number 7 with Rienzi, p. 892 ; 
 number 88 with the Stuarts, p. 951 ; number 2 unlucky in the English 
 dynasties, p. 1045 ; number 3, pp. 997-99. 
 
 Omens of evil averted, p. 1034. 
 
 Painters and sculptors who have rivalled nature, p. 721 ; characteristics of 
 noted artists, pp. 721-22. 
 
 Parallel tales : as Perrette and her milk-pail, p. 753 ; Scogan's jest, p. 878 ; 
 the " House that Jack built," p. 456 ; Parnell's Hermit, p. 440 ; Wolsey's 
 remark, " Had I but served my God . . ." p. 891 ; Shylock and Samp- 
 son Ceneda, p. 907 ; sir Philip Sidney at Zutphen, Alexander, and David, 
 p. 908 ; Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves and Tycho in German " history," 
 p. 1046 ; Don Quixote and the flock of sheep, p. 901 ; William Tell and 
 the apple, p. 980 ; Trajan, Hadrian, and Philip, with importunate 
 women, 1022 ; and scores of others. 
 
 Pests, the use of, p. 1054. 
 
 Plots of plays, the stories of epic poems, ballads, and other tales in verse and 
 prose. Travellers' tales, p. 1023 ; the romance of famous pictures : as 
 Hogarth's " Undertakers' Arms," p. 606 ; Doyle's immortal " Punch and 
 Toby," p. 1012 ; and many others. 
 
 Poets, p. 778 ; cluster poets, p. 775 ; cyclic poets, p. 230. 
 
 Pseudonyms, epinyms, nicknames, titular surnames, names of similitude, 
 initialisms, pet names given to French kings (p. 518), etc. 
 
 Saints who are patrons of diseases, places, and trades, pp. 860-62. 
 
 Science, heresy of, p. 438 ; men of science persecuted, p. 11 LI. 
 
 Sex changed, p. 1115. 
 
 Sleepers or men not dead, but only biding their time, pp. 919-29. 
 
 Slo-Fair, Chichester, p. 922. 
 
 Snap, Norwich ; another at Metz, p. 925. 
 
 Snow Kings, p. 927 ; White King, p. 1098 ; White Queen, p. 806. 
 Sovereigns of England, their titles and superscriptions, p. 849 ; the days of 
 their death, p. 933 ; the fatality of three successors, p. 517 ; Saturday 
 not a fatal day, pp. 871 and 933 ; etc. (See Kings.) 
 Speech possessed by dumb animals, p. 1073; given to conceal thought, p. 936. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Stimulants used by public actors and orators, p. 946. 
 
 Stock Exchange nicknames, p. 946. 
 
 Street nomenclature. 
 
 Striking lines of noted authors, and sayings of great men. 
 
 Superstitions and traditions about animals, precious stones, etc., pp. 955-01. 
 
 Thieves screened by kings, p. 992 ; thieves of historic note, pp. 993-94 ; the 
 
 penitent and impenitent, 248. 
 The Times newspaper, p. 1006. 
 
 The twelve Table Knights; twelve Paladins ; twelve Wise Masters ; etc. 
 Three a sacred number, pp. 997-99. 
 
 Thirteen precious things, p. 994 ; thirteen unlucky, p. 995. 
 Titles and superscriptions of the popes, p. 785. 
 Toad with an E, p. 1012. 
 Touching for the king's evil, p. 1019. 
 Transformations, p. 1023. 
 Trees noted for specific virtues and uses, pp. 1025-31 ; largest in the world, 
 
 p. 1025. 
 Unlucky possessions, p. 1052. 
 
 Vicarious punishment (art. Zeleucus), p. 1129 ; whipping boys, p. 1096. 
 Vulnerable parts of different heroes, p. 1076 ; invulnerability, p. 474. 
 Warning-givers, pp. 1082-87. 
 Waste time utilized, p. 1088. 
 Welsh Triads, pp. 999-1001. 
 Wind sold, p. 1108. 
 Wines named from their effects, p. 1109 ; three-men wine, p. 1109 ; the 
 
 rascal who drank wine out of a boot, p. 1040 (see Tun). 
 Women changed to men; made of flowers; the nine worthy; abandoned 
 
 women, p. 1115. 
 Wooden horse of Troy and parallel stories, p. 1117. 
 Wisdom honoured, p. 1110; wisdom persecuted, p. 1111. 
 
 When no vage is added, look under the word with a canital initial 
 
RECEIVED. ** 
 
 THE READER'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 A. 
 
 AARON, a Moor, beloved by Tam'- 
 ora, queen of the Goths, in the tragedy 
 of Titus Andron'icus, published amongst 
 the plays of Shakespeare (1593). 
 
 (The classic name is Andronlcus, but 
 the character of this play is purely 
 fictitious.) 
 
 Aaron (St.), a British martyr of the 
 City of Legions (Newport, in South 
 Wales). He was torn limb from limb by 
 order of Maximian'us Hercu'lius, general 
 in Britain, of the army of Diocle'tian. 
 Two churches were founded in the City of 
 Legions, one in honour of St. Aaron and 
 one in honour of his fellow-martyr, St. 
 Julius. Newport was called Caerleon by 
 the British. 
 
 . . . two others . . . sealed their doctrine with their Wood ; 
 St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room 
 At Carleon, suffering death by Diocletian's doom. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Aaz'iz (BsyL), so the queen of Sheba 
 or Saba is sometimes called ; but in the 
 Koran she is called Balkis (ch.. xxvii.). 
 
 Abad'don, an angel of the bottomless 
 pit [Rev. ix. 11). The word is derived from 
 the Hebrew, abad, "lost," and means the 
 lost one, There are two other angels intro- 
 duced by Klopstock in The Messiah with 
 similar names, but must not be con- 
 founded with the angel referred to in 
 Rev.; one is Obaddon, the angel of death, 
 and the other Abbad'ona, the repentant 
 devil. 
 
 Ab'aris, to whom Apollo gave a 
 golden arrow, on -which to ride through 
 the air. — See Dictionary of Phrase ana, 
 • 
 
 Abbad'ona, once the friend of Ab'- 
 dicl, was drawn into the rebellion of 
 barf unwillingly. In hell he con- 
 bewailed his" fall, and reproved 
 Satan for his pride and blasphemv. He 
 1 
 
 openly declared to the infernals that he 
 would take no part or lot in Satan's 
 scheme for the death of the Messiah, and 
 during the crucifixion lingered about the 
 cross with repentance, hope, and fear. 
 His ultimate fate we are not told, but 
 when Satan and Adramelech are driven 
 back to hell, Obaddon, the angel of death, 
 says — 
 
 " For thee, Abbadona, I have no orders. How long 
 thou art permitted to remain on earth I know not, nor 
 whether thou wilt be allowed to see the resurrection of 
 the Lord of glory . . . but be not deceived, thou canst; 
 not view Him with the joy of the redeemed." " Yet let 
 me see Him, let me see Him ! "— Klopstock, The Messiah,, 
 xiii. 
 
 Abberville (Lord), a young noble- 
 man, 23 years of age, who has for 
 travelling tutor a Welshman of 65, called 
 Dr. Druid, an antiquary, wholly igno- 
 rant of his real duties as a guide of youth. 
 The young man runs wantonly wild, 
 squanders his money, and gives loose to 
 his passions almost to the verge of ruin, 
 but he is arrested and reclaimed by his 
 honest Scotch bailiff or financier, and the 
 vigilance of his father's executor, Mr. 
 Mortimer. This "fashionable lover" 
 promises marriage to a vulgar, malicious 
 city minx named Lucinda Bridgemore, 
 but is saved from this pitfall also. — Cum- 
 berland, The Fashionable Lover (1780). 
 
 Abdal-azis, the Moorish governor 
 of Spain after the overthrow of king 
 Roderick. When the Moor assumed 
 regal state and affected Gothic sovereignty, 
 his subjects were so offended that they 
 revolted and murdered him. He married 
 Egilona, formerly the wife of Roderick. — 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xxii. (1814). 
 
 Ab'dalaz'iz (Omar ben), a caliph 
 raised to " Mahomet's bosom" in reward 
 of bis great abstinence and self-denial. — 
 Herbelot, 690. 
 
 He was by no means scrupulous ; nor did he think 
 with the caliph Omar ben Abdalaziz that it was neces- 
 sary to make a hell of this world to enjoy paradise in th« 
 next.— W. Beckford, l'athek (1786). 
 
ABDALDAR. 
 
 ABSOLON. 
 
 Abdal'dar, one of the magicians in 
 the Donidaniel cav< ms, " under the roots 
 of the ocean." These spirits -were destined 
 to be destroyed by one of the race of 
 Hodei'rah (3 syl.), so they persecuted 
 the race even to death. Only one 
 survived, named Thal'aba, and Abdaldar 
 ■was appointed by lot to find him out and 
 kill him. He discovered the stripling in 
 an Arab's tent, and while in prayer was 
 about to stab him to the heart with a 
 dagger, when the angel of death breathed 
 on him, and he fell dead with the dagger 
 in his hand. Thalaba drew from the 
 magician's finger a ring which gave him 
 command over the spirits. — Southey, 
 Thalaba the Destroyer, ii. iii. (1797). 
 
 Abdalla, one of sir Brian de Bois 
 G-uilbert's slaves. — Sir W. Scott, Icanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Abdal'lah, brother and predecessor of 
 Giaf'fer (2 syl.), pacha of Aby'dos. He 
 was murdered by the pacha. — Byron, 
 Bride of Abydos. 
 
 Abdal'lah el Hadgi, Saladin's en- 
 vov. — Sir TV. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Abdals or Santons, a class of re- 
 ligionists who pretend to be inspired 
 with the most ravishing raptures of 
 divine love. Regarded with great vene- 
 ration by the vulgar. — Olearius, i. 971. 
 
 Abde'rian Laughter, scoffing 
 laughter, so called from Abdera, the 
 birthplace of Democ'ritus, the scoffing or 
 laughing philosopher. 
 
 Ab'diel, the faithful seraph who 
 withstood Satan when he urged those 
 under him to revolt. 
 
 . . . the seraph Abdiel. faithful found 
 Among the faithless ; faithful only he 
 Among innumerable false; unmoved, 
 Onshaken, unseduced, unterrified. 
 His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, v. 89C, etc. (1665). 
 
 Abensberg (Count), the father of 
 thirty-two children. When Heinrich II. 
 made his progress through Germany, and 
 other courtiers presented their offerings, 
 the count brought forward his thirty-two 
 children, "as the most valuable offering 
 he could make to his king and country." 
 
 Abes'sa, the impersonation of abbeys 
 and convents in Spenser's Faery Queen, 
 i. 3. She is the paramour of Kirk- 
 rapine, who used to rob churches and 
 poor-boxes, and bring his plunder to 
 Abessa, daughter of Corceca (Blindness 
 of Heart). 
 
 Abney, called Young Abney, the 
 friend of colonel Albert Lee, a royalist. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, the Com- 
 monwealth). 
 
 Abon Hassan, a young merchant of 
 Bagdad, and hero of the tale called " The 
 Sleeper Awakened," in the Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments. While Abon Hassan 
 is asleep he is conveyed to the palace of 
 Haroun-al-Raschid, and the attendants 
 are ordered to do everything they can to 
 make him fancy himself the caliph. He 
 subsequently becomes the caliph's chief 
 favourite. 
 
 Shakespeare, in the induction of 
 Taming of the Shrew, befools " Chris- 
 topher Sly " in a similar way, but Sly 
 thinks it was " nothing but a dream." 
 
 Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy, on 
 his marriage with Eleonora, tried' the 
 same trick. — Burton, Anatomy of Melan- 
 choly, ii. 2, 4. 
 
 Abra, the most beloved of Solomon's 
 concubines. 
 
 Fruits their odour lost and meats their taste, 
 If gentle Abra had not detked the foast ; 
 Dishonoured did the sparkling goblet stand, 
 Unless received from gentle Abra's hand ; . . . 
 Nor could my soul approve the music's tone 
 Till all was hushed, and Abra sang alone. 
 
 M. Prior, Solomon (1664-1721). 
 
 Ab'radas, the great Macedonian 
 pirate. 
 
 Ahradas, the great Macedonian pirat, thought every 
 one had a letter of mart that bare sayles in the ocean. — 
 Greene, Penelope's Web (1601). 
 
 A'braham's Offering (Gen. xxii.). 
 Abraham at the command of God laid his 
 only son Isaac upon an altar to sacrifice 
 him to Jehovah, when his hand was stayed 
 and a ram substituted for Isaac. 
 
 So Agamemnon at Aulis Avas about to 
 offer up his daughter Iphigeni'a at the 
 command of Artemis (Diana), when 
 Artemis carried her off in a cloud and 
 substituted a stag instead. 
 
 Abroc'omas, the lover of An'thia in 
 the Greek romance of Ephesi'aca, by 
 Xenophon of Ephesus (not the historian). 
 
 Ab'salom, in Dryden's Absalom and 
 Achitophel, is meant for the duke of 
 Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. 
 (David). Like Absalom, the duke was 
 handsome ; like Absalom, he was loved 
 and rebellious; and like Abfenlom, bis 
 rebellion ended in his death (1649-1685). 
 
 Ab'solon, a priggish par 
 Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. His hair 
 was curled, his shoes slashe 
 red. He could let blood, put hair, and 
 
ABSOLUTE. 
 
 ACHILLES. 
 
 shave, could dance, and play either on 
 the ribible or the gittern. This gay spark 
 paid his addresses to Mistress Alison, the 
 young wife of John, a rich but aged car- 
 penter ; but Alison herself loved a poor 
 scholar named Nicholas, a lodger in the 
 house.— The Miller's Tale (1388). 
 
 Absolute (Stir Anthony), a testy, but 
 warm-hearted old gentleman, who ima- 
 gines that he possesses a most angelic 
 temper, and when he quarrels with his son, 
 the captain fancies it is the son who is 
 out of temper, and not himself. Smol- 
 lett's ''Matthew Bramble" evidently sug- 
 gested this character. William Dowton 
 (1764-1851) was the best actor of this 
 part. 
 
 Captain Absolute, son of sir Anthony, in 
 love with Lydia Languish, the heiress, to 
 whom he is known only as ensign Bever- 
 ley. Bob Acres, his neighbour, is his 
 rival, and sends a challenge to the un- 
 known ensign ; but when he finds that 
 ensign Beverley is captain Absolute, he 
 declines to fight, and resigns all further 
 claim to the lady's hand. — Sheridan, The 
 Rivals (1775). 
 
 When you saw Jack Palmers in " captain Absolute," you 
 thought you could trace his promotion to some lady of 
 quality, who fancied the handsome fellow in his top-knot, 
 and had bought hiui a commission.— Charles Lamb. 
 
 Abu'dah, in the Tales of the Genii, by 
 H. Ridley, is a Avealthy merchant of Bag- 
 dad, who goes in quest of the talisman of 
 Oroma'nes, which he is driven to seek by 
 a little old hag, who haunts him every 
 night and makes his life wretched. He 
 rinds at last that the talisman which is to 
 free him of this hag [conscience'] is to 
 "fear God and keep His command- 
 ments." 
 
 Abu'dah, in the drama called The Siege 
 of Damascus, by John Hughes (1720), is 
 the next in command to Caled in the 
 Arabian army set down before Damascus. 
 Though undoubtedly brave, he prefers 
 peace to war ; and when, at the death of 
 Caled, he succeeds to the chief command, 
 he makes peace with the Syrians on 
 honourable terms. 
 
 Acade'nms, an Attic hero, whose 
 garden was selected by Plato for the place 
 of his lectures. Hence his disciples were 
 called the "Academic sect." 
 
 The green retreats of Academus. 
 /" Akeuside, Pleasures of Imagination, L 
 
 Aca'dia (i.e. Nova Scotia), so called 
 by the French from the river [Shuberi]- 
 acadie. In 1621 Acadia was given to sir 
 William Alexander, and its name changed ; 
 
 and in 1755 the old French settlers wer.i 
 driven into exile by George II. Long- 
 fellow has made this the subject of a poem 
 in hexameter verse, called Evan'geline 
 (4 syl.). 
 
 Acas'to (Lord), father of Seri'no, 
 Casta'lio, and Polydore ; and guardian of 
 Monimia "the orphan." He lived to see 
 the death of his sons and his ward. 
 Polydore ran on his brother's s"word, Cas- 
 talio stabbed himself, and Monimia took 
 poison. — Otway, The Orphan (1680). 
 
 Accidente! (4 syl.), a ourse and 
 oath much used in Italy. 
 
 Accidente ! cequi veut dire en bon f cais : Puis-tu 
 mourir d'accident, sans confession arune.— lions. 
 About, Tolla fa tale). 
 
 Aces'tes (3 syl.). In a rial of skill 
 Acestes,the Sicilian, discha- -,ed his arrow 
 with such force that it took fire from the 
 friction of the air. — The JEneid, Bk. V. 
 
 Like Acestes' shaft of old, 
 The swift thought kindles as it flies. 
 
 Longfellow, To a Child. 
 
 Achates [A-ka'-teze~], called by Virgil 
 " fidus Achates." The name has become a 
 synonym for a bosom friend, a crony, but 
 is generally used laughingly.- TheJEneid. 
 
 He, like Achates, faithful to the tomb._ 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 159. 
 
 Acher'ia, the fox, went partnership 
 with a bear in a bowl of milk. Before 
 the bear arrived, the fox skimmed off the 
 cream and drank the milk ; then, filling 
 the bowl with mud, replaced the cream 
 atop. Says the fox, " Here is the bowl ; 
 one shall have the cream, and the other 
 all the rest : choose, friend, which you 
 like." The bear told the fox to take the 
 cream, and thus bruin had only the mud. 
 — A Basque Tale. 
 
 A similar tale occurs in Campbell's 
 Popular Talesof the West Highlands (in. 08), 
 called "The Keg of Butter." The wolf 
 chooses the bottom when " oats" were the 
 object of choice, and the top when "pota- 
 toes " were the sowing. 
 
 Rabelais tells the same tale about a 
 farmer and the devil. Each was to have 
 on alternate years what grew under and 
 over the soil. The farmer sowed turnips 
 and carrots when the undersoil produce 
 came to his lot, and barley or wheat when 
 his turn was the over-soil produce. 
 
 Ac'heron, the " River of Grief," and 
 one of the five rivers of hell ; hell itself. 
 (Greek, a X o<: pe<a, " I flow with grief.") 
 
 Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 578 (1G65). 
 
 Achilles (3 syl.), the hero of the 
 
ACHILLES' HEEL. 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 allied Greek army in the siege of troy, 
 and king of the Myr'midons. — See Dic- 
 tionary of Phrase and Fable. 
 
 The English Achilles, John Talbot, first 
 earl of Shrewsbury (1373-1453). 
 
 The duke of Wellington is so called 
 sometimes, and is represented by a statue 
 of Achilles of gigantic size in Hyde 
 Park, London, close to Apsley House 
 (1769-1852). 
 
 The Achilles of Germany, Albert, elec- 
 tor of Brandenburg (1414-1486). 
 
 Achilles of Rome, Sicin'ius Denta'tus 
 (put to death b.c. 450). 
 
 Achilles' Heel, the vulnerable part. 
 It is said that when Thetis dipped her son 
 in the river Styx to make him invulner- 
 able, she held him by the heel, and the 
 part covered by her hand Avas the only 
 part not washed by the water. This is a 
 post-Homeric story. 
 
 [Hanover] is the Achillea' heel to invulnerable England. 
 — Carlyle. 
 
 (Sometimes Ireland is called the Achil- 
 les' heel of England.) 
 
 *** Similarly, the only vulnerable part 
 of Orlando was the sole of his foot, and 
 hence when Bernardo del Carpio assailed 
 him at Boncesvalles, and found that he 
 could not wound him, he lifted him up in 
 his arms and squeezed him to death, as 
 Hercules did Antaa'os. 
 
 Achilles' Spear. Telephus tried to 
 stop the march of the Greek army on its 
 way to Troy, and received a wound from 
 Achilles, the oracle told him as "Achil- 
 les gave the wound, only Achilles could 
 cure it." "Whereupon telephus went to 
 the tcut of the hero, and was cured, some 
 say by a herb called "Achilles," and 
 'others say by an emplastrium of rust 
 scraped from the spear. Hence it was 
 said that "Achilles' spear could both hurt 
 and heal." — Plin. xxv. 5. 
 
 Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear. 
 Is able with the change to kill or cure. 
 
 Shakespeare, a Henry VI. act v. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 Achit'ophel, "Him who drew Achit- 
 ophel," Dryden, author of the famous 
 political satire of Absalom and Achit- 
 ophel. " David" is Charles II. ; his rebel- 
 lious son "Absalom" is the king's natural 
 son, the handsome but rebellious James 
 duke of Monmouth; and " Achitophel." 
 the traitorous counsellor, is the earl of 
 Shaftesbury, "for close designs and 
 crooked counsels fit." 
 
 Can sneer at him who drew Achitophel. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 100. 
 There is a portrait of the first earl of Shaftesbury 
 (r rydcn's "Achitophel "J as lord chancellor of England, clad 
 
 in ash-coloured robes, because he had never been culled CO 
 
 the bar.— E. Yates, Celebrities, xviii. 
 
 Acida'lia, a fountain in Bceo'tia, sacred 
 to Venus. The Graces used to bathe 
 therein. Venus was called Acidalia (Vir- 
 gil, JEneid, i. 720). 
 
 After she weary was 
 With bathing in the Acidalian brook. 
 
 Spenser, Epithalamion (1595). 
 
 A'cis, a Sicilian shepherd, loved by the 
 nymph Galate'a. The monster Poly- 
 pheny (3 syl.), a Cyclops, was his rival, 
 and crushed him under a huge rock. The 
 blood of Acis was changed into a river of 
 the same name at the foot of mount Etna. 
 
 Not such a pipe, good reader, as that which Acis did 
 sweetly tune in praise of his Galatea, but one of true 
 Delft manufacture. — W. Irving. 
 
 Ack'land (Sir Thomas), a royalist. — 
 Sir "W. Scott, Woodstock (time, the Com-' 
 monwealth). 
 
 Ac'oe (3 syl.), " hearing," in the New 
 Testament sense (Rom. x. 17), "Faith 
 cometh by hearing." The nurse of Fido 
 [faith]. * Her daughter is Meditation. 
 (Greek, akoe, "hearing.") 
 
 With him [Faith] his nurse went, careful Awe", 
 AV hose hands first from his mother's womb did take 
 him. 
 And ever since have fostered tenderly. 
 
 Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, ix. (1C33). 
 
 Acras'ia, Intemperance personified. 
 Spenser says she is an enchantress living 
 in the " Bower of Bliss," in " Wandering 
 Island." She had the power of trans- 
 forming her lovers into monstrous shapes ; 
 but sir Guy on (temperance), having caught 
 her in a net and bound her, broke down 
 her boAver and burnt it to ashes. — Faery 
 Queen, ii. 12 (1590). 
 
 Acra'tes (3 syl.), Incontinence per- 
 sonified in The Purple Island, by Phineas 
 Fletcher. He had two sons (twins) by 
 Caro, viz., Methos (drunkenness) and 
 Glutton}'-, both fully described in canto 
 vii. (Greek, akrdtes, "incontinent.") 
 
 Acra'tes (Zsyl.), Incontinence personified 
 in The Faery Queen, by Spenser. He is 
 the father of Cvmoch'les and Pyroch'les. 
 — Bk. ii. 4 (1590). 
 
 Acres (Bob), a country gentleman, 
 the rival of ensign Beverley, alias captain 
 Absolute, for the hand and heart of Lydia 
 Languish, the heiress. He tries to ape 
 the man of fashion, gets himself up as a 
 loud swell, and uses " sentimental oaths," 
 i.e. oaths bearing on the subject. Thus 
 if duels are spoken of he says, ods triggers 
 and flints ; if clothes, ods frogs and tam- 
 bours ; if music, ods minnums [minims] and 
 crotchets : ii ladies, ods blushes and blooms. 
 
ACR1SIUS. 
 
 ADAM. 
 
 This Tie learnt from a militia officer, who 
 told him the ancients swore by Jove, 
 Bacchus, Mars, Venus, Minerva, etc., 
 according to the sentiment. Bob Acres 
 is a great blusterer, and talks big of his 
 daring, but when put to the push " his 
 courage always oozed out of his fingers' 
 ends." J. Quick was the original Bob 
 Acres. — Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 
 
 As thro' his palms Hob A cres' valour oozed, 
 So Juan's virtue ebbed, I know not how. 
 
 Byron, Bon Juan. 
 
 Aeris'ius, father of Dan'ae. An 
 oracle declared that Danae Avould give 
 birth to a son who would kill him, so 
 Acrisius kept his daughter shut up in an 
 apartment under ground, or (as some say) 
 in a brazen tower. Here she became the 
 mother of Per'seu^ (2 syl.), by Jupiter in 
 the form of a shower of gold. The king 
 of Argos now ordered his daughter and 
 her infant to be put into a chest, and 
 cast adrift on the sea, but they were 
 rescued by Dictys, a fisherman. When 
 grown to manhood, Perseus accidentally 
 struck the foot of Acrisius with a quoit, 
 and the blow caused his death. This tale 
 is told by Mr. Morris in The Earthly 
 Paradise (April). 
 
 Actse'on, a hunter, changed by Diana 
 into a stag. A synonym for a cuckold. 
 
 Divulge Pago himself for a secure and wilful Actceon 
 [cuckold). 
 Shakespeare, ilerry Wives, etc., act iii. sc. 2 (lo96). 
 
 Aete'a, a female slave faithful to Nero 
 in his fall. It was this het;era who 
 wrapped the dead body in cerements, and 
 saw it decently interred. 
 
 This Actea was beautiful. She was seated on the 
 ground ; the head of Nero was on her lap, his naked body 
 was stretched on those winding-sheets in which she was 
 ahout to fold him, to lay liiin in his grave upon the garden 
 hill.— Ouida, Ariadnd, i. 7. 
 
 Ac'tius Sinee'rus, the nom de plume 
 of the Italian poet Sannazaro, called 
 " The Christian Virgil " (H58-1530). 
 
 Actors and Actresses. The last 
 male actor that took a woman's character 
 on the stage was Edward Kvnaston, noted 
 for his beauty (1619-1687). The first 
 female actor for nire was Mrs. Saunder- 
 son, afterwards Mrs. Betterton, who died 
 in 1712. 
 
 Ad, Ad'ites (2 syl.). Ad is a tribe 
 descended from Ad, son of 13 z, son of 
 Irem, son of Shem, son of Noah. The 
 tribe, at the Confusion of Babel, went 
 and settled on Al-Ahkaf [the Winding 
 Sands'], in the province of Hadramaut. 
 Shedad was their first king, but in conse- 
 quence of his pride, both he and all the 
 
 tribe perished, either from drought 0/ 
 the Sarsar (an icy wind). — Sale's Koran, 1. 
 
 Woe, woe, to Irem I Woe to Ad I 
 Death is gone up into her palaces ! . . . 
 They fell around me. Thousands fell around. 
 
 The king and all his people fell ; 
 
 All, ail, they periihed all. 
 
 Southey, Talaba the Destroyer, i. 41, 45 (1797). 
 
 A'dah, w T ife of Cain. After Cain had 
 been conducted by Lucifer through the 
 realms of space, he is restored to the homo 
 of his wife and child, where all is beauty, 
 gentleness, and -love. Full of faith and 
 fervent in gratitude, Adah loves her infant 
 with a sublime maternal affection. She 
 sees him sleeping, and says to Cain- 
 How lovely he appears ! His little cheeks 
 In their pure incarnation, vying with 
 The rose leaves strewn beneath them. 
 And his lips, too. 
 
 How beautifully parted ! No ; you shall not 
 Kiss him ; at least not now. He will awake soon— 
 His hour of midday rest is nearly over. 
 
 Byron, Cain. 
 
 Adam. In Greek this word is com- 
 pounded of the four initial letters of the 
 cardinal quarters : 
 
 Arktos, . apKTos . north. 
 Dusis, . A i-<rtv . west. 
 Anatole, . uva-roXi'; . east. 
 Mesembria, ^co-hm/V" south. 
 
 The Hebrew word ADM forms the ana- 
 gram of A [dam], D[avid], M[essiah]. 
 
 Adam, how made. God created the body 
 of Adam of Salzal, i.e. dry, unbaked 
 clay, and left it forty nights without a 
 soul. The clay was. collected by Azarael 
 from the four quarters of the earth, and 
 God, to show His approval of Azarael'a 
 choice, constituted him the angel of 
 death. — Babadan. 
 
 Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. After the 
 fall Adam was placed on mount Vassem 
 in the east ; Eve was banished to Djidda 
 (now Gedda, on the Arabian coast) ; and 
 the Serpent was exiled to the coast of 
 Eblehh. 
 
 After the lapse of 100 years Adam 
 rejoined Eve on mount Arafaith [jAace 
 of Remembra nee], near Mecca. — D'Ohsson. 
 
 Death of Adam. Adam died on Friday, 
 April 7, at the age of 930 years. 
 Michael swaithed his body, and Gabriel 
 discharged the funeral rites. The body 
 was buried at Ghar'ul-Kenz [the grotto of 
 treasure], which overlooks Mecca. 
 
 His descendants at death amounted to 
 40,000 souls.— D'Ohsson. 
 
 When Noah entered the ark (the same writer says) he 
 took the body of Adam in a coffin with him, aim when lit 
 left the ark restored it to the place he had token it from. 
 
 Adam, a bailiff, a jailor. 
 
 Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but that Adam 
 that keeps the prison. — Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors 
 act iv. sc. 3 (1593). 
 
ADAM. 
 
 ADICIA. 
 
 Adam, a faithful retainer in the family 
 of sir Rowland de Boys. At the age of 
 four score, he voluntarily accompanied 
 his young master Orlando into exile, and 
 offered to give him his little savings. He 
 has given birth to the phrase, "A faithful 
 Adam" [or man-servant] . — Shakespeare, 
 As You Like It (1598). 
 
 Adam's Ale, water. 
 
 Adam's Profession, tillage, gar- 
 dening. 
 
 When Adam delved and Eve span. 
 Who was then the gentleman ? 
 
 Ray's Proverbs. 
 There is no ancient gentleman but gardeners, ditchers, 
 and grave-makers ; they hold up Adam's profession. — 
 Shakespeare, Hamlet, act v. sc. 1 (15U6). 
 
 Adam Bell, a northern outlaw, noted 
 for his archery. The name, like those of 
 Clym of theClougb, William of Cloudesly, 
 Robin Hood, and Little John, is synony- 
 mous with a good archer. 
 
 Adamas or Adamant, the mineral 
 called corun'dum, and sometimes the dia- 
 mond, one of thehardest substances known. 
 
 Albrecht was as firm as Adamas. — Schmidt, Germ. 
 Hist, (translated). 
 
 Adamastor, the Spirit of the Cape, 
 a hideous phantom, of unearthly pallor, 
 "erect his hair uprose of withered red, 
 his lips were black, his teeth blue and 
 disjointed, his beard haggard, his face 
 scarred by lightning, his eyes shot livid 
 fire, his voice roared." The sailors 
 trembled at sight of him, and the fiend 
 demanded how they dared to trespass 
 " where never hero braved his rage be- 
 fore V " He then told them " that every 
 year the shipwrecked should be made to 
 deplore their foolhardiness." — Camoens, 
 The Lusiad, v. (15G9). 
 
 Adam'ida, a planet on which reside 
 the unborn spirits of saints, martyrs, and 
 believers. U'riel, the angel of the sun, 
 was ordered at the crucifixion to interpose 
 this planet between the sun and the earth, 
 so as to produce a total eclipse. 
 
 Adamida, in obedience to the divine command, flew 
 amidst overwhelming storms, rushing clouds, falling 
 mountains, and swelling seas. Uriel stood on the pole 
 of the star, but so lost in deep contemplation on Golgotha, 
 that he heard not the wild uproar. On coming to the 
 region of the sun, Adamida slackened her course, and ad- 
 vancing before the sun, covered its face and intercepted 
 all its rays.— Klopstock, The Messiah, viiL (1771). 
 
 Adams (John), one of the mutineers 
 of the Bounty (1790), who settled in 
 Tahiti. In 1814 he was discovered as 
 the patriarch of a colony, brought up 
 with a high sense of religion and strict 
 regard to morals. In 1839 the colony 
 was voluntarily placed under the pro- 
 tection of the British Government. 
 
 Adams (Parson), the beau-ideal of a 
 simple-minded, benevolent, but eccentric 
 country clergyman, of unswerving in- 
 tegrity, solid learning, and genuine piety ; 
 bold as a lion in the cause of truth, but 
 modest as a girl in all personal matters ; 
 wholly ignorant of the world, being "mi 
 it but not of it." — Fielding, Joseph An- 
 drews (1742). 
 
 His learning, his simplicity, his evangelical purity of 
 mind f.re so admirably mingled with pedantry, absence 
 of mind, and the habit of athletic . . . exercises . . . that 
 he may be safely termed one of the richest productions of 
 the muse of fiction. Like don Quixote, parson Adams is 
 beaten a little too much and too often, but the cudgel lights 
 upon his shoulders . . . without the slightest stain to his 
 reputation. — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Adder (deaf). It is said in fible 
 that the adder, to prevent hearing the 
 voice of a charmer, lays one ear on the 
 ground and sticks his tail into the other. 
 
 . . . when man wolde him enchante, 
 He leyeth downeone eare all flat 
 Unto the grounde, and halt it fast ; 
 And eke that other eare als faste 
 He stoppetli with his taille so sore 
 That he the wordes, lasse or more. 
 Of his enchantcment ne hereth. 
 Gower, De Confessione Amantis, i. x. (14S2). 
 
 Adder's Tongue, that is, oph'io- 
 glos'sum. 
 
 For them that are with [by] newts, or snakes, or adders 
 
 stung. 
 He seeketh out an herb that's called adder's tongue. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Ad'dison of the North, Henry 
 Mackenzie, author of The Man of Feeling 
 (1745-1831). 
 
 Adelaide, daughter of the count of 
 Narbonne, in love with Theodore. She 
 is killed by her father in mistake for 
 another. — Robt. Jephson, Count of Nar- 
 bonne (1782). 
 
 Adeline (Lady), the wife of lord 
 Henry Amun'deville (4 syl.), a highly 
 educated aristocratic lady, with all the 
 virtues and weaknesses of the upper ten. 
 After the parliamentary sessions this 
 noble pair filled their house with guests, 
 amongst which were the duchess of Fitz- 
 
 Fulkc, the duke of D , Aurora Raby, 
 
 and v don Juan "the Russian envoy." 
 The tale not being finished, no sequel to 
 these names is given. (For the lady's 
 character, see xiv. 54-5G.) — Byron, Don 
 Juan, xiii. to the end. 
 
 Ad'emar or Adema'ro, archbishop 
 of Poggio, an ecclesiastical warrior in 
 Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. — See Dic- 
 tionary of Phrase and Fable. 
 
 Adic'ia, wife of the soldan, who in- 
 cites him to distress the kingdom of 
 Mercilla. When Mercilla sends her 
 ambassador, Samient, to negotiate peace, 
 
ADICUS. 
 
 ADOSINDA. 
 
 Adicia, in violation of international law, 
 thrusts her [Samient] out of doors like a 
 dog, and sets two knights upon her. Sir 
 Artegal conies to her rescue, attacks the 
 two knights, and knocks one of them 
 from his saddle with such force that he 
 breaks his neck. After the discomfiture 
 of the soldan, Adicia rushes forth with a 
 knife to stab Samient, but, being inter- 
 cepted by sir Artegal, is changed into a 
 tigress. — Spenser, FaJiry Queen, v. 8 
 (1596). 
 
 ***The "soldan" is king Philip II. of 
 Spair , "Mercilla" is queen Elizabeth ; 
 "Adicia" is Injustice personified, or the 
 bigotry of popery ; and " Samient " the 
 ambassadors of Holland, who went to 
 Philip for redress of grievances, and 
 were most iniquitously detained by him 
 as prisoners. 
 
 Ad/icuSj Unrighteousness personified 
 in canto vii. of The Purple Island 
 (1638), by Phineas Fletcher. He has 
 eight sons and daughters, viz., Ec'thros 
 (hatred), Eris (variance) a daughter, 
 Zelcs (emulation), Thumos (wrath), 
 Erith'ius (strife), Dichos'tasis (sedition), 
 Envy, and Phon'os (murder) ; all fully 
 described by the poet. (Greek, adlkos, 
 "an unjust man.") 
 
 Adie of Aikenshaw, a neighbour 
 of the Glendinnings.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Adme'tus, a king of Thessaly, 
 husband of Alcestis. Apollo, being con- 
 demned by Jupiter to serve a mortal for 
 twelve months for slaying a Cyclops, 
 entered the service of Admetus. James 
 R. Lowell, of Boston, U.S., has a poem 
 on the subject, called. The Shepherd of 
 King Admetus (1819- ). 
 
 Ad'mirable (The) : (1) Aben-Esra, 
 a Spanish rabbin, born at Tole'do (1119- 
 1174). (2) James Crichton (Kry-ton), 
 the Scotchman (1551-157o). (3) Roger 
 Bacon, called "The Admirable Doctor " 
 (1214-1292). 
 
 Adolf, bishop of Cologne, was de- 
 voured by mice or rats in 1112. (See 
 Hatto.) 
 
 Ad'ona, a seraph, the tutelar spirit 
 of James, the "first martyr of the 
 twelve." — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. 
 (1748). 
 
 A'donbee el Hakim, the physi- 
 cian, a disguise assumed by Saladin, who 
 visits sir Kenneth's sick squire, and 
 
 cures him of a fever. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Ado'nis, a beautiful youth, beloved 
 by Venus and Proser'pina, who quarrelled 
 about the possession of him. Jupiter, to 
 settle the dispute, decided that the hoy 
 should spend six months with Venus in 
 the upper world and six with Proserpina 
 in the lower. Adonis was gored to death 
 by a wild boar in a hunt. 
 
 Shakespeare has a poem called Venus 
 and Adonis. Shelley calls'his elegy on the 
 poet Keats Adona'is, under the idea that 
 the untimely death of Keats resembled 
 that of Adonis. 
 
 (Adonis is an allegory of the sun, which 
 is six months north of the horizon, and 
 six months south. Thammuz is the same 
 as Adonis, and so is Osiris.) 
 
 Ado'nis Flower, the pheasant's 
 eye or red maithes, called in French 
 goute de sang, and said to have sprung 
 from the blood of Adonis, who was 
 killed by a wild boar. 
 
 O fleur, si ch6re a Cytheree, 
 Ta corolle fut, en naissant, 
 Du sang d' Adonis coloree. 
 
 A nonyme. 
 
 Adonis's Garden. It is said that 
 Adonis delighted in gardens, and had a 
 magnificent one. Pliny says (xix. 4), 
 " Antiquitas nihil prius mirata est quam 
 Hesperidum hortos, ac regum Adonidis 
 et Alcinbi." 
 
 How shall I honour thee for this success J 
 Thy promises are like Adonis' gardens, 
 That oue day blooni'd, and fruitful were the next. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 6 (15S9). 
 
 An Adonis garden, a very short-lived 
 pleasure ; a temporary garden of cut 
 flowers ; an horticultural or floricultural 
 show. The allusion is to the fennel and 
 lettuce jars of the ancient Greeks, called 
 "Adonis' gardens," because these plants 
 were reared for the annual festival of 
 Adonis, and were thrown away when the 
 festival was over. 
 
 Ad'oram, a seraph, who had charge 
 cf James the son of Alphe'us. — Klopstock, 
 The Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Adosinda, daughter of the Gothic 
 governor oE Auria, in Spain. The Moors 
 having slaughtered her parents, husband, 
 and child, preserved her alive for the 
 captain of Al cabman's regiment. She 
 went to his tent without the least resis- 
 tance, but implored the captain to give 
 her one night to mourn the death of those 
 so near and dear to her. To this he 
 complied, but during sleep she murdered 
 
ADRAMELECH. 
 
 .EGEON. 
 
 him with his own scymitar. Roderick, 
 disguised as a monk, helped her to bury 
 the dead bodies of her house, and then 
 she vowed to live for only one object, 
 vengeance. In the great battle, when the 
 Moors were overthrown, she it was who 
 gave the word of attack, "Victory and 
 Vengeance ! " — Southey, Roderick, etc., 
 iii. (1814). 
 
 Adram'elecli (ch=k), one of thefallen 
 angels. Milton makes him overthrown by 
 U'riel and Raphael (Paradise Lost, vi. 365). 
 According to Scripture, he was one of the 
 idols of Sepharvaim, and Shalmane'ser 
 introduced his worship into Samaria. 
 [The word means "the mighty magnifi- 
 cent king."] 
 
 The Sepliarvites burnt their children in the fire to 
 Adrameiech. — 2 Kings xvii. 31. 
 
 Klopstock introduces him into The 
 Messiah, and represents him as surpassing 
 Safen in malice and guile, ambition and 
 mischief. He is made to hate every one, 
 even Satan, of whose rank he is jealous, 
 and whom he hoped to overthrow, that by 
 putting an end to his servitude he might 
 become the supreme god of all the created 
 worlds. At the crucifixion he and Satan 
 are both driven back to hell by Obad'don, 
 the angel of death. 
 
 Adraste' (2 syl.), a French gentleman, 
 who enveigles a Greek slave named Isi- 
 dore from don Pedre. His plan is this : He 
 gets introduced as a portrait-painter, and 
 thus imparts to Isidore his love and 
 obtains her consent to elope with him. 
 He then sends his slave Zaide (2 syl.) to 
 don Pbdre, to crave protection for ill 
 treatment, and Pbdre promises to befriend 
 her. At this moment Adraste appears, 
 and demands that Zaide be given up to 
 him to punish as he thinks proper. 
 Pedre intercedes; Adraste seems to relent; 
 and Pedre calls for Zaide. Out comes 
 Isidore instead, with Zai'de's veil. 
 "There," says Pbdre, "take her and use 
 her well." "" I will do so," says the 
 Frenchman, and leads off the Greek 
 slave. — Moliere, Le Sicilian ou V Amour 
 Peintre (16G7). 
 
 A'dria, the Adriatic. 
 
 Fled over Adria to the Hesperian fields \Ital</). 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 520 (1665). 
 
 Adrian'a, a wealthy Ephesian lady, 
 who marries Antiph'olus, twin-brother of 
 Antiphoius of Syracuse. The abbess 
 ^Emilia is her mother-in-law, but she 
 knows it not ; and one day when she 
 Recuses her husband of infidelity, she 
 
 says to the abbess, if he is unfaithful it 
 is not from want of remonstrance, "foi 
 it is the one subject of our conversation. 
 In bed I will not let him sleep for speak- 
 ing of it ; at table I will not let him eat 
 for speaking of it ; when alone with him 
 I talk of nothing else, and in company I 
 give him frequent hints of it. In a word, 
 all my talk is how vile and bad it is in 
 him to love another better than he loves 
 his wife" (act v. sc. 1). — Shakespeare, 
 Comedy of Errors (1593). 
 
 Adria'no de Arma'do (Bon), a 
 pompous, fantastical Spaniard, a military 
 braggart in a state of peace, as Parol! es 
 (3 syl.) was in war. Boastful but poor, a 
 coiner of words but very ignorant, 
 solemnly grave but ridiculously awkward, 
 majestical in gait but of very low pro- 
 pensities. — Shakespeare, Trove's Labour 
 Lost (1594). 
 
 (Said to be designed for John Florio, 
 surnamed " The Resolute," a philologist. 
 Holofernes, the pedantic schoolmaster, in 
 the same play, is also meant in ridicule of 
 the same lexicographer.) 
 
 Adriat'ic wedded to the Doge. The 
 ceremony of wedding the Adriatic to the 
 doge of Venice was instituted in 1174 by 
 pope Alexander III., who gave the doge a 
 gold ring from his own finger in token of 
 the victory achieved by_ the Venetian 
 fleet at Istria over Frederick Barbarossa. 
 The pope, in giving the ring, desired the 
 doge to throw a similar one into the sea 
 every year on Ascension-Day in comme- 
 moration of this event. The doge's 
 brigantine was called Bucentaur. 
 
 You may remember, scarce five years are past 
 Since in your brigantine jou sailed to see 
 The Adriatic wedded to our duke. 
 
 T. Otway, Venice l're&ervcd, L 1 (1682). 
 
 Ad'riel, in Dryden's Absalom and 
 Achitophel, the earl of Mulgrave, a 
 royalist. 
 
 Sharp-judging Adriel, the Muses' friend ; 
 Himself a muse. In sanhedrim's debate 
 True to his prince, but not a slave to state : 
 , Whom David's love with honours did adorn. 
 That from his disobedient son were torn. 
 
 Part I. 
 
 (John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave (1G49- 
 1721) wrote an Essay on Poetry.) 
 
 JE'acus king of 02no'pia,»a man of 
 such integrity and piety, that he was 
 made at death one of the three judges of 
 hell. The other two were Minos and 
 Rhadaman'thus. 
 
 iEge'oil, a huge monster with 100 
 arms and 50 heads, who Avith his brothers, 
 Cottus and Gyges, conquered the Titans 
 
jEGEON. 
 
 JENEID. 
 
 by hurling at them 300 rocks at once. 
 Homer says men call him "iEge'on," but 
 by the gods he is called Bri'areus (3 syl.). 
 (Milton accents the word on the first 
 syllable, and so does Fairfax in his 
 translation of Tasso. — See Paradise Lost, 
 i. 74G.) 
 
 JEgc'on, a merchant of Syracuse, in 
 Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors (1593). 
 
 iEgi'na, a rocky island in the Saronic 
 gulf. It was near this island that the 
 Athenians won the famous naval battle of 
 Sal'aniis over the fleet of Xerxes, B.C. 
 480. The Athenian prows were decorated 
 with a figure-head of Athe'na? or Minerva. 
 
 And of old 
 Rejoired the virgin from the brazen prow 
 Of Athens o'er ^Egina's gloomy surge 
 . . . o'erwhelming all the Persian promised glory. 
 Akenside, Uymn to the Salads. 
 
 iE'lia Lse'lia Crispis, an inex- 
 plicable riddle, so called from an in- 
 scription in Latin, preserved in Bologna, 
 which may be rendered thus into English : 
 
 .3ELIA LvELIA CRISPIS. 
 Neither man, nor woman, nor androgyne; 
 Neither girl, nor hoy, nor eld ; 
 Neither harlot nor virgin ; 
 But all [of these J. 
 
 Carried off neither by hunger, nor sword, nor poison ; 
 
 But by all [of them]. 
 Neither in heaven, nor in the water, nor in the earth ; 
 
 But biding everywhere. 
 
 LUCIUS AGATHO PRISCUS. 
 Neither the husband, nor lover, nor friend ; 
 Neither grieving, nor rejoicing, nor weeping; 
 But all [of thesej— 
 
 This — neither a pile, nor a pyramid, nor a sepulchre 
 
 _ That is built, he knows and knows not [which it is]. 
 It is a sepulchre containing no corpse within it ; 
 It is a corpse with no sepulchre containing it; 
 
 But the corpse and the sepulchre are one and the 
 same. 
 It would scarce! y guide a man to the solution of the 
 "JUlia Laelin Crispis." — J. W. Draper. 
 
 iEmelia, a lady of high degree, in love 
 with Am'ias, a squire of inferior rank. 
 Going to meet her lover at a trysting- 
 place, she was caught up by a hideous 
 monster, and thrust into his den for future 
 food. Belphcebe (3 syl.) slew "the caitiff " 
 and released the maid (canto vii.). 
 Prince Arthur, having slain Corflambo, 
 released Amias from the durance of 
 P;ea'na, Corflambo's daughter, and brought 
 the lovers together " in peace and settled 
 rest" (canto ix.). — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iv. (1596). 
 
 JEmiria, wife of ^Ege'on the Syra- 
 cusian merchant, and mother of the twins 
 called Antiph'olus. "When the boys were 
 shipwrecked, she was. parted from them 
 and taken to Ephesus. Here she entered 
 a corvent, and rcse to be the abbess. 
 
 Without her knowing it, one of her twins 
 also settled in Ephesus, and rose to be 
 one of its greatest and richest citizens. 
 The other son and her husband ^Egeon 
 both set foot in Ephesus the same day 
 without the knowledge of each other, and 
 all met together in the duke's court, when 
 the story of their lives was told, and they 
 became again united to each other. — 
 Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors (1593). 
 
 JEmon'ian Arts, magic, so called 
 from ^Emon'ia ( Thessaly), noted for magic. 
 
 The uEmonian. Jason was so called 
 because his father was king of iEmonia. 
 
 2Ene'as, a Trojan prince, the hero of 
 Virgil's epic called JLneid. He was the 
 son of Anchi'ses and Venus. His first 
 wife was Creu'sa (3 syl.), by whom he had 
 a son named Asca'nius ; his second wife 
 was Lavinia, daughter of Latlnus king of 
 Italy, by whom he had a posthumous son 
 called iEne'as Sylvius. He succeeded his 
 father-in-law in the kingdom, and the 
 Romans called him their founder. 
 
 According to Geoffrey of Monmouth 
 " Brutus," the first king of Britain (from 
 whom the island was called Britain), was 
 a descendant of iEneas. 
 
 JEne'id, the epic poem of Virgil, in 
 twelve books. AVhen Troy was taken by 
 the Greeks and set on fire, yEne'as, with his 
 father, son, and wife, took flight, with the 
 intention of going to Italy, the original 
 birthplace of the family. The wife was 
 lost, and the old father died on the way ; 
 but after numerous perils by sea and land, 
 iEneas and his son Asca'nius reached 
 Italy. Here Latlnus, the reigning king, 
 received the exiles hospitably, and pro- 
 mised his daughter Lavin'ia in marriage 
 to iEneas ; but she had been already 
 betrothed by her mother to prince Turnus, 
 son of Daunus, king of Ru'tuli, and 
 Turnus would not forego his claim. 
 Latinus, in this dilemma, said the rivals 
 must settle the dispute by an appeal to 
 arms. Turnus being slain, iEneas married 
 Lavinia, and ere long suceeded his father- 
 in-law on the throne. 
 
 Book I. The escape from Troy ; /Eneas 
 and his son, driven by a tempest on the 
 shores of Carthage, are hospitably enter- 
 tained by queen Dido. 
 
 II. yEneas tells Dido the tale of the 
 wooden horse, the burning of Troy, and 
 his flight with his father, wife, and son. 
 The wife was lost and died. 
 
 III. The narrative continued. The 
 perils he met with on the way, and th« 
 death of his father. 
 
iEOLUS. 
 
 10 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 IV. Dido falls in love with iEneas ; 
 but he steals away from Carthage, and 
 Dido, on a funeral pyre, puts an end to her 
 life. 
 
 V. iEneas reaches Sicily, and celebrates 
 there the games in honor of Anchises. 
 This book corresponds to the Iliad, xxiii. 
 
 VI. JEneas visits the infernal regions. 
 This book corresponds to Odyssey, xi. 
 
 VII. Latinus king of Italy, entertains 
 ^Eneas, and promises to him Lavinia (his 
 daughter) in marriage, but prince Turnus 
 had been already betrothed to her by the 
 mother, and raises an army to resist 
 iEneas. 
 
 VIII. Preparations en both sides for a 
 general war. 
 
 IX. Turnus, during the absence of 
 iEueas, fires the ships and assaults the 
 camp. The episode of Nisus and Eury'- 
 alus. 
 
 X. The war between Turnus and 
 iEneas. Episode of Mezentius and Lau- 
 sus. 
 
 XI. The battle continued. 
 
 XII. Turnus challenges iEneas to 
 single combat, and is killed. 
 
 N.B.— 1. The story of Sinon and taking of Troy Is bor- 
 rowed from Pisander, as Macrobius informs us. 
 
 2. Tlie ioves of Dido and yEneas are copied from those 
 of Mtdea and Jason, in Apollonius. 
 
 6. The story of the wooden horse and the burning of 
 Xroy are from Aicti'nus of Miletus. 
 
 JE'olus, god of the winds, which he 
 keeps imprisoned in a cave in the iEolian 
 Islands, and lets free as lie wishes or as 
 the over-gods command. 
 
 Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea, 
 
 And twins by awkward wind from England's bank 
 
 Drove back again unto my native clime 1 . . . 
 
 Yet .Eolus would not be a murderer, 
 
 But left that hateful office unto thee. 
 
 Shakespeaic, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 
 
 JEscula'pius, in Greek Askle'pios, 
 
 the god of healing. 
 
 What says my <EscuIapius ? my Galen f . . . Ha! is he 
 
 dead ? 
 Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 3 (1G01). 
 
 iE'SOEL, the father of Jason. He was 
 restored to youth by Medea, who infused 
 into his veins the juice of certain herbs. 
 
 In such a night, 
 Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs 
 That did renew old ^Eson. 
 Ehakespeare, Merchant of Venice, act v. sc. 1 (before 1598). 
 
 iEsop, the fabulist, said to be hump- 
 backed ; hence, "an iEsop" means a 
 hump-backed man. The young son of 
 Henry VI. calls his uncle Richard of 
 Gloster " iEsop." — 3 Henry VI. act v. 
 sc. 5. 
 
 jEsop of Arabia, Lokman ; and Nas- 
 Ben (fifth century). 
 
 JEsop of England, John Gay (1688- 
 1732). 
 
 JEsop of France, Jean de la Fontaine 
 (1621-1695). 
 
 JEsop of Germany, Gotthold Ephraim 
 Lessing (1729-1781). 
 
 JEsop of India, Bidpay or Pilpay 
 (third century B.C.). 
 
 Afer, the south-west wind; Notus, the 
 full south. 
 
 Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 702 (16G5). 
 
 African Magician (TJic), pretended 
 to Aladdin to be his uncle, and sent the 
 lad to fetch the " wonderful lamp " from 
 an underground cavern. As Aladdin re- 
 fused to hand it to the magician, he shut 
 him in the cavern and left him there. 
 Aladdin contrived to get out by virtue of 
 a magic ring, and learning the secret of 
 the lamp, became immensely rich, built a 
 superb palace, and married the sultan's 
 daughter. Several years after, the African 
 resolved to make himself master of the 
 lamp, and accordingly walked up and 
 down before the palace, crying inces- 
 santly, " "Who will change old lamps for 
 new ? " Aladdin being on a hunting ex- 
 cursion, his wife sent a eunuch to exchange 
 the "wonderful lamp" for a new one; 
 and forthwith the magician commanded 
 " the slaves of the lamp to transport the 
 palace and all it contained into Africa. 
 Aladdin caused him to be poisoned in a 
 draught of wine. — Arabian Nights ("Alad- 
 din or The Wonderful Lamp"). 
 
 Afrit or Afreet, a kind of Medusa 
 or Lamia, the most terrible and cruel of all 
 the orders of the deevs. — llerbelot, GG. 
 
 From the hundred chimneys of the village, 
 
 Like the Afreet in the Arabian story [Jntroduct. 7'ale], 
 
 Smoky columns tower aloft into the air of amber. 
 
 Longfellow, The Uolden Milestone. 
 
 Agag, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Ackit'ophel, is sir Edmondbury 
 Godfrey, the magistrate, who w r as found 
 murdered in a ditch near Primrose Hill. 
 Dr. Oates, in the same satire, is called 
 " Corah." 
 
 Corah might for Agag's murder call, 
 
 In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul. 
 
 PartL 
 
 Agamemnon, king of the Argivea 
 and commander-in-chief of the allied 
 Greeks in the siege of Troy. Introduced 
 by Shakespeare in his Troilus and Crcs'- 
 slda. 
 
 1 'ixcre fortes ante Agamem'nona, "There 
 were brave men before Agamemnon;" we 
 are not to suppose that there were no 
 great and good men in former times. A 
 
AGANDECCA. 
 
 11 
 
 AGED. 
 
 similar proverb is, " There are hills beyond 
 Pentland and fields beyond Forth." 
 
 Agandecca, daughter of Starno king 
 of Lochlin [Scandinavia], promised in 
 marriage to Fingal king of Morven [north- 
 west of Scotland] . The maid told Fingal 
 to beware of her father, who had set an 
 ambush to kill him. Fingal, being thus 
 forewarned, slew the men in ambush; and 
 Starno, in rage, murdered his daughter, 
 who was buried by Fingal in Ardven 
 lArgyle]. 
 
 The daughter of the snow overheard, and left the hall 
 of her secret sigh She came in all her beauty, like the 
 moor, from the cloud of the east. Loveliness was around 
 her as light. Her step was like the music of songs. 
 She saw the youth, and loved him. He was the stolen 
 sisdi of her soul. Her blue eyes rolled in secret on him, 
 and she blessed the chief of Morven.— Oman (" Fingal," 
 IB.). 
 
 Aganip'pe (4 syl.), fountain of the 
 Muses, at the foot of mount Helicon, in 
 Loeo'tia. 
 
 From Helicon's harmonious springs 
 
 A thousand rills their mazy progress take. 
 
 Gray, Progress of Poetry. 
 
 Ag'ape (8 syl.) the fay. She had three 
 sons at a birth, Priamond, Diamond, and 
 Triamond. Being anxious to know the 
 future lot of her sons, she went to the 
 abyss of Demogorgon, to consult the 
 " Three Fatal Sisters." Clotho showed her 
 the threads, which "were thin as those 
 <spun by a spider." She begged the fates 
 to lengthen the life-threads, but the}' said 
 this could not be ; they consented, how- 
 ever, to this agreement — 
 
 When ye shred with fatal knife 
 His line which is the shortest of the three, 
 Eftsoon his life may pass into the next ; 
 And when the next shall likewise ended be, 
 That both their lives may likewise be annext 
 Unto the third, that his may be so trebly wext. 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 2 (1590). 
 
 Agapi'da {Fray Antonio), the ima- 
 ginary chronicler of The Conquest of 
 Granada, written by Washington Irving 
 (1829). 
 
 Ag'aric. a genus of fungi, some of 
 which are very nauseous and disgusting. 
 
 Tliat smells as foul-fleshed agaric in the holt [forest]. 
 Tennyson, Uaretk and Lynette. 
 
 Agast/y& (3 syl.), a dwarf who drank 
 the sea dry. As he was walking one day 
 with Vishnoo, the insolent ocean asked 
 the god who the pigmy was that strutted 
 by his side. Vishnoo replied it was the 
 patriarch Agastya, who was going to 
 restore earth to its true balance. Ocean, 
 in contempt, spat its spray in the pigm3 T 's 
 face, and the sage, in revenge of this 
 affront, drank the waters of the ocean, 
 leaving the b^d quite dry. — Maurice. 
 
 Ag'atha, daughter of Cuno, and the 
 betrothed of Max, in Weber's opera of 
 Der Freischiitz. — See Dictionary of Phrase 
 and Fable. 
 
 Agath/ocles (4 syl.), tyrant of Sicily. 
 He was the son of a potter, and raised 
 himself from the ranks to become general 
 of the army. He reduced all Sicily under 
 his power. When he attacked the Car- 
 thaginians, he burnt his ships that his 
 soldiers might feel assured they must 
 either conquer or die. Agathocles died 
 of poison administered by his grandson 
 (b.c. 361-289). 
 
 Voltaire has a tragedy called Agathoclc, 
 and Caroline Pichlej- has an excellent 
 German novel entitled Agathocles. 
 
 Agathon, the hero and title of a 
 philosophic romance, by C. M. Wieland 
 (1733-1813). This is considered the best 
 of his novels, though some prefer his Don 
 Sylvio de liosalva. 
 
 Agdistes (3 syl.), the mystagog of 
 the Acrasian bower, or the evil genius 
 loci. Spenser says the ancients call 
 "Self" the Agdistes of man; and the 
 Socratic " daemon" was his Agdistes. 
 
 They in that place him "Genius" did call; 
 Not that celestial power . . . sage Antiquity 
 Did wisely make, and good Agdistes call ; 
 But this . . . was . . . the foe of life. 
 
 Spenser, Fairy Queen, ii. 12 (1590). 
 
 Agdis'tis, a genius of human form, 
 uniting the two sexes, and born of the 
 stone Agdus (q.v.). This tradition has 
 been preserved by Pausanias. 
 
 Agdus, a stone of enormous size. 
 Parts of this stone were taken by Deu- 
 calion and Pyrrha to throw over their 
 heads, in order to repeople the world 
 desolated by the Flood. — Arnobius. 
 
 Age. The Age of the Bishops, accord- 
 ing to Hallam, was the ninth century. 
 
 The Age of the Topes, according to 
 Hallam, was the twelfth century. 
 
 Varo recognizes Three Ages : 1st. From 
 the beginning of man to the great Flood 
 (the period wholly unknown). 2nd. From 
 the Flood to the first Olympiad (the mythi- 
 cal period). 3rd. From the first Olympiad 
 to the present time (the historical period). 
 — Varo, Fragments, 219 (edit. Scaliger). 
 
 Aged (The), so Wemmick's father is 
 called. He lived in " the castle at Wal- 
 worth." Wemmick at "the castle" and 
 Wemmick in business are two "different 
 beings." 
 
 Wemmick's house was a little wooden cottage, in the 
 midst of plots of garden, and the top of it was cut out 
 
AGELASTES. 
 
 12 
 
 AGRAMANTE. 
 
 Mid painted like a battery mounted with guns. ... It was 
 the smallest of houses, with queer Gothic windows (hy far 
 the greater part of them sham), and a Gothic door, almost 
 loo small to get in at. ... On Sundays he ran up a real 
 flag. . . . The bridse was a plank, and it crossed a cbasm 
 about four feet wide and two deep. ... At nine o'clock 
 every night " the gun fired," the gun being mounted in a 
 separate fortress made of lattice-work. It was protected 
 from the weather by a tarpaulin . . . umbrella.— C. 
 Dickens, Great Expectations, xxv. (1860). 
 
 Ag'elastes {Michael), the cynic philo- 
 sopher. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Agesila'us (5 syl.). Plutarch tells 
 us that Agesilaus, king of Sparta, was 
 one day discovered riding cock-horse on 
 I a long stick, to please and amuse his 
 children. 
 
 A'gib (lung), "The Third Calen- 
 der" (Arabian Nights' Entertainments). 
 He was wrecked on the loadstone moun- 
 tain, which drew all the nails and iron 
 bolts from his ship ; but he overthrew. the 
 bronze statue on the mountain-top, which 
 Avas the cause of the mischief. Agib 
 visited the ten young men, each of whom 
 had lost the right eye, and was carried 
 by a roc to the palace of the forty prin- 
 cesses, with whom he tarried a year. The 
 princesses were then obliged to leave for 
 forty days, but entrusted, him with the 
 keys of the palace, with free permission 
 to enter every room but one. On the 
 fortieth day curiosity induced him to 
 open this room, where he saw a horse, 
 which he mounted, and was carried 
 through the air to Bagdad. The horse 
 then deposited him, and knocked out his 
 right eye with a whisk of its tail, as it 
 had done the ten "young men" above 
 referred to. 
 
 Agitator (The Irish), Daniel O'Con- 
 nell (1775-1847). 
 
 Agned Cathregonion, the scene of 
 one of the twelve battles of king Arthur. 
 The old name of Edinburgh was Agned. 
 
 Ebraucus, a man of great stature and wonderful strength, 
 took upon him the government of Britain, which he held 
 forty years. ... He built the city of Alelud [? Dumbarton] 
 and the town of Mount Agned. called at this time the 
 "Cattle of Maidens," or the "Mountain of Sorrow."— 
 Geoffrey, British History, ix. 7. 
 
 Agnei'a (3 syl.), wifely chastity, sister 
 of Parthen'ia or maiden chastity. Agneia 
 is the spouse of Encra'tcs or temperance. 
 Fully described in canto x. of The Purple 
 Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 
 (Greek, agneia, "chastity.") 
 
 Ag'nes, daughter of Mr. Wickfield 
 the solicitor, and David Copperrleld's se- 
 cond wife (after the death of Dora, "his 
 child wife "). Agnes is a very pure, self- 
 
 sacrificing girl, accomplished, yet do- 
 mestic. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
 (1849). 
 
 Agnes, in Moliere's Ue'cole des 
 Femmes, the girl on whom Arnolphe trie3 
 his pet experiment of education, so as to 
 turn out for himself a "model wife." 
 She Avas brought up in a country convent, 
 where she was kept in entire ignorance 
 of the difference of sex, conventional 
 proprieties, the difference between the 
 love of men and women, and that 
 of girls for girls, the mysteries of 
 marriage, and so on. When grown to 
 womanhood she quits the convent, and 
 standing one evening on a balcony a 
 young man passes and takes off his hat 
 to her, she returns the salute ; he bows a 
 second and third time, she does the same ; 
 he passes and reoasses several times, 
 bowing each time, and she does as she 
 has been taught to do by acknowledging 
 the salute. Of course, the young man 
 (Horace) becomes her lover, whom she 
 marries, and M. Arnolphe loses his 
 " model wife." (See Pinciiwife.) 
 
 Elle fait r Agnes. She pretends to be 
 wholly unsophisticated and verdantly 
 ingenuous. — French Proverb (from the 
 "Agnes" of Moliere, He'cole des Femmes, 
 1062). 
 
 Agnes (Black), the countess of March, 
 noted for her defence of Dunbar against 
 the English. 
 
 Black Agnes, the palfry of Mary queen 
 of Scots, the gift of her brother Moray, 
 and so called from the noted countess 
 of March, who was countess of Moray 
 (Murray) in her own right. 
 
 Agnes (St.), a young virgin of 
 Palermo, who at the age of thirteen was 
 martyred at Rome during the Diocletian 
 persecution of A.D. 304. Prudence 
 (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens), a Latin 
 Christian poet of the fourth century, has a 
 poem on the subject. Tintoret and Do- 
 menichi'no have both made her the 
 subject of a painting. — The Martyrdom 
 of St. Agnes. 
 
 St. Agnes and the Devil. St. Agne3, 
 having escaped from the prison at Rome, 
 took shipping and landed at St. Piran 
 Arwothall. The devil dogged her, but 
 she rebuked him, and the large moor- 
 stones between St. Piran and St. Agnes, 
 in Cornwall, mark the places where the 
 devils were turned into stone by the looks 
 of the indignant saint. — Polwhele, His- 
 tory of Cornwall. 
 
 Agraman'te (4 syl.) or Ag'ra- 
 
AGEAWAIN. 
 
 13 
 
 AHMED. 
 
 mant, king' of the Moors, in Orlando 
 Innamorato, by Bojardo, and Orlando 
 Furioso, by Ariosto. 
 
 Agrawain (Sir) or Sir Agravain, 
 surnamed "The Desirous" and also "The 
 Haughty." He was son of Lot (king of 
 Orkney) and Margawse half-sister of king 
 Arthur. His brothers were sir Gaw'ain, 
 sir Ga'heris, and sir Gareth. Mordred 
 was his half-brother, being the son of 
 king Arthur and Margawse. Sir Agra- 
 vain and sir Mordred hated sir Launcelot, 
 and toid the king he was too familiar 
 with the queen ; so they asked the king 
 to spend the day in hunting, and kept 
 watch. The queen sent for sir Launcelot 
 to her private chamber, and sir Agravain, 
 sir Mordred, and twelve others assailed 
 the door, but sir Launcelot slew them all 
 except sir Mordred, who escaped. — Sir T. 
 Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 
 142-145 (1470). 
 
 Agrica'ne (4 syl.), king of Tar- 
 tary, in the Orlando Innamorato, of 
 "Bojardo. He besieges Angelica in the 
 castle of Albracca, and is slain in single 
 combat bv Orlando. He brought into 
 the field 2^200,000 troops. 
 
 Such forces met not, nor so wide a camp. 
 When Agrican, with all his northern powers. 
 Besieged Albracca. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Regained, iii. (1671). 
 
 Ag'rios, Lumpishness personified ; 
 a "sullen sAvain, all mirth that in 
 himself and others hated ; dull, dead, and 
 leaden." Described in canto viii. of 
 The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
 (1635). (Greek, agrlos, "a savage.") 
 
 Agrippina was granddaughter, wife, 
 sister, and mother of an emperor. She 
 was granddaughter of Augustus, wife of 
 Claudius, sister of Caligula, and mother 
 of Nero. 
 
 *** Lam'pedo of Laceda?mon was daugh- 
 ter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. 
 
 Agripy'na or Ag'ripyne (3 syl.), 
 a princess beloved by the "king of 
 Cyprus' son, and madly loved by Orleans." 
 — Thomas Dekker, Old Fortunatus (a 
 comedy, 1600). 
 
 A'gue (2 syl.). It was an old super- 
 stition that if the fourth book of the Iliad 
 was laid open under the head of a person 
 f uttering from Quartan ague, it would cure 
 him at once. Serenus Sammon'icus (pre- 
 ceptor of Gordian), a noted physician, has 
 amongst his medical precepts the follow- 
 ing :— 
 
 Moeonice Iliados quartum suppone timenti. 
 
 Prcee. 50. 
 
 Ague-cheek (Sir Andrew), a silly 
 . old fop with "3000 ducats a year," very 
 fond of the table, but with a shrewd 
 understanding that "beef had done harm 
 to his wit." Sir Andrew thinks himself 
 " old in nothing but in understanding," 
 and boasts that he can "cut a caper, 
 dance the coranto, walk a jig, and take 
 delight in masques," like a voung man. — 
 Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614). 
 
 Woodward (1737-1777) always sustained "sir Andrew 
 Ague-cheek" with infinite droller}', assisted by that ex- 
 pression of " rueful dismay," which gave so "peculiar a 
 zest to his Marplot. — Coaden, Life of Siddons. 
 
 Charles Lamb says that "Jem White saw James Dodd 
 one evening in Ague-cheek, and recognising him next 
 day in Fleet Street, took off his hat, and s,.mted him with 
 " Save you, sir Andrew! " Dodd simply waved his hand 
 and exclaimed, "Away, fool!" 
 
 A'haback and Des'ra, two en- 
 chanters, who aided Ahu'bal in his rebel- 
 lion against his brother Misnar, sultan of 
 Delhi. Ahubal had a magnificent tent 
 built, and Horam the vizier had one built 
 for the sultan still more magnificent. 
 When the rebels made their attack, the 
 sultan and the best of the troops were 
 drawn off, and the sultan's tent was 
 taken. The enchanters, delighted with 
 their prize, slept therein, but at night the 
 vizier led the sultan to a cave, and asked 
 him to cut a rope. Next morning he 
 heard that a huge stone had fallen on the 
 enchanters and crushed them to mummies. 
 In fact, this stone formed the head of the 
 bed, where it was suspended by the rope 
 which the sultan had severed in the 
 night. — James Kidley, Tales of the Genii 
 ("The Enchanters' Tale," vi.). 
 
 Ahasue'rus, the cobbler who pushed 
 away Jesus when, on the way to exe- 
 cution, He rested a moment or two at his 
 door. " Get off ! Away with you !" cried 
 the cobbler. "Truly, I go away," returned 
 Jesus, " and that quickly ; but tarry thou 
 till I come." And from that time Aha- 
 suerus became the "wandering Jew," 
 who still roams the earth, and will con- 
 tinue so to do till the "second coming 
 of the Lord." This is the legend given 
 by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig 
 (1547). — Greve, Memoir of Paul von 
 Eitzen (1744). 
 
 Aher'man and Ar'gen, the f ormei 
 a fortress, and the latter a suite of im- 
 mense halls, in the realm of Eblis, where 
 are lodged all creatures of human intelli- 
 gence before the creation of Adam, and 
 all the animals that inhabited the earth 
 before the present races existed. — W. 
 Beckford, Vathek (1786). 
 
 Ah'med (Prince), noted for the ten* 
 
AHOLIBAMAH. 
 
 14 
 
 ALADDIN. 
 
 given him by the fairy Pari-banou, 
 which would cover a whole army, and 
 yet would fold up so small that it might 
 te carried in one's pocket. The same 
 good fairy also gave him the apple of 
 Samarcand', a panacea for all diseases. — 
 Arabian Nights' Entertainments ("Prince 
 ALmed, etc."). 
 
 *** Solomon's carpet of green silk was 
 large enough for all his army to stand 
 upon, and when arranged the carpet was 
 wafted with its freight to any place the 
 king desired. This carpet would also fold 
 into a very small compass. 
 
 The ship Skidbladnir had a similar elastic 
 virtue, for though it would hold all the 
 inhabitants of Valhalla, it might be 
 folded up like a sheet of paper. 
 
 Bayard, the horse of the four sons of 
 Aymon, grew larger or smaller as one or 
 more of the four sons mounted it. (See 
 Aymon.) 
 
 Aholiba'man, granddaughter of 
 Cain, and sister of Anah. She was 
 loved by the seraph Samias'a, and like 
 her sister was carried off to another planet 
 when the Flood came. — Byron, Heaven 
 and Earth. 
 
 Proud, imperious, and aspiring, she denies that she 
 worships the seraph, and declares that his immortality can 
 bestow no love more pure and warm than her own, and 
 she expresses a conviction that there is a ray within her 
 " which, though forbidden yet to shine," is nevertheless 
 lighted at the same ethereal fire as his own.— Findeu, 
 JJyron Beauties. 
 
 Ah'riman or Ahrima'nes (4 syl.), 
 the angel of darkness and of evil in the 
 Magian system, slain by Mithra. 
 
 Ai'derm. So Poe calls Eden. It is 
 a reproduction in English spelling of the 
 Arabic form of the word. 
 
 Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, 
 If within the distant Aidenu, 
 It shall clasp a sainted maiden, 
 Whom the angels name Lenore. 
 
 Edgar Poe, The Raven. 
 
 Aikwood (Ringan), the forester of 
 sir Arthur Wardour, of Knockwinnock 
 ' Castle. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary. 
 
 Aim/well (Thomas, viscount), a 
 gentleman of broken fortune, who pays 
 his addresses to Dorin'da, daughter of 
 lady Bountiful. He is very handsome 
 and fascinating, but quite " a man of the 
 world." He and Archer are the two beaux 
 of The Beaux' Stratagem, a comedy by 
 George Farquhar (1705). 
 
 I thought it rather odd that Holland should he the 
 only "mister" of the party, and I said to mysel , as 
 Gibbet said when he heard that "Aimwell ,: had gone to 
 church, "That looks suspicious" (act ii. sc. 2).— James 
 Biiiith, Memoirs, Letters, etc. (1840). 
 
 Aircastle, 
 
 the Cozeners, by S. 
 
 Foote. The original of this rambling 
 talker was Gahagan, whose method of 
 conversation is thus burlesqued : 
 
 A ircastle : " Did I not tell you what parson Prunello 
 said ? I remember, Mrs. Ligutfoot was by. She had been 
 brought to bed that day was a month of a very fine boy— 
 a bad birth ; for Dr. Seeton, who served his time with 
 
 Luke Lancet, of Guise's There was also a talk about 
 
 him and Nancy the daughter. She afterwards married Wi.l 
 Whitlow, another apprentice, who had great expec- 
 tations from an old uncle in the Grenadiers ; but he left all 
 to a distant relation, Kit Cable, a midshipman aboard 
 the Torbay. She was lost coming home in the channel. 
 The captain was taken up by a coaster from Itye, loaded 
 
 with cheese " [Now, pray, what did parson Prunello 
 
 say ? This is a pattern of Mrs. Nickleby's rambling 
 gossip.] 
 
 Air'lie {The carl of), a royalist in the 
 service of king Charles I. — Sir \V. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose. 
 
 Airy (Sir George), a man of fortune, 
 in love with Miran'da, the ward of sir 
 Francis Gripe. — Mrs. Centlivre, The 
 Busybody (1709). 
 
 A'jax, son of Oileus [O.i'.luce], 
 generally called "the less." In conse- 
 quence of his insolence to Cassan'dra, the 
 prophetic daughter of Priam, his ship 
 wa3 driven on a rock, and he perished at 
 sea. — Homer, Odyssey, iv. 507 ; Virgil, 
 jEneid, i. 41. 
 
 A'jax Tel'amon. Sophocles has a 
 tragedy called Ajax, in which "the 
 madman " scourges a ram he mistakes for 
 Ulysses. His encounter with a flock of 
 sheep, which he fancied in his madness to 
 be the sons of Atreus, has been men- 
 tioned at greater or less length by several 
 Greek and Roman poets. Don Quixote 
 had a similar adventure. This Ajax is 
 introduced by Shakespeare in his drama 
 called Troilus and Cressida. (See Ali- 
 
 PHAHNON.) 
 
 The Tuscan poet [Ariosto] doth advance 
 The frantic paladin of France [Orlando Furioso]; 
 And those more ancient [Sophocles and Seneca] do en- 
 hance 
 
 Alcidds in his fury [JlcrcuUs Furctu]; 
 And others, Ajax Telamon ; — 
 But to this time there hath been none 
 So bedlam as our Oberon ; 
 
 Of whicn 1 dare assure you. 
 
 M. Drayton, Xymphidia (1563-1631). 
 
 Ajut and Anningait, in The Ram- 
 bler. 
 
 Part, like Ajut, never to return. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 Ala'ciel, the genius who went on a 
 voyage to the two islands, Taciturnia and 
 Merryland [London and Paris]. — Do la 
 Dixmerie Elsie Taciturne et Piste En- 
 jouee, ou Voyage du Genie Alacicl dans les 
 deux lies (1759). 
 
 Aladdin, son of Mustafa a poor 
 tailor, of China, " obstinate, disobedient, 
 
ALADDIN. 
 
 15 
 
 ALASNAM. 
 
 and mischievous," wholly abandoned "to 
 indolence and licentiousness." One day 
 an African magician accosted him, pre- 
 tending to be his uncle, and sent him to 
 bring up the "wonderful lamp," at the 
 same time giving him a "ring of safety-." 
 Aladdin secured the lamp, but would not 
 hand it to the magician till he was out of 
 the cave, whereupon the magician shut 
 him up in the cave, and departed for 
 Africa. Aladdin, wringing his hands in 
 despair, happened to rub the magic ring, 
 when the genius of the ring appeared 
 before him, and asked him his com- 
 mands. Aladdin requested to be delivered 
 from the cave, and he returned home. 
 By means of his lamp, he obtained 
 untold wealth, built a superb palace, and 
 married Badroul'boudour, the sultan's 
 daughter. After a time, the African 
 magician got possession of the lamp, and 
 caused the palace, with all its contents, to 
 be transported into Africa. Aladdin was 
 absent at the time, was arrested and 
 ordered to execution, but was rescued by 
 the populace, with whom he Was an im- 
 mense favourite, and started to discover 
 what had become of his palace. Happen- 
 ing to slip, he rubbed his ring, and when 
 the genius of the ring appeared and asked 
 his orders, was instantly posted to the 
 place where his palace was in Africa. 
 lie poisoned the magician, regained the 
 lamp, and had his palace restored to its 
 original place in China. 
 
 Yes, ready money is Aladdin's lamp. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xii. 12. 
 
 Aladdin's Lamp, a lamp brought 
 from an underground cavern in "the 
 middle of China." Being in want of 
 food, the mother of Aladdin began to 
 scrub it, intending to sell it, when the 
 genius of the lamp appeared, and asked 
 her what were her commands. Aladdin 
 answered, "I am hungry; bring me 
 food ; " and immediately a banquet was 
 Bet before him. Having thus become 
 acquainted with the merits of the lamp, 
 he became enormously rich, and married 
 the sultan's daughter. By artifice the 
 African magician got possession of the 
 lamp, and transported the palace Avith its 
 contents to Africa. Aladdin poisoned the 
 magician, recovered the lamp, and re- 
 translated the palace to its original site. 
 
 Aladdin's Palace Windows. At the 
 top of the palace was a saloon, containing 
 twenty -four windows (six on each side), 
 and all but one enriched with diamonds, 
 rubies, and emeralds. One was left for 
 the sultan to complete, tut all the jewel- 
 
 lers in the empire were unable to make one 
 to match the others, so Aladdin com- 
 manded " the slaves of the lamp " to 
 complete their work. 
 
 Aladdin's Ring, given him by the 
 African magician, "a preservative 
 against every evil." — Arabian Nights 
 (" Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp "). 
 
 Al'adine, the sagacious but cruel 
 king of Jerusalem, slain by Raymond.— 
 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Al'adine (3 syl.), son of Aldus "a 
 lustv knight." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 vi. 3 (1596). 
 
 AlafF, Anlaf, or Olaf, son of 
 Sihtric, Danish king of Northumberland 
 (died 927). When iEthelstan [Athelstaii} 
 took possession of Northumberland, Alaif 
 fled to Ireland, and his brother Guthfrith 
 or Godfrey to Scotland. 
 
 Our English Athelstan, 
 
 In the Northumbrian fields, with most victorious might, 
 
 Put Alaff and his powers to more inglorious flight. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1612). 
 
 Al Araf, the great limbo between 
 paradise and hell, for the half good. — Al 
 Koran, vii. 
 
 Alar 'con king of Barca, who joined 
 the armament of Egypt against the cru- 
 saders, but his men were only half 
 armed. — T&sso,JcrusalemDelive)-ed(l[)75). 
 
 Alaric Cottin. Frederick the Gieat 
 of Prussia was so called by Voltaire. 
 "Alaric " because, like Alaric, he was a 
 great warrior, and "Cottin" because, like 
 Cottin, satirized by Boileau, he was a 
 very indifferent poet. 
 
 Alas'co, alias Dr. Demetkius Do- 
 boobius, an old astrologer, consulted by 
 the earl of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kcnilworth (time, Elizabeth;. 
 
 Alas'nam (Prince Zeyn) possessed 
 eight statues, each a single diamond on a 
 gold pedestal, but had to go in search of 
 a ninth, more valuable than them all. 
 This ninth was a lady, the most beauti- 
 ful and virtuous of women, "more pre- 
 cious than rubies," who became his wife. 
 
 One pure and perfect [woman] is . . . like Alasnraii's 
 lady, worth them all.— Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Alasnam's Mirror. When Alasnam was 
 in search of his ninth statue, the king of 
 the Genii gave him a test mirror, in which 
 he was to look when he saw a beauti- 
 ful girl, "if the glass remained pure 
 and unsullied, the damsel would be the 
 same, but if not, the damsel would not 
 
ALASTOR. 
 
 16 
 
 ALBION. 
 
 be wholly pure in body and in mind." 
 This mirror was called "the touchstone 
 of virtue." — Arabian Nights ("Prince 
 Zeyn Alasnam "). 
 
 Alas'tor, a house demon, the " skele- 
 ton in the closet," which haunts and 
 torments a family. Shelley has a poem 
 entitled Alastor or the Spirit of Soli- 
 tude. 
 
 Oicero says he meditated killing himself that he mkht 
 become the Alastor of Augustus, whom he hated. — Plu- 
 tarch, Cicero, etc. (" Parallel Lives"). 
 
 God Almighty mustered up an army of mice against the 
 archbishop [liatto], and sent them to persecute him as 
 bis furious Alastors. — Coryat, Crudities, 571. 
 
 Al'ban (St.) of Ver'ulam, hid his con- 
 fessor, St. Am'phibal, and changing clothes 
 with him, suffered death in his stead. 
 This was during the frightful persecution 
 of Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, general of 
 Diocle'tian's army in Britain, Avhcn 1000 
 Christians fell at Lichfield. 
 
 AJban — our proto-martyr called. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Alba'nia, the Scotch Highlands, so 
 called from Albanact, son of Brute, the 
 mythical Trojan king of Britain. At the 
 death of Brute "Britain" was divided 
 between his three sons : Locrin had Eng- 
 land ; Albanact had Albania (Scotland) ; 
 and Kamber had Cambria ( Wales). 
 
 He [Arthur] by force of arms Albania overrun, 
 Pursuing of the Picts beyond mount Caiedon. 
 
 Drayton, 1'olyolbion, iv. (1G12). 
 
 Alba'nia (Turkey in Asia). It means 
 "the mountain region," and properly com- 
 prehends Schirwan, Daghestan, and* Geor- 
 gia. In poetry it is used very loosely. 
 
 Al'berick of Moktemak, the same 
 as Theodorick the hermit of Engaddi, an 
 exiled nobleman. He tells king Richard 
 the history of his life, and tries to dissuade 
 him from sending a letter of defiance to 
 the archduke of Austria. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Al'berick, the squire of prince Richard 
 (one of the sons of Henrv II. of Eng- 
 land).— Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
 Henry II.). 
 
 Albert, commander of the Britannia. 
 Brave, liberal, and just, softened and 
 refined by domestic ties and superior in- 
 formation. His ship was dashed against 
 the projecting verge of Cape Colonna, the 
 most southern point of Attica, and he 
 perished in the sea because Rodmond 
 (second in command) grasped on his legs 
 and could not be shaken off. 
 
 Though trained in boisterous elements, his mind 
 Was yet by soft humanity refined ; 
 Each joy of wedded love at home lie knew, 
 Abroad, confessed the father of his crew. . . 
 
 His genius, ever for th' event prepared. 
 
 Rose with the storm, and all its clangers shared. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 2 (1756). 
 
 Albert, father of Gertrude, patriarch 
 and judge of Wyo'ming (called by Camp- 
 bell Wy'oming). Both Albert and his 
 daughter were shot by a mixed force of 
 British and Indian troops, led by one 
 Brandt, who made an attack on the settle- 
 ment, put all the inhabitants to the sword, 
 set fire to the fort, and destroyed all the 
 houses. — Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming 
 (1809). 
 
 Albert, in Goethe's romance called The 
 Sorrows of Werther, is meant for his 
 friend Kestner. He is a young German 
 farmer,who married CharlotteBuff (called 
 " Lotte" in the novel), with whom Goethe 
 was in love. Goethe represents himself 
 under the name of Werther (q. v.). 
 
 Albert of Gei'erstein (Count), 
 brother of Arnold Biederman, and presi- 
 dent of the " Secret Tribunal." He some- 
 times appears as a " black priest of St. 
 Paul's," and sometimes as the "monk of 
 St. Victoire." — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Gcierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Albertaz r zo married Alda, daughter 
 of Otho, duke of Saxony. His sons 
 were Ugo and Eulco. From this stem 
 springs the Royal Family of England. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Albia'zar, an Arab chief, who joins 
 the Egyptian armament against the cru- 
 saders. 
 
 A chief in rapine, not in knighthood bred. 
 
 Taso, Jerusalem Delivered, xvii. (1575). 
 
 Albin, the primitive name of the 
 northern part of Scotland, called by the 
 Romans " Calcdo'nia." This was the part 
 inhabited by the Ticts. The Scots mi- 
 grated from Scotia (north of Ireland), 
 and obtained mastery under Kenneth 
 Macalpin, in 843. 
 
 Green Albin, what though he no more survey 
 Thy ships at anchor on the quiet shore. 
 Thy pellucid [por/>oisos] rolling from the mountain bay, 
 Thy lone sepulchral cairn upon the moor, 
 And distant isles that hear the loud Corbrechtan roar. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 5 (180y). 
 
 Al'bion. In legendary history this 
 w r ord is variously accounted for. One 
 derivation is from Albion, a giant, son of 
 Neptune, its first discoverer, who ruled 
 over the island for forty-four years. 
 
 Another derivation is Al'bia, eldest 
 of the fifty daughters of Diocle'sian king 
 of Syria. These fifty ladies all married 
 on the same day, and all murdered their 
 husbands on the wedding night. By way 
 
ALBOBAK. 
 
 17 
 
 ALCHEMIST. 
 
 of punishment, they were cast adrift in a 
 Bhip, unmanned, but the wind drove the 
 vessel to our coast, where these Syrian 
 damsels disembarked. Here they lived 
 the rest of their lives, and married with 
 the aborigines, "a lawless crew of devils." 
 Milton mentions this legend, and naively 
 adds, "it is too absurd and unconscionably 
 gross to be believed." Its resemblance to 
 the fifty daughters of Dan'aos is palpable. 
 
 Drayton, in his Polyolbion, says that 
 Albion came from Rome, was "the first 
 martyr of the land," and dying for the 
 faith's sake, left his name to the country, 
 where Offa subsequently reared to him 
 "a rich and sumptuous shrine, with a 
 monastery attached." — Song xvi. 
 
 Albion, king of Briton, Avhen O'beron 
 held his court in what is now called "Ken- 
 sington Gardens." T. Tickell has a poem 
 upon this subject. 
 
 Albion wars icith Jove's Son. Albion, 
 son of Neptune, wars with Her'cules, son 
 of Jove. Neptune, dissatisfied with the 
 share of his father's kingdom, awarded to 
 him by Jupiter, aspired to dethrone his 
 brother, but Hercules took his father's 
 part, and Albion was discomfited. 
 
 Sinco Albion wielded arms against the son of Jove. 
 M. Drayton, Pvlyolb.on, iv. (1612). 
 
 Albo'rak., the animal brought by 
 Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the seventh 
 hea\en. It had the face of a man, the 
 cheeks of a horse, the wings of an eagle, 
 and spoke with a human voice. 
 
 ATbrac'ea, a castle of Cathay (China), 
 to which Angel'ica retires in grief when 
 she rinds her love for Kinaldo is not re- 
 ciprocated. Here she is besieged by 
 Ag'ricane king of Tartary, who is re- 
 solved to win her. — Bojardo, Orlando 
 Innamorato (1495). 
 
 Albracca's Damsel, Angel'ica. (See 
 above.) — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Albuma'zar, Arabian astronomer 
 (77U-885). 
 
 Chaunteclere, our cocke, must tell what is o'clocke, 
 By the astrologye that he hath naturally 
 Conceyued and caught ; for lie was never taught 
 By Aibumazir, the astronomer, 
 Nor by Ptholomy, prince of astronomy. 
 
 J. Skelton, J'hilip Sparow (time, Henry VIII. ). 
 
 Alcai'ro, the modern name of Mem- 
 phis (Egypt). 
 
 Not Babylon 
 Nor great Aleairo such magnificence 
 EquaJed, in ali their glories. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, I 717 (16G5). 
 
 Alceste (3 syl.) or Alcestis, wife of 
 Admetus. On his wedding day Admetus 
 neglected to offer sacrifice to Diana, but 
 
 Apollo induced the Fates to spare his 
 life, if he could find a voluntary substi- 
 tute. His bride offered to die for him, 
 but Hercules brought her back from the 
 world of shadows. 
 
 V* Euripides has a Greek tragedy on 
 the subject (Alcestis) ; Gluckhasan opera 
 (Alceste) libretto by Calzabigi (1765) ; 
 Philippi Quinault produced a French 
 tragedy entitled Alceste, in 1674 ; and 
 Lagrange-Chancel in 1694 produced a 
 French tragedy on the same subject. 
 
 Alceste' (2 syl.), the hero of Moliere'a 
 comedy Le Misanthrope (1666), not un- 
 like Timon of Athens, by Shakespeare. 
 Alceste is in fact a pure and noble mind 
 soured by perfidy and disgusted with 
 society. Courtesy seems to him the vice 
 of fops, and the usages of civilized life no 
 better than hypocrisy. Alceste pays his 
 addresses to Celimene, a coquette. 
 
 Alceste is an upright, manly character, tout rude and im- 
 patient, even of the ordinary civilities of life. — Sir W alter 
 Scott. 
 
 Alces'tis or Alces'tes (3 syl.), 
 daughter of Pel'ias and wife of Adme'tus, 
 who gave herself up to death to save the 
 life of her husband. Hercules fetched her 
 from the grave, and restored her to her 
 husband. Her story is told by Win, 
 Morris, in The Earthly Paradise (June). 
 
 *** Longfellow, in The Golden Ley end, 
 has a somewhat similar story : Henry of 
 Hoheneck was like to die, and was iold 
 he would recover if he could find a 
 maiden willing to lay down her life for 
 him. Elsie, the daughter of Gottlieb 
 (a tenant farmer of the prince), vowed 
 to do so, and followed the prince to 
 Salerno, to surrender herself to Lucifer ; 
 but the prince rescued, her, and made 
 her his wife. The excitement and exer- 
 cise cured the indolent young prince. 
 
 Al'ehemist (The), the last of the 
 three great comedies of Ben Jonson (1610). 
 The other two are Vol' pone (2 syl.), 
 (1605), and TJie Silent Woman (1609). 
 The object of The Alchemist is to ridicule 
 the belief in the philosopher's stone 
 and the elixir of life. The alchemist 
 is "Subtle," a mere quack; and "sir 
 Epicure Mammon" is the chief dupe, who 
 supplies money, etc., for the "transmu- 
 tation of metal." "Abel Drugger " a 
 tobacconist, and " Dapper " a lawyer's 
 clerk, are two other dupes. "Captain 
 Face," alias "Jeremy," the house-servant 
 of " Lovewit," and " Dol Common " are 
 his allies. The whole thing is blown up 
 by the unexpected return of " Lovewit." 
 c 
 
ALCIBTADES. 
 
 IS 
 
 ALDABELLA. 
 
 Alcibi'ades (5 syl.), the Athenian 
 general. Being banished by the senate, he 
 marches against the city, and the. senate, 
 being unable to offer resistance, open 
 the gates to him (b.c. 4o(M04). This 
 incident is introduced by Shakespeare in 
 Ti?non of Athens. 
 
 Alcibiades has furnished Otway with 
 the subject of an English tragedy (1672), 
 and J. G. de Campistron with one in 
 French (Alcibiade, 1683). 
 
 Alcibi'ades' Tables represented a 
 god or goddess outwardly, and a Sile'nus, 
 or deformed piper, within. Erasmus has 
 a curious dissertation on these tables 
 (Adage, 667, edit. R. Stephens) ; hence 
 emblematic of falsehood and dissimula- 
 tion. 
 
 Whoso wants virtue is compared to these 
 False tables wrought by Alcibiades ; 
 Which noted well of all were found t've bin 
 Most fair without, but most deformed within. 
 V.'m. Browne, Britannia's J'astorals, i. (1613). 
 
 Alci'des, Hercules, son of Alcieus; 
 
 any strong and valiant hero. The drama 
 called Hercules Furens is by Eurip'ides. 
 Seneca has a tragedy of the same title. 
 
 The Tuscan poet {A rioHo] doth advance 
 The frantic paladin of France [Orlando Furioso"]; 
 And those more ancient do enhance 
 Alcides in his fury. 
 
 M. Drayton. Symphidia (1563-1631). 
 Where is the great AlcidCs of the field, 
 Valiant lord Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury'? 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry 17. act iv. sc. 7 (1580). 
 
 Alci'na, Carnal Pleasure personified. 
 In Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato she 
 is a fairy, who carries off Astolfo. In 
 Ariosto's Orlando Furioso she is a kind 
 of Circe, whose garden is a scene of 
 enchantment. Alcina enjoys her lovers 
 for a season, and then converts them into 
 trees, stones, wild beasts, and so on, as 
 her fancy dictates. 
 
 AVciphron or The Minute Philoso- 
 pher, the title of a work by bishop 
 Berkeley, so called from the name of the 
 chief speaker, a freethinker. The object 
 of this work is to expose the weakness of 
 infidelity. 
 
 Al'ciphron, "the epicurean," the hero 
 of T. Moore's romance entitled The 
 Epicurean. 
 
 Like Alciphron. we swing in air and darkness, and know 
 not whither the wind blows us. — Putnam's Magazine. 
 
 Alcrae'na (in Moliere, Alanine), the 
 wife of Amphitryon, general of the The- 
 ban army. While her husband is absent 
 warring against the Telebo'ans, Jupiter 
 assumes the form of Amphitryon; but 
 Amphitryon himself returns home the 
 next day, and griat confusion arises be- 
 
 tween the false and true Amphitryon, 
 which is augmented by Mercury, who 
 personates Sos'ia, the slave of Amphi- 
 tryon. By this amour of Jupiter, Alc- 
 mena becomes the mother of Her'cules. 
 Plautus, Moliere, and Dryden have all 
 taken this plot for a comedy entitled 
 Amphitryon. 
 
 Alcofri'bas, the name by which 
 Babelais was called, after he came out of 
 the prince's mouth, where he resided for 
 six months, taking toll of every morsel of 
 food that the prince ate. Pantag'ruel 
 gave " the merry fellow the lairdship of 
 Salmificondin." — Rabelais, Pantaqrucl, ii. 
 32 (1533). 
 
 Al'colomb, " subduer of hearts," 
 daughter of Abou Aibouof Damascus, and 
 sister of Ganem. The caliph Haroun-ai- 
 Raschid, in a fit of jealousy, commanded 
 Ganem to be put to death, and his mother 
 and sister to do penance for three days in 
 Damascus, and then to be banished from 
 Syria. The two ladies came to Bagdad, 
 and were taken in by the charitable syn- 
 dec of the jewellers. When the jealous 
 fit of the caliph was over he sent for the 
 two exiles. Alcolomb he made his wife, 
 and her mother he married to his vizier. 
 — Arabian Nights ("Ganem, the Slave of 
 Love "). 
 
 Alcy'on, "the wofullest man alive," 
 but once "the jolly shepherd swain that 
 wont full merrily to pipe and dance," near 
 where the Severn flows. One day he saw 
 a lion's cub, and brought it up till it fol- 
 lowedhim about like adog; but a cruel satyr 
 shot it in mere wantonness. By the lion's 
 cub he means Daphne, who died in her 
 prime, and the cruel satyr is death. He 
 said he hated everything — the heaven, the 
 earth, fire, air, and sea, the day, the night ; 
 he hated to speak, to hear, to taste food, to 
 see objects, to smell, to feel ; he hated 
 man and woman too, for his Daphne lived 
 no longer. What became of this doleful 
 shepherd the poet could never ween. 
 Alcyon is sir Arthur Gorges. — Spenser, 
 Daphaida (in seven fyttes, 1590). 
 
 And there is that Alcyon bent to mourn. 
 Though fit to frame an everlasting ditty, 
 
 Whose gentle sprite for Daphne's death doth turn 
 Sweet lays of love to ondless plaints of pity. 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Coyne JJome Again (1591). 
 
 Alcy'one or Halcyone (4 sy/.)» 
 daughter of ^E6lus, who, on hearing of* 
 her husband's death by shipwreck, threw 
 herself into the sea, and was changed to a 
 kingfisher. (See Halcyon Days.) 
 
 Aldabel'la, wife of Orlando, sister oi 
 
ALDABELLA. 
 
 19 
 
 ALESSIO. 
 
 Olivrr, and daughter of Monodan'tes. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, etc. (1516). 
 
 Aldabclla, a marchioness of Florence, 
 very beautiful and fascinating, but arro- 
 gant and heartless. She used to give 
 entertainments to the magnates of Flo- 
 rence, and Fazio was one who spent 
 most of his time in her society. Bian'ca 
 his wife, being jealous of the marchioness, 
 accused him to the duke of being privy 
 to the death of Bartoldo, and for this 
 offence Fazio was executed. Bianca died 
 broken-hearted, and Aldabella was con- 
 demned to spend the rest of her life in a 
 nunnery. — DeanMilman, Fazio (a tragedy, 
 1815). 
 
 Alden {John), one of the sons of the 
 Pilgrim fathers, in love with Priscilla, the 
 beautiful puritan. Miles Standish, a bluff 
 old soldier, wishing to marry Priscilla, 
 asked John Alden to go and plead for 
 him ; but the maiden answered archly, 
 "Why don't you speak for yourself, 
 John " Soon after this, Standish being 
 reported killed by a poisoned arrow, John 
 spoke for himself, and the maiden con- 
 sented. Standish, however, was not killed, 
 but only wounded ; he made his reappear- 
 ance at the wedding, where, seeing how 
 matters stood, he accepted the situation 
 with the good-natured remark : 
 
 If you would be served you must serve yourself; and 
 
 moreover 
 No mnn can gather cherries in Kent at the season of 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standish, ix. 
 
 Aldiborontephoscophornio [Al'~ 
 dibo-ron'te-fos'co-for'nio], a character in 
 Chrononhotonthologos, by II. Carey. 
 
 (Sir Walter Scott used to call James Bal- 
 lantyne, the printer, this nickname, from 
 his pomposity and formality of speech.) 
 
 Al'diger, son of Buo'vo, of the house 
 of Clarmont, brother of Malagi'gi and 
 Vivian. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Al'dine (2 syl.), leader of the second 
 squadron of Arabs which joined the 
 Egyptian armament against the crusaders. 
 Tasso says of the Arabs, "Their accents 
 were female and their stature diminu- 
 tive " (xvii.). — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered 
 (1575). 
 
 Al'dingar (Sir), steward of queen 
 Eleanor, wife of Henry II. He impeached 
 the queen's fidelity, and agreed to prove 
 his charge by single combat ; but an 
 angel (in the shape of a little child) 
 established the queen's innocence. This 
 is probably a blundering version of the 
 
 story of Gunhilda and the emperor 
 Henry. — Percy, Reliques, ii. 9. 
 
 Aldo, a Caledonian, was not invited by 
 Fingal to his banquet on his return to 
 Morven, after the overthrow of Swaran. 
 To resent this affront, he went over to 
 Fingal's avowed enemy, Erragon king of 
 Sora (in Scandinavia), and here Lorna, the 
 king's wife, fell in love with him. The 
 guilty pair fled to Morven, which Erragon 
 immediately invaded. Aldo fell in single 
 combat with Erragon, Lorna died of 
 grief, and Erragon was slain in battle by 
 Gaul, son of Morni. — Ossian ("The Battle 
 of Lora "). 
 
 Aldrovand (Father), chaplain of sir 
 Raymond Berenger, the old Norman 
 ■warrior. — Sir W. Scott, Tlie Betrothed 
 (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Aldrick the Jesuit, confessor of 
 Charlotte countess of Derby. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
 
 Aldus, father of Al'adine (3 syl.), the 
 "lusty knight." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 vi. 3 (1596). 
 
 Alea, a warrior who invented dice at 
 the siege of Troy ; at least so Isidore of 
 Seville says. Suidas ascribes the inven- 
 tion to Palamedes. 
 
 Alea est ludus tabulae invents a Graecis, in otio Trojani 
 belli, a quodam milite, nomine ALEA, a quo et ars nomen 
 accepit. — Isidorus, Orig. xviii. 57. 
 
 Alector'ia, a stone extracted from a 
 capon. It is said to render the w r earer 
 invisible, to allay thirst, to antidote 
 enchantment, and ensure love. — Mirror of 
 Stones. 
 
 Alec'tryon, a youth set by Mars to 
 guard against surprises, but he fell asleep, 
 and Apollo thus surprised Mars and 
 Venus in each others' embrace. Mars in 
 anger changed the boy into a cock. 
 
 And from out the neighbouring farmyard 
 Loud the cockAJectryon crowed. 
 
 Longfellow*, Pegasus in Pound. 
 
 Aleph, the nom de plume of the Bev. 
 William Harvey, of Belfast (1808- ). 
 
 Ale'ria. one of the Amazons, and the 
 best beloved of the ten w r ives cf Guido the 
 Savage. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Alessio, the young man with whom 
 Lisa was living in concubinage, when 
 Elvi'no promised to marry her. Elvino 
 made the promise out of pique, because- 
 he thought Ami'na was' not faithful to 
 him, but when he discovered his error he 
 returned to his first love, and left Lisa to 
 
ALETHES. 
 
 20 
 
 ALFADER. 
 
 many Alessio, with whom she had been 
 previously cohabiting. — Bellini's opera, 
 La Sonnambula (1831). 
 
 Ale'thes (3 syl.), an ambassador from 
 Egypt to king Al'adine (3 syl.) ; subtle, 
 false, deceitful, and full of wiles. — Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Alexander the Great, a tragedy 
 by Nathaniel Lee (1G78). In French we 
 have a novel called Roman oV Alexandre, 
 by Lambert-li-cors (twelfth century), and 
 a tragedy by Racine (1GG5). 
 
 This was a favourite part with T. Betterton (1035- 
 1710), Win. Moimtford (1(560-169:?), H. Norrh (1665- 
 1734); C. Hulct (1701-1736), ami Spranger Barry (1710- 
 1777); but J. W. CroUer says that J. P. Keinble. in 
 "Hamlet," " Coriolanus," "Alexander," and "Cato," 
 excelled all his predecessors. — Boswell's Johnson. 
 
 Alexander an Athlete. Alexander, 
 being asked if he would run a course 
 at the Olympic games, replied, "Yes, if 
 my competitors are all kings." 
 
 The Albanian Alexander, George 
 Cast-riot (Scanderbeg or Iscander beg, 
 1404-1467). 
 
 Tiie Persian Alexander, Sandjar (1117- 
 1158). 
 
 Alexander of the North, Charles XII. 
 of Sweden (1682-1718). 
 
 Alexander deformed. 
 
 Amnion's great son one shoulder had too high. 
 
 Tope, Prologue to the Satires, 117. 
 
 Alexander and Homer. When Alex- 
 ander invaded Asia Minor, he offered up 
 sacrifice to Priam, and then went to visit 
 the tomb of Achilles. Here he exclaimed, 
 " O most enviable of men, who had 
 Homer to sing thy deeds ! " 
 
 Which made the Eastern conqueror to cry, 
 "O fortunate young man ! whose virtue found 
 So brave a trump thy noble deeds to sound." 
 
 Spenser, The Jiuius of Time (1591). 
 
 Alexander and Parme'nio. When 
 Darius, king of Persia, offered Alexander 
 his daughter Stati'ra in marriage, with a 
 dowry of 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio 
 said, "I would accept the offer, if I were 
 Alexander." To this Alexander rejoined, 
 " So would I, if I were Parmenio." 
 
 On another occasion the general thought 
 the king somewhat too lavish in his 
 gifts, whereupon Alexander made answer, 
 "1 consider not what Parmenio ought to 
 receive, but what Alexander ought to 
 give." 
 
 Alexander and Perdiccas. When Alex- 
 ander started for Asia he divided his 
 possessions among his friends. Perdiccas 
 asked what he had left for himself. 
 " Hope," said Alexander. " If hope is 
 enough for Alexander, " replied the 
 
 friend, "it is enough for Perdiccas also ;" 
 and declined to accept anything. 
 
 Alexander and Raphael. Alexander 
 encountered Raphael in a cave in the 
 mountain of Kaf, and being asked what 
 he was in search of, replied, " The water of 
 immortality." Whereupon Raphael gave 
 him a stone, and told him when he found 
 another of the same weight he would 
 gain his wish. "And how long," said 
 Alexander, ' ' have I to live ? " The angel 
 replied, " Till the heaven above thee and 
 the earth beneath thee arc of iron." Alex ■ 
 ander now went forth and found a stone 
 almost of the weight required, and in order 
 to complete the balance, added a little 
 earth ; falling from his horse at Ghur he 
 was laid in his armour on the ground, and 
 his shield was set up over him to ward off 
 the sun. Then understood he that he 
 would gain immortality when, like the 
 stone, he was buried in the earth, and that 
 his hour was come, for the earth beneath 
 him was iron, and his iron buckler was 
 his vault of heaven above. So he died. 
 
 Alexander and the Robber. When 
 Dion'ides, a pirate, was brought before 
 Alexander, he exclaimed, "Vile brigand ! 
 how dare you infest the seas with your 
 misdeeds?" "And you," replied the 
 pirate, " by what right do you ravage the 
 world? Because I have only one ship, 
 I am called a brigand, but you who have 
 a whole fleet are termed a conqueror." 
 Alexander admired the man's boldness, 
 and commanded him to be set at liberty. 
 
 Alexander's Beard, a smooth chin, or 
 a very small beard. It is said that Alex- 
 ander the Great had scarcely any beard 
 at all. 
 
 Disgraced yet with Alexander's bearde. 
 
 G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Alexander's Runner, Ladas. 
 
 Alexan'dra, daughter of Oronthea, 
 queen of the -Am'azons, and one of the 
 ten wives of Elba'nio. It is from this 
 person that the land of the Amazons was 
 called Alexandra. — Ariosto, Orlando Fu~ 
 rioso (1516). 
 
 Alexan'drite (4 syl.), a species of 
 beryl found in Siberia. It shows th« 
 Russian colours (green and red), and is 
 named from the emperor Alexander of 
 Russia. 
 
 Alex'is, the wanton shepherd in The* 
 Faithful Shepherdess, a pastoral drama by 
 John Fletcher (1610). 
 
 Alfa'der, the father of all the Asen 
 (deities) of Scandinavia, creator and 
 
ALFONSO. 
 
 21 
 
 ALICIA. 
 
 governor of the universe, patron of arts 
 Rnd magic, etc. 
 
 Alfonso, father of Leono'ra d'Este, 
 and duke of Ferrara. Tasso the poet fell 
 *in love -with Leonora. The duke confined 
 him as a lunatic for seven years in the 
 asylum of Santa Anna, but at the expira- 
 tion of that period he was released through 
 the intercession of Vincenzo Gonzago, 
 duke of Mantua. Bvron refers to this in 
 his Childe Harold, iv."36. 
 
 Alfonso XL of Castile, whose "favour- 
 ite" was Leonora de Guzman. — Donizetti, 
 La Favor ita (an opera, 1842). 
 
 Alfon'so (Don), of Seville, a man of 50 
 and husband of donna Julia (twenty-seven 
 years his junior), of whom he was jealous 
 without cause. — Byron, Don Juan, i. 
 
 Alfon'so, in Walpole's tale called The 
 Castle of Otranto, appears as an appari- 
 tion in the moonlight, dilated to a gigantic 
 form (1769). 
 
 Alfred as a G-leeman. Alfred, 
 wishing to know the strength of the 
 Danish camp, assumed the disguise of a 
 minstrel, and stayed in the Danish camp 
 for several days, amusing the soldiers 
 with his harping and singing. After he 
 had made himself master of all he re- 
 quired, he returned back to his own place. 
 —William of Malmesbury (twelfth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 William of Malmesbury tells a similar 
 Btory of Anlaf, a Danish king, who, he 
 says, just before the battle of Brunan- 
 burh, in Northumberland, entered the 
 camp of king Athelstan as a gleeman, 
 harp in hand ; and so pleased was the 
 English king that he gave him gold. 
 Anlaf would not keep the gold, but buried 
 it in the earth. 
 
 Algarsife (3 syl.) and Cam'ballo, sons 
 of Cambuscan' king of Tartary, and 
 Elfeta his wife. Algarsife married 
 Theodora. 
 
 I speak of Algarsife, 
 How that he won Theodora to his wife. 
 
 Chaucer, The Squire's Tale. 
 
 Al'gefoar ' ( ' '- the giant ") . So the Ara- 
 bians call the constellation Orion. 
 
 Begirt with many a blazing star, 
 Stood the great giant Algebar — 
 » Orion, hunter of the beast. 
 
 Longfellow, The Occultation of Orion. 
 
 A'li, cousin and son-in-law of Ma- 
 homet. The beauty of his eyes is pro- 
 verbial in Persia. Ayn Hall (" eyes of 
 •Ali") is the highest compliment a Persian 
 can pay to beauty. — Chardin. 
 
 Ali Baba, a poor Persian wood- 
 carrier, who accidentally learns the magic 
 words, "Open Sesame!" " Shut Sesame ! " 
 by which he gains entrance into a vast 
 cavern, the repository of stolen wealth 
 and the lair of forty thieves. He makes 
 himself rich by plundering from these 
 stores ; and by the shrewd cunning of 
 Morgiana, his female slave, the captain 
 and his whole band of thieves are extir- 
 pated. In reward of these services, Ali 
 Baba gives Morgiana her freedom, and 
 marries her to his own son. — Arabian 
 Nigh ts[" Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves " ) . 
 
 Alias. "You have as many aliases 
 as Robin of Bagshot." (See Robin oh* 
 Bagshot.) 
 
 Al'ice (2 syl.), sister of Valentine, in 
 Mons. Thomas, a comedv by Beaumont 
 and Fletcher (1619). 
 
 Al'ice (2 syl.), foster-sister of Robert le 
 Diable, and bride of Rambaldo, the Nor- 
 man troubadour, in Meyerbeer's opera of 
 Roberto il Diavolo. She comes to Palermo 
 to place in the duke's hand his mother's 
 "will," which he is enjoined not to read 
 till he is a virtuous man. She is- Robert's 
 good genius, and when Bertram, the 
 fiend, claims his soul as the price of his 
 ill deeds, Alice, by reading the will, re- 
 claims him. 
 
 Al'ice (2 syl.), the servant-girl of dame 
 Whitecraft, wife of the innkeeper at Al- 
 tringham. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Leak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Al'ice, the miller's daughter, a story of 
 happy first love told in later years by 
 an old man who had married the rustic 
 beauty. He was a dreamy lad when lie 
 first loved Alice, and the passion roused 
 him into manhood. (See Rose.) — Tenny- 
 son, The Miller's Daughter. 
 
 Al'ice (Tlie Lady), widow of Walter 
 knight of Avenel (2 syl.).— Sir W. Scott, 
 •The Monastery (time, Elizabeth) . 
 
 Al'ice [Gray] , called "Old Alice Gray," 
 a quondam tenant of the lord of Ravens- 
 wood. Lucy Ashton visits her after the 
 funeral of the old lord. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 AHchi'no, a devil in Dante's Lnferno. 
 
 Alicia gave her heart to Mosby, but 
 married Arden for his position. As a 
 wife, she played falsely with her hus- 
 band, and even joined Mosby in a plot to 
 murder him. Vacillating between love 
 
ALICIA. 
 
 22 
 
 ALKEN. 
 
 for Mosby and respect for Arden, she 
 repents, and goes on sinning ; wishes to 
 get disentangled, but is overmastered by 
 Mosby's stronger will. Alicia's passions 
 impel her to evil, but her judgment ac- 
 cuses her and prompts her to the right 
 course. She halts, and parleys with sin, 
 like Balaam, and of course is lost. — Anon., 
 Arden of Feversham (1592). 
 
 Alic'ia, "a laughing, toying, wheed- 
 ling, whimpering she," who once held 
 lord Hastings under her distaff, but her 
 annoying jealousy, "vexatious days, and 
 jarring, joyless nights," drove him away 
 from her. "Being jealous of Jane Shore, 
 she accused her to the duke of Gloster of 
 alluring lord Hastings from his allegiance, 
 and the lord protector soon trumped up a 
 charge against both ; the lord chamberlain 
 he ordered to execution for treason, and 
 Jane Shore he persecuted for witchcraft. 
 Alicia goes raving mad. — Rowe, Jane 
 Shore (1713). 
 
 The king of Denmark went to see Mrs. Bellamy play 
 "Alicia," and fell into a sound sleep. The angry lady had 
 to say, "O thou false lord!" and she drew near to the 
 slumbering monarch, and shouted the words into the 
 royal box. The king started, rubbed his eyes, and re- 
 marked that he would not have such a woman for his 
 wife, though she had no end of kingdoms for a dowry. — 
 Cornhill Magazine (1863). 
 
 Alic'ia (The lady), daughter of lord 
 Waldemar Fitzarse. — Sir W. Scott, Ivan- 
 hoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Alick [Poi/wortii], one of the ser- 
 vants of Waverley. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Alifan'faron, emperor of the island 
 Trap'oban, a Mahometan, the suitor of 
 Pentap'olin's daughter, a Christian. Pen- 
 tapolin refused to sanction this alliance, 
 and the emperor raised a vast army to 
 enforce his suit. This is don Quixote's 
 solution of two flocks of sheep coming in 
 opposite directions, which he told Sancho 
 were the armies of Alifanfaron and Pen- 
 tapolin. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 
 (1605). 
 
 Ajax the Greater had a similar encoun- 
 ter. (See Ajax.) 
 
 Alin'da, daughter of Alphonso, an 
 irascible old lord of Sego'via. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621). 
 
 (Alinda is the name assumed by young 
 Archas when he dresses in woman's attire. 
 This young man is the son of general 
 Archas, " the loyal subject" of the great 
 duke of Moscovia, in a drama by Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, called The loyal Sub- 
 ject, 1618.) 
 
 Aliprando, a Christian knight, who 
 discovered the armour of Binaldo, and 
 took it to Godfrey. Both inferred that 
 Binaldo had been slain, bxxt were mis- 
 taken. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Al'iris, sultan of Lower Buchar'ia, 
 who, under the assumed name of Fer'- 
 amorz, accompanies Lalla Rookh from 
 Delhi, on her way to be married to the 
 sultan. He wins her love, and amuses 
 the tedium of the journey by telling her 
 tales. When introduced to the sultan, 
 her joy is unbounded on discovering that 
 Feramorz the poet, who has won her 
 heart, is the sultan to whom she is be- 
 trothed. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh. 
 
 Alisaunder (Sir), surnamed Lor- 
 felix, son of the good prince Boudwine 
 and his wife An'glides (3 •?///.)• Sir 
 Mark, king of Cornwall, murdered sir 
 Boudwine, who was his brother, whilo 
 Alisaunder was a mere child. When 
 Alisaunder was knighted, his mother gave 
 him his father's doublet, "bebled with old 
 blood," and charged him to revenge his 
 father's death. Alisaunder married Alis 
 la Beale Pilgrim, and had one son called 
 Bellen'gerus le Beuse. Instead of ful- 
 filling his mother's charge, he was him- 
 self "falsely and feloniously slain" by 
 king Mark. — Sir T. Malorv, History of 
 King Arthur, ii. 119-125 (1470). 
 
 Al'ison, the young wife of John, a 
 rich old miserly carpenter. Absolon, a 
 priggish parish clerk, paid her attention, 
 but she herself loved a poor scholar named 
 Nicholas, lodging in her husband's house. 
 Fair she was, and her body lithe as a 
 weasel. She had a roguish eye, small 
 eyebrows, was "long as a mast and up- 
 right as a bolt," more " pleasant to look 
 on than a flowering pear tree," and her 
 skin " was softer than the wool of a 
 wether." — Chaucer, "The Miller's Tale" 
 (Canterbury Tales, 1388). 
 
 Al'ison, in sir W. Scott's Kenihcorth, is 
 an old domestic in the service of the earl 
 of Leicester at Cumnor Place. 
 
 Al Kadr (The Night of). The 97th 
 chapter of the Koran is so entitled. It 
 was the night on which Mahomet received 
 from Gabriel his first revelation, and was 
 probably the 24th of Ramadan. 
 
 Verily we sent down the Koran in the night of Al Kadr. 
 — Al Koran, xcvii. 
 
 Al'ken, an old shepherd, who instructs ' 
 Robin Hood's men how to find a witch, 
 
ALKOREMMI. 
 
 23 
 
 ALL-FAIR 
 
 and how she is to be hunted. — Ben Jon- 
 son, The Sad Shepherd (1637). 
 
 Alkoremmi, the palace built by the 
 Motassem on the hill of " Pied Horses." 
 His son Yathek added five wings to it, 
 one for the gratification of each of the 
 five senses. 
 
 I. The Eternal, Banquet, in which 
 were tables covered both night and day 
 with the most tempting foods. 
 
 II. The Nectar of the Soul, filled 
 with the best of poets and musicians. 
 
 III. The Delight of the Eyes, filled 
 with the most enchanting objects the eye 
 could look on. 
 
 IV. The Palace of Perfumes, which 
 was always pervaded with the sweetest 
 odours. 
 
 Y. The Retreat of Joy, filled with 
 the loveliest and most seductive houris. — 
 W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 All's "Well that Ends Well, a 
 comedy by Shakespeare (1598). The 
 hero and heroine are Bertram count of 
 Rousillon, and Hel'ena a physician's 
 daughter, who are married by the com- 
 mand of the king of France, but part 
 because Bertram thought the lady not 
 sufficiently well-born for him. Ulti- 
 mately, however, all ends well. (See 
 Helena.) 
 
 The story of this play is from Painter's 
 Gilletta of Narbon. 
 
 All the Talents Administration, 
 formed by lord Greville, in 1806, on the 
 death of William Pitt. The members 
 were lord Greville, the earl Fitzwilliam, 
 viscount Sidmouth, Charles James Fox, 
 earl Spencer, William "Windham, lord 
 Erskine, sir Charles Grey, lord Minto, 
 lord Auckland, lord Moira, Sheridan, 
 Richard Fitzpatrick, and lord Ellen- 
 borough. It was dissolved in 1807. 
 
 On " all the talents " vent your venal spleen. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 
 
 Allan, lord of Ravenswood. a decaved 
 Scotch nobleman.— Sir W. Scott, 'The 
 Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Al'lan (Mrs.), colonel Mannering's 
 housekeeper at Woodburne. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Gray Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Al'lan [Breck Cameron], the ser- 
 geant sent to arrest Hamish Bean 
 McTavisk, by whom he is shot. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Highland Widow (time, George 
 
 AHan-a-Dale, one of Robin Hood's 
 
 men, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
 Ivanhoe. (See Allin-a-Dale.) 
 
 Allegory for Alligator, a mala- 
 
 propism. 
 
 She's as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the 
 Nile. 
 
 Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 2 (1775). 
 
 Alle'gre (3 syl.), the faithful servant 
 of Philip Chabot. When Chabot was 
 accused of treason, Allegre was put to the 
 rack to make him confess something to 
 his master's damage, but the brave fellow 
 was true as .steel, and it was afterwards 
 shown that the accusation had no foun- 
 dation but jealousy. — G. Chapman and 
 J. Shirley, The Tragedy of Philip Chabot. 
 
 Allelujah, wood-sorrel, so called by 
 a corruption of its name, Juliola, where- 
 by it is known in the south of Italy. 
 Its official name, Luzula, is another shade 
 of the same Avord. 
 
 Allemayne (2 syL), Germany, from 
 the French Allemagne. Also written 
 Allemain. 
 
 Thy faithful bosom spooned with pain, 
 loveliest maiden of Alle'mayne. 
 
 Campbell, The Brave Roland. 
 
 Allen {Ralph), the friend of Pope, 
 and benefactor of Fielding. 
 
 Let humble Allen, ■with an awkward shame. 
 Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Allen (Long), a soldier in the "guards " 
 of king Richard I.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Talisman. 
 
 Allen (Major), an officer in the duke of 
 Monmouth's army. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Alley (The), i.e. the Stock Ex- 
 change Alley (London). 
 
 John Rive, after many active years in the Alley, retired 
 to the Continent ; and died at the age of 118. — Old and 
 2few London. 
 
 All-Fair, a princess, who was saved 
 from the two lions (which guarded the 
 Desert Fairy) by the Yellow Dwarf, on 
 condition that she would become his 
 wife. On her return home she hoped to 
 evade this promise by marrying the brave 
 king of the Gold Mines, but on the wed- 
 ding day Yellow Dwarf carried her 
 off on a Spanish cat, and confined her in 
 Steel Castle. Here Gold Mine came to 
 her rescue with a magic sword, but in his 
 joy at finding her, he dropped his sword, 
 and was stabbed to the heart with it 
 by Yellow Dwarf. All-Fair, falling on 
 the body of her lover, died of a broken 
 
ALLIN-A-DALE. 
 
 24 
 
 ALMEYDA. 
 
 heart. The syren changed the dead 
 lovers into two palm trees. — Coratesse 
 D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow 
 Dwarf," 1682). 
 
 Allin-a-Dale or Allen-a-Dale, of 
 
 Nottinghamshire, was to be married to a 
 lady who returned his love, but her 
 parents compelled her to forego young 
 Allin for an old knight of wealth. Allin 
 told his tale to Robin Hood, and the bold 
 forester, in the disguise of a harper, went 
 to the church where the wedding cere- 
 mony was to take place. When the 
 wedding party stepped in, Robin Hood 
 exclaimed, "This is no fit match; the 
 bride shall be married only to the man of 
 her choice." Then sounding his horn 
 Allin-a-Dale with four and twenty how- 
 men entered the church. The bishop 
 refused to marry the woman to Allin till 
 the banns had been asked three times, 
 whereupon Robin pulled off the bishop's 
 gown, and invested Little John in it, who 
 asked the banns seven times, and per- 
 formed the ceremony. — Robin Hood and 
 Allin-a-Dale (a ballad). 
 
 Allrmt {Noll), landlord of the Swan, 
 Lambythe Ferry (1625). 
 
 Grace Allnut, his wife. 
 
 Oliver Allnut. the landlord's son. — 
 Sterling, John Felton (1852). 
 
 Allworth. (Lady), stepmother to 
 Tom Allworth. Sir Giles Overreach 
 thought she would marry his nephew 
 Wellborn, but she married lord Lovel. 
 
 Tom Allworth, stepson of lady All- 
 worth, in love with Margaret Overreach, 
 whom he marries. — Massinger, A New 
 Way to pay Old Debts (1625). 
 
 The first appearance of Thomas King was " Allworth," 
 on the lyth October, 1748.— Boaden. 
 
 AU'wortliy, in Fielding's Tom 
 Jones, a man of sturdy rectitude, large 
 charity, infinite modesty, independent 
 spirit, and untiring philanthropy, with 
 an utter disregard of money or fame. 
 Fielding's friend, Ralph Allen, was the 
 academy figure of this character. 
 
 Alma (the human soid), queen of 
 "Body Castle," which for seven years 
 was beset by a rabble rout. Spenser 
 says, " The divine part of man is 
 circular, and the mortal part triangular." 
 Arthur and sir Guyon were conducted by 
 Alma over "Body Castle." — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, ii. 9 (1590). 
 
 Almain, Germany, in French Alle- 
 mayne. 
 
 Almansor ( u the invincible"), a title 
 assumed by several Mussulman princes, as 
 by the second caliph of the Abbasside 
 dynasty, named Abou Giafar Abdallah 
 (the invincible, or al mansor). Also by the 
 famous captain of the Moors in Spain, 
 named Mohammed. In Africa, Yacoub- 
 al-Modjahed was entitled " al mansor," a 
 royal name of dignity given to the kings 
 of Fez, Morocco, and Algiers. 
 
 The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez, and Sus, 
 Marocco and Algiers. 
 
 M.lton, Paradise Lost, xL 403 (1665). 
 
 Almanzor, the caliph, wishing to 
 found a city in a certain spot, was told by 
 a hermit named Bagdad that a man 
 called Moclas was destined to be its 
 founder. " I am that man," said the 
 caliph, and he then told the hermit how in 
 his boyhood he once stole a bracelet and 
 pawned it, whereupon his nurse ever after 
 called him "Moclas" (thief). Almanzor 
 founded the city, and called it Bagdad, 
 the name of the hermit. — Marigny. 
 
 Alman'zor, in Dryden's tragedy of The 
 Conquest of Grana'da. 
 
 Alman'zor, lackey of Madelon and her 
 cousin Cathos, the affected fine ladies in 
 Mo] i ore's comedy of Les Precieuses 
 Ridicules (1659). 
 
 Alma\ T i'va (Count and countess). 
 The count is a libertine ; the countess is 
 his wife. — T. Holcroft, The Follies of a 
 Day (1745-1809). 
 
 Alme'ria, daughter of Manuel king 
 of Grana'da. While captive of Valentia, 
 prince Alphouso fell in love with her, and 
 being compelled to flight, married her ; 
 but on the very day of espousal the ship 
 in which they were sailing was wrecked, 
 and each thought the other had perished. 
 Both, however, were saved, and met 
 unexpectedly on the coast of Gra- 
 nada, to which Alphonso was brought 
 as a captive. Here Alphonso, under the 
 assumed name of Osmyn, was imprisoned, 
 but made his escape, and at the head 
 of an army invaded Granada, found 
 Manuel dead, and "the mournful bride" 
 became converted into the joyful wife. — 
 W. Congreve, The Mourning Bride (1697). 
 
 Almes'bury (3 syl.). It was in a 
 sanctuary of Almesbury that queen 
 Guenever took refuge, after her adul- 
 terous passion for sir Lancelot was made 
 known to the king. Here she died, but 
 her body was buried at Glastonbury. 
 
 Almey'da, the Portuguese governor 
 
ALMIRODS. 
 
 25 
 
 ALP. 
 
 of India. In his engagement with the 
 united fleets of Cambaya and Egypt, he 
 had his legs and thighs shattered by chain- 
 shot, but instead of retreating to the 
 back, he had himself bound to the ship- 
 mast, where he "waved his sword to 
 cheer on the combatants," till he died 
 from loss of blood. 
 
 Similar stories are told of admiral 
 Renbow, Cynsegeros brother of the poet 
 yEschylos, Jaafer Avho carried the sacred 
 banner of "the prophet" in the battle 
 of Muta, and of some others. 
 
 Whirled by the cannons' rage, in shivers torn. 
 His thighs'far scattered o'er the waves are borne ; 
 Bound to the mast the godlike hero stands. 
 Waves his proud sword and cheers his woeful bands : 
 Tho' winds and seas their wonted aid deny, 
 To yield he knows not ; but he knows to die. 
 
 Camoens, Lusiad, x. (1569). 
 
 Almirods (TJie), a rebellious people, 
 who refused to submit to prince Pan- 
 tag'ruel after his subjugation of Anar- 
 chus king of the Dipsodes (2 syl.). It 
 was while Pantagruel was marching 
 against these rebels that a tremendous 
 shower of rain fell, and the prince, putting 
 out his tongue " half-way," sheltered his 
 whole army. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 82 
 (1533). 
 
 Alnas'char, the dreamer, the "bar- 
 ber's fifth brother." He invested all his 
 money in a basket of glassware, on which 
 he was to gain so much, and then to in- 
 vest again and again, till he grew so rich 
 that he would marry the vizier's daughter 
 and live in grandeur ; but being angry 
 with his supposed wife, he gave a kick 
 with his foot and smashed all the ware 
 which had given birth to his dream of 
 wealth. — The Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments. 
 
 Echep'ron's fable of The Shoemaker and 
 a Ha'poth of Milk, in Rabelais ; The 
 Milkmaid and her Pail of Milk, Dodsley ; 
 and Perrette et le Pot au Lait, b} r La 
 Fontaine, are similar fables. La Fon- 
 taine's fable is a poetical version of one 
 of vEsop's. 
 
 The Alnaschar of Modem Literature, 
 S. T.. Coleridge, so called because he was 
 constantly planning magnificent literary 
 enterprises which he never carried out 
 (1772-1834). 
 
 Alnec'ma or Alnecinaclit, ancient 
 name of Connaught. 
 
 In Alnecma was the warrior honoured, the first of the 
 rare of Eolga [the Be'.gas of South Ireland]. — Ossian 
 ("Teniora,"ii.). 
 
 Aloa'din (4 syl.), a sorcerer, who made 
 for himself a palace and garden in Arabia 
 called " The Earthly Paradise." Thalaba 
 
 2 
 
 slew him with a club, and the scene of en- 
 chantment disappeared. — Southey, Tha- 
 laba the Destroyer, vii. (1797). 
 
 A. L. O. E. (that is, A L[ady] 0[f] 
 E[ngland]), Miss Charlotte Tucker, from 
 1854. 
 
 Alon'SO, king of Naples, father of 
 Ferdinand and brother of Sebastian, in 
 The Tempest, by Shakespeare (1609). 
 
 Alonzo the brave, the name of a ballad 
 by M. Cr. Lewis. The fair Imogine was 
 betrothed to Alonzo, but during his ab- 
 sence in the wars became the bride of 
 another. At the wedding-feast Alonzo's 
 ghost sat beside the bride, and, after re- 
 buking her for her infidelity, carried her 
 off to the grave. 
 
 Alonzo the brave was the name of the knight ; 
 The maid was the fair Imogine. 
 
 M. G. Lewis. 
 
 Alon'zo, a Portuguese gentleman, the 
 sworn enemy of the vainglorious Duarte 
 (3 syl.), in the drama called The Custom 
 of the Country, by Beaumont and Flet- 
 cher (1647). 
 
 Alonzo, the husband of Cora. He is a 
 brave Peruvian knight, the friend of Rolla, 
 and beloved by king Atali'ba. Alonzo, 
 being taken prisoner of war, is set at 
 liberty by Rolla, who changes clothes 
 with him. At the end he fights with 
 Pizarro and kills him. — Sheridan, Pizarro 
 (altered from Kotzebue). 
 
 Alonzo {Don), "the conqueror of Afric," 
 friend of don Carlos, and husband of 
 Leonora. Don Carlos had been betrothed 
 to Leonora, but out of friendship resigned 
 her to the conqueror. Zanga, the Moor, 
 out of revenge, persuaded Alonzo that his 
 wife and don Carlos still entertained for 
 each other their former love, and out of 
 jealousy Alonzo has his friend put to 
 death, while Leonora makes away with 
 herself. Zanga now informs Alonzo that 
 his jealousy was groundless, and mad with 
 grief he kills himself. — Edw. Young, The 
 Revenge (1721). 
 
 Alonzo Fernandez de Avella- 
 neda, author of a spurious Don Quixote, 
 who makes a third sally. This was pub- 
 lished during the lifetime of Cervantes, 
 and caused him great annoyance. 
 
 Alp, a Venetian renegade, who was 
 commander of the Turkish army in the 
 siege of Corinth. He loved Francesca, 
 daughter of old Minotti, governor of 
 Corinth, but she refused to marry a rene- 
 gade and apostate. Alp was shot in the 
 
ALPH. 
 
 26 
 
 ALTAMONT. 
 
 siege, and Francesca died of a broken 
 heart. — Byron, Siege of Corinth. 
 
 Alph, a river in Xanadu, mentioned 
 by Coleridge in his Kuhla Klian. The 
 name is an invention of Coleridge's : 
 
 In Xanadu did Kubla Khan 
 
 A stately pleasure-dome decree, 
 Where Alph. the sacred river, ran, 
 Thro' caverns measureless to man. 
 Down to a sunless sea. — Kubla Khan. 
 
 Alpbe'us (3 syl.), a magician and 
 prophet in the army of Charlemagne, 
 slain in sleep by Clorida'no. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Alphe'us (3 syl.), of classic story, being 
 passionately in love with Arethu'sa, pur- 
 sued her, but she fled from him in a 
 fright, and was changed by Diana into 
 a fountain, which bears her name. 
 
 Alphon'so, an irascible old lord in 
 The Pili/rim. a comedy bv Beaumont and 
 Fletcher (1621). 
 
 Alphon'so king of Naples, deposed by 
 his brother Frederick. Sora'no tried to 
 poison him, but did not succeed. Ulti- 
 mately he recovered his crown, and Fred- 
 erick and Sorano were sent to a monastery 
 for the rest of their lives. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624). 
 
 Alphonso. son of count Pedro of Canta- 
 bria, afterwards king of Spain. He was 
 plighted to llermesind, daughter of lord 
 Pelayo. 
 
 The young Alphonso was in truth an heir 
 
 Of nature's largest patrimony ; rich 
 
 In form and feature, growing strength of limb, 
 
 A gentle heart, a soul affectionate, 
 
 A joyous spirit, filled with generous thoughts, 
 
 And genius heightening and ennobling all. 
 
 fcouthey, Jlodcrick, etc., viii. (1814). 
 
 Alpleicli or Elfenreigen, the weird 
 spirit-song, or that music which some 
 hear before death. Faber refers to it in 
 his " Pilgrims of the Night" — 
 
 Hark, hark, my soul ! Angelic songs are swelling. 
 
 And Pope, in the Dying Christian to his 
 Soul, when he says — 
 
 Hark ! they whisper, angels say, 
 Sister spirit, come away J 
 
 Alps-Vinegar. It is Livy who says 
 that Hannibal poured hot vinegar on the 
 Alps to facilitate his passage over the 
 mountains. Where did he get the vinegar 
 from ? And as for the fire, Polybius 
 says there was no means of heating the 
 vinegar, not a tree for fire-wood. 
 
 Alqui'fe (3 syl.), a famous enchanter 
 in Amadis of Gaul, by Yasco de Lobeira, 
 of Oporto, who died 1403. 
 
 La None denounces such beneficent enchanters as Al- 
 quife and rr^anda. because they serve " as a vindication 
 
 of those who traffic with the powers of darkness, — Frmadi 
 de la Noue, XHscourses, 87 (1587). 
 
 Al Rakim [rah.keenf]. The meaning 
 of this word is very doubtful. Some say it 
 is the mountain or valley of the cave of 
 the seven sleepers. Others think it is 
 the name of the dog shut up in the cave 
 with th'cm ; but probably it is a stone or 
 metal tablet set up near the cave, con- 
 taining the names of the seven sleepers 
 and their dog Katmir'.— Sale, Al Koran, 
 xviii. note. 
 
 Alrinach, the dtanon who causes 
 shipwrecks, and presides over storms and 
 earthquakes. When visible it is always 
 in the form and dress of a woman. — 
 Eastern Mythology. 
 
 Alsa'tia, the Whitefriars' sanctuary 
 for debtors and law-breakers. The name 
 is taken from Alsatia (Alsace, in France), 
 a seat of war and lawlessness when 
 king James's son-in-law was the prince 
 Palatine. Sir Walter Scott, in The For- 
 tunes of Nigel, has graphically described 
 the life and state of this rookery, but is 
 greatly indebted to Shadwell's comedy, 
 The Squire of Alsatia. 
 
 Alscrip (Miss), ' 'the heiress," a vulgar 
 parvenue, affected, conceited, ill-natured, 
 and ignorant. Having had a fortune left 
 her, she assumes the airs of a woman of 
 fashion, and exhibits the follies without 
 possessing the merits of the upper ten. 
 
 Mr. Alscrip, the vulgar father of " the 
 heiress," who finds the grandeur of sud- 
 den wealth a great bore, and in his new 
 mansion, Berkeley Square, sighs for the 
 snug comforts he once enjoyed as scrive- 
 ner in Furnival's Inn. — General Burgovne, 
 The Heiress (1781). 
 
 Al Sirat', an imaginary bridge be- 
 tween earth and the Mahometan paradise, 
 not so wide as a spider's thread. Those 
 laden with sin fall over into the abyss 
 below. 
 
 ATtamont, a young Genoese lord, who 
 marries Calista, daughter of lord Sciol'to 
 (3 syl.). On his wedding day he discovers 
 that his bride has been seduced by Lotha'- 
 rio, and a duel ensues, in which Lothario 
 is killed, whereupon Calista stabs herself. 
 — N. Kowe, The Fair Penitent (1703). 
 
 V* Kowe makes Sciolto three syllables 
 always. 
 
 [John Quick] commenced his career at Fulbam. whert 
 he performed the character of "Altamont," which he acted 
 so much to the satisfaction of the manager that he desired 
 his wife to set down young Quick a whole share, which, at 
 the close of the performance, amounted to three untiling* 
 —Memoir of John Quick 11832). 
 
ALTAMORUS. 
 
 27 
 
 AMADIS OF GREECE. 
 
 Altamo'rus, king of Samarcand', 
 who joined the Egyptian armament against 
 the crusaders. He surrendered himself 
 to Godfrey (bk. xx.). — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575). 
 
 Althaea's Brand. The Fates told 
 Althiea that her son Melea'ger would live 
 just as long as a log of wood then on the 
 fire remained unconsumed. Althaea con- 
 trived to keep the log unconsumed for 
 many years, but when her son killed her 
 two "brothers, she threw it angrily into the 
 fire, where it was quickly consumed, and 
 Meleager expired at the same time. — Ovid, 
 Metaph. viii. 4. 
 
 The fatal brand Althaea burned. 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act i. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 (Shakespeare says (2 Henry IV. act ii. 
 sc. 2), Althaea dreamt " she was delivered of 
 a fire-brand." This is a mistake. It was 
 Hecuba who so dreamt. The story of 
 Althaea and the fire-brand is given above.) 
 
 Althe'a ( The divine), of Richard Love- 
 lace, was Lucy Sacheverell, called by the 
 poet, Lucretia. 
 
 When love with unconfined wings 
 
 Hovers within my gates, 
 And my divine Althea brings 
 
 To whisper at my grates. . . . 
 
 (The "grates" here referred to were 
 those of a prison in which Lovelace was 
 confined by the Long Parliament, for his 
 petition from Kent in favour of the king.) 
 
 Altisido'ra, one of the duchess's 
 servants, who pretends to be in love with 
 don Quixote, and serenades him. The 
 don sings his response that he has no 
 other love than what he gives to his 
 Dulcin'ea, and while he is still singing 
 he is assailed by a string of cats, let into 
 the room by a rope. As the knight was 
 leaving the mansion, Altisidora accused 
 him of having stolen her garters, but 
 when the knight denied the charge, the 
 damsel protested that she said so in her 
 distraction, for her garters were not stolen, 
 "lam like the man," she said, " looking 
 for his mule at the time he was astride its 
 back." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 
 9, etc. ; iv. 5 (1615). 
 
 Al'ton (Miss), alias Miss Clifford, a 
 sweet, modest young lady, the companion 
 of Miss Alscrip, "the heiress," a vulgar, 
 conceited par venue. Lord Gayville is 
 expected to marry " the heiress," but 
 detests her, and loves Miss Alton, her 
 humble companion. It turns out that 
 £2000 a year of "the heiress's" fortune 
 belongs to Mr. Clifford (Miss Alton's 
 brother), and. is by him settled on his 
 
 sister. Sir Clement Flint destroys this 
 bond, whereby the money returns to Clif- 
 ford, who marries lady Emily Gayville, 
 and sir Clement settles the same on his 
 nephew, lord Gayville, who marries Miss 
 Alton. — General Burgoyne, The Heiress 
 (1781). 
 
 Al'ton Locke, tailor and poet, a 
 novel by the Rev. Charles Kingsley 
 (1850). This novel won for the author 
 the title of " The Chartist Clergyman." 
 
 Alzir'do, king of Trem'izen, in Africa, 
 overthrown by Orlando in his march to 
 join the allied army of Ag'ramant. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furloso (151G). 
 
 Am'adis of Gaul, a love-child of 
 king Per'ion and the princess Elize'na. 
 He is the hero of a famous prose romance 
 of chivalry, the first four books of which 
 are attributed to Lobeira, of Portugal 
 (died 1403). These books were trans- 
 lated into Spanish in 14G0 by Montal'vo, 
 who added the fifth book. The five were 
 rendered into French by Herberay, who 
 increased the series to twenty-four books. 
 Lastly, Gilbert Saunier added seven more 
 volumes, and called the entire series Le 
 Roman des Romans. 
 
 Whether Amadis was French or British 
 is disputed. Some maintain that "Gaul" 
 means Wales, not France ; that Elizena 
 was princess of Brittany (Brctagne), and 
 that Perion was king of Gaul ( Wales), not 
 Gaul (France). 
 
 Amadis de Gaul was a tall man, of a fair eomplexien, 
 his aspect something between mild and austere, and had 
 a handsome black beard. He was a person of very few 
 words, was not easily provoked, and was soon appeased. — 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 1 (1615). 
 
 (William Stewart Rose has a poem in 
 three books, called Amadis of Gaul.) 
 
 As Arthur is the central figure of 
 British romance, Charlemagne of French, 
 and Diderick of German, so Amadis is 
 the central figure of Spanish and Portu- 
 guese romance ; but there is this difference 
 — the tale of Amadis is a connected whole, 
 terminating with his marriage with 
 Oria'na, the intervening parts being only 
 the obstacles he encountered and over- 
 came in obtaining this consummation. In 
 the Arthurian romances, and those of the 
 Charlemagne series, Ave have a number of 
 adventures of different heroes, but there 
 is no unity of purpose, each set of adven- 
 tures is complete in itself. 
 
 (Southey the poet has an admirable 
 abridgment of Amadis of Gaul, and also 
 of Palmer in of England.) 
 
 Am'adis of Greece, a supplemental 
 part of Amadis of Gaul, by Felicia'no de 
 
AMAIMON. 
 
 28 
 
 AMARANTH. 
 
 Silva. There are also several other Ama- 
 discs — as Amadis of Colchis, Amadis of 
 Trebisond, Amadis of Cathay, but all these 
 are very inferior to the original Amadis 
 of Gaul. 
 
 The ancient fables, where relickes doe yet remain, 
 namelv, Lancelot of the Lake, Piercrforest, Tristram, 
 airon the Courteous, etc., doe beare witnesse of this odde 
 vanitie. Herewith were men fed for the space of 500 
 yeeres, until] cur language growing more polished, and 
 our minds more ticklish, they were driven to invent some 
 novelties wherewith to delight us. Thus enme ye hookes 
 of Amadis into lk'ht among us in this last age. — Francis 
 de la Noue, Discourse, 87 (1587). 
 
 Amai'moii (3 syl.), one of the prin- 
 cipal devils. Asmode'ns is one of his 
 lieutenants. Shakespeare twice refers to 
 him, in 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4, and in The 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 2. 
 
 Amal/ahta, son of Erill'yab the 
 deposed queen of the Hoamen (2 syl.), an 
 Indian tribe settled on the south of the 
 Missouri. He is described as a brutal 
 savage, wily, deceitful, and cruel. Amal- 
 ahta wished to marry the princess Goer'- 
 vyl, Madoc's sister, and even seized her 
 by force, but was killed in his flight. — 
 Southey, Madoc, ii. 16 (1805). 
 
 Amalthse'a, the sibyl who offered to 
 sell to Tarquin nine books of prophetic 
 oracles. "When the king refused to give 
 her the price demanded, she went away, 
 burnt three of them, and returning to the 
 king, demanded the same price for the 
 remaining six. Again the king declined 
 the purchase. The sibyl, after burning 
 three more of the volumes, demanded 
 the original sum for the remaining three. 
 Tarquin paid the money, and Amalthaea 
 was never more seen. Aulus Gellius 
 says that Amaltluca burnt the books in 
 the king's presence. Pliny affirms that 
 the original number of volumes was only 
 three, two of which the sibyl burnt, and 
 the third was purchased by king Tarquin. 
 
 Amalthe'a, mistress of Amnion and 
 mother of Bacchus. Amnion hid his 
 mistress in the island Nysa (in Africa), 
 in order to elude the vigilance and 
 jealousy of his wife Rhea. This account 
 (given by Diodorus Sic'ulus, bk. iii., 
 and by sir "Walter Raleigh in his History 
 of the World, I. vi. 5) differs from the 
 ordinary story, which makes Sem'ele the 
 mother of Bacchus, and Rhea his nurse. 
 (Amnion is Ham or Cham, the son of 
 Noah, founder of the African race.) 
 
 . . . that Nyseian ile. 
 Girt, with the river Triton, where old Cham 
 (Whom Gentiles Amnion call, and Libyan Jove) 
 Hid Amalthea and her florid son. 
 Young Bacchus, from his stepdame Rhea's eye. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost. 'v. 275 (1»>65). 
 
 Amanda, wife of Loveless. Lord 
 Foppington pays her amorous attentions, 
 but she utterly despises the conceited 
 coxcomb, and treats him with contumely. 
 Colonel Townly, in order to pique his 
 lady-love, also pays attention to Love- 
 less's wife, but she repels his advances 
 with indignation, and Loveless, who over- 
 hears her, conscious of his own short- 
 comings, resolves to reform his ways, and, 
 "forsaking all other," to remain true to 
 Amanda, "so long as they both should 
 live." — Sheridan, A Trip to Scarboroujh. 
 
 Aman'da, in Thomson's Seasons, is 
 meant for Miss Young, who married 
 admiral Campbell. 
 
 And thou, Amanda, come, pride of my songl 
 Formed by the Graces, loveliness itself. 
 
 '• Spring," 430, 481 (1728). 
 
 Amanda, the victim of Peregine Pickle's 
 seduction, in Smollett's novel of Peregine 
 Pickle (1751). 
 
 Am'ara (Mount), a place where the 
 Abassinian kings kept their younger sons, 
 to prevent sedition. It was a perfect 
 paradise enclosed with alabaster rocks, 
 and containing thirty-four magnificent 
 palaces. — Heylin, Microcosmus (1627). 
 
 Where the Abassin kings their issue guard, 
 Mount Amara, . . . by some supposed 
 True paradise under the Ethiop line. 
 By Kilus lftie, enclosed with shining rock 
 A whole day's joiirnev high. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 280, etc. (1(165). 
 
 ("The Ethiop line" means the equi- 
 noctial line.) 
 
 Amaran'ta, wife of Bar'tolus, the 
 covetous lawyer. She was wantonly 
 loved by Leandro, a Spanish gentleman. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
 Curate (1622). 
 
 Am'arantri. There are numerous 
 species of this flower; those best known 
 are called prince's feather and love lies 
 a-blecdiny, both crimson flowers. The 
 bloody amaranth and the clustered ama- 
 ranth also bear red flowers ; but there is 
 a species called the melancholy amaranth 
 which has a purple velvety flower. All 
 retain their colours pretty well to the last, 
 and the flowers endure for a long time. 
 The name is derived from the Greek 
 word amaranto8 — i. e. "everlasting." 
 Pliny says (xxi.. 11) that the flowers of 
 the amaranth recover their colour by be- 
 ing sprinkled with water. 
 
 Immortal amaranth, a flower which once 
 
 In paradise, fast by the Tree of Life, 
 
 Began to bloom. . .' . With these ... the spirits e'ect 
 
 Bind their resplendent locks. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, f ii. 353, etc. (1665) 
 
AMARANTH. 
 
 29 
 
 AMBROSE. 
 
 Longfellow, by a strange error, crowns the 
 angel of death with amaranth, with which 
 (as Milton says) "the spirits elect bind 
 their resplendent locks," and his angel of 
 life he crowns with asphodel, the flower 
 of Pluto or the grave. 
 
 He who wore the crown of asphodels . . . 
 [said] "My errand is ;rt dea:h, bit life" . . . 
 [butj The angel with the amaranthine wreath 
 
 Whispered a word, that had a sound like death. 
 Longfellow, The Two A ngels. 
 
 Am'aranth (Lady), in Wild Oats, by 
 John O'Keefe, a famous part of Mrs. 
 Tope (1740-1797). 
 
 Amaril'lis, a shepherdess in love 
 with Per'igot (t sounded), but Perigot 
 loved Am'oret. In order to break off this 
 affection, Amarillis induced "the sullen 
 shepherd" to dip her in "the magic well," 
 whereby she became transformed into the 
 perfect resemblance of her rival, and soon 
 effectually disgusted Perigot with her 
 bold and wanton conduct. "When after- 
 wards he met the true Amoret, he repulsed 
 her, and even wounded her with intent to 
 kill. Ultimately, the trick -was dis- 
 covered by Cor'in, "the faithful shep- 
 herdess," and Perigot was married to his 
 true love. — John Fletcher, The Faithful 
 Shepherd (1610). 
 
 Amaryllis, in Spenser's pastoral 
 Colin Clout's Come Home Again, is the 
 countess of Derby. Her name was Alice, 
 and she was the youngest of the six 
 daughters of sir John Spenser, of Al- 
 thorpe, ancestor of the noble houses of 
 Spenser and Marlborough. After the 
 death of the earl, the widow married sir 
 Thomas Egerton, keeper of the Great 
 Seal (afterwards baron of Ellesmere and 
 viscount Brackley). It was for this very 
 lady, during her widowhood, that Milton 
 wrote his Ar' cades (3 syL). 
 
 No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, 
 The honour of the noble family 
 Of which I meanest boast myself to be . . . 
 Phyllis, Charyliis, and sweet Amaryllis : 
 Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three. 
 The next to her is bountiful Charyliis, 
 But Amaryllis highest in degree. 
 Spenser, Colin Clout't Co:ne Home Again (1594). 
 
 Am'asisi, Amdsis, or Aah'mes (3 syl.), 
 founder of the eighteenth Egyptian 
 dynasty (b.c. 1610). Lord Brooke at- 
 tributes to him one of the pyramids. The 
 three chief pyramids are usually ascribed 
 to Suphis (or Cheops), Sen-Suphis (or 
 Cephrenes), and Mencheres, all of the 
 fourth dynasty. 
 
 Aniasis and Cheops how can time forgive, 
 Who in their useless pyramids would live '? 
 
 Lord Brooke, Peace. 
 
 Amateur (An). Pierce Egan the 
 
 younger published under this pseudonym 
 his Seal Life in London, or The Hambles 
 and Adventures of Bob Tally-ho, Esq., 
 and his Cousin, the Hon. Tom Hashall, 
 throujh the Metropolis (1821-2). 
 
 Amaurots (The), a people whose 
 kingdom was invaded by the Dipsodes 
 (2 syl.), but Pantag'ruel, coming to their 
 defence, utterly routed the invaders. — 
 Rabelais, Tantajrud, ii. (1533). 
 
 Ama'via, the personification of In- 
 temperance in grief. Hearing that her 
 husband, sir Mordant, had been enticed 
 to the Bower of Bliss by the enchantress 
 Acra'sia, she went in quest of him, and 
 found him so changed in mind and body 
 she could scarcely recognize him ; how- 
 ever, she managed by tact to bring him 
 away, but he died on the road, and 
 Amavia stabbed herself from excessive 
 grief. — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 1 
 (1590). 
 
 Amazo'na, a fain', who freed a 
 
 certain country from the Ogri and the 
 Blue Centaur. "When she sounded her 
 trumpet, the sick were recovered and be- 
 came both young and strong. She gave 
 the princess Carpil'lona a bunch of gilli- 
 flowers, which enabled her to pass un- 
 recognized before those who knew her 
 well. — Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales 
 ("The Princess Carpillona," 1682). 
 
 Amazo'nian Chin, a beardless chin, 
 like that of the Amazonian Avomen. 
 Especially applied to a beardless young 
 soldier. 
 
 AVhen with his Amazonian chin he drove 
 The bristled lips before him. 
 
 Shakespeare, Coriolunus. act ii. sc. 2 (1609). 
 
 Ambassadors at foreign courts. 
 
 Legatus est vir bonus peregre missus ad mentienduni 
 reipublicse causa. — Sir Henry AVotton (1610). 
 
 Amber, said to be a concretion of 
 birds' tears, but the birds were the sisters of 
 Melea'ger, called Meleag'rides, Avho never 
 ceased weeping for their dead brother.- — 
 Pliny, Natural History, xxxA'ii. 2, 11. 
 
 Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber, 
 That ever the sorrowing sea-birds have wept. 
 
 T. Moore, J-'ire- Worshipper*. 
 
 AmHbrose (2 syl.), a sharper, ay ho 
 assumed in the presence of Gil Bias the 
 character of a deA-otee. He was in league 
 with a f elloAv 'Avho assumed the name of 
 don Raphael, and a young Avoman Avho 
 called herself Camilla, cousin of donra 
 Mencia. These three sharpers allure Gil 
 Bias to a house which Camilla says is hers, 
 fleece him of his ring, his portmanteau, 
 and his money, decamp, and leave him tc 
 
AMBROSE. 
 
 30 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 find out that the house is only a hired 
 lodging. — Lesage, Uil Bias, i. 15, 16 
 (1715). 
 
 (This incident is borrowed from Es- 
 pinel's romance entitled Vida de Escudero, 
 mar cos de Obreyon, 1618.) 
 
 Am'brose (2 syl.), a male domestic ser- 
 vant waiting on Miss Seraphine and 
 Miss Angelica Arthuret. — Sir W. Scott, 
 lledyauntlet (time, George II.). 
 
 Ambrose {Brother), a monk, who at- 
 tended the prior Aymer, of Jorvaulx 
 Abbey. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Am'brosius (Father) abbot of Kenna- 
 quhair, is Edward Glendinning, brother of 
 sir Halbert Glendinning (the knight of 
 Avenel). He appears at Kinross, dis- 
 guised as a nobleman's retainer. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Ame'lia, a model of conjugal affec- 
 tion, in Fielding's novel so called. It is 
 said that the character was modelled 
 from his own wife. Dr. Johnson read 
 this novel from beginning to end without 
 once stopping. 
 
 Amelia is perhaps the only book of which, being 
 printed off betimes one morning, a new edition was 
 called for before night The character of Amelia is the 
 most pleasing heroine of all the romances. — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Ame'lia, in Thomson's Seasons, a beauti- 
 ful, innocent young woman, overtaken by 
 a storm while walking with her troth- 
 plight lover, Cel'adon, "with equal virtue 
 formed, and equal grace. Hers the 
 mild lustre of the blooming morn, and 
 his the radiance of the risen day." 
 Amelia grew frightened, but Celadon 
 said, " 'Tis safety to be near thee, sure ; " 
 when a flash of lightning struck her 
 dead in his arms. — " Summer" (1727). 
 
 Ame'lia, in Schiller's tragedy of The 
 Robbers. 
 
 Or they will learn how generous worth sublimes 
 The rubber Moor, and pleads for all his crimes; 
 How poor Amelia kissed with many a tear 
 His hand, blood-stained, but ever, ever dear. 
 
 Campbell, J'tcasures of JJojje, ii. (1799). 
 
 Amelot (2 syl.), the page of sir Da- 
 mian de Lacy. — Sir W. Scott, The Be- 
 trothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 America. Names of cities and States 
 in the United States, whence derived: — 
 
 Alabama, an Indian word, meaning 
 " Here we rest." It was the exclamation 
 of an Indian chief, and alluded to its 
 well-stocked hunting-grounds. 
 
 Annap'olis (Maryland), so named from 
 queen Anne, in whose reign it was con- 
 stituted the seat of local government. 
 
 Asto'ria (Oregon), so called from Mr. 
 Astor, merchant, of New York, who 
 founded here a fur-trading station in 
 1811. The adventure of this merchant 
 forms the subject of Washington Irving's 
 Astoria. 
 
 Bal'timore (3 syl.), in Maryland, is so 
 called from lord Baltimore, who led a 
 colony to that state in 1634. 
 
 Boston (Massachusetts), so called from 
 Boston in Lincolnshire, whence many of 
 the original founders emigrated. 
 
 Carolina (North and South), named i i 
 compliment to Carolus II. (Charles II.), 
 who granted the whole country to eight 
 needy courtiers. 
 
 Carson City (Oregon), commemorates 
 the name of Kit Carson, the Rocky Moun- 
 tain trapper and guide, who died in 1871. 
 
 Charleston (South Carolina), founded 
 in 1670, and named after Charles II. 
 
 Del' aware (3 syl.) is the name of an 
 Indian tribe with whom William Penn 
 chiefly negociated. 
 
 Flcr'ida, discovered by the Spaniards 
 on Palm Sunday, and thence called 
 [Pasqua~] Florida. 
 
 Geo7-'gia, named in honour of George 
 II., in whose reign the first settlement 
 there was made. 
 
 Harrisbury (Pennsylvania), named 
 from Mr. Harris, by whom it was first 
 settled in 1733, under a grant from the 
 Penn family. 
 
 Indiana, so named from the number of 
 Indians which dwelt there (1801). 
 
 Louisiana, so named bv M. de la Sale 
 (1682), in honour of Louis XIV. of 
 France. 
 
 Maine, so called (1638) from the French 
 province of the same name. 
 
 Maryland, so named by lord Baltimore 
 (1633), in compliment to Henrietta- 
 Maria, the wife of Charles I. of England. 
 
 Nevada, so called from the Sierra 
 Nevada mountain-chain. 
 
 New Hampshire, previously called La- 
 conia. It received its present name from 
 J. Mason, governor of Hampshire, to 
 whom it was conceded in 1629. 
 
 New Jersey, so called in honour of sir 
 G. Carteret, who had defended Jersey 
 against the parliamentary forces in 1664. 
 
 New York, previously called New Am- 
 sterdam. It received its present name 
 (1664) in compliment to James duke of 
 York (afterwards James II.). 
 
 Pennsylvania ("the Penn Forest"), so 
 called from William Penn, who, in 1681, 
 gave to the state its constitution. 
 
 Texas (i.e. "the place of pro-tection"), 
 
AMERICA. 
 
 31 
 
 AMIDAS. 
 
 BO called in 1817, because general Lalle- 
 mant gave there "protection" to a colony 
 of French refugees. 
 
 Vermont (i.e. "Verts Monts"), so called 
 from the Green Mountains, which traverse 
 the state. 
 
 Virginia, so called (1584) by sir Walter 
 Raleigh, in compliment to Elizabeth, 
 " the virgin queen." 
 
 *** Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, 
 Michigan ("a lake"), Minnesota ("laugh- 
 ing waters"), Mississippi ("sea of 
 waters"), Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Ore- 
 gon, and Wisconsin, are names of rivers. 
 
 America. Nicknames of the United 
 States' inhabitants : — Alabama, lizards ; 
 Arkan'sas, tooth-picks ; California, gold- 
 hunters ; Colora'do, rovers ; Connecticut, 
 wooden nutmegs ; Del' aware, musk-rats ; 
 Flor'ida, fly-up-the-creeks ; Geor'gia, 
 buzzards ; 'Illinois, suckers ; Indiana, 
 hoosiers ; Iowa, hawk-eyes ; Kansas, 
 jay-hawkers; Kentucky, corn-crackers; 
 Louisiana, Creoles ; Maine, foxes ; 
 Maryland, craw-thumpers ; Mich'igan, 
 wolverines ; Minnesota, gophers ; Mis- 
 sissippi, tadpoles ; Missou'ri, pukes ; 
 Nebras'ka, bug-eaters ; Neva'da, sage 
 hens ; New Hampshire, granite boys ; 
 New Jersey, blues or clam-catchers ; 
 New York, knickerbockers; North Caro- 
 lina, tar-boilers and tuckoes ; Ohio, 
 buck-eyes ; Or'egon, web-feet and hard- 
 cases ; Pennsylvania, Pennanites and 
 leather-heads ; Rhode Island, gun-flints ; 
 South Caroli'na, weasels ; Tennessee', 
 whelps; Texas, beef-heads; Vermont, 
 Green Mountain boys ; Virgin' ia, beadies ; 
 Wisconsin, badgers. 
 
 Amethyst is said to dispel drunken- 
 ness. 
 
 Ameu'ti, the heaven of Egyptian 
 mythology. 
 
 Open the gate of heaven . . . open the gate of the 
 starry region ; open the gate of Anieuti '—Inscription 
 on the mummy opened by Pettigrew, in 1836. 
 
 Am'giad, son of Camaralzaman and 
 Badoura, and half-brother of Assad (son 
 of Camaralzaman and Haiatal'nefous). 
 Each of the two mothers conceived a base 
 passion for the other's son, and when the 
 young princes revolted at their advances, 
 accused them to their father of designs 
 upon tLiir honour. Camaralzaman or- 
 dered his emir Giondar to put them both 
 to death, but as the young men had saved 
 him from a lion he laid no hand on them, 
 but told them not to return to their 
 father's dominions. They wandered on 
 for a time, and then parted, but both 
 
 reached the same place, which was a city 
 of the Magi. Here by a strange ad- 
 venture Amgiad was made vizier, while 
 Assad was thrown into a dungeon, where 
 he was designed as a sacrifice to the fire- 
 god. Bosta'na, a daughter of the old 
 man who imprisoned Assad, released 
 him, and Amgiad out of gratitude made 
 her his wife. After which the king, whc 
 was greatly advanced in years, appointed 
 him his successor, and Amgiad used his 
 best efforts to abolish the worship of fire 
 and establish "the true faith." — Arabian 
 Nights (" Amgiad and Assad "). 
 
 Amhara, the kingdom in which was 
 the " happy valley," where the Abys- 
 sinian princes were doomed to live. The 
 valley was encompassed by mountains, 
 and had but one entrance, which was 
 under a cavern, concealed by woods and 
 closed by iron gates. — Dr. Johnson, 
 Rassclas (1759). 
 
 Arn'ias, a squire of low degree, be- 
 loved by ^Emilia. They agreed to meet 
 at a given spot, but on their way thither 
 both were taken captives — Amias by 
 Corflambo, and iEmilia by a man 
 monster. iEmilia was released by Bel- 
 pHoebe (3 syl.), who slew" the caitiff ; " 
 and Amias by prince Arthur, who slew 
 Corflambo. The two lovers were then 
 brought together by the prince " in peace 
 and settled rest." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iv. 7, 9 (1596). 
 
 Am'idas, the younger brother of 
 Brac'idas, sons of Mile'sio ; the former 
 in love with the dowerless Lucy, and the 
 latter with the wealthy Philtra. The 
 two brothers had each an island of equal 
 size and value left them by their father, 
 but the sea daily added to the island of the 
 younger brother, and enroached on that 
 belonging to Bracidas. When Philtra 
 saw that the property of Amidas was 
 daily increasing, she forsook the elder 
 brother and married the wealthier ; while 
 Lucy, seeing herself jilted, threw herself 
 into the sea. A floating chest attracted 
 her attention, she clung to it, and was 
 drifted to the wasted island. It was 
 found to contain great riches, and Lucy 
 gave its contents and herself to Bracidas. 
 Amidas claimed the chest as his own by 
 right, and the question in dispute was sub- 
 mitted to sir Ar'tegal. The wise arbiter 
 decided, that whereas Amidas claimed as 
 his own all the additions given to his 
 island by the sea, Lucy might claim as 
 her own the chest, because the sea had 
 
AMIEL. 
 
 32 
 
 AMMONIAN HORN. 
 
 given it to her.- 
 v. 4 (1590). 
 
 -Spenser, Faery Qiieen, 
 
 Am'iel, in Pryden's Absalom and 
 Achitophel, is meant for s'r Edward 
 Seymour, Speaker of the House of Com- 
 mons. — (2 Sam. xxiii. 34.) 
 
 Who can Amiel's praise refuse ? 
 Of ancient race by birth, but nobler jet 
 In his own worth, and without title great. 
 The sanhedrim long time as chief he ruled. 
 Their reason guided, and their passion cooled. 
 Tart i. 
 
 A'min {Prince), son of the caliph 
 Haroun-al-Raschid ; he maried Am'ine, 
 sister of Zobeide (3 syl.), the caliph's 
 wife. — Arabian Nights' Entertainments 
 ("The History of Amine"). 
 
 Ami'na, an orphan, who walked in 
 her sleep. She was betrothed to Elvi'no, 
 a rich farmer, but being found the night 
 before the wedding in the chamber of 
 count Rodolpho, Elvino looked upon her 
 as a harlot. The count remonstrated 
 with the young farmer, and while they 
 were talking, the orphan was seen to get 
 out of a window and walk along the nar- 
 row edge of a mill-roof Avhile the great 
 wheel was rapidly revolving ; she then 
 crossed a crazy old bridge, and came into 
 the same chamber. Here she awoke, and, 
 seeing Elvino, threw her arms around 
 him so lovingly, that all his doubts 
 vanished, and he married her. — Bellini, 
 La Sonnambula (an opera, 1831). 
 
 Am'ine (3 syl.), half-sister of Zo- 
 bei'de (3 syl.), and wife of Amin, the 
 caliph's son. One day she went to pur- 
 chase a robe, and the seller told her he 
 would charge nothing if she would suffer 
 him to kiss her cheek. Instead of kis- 
 sing he bit it, and Amine, being asked by 
 her husband how she came by the wound, 
 so shuffled in her answers that he com- 
 manded her to be put to death, a 
 sentence he afterwards commuted to 
 scourging. One day she and her sister 
 told the stories of their lives to the caliph 
 Haroun-al-Raschid, when Amin became 
 reconciled to his wife, and the caliph 
 married her half-sister. — Arabian Nig fits' 
 Entertainments (" History of Zobeide 
 and History of Amine "). 
 
 Am'ine (3 syl.) or Am'ines (3 
 syl.), the beautiful wife of Sidi Nouman. 
 Instead of eating her rice with a spoon, 
 she used a bodkin for the purpose, and 
 carried it to her mouth in infinitesimal 
 portions. This went on for some time, 
 till Sidi Nouman determined to ascertain 
 on what his wife really fed, and to his 
 
 horror discovered that she was a ghoul, 
 who went- stealthily by night, to the 
 cemetery, and feasted on the fresh-buried 
 dead. — Arabian Nights ("History of Sidi 
 Nouman"). 
 
 One of the Amin&V sort, who pick up their grains of 
 food with a bodkin.— 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat of tho 
 Lreakfast-Table. 
 
 Amin'tor, a young nobleman, the 
 troth-plight husband of Aspatia, but by 
 the king's command he marries Evad'ne 
 (3 syl.). This is the great event of the 
 tragedy of which Amintor is the here. 
 The sad story of Evadne, the heroine, 
 gives name to the play. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, Tlie Maid's Tragedy (1610). 
 
 (Till the reign of Charles II., the kings 
 of England claimed the feudal right of 
 disposing in marriage any one who owed 
 them feudal allegiance. In All's Welt 
 that Ends Well, Shakespeare makes the 
 king of France exercise a similar right, 
 when he commands Bertram, count of 
 Rousillon, to marry against his will Hel'- 
 ena, the physician's daughter.) 
 
 Amis the Priest, the hero of a comic 
 German epic of the 13th century, repre- 
 sented as an Englishman, a man of great 
 wit and humour, but ignorant and hypo- 
 critical. His popularity excites the en- 
 vy of the superior clergy, who seek to de- 
 pose him from the priesthood by making 
 public exposition of his ignorance, but 
 by his quickness at repartee he always 
 manages to turn the laugh against them. 
 Ascribed to Strieker of Austria. 
 
 AmTet (Richard), the gamester in 
 Vanbrugh's Confederacy (1695). He is 
 usually called "Dick." 
 
 I saw Miss Pope for the second time, in the year 1790, 
 in the character of " Flippanta," John Palmer being 
 "Dick Anilet," and M.s. Jordan "Corinna." — James 
 
 Smith. 
 
 Mrs. Amlet, a rich, vulgar trades- 
 woman, mother of Dick, of whom she is 
 very proud, although she calls him a "sad 
 scapegrace," and swears "he will be 
 hanged." At last she settles on him 
 £10,000, and he marries Corinna, 
 daughter of Gripe the rich scrivener. 
 
 Ammo'nian Horn (TJie), the cornu- 
 copia. Amnion king of Lib'ya gave 
 to his mistress Amalthe'a (mother of 
 Bacchus) a tract of land resembling a 
 ram's horn in shape, and hence called the 
 " Arrflhonian horn " (from the giver), the 
 " Amalthe'an horn" (from the receiver), 
 and the "tiisperian horn " (from its local- 
 ity). Almathea also personifies fertility. 
 
AMMON'S SON. 
 
 33 
 
 AMPHITRYON. 
 
 (Ammon is Ham, son of Noah, founder of 
 the African race.) (See Amalthea.) 
 
 (Here] Amalthea pours. 
 Well pleased, the wealth of that Ammonian horn, 
 Hei' dower. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 
 
 Am'mon's Son. Alexander the 
 Great called himself the son of the god 
 Ammon, but others call him the son of 
 Philip of Macedon. 
 
 Of food I think with Philip's son, or rather 
 Amnion's (ill pleased with one world and one father). 
 Byron, Don Juan, v. 31 
 
 (Alluding to the tale that when Alex- 
 ander had conquered the whole world, he 
 wept that there was no other world to 
 conquer.) 
 
 A'mon's Son is Rinaldo, eldest 
 son of Anion or Aymon marquis d'Este, 
 and nephew of Charlemagne. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Amoret'ta or Am'oret, twin-born 
 with Belphoebe (3 syl.), their mother 
 being Chrysog'one (4 syl.). While the 
 lMottier and her two babes were asleep, 
 Diana took one (Belphoebe) to bring up, 
 and Venus the other. Venus committed 
 Amorotta to the charge of Psyche 
 (2 syl.) } and Psyche tended her as lovingly 
 as she tended her own daughter Pleasure, 
 "to whom she became the companion." 
 "When • grown to marriageable estate, 
 Amoretta was brought to Fairyland, and 
 wounded many a heart, but gave her own 
 only to sir Scudamore (bk. iii. 6). Being 
 seized by Bu'sirane, an enchanter, she was 
 kept in durance by him because she Avould 
 not "her true love deny ; " but Britomart 
 delivered her and bound the enchanter 
 (bk. iii. 11, 12), after which she became 
 the tender, loving wife of sir Scudamore. 
 
 Amoret is the type of female loveliness 
 and wifely affection, soft, warm, chaste, 
 gentle, and ardent ; not sensual nor yet 
 platonic, but that living, breathing, 
 warm-hearted love which fits woman for 
 the fond mother and faithful wife. — 
 Spenser, Fairy Queen, iii. (1590). 
 
 Am'oret, a modest, faithful shep- 
 herdess, who plighted her troth to Per'igot 
 (t sounded) at the " Virtuous Well." 
 The wanton shepherdess Amarillis, having 
 by enchantment assumed her appearance 
 and dress, so disgusted Perigot with her 
 bold ways, that he lost his love for the true 
 Amoret, repulsed her with indignation, 
 and tried to kill her. The deception Avas 
 revealed by Cor'in, "the faithful shep- 
 herdess," and the lovers being reconciled, 
 were happily married. — John Fletcher, 
 ' l 'ne Faithful Shepherdess (before 1611). 
 
 Amour'y (Sir Giles), the Grand- 
 Master of the Knights Templars, who 
 conspires with the marquis of Mont- 
 serrat against Richard I. Saladin cuts off 
 the Templar's head while in the act of 
 drinking. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Am'perzand, a corruption of And-as- 
 and, i.e. " A-as-and." The symbol is the 
 old Italian monogram et ("and"), made 
 thus 6 s , in which the first part is the letter 
 e and the flourish at the end the letter t. 
 
 State epistles, so dull and so grand, 
 Mustn't contain the shortened " and." 
 
 O my nice little amperzimd ! 
 
 Nothing that Cadmus ever planned 
 
 Equals my elegant amj>erzand. 
 
 Quoted in Ifotes and Queries (May 5, 1S77). 
 
 (Cadmus invented the original Greek 
 alphabet.) 
 
 Am'phibal (St.), confessor of St. 
 Alban of Verulam. When Maximia'nua 
 HercuTius, general of Diocle'tian's army 
 in Britain, pulled down the Christian 
 churches, burnt the Holy Scriptures, and 
 put to death the Christians with unflagging- 
 zeal, Alban hid his confessor, and offered 
 to die for him. 
 
 A thousand other saints whom Amphibal had taught . . . 
 Were slain where Lichfield is, whose name dotli rightly 
 
 sound 
 (There of those Christians slain), " Dead-field " or burying. 
 
 ground. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Amphi'on is said to have built 
 Thebes by the music of his lute. Tenny- 
 son has a poem called Amphion, a skit 
 and rhyming jeu d 'esprit. 
 
 Amphion there the loud creating lyre 
 Strikes, and behold a sudden Thebes aspire. 
 
 Pope, Temple of Fame. 
 
 Amphis-baena, a reptile which could 
 go head foremost either way, because it 
 had a head at each extremity. Milton 
 uses the word in Paradise Lost, x. 524. 
 (Greek, ampi baino, " I go both ways.") 
 
 The amphis-bana doubly armed appears, 
 At either end a threatening head she rears. 
 
 Howe, Pharsalia, ix. 6U6, etc. (by Lucan). 
 
 Amphitryon, a Theban general, 
 husband of Alcme'ne (3 syl.). While 
 Amphitryon was absent at war with 
 Pter'elas king of the Tel'eboans, Jupiter 
 assumed his form, and visited Alcmene, 
 who in due time became the mother 
 of Her'cules. Next day Amphitryon re- 
 turned, having slain Pterelas, and Alcmene 
 was surprised to see him so soon agaiu. 
 Here a great entanglement arose, Alc- 
 mene telling her husband he visited her 
 last night, and showing him the ring he 
 gave her, and Amphitrvon declaring he 
 was with the army. This confusion is 
 
 D 
 
AMREET. 
 
 34 
 
 ANACHRONISMS. 
 
 etill further increased by his slave Sos r ia» 
 who went to take to Alemene the news of 
 victory, but was stopped at the door of 
 the house by Mercury, who had assumed 
 for the nonce Sosia's form, and the slave 
 could not make out whether he was 
 himself or not. This plot has been made 
 a comedy by Plautus, Moliere, and 
 Dry den. 
 
 The scenes which Plautus drew, to-night we show, 
 Touched by Moliere, by Dryden taught to glow. 
 Prologue to Ilawksworth's i 
 
 As an Amphitryon chez qui Von dine, no one knows 
 better than Ouida the uses of a rechercltc dinner. — E. Yates, 
 Celebrities, xix. 
 
 "Amphitryon": Le veritable Amphi- 
 tryon est V Amphitryon ok Von dine (" The 
 master of the feast is the master of the 
 house"). While the confusion Avas at its 
 height between the false and true Amphi- 
 tryon, Socie [Sosia] the slave is requested 
 to decide which was which, and replied — 
 
 Je ne me trompois pas, messieurs ; ce mot termine 
 loute ['irresolution ; 
 Le veritable Amphitryon 
 Est rAmphitrjon ou Ton dine. 
 
 Moliere, Amphitryon, iii. 5 (1668). 
 Demosthenes and Cicero 
 
 Are doubtless stately names to hear. 
 But that of good Amphitryon 
 Sounds far more pleasant to my ear. 
 
 M. A. Desaugiers (1772-1827). 
 
 Amree't, the drink which imparts 
 immortality, or the Water of Immortality. 
 It is obtained by churning the sea, either 
 with the mountain Meroo or with the 
 mountain Mandar. — Alahabharat. 
 
 " Bring forth tho Amreeta-cup 1 " Kehama cried 
 
 To Yamen. rising sternly in his pride ; 
 
 "It is within the marble sepulchre." . . . 
 
 •' Take ! drink ! " with accents dread the spectre said. 
 
 '• For thee and Kailgal hath it been assigned. 
 
 Ye only of the children of mankind." 
 
 Southey. Curse of Kehama, xxiv. 13 (1809). 
 
 Am'ri, in Absalom and Achitophel, 
 by Dryden and Tate, is Heneage Finch, 
 earl of Nottingham and lord chancellor. 
 He is called "The Father of Equity" 
 (1G21-1G82). 
 
 To whom the double blessins did belong, 
 With Mo6es' inflation, Aaron's tongue. 
 
 Part ii. 
 
 Amun'deville (Lord Henry), one of 
 the "British privy council." After the 
 sessions of parliament he retired to his 
 country seat, where he entertained a select 
 and numerous party, amongst which Avere 
 the duchess of Fitz-Fulke, Aurora Raby, 
 and don Juan "the Russian envoy." 
 His wife Avas lady Adeline. (His character 
 is given in xiv. 70, 71.) — Byron, Don Juan, 
 xiii. to end. 
 
 Am'urathlll. sixth emperor of the 
 Turks. He succeeded his father, Selim II., 
 and reigned 1574-1595. His lirst act Avas 
 to invite all his brothers to a banquet, and 
 
 strangle them. Henry IV. alludes to this 
 when he says — 
 
 Thl3 is the English, not the Turkish court; 
 Not Ainurath an Amurath succeeds, 
 But Harry, Harry. 
 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act v. sc. 2 (1598). 
 
 Amusements of Kings. The 
 great amusement of Aretas of Arabia 
 Petraa, Avas currying horses ; oiArtaba'nus 
 of Persia, Avas mole-catching ; of Domdian 
 of Rome, Avas catching flies ; of Ferdinand 
 VII. of Spain, Avas embroidering petti- 
 coats ; of Louis XVI, clock and lock 
 making ; of George IV. the game of 
 patience. 
 
 Amyn'tas, in Colin Clout's Come 
 Home Again, by Spenser, is Ferdinando 
 earl of Derby, who died 1594. 
 
 Amyntas, flower of shepherd's pride forlorn. 
 He, whilst he lived, was the noblest swain 
 That ever pip£d on an oaten quill. 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home A gain (1591). 
 
 Amyn'tor. (See Amintor.) 
 
 A'mys and Amyl'ion, the Damon 
 and Pythias of medieval romance. — See 
 
 Ellis's Specimens of Early English Metrical 
 Romances. 
 
 Anab'asis, the expedition of the 
 younger Cyrus against his brother Arta- 
 xerxes, and the retreat of bis "ten 
 thousand" Greeks, described by Xen'- 
 ophon the Greek historian. 
 
 Your chronicler in writing this 
 Had in his mind th' Anabasis. 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (an interlude). 
 
 Anacharsis [Clootz]. Baron Jean 
 Baptiste Clootz assumed the prenome ot 
 Anacharsis, from the Scythian so called, 
 Avho travelled about Greece and other 
 countries to gather knoAvledge and im- 
 prove his OAvn countrymen. The baron 
 Avished by the name to intimate that his 
 OAvn object in life Avas like that of Ana- 
 charsis (1755-1794). 
 Anachronisms. (See Errors.) 
 Chaucer, in his tale of Troilus, at the 
 siege of Troy, makes Pandarus refer to 
 Iiobin Hood. 
 
 And to himselfe ful soberly he saied. 
 From hasellwood there jolly Uobiu plaied. 
 
 Book v. 
 
 Giles Fletcher, in Christ's Victor j, 
 pt. ii. makes the Tempter seem to be 
 "a good old hermit or palmer, travelling 
 to see some saint, and telling his beads 1 ! " 
 
 Lodge, in The True Tragedies of 
 Marius and Sylla (1594), mentions "the 
 razor of Palermo" and "St. Paul's 
 steeple," and introduces Frenchmen who 
 " for forty croAvns " undertake to poison 
 the Roman consul , 
 
ANACHRONISMS. 
 
 35 
 
 ANAGRAMS. 
 
 Morglay makes Dido tell iEneas that 
 she should have been contented with a 
 son, even "if he had been a cockney 
 dandiprat" .(1582). 
 
 Schiller, in his Piccolomini, speaks 
 of lightning conductors. This was about 
 150 years before they were invented. 
 
 Shakespeare, in his Coriolanus (act ii. 
 EC. 1), makes Menenius refer to Galen above 
 600 years before he was born. 
 
 Cominius alludes to Roman plays, but 
 no such things Avere known for 250 years 
 after the death of Cominius. — Coriolanus, 
 act ii. sc. 2. 
 
 Brutus refers to the " Marcian waters 
 brought to Rome by Censormus." This 
 was not done till 300 years afterwards. 
 
 In Hamlet, the prince Hamlet was 
 educated at Wittcmberg School, which was 
 not founded till 1502 ; whereas Saxo- 
 (jlermanicus, from whom Shakespeare bor- 
 rowed the tale, died in 1204. Hamlet 
 was 30 years old when his mother talks 
 of his going back to school (act i. sc. 2). 
 
 In 1 Henry IV. the carrier complains 
 that " the turkeys in his pannier arc quite 
 starved" (act ii. sc. 5), whereas turkeys 
 came from America, and the New World 
 Avas not eA r en discovered for a century 
 after. Again in Henry V. GoAver is made 
 to say to Fluellen, " Here comes Pistol, 
 SAvelling like a turkey-cock " (act v. sc. 1). 
 
 In Julius Casar, Brutus says to 
 Cassius, "Peace, count the clock." To 
 Avhich Cassius replies, " The clock has 
 stricken three." Clocks were not known 
 lo the Romans, and striking-clocks Avere 
 not invented till some 1400 years after 
 the death of Caesar. 
 
 Virgil places iEneas in the port 
 Vellnus, which Avas made by Curius 
 DentStus. 
 
 This list Avith A'ery little trouble 
 might be greatly multiplied. The hotbed 
 of anachronisms is mediaeval romance; 
 there nations, times, and places are most 
 recklessly disregarded. This may be 
 instanced by a few examples from 
 Ariosto's great poem Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Here avc have Charlemagne and his 
 paladins joined by Edward king of 
 England, Richard earl of Warwick, Henry 
 duke of Clarence, and the dukes of 
 York and Gloucester (bk. A*i.). We haA r e 
 cannons employed by Cymosco king of 
 Friza (bk. iv.), and also in the siege of 
 Pans (bk. vu). We have the Moors 
 established in Spain, whereas they Avere 
 not invited over by the Saracens for 
 oearly 300 years after Charlemagne's 
 death. In bk. xvii. Ave haA T e Prester John. 
 
 who died in 1202 ; and in the last three 
 books we have Constantine the Great, who 
 died in 337. 
 
 Anac'reoil, the prince of erotic and 
 bacchanalian poets, insomuch that songs 
 on these subjects are still called Anac- 
 reon'tic (r..c. 563^78). 
 
 Anacreon of Painters, Francesco Al- 
 bano or Alba'ni (1578-1660). 
 
 Anacreon of the Guillotine, Bertrand 
 Barere de Vieuzac (1755-1841). 
 
 Anacreon of the Temple, Guillaumc 
 Amfrye, abbe de Chaulieu (1639-1720). 
 
 Anacreon of the Twelfth Century, 
 Walter Mapes, " The Jovial Toper." His 
 famous drinking song, " Meum est pro- 
 positum . . ."has been translated by Leigh 
 Hunt (1150-1196). 
 
 The French Anacreon. 1. Pontus de 
 Thiard, one of the " Pleiad poets " 
 (1521-1005). 2. P. Laujon, perpetual pre- 
 sident of the Caveau Moderne, a Paris 
 club, noted for its good dinners, but every 
 member Avas of necessity a poet (1727- 
 1811). 
 
 The Persian Anacreon, Mahommed 
 Hafiz. The collection of his poems is 
 called The Divan (1310-1389). 
 
 The Sicilian Anacreon, GioA r anni Meli 
 (1740-1815). 
 
 Anacreon Moore, Thomas Moore 
 of Dublin (1780-1852), poet, called" Anac- 
 reon," from his translation of that Greek 
 poet, and his OAvn original anacreontic 
 songs. 
 
 Described by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore. 
 
 Byron, Don J win, L 104. 
 
 Anadems, ennvns of floAvers. 
 
 AV'ith fingers neat and fine 
 Brave anadems they make. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolblon, xv. (1612), 
 
 Anagnus, Inchastity personified in 
 The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
 (canto vii.). He had four sons by Caro, 
 named Ma?chus (adultery), Pornei'us [forni- 
 cation), Acath'arus, and Asel'ges (lascivious- 
 ness), all of whom are fully described by the 
 poet. In the battle of Mansoul (canto xi.) 
 Anagnus is slain by Agnei'a (v;ifely 
 chastity), the spouse of Encra'tes (teni- 
 perance) and sister of Parthen'ia (mai- 
 denly chastity. (Greek, an-agnos. "im- 
 pure.") (1633.) 
 
 Anagrams. 
 
 Charles James Stuart (James I.). 
 Claims Arthur's Seat. 
 
 Dame Eleaxor Davies (prophetess in 
 the reign of Charles I.). Never so mad a 
 ladie. 
 
ANAH. 
 
 ANCOR. 
 
 HoitATio Nklsox. Honor est Nile. 
 
 Marie Touchet (mistress of Charles 
 IX.). Je charme tout (made by Henri IV.). 
 
 Pilate's question, Quid est Veritas ? 
 Est vir qui adesi. 
 
 Sir Roger Charles Doughty Tich- 
 BOKXE, Baronet. You horrid butcher , 
 Orton, biggest rascal here. 
 
 A'nah, granddaughter of Cain and 
 sister of Aholiba'mah. Japhet loved her, 
 but she had set her heart on the seraph 
 Azaz'iel, who carried her off to another 
 planet when the Flood came. — Byron, 
 Heaven and Earth. 
 
 Anah and Aholibamah are very different characters: 
 Anah is soft, gentle, and submissive; her sister is proud, 
 imperious, and aspiring ; the one loving in fear, the 
 other in ambition. She fears that her love makes her 
 "heart grow impious," and that she worships the seraph 
 rather than the Creator.— Ed. Lyttou liulwer (Lord 
 Lytton). 
 
 Anak of Publishers, so John 
 Murray was called by lord Byrcn (1778- 
 1843). 
 
 An'akim or Anak, a giant of Pales- 
 tine, whose descendants were terrible for 
 their gigantic stature. The Hebrew 
 spies said that they themselves were 
 mere grasshoppers in comparison of them. 
 
 I felt ttie thews of Anakim, 
 The pulses of a Titan's heart. 
 
 Tennyson, In Mcmoriam, iii. 
 
 (The Titans were giants, who, ac- 
 cording to classic fable, made war with 
 Jupiter or Zeus, 1 syl.) 
 
 Anamnes'tes (4 syl.), the boy who 
 waited on Eumnestcs (Memory). Eum- 
 no.stes was a very old man, decrepit and 
 half blind, a " man of infinite remembrance, 
 who things foregone through many ages 
 held," but when unable to " fet " what he 
 wanted, was helped by a little boy 
 yclept AnamnestOs, Avho sought out for 
 him what "was lost or laid amiss." 
 (Greek, eumnestis, "good memory;" 
 anamncstis, "research or calling up to 
 mind.") 
 
 And oft when things were lost or laid amiss, 
 That boy thein sought and unto him did lend ; 
 Therefore lie Anamnestes cleped is, 
 And that old man Eumnestes. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 9 (1590). 
 
 Anani'as, in The Alchemist, a comedy 
 by Ben Jonson (1G10). 
 
 Benjamin Johnson (1G51-1742) . . . seemed to be 
 proud to wear the poet's double name, and was particu- 
 larly great in all that author's plays that were usually 
 performed, viz., "Wasp," " Corbaccio," " Morose," and 
 " Anauias." — Chetwood. 
 
 ("Wasp" in Bartholomew Fair, "Cor- 
 baccio" in The Fox, "Morose" in The 
 Silent Woman, all by B. Jonson.) 
 
 Anarchus, king of the Dipsodes 
 
 (2 syl.), defeated by Pantag'ruel, who 
 dressed him in a ragged doublet, a cap 
 with a cock's feather, and married him to 
 ' ' an old lantern-carrying hag." The prince 
 gave the wedding feast, which consisted 
 of garlic and sour cider. His wife, being 
 a regular termagant, " did beat him like 
 plaster, and the ex-tyrant did not dare 
 call his soul his own." — Rabelais, Pan- 
 tagrucl, ii. 31 (1533). 
 
 Anasta'sius, the hero of a novel 
 called Memoirs of Anastasius, by Thomas 
 Hope (1770-1831), a most brilliant and 
 powerful book. It is the autobiography 
 of aGreek, who, to escape the consequences 
 of his crimes and villainies, becomes a 
 renegade, and passes through a long series 
 of adventures. 
 
 Fiction has but few pictures which will bear comparison 
 with that of Anastasius, sitting on the steps of tin 
 lazaretto of Trieste, with his dying boy in his arms.— 
 Eiicyc. Brit. Art. " Romance." 
 
 Anastasius Grim, the nom de 
 plume of Anton Alexander von Auersperg, 
 a German poet (1806-1876). 
 
 Anasterax, brother of Niquee \ne.- 
 kay~\, with whom he lives in incestuous 
 intercourse. The fairy Zorphee, in order 
 to withdraw her god-daughter from this 
 alliance, enchanted her. — A mad is de Gaul. 
 
 Anaxar'te (4 syl.), the Am'adis of 
 Greece, a supplemental part of the Por- 
 tuguese romance called Amadis of Gaul 
 [Wales]. The supplemental romance 
 was written by Feliciano de Silva. 
 
 An'cho, a Spanish brownie, whohaunts 
 the shepherds' huts, warms himself at 
 their fires, tastes their clotted milk and 
 cheese, converses with the family, and is 
 treated with familiarity mixed with terror. 
 The Ancho hates church bells. 
 
 Anchors. A frigate has six: — (1) 
 the cock-bill anchor, forward ; (2) the 
 kedger, aft ; (3) the flood anchor, towards 
 the open ; (4) the ebb anchor ; (5) the 
 bower anchor, to starboard ; (6) the sheet 
 anchor, to larboard or port. 
 
 Ancient Mariner (The), by Cole- 
 ridge. For the crime of having shot an 
 albatross (a bird of good omen to sea- 
 men) terrible sufferings are visited upon 
 him, which are finally remitted through 
 his repentance ; but he is doomed to wan- 
 der over the earth and repeat his story to 
 others as a warning lesson. 
 
 An'cor, a river of Leicestershire, run- 
 ning: through llarshul. where Michael 
 
AND ARE YE SURE. 
 
 37 
 
 ANDRONICUS. 
 
 Drayton was born. Hence Wm. Browne 
 calls bini the shepherd, 
 
 Who on the banks of Ancor tuned his pipe. 
 
 Britannia's Pastorals, i. 5 (1613). 
 
 And are ye sure ... (See Bur . . .) 
 
 An'derson (Eppie), a servant at the 
 inn of St. Ronan's Well, held by Meg 
 Dods.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Andre (2 syl.), Petit- Andre and Trois 
 Echelles are the executioners of Louis XI. 
 of France. They are introduced by sir 
 W. Scott, both in Quentin Durward and 
 in Anne of Geierstein. 
 
 Andre, the hero and title of a novel 
 by George Sand (Mde. Dudevant). This 
 novel and that called Consuelo (4 syl.) are 
 considered her best (1 804-1870). 
 
 An'drea Ferra'ra, a sword, so 
 called from a famous Italian sword- 
 maker of the name. Strictly speaking, 
 only a broad-sword or claymore should be 
 so called. 
 
 There's nae sic thing as standing a Highlander's Andrew 
 Ferara ; they will slaughie aff a fallow's head at a dash 
 slap. — C. Macklin, Love d-la-mode (1779). 
 
 Andre'os, Fortitude personified in 
 The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
 (canto x.). " None fiercer to a stubborn 
 enemy, but to the yielding none more 
 sweetly kind." (Greek, andrla or andreia, 
 "manliness.") 
 
 An'drew, gardener, at Ellangowan, 
 to Godfrey Bertram the laird. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Andrews, a private in the royal army 
 of the duke of Monmouth.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Andrews {Joseph), the hero and title 
 of a novel by Fielding. He is a footman 
 who marries a maid-servant. Joseph 
 Andrews is a brother of [Richardson's] 
 "Pamela," a handsome, model young 
 man. 
 
 The accounts of Joseph's bravery and good qualities, 
 his voice too musical to halloa to the dogs, his bravery in 
 riding races for the gentlemen of the county, and his 
 constancy in refusing bribes and temptation, have 
 something refreshing in their naivetS and freshness, and 
 prepossess one in favour of that handsome young hero. 
 — Thackeray. 
 
 Androclus and the Lion. An- 
 
 droclus was a runaway Roman slave, who 
 took refuge in a cavern. A lion entered, 
 and instead of tearing him to pieces, 
 lifted up its fore paw that Androclus might 
 extract from it a thorn. The fugitive, 
 being subsequently captured, was doomed 
 to tight with a lion in the Roman arena, 
 and it so happened that the very same 
 
 lion was let out against him ; it instantly 
 recognized its benefactor, and began tc 
 fawn upon him with every token of 
 gratitude and joy. The story being told 
 of this strange behaviour, Androclus was 
 forthwith set free. 
 
 A somewhat similar anecdote is told of 
 sir George Davis, English consul at 
 Florence at the beginning of the present 
 century. One day he went to see the 
 lions of the great duke of Tuscany. 
 There was one which the keepers could 
 not tame, but no sooner did sir George 
 appear, than the beast manifested every 
 symptom of joy. Sir George entered 
 the cage, when the creature leaped on his 
 shoulder, licked his face, wagged its tail, 
 and fawned like a dog. Sir George told 
 the great duke that he had brought up 
 this lion, but as it grew older it became 
 dangerous, and he sold it to a Barbary 
 captain. The duke said he bought it of 
 the same man, and the mystery was 
 cleared up. 
 
 Andromache [An.drom'.a.ky] , widow 
 of Hector. At the downfall of Troy both 
 she and her son Asty'anax were allotted 
 to Pyrrhus king of Eplrus, and Pyrrhus 
 fell in love Avith her, but she repelled his 
 advances. At length a Grecian embassy, 
 led by Orestes son of Agamemnon, 
 arrived, and demanded that Astyanax 
 should be given up and put to death, lest 
 in manhood he should attempt to avenge 
 his father's death. Pyrrhus told Andro- 
 mache that he would protect her son in 
 defiance of all Greece if she would become 
 his wife, and she reluctantly consented 
 thereto. While the marriage ceremonies 
 were going on the ambassadors rushed on 
 Pyrrhus and slew him, but as he fell he 
 placed the crown on the head of Andro- 
 mache, who thus became the queen of 
 Epirus, and the ambassadors hastened to 
 their ships in flight. — Ambrose Philips, 
 The Distressed Mother (1712). 
 
 *^* Andromache was a favourite part 
 with Charlotte Clarke, daughter of Collev 
 Cibber (1710-1760), and with Mrs. Yates 
 (1737-1787). 
 
 Androni'ca, one of Logistilla's hand- 
 maids, noted for her beauty. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (151G). 
 
 Androni'cus ( Titus), a noble Roman 
 general against the Goths, father of La- 
 vin'ia. In the play so called, published 
 amongst those of Shakespeare, the word 
 all through is called Andron'icus (1593). 
 
 Marcus Andronicus, brother of Titus, 
 and tribune of the people. 
 
ANDROPHILUS. 
 
 38 
 
 ANGELIQUE. 
 
 Androph/ilus, Philanthropy per- 
 sonified in The Purple Island, by Phineas 
 Fletcher (1633). Fully described in 
 canto x. (Greek, Andro-philos, " a lover 
 of mankind.") 
 
 An'eal (2 si/L), daughter of Maii'ni, 
 who loves Djabal, and believes him to be 
 "hakeem"' (the incarnate god and 
 founder of the Druses) returned to life 
 for the restoration of the people and 
 their return to Syria from exile in the 
 Spo'rades. When, however, she discovers 
 his imposture, she dies in the bitterness 
 of her disappointment. — Robert Browning, 
 The Return of the Druses, 
 
 Angel. When the Rev. Mr. Patten, 
 vicar of Whitstable, was dying, the arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury sent him £10 ; and 
 the wit said, "Tell his grace that now I 
 own him to be a man of God, for I have 
 seen his angels." 
 
 To write like an Angel, that is like 
 Angel [Vergccios], a Greek of the fifteenth 
 century, noted for his caligraphy. 
 
 Uange de Dieu, Isabeau la "belle, the 
 "inspired prophet-child" of the Cami- 
 sards. 
 
 Angels (Orders of). According to 
 Dionysius the Areop'agite, the angels are 
 divided into nine orders : Seraphim and 
 Cherubim, in the first circle ; Thrones 
 and Dominions, in the second circle ; 
 Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Arch- 
 angels, and Angels, in the third circle. 
 
 Novem angelorum ordines dicimus. quia videlicet esse, 
 testaute sacro eloquio, scinuis Angelos, Archangelos, Vir- 
 lures, Potestates, Principatus. Dominationes, Thronos, 
 Cherubim, atque Seraphim.— St. Gregory the Great, 
 11 utility 34. 
 
 (See Hymns Ancient and Modern, No. 
 253, ver. 2, 3.) 
 
 Angels' Visits. Norris of Bemerton 
 (1057-1711) wrote — those joys which 
 
 Soonest take their flight 
 Are the most exquisite and strong. 
 Like angels' visits, short and bright. 
 
 Robert Blair, in 1743, wrote in his poem 
 called The Grave, "in visits" 
 
 Like those of angels, short and far between. 
 
 Campbell, in 1799, appropriated the 
 simile, but without improving it, wrote — 
 
 Like angels' visits, few and far between. 
 
 Angelica, in Bojardo's Orlando In- 
 namorato (1495), is daughter of Gal'aphron 
 king of Cathay. She goes to Paris, and 
 Orlando falls in love with her, forgetful 
 of wife, sovereign, country, and glory. 
 Angelica, on the other hand, disregards 
 Orlando, but passionately loves Rinaldo, 
 
 who positively dislikes her. Angelica 
 and Rinaldo drink of certain fountains, 
 when the opposite effects are produced in 
 their hearts, for then Rinaldo loves Ange- 
 lica, while Angelica loses all love for 
 Rinaldo. 
 
 Angelica, in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, 
 (1516) is the same lady, who marries 
 Medoro, a young Moore, and returns to 
 Cathay, where Medoro succeeds to the 
 crown. As for Orlando, he is driven mad 
 by jealousy and pride. 
 
 The fairest of her sex. Angelica, 
 
 . . . Sought by many prowest knights, 
 
 Both painim and the peers of Charlemagne. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Jlegained, in. (1671). 
 
 Angelica (The princess), called "The 
 Lady of the Golden ToAver." The loves 
 of Parisme'nos and Angelica form an 
 important feature of the second part of 
 Parismus Prince of Bohemia, by Emanuel 
 Foord (1598). 
 
 Angel' ica, an heiress with whom Va- 
 lentine Legend is in love. For a time 
 he is unwilling to declare himself because 
 of his debts ; but Angelica gets possession 
 of a bond for £4000, and tears it. The 
 money difficulty being adjusted, the 
 marriage is arranged amicably. — W. Con- 
 gieve, Love for Love (1695). 
 
 [Mrs. Anne F.racegirdle] equally delighted in melting 
 tenderness and playful coquetry, in "Statira" or " Milla- 
 mant ;" and even at an advanced age, when she played 
 "Angelica." — C. Dibden. 
 
 Angelica, the troth-plight wife of Valere, 
 "the gamester." She gives him a pic- 
 ture, and enjoins him not to part with it 
 on pain of forfeiting her hand. How- 
 ever, he loses it in play, and Angelica in 
 disguise is the winner of it. After much 
 tribulation, Valere is cured of his vice, 
 and the two are happily united by marriage. 
 — Mrs. Centlivre, The Gamester (1705). 
 
 Angeli'na, daughter of lord Lewis, 
 in the comedy called The Elder Brother, 
 by Beaumont and Fletcher (1637). 
 
 Angelina, daughter of don Channo. 
 Her father wanted her to marry Clodio, 
 a coxcomb, but she preferred his elder 
 brother Carlos, a bookworm, with whom 
 she eloped. They were taken captives 
 and carried to Lisbon. Here in due time 
 they met, the fathers who went in search 
 of them came to the same spot, and as 
 Clodio had engaged himself to Elvira of 
 Lisbon, the testy old gentlemen agreed to 
 the marriage of Angelina with Carlos. — 
 C. Cibber, Love Makes a Man. 
 
 Angelique'(3 syl.), daughter of Argan 
 the malade imaginaire. II er lover is Cle'ante 
 
ANGELIQUE. 
 
 39 
 
 ANGUISANT. 
 
 (2 syl.). In order to prove whether his 
 wife or daughter loved him the better, 
 Argan pretended to be dead, whereupon 
 the wife rejoiced greatly that she was 
 relieved of a "disgusting creature," hated 
 by every one: but the daughter grieved as 
 if her heart would break, rebuked herself 
 for her shortcomings, and vowed to devote 
 the rest of her life in prayer for the repose 
 of his soul. Argan, being assured of his 
 daughter's love, gave his free consent to 
 her marriage with Cle'ante. — Moliere, 
 Malade Iniajinaire (1673). 
 
 Angelique, the aristocratic wife of George 
 Dandin, a French commoner. She has a 
 liaison with a M. Clitandre, but always 
 contrives to turn the tables on her hus- 
 band. George Dandin first hears of a 
 rendezvous from one Lubin, a foolish 
 servant of Clitandre, and lays the affair 
 before M. and Mde. Sotenville, his wife's 
 parents. The baron with George Dandin 
 call on the lover, who denies the accu- 
 sation, and George Dandin has to beg 
 pardon. Subsequently, he catches his 
 wife and Clitandre together, and sends at 
 once for M. and Mde. Sotenvilie ; but 
 Angelique, aware of their presence, pre- 
 tends to denounce her lover, and even 
 takes up a stick to beat him for the " in- 
 sult offered to a virtuous wife ; " so again 
 the parents declare their daughter to be 
 the very paragon of women. Lastly, 
 George Dandin detects his wife and Cli- 
 tandre together at night-time, and succeeds 
 in shutting his wife out of her room ; but 
 Angelique now pretends to kill herself, 
 and when George goes for a light to look 
 for the body, she rushes into her room 
 and shuts him out. At this crisis the 
 parents arrive, when Angelique accuses 
 her husband of being out all night in a 
 debauch ; and he is made to beg her pardon 
 on his knee3. — Moliere, Gcorye Dandin 
 (1668). 
 
 An'gelo, in Measure for Measure, lord 
 deputy of Vienna in the absence of Yin- 
 centio the duke. His betrothed lady is 
 Maria'na. Lord Angelo conceived a base 
 passion for Isabella, sister of Claudio, but 
 his designs were foiled by the duke, who 
 compelled him to marry Mariana. — 
 Shakespeare (1003). 
 
 An'gelo, a gentleman, friend to Julio in 
 The Captain, a drama bv Beaumont and 
 Fletcher (1613). 
 
 Anger . . . the AT.ph.abet. It was 
 Athenodo'rus the Stoic who advised 
 
 Augustus to repeat the alphabet when he. 
 felt inclined to give way to anger. 
 
 Un certain Orec disait a l'empereur Auguste, 
 Comrne une instruction utile autant que juste, 
 Que, lorsqu' une aventure en colore nous met, 
 Nous elevens, avant tout, dire notre alphabet, 
 Afin que dans ce temps la bile se tempere. 
 Et qu'on ne fasse rien que Ton ne cloive faire. 
 
 Moliere, L'icole des Femmet, ii. 4 (1662) 
 
 Angioli'na (4 syl.), daughter _ of 
 Loredana, and the young wife of Man" 'no 
 Faliero, the doge of Venice. A patrician 
 named Michel Steno, having behaved in- 
 decently to some of the women assembled 
 at the great civic banquet given by the 
 doge, was kicked out of the house by 
 order of the doge, and in revenge wrote 
 some scurrilous lines against the doga- 
 ressa. This insult was referred to " The 
 Forty," and Steno was sentenced to two 
 months' imprisonment, which the doge 
 considered a very inadequate punishment 
 for the offence. — Byron, Marino Faliero. 
 
 The character of the calm, pure-spirited Angiolina is 
 developed most admirably. The great difference between 
 her temper and that of her fiery husband is vividly por- 
 trayed, but not less vividly touched is that strong bond nl 
 union which exists in the common nobleness of their deep 
 natures. There is no spark of je;ilousy in the old man's 
 thoughts. He does not expect the fervour of youthful 
 passion in his young wi:e ; but he finds what is far better— 
 the fearless confidence of one so innocent that she can 
 scarcely believe in the existence of guilt. . . . She thinks 
 Steno's greatest punishment will be "the blushes of his 
 privacy." — Lockliart. 
 
 Anglan'te's Lord, Orlando, who 
 was lord of Anglante and knight of 
 Brava. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 An'glesey, i.e. Angles ea-land (the 
 island of the English). Edwin king of 
 Northumberland, "warred with them that 
 dwelt in the Isle of Mona, and they 
 became his servants, and the island was 
 no longer called Mona, but Anglesey, the 
 isle of the English." 
 
 An'glide3 (3 syl.), wife of good prince 
 Boud'wine (2 syl.), brother to sir Mark 
 king of Cornwall ("the falsest traitor 
 that ever was born"). "When king Mark 
 slew her husband, Anglides and her son 
 Alisaunder made their escape to Magounee 
 (i.e. Arundel), where she lived in peace, 
 and brought up her son till he receiveTl 
 the honour of knighthood. — Sir T. Malory, 
 Hist, of Fr. Arthur, ii. 117, 118 (1470)." 
 
 An'glo-ma'nia, generally applied to 
 a French or German imitation of the 
 manners, customs, etc., of the English. 
 It prevailed in France some time before 
 the first Revolution, and was often ex- 
 tremely ridiculous. 
 
 An'guisarit, king of Erin (Ireland), 
 subdued bv king A rthur, fighting in behalf 
 
ANGULE. 
 
 40 
 
 ANNIE WINNIE. 
 
 of Leod'ogran king of Cam'eliard (3 syl.). 
 —Tennyson, Coming of King Arthur. 
 
 Angule (St.), bishop of London, put 
 to death by Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, 
 Roman general in Britain in the reign of 
 Diocletian. 
 
 St. Angule put to death, one of our holiest men, 
 At London, of that see the godly bishop then. 
 
 Drayton, Potyuibioit, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Angurva'del, Frithiof s sword, in- 
 scribed Avith Kunic characters, which 
 blazed in time of war, but gleamed dimly 
 in time of peace. 
 
 Animals admitted to Heaven. 
 
 According to the Moslem's creed, ten 
 animals are admitted into paradise besides 
 man. 1. The dog Kratim, of the seven 
 sleepers of Ephesus. 2. Balaam's ass, 
 which reproved the disobedient prophet. 
 3. Solomon's ant, which reproves the 
 sluggard. 4. Jonah's whale. 5. The 
 ram of Ismnel, caught by the horns, and 
 offered in sacrifice instead of Isaac. 
 7. The carnal of Saleb. 8. The cuckoo 
 ofBelkis. 9. The ox of Moses. 10. The 
 animal called Al Borak, which conveyed 
 Mahomet to heaven. 
 
 The following are sometimes added or 
 substituted : — The ass on which our Saviour 
 rode into Jerusalem ; the ass on which the 
 queen of Sheba rode when she visited 
 Solomon. 
 
 Anjou ( The Fair Maid of), lady Edith 
 Plnntagenet, who married David earl of 
 Huntingdon (a royal prince of Scotland). 
 Edith was a kinswoman of Kichard Ca-ur 
 de Lion, and an attendant on queen 
 Bcrengaria. 
 
 *** Sir Walter Scott has introduced 
 her in The Talisman (1825). 
 
 Ann ( The princess), lady of Beaujeu. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Quentin Duraard (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Anna {Donna), the lady beloved by 
 don Otca'vio, but seduced "by don Gio- 
 vanni. — Mozart's opera, Dun Giovanni 
 (1787).- 
 
 An'nabel, in Absalom and Achi- 
 tophel, by Dryden, is the duchess of 
 Monmouth, whose maiden name was 
 Anne Scott (countess of Buccleuch). She 
 married again after the execution of her 
 faithless husband. 
 
 With secret joy indulgent David {Charlc* //.] viewed 
 
 His youthful image in his sun renewed ; 
 
 To all his wishes nothing he denied. 
 
 And made the charming Annabel his bride. 
 
 Part i. 
 
 An'naple [Bailzou], Effie Dean's 
 
 "monthly" nurse. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
 of Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 An'naple, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of the 
 Heugh-foot, a young farmer. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Anne (Sister), the sister of Fat'ima 
 the seventh and last wife of Blue Beard. 
 Fatima, having disobeyed her lord by 
 looking into the locked chamber, is 
 allowed a short respite before execution. 
 Sister Anne ascends the high tower of the 
 castle, with the hope of seeing her brothers, 
 who were expected to arrive every mo- 
 ment. Fatima, in her agony, keeps ask- 
 ing "sister Anne" if she can see them, 
 and Blue Beard keeps crying out for Fa- 
 tima to use greater despatch. As the 
 patience of both is exhausted, the brothers 
 arrive, and Fatima is rescued from death. 
 — Charles Terrault, La Barbc Bleue. 
 
 Anne, own sister of king Arthur. 
 Her father was Uther the pendragon, and 
 her mother Ygerna, widow of Gorloi's. 
 She was given by her brother in marriage 
 to Lot, consul of Londonesia, and after- 
 wards king of Norway. — Geoffrey, British 
 History, viii. 20, 21. 
 
 *** In Arthurian romance this Anne 
 is called Margawse (History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 2) ; Tennyson calls her Belli- 
 cent (Gareth and Lynctte). In Arthurian 
 romance Lot is always called king of 
 Orkney. 
 
 Anne. Queen Anne' s Fan. Your thumb 
 to your nose and fingers spread. 
 
 Annette, daughter of Mathis and 
 Catherine, the bride of Christian, captain 
 of the patrol. — J. E. Ware, The Boltsh 
 Jew. 
 
 Annette and Lubin, by Marmon- 
 t*el, imitated from the Dap/mis and Chive 
 of Longos (q.v.). 
 
 An'nic Lau'rie, eldest of the three 
 daughters of sir Robert Laurie, of Max- 
 welton. In 1709 she married James Fer- 
 gusson, of Craigdarroch, and was the 
 mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero 
 of Burns's song Tlie Whistle. The song 
 of Annie Laurie was written by William 
 Dougias, of Fingland, in the stewardry of 
 Kirkcudbright, hero of the song Willie 
 teas a Wanton Wag. (See Whistle.) 
 
 An'nie "Win'nie, one of the old 
 sibyls at Alice Gray's death ; the other 
 was Ailsie Gourlay. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Bride of Lammcrmoor (time, William 
 III.). 
 
ANNIR. 
 
 41 
 
 ANTHONIO. 
 
 Annir, king of Inis-thona (an island 
 of Scandinavia). He had two sons (Argon 
 and Euro) and one daughter. One day 
 Cor'malo, a neighbouring chief, came and 
 begged the honour of a tournament. 
 Argon granted the request, and overthrew 
 him, which so vexed Cormalo that during 
 a hunt he shot both the brothers secretly 
 with his bow. Their dog Kuna ran to 
 the palace, and howled so as to attract 
 attention ; whereupon Annir followed the 
 hound, and found both his sons dead, 
 and on his return he further found that 
 Cormalo had carried off his daughter. 
 Oscar, son of Ossian, led an army against 
 the villain, and slew him ; then liberating 
 the young lady, he took her back to Inis- 
 thona, and delivered her to her father. — 
 Ossian (" The War of Inis-thona "). 
 
 An'nophel, daughter of Cas'silane 
 (3 syl.) general of Candy. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Laws of Candy (1G47). 
 
 Anselm, prior of St. Dominic, the 
 
 confessor of king Henry IV. — Sir W. 
 
 Scott, The Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 Anselme (2 syl.), father of Valere 
 (2 syl.) and Mariane (3 syl.). In reality 
 he is don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. 
 The family were exiled from Naples for 
 political reasons, and being shipwrecked 
 Avere all parted. Valere was picked up 
 by a Spanish captain, who adopted him ; 
 Mariane fell into the hands of a corsair, 
 who kept her a captive for ten years, when 
 she effected her escape ; and Anselme 
 wandered from place to place for ten 
 years, when he settled in Paris, and 
 intended to marry. At the expiration of 
 sixteen years they all met in Paris at the 
 house of Har'pagon, the miser. Valere 
 was in love with Elise (2 syl.), the 
 miser's daughter, promised by Harpagon 
 in marriage to Anselme ; and Mariane, 
 affianced to the miser's sonCle'ante (2 syl.), 
 was sought in marriage by Harpagon, 
 the old father. As soon as Anselme 
 discovered that Valere and Mariane were 
 his own children, matters were soon amic- 
 ably arranged, the young people married, 
 and the old ones retired from the unequal 
 contest. — Moliere, L'Avare (1067). 
 
 Anselmo, a noble cavalier of 
 Florence, the friend of Lothario. An- 
 ieliiio married Camilla, and induced his 
 friend to try to corrupt her, that he might 
 rejoice in her incorruptible fidelity. 
 Lothario unwillingly undertook the task, 
 and succeeded but too well. For a time 
 
 Anselmo was deceived, but at length 
 Camilla eloped, and the end of the silly 
 affair was that Anselmo died of grief, 
 Lothario was slain in battle, and Camilla 
 died in a convent. — Cervantes, Bon 
 Quixote, I. iv. 5, 6 ; Fatal Curiosity (16U5). 
 
 An'ster {Hob), a constable at 
 Kinross village. — Sir "W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Ant. Ants' eggs are an antidote to 
 love. 
 
 Ants never sleep. Emerson says this 
 is a " recently observed fact." — Nature, 
 iv. 
 
 Ants have mind, etc. "In formica non 
 modo sensus, sed etiam mens, ratio, 
 memoria." — Pliny. 
 
 Ant {Solomon's), one of the ten ani- 
 mals admitted into paradise, according 
 to the Koran, ch. xxvii. (See Animals.) 
 
 Ants lay up a store for the winter. 
 This is an error in natural history, 
 as ants are torpid during the winter. 
 
 Antae'os, a gigantic wrestler of 
 Libya (or Irassa). His strength was 
 inexhaustible so long as he touched the 
 earth, and was renewed every time he did 
 touch it. Iler'cules killed him by lifting 
 hiir. up from the earth and squeezing him 
 to death. (See Malegeu.) 
 
 As when earth's son Antaeus . . in Irnssa strove 
 With Jove's Alcktes, anil oft foiled, still rose, 
 Receiving from his mother earth new strength, 
 Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined. 
 Throttled at length i' the air, expired and fell. 
 
 Milton, 1'aradise liegained, iv. (1671). 
 
 *** Similarly, when Bernardo del 
 Carpio assailed Orlando or Rowland 
 at Konccsvalles, as he found his body was 
 not to be pierced by any instrument of 
 war, he took him up in his arms and 
 squeezed him to death. 
 
 N.B. — The only vulnerable part of Or- 
 lando was the sole of his foot. 
 
 Ante'nor, a traitorous Trojan prince, 
 related to Priam. He advised Ulysses to 
 carry away the palladium from Troy, and 
 when the wooden horse Avas built it was 
 AntenorAvho urged the Trojans to make a 
 breach in the Avail and drag the horse 
 into the city. — Shakespeare has intro- 
 duced him in Troilus and Cressida (1602). 
 
 Anthi'a, the lady beloved by Abroc'- 
 omas in the Greek romance called 
 Ue Amoribus Anthim et Abrocomoe, by 
 Xenophon of Ephesus, Avho lived in the 
 fourth Christian century. (This is not 
 Xenophon the historian, who lived b.c. 
 444-350.) 
 
 Anthonio, " the merchant of Ve- 
 
ANTHONIO. 
 
 42 
 
 ANTIOPE. 
 
 nice," in Shakespeare's drama so called | 
 (1598). Anthonio borrows of Shylock, I 
 a Jew, 3000 ducats for three months, | 
 to lend to his friend Bassanio. The con- 
 ditions of the loan were these : if the 
 money was paid within the time, only the 
 principal should be returned ; but if not, 
 the Jew should be allowed to cut from 
 Anthonio's body "a pound of flesh." As 
 the ships of Anthonio were delayed by 
 contrary winds, he was unable to pay 
 within the three months, and Shylock 
 demanded the forfeiture according to the 
 bond. Portia, in the dress of a law- 
 doctor, conducted the case, and when the 
 Jew was about to cut the flesh, stopped 
 him, saying — (1) the bond gave him no 
 drop of blood ; and (2) he must take 
 neither more nor less than an exact 
 pound. If he shed one drop of blood or 
 if he cut more or less than an exact 
 pound, his life would be forfeit. As it 
 was quite impossible to comply with 
 these, restrictions, the Jew was nonsuited, 
 and had to pay a heavy fine for seeking 
 the life of a citizen. 
 
 Antho'nio, the usurping duke of Milan, 
 and brother of Pros'pero (the rightful 
 duke, and father of Miranda). — Shake- 
 speare, The Tempest (1609). 
 
 Antho'nio, father of Protheus, and 
 suitor of Julia. — Shakespeare, The Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona (1504). 
 
 An'tbony, an English archer in the 
 cottage of farmer Dickson, of Douglas- 
 dale. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
 (time, Henry I.). 
 
 An'thony, the old postillion at Meg 
 Dods's, the landlady of the inn at St. 
 Ronan's Well. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Antid'ius, bishop of Jaen, martyred 
 by the Vandals in 411. One day, seeing 
 the devil writing in his pocket-book some 
 sin committed by the pope, he jumped upon 
 his back and commanded his Satanic ma- 
 jesty to carry him to Rome. The devil 
 tried to make the bishop pronounce the 
 name of Jesus, which would break the 
 spell, and then the devil would have tossed 
 his unwelcome burden into the sea, but the 
 bishop only cried, " Gee up, de\il ! " and 
 when he reached Rome he was covered 
 with Alpine snow. The chronicler naively 
 adds, " the hat is still shown at Rome in 
 confirmation of this miracle." — General 
 Chronicle of King Alp/wnso the Wise. 
 
 Autig'one (4 syl.) y daughter of 
 
 (E'dipos and Jocas'tc, a noble maiden, 
 with a truly heroic attachment to her 
 father and brothers. When (Edipos had 
 blinded himself, and was obliged to quit 
 Thebes, Antigone accompanied him, and 
 remained with him till his death, when 
 she returned to Thebes. Creon, the king, 
 had forbidden any one to bury Polyni'ces, 
 her brother, who had been slain by his 
 elder brother in battle ; but Antigone, in 
 defiance of this prohibition, buried the 
 dead body, and Creon shut her up in a 
 vault under ground, where she killed 
 herself. Haeman, her lover, killed him- 
 self also by her side. Sophocles has a 
 Greek tragedy on the subject, and it has 
 been dramatized for the English stage. 
 
 Then suddenly — oh ! . . . what a revelation of beauty ! 
 forth stepped, walking in brightness, the most faultless of 
 Grecian marbles, Miss Helen Faucet as "Antigone." 
 What perfection of Athenian sculpture ! the noblo 
 figure, the lovely arms, the fluent drapery! What an 
 unveiling of the statuesque ! . . . Perfect in form ; perfect 
 in attitude.— De Quincey (1845). 
 
 The Modern Antigone, Marie The'rese 
 Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme, daugh- 
 ter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette 
 (1778-1851). 
 
 Antig'onus, a Sicilian lord, com- 
 manded by king Leontcs to take his 
 infant daughter to a desert shore and leave 
 her to perish. Antigonus was driven by a 
 storm to the coast of Bohemia, where he 
 left the babe ; but on his way back to 
 the ship, he was torn to pieces by a 
 Winter', 
 
 Tale 
 
 bear. — Shakespeare, The 
 (1G04). 
 
 Antig'onus (King), an old man with a 
 3 r oung man's amorous passions, lie is 
 one of the four kings who succeeded to 
 the divided empire of Alexander the 
 Great. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Humorous Lieutenant (1G47). 
 
 Axitin'ous (4 syl.), a page of Had- 
 rian the Roman emperor, noted for his 
 beauty. 
 
 Antin'ous (4 syl.), son of Cas'silanc 
 (3 syl.) general of Candy, and brother 
 of An'nophel, in The Laws of Candy, a 
 drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 
 
 Anti'ochus, emperor of Greece, who 
 sought the life of Per'icles prince of Tyre, 
 but died without effecting his desire. — 
 Shakespeare, Pericles Trince of Tyre 
 (1608). 
 
 Anti'ope (4 syl.), daughter of 
 Idom'eueus (4 syl.), for whom Telcm'achus 
 had a tendre. Mentor approved his 
 choice, and assured Tclemachus that the 
 ladv was designed for him by the goda. 
 
ANTIPHOLUS. 
 
 ANTONY. 
 
 Her charms were " the glowing modesty 
 of her countenance, her silent diffidence, 
 and her sweet reserve ; her constant at- 
 tention to tapestry or to some other useful 
 and elegant employment ; her diligence 
 in household affairs, her contempt of 
 finery in dress, and her ignorance of her 
 own beauty." Telemachus says, " She 
 encourages to industry by her example, 
 sweetens labour by the melody of her 
 voice, and excels the best of painters in 
 the elegance of her embroidery." — 
 Fe'nclon, Te'ie'maque, xxii. (1700). 
 
 He [Paul] fancied he had found in Virginia the 
 wisdom of Antiope with the misfortunes and the 
 tenderaess of Eucharis. — BernarJin de St. Pierre, Paul 
 and Virginia (1788). 
 
 Antiph'olus, the name of two 
 brothers, twins, the sons of iEge'on a 
 merchant of Syracuse. The two brothers 
 were shipwrecked in infancy, and, being 
 picked up by different cruisers, one was 
 carried to Syracuse, and the other to 
 Ephesus. The Ephesian entered the 
 service of the duke, and, being fortunate 
 enough to save the duke's life, became a 
 great man and married well. The Syra- 
 cusian Antipholus, going in search of 
 his brother, came to Ephesus, where a 
 series of blunders occurs from the won- 
 derful likeness of the two brothers and 
 their two servants called Dromio. The 
 confusion becomes so great that the 
 Ephesian is taken up as a mad man. It 
 so happened that both brothers appeared 
 before the duke at the same time ; and 
 the extraordinary likeness being seen by 
 all, the cause of the blunders was evident, 
 and everything was satisfactorily ex- 
 plained. — Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors 
 (1593). 
 
 Antiph/ony, alternate singing of 
 opposite choirs, as when psalms are 
 intoned in cathedrals. 
 
 Oh ! never more for me shall winds intone 
 With all your tops a vast antiphony. 
 
 Robert Browning, A Blot on the 'scutcheon. 
 
 Anton (Sir). Tennyson says that 
 Merlin gave Arthur, when an infant, to sir 
 Anton and his lady to bring up, and they 
 brought him up as their own son. This 
 does not correspond with the History of 
 Prince Arthur, which states that he was 
 committed to the care of sir Ector and 
 his lady, whose son, sir Key, is over 
 end over again called the prince's foster- 
 brother. The History furthermore states 
 that Arthur made sir Key his seneschal 
 because he was his foster-brother. 
 
 So the child was delivered unto Merlin, and he bore 
 him forth unto gar Ector, and made a holy man christen 
 
 him, and named him " Arthur." And so sir Ector's wife 
 nourished him with her own breast. — Part i. 3. 
 
 So sir Ector rode to the justs, and with him rode sir 
 Key, his son. and young Arthur that was his nourished 
 brother.— Ditto. 
 
 " Sir," said sir Ector, " I will ask no more of you but 
 that you will make my son, sir Key, your foster- 
 brother, seneschal of all your lands." " That shall be 
 done," said Arthur (ch. 4).— Sir T. Malory. History of 
 Prince Arthur (1470). 
 
 Anton, one of Henrv Smith's men in 
 TJie Fair Maid of Perth, by sir W. 
 Scott (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Anto'niad, the name of Cleopatra * 
 ship at the battle of Actium, so named 
 in compliment to Mark Antonv. — Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 Anto'nio, a sea captain who saved 
 Sebastian, the brother of Vi'ola, when 
 wrecked off the coast of Illvria. — 
 Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1G14)". 
 
 Anto'nio, the Swiss lad who acts as 
 the guide from Lucern, in sir W. Scott's 
 Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Anto'nio, a stout old gentleman, kins- 
 man of Petruccio, governor of Bologna. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Chances 
 (a comedy, before 1621). 
 
 Antonio (Don), father of Carlos a 
 bookworm, and Clodio a coxcomb ; a 
 testy, headstrong old man. He wants 
 Carlos to sign away his birthright in 
 favour of his younger brother, to whom 
 he intends Angelina to be married ; but 
 Carlos declines to give his signature, and 
 elopes with Angelina, whom he marries, 
 while Clodio engages his troth to Elvira 
 of Lisbon. — C. Cibber, Love Makes a 
 Man. 
 
 Antonio (Don), in love with Louisa, the 
 daughter of don Jerome of Seville. A 
 poor nobleman of ancient family. — 
 Sheridan, The Duenna (1778). 
 
 Antonomas'ia (The princess), 
 daughter of Archipiela, king of Candaya, 
 and his wife Maguncia. She married 
 don Clavijo, but the giant Malambru'no, 
 by enchantment, changed the bride into a 
 brass monkey, and her spouse into a 
 crocodile of some unknown metal. Don 
 Quixote mounted the wooden horse 
 Clavileno the Winged, to disenchant the 
 lady and her husband, and thi3 he 
 effected " simply by making the 
 attempt." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
 iii. 4, 5 (1615). 
 
 Antony (Saint) lived in a cavern on 
 
ANTONY AND CAESAR. 
 
 44 
 
 APOLLO. 
 
 the summit of Cavadonga, in Spain, and | 
 was perpetually annoyed by devils. 
 
 Old St Antonius from the hell 
 Of his bewildered phantasy saw fiends 
 In actual vision, a foul throng grotesque 
 Of all horrific shapes and forms obscene. 
 Crowd in broad day before bis open eyes. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xvi. (1814). 
 
 .An'tony and Caesar. Macbeth 
 says that " under Banquo his own 
 genius was rebuked [or snubbed], as it is 
 said Mark Antony's was by Ciesar " 
 (act iii. sc. 1), and in Antony and Cleo- 
 patra this passage is elucidated thus — 
 
 Thy dreinon, that's thy spirit which keeps thee, is 
 Noble, courageous, high, unniatchable. 
 Where Caesar's is not ; but near him thy angel 
 Becomes a fear, as being o'erpowered. 
 
 Act ii. sc. 3. 
 
 All'vil ( The Literary) . Dr. Mayo was 
 so called, because he bore the hardest 
 blows of Dr. Johnson without flinching. 
 
 Aodh, last of the Culdees, or primitive 
 clergy of lo'na, an island south of 
 Staffa. His wife was Eeullu'ra. Ulv- 
 fa'gre the Dane, having landed on the 
 island and put many to the sword, bound 
 Aodh in chains of iron, then dragging 
 him to the church, demanded where the 
 "treasures were concealed." A mys- 
 terious figure now appeared, which not 
 only released the priest, but took the 
 Dane by the arm to the statue of St. 
 Columb, which fell on him and crushed 
 him to death. After this the "saint" 
 gathered the remnant of the islanders 
 together, and went to Ireland. — Campbell, 
 Iteullura. 
 
 Aon'ian Mount {The), in Bceo'tia, 
 the haunt of the Muses. Milton says his 
 Muse is to soar above " the Aonian 
 mount," i.e. above the Might of fable and 
 classic themes, because his subject 
 was "Jehovah, lord of all." — Paradise 
 Lost, i. 15 (1665). 
 
 Ape (1 syl.), the pseudonym of M. 
 Pellegrini, the caricaturist of Vanity 
 Fair. Dr. Johnson says " to ape is to 
 i nutate ludicrously ;" whence the adoption 
 of the name. 
 
 Apes. To lead Apes in Hell, to die an 
 old maid. Thus Padladin'ida says to 
 Tatlanthe (3 syt.)— 
 
 Pity that you who've served so long and well 
 Should die a virgin, and lead apes in hell ; 
 (.boose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round, 
 Your portion u twelve hundred thousand pound. 
 
 H. Carey, ChrononfiutoiitUologos. 
 Women, diing maids, lead apes in hell. 
 
 The Loiulon Prodigal, L 2. 
 
 Apel'les and the Cobbler. A 
 
 cobbler found fault with the shoe-latchet 
 of one of Apt lies' paintings, and the artist 
 
 rectified the fault. The cobbler, thinking 
 himself very wise, next ventured to 
 criticize the legs ; but Apelles said, Ne 
 stttor ultra crcpldum ("Let not the 
 cobbler go beyond his last "). 
 
 Within that range of criticism where all are equally 
 judges, and where Crispin is entitled to dictate lo 
 Apelles. — Encyc. Brit. Art. " Romance." 
 
 Apelles. When his famous painting of 
 Venus rising out of the sea (hung by 
 Augustus in the temple of Julius Caesar) 
 was greatly injured by time, Nero re- 
 placed it by a copy done by Dorotheus. 
 This Venus by Apelles is called " Venus 
 Anadyom'ene," his model (according to 
 tradition) being Campaspe (afterwards 
 his wife). 
 
 Apeman'tus, a churlish Athenian 
 philosopher, who snarled at men 
 systematically, but showed his cynicism 
 to be mere affectation, when Timon 
 attacked him with his own weapons. — 
 Shakespeare, Timon of Athens (1600). 
 
 Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism of 
 Apemantus, contrasted with the real misantLiopy ot 
 Timon.— Sir W. Scott, 
 
 Apic'ius, an epicure in the time of 
 Tiberius. He wrote a book on the ways 
 of provoking an appetite. Having spent 
 £800,000 in supplying the delicacies 
 of the table, and having only £80,000 
 left, he hanged himself, not thinking it 
 possible to exist on such a wretched 
 pittance. Apicia, however, became a 
 stock name for certain cakes and sauces, 
 and his name is still proverbial in all 
 matters of gastronomy. 
 
 There was another of the name in the 
 reign of Trajan, who wrote a cooking 
 book and manual of sauces. 
 
 No Brahmin could abominate your meal more than I do. 
 Hirtius and Apicius would have blushed for it. Mark 
 Antony, who roasted eight whole boars for supper, never 
 massacred more at a meal than you have done. — Cumber- 
 land, The Fashionable lover, i. 1 (1780). 
 
 Apollo, the sun, in Homeric mytho- 
 logy is the embodiment of practical 
 wisdom and foresight, of swift and far- 
 reaching intelligence, and hence of 
 poetry, music, etc. 
 
 The Apollo Belvidere, that is, the Apollo 
 preserved in the Belvidere gallery of th« 
 Vatican, discovered in 1503 amidst the ruins 
 of An'tium, and purchased by pope Julius 
 II. It is supposed to be the work of 
 Cal'amis, a Creek sculptor of the fifth 
 century B.C. 
 
 The Apollo of Actium was a giganlic 
 statue, which served for a beacon. 
 
 The Apollo of Rhodes, usually called the 
 colossus, was a gigantic bronze statue, 150 
 
APOLLYON. 
 
 45 
 
 AQUILINE. 
 
 feet high, made by Chares, a pupil of 
 Lysippus, and set up B.C. 300. 
 
 Animals consecrated to Apollo, the cock, 
 the crow, the grasshopper, the hawk, the 
 raven, the swan, and the wolf. 
 
 Apoll'yon, king of the bottomless 
 pit ; introduced by Bunyan in his 
 Pill/rim's Progress. Apollyon encounters 
 Christian, by whom, after a severe 
 contest, he is foiled (1678). 
 
 Apostle or Patron Saint of — 
 
 Abyssinians, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, 
 October 27. 
 
 ALPS, Felhc Neff (1798-1829). 
 
 Antioch, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day, July 20. 
 
 Ardennes, St. Hubert (656-730). 
 
 Armenians, Gregory of Armenia (256-331). 
 
 (JAGLIARI {Sardinia), St. Efisio. 
 
 Corfu, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day, Decem- 
 ber 14. 
 
 English, St. Augustin (died m7); St. George (died 290). 
 
 Ethiopia, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, Octo- 
 ber 27. 
 
 Franconia, St. Kilian (died 689). His day. July 8. 
 
 Free Trade, Richard Cobden (1804-1865). 
 
 French, St. Denis (died 2:2). His day, October 9. 
 
 Frisians, St. Wilbrod (657-738). 
 
 Gauls. St. lrenae'us (130-200) ; St. Martin (316-397). 
 
 Gentills, St. Paul (died 66). His days, June 29, 
 January 25. 
 
 Georgia, St. Nino. 
 
 Germany, St. Boniface (680-755). His day, June 5. 
 
 Highlanders, St. Colomb (521-597). His day, June 9. 
 
 Hungarians, St. Anastasius (died 628). His day, 
 January 22. 
 
 Indians, Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566) ; Rev. John 
 Eliot (1603-1690). 
 
 Indies, St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552). His day, Decem- 
 ber 3. 
 
 Infidelity, Voltaire (1694-1778). 
 
 Irish, St. Patrick (372-493). His day, March 17. 
 
 Liberty, Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S. 
 (1743-1826). 
 
 London, St. Paul; St. Michael. Days, January 25; 
 September 29. 
 
 Netherlands, St. Armand (589-679). 
 
 North, St. Ansgar (801-864) ; Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583). 
 
 PaDUA, St. Anthony (1195-1231). His day. June 13. 
 
 Paris, St. Genevieve (419-512). Her day, January 3. 
 
 PEAK, W. Bagshaw, so called from his missionary labours 
 in Derbyshire (1628-1702). 
 
 Picts, St. Ninian. 
 
 Scottish Reformers, John Knox (1505-1572). 
 
 Sicily (the tutelary deity is) Ceres. 
 
 Slaves, St. Cyril (died 868). His day, February 14. 
 
 Spain, St. James the Greater (died 44). His day, Julv 24. 
 
 Temperance. Father Mathew (1790-1856). 
 
 Venice. St. Mark; St. Pantaleon ; St. Andrew Justiniani. 
 St. Mark's dav, April 25; St. Pantaleon's, July 27. 
 
 Yorkshire, St. Pauli'nus, bishop of York (597-644). 
 
 Walks, St David (480-544). His day, March 1. 
 
 Apostle of Free Trade, Richard 
 Cobden (1804-1865). John Bright is 
 also so called (1811- ). 
 
 Apostolic Fathers (The Five): 
 Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hermas, 
 Igna'tius, and Polycarp. All contem- 
 porary with the apostles. 
 
 Ap'petiser. A Scotchman being told 
 that the birds called kittiewiaks were ad- 
 mirable appetisers, ate six of them, and 
 then complained " he was no hungrier 
 than he was before." 
 
 Apple (Prince Ahmed's), a cure for 
 
 every disorder. — Arabian Nights' Enter- 
 tainments ("Ahmed and Pari-banou"). 
 
 The Singing Apple, the perfect em- 
 bellisher of wit. It would persuade by 
 its smell alone, and would enable the 
 possessor to write poetry or prose, to 
 make people laugh or cry, and discoursed 
 such excellent music as to ravish every 
 one. — Countess D'Aunov, Fairy Tales 
 (" Chery and Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 Apples of Sodom (called by Wit- 
 man, oranges) are the yellow fruit of 
 the osher or ashey tree. Tacitus (His- 
 tory, v. 7) and Josephus both refer to 
 these apples. Thevenot says, " The 
 fruit is lovely [externally], but within is 
 fall of ashes." 
 
 The fruit of the osher or asbey tree, called " Apples or 
 Oranges of Sodom," resembles a smooth apple or orange, 
 hangs in clusters of three or four on a branch, and is of 
 a yellow colour when ripe. Upon being struck or 
 pressed, it explodes with a puff, and is reduced to the 
 rind and a few fibres, being chiefly filled with air. — 
 Gallery of Geography, 811. 
 
 Like to the apples on the Dead Sea shore, 
 
 All ashes to the taste. 
 
 Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 34. 
 
 Appul'dur combe (4 syl.), the 
 Isle of Wight. The word is a com- 
 pound of apuldre-combe (" valley of apple 
 trees"), and not y pul dur y cum ("the 
 lake in the valley "). 
 
 April Fool. One of the favour- 
 ite London jokes was to send green- 
 horns to the Tower, "to see the lions 
 washed." — See Dictionary of Phrase and 
 Fable. 
 
 April Showers. April showers 
 bring May flowers. 
 
 Sweet April showers do spring May flowers. 
 T. Tusser, 500 Points of Good Uusbandry, xxxix. (1557). 
 
 Aquarius, Sagittarius. Mrs. 
 Browning says that "Aquarius'' is a 
 symbol of man bearing, and " Sagit- 
 tarius " of man combatting. The passive 
 and active forms of human labour. 
 
 Eve. Two phantasms of two men. 
 A dam. One that sustains, 
 
 And one that strives, so the ends 
 Of manhood's curte of labour. 
 E. B. Browning, A Drama of Exile (1851). 
 
 A'quilant, son of Olive'ro and 
 Sigismunda ; a knight in Charlemagne's 
 army. He was called u black," and his 
 brother Gryphon " white,''' from the colour 
 of their armour. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (151G). 
 
 A'quiline (3 syl.), Raymond's steed, 
 whose sire was the wind. — Tasso, Jeru- 
 salem Delivered, vii. (1575). 
 
 (Solinus, Columella, and Varro relate 
 how the Lusitanian mares " with open 
 
AQUINIAN SAGE. 
 
 46 
 
 AKC. 
 
 mouth against the breezes held, receive 
 the gales with warmth prolific filled, and 
 thus inspired, their swelling wombs pro- 
 duce the wondrous offspring." — See also 
 Virgil, Ge&rgics, iii. 266-283. 
 
 Aquin'ian Sage. Juvenal is so 
 called, because he was born at Aqui'num, 
 in Latium (fl. a.d. 100). 
 
 Arabella, an heiress left under the 
 guardianship of justice Day. Abel Day, 
 the son of justice Day, aspires to her hand 
 and fortune, but she confers both with 
 right good will on captain Manly. — T. 
 Knight, The Honest Thieves. 
 
 Ara'bia Felix ("Araby the blest"). 
 This name is a blunder made by British 
 merchants, who supposed that the precious 
 commodities of India bought of Arab 
 traders were the produce of Arabia. 
 
 AraHbian Bird (The), the phoenix, a 
 marvellous man, one sui generis. 
 
 Antony ! O thou Arabian bird I 
 Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act iii. sc. 2. 
 
 Arach/ne (3 syl.), a spider, a Aveaver. 
 " Arachne's labours," spinning or weav- 
 ing. Arachne was a Lydian maiden, who 
 challenged Minerva to compete with her 
 in needle tapestry, and Minerva changed 
 her into a spider. 
 
 No orifice for a point 
 As subtle as Arachne's broken woof 
 To enter. 
 Shakespeare, 1'roilus and Cressida, act v. sc. 2 (1602). 
 
 A'raf (Al), a sort of limbo between 
 paradise and jchennam, for those who 
 die without sufficient merit to deserve the 
 former, and without sufficient demerit to 
 deserve the latter. Here lunatics, idiots, 
 and infants go at death, according to the 
 Koran. 
 
 Ar'afat (Mount), a granite hill, fifteen 
 miles south-east of Mecca, where Adam, 
 conducted by Gabriel, met Eve, after a 
 punitive separation of 200 years. Every 
 pilgrim to this mount enjoys the privileges 
 of a Hadji. 
 
 Aragnol, the son of Arachne (the 
 "most fine-fingered of all workmen," 
 turned into a spider for presuming to 
 challenge Minerva to a contest in needle- 
 work). Aragnol entertained a secret and 
 deadly hatred against prince Clarion, son 
 of Muscarol the fly-king; and weaving 
 a curious net, soon caught the gay young 
 flutterer, and gave him his death- wound 
 by piercing him under the left wing. — 
 Spenser, Muiopotmos or The Butterfly's 
 Fate (1590). 
 
 Aramin'ta, the wife of Moneytrap, 
 
 and friend of Clarissa (wife of Gripe 
 the scrivener). — Sir John Vanbrugh, Tlie 
 Confederacy (1695). 
 
 Aranza (The duke of). He marries 
 Juliana, eldest daughter of Balthazar. 
 She is so haughty, arrogant, and over- 
 bearing, that after the marriage he takes 
 her to a mean hut, which he calls his 
 home, and pretends to be only a peasant 
 who must Avork for his living, and gives 
 his bride the household duties to perform. 
 She chafes for a time, but firmness, 
 manliness, and affection win the day ; 
 and when the duke sees that she loves 
 him for himself, he leads her to his 
 castle, and reveals to her that the peasant 
 husband is after all the duke of Aranza. — 
 J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 
 
 Ar'aphil or Ar'aphill, the poetic 
 pseudonym of Wm. Habington. His 
 lady-love, Miss Lucy Herbert, he calls 
 Castara. 
 
 Aras'pes (3 syl.), king of Alexandria, 
 who joined the Egyptian armament 
 against the crusaders. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575). 
 
 Arba'ces (3 syl.), king of Ibe'ria, in 
 the drama called A lung or no King, by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). 
 
 Arbate (2 syl.), governor of the prince 
 of Ithaca, in Moliere's comedy La Prin- 
 cesse d' Elide (1664). In his speech to 
 "Eurylc" prince of Ithaca, persuading 
 him to love, he is supposed to refer to 
 Louis XIV., then 26 years of age. 
 
 Je dirai que 1'amour sied bien a vos pareil . . . 
 Et qu'il est malais6 que, sans £tre amoreux, 
 Un jeune prince suit et grand et g6n<5reux. 
 
 Act i. 1. 
 
 Arbate, in Racine's drama of Mithri- 
 date (1673). 
 
 ArTbiter iEl'igantisa. C. Tetro'- 
 nius was appointed dictator-in-chief of 
 the imperial pleasures at the court of 
 Nero, and nothing was considered comme 
 il faut till it had received the sanction of 
 this Roman beau Brummel. 
 
 Behold the new Petronius of the day, 
 The arbiter of pleasure and of play. 
 Byron. Ewjli&h Hards and Scottish lievicwers. 
 
 Arbre Sec, a tree supposed to have 
 dried up and withered when our Lord was 
 crucified. — Mediaeval Tradition. 
 
 Arbre Sol foretold, with audible 
 voice, the place and manner of Alexander's 
 death. It figures in all the fabulous 
 legends of Alexander. 
 
 Arc (Joan of), or Jeanne la Pucelle, 
 the " Maid of Orleans," daughter of a 
 
ARCADES AMBO. 
 
 47 
 
 ARCHY M'SARCASM. 
 
 rustic of Domre'my, near Vaucouleurs, in 
 France. She was servant at an inn when 
 she conceived the idea of liberating France 
 from the English. Having gained ad- 
 mission to Charles VII., she was sent by 
 him to raise the siege of Orleans, and 
 actually succeeded in so doing. Schiller 
 has a tragedy on the subject, Casimir 
 Delavigne an elegy on her, Southey an 
 epic poem on her life and death, and 
 Voltaire a burlesque. 
 
 In regard to her death, M. Octave 
 Delepiere, in his Doute Historique, denies 
 the tradition of her having been burnt to 
 death at Rouen ; and Vignier discovered 
 in a family muniment chest the "contract 
 of marriage between" Robert des Armoise, 
 knight, and Jeanne d'Arc, surnamed "The 
 Maid of Orleans." 
 
 Ar'cades Ambo, both fools alike ; 
 both "sweet innocents;" both alike 
 eccentric. The^e is nothing in the cha- 
 racter of Corydon and Thyrsis (Virgil's 
 Eclogue, vii. 4) to justify this disparaging 
 application of the phrase. All Virgil 
 says is they were both "in the flower of 
 their youth, and both Arcadians, both 
 equal in setting a theme for song or cap- 
 ping it epigrammatically ; " but as Ar- 
 cadia was the least intellectual part of 
 Greece, an "Arcadian" came to signify a 
 dunce, and hence "Arcades ambo" re- 
 ceived its present acceptation. 
 
 Arca'dia, a pastoral romance by sir 
 Philip Sidney, in imitation of the Dian'a 
 of Montemay or (sixteenth century) . 
 
 Areala'us (4 syl.), an enchanter who 
 bound Am'adis de Gaul to a pillar in his 
 courtyard, and administered to him 200 
 stripes with his horse's bridle. — Araadis 
 de Gaul (fifteenth century). 
 
 Arca'nes (3 syl.), a nohle soldier, 
 friend of Cas'silane (3 syl.) general of 
 Candy. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Laves of Candy (1G47). 
 
 Archan'gel. Burroughs, the puritan 
 preacher, called Cromwell "the arch- 
 angel that did battle with the devil." 
 
 Archas, "the loyal subject" of the 
 great duke of Moscovia, and general of 
 the Moscovites. His son is colonel Theo- 
 dore. 
 
 Young Archas, son of the general. 
 Disguised as a woman, he assumes the 
 name of Aiinda. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Loyal Subject (1618). 
 
 Arclibish'op of Grana'da told his 
 secretary, Gil Bias, when he hired him, 
 " Whenever thou shalt perceive my pen 
 
 smack of old age and my genius flag, 
 don't fail to advertise me of it, for I don't 
 trust to my own judgment, which may be 
 seduced by self-love." After a fit of 
 apoplexy, Gil Bias ventured in the most 
 delicate manner to hint to his grace that 
 " his last discourse had not altogether 
 the energy of his former ones." To this 
 the archbishop replied, "You are yet too 
 raw to make proper distinctions. Know, 
 child, that I never composed a better 
 homily than that which you disapprove. 
 Go, tell my treasurer to give you 100 
 ducats. Adieu, Mr. Gil Bias; I wish 
 you all manner of prosperity, with a little 
 more taste." — Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. 3 
 (1715). 
 
 Ar'cher (Francis), friend of AimwelL 
 who joins him in fortune-hunting. These 
 are the two "beaux." Thomas viscount 
 Aimwell marries Dorinda, the daughter 
 of lady Bountiful. Archer hands the 
 deeds and property taken from the high- 
 waymen to sir Charles Freeman, who 
 takes his sister, Mrs. Sullen, under his 
 charge again. — George Farquhar, The 
 Beaux 1 Stratagem (1707). 
 
 Arch/ibald [John), attendant on the 
 duke of Argyle.— Sir W. Scott, Heart 
 of Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Archima'go, the reverse of holiness, 
 and therefore Satan the father of. lies 
 and all deception. Assuming the guise 
 of the Red Cross Knight, he deceived 
 Una; and under the guise of a hermit, he 
 deceived the knight Himself. Archimago 
 is introduced in bks. i. andii. of Spenser's 
 Faery Queen. The poec nays : 
 
 . . . ne could tako 
 As many forms and shapes In seeming wise 
 As ever Proteus to himself could make : 
 Sometimes a fowl, sometimes a lit.li in lake, 
 Now like a fox, now like a dragon fell. 
 
 Spenser, The Faery Queen, 1. ii. 10 (15U0) 
 
 Ar'chy M'Sar'casm (Sir), "a proud 
 Caledonian knight, whose tongue, like the 
 dart of death, spares neither sex nor age . . . 
 His insolence of family and licentious- 
 ness of wit gained him the contempt, of 
 every one" (i. 1). Sir Archy tells Char- 
 lotte, "In the house of M'Sarcasm are 
 twa barons, three viscounts, six earls, ane 
 marquisate, and twa dukes, besides baro- 
 nets and lairds oot o' a' reckoning " (i. 1). 
 He makes love to Charlotte Goodchild, 
 but supposing it to be true that she 
 has lost her fortune, declares to her that 
 he has just received letters " frae the 
 dukes, the marquis, and a' the dignitaries 
 of the family . . . expressly prohibiting 
 his contaminating the blood of M'Sarcasm 
 
ARCHYTAS. 
 
 48 
 
 ARETHUSA. 
 
 wi' onything sprang from a hogshead or 
 a coonting- house " (ii. 1). 
 
 The man has something droll, something ridiculous in 
 him. His abominable Scotch accent, his grotesque visage 
 almost buried in snuff, the roll of his eyes and twist of his 
 mouth, ltis strange inhuman laugh, his tremendous peri- 
 wig, and his manners altogether — why, one might take him 
 for a mountebank doctor at a Dutch fair. — C. Macklin, 
 Love A-la-mode, i. 1 (1779). 
 
 Sir Archy's Great-grandmother. Sir 
 .Archy M 'Sarcasm insisted on fighting sir 
 'Callaghan O'Brallaghan on a point of 
 ancestry. The Scotchman said that the 
 Irish are a colony from Scotland, "an 
 ootcast, a mere ootcast." The Irishman 
 retorted by saying that " one Mac Fergus 
 O'Brallaghan went from Carrickfergus, 
 and peopled all Scotland with his own 
 hands." Charlotte [Goodchild] inter- 
 posed, and asked the cause of the con- 
 tention, whereupon sir Callaghan replied, 
 ."Madam, it is about sir Archy's great- 
 grandmother." — C. Macklin, Love a-la- 
 rnode, i. 1 (1779). 
 
 We shall not now stay to quarrel about sir Archy's 
 great grandmother. — Macpherson, Dissertation ujjon 
 Otsian. 
 
 Archy' t as of Tarentum made a 
 wooden pigeon that could fly; and Rcgio- 
 monta'nus, a German, made a wooden 
 eagle that flew from Kcenigsberg to meet 
 the emperor, and, having saluted him, 
 returned whence it set out (143G-147G). 
 
 This engine may be contrived from the same principles 
 b\ which Archytas made a wooden dove, and Kegioinon- 
 tanus a wooden eagle. — Dr. John Wilkins (1614-1671!). 
 
 Ar'cite (2 syl.) and Pal'amon, two 
 
 The ban knights, captives of duke The- 
 seus, who used to sec from their dungeon 
 window the duke's sister-in-law, Emily, 
 taking her airing in the palace garden, 
 and fell in love with her. Both captives 
 having gained their liberty, contended 
 for the lady by single combat. Arcite 
 was victor, but being thrown from his 
 horse was killed, and Emily became the 
 bride of Palamon. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Talcs ("The Knight's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Richard Edwards in 15G6 produced a 
 drama eutitled I'alamon and Arcite. 
 
 Arcit'enens, the zodiacal sign called 
 the Archer. 
 
 Hunt Aries. Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, 
 Librague, Scorpius, Arcitenens, Caper, Amphora, Pisces. 
 
 Ar'den (Enoch), the hero of a poetic 
 tale by Tennyson. He is a seaman 
 wrecked on a desert island, who returns 
 home after the absence of several years, 
 and finds his wife married to another. 
 Seeing her both happy and prosperous, 
 Enoch resolves not to mar her domestic 
 peace, so he leaves her undisturbed, and 
 dies of a broken heart. 
 
 Ar'den of Fev'ersham, a noble cha- 
 racter, honourable, forgiving, affectionate, 
 and modest. His wife Alicia in her sleep 
 reveals to him her guilty love for Mosby, 
 but he pardons her on condition that 
 she will never see the seducer again. 
 Scarcely has she made the promise 
 when she plots with Mosby her hus- 
 band's murder. In a planned street- 
 scuffle, Mosby pretends to take Arden's 
 part, and thus throws him off his 
 guard. Arden thinks he has wronged 
 him, and invites him to his house, but 
 Mosby conspires with two hired ruffians 
 to fall on his host during a game of 
 draughts, the right moment being signified 
 by Mosby's saying, " Now I take you." 
 Arden is murdered ; but the whole gang 
 is apprehended and brought to justice. 
 
 (This drama is based on a murder 
 which took place in 1551. Ludwig Tieck 
 has translated the play into German, as a 
 genuine production of Shakespeare. Some 
 ascribe the play to George Lillo, but 
 Charles Lamb gives 1592 as the date of 
 its production, and says the autkor is 
 unknown.) 
 
 Ardenne (Water of). This wat«.r 
 had the power of converting love to hate. 
 The fountain was made by Merlin, to cure 
 sir Tristram of his love for Isolt (but sir 
 Tristram never drank of it). It is men- 
 tioned by Bojardo in Orlando Innamorato. 
 Nepenthe (3 syl.) had the contrary effect, 
 viz., turning hatred to love. (See Ne- 
 penthe.) 
 
 . . . that same water of Ardenne, 
 The which Rinaldo drank in happy hour. 
 Described by that famous Tuscan pen. 
 ... It had the power to change the hearts of men 
 Fro' love to hate. 
 
 Spenser, The Fairy Queen, iv. 3 (1596). 
 
 Ardven, west coast of Scotland 
 (Argyleshire and its vicinity). 
 
 " Go," . . . said Starno ; " go to Ardven's sea-surrounded 
 rocks. Tell the king of Selma [Finyal, the capital of 
 whose kingdom was Selma] ... I give to him my daugh- 
 ter, the loveliest maid that ever heaved a breast of snow. 
 Her arms are white as the foam of my waves. Her soul 
 is generous and mild." — Ossian ("Fingal," ill.). 
 
 Areous'ki, the Indian war-god, war, 
 tumult. 
 
 A cry of Areouski broke our sleep. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 16 (1809). 
 
 Arethu'sa, daughter of the king 
 Messi'na, in the drama called Philaster or 
 Love Lies a-bleeding, bv Beaumont and 
 Fletcher (1038). 
 
 Arcthusa, a nymph pursued by Al- 
 pheos the river-god, and changed into a 
 fountain in the island of Ortygia ; but 
 the river-god still pursued her, and 
 mingled his 6trcam with the fountain, 
 
ARETHUSE. 
 
 49 
 
 ARGILLAN. 
 
 and now, "like friends once parted 
 grown single-hearted," they leap and 
 flow and slumber together, "like spint3 
 that love but live no more." 
 
 V This fable has been exquisitely 
 turned into poetry by Percy B. Shelley 
 (Arethusa, 1820). 
 
 Arcthu'se (4 syl), a Syracusian 
 fountain, especially noted because the 
 poet Thioc'ritos was born on its banks. 
 Milton alludes to it in his Lyc'idas, v. 85. 
 
 Argali'a, brother of Angel'ica, in 
 Arioso's Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Ar'gan, the malade imaginaire and 
 father of Angelique, He is introduced tax- 
 ing his apothecary's bills, under the con- 
 viction that he cannot afford to be sick 
 at the prices charged, but then he notices 
 that he has already reduced his bills 
 during the current month, and is not so 
 well. He first hits upon the plan of 
 marrying Angelique to a young doctor, 
 but to this the lady objects. His brother 
 suggests that Argan himself should be 
 his own doctor, and when the invalid 
 replies he has not studied either diseases, 
 drugs, or Latin, the objection is over- 
 ruled by investing the "malade" in a 
 doctor's cap and robe. The piece con- 
 cludes with the ceremonial in macaronic 
 Latin. 
 
 %* When Argan asks his doctor how 
 many grains of salt he ought to eat with 
 an egg, the doctor answers, " Six, huit, 
 dix, etc., par les nombres pairs, comme 
 dans les medicaments par les nombres 
 impairs." — Moliere, Le Malade Lmaginairc, 
 ii. 9 (1673). 
 
 Argan'te (3 syl.), a giantess called 
 " the very monster and miracle of lust." 
 She and her twin-brother Ollyphant or 
 Oliphant wore the children of Typhoe'us 
 and Earth. Argante used to carry off 
 young men as her captives, and seized 
 "the Squire of Dames" as one of her 
 victims. The squire, who was in fact 
 Britomart (the heroine of chastity), was 
 delivered by sir Sat'yrane (3 syl.). — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7 (1590). 
 
 Argante' (2 syl.), father of Octave (2 
 syl.) and Zerbinette (3 syl.). He pro- 
 mises to give his daughter Zerbinette to 
 Leandre (2 syl.), the son of his friend 
 Ge'ronte (2 syl.) ; but during his absence 
 abroad the young people fall in love 
 unknown to their respective fathers. 
 Both fathers storm, and threaten to break 
 off the engagement, but are delighted 
 beyond measure when they discover that 
 
 the choice of the young people has un- 
 knowingly coincided with their own.— 
 Molifere, Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671). 
 
 (Thomas Otway has adapted this play 
 to the English stage, and called it The 
 Cheats of Scapin. "Argante" he calls 
 Thrifty; "Ge'ronte" is Gripe; "Zerbi- 
 nette " he calls Lucia ; and " Leandre " 
 he Anglicises into Leander.) 
 
 Argan'tes (3 syl.), a Circassian of 
 high rank and undoubted courage, but 
 fierce and a great detester of the Naza- 
 renes. Argantes and Solyman were un- 
 doubtedly the bravest heroes of the i 
 infidel host. Argantes was slain by 
 Rinaldo, and Solyman by Tancred.-— 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Ejnaparte stood before the deputies like the Argantfis 
 of Italy's heroic poet.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ar'genis, a political romance by 
 Barclay (1621). 
 
 Ar'genk {The halls of). Here are 
 portrayed all the various creatures that 
 inhabited this earth before the creation of 
 Adam.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 Ar'gentile (3 syL), daughter of king 
 Adelbright, and ward of Edel. Curan, a 
 Danish prince, in order to woo her, became 
 a drudge in her house, but being obliged 
 to quit her service, became a shepherd. 
 Edel, the guardian, forcing his suit on 
 Argentile, compelled her to flight, and 
 she became a neatherd's maid. In this 
 capacity Curan wooed and won her. 
 Edel was forced to restore the possessions 
 of his ward, and Curan became king of 
 Northumberland. As for Edel, he was 
 put to death. — William Warner, Albion's 
 England (1586). 
 
 Ar'gentin {Le sieur oV), one of the 
 officers of the duke of Burgundy. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Arge'o, baron of Servia and husband 
 of Gabrina. (See Dictionary of Phrase 
 and Fable.) — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Arges'tes (3 syl.), the west wind. 
 
 Winged Argestes, faire Aurora's sonne, 
 Licensed that cKiy to leave his dungeon. 
 Meekly attended. 
 Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 5 (1613). 
 
 Arges'tes (3 syl.), the north-east wind ; 
 Cse'cias, the north-west ; Bo'reas, the full 
 north. 
 
 Boreas and Caecias and Argestes loud 
 . . . rend the woods, and seas upturn. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 699, etc. (1G65). 
 
 Ar'gillan, a haughty, turbulent 
 knight, born on the banks of the Trent. 
 
AEGON AND EURO. 
 
 50 
 
 ARIMASPIANS. 
 
 He induced the Latians to revolt, was 
 nrrested, made his escape, but was ulti- 
 mately slain in battle by Solyman. — 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, viii. ix. 
 (1575). 
 
 Argon and Hiiro, the two sons of 
 Annin king of Inis-thona, an island of 
 Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighbouring 
 chief, came to the island, and asked for 
 the honour of a tournament. Argon 
 granted the request, and overthrew him, 
 and this so vexed Cormalo that during a 
 hunt he shot both the brothers with his 
 bow. Their dog Euno, running to the 
 hall, howled so as to attract attention, and 
 Annin, following the hound, found hJ3 
 two sons both dead. On his return he 
 discovered that Cormalo had run off with 
 his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, slew 
 Cormalo in fight, and restored the daugh- 
 ter to her father.— Ossian ("The War of 
 Inis-thona"), 
 
 Arg'uri (in Russian Armenia), tra- 
 ditionally where Noah first planted the 
 vine. (Argh urri, "he planted the vine.") 
 
 Ar'gus, the turf-writer, was Irwin 
 "Willes, who died in 1871. 
 
 Argyle' (Mac Callum More, duke of), 
 in the reign of George I. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Bob Roy (1818). 
 
 Mac Callum More, marquis of A rgi/lc, in the reign of 
 Charles I. , was commander of the parliamentary forces, and 
 • is called " Gillespie Grumach ; " he disgui.es himself, and 
 Jvssunies the name of Murdoch Campbell.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose (1819). 
 
 (Duke and duchess of Argyle are intro- 
 duced also in the Heart of Midlothian, by 
 sir W. Scott, 1818.) 
 
 Ariad'ne (4 syh), daughter of Minos 
 king of Crete. She gave Theseus a clew 
 of thread to guide him out of the Cretan 
 labyrinth. Theseus married his deliverer, 
 but when he arrived at Naxos {Dia) for- 
 sook her, and she hung herself. 
 
 Surely it is an Ariadne. . . . There is dawning woman- 
 hood in every line ; but she knows nothing of Naxos.— 
 Ouida, A riadne, i. 1. 
 
 Aria'na, an ancient name of Khoras- 
 san, in Persia. 
 
 Ar'ibert, king of the Lombards (653- 
 661), left "no male pledge behind," but 
 only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom 
 he wished duke Gondibert to marry, but 
 the duke fell in love with Bertha, daugh- 
 ter of As'tragon, the sage. The tale 
 being unfinished, the sequel is not known. 
 — SirW.Davenant, Gondibert (died 16G8). 
 
 Arico'niuHi, Kenchester, in Here- 
 ford, on the Ine. Here Ofl'a had a palace. 
 
 In poetry, Ariconium means Hereford- 
 shire, noted for its wool. 
 
 I [Hermes'] conduct 
 The English merchant, with the buxom fleece 
 Of fertile Ariconium, while I clothe 
 Sarmatian kings [Poland and Russia]. 
 
 Akenside, Eymn to the Ifaiadt. 
 
 Arideus [A.ree'. debts'], a herald in 
 the Christian army. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 
 Deliver! (1575). 
 
 A'riel, in The Tempest, an airy spirit, 
 able, to assume any shape, or even to be- 
 come invisible. He was enslaved to the 
 witch Syc'crax, mother of Cal'iban, who 
 OA T ertasked the little thing, and in punish- 
 ment for not doing what was beyond his 
 strength, imprisoned him for twelve years 
 in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban 
 delighted to torture him with impish 
 cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and 
 father of Miranda, liberated Ariel from 
 the pine-rift, and the grateful spirit served 
 the duke for sixteen years, when he was 
 set free. 
 
 And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree, 
 For its freedom groans and sighs. 
 
 Longfellow, Tlie Golden Milestone. 
 
 A'riel, the sylph in Pope's Eape of the 
 Lock. The impersonation of "fine life" 
 in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts 
 and necklaces. When disobedient he is 
 punished by being kept hovering over 
 the fumes of the chocolate, or is trans- 
 fixed with pins, clogged with pomatums, 
 or wedged in the eyes of bodkins. 
 
 .A'riel, one of the rebel angels. The 
 word means "the Lion of God." Abdiel 
 encountered him, and overthrew him. — 
 Milton, Pardise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). 
 
 Ariman'es (4 syl.), the prince of the 
 powers of evil, introduced by Byron in his 
 drama called Manfred. The Persians 
 recognized a power of good and a power 
 of evil : the former Yezad, and the latter 
 Ahriman (in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ari- 
 man'nis) . These two spirits are ever at war 
 with each other. Oromazes created twenty- 
 four good spirits, and enclosed them in an 
 egg to be out of the power of Arimanes ; 
 but Arimanes pierced the shell, and thus 
 mixed evil with every good. However, 
 a time will come when Arimanes shall be 
 subjected, and the earth will become a 
 perfect paradise. 
 
 Arimas'pians, a one-eyed people of 
 Scythia, who adorned their hair with 
 gold. As gold mines were guarded by 
 Gryphons, there were perpetual conten- 
 tions between the Arimaspians and the 
 Gryphons. (See Gryphon.) 
 
 Ariniaspi, quos diximus uno oculo in front* media b» 
 
ARIOCH. 
 
 51 
 
 AEISTOMENES. 
 
 Mgnes; quibus assidue bellum esse circa metalla cum 
 gryphis, ferurum volucr: genere, quale vulgo traditur, 
 eruente ex cuniculis aurum, mire cupiditate et fens custo- 
 dientibus, et Arimaspis rapientibus, nmlti, sed maxime 
 illustres Herodotus et Aristeas Proconnesius scribuut.— 
 riiny, A'at. Hist. vii. 2. 
 
 Ar'ioch (" a fierce lion"), one of the 
 fallen angels overthrown by Abdiel. — 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). 
 
 Ariodan'tes (5 syl.), the beloved of 
 Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess. Geneura 
 being accused of incontinence, Ariodantes 
 stood forth her champion, vindicated her 
 innocence, and married her. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Ari'on. William Falconer, author of 
 The Shipwreck, speaks of himself under 
 this nom de plume (canto iii.). He was 
 sent to sea when a lad, and says he was 
 eager to investigate the ' ' antiquities of 
 foreign states." He was junior officer in 
 the Britannia, which was wrecked against 
 the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the 
 most southern point of Attica, and was 
 the only officer who survived. 
 
 Thy woes, Arion, and thy simple tale 
 
 O'ev all the hearts shall triumph and prevail. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 Ari'on, a Greek musician, who, to avoid 
 being murdered for his wealth, threw 
 himself into the sea, and was carried to 
 Tae'naros on the back of a dolphin. 
 
 Ari'on, the wonderful horse, which Her- 
 cules gave to Adrastos. It had the gift 
 of human speech, and the feet on the right 
 side were the feet of a man. 
 
 (One of the masques in sir W. Scott's 
 Kenilvcorth is called " Arion.") 
 
 Ario'sto of the North, sir Walter 
 Scott (1771-1832). 
 
 And, like the Ariosto of the North, 
 Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth. 
 Byron, Childe JJaroUl, iv. 40. 
 
 Aristse'us, protector of vines and 
 olives, huntsmen and herdsmen. He in- 
 structed man also in the management of 
 bees, taught him by his mother Gyrene. 
 
 In such a palace Aiistaeus found 
 Cyrenfi, when he bore the plaintive tale 
 Of his lost bees to her maternal enr. 
 Cowper, The Ice Palace of A nne of Russia. 
 
 Aristar'chus, any critic. Aristar- 
 chus of Samothrace was the greatest critic 
 of antiquity. His labours were chiefly 
 directed to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer. 
 He divided them into twenty-four books 
 each, marked every doubtful line with an 
 obclos, and every one he considered 
 especially beautiful with an asterisk. 
 (Fl. B.C. 156 ; died aged 72.) 
 
 The whole region of belles lettres fell under my inspec- 
 tion . . . There, sirs, like anothei Aristarch, 1 dealt out 
 
 fame and damnation at pleasure. — Samuel Foote, Th* 
 Liar, i. 1. 
 
 "How, friend," replied the archbishop, "has it [the 
 homily] met with any Aristarchus [severe critical"— 
 Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. 4 (1715). 
 
 Ariste (2 syl.), brother of Chrysale 
 (2 syl.), not a savant, but a practical 
 tradesman. He sympathizes with Hen- 
 riette, his womanly niece, against his 
 sister-in-law Philaminte (3 syl.) and her 
 daughter Armande (2 syl.), who are 
 femmes savantcs. — Moliere, Les Fernmea 
 Savantes (1672). 
 
 Ariste'as, a poet who continued to 
 appear and disappear alternately for above 
 400 years, and who visited all the mythi- 
 cal nations of the earth. When not in 
 the human form, he took the form of a 
 stag. — Greek Legend. 
 
 Aristi'des (The British), Andrew 
 Marvell, an influential member of the 
 House of Commons in the reign of Charles 
 II. He refused every offer of promotion, 
 and a direct bribe tendered to him by the 
 lord treasurer. Dying in great poverty, 
 he was buried, like Aristldes, at the public 
 expense (1620-1678). 
 
 Aristip'pos, a Greek philosopher of 
 Cyre'ne, who studied under Soc'rates, and 
 set up a philosophic school of his own, 
 called "he'donism" (J,6ovt), "pleasure"). 
 
 *** C. M. Wieland has an historic 
 novel in German, called Aristippus, in 
 which he sets forth the philosophical 
 dogmas of this Cyrenian (1733-1813). 
 
 An axiom of Aristippos was Omnis 
 Aristippum decuit color, et status, et res 
 (Horace, Epist. i. 17, 23) ; and his great 
 precept was Mihi res, non me rebus sub- 
 junycre (Horace, Epist. i. 1, 18). 
 
 I ar.~. a sort of Aristippus, and can equally accommodate 
 myself to company and solitude, to affluence and frugality. 
 —Lesage, Oil bias, v. 12 (1715). 
 
 AristobuTus, called by Drayton 
 Aristob'ulus (Bom. xvi. 10), and said to 
 be the first that brought to England the 
 "glad tidings of salvation." He was 
 murdered by the Britons. 
 
 The first that ever told Christ crucified to us, 
 By Paul and Peter sent, just Aristob'ulus . . . 
 By the Britons murdered was. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Aristoxn'enes (5 syl.), ayoungMes- 
 senian of the royal line, the " Cid " of 
 ancient Messe'nia. On one occasion he 
 entered Sparta by night to suspend a 
 shield from the temple of Pallas. On 
 the shield were inscribed these words : 
 " Aristomenes from the Spartan spoils 
 dedicates this to the goddess." 
 
 %* A similar tale is told of Fernando 
 
ARISTOPHANES. 
 
 52 
 
 ARMSTRONG. 
 
 Perez del Pulgar, when serving under 
 Ferdinand of Castile at the siege of 
 Grana'da. With fifteen companions he 
 entered Granada, then in the power of the 
 Moors, and nailed to the door of the 
 principal mosque Avith his dagger a tablet 
 inscribed "Ave Maria!" then galloped 
 back, before the guards recovered from 
 their amazement. — "Washington Irving, 
 Conquest of Granada, 91. 
 
 Aristoph'anes (5 syl.), a Greek 
 who wrote fifty-four comedies, eleven of 
 which have survived to the present day 
 (B.C. 444-380). He is called "The Prince 
 of Ancient Comedy," and Menader 
 "The Prince of New Comedy" (b.c. 
 342-291). 
 
 The English or Modern Aristophanes, 
 Samuel Foote (1722-1777). 
 
 The French Aristophanes, J. Baptiste 
 Poquelin de Molicre (1622-1673). 
 
 Aristotle. The mistress of this 
 philosopher was Hepyllis ; of Plato, 
 Archionassa; and of Epicurus, Leontium. 
 
 Aristotle of China, Tehuhe, who died 
 A.r>. 1200, called "The Prince of Science." 
 
 Aristotle of Christianity, Thos. Aqui'nas, 
 who tried to reduce the doctrines of faith 
 to syllogistic formula? (1224-1274). 
 
 Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century, 
 George Cuvier, the naturalist (1769-1832). 
 
 Ar'istotle in Love. Godfrey Gobi- 
 lyve told sir Graunde Amoure that Aris- 
 totle the philosopher was once in love, and 
 the lady promised to listen to his prayer 
 if he would grant her request. The terms 
 being readily accepted, she commanded 
 him to go on all fours, and then, putting 
 a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his 
 back, and drove him about the room till 
 he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, 
 that he was quite cured of his foolish at- 
 tachment. — Stephen 11 awes, The Pastime 
 of Plesure, xxix. (1555). 
 
 Armado (Don Adriano de), a pom- 
 pous, affected Spaniard, called " a re- 
 fined traveller, in all the world's new 
 fashion planted, that had a mint of 
 phrases in his brain. One whom the 
 music of his own vain tongue did ravish." 
 This man was chosen by Ferdinand, the 
 kinc; of Navarre, Avhen he resolved to 
 ?pend three years in study with three 
 companions, to relate in the interim of 
 his studies " in hi^h-born words the 
 worth of many a knight from tawny 
 Spain lost in the Avorld's debate." 
 
 rtis hdtnour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his 
 tongue tiled, his eye ambitious, his eait majesticul, and 
 
 his general behaviour vain, ridiculous, and thrasonical. . . . 
 He draweth out the thread of his verbosity finer than the 
 staple of hisareument. — Shakespeare.ioce's Labour's Lent, 
 act v. sc 1 (15M). 
 
 Armande (2 syl.), daughter of Chry- 
 sale (2 syl.) and sister of Henriette. 
 Armande is a femme savante, and Hen- 
 riette a "thorough woman." Both love 
 Clitandre, but Armande loves him pla- 
 tonicly, while Henriette loves him with 
 womanly affection. Clitandre prefers the 
 younger sister, and after surmounting the 
 usual obstacles, marries her. — Moliere, 
 Les Fcmmes Sava?ites (1672). 
 
 Armi'da, a sorceress, who seduces 
 Rinaldo and other crusaders from the siege 
 of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her 
 to her splendid palace, where he forgets his 
 vows, and abandons himself to sensual 
 joys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring 
 him back, and he escapes from Armida ; 
 but she follows him, and not being able 
 to allure him back again, sets fire to her 
 palace, rushes into the midst of the fight, 
 and is slain. 
 
 [Julia's] small hand 
 Withdrew itself from his, but left behind 
 A little pressure . . . but ne'er magician's wand 
 Wrought change with all Armida's fairy art. 
 Like what this light touch left on Juan's heart. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 71. 
 
 When the young queen of Frederick 
 William of Prussia rode about in military 
 costume to incite the Prussians to arms 
 against Napoleon, the latter wittily said, 
 " She is Armida in her distraction setting 
 fire to her own palace." 
 
 (Both Gluck and Rossini have taken 
 the story of Armida as the subject of an 
 opera.) 
 
 Armida' 1 s Girdle. Armida had an en- 
 chanted girdle, which, "in price and 
 beauty," surpassed all her other orna- 
 ments ; even the cestus of Venus was less 
 costly. It told her everything ; "and 
 when she would be loved, she wore the 
 same." — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (157 5). 
 
 Arm/strong (John), called "The 
 Laird's Jock." He is the laird of Man- 
 gerton. This old warrior witnesses a 
 national combat in the valley of Liddes- 
 dale, between his son (the Scotch chief- 
 tain) and Foster (the English champion), 
 in which young Armstrong is overthrown. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The J,aird y s Jock (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Armstrong (Grace), the bride-elect of 
 Hobbie Elliot of the hcu^ r h-foot, a voung 
 farmer.— Sir W. Scott, The Black 'Dwarf 
 (time, Anne). 
 
 Armstrong (Archie), court jester to 
 
ARNAUT. 
 
 53 
 
 ARROW SHOT A MILE. 
 
 James I., introduced in The Fortunes of 
 Nigel, by sir Walter Scott (1822). 
 
 Ar'naut, an Albanian mountaineer. 
 The word means "a brave man." 
 
 Stained with the best of Arnaut blood. 
 
 Byron, The Giaour, 526. 
 
 Arnheim (2 syl.). The baron Her- 
 man von Arnheim, Anne of Geierstein's 
 grandfather. 
 
 Sibilla of Arnheim, Anne's mother. 
 
 The baroness of Arnheim, Anne of Geier- 
 stein. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Ar'no, the river of Florence, the birth- 
 place of both Dante and Boccaccio. 
 
 At last the Muses rose . . . and scattered ... as they 
 
 flew 
 Their blooming wreaths from fair VuIcIusl'- bowers 
 
 [Petrarch], 
 To Arno's unrtle border. 
 
 Akenside. Pleasures of Imagination, ii. 
 
 Ar'nold, the deformed son of Bertha, 
 who hates him for his ugliness. Weary 
 of life, he is about to make away with 
 himself, when a stranger accosts him. and 
 promises to transform him into any shape 
 he likes best. He chooses that of Achilles, 
 and then goes to Rome, where he joins 
 the besieging army of Bourbon. During 
 the siege, Arnold* enters St. Peter's of 
 Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but 
 the proud beauty, to prevent being taken 
 captive by him, flings herself from 
 the high altar on the pavement, and is 
 taken up apparently lifeless. As the 
 drama was never completed, the sequel 
 is not known. — Byron, The Deformed 
 Transformed. 
 
 Ar'nold, the torch-bearer at Rotherwood. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Ar'nold of Benthuysen, disguised as a 
 beggar, and called "Ginks." — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Beggar s Bush (1G22). 
 
 Arnoldo, son of Melchtal, patriot of 
 the forest cantons of Switzerland. He 
 was in love with Mathilde (3 syl.), sister 
 of Gessler, the Austrian governor of the 
 district. When the tyranny of Gessler 
 drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo 
 joined the insurgents, but after the death 
 of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose 
 life he had saved when it was imperilled 
 bv an avalanche. — Rossini, Gugliclmo Tell 
 (1S-29). 
 
 Arnol'do, a gentleman contracted to 
 Zeno'cia, a chaste lady, dishonourably 
 pursued by the governor, count Clodio.— 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of 
 the Country (IG47). 
 
 Ar'nolphe (2 syl.), a man of -wealth, 
 who has a crotchet about the proper train- 
 ing of girls to make good wives, and tries 
 his scheme on Agnes, whom he adopts 
 from a peasant's hut, and whom he in- 
 tends in time to make his wife. She is 
 brought up, from the age of four year*, 
 in a country convent, where - difference 
 of sex and the conventions of society are 
 wholly ignored ; but when removed from 
 the convent Agnes treats men like school- 
 girls, nods to them familiarly, kisses 
 them, and plays with them. Being told 
 by her guardian that married women have 
 more freedom than maidens, she asks him 
 to mam' her ; however, a young man 
 named Horace falls in love with her, and 
 makes her his wife, so Arnolphe after all 
 profits nothing by his pains. — Moliere, 
 Le'cole des Femmes (16G2). 
 
 Dans un petit couvent loin lie toute pratique 
 Je le fis dlever selon ma politique 
 Cest-a-<iire, ordonnant quels soins on emploieroit 
 Tour le reudre idiote autaut qu'il se pourroit. 
 
 Act i. L 
 
 Ar'not (Andrew), one of the yeomen 
 of the Balafre' [Ludovic Lesly].— Sir W. 
 Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Aron'teus (4 syl.), an Asiatic king, 
 who joined the Egyptian armament 
 against the crusaders. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575). 
 
 Aroun'dig'ht, the sword of sir Lan- 
 celot of the Lake. 
 
 Arpa'sia, the betrothed of Mone'ses, 
 a Greek, but made by constraint the bride 
 of Baj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet 
 commanded Joneses to be bow-strung in 
 the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her 
 into subjection, but she died at the sight. 
 — X. Rowe, Tamerlane (1702). 
 
 Ar'rant Knave (An), a corruption 
 
 of the Anglo-Saxon nearo-endpa ("great 
 knave"). Similarly, nearo-bregd ("great 
 fear") ; nearo-grdp ("great grip") ; nearo- 
 wrence ("great deceit"), etc. 
 
 Ar'rot, the weasel in the beast-epic of 
 Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Arrow Festival (T/ie), instituted 
 by Zoroaster to commemorate the flight 
 of the arrow shot from the top of the 
 Peak of Demavend, in Persia, with such 
 miraculous prowess as to reach the banks 
 of the Oxus, causing the whole interveniog 
 country to be ceded to Persia. 
 
 Arrow shot a Mile. Robin Hood 
 
ARSACES. 
 
 54 
 
 ARTEMISIA. 
 
 and Little John " frequently sliot an arrow 
 a measured mile" (1700 yards). 
 
 Tradition informs us that in one of Kobin Hood's pere- 
 grinations, attended by Little John, lie went to dine at 
 Whitby Abbey with the abbot Richard . . . they went to 
 the top of the abbey, and each of them shot ar. arrow, 
 which fell not far from Whitby-laths, and a pillar was set 
 up by the abbot where each arrow was found . . . both 
 fell more than a measured mile from the abbey.— Charl- 
 ton, History of Whitby, York, 146. 
 
 '• Ar'saces (3 syl.), the patronymic 
 name of the Persian kings, from Arsaces, 
 their great monarch. It was generally 
 added to some distinctive name or appel- 
 lation, as the Roman emperors added the 
 name of Caesar to their own. 
 
 Cnjus memorial hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt ut 
 omnes exinde reges suns Arsitcis nomine nuncupent. — 
 Justin, JiUtoriarcc Philippicee, xli. 
 
 Arse'tes (3 syl.), the aged eunuch 
 who brought up Clorinda, and attended on 
 her. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Ar'taban, the French type of nobi- 
 liary pride. 
 
 Ar'tamenes (3 syl.) or Le Grand 
 Cyrus, a " long-winded romance," by 
 Mdlle. Scuderi (1G07-1791). 
 
 Artaxam'inous, king of Utopia, 
 married to Griskinissa, whom he wishes 
 to divorce for Distaffi'na. But Distaffina 
 is betrothed to general BombastCs, and 
 when the general finds that his "fond 
 one " prefers " half a crown" to himself, 
 he hates all the world, and challenges the 
 Avhole race of man by hanging his boots 
 on a tree, and daring any one to displace 
 them. The king, coming to the spot, reads 
 the challenge, and cuts the boots down, 
 whereupon Bombastes falls on hismajesty, 
 and " kills him," in a theatrical sense, for 
 the dead monarch, at the close of the bur- 
 letta, joins in the dance, and promises, 
 if the audience likes, "to die again to- 
 morrow." — W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes 
 Furioso. 
 
 Ar'tchila Mur'tchila, the magic 
 words which " Fourteen " was required to 
 pronounce when he wished to get any 
 specific object "into his sack." — A Basque 
 Legend. (See Fourteen.) 
 
 ^ Ar'tegal or Arthegal (Sir), son of 
 Gorloi's prince of Cornwall, stolen in 
 infancy by the fairies, and brought up in 
 Fairyland. Brit'omart saw him in Venus's 
 looking-glass, and fell in love with him. 
 She married him, and became the mother 
 of Aurelius Conan, from whom (through 
 Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives 
 descent. The wanderings of Britomart, 
 as a lad}- knight-errant and the imper- 
 sonation of chastity, is the subject of 
 
 bk. iii. of the Faery Queen ; and the 
 achievements of sir Artegal, as the im- 
 personation of justice, is the subject of 
 bk. v. 
 
 Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide 
 to which claimant a living woman be- 
 longed. This he decided according to 
 Solomon's famous judgment respecting 
 "the living and dead child" (canto 1). 
 His next was to destroy the corrupt 
 practice of briber y and toll (canto 2). 
 His third was the exposing of Bragga- 
 doccio and his follower Trompart (canto 
 3). He had then to decide to Avhich 
 brother a chest of money found at sea 
 belonged, whether to Bracldas or Am'idas ; 
 he gave judgment in favour of the former 
 (canto 4). He then fell into the hands 
 of Rad'igund queen of the Amazons, and 
 was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 
 G), who killed Radigund (canto 7). His 
 last and greatest achievement was the 
 deliverance of Ire'na (Ireland) from 
 Grantorto (rebellion), whom he slew 
 (canto 12). 
 
 N.B. — This rebellion was that called the 
 earl of Desmond's, in 1580. Before bk. iv. 
 6, Artegal is spelt Arthegal, but never 
 afterwards. 
 
 *** "Sir Artegal" is meant for lord Gray 
 of Wilton, Spenser's friend. "He was sent 
 in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant, 
 and the poet was his secretary. The 
 marriage of Artegal with Britomart 
 means that the justice of lord Gray was 
 united to purity of mind or perfect in- 
 tegrity of conduct. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 v. (1596). 
 
 Artemis'ia, daughter of LygdSmis 
 and queen of Carta. With five ships she 
 accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of 
 Greece, and greatly distinguished herself 
 in the battle of Salamis by her prudence 
 and courage. (This is not the Artemisia 
 who built the Mausoleum.) 
 
 Our statues . . . she 
 
 The foundress of the Babylonian wall [Semiramis]; 
 
 The Caiiaii Artemisia strong in war. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 
 
 Artemis'ia, daughter of Hecatomnus 
 and sister- wife of Mauso'lus. Arte- 
 misia was queen of Caria, and at the 
 death of her fraternal husband raised a 
 monument to his memory (called a rnait- 
 sole'um), which was one of the " Seven 
 Wonders of the World." It was built by 
 four different architects : Scopas, Tiino- 
 theus, Leochares, and Bruxis. 
 
 This made the four rare masters which began 
 Fair Artemysia's husband's dainty tomb 
 
 (When death took her before the work was done, 
 And so bereft them of all hopes to come), 
 
ARTFUL DODGER. 
 
 ARTHUR. 
 
 That they would yet their own work perfect make 
 
 E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake. 
 
 Lord Brooke, An Inquiry upon. Fame, etc. (loo4-lb28). 
 
 Artful Dodger, the sobriquet of John 
 PaAvkins, a voung thief, up to every sort 
 of dodge, and a most marvellous adept in 
 villainy.— Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Arthgallo, a mythical British king, 
 brother of Gorbonian, his predecessor on 
 the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the 
 tyrant who was swallowed by a sea- 
 monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and 
 his brother El'idure was advanced to the 
 throne instead.— Geoffrey, British History, 
 iii. 17 (1142). 
 
 Arthur (King), parentage of. His 
 father was Uther the pendragon, and his 
 mother Ygerne (3 syl.), widow of Gorloi's 
 duke of Cornwall. But Ygerne had been 
 a wi dow only three hours, and knew not 
 that the duke was dead (pt. i. 2), and 
 her marriage with the pendragon was 
 not consummated till thirteen days after- 
 wards. When the boy was born Merlin 
 took him, and- he was brought up as the 
 foster-son of sir Ector (Tennyson says "sir 
 Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to 
 announce him as the lawful successor of 
 Uther, and had him crowned. Uther lived 
 two years after his marriage with Ygerne. 
 —Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
 i. 2, G (1470). 
 
 Wherefore Merlin took the child 
 And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight 
 And ancient friend of Uther; and his wife 
 Nursed the young prince, and reared him with her own. 
 Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. 
 
 Coming of Arthur. Leod'ogran, king of 
 Cam'eliard (3 syl.), appealed to Arthur to 
 assist him in clearing his kingdom of 
 robbers and wild beasts. This being 
 done, Arthur sent three of his knights 
 to Leodogran, to beg the hand of his 
 daughter Guenever in marriage. To this 
 Leodogran, after some little hesitation, 
 agreed, and sir Lancelot was sent to escort 
 the lady to Arthur's court. 
 
 Arthur not dead. According to tra- 
 dition Arthur is not dead, but rests in 
 Glastonbury, "till he shall come again 
 full twice as fair, to rule over his people." 
 (See Bakbarossa.) 
 
 According to tradition. Arthur never died, but was 
 converted into a raven by enchantment, and will, in the 
 fulness of time, appear again in his original shape, to 
 recover his throne and sceptre. For this reason there is 
 never a raven killed in England. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 I. ii. 5 C16C6). 
 
 Arthur's Twelve Battles (or victories 
 over the Saxons). 1. The battle of the 
 river Glem (i.e. the glen of Northumber- 
 land). 2 to 5. The four battles of the 
 
 Duglas (which falls into the estuary of 
 the Ribble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said 
 to be Bashall Brook, which joins the 
 Ribble near Clithero. 7. The battle of 
 Celidon, said to be Tweeddale. 8. The 
 battle of Castle Gwenion (i.e. Caer Wen, 
 in Wedale, Stow). 9. The battle of 
 Caerleon, i.e. Carlisle ; which Tennyson 
 makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The 
 battle of Trath Treroit, in Anglesey, some 
 say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of 
 Agned Cathregonion (i.e. Edinburgh). 
 12? The battle of Badon Hill (i.e. tho 
 Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown). 
 
 Then bravely chanted they 
 The several twelve pitched fields he [Arthur] with n™ 
 Saxons fought. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, w. (1612). 
 
 Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies. Three 
 were Gentiles : Hector, Alexander, and 
 Julius Cassar ; three were Jews : Joshua, 
 David, and Judas Maccabaeus ; three were 
 Christians : Arthur, Charlemagne, and 
 Godfrey of Bouillon. 
 
 Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother, sir 
 Ector and his lady. Their son, sir Key 
 (his foster-brother), was his seneschal or 
 steward. — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 3, 8 (1470)." 
 
 N.B. — Tennyson makes sir Anton the 
 foster-father of Arthur. 
 
 Arthur's Butler, sir Lucas or Lucan, son 
 of duke Corneus ; but sir Griflet, son of 
 Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas "in 
 the rule of the service." — History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 8(1470). 
 
 Arthur's Sisters [half-sisters], Mor- 
 gause or Margawse (wife of king Lot) ; 
 Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot) ; 
 and Morgan le Fay, the "great dark of 
 Nigromanc3 T ," Avho wedded king Vrience, 
 of the land of Core, father of Ewayns le 
 Blanchemayne. Only the last had the 
 same mother (Ygraine or Ygerne) as the 
 king. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 2. 
 
 Arthur's Sons — Urien, Llew, and Arawn. 
 Borre was his son by Lyonors, daughter 
 of the earl Sanam. — History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 15. Mordred was his son by 
 Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. 
 In some of the romances collated by sir 
 T. Malory he is called the son of Mar- 
 gause and Arthur; Margause being called 
 the wife of king Lot, and sister of Arthur. 
 This incest is said to have been the cause 
 of Mordred's hatred of Arthur. — Pt. i. 
 17, 36, etc. 
 
 Arthur's Drinkinj-Horn. No one could 
 drink from this horn who was either 
 unchaste or unfaithful. — Lai du Corn and 
 Morte d' Arthur. (See Chastity.) 
 
ARTHUR. 
 
 56 
 
 ARTHURET. 
 
 Arthur's Shield, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls 
 it Priwen, and says it was adorned -with 
 the picture of the Virgin Mary. — British 
 History, ix. 4 (1142). 
 
 Arthur's Spear, Rone. Geoffrey calls it 
 Ron. It was made of ebony. — British 
 History, ix. 4 (1142). 
 
 Jlia spere he nom an honde tha Ron wes ihaten. 
 Layamon, Brut, (twelfth century). 
 
 Arthur's Sword, Escal'ibur or Excal'iber. 
 Geoffrey calls it Caliburn, and says it was 
 made in the isle of Avallon. — British 
 Jli^tory, ix. 4 (1142). 
 
 The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour, 
 
 The bigness and the length of Kone, his noble spear, 
 
 With Pridwin, his great shield. 
 
 Drayton, Potyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Arthurs Bound Table. It contained 
 seats for 150 knights. Three were re- 
 served, two for honour, and one (called 
 the "siege perilous") for sir Galahad, 
 destined to achieve the quest of the 
 sangreal. Jf any one else attempted to 
 sit in it, his death was the certain penalty. 
 
 *** There is a table so called at Win- 
 chester, and Henry VIII. showed it to 
 Francois I. as the very table made by 
 Merlin for Uther the pendragon. 
 
 And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester prefers. 
 Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be hers. 
 M. Drayton, l'olyolbion, ii. (1612). 
 
 Arthur {King), in the burlesque opera 
 of Tom Thumb, has Dollallolla for his 
 queen, and Huncamunca for his daughter. 
 This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, 
 the novelist, was produced in 1730, but 
 was altered by Kane O'Hara, author of 
 Midas, about half a century later. 
 
 Arthur's Harp, a Lyra, which forms 
 a triangle with the Pole-star and Arcturus. 
 
 Dost, thou know the star 
 
 We call the "Harp of Arthur," up in heaven ? 
 
 Tennyson, The Last Tournament. 
 
 Arthur's Seat, the hill which over- 
 hangs Edinburgh. 
 
 Nor hunt the bloodhounds back to Arthur's seat 
 [Edinburgh] 1 
 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 
 
 Arthurian Romances. 
 
 King Arthur and the Bound Table, a 
 romance in verse (1090). 
 
 The Holy Oraal (in verse, 1100). 
 Titurel, or The Guardian of the Holy 
 Graal, by Wolfram von Eschenbach. 
 Titurel founded the temple of Graal- 
 burg as a shrine for the holy graal. 
 
 The Romance of Parzival, prince of the 
 race of the kings of Graalburg. By Wolf- 
 ram of Eschenbach (in verse). This ro- 
 mance (written about 1205) was partly 
 founded upon a French poem by Chre- 
 tien deTroyes,Parcei?aZ?e Gullois, (1170). 
 
 Launcelot of the Lake, by Ulrich of 
 Zazikoven, contemporary with William 
 Rufus. 
 
 Wigalois or The Knight of the Wheel, 
 by Wirnd of Graffenberg. This adven- 
 turer leaves his mother in Syria, and 
 goes in search of his father, a knight of 
 the Round Table. 
 
 Twain or The Knight of the Lion, and 
 Ereckp by Hartmann von der Aue (thir- 
 teenth century). 
 
 Tristan and Yseult (in verse, by Mastei 
 Gottfried of Strasburg (thirteenth cen- 
 tury). This is also the subject of Luc du 
 Cast's prose romance, which was revised 
 by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse 
 by Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldouue, 
 under the title of the Romance of Tris- 
 tram. 
 
 Merlyn Ambroise, by Robert de Borron. 
 
 Roman des diverses Quetes de St. Graal, 
 by Walter Mapes (prose). 
 
 A Life of Joseph of Arimathca, by 
 Robert de Borron. 
 
 La Mort oVArtur, by Walter Mapes. 
 
 The Idylls of the King, by Tennyson, in 
 blank verse, containing " The Coming of 
 Arthur," " Gercth and Lynette," " Geraiut 
 and Enid," "Merlin and Vivien," " Lan- 
 celot and Elaine," "The Holy Graal," 
 " Peleas and Ettarre " (2 syl.), " The Last 
 Tournament," "Guinevere" (3 syl.), and 
 "The Passing of Arthur," which is the 
 " Morte d Arthur" with an introduction 
 added to it. 
 
 (The old Arthurian Romances have 
 been collated and rendered into English 
 by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. 
 Part i. contains the early history of Arthur 
 and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and 
 Linet ; part ii. contains the adventures 
 of sir Tristram ; and part iii. the adven- 
 tures of sir Launcelot, with the death of 
 Arthur and his knights. Sir Frederick 
 Madden and J. T. K. have also contributed 
 to the same series of legends.) 
 
 *** Sources of the Arthurian Romances. 
 The prose series of romances called 
 Arthurian, owe their origin to : 1. The 
 legendary chronicles composed in Wales 
 or Brittany, such as De Excidio Britannia^ 
 of Cildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius 
 (ninth century), o. The Armoric collec- 
 tions of Walter [Cale'nius] or Gauliter. 
 archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The Chronlcon 
 sive His tor ia Britonum of Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and 
 metrical ballads and romances. (See 
 Charlkjiacxe.) 
 
 Ar'thuret (Miss Seraphina the papist 
 and Miss Angelica), two sisters in sir 
 
ARTS AND GENIUS. 
 
 57 
 
 ARYAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 W. Scott's novel called Eedyauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Arts {The fine) and Genius. Sir 
 Walter Scott was wholly ignorant of 
 pictures, and quite indifferent to music. 
 Wordsworth cared nothing for paintings, 
 and music gave him positive discomfort. 
 Sir Robert Peel detested music. Byron 
 and Tasso cared nothing for architecture, 
 and Byron had no ear for music. Mde. de 
 Stael could not appreciate scenery. Pope 
 and Dr. Johnson, like Scott and Byron, 
 had no ear for music, and could scarcely 
 discern one tune from another ; Pope 
 preferred a street organ to Handel's 
 Messiah. 
 
 Ar'turo (lord Arthur Talbot), a 
 cavalier affianced to Elvi'ra ' ' the puritan," 
 daughter of lord Walton. On the day 
 appointed for the wedding, Arturo has to 
 aid Enrichetta (Henrietta, widow of 
 Charles I.) in her escape, and Elvira, 
 supposing he is eloping, with a rival, 
 temporarily loses her reason. On his 
 return, Arturo explains the circumstances, 
 and they vow never more to part. At 
 this juncture Arturo is arrested for treason, 
 and led away to execution ; but a herald 
 announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and 
 free pardon of all political offenders, 
 whereupon Arturo is released, and marries 
 " the fair puritan." — Bellini's opera, I 
 Puritani (1834). 
 
 Ar'turo [Bucki.aw] . So Frank Hayston 
 is called in Donizetti's opera of Lucia di 
 Lammermoor (1835). (See Hayston.) 
 
 Ar'undel, the steed of sir Bevis of 
 Southampton, given him by his w r ife 
 Josian, daughter of the king of Armenia. 
 —Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 
 
 Arundel Castle, called Magounce 
 (2 syl.). 
 
 Fjfoe [Anglidct] came to a caslle that was called Ma- 
 gounce, and now is called Arundell, in Southsea. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 118 11470). 
 
 Ar 'valan, the wicked son of Keha'ma, 
 slain by Lad ur lad for attempting to 
 dishonour his daughter Kail'yal (2 syl.). 
 After this, his spirit became the relent- 
 less persecutor of the holy maiden, but 
 holiness and chastity triumphed over sin 
 and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken 
 to the bower of bliss in paradise, Arvalan 
 borrowed the dragon-car of the witch 
 Lor'rimite (3 syl.) to carry her off ; but 
 when the dragons came in sight of the 
 holy place they were unable to moui t, 
 and went perpetually downwards, till 
 Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift uf 
 
 perpetual snow. When he presented 
 himself before her in the temple of .Taga- 
 naut, she set fire to the pagoda. And 
 when he caught the maiden waiting for 
 her father, who was gone to release the 
 glendoveer from the submerged city of 
 Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue. 
 
 "Help, help, Kehama ! help!" he cried. 
 But Baly tarried not to abide 
 That mightier power. With irresistible feet 
 He stampt and cleft the earth. It opened wide, 
 And gave him way to his own judgment-seat. 
 Down like a plummet to the world below 
 He sank ... to punishment deserved and endless woe. 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, xvii. 12 (1S09). 
 
 Arvi'da (Prince), a noble friend of 
 Gustavus Yasa. Both Arvida and Gus- 
 tavus are in love with Christi'na, daughter 
 of Christian II. king of Scandinavia. 
 Christian employs the prince to entrap 
 Gustavus, but when he approaches him 
 the better instincts of eld friendship and 
 the nobleness of Gustavus prevail, so that 
 Arvida not only refuses to betray his 
 friend, but even abandons to him all 
 further rivalry in the love of Christina. — 
 H. Brooke, Gustavus Yasa (1730). 
 
 Arvir'agus, the husband of Dc'rigcn. 
 Aurelius tried to win her love, but Dorigon 
 made answer that she would never listen 
 to his suit till the rocks that beset the 
 coast were removed, "and there n'is no 
 stone y-seen." By the aid of magic, 
 Aurelius caused all the rocks of the coast 
 to disappear, and Dorigen's husband 
 insisted that she should keep her word. 
 When Aurelius saAv how sad she was, and 
 Avas told that she had come in obedience 
 to her husband's wishes, he said he would 
 rather die than injure so true a wife and 
 noble a gentleman. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales (""The Franklin's Tale," 1388). 
 
 (This is substantially the same as 
 Boccaccio's tale of Dianora and Gilberto, 
 day x. 5. See Diaxora.) 
 
 Arvir'agus, younger son of Cym'beline 
 (3 syl.) king of Britain, and brother of 
 Guide'rius. The two in early childhood 
 were kidnapped by Bela'rius, out of re- 
 venge for being unj ustly banished, and were 
 brought up by him in a cave. When they 
 were grown to manhood, Belarius, having 
 rescued the king from the Romans, was 
 restored to favour. He then introduced 
 the two young men to Cymbeline, and 
 told their story, upon which the king was 
 rejoiced to find that his two sons whom 
 he thought dead were both living.— 
 Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1G05). 
 
 Aryan Languages (The)— 
 1. Sanskrit, whence Hindustanee. 
 
 I 2. Zend, 
 
 Persian. 
 
AS YOU LIKE IT. 
 
 58 
 
 ASGIL'S TRANSLATION. 
 
 3. Greek, whence Romaic. 
 
 4. Latin, ,, Italian, French, Spanish, 
 
 Portuguese, Wallachian 
 (Ramance). 
 
 5. Keltic, „ Welsh, Irish, Gaelic. 
 
 6. Gothic, ,, Teutonic, English, Scan- 
 
 dinavian. 
 
 7. Slavonic, ,, European Russian, and 
 
 Austrian. 
 
 As You Like It, a comedy by Shake- 
 speare. One of the French dukes, being 
 driven from his dukedom by his brother, 
 went with certain followers to the forest 
 of Arden, where they lived a free and easy 
 life, chiefly occupied in the chase. The 
 deposed duke had one daughter, named 
 Rosalind, whom the usurper kept at 
 court as the companion of his own 
 daughter Celia, and the two cousins were 
 very fond of each other. At a wrestling 
 match Rosalind fell in love with Orlando, 
 who threw his antagonist, a giant and 
 professional athlete. The usurping duke 
 (Frederick) now banished her from the 
 court, but her cousin Celia resolved to go 
 to Arden with her ; so Rosalind in boy's 
 clothes (under the name of Ganimcd), and 
 Celia as a rustic maiden (under the name 
 of Alie'na), started to find the deposed 
 duke. Orlando being driven from home 
 by his elder brother, also went to the 
 forest of Arden, and was taken under the 
 duke's protection. Here he met the 
 ladies, and a double marriage was the 
 result— Orlando married Rosalind, and 
 his elder brother Oliver married Celia. 
 The usurper retired to a religious house, 
 and the deposed duke was restored to his 
 dominions. — (1598.) 
 
 Asaph. So Tate calls Dryden in 
 Absalom and Achitophel. 
 
 While Judah's throne and Zion's rock stand fast, 
 The song of Asaph and his fame shall last. 
 
 Part ii. 
 
 Asaph (St.), a British [i.e. Welsh] 
 monk of the sixth centu^, abbot of Llan- 
 Elvy, which changed its name to St. 
 Asaph, in honour of him. 
 
 So bishops can she bring, of which her saints shall be : 
 As Asaph, who first gave that name unto that see. 
 
 Drayton, I'oli/olbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Ascal'aphos, son of Acheron, turned 
 into an owl for tale-telling and trying to 
 make mischief. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Asca'nio, son of don Henriqre (2 syl.), 
 in the comedy called The Spanish Curate, 
 by Beaumont and Fletcher (1622). 
 
 As'capart or As'cupart, an enormous 
 giant, thirty feet high, who carried off sir 
 Bevis, his wife Jos'ian, his sword Morglay, 
 
 and his steed Ar'undel, under his arm. 
 Sir Bevis afterwards made Ascapart his 
 slave, to run beside his horse. The effigy 
 of sir Bevis is on the city gates of South- 
 ampton. — Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1G12). 
 
 He was a man whose huge stature, thews, sinews, and 
 bulk . . . would have enabled him to enact "Colbiand," 
 " Ascapart," or any other giant of romance, without raising 
 himself nearer to heaven even by the altitude of a chopin. — 
 Sir W. Scott 
 
 Those Ascaparts, men big enough to throw 
 Charing Cross for a bar. 
 
 Dr. Donne (1573-1631). 
 
 Thus imitated by Pope (1688-1744)— 
 
 Each man an Ascapart of strength to toss 
 
 For quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross. 
 
 Ascrae'an Sage, or Ascraian poet, 
 Hesiod, who was born at Ascra, inBoeo'tia. 
 Virgil calls him " The Old Ascraean." 
 
 Hos tibi dant cnlamos, en accipe, Musoe 
 Ascneo quos ante seni. 
 
 Eel. vii. 70. 
 
 As'ebie (3 syl.), Irreligion personified 
 in The Purple Island (1688), by Phineas 
 Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four sons : 
 Idol'atros (idolatry), Phar'makeus (3 syl.) 
 (witchcraft), Hjeret'icus, and Hypocrisy; 
 all fully described by the poet. (Greek, 
 asebcia, "impiety.") 
 
 Asel'ges (3 syl.), Lasciviousness per- 
 sonified. One of the four sons of Anag'- 
 nus (inchastity), his three brothers being 
 Maechus (adultery), Pornei'us (fornication), 
 and Acath'arus. Seeing his brother Por- 
 neius fall by the spear of Parthen'ia 
 (maidenly chastity), Aselges rushes for- 
 ward to avenge his death, but the martial 
 maid caught him with her spear, and 
 tossed him so high V the air "that he 
 hardly kneAV whither his course was 
 bent." fGrcek, aselges, " intemperate, 
 wanton.") — Phineas Fletcher, The Purple 
 Island, xi. (1633). 
 
 As'en, strictly speaking, are only the 
 three gods next in rank to the twelve 
 male Asir ; but the word is not un- 
 frequently used for the Scandinavian 
 deities generally. 
 
 As'gard, the fortress of the As'en 
 or Scandinavian deities. It is situate in 
 the centre of the universe, and is accessible 
 only by the rainbow bridge (Bifrost). 
 The river is Norn or, overshadowed by 
 the famous ash tree Ygdrasil'. 
 
 As'gil's Translation. John Asgill 
 wrote a book on the possibility of man 
 beimj translated into eternal life without 
 tasting death. The book in 1707 was 
 condemned to be burnt by the common 
 hangman. 
 
 Here's no depending upon old women in my country, . . . 
 and a man may ;us safely trust to Asgil's translation as ta 
 
 
ASHFIELD. 
 
 59 
 
 ASPATIA. 
 
 his great-grandmother not marrying.— Mrs. Centlivre, The 
 Busybody, it S (1709). 
 
 Ash'field {Farmer), a truly John 
 Bull farmer, tender-hearted, noble-minded 
 but homely, generous but hot-tempered. 
 He loves his daughter Susan with the 
 love of a woman. His favourite ex- 
 pression is " Behave pratty," and he 
 himself always tries to do so. His 
 daughter Susan marries Robert Handy, 
 the son of sir Abel Hand}'. 
 
 Dame Ashjield, the farmer's wife, whose 
 be to noire is a neighbouring farmer named 
 Grundy. What Mrs. Grundy will say, 
 or what Mrs. Grundy will think or do, is 
 dame Ashrield's decalogue and gospel too. 
 
 Susan Ashjield, daughter of farmer and 
 dame Ashfield. — Thorn. Morton, Speed 
 the Plough (1764-1838). 
 
 Ash/ford (Isaac), " a wise, good 
 man, contented to be poor." — Crabbe, 
 Parish Register (1807). 
 
 Ash'taroth., a general name for all 
 Syrian goddesses. (See Astoueth.) 
 
 [TJiey] had general names 
 Of Baalim and Ashtaroth : those male, 
 These feminine. 
 
 Milton, raradise Lost, i. 422 (1665). 
 
 Ash/ton (Sir William), the lord 
 keeper of Scotland, and father of Lucy 
 Ashton. 
 
 Lady Eleanor Ashton, wife of sir Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 Colonel Sholto Douglas Ashton, eldest 
 son of sir William. 
 
 Lucy Ashton, daughter of sir William, 
 betrothed to Edgar (the master of Ravens- 
 wood) ; but being compelled to marry 
 Frank Hayston (laird of Bucklaw), she tries 
 to murder him in the bridal chamber, and 
 becomes insane. Lucy dies, but the laird 
 recovers. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of 
 Lammermoor (time, William III.). 
 
 (This has been made the subject of an 
 opera by Donizetti, called Lucia di Lam- 
 mermoor, 1835.) 
 
 Asia, the wife of that Pharaoh who 
 brought up Moses. She was the daugh- 
 ter of Mozahem. Her husband tor- 
 tured her for believing in Moses; but 
 she was taken alive into Paradise. — 
 Sale, A I Koran, xx., note, and lxvi., 
 note 
 
 Mahomet says, "Among women four 
 have been perfect: Asia, wife of Pha- 
 raoh ; Mary, daughter of Imran ; Kka- 
 #ijah, the prophet's first wife; and 
 Fatima, his own daughter." 
 
 As'ir, the twelve chief gods of Scandi- 
 
 navian mythology — Odin, Thor, Baldr, 
 Niord, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, 
 Yidar, Vali, Ullur, and Forseti. 
 
 Sometimes the goddesses — Frigga, 
 Freyja, Idu'na, and Saga, are ranked 
 amongst the Asir also. 
 
 As'madai (3 syl.), the same as Asmo- 
 de'us (4 syl.), the lustful and destroying 
 angel, who robbed Sara of her seven hus- 
 bands (Tobit iii. 8). Milton makes him 
 one of the rebellious angels overthrown 
 by Uriel and Ra'phael. Hume says the 
 word means "the destroyer." — Paradise 
 Lost, vi. 365 (1665). 
 
 Asmode'us (4 syl.), the demon of 
 vanity and dress, called in the Talmud 
 "king of the devils." As "dress" is 
 one of the bitterest evils of modern life, 
 it is termed " the Asmodeus of domestic 
 peace," a phrase employed to express any 
 "skeleton" in the house of a private 
 family. 
 
 In the book of Tobit Asmodeus falls in 
 love with Sara, daughter of Rag'uel, and 
 causes the successive deaths of seven 
 husbands each on his bridal night, but 
 when Sara married Tobit, Asmodeus 
 was driven into Egypt by a charm made 
 of the heart and liver of a fish burnt on 
 perfumed ashes. 
 
 (Milton throws the accent on the third 
 syl., Tennyson on the second.) 
 
 Better pleased 
 Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ir. 163. 
 Ahaddon and AsmodSns caught at me. 
 
 Tennyson, St. .Simeon Stylitis. 
 
 Asmode'us, a " diable bon-homme," 
 with more gaiety than malice; not the 
 least like Mephistopheles. He is the 
 companion of Cle'ofas, whom he carries 
 through the air, and shows him the inside 
 of houses, where they see what is being 
 done in private or secrecy without being 
 seen. Although Asmodeus is not malig- 
 nant, yet with all his wit, acnteness, and 
 playful malice, we never forget the fiend. 
 Le Sage, Le Liable Boiteux. 
 
 (Such was the popularity of the Diable 
 Boiteux, that two young men fought a 
 duel in a bookseller's shop over the only 
 remaining copy, an incident worthy to be 
 recorded by Asmodeus himself.) 
 
 Miss Austen gives us just such a picture of domestic life 
 as Asmodeus would present could he remove the roof of 
 many an English home.— Encyc. r.rit Art. " Komaiv e." 
 
 Aso'tus, Prodigality personified in 
 The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
 Fletcher, fully described in canto viii. 
 (Greek, asctos, " a profligate.") 
 
 Aspa'tia, a maiden the very ideal 0/ 
 
ASPHALTIC POOL. 
 
 GO 
 
 ASSIDOS. 
 
 ill-fortune and wretchedness. She is the 
 troth-plight wife of Amintor, but Amin- 
 tor, at the king's request, marries 
 Evad'ne (8 syl.). Women point with 
 scorn at the forsaken Aspatia, but she 
 bears it all with patience. The pathos of 
 her speeches is most touching, and her 
 death forms the tragical event which 
 gives name to the drama. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy (1610). 
 
 Asphal'tic Pool (The), the Dead 
 Sea, so called from the asphalt or bitu'- 
 men abounding in it. The river Jordan 
 empties itself into this " pool." — Milton, 
 Taradlse Lost, i. 411 (1665). 
 
 As'ph.od.el, in the language of flowers, 
 means "regret." It is said that the spirits 
 of the dead sustain themselves with the 
 roots of this flower. It was planted by 
 the ancients on graves, and both Theo- 
 philus and Pliny state that the ghosts 
 beyond Acheron roam through the mea- 
 dows of Asphodel, in order if possible to 
 reach the waters of Lethe or Oblivion. 
 The Asphodel was dedicated to Pluto. 
 Longfellow strangely enough crowns his 
 angel of death with amaranth, with which 
 the " spirits elect bind their resplendent 
 locks," and his angel of life with aspho- 
 del, the flower of "regret "and emblem 
 of the grave. 
 
 Ke who wore the crown of asphodels . . . 
 fsaid] "My errand is not death, hut life" . . . 
 [butj Ttie angel with the amaranthine wreath 
 
 Whispered a word, that had a sound like death. 
 Longfellow, The Two Angels. 
 
 As'pramont, a place mentioned by 
 Ariosto in his Orlatido Furioso, in the 
 department of the Meuse (1516). 
 
 Jousted in Aspramont and Mont'alban [Montaubanl. 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 58a (1665). 
 
 As'prarnonte (3 syl.), in sir W. 
 Scott's Count Robert of Paris (time, 
 Rufus). 
 
 The old knight, father of Brenhilda. 
 
 The lady of Aspramonte, the knight's 
 wife. 
 
 Brenhilda of Aspramonte, their daugh- 
 ter, wife of count Robert. 
 
 As'rael or Az'rael, an angel of 
 death. He is immeasurable in height, 
 insomuch that the space between his eyes 
 equals a 70,000 days' journey. — Moham- 
 medan Mythology. 
 
 (An), emblem of the tribe of 
 Issachar. In the old church at Totnes is 
 a stone pulpit, divided into compartments, 
 coitaining shields decorated with the 
 
 several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
 which this is one. 
 
 Issachar is a strong ass, couching down between two 
 burdens. — Gen. xlix. 14. 
 
 Ass. Three of these animals are by 
 different legends admitted into heaven : 
 
 1. The ass on which Christ rode on His 
 journey to Jerusalem on the day of palms. 
 
 2. The ass on which Balaam rode, and 
 which reproved the prophet, "speaking 
 with the voice of a man." 3. The ass of 
 Aaz'is queen of Sheba or Saba, who came 
 to visit Solomon. (See Aximals, p. 40.) 
 
 Ass's Ears. Midas was chosen to decide 
 a trial of musical skill between Apollo 
 and Pan. The Phrygian king gave his 
 verdict in favour of Pan, Avhereupon 
 Apollo changed his ears to those of an 
 ass. The servant who used to cut the 
 king's hair, discovering the deformity, 
 was afraid to whisper the secret to any 
 one, but not being able to contain himself, 
 dug a hole in the earth, and, putting his 
 mouth into it, cried out, "King Midas 
 has ass's ears." He then filled up the hole, 
 and felt relieved. Tennyson makes the 
 barber a woman. 
 
 No livelier than the dame 
 That whispered " Asses' ears " [sic] among the sedge, 
 " My sister." 
 
 The Princess, ii. 
 
 As'sad, son of Camaral'zaman and 
 Haiatal'nefous (5 syl.), and half-brother 
 of Amgiad (son of Camaralzaman and 
 Badoura). Each of the two mothers 
 conceived a base passion for the other's 
 son, and when the young men repulsed 
 their advances, accused them to their 
 father of gross designs upon their honour. 
 Camaralzaman commanded his vizier to 
 put them both to death ; but instead of 
 doing so, he conducted them out of the 
 city, and told them not to return to their 
 father's kingdom (the island of Ebony). 
 They wandered on for ten days, when 
 Assad went to a city in sight to obtain 
 provisions. Here he was entrapped by an 
 old tire-worshipper, who offered him hos- 
 pitality, but cast him into a dungeon, in- 
 tending to offer him up a human victim 
 on the "mountain of lire." The ship in 
 which he was sent being driven on the 
 coast of queen Margiana, Assad was sold 
 to her as a slave, but being recaptured was 
 carried back to his old dungeon. Here 
 Bosta'na, one of the old man's daughters, 
 took pity on him, and released him. and 
 ere long Assad married queen Margiana, 
 while Amgiad, out of gratitude, married 
 Bostana. — Arabian Nights ("Amgiad and 
 Assad "). 
 
 As'sidos, a plant in the country of 
 
ASSISE. 
 
 61 
 
 ASTREE. 
 
 Prester John. It not only protects the 
 wearer from evil spirits, but forces every 
 spirit to tell its business.- 
 
 Assise (in feudal times), toute chose 
 qui Ton a vue user et accoustumer et 
 deliverer en cour du roiaume. — Clef des 
 A ssises. 
 
 Astag'oras, a female fiend, who has 
 the power of raising storms. — Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Astar'te (3 syl.), the Phoenician 
 nuon-goddess, the Astoreth of the 
 Syrians. 
 
 With these 
 Came Astoreth, wliom the Phoenicians called 
 Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 438 (1665). 
 
 As'tarte (2 syl.), an attendant on the 
 princess Anna Comne'na. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Astarte (2 or 3 syl.), beloved by Man- 
 fred. — Byron, Manfred. 
 
 We think of Astarte as young, beautiful, innocent, — 
 guilty, lost, murdered, judged, pardoned ; but still, in her 
 permitted visit to earth, speaking in a voice of sorrow, 
 and with a countenance yet pale with mortal trouble. 
 We had but a glimpse of her in her beauty and innocence, 
 but at last she rises before us in all the moral silence of a 
 gbost, with fixed, glazed, and passionless eyes, revealinj, 
 death, judgment, and eternity. — Professor Wilson. 
 {'2 syl.) The lady Astarte his? Hush! who comes here? 
 {i syl.) ... The same Astarte ? no (iii. 4). [(iii. 4.) 
 
 As'tery, a nymph in the train of 
 Venus ; the lightest of foot and most 
 active of all. One day the goddesr, 
 walking abroad with her nymphs, bade 
 them go gather flowers. Astery gathered 
 most of all ; but Venus, in a fit of 
 jealousy, turned her into a butterfly, and 
 threw the flowers into the wings. Since 
 then all butterflies have borne wings of 
 many gay colours. — Spenser, Muiopotmos 
 or the Butter fiy's Fate (1590). 
 
 As'tolat, Guildford, in Surrey. 
 
 AstoPpho, the English cousin of 
 Oriando ; his father was Otho. He was 
 a great boaster, but was generous, cour- 
 teous, gay, and singularly handsome. 
 Astolpho was carried to Alci'na's isle on the 
 back of a whale ; and when Alcina tired 
 of him, she changed him into a myrtle 
 tree, but Melissa disenchanted him. 
 Astolpho descended into the infernal 
 regions ; he also went to the moon, to 
 cure Orlando of his madness by bringing 
 back his lost wits in a phial.— Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furiozo (151G). 
 
 Astolpho's Horn. This horn was the 
 gift of LogisLKJa. "Whatever man or 
 ^east heard it, was seized with instant 
 
 panic, and became an easy captive. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, viii. 
 
 Astolpho's Book. The same fairy 
 gavo him a book, which would direct 
 him aright in all his journeyings, and 
 give him any other information he re- 
 quired. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, viii. 
 
 As'ton (Sir Jacob), a cavalier during 
 the Commonwealth ; one of the partisans 
 of the late king. — Sir \V. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (period, Commonwealth). 
 
 As'ton (Enrico). So Henry Ashton 
 is called in Donizetti's opera of Lucia di 
 Laminermoor (1835). (See Ashton.) 
 
 As'torax, king of Paphos and 
 brother of the princess Calis. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (before 
 1618). 
 
 As'toreth., the goddess-moon of 
 Syrian mythology ; called by Jeremiah, 
 "The Queen of Heaven," and by the 
 Phoenicians, "Astar'te." (See Asiita- 
 
 BOTH.) 
 
 With these [the host of heaven] in troop 
 Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called 
 Astartfi, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 438 (1601 
 
 (Milton does not always preserve the 
 difference between Ashtaroth and Asto- 
 reth; for he speaks of the "mooned 
 Ashtaroth, heaven's queen and mother.") 
 
 As'tragon, the philosopher and great 
 physician, by whom Gondibert and his 
 friends were cured of the wounds re- 
 ceived in the faction tight, stirred up by 
 prince Oswald. Astragon had a splendid 
 library and museum. One room was 
 called "Great Nature's Office," another 
 " Nature's Nursery," and the library was 
 called "The Monument of Vanished 
 Mind." Astragon (the poet says) dis- 
 covered the loadstone and its use in 
 navigation. He had one child, Bertha, 
 who loved duke Gondibert, and to whom 
 she was promised in marriage. The tale 
 being unfinished, the sequel is not known. 
 — Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 
 1668). 
 
 Astre'a, Mrs. Alphra Behn, an 
 authoress. She published the story or 
 Prince Oroonoka (died 1689). 
 
 The stage now loosely does Aitrea tread. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Astree (2 syl.), a pastoral romance 
 by Honore D'Urfe (1616), very cele- 
 brated for giving birth to the pastoral 
 school, which had for a tim*; an over- 
 whelming power on literature dress, and 
 
ASTRINGER. 
 
 62 
 
 ATE. 
 
 amusements. Pastoral romance had re- 
 appeared in Portugal full sixty years 
 previously in the pastoral romance of 
 Montemayer called Diana (1552) ; and 
 Longos, in the fifth century, had pro- 
 duced a beautiful prose pastoral called 
 The Loves of Daphnis and Chloe, but 
 both these pastorals stand alone, while 
 that of D'Urfe is the beginning of a 
 long series. 
 
 Astringer, a falconer. Shakespeare 
 introduces an astringer in. All's Well that 
 Ends Well, act v. sc. 1. (From the French 
 austour, Latin austercus, "a goshawk.") 
 A "gentle astringer" is a gentleman 
 falconer. 
 
 W6 usually call a falconer who keeps that kind of 
 hawk [the goshawk J an austringer. — Cowell, Law 
 Dictionary. 
 
 As'tro-fiamman'te (5 syl.), queen 
 of the night. The word means "flaming 
 star." — Mozard, Die Zauber flute (1791). 
 
 Astronomer {The), in Rasselas, an 
 old enthusiast, who believed himself to 
 have the control and direction of the 
 weather. He leaves Imlac his successor, 
 but implores him not to interfere with 
 the constituted order. 
 
 "I have possessed," said he to Imlac, "for five years 
 the regulation of the weather, and the distribution of the 
 sciLSons : the sun has listened to n>y dictates, and passed 
 from tropic to tropic by my direction ; the clouds, at my 
 call, have poured their waters, and the Nile has over- 
 flowed at my command ; I have restrained the rage of 
 the Dog-star, and mitigated the fervour of the Crab. The 
 winds alone . . . have hitherto refused my authority. . . . 
 I am the first of human beings to whom this trust has 
 been imparted."— Dr. Johnson, Jiasselas, xlL— xliii. (1759). 
 
 As'trophel, Sir Philip Sidney. 
 " Phil. Sid." maybe a contraction of philos 
 sidus, and the Latin sidus being changed 
 to the Greek astron, we get astron philos 
 ("star-lover"). The ''star" he loved 
 was Penelope Devereux, whom he calls 
 Stella ("star"), and to whom he was 
 betrothed. Spenser wrote a poem called 
 Astrophel, to the memory of sir Philip 
 Sidney. 
 
 But while as Astrophel did live and reign. 
 Amongst all swains was none his paragon. 
 Spensei, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1591). 
 
 Astyn'ome (4 syl.) or Chryseis, 
 daughter of Chryses priest of Apollo. 
 "When Lyrnessus Avas taken, Astynome 
 fell to the share of Agamemnom but the 
 father begged to be allowed to ransom 
 her. Agamemnon refused to comply, 
 whereupon the priest invoked the anger 
 of his patron god, and Apollo sent a 
 plague into the Grecian camp. This was 
 the cause of contention between Aga- 
 memnon and Achilles, and forms the 
 subject cf rlomer's epic called T'te Iliad. 
 
 As' wad, son of Shedad king of Ad, 
 He was saved alive when the angel of 
 death destroyed Shedad and all his sub- 
 jects, because he showed mercy to a camel 
 which had been bound to a tomb to 
 starve to death, that it might serve its 
 master on the day of resurrection. — 
 Southey, Talaba the Destroyer (1797). 
 
 Asylum Chris'ti. So England was 
 called by the Camisards during the 
 scandalous religious persecutions of the 
 " Grand Monarque" (Louis XIV.). 
 
 Atabalipa, the last emperor of 
 Peru, subdued by Pizarro, the Spanish 
 general. Milton refers to him in Para- 
 dise Lost, xi. 409 (1665). 
 
 At'ala, the name of a novel by Fran- 
 cois Rene Chateaubriand. Atala, the 
 daughter of a white man and a Christian- 
 ized Indian, takes an oath of virginity, 
 but subsequently falling in love with 
 Chactas, a young Indian, she poisons 
 herself for fear that she may be tempted 
 to break her oath. The novel was received 
 with extraordinary enthusiasm (1801). 
 
 (This has nothing to do with Attila, 
 king of the Huns, nor with Athalie (queen 
 of Judah), the subject of Racine's great 
 tragedy.) 
 
 Atalanta, of Arcadia, wished to 
 remain single, and therefore gave out 
 that she would, marry no one who could 
 not outstrip her in running ; but if any 
 challenged her and lost the race, he was 
 to lose his life. Hippom'enes won the 
 race by throwing down golden apples, 
 which Atalanta kept stopping to pick up. 
 William Morris has chosen this for one 
 of his tales in Earthly Paradise (March). 
 
 In short, she thus appeared like another Atalanta.— 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 1682). 
 
 Atali'ba, the inca of Peru, most 
 dearly beloved by his subjects, on whom 
 Pizarro makes war. An old man says of 
 the inca — 
 
 The virtues of our monarch alike secure to him the 
 affection of his people and the benign regard of heaven. 
 —Sheridan, Pizarro, ii. 4 (from Kotzebue), (1709). 
 
 Atba'ra or Black River, called the 
 " dark mother of Egypt." (See Black 
 
 RlVEK.) 
 
 Ate (2 syl.), goddess of revenge 
 
 With him along is come the mother queen. 
 An A.te, stirring him to blood and strife. 
 
 Shakespeare, King John, act ii. sc. 1 (1596). 
 
 Ate (2 syl.), " mother of debate and 
 all dissension," the friend of Duessa. 
 She squinted, lied with a false tongue, 
 and maligned even the be&t of beings. 
 
ATELLAN FABLES. 
 
 G3 
 
 ATHOS. 
 
 Her abode, " far under ground hard by 
 the gates of hell," is described at length 
 in bk. iv. 1. When sir Blandamour was 
 challenged by Braggadoccio (canto 4), 
 the terms of the contest were that the 
 conqueror should have "Florimel," and 
 the other "the old hag Ate," who wag 
 always to ride beside him till he could 
 pass her off to another. — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iv. (159G). 
 
 AteLL'an Fables (The), in Latin 
 Atella'nee Fabula, a species of farce per- 
 formed by the ancient Romans, and so 
 called from Atella, in Campania. They 
 differed from comedy because no magis- 
 trates or persons of rank were introduced ; 
 they differed from the tabernarioe or 
 genre drama, because domestic life was 
 not represented in them ; and they differed 
 from the mimes, because there Avas neither 
 buffoonery nor ribaldry. They were not 
 performed by professional actors, but by 
 Roman citizens of rank ; were written 
 in the Oscan language, and were dis- 
 tinguished for their refined humour. 
 
 They were supposed to be directly derived from the 
 ancient Mimi of the Atellan Fables.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Drama. 
 
 A'tha, a country in Connaught, which 
 for a time had its own chief, and some- 
 times usurped the throne of Ireland. 
 Thus Cairbar (lord of Atha) usurped the 
 throne, but was disseated by Fingal, who 
 restored Conar king of Ulster. The war 
 of Fingal with Cairbar is the subject of 
 the Ossianic poem Tem'ora, so called 
 from the palace of that name where 
 Cairbar murdered king Cormac. The 
 kings of the Fir-bolg were called "lords 
 of Atha." — Ossian. 
 
 Ath'alie (3 syl.), daughter of Ahab 
 and Jezabel, and wife of Joram king of 
 Judah. She massacred all the remnant 
 of the house of David ; but Joash escaped, 
 and six years afterwards was proclaimed 
 king. Athalie, attracted by the shouts, 
 went to the temple, and was killed by 
 the mob. This forms the subject and 
 title of Racine's chef-d'eeuvre (1691), 
 and was Mdlle. Rachel's great part. 
 
 (Racine's tragedy of Athalie, queen of 
 Judah, must not be confounded with 
 Corneille's tragedy of Attila, king of the 
 Huns.) 
 
 Atheist's Tragedy {The), by Cyril 
 Tourneur. The "atheist" is D'Amvi'lle, 
 who murders his brother Montferrers for 
 his estates. — (Seventeenth century.) 
 
 Atli'elstane (3 syl.), surnamed "The 
 
 Unready," thane of Coningsburgh. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 *** "Unready" does not mean unpre- 
 pared but injudicious (from Anglo-Saxon. 
 rccd, "wisdom, counsel"). 
 
 Athe'na (Juno) once meant "the air," 
 but in Homer this goddess is the repre- 
 sentative of civic prudence and military 
 skill ; the armed protectress of states 
 and cities. 
 
 Atlie'nian. Bee, Plato, so called 
 from the honeyed sweetness of his com- 
 position. It is said that a bee settled on 
 his lip while he was an infant asleep in 
 his cradle, and indicated that "honeyed 
 words " would fall from his lips, and flow 
 from his pen. Sophocles is called "The 
 Attic Bee." 
 
 Atlienodo'rus, the Stoic, told Augus- 
 tus the best way to restrain unruly anger 
 was to repeat the alphabet before giving 
 way to it. 
 
 The sacred line he did but once repeat, 
 
 And laid the storm, and cooled the raging heat 
 
 Tickell, The llom-book. 
 
 Ath'ens. 
 
 German Athens, Saxe- Weimar. 
 
 Athens of Ireland, Belfast. 
 
 Modern Athens, Edinburgh, so called 
 from its resemblance to the Acropolis, 
 when viewed from the sea opposite. — 
 Willis. 
 
 Mohammedan Athens, Bagdad in the 
 time of Haroun-al-Raschid. 
 
 Athens of the New World, Boston, 
 noted for its literature and literary in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 Athens of the North, Copenhagen, un- 
 rivalled for its size in the richness of its 
 literary and antique stores, the number 
 of its societies for the encouragement of 
 arts, sciences, and general learning, to- 
 gether with the many illustrious names 
 on the roll of citizenship. 
 
 Athens of Switzerland, Zurich, so called 
 from the number of protestant refugees 
 who resorted thither, and inundated 
 Europe with their works on controversial 
 divinity. Coverdale's Bible was printed 
 at Zurich in 1535 ; here Zuinglius 
 preached, and here Lavater lived. . 
 
 Athens of the West. Cor'dova, in Spain, 
 was so called in the middle ages. 
 
 Athliot, the most wretched of all 
 women. 
 
 Her comfort is (if for h«r any be). 
 That none can show more cause of grief than she. 
 Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 5 (1613). 
 
 Atll'os. Dinoc'rates, a sculptor, pro- 
 posed to Alexander to hew mount Athoa 
 
ATHUNREE. 
 
 64 
 
 AUBREY. 
 
 into a statue representing the great con- 
 queror, with a city in his left hand, and 
 a basin in his right to receive all the 
 waters which flowed from the mountain. 
 Alexander greatly approved of the sug- 
 gestion, but objected to the locality. 
 
 And hew out a huge mountain of pathos. 
 As Philip's son proposed to do with Athos. 
 
 Byron, Don Joan, xii 86. 
 
 Athun'ree, in Connaught, where 
 was fought the great battle between 
 Felim O'Connor on the side of the Irish, 
 and William de Bourgo on the side of the 
 English. The Irish lost 10,000 men, and 
 the whole tribe of the O'Connors fell ex- 
 cept Fe'lim's brother, who escaped alive. 
 
 At'imus, Baseness of Mind personified 
 in T/ie Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
 Fletcher. " A careless, idle swain . . . 
 his work to eat, drink, sleep, and purge 
 his reins." Fully described in canto viii. 
 (Greek, atlmos, "one dishonoured.") 
 
 A'tin (Strife), the squire of Pyr'- 
 ochles. — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 4, 5, 6 
 (1590). 
 
 Atlante'axi Shoulders, shoulders 
 broad and strong, like those of Atlas, 
 which support the world. 
 
 Sage he [Beelzebub] stood, 
 With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear 
 The weight of mightiest monarchies. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 305 (1665). 
 
 Atlan'tis. Lord Bacon wrote an 
 allegorical fiction called Atlantis or The 
 New Atlantis. It is an island in the 
 Atlantic, on which the author feigns that 
 he was wrecked, and there he found every 
 model arrangement for the promotion of 
 science and the perfection of man as a 
 social being. 
 
 A moral country— but I hold my hand, 
 For I disdain to write an Atlantis. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xl. 87. 
 
 Atlas' Shoulders, enormous strength. 
 Atlas king of Mauritania is said to sup- 
 port the world on his shoulders. 
 
 Change thy ihape and shake off age . . . Get thee Medea's 
 kettle and be b .died anew, come forth with . . . callous 
 hands, achine of steel, and Adas' shoulders.— W. Congieve, 
 l.ovujor Love, iv. (161)5). 
 
 Atos'sa. So Pope calls Sarah duchess 
 of Marlborough, because she was the great 
 friend of lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 
 h whom he calls Sappho. 
 
 But what are these to great Atossa's mind ? 
 
 Pope. 
 
 (The great. friend of Sappho was Atthis. 
 By Atossa is generally understood Vashti, 
 daughter >>f Cyrus and wife of Ahasuems 
 of the Old Testament.) 
 
 At'ropos, one of the Fates, whose 
 office is to cut the thread of life with a 
 pair of scissors. 
 
 . . . nor shines the knife. 
 Nor shears of Atropos before their vision. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ii. 64. 
 
 Attic Bee {The), Soph'ocles (b.c. 
 495-405). Plato is called "The Athe- 
 nian Bee." 
 
 Attic Boy (Tlie), referred to by 
 Milton in his II Penseroso, is Ceph'alos, 
 who was beloved by Aurora or Morn, but 
 was married to Procris. He was passion- 
 ately fond of hunting. 
 
 Till civil-suited Morn appear, 
 
 Not tricked and flounced, as she was wont 
 
 With the Atdc boy to hunt. 
 
 But kerchiefed in a comely cloud. 
 
 11 Penseroso (1638). 
 
 Attic Muse (The), Xen'ophon the 
 historian (B.C. 444-359). 
 
 At'ticus ( The English), Joseph Addi- 
 son (1672-1719). 
 
 Who but must laugh if such a man there be, 
 Who would not weep if Atticus were he ? 
 
 Pope, Prologue to the Satires. 
 
 The Christian Atticus, Reginald Heber, 
 bishop of Calcutta (1783-1826). 
 
 The Irish Atticus, George Faulkner, 
 printer and author (1700-1775). 
 
 At'tila, one of the tragedies of Pierre 
 Corneille (1667). This king of the Huns, 
 usually called " The Scourge of God," 
 must not be confounded with " Athalie," 
 daughter of Jezabel and wife of Joram, 
 the subject and title of Racine's chef- 
 d'oeuvre, and Mdlle. Rachel's chief cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Attreba'tes (4 syl.) — Drayton makes 
 it 3 syl. — inhabited part of Hampshire and 
 Berkshire. The primary city was Calleba 
 (Silchestcr). — Richard of Cirencester, vi. 
 10. 
 
 The Attrebates in Bark unto the bank of Thames. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xri. (1612). 
 
 (" In Bark " means in Berkshire.) 
 Aubert ( Therese), the heroine of C. 
 Nodier's romance of that name (1819). 
 The story relates to the adventures of a 
 young royalist in the French Revolution- 
 ary epoch, who had disguised himself in 
 female apparel to escape detection. 
 
 Aubrey, a widower for eighteen 
 3 r ears. At the death of his wife he com- 
 mitted his infant daughter to the care 
 of Mr. Brirlgemore a merchant, and lived 
 abroad. He returned to London after an 
 absence of eighteen years, and fouud 
 that Bridgemore had abused his trust, and 
 his daughter had been obliged to quit th« 
 
AUBRI'S DOG. 
 
 65 
 
 AUGUSTA. 
 
 house and seek protection with Mr. 
 Mortimer. 
 
 Augusta Aubrey, daughter of Mr. 
 Aubrey, in love with Francis Tyrrel, the 
 nephew of Mr. Mortimer. She is snubbed 
 and persecuted by the vulgar Lucinda 
 Bridgeuiore, and most wantonly per- 
 secuted by lord* Abberville, but after 
 passing through many a most painful 
 visitation, she is happily married to the 
 man of her choice. — Cumberland, The 
 Fashion-able Lover (1780). 
 
 Au'bri's Dog showed a most un- 
 accountable hatred to Richard de Macaire, 
 snarling and riving at him whenever he 
 appeared in sight. Now Aubri had 
 been murdered by some one in the forest 
 of Bondy, and this animosity of the dog 
 directed suspicion towards Richard de 
 Macaire. Richard was taken up, and 
 condemned to single combat with the 
 dog, by whom he was killed. In his 
 dying moments he confessed himself to 
 be the murderer of Aubri. (See Dog.) 
 
 Le combat entre Macaire et le chien eut lien a Paris, 
 dans l'lle Louviers. On place ce fait merveilleux en 
 1371, niais ... il est bien antcrieur, car. il est men- 
 tionne des le siccle precedent par Alberic des Trois- 
 Fontaines. — Bouillet, Diet. Urliversel, etc. 
 
 Auch/ternmeh'ty (John), the Kin- 
 ross carrier. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Audhum'bla, the cow created by 
 Surt to nourish Ymir. She supplied him 
 with four rivers of milk, and was herself 
 nourished by licking dew from the rocks. 
 — Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Audley. Is John Audley here? In 
 Richardson's travelling theatrical booth 
 this question was asked aloud, to signify 
 that the performance was to be brought 
 to a close as soon as possible, as the 
 platform was crowded with new-comers, 
 waiting to be admitted (1766-1836). 
 
 The same question was asked by Shuter 
 (in 1759), whose travelling company pre- 
 ceded Richardson's. 
 
 Au'drey, a country wench, who jilted 
 William for Touchstone. She is an ex- 
 cellent specimen of a wondering she- 
 gawky. She thanks the gods that "■ she 
 is foul," and if to be poetical is not to be 
 honest, she thanks the gods also that 
 " she is not poetical." — Shakespeare, As 
 You Like It (1598). 
 
 The character of "Audrey." that of a feinu'e fool, should, 
 not have been assumed [i.e. by Miss Po"e, in her last 
 appearance in publicj ; the last line of the farewell address 
 was, "And now poor Audley bids you uli farewell" 
 (May 26. 1808).— Junes Smith, Memoirs, etc. (JP40). 
 
 A.u'gean Stables. Aii&eas kins of 
 
 the Epeans, in Elis, kept 3000 oxen for 
 thirty years in stalls which were never 
 cleansed. It was one of the twelve 
 labours of Her'cules to cleanse these 
 stables in one day. This he accomplished 
 by letting two rivers into them. 
 
 If the Augean stable [of dramatic impurity] was not 
 sufficiently cleansed, the stream of public opinion waj 
 fairly directed against its conglomerated impurities. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Augusta. London [ Trinobantina~\ 
 was so called by the Romans. 
 
 Where full in view Augusta's spires are seen. 
 With flowery lawns and waving woods between, 
 A humble habitation rose, beside 
 Where Thames meandering rolls his ample tide. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 3 (1756) 
 
 Augus'ta, mother of Gustavus Vasn. 
 She is a prisoner of Christian II. king of 
 Denmark, but the king promises to set 
 her free if she will induce her son to 
 submission. Augusta refuses, but in the 
 war which folloAvs, Gustavus defeats 
 Christian, and becomes king of Sweden. 
 — H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730). 
 
 Augusta, a title conferred by the 
 Roman emperors on their wives, sisters, 
 daughters, mothers, and even concubines. 
 It had to be conferred ; for even the wife 
 of an Augustus was not an Augusta until 
 after her coronation. 
 
 1. Empresses. Livia and Julia were 
 both Augusta ; so were Julia (wife of 
 Tiberius), Messalina, Agrippina, Octavia, 
 Poppaea, Statilia, Sabina, Domitilla, 
 Domitia, and Faustina. In imperials the 
 wife of an emperor is spoken of as 
 Augusta : Serenissima Augusta vonjux 
 nost?'a ; Divina Aiujusta, etc. But the 
 title had to be conferred ; hence we read, 
 " Domitian uxorem suam Augustam 
 jussit nuncupari ; " and " Flavia Titiana, 
 eadem die, uxor ejus [i.e. Pertiuax] 
 Augusta est appellata." 
 
 2. Mothers or Grandmothers. An^ 
 tonia, grandmother of Caligula, was 
 created Augusta. Claudius made his 
 mother Antonia Augusta after her death. 
 Heliogab'alus had coins inscribed with 
 "Julia Maesa Augusta" in honour of- his 
 grandmother ; Mammaea, mother of Alex- 
 ander Severus, is styled Augusta on 
 coins ; and so is Helena, mother of 
 Constantine. 
 
 3. Sisturs. Honorius speaks of his 
 sister as "venerabilis Augusta germana 
 nostra." Trajan has coins inscribed with 
 " Diva Marciana Augusta." 
 
 4. Daughters. Mallia Scantilla the 
 wife, and Didia the daughter of Didius 
 Julianus, were both Augusta. Titus in- 
 scribed on coins his daughter as " Julia 
 
AUGUSTAN AGE. 
 
 CG 
 
 AUSTRIAN LIP. 
 
 Sabina Augusta ; " there are coins of the 
 emperor Decius inscribed with " Herennia 
 Etruscilla Augusta" and " Sallustia Au- 
 gusta," sisters of the emperor Decius. 
 
 5. Others. Matidia, niece of Trajan, 
 is called Augusta on coins ; Constantine 
 Monomachus called his concubine Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 Augus'tan Age, the golden age of 
 a people's literature, so called because 
 •while Augustus was emperor, Rome was 
 noted for its literary giants. 
 
 The Augustan Age of England, the 
 Elizabethan period. That of Anne is 
 called the " Silver Age." 
 
 The Auqustan Aqe of France, that of 
 Louis XIV. (1610-1740). 
 
 The Augustan Age of German;/, nine- 
 teenth century. 
 
 The Augustan Age of Portugal, the 
 reign of don Alphonso Henrique. In 
 this reign Brazil was occupied ; the 
 African coast explored ; the sea-route to 
 India was traversed ; and Camoens 
 flourished. 
 
 Augusti'na, the Maid of Saragoza. 
 She was only 22 when, her lover being 
 shot, she mounted the battery in his 
 place. The French, after a siege of two 
 months, were obliged to retreat, August 
 15, 1808. 
 
 Such were the exploits of the Maid of Saragoza, who 
 by her valour ele\ated herself to the highest rank of 
 heroines. When the author was at Seville, she walked 
 daily oil the Frado, decorated with medals und ordeis, by 
 order of the Junta.— Lord Byron. 
 
 Auld Robin Gray was written 
 (1772) by lady Anne Barnard, to raise a 
 little money for an old nurse. Lady 
 Anne's maiden name was Lindsay, and 
 her father was earl of Balearras. 
 
 Aullay, a monster horse with an 
 elephant's trunk. The creature is as 
 much bigger than an elephant, as an 
 elephant is 1 irger than a sheep. King 
 Baly of India rode on an aullay. 
 
 The aullay, hugest of four-footed kind, 
 
 The aullay-horse, that in his force. 
 With elephantine trunk, could bind 
 And lift the elephant, and on the wind 
 Whirl him away, with sway and swing. 
 E'en like a pebble from a practised sling. 
 
 Southey, Curse of Kekaina, xvi. 2 (1809). 
 
 Aumerle [O.murl'], a French corrup- 
 tion of Aibemarle (in Normandy). 
 
 Aure'lius, a young nobleman who 
 tried to win to himself Do'rigen, the wife 
 of Arvir'agus, but Dorigen told him she 
 would never yield to his suit till all the 
 rocks of the British coast were removed, 
 "rnd there n'is no stone y-seen." Aure- 
 
 iius by magic made all the rocks disap- 
 pear, but when Dorigen went, at her 
 husband's bidding, to keep her promise, 
 Aurelius, seeing how sad she was, made 
 answer, he would rather die than injure 
 so true a wife and noble a gentleman. — 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (" The Frank- 
 lin's Tale," 1388). 
 
 (This is substantially the same as Boc- 
 caccio's tale of Dianjra and Gilberio, x. 5. 
 See Diaxora.) 
 
 Aurelius, elder brother of Uther the 
 pendragon, and uncle of Arthur, but ho 
 died before the hero was born. 
 
 Even sicke of a flixe [ill of the flux] as lie was, he 
 caused himself to be carried forth on a litter; witn 
 whose presence the people were so encouraged, that en- 
 countering with the Saxons they v/an the victorie.— Holin- 
 shed, History of Scotland, 99. 
 
 . . . once I read 
 That stout Pendragon on his litter sick 
 Came to the field, and vanquished his foes. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry 17. act iii. sc. 2 (15ti9) 
 
 Auro'ra's Tears, the morning dew. 
 These tears are shed for the death of her 
 son Memnon, who was slain by Achilles 
 at the siege of Troj r . 
 
 Auso'nia, Italy, so called from Ali- 
 son, son of Ulysses. 
 
 . . . romantic Spain, — 
 Gay lilied fields of France, or, more refined. 
 The soft Ausonia*s monumental reign. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, ii. 15 (1809) 
 
 Austin, the assumed name of the 
 lord of Clarinsal, when he renounced the 
 world and became a monk of St. Nicholas. 
 Theodore, the grandson of Alfonso, was 
 his son, and rightful heir to the posses- 
 sions and title of the count of Narbonne. 
 — Robert Jephson, Count of Narbonne 
 (1782). 
 
 Aus'tria and the Lion's Hide. 
 
 There is an old tale that the arch-duke of 
 Austria killed Richard I., and wore as a 
 spoil the lion's hide which belonged to 
 our English monarch. Hence Faulcon- 
 bridge (the natural son of Richard) says 
 jeeringly to the arch-duke : 
 
 Thou wear a lion's hide ! doff it for shame, 
 And hang a calf-ski/i on those recreant limbs. 
 
 Shakespeare, King John, act iii. sc. 1 (1596). 
 
 (The point is better understood when it 
 is borne in mind that fools and jesters 
 were dressed in calf-skins.) 
 
 Aus'trian Lip (The), a protruding 
 under jaw, with a heavy lip disinclined 
 to shut close. It came from kaiser Maxi- 
 milian L, Bon of kaiser Frederick III., and 
 was inherited from his mother Cimburgis, 
 a Polish princess, duke of Masovia's 
 daughter, and hence called the -"Cim- 
 burgis Under Lip." 
 
AUTOLYCOS. 
 
 67 
 
 AVILION. 
 
 Autol'ycos. the craftiest of thieves. 
 He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and 
 changed their marks. Sis'yphos out- 
 witted him by marking his sheep under 
 their feet. 
 
 Autol'ycus, a pedlar and witty 
 rogue, ia The Winter's Tale, by Shake- 
 speare (1604). 
 
 Av'alon or Avallon, Glastonbury, 
 generally called the "isle of Avalon." 
 The abode of king Arthur, ObGron, 
 JMorgaine la Fee, the Fees generally, and 
 sometimes called the "island of the 
 blest." It is very fully described in the 
 French romance of Ogier le Danois. 
 Tennyson calls it Avil'ion (q.v.). Dray- 
 ton, in his Polyolbion, styles it " the ancient 
 isle of Avalon," and the Romans " insula 
 Avalonia." 
 
 O three-times famous isle! where is that place that might 
 Be with thyself compared for glory ami delight, 
 Whilst Glastonbury stood 1 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iii. (1612). 
 
 Avan'turine or Aven'turine (4 
 syl.), a variety of rock-crystal having 
 a spangled appearance, caused by scales of 
 mica or crystals of copper. The name 
 is borrowed from that of the artificial 
 gold-spangled glass obtained in the first 
 instance par aventure ("by accident"). 
 
 . . . and the hair 
 All over glanced with dew-drop or with gem. 
 Like sparkles in the stone avanturine. 
 
 Tennyson, Garctli and J.ynette. 
 
 Avare (U). The plot of this comedy 
 is as follows : Harpagon the miser and 
 his son Cie'ante (2 syl.) both want to 
 marry Marian e (3 syl.), daughter of An- 
 sel mo, alias don Thomas dAlburci, of 
 Naples. Cie'ante gets possession of a 
 casket of gold belonging to the miser, 
 and hidden in the garden. "When Har- 
 pagon discovers his loss he raves like a 
 mad man, and Cie'ante gives him the choice 
 of Mariane or the casket. The miser 
 chooses the casket, and leaves the young 
 lady to his son. The second plot is 
 connected with Elise (2 syl.), the miser's 
 daughter, promised in marriage by the 
 father to his friend Anselme (2 syl.) ; 
 but Elise is herself in love with Valere, 
 who, however, turns out to be the son of 
 Anselme. As soon as Anselme discovers ' 
 that Valere is his son, who he thought 
 bad been lost at sea, he resigns to him 
 Elise, and so in both instances the young 
 folks marry together, and the olcLones 
 give up their unnatural rivalry. — Moliere, 
 V Avare (1G67). 
 
 Ava'tar,' the descent of Brahma to 
 this earth. It is said in Hindu mytho- 
 
 logy that Brahma has already descended 
 nine times in various forms, but is yet to 
 appear a tenth, in the figure of a warrior 
 upon a white horse, to cut off all incor- 
 rigible offenders. 
 
 Nine times have Brahma's wheels of lightning hurled 
 
 His awful presence o'er the alarmed world ; 
 
 Nine times hath Guilt, through all his giant frame. 
 
 Convulsive trembled, as the Mighty came ; 
 
 Nine times hath suffering Mercy spared in vain, — 
 
 But heaven shall burst her starry gates again. 
 
 He comes ! dread Brahma shakes the sunless sky . . . 
 
 Heaven's fiery horse, beneath his warrior-form. 
 
 Paws the light clouds, and gallops on the storm. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Ave'nel (2 syl.), Julian Avenel, the 
 usurper of Avenel Castle. 
 
 Lady Alice Avenel, widow of sir 
 Walter. 
 
 Mary Avenel, daughter of lady Alice. 
 She marries Halbert Glendinning. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Monastery (date 1559). 
 
 Ave'nel (Sir Halbert Glendinning, knight 
 of), same as the bridegroom in The 
 Monastery. 
 
 The lady Mary of Avenel, same as The 
 bride in The Monastery. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 The White Lady of Avenel, a spirit 
 mysteriously connected Avith the Avenel 
 family, as the Irish banshee is with true 
 Mile'sian families. She announces good 
 or ill fortune, and manifests a general 
 interest in the family to which she is 
 attached, but to others she acts with con- 
 siderable caprice ; thus she shows un- 
 mitigated malignity to the sacristan and 
 the robber. Any truly virtuous mortal 
 has commanding power over her. 
 
 Noon gleams on the lake. 
 
 Noon glows on the fell ; 
 Awake thee, awake. 
 
 White maid of Avenel ! 
 Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Aven'ger of Blood, the man who 
 
 had the birthright, according to the 
 Jewish polity, of taking vengeance on 
 him who had killed one of his relatives. 
 
 . . . the Christless code, 
 That must have life for a blow. 
 
 Tennyson, Maud, II. i. 1. 
 
 Av'icen or Abcu-ibn-Sina, an Arabian 
 physician and philosopher, born' at 
 Sh'iraz, in Persia (980-1037). He com- 
 posed a treatise on logic, and another on 
 metaphysics, Avicen is called both the 
 Hippo'crates and the Aristotle of the 
 Arabs. 
 
 Of physicke speake for me, king Avicsn . . . 
 Yet was his glory never set on shelfe, 
 Nor never shall, v/hyles any worlde may stande 
 Where men have minde to take good bookes in hande. 
 G. Gascoigne, The Fruits of Warre, lvii. (died 1577). 
 
 Avil'ion (" the apple island"), near 
 the terrestrial paradise". (See Avalon.) 
 
AYLMER. 
 
 68 
 
 BAAL 
 
 Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow, 
 Nor ever wind blows loudly ; but it lies 
 Peep-nieadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns 
 And bowery hollows crowned with summer sea. 
 Where I \_Arthur\ will heal me of my grievous wound. 
 Tennyson, ilorte d' Arthur. 
 
 AvTiner (Mrs.), a neighbour of sir 
 ITenry Lee.— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
 (time, Commonwealth.). 
 
 Ay'mer (Prior), a jovial Benedictine 
 monk, prior of Jorvaulx Abbey. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivan/we (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Ay'mon, duke of Dordona (Dor- 
 dogne). He had four sons, Rinaldo, 
 Guicciardo, Alardo, and Ricciardetto 
 (i.e. Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, and 
 Richard), whose adventures are the sub- 
 ject of a French romance, entitled Les 
 Qiiatre filz Aymon, by H. de Alleneuve 
 (1 165-1223). 
 
 Az'amat-Bat'uk, pseudonym of M. 
 Thicbland, war correspondent of the 
 Pall-Mall Gazette, in 1870. 
 
 Aza'zel, one of the ginn or jinn, all of 
 whom were made of "smokeless fire," 
 that is, the fire of the Simoom. These 
 jinn inhabited the earth before man was 
 created, but on account of their persistent 
 disobedience were driven from it by an 
 army of angels. When Adam was 
 created, and God commanded all to wor- 
 ship him, Azazel insolently made answer, 
 " Me hast Thou created of tire, and him of 
 earth; why should I worship him?" 
 Whereupon God changed the jinnee into 
 a devil, and called him Iblis or Despair. 
 In hell he was made the standard-bearer 
 of Satan's host. 
 
 Upreared 
 His mighty standard ; that proud honour claimed 
 Azazel as bis rUht. 
 
 Milton. Paradise Lott, i. 534 (1665). 
 
 Az'la, a suttee, the young widow of 
 Ar'valan, son of Keha'ma. — Southey, 
 Curse of Kehama, i. 10 (1809). 
 
 Az'o, husband of Parisi'na. He was 
 marquis d'Este, of Ferrara, and had 
 already a natural son, Hugo, by Bianca, 
 who, " never made his bride," died of 
 a broken heart. Hugo was betrothed 
 to Parisina before she married the mar- 
 quis, and after she became his mother- 
 in-law, they loved on still. One night 
 A/.o heard Parisina in sleep express her 
 love for Hugo, and the angry marquis 
 condemned his son to death. Although 
 he spared his bride, no one ever knew 
 what became of her. — Byron, Parisi?ia. 
 
 Az'rae] [3 syl.), the angel of death 
 (called Raphael in the Gospel of Barna- 
 bas). — Al Koran. 
 
 Az'tecas, an Indian tribe, which con- 
 quered the Hoamen (2 syl.), seized their 
 territory, and established themselves on 
 a southern branch of the Missouri, having 
 Az'tlan as their imperial city. When 
 Madoc conquered the Aztecas in the 
 twelfth century, he restored the Hoa- 
 men, and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico. 
 — Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 Az'tlan, the imperial city of the 
 Az'tecas, on a southern branch of the 
 Missouri. It belonged to the Hoamen '"> 
 syl.), but this tribe being conquered by 
 the Aztecas, the city followed tiie late of 
 war. When Madoc led his colony to 
 North America, he took the part of the 
 Hoamen, and, conquering the Aztecas, 
 restored the city and all the territory 
 pertaining thereto to the queen EriU'yab, 
 and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico. The 
 city Aztlan is described as "full of 
 palaces, gardens, groves, and houses " (in 
 the twelfth centurv). — Southey, Madoc 
 (1805). 
 
 Azuce'na, a gipsy. Manri'co is sup- 
 posed to be her son, but is in reality the 
 son of Gar/.ia (brother of the coote di 
 Luna). — Yerdi, II Trovato're (1853). 
 
 Azyoru'ca (4 syl.), queen of the snakes 
 and dragons. She resides in Patala, or the 
 infernal regions. — lluidu Mythology. 
 
 There Azyoruca veiled her awful form 
 In those eternal shadows. There she sat. 
 And as the trembling souls who crowd around 
 The judgment seat received the doom of fate, 
 Her giant arms, extending from the cloud, 
 Drew them within the darkness. 
 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, xxiii. 15 (1809). 
 
 B. 
 
 Baal, plu. Baalim, a general name 
 for all the Syrian gods, as Ash'taroth was 
 for the goddesses. The general version 
 of the legend of Baal is the same as that 
 of Adonis, Thammuz, Osiris, and the 
 Arabian myth of El Khouder. AH alle- 
 gorize the Sun, six months above and six 
 months below the equator. As a title of 
 honour, the word Baal, Bal, Bel, etc., 
 enters into a lanre number of Phoenician 
 
BAALBEC OF IRELAND. 
 
 69 
 
 BACCHUS. 
 
 and Carthaginian proper names, as Hanni- 
 bal, Hasdru-bal, Bel-shazzar, etc. 
 
 . . . [the] general names 
 Of Baalim and Ashtaroth : those male ; 
 These female. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 422 (1665). 
 
 Baalbec of Ireland, Kilmallock 
 in Limerick, noted for its ruins. 
 
 Bab (Lady), a waiting maid on a lady 
 so called, who assumes the airs with the 
 name and address of her mistress. Her 
 fellow-servants and other servants address 
 her as " lady Bab," ,or" Your ladj-ship." 
 She is a fine wench, "but by no means 
 particular in keeping her teeth clean." 
 She says she never reads but one " book, 
 which is Shikspur." And she calls 
 Lovel and Freeman, two gentlemen of 
 fortune, " downright hottenpots." — Rev. 
 J. Townley, Lligh Life Below Stai?~s (1763). 
 
 Ba'ba, chief of the eunuchs in the 
 court of the sultana Gulbey'az. — Byron, 
 Don Juan, v. 28, etc. (1820). 
 
 Baba (Ali), who relates the story of the 
 " Forty Thieves " in the Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments. He discovered the 
 thieves' cave while hiding in a tree, and 
 heard the magic word " Ses'ame," at 
 which the door of the cave opened and 
 shut. 
 
 Cassim Baba, brother of Ali Baba, who 
 entered the cave of the forty thieves, but 
 forgot the pass-word, and stood crying 
 " Open Wheat ! " " Open Barley ! " to the 
 door, which obeyed no sound but " Open 
 Sesame ! " 
 
 Baba Mus'tapha, a cobbler who 
 sewed together the four pieces into which 
 Cassim's body had been cleft by the forty 
 thieves. When the thieves discovered 
 that the body had been taken away, they 
 sent one of the band into the city, to 
 ascertaiu who had died of late. The man 
 happened to enter the cobbler's stall, and 
 falling into a gossip heard about the body 
 which the cobbler had sewed together. 
 Mustapha pointed out to him the house 
 of Cassim Baba's widow, and the thief 
 marked it with a piece of white chalk. 
 Next day the cobbler pointed out the 
 house to another, who marked it with 
 red chalk. And the day following he 
 pointed it out to the captain of the band, 
 who instead of marking the door studied 
 the house till he felt sure of recognizing 
 it. —Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba or The 
 Forty Thieves"). 
 
 Bababalouk, chief of the black 
 -nu lis, whose dutv it was to wait on the 
 
 sultan, to guard the sultanas, and to 
 superintend the harem. — Habesci, State of 
 the Ottoman Empire, 155-6. 
 
 Ba'bel ("confusion' 1 ''). Thereisatown 
 in Abyssinia called Ilabesh, the Arabic 
 word for "confusion." This town is so 
 called from the great diversity of races 
 by which it is inhabited : Christians, 
 Jews, and Mohammedans, Ethiopians, 
 Arabians, Falashas (exiles), Gallas, and 
 Negroes, all consort together there. 
 
 Babes in the Wood, insurrec- 
 tionary hordes that infested the mountains 
 of Wicklow, and the woods of Ennis- 
 carthy towards the close of the eighteenth 
 century. (See Children in the Wood.) 
 
 Babie, old Alice Gray's servant-girl. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Babie'ca (3 syl.), the Cid's horse. 
 
 I learnt to prize Babieca from his head unto his hoof. 
 The Cid (1128). 
 
 Baboon (Philip), Philippe Bourbon, 
 due d'Anjou. 
 
 Lewis Baboon, Louis XIV., " a false 
 loon of a grandfather to Philip, and one 
 that might justly be called a Jack-of- 
 all-trades." 
 
 Sometimes yon would see this Lewis Baboon behind his 
 counter, selling broad-cloth, sometimes measuring-linen ; 
 next day he would be dealing in mercery-ware ; high 
 heads, ribbons, gloves, fans, and lace, he understood to a 
 nicety . . . nay, he would descend to the selling of tapef, 
 garters, and shoebuckles. When shop was shut up ho 
 would go about the neighbourhood, and earn half-a-crown, 
 by teaching the young men and maidens to dance. By 
 these means he had acquired immense riches, which he 
 used to squander away at back-sword [in war}, quarter- 
 staff, and cudgel-play, in which he took great pleasure. — 
 Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John Bull, ii. (1712). 
 
 Bab'ylon. Cairo in Egypt was so 
 called by the crusaders. Rome was so 
 called by the puritans ; and London was, 
 and still is so called by some, on account 
 of its wealth, luxury, and dissipation. — ■ 
 The reference is to Rev. xvii. and xviii. 
 
 Babylonian Wall. The foundress 
 of this wall (two hundred cubits high, 
 and fifty thick), was Semiramis, mythic 
 foundress of the Assyrian empire. She 
 was the daughter of the fish-goddess 
 Der'ceto of Ascalon, and a Syrian youth. 
 
 Our statues . . . she 
 
 The foundress of the Babylonian wall. 
 
 Tennyson, The Prinecss, ii. 
 
 Bacchan'tes (3 syl.), priestesses of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Round about him \ Bacchus] fair Bacchantes, 
 Bearing cymbals, flutes, anil thyrses, 
 
 Wild from Naxian groves, or Zante's 
 Vineyards, siug delirious verses. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Sonff. 
 
 Bacchus, in the Lusiad, an epic 
 
BACnARACH. 
 
 70 
 
 BADKOULBOU.DOUR. 
 
 poem by Camoens (1569), is the personi- 
 fication of the evil principle which acts in 
 opposition to Jupiter, the lord of Destiny. 
 Mars is made by the poet the guardian 
 power of Christianity, and Bacchus cf 
 Mohammedanism. 
 
 Baeharach., a red wine, so called 
 from a town of the same name in the 
 Lower Palatinate. Pope Pius II. used to 
 import a tun of it to Rome yearly, and 
 Nuremberg obtained its freedom at the 
 price of four casks of it a-year. The 
 word Baeharach means " the altar of 
 Bacchus" (Bacchi ara), the altar referred 
 to being a rock in the bed of the river, 
 which indicated to the vine-growers what 
 sort of year they might expect. If the 
 head of the rock appeared above water 
 the season was a dry one, and a fine 
 vintage might be looked for ; if not it 
 was a wet season, and bad for the grapes. 
 
 . . that ancient town of Baeharach,— 
 The beautiful town that gives us wine. 
 With the fragrant odour of Muscadine. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 
 Backbite (Sir Benjamin), nepheAv of 
 Crab tree, very conceited, and very cen- 
 sorious. His friends called him a great 
 poet and wit, but he never published any- 
 thing, because "'twas very vulgar to 
 print;" besides, as he said, his little pro- 
 ductions circulated more " by giving 
 copies in confidence to friends." — Sheri- 
 dan, School for Scandal (1777). 
 
 When I first saw Miss Pope she was performing "Mrs. 
 Candour," to Miss Farren's "lady Teazle," King as "sir 
 Peter," Parsons "Crabtree," Dodd "Backbite," Baddeley 
 " Moses," Smith "Charles," and John Falmer "Joseph " 
 Surface]. — James Smith, Memoirs, etc 
 
 Bacon of Theology, bishop But- 
 ler, author of The Analogy of Religion, 
 Natural and Revealed, etc. (1692-1752). 
 
 Bacrack, a red German wine. (See 
 Baciiaracii.) 
 
 Bactrian Sage (The), Zoroas'ter 
 or Zerdusht, a native of Bactria, now 
 Balkh (B.C. 589-513). 
 
 Bade'bec (2 syl.), wife of Gargantua 
 
 and mother of Pan'tagruel'. She died in 
 giving him birth, or rather in giving 
 birth at the same time to 900 dromedaries 
 laden with ham and smoked tongues, 7 
 camels laden with eels, and 25 waggons 
 full of leeks, garlic, onions, and shal- 
 lots. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 2 (1533). 
 
 Badger (Will), sir Hugh Robsart's 
 favourite domestic. — Sir W. Scctt, Kenil- 
 worth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bad'ger (Mr. Bayham), medical prac- 
 
 titioner at Chelsea, under whom Richard 
 Carstone pursues his studies. Mr. Badger 
 is a crisp-looking gentleman, with "sur- 
 prised eyes ; " very proud of being Mrs. 
 Badger's " third," and always referring 
 to her former two husbands, captain 
 Swosser and professor Dingo. — C. 
 Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 
 
 Badinguet [Bad'.en.gay], one of the 
 many nicknames of Napoleon III. It 
 was the name of the mason in whose 
 clothes he escaped from the fortress of 
 Ham (1'808, 1851-1873). 
 
 Ba'don, Bath. The twelfth great vic- 
 tory of Arthur over the Saxons was at 
 Badon Hill (Bannerdown). 
 
 They sang how he himself Iking A rthur] at Badon bore 
 
 that day, 
 When at the glorious goal his British sceptre lay. 
 Two days together how the battle strongly stood ; 
 Pendragon's worthy son [king Arthur] . . . 
 Three hundred Saxons slew with his own valiant hand. 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (161:;). 
 
 Badou'ra, daughter of Gaiour (2 
 syl.) king of China, the " most beautiful 
 woman ever seen upon earth." The em- 
 peror Gaiour wished her to marry, but 
 she expressed an aversion to wedlock. 
 However, one night by fairy influence she 
 was shown prince Camaral'zaman asleep, 
 fell in love with him, and exchanged 
 rings. Next day she inquired for the 
 prince, but her inquiry was thought so 
 absurd that she was confined as a mad 
 woman. At length her foster-brother 
 solved the difficulty thus : The emperor 
 having proclaimed that whoever cured 
 the princess of her [supposed] madness 
 should have her for Lis wife, he sent 
 Camaralzaman to play the magician, and 
 imparted the secret to the princess by 
 sending her the ring she had left with 
 the sleeping prince. The cure was 
 instantly effected, and the marriage 
 solemnized with due pomp. When the 
 emperor was informed that his son- 
 in-law was a prince, whose father was 
 sultan of the " Island of the Children of 
 Khal'edan, some twenty days' sail from 
 the coast of Persia," he was delighted 
 with the alliance. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Camaralzaman and Badoura "). 
 
 Badroul'boudour, daughter of tne 
 sultan of China, a beautiful brunette. 
 " Her eyes were large and sparkling, 
 her expression modest, her mouth small, 
 her lips vermilion, and her figure per- 
 fect." She became the wife of Aladdin, 
 but twice nearly caused his death : once 
 by exchanging "the wonderful lamp" 
 for a new copper one, and once by giving 
 
B.ETICA. 
 
 71 
 
 BAILLIF. 
 
 hospitality to the false Fatima. Aladdin 
 killed both these magicians. — Arabian 
 Nights ("Aladdin or The Wonderful 
 Lamp "). 
 
 Bae'tica or Baetic Vale, Granada 
 And Andalusia, or Spain in general. So 
 called from the river Bastis or Guadal- 
 quiver. 
 
 While o'er the Bsetic vale 
 Or thro' the towers of Memphis [Egypt], or the palms 
 By sacred Ganges watered, I conduct 
 The English merchant. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the tfaiads. 
 
 Bagdad. A hermit told the caliph 
 Almanzor that one Moclas was destined 
 to found a city on the spot where he was 
 standing. "I am that man," said the 
 caliph, and he then informed the hermit 
 how in his boyhood he once stole a 
 bracelet, and his nurse ever after called 
 him "Moclas," the name of a well-known 
 thief. — Marigny . 
 
 Bagshot, one of a gang of thieves 
 who conspire to break into the house of 
 lady Bountiful. — Farquhar, The Bea>ix' 
 Stratagem (1705). 
 
 Bagstock (Major Joe), an apo- 
 plectic retired military officer, living in 
 Princess's Place, opposite to Miss Tox. 
 The major had a covert kindness for Miss 
 Tox, and was jealous of Mr. Dombey. 
 He speaks of himself as " Old Joe Bag- 
 stock," "Old Joey," "Old J.," "Old 
 Josh," "Rough and tough Old Jo," "J. 
 B.," " Old J. B.," and so on. He is also 
 given to over-eating, and to abusing his 
 poor native servant.— C. Dickens, Dombey 
 and Son (1846). 
 
 Bah'adar, master of the horse to 
 the king of the Magi. Prince Am'giad 
 was enticed by a collet to enter the 
 minister's house, and when Bahadar re- 
 turned, he was not a little surprised at the 
 sight of his uninvited guest. The prince, 
 however, explained to him in private how 
 the matter stood, and Bahadar, entering 
 into the fun of the thing, assumed for the 
 nonce the place of a slave. The collet 
 would have murdered him, but Amgiad, 
 to save the minister, cut off her head. 
 Bahadar, being arrested for murder, was 
 condemned to death, but Amgiad came 
 forward and told the whole truth, where- 
 upon Bahadar was instantly released, and 
 Amgiad created vizier. — Arabian Nights 
 ("Amgiad and Assad"). 
 
 Bahman (Prince), eldest son of the 
 sultan Khrossou-Bchah of Persia. In 
 
 infancy he was taken from the palace by 
 the sultana's sisters, and set adrift on a 
 canal, but being rescued by the superin- 
 tendent of the sultan's gardens, he was 
 brought up, and afterwards restored to 
 the sultan. It was the "talking bird" 
 that told the sultan the tale of the young 
 prince's abduction. 
 
 Prince Bahrnan's Knife. When prince 
 Bahman started on his exploits, he gave 
 to his sister Parazade (4 syl.) a knife, 
 saying, " As long as you find this knife 
 clean and bright, j t ou may feel assured 
 that I am alive and well ; but if a drop 
 of blood falls from it, you may knoAv that 
 I am no longer alive." — Arabian Nights 
 (" The Two Sisters," the last tale). 
 
 Bailey, a sharp lad in the service of 
 Todger's boarding-house. His ambition 
 was to appear quite a full-grown man. 
 On leaving Mrs. Todger's, he became the 
 servant of Montague Tigg, manager of 
 the "Anglo-Bengalee Company." — C. 
 Dickens, Mai-tin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Bailio (General), a parliamentary 
 leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
 rose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Bailie (Giles), a gipsj 7 ; father of Ga- 
 brael Faa (nephew to Meg Merrilies). — 
 Sir W. Scott, Gay Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Bailiff's Daughter of Isling- 
 ton (in Norfolk). A squire's son loved 
 the bailiff's daughter, but she gave him 
 no encouragement, and his friends sent 
 him to London "an apprentice for to 
 binde.'' After the lapse of seven years, 
 the bailiff's daughter, " in ragged attire," 
 set out to walk to London, " her true love 
 to inquire." The young man on horse- 
 back met her, but knew her not. " One 
 penny, one penny, kind sir ! " she said. 
 "Where were you born?" asked the 
 young man. " At Islington," she replied. 
 " Then prithee, sweetheart, do you know 
 the bailiff's daughter there?" "She's 
 dead, sir, long ago." On hearing this the 
 young man declared he'd live an exile in 
 some foreign land. " Stay, oh stay, 
 thou goodly youth," the maiden cried, 
 " she is nr>t really dead, for I am she." 
 " Then farewell grief and welcome joy, 
 for I have found my true love, whom [ 
 feared I should never see again." — Percy, 
 Relics of English Poetry, ii. 8. 
 
 Baillif (Herry), mine host in the 
 Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer (1388). 
 When the poet begins the second fit yt 
 
BAILZOU. 
 
 72 
 
 BALANCE. 
 
 the "Rime of Sir Thopas," mine host 
 exclaims : 
 
 No mor of this for Godd£s dignitie ! 
 For thou makest me so wery . . . that 
 Mine eeres aken for thy nasty speeche. 
 
 v. 15, 327. etc. (1388). 
 
 Bailzou (Ann'aplc), the nurse of 
 Efiie Deans in her confinement. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Baiser-Lamourette (see Lamour- 
 ette's Kiss), a short-lived reconciliation. 
 
 II y avait (20 juin, 1792), scission entre les memhres de 
 l'Assenihlee. Lamourette les exhorta a se reconcilier. Per- 
 suades par son discours, ils s'embrasscrent les uns les 
 autres. Mais cette reconciliation ne dura pas deux 
 jor.rs ; et elle fut bient&t ridiculise sous le noin de liaiscr- 
 Lamourette— Bouillet, Diet. d'Hist., etc 
 
 Bajar'do, Rinaldo's steed. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Baj'azet, surnamed "The Thunder- 
 bolt " (ilderim), sultan of Turkey. 
 After subjugating Bulgaria, Macedonia, 
 Thessaly, and Asia Minor, he laid siege 
 to Constantinople, but was taken captive 
 by Tamerlane emperor of Tartan', lie 
 was tierce as a wolf, reckless, and in- 
 domitable. Being asked by Tamerlane 
 how he would have treated him had their 
 lots been reversed, " Like a dog," he 
 cried. " I would have made you my 
 footstool when I mounted my saddle, 
 and when your services were not needed 
 would have chained you in a cage like 
 a wild beast." Tamerlane replied, "Then 
 to show you the difference of my spirit, 
 I shall treat you as a king." So saying, 
 he ordered his chains to be struck oif', 
 gave him one of the royal tents, and 
 promised to restore him to his throne if 
 he would lay aside his hostility. Bajazet 
 abused this noble generosity ; plotted the 
 assassination of Tamerlane ; and bow- 
 stning Mone'ses. Finding clemency of 
 no use, Tamerlane commanded him to 
 be used "as a dog, and to be chained 
 in a cage like a wild beast." — N. Eowe, 
 Tavicrlane (a tragedy, 1702j. 
 
 *** This was one of the favourite parts 
 of Spranger Barry (1719-1777) and J. 
 Ke nble (1757-1823). 
 
 Bajazet, a black page at St. James's 
 Palace. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Beak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Bajura, Mahomet's standard. 
 
 Baker (The), and the "Baker's Wife." 
 Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette were 
 so called by the revolutionary party, 
 because on the 6th October, 1789, they 
 ordered a supply of bread to be given to 
 
 the mob which surrounded the palace at 
 Versailles, clamouring for bread. 
 
 Balaam (2 syl.), the earl of Hunt- 
 ingdon, one of the rebels in the army of 
 the duke of Monmouth. 
 
 And therefore, in the name of dulness, be 
 The well-huiif; Balaam. 
 
 Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel. 
 
 Ba'laam, a "citizen of sober fame," 
 who lived near the monument of London. 
 While poor he was " religious, punctual, 
 and frugal ; " but when he became rich 
 and got knighted, he seldom went to 
 church, became a courtier, " took a bribe 
 from France," and was hung for treason. 
 — Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 
 
 Balaam and Josapliat, a religious 
 novel by Johannes Damascenus, son of 
 Almansur. (For plot, see Josaphat.) 
 
 Balack, Dr. Burnet, bishop of Salis- 
 bury, who wrote a history called Burnet's 
 Own Tune, and History of the Reforma- 
 tion. — Dryden and Tate, Absalom and 
 Achitophel, ii. 
 
 Balacla'va, a corruption of bella 
 chiare ("beautiful port"), so called by 
 the Genoese, who raised the fortress, some 
 portions of which stillexist. (SeeCiiAKGE.) 
 
 Balafre {Lc), alias Ludovic Lesly, an 
 old archer of the Scottish Guard at Flcssis 
 les Tours, one of the castle palaces of 
 Louis XI. Le Balafre' is uncle to Quen- 
 tin Durward. — Sir W. Scott, Qucntin 
 Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 V* Henri, son of Francois second 
 duke of Guise, was called Be Balafre' 
 (" the gashed "), from a frightful scar in 
 the face from a sword-cut in the battle of 
 Dormans (1575). 
 
 Balam', the ox on which the faithful 
 feed in paradise. The fish is called Nun, 
 the lobes of whose liver will suffice for 
 70,000 men. 
 
 Balan', brother of Balyn or Balin le 
 Savage, two of the most valiant knights 
 that the world ever produced. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 31 
 (1470). 
 
 Balan, "the bravest and strongest of 
 all the giant race." Am'adis de Gaul 
 rescued Gabrioletta from his hands. — 
 Vasco de Lobeira, Amadis de Gaul, iv. 
 129 (fourteenth century). 
 
 Balance {Justice), father of Sylvia. 
 He had once been in the army, and as he 
 had run the gauntlet himself, he could 
 make excuses for the wild pranks of 
 
BALAND OF SPAIN. 
 
 73 
 
 BALIN. 
 
 young men. — G. Farquhar, The Recruiting 
 Officer (1704). 
 
 Ba'land of Spain, a man of gigantic 
 strength, who called himself "Fierabras." 
 — Mediaeval Romance. 
 
 Balchris'tie {Jenny), housekeeper to 
 the laird of Dumbiedikes.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Balclu'tha, a town belonging to the 
 Britons on the river Clyde. It fell into 
 the hands of Comhal (Fingal's father), 
 and was burnt to the ground. 
 
 " I have seen the walls of Balclutha," said Fingal, " but 
 they were desolate. T lie fire had resounded in the halls, 
 and the voice of the people is heard no more. The ihistle 
 shook there its lonely head, the moss whistled in the 
 wind, and the fox looked out from the windows."— Ossian, 
 Carthon. 
 
 Baldassa're (4 syl.), chief of the 
 monastery of St. Jacopo di Compostella. 
 — Donizetti's opera, La Favorite (1842). 
 
 Bal'der, the god of light, peace, and 
 day, was the young and beautiful son of 
 Odin and Frigga. His palace, Briedab- 
 lik (" wide-shining"), stood in the Milky 
 Way. He was slain by Hoder, the blind 
 old god of darkness and night, but was 
 restored to life at the general request of 
 the gods. — Scandinaviafi Mythology. 
 
 Balder the beautiful 
 God of the summer sun. 
 
 Longfellow, TegiUer't Death. 
 
 (Sydney Dobell has a poem entitled 
 Balder, published in 1854.) 
 
 Bal'derston {Caleb), the favourite 
 old butler of the master of Ravenswood, 
 at Wolf's Crag Tower. Being told to 
 provide supper for the laird of Bucklaw, 
 he pretended that there were fat capon 
 and good store in plenty, but all he could 
 produce was " the hinder end of a 
 mutton ham that had been three times 
 on the table already, and the heel of a 
 ewe-milk kebbuck [cheese} " (ch. vii.). — 
 Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Baldrick, an ancestor of the lady 
 Eveline Berenger "the betrothed." He 
 was murdered, and lady Eveline assured 
 Rose Flam mock that she had seen his 
 ghost frowning at her. — Sir W.- Scott, 
 The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Bal'dringham {T/ie lady Ermen- 
 
 ?arde of), great-aunt of lady Eveline 
 ierenger "the betrothed." — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Baldwin, the youngest and comeliest 
 of Charlemagne's paladins, nephew of sir 
 Roland. 
 
 Baldwin, the restless and ambitious 
 duke of Boloigna, leader of 1200 horse 
 in the allied Christian armj r . He was 
 Godfrey's brother, and very like him, but 
 not so tall. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered 
 (1575). 
 
 *** He is introduced by sir Waiter 
 Scott in Count Robert of Paris. 
 
 Baldwin. So the Ass is called in the 
 beast-epic entitled Reynard the Fox (the 
 word means " bold friend "). In pt. iii. he 
 is called " Dr. " Baldwin (1498). 
 
 Bald' win, tutor of Rollo ("the bloody 
 brother ") and Otto, dukes of Normandy, 
 and sons of Sophia. Baldwin was put to 
 death by Rollo, because Hamond slew 
 Gisbcrt the chancellor with an axe and 
 not with a sword. Rollo said that 
 Baldwin deserved death "for teaching 
 Hamond no better." — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Bloody Brother (1639). 
 
 Baldwin {Count), a fatal example of 
 paternal self-will. He doted on his elder 
 son Biron, but because he married against 
 his inclination, disinherited him, and 
 fixed all his love on Carlos his younger son. 
 Biron fell at the siege of Candy, and was 
 suppoeed to be dead. His wife Isabella 
 mourned for him seven years, and 
 being on the point of starvation, applied 
 to the count for aid, but he d e her 
 from his house as a dog. Villeroy (2 syl.) 
 married her, but Biron returned' the 
 following day. Carlos, hearing of his 
 brother's return, employed ruffians to 
 murder him, and then charged Villeroy 
 with the crime ; but one of the ruffians 
 impeached, Carlos was arrested, and 
 Isabella, going mad, killed herself. Thus 
 was the wilfulness of Baldwin the source 
 of infinite misery. It caused the death of 
 his two sons, as well as of his daughter- 
 in-law. — Thomas Southern, The Fatal 
 Marriage (1692). 
 
 Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury 
 (1184-1190), introduced by sir W. Scott 
 in his novel called The Betrothed (time, 
 Henry II.). 
 
 Baldwin de O^ley, esquire of sir 
 Brian de Bois Guilbert (Preceptor of the 
 Knights Templars). — Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoc (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Balin {Sir), or " Balin le Savage," 
 knight of the two swords. He was a 
 Northumberland knight, and being taken 
 captive, was imprisoned six months by 
 king Arthur. It so happened that a 
 damsel ffirded with a sword came to 
 
BALINVERNO. 
 
 74 
 
 BALRUDDERY. 
 
 Camelot at the time of sir Balin's release, 
 and told the king that no man could 
 draw it "who was tainted with " shame, 
 treachery, or guile." King Arthur and 
 all his knights failed in the attempt, hut 
 sir Balin drew it readily. The damsel 
 begged him for the sword, but be refused 
 to give it to any one. "Whereupon the 
 damsel said to him, " That sword shall 
 be thy plague, for with it shall ye slay 
 youf best friend, and it shall also prove 
 youi own death." Then the Lady of the 
 Laktt came to the king, and demanded the 
 swoi d, but sir Balin cut off her head with 
 it, and was banished from the court. 
 After various adventures he came to a 
 castle where the custom was for every 
 guest to joust. He was accommodated 
 with a shield, and rode forth to meet his 
 antagonist. So fierce was the encounter 
 that both the combatants were slain, but 
 Balin lived just long enough to learn that 
 his antagonist was his dearly beloved 
 brother Balan, and both, were buried in 
 one tomb. — Sir T. Malorv, History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 27-44 (1470). 
 
 *** "The Book of Sir Balin le Sa- 
 vage " is part i. ch. 27 to 44 (both in- 
 clusive) of sir T. Malory's History of 
 Prince Arthur. 
 
 Balinverno, one of the leaders in 
 Agram ant's allied army. — Ariosto, Or- 
 lando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Ba'liol (Edward), usurper of Scotland, 
 introduced in Redgauntlet, a novel by sir 
 VV. Scott (time, George II.). 
 
 Ba'liol (Mrs.), friend of Mr. Croftangry, 
 in the introductory chapter of The Fair 
 Maid of Perth, a novel by sir W. Scott 
 (time, "Henry IV.). 
 
 Ba'liol (Mrs. Martha Bethune), a lady 
 of quality and fortune, who had a house 
 called Baliol Lodging, Canongate, Edin- 
 burgh. At death she left to her cousin 
 Mr. Croftanery two series of tales called 
 The Chronicles of Canongate (q.v.), which 
 he published.— Sir W. Scott, The High- 
 land Widow (introduction, 1827). 
 
 Baliol College,Oxf ord, was founded 
 (in 1263) by John de Baliol, knight, father 
 of Baliol king of Scotland. 
 
 Balisar'da, a sword made in the 
 garden of Orgagna by the sorceress Fal- 
 cri'ua; it would cut through even en- 
 chanted substances, and was given to 
 Roge'ro for the express purpose of " deal- 
 
 ing Orlando's death." — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso, xxv. 15 (1516). 
 
 He knew with Balisarda's lightest blows. 
 Nor helm, nor suield, nor cuirass toiild avail, 
 Nor strongly tempered plate, nor twist*d mail. 
 
 Book xxliL 
 
 Baliverso, the basest knight in the 
 Saracen army. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Balk or Balkh (" to embrace"), Omurs, 
 surnamed Ghil-Shah ("earth's king"), 
 founder of the Paishdadian dynasty. He 
 travelled abroad to make himself familiar 
 with the laws and customs of other lands. 
 On his return he met his brother, and 
 built on the spot of meeting a city, which 
 he called Balk; and made it the capital 
 of his kingdom. 
 
 Z3alkis, the Arabian name of the 
 queen of Sheba, who went from the South 
 to witness the wisdom and splendour of 
 Solomon. According to the Koran she 
 was a fire-worshipper. It is said that 
 Solomon raised her to his bed and throne. 
 She is also called queen of Saba or Aaziz. 
 — Al Koran, xxvi. (Sale's notes). 
 
 She fancied herself already more potent than Balkis, 
 and pictured to her imagination the genii falling pros- 
 trate at the toot of her throne.— W. Beckford, rathek. 
 
 Balkis queen of Sheba or Saba. Solom on 
 being told that her legs were covered 
 with hair " like those of an ass," had the 
 presence-chamber floored with glass laid 
 over running water filled with fish. 
 When Balkis approached the room, 
 supposing the floor to be water, she 
 lifted up her robes and exposed her hairy 
 ankles, of which the king had been rightly 
 informed. — Jallalo 'dinn. 
 
 Ballenkeiroch. (Old), a Highland 
 chief and old friend of Fergus M'lvor.— 
 Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Balmiing", the sword of Siegfried, 
 forged by Wieland the smith of the 
 Scandinavian gods. In a trial of merit, 
 Wieland cleft Amilias (a brother smith) 
 to the waist ; but so fine was the cut that 
 Amilias was not even conscious of it till 
 he attempted to move, when he fell 
 asunder into two pieces. — Niebelungcn 
 Lied. 
 
 Balni-Barbi, the land of projectors, 
 visited bv Gulliver. — Swift, Gulliver's 
 Travels (1726). 
 
 Ba'irud'dery (The laird of), a re- 
 lation of Godfrey Bertram, laird of 
 Ellangowan.— Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
 nering (time, George II.). 
 
BALSAM OF FIERABRAS. 
 
 BANASTAR. 
 
 Balsam of Fierabras. " This 
 famous balsam," said don Quixote, " only 
 costs throe rials [about sixpence] for three 
 quarts." It was the balsam with which 
 the body of Christ was embalmed, and was 
 stolen by sir Fierabras [Fc.a'.ra.brah']. 
 Such was its virtue, that one single drop 
 of it taken internally would instantly 
 heal the most ghastly wound. 
 
 "It is a balsam of. balsams; it not only heals all wounds, 
 but even defies death itself. If thou should'st see my 
 body cut in two, friend Sancho, by some unlucky back- 
 stroke, vou mu?t carefully pick up that half of me which 
 falls on the ground, and clap it upon the other half before 
 the blood congeals, then give me a draught of the balsam 
 of Fierabras, and you will presently see me as sound as 
 an orange." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. ii. 2 (1605). 
 
 Balthazar, a merchant, in Shake- 
 speare's Comedy of Errors (1593). 
 
 Baltha'zar, a name assumed by Portia, 
 in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice 
 (1598). 
 
 Baltha'zar, servant to Romeo, in 
 Shakespeare's Roinco and Juliet (1597). 
 
 Baltha'zar, servant U- don Pedro, in 
 Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing 
 (1G00). 
 
 Baltha'zar, one of the three "kings" 
 shown in Cologne Cathedral as one of the 
 " Magi " led to Bethlehem by the guiding 
 star. The word means "lord of treasures." 
 The names of the other two are Melchior 
 ("king of light"), and Gaspar or Caspar 
 ("the white one"). Klopstock, in The 
 Messiah, makes six " Wise Men," and 
 none of the names arc like these three. 
 
 Balthazar, father of Juliana, Yo- 
 lante, and Zam'ora. A proud, peppery, 
 and wealthy gentleman. His daughter 
 Juliana marries the duke of Aranza ; his 
 second daughter the count Montalban ; 
 and Zamora marries signor Rinaldo. — 
 J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 
 
 Bailie (Cardinal), in the court of 
 Louis XL of France (1420-1491), intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott in Queniin Bur- 
 ward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Balugantes (4 syl.), leader of the 
 men from Leon, in Spain, and in alliance 
 with Agramant. — Ariosto. Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Balveny {Lord), kinsman of the earl 
 of Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Balwbidder [BaV. wither], a Scotch 
 presbyterian pastor, filled with all the 
 old-fashioned national prejudices, but 
 sincere, kind-hearted, and pious. He is 
 garrulous and loves his joke, but is quite 
 
 ignorant of the world, being "in it but 
 not of it." — Gait, Annals of the Parish 
 (1821). 
 
 The Rev. Micnh Balwhidder is a fine representation ol 
 the primitive Scottish pastor; diligent, blameless, loyal, 
 and exemplar; in his life, but without the fiery zeal and 
 "kirk-filling eloquence" of the supporters of the Cove- 
 nant — R. Chambers, English Literature, ii. 591. 
 
 Baly, one of the ancient and gigantic 
 kings of India, who founded the city 
 called by his name. He redressed 
 wrongs, upheld justice, was generous and 
 truthful, compassionate and charitable, 
 so that at death he became one of the 
 judges of hell. His city in time got 
 overwhelmed with the encroaching ocean, 
 but its walls were not overthrown, nor 
 were the rooms encumbered with the 
 weeds and alluvial of the sea. One day 
 a dwarf , named Yamen, asked the mighty 
 monarch to allow him to measure three 
 of his own paces for a hut to dwell in. 
 Baly smiled, and bade him measure out 
 what he required. The first pace of the 
 dwarf compassed the whole earth, the 
 second the Avhole heavens, and the third 
 the infernal regions. Baly at once per- 
 ceived that the dwarf was Vishnu, and 
 adored the present deity. Vishnu made 
 the king " Governor of Pad'alon " or 
 hell, and permitted him once a year to 
 revisit the earth, on the first full moon of 
 November. 
 
 Baly built 
 A city, like the cities oi the gods, 
 Being like a god himself. For many an age 
 Hath ocean warred against his palaces. 
 Till overwhelmed they lie beneath the waves, 
 Not overthrown 
 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, xv. 1 (1809). 
 
 Bail, king, of Benwick [Brittany'], 
 father of sir Launcelot, and brother of 
 Bors king of Gaul. This " shadowy king 
 of a still more shadowy kingdom " came 
 over with his royal brother to the aid of 
 Arthur, when, at the beginning of his 
 reign, the eleven kings leagued against 
 him (pt. i. 8). 
 
 Yonder I see the most valiant knight of the world, and 
 the man of most renown, for such two brethren as are king 
 Ban and king Bors are not living.— Sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, i. 14 (1470) 
 
 Ban'agher, a town in Ireland, en the 
 Shannon (King's County). It formerly 
 sent two members to parliament, and was 
 a pocket borough. When a member 
 spoke of a rotten borough, he could de- 
 vise no stronger expression than Tlml 
 beats Banayher, which passed into a 
 household phrase. 
 
 Banastar (Ilumfrcy), brought up by 
 Henry duke of Buckingham, and ad- 
 vanced by him to honour and wealth. 
 
BANBERG. 
 
 75 
 
 BAPTISTA. 
 
 lie professed to love the duke as his 
 dearest, friend; but when Richard III. 
 offered £1000 reward to any one who 
 would deliver up the duke, Banastar 
 betrayed him to John Mitton, sheriff of 
 Shropshire, and he was conveyed to Salis- 
 bury, where he was beheaded. The ghost 
 of the duke prayed that Banastar's eldest 
 son, " reft of his wits might end his life 
 in a pigstye ; " that his second son might 
 "be drowned in a dyke" containing less 
 than "half a font of water;" that his 
 only daughter might be a leper ; and that 
 Banastar himself might " live in death 
 and die in life." — Thomas Sackville, A 
 Mirrour for Magistraytes ("The Com- 
 playnt," 1587;. 
 
 Banberg {The bishop of), introduced 
 inDonnerhugel's narrative. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Banbury Cheese. Bardolph calls 
 Slender a "Banbury cheese" {Merry 
 Wives of Windsor, act i. sc. 1) ; and in 
 Jack Drum's Entertainment we read 
 " You are like a Banbury cheese, nothing 
 but paring." The Banbury cheese 
 alluded to was a milk cheese, about an 
 inch in thickness. 
 
 Bandy - legged, Armand Gouffe' 
 (1775-1845), also called he panard da 
 dix-neuvieme siccle. He Avas one of the 
 founders of the " Caveau moderne." 
 
 Bane of the Land {Landschaden), 
 the name given to a German robber- 
 knight on account of his reckless depre- 
 dations on his neighbours' property. He 
 was placed under the ban of the empire 
 for his offences. 
 
 Bango'rian Controversy, a theo- 
 logical paper-war begun by Dr. lloadly, 
 bishop of Bangor, the best reply being by 
 Law. The subject of this controversy 
 was a sermon preached before George I., 
 on the text, " My kingdom is uot of this 
 world." 
 
 Banks, a farmer, the great terror of 
 old mother Sawyer, the witch of Edmon- 
 ton. — The Witch of Edmonton (by Row- 
 ley, Dekker, and Ford, 1G58). 
 
 Ban'natyne Club, a literary club 
 which takes its name from George. Ban- 
 natyne. It was instituted in 1823 by sir 
 Walter Scott, and had for its object the 
 publication of rare works illustrative of 
 Scottish history, poetry, and general 
 literature. The club was dissolved in 
 1859. 
 
 Bannockburn (in Stirling), famous 
 for the great battle between Bruce and 
 Edward II., in which the English army 
 was totally defeated, and the Scots re- 
 gained their freedom (June 24, 1314). 
 
 Departed spirits of the mighty dead ! . . . 
 Oil ! once again to Freedom's cause return 
 The patiiot Tell, the Bruce of Rmnockburn. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Banquo, a Scotch general of royal 
 extraction, in the time of Edward the 
 Confessor. He was murdered at the in- 
 stigation of king Macbeth, but his son 
 Fleance escaped, and from this I'leance 
 descended a race of kings who rilled the 
 throne of Scotland, ending with James I. 
 of England, in whom were united the 
 two crowns. The witches on the blasted 
 heath hailed Ban<|iio as — 
 
 (1) Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. 
 
 (2) Not so happy, yet much happier. 
 
 (3) Thou shalt got kings, though thou be none. 
 
 Shakespeare. Macbeth, act i. sc. A (1606). 
 
 (Historically no such person as Banquo 
 ever existed, and therefore Fleance was 
 not the ancestor of the house of Stuart.) 
 
 Ban'sliee, a tutelary female spirit. 
 Every chief family of Ireland has its 
 banshee, who is supposed to give it warn- 
 ing of approaching death or danger. 
 
 Bantam {Angelo Cyrus), grand-master 
 of the ceremonies at " Ba-ath," and a 
 very mighty personage in the opinion of 
 the elite of Bath. — C. Dickens, The Pick- 
 wick Papers (1836*). 
 
 Banting. Doing Banting means living 
 by regimen for the sake of reducing 
 superfluous fat. William Banting, by a 
 rigorous abstention from all food con- 
 taining starch and saccharine matter, 
 reduced his weight from 202 to 167 lbs., 
 and in 1862 he published a pamphlet 
 upon the subject. 
 
 Bap, a contraction of Pap' hornet, i.e. 
 Mahomet. An imaginary idol or symbol 
 which the Templars were accused of cm- 
 ploying in their mysterious religious 
 rites. It was a small human figure cut 
 in stone, with two heads, one male and 
 the other female, but all the rest of the 
 figure was female. Specimens still exist. 
 
 Bap'tes (2 syl.), priests of the god- 
 dess Cotytto, whose midnight orgies 
 were so obscene as to disgust even the 
 very goddess of obscenity. (Greek, bapto, 
 " to baptize," because these priests bathed 
 themselves in the most effeminate man- 
 ner.) 
 
 Baptis'ta, a rich gentleman of 
 Padua, father of Kathari'na w the shrew " 
 
BAPTISTI DAMIOTTI. 
 
 77 
 
 BARD OF AVON. 
 
 »nd Bianca. — Shakespeare, Taming of the 
 Shrew (1594). 
 
 BaptistiDamiotti, aPaduan quack, 
 who shows in the enchanted mirror a 
 picture representing the clandestine mar- 
 riage and infidelity of sir Philip Forester. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's Mirror 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Bar of G-old. A bar of gold above 
 the instep is a mark of sovereign rank in 
 the women of the families of the deys, 
 and is worn as a "crest" by their female 
 relatives. 
 
 Around, as princess of her father's land, 
 A like gold bar, above her instep rolled, 
 Announced her rank. 
 
 Byron, Hon Juan, iii. 72 (1820). 
 
 Bar'abas, the faithful servant cf 
 Ralph de Lascours, captain of the Uran'ia. 
 His favourite expression is " I am afraid ; " 
 but he always acts most bravely when he 
 is afraid. (See Baiira'bas.) — E. Stirling, 
 The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 
 
 Bar'adas (Count), the king's fa- 
 vourite, first gentleman of the chamber, 
 and one of the conspirators to dethrone 
 Louis XIII., kill Richelieu, and place the 
 due d'Orle'ans on the throne of France. 
 Baradas loved Julie, but Julie married the 
 chevalier Adrien de Mauprat. When 
 Richelieu fell into disgrace, the king 
 made count Baradas his chief minister, 
 but scarcely had he so done when a 
 despatch was put into his hand, reveal- 
 ing the conspiracy, and Richelieu ordered 
 'Jaradas' instant arrest. — Lord Lvtton, 
 Richelieu (1839). 
 
 Barak el Hadgi, the fakir', an 
 emissary from the court of Hyder Ali. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Barata'ria,the island-city over which 
 Sancho Pa»za was appointed governor. 
 The table was presided over by Dr. Pedro 
 Rezio de Ague'ro, who caused every dish 
 set before the governor to be whisked 
 away without being tasted, — some be- 
 cause they heated the blood, and others 
 because they chilled it, some for one evil 
 effect, and some for another, so that 
 Sancho was allowed to eat nothing. 
 
 Sancho then arrived at a town containing about a 
 thousand inhabitants. They gave him to understand 
 that it was called the Island of Barataria, either because 
 K-ir.-itaria was really the name ot the piace, or because he 
 obtained the government barato, i.e. " at u cheap rate." 
 On his arrival near the gates of the town, the municipal | 
 officers came out to receive him. Presently after, with 
 certain ridiculous ceremonies, they presented him with 
 the keys of the town, and constituted him perpetual 
 governor of the island of Barataria.— Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote II. iii. 7. etc. 11615) 
 
 Barbarossa (" red beard"), surname 
 of Frederick I. of Germany (1121-1190;. 
 It is said that he never died, but is still 
 sleeping in Kyffhiiuserberg in Thuringia. 
 There he sits at a stone table with his six 
 knights, waiting the "fulness of time," 
 when he will come from his cave to 
 rescue Germany from bondage, and give 
 her the foremost place of all the world. 
 His beard has already grown through the 
 table-slab, but must wind itself thrice 
 round the table before his second advent. 
 (See Mansuk, Chaulemagne, Akthuu, 
 Desmond, Sebastian I., to whom 
 similar legends are attached.) 
 
 Like Barbarossa, who sits in a cave. 
 Taciturn, sombre, sedate, and grave. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 
 Barbarossa, a tragedy by John Brown. 
 This is not Frederick Barbarossa, the 
 emperor of Germany (1121-1190), but 
 Horuc Barbarossa, the corsair ( 1475— 
 1519). He was a renegade Greek, of 
 Mitylene, who made himself master of 
 Algeria, which was for a time subject to 
 Turkey. He killed the Moorish king ; 
 tried to cut off Selim the son, but without 
 success ; and wanted to marry Zaphi'ra, 
 the king's widow, who rejected his suit 
 with scorn, and was kept in confinement 
 for seven years. Selim returned unex- 
 pectedly to Algiers, and a general rising 
 took place ; Barbarossa was slain by the 
 insurgents ; Zaphira was restored to the 
 throne ; and Selim her son married Irene 
 the daughter of Barbarossa (1742). 
 
 Bar'bary (St.), the patron saint of 
 arsenals. When her father was about to 
 strike off her head, she was killed by * 
 flash of lightning. 
 
 Bar'ban/ (Roan), the favourite horse of 
 Richard II. 
 
 Bolinghroke rode on roan Barbary, 
 That horse that thou so often hast bestrid ! 
 Shakespeare, Richard 11. act v. sc. 5 (1597). 
 
 BarHbason, the name of a demon 
 mentioned in The Merrg Wives of Wind- 
 sor, actii. sc. 2 (159(5). 
 
 I am not Barbason ; you cannot conjure me.— Shake- 
 speare, Henry V. act ii. sc. 1 (1599). 
 
 Barco'chebah, an antichrist. 
 
 Shared the fall of theantichrist Barcochebar. — Professor 
 Selwiu, Ecce Homo. 
 
 Bard of Avon, Shakespeare, born 
 and buried at Stratford-upon-Avon (1564- 
 1616). Also called the Bard of all 
 Times. 
 
 Bard of Ayrshire, Robert Burns, a 
 native of Ayrshire (1759-1796). 
 
 Bard of Hope, Thomas Campbell, author 
 of The Pleasures of Mope (1777-1844). 
 
BARDS. 
 
 BARKIS. 
 
 Bard of the Imagination, Mark Aken- 
 eide, author of The Pleasures of the Im- 
 agination (1721-1770). 
 
 Bard of Memory, S. Rogers, author of 
 The Pleasures of Memory (1762-1855). 
 
 Bard of Olney, W. Covvper [Coo'.pr], 
 who lived for many years at Olney, in 
 Bucks (1731-1800). 
 
 Bard of Prose, Boccaccio. 
 
 He of the hundred tales of love. 
 
 Byron, Childe Uarold, iv. 56 (1818). 
 
 Bard of Eydal Mount, William Words- 
 worth, who lived at Rydal Mount ; 
 also called " Poet of the Excursion," from 
 his principal poem (1770-1850). 
 
 Bard of Twickenham, Alexander Pope, 
 who lived at Twickenham (1G88-1744). 
 
 Bards. The ancient Gaels thought that 
 the soul of a dead hero could never be 
 happy till a bard had sung an elegy over 
 the deceased. Hence when Cairbar, the 
 usurper of the throne of Ireland, fell, 
 though he was a rebel, a murderer, and a 
 coward, his brother Cathmor could not 
 endure the thought of his soul being 
 unsung to rest. So he goes to Ossian and 
 gets him to send a bard " to give the soul 
 of the king to the wind, to open to it the 
 air}' hall, and to give joy to the darkened 
 ghost." — Ossian, Temora, ii. 
 
 Bardell (Mrs.), landlady of "apart- 
 ments for single gentlemen " in Goswell 
 Street. Here Mr. Pickwick lodged for a 
 time. She persuaded herself that he 
 would make her a good second husband, 
 and on one occasion was seen in his arms 
 by his three friends. Mrs. Bardell put 
 herself in the hands of Messrs. Dodson 
 and Fogg (two unprincipled lawyers), 
 who vamped up a case against Mr. Pick- 
 wick of " breach of promise," and obtained 
 a verdict against the defendant. Subse- 
 quently Messrs. Dodson and Fogg arrested 
 their own client, and lodged her in the 
 Fleet. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
 (1836). 
 
 Barde'sanist (4 syl.), a follower of 
 Barde'san, founder of a Gnostic sect in 
 the second century. 
 
 Bar'dolph, corporal of captain sir 
 John Falstaff, in 1 and 2 Henry IV. and 
 in The Merry Wives of Windsor. In 
 Henry V. he is promoted to lieutenant, 
 and Nym is corporal. Both are hanged. 
 Bardolph is a bravo, Dut great humorist; 
 he is a low-bred, drunken swaggerer, 
 wholly without principle, and always 
 poor. His red, pimply nose is an ever- 
 lasting joke with fair John and others. 
 
 Sir John in allusion thereto calls Bardolph 
 "The Knight of the Burning Lamp." 
 He says to him, " Thou art our admiral, 
 and bearest the lantern in the poop."' 
 Elsewhere he tells the corporal he had 
 saved him a " thousand marks in links 
 and torches, walking with him in the night 
 betwixt tavern and tavern." — Shake- 
 speare. 
 
 We are much of the mind of FalstafFs tailor. We 
 must have better assurance for sir John than Bardolph s. 
 — Macaulay. 
 
 (The reference is to 2 Henry IV. act i. 
 sc. 2. When Falstaff asks Page, " What 
 said Master Dumbleton about the satin 
 for my short cloak and slops?" Page 
 replies, " He said, sir, you should pro- 
 cure him better assurance than Bardolph. 
 He . . . liked not the security.") 
 
 Bardon [Hugh), the scout-master in 
 the troop of lieutenant Fitzurse. — Sir W. 
 Scott, luanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Bare re (2 syl.), an advocate of Tou- 
 louse, called " The Anacreon of th« 
 Guillotine." He was president of the Con- 
 vention, a member of the Constitutional 
 Committee, and chief agent in the con- 
 demnation to death of Louis XVI. As 
 member of the Committee of Public 
 Safety, he decreed that "Terror must be 
 the order of the day." In the first em- 
 pire Bare-re bore no public part, but at the 
 restoration he was banished from France, 
 and retired to Brussels (1755-1841). 
 
 The filthiest and most spiteful Yahoo of the fiction 
 was a noble creature compared with the Barere of his- 
 tory. — Lord Macaulay. 
 
 Bar'guest, a goblin armed with teeth 
 and claws. It would sometimes set up in 
 the streets a most fearful scream in the 
 "dead waste and middle of the night." 
 The faculty of seeing this monster was. 
 limited to a few, but those who possessed 
 it could by the touch communicate the 
 " gift " to others. — Fairy Mythology, 
 North of England. 
 
 Bar'gulus, an Illyrian robber or 
 
 pirate. 
 
 Baigulus, Illyrius latro, de quo est apud Theopompum 
 magnas opes habuit. — Cicero. De Officii*, ii. 11. 
 
 Baricondo, one of the leaders of the 
 Moorish army. He was slain by the 
 duke of Clarence. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (1516). 
 
 Barker {Mr.), friend to Sowerberry. 
 
 Mrs. Barker, his wife. — W. Brough, 
 A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 
 
 Bar'kis, the carrier who courted 
 [Clara] Peggot'ty, by telling David 
 
BARLAHAM AND JOSAPHAT. 
 
 BARN-BURNERS. 
 
 Copperfield when he wrote home to say- 
 to his nurse " Barkis is willin'." Clara 
 took the hint and became Mrs. Barkis. 
 
 lie dies when the title goes out, confirming the super- 
 stition that people can't die till the tide goes out, or he 
 born till it is in. The last words he utters are " Barkis is 
 willin'."— C. Dickens, David Copperfield, xxx. (ltWJ). 
 
 (Mrs. Quickly says of sir John Falstaff, 
 " 'A parted even just between twelve and 
 one, e'en at the turning o' the tide." — 
 Henry V. act ii. sc. 3, 1599.) 
 
 Bar'laham and Josaphat, the 
 heroes and title of a minnesong, the 
 object of which was to show the triumph 
 of Christian doctrines over paganism. 
 Barlaham is a hermit who converts Josa- 
 phat, an Indian prince. This " lay " was 
 immensely popular in the Middle Ages, 
 and has been translated into every Euro- 
 pean language. — Rudolf of Ems (a min- 
 nesinger, thirteenth century). 
 
 Barley (Bill), Clara's father. Chiefly 
 remarkable for drinking rum, and thump- 
 ing on the floor. — C. Dickens, Great 
 Expectations (1860). 
 
 Barleycorn (Sir John), Malt-liquor 
 personified. His neighbours vowed that 
 sir John should die, so they hired ruffians 
 to "plough him with ploughs and bury 
 him ; " this they did, and afterwards 
 " combed him with harrows and thrust 
 clods on his head," but did not kill him. 
 Then with hooks and sickles they " cut 
 his legs off at the knees," bound him like 
 a thief, and left him " to wither with the 
 wind," but he died not. They now "rent 
 him to the heart," and having " mowed 
 him in a mow," sent two bravos to beat 
 him with clubs, and they beat him so sore 
 that " all his flesh fell from his bones," 
 but yet he died not. To a kiln they next 
 hauled him, and burnt him like a 
 martyr, but he survived the burning. 
 They crushed him between two stones, 
 but killed him not. Sir John bore no 
 malice for this ill-usage, but did his best 
 to cheer the flagging spirits even of his 
 worst persecutors. 
 
 %* This song, from the English 
 Dancing-Master (1651), is generally 
 ascribed to Robert Burns, but all that the 
 Scotch poet did was slightly to alter 
 parts of it. The same may be said of 
 " Auld lang Syne," " Ca' the Yowes," 
 "My Heart is Sair for Somebody," 
 "Green grow the Rashes, 0!" and 
 several other songs, set down to the credit 
 of Burns. 
 
 Barlow, the favourite archer of 
 Henry VIII. He was jocosely created 
 
 by the merry monarch " Duke of Shore- 
 ditch," and his two companions "Marquis 
 of Islington " and " Earl of Pancras." 
 
 Barlow (Billy), a jester, who fancied 
 himself a "mighty potentate." He was 
 well known in the east of London, and 
 died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some 
 of his sayings were really witty, and some 
 of his attitudes truly farcical. 
 
 Bar'mecide Feast, a mere dream- 
 feast, an illusion, a castle in the air. 
 Schacabac "the hare-lipped," a man in the 
 greatest distress, one day called on the. 
 rich Barmecide, who in merry jest asked 
 him to dine with him. Barmecide first 
 washed in hypothetical water, Schacabac 
 followed his example. Barmecide then 
 pretended to eat of various dainties, 
 Schacabac did the same, and praised them 
 highly, and so the " feast " went on to the 
 close. The story says Barmecide was so 
 pleased that Schacabac had the good 
 sense and good temper to enter into the 
 spirit of the joke without resentment, 
 that he ordered in a real banquet, at 
 which Schacabac was a welcome guest. — 
 Arabian Nights (" Th.3 Barber's Sixth 
 Brother"). 
 
 Bar'nabas (S*..), a disciple of Gama- 
 liel, cousin of St. Mark, and fellow- 
 labourer with St. Paul. He was mar- 
 tyred at Salamis, a.d. 63. St. Barnabas' 
 Day is June 11. — Acts iv. 36, 37. 
 
 Bar'naby ( Widow), the title and chief 
 character of a novel by Mrs. Trollops 
 (1839). The widow is a vulgar, pre- 
 tentious husband-hunter, wholly without 
 principle. Widow Barnaby has a sequel 
 called The Bamabys in America or The 
 Widow Married, a satire on America and 
 the Americans (1840). 
 
 Barnaby Rndge, a half-witted lad, 
 whose companion is a raven. He was 
 allured into joining the Gordon rioters. 
 — C. Dickens, Barnaby Budge (18-41). 
 (See Budge.) 
 
 Barnacle, brother of old Nicholas 
 Cockney, and guardian of Priscilla 
 Tomboy of the West Indies. Barnacle is 
 a tradesman of the old school, who thinks 
 the foppery and extravagance of the 
 " Cockney " school inconsistent with pros- 
 perous shop-keeping. Though brusque 
 and even ill-mannered, he has good sense 
 and good discernment of character. — The 
 Romp (altered from Bickerstaff's Love in 
 the City). 
 
 Barn-Burners, ultra-radicals or 
 
BARNES. 
 
 BARTOLDO. 
 
 destructives, who burnt the barns in 
 order to reform social and political abuses. 
 These wiseacres were about as sapient as 
 the Dutchman who burnt down his barns 
 to get rid of the rats which infested them. 
 
 Barnes (1 syl.), sen-ant to colonel 
 Mannering, at Woodburne. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (lime, George II.). 
 
 Bamey, a repulsive Jew, who waited 
 on the customers at the low public-house 
 frequented by Fagin and his associates. 
 Barney always spoke through his nose. — 
 C. Dickens, Oliier Tucist (1837). 
 
 Barn'stable (Lieutenant), in the 
 British navy, in love with Kate Plowden, 
 niece of colonel Howard of New York. 
 The alliance not being approved of, Kate 
 is removed from England to America, 
 but Barnstable goes to America to dis- 
 cover her retreat. In this he succeeds, 
 but being seized as a spy, is commanded 
 by colonel Howard to be hung to the 
 yardarm of an American frigate called the 
 Alacrity, Scarcely is the young man led 
 off, when the colonel is informed that 
 Barnstable is his own son, and he arrives 
 at the scene of execution just in time to 
 save bim. Of course after this he marries 
 the lady of his affection. — E. Fitzball, 
 The Pilot (a burletta). 
 
 Barnwell ( George) , the chief character 
 and title of a tragedy by George Lillo. 
 George Barnwell is a London apprentice, 
 who falls in love with Sarah Millwood of 
 Shoreditch, who leads him astray. He 
 first robs his master of £200. He next 
 robs his uncle, a rich grazier at Ludlow, 
 and murders him. Having spent all the 
 money of his iniquity, Sarah Millwood 
 turns him off and informs against him. 
 Both are executed (1782). 
 
 *** For many years this play was acted 
 on boxing-night, as a useful lesson to 
 London apprentices. 
 
 A gentleman . . . called one day on David Ross (1728-1790) 
 the actor, and told him his father who lay at the point of 
 death greatly desired to see him. When the actor was at 
 the bed-side, the dying man said, "Mr Ross, some forty 
 /ears ago, like ' George Barnwell." I wronged my master to 
 supply the unbounded extravagance of a 'Millwood.' I 
 took her to see your performance, which so shocked me 
 that I vowed to break the connection and return to the 
 path of virtue. 1 kept my resolution, replaced the money 
 I had stolen, and founda ' Maria ' in my master's daughter. 
 I soon succeeded to my master's business, and have 
 bequeathed you £1000 inmy will. '— Pelham, Chronicle* of 
 Crime. 
 
 Baron (The old English), & romance 
 by Clara Reeve (1777). 
 
 Bar'rabas, the rich " Jew of Malta." 
 
 He is simply a human monster, who kills 
 ixi sport, poisons whole nunneries, and 
 
 invents infernal machines. Shakespeare 8 
 "Shy lock" has a humanity in the very 
 whirlwind of his resentment, but Mar- 
 lowe's " Barrabas " is a mere ideal of that 
 " tiling" which Christian prejudice o^ce 
 deemed a Jew. (See Barabas.) — Mar- 
 lowe, The Jew of Malta (158G). 
 
 Bar'rabas, the famous robber and 
 murderer set free instead of Christ by 
 desire of the Jews. Called in the NeAV 
 Testament Barab'bas. Marlowe calls the 
 word "Barrabas" in his Jew of Malta ; 
 and Shakespeare says : 
 
 Would any of the stock of Bar'rabas 
 
 Had been her husband, rather than a Christian ! 
 
 Merchant of Venice, act iv. sc. 1 (1598). 
 
 Barry Cornwall, the nom deplume 
 of Bryan "Waller Procter. It is an 
 imperfect anagram of his name (1788- 
 1874). 
 
 Barsad (John), alias Solomon Press, 
 a spy. 
 
 He had an aquiline nose, but not straight, having n 
 peculiar inclination towards the left cheek; expression, 
 therefore, sinister.— C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, ii. 
 
 16 (185S>). 
 
 Barsis'a (Santon), in the Guardian, 
 the basis of the story called TJie Monk, by 
 M. G. Lewis (1796). 
 
 Barston, alias captain Fenwicke, a 
 Jesuit and secret correspondent of the 
 countess of Derby. — Sir W. Scott, Peverii 
 of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Barthoromew (Brother), guide of 
 the two Philipsons on their way to 
 Strasburg. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Bartholomew (St.). His day is August 
 24, and his symbol a knife, in allusion to 
 the knife with which he is said to have 
 been flayed alive. 
 
 Bartholomew Massacre, the great 
 slaughter of the French huguenots \pro~ 
 testants] in the reign of Charles IX., 
 begun on St. Bartholomeiv's Day, 1572. 
 In this persecution we are told some 
 30,000 persons were massacred in cool 
 blood. Some say more than double that 
 number. 
 
 Bartholomew Pigs. Nares says 
 these pigs were real animals roasted and 
 sold piping hot in the Smithlield fair. 
 Dr. Johnson thinks they were the "tidy 
 boar-pigs " made of flour with currant* 
 for their ej'es. Falstaff calls himself 
 
 A little tidy Bartholomew boar-pig. 
 
 •J Henry l v. act ii. sc. 4 (159S). 
 
 Bartoldo, a rich old miser, who died 
 of fear and want of sustenance. Fa/.io 
 
BART OLE 
 
 81 
 
 BASIL. 
 
 rifled his treasures, and at the accusation 
 of his own wife was tried and executed. — 
 Dean Milman, Fazio (1815). 
 
 Bartoldo, same as Bertoldo (q. v.). 
 
 Bartoli (in French JJarthole, better 
 known, however, by the Latin form of the 
 name, Bartolus) was the most famous 
 master of the dialectical school of jurists 
 (1313-1356). He was born at Sasso Fer- 
 rata in Italy, and was professor of Civil 
 Law at the University of Perugia. His 
 reputation was at one time immense, and 
 his works were quoted as authority in 
 nearly every European court. Hence the 
 French proverb, applied to a well-read 
 lawyer, He knows his " Barthole" asicell 
 as a Cordelier his " Dormi" (an anony- 
 mous compilation of sermons for the use 
 of the Cordelier monks). Another com- 
 mon French expression, liesolu enmme 
 Barthole (" as decided as Barthole"), is a 
 sort of punning allusion to his Besolu- 
 tiones Bartoli, a work in which the knot- 
 tiest questions are solved with ex cathe- 
 dra peremptoriness. 
 
 Bar'tclus, a covetous lawyer, hus- 
 band of Amaran'ta. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622). 
 
 Barton (Sir Andrew), a Scotch sea- 
 officer, who had obtained in 1511 letters 
 of marque for himself and his two sons, 
 to make reprisals upon the subjects of 
 Portugal. The council-board of England, 
 at which the earl of Surrey presided, was 
 daily pestered by complaints from British 
 merchants and sailors against Barton, and 
 at last it was decided to put him down. 
 Two ships were, therefore, placed under 
 the commands of sir Thomas and sir 
 Edward Howard, an engagement took 
 place, and sir Andrew Barton was slain, 
 bravely righting. A ballad in two parts, 
 called " Sir Andrew Barton," is inserted 
 in Percy's Reliques, II. ii. 12. 
 
 Barucli. Ditcs, done, avez-vons lu 
 Baruch 1 Said when a person puts an 
 unexpected question, or makes a startling 
 proposal. It arose thus : Laf ontaine 
 went one day with Racine to tenebra, and 
 was given a Bible. He turned at random 
 to the " Prayer of the Jews," in Baruch, 
 and was so struck with it that he said 
 aloud to Racine, "Dites, done, who was 
 this Baruch? Why, do you know, man, 
 he was a tine genius ; " and for some days 
 afterwards the first question he asked his 
 friends was, Dites, done, Mons., avcz-vous 
 lu Baruch 1 
 
 Barzillai (3 syl.), the duke of 
 Ormond, a friend and firm adherent of 
 Charles II. As Barzillai assisted David 
 when he was expelled by Absalom from 
 his kingdom, so Ormond assisted Charles 
 II. when he was in exile. 
 
 Barzillai, crowned with honours and with years, . . . 
 In exile with his god-like prince he mourned. 
 For him he suffered, and with him returned. 
 
 Dryden, A bsilom and A chitophel, i. 
 
 Basa-Andre, the wild woman, a 
 sorceress, married to Basa-Jaun, a sort of 
 vampire. Basa-Andre sometimes is s 
 sort of land mermaid (a beautiful lady 
 who sits in a cave combing her locks with 
 a golden comb). She hates church bells, 
 (See Basa-Jaun.) 
 
 Basa-Jaun, a wood-sprite, married tc 
 Basa-Andre, a sorceress. Both hated th? 
 sound of church bells. Three brother? 
 and their sister agreed to serve him, but 
 the wood-sprite used to suck blood from 
 the finger of the girl, and the brothers 
 resolved to kill him. This they accom- 
 plished. The Basa-Andre induced the. 
 girl to put a tooth into each of the foot- 
 baths of her brothers, and, lo ! they be- 
 came oxen. The girl crossing a bridge 
 saw Basa-Andre, and said if she did no* 
 restore her brothers she would put hci 
 into a red-hot oven, so Basa-Andre told 
 the girl to give each brother three blows 
 on the back with a hazel wand, and on so 
 doing they were restored to their proper 
 forms. — Rev. W.Webster, Basque Legends } 
 49 (1877). 
 
 Bashful Man {The), a comic drama 
 by W. T. Moncrietf. Edward Blusb- 
 ington, a young man just come into a 
 large fortune, is so bashful and shy that 
 life is a misery to him. He dines at 
 Friendly Hall, and makes all sorts of 
 ridiculous blunders. -His college chum, 
 Frank Friendly, sends word to say that 
 he and his sister Di;.ah, with sir Thomas 
 and lady Friendly, will dine with- him at 
 Blushington House. After a few glasses 
 of wine, Edward loses his shyness, 
 makes a long speech, and becomes the 
 accepted suitor of Dinah Friendly. 
 
 Basil, the blacksmith of Grand Pre', 
 in Acadia (now Nova Scotia), and father 
 of Gabriel the betrothed of Evangeiine. 
 When the colony was driven into exile in 
 1713 by George II., Basil settled in 
 Louisiana, and greatly prospered : but his 
 son led a wandering life, looking for 
 Evangeline, and died in Pennsylvania 
 of the plague. — Longfellow, Evangeline 
 (1849). 
 
BASILE. 
 
 82 
 
 BASTARD. 
 
 Ba'sile (2 s;/l.), a calumniating, nig- 
 gardly bigot in J.e Martevge de Figaro, 
 and again in Le Barbier de Seville, both 
 by Beaumarchais. "Basile" and " Tar- 
 tuffe" are the two French incarnations of 
 religious hypocrisy. The former is the 
 clerical humbug, and the hatter the lay 
 religious hypocrite. Both deal largely 
 in calumny, and trade in slander. 
 
 Basil'ia, a hypothetical island in the 
 northern ocean, famous for its amber. 
 Mannert says it is the southern extremity 
 of Sweden, erroneously called an island. 
 It is an historical fact that the ancients 
 drew their chief supply of amber from 
 the shores of the Baltic. 
 
 Basilis'co, a bully and a braggart, in 
 Soli/man and Perseda (1592). Shake- 
 speare has made " Pistol " the counterpart 
 of " Basilisco." 
 
 Knight, knight, good mother, Basilisco-like. 
 
 Shakespeare, King John, act i. sc. 1 (1596). 
 
 (That is, " my boasting like Basilisco 
 has made me a knight, good mother.") 
 
 Bas'ilisk, supposed to kill with its 
 gaze the person who looked on it. Thus 
 Henry VI. says to Suffolk, " Come, 
 basilisk, and kill the innocent gazer with 
 thy sight." 
 
 Natus in ardente Lvdiie linsiliscus arena, 
 Vulnerat aspectu, luminibusque nocet. 
 
 Mautuanus. 
 
 Basilius, a neighbour of Quiteria, 
 whom he loved from childhood, but 
 when grown up the father of the lady 
 forbade him the house, and promised 
 Quiteria in marriage to Camacho, the 
 richest man of the vicinity. On their 
 way to church they passed Basilius, 
 who had fallen on bis sword, and all 
 thought he was at the point of death. 
 He prayed Quiteria to marry him, "for 
 his soul's peace," and as it was deemed a 
 mere ceremony, they were married in due 
 form. Up then started the wounded man, 
 and showed that the stabbing was only 
 a ruse, and the blood that of a sheep from 
 the slaughter-house. Camacho gracefully 
 accepted the defeat, and allowed the pre- 
 parations for the general feast to proceed. 
 
 Basilius is strong and active, pitches the bar ad- 
 mirably, wrestles with amazing dexterity, and is an 
 excellent cricketer. Ke runs like a buck, leaps like a 
 wild goat, and plays at skittles like a wizard. Then he 
 has a fine vuice for singing, he touches the guitar so as to 
 make it speak, and handles a foil as well as any fencer 
 In Spain. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iL 4 (1615). 
 
 Baskerville (A), an edition of the 
 New Testament, or Latin classics, brought 
 out bv John Baskerville, a famous printer 
 (170G-1775;. 
 
 Basrig or Bagsecg, a Scandinavian 
 king, who with Haldeh or Halfdene 
 (2 syl.) king of Denmark, in 871, made a 
 descent on Wessex. In this year Ethel- 
 red fought nine pitched battles with the 
 Danes. The first was the battle of Engle- 
 field, in Berkshire, lost by the Danes ; the 
 next was the battle of Beading, won by 
 the Danes ; the third was the famous 
 battle of yEscesdun or Ashdune (now 
 Ashtori), lost by the Danes, and in which 
 king Bagsecg was slain. 
 
 And Ethelred with thein [the Danes] nine sundry fi*>Ug 
 
 that fought . . . 
 Then Reading ye regained, led by that valiant lord. 
 Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 
 Next year (871) the Danes for the first time enteral 
 Wessex. . . . The first place they came to was Beading. 
 . . . Nine great battles, besides smaller skirmishes, were 
 fought this year, in some of which the English won, and 
 in others the Danes. First, alderman ^Ethelwulf fought 
 the Danes at Englefield, and beat them. Four days after 
 that there was another battle at Reading . . . where the 
 Danes iiad the better of it, and ^Ethelwulf was killed. 
 Four days afterwards there was another more famoi s 
 battle at JEscesdun . . . and king ^Ethelred fought 
 against the two kings, and slew Bagsecg with his own 
 hand.— E. A. Freeman, Old English lltitory (lS6y) ; see 
 Asser, Life of Alfred (ninth century). 
 
 Bassa'nio, the lover of Portia, suc- 
 cessful in his choice of the three caskets, 
 which awarded her to him as wife. It 
 was for Bassanio that his friend Antonio 
 borrowed 8000 ducats of the Jew Shylock, 
 on the strange condition that if he re- 
 turned the loan within three months no 
 interest should be required, but if not, 
 the Jew might claim a pound of An- 
 tonio's flesh for forfeiture. — Shakespeare, 
 Merchant of Venice (1598). 
 
 Bas'set (Count), a swindler and 
 forger, who assumes the title of " count" 
 to further his dishonest practices. — ■ 
 C. Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1728). 
 
 Bassia'nus, brother of Satur'nius 
 emperor of Rome, in love with Lavin'ia 
 daughter of Titus Andron'icus (properly 
 Andronicus). He is stabbed by Deme'- 
 trius and Chiron, sons of Tam'ora queen 
 of the Goths. — (?) Shakespeare, Titus 
 Andronicus (1593). 
 
 Bassi'no (Count), the " perjured 
 husband" of Aurelia, slain by Alonzo. — 
 Mrs. Centlivre, The Perjured Husband 
 (1700). 
 
 Bastard. Homer was probably a 
 bastard. Virgil was certainly one. 
 Neoptol'emos was the bastard son of 
 Achilles by Deidam la (5 s///.). Romulus 
 and Remus, if they ever existed, were tbe 
 love-sons of a vestal. Brutus the regi- 
 cide was a bastard. Ulysses was pro- 
 
BASTARD. 
 
 83 
 
 BATTLE OF WARTBERG. 
 
 bably so, Teucer certainly, and Darius 
 gloried in the surname of Nothos. 
 
 Bastard {The), in English history is 
 "William I., natural son of Robert le 
 Diable. His mother was a peasant girl 
 of Falaise. 
 
 Bastard of Orleans, Jean Dunois, 
 a natural son of Louis due d'Orleans 
 (brother of Charles VI.)) and one of the 
 jnost brilliant soldiers France ever pro- 
 duced (1403-1468). Beranger mentions 
 him in his Charles Sept. 
 
 Bastille. The prisoner who had 
 been confined in the Bastille for sixty-one 
 years was A. M. Dassault, who was in- 
 carcerated by cardinal Richelieu. 
 
 Bat. In South Staffordshire that 
 slaty coal which will not burn, but which 
 lies in the tire till it becomes red hot, is 
 called " bat ; " hence the expression, 
 Warm as a bat. 
 
 Bata'via, Holland or the Nether- 
 lands. So called from the Bata'vians, 
 a Celtic tribe, which dwelt there. 
 
 . . . void of care, 
 T.utavia rushes forth ; and as they sweep 
 Oh sounding skates, a thousand different ways, 
 The then fay land is maddened all with joy. 
 
 Thomson, Seasons (" Winter," 172G). 
 
 Bates (1 syl.), a soldier in the army of 
 Henry V., under sir Thomas Erpingham. 
 He is introduced with Court and 
 "Williams as sentinels before the English 
 camp at Agincourt, and the king un- 
 known comes to them during the watch, 
 and holds with them a conversation 
 respecting the impending battle.— Shake- 
 speare, Henri/ V. act iv. sc. 1 (1599). 
 
 Bates (Frank), the friend of Whittle. 
 A man of good plain sense, who tries to 
 laugh the old beau out of his folly. — 
 Garrick, The Irish Widow (1757). 
 
 Bates (Charley), generally called 
 '■ blaster Bates," one of Fagin's" pupils," 
 training to be a pickpocket. He is 
 always laughing uproariously, and is 
 almost equal in artifice and adroitness 
 to "The Artful Dodger" himself. — 
 C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Bath, called by the Romans Aqua? 
 Solis ("waters of the sun"), and by the 
 Saxons Achamunnum ("city of" the 
 sick"). 
 
 Bath (King of), Richard Nash, generally 
 called Beau Nash, master of the cere- 
 monies for fifteen vears in that fashion- 
 able city (1674-1761). 
 
 Bath (The Maid of), Miss Linley, a 
 beautiful and accomplished singer, who 
 married Richard B. Sheridan, the states- 
 man and dramatist. 
 
 Bath (The Wife of), one of the 
 pilgrims travelling from Sout.hwark to 
 Canterbury, in Chaucer's Canterbury 
 Tales. She tells her tale in turn, and 
 chooses " Midas " for her subject (1388). 
 
 Bath'sheba, duchess of Portsmouth, 
 a favourite court lady of Charles II. As 
 Bathsheba, the wife of Uri'ah, was 
 criminally loved by David, so Louisa T. 
 Keroual (duchess of Portsmouth) was 
 criminally loved by Charles II. 
 
 My father [Charles II.], whom with reverence 1 name . . . 
 li grown in Batiisheba's embraces old. 
 
 Drydeu, Absalom a7id A chitop 1 tel, ii. 
 
 Battar (Al), i.e. the trenchant, one ot 
 Mahomet's swords. 
 
 Battle (The British .Soldiers'), Inker- 
 man, November 5, 1854. 
 
 Battle of Barnet, 14th April, 1471, 
 was certainly one of the most decisive 
 ever fought, although it finds no place 
 amongst professor Creasy's list of " de- 
 cisive battles." It closed for "ever the 
 Age of Force, the potentiality of the 
 barons, and opened the new era of trade, 
 literature, and public opinion. Here fell 
 Warwick, the " king maker," " last of the 
 barons;" and thenceforth the king had 
 no peer, but king was king, lords were 
 lords, and commons the people. 
 
 Battle of Nations, the terrible 
 conflict at Leipsic (October 18 and 19, 
 1813) between Napoleon and the Allies. 
 Its issue was the defeat of Napoleon and 
 the deliverance of Germany. It is called 
 "the Battle of Nations" not only from 
 the number engaged therein, but also 
 from its being the champion battle of the 
 nations of Europe. 
 
 Battle of Prague, a piece of de- 
 scriptive music very popular in the first 
 .quarter of the nineteenth century. It 
 was composed by Franz Kotzwara of 
 Prague, born 1791. 
 
 Battle of Wartberg (27m?), the 
 annual contest of the minnesingers for 
 the prize offered by Hermann mar- 
 graf of Wartberg, near Gotha, in Ger- 
 ' many, in the twelfth century. There is 
 a minnesong so called, celebrating the 
 famous contests of Walter von der Yogel- 
 weide and Wolfram von Eschenbach with 
 Heinrich von Ofterdingen. Heinrich lost 
 the former and won the latter. 
 
BATTLE OF THE GIANTS. 
 
 84 
 
 BAUCIS AND PHILEMON. 
 
 Battle of the Giants, Marignano, 
 September, 1515. Francois I. won this 
 bactle over the Swiss and the duke of 
 Milan. The French numbered 20,000 
 men, the Swiss 20,000. The loss of the 
 former was 6000, and of the latter 10,000. 
 It is called "the Battle of the Giants " be- 
 cause the combatants on both sides were 
 "mighty men of war," and strove for 
 victory like giants. 
 
 Battle of the Three Emperors, 
 
 Austerlitz, 2nd December, 1805. So 
 called because the emperor Napoleon, the 
 emperor of Russia, and the emperor of 
 Austria were all present. Napoleon won 
 the fight. 
 
 Battle of the West (Great), the 
 battle between king Arthur and Mordred. 
 Here the king received his death-wound. 
 
 For battle of the books, of the herrings, 
 of the moat, of the standard, of the 
 spurs, etc., see Dictionary of Phrase and 
 Fable. 
 
 Battles {The Fifteen Decisive), accord- 
 ing tc professor Creasy, are — 
 
 (1) Mar'athon (b.c. 490), in which the 
 Greeks under Milti'ades defeated Darius 
 the Persian, and turned the tide of Asiatic 
 invasion. 
 
 (2) Syracuse (?.c. 413), in which the 
 Athenian power was broken and the ex- 
 tension of Greek domination prevented. 
 
 (3) Arbe'la (b.c. 331), by which Alex- 
 \ ander overthrew Darius and introduced 
 
 European habits into Asia. 
 \ (4) Metau'rus (b.c. 207), in which the 
 J? Romans defeated Hannibal, and Carthage 
 I came to ruin. 
 
 \ (5) Armin'ius (a.i>. 9), in which the 
 J Gauls overthrew the Romans under Varus 
 ■ and established the independence of 
 I Gaul. 
 
 " (0) Chalons (a.d. 451), in which 
 Attila, " The Scourge of God," was de- 
 feated by Actius, and Europe saved from 
 utter devastation. 
 
 (7) Tours (a.d. 732), in which Charles 
 Martel overthrew the Saracens, and broke 
 from Europe the Mohammedan voke. 
 
 (8) Hastings (a.d. 106G), by which 
 William the Norman became possessed of 
 the English crown. 
 
 (9) Orleans (a.d. 1429), by which Joan 
 of Arc raised the siege of the city and 
 secured the independence of France. 
 
 (10) Armada (a.d. 1588), which 
 crushed the hopes of Spain and of the 
 papacy in England. 
 
 (11) Blenheim (a.d. 1704), in which 
 
 Marlborough, by the defeat of Tallard, 
 broke off the ambitious schemes of 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 (12) Pultowa (a.d. 1709), in which 
 Charles XII. of Sweden was defeated by 
 Peter the Great of Kussia, and the sta- 
 bility of the Muscovite empire was 
 established. 
 
 (13) Sarato'ga (a.d. 1777), in which 
 general Gates defeated Bnrgoyne, and 
 decided the fate of the American Revolu-. 
 tion, bv making France their ally. 
 
 (14)" Valmy (a.d. 1792), in which the 
 allied armies under the duke of Bruns- 
 wick were defeated by the French Revo- 
 lutionists, and the revolution was 
 suffered to go on. 
 
 (15) Waterloo (a.d. 1815), in which 
 Wellington defeated Napoleon and saved 
 Europe from becoming a French pro- 
 vince. 
 
 Battles. J. B. Martin, of Paris, painter 
 of battle-scenes, was called by the French 
 M. des Bataiiles (1059-17 35). 
 
 Battle for Battle-axe. 
 
 The word battle . . . seems to be used for battle-axe 
 in this unnoticed passage of the Psalms : " There brake 
 He the arrows of the bow, the shield, the sword, and the 
 buttle faxe)."— Kev. J. Whitaker, Gibbon's History He- 
 viewed (17yl). 
 
 Battle-Bridge, King's Cross, Lon- 
 don. Called "Battle" from being the 
 site of a battle between Alfred and the 
 Danes; and called "King's Cross" from 
 a wretched statue of George IV., taken 
 down in 1842. The historic name of 
 "Battle-Bridge" was changed in 1871, 
 by the Metropolitan Board, for that of 
 " York Road." Miserabile dictu ! 
 
 Battus, a shepherd of Arcadia. Hav- 
 ing witnessed Mercury's theft of Apollo's 
 oxen, he received a cow from the thief 
 to ensure his secrecy ; but, in order to 
 test his fidelity, Mercury re-appeared 
 soon afterwards, and offered him an ox 
 and a cow if he would blab. Battus fell 
 into the trap, and was instantly changed 
 into a touchstone. 
 
 When Tantalus in hell sees store and staves ; 
 And senceless Battus for a touchstone serves. 
 
 Lord Brooke, Treatise on Monarchic, iv. 
 
 Bau'cis and Philemon, an aged 
 Phrygian woman and her husband, who 
 received Jupiter and Mercury hospitably 
 when every one else in the place had 
 refused to entertain them. For this 
 courtesy the gods changed the Phrygians' 
 cottage into a magnificent temple, and 
 appointed the pious couple over it. They 
 both died at the same time, according to 
 
BAULD1E. 
 
 85 
 
 BAYES 
 
 their wish, and were converted into two 
 trees before the temple.— Greek and Ro- 
 man Mythology. 
 
 Baul'die (2 syl.), stable-boy of 
 Joshua Geddes the (maker.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Bedgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Baul'die (2 syl.). the old shepherd in 
 the introduction of the story called The 
 Black Dwarf, by sir W. Scott (time, 
 Anne). 
 
 Bav'iad (The), a satire by W. Gifford 
 on the Delia Cruscan school of poetry 
 (1794). It was followed in 1800 by The 
 Mccviad. The words " Baviad " and 
 "Mueviad" were suggested by Virgil, 
 Eel. iii. 90, 91. 
 
 He may with foxes plough and milk he-goats 
 Who praises Bavius or on Msevius dotes. 
 
 Bavian Fool (The\ one of the 
 characters in the old morris dance. He 
 wore a red cap faced with yellow, a 
 yellow " slabbering-bib." a blue doublet, 
 red hose, and black shoes. He represents 
 an overgrown baby, but was a tumbler, 
 and mimicked the barking of a dog. The 
 word Bavian is derived from bavon, a 
 "bib for a slabbering child" (see Cot- 
 grave, French Dictionary). In modern 
 French have means "drivel," "slabbering," 
 and the verb hater " to slabber," but the 
 bib is now called bavette. (See Mokkis 
 Dance.) 
 
 Bavie'ca, the Cid's horse. He sur- 
 vived his master two years and a half, 
 and was buried at Valencia. No one was 
 ever allowed to mount him after the 
 death of the Cid. 
 
 Bavie'ca [i.e. "Booby"]. "When Rodri- 
 go was taken in his boyhood to choose a 
 horse, he passed over the best steeds, and 
 selected a scrubby-looking colt. His 
 godfather called the boy a booby [bavie- 
 ca] for making such a silly choice, and 
 the name was given to the horse. 
 
 Ba'vius, any vile poet. (See 
 
 MjKVIUS.) 
 
 Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Jtagvi, 
 Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. 
 
 Virgil, Eel. iii. 90, 91. 
 May some choice patron bless each grey goose-quill ; 
 May every Bavius have his Bufo still. 
 
 Pope, Prologue to the Satires. 
 
 Bawtry. Like the saddler of Bawtry, 
 who teas hanged for leaving his liquor 
 ( Yorkshire Proverb). It was customary 
 for criminals on their way to execution 
 to stop at a certain tavern in York for a 
 " parting draught." The saddler of Baw- 
 try refused to accept the liquor, and was 
 
 hanged, whereas if he had stopped a few 
 minutes at the tavern his reprieve, which 
 was on the road, would have arrived in 
 time to save him. 
 
 Ba'yard, Le chevalier sans peur et 
 sans reproche (1476-1524). 
 
 The British Bayard, sir Philip Sidney 
 (1554-1584). 
 
 The Polish Bayard, prince Joseph Poni- 
 atowski (1763-1814). 
 
 The Bayard of India, sir James Outram 
 (1803-1863). So called by sir Charles 
 Napier. 
 
 Ba'yard, a horse of incredible speed, 
 belonging to the four sons of Aymon. 
 If only one mounted, the horse was of 
 the ordinary size, but increased in pro- 
 portion as two or more mounted. (The 
 word means "bright bay colour.") — 
 Villeneuve, Les Qitatre-Filz-Aymon. 
 
 Bayard, the steed of Fitz-James. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, v. 18 (1810). 
 
 Bayar'do, the famous steed of 
 Rinaldo, which once belonged to Am&dis 
 of Gaul. It was found in a grotto by 
 the wizard Malagigi, along with the 
 sword Fusberta, both of which he gave 
 to his cousin Rinaldo. 
 
 His colour bay, and hence his name he drew — 
 Bayardo called. A star of silver hue 
 Emblazed his front. 
 
 Tasso, Rinaldo, ii. 220 (1562). 
 
 Bayes (1 syl.), the chief character of 
 The Rehearsal, a farce by George Villiers, 
 duke of Buckingham (1671). Bayes is 
 represented as greedy of applause, im- 
 patient of censure, meanly obsequious, 
 regardless of plot, and only anxious for 
 claptrap. The character is meant for 
 John Dry den. 
 
 *** C. Dibdin, in his History of the 
 Stage, states that Mrs. Mountford played 
 "Bayes" "with more variety than had 
 ever been thrown into the part before." 
 
 No species of novel-writing exposes itself to a severer 
 trial, since it not only resigns all Bayes' pretensions " to 
 elevate the imagination," . . . but places its productions 
 within the range of [general] criticism. — Kncye. Brit. 
 Art. " Romance." 
 
 Dead men may rise again, like Bayes 1 
 troops, or the savages in the Fantocini. In 
 the farce above referred to a battle is 
 fought between foot-soldiers and great 
 hobby-horses. At last Drawcansir kills 
 all on both sides. Smith then asks Bayes 
 "How are they to go off?" "As they 
 came on," says Bayes, " upon their legs." 
 "Whereupon the dead men all j ump up alive 
 again. 
 
 *** This revival of life is imitated by 
 
BAYEUX TAPESTRY. 
 
 BEARDED. 
 
 Rhodes in ihc last scene of his Bombastes 
 Furivsv. 
 
 Bayeux Tapestry, said to be the 
 work of English damsels retained in the 
 court of Matilda, the Conqueror's wife. 
 "When Napoleon contemplated the invasion 
 of England in 1803, he caused this record 
 to be removed to Paris, where it was ex- 
 hibited in the National Museum. Having 
 served its purpose, it was returned to 
 Bayeux. Fae-similes by Stothard were 
 published in the Vetusta Monumenta, at 
 the expense of the Society of Antiquaries. 
 The original is preserved in the Hotel of 
 the Prefecture of Bayeux (Normandy) 
 and is called Toile de St. Jean. 1 1 is coiled 
 round a windlass, and consists of linen 
 Avorked with wools. It is 20 inches 
 broad, 214 feet long, and contains 72 
 compartments. 
 
 1st compartment, Edwardus Rex: the 
 Confessor is giving audience to two per- 
 sons, one of whom is Harold. 2nd, 
 Harold, with a hawk in his hand (a mark 
 of nobility) and his hounds, is on his 
 way to Bosham. 3rd, Ecclesia : a Saxon 
 church, with two figures about to enter. 
 4th, Harold embarking. 5th, The voyage 
 to Normandy. 6th, Disembarking on the 
 coast of Normandy. 7th and 8th, seizure 
 of Harold by the count of Poi.thicu. 9th, 
 Harold remonstrating with Guy, the 
 count, upon his unjust seizure. 10th to 
 20th, scenes connected with the sojourn 
 of Harold at the court of William. 20th, 
 Harold swearing fidelity to William, with 
 each hand on a shrine of relics. 27th, 
 Harold's return. 28th, his landing. 29th, 
 presents himself to king Edward. 30th 
 to 32nd, the sickness of the Confessor, 
 his death, and his funeral procession to 
 Westminster Abbey. 33rd, the crown 
 offered to Harold. 34th, Harold on the 
 throne, and Stigant the archbishop. 35th, 
 the comet. 36th, William orders a fleet 
 to be built. 55th, orders the camp at 
 Hastings to be constructed. 71st, death 
 of Harold. 72nd, duke William triumph- 
 ant. Although 530 figures are repre- 
 sented in this tapestry, only three of 
 them are women. 
 
 Baynard (Mr.), introduced in an epi- 
 sode in the novel called Humphry 
 Clinker, by Smollett (1771). 
 
 Bayswater (London), that is, 
 Bayard's Watering, a string of .pools and 
 ponds which now form the Serpentine. 
 
 Bea'con (Tom), groom to Master 
 Chiffinch (private emissary of Charles II.). 
 
 — Sir W. Scott, Peter il of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.).. 
 
 Beadle. The running banquet of two 
 beadles, a public whipping. (See Henry 
 VIII. act v. sc. 3.) 
 
 Bea'gle (Sir Harry), a horsy country 
 gentleman, who can talk of nothing but 
 horses and dogs. He is wofully rustic 
 and commonplace. Sir Harry makes a 
 bargain with lord Trinket to give up 
 Harriet to him in exchange for his horse. 
 (See Goldfinch.) — George Colman, The 
 Jealous Wife (1701). 
 
 Beak. Sir John Fielding Avas called 
 "The Blind Beak" (died 1780). 
 
 Bean Lean (Donald), alias Will 
 Ruth\ r en, a Highland robber-chief. He 
 also appears disguised as a pedlar on the 
 road-side leading to Stirling. Waverley 
 is roAved to the robber's cave and remains 
 there all night. 
 
 Alice Bean, daughter of Donald Bean 
 Lean, Avhc attends on Waverley during a 
 fever. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Bear (The), emblem of ancient Persia. 
 The golden lion Avas the emblem of an- 
 cient Assyria. 
 
 Where is th' Assyrian lion's golden hide, 
 That all the East once grasped in lordly paw 
 
 AVhere that great Persian bear, whose swelling pride 
 The lion's self tore out with ravenous jaw ? 
 
 Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 
 
 Bear (The), Russia, its cognizance being 
 a bear. 
 
 France turns from her abandoned friends afresh. 
 And soothes the Bear that prowls for patriot Mesh. 
 Campbell, Poland. 
 
 Bear ( Tlie Brave) . Warwick is so called 
 from his cognizance, which was a bear 
 and ragged staff. 
 
 Bear (The Great), called " Hellice." 
 
 Night on the earth poured darkness; on the sea 
 The wakeful sailor to Orion's star 
 And Hellice turned heedful. 
 
 Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautics. 
 
 Bearcliff (Deacon), at the Gordon 
 Arms or Kippletringam inn, Avhere 
 colonel Mannering stops on bis return to 
 England, and hears of Bertram's illness 
 and distress. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner* 
 ing (time, George II. ). 
 
 Bearded (The). (1) Geoffrey the 
 crusader. (2) Bouchard of the house of 
 Montmorency. (3) Constantine IV. 
 (1348-085). *(4) Master George Killing- 
 Avorthe of the court of Ivan the Terrible 
 of Russia, Avhose beard (says Hakluyt) 
 Avas five feet two inches long, yellow, 
 
BEARNAIS. 
 
 87 
 
 BEAUJEU. 
 
 thick, and broad. Sir Hugh Willoughby 
 was allowed to take it in his hand. 
 
 The Bearded Master. Soc'rates was so 
 called by Persius (b.c. 468-399). 
 
 Handsome Beard, Baldwin IV. carl 
 of Flanders (1160-1186). 
 
 John the Bearded, John Mayo, the 
 German painter, whose beard touched the 
 ground when he stood upright. 
 
 Bearnais (Le), Henri IV. of France, 
 so called from his native province, Le 
 Boarn (1553-1610). 
 
 Be'atrice (3 sgl.), a child eight years 
 old, to whom Dante at the age of nine 
 was ardently attached. She was the 
 daughter of Folco Portina'ri, a rich citizen 
 of Florence. Beatrice married Simoni de 
 Bardi, and died before she was 24 years 
 old (1266-1290). Dante married Gem- 
 ma Donati, and his marriage Avas a most 
 unhappy one. His love for Beatrice re- 
 mained after her decease. She was the 
 fountain of his poetic inspiration, and in 
 his Divina Commedia he makes her his 
 guide through paradise. 
 
 Panto's Beatrice and Milton's Eve 
 
 Were not drawn from their spouses you conceive. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iiL 10 (18:20). 
 
 (Milton, who married Mary Powell, of 
 Oxfordshire, was as unfortunate in his 
 choice as Dante.) 
 
 Beatrice, wife of Ludov'ico Sforza. 
 
 Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinando king 
 of Naples, sister of Leonora duchess of 
 Ferrara, and wife of Mathias Corvi'nus 
 of Hungary, 
 
 Beatrice, niece of Leonato governor of 
 Messina, lively and light-hearted, affec- 
 tionate and impulsive. Though Avilful 
 she is not wayward, though volatile she 
 is not unfeeling, though teeming with 
 wit and gaiety she is affectionate and 
 energetic. At first she dislikes Bene- 
 dick, and thinks him a flippant conceited 
 coxcomb ; but overhearing a conversation 
 between her cousin Hero and her gentle- 
 woman, in which Hero bewails that 
 Beatrice should trifle with such deep love 
 as that of Benedick, and should scorn 
 so true and good a gentleman, she cries, 
 " Sits the wind thus ? then farewell con- 
 tempt. Benedick, love on ; i will requite 
 you." This conversation of Hero's was 
 c mere ruse, but Benedick had been 
 caught by a similar trick played by 
 Claudio. The result was they sincerely 
 loved each other, and were married. — 
 
 Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
 (1600). 
 
 Miss Helen Faucit's impersonations are nature itself. 
 "Juliet," "Rosalind," divine "Imogen," "Beatrice," all 
 crowd upon our fancy. — Dublin University Magazine 
 (1846). 
 
 Beatrice Cenci, The Beautiful Par- 
 ricide (g.v.). 
 
 Beatrice D'Este, canonized at 
 Rome. 
 
 Beau Bruramel, George Bryan 
 Brummel (1778-1840). 
 
 Beau Clark, a billiard-maker at the 
 beginning of the nineteenth century. 
 He was called "The Beau," assumed the 
 name of Beauclerc, and paid his addresses 
 to a protege'e of lord Fife. 
 
 Beau Fielding, called " Handsome 
 Fielding" by Charles II., by a play on 
 his name, which was Hendrome Fielding. 
 He died in Scotland Yard. 
 
 Beau Hewitt was the original of sir 
 George Etherege's "sir Fopling Flutter," 
 in the comedy called The Man of Mode 
 or Sir Fopling Flutter (1676). 
 
 Beau Wash, Richard Nash, called 
 also "King of Bath ; " a Welsh gentleman, 
 who for fifteen years managed the bath- 
 rooms of Bath, and conducted the balls 
 with unparalleled splendour and decorum. 
 In his old age he sank into povertv (1674- 
 1761). 
 
 Beau d'Orsay {Le), father of count 
 d'Orsay, whom Byron calls " Jeune Ca- 
 pldon." 
 
 Beau Seant, the Templars' banner, 
 half white and half black : the white 
 signified that the Templars were good to 
 Christians, the black that they were evil 
 to infidels. 
 
 Beau Tibbs, in Goldsmith's Citizen 
 of the World, a dandy noted for his 
 finery, vanity, and poverty. 
 
 Beauclerk, Henry I. king of Eng- 
 land (1068, 1100-1135). 
 
 Beaufort, the lover of Maria Wilding, 
 whom he ultimately marries. — A. Mur- 
 phy, The Citizen (a farce). 
 
 Beaujeu (Mons. le chevalier de), 
 keeper of a gambling-house to which 
 Dalgarno takes Nigel. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Beaujeu (Mons. le comte de), a French 
 officer in the army of the Chevalier 
 Charles Edward, the Pretender. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
BEAUMAINS. 
 
 88 
 
 BEAUX' STRATAGEM. 
 
 Beaumains ("big hands"), a nick- 
 name which sir Key (Arthur's steward) 
 gaveto Garethwhen he was kitchen drudge 
 in the palace. "He had the largest hands 
 that ever man saw." Gareth was the son 
 of king Lot andMargawse (king Arthur's 
 sister). His brothers were sir Gaw'ain, 
 sir Agravain, and sir Gaheris. Morel red 
 was his half-brother. — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 120 (1470). 
 
 * + * His achievements are given under 
 the name " Gareth " (q.v.). 
 
 Tennyson, in his Gareth and Lynette, 
 makes sir Kay tauntingly address Lance- 
 lot thus, referring to Gareth : 
 
 Fair and fine, forsooth 1 
 Sir Fine-face, sir Fair-hands? But see thou to it 
 That thine own fineness, Lancelot, some fine day, 
 Undo thee not. 
 
 Be it remembered that Kay himself 
 called Gareth " Beaumain"from the extra- 
 ordinary size of the lad's hands ; but the 
 taunt put into the mouth of Kay by the 
 poet indicates that the lad prided himself 
 on his "fine" face and "fair" hands, 
 which is not the case. If " fair hands " 
 is a translation of this nickname, it 
 should be "fine hands," which bears the 
 equivocal sense of big and beautiful. 
 
 Beau'manoir (Sir Lucas), Grand- 
 Master of the Knights Templars. — Sir 
 \Y\ Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Beaupre [Bo-pray'], son of judge 
 Vertaigne (2 syl.) and brother of Lami'ra. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little 
 French Lawyer (1647). 
 
 Beaute" (2 syl.). La dame de Beaute'. 
 Agnes Sorel, so called from the chateau 
 de Beaute, on the banks of the Marne, 
 given to her by Charles VII. (1409-1450). 
 
 Beautiful (The) or La Delia. So 
 Florence is called. France is spoken of 
 by Frenchmen as La Belle France. 
 
 Beautiful Corisande (3 syl.), 
 Diane comtesse de Guiche et de Gr'am- 
 mont. She Avas the daughter of Paul 
 d'Andouins, and married Philibert de 
 Gramont, who died in 1580. The widow 
 outlived her husband for twenty-six 
 years. Henri IV., before he was king of 
 Navarre, was desperately smitten by La 
 belle Corisande, and when Henri was at 
 war with the League, she sold her dia- 
 monds to raise for him a levy of 20,000 
 Gascons (1554-1620). 
 
 (The letters of Henri to Corisande are 
 still preserved in the Bibliothe'que de 
 V Arsenal, and were published in 1769.) 
 
 Beautiful Parricide (The), Bea- 
 
 trice Cenci, daughter of a Roman noble- 
 man, who plotted the death of her father 
 because he violentty defiled her. She was 
 executed in 1605. Shelley has a tragedy 
 on the subject, entitled The Cenci. Guido 
 Reni's portrait of Beatrice is well known 
 through its numberless reproductions. 
 (See p. 173.) 
 Beauty. 
 
 Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover. 
 Fades in his eye, and palls upon the sense. 
 
 Addison. Cato, i. 1 (1713). 
 
 Beauty (Queen of). So the daughter of 
 Schems'eddin' Mohammed, vizier of 
 Egj'pt, was called. She married her 
 cousin, Bed'reddin' Hassan, son of Nour'- 
 eddin' Ali, vizier of Basora. — Arabian 
 Nights ("Noureddin A«li," etc.). 
 
 Beauty and the Beast (La Belle 
 et la Bete), from Les Contes Marines of 
 Mde. Villeneuvre (1740), the most beau- 
 tiful of all nursery tales. A } 7 oung and 
 lovely woman saved her father by putting 
 herself in the power of a frightful but 
 kind-hearted monster, whose respectful 
 affection and melancholy overcame her 
 aversion to his ugliness, and she consented 
 to become his bride. Being thus freed 
 from enchantment, the monster assumed 
 hi6 proper form and became a young and 
 handsome prince. 
 
 Beauty but Skin-deep. This ex- 
 pression occurs in Ralph Venning's Ortho- 
 doxe Paradoxes. 
 
 All the beauty of the world 'tis but skin-deep, a sun- 
 blast defaceth it.— 3rd Edit., 41 (1650). 
 
 Beauty of Buttermere (3 syl.), 
 Mary Robinson, who married John Hat- 
 field, a heartless impostor executed for 
 forgery at Carlisle in 1803., 
 
 Beauty when Unadorned A- 
 dorned the Most.— Thomson, Sea- 
 sons ("Autumn," 1730). 
 
 Beaux' Stratagem (The), by Geo. 
 Farquhar. Thomas viscount Aim well 
 and his friend Archer (the two beaux), 
 having run through all their money, set 
 out fortune-hunting, and come to Lich- 
 field as "master and man." Aimwell 
 pretends to be very unwell, and as lady 
 Bountiful's hobby is tending the sick and 
 playing the leech, she orders him to be 
 removed to her mansion. Here he and 
 Dorinda (daughter of lady Bountiful) fall 
 in love with each other, and finally marry. 
 Archer falls in love with Mrs. Sullen, toe 
 wife of squire Sullen, who had been mar- 
 ried fourteen months but agreed to a 
 divorce on the score of incompatibility of 
 tastes and temper. This marriage forms 
 
BED OF WARE. 
 
 BEE. 
 
 no part of the play ; all we are told is 
 that she returns to the roof of her brother, 
 Bir Charles Freeman (1707). 
 
 Bed of Ware, a large bed, capable of 
 holding twelve persons. Tradition as- 
 signs it to Warwick, the " king maker." 
 
 Bede (Cuthbert), the Rev. Edward 
 Bradley, author of The Adventures of Mr. 
 Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman 
 (1857). 
 
 Bedegrain (Castle of), in Sherwood. 
 It was a royal castle, belonging to king 
 Arthur. 
 
 Bed'er (" the full moon"), son of Gul- 
 na're (3 syl.), the young king of Persia. 
 As bis mother was an under-sea princess. 
 he was enabled to live under water as 
 well as on land. Beder was a young man 
 of handsome person, quick parts, agree- 
 able manners, and amiabie disposition. 
 He fell in love with Giauha're, daughter 
 of the king of Samandal, the most power- 
 fal of the under-sea empires, but Giau- 
 hare changed him into a white bird with 
 red beak and red legs. After various 
 adventures, Beder resumed his human 
 form and married Giauhare. — Arabian 
 Nights (" Beder and Giauhare "). 
 
 Bed'er or Bedr, a valley noted for 
 the victory gained by Mahomet, in which 
 " he was assisted by 3000 angels led by 
 Gabriel mounted on his horse Haiz'um." 
 — Sale's Koran. 
 
 Bed'ivere (Sir) or Bed'iver, king 
 Arthur's butler and a knight of tbe Round 
 Table. He was the last of Arthur's 
 knights, and was sent by the dying king 
 to throw his sword Excalibur into the 
 mere. Being cast in, it was caught by 
 an arm "clothed in white samite," and 
 drawn into the stream. — Tennyson, Morte 
 d [Arthur 
 
 Tennyson's Morte d 1 Arthur is a very 
 close and in many parts a verbal render- 
 ing of the same tale in sir Thomas 
 Malory's Morte d Arthur, iii. 168 (1470). 
 
 Bedlam Beggars, lunatics or mad 
 men belonging to Bethlehem Hospital. 
 This institution was designed for six 
 lunatics, but in 1G41 the number admitted 
 was forty-tour, and applications were so 
 numerous that many were dismissed half 
 cured. These " ticket-of-leave " men 
 used to wander about as vagrants, singing 
 ' • mad songs " and dressed in the oddest 
 manner, to excite compassion. 
 
 He swears he has been in Bedlam, and will talk fran- 
 tickely of purpose. You see pinnes stuck in sundry places 
 hi his naked flesh, especially in his armes, which p'aine he 
 
 gladly puts himselfe to only to make you believe he is or^ 
 of his wits. He calls himselfe ..." Poore Tom," and con '■ 
 mins near anybody criesout " Poore Tom is a-cold." . . . 
 Some do nothing but sing songs fashioned out of then 
 owne braines: some will dance; others will doe nothing 
 but either laugh or weepe ; others are dogged . . . and 
 spying but a small company in a house . . . will compel 
 the servants through i'eaie to give them what they dft- 
 niancL— Decker, Bellman of London. 
 
 Bed'ouilLS \Bed' ,winz~\ , nomadic tribes 
 of Arabia. In common parlance, "the 
 homeless street poor." Thus gutter- 
 children are called "Bedouins." 
 
 Bed'reddin' Has'san of Baso'ra, 
 son of Nour'eddin' Ali grand vizier of 
 Basora, and nephew to Schems'eddin' 
 Mohammed vizier of Egypt. His beauty 
 was transcendent and biis talents of the 
 first order. When 20 years old his 
 father died, and the sultan, angry with 
 him for keeping from court, confiscated 
 all his goods, and would have seized 
 Bedreddin if he had not made his escape. 
 During sleep he was conveyed by fairies 
 to Cairo, and substituted for an ugly 
 groom (Hunchback) to whom his cousin, 
 the Queen of Beauty, was to have been mar- 
 ried. Next day he was carried off by the 
 same means to Damascus, where he lived 
 for ten years as a pastry-cook. Search 
 was made for him, and the search party, 
 halting outside the city of Damascus, 
 sent for some cheese-cakes. When the 
 cheese-cakes arrived, the widow of Nour- 
 eddin declared that they must have been 
 made by her son, for no one else knew 
 the secret of making them, and that she 
 herself had taught it him. On hearing 
 this, the vizier ordered Bedreddin to be 
 seized, "for making cheese-cakes with- 
 out pepper," and the joke was carried on 
 till the party arrived at Cairo, when the 
 pastry-cook prince was re-uriited to«4us 
 wife, the Queen of Beauty. — Arabian 
 Rights (" Noureddin Ali," etc.). 
 
 Bedwin (Mrs.), housekeeper to Mr. 
 Brownlow. A kind, motherly soul, who 
 loves Oliver Twist most dearlv. — C. 
 Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Bee. The ancient Egyptians sym- 
 bolized their kings under this emblem. 
 The honey indicated the reAvard they gave 
 to the meritorious, and the sting the 
 punishment they awarded to. the un- 
 worthy. 
 
 As the Egyptians used by bees 
 
 To express their ancient Ptolemies. 
 
 S. Butler, Mudibras, iii. 2. 
 
 *** In the empire of France the royal 
 mantle and standard were thickly sown 
 with golden bees instead of "Louis 
 flowers." In the tomb of Chil'deric mora 
 
BEE. 
 
 90 BEGGAR OF BETHNAL GREEN. 
 
 than 300 golden bees were discovered in 
 1653. Hence the emblem of the French 
 empire. 
 
 Bee, an American word recently intro- 
 duced to signify a competitive examina- 
 tion : thus — 
 
 A Spelling Bee is a company met to- 
 gether to compete with each other in 
 spelling. 
 
 A Husking Bee is a company assembled 
 together to compete with each other in 
 stripping the husks from the ears of 
 maize. 
 
 A Musical Bee is a company assembled 
 together to compete with each other in 
 singing or playing music " at sight," 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Bee-line, the straightest or shortest 
 distance between two points. This is an 
 American expression, equivalent to "As 
 the crow flies ;" but crows do not always 
 rly in a direct line, as bees do when they 
 seek their home. 
 
 Sinners, you are making a bee-line from time to eternity, 
 and what you have once passed over you will never pass 
 over again.— Dow, Lay Sermons. 
 
 Bee of Attica, Soph'ocles the dra- 
 matist (n.c. 495-405). The "Athenian 
 Bee " was Plato the philosopher (n.c. 
 428-347). 
 
 The Bee of Attica rivalled jEschylus when in the posses- 
 don of the stage.— Sir \V Scott, Tlte Drama. 
 
 Bee Painted (.4) by Quintin Matsys 
 on the outstretched leg of a fallen angel 
 painted by Mandyn. It was so life-like 
 that when the old artist returned to the 
 studio he tried to frighten it away with 
 his pocket-handkerchief. 
 
 Beefington (Milor), introduced in 
 Tfte Rovers. Casimir is a Polish emi- 
 grant, and Beefington an English noble- 
 man exiled by the tyranny of king John. 
 ■ — Anti-Jacobin. 
 
 " Will without power," said the sagacious Casimir to 
 Milor Beefington, " is tike children playing at soldiers."— 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Be'elzebub (4 syl.), called "prince 
 of the devils" (Matt. xii. 24), worshipped 
 at Ekron, a city of the Philistines (2 
 Jungs i. 2), and made by Milton second 
 to Satan. 
 
 One next himself in power and next in crime — 
 Beelzebub. 
 
 Paradise Lost, i. 80 (1665). 
 
 Bee'nie (2 syl.), chambermaid at Old 
 St. Ronan's inn, held by Meg Dods. — 
 Sir W. Scott, St. Xonan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Befa/na. the good fairy of Italian 
 children. She is supposed to fill their 
 
 shoes and socks with toys when they go 
 to bed on Twelfth Night. Some one 
 enters the bedroom for the purpose, and 
 the wakeful youngsters cry out, " Ecco la 
 Befana V According to legend, Befana 
 was too busy with house affairs to take 
 heed of the Magi when they went to qjffer 
 their gifts, and said she would stop for 
 their return ; but they returned by 
 another way, and Befana every Twelfth 
 Night watches to see them. The name ig 
 a corruption of Epiphania. 
 
 Beg ("lord"), a title generally given to 
 lieutenants of provinces under the grand 
 signior, but rarely to supreme princes. 
 Occasionally, however, the Persian em- 
 perors have added the title to their names, 
 as Hagmet beg, Alman beg, Morad beg, 
 etc. — Selden, Titles of Honour, vi. 70 
 (1672). 
 
 Beg (Callum), page to Fergus M'lvor, 
 in Waverley, a novel by sir W. Scott 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Beg (Toshach), MacGillie Chattanach'a 
 second at the combat. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Beggars (King of the), Bampfylde 
 Moore Carew. He succeeded Clause 
 Patch (1G93, 1730-1770). 
 
 Beggar's Daughter ( The). " Bessee 
 the beggar's daughter of Bethnal Green," 
 was very beautiful, and was courted by 
 four suitors at once — a knight, a country 
 squire, a rich merchant, and the son of 
 an innkeeper at Romford. She told them 
 all they must first obtain the consent of 
 her poor blind father, the beggar of 
 Bethnal Green, and all slunk off except 
 the knight, who went and asked leave to 
 marry " the prettv lessee.'' The beggar 
 gave her for a "dot," £3000, and £100 
 for her trousseau, and informed the 
 knight that he (the beggar) was Henry, 
 son and heir of sir Simon de Montfort, 
 and that he had disguised himself as a 
 beggar to escape the vigilance of spies, 
 who were in quest of all those engaged 
 on the baron's side in the battle of 
 Evesham. — Percy's Reliqucs, II. ii. 10. 
 
 The value of money was about twelve 
 times more than its present purchase 
 value, so that the "dot" given was equal 
 to £36,000. 
 
 Beggar of Bethnal Green (The), 
 a drama by S. Knowles (recast and pro- 
 duced, 1834). Bess, daughter of Albert, 
 " the blind beggar of Bethnal Green," 
 was intensely loved by Wilf ord, who first 
 
BEGGAR'S OPERA. 
 
 91 
 
 BELEItMA. 
 
 saw her in the streets of London, and 
 subsequently, after diligent search, dis- 
 covered her in the Queen's Arms inn at 
 Romford. It turned out that her father 
 .Albert was brother to lord Woodville, 
 and Wilford was his truant son, so that 
 Bess was his cousin. Queen Elizabeth 
 sanctioned their nuptials, and took them 
 under her own conduct. (See Blixd.) 
 
 Beggar's Opera {The), by Gay 
 (1727). The beggar is captain Macheath. 
 (For plot, see Macheath.) 
 
 Beggar's Petition {The), a poem 
 by the Rev. Thomas Moss, minister of 
 Brierly Hill and Trentham, in Stafford- 
 shire. It was given to Mr. Smart, the 
 printer, of Wolverhampton. — Gentleman's 
 Magazine, lxx. 41. 
 
 Beguines [Beg-icins], the earliest of 
 all lay societies of women united for 
 religious purposes. Brabant says the 
 order received its name from St. Begga, 
 daughter of Pepin, who founded it at 
 Nanrnr, in 696 ; but it is more likely to 
 be derived from le Begue ("the Stam- 
 merer") ; and if so, it was founded at 
 Liege, m 1180. 
 
 Beh/ram, captain of the ship which 
 was to convey prince Assad to the 
 "mountain of fire," where he was to be 
 offered up in sacrifice. The ship being 
 driven on the shores of queen Margia'na's 
 kingdom, Assad became her slave, but 
 was recaptured by Behram's crew, and 
 carried back to the ship. The queen 
 next day gave the ship chase. Assad 
 was thrown overboard, and swam to the 
 city whence he started. Behram also 
 was drifted to the same place. Here the 
 captain fell in with the prince, and re- 
 conducted him to the original dungeon. 
 Bosta'na, a daughter of the old fire- 
 worshipper, taking pity on the prince, 
 released him ; and, at the end, Assad 
 married queen Margiana, Bostana married 
 prince Amgiad (half-brother of Assad), 
 and Behram, renouncing his religion, 
 became a mussulman, and entered the 
 service of Amgiad, who became king of 
 the city. — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad and 
 Assad"). 
 
 Bela'rius, a nobleman and soldier in 
 the army of Cym'beline (3 syl.) king of 
 Britain." Two villains having sworn to 
 the king that he was "confederate with 
 the Romans," he was banished, and for 
 twenty years lived in a cave ; but he 
 stole away the two infant sons of 'the 
 king *-ut of revenue. Their names were 
 
 Guide'rius and Arvir'agus. When these 
 two princes were grown to manhood, a 
 battle was fought between the Romans 
 and Britons, in which Cymbeline was 
 made prisoner ; but Belarius coming to 
 the rescue, the king was liberated and 
 the Roman general in turn was made 
 captive. Belarius was now reconciled to 
 Cymbeline, and presenting to him the 
 two young men, told their story ; where- 
 upon they were publicly acknowledged 
 to be the sons of Cymbeline and princes 
 of the realm. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline 
 (1605). 
 
 Belch {Sir Toby), uncle of Olivia 
 the rich countess of Illyria. He is a 
 reckless roisterer of the old school, and 
 a friend of sir Andrew Ague-cheek. — 
 Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614). 
 
 Belcour, a foundling adopted by Mr. 
 Belcour, a rich Jamaica merchant, who 
 at death left him all his property. He 
 was in truth the son of Mr. Stockwell, 
 the clerk of Belcour, senior, who clan- 
 destinely married his master's daughter, 
 and afterwards became a wealthy mer- 
 chant. On the death of old Belcour, the 
 young man came to England as the guest 
 of his unknown father, fell in love with 
 Miss Dudley, and married her. He was 
 hot-blooded, impulsive, high-spirited, and 
 generous, his very faults serving as a 
 foil to his, noble qualities ; ever erring and 
 repenting, offending and atoning for his 
 offences.— Cumberland, Tlie West Indian 
 (1771). 
 
 Be'led, one of the six Wise Men of 
 the East, lead by the guiding star to 
 Jesus. He was a king, who gave to his 
 enemy who sought to dethrone him half 
 of his kingdom, and thus turned a foe 
 into a fast friend. — Klopstock, The Mes- 
 siah, v. (1747). 
 
 Belen, the mont St. Michael, in 
 Normandy. Here nine druidesses used 
 to sell arrows to sailors " to charm away 
 storms." These arrows had to be dis- 
 charged by a young man 25 years old. 
 
 Belerma, the lady whom Durandarte 
 served for seven years as a knight-errant 
 and peer of France. When, at length, 
 he died at Roncesvalles, he prayed his 
 cousin Montesi'nos to carry his heart to 
 Belerma. 
 
 I saw a precession of beautiful damsels in mourning, 
 with wnite turbans on their heads. In the rear came a 
 lady with a veil so long that it reached the ground : her 
 turban was twice as large as the largest of the otheis; 
 her eyebrows were joined, her nose way rather fiat, 
 her mouth wide, but her lips of a vermilion colour. Her 
 
BELESES. 
 
 92 
 
 BELINDA. 
 
 teeth were thin-sot. and irregular, though vi ry white ; 
 and she carried In lior hand a tine linen cloth, containing 
 a heart. Montesiuos informed me that this lady was 
 Boierma.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 6(1615). 
 
 Bele'ses (3 s///.), a Chalda?an sooth- 
 Bayer and Assyrian satrap, -who told 
 Arba'ces (3 sul.) governor of Me'dia, that 
 lie would one day sit on the throne of 
 Nineveh and Assyria. His prophecy 
 came true, and BelesOs was rewarded 
 with the government of Babylon. — Byron, 
 Sardanapalus (1819). 
 
 Belfab orac, the palace of the em- 
 peror of Lilliput, in the middle of 
 TMildendo, the metropolis of the empire. — 
 Swift, Gulliver's Travels (''Voyage to 
 Lilliput," 1720). 
 
 Eel'field (Brothers). The elder 
 brother is a squire in Cornwall, betrothed 
 to Sophia (daughter of sir Benjamin 
 Dove), who loves his younger brother 
 Bob. The younger brother is driven 
 to sea by the cruelty of the squire, but on 
 his return renews his acquaintance Avith 
 Sophia. Ha is informed of her unwilling 
 betrothal to the elder brother, who is 
 alreadv married to Violetta, but parted 
 from tier. Violetta returns home in the 
 same ship as Bob Belfield, becomes 
 reconciled to her husband, and the 
 vounger brother marries Sophia. — Rich. 
 Cumberland, The Brothers (1769). 
 
 Bel'ford, a friend of Lovelace (2 s.y/.). 
 They made a covenant to pardon every 
 sort of liberty which they took with each 
 other. — Richardson, Clarissa Earlowe 
 (1749). 
 
 Bel ford (Major), the friend of colonel 
 Tamp'er, and the plighted husband of 
 Mdlle. Florival.— G. Colman, sen., The 
 Deuce is in Him (1702). 
 
 Beige (2 syl.), the mother of seventeen 
 eons. She applied to queen Me r cilla for 
 aid against Geryon'eo, who had deprived 
 her of all her offspring except rive. — 
 Speuser, Faery Queen, v. 10 (1596). 
 
 %* " Beige " is Holland ; the " seven- 
 teen sons'" are the seventeen provinces 
 which once belonged to her ; " Geryoneo " 
 is Philip II. of Spam ; and "Mercilla " is 
 queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Belgrade' (2 syl.), the camp-suttler ; 
 so called because she commenced her 
 career at the siege of Belgrade. Her 
 dug's name was Clumsey. 
 
 Be'lial, last or lowest in the hierarchy 
 of hell. (See Rimmon.) Moloch was the 
 fiercest of the infernal spirits, and Belial 
 the most timorous and slothful. The 
 
 lewd and profligate, disobedient and 
 rebellious, arc called in Scripture " sons of 
 Belial." 
 
 Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd 
 Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love 
 Vice for itself 0- -190, etc.) . . . '.hough his tongue 
 Dropt manna, and could make tlie wor-.e appear 
 The better reason . . . but to nobler deeds 
 Timorous and slothful. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 112 (1666). 
 
 *** Belial means "the lawless one," 
 that is, one who puts no restraint on his 
 evil propensities. 
 
 Belia'nis of Greece (Bon), the 
 hero of an old romance of chivalry on the 
 model of Am'adis de Gaul. It was one of 
 the books in don Quixote's library, but 
 was not one of those burnt by the cure' as 
 pernicious and worthless. 
 
 " Don Belianis," said the curt, "with its two, three, and 
 four parts, hath need of a dose of rhubarb to purge off 
 that mass of bile with which he is inflamed. His Castle 
 of Fame and other impertinences should be totally 
 obliterated. This done, we would show him lenity in 
 proportion as we found him capable of reform. Take 
 don Belianis home with you, and keep him in close 
 confinement" — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 
 
 (An English abridgment of this ro- 
 mance was published in 1673.) 
 
 Belinda, niece and companion of 
 lady John Brute. Young, pretty, full of 
 fun, and possessed of £10,UU0. Heart- 
 free marries her. — Vanbrugh, The Pro- 
 voked Wife (1697). 
 
 Belin'da, the heroine of Pope's Rape of 
 the Lock. This mock heroic is founded 
 on the following incident : — Lord Petre 
 cut a lock of hair from the head of Miss 
 Arabella Fermor, and the voting lady 
 resented the liberty as an unpardonable 
 affront. The poet says Belinda wore en 
 her neck two curls, one of which the 
 baron cut off with a pair of scissors 
 borrowed of Clarissa, and when Belinda 
 angrily demanded that it should be 
 delivered up, it bad flown to the skies and 
 become a meteor there. (See Berenice.) 
 
 Belinda, daughter of Mr. Blandford, 
 in love with Beverley the brother of 
 Clarissa. Her father promised sir 
 William Bellmont that she should marry 
 his son George, but George was already 
 engaged to Clarissa. Belinda was very 
 handsome, very independent, most irre- 
 proachable, and devotedly attached to 
 Beverley. V.'hen he hinted suspicious of 
 infidelity, she was too proud to deny 
 their truth, but her pure and ardent love 
 instantly rebuked her for giving her lover 
 t auseless pain. — A. Murphv, All in the 
 Wrong (1761). 
 
BELINDA. 
 
 93 
 
 BELI.-T1IE-CAT. 
 
 Pi-lin'da, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
 worth's novel of the same name. The 
 object of the tale is to make the reader 
 fed what is good, and pursue it (1803). 
 
 Bciiu'da, a lodging-house servant-girl, 
 very poor, very dirty, very kind-hearted, 
 and" shrewd in observation. She married, 
 and Mr. Middlewiek the butter-man set 
 her husband up in business in the butter 
 line. — II. J. Byron, Our Boys (1875). 
 
 Beline (2 syl.), second wife of Argan 
 the malade imaginairc, and step-mother 
 of Angelique. whom she hates. Beline 
 pit tends "tc hue Argan devotedly, 
 humours him in all his whims, calls him 
 " mon tils," and makes him believe that 
 if he were to die it would be the death of 
 her. Toinette induces Argan to put these 
 specious protestations to the test by pre- 
 tending to be dead. He does so, and 
 when Beline enters the room, instead of 
 deploring her loss, she cries in ecstasy : 
 
 " Le ciel eu soit louc ! Me voila dclivree d'un grande 
 fardeau ! . . . de quoi servait-il sur la terre ? Un homme 
 incommode a tout le nionde, malpropre, degoutant . . . 
 niouchant, toussant. cracliant toujours, sins esprit, 
 emmyeux, de niauvaise humetir, fatiguant sans cesse les 
 gens.'et grondant jouret nuit servantes et valets" (iii. 18). 
 
 She then proceeds to ransack the room 
 for bonds, leases, and money ; but Argan 
 starts up and tells her she has taught him 
 one useful lesson for life at any rate. — 
 Moliere, La Malade Imajinaire (1673). 
 
 Belisa'rius, the greatest of Justi- 
 nian's generals. Being accused of treason, 
 he was deprived of all his property, and 
 his eyes were put out. In this state he 
 retired to Constantinople, where he lived 
 by begging. The story says he fastened 
 a label to his hat, containing these words, 
 " Give an obulus to poor old Belisarius." 
 Marmontel has written a tale called 
 Belisaire. which has helped to perpetuate 
 these fables, originally invented by 
 Tzetzes or Caesios, a Greek poet, born at 
 Constantinople in 1120. 
 
 Belise (2 syl.), sister of Philaminte 
 (3 syl.), and, like her, a femme savante. 
 She imagines that every one is in love 
 with her. — Moliere, Les Femmes Savantes 
 (1(372). 
 
 Sell (Adam),' a wild, north-country 
 outlaw, noted, like Robin Hood, for his 
 skill in archery. His place of residence 
 was Englewood Forest, near Carlisle ; and 
 his two comrades were Clym of the 
 Clough [Clement of the Cliff] and Wil- 
 liam of Cloudcsly (3 syl.). William 
 was married, but the other two were not. 
 When William was captured at Carlisle 
 
 and was led to execution, Adam and 
 Clym rescued him, and all three went to 
 London to crave pardon of the king, 
 which, at the queen's intercession, was 
 granted them. They then showed th*i 
 king specimens of their skill in archery, 
 and the king was so well pleased that he 
 made William a "gentleman of fe," and 
 the two others yeomen of the bed-cham- 
 ber. — Percy, lieliques ("Adam Bell," 
 etc.), I. ii. 1. 
 
 Bell (Bessy). Bessy Bell and Mary 
 Gray were the daughters of two country 
 gentlemen near Perth. When the plague 
 broke out in 1666 they built for them- 
 selves a bower in a very romantic spot 
 called Burn Braes, to which they retired, 
 and were supplied with food, etc., by a 
 young man who was in love with both of 
 them. The young man caught the plague, 
 communicated it to the two young ladies, 
 and all three died. — Allan Ramsay, Bessy 
 Bell and Mary Gray (a ballad). 
 
 Bell. Anne, Charlotte, and Emiiy 
 Bronte' assumed the ?wms de plume of 
 Acton, Currer, and Ellis Bell (first halt 
 of the nineteenth century). Currer Bell 
 or Bronte married the Rev. Arthur Bell 
 Nicholls. She was the author of Jane 
 Eyre. 
 
 It will be observed that the initial 
 letter of both names is in every case pre- 
 served throughout — Acton (Anne), Currer 
 (Charlotte), Ellis (Emily), and Bell 
 (Bronte). 
 
 Bell (Peter), the subject of a "tale in 
 verse " by Wordsworth. Shelley wrote a 
 burlesque upon it, entitled Peter Bell the 
 Third. 
 
 Bell Battle (The). The casus belli 
 was this • Have the local magistrates 
 power to allow parish bells to be rung at 
 their discretion, or is the right vested in 
 the parish clergyman ? This squabble 
 was carried on with great animosity in 
 the parish of Paisley in 1832. 'The 
 clergyman, John Macnaughton, brought 
 the question before the local council, 
 which gave it in favour of the magis- 
 trates ; but the court of sessions gave it 
 the other way, and when the magistrates 
 granted a permit for the bells to be rung, 
 the court issued an interdict against them. 
 
 For nearly two years the Paisley bell battle was fought 
 with the fiercest zeal. It was the subject of every political 
 meeting, the theme of every board, the gossip at tea- 
 tables and dinner parties, and children delighted in 
 chalking on the walls " Please to ring the bell" (May 14, 
 18:32, to Sept 10, 1834). — Newspaper paragraph. 
 
 Bell-the-Cat, sobriquet of Archibald 
 
BELLS. 
 
 94 
 
 BELLE'S STEATAGEM. 
 
 Douglas, great-earl of Angus, who died 
 in 1514. 
 
 The mice, being much annoyed by the persecutions of a 
 cat, resolved that a bell should be hung about her neck to 
 give notice of her approach. The measure was agreed to 
 in full council, but one of the sager mice inquired " Who 
 would undertake to hell the cat?" When Lauder told 
 this ."able to a council of Scotch nobles, met to declaim 
 against one Cochran, Archibald Douglas started up, and 
 exclaimed in thunder "I will;" and hence the sobriquet 
 referred to. — Sir W. Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, 
 xxii. 
 
 Bells {Those Evening), a poem by T. 
 Moore, set to music, refer to trie bells of 
 Ashbourne parish church, Derbyshire. — 
 National Airs, 1. 
 
 Bells (To shake one's), to defy, to re- 
 sist, to set up one's back. The allusion .is 
 to the little bells tied to the feet of hawks. 
 Immediately the hawks were tossed, they 
 were alarmed at the sound of the bells, 
 and took to flight. 
 
 Neither the king, nor he that loves him best . . . 
 Dare stir a wing if Warwick shake his bells. 
 
 Shakespeare, 3 Henry 17. act i. sc. 1 (1592). 
 
 Bells. Seven bells (i.e. half-past 7), 
 breakfast-time ; eight bells (i.e. noon), 
 dinner-time ; three bells (i.e. half -past 5), 
 supper-time. 
 
 Eight bells (the highest number) are 
 rung at noon and every fourth hour 
 afterwards. Thus they are sounded at 
 12, 4, and 8 o'clock. For all other parts 
 of the day an Even number of bells 
 announce the hours, and an Odd number 
 the half-hours. Thus 12| is 1 bell, 1 
 o'clock is 2 bells, H is 3 bells, 2 o'clock 
 is 4 bells, 2| is 5 bells, 3 o'clock is 6 
 bells, 3^ is 7~bells. Again, 4£ is 1 bell, 
 5 o'clock is 2 bells, 5h is 3 bells, 6 o'clock 
 is 4 bells, 6£ is 5 bells, 7 o'clock is 6 
 bells, 1\ is 7 bells. Again, 8h is 1 bell, 
 9 o'clock is 2 bells, Oh is 3 bells", 10 o'clock 
 is 4 bells, 10^ is 5 bells, 11 o'clock is 6 
 bells, 11| is 7 bells. Or, 1 beli sounds at 
 12|, U, ~8h ; 2 bells sound at 1, 5, 9 ; 
 3 bells sound at 1|, 5^, 9£ ; 4 bells sound 
 at 2, G, 10 ; 5 bells sound at 2^, 6^, 10| ; 
 G bells sound at 3, 7, 11 ; 7 bells sound 
 at 3|, 1\ \\\ ; 8 bells sound at 4, 8, 12 
 o'clock. 
 
 Bells tolled Backwards. This 
 was the tocsin of the French, first used 
 as an alarm of fire, and subsequently, for 
 any uprising of the people. In the reign 
 of "Charles IX. it was the signal given by 
 the court for the Bartholomew slaughter. 
 In the French Revolution it was the call 
 to the people for some united attack 
 against the royalists. 
 
 Old French, toquer, "to strike," seing 
 or sing, " a church bell." 
 
 Bella Wilfer, a lovely, wilful, lively, 
 spoilt darling, who loved every one, and 
 whom every one loved. She married 
 John Rokesmith (i.e. John Harmon).— C, 
 Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (18G4). 
 
 Bellamy, a steady young man, look- 
 ing out for a wife "capable of friendship, 
 love, and tenderness, with good sense 
 enough to be easy, and good nature 
 enough to like him." He found his beau- 
 ideal in Jacintha, who had besides a 
 fortune of £30,000.— Dr. Hoadly, The 
 Suspicious Husband (17G1). 
 
 Bella'rio, the assumed name oi 
 Euphrasia, when she put on boy's ap- 
 parel that she might enter the service of 
 prince Philaster, whom she greatly loved . 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster or 
 Love Lies a-bleeding (1622). 
 
 Bel'laston (Lady), a profligate, from 
 whom Tom Jones accepts support. Her 
 conduct and conversation may be con- 
 sidered a fair photograph of the "beau- 
 ties" of the court of Louis XY. — Fielding, 
 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). 
 
 The character of Jones, otherwise a model of generosity, 
 openness, and manly spirit, minted with thoughtless dis- 
 sipation, is unnecessarily degraded by the nature of his 
 intercourse with lady Bellaston. — Encyc. Brit. Art. 
 " Fielding." 
 
 Belle Cordiere (La), Louise Labe, 
 who married Ennemond Perrin, a wealthy 
 rope-maker (1526-1566). 
 
 Belle Corisande (La), Diane com- 
 tesse de Guiche et de Grammont (1554- 
 1620). 
 
 Belle France (La), a pet way of 
 alluding to France, similar to our Merry 
 England. 
 
 Belle the Giant. It is said that 
 the giant Belle mounted on his sorrel 
 horse at a place since called mount 
 Sorrel. He leaped one mile, and the spot 
 on which he lighted was called Wanlip 
 (one-leap) ; thence he leaped a second 
 mile, but in so doing "burst all" his 
 girths, whence the spot was called Burst- 
 all ; in the third leap he was killed, and 
 the spot received the name of Belle- 
 grave. 
 
 Belle's Stratagem (The). The 
 "belle" is Letitia Hardy, and her 
 stratagem was for the sake of winning 
 the love of Doricourt, to whom she had 
 been betrothed. The very fact of being 
 betrothed to Lotitia sets Doricourt against 
 her, so she goes unknown to him to a 
 masquerade, where Doricourt falls in lov8 
 
BELLEFOXTAINE. 
 
 BELLICENT. 
 
 with " the beautiful stranger." In order 
 to consummate the marriage of his 
 daughter. Mr. Hardy pretends to be "sick 
 unto death," and beseeches Doricourt to 
 wed Letitia before he dies. Lctitia 
 meets her betrothed in her masquerade 
 dress, and unbounded was the joy of the 
 young man to find that "the beautiful 
 stranger " is the lady to whom he has 
 been betrothed. — Mrs. Cowlev, The Belle's 
 Stratagem (1780). 
 
 Belief ontaine {Benedict), the wealthy 
 farmer of Grand Pre' [Xova Scotia'] and 
 father of Evangeline. When the inhabit- 
 ants of his village were driven into exile, 
 Benedict died of a broken heart as he 
 was about to embark, and was buried 
 on the sea-shore. — Longfellow, Evangeline 
 (1849). 
 
 Bellenden {Lady Margaret), an old 
 Tory lady, mistress of the Tower of Til- 
 lietudlem. 
 
 Old major Miles Bellenden, brother of 
 lady Margaret. 
 
 Miss Edith Bellenden, granddaughter 
 of lady Margaret, betrothed to lord 
 Evendale, of the king's army, but in love 
 with Morton (a leader of the covenanters, 
 and the hero -of the novel).' After the 
 death of lord Evendale, Avho is shot by 
 Balfour, Edith marries Morton, and this 
 terminates the tale. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Beller'ophon, son of Glaucos. A 
 kind of Joseph, who refused the amorous 
 solicitations of Antea, wife of Proetos (2 
 syl.) king of Argos. Antea accused him 
 of attempting to dishonour her, and 
 Prcetos sent him into Lycia with letters 
 desiring his destruction. Accordingly, 
 he was set several enterprises full of 
 hazard, which, however, he surmounted. 
 In later life he tried to mount up to 
 heaven on the winged horse Pegasus, but 
 fell, and wandered about the Alei'an 
 plains till he died. — Homer, Iliad, vi. 
 
 As once 
 Bellerophon . . . dismounted in the Aleian field . . . 
 Erroneous there to wander and forlorn. 
 
 Milton. Paradise Lost, vii. 17, etc. (1665). 
 
 Letters of Bellerophon, a treacherous 
 letter, pretending to recommend the 
 bearer but in reality denouncing him, 
 like the letter sent by Prcetos to the king 
 of Lycia, requesting him to kill the 
 bearer (Bellerophon). 
 
 Pausa'nias the Spartan, in his treason- 
 able correspondence with Xerxes, sent 
 several such letters. At last the bearer be- 
 thought that none of the persons sent ever 
 returned, and opening the letter found it 
 
 contained directions for his own death. 
 It was shown to the ephors, and Pausanias 
 in alarm fled to a temple, where he was 
 starved to death. 
 
 De Lacy, being sent by king John 
 against De Courcy, was informed by two 
 of the servants that their master always 
 laid aside his armour on Good Friday. 
 De Lacy made his attack on that day, 
 and sent De Courcy prisoner to London. 
 The two sen-ants now asked De ),acy for 
 passports from Ireland and England, and 
 De Lacy gave them Letters of Bellerophon, 
 exhorting "all to whom these presents 
 come to spit on the faces of the bearers, 
 drive them forth as hounds, and use them 
 as it behoved the betrayers of their masters 
 to be treated." — Cameos of English His- 
 tory (" Conquest of Ireland "). 
 
 Beller'ophon (4 syl.), the English man- 
 of-war under the command of captain 
 Maitland. After the battle of Water- 
 loo Bonaparte set out for Kocheford, in- 
 tending to seek refuge in America, but 
 the Bellerophon being in sight and escape 
 impossible, he made a virtue of necessity 
 by surrendering himself, and was forth- 
 with conveyed to England. 
 
 Belle'rilS, a Cornish giant, whence 
 the Land's End is called Bellerium. 
 Milton in his Lycldas suggests the pos- 
 sibility that Edward King, "who was 
 drowned at sea, might be sleeping near 
 Bellerium or the Land's End, on mount 
 St. Michael, the spot where the archangel 
 appeared, and ordered a church to be 
 built there. 
 
 Sleepst [thoit] by the fable of Bellerus old, 
 Where the great vision of the guarded mount 
 Looks towards Namancos [old Castile]. 
 
 Milton, L^-idas, 160, etc. (1638). 
 
 Belleur', companion of Pinac and 
 Mirabel ("the wild goose"), of stout 
 blunt temper ; in love with Rosalu'ra, 
 a dantrhter of Nantolet. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Wild Goose Chase (1652). 
 
 Bellieent, daughter of GorloTs lord of 
 Tintag'il and his wife Ygerne or Igerna. 
 As the widow married Uther the pendragon, 
 and was then the mother of king Arthur, it 
 follows that Bellieent was half-sister of 
 Arthur. Tennyson in Gareth and Lynette 
 says that Bellieent Aras the wife of Lot 
 king of Orkney, and mother of Gaw'ain 
 and Mordred, but this is not in accordance 
 either with the chronicle or the history, for 
 Geoffrey in his Chronicle says that Lot's 
 wife was Anne, the sister (not half- 
 sister) of Arthur (viii. 20, 21), and sir 
 
BELLIN. 
 
 96 
 
 BELPHCEBE. 
 
 T Malory, in his History of Prince 
 Arthur, says : 
 
 King Lot of Lothan and Orkney wedded Margawse ; 
 fentres, of the land of Carlot, wedded Elain ; and that 
 3organ le Fay was [Arthur's] third sister. — PL L 2, 35, 36. 
 
 Bel'lin, the ram, in the beast-epic of 
 Reynard the Fox. The word means 
 "gentleness" (1498). 
 
 BeUingham, a man about town. — 
 D. Boucicault, After Dark. 
 
 I was engaged for two years at St. James's Theatre, 
 acting "Charles Surface" eighty nights, "BeUingham" 
 ft couple of hundred nights, and had two special engage- 
 ments for " Mercutio " at the Lyceum.— Walter Lacy. 
 
 Bel'lisant, sister of king Pepin of 
 France, and wife of Alexander emperor 
 of Constantinople. Being accused of 
 infidelity, the emperor banished her, and 
 she took refuge in a vast forest, where 
 she became the mother of Valentine and 
 Orson. — Valentine and Orson. 
 
 Eellmont (Sir William), father of 
 George Bellmont ; tyrannical, positive, 
 and headstrong. He imagines it is the 
 duty of a son to submit to his father's will, 
 even in the matter of matrimony. 
 
 George Bellmont, son of sir William, in 
 love with Clarissa, his friend Beverley's 
 sister; but his father demands of him to 
 marry Belinda Blandford, the troth-plight 
 wife of Beverley. Ultimately all comes 
 right. — A. Murphy, All in the Wrong 
 (1761). 
 
 Bello'na's Handmaids, Blood, 
 Fire, and Famine. 
 
 The goddesse of warre, called Bellona, had these thre 
 handmaids ever attendynge on her: Blood, Fike. and 
 Famine, which thre damosels he of that force and 
 strength that every one of them alone is able and sufficient 
 to torment and afflict a proud prince ; and they all joyned 
 together are of puissance to destroy the most populous 
 country and most richest region of the world. — Hall. 
 Chronicle (1530). 
 
 Bellum (Master), war. 
 
 A difference [is] 'twixt broyles and bloudie warres, — 
 Yet have I shot at Maister Bellum's butte. 
 And thrown his ball, although I toucht no tutte [benefit']. 
 G. Gascoigue, The Fruites of Warre, 94 (died 1577). 
 
 Belmont (Sir Robert), a proud, testy, 
 mercenary country gentleman ; friend of 
 his neighbour sir Charles Raymond. 
 
 Charles Belmont, son of sir Robert, a 
 young rake. He rescued Fidelia, at the 
 age of 12. from the hands of Villard, 
 a villain who wanted to abuse her. and 
 taking her to his. own home fell in love 
 with her, and in due time married her. 
 She turns out to be the daughter of sir 
 Charles Raymond. 
 
 Rosetta Belmont, daughter of sir 
 Robert, high-spirited, witty, and affec- 
 tionate. She is in love with coionel 
 
 Raymond, whom she delights in torment- 
 ing. — Ed. Moore, The Foundling (1748). 
 
 Belmont (Andrew), the elder of two 
 brothers, who married Vicletta (an English 
 lady born in Lisbon), and deserted her. 
 He then promised marriage to Lucy 
 Waters, the daughter of one of his 
 tenants, but had no intention of making 
 her his wife. At the same time, he en- 
 gaged himself to Sophia, the daughter of 
 sir Benjamin Dove. The day ^of the 
 wedding arrived, and it was then dis- 
 covered that he was married already, and 
 that Violetta his wife was actually 
 present. 
 
 Robert Belmont, the younger of the 
 two brothers, in love with Sophia Dove. 
 He went to sea in a privateer under 
 captain Ironside, his uncle, and changed 
 his name to Lewson. The vessel was 
 wrecked on the Cornwall coast, and he 
 renewed his acquaintance with Sophia, 
 but heard that she was engaged in mar- 
 riage to his brother. As, however, it was 
 proved that his brother was already 
 married, the young lady willingly aban- 
 doned the elder for the younger brother. 
 — R. Cumberland, The Brothers (1769). 
 
 Belmour (Edward), a gay young 
 man about town. — Congrcve, The Old 
 Bachelor (1G93). 
 
 Belmour (Mrs.), a widow of "agreeable 
 vivacity, entertaining manners, quickness 
 of transition from one thing to another, a 
 feeling heart, and a generosity of senti- 
 ment." She it is who shows Mrs. Love- 
 more the wa\- to keep her husband at 
 home, and to make him treat her with 
 that deference Avhich is her just due. — 
 A. Murphy, The Wag to Keep Him 
 (1760). 
 
 Beloved Disciple (The), St. John 
 "the divine," and writer of the fourth 
 Gospel. — John xiii. 23, etc. 
 
 Beloved Physician (The), St. 
 Luke the evangelist. — Col. iv. 14. 
 
 Bel'phegor, a Moabitish deity, wnose 
 orgies were celebrated on mount Phcgor, 
 and were noted for their obscenity. 
 
 BelphoeTbe (3 syl.). " All the Graces 
 rocked her cradle when she was born." 
 Her mother was Chrysog'one (4 syl.), 
 daughter of Amphisa of fairy lineage, 
 and her twin-sister was Amoretta. While 
 the mother and her babes were asleep, 
 Diana took one (Belphcebe) to bring up, 
 and -Venus took the other. 
 
 *** Belphcebe is the "Diana "among 
 
BELTED WILL. 
 
 97 
 
 BENBOW. 
 
 women, cold, passionless, correct, and 
 strong-minded. Amoret is the "Venus," 
 but without the licentiousness of that 
 goddess, warm, loving, motherly, and 
 wifely. Belphcebe was a lily; Amoret a 
 rose. Belphcebe a moonbeam, light with- 
 out heat ; Amoret a sunbeam, bright and 
 warm and life-giving. Belphcebe would 
 go to the battle-field, and make a most 
 admirable nurse or lady-conductor of an 
 ambulance ; but Amoret would prefer to 
 look after her husband and family, whose 
 comfort would be her first care, and 
 whose love she would seek and largely 
 reciprocate. — See Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 lii. iv. (1590). 
 
 %* " Belphcebe " is queen Elizabeth. 
 As queen she is Gloriana, but as woman 
 ahe is Belphcebe, the beautiful and chaste. 
 
 Either Gloriana let her choose, 
 Or in Belphicbe fashioned to be; 
 In one her rule, in the other her rare chastitie. 
 Spenser, Faery Queen (introduction to bk. HL). 
 
 Belted Will, lord William Howard, 
 warden of the western marches (1563- 
 1640). 
 
 His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt, 
 Hung in a broad and studded belt ; 
 Hence in rude phrase the Borderers still 
 Called noble Howard " Belted Will." 
 
 Sir W. Scott 
 
 Belten'ebros (4 syl.). Amadis of 
 Gaul assumes the name when he retires to 
 the Poor Rock, after receiving a cruel 
 letter from Oria'na his lady-love. — Vasco 
 de Lobeira, Amadis dc Gaul, ii. 6 (before 
 1400). 
 
 One of the most distinguishing testimonies which that 
 hero gave of his fortitude, constancy, and love, was his 
 retiring to the Poor Rook when in disgrace with his 
 mistress Oriaua, to do penance under the name of Oel- 
 tenebro$ or the Lovely Obscure. — Cervantes, DonQuixoie, 
 I. iii. 11 (ltiOo). 
 
 Belvide'ra, daughter of Priu'li a 
 senator of Venice. She was saved from 
 the sea by Jaffier, eloped with him, and 
 married him. Her father then discarded 
 her, and her husband joined the con- 
 spiracy of Pierre to murder the senators. 
 lie tells Belvidera of the plot, and 
 Belvidera, in order to save her father, per- 
 suades Jaffier to reveal the plot to Priuli, 
 if he will promise a general free pardon. 
 Priuli gives the required promise, but 
 notwithstanding, all the conspirators, ex- 
 cept Jaffier, are condemned to death by 
 torture. Jaffier stabs Pierre to save him 
 from the dishonour of the wheel, and 
 then kills himself. Beividera goes mad 
 and dies, — Otway, Venice Preserved ( 1682) . 
 
 We have to check our tears, although well aware that 
 the "Belvidera" with whose sorrows we sympathize is no 
 other than our own inimitable Mrs. Siddons. — Sir W. 
 fcott, The Drama. 
 
 5 
 
 (The actor Booth used to speak in 
 rapture of Mrs. Porter's "Belvidera." It 
 obtained for Mrs. Barry the title of 
 famous ; Miss O'Neill and Miss Helen 
 Faucit were both great in the same part.) 
 
 Ben [Legend], sir Sampson Legend's 
 younger son, a sailor and a " sea-wit," 
 in whose composition there enters no part 
 of the conventional generosity and open 
 frankness of a British tar. His slang 
 phrase is " D'ye see," and hi3 pet oath 
 "Mess!" — W. Congreve, Love for Love 
 (1695). I cannot agree with the follow- 
 ing sketch : — 
 
 What is Ben — the pleasant sailor which Bannister gives 
 us — but a piece ef satire ... a dreamy combination of 
 all the accidents of a sailor's character, his contempt of 
 money, his credulity to women, with that necessary 
 estrangement from home? . . . We never think the 
 worse of Ben for it, or feel it as a stain upon his charac- 
 ter. — C. Lamb. 
 
 C. Dibdin says: " If the description of Thorn. Doggett's 
 performance of this character be correct, the part has 
 certainly never been performed since to any degree of 
 perfection." 
 
 Ben Israel (Nathan) or Nathan 
 ben Samuel, the physician and friend 
 of Isaac the Jew. — Sir VV. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Ben Joe'hanan, in the satire of 
 Absalom and Achitophel, by Dryden and 
 Tate, is meant for the Rev. Samuel John- 
 son, who suffered much persecution for 
 his defence of the right of private judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Let Hebron, nay, let hell produce a man 
 So made for mischief as Ben Jochanan. 
 A Jew of humble parentage was he,*' 
 By trade a Levite, though of Low degree. 
 
 Part ii. 
 
 Benai'ah (3 syl.), in Absalom and 
 Achitophel, is meant for general George 
 Edward Sackville. As Benaiah, captain 
 of David's guard, adhered to Solomon 
 against Adonijah, so general Sackville 
 adhered to the duke of York against the 
 prince of Orange (1590-1652). 
 
 Nor can Benaiah's worth forgotten lie. 
 
 Of steady soul when public storms were high. 
 
 Dryden and Tate, part iL 
 
 Benas'kar or Bennaskar, a 
 wealthy merchant and magician of Delhi, 
 —James Ridley, Tales of the Genii, 
 ("History of Makond," tale vii.., 1751). 
 
 Benbow (Admiral). In an engaged 
 ment with the. French near St. Martha on 
 the Spanish coast in 1701, admired 
 Benbow had his legs and thighs shivered 
 into splinters by chain-shot, but supported 
 in a wooden frame he remained on the 
 quarter-deck till morning, when DuCassi 
 sheered off. 
 
 Similar acta of heroism are recorded cd 
 
 H 
 
BENBOW. 
 
 98 
 
 BENTICK STREET. 
 
 Almeyda the Portuguese governor of 
 India, of Cynaegiros brother of the poet 
 iEschylos, of Jaafer the standard-bearer 
 of "the prophet" in the battle of Muta, 
 and of some others. 
 
 Benbow, an idle, generous, free-and- 
 easy sot, who spent a good inheritance in 
 dissipation, and ended life in the work- 
 house. 
 
 Benbow, a boon companion, long approved 
 By jovial sets, and (as he thought) beloved, 
 Was judged as one to joy and friendship prone, 
 And deemed injurious to himself alone. 
 
 Crabbe, Borouyh, xvi. (1310). 
 
 Ben'demeer', a river that flows near 
 the ruins of Chil'miuar' or Istachar', in 
 Lhe province of Chusistan in Persia. 
 
 Bend-the-Bow, an English archer 
 at Dickson's cottage. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Benedick, a wild, witty, and light- 
 hearted young lord of Padua, who vowed 
 celibacy, but fell in love with Beatrice 
 and married her. It fell out thus : He 
 went on a visit to Leonato governor of 
 Messina ; here he sees Beatrice, the 
 governor's niece, as wild and witty as 
 himself, but he dislikes her, thinks her 
 pert and forward, and somewhat ill-man- 
 nered withal. However, he hears Claudio 
 speaking to Leonato about Beatrice, 
 saying how deeply she loves Benedick, 
 and bewailing that so nice a girl should 
 break her heart with unrequited love. 
 This conversation was a mere ruse, but 
 Benedick believed it to be true, and 
 resolved to reward the love of Beatrice 
 with love and marriage. It so happened 
 that Beatrice had been entrapped by a 
 similar conversation which she had over- 
 heard from her cousin Hero. The end 
 was they sincerely loved each other, and 
 became man and wife. — Shakespeare, 
 Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 
 
 Benedict [Beli.efontaixe], the 
 wealthiest farmer of Grand Pre', in 
 Acadia, father of Evangeline ("the pride 
 of the village "). He was a stalwart man 
 of 70, hale as an oak, but his hair was 
 white as snow. Colonel Winslow in 
 1713 informed the villagers of Grand Pre' 
 that the French had formally ceded their 
 village to the English, that George II. 
 now confiscated ail their lands, houses, 
 and cattle, and that the people, amounting 
 to nearly 2000, were to be "exiled into 
 other lands without delay." The people 
 assembled on the sea-shore ; old Benedict 
 Bellefontaine sat to rest himself, and fell 
 dead in a fit. The old priest buried him 
 
 in the sand, and the exiles left their 
 village homes for ever. — Longfellow, 
 Evangeline (1849). 
 
 Benefit-Play. The first actress in- 
 dulged 'with a benefit-play was Mre. 
 Elizabeth Barry (1682-1733). 
 
 Ben'engel'i {Cid Hamet), the hypo- 
 thetical Moorish chronicler from whom 
 Cervantes pretends he derived the ac- 
 count of the adventures of don Quixote. 
 
 The Spanish commentators . . . have discovered that 
 cid Ilamet Benenyeli is after all no more than an AraHs 
 version of the name of Cervantes himself. Ilamet u 
 a Moorish prefix, and lienengeli signifies "son of a stag,* 
 in Spanish Cervanteno. — Lockbart. 
 
 Bencngeli (Cid Ilamet), Thomas Babing- 
 ton lord Macaulay. His signature in his 
 Fragment of an Ancient Botnance (1826). 
 (See Cid, etc.) 
 
 Benev'olus, in Cooper's Task, ?3 
 John Courtney Throckmorton, of Weston 
 Underwood. 
 
 Benjie (Little), or Benjamin Col- 
 thred, a spy employed by Cristal Nixon, 
 the agent of Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Bedgauntlct (time, George III.). 
 
 Ben'net (Brother), a monk at St. 
 Mary's convent. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Ben'net (Mrs.), a demure, intriguing 
 woman in Amelia, a novel by Fielding 
 (1751). 
 
 Ben'oiton (Madame), a woman who 
 has been the ruin of the family by neglect. 
 In the " famille Benoiton" the constant 
 question was " Ou est Madame'V and the 
 invariable answer ' ' File est sortie." At the 
 de'noucment the question was asked again, 
 and the answer was varied thus, "Madam 
 has been at home, but is gone out again." 
 — La Famille Benoiton. 
 
 Ben'shee, the domestic spirit or 
 demon of certain Irish families. The 
 benshee takes an interest in the prosperity 
 of the family to which it is attached, and 
 intimates to it approaching disaster or 
 death by wailings or shrieks. The Scotch 
 Bodach Glay or " grey spectre" is a simi- 
 lar spirit. Same as Banshee (which see). 
 
 How oft has the Benshee cried t 
 How oft has death untied 
 Bright links that glory wove, 
 Sweet bonds entwined by love I 
 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies, U. 
 
 Bentick Street (Portman Square, 
 London), named after William Bentiok, 
 second duke of Portland, who married 
 Margaret, only child of Edward second 
 earl of Oxford anu Mortimer. 
 
BENYOLIO. 
 
 BERENICE. 
 
 Benvo'lio, nephew to Montague, and 
 Romeo's friend. A testy, litigious fellow, 
 who would quarrel about goat's wool or 
 pigeon's milk. Mercutio says to him, 
 " Thou hast quarrelled with a man for 
 coughing in the street, because he hath 
 wakened thy dog that hath lain asleep 
 in the sun" (act iii. sc. 1). — Shakespeare, 
 Iiomeo and Juliet Q598). 
 
 Ben'wicke (2 syl.), the kingdom of 
 king Ban, father of sir Launcelot. It 
 was situate in that extremely shadowy 
 locality designated as "beyond seas," but 
 whether it was Brittany or Utopia, "non 
 nostrum tantas compouere lites." 
 
 Probably it was Brittany, because it 
 was across the channel, and was in 
 France. Ban king of Benwicke was 
 brother of Bors king of Gaul. — Sir T. 
 Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, i. 8 
 (1470). 
 
 Beowulf, the name of an Anglo- 
 Saxon epic poem of the sixth century. It 
 received its name from Beowulf, who 
 delivered Hrothgar king of Denmark from 
 the monster Grendel. This Grendel was 
 half monster and half man, and night 
 after night stole into the king's palace 
 called Heorot, and slew sometimes as 
 many as thirty, of the sleepers at a time. 
 Beowulf put himself at the head of a 
 mixed band of warriors, went against the 
 monster and slew it. This epic is very 
 Ossianic in style, is full of beauties, and 
 is most interesting. — Kemhle's Translation. 
 
 (A. D. Wackerbarth published in 1849 
 a metrical translation of this Anglo- 
 Saxon poem, of considerable merit.) 
 
 Beppo. Byron's Beppo is the husband 
 of Laura, a Venetian lady. He was taken 
 captive in Troy, turned Turk, joined a 
 band of pirates, grew rich, and after 
 several years returned to his native land. 
 He found his wife at a carnival ball with 
 a cavaliero, made himself known to her, 
 and they lived together again as man and 
 wife, (Beppo is a contraction of Guiseppe, 
 as Joe is of Joseph, 1820.) 
 
 Beppo, in Fra Diavolo, an opera by 
 Auber (1836). 
 
 Beralde (2 syl.), brother of Argan the 
 malade imaginaire. He tells Argan that 
 his doctors will confess this much, that 
 the cure of a patient is a very minor con- 
 sideration with them, " toute f excellence 
 de leur art consiste en un pompeux gali- 
 *nat,as, en un spe'eieux babii, qui vous 
 donne des jnots pour des raisons, ct des 
 promesses pour des effets." Again he says, 
 
 "presque tons les hommes meurent de leur 
 remedes et non pas de leurs maladies." He 
 then proves that Argan's wife is a mere 
 hypocrite, while his daughter is a true- 
 hearted, loving girl ; and he makes the 
 invalid join in the dancing and singing 
 provided for his cure. — Moiiere. Be Malade 
 Imaginaire (1673). 
 
 Berch'ta ( ' ' the white lady "), a fairy of 
 southern Germany, answering to Hulda 
 ("the gracious lady") of northern Ger- 
 many. After the introduction of Chris- 
 tianity, Berchta lost her rlrst estate and 
 lapsed into a bogie. 
 
 Bereeynthian Goddess (The). 
 Cybele is so called from mount Berecyn- 
 tus, in Phrygia, where she was held" in 
 especial adoration. She is represented as 
 crowned with turrets, and holding keys 
 in her hand. 
 
 Her helmed head 
 Rose like the Bereeynthian goddess crowned 
 With towers. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., ii. (1814). 
 
 Berecyn'thian Hero (The), Midas 
 king of Phrygia, so called from mount 
 Berecyn'tus (4 syl.), in Phrygia. 
 
 Berenga'ria, queen - consort of 
 Richard Coeur de Lion, introduced in 'The 
 'Talisman, a novel bv sir W. Scott 
 (1825). Berengaria died 1230. 
 
 Berenger (Sir Raymond), an old 
 Norman warrior, living at the castle of 
 Garde Doloureuse. 
 
 The lady Eveline Berenger, sir Ray- 
 mond's daughter, betrothed to /.r Hugo 
 de Lacy. Sir Hugo cancels his own 
 betrothal in favour of his nephew (sir 
 Damian de Lacy), who marries the lady 
 Eveline "the betrothed." — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Bereni'ce (4 syl.), sister-wife of 
 Ptolemy III. She vowed to sacrifice her 
 hair to the gods if her husband returned 
 home the vanquisher of Asia. On his 
 return, she suspended her hair in the 
 temple of the war-god, but it was stolen 
 the first night, and Conon of Samos told 
 the king that the winds had carried it to 
 heaven, where it still forms the seven 
 stars near the tail of Leo, called Coma 
 Berenices. 
 
 Pope, in his Rape of the Lock, has 
 borrowed this fable to account for the 
 lock of hair cut from Belinda's head, the 
 restoration of which the young lady 
 insisted upon. 
 
 Bereni'ce (4 syl.), a Jewish princess, 
 daughter of Agrippa. She married llcrod 
 
BERESINA. 
 
 100 
 
 BERNARDO 
 
 king of Chalcis, then Polemon king 1 of 
 Cilicia, and then went to live with 
 Agrippa II. her brother. Titus fell in 
 love with her and would have married 
 her, but the "Romans compelled him to 
 renounce the idea, and a separation took 
 place. Otway (1672) made this the 
 subject of a tragedy called Titus and 
 Berenice ; and Jean Racine (1670), in his 
 tragedy of Berenice, has made her a sort 
 of Henriette d'Orle'ans. 
 
 (Henriette d'Orle'ans, daughter of 
 Charles I. of England, married Philippe 
 due d'Orle'ans, brother of Louis XIV. She 
 was brilliant in talent and beautiful in 
 person, but being neglected by her hus- 
 band, she died suddenly after drinking a 
 cup of chocolate, probably poisoned.) 
 
 Beresi'na (4 syl.). Every streamlet 
 shall prove a new Bercsina (Russian) : 
 meaning " every streamlet shall prove 
 their destruction and overthrow." The 
 allusion is to the disastrous passage of the 
 French army in November, 1812, during 
 their retreat from Moscow. It is said 
 that 12,000 of the fugitives were drowned 
 in the stream, and 16,000 were taken 
 prisoners by the Russians. 
 
 Ber'il, a kind of crystal, much used at 
 one time by fortune-tellers, who looked 
 into the beril and then uttered their pre- 
 dictions. 
 
 . . . and, like, a prophet, 
 Leaks in a glass that shews what future evils . . . 
 Are now to have no successive degree, 
 But where they live, to end. 
 Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, act i. sc. 2 (1603). 
 
 Beringhen (The Sieur de), an old 
 gourmand, who preferred patties to trea- 
 son ; but cardinal Richelieu banished him 
 from France, saying : 
 
 Sleep not another night in Paris, 
 
 Or else your precious life may be in danger. 
 
 Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 
 
 Berin'thia, cousin of Amanda ; a 
 beautiful young widow attached to colonel 
 Townly. In order to win him she plays 
 upon his jealousy by coquetting with 
 Loveless. — Sheridan, A Trip to Scar- 
 bo?-ougk (1777). 
 
 Berkeley (The Old Woman of), a 
 woman whose life had been very wicked. 
 On her death-bed she sent for her son who 
 was a monk, and for her daughter who 
 was a nun,and bade them put her in a 
 strong stone coftin, and to fasten the 
 cofiin to the ground with strong bauds of 
 iron. Fifty priests and fifty choristers 
 were to pray and sing ever her for three 
 davs, and the bell was to toll without 
 
 ceasing. The first night passed without 
 much disturbance. The second night the 
 candles burnt blue and dreadful yells were 
 heard outside the church. But' the third 
 night the devil broke into the church and 
 carried off the old woman on his black 
 horse. — R. Southey, The Old Woman of 
 Berkeley (a ballad from Olaus Magnus). 
 
 Dr. Savers pointed out to us In conversation a story 
 related by Olaus Magnus of a witch whose coffin was con- 
 fined by three chains, but nevertheless was carried off by 
 demons. Dr. Sayers had made a ballad on the subject ; so 
 had 1 ; but after seeing The 0!d Woirum of Berkeley, we 
 awarded it the preference. — W. Taylor. 
 
 Berkeley Square (London), so 
 called in compliment to John lord Berke- 
 ley of Stratton. 
 
 Bsrke'ly ( The lady Augusta), plighted 
 to sir John de Walton, governor of Doug- 
 las Castle. She first appears under the 
 name of Augustine, disguised as the son 
 of Bertram the minstrel, and the novel 
 concludes with her marriage to De Walton, 
 to whom Douglas Castle had been sur- 
 rendered. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
 gerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Berkshire Lady ( TJie), Miss Frances 
 Kendrick, daughter of sir William Ken- 
 drick, second baronet ; his father wag 
 created baronet by Charles II. The line, 
 " Faint heart never won fair lady," was 
 the advice of a friend to Mr. Child, the 
 son of a brewer, who sought the hand of 
 the lady. — Quarterly Review, cvi. 205- 
 245. 
 
 Berme'ja, the Insula de la Torre, 
 from which Am'adis of Gaul starts when 
 he goes in quest of the enchantress-dam- 
 sel, daughter of Finetor the necromancer. 
 
 Bermu/das, a cant name for one of 
 the purlieus of the Strand, at one time 
 frequented by vagabonds, thieves, and ail 
 evil-doers who sought to lie perdu. 
 
 Bernard. Soiomon Bernard, engraver 
 of Lions (sixteenth century), called Le 
 petit Bernard. Claude Bernard of Dijon, 
 the philanthropist (1588-1641), is called 
 Poor Bernard. Pierre Joseph Bernard, 
 the French poet (1710-1775), is called L& 
 gcntil Bernard. 
 
 Bernard, an ass; in Italian Bernardo. 
 In the beast-epic called Reynard the 
 Fox, the sheep is called "Bernard," and 
 the ass is " Bernard l'archipretre " (1498). 
 
 Bernar'do, an officer in Denmark, to 
 whom the ghost of the murdered king 
 appeared during the night-watch at the 
 royaicastle. — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596), 
 
BERNARDO DEL CARPIO. 
 
 101 
 
 BERTOLDO. 
 
 Hern ar do del Carpio, one of 
 
 the most favourite subjects of the old 
 Spanish minstrels. The other two were 
 The Cid and Lara's Seven Infants. Ber- 
 nardo del Carpio was the person who 
 assailed Orlando (or Rowland) at Ronces- 
 valles, and finding him invulnerable, took 
 him up in his arms and squeezed him to 
 death, as Hercules did Antye'os. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 
 
 *** The only vulnerable part -of Or- 
 lando was the sole of the foot. 
 
 Bernesque Poetry, like lord By- 
 ron's Don Juan, is a mixture of satire, 
 tragedy, comedy, serious thought, wit, 
 and ridicule. L. Pulci was the father of 
 this class of rhyme (1-132-1487), but 
 "Francesco Berni of Tuscany (1490-1537) 
 so greatly excelled in it, that it is called 
 Bernesque, from his name. 
 
 Bernit/ia with Dei'ra constituted 
 Northumbria. Bernitia included "West- 
 moreland, Durham, and part of Cumber- 
 land. Deira contained the other part of 
 Cumberland, with Yorkshire and Lan- 
 cashire. 
 
 Two kingdoms which bad been with several thrones eu- 
 
 stalled. 
 Bernitia bight the one, Piera [sic] th' other called. 
 
 Drayton, tolyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Ber'rathon, an island of Scandinavia. 
 
 BerserTier, grandson of the eight- 
 handed Starka'der and the beautiful 
 Alfhil'de. He was so called because he 
 wore "no shirt of mail," but went to 
 battle unharnessed. He married the 
 daughter of Swaf'urlam, and had twelve 
 sons. (Bcer-syrce, Anglo-Saxon, " bare of 
 shirt;" Scotch, " bare-sark.") 
 
 You say that I am a Berserker, and . . . bare-sark I go 
 to-morrow to the war, and bare-sark I win that war or 
 die.— Rev. C. Kingsley, Hereward the Wake, i. 247. 
 
 Bertha, the supposed daughter of 
 Vandunke (2 syl.) burgomaster of Bruges, 
 and mistress of Goswin a rich merchant 
 of the same city. In realitj r , Bertha is 
 the duke of Brabant's daughter Gertrude, 
 and Goswin is Florez, son of Gerrard king 
 of the beggars. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Beggars' 1 Bush (1622). 
 
 Ber'tlia, daughter of Burkhard duke of 
 the Alemanni, and wife of Kudolf II. 
 king of Burgundy beyond .lura. She is 
 represented on monuments of the time as 
 sitting on her throne spinning. 
 
 You are the beauUful Bertha the Spinner, the queen of 
 
 Helvetia; . . . 
 Who as she rode on her palfrey o'er valley, and meadow, 
 
 and mountain. 
 
 Ever was spinning her thread from the distaff fised to ba» 
 
 saddle. 
 She was so thrifty and good that her name passed into a 
 
 prove** b- 
 
 Luiigleiio-.r, Coureiniv of itile* S'/iriH'* viiL 
 
 Bertha, alias Agatha, the betrothed of 
 Hereward (3 syl.), one of tV cr.inaror's 
 Varangian guards. The novel concludes 
 with Hereward enlisting under the banner 
 of count Robert, and marrying Bertha. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
 Rufus). 
 
 Ber'tha, the betrothed of John of Ley- 
 den. When she went with her mother "to 
 ask count Oberthal's permission to marry, 
 the count resolved to make his pretty 
 vassal his mistress, and confined her in 
 his castle. She made her escape and 
 went to Munster, intending to set iire to 
 the palace of "the prophet," who, she 
 thought, had caused the death of her 
 lover. Being seized and brought before 
 the prophet, she recognized in him her 
 lover, and exclaiming, "I loved thee 
 once, but now my love is turned to hate," 
 stabbed herself and died. — Meyerbeer, Le 
 Prophtte (an opera, 1849). 
 
 Berthe au Grand-Pied, mother of 
 Charlemagne, so called from a club-foot. 
 
 Bertolde (3 syl.), the hero of a little 
 jeu d 'esprit in Italian prose by J. C. Croce 
 (2 syl.). He is a comedian by profession, 
 whom nothing astonishes. He is as much 
 at his ease with kings and queens as with 
 those of his own rank. Hence the phrase 
 Imperturbable as Bertolde, meaning "never 
 taken by surprise," " never thrown off 
 one's guard," "never disconcerted." 
 
 Bertoldo {Prince), a knight of Malta, 
 and brother of Roberto king of the two 
 Sicilies. He is in love with Cami'ola 
 " the maid of honour," but could not 
 marry without a dispensation from the 
 pope. While matters were at this crisis, 
 Bertoldo laid siege to Sienna, and was 
 taken prisoner. Camioia paid his ransom, 
 but before he was released the duchess^ 
 Aurelia requested him to be brought' 
 before her. Immediateh r the duchess saw 
 him, she feil in love with him, and 
 offered him marriage^ and Bertoldo, for- 
 getful of Camioia, accepted the offer. 
 The betrothed then presented themselves 
 before the king. Here Camioia exposed 
 the conduct of the knight ; Roberto ia 
 indignant ; Aurelia rejects her fiancewith 
 scorn ; and Camioia takes the veil. — Mas- 
 singer, The Maid of Honour (1637). 
 
 Bertol'do, the chief character of a 
 comic romance called Vita di Bertoldo, by 
 
BERTOLDO'S SOX. 
 
 102 
 
 BERTRAMO. 
 
 Jtilio Ceaare Croce, who flourished in the 
 sixteenth century. It recounts the suc- 
 cessful exploits of a clever but ugly 
 peasant, and was for two centuries as 
 popular in Italy as Robinson Crusoe is in 
 England. Same as Bertolde and Bartoldo. 
 
 Bertoldo's Son, Rinaldo. — Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Bertram {Baron), one of Charle- 
 magne's paladins. 
 
 Ber'tram, count of Rousillon. While 
 on a visit to the king of France, Ilel'ena, 
 a physician's daughter, cured the king of 
 a disorder which had baffled the court 
 physicians. For this service the king 
 promised her for husband any one she 
 chose to select, and her choice fell on 
 Bertram. The haughty count married 
 her, it is true, but deserted her at once, 
 and left for Florence, where he joined the 
 duke's army. It so happened that 
 Helena also stopped at Florence while on 
 a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Jacques 
 le Grand. In Florence she lodged with a 
 widow whose daughter Diana Avas wan- 
 tonly loved by Bertram. Helena ob- 
 tained permission to receive his visits in 
 lieu of Diana, and in one of these visits 
 exchanged rings with him. Soon after 
 this the count went on a visit to his 
 mother, where he saw the king, and the 
 king observing on his finger the ring he 
 had given to Helena, had him arrested on 
 the suspicion of murder. Helena now 
 came forward to explain matters, and all 
 was well, for all ended well. — Shake- 
 speare. All's Well that Ends Well (1598). 
 
 1 cannot reconcile my heart to " Bertram," a man noble 
 without generosity, and young without truth ; who marries 
 Helena as a coward, and leaves her as a profligate. When 
 she is dead by his unkindness he sneaks home to a second 
 marriage, is accused by a woman whom he has wronged, 
 defends himself by falsehood, and is dismissed to happi- 
 ness.— I>r. Johnson. 
 
 Bertram (Sir Stephen), an austere mer- 
 chant, very just but not generous. Fear- 
 ing lest his son should marry the sister of 
 "his clerk (Charles Ratcliffe), he dismissed 
 Ratcliffe from his service, and being 
 then informed that the marriage had been 
 already consummated, he disinherited his 
 son. Sheva the Jew assured him that the 
 lady had £10,000 for her fortune, so he 
 relented. At the last all parties were 
 satisfied. 
 
 Frederick Bertram, only son of sir 
 Stephen ; he marries Miss Ratcliffe clan- 
 destinely, and incurs thereby his father's 
 displeasure, but the noble benevolence of 
 Sheva the Jew brings about a reconcilia- 
 tion, and opens sir Bertram's eyes to 
 
 " see ten thousand merits," a grace for 
 every pound. — Cumberland, The Jew 
 (1776). 
 
 Ber'tram (Count), an outlaw, who be- 
 comes the leader of a band of robbers. 
 Being Avrecked on the coast of Sicily, he 
 is conveyed to the castle of lady Imogine, 
 and in her he recognizes an old sweetheart 
 to whom in his prosperous days he was 
 greatly attached. Her husband'(St. Aldo- 
 brand), who was away at first, returning 
 unexpectedly is murdered by Bertram ; 
 Imogine goes mad and dies ; and Bertram 
 puts an end to his own life. — C. Maturin, 
 Bertram (1782-1825). 
 
 Bertram (Mr. Godfrey), the laird of 
 Ellangowan. 
 
 Mrs. Bertram, his wife. 
 
 Harry Bertram, alias captain Van- 
 beest Brown, alias Dawson, alias 
 Dudley, son of the laird, and heir to 
 Ellangcwan. Harry Bertram is in love 
 with Julia Mannering, and the novel 
 concludes with his taking possession of 
 the old house at Ellengowan and marrying 
 Julia. 
 
 Lucy Bertram, sister of Harry Bertram. 
 She marries Charles Hazlewood, son of 
 sir Robert Hazlewood, of Hazlewood. 
 
 Sir Allen Bertram, of Ellangowan, an 
 ancestor of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. 
 
 Dennis Bertram, Donohoe Bertram, and 
 Lewis Bertram, ancestors of Mr. Godfrey 
 Bertram. 
 
 Captain Andrew Bertram, a relative of 
 the family. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
 nering (time, George II.). 
 
 Bertram, the English minstrel, and 
 guide uf lady Augusta Berkely, when in 
 disguise 3he calls herself the minstrel's 
 son. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
 (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Ber'tram, one of the conspirators 
 against the republic of Venice. Having 
 " a hesitating softness, fatal to a great 
 enterprise," he betrayed the conspiracy 
 to the senate. — Byron, Marino Faliero 
 (1819). 
 
 Bertra'mo, the fiend-father of 
 Robert le Diable. After alluring his 
 son to gamble away all his property, he 
 meets him near St. Ire'ne, and Hel'ena 
 seduces him to join in "the Dance cf 
 Love." When at last Bertramo comes to 
 claim his victim, he is resisted by Alice 
 (the duke'o foster-sister), who reads to 
 Robert his mother's will. Being thus 
 reclaimed, angels celebrate the triumph 
 
BERTRAND. 
 
 103 
 
 BETIQUE. 
 
 of good over evil. — Meyerbeer, Roberto il 
 Diamlo (anppera, 1831). 
 
 Bertrand, a simpleton and a villain. 
 He is the accomplice of Robert Macaire, 
 a libertine of unblushing impudence, who 
 sins without compunction. — Daumier, 
 L'Aubcrge des Adrets. 
 
 Bertrand du G-ueslin, a romance 
 of chivalry, reciting the adventures of 
 this conne'table de France, in the reign of 
 Charles V. 
 
 Bertrand du Gueslin in prison. The 
 prince of Wales went to visit his captive 
 Bertrand, and asking him how he fared, 
 the Frenchman replied, " Sir, I have 
 heard the mice and the rats this many a 
 day, but it is long since I heard the song of 
 birds," i.e. I have been long a captive 
 and have not breathed the fresh air. 
 
 The reply of Bertrand du Gueslin 
 calls to mind that of Douglas, called 
 " The Good sir James," the companion 
 oi Robert Bruce, "It is better, I ween, 
 to hear the lark sing than the mouse 
 cheep," i.e. It is better to keep the open 
 field than to be shut up in a castle. 
 
 Bertulphe (2 syl.), provost of Bruges, 
 the son of a serf. By his genius and 
 energy he became the richest, most 
 honoured, and most powerful man in 
 Bruges. His arm was strong in fight, his 
 wisdom swayed the council, his step was 
 proud, and his eye untamed. He had one 
 child, most dearly beloved, the bride of 
 sir Bouchard, a knight of noble descent. 
 Charles " the Good," earl of Flanders, 
 made a law (,1127) that whoever married 
 a serf should become a serf, and that serfs 
 were serfs till manumission. By these 
 absurd decrees Bertulphe the provost, his 
 daughter Constance, and his knightly 
 son-in-law were all serfs. The result was 
 that the provost slew the earl and then 
 himself, his daughter went mad and died, 
 and Bouchard was slain in fight. — S. 
 Knowles, The Provost of Bruges "(1836). 
 
 Ber'wine (2 syl.), the favourite 
 attendant of lady Er'mengarde (3 syl.) 
 of Baldringham, great-aunt of lady 
 Eveline " the betrothed." — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Ber'yl Mol'ozane (3 syl.), the 
 lady-love of George Geith. Ali beauty, 
 love, and sunshine. She has a heart for 
 every one, is ready to help every one, and 
 is by every one beloved, yet her lot is 
 most painfullv unhappv, and ends in an 
 early death.— F. G. Trafford [J. H. Rid- 
 dell], George Geith. 
 
 Beso'nian (A), a scoundrel. From 
 the Italian, bisognoso, " a needy person, 
 a beggar." 
 
 Proud lords do tumble from the towers of their high 
 descents ; and be trod under feet of every inferior beso- 
 itian. — Thomas Nash, Pierce Pennylesse, his Suppli* 
 cation, etc. (1592). 
 
 Bess (Good queen), Elizabeth (1533, 
 1558-1603). 
 
 Bess, the daughter of the "blind 
 beggar of Bethnal Green," a lady by 
 birth, a sylph for beauty, an angel for 
 constancy and sweetness. She was loved 
 to distraction by Wilford, and it turns 
 out that he was the son of lord Wotd- 
 ville, and Bess the daughter of lord 
 Woodville's brother ; so they were 
 cousins. Queen Elizabeth sanctioned 
 their nuptials, and took them under her 
 own especial conduct. — S. Knowles, The 
 Beggar of Bethnal Green (1834). 
 
 Bess o' Bedlam, a female lunatic 
 vagrant, the male lunatic vagrant being 
 called a Tom o' Bedlam. 
 
 BesstlS, governor of Bactria, who 
 seized Dari'us (after the battle of Arbe'la) 
 and put him to death. Arrian says, Alex- 
 ander caused the nostrils of the regicide 
 to be slit, and the tips of his ears to be 
 cut off. The offender being then sent to 
 Ecbat'ana in chains, was put to death. 
 
 Lo ! Bessus, he that armde with murderer's kn> fe 
 
 And traytrous hart agaynst his royal king, 
 With bluddy hands bereft his master's life . . . 
 
 What booted him his false usurped raygne . . , 
 When like a wretche led in an iron chayne, 
 
 He was presented by his chiefest friende 
 Unto the foes of him whom he had slayne? 
 
 T. Sackville, A Jlirrourfor ManUtrayf* 
 (" The Complaynt," 1587). 
 
 Bes'sus, a cowardly bragging captain, 
 a sort of Bobadil or Vincent de la Rosa. 
 Captain Bessus, having received a chal- 
 lenge, wrote word back that he could not 
 accept the honour for thirteen weeks, as 
 he had already 212 duels on hand, but lie 
 was much grieved he could not appoint 
 an earlier day. — Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 King orNo King (1619). 
 
 Rochester I despise for want of Wit . . . 
 So often does he aim, so seldom hit . . . 
 Mean in each action, lend in every limb, 
 Manners themselves are mischievous in him . . . 
 [OhJ what a Bessus has he always lived ! 
 
 Dryden, Essay upon Satire. 
 
 Betique (2 syl.) or Bse'tica (Gra- 
 na'da and Andalusia), so called from the. 
 river B«tis (Guadalquiver) . Ado'am de- 
 scribes this part of Spain to Telem'achus 
 as a veritable Utopia. — Fe'nelon, Aver*~ 
 tures de Te'le'mauue, viii. (1700). 
 
BETTER TO REIGN IN HELL, ETC. 104 
 
 BEVIL. 
 
 Eetter to Reign in Hell than 
 Serve in Heaven. — Milton, Paradise 
 Lost, i. 263 (1665). 
 
 Julius Caesar used to say he would 
 rather be the first man in a country 
 village than the second man at Rome. 
 
 Betty Doxy. Captain Macheath 
 Bays to her, "Do you drink as hard as 
 ever ? You had better stick to good 
 wholesome beer ; for, in troth, Betty, 
 strong waters will in time ruin your 
 constitution. You should leave those to 
 vour betters." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, 
 ii. 1 (1727). 
 
 Betty Foy, " the idiot mother of 
 an idiot boy." — W. Wordsworth (1770- 
 1850). 
 
 Betty [Hint], servant in the family 
 of sir Pertinax and lady McSycophant. 
 She is a sly, prying tale-bearer, who 
 hates Constantia (the beloved of Eger- 
 ton McSycophant), simply because every 
 one else loves her. — C. Macklin, The Alan 
 of the World (1764). 
 
 BetuTbium, Dumsby or the Cape 
 of St. Andrew, in Scotland. 
 
 The north-inflated tempest foams 
 O'er Orka's or Betubitmi's highest peak. 
 
 Thomson, The Seasons ("Autumn," 1730). 
 
 Betula Alba, common birch. The 
 Roman lictors made fasces of its branches, 
 and also employed it for scourging chil- 
 dren, etc. (Latin, batulo, "to beat.") 
 
 The college porter brought in a huge quantity of that 
 betulineous tree, a native of Britain, called b-tnla alba, 
 which furnished rods for line schuol.— Lord \V. P. Lennox, 
 Celebrities, etc. , i. 43. 
 
 Beulah, that land of rest which a 
 Christian enjoys when his faith is so 
 strong that he no longer fears or doubts. 
 Sunday is sometimes so called. In 
 Banyan's allegory {The Pilgrim's Pro- 
 gress) the pilgrims tarry in the land of 
 Beulah after their pilgrimage is over, till 
 they are summoned to cross the stream 
 of Death and enter into the Celestial 
 City. 
 
 After this, I beheld until they came unto the land of 
 Beulah, where the sun shineth night and day. Here, 
 Viecause they were weary, they betook themselves awhile 
 to rest ; but a little while soon refreshed them here, for 
 the bells did so ring, and the trumpets sounded so melo- 
 diously that they could not sleep. ... In this land they 
 heard nothing, saw nothing, smelt nothing, tasted 
 nothing that was offensive.. — Bunyun, The Pilgrim's Pro- 
 gress, i. (1678). 
 
 Beuves (1 syl.) or Buo'vo of 
 Ay'gremont, father of Malagigi, and 
 uncle of Rinaldo. Treacherously slain by 
 Gano. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Beuves de Hantone, French 
 
 form for Bevis of Southampton (£.t.). 
 "Hantone" is a French corruption oi 
 [Southampton. 
 
 Bev'an (Mr.), an American physician, 
 who befriends Martin Chuzzlewit and 
 Mark Tapley in many ways during their 
 stay in the New World. — C. Dickens, 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Bev'erley, "the gamester," natur- 
 ally a good man, but led astray by 
 Stukely, till at last he loses everything 
 by gambling, and dies a miserable death. 
 
 Mrs. Beverley, the gamesters wife. 
 She loves her husband fondly, and clings 
 to him in all his troubles. 
 
 Charlotte Beverley, in love with Lewson, 
 but Stukely wishes to marry her. She 
 loses all her fortune through her brother, 
 "the gamester," but Lewson notwith- 
 standing marries her. — Edward Moore, 
 The Gamester (1712-1757). 
 
 Mr. Young was acting "Beverley" with Mrs. Siddons. 
 . . . In the 4th act " Beverley " swallows poison; and 
 when "Bates" conies in and says to the dying man, 
 " Jarvis found you quarrelling with Lawson in the streets 
 last night," "Mrs. Beverley" replies, "No, 1 am sure lie 
 
 did not." To this "Jarvis" adds, "And if I did '' 
 
 when "Mrs. Beverley " interrupts him with, " Tis false, 
 old man ; they had no quarrel. . . ." In uttering these 
 words, Mrs. Siddons gave such a piercing shriek of 
 grief that Young was unable to utter a word from a 
 swelling in his throat. — Campbell, Life of Siddons. 
 
 Beverley, brother of Clarissa, and the 
 lover of Belinda Blandford. lie is ex- 
 tremely jealous, and catches at trifles 
 light as air to confirm his fears ; but his 
 love is most sincere, and his penitence 
 most humble when he finds out how 
 causeless hi3 suspicions are. Belinda is 
 too proud to deny his insinuations, but 
 her love is so deep that she repents of 
 giving him a moment's pain. — A. Mur- 
 phy, All in the Wrong (1761). 
 
 Young's countenance was equally well adapted for the 
 expression of ftflthos or of pride: thus in such parts as 
 "Hamlet," "Beverley," "The Stranger" ... he looked 
 the men he represented. — New Monthly (18'J2). 
 
 Bev'il, a model gentleman, in Steele's 
 Conscious Lovers, 
 
 Whate'er can deck mankind 
 Or charm the heart, in generous Bevil shewed. 
 Thomson, The Seasons (" Winter," 1726). 
 
 Bevil (Francis, Harry, and George), 
 three brothers — one an M.P., another in 
 the law, and the third in the Guards — who, 
 unknown to each other, wished to obtain 
 in marriage the hand of Miss Crubb, the 
 daughter of a rich stock-broker. The 
 M.P. paid his court to the father, and 
 obtained his consent ; the lawyer paid 
 his court to the mother, and obtained her 
 consent; the officer paid his court to the 
 young lady, and having obtained hea 
 
BEVTS. 
 
 105 
 
 BICKERTON. 
 
 consent, the other two brothers retired 
 from the field. — O'Brien, Cross Purposes, 
 
 Be'vis, the horse of lord Marmion. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 
 
 Be'vis (Sir) of Southampton. Having 
 reproved his mother, while still a lad, 
 for murdering his father, she employed 
 Saber to kill him ; but Saber only left 
 him on a desert land as a waif, and he Avas 
 brought up as a shepherd. Hearing that 
 his mother had married Mor'dure (2 syl.), 
 the adulterer, he forced his way into the 
 marriage hall and struck at Mordure ; but 
 Mordure slipped aside, and escaped the 
 blow. Bevis was now sent out of the 
 country, and being sold to an Armenian, 
 was presented to the king. Jos'ian, the 
 king's daughter, fell in love with him ; 
 they were duly married, and Bevis was 
 knighted. Having slain the boar which 
 made holes in the earth as big as that 
 into which Curtius leapt, he was ap- 
 pointed general of the Armenian forces, 
 subdued Brandamond of Damascus, and 
 made Damascus tributary to Armenia. 
 Being sent, on a future occasion, as am- 
 bassador to Damascus, he was thrust into 
 a prison, where were two huge serpents ; 
 these he slew, and then effected his 
 escape. His next encounter was with 
 Ascupart the giant, whom he made his 
 slave. Lastly, he slew the great dragon 
 of Colein, and then returned to England, 
 where he was restored to his lands and 
 titles. The French call him Beuves de 
 Hantone. — M. Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 
 (1612). 
 
 The Sword of Bevis of Southampton 
 was Morglay, and his steed Ar'undel. 
 Both were given, him by his wife Josian, 
 daughter of the king of Armenia. 
 
 Beza'liel, in the satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, is meant for the marquis 
 of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beau- 
 fort. As Bezaliel, the famous artificer, 
 "was filled with the Spirit of God to 
 devise excellent works in every kind of 
 workmanship," so on the marquis of 
 Worcester — 
 
 . . . so largely Nature heaped her store, 
 There scarce remained for aits to give him more. 
 
 Dryden and Tate, part ii. 
 
 3ezo'nian, a beggar, a rustic. 
 (Italian, bisognoso, "necessitous.") 
 
 The ordinary tiliers of the earth, such as we call hus- 
 bandmen : in France, j esants ; in Spaine, besonyans; 
 and generally «loutshoe.~ Markham, Jinglish Husband- 
 
 Bian'ca, the younger daughter of 
 Baptista of Pad'ua*, as gaatle and meek 
 
 as her sister Katherine was violent and 
 irritable. As it was not likely any one 
 would marry Katherine "the shrew," the 
 father resolved that Bianca should not 
 marry before her sister. Petruehio mar- 
 ried "the shrew," and then Lucentio 
 married Bianca. — Shakespeare, Taming 
 of the Shrew (1594). 
 
 Bian'ca, a courtezan, the " almost " 
 wife of Cassio. Iago, speaking of the 
 lieutenant, says : 
 
 And what was he? 
 
 Forsooth, a great arithmetician. 
 One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, 
 A fellow almost damu'd in a fair wife. 
 
 Shakespeare, Othello, act i. sc. 1 (1611). 
 
 Bian'ca, wife of Fazio. When her 
 husband wantons with the marchioness 
 Aldabella, Bianca, out of jealousy, ac- 
 cuses him to the duke of Florence of 
 being privy to the death of Bartol'do, 
 an old miser. Fazio being condemned 
 to death, Bianca repents of her rashness, 
 and tries to save her husband, but not 
 succeeding, goes mad and dies. — Dean 
 Milman, Fazio (1815). 
 
 Bibbet (Master), secretary to major- 
 general Harrison, one of the parliamentary 
 commissioners. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
 (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Bibbie'na (II), cardinal Bernardo, 
 who resided at Bibbiena, in Tuscany. 
 He was the author of Calandra, a comedy 
 (1470-15-20). - 
 
 "Bible" Butler, alias Stephen 
 Butler, grandfather of Keuben Butler 
 the presbyterian minister (married to 
 Jeanic Deans). — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Bib'lis, a woman who fell in love 
 with he* brother Caunus, and was 
 changed into a fountain near Mile'tus. — • 
 Ovid, Met. ix. 662. 
 
 Not that [fountain] where Bihlis dropt, too fondly light. 
 Her tears and self may dare compare with this. 
 
 Phiu. Fletcher, The Purple Island, v. (1633). 
 
 Bib'ulus, a colleague of Julius Csesar, 
 but a mere cipher in office ; hence his 
 name became a household word for a 
 nonentity. 
 
 Bic'kerstaff (Isaac), a pseudonym 
 of dean Swift, assumed in the paper-war 
 with Partridge, the almanac-maker, and 
 subsequently adopted by Steele in The 
 Tatler, which was announced as edited 
 by " Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq., astrologer." 
 
 Bickerton (Mrs.), landlady of the 
 Seven Stars inn of York, where Jeania 
 Dean* stops on her way to London, 
 
BID ME DISCOURSE. 
 
 106 
 
 BILBILIS. 
 
 tvhither she is going to plead for her 
 sister's pardon. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Bid Me Discourse . . . The words 
 of this celebrated song are taken from 
 Shakespeare's poem called Venus and 
 Adonis, 25. Music by Bishop. 
 
 Bid'denden Maids (The), two 
 sisters named Mary and Elizabeth Chulk- 
 hurst, born at Biddenden in 1100. They 
 were joined together by the shoulders 
 and hips, and lived to the age of 34. 
 Some say that it was Mary and Eliza- 
 beth Chulkhurst who left twenty acres 
 of land to the poor of Biddenden. This 
 tenement is called " Bread and Cheese 
 Land," because the rent derived from 
 it is distributed on Easter Sunday in 
 doles of bread and cheese. Halstead 
 says, in his History of Kent, that it was 
 the gift of two maidens named Preston, 
 and not of the Biddenden Maids. 
 
 Biddy, servant to Wopsle's great- 
 aunt, who kept an "educational institu- 
 tion." A good, honest girl, who falls in 
 love with Pip, was loved by Dolge 
 Orlick, but married Joe Gargery. — C. 
 Dickens, Great Expectations (18G0). 
 
 Biddy [Bellair] {Miss), "Miss in 
 her teens," in love with captain Loveit. 
 She was promised in marriage by her 
 aunt and guardian to an elderly man 
 whom she detested ; and during the 
 absence of captain Loveit in the Flanders 
 war, she coquetted with Mr. Fribble and 
 captain Flash. On the return of her 
 " Strephon," she set Fribble and Flash 
 together by the cars ; and while they 
 stood menacing each other but afraid to 
 tight, captain Loveit entered and sent 
 them both to the right-about. — D. Gar- 
 rick, Miss in Her Teens (1753). 
 
 Bideford Postman (The). Edward 
 Capern, a poet, at one time a letter- 
 carrier in Bideford (3 si/l.). 
 
 Bide-the-Bent (Mr. Peter), minis- 
 ter of Wolfs Hope village.— Sir W. 
 Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Bid'more (Lord), patron of the Rev. 
 Josiah Cargill, minister of St. Ronan's. 
 
 The Hon. Augustus Bidmore, son of 
 lord Bidmore, and pupil of the Rev. 
 Josiah Cargill. 
 
 Miss Augusta Bidmore, daughter of 
 lord Bidmore ; beloved bv the Rev. 
 Josiah Cargill.— Sir W. Scott, St. Bo- 
 mans Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Bie'derman (Arnold), alias count 
 Arnold of Geierstein [Gi'.er.stinc')* lan- 
 damman of Unterwalden. Anne of Geier- 
 stein, his brother's daughter, is under his 
 charge. 
 
 Bertha Biederman, Arnold's late wife. 
 
 Ru'digcr Biederman, Arnold Bieder- 
 man's son. 
 
 Ernest Biederman, brother of Rudiger. 
 
 Sigismund Biederman, nicknamed "The 
 Simple," another brother. 
 
 Ill rick Biederman, youngest of the 
 four brothers. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Bi-forked Letter of the Greets, 
 T (capital U), which resembles a bird 
 Hying. 
 
 {The birds] flying, write upon the sky 
 The bi-forked letter of the Greeks. 
 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 
 
 Bi'frost, the bridge which spans 
 heaven and earth. The rainbow is this 
 bridge, and its colours are attributed to 
 the precious stones which bestud it. — 
 Scandinavian Myth. 
 
 Big--en'dians (The), a hypothetical 
 religious party of Lilliput, who made it 
 a matter of "faith" to break their eggs 
 at the "big end." Those who broke 
 them at the other end were considered 
 heretics, and called Little-endians. — 
 Dean Swift, Gulliver's Travels (1726). 
 
 BigTow (Hosca), the feigned author 
 of The Bigloio Papers (1848), really writ- 
 ten by Professor James Russell Lowell 
 of Boston, Mass. (1819- ). 
 
 Big-'ot (De), seneschal of prince 
 John. — Sir Walter Scott, Icanhoe (time 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Big'ot, in C. Lamb's Essays, is John 
 Fenwick, editor of the Albion newspaper. 
 
 Big-Sea-Water, lake Superior, also 
 called GitchO Gu'mec. 
 
 Forth upon the Gitche Gumee. 
 On the shining Rig-Sea- Water . . . 
 All alone went Hiawatha. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, viit. 
 
 Bi'lander, a boat used in coast navi- 
 gation \_By-(and.er~\. 
 
 Why choose we then like bilanders to creep 
 Along the coast, and land in view to keep. 
 When safely we may launch into the deep? 
 
 Dryden, Hind and the Panther. 
 
 Bil'bilis, a river in Spain. The high 
 temper of the best Spanish blades is due 
 to the extreme coldness of this river, intj 
 which they are dipped. 
 
 Help me, I pray you. to a Spanish sword, 
 The trustiest blade that e'er in Bilbilia 
 Was dipt. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xxv. (18141 
 
BILBO. 
 
 107 
 
 BIRD SINGING TO A MONK. 
 
 Bilbo, a Spanish blade noted for its 
 flexibility, and so called from Bilba'o, 
 where at one time the best blades were 
 made. 
 
 ."Bilboes (2 syl.), a bar of iron with 
 fetters annexed to it, by which mutinous 
 sailors were at one time linked together. 
 Some of the bilboes taken from the 
 Spanish Armada are preserved in the 
 British Museum. They are so called not 
 because they were first made at Bilba'o, in 
 Spain, but from the entanglements of the 
 river on which Bilbao stands. These 
 "entanglements" are called The Bilboes. 
 Beaumont and Fletcher compare the mar- 
 riage knot to bilboes. 
 
 Bil'dai (2 syl.), a seraph and the 
 tutelar guardian of Matthew the apostle, 
 the son of wealthy parents and brought 
 up in great luxury. — Klopstock, The 
 Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Billings (Josh.). A. W. Shaw so 
 signs His Book of Sayings (1866). 
 
 Billingsgate (3 syl.). Beling was 
 a friend of " Brennus " the Gaul, who 
 owned a wharf called Beling's-gate. 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth derives the word 
 from Belin, a mythical king of the 
 ancient Britons, who " built a gate there, 
 n.c. 400" (1142). 
 
 Billy Barlow, a merry Andrew, so 
 called from a semi-idiot, who fancied 
 himself "a great potentate." He was 
 well known in the east of London, and 
 died in "Whitechapel workhouse. Some 
 of his sayings were really witty, and 
 some of his attitudes truly farcical. 
 
 Billy Black, the conundrum-maker. 
 — The Hundred-pound Note. 
 
 When Keeley was playing "Billy Black" at Chelms- 
 ford, he advanced to the lights at the close of the piece, 
 and said, " I've one more, and this is a good un. Why is 
 Chelmsford Theatre like a half-moon ? D'ye give it up? 
 Because it is never full." — Records of a Stage Veteran. 
 
 Bimater ("two-mother"). Bacchus 
 was so called because at the death of his 
 mother during gestation, Jupiter put the 
 foetus into his oavu thigh for the rest of 
 the time, when the infant Bacchus was 
 duly brought forth. 
 
 Bimbister (Margery), the old Ran- 
 /.elman's spouse. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 "R imi ni \_Be\me.nee~] , af abulous island, 
 said to belong to the Baha'ma group, 
 and containing a fountain possessed of 
 the power of restoring youth. This 
 island was an object of long search by 
 
 the Spanish navigator Juan Ponce de 
 Leon (1460-1521). 
 
 Bind/loose (John), sheriff's clerk 
 and banker at Marchthorn. — Sir W. Scott, 
 St. Ronarts Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Bingen (Bishop of), generally cal'ed 
 bishop Hatto. The tale is that during 
 a famine, he invited the poor to his barn 
 on a certain day, under the plea of dis- 
 tributing corn to them ; but when the 
 barn was crowded he locked the door 
 and set fire to the building ; for which 
 iniquity he was himself devoured by an 
 army of mice or rats. His castle is the 
 Mouse-tower on the Rhine. 
 
 They almost devour me with kisses, 
 
 Their arms about me entwine. 
 Till I think of the bishop of Bingen, 
 
 In his Mouse-tower on the Rhine. 
 
 Longfellow, Birds of Passage. 
 
 Binks (Sir Bingo), a fox-hunting 
 baronet, and visitor at the Spa. 
 
 Lady Binks, wife of sir Bingo, but 
 before marriage Miss Rachael Bonny- 
 rigg. Visitor at the Spa with her hus- 
 band.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan*s Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Bi'on, the rhetorician, noted for his 
 acrimonious and sharp sayings. 
 
 Bionis sermonibus et sale nigro. 
 
 Horace, Ex>ist. iL 2, 60. 
 
 Biondel'lo, one of the servants of 
 Lucentio the future husband of Bianca 
 (sister of "the shrew"). His fellow- 
 servant is Tra'nio. — Shakespeare, Taming 
 of the Shrew (1594). 
 
 Birch. (Harvey), a prominent cha- 
 racter in The Spy, a novel by J. F. 
 Cooper. 
 
 Birch/over Lane (London), so 
 called from Birchover, the builder, who 
 owned the houses there. 
 
 Bird (The Little Green), of the frozen 
 regions, which could reveal every secret 
 and impart information of events past, 
 present, or to come. Prince Chery went 
 in search of it, so did his two cousins, 
 Brightsun and Felix ; last of all Fairstar, 
 who succeeded in obtaining it, and libe- 
 rating the princes who had failed in 
 their attempts. — Comtesse DAunoy, 
 Fairy Tales ("Princess Chery," 1682). 
 
 This tale is a mere reproduction of 
 "The Two Sisters," the last tale of the 
 Arabian Nights, in which the bird is 
 called " Buibul-hezar, the talking bird." 
 
 Bird Singing to a Monk. The 
 monk was Felix. — Longfellow, Golden 
 Leyendy ii. 
 
BIRD TOLD ME. 
 
 108 
 
 BIRON. 
 
 Bird Told Me (A Little) . "A bird 
 of the air shall carry the voice, and that 
 which hath wings shall tell the matter " 
 (Eccles. x. 20). In the old Basque 
 legends a "little bird" is introduced 
 " which tells the truth.'" The sisters had 
 deceived the king by assuring him that 
 his first child was a cat, his second a doy, 
 and his third a bear; but the "little 
 bird " told him the truth — the first two 
 were daughters and the third a son. 
 This little truth-telling bird appears in 
 sundry tales of great antiquity ; it is 
 introduced in the tale of "Princess 
 Fairstar" (Comtesse D'Aunoy) as a 
 " little green bird who tells everything ; " 
 also in the Arabian Nijhts (the last tale, 
 called " The Two Sisters"). 
 
 1 think I hear a little bird who sings 
 
 The people by-and-by will be the stronger. 
 
 Byron, lion Juan, viii. 50 (W'21). 
 
 When Kenelm or Cenhelm was mur- 
 dered by the order of his sister Cwen- 
 thryth, "at the very same hour a white 
 dove flew to Home, and, lighting on the 
 high ajtar of St. Peter's, deposited there 
 a letter containing a full account of the 
 murder." So the pope sent men to ex- 
 amine into the matter, and a chapel was 
 built over the dead body, called " St. 
 Kenelm's Chapel to this day " (Shrop- 
 shire). 
 
 Bire'no, the lover and subsequent 
 husband of Olympia queen of Holland. 
 He was taken prisoner by Cymosco king 
 of Friza, but was released by Orlando. 
 Bireno. having forsaken Olympia, was 
 put to death by Oberto king of Ireland, 
 who married the young widow. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Fur ioso, iv. v. (1516). 
 
 Bire'no {Duke), heir to the crown of 
 Lombardy. It was the king's wish he 
 should marry Sophia, his only child, but 
 the princess loved Pal'adore (3 syl.), a 
 Briton. Bireno had a mistress named 
 Alin'da, Avhom he induced to personate 
 the princess, and in Paladore's presence 
 she cast down a rope-ladder for the duke 
 to climb up by. Bireno has Alinda 
 murdered to prevent the deception being 
 kuoAvn, and accuses the princess of in- 
 chastity— a crime in Lombardy punished 
 by death. As the princess is led to 
 execution, Paladore challenges the duke, 
 and kills him. The villainy is fully re- 
 vealed, and the princess is married to the 
 man of her choice, who had twice saved 
 bei life.— Robert Jephson, The Law of 
 Lombardy (1779). 
 
 Birmingham of Belgium, Liege. 
 
 Birmingham of Russia, Tula, 
 
 south of Moscow. 
 
 Birmingham Poet (The), Johu 
 Freeth, the wit, poet, and publican, whu 
 wrote his own songs, set them to music, 
 and sang them (1730-1808). 
 
 Biron, a merry mad-cap young lord, 
 in attendance on Ferdinand king of 
 Navarre. Biron promised to spend three 
 years with the king in study, during which 
 time no woman was to approach his 
 court ; but no sooner has he signed the 
 compact, than he falls in love with 
 Rosaline. Rosaline defers his suit for 
 twelve months and a day, saying, "If 
 you my favour mean to get, for twelve 
 months seek the weary beds of people 
 sick." 
 
 A merrier man, 
 Within the limit of becoming mirth, 
 I never spent an hours talk withal. 
 His eye begets occasiun for his wit: 
 For every object that the one doth catch, 
 The other turns to a mirth-moving jest ; 
 Which his fair tongue (conceits expositoi) 
 Delivers in such apt and gracious words. 
 That aged ears play truant at his tales, 
 And younger hearings are quite ravished. 
 Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. sc 1 (1594). 
 
 Biron (Charles de Gontaut due de), 
 greatly beloved by Henri IV. of France. 
 He won immortal laurels at the battles of 
 Arques and Ivry, and at the sieges of 
 Paris and Rouen. The king loaded him 
 with honours : he was admiral of France, 
 marshal, governor of Bourgoyue, duke 
 and peer of France. This too-much 
 honour made him forget himself, and ho 
 entered into a league with Spain and 
 Savoy against his country. The plot 
 was discovered by Latin ; and although 
 Henri wished to pardon him, lie was 
 executed (ltiU'2, aged 40). Ceorge Chap- 
 man has made him the subject of two 
 tragedies, entitled Byron's Conspiracy 
 and Byron's Tragedy (1567-1G34). 
 
 Biron, eldest son of count Baldwin, 
 who disinherited him for marrying Isa- 
 bella, a nun. Biron now entered the 
 armj' and was sent to the siege of Candy, 
 where he fell, and it was supposed died. 
 After the lapse of seven years, Isabella, 
 reduced to abject povertj-, married 
 Villeroy (2 syl.), but the day after her 
 espousals Biron returned ; whereupon 
 Isabella went mad and killed herself. 
 — Thomas Southern, Isabella or the Fatal 
 Marriaye. 
 
 During the absence of the elder Mapready, his son took 
 the part of " Biron " in Isabella, The father was shocked, 
 because he desired his son for the Church ; but Mrs. Sic- 
 dons remarked to him, "In the Church your son will 
 live and die a curate on £50 a year, but if successful, the 
 stage will bring him in a thousand." — Donaldson, tiecoU 
 lections. 
 
BIRON. 
 
 109 
 
 BLACK AGNES. 
 
 Biron (Ifar-riet), the object of sir 
 Charles Grandisou's affections. 
 
 One would prefer Dulcinea del Toboso to Miss Biron as 
 i«»x'.n .is Graiulisoii becomes acquainted with tiie amiable, 
 d'licatu, virtuous, unfortunate Clementina. — E/dl. of t lie 
 JScdt. on the Story of Uabib and Dorathil-goi.se, 
 
 Birth. It was lord Thurlow who 
 called high birth " the accident of an 
 accident." 
 
 Birtha, the motherless daughter and 
 nnly child of As'tragon the Lombard 
 philosopher. In spring she gathered 
 blossoms for her father's still, in autumn 
 berries, and in summer flowers. She fell 
 in love with duke Gondibert, whose 
 wounds she assisted her father to heal. 
 Birtha, "in love unpractised and unread," 
 is the beau-ideal of innocence and purity 
 of mind. Gondibert had just plighted 
 his love to her when he was summoned to 
 court, for king Aribert had proclaimed 
 him his successor and future son-in-law. 
 Gondibert assured Birtha he would 
 remain true to her, and gave her an 
 emerald ring which he told her would 
 lose its lustre if he proved untrue. Here 
 the tale breaks off, and as it was never 
 finished the sequel is not known. — Sir 
 W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 
 
 Bise, a wind prevalent in those 
 valleys of Savoy which open to the sea. 
 It especially affects the nervous sj'stem. 
 
 Biser'ta, formerly called U'tica, in 
 Africa. The Saracens passed from 
 Biserta to Spain, and Charlemagne in 
 800 undertook a war against the Spanish 
 Saracens. The Spanish historians assert 
 that he was routed at Fontaiabia (a 
 strong town in Biscay) ; but the French 
 maintain that he was victorious, although 
 they allow that the rear of his army was 
 cut to pieces. 
 
 Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore, 
 When Charlemain with all his peerage fell 
 By Fontarabia. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 585 (1865). 
 
 Bishop. Burnt milk is called by 
 Tusser " milk that the bishop dotb ban." 
 Tyndale says when milk or porridge is 
 burnt "We save the bishope hath put his 
 fote in the potte," and explains it thus, 
 " the bishopes burn whom they lust." 
 
 Bishops. The seven who refused 
 to read the declaration of indulgence 
 published by James II. and were by 
 him imprisoned for recusancy, were arch- 
 bishop Sancroft (Canterbury), bishops 
 Llovd (St. Asaph), Turner (Ely), Kew 
 (Bath and Wells), White (Peterborough), 
 Lake (Chichester), Treiawney (Bristol). 
 
 Being tried, they were all acquitted 
 (June, 1688). 
 
 Bishop Middleham, who was 
 always declaiming against ardent drfnks, 
 and advocating water as a beverage, 
 killed himself by secret intoxication. 
 
 Bisto'nians, the Thracians, so called 
 from Biston (son of Mars), who built 
 Bisto'nia on lake Bis'tonis. 
 
 So the Bistonian race, a maddening train, 
 Exult and revel an the Thracian plain. 
 
 Pitt's Statim, U. 
 
 Bit'elas (3 syL), sister of Fairlimb, 
 and daughter of Rukonaw the ape, in 
 the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
 (1498). 
 
 Bi'ting Remark (^4). Near'chos 
 ordered Ze'no the philosopher to be 
 pounded to death in a mortar. When lie 
 had been pounded some time, he told 
 Nearchos he had an important com- 
 munication to make to him, but as the 
 tyrant bent over the mortar to hear what 
 he had to say, Zeno bit off his ear. 
 Hence the proverb, A remark more biting 
 than Zend's. 
 
 Bit'tlebrains (Lord), friend of 
 sir William Ashton, lord-keeper of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Lady Bittlebrains, wife of the above 
 lord. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammer- 
 moor (time, William III.). 
 
 Bit'zer, light porter in Bounderby's 
 bank at Coketown. He was educated at 
 M'Choakumchild's " practical school," 
 and became a general spy and informer. 
 Bitzer finds out the robbery of the bank, 
 and discovers the perpetrator to be Tom 
 Gradgrind (son of Thomas Gradgrind, 
 Esq., M.P.), informs against him, and 
 gets promoted to his place. — C. Dickens, 
 Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Bizarre [Be.zar'~\, the friend of 
 Orian'a, for ever coquetting and sparring 
 with Duretete [Bure.tait], and placing 
 him in awkward predicaments. — G. Far- 
 quhar, The Inconstant (.1702). 
 
 Miss Farren's last performances w*ere " Bizarre," March 
 26, 1797, and "lady Teazle " on the 28th.— Memoirs of 
 Elizabeth Countess of Derby (1829). 
 
 Black 
 
 the countess of 
 
 March, noted for her defence of Dunbar 
 during the war which Edward III. main- 
 tained in Scotland (1333-1338). 
 
 She kept a stir in tower and trench. 
 That brawling, boist'rous Scottish xcsxsh. 
 Came I early, came I late, 
 I found Black Agnes at the gate. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott says : " The countess -was called ' BUck 
 
BLACK AGNES. 
 
 110 
 
 BLACK PEES'CE. 
 
 i.r-« ; ~: 
 
 hrr ::--.: 'rv:r ?..f - = :'. ; '...v:;:*: of 
 
 ?£::._- :.. 
 
 tdolnh. earl of Morrs".* — Ta.ct of a Grand- 
 
 ,--:•..- : :- 
 
 i — tU - 5 I .V-N ."£. 
 
 : favourite palfrey of 
 Mar}- queen *f Scots. 
 
 Black B?.r:h.olcmew, the day 
 •when 2000 presbyterian pastors were 
 . I no alternative but to 
 subscribe : the . nicies of uniform:: 
 renounce their li'\ ■_■. aongst their 
 
 number :. and Rey- 
 
 nolds, who were ulcered bishoprics, but 
 refused the offer. 
 
 Black Bess, the :.re of 
 
 .' : T_r ... which carried hiui from 
 fork. 
 
 Black Charlie, sir Charles Napier 
 L786-] 
 
 Black Clergy T '.■'. monks, in 
 Contradistinction t 2 ! . /y, or 
 
 I Irish | riests, in Russia, 
 
 Black Colin Campbell, general 
 Campbell, in the army of George 111.. 
 introduced -.: W. Scott in i mtmtiet. 
 
 Black Death, fully described by 
 an physician. I: 
 ami was called Black 
 .rned black 
 rapid putrid sation. — See t '.rnAu7, 
 - 
 In 134 >-9. at least half of the entire 
 .don of England died. Thus 
 nut of 60,000 died in N : 
 out of 10,000 died in Yarmouth; 17 out 
 of 21 of I -_ ": 
 
 out of 5,000,000 of the entire population. 
 .nd 1350. one-fourth of 
 all the population of the world was 
 
 stilence. K 
 than 25,000,000 perished in Europe 
 . while in Asia and Africa the 
 mortality was even greater. It came 
 from China, where fifteen years pre- 
 viously it carried off J .In Venice 
 the ariv rence ! 
 the refined, 60,000; in Paris the _. . 
 
 000; ; 
 in Avignon, a' number wholly beyond i 
 •turn. 
 N.B, — This form of ; never ■ 
 
 - ::ond time. 
 
 Black Douglas. William Douglas, j 
 lore f >'i:hsdale, who died loSK). 
 
 Ee w-3= ta2. stioos. ind weE made, of a swarthy oota- ' 
 pinion, with dart: hair, from which be was oiled "The 
 
 1- . k : __._£, _i_- *—■.-.: Sv::: . .--.« :.' : . - .-• 
 fmtmw.A 
 
 Black Dwarf (The), of sir Walter 
 
 Scott, is meant for David Ri-ehie. whose 
 cottage was and still is on Manor Water, 
 in the county of Peebles. 
 
 Black -eyed Susan, one of Dibdin's 
 s sa-songs. 
 
 Black Flag (A) was displayed by 
 ■Tamerlane when a besieged city refused, 
 to surrender, meaning that " mei 
 now past. and. the city is devoted t. 
 
 dc5:ru::::n." 
 
 Black G-eorge, the gamekeejer in 
 Fielding's novel, called The History of 
 Tom . Fi indlituj (1750). 
 
 Black George, Georj -: - h of 
 
 Servia, a brigand ; called by the Turks 
 Kara George, from the terror he in- 
 
 s::r~l. 
 
 Black Horse (T7.e), the 7th Dragoon 
 la (nor the 7th Dragoons). So 
 called because their facings (or collar and 
 cuffs) are black I ken* plumes 
 
 are black and white; and at one time 
 their horses were black, or at anv rate 
 dark. 
 
 Black Jack, a large flagon. 
 
 F_: : ■'- :' :? r --; .-! : ■'-. - w 
 I-:.-- .:': I....* ;-.x :. i_- : ";f :.:'- :• 
 
 Simon the Venturer. 
 
 Black Knight of the Black 
 Lands I sir Peread. Called by 
 
 Tennyson " Night" "Nox." He was one 
 of the f out brothers who kept the passages 
 I angerous, and was overthrown 
 — Sir T. Malorv, History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. I . nvson, 
 
 Idylls (" Gareth and Lynette "). 
 
 Black lord Clifford, John ninth 
 lord Clifford, son of Thomas lord Clifford. 
 Butcher" (died 1461). 
 
 Black Prince, Edward prince of 
 
 . III. Froissart 
 
 - terror of his 
 
 Similarly, lord Clifford 
 
 :ied " Tlie Black Lofd Clifford " for 
 
 his cruelties (died 1461). George Petro- 
 
 witseh was called by the Turks " Black 
 
 George*' from the terror of his name. 
 
 ■ .vas called " Black 
 
 :: m the terror of her deel- 
 
 n : -.s sir "W * m her dark 
 
 complexion. Similarly. "The Black S 
 
 or Axinus, as the Greeks once caUed ir, 
 
 :: shred its name from the inhospitable 
 
 character of *he Scythians. The " Black 
 
 : S nerki. is an easterly wind, so 
 
 called by the Kurds, from its being such a 
 
 terrible scourge. 
 
BLACK RIVER. 
 
 Ill 
 
 BLADUD. 
 
 Shirley falls into the general error : 
 
 Our t;Teat third Edward . . . and his brave son . . . 
 In his black armour. 
 
 Edward the Black Prince, iv. 1 (1640). 
 
 Black River or Atba'ka, of Africa, 
 so called from the quantity of black earth 
 brought down by it during the rains. 
 This earth is deposited on the surface of 
 tne country in the overflow of the Nile, 
 and hence the Atbara is regarded as the 
 " dark mother of Egypt." 
 
 Black Sea {The), once called by the 
 Greeks Axlnus (" inhospitable "), either 
 because the Scythians on its coast were 
 inhospitable, or because its waters were 
 dangerous to navigation. It was after- 
 wards called Fuxinus ("hospitable") when 
 the Greeks themselves became masters of 
 it. The Turks called it The Black Sea, 
 cither a return to the former name 
 " Axinus." or from the abounding black 
 rock. 
 
 Black Thursday, the name given 
 in the colony of Victoria, Australia, 
 to Thursday, February 6, 1851, when 
 the most terrible bush fire knoAvn in the 
 annals of the colony occurred. It raged 
 over an immense area. One writer in the 
 newspapers of the time said that he rode at 
 headlong speed for fifty miles, with fire 
 raging on each side of his route. The 
 heat was felt far out at sea, and many 
 birds fell dead on the decks of coasting 
 vessels. The destruction of animal life 
 and farming stock in this conflagration 
 was enormous. 
 
 Blacks ( TJie), an Italian faction of the 
 fourteenth century. The Guelphs of 
 Florence were divided into the Blacks 
 who wished to open their gates to Charles 
 de Valois, and the Wlutes who opposed 
 him. Dante the poet was a "White," 
 and as the "Blacks" were the pre- 
 dominant party, he was exiled in 1302, 
 and during his exile wrote his immortal 
 poem, the Divina Commedia. 
 
 Black'acre {Widow), a masculine, 
 litigious, pettifogging, headstrong wo- 
 man. — Wycherly, The Plain Dealer 
 (1677). 
 
 Blaekchester {The countess of), 
 sister of lord Dalgarno.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Xigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Blackfriars Bridgre (London), was 
 once called "Pitt's Bridge." This was | 
 the bridge built by R. Mylne in 1780, but I 
 the name nevei found favour with the i 
 general public. 
 
 Blackguards (Victor Hugo says), 
 soldiers condemned for some offence in 
 discipline to wear their red coats (which 
 were lined with black) inside out. The 
 French equivalent, he says, is Blaqueurs. 
 - — IjHominequiB.it, II. iii. 1. 
 
 It is quite impossible to believe this to 
 be the true derivation of the word. 
 Other suggestions will be found in the 
 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 
 
 Blackless {Tomalin), a soldier in the 
 guard of Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Blackmantle {Bernard), Charles 
 Mollov Westmacott, author of The English 
 Spy (1826). 
 
 Black'pool {Stephen), a power-loom 
 weaver in Bounderby's mill at Coketown. 
 He had a knitted brow and pondering 
 expression of face, was a man of the 
 strictest integrity, refused to join the 
 strike, and was turned out of the mill. 
 When Tom Gradgrind robbed the bank of 
 £150, he threw suspicion on Stephen 
 Blackpool, and while Stephen was hasten- 
 ing to Cokeburn to vindicate himself he 
 fell into a shaft, known as "the Hell 
 Shaft," and, although rescued, died on 
 a litter. Stephen Blackpool loved 
 Rachael, one of the hands, but had 
 already a drunken, worthless wife. — C. 
 Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Blacksmith {The Flemish), Quentin 
 Matsys, the Dutch painter (1460-1529). 
 
 Blacksmith { The Learned), Elihu Burritt, 
 United States (1811- ). 
 
 Blacksmith's Daughter {The), 
 lock and key. 
 
 Place it under the care of the blacksmith's daughter.— 
 C. Dickens, Tale of Tuo Cities (185a). 
 
 Blackwood's Magazine. The 
 
 vignette on the wrapper of this magazine 
 is meant for George Buchanan, the Scotch 
 historian and poet (1506-1582). He is 
 the representative of Scottish literature 
 generally. 
 
 The magazine originated in 1817 with 
 William Blackwood of Edinburgh, pub- 
 lisher. 
 
 Blad'derskate {Loi-d) and lord 
 Kaimes, the two judges in Peter Peeble's 
 lawsuit. — Sir W. Scott, Bedjauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Bla'dud, father of king Lear. Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth says that Bladud, 
 attempting to fly, fell on the temple of 
 Apollo, and was dashed to pieces. Hence 
 
BLAIR. 
 
 112 
 
 BLATANT BEAST. 
 
 when Lear swears "By Apollo" he is 
 reminded that Apollo was no friend of 
 tne king's (act i. sc. 1). Bladud, says the 
 story, built Bath (once called Badon), 
 ^,nd dedicated to Minerva the medicinal 
 Spring, which is called " Bladud's Well." 
 
 Blair (Adam), the hero of a novel by 
 J. G. Lockhart, entitled Adam Blair, a 
 Story of Scottish Life (1794-1854). 
 
 Blair (Father Clement), a Carthusian 
 monk, confessor of Catherine Glover, 
 "the fair maid of Perth." — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Blair [Rev. David), sir Richard Philips, 
 author of The Universal Preceptor (1816), 
 Mother's Question Book, etc. He issued 
 books under a legion of false names. 
 
 Blaise, a hermit, who baptized Merlin 
 the enchanter. 
 
 Blaise (St.), patron saint of wocl- 
 combers, because he was torn to pieces 
 with iron combs. 
 
 Blanche (1 syl.), one of the domestics 
 of ladv Eveline "the betrothed." — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry 
 II.). 
 
 Blanche (La reinc), the queen of 
 France during the first six weeks of her 
 widowhood. During this period of 
 mourning she spent her time in a closed 
 room, lit only by a wax taper, and was 
 dressed wholly in white. Mary, the 
 widow of Louis XII., was called La reine 
 Blanche during her days of mourning, 
 and is sometimes (but erroneously) so 
 called afterwards. 
 
 Blanche (Lady) makes a vow with 
 lady Anne to die an old maid, and of 
 course falls over head and ears in love 
 with Thomas Blount, a jeweller's son, who 
 enters the army and becomes a colonel. 
 She is very handsome, ardent, brilliant, 
 and fearless. — S. Knowles, Old Maids 
 (1841). 
 
 Blanche'fLeur (2 syl.), the heroine 
 of Boccaccio's prose romance called II 
 Filopoco. Her lover "Flores" is Boccaccio 
 himself, and "Blancherleur" was the 
 daughter of king Robert. The story of 
 Blancherleur and Flores is substantially 
 the same as that of Dor'iyen and Aurelius, 
 bv Chaucer, and that of " Diano'ra and 
 Ansaldo." in the Decameron. 
 
 Bland'amour (Sir), a man of 
 " mickle might," who " bore great sway 
 in arms and chivalry," but was both 
 vainglorious and insolent. He attacked 
 
 Brit'omart, but was discomfited by hel 
 enchanted spear ; he next attacked sir 
 Ferraugh, and having overcome him took 
 from him the lady who accompanied him, 
 "the False Florimel." — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iv. 1 (1596). 
 
 Blande'ville (Lady Fmily) y a 
 neighbour of the Waverley family, 
 afterwards married to colonel Talbot. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Bland'ford, the father of Belin'da, 
 who he promised sir AVilliam Belimont 
 should marry his son George. But 
 Belinda was in love with Beverley, and 
 George Belimont with Clarissa (Beverley's 
 sister). Ultimately matters arranged 
 themselves, so that the lovers married 
 according to their inclinations. — A. 
 Murphy, All in the Wrong (1761). 
 
 Blan'diman, the faithful man-servant 
 of the fair Bellisant, and her attendant 
 after her divorce. — Valentine and Orson. 
 
 Blandi'na, wife of the churlish 
 knight Turpin, who refused hospitality 
 to sir Calepine and his lady Sere'na 
 (canto 3). She had "the art of a suasive 
 tongue," and most engaging manners, but 
 " her words were only words, and all her 
 tears were water" (canto 7). — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iv. (1596). 
 
 Blandish, a " practised parasite." 
 His sister says to him, "May yiu find 
 but half your own vanity in those you 
 have to work on ! " (act i. 1). 
 
 Miss Letitia Blandish, sister of the 
 above, a fawning tiineserver, who sponges 
 on the wealthy. She especially toadies 
 Miss Alscrip "the heiress," Mattering 
 her vanity, fostering her conceit, and 
 encouraging her vulgar affectations. — • 
 General Burgoyne, The Heiress (1781). 
 
 Blane (Xiell), town piper and pub- 
 lican. 
 
 Jenny Blanc, his daughter. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Bla'ney, a wealthy heir, ruined by 
 dissipation. — Crabbe, Borowyh. 
 
 Blarney (Lady), one of the flash 
 women introduced by squire Thornhill to 
 the Primrose family. — Goldsmith, Vicar 
 of Wakefield (1765). 
 
 Blas'phemous Balfour. Sir James 
 Balfour, the Scottish judge, was so called 
 from his apostacy (died 1583). 
 
 Bla'tant Beast (The), the pcr- 
 ! sonkication of slander or puLlio 
 
BLATHERS AND DUFF. 
 
 113 
 
 BLIND BEGGAR. 
 
 opinion. The beast had 100 tongues and a 
 sting. Sir Artegal muzzled the monster, 
 and dragged it to Faery-land, but 
 it broke loose and regained its liberty. 
 Subsequently sir Cal'idore (3 syl.) went 
 in quest of' it. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 v. and vi. (1506). 
 
 * + * "Mrs. Grundy" is the modem 
 name of Spenser's " Blatant Beast." 
 
 Blath'ers and Duff, detectives who 
 investigate the burglary in which Bill 
 Sikes had a hand. Blathers relates the 
 tale of Conkey Chickweed, who robbed 
 himself of 327 guineas.— C. Dickens, 
 Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Blat'tergrowl (The Rev. Mr.), 
 minister of Troteosey, near Monkbarns. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Bleeding-heart Yard (London). 
 So called because it was the place where 
 the devil cast the bleeding heart of lady 
 Hatton (wife of the dancing chancellor), 
 after he had torn it out of her body with 
 his claws.— Dr. Mackay, Extraordinary 
 Topular Delusions. 
 
 Blefus'ea, an island inhabited by 
 pigmies. It was situated north-east of 
 Lilliput, from which it was parted by a 
 channel 800 yards wide.— Dean Swift, 
 Gulliver's Travels (1726). 
 
 " Blefusca" is France, and the inhabitants of the Lillipu- 
 tian court, which forced Gulliver to take shelter there 
 rather than have his eyes put out, is an indirect reproach 
 upon that [sic] ol England, and a vindication of the flight 
 of Ormond and Bolingbroke to Paris.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bleise (1 syl.) of Northumberland, 
 historian of king Arthur's period. 
 
 Merlin told Bleise how king Arthur had sped at the 
 great battle, and how the battle ended, and told him the 
 names ol even king and knight of worship that was there. 
 And Bleise wrote the battle word for word as Merlin told 
 him, how it began and by whom, and how it ended, and 
 who had the worst. All the battles that were done in 
 king Arthur's days. Merlin caused Bleise to write them. 
 Also he caused him to write all the battles that every 
 worthy knight did of king Arthur's court.— Sir T. Malory, 
 JlUtory of Prince Arthur, i. 15 (1470). 
 
 Blem'myes (3 syl.), a people of 
 Africa, fabled to have no head, but 
 having eyes and mouth in the breast. 
 (See Gaoka.) 
 
 Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis pectori 
 affixis.— Pliny. 
 
 Ctesias speaks of a people of India 
 near the Ganges, sine cervice, oculos in 
 humeris habentes. Mela also refers to a 
 people quibus capita et vultus in pectore 
 sunt. 
 
 Blenheim. Spaniels. The Oxford 
 electors are so called, because for many 
 years they obediently supported any candi- 
 
 date which the duke of Marlborough com- 
 manded them to return. Lock hart broke 
 through this custom by telling the people 
 the fable of the Doy and the Wolf. The 
 dog, it Avill be remembered, had on his 
 neck the marks of his collar, and the 
 wolf said he preferred liberty. 
 
 (The race of the little dog called the 
 Blenheim spaniel, has been preserved ever 
 since Blenheim House was built for the 
 duke of Marlborough in 1704.) 
 
 Blet'son (Master Joshua), one of the 
 three parliamentary commissioners sent 
 by Cromwell with a warrant to leave the 
 royal lodge to the Lee family. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Bli'fil, a noted character in Fielding's 
 novel entitled The History of Tom Jones, 
 a Foundliny (1750). 
 
 %* Blifil is the original of Sheridan's 
 " Joseph Surface," in the School for 
 Scandal (1777). 
 
 Bligh (William), captain of the 
 Bounty, so Avell known for the mutiny, 
 headed bv Fletcher Christian, the mate 
 (1790). 
 
 Blimber (-Dr.), head of a school for 
 the sons of gentlemen, at Brighton. It 
 was a select school for ten pupils only ; 
 but there was learning enough for ten 
 times ten. "Mental green peas were 
 produced at Christmas, and intellectual 
 asparagus all the year round." The 
 doctor was really a ripe scholar, and truly 
 kind-hearted ; but his great fault was 
 over-tasking his boys, and not seeing 
 when the bow was too much stretched. 
 Paul Dombey. a delicate lad, succumbed 
 to this strong mental pressure. 
 
 Mrs. Blimber, wife of the doctor, not 
 learned, but wished to be thought so. 
 Her pride was to see the buys in the 
 largest possible collars and stiffest pos- 
 sible cravats, which she deemed highly 
 classical. 
 
 Cornelia Blimber, the doctor's daughter, 
 a slim young lady, who kept her hair 
 short and wore spectacles. Miss Blimber 
 "had no nonsense about her," but had 
 grown "dry and sandy with working in 
 the graves of dead languages." She mar- 
 ried Mr. Feeder, B.A., Dr. Blimber' s 
 usher. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
 (1846). 
 
 Blind Beggar of Bethnal 
 Green, Henry, son and heir of sir 
 Simon de Montfort. At the battle of 
 Evesham the barons were routed, Mont/- 
 
BLIND CHAPEL COURT. 
 
 114 
 
 BLOODS. 
 
 fort slain, and his son Henry left on the 
 field for dead. A baron's daughter dis- 
 covered the young man, nursed him with 
 care, and married him. The fruit of the 
 marriage was " pretty Bessee, the beg- 
 gar's daughter." Henry de Montforb 
 assumed the garb and semblance of a 
 blind beggar, to escape the vigilance of 
 king Henry's spies. 
 
 Day produced, in 1659, a drama called 
 The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, and 
 S. Knowles, in 1834, produced his 
 amended drama on the same subject. 
 There is [or was], in the Whitechapel 
 Koad a public-house sign called the 
 Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green. — History 
 of Sign-boards. 
 
 Blind Chapel Court (Mark Lane, 
 London), is a corruption of Blanch Apple- 
 [toti]. In the reign of Richard II. it was 
 part of the manor of a knight named 
 Appleton. 
 
 Blind Emperor (The), Ludovig 
 III. of Germany (880, 890-934). 
 
 Blind Harper (Tlie), John Parry, 
 who died 1739. 
 
 John Stanlev, musician and composer, 
 was blind from his birth (1713-178G). 
 
 Blind Harry, a Scotch minstrel 
 of the fifteenth century, blind from in- 
 fancy. His epic of Sir William Wallace 
 runs to 11,861 lines. He was minstrel in 
 the court of James IV. 
 
 Blind Mechanician (The\. John 
 Strong, a great mechanical genius, was 
 blind from his birth. He died at Carlisle, 
 aged 0(3 (1732-1798). 
 
 Blind Poet (The), Luigi Groto, an 
 Italian poet called // Cieco (1541-1585). 
 John Milton (1008-1074). 
 
 Homer is called The Blind Old Bard 
 (fl. B.C. 900). 
 
 Blind Traveller (The), lieutenant 
 James Holman. He became blind at the 
 age of 25, but notwithstanding travelled 
 round the world, and published an account 
 of his travels (1787-1857). 
 
 Blin'kinsop, a smuggler in lied- 
 gauntlet, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Blister, the apothecary, who says 
 *' Without physicians, no one could know 
 whether he was well or ill." He courts 
 Lucy by talking shop to her. — Fielding, 
 The Virgin Unmasked. 
 
 Blithe-Heart King {The). David 
 is so called by Caedmon. 
 
 Those lovely lyrics written by his hand 
 Whom Saxon Ctedmon calls "The Blithe-heart King." 
 Longfellow, The Poet's Tale (ref. is to Psalm cxlviii. 9). 
 
 Block (Martin), one of the committee 
 of the Estates of Burgundy, who refuse 
 supplies to Charles the Bold, duke of 
 Burgundy. — Sir "W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Blok (Nikkei), the butcher, one of the 
 insurgents at Liege. — Sir W, Scott, 
 Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Blondel de Wesle [Necl], the 
 favourite trouvere or minstrel of Richard 
 Canir de Lion. He chanted the Bloodg 
 
 Vest in presence of queen Berengaria, the 
 lovely Edith Plantagenet.— Sir W. Scott, 
 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Blon'dina, the mother of Fairstar 
 and two boys at one birth. She was the 
 wife of a king, but the queen-mother 
 hated her, and taking away the three 
 babes substituted three puppies. Ulti- 
 mately her children were restored to her, 
 and the queen-mother with her accom- 
 plices were duly punished. — Comtesse 
 D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("Princess Fair- 
 star," 1082). 
 
 Blood (Colonel Thomas), emissary of 
 the duke of Buckingham (1028-1080), 
 introduced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of 
 the Peak, a novel (time, Charles II.) . 
 
 Blood-Bath (1520), a massacre of 
 the Swedish nobles and leaders, which 
 occurred three days after the coronation 
 of Christian II. king of Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Norway. The victims were 
 invited to attend the coronation, and 
 were put to the sword, under the plea of 
 being enemies of the true Church. In 
 this massacre fell both the father and 
 brother-in-law of Gustavus Vasa. The 
 former was named Eric Johansson, and 
 the latter Brahe (2 syl.). 
 
 This massacre reminds us of the 
 " Bloody Wedding," or slaughter of 
 huguenots during the marriage cere- 
 monies of Henri of Navarre and Mar- 
 garet of France, in 1572. 
 
 Bloods (The Five) : (1) The O'Neils 
 of Ulster ; (2) the O'Connors of Con- 
 naught ; (3) the O'Briens of Thomond ; 
 (4) the O'Lachlans of Meath ; and (5) 
 the M'Murroughs of Leinster. These arf» 
 the five principal septs or families of 
 Ireland, and all net belonging to one of 
 these five septs are accounted aliens or 
 
BLOODY. 
 
 115 
 
 BLOUNT. 
 
 enemies, and could "neither sue nor be 
 sued," even down to the reign of Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 "William Fitz-Roger, being arraigned 
 (4th Edward II.) for the murder of 
 Roger de Cantilon, pleads that he -was 
 not guilty of felon}-, because his victim 
 was not of "free blood," i.e. one of the 
 " five bloods of Ireland." The plea is 
 admitted by the jury to be good. 
 
 Robertus de Waley, tried at Waterford for shying John 
 M'Gillimorr)\ in the time of Edward II., confessed the 
 fact, but pieaded that he could not thereby have com- 
 mitted felony, ■■ because the deceased was a mere Irish- 
 man, and not one of the five bloods."— Sir John Davies. 
 
 Bloody (The), Otho II. emperor of 
 Germany (955, 973-983). 
 
 Bloody-Bones, a bogie. 
 
 As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford [i.e. sir Thomas 
 Lunsford, governor of the Tower, the dread of every one). 
 — & Butler, Hudibras. 
 
 Bloody Brother (The), a tragedy 
 by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). The 
 " bloodj- brother " is Rollo duke of Nor- 
 mandy, who kills his brother Otto and 
 several other persons, but is himself 
 killed ultimately by Hamond captain of 
 the guard. 
 
 Bloody Butcher (The), the duke 
 of Cumberland, second son of George II., 
 bo called from his barbarities in the sup- 
 pression of the rebellion in favour of 
 Charles Edward, the young pretender. 
 " Black Clifford " was also called "The 
 Butcher " for his cruelties (died 1461). 
 
 Bloody Hand, Cathal, an ancestor 
 of the O'Connors of Ireland. 
 
 Bloody Mary, queen Mary of Eng- 
 land, daughter of Henry VIII. and elder 
 bilf-sister of queen Elizabeth. So called 
 on account of the sanguinary persecutions 
 carried on by her against the protestants. 
 It is said that 200 persons were burnt to 
 death in her short reign (1516, 1553- 
 1558). 
 
 Bloody Wedding (The), that of 
 Henri of Navarre with Margaret, sister 
 of Charles IX. of France. Catherine de 
 Medicis invited all the chief protestant 
 nobles to this wedding, but on the eve of 
 the festival of St. Bartholomew (August 
 24, 1572), a general onslaught was made 
 on all the protestants of Paris, and next 
 day the same massacre was extended to 
 the provinces. The number which fell 
 in this wholesale slaughter has been esti- 
 mated at between 30,000 and 70,000 per- 
 sons of both sexes. 
 
 Bloomtleld (Louisa), a young lady 
 
 engaged to lord Totterly the beau of 
 60, but in love with Charles Danvers the 
 embryo barrister. — C. Selby, The Un- 
 finished Gentleman. 
 
 Blount (Nicholas), afterwards knight- 
 ed ; master of the horse to the earl of 
 Sussex. — Sir "W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Blount (Sir Frederick), a distant rela- 
 tive of sir John Vesey. He had a great 
 objection to the letter r, which he con- 
 sidered "wough and wasping." He 
 dressed to perfection, and though not 
 "wich," prided himself on having the 
 " best opewa-box, the best dogs, the best 
 horses, and the best house" of any one. 
 He liked Georgina Vesev, and as she had 
 £10,000 he thought he should do himself 
 no harm by " mawywing the girl." — Lord 
 L. Bulwer Lytton, Honey (1840). 
 
 Blount (Maste?-), a wealthy jeweller 
 of Lijdgate Hill, London. An old- 
 fashioned, tradesman, not ashamed of his 
 calling. He had two sons, John and 
 Thomas ; the former was his favourite. 
 
 Mistress Blount, his wife. A shrewd, 
 discerning woman, who loved her son 
 Thomas, and saw in him the elements of 
 a rising man. 
 
 John Blount, eldest son of the Ludgate 
 jeweller. Being left successor to his 
 father, he sold the goods and set up for a 
 man of fashion and fortune. His vanity 
 and snobbism were most gross. He had 
 good-nature, but more cunning than dis- 
 cretion, thought himself far-seeing, but 
 was most easily duped. "The phaeton 
 was built after my design, my lord," he 
 says, "mayhap your lordship has seen it." 
 "My taste is driving, my lord, mayhap 
 your lordship has seen me handle the 
 ribbons." "My horses are all bloods, 
 mayhap your lordship has noticed my 
 team." "I pride nryself on my seat in 
 the saddle, mayhap your lordship has 
 seen me ride." "If I am superlative in 
 anything, 'tis in my wines." " So please 
 your ladyship, 'tis dress I most excel in. 
 . . . 'tis walking I pride myself in." 
 No matter what is mentioned, 'tis the one 
 thing he did or had better than any one 
 else. This conceited fool was duped into 
 believing a parcel of men-servants to be 
 lords and dukes, and made love co a 
 lady's maid, supposing her to be a 
 countess. 
 
 Thomas Blount, John's brother, and one 
 af nature's gentlemen. He entered the 
 armv, became a colonel, and married 
 
BLOUZELINDA. 
 
 116 
 
 BLUE-GOWNS. 
 
 lady Blanche. He is described as having 
 " a lofty forehead for princely thought to 
 dwell in, eyes for love or war. a nose of 
 Grecian mould with touch of Rome, a 
 mouth like Cupid's bow, ambitious chin 
 dimpled and knobbed." — S. Knowles, 
 Old Maids (1841). 
 
 Blouzelin'da or Blowzelixda, a 
 shepherdess in love with Lobbin Clout, 
 in The Shepherd's Week. 
 
 My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass. 
 Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass . . . 
 My Blouzeli nd's than gilliflower more fair, 
 Than daisie, marygold, or kingcup rare. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, I (17T4). 
 Sweet is my toil when Blowzelind is near, 
 Of her bereft 'tis winter all the year . . . 
 Come, Bluwzeliiula, e;ise thy swain's desire, 
 My summer's shaduw.and my winter's fire. 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Blower (Mrs. Margaret), the ship- 
 owner's widow at the Spa. She marries 
 Dr. Quacklcben, "the man of medicine" 
 (one of the managing committee at the 
 Spa). — Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Blu.ch.er was nicknamed " Marshal 
 Forwards " for his dash and readiness in 
 the campaign of 18 I'd. 
 
 Blue (Dark), Oxford -boat crew. (See 
 Boat Colours.) 
 
 Blue (Light}, Cambridge boat crew. 
 (See Boat Colours.) 
 
 Blue ( True). When it is said that any- 
 thing or person is True blue or True as 
 Coventry blue, the reference is to a blue 
 cloth and blue thread made in Coventry, 
 noted for its fast colour. Lincoln was no 
 less famous for its green cloth and dye. 
 
 Irue Blue has also reference to un- 
 tainted aristocratic descent. This is de- 
 rived from the Spanish notion that the 
 really high bred have bluer blood than 
 those of meaner race. Hence the French 
 phrases, Sang bleu (" aristocratic blood "), 
 Sung noir (" plebeian blood "), etc. 
 
 Blue Beard (La Barbe Blcue), from 
 the contcs of Charles Perrault (1097). 
 The chevalier Raoul is a merciless tyrant, 
 with a blue beard. His young wife is 
 entrusted with all the keys of the castle, 
 with strict injunctions on pain of death 
 not to open one special room. During 
 the absence of her lord the "forbidden 
 fruit" is too tempting to be resisted, the 
 door is opened, and the young wife rinds 
 the floor covered with the dead bodies of 
 her husband's former wives. She drops 
 the key in her terror, and can by no 
 means obliterate from it the stain <£r 
 
 blood. Blue Beard, on his return, com- 
 mands her to prepare for death, but by 
 the timely arrival of her brothers her life 
 is saved and Blue Beard put to death. 
 
 Dr. C. Taylor thinks Blue Beard is a 
 type of the castle-lords in the days of 
 knight-errantry. Some say Henry VII I. 
 (the noted wife-killer) was the " academy 
 figure." Others think it was Giles de 
 Retz, marquis de Laval, marshal of 
 France in 1420, who (according to Me'ze- 
 ray) murdered six of his seven wives, 
 and was ultimately strangled in 1410. 
 
 Another solution is that Blue Beard 
 was count Conomar', and the young wife 
 Triphy'na, daughter of count Guereeh. 
 Count Conomar was lieutenant of Brit- 
 tany in the reign of Childebert. M. 
 Hippolyte Violeau assures us that in 1850, 
 during the repairs of the chapel of St. 
 Nicolas de Bieuzy, some ancient frescoes 
 were discovered with scenes from the life 
 of St. Tripbyna: (1) The marriage; (2) 
 the husband taking leave of his young 
 wife and entrusting to her a key ; (3) a 
 room with an open door, through which 
 are seen the corpses of seven women 
 hanging; (4) the husband threatening his 
 wife, while another female [sister Anne'] 
 is looking out of a window above ; (ft) 
 the husband has placed a halter round the 
 neck of his victim, but the friends, accom- 
 panied by St. Gildas, abbot of Rhuys in 
 Brittany," arrive just in time to rescue 
 the future saint. — Be'lerinagesde Bretagne. 
 
 (Ludwig Tieck brought out a drama in 
 Berlin, on the story of Blue Beard. The 
 incident about the keys and the doors is 
 similar to that mentioned by "The Third 
 Calender" in the Arabian Nights. The 
 forty princesses Avere absent for forty 
 days, and gave king Agib the keys of the 
 palace during their absence. He had . 
 leave to enter every room but one. His 
 curiosity led him to open the forbidden 
 chamber and mount a horse which he saw 
 there. The horse carried him through the 
 air far from the palace, and with a whisk 
 of its tail knocked out his right eye. 
 The same misfortune had befallen ten 
 other princes, who warned him of the 
 danger before he started.) 
 
 Blue Flag (^1) in the Roman empire 
 was warning of danger. Livy speaks of 
 it in his Annals. 
 
 Blue-Gowns. King's bedesmen, or 
 privileged Scotch mendicants, were so 
 called from their dress. On the king's 
 birthday each of these bedesmen had 
 given to him a cloak of blue cloth, a 
 
BLUE HEN. 
 
 117 
 
 BOANERGES. 
 
 pennv for every year of the king's life, 
 a loaf of bread, and a bottle of ale. No 
 new member has been added since 1833. 
 
 Blue Hen, a nickname for the state 
 of Delaware, United States. The term 
 arose thus : Captain Caldwell, an officer 
 of the 1st Delaware Regiment in the 
 American War for Independence was very 
 fond of game-cocks, but maintained that 
 no cock was truly game unless its mother 
 was a " blue hen." As he was exceed- 
 ingly popular, his regiment was called 
 "The Blue Hens," and the term was 
 afterwards transferred to the state and 
 its inhabitants. 
 
 Your mother was a blue hen, no doubt ; 
 a reproof to a braggart, especially to one 
 who boasts of his ancestry. 
 
 Blue Knight (The), sir Persaunt 
 of India, called by Tennyson "Morning 
 Star" or " Phosphorus." He was one 
 of the four brothers who kept the pas- 
 sages of Castle Perilous, and was over- 
 thrown by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 131 (1470) ; 
 Tennyson, Idylls (" Gareth and Ly- 
 nette "). 
 
 *** It is evidently a blunder in Tenny- 
 son to call the Blue Knight " Morning 
 Star," and the Green Knight "Evening 
 Star." The reverse is correct, and in 
 the old romance the combat with the 
 Green Knight was at day-break, and 
 with the Blue Knight at sunset. 
 
 Blue Moon. Once in a blue moon, 
 very rarely indeed. The expression re- 
 sembles that of " the Greek Kalends,' 
 which means " never," because there were 
 no Greek Kalends. 
 
 Blue Roses. — The blue flower of the 
 German romantic poets represented the 
 ideal and unattainable — what Words- 
 worth calls "the light that never was on 
 sea or land" — and Alphonse Karr, fol- 
 lowing in the wake of the Germans, gives 
 the name of Hose* Bleus to all impos- 
 sible wishes and desires. 
 
 Blue-Skin, Joseph Blake, an Eng- 
 lish burglar, so called from his complex- 
 ion. He was executed in 1723. 
 
 Bluff (Captain Noll), a swaggering 
 bully and boaster. He says, "I think 
 that fighting for fighting's sake is suffi- 
 cient cause for fighting. Fighting, to 
 me, is religion and the laws." 
 
 "You must know, sir, I was resident in Flanders the 
 Tast campaign . . . there was senrce anything of moment 
 done, but a humble servant of jours . . . had the 
 greatest share iu't. . . . Well, would you think it, in all 
 this time . . . that rascally Gazette never so much as 
 once mentioned me J Not once, by the wars I Took no 
 
 more notice of Noll Bluff than if he had not been in tho 
 and of the living." — Congreve, The Old Bachelor (165)3). 
 
 Bluff Hal or Bluff Harky, Henry 
 VIII. (1491, 1509-1547). 
 
 Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence. 
 
 And numbered bead and shrift. 
 Bluff Hall he broke into the spence [a larder \, 
 
 And turned the cowls adrift. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Blunder. The bold but disastrous 
 charge of the British Light Brigade at 
 Balaela'va is attributed to a blunder ; 
 even Tennyson says of it, "Some one 
 hath blundered," but Thomas Woolner, 
 with less reserve, says : 
 
 A general 
 May blunder troops to death, yea, and receive 
 His senate's vote of thanks. 
 
 My Beautiful Laay, 
 
 Blun'derbore (3 syl.), the giant 
 who was drowned because Jack scuttled 
 his boat. — Jack the Giant-killer. 
 
 Blunt (Colonel), a brusque royalist, 
 who vows " he'd woo no woman," but 
 falls in love with Arbella an heiress, 
 woos and wins her. T. Knight, who 
 has converted this comedy into a farce, 
 with the title of Honest Thieves, calls 
 colonel Blunt "captain Manly." — Hon. 
 sir R. Howard, The Committee (1G70). 
 
 Blunt (Major-General), an old cavalry 
 officer, rough in speech, but brave, 
 honest, and a true patriot. — Shadwell, 
 The Volunteers. 
 
 Blushington (Edward), a bashful 
 young gentleman of 25, sent as a poor 
 scholar to Cambridge, without any 
 expectations, but by the death of his 
 father and uncle left all at once as "rich 
 as a nabob." At college he was called 
 " the sensitive plant of Brazenose," be- 
 cause he was always blushing. He dines 
 by invitation at Friendly Hall, and com- 
 mits ceaseless blunders. Next day his 
 college chum, Frank Friendly, writes 
 word that he and his sister Dinah, with 
 sir Thomas and lady Friendly, will dine 
 with him. After a few glasses of wine, 
 he loses his bashful modesty, makes a 
 long speech, and becomes the accepted 
 suitor of tho. prettv Miss Dinah Friendlv. 
 — W. T. Moncrieff, The Bashful Man. 
 
 Bo or Bo?j, says Warton, was a fierce 
 Gothic chief, whose name was used to 
 frighten children. 
 
 Boaner'ges (4 syl:), a declamatory 
 pet»>parson. who anathematizes all except 
 his own "elect." "He preaches real 
 rousing-up discourses, but sits down 
 
BOAR. 
 
 118 
 
 BOBAD1L. 
 
 pleasantly to his tea, and makes hisself 
 friendly." — Mrs. Oliphant, Salem Chapel. 
 
 A protestant Boanerges, visiting Birmingham, sent an 
 invitation to Dr. Newman to dispute publicly with him 
 iu tlie Town Hall.— E. Yates, Celebrities, xxiL 
 
 *** Boanerges or "sons of thunder" is 
 the name given by Jesus Christ to James 
 and John, because they wanted to call 
 down fire from heaven to consume the 
 Samaritans. — Luke ix. 54. 
 
 Boar (The), Richard III., so called 
 from his cognizance. 
 
 The bri-:tled boar, 
 In infant gore, 
 Wallows beneath the thornv shade. 
 
 Gray, The Bard (1757). 
 
 In contempt Richard III. is called The 
 Hog, hence the popular distich : 
 
 The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the dog, 
 Kule all England under the Hog 
 
 (" The Cat" is Catesbv, and "the Rat " 
 Ratcliffe.) 
 
 Boar (The Blue). This public-house 
 sign (Westminster) is the badge of the 
 Veres earls of Oxford. 
 
 The Blue Boar Lane (St. Nicholas, 
 Leicester) is sj named from the cog- 
 nizance of Richard III., because he slept 
 there the night before the battle of Bos- 
 worth Field. 
 
 Boar of Ardennes (Tlie Wild), in 
 French Le Sang Her des Ardennes 
 (2 syi.), was Guillaume comte de la 
 Marck, so called because he was as fierce 
 as the wild boar he delighted to hunt. 
 The character is introduced by sir W. 
 Scott in Quentin Durward, under the 
 name of " William count of la Marck." 
 
 Boar's Head (The). This tavern, 
 immortalized by Shakespeare, stood in 
 Eastcheap (London), on the site of the 
 present statue of William IV. It was 
 the cognizance of the Gordons, who 
 adopted it because one of their progenitors 
 slew, in the forest of Huntley, a wild 
 boar, the terror of all the Merse (1003). 
 
 Boat Colours. 
 
 The Cambridge Crew : Cains, light 
 blue and black ; Catherine's, blue and. 
 white ; Christ's, common blue ; Clare, 
 black and golden yellow ; Corpus, cherry 
 colour and white ; Downing, chocolate ; 
 Emmanuel, cherry colour and dark blue ; 
 Jems, red and black ; John's, bright red 
 arid white ; King's, violet ; Magdelcn, 
 indigo and lavender ; Pembroke, cla<et 
 and French grey ; Petcrhouse, dark blue 
 and white ; Queen's, green and white ; 
 
 Sydney, red and blue ; Trinity, dark 
 biue ; Trinity Hall, black and white. 
 
 Oxford Chew : Alban's (St.), blue, 
 with arrow-head ; Baliol, pink, white, 
 blue, white, pink ; Brazenose, black, and 
 gold edges ; Christ Church, blue, with 
 red cardinal's hat; Corpus, red, with 
 blue stripe ; Edmonds (St.), red, and 
 yellow edges ; Exeter, black, and red 
 edges ; Jesus, green, and white edges ; 
 John's, yelloAV, black, red ; Lincoln, blue, 
 with mitre ; Magdelcn, black and white ; 
 Mary's (St.), white, black, white ; Merton, 
 blue, with white edges and red cross ; 
 New College, three pink and two white 
 stripes ; Oriel, blue and white ; Pen- 
 broke, pink, white, pink ; Queen's, red, 
 white, blue, white, blue, white, red ; 
 Trinity, blue, with double dragon's head, 
 yellow and green, or blue with white 
 edges ; University, blue, and yellow 
 edges ; Wadkam, light blue ; Worcester, 
 blue, white, pink, white, blue. 
 
 Boaz and Jachin, two brazen 
 pillars set up by Solomon at the entrance 
 of the temple built by him. Boaz, 
 which means "strength," was on the 
 left hand, and Jachin, which means 
 "stability," on the right. — 1 Kingsxn. 21. 
 
 (The names of these two pillars are 
 adopted in the craft called " Free 
 Masonry.") 
 
 Bob'adil, an ignorant, clever, shallow 
 bully, thoroughly cowardly, but thought 
 by his dupes to be an amazing hero. 
 He lodged with Cob (tbe water-carrier) 
 and his wife Tib. Master Stephen was 
 greatly struck with his " dainty oaths," 
 such as "By the foot of Pharaoh!" 
 " Body of Cresar ! " "As I am a gentle- 
 man and a soldier ! " His device to save 
 the expense of a standing army is in- 
 imitable for its conceit and absurdity : 
 
 "I would select 19 more to myself throughout the laud ; 
 gentlemen they should be, of a good spirit and able con- 
 stitution. I would choose them by an instinct, . . . and 
 I would teach them the special rules . . . til! chcy could 
 play [fence] very near as well as myself. This cione, say 
 the enemy were 40,000 strong, w? 'JO would . . . chal- 
 lenge 20 of the enemy .... kill them ; challenge 2" 
 more, kill them ; 20 more, kill them too ; . . . every 
 man his 10 a dav, that's 10 score ... 200 a day ■ five days, 
 a thousand ; 40,000, 40 times 5, 200 days ; kill them all." — - 
 Ben Jonson, Every Han in Hit Humour, iv. 7 (1598). 
 
 Since his [flinry Woodward, 1717-1777] time the part 
 of "Bobadil" has never been justly performed. It may 
 be said to have died with him. — Dr. Doran. 
 
 The name was probably suggested by 
 Bobadilla first governor of Cuba, who 
 superseded Columbus sent home in 
 chains on a most frivolous charge. 
 Similar characters are " Metamore" and 
 " Scaramouch " (Mcliere) ; " Parollua " 
 
BODACH GLAY. 
 
 119 
 
 BOISTERER. 
 
 and "Pistol" (Shakespeare); " Bessus " 
 (Beaumont and Fletcher). (See also 
 
 BASILISCO, BoitOUGHCLIFF, CAPTAIN 
 
 Brazen, Captaix Noll Bluff, Sir 
 Pftronel Flash, Sacripant, Vincent 
 ue la Rose, etc.) 
 
 Bodach Glay or "Grey Spectre," 
 a house demon of the Scotch, similar to 
 the Irish banshee. 
 
 Boe'mond, the Christian king of 
 Antioch, who tried to teach his subjects 
 arts, law, and religion. He is of the 
 Gorman race, Roge'ro's brother, and son 
 of Roberto Guiscar'do. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575). 
 
 Boeo'tian Ears, ears unable to ap- 
 preciate music and rhetoric. Bceotia was 
 laughed at by the Athenians for the dul- 
 ness and stupidity of its inhabitants. 
 
 "This is having taste and sentiment. Well, friend. I 
 assure thee thou hast not got Boeotian ears" [because he 
 praised certain extracts read to him by an author]. — 
 Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. 3 (1715). 
 
 Boeuf (Front de), a gigantic ferocious 
 follower of prince John. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Boffin (Nicodemus), "the golden 
 dustman," foreman of old John Harmon, 
 dustman and miser. He was "a broad, 
 round-shouldered, one-sided old fellow, 
 whose face was of the rhinoceros build, 
 with over-lapping ears." A kind, shrewd 
 man was Mr. Boffin, devoted to his 
 wife, whom he greatly admired. Being 
 residuary legatee of John Harmon, dust- 
 man, he came in for £100,000. After- 
 wards, John Harmon, the son, being 
 discovered, Mr. Boffin surrendered the 
 property to him, and lived with him. 
 
 Mrs. Boffin, wife of Mr. N. Boffin, and 
 daughter of a cat's-meat man. She was 
 a fat, smiling, good-tempered creature, 
 the servant of old John Harmon, dust- 
 man and miser, and very kind to the 
 miser's son (young John Harmon). After 
 Mr. Boffin came into his fortune she 
 became "a high flyer at fashion," wore 
 black velvet and sable, but retained her 
 kindness of heart and love for her hus- 
 band. She was devoted to Bella "Wilfer, 
 who ultimately became the wife of young 
 John Harmon, alias Rokesmith. — C. 
 Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 
 
 Bo'gio, one of the allies of Charle- 
 magne. He promised his Avife to return 
 within six months, but was slain by 
 Dardinello. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Bogle Swindle (The), a gigantic 
 
 tb. 
 
 swindling scheme, concocted at Paris by 
 fourteen sharpers, who expected to clear 
 by it at least a million sterling. This 
 swindle was exposed by O'Reilly in the 
 Times newspaper, and the corporation of 
 London thanked the proprietors of that 
 journal for their public services. 
 
 Bo'gUS, sham, forged, fraudulent, as 
 bogus currency, bogus transactions ; said 
 to be a corruption of Borghese, a sAvindler. 
 who supplied the North American States 
 with counterfeit bills, bills on fictitious 
 banks, and sham mortgages. — Boston 
 Daily Courier. 
 
 Some think the word a corruption of 
 Hocus] Pocus, and say that it refers to 
 the German " Hocus Pocus Imperatus, 
 wer nicht sieht ist blind." The cor- 
 responding French term is Passe muscade. 
 
 Bone'mia, any locality frequented by 
 journalists, artists, actors, opera-singers, 
 spouters, and other similar characters. 
 
 Bohemian (A), a gipsy, from the 
 French notion that the first gipsies came 
 from Bohemia. 
 
 A Literary Bohemian, an author of 
 desultory works and irregular life. 
 
 Never was there an editor with less about him of the 
 literary Bohemian. — fortnightly Review [" Paston 
 Letters "). 
 
 Bohemian Literature, desultory reading. 
 A Bohemian Life, an irregular, wander- 
 ing, restless way of living, like that of a 
 
 gipsy. 
 
 Bo'hemond, prince of Antioch, a 
 crusader. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Bois'gelin (Tlie young countess de), 
 introduced in the ball given by king 
 Rene' at Aix. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Bois-Guilbert (Sir Brian de), a 
 preceptor of the Knights Templars. 
 Ivanhoe vanquishes him in a tournament. 
 He offers insult to Rebecca, and she 
 threatens to cast herself from the battle- 
 ments if he touches her. When the castle 
 is set on fire by the sibyl, sir Brian 
 carries off. Rebecca from the flames. The 
 Grand-Master of the Knights Templars 
 charges Rebecca with sorcery, and she 
 demands a trial by combat. Sir Brian de 
 Bois-Guilbert is appointed to sustain the 
 charge against her, and Ivanhoe is her 
 champion. Sir Brian being found dead 
 in the lists, Rebecca is declared innocent. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Boisterer, one of the seven attend- 
 
BOLD BEAUCHAMP. 
 
 120 
 
 BOMBASTES FURIOSO. 
 
 ants of Fortu'nio. His gift was that he 
 could overturn a wind-mill with his 
 breath, and even wreck a man-of-war. 
 
 Fortunio asked him what he was doing. " I am blow- 
 ing a little, sir," answered he, " to set those mills at 
 work." •■But," sa.id the knight, "you seem too far off." "On 
 the contrary," replied the blower. "I am too near, for if 
 I did not restrain my breath I should blow the mills over, 
 and perhaps the hill too on which they stand."— Oomtesse 
 Er'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 168:2). 
 
 Bold Beauchamp [Bccch'-am~], a 
 proverbial phrase similar to "an Achilles," 
 " a Hector," etc. The reference is to 
 Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, 
 who, with one squire and six archers, 
 overthrew a hundred armed men at 
 Hogges, in Normandy, in 1346. 
 
 So had we still of ours, in France that famous were, 
 Warwick, of England then high-constable that was, 
 
 . . So hardy, great, and strong. 
 That after of that name it to an adage grew. 
 If any man himself adventurous happed to shew, 
 "Bold Beauchamp" men him termed, if none so bold as 
 he. 
 
 Drayton, PoJyolbion, xviii. (1613). 
 
 Bold Stroke for a Husband, a 
 comedy by Mrs. Cowley. There are two 
 plots : one a bold stroke to get the man 
 of one's choice for a husband, and the 
 other a bold stroke to keep a husband. 
 Olivia de Zuniga fixed her heart on Julio 
 de Messina, and refused or disgusted all 
 suitors till he came forward. Donna 
 Victoria, in order to keep a husband, 
 disguised herself in man's apparel, as- 
 sumed the name of Florio, and made love 
 ns a man to her husband's mistress. She 
 contrived by an artifice to get back an 
 estate which don Carlos had made over 
 to his* mistress, and thus saved her hus- 
 band from ruin (1782). 
 
 Bold Stroke for a Wife. Old 
 Lovely at death left his daughter Anne 
 £30,000, but with this proviso, that she 
 was to forfeit the money if she married 
 without the consent of her guardians. 
 Now, her guardians were four in number, 
 and their characters so widely dif- 
 ferent that " they never agreed on any 
 one thing." They were sir Philip Mode- 
 love, an old beau ; Mr. Periwinkle, a silly 
 virtuoso ; Mr. Tradelove, a broker on 
 'Change ; and Mr. Obadiah Prim, a hypo- 
 critical quaker. Colonel Feignwell con- 
 trived to flatter all the guardians to the 
 top of their bent, and won the heiress. 
 —Mrs. Centlivre (1717). 
 
 Bol'ga. the southern parts of Ireland, 
 so called from the Fir-bolg or Belgae of 
 Britain who settled there. Bolg means a 
 "quiver," and Fir-bolg means "bowmen." 
 
 The chiefs of Bolpa crowd round the shield of generous 
 Cathmor. — Ossian, Temura, ii. 
 
 Bolster, a famous "Wrath, Avho com- 
 pelled St. Agnes to gather up the boulders 
 which infested his territory. She carried 
 three apronfuls to the top of a hill, hence 
 called St. Agnes' Beacon. (See Wkath's 
 Hole.) 
 
 Bol'ton (Staicarth), an English officer 
 in The Monastery, a novel by sir W. 
 Scott (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bolton Ass. This creature is said 
 to have chewed tobacco and taken snuff. 
 — Dr. Doran. 
 
 Bomba (King), a nickname giver, to 
 Ferdinand II. of Naples, in consequence 
 of his cruel bombardment of Messi'na in 
 1848. His son, who bombarded Palermo 
 in 1860, is called Bombali'no (" Little 
 Bomba ".). 
 
 A young Sicilian, too, was there . . . 
 [ Who] being rebellious to his liege, 
 After Palermo's fatal siege, 
 Across the western seas he fled 
 In good king Bomba s happy reign. 
 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Ivn (prelude). 
 
 Bombardin'ian, general of the 
 forces of king Chrononhotonthologos. 
 He invites the king to his tent, and gives 
 him hashed pork. The king strikes him, 
 and calls him traitor. " Traitor, in thy 
 teeth," replies the general. They fight, and 
 the king is killed. — H. Carey, ChroTwn- 
 hotonthologos (a burlesque). 
 
 Bombastes Furioso, general of 
 Artaxam'inous (king of Utopia). He 
 is plighted to Distaffi'na, but Artax- 
 aminous promises her " half-a-crown " if 
 she will forsake the general for himself. 
 "This bright reward of ever-daring 
 minds " is irresistible. "When Bombastes 
 sees himself flouted, he goes mad, and 
 hangs his boots on a tree, with this label 
 duly displayed : 
 
 Who dares this pair of boots displace, 
 Must meet Bomb;istes face to face. 
 
 The king, coming up, cuts down the boots, 
 and Bombastes "kills him." Fusbos, 
 seeing the king fallen, " kills " the gene- 
 ral ; but at the close of the farce the 
 dead men rise one by one, and join the 
 dance, promising, if "the audience likes, 
 " to die again to-morroAV." — W. B. 
 Rhodes, Bornhastes Furioso. 
 
 *** 1 his farce is a travesty of Orlando 
 Furioso, and " Distaffina" is Angelica, be- 
 loved by Orlando, whom she flouted for 
 Medoro'a young Moor. On this Orlando 
 went mad, anu hung up his armour on a 
 tree, with this distich attached thereto: 
 
 Orlando's arms let none displace. 
 But such who'U meet him face to lace. 
 
BOMBASTES FURIOSO. 
 
 121 
 
 BONNIVARD. 
 
 In the Rehearsal, by the duke of Buck- 
 ingham, Bayes' troops are killed, every 
 man of them, by Drawcansir, but revive, 
 and "go off on their legs." 
 
 See the translation of Don Quixote, by 
 C. H. Wilmot, Esq., ii. 363 (1764). 
 
 Bombastes Furioso (The French), capi- 
 taine Fracasse. — The'ophile Gautier. 
 
 Bombas'tus, the family name of 
 Paracelsus. He is said to have kept a 
 small devil prisoner in the pommel of his 
 sword. 
 
 Bombastus kept a devil'3 bird 
 Shut in the pommel of his sword, 
 That taught him all the cunning pranks 
 Of past and future mountebanks. 
 
 S. Butler, Uudibras, ii. 3. 
 
 Bo'naparte's Cancer. Napoleon 
 Buffered from an internal cancer. 
 
 I . . . would much rather have a sound digestion 
 Than Buonaparte's cancer. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ix. 14 (1821). 
 
 Bonas'sus, an imaginary wild beast, 
 which the Ettrick shepherd encountered. 
 (The Ettrick shepherd was James Hogg, 
 the Scotch poet.) — Noctes Ambrosiana; 
 (No. xlviii., April, 1830). 
 
 Bounaventu're (Father), a disguise 
 assumed for the nonce by the chevalier 
 Charles Edward, the pretender. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redfjauntlct (time, George III.). 
 
 Bondu'ca or Boadice'a, wife of 
 Praesu'tagus king of the Ice'ni. For the 
 better security of his family, Prsesutagus 
 made the emperor of Rome coheir with 
 his daughters ; whereupon the Roman 
 officers took possession of his palace, 
 gave up the princesses to the licentious 
 brutality of the Roman soldiers, and 
 scourged the queen in public. Bonduca, 
 roused to vengeance, assembled an army, 
 burnt the Roman colonies of London, 
 Colchester [Camalodunum~], Verulam, etc., 
 and slew above 80,000 Romans. Sub- 
 sequently, Sueto'nius Paullnus defeated 
 the Britons, and Bonduca poisoned herself, 
 A.p. 61. John Fletcher wrote a tragedy 
 entitled Bonduca (1647). 
 
 Bone-setter (T/ie), Sarah Mapp 
 (died 1736). 
 
 Bo'ney, a familiar contraction of 
 Bo'naparte (3 syl.), used by the English 
 in the early part of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury by way of depreciation. Thus 
 Thom. Moore Bpcaks of "the infidel 
 Boney." 
 
 Bonhomme (Jacques), a peasant who 
 interferes with politics ; hence the peasants' 
 rebellion of 1358 was called La Jacquerie. 
 
 The words may be rendered "Jimmy" or 
 "Jhonny Goodfellow." 
 
 Bon'ifaee (St.), an Anglo-Saxon 
 whose name was Winifrid or Winfrith, 
 born in Devonshire. He was made arch- 
 bishop of Ma3 r ence by pope Gregory III., 
 and is called "The Apostle of the Germans." 
 St. Boniface was murdered in Friesland 
 bv some peasants, and his day is June f> 
 (680-755). 
 
 ... in Friesland first St. Boniface our best. 
 Who of the see of Mentz, while there lie sat possessed, 
 At Dockum had his death, by faithless Frisians slain. 
 Drayton, rolyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Bon' if ace (Father), ex-abbot of Kenna- 
 quhair. He first appears under the name 
 of Blinkhoodie in the character of gardener 
 at Kinross, and afterwards as the old 
 gardener at Dundrennan. (Kcnnaquhair, 
 that is, "I know not where.") — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bon 1 if ace (The abbot), successor of the 
 abbot Ingelram, as Superior of St. Mary's 
 Convent. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bon'iface, landlord of the inn at Lich • 
 field, in league with the highwaymen. 
 This sleek, jolly publican is fond of the 
 cant phrase, "as the saying is." Thus, 
 " Does your master stay in town, as the 
 saying is? " " So well, as the saying is, 
 I could wish we had more of them." 
 " I'm old Will Boniface ; pretty well 
 known upon this road, as the saying is." 
 He had lived at Lichfield " man and boy 
 above eight and fifty years, and not con- 
 sumed eight and fifty ounces of meat." 
 He says : 
 
 " I have fed purely upon ale. I have eat my ale. drank 
 my ale, and I always sleep upon my ale." — George Farqu- 
 har, The Beaux' Stratagem, i. 1 (1707). 
 
 Bonne Reine, Claude de France, 
 daughter of Louis XII. and wife of 
 Francois I. (1499-1524). 
 
 Bonnet (Je parle a mon), " I am 
 talking to myself." 
 
 JIarpagon. A qui ru parle ? 
 
 La Flece. Je parle a mon bonnet. 
 
 Moliere, L'Avare, i. 3 (16G7;. 
 
 Bonnet Rouge, a red republican, 
 so calied from the red cap of liberty 
 which he wore. 
 
 Bonnivard (Frangois de), the pris- 
 oner of Chillon. In Byron's poem he 
 was one of six brothers, five of whom 
 died violent deaths. The father and two 
 sons died on the battle-field ; one was 
 burnt at the stake ; three were imprisoned 
 in the dungeon of Chillon, near the lake 
 of Geneva. Two of th« three died, and 
 
BONSTETTIN. 
 
 122 
 
 BORAX. 
 
 Francois was set at liberty by Henri the 
 Bearnais. They were incarcerated by 
 the duke-bishop of Savoy for republican 
 principles (1496-1570). 
 
 Bonstet'tin (Nicholas), the old 
 deputy of Schwitz, and one of the depu- 
 ties of the Swiss confederacy to Charles 
 duke of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
 of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Bon/temps (Roger), the personi- 
 fication of that buoyant spirit which is 
 always "inclined to hope rather than 
 fear," and in the very midnight of dis- 
 tress is ready to exclaim, "There's a good 
 time coming, wait a little longer." The 
 character is the creation of Be'ranger. 
 
 Vous, pauvres pleins d'envie, 
 
 Vous, riches dcsireux ; 
 Vous, dont le char d6vie 
 
 Apres un cours heureux ; 
 Vous, qui perdrez peut-etre 
 
 Des titres eclatans, 
 Eh gai ! prenez pour maltre 
 
 Le gros Roger Bon temps. 
 
 Beranger (1814). 
 
 Bon'thron (Anthony), one of Ra- 
 morny's followers ; employed to murder 
 Smith, the lover of Catherine Glover 
 ("the fair maid of Perth"), but he mur- 
 dered Oliver instead, by mistake. When 
 charged with the crime, he demanded a 
 trial by combat, and being defeated by 
 Smith, confessed his guilt and was hanged. 
 He was restored to life, but being again 
 apprehended was executed. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Bon Toil, a farce by Garrick. Its 
 design is to show the evil effects of the 
 introduction of foreign morals and foreign 
 manners. Lord Minikin neglects his wife, 
 and flirts with Miss Tittup. Lady Mini- 
 kin hates her husband, and flirts with 
 colonel Tivy. Miss Tittup is engaged to 
 the colonel." Sir John Trotley, who does 
 not understand bon ton, thinks this sort 
 of flirtation very objectionable. "You'll 
 excuse me, for such old-fashioned notions, 
 I am sure" (1760). 
 
 Boo'by (Lady), a vulgar upstart, who 
 tries to seduce her footman, Joseph 
 Andrews. Parson Adams reproves her 
 for laughing in church. Lady Booby is 
 a caricature of Richardson's "Pamela." 
 — Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742). 
 
 Boone (1 syl.), colonel [afterwards 
 "general"] Daniel Boone, in the United 
 States' service, was one of the earliest 
 settlers in Kentucky, where he signalized 
 himself by many daring exploits against 
 the Red Indians (1735-1820). 
 
 Of all men, saving Sylla the man-slayer . . . 
 
 The general Boon, the back-woodsman of Kentucky, " 
 
 Was happiest amongst mortals anywhere, etc. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, viii. 61-65 (1821). 
 
 Booshalloch (Neil), cowherd to 
 Ian Eachin M'lan, chief of the clan 
 Quhele.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Boo'tes (3 syl.), Areas son of Jupiter 
 and Calisto. One day his mother, in the 
 semblance of a bear, met him, and Areas 
 was on the point of killing it, when 
 Jupiter, to prevent the murder, converted 
 him into a constellation, either Bootes or 
 Ursa Major. — Pausanias, Itinerary of 
 Greece, viii. 4. 
 
 Doth not Orion worthily deserve 
 
 A higher place . . . 
 
 Than frail Bootes, who was placed above 
 
 Only because the gods did else foresee 
 
 He should the murderer of his mother be? 
 
 Lord Brooke, Of Nobility. 
 
 Booth., husband of Amelia. Said to 
 be a drawing of the author's own character 
 and experiences. He has all the vices of 
 Tom Jones, with an additional share of 
 meanness. — Fielding, Amelia (1751). 
 
 Borach'io, a follower of don John 
 of Aragon. He is a great villain, en- 
 gaged to Margaret, the waiting-woman of 
 Hero. — Shakespeare, Much Ado about 
 Nothing (1600). 
 
 Borach'io, a drunkard. (Spanish, bor- 
 racho, " drunk ;" borrachue'lo, "a tippler.") 
 
 " Why, you stink of wine ! D'ye think my niece will ever 
 endure such a borachio ? You're an absolute Borachio." — 
 W. Congreve, The Way of the World (1700). 
 
 Borachio (Joseph), landlord of the 
 Eagle hotel, in Salamanca. — Jephson, Two 
 Strings to your Bow (1792). 
 
 Bor'ak. (Al), the animal brought by 
 Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the seventh 
 heaven. The word means " lightning." 
 Al Borak had the face of a man, but the 
 cheeks of a horse ; its eyes were like 
 jacinths, but brilliant as the stars ; it had 
 eagle's wings, glistened all over with 
 radiant light, and it spoke with a human 
 voice. This was one of the ten animals 
 (not of the race of man) received into 
 paradise. (See Animals, etc.) 
 
 Borak was a fine-limbed, high-standing horse, strong in 
 frame, and with a coat as glossy as marble. His colour 
 was saffron, with one hair of gold for every three of 
 tawny ; his ears were restless and pointed like a reed ; his 
 eyes large and full of fire ; his nostrils wide and steaming ; 
 he had a white star on his foreiiead, a neck gracefully 
 arched, a mane soft and silky, and a thick tail that swept 
 the ground. — Croqucmitaine, ii. 9: 
 
 Borax, ]STosa, or Crapon'dinus, 
 
 a stone extracted from a toad. It is the 
 antidote of poison. — Mirror of Stones. 
 
 . . . the toad, ugly and venomous. 
 Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. 
 Shakespeare, as You, Like It, act ii. sc. 1 (1600). 
 
BORDER MINSTREL. 
 
 123 
 
 BORS. 
 
 Border Minstrel {The), sir Walter 
 Scott (1771-1832). 
 
 My steps the Border Minstrel led. 
 
 W. Wordsworth, Yarrow Revisited. 
 
 Border States (of North America) : 
 Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ken- 
 tucky, and Missouri. So called because 
 they bordered upon the line of Free 
 States and Slave-holding States. The 
 term is now an anachronism. 
 
 Bore (1 syL), a tidal wave. The 
 largest are those of the Ganges (espe- 
 cially the Hooghly branch), Brahmaputra, 
 and Indus. In Great Britain, the Severn, 
 the Trent, the Wye, the Solway, the Dee 
 in Cheshire, the Clyde, Dornoch Frith, 
 and the Lune. That of the Trent is 
 called the "heygre." 
 
 Bo'reas, the north wind. Pie lived in 
 a cave on mount Haemus, in Thrace. 
 
 Cease, rude Boreas, blustering railer. 
 
 G. A. Stephens, The ZShijswreck. 
 
 Bor'gia (Lucrezia di), duchess of Fer- 
 ra'ra, wife of don Alfonso. Her natural 
 son Genna'ro was brought up by a fisher- 
 man in Naples, but when he grew to 
 manhood a stranger gave him a paper 
 from his mother, announcing to him that 
 he was of noble blood, but concealing his 
 name and family. He saved the life of 
 Orsi'ni in the battle of Rim'ini, and they 
 became sworn friends. In Venice he was 
 introduced to a party of nobles, all of 
 whom had some tale to tell against Lu- 
 crezia: Orsini told him she had murdered 
 her brother ; Vitclli, that she had caused 
 his uncle to be slain ; Liverotto, that she 
 had poisoned his uncle Appia'no ; Gazella, 
 that she had caused one of his relatives 
 to be drowned in the Tiber. Indignant at 
 these acts of wickedness, Gennaro struck 
 off the B from the escutcheon of the duke's 
 palace at Ferrara, changing the name 
 Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia prayed the 
 duke to put to death the man who had 
 thus insulted their noble house, and Gen- 
 naro was condemned to death by poison. 
 Lucrezia, to save him, gave him an anti- 
 dote, and let him out of prison by a secret 
 door. Soon after his liberation the princess 
 Negroni, a friend of the Borgias, gave a 
 grand supper, to which Gennaro and his 
 companions were invited. At the close of 
 the banquet they were all arrested by 
 Lucrezia, after having drunk poisoned 
 wine. Gennaro was told he Avas the son 
 of Lucrezia, and died. Lucrezia no sooner 
 saw him die than she died also. — Doni- 
 zetti, Lucrezia di Borgia (an opera, 1835). 
 
 Boros'Me (3 syL), a malicious coun- 
 
 sellor of the great-duke of Moscovia. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Loyal 
 Subject (1618). 
 
 Borough. (Tlie), in ten-syllable verse 
 with rhvmes, in twenty-four letters, is by 
 George Crabbe (1810). 
 
 Bor'oughclifF (Captain), a vulgar 
 Yankee, boastful, conceited, and slangy. 
 " I guess," "I reckon," "I calculate," 
 are used indifferently by him, and he 
 perpetually appeals to sergeant Drill to 
 confirm his boastful assertions : as, " I'm 
 a pretty considerable favourite with the 
 ladies ;' arn't I, sergeant Drill?" "My 
 character for valour is pretty well known ; 
 isn't it, sergeant Prill?" "If you once 
 saw me in battle, you'd never forget it ; 
 would he, sergeant Drill ? " " I'm a sort 
 of a kind of a nonentity; arn't I, sergeant 
 Drill?" etc. He is made the butt of 
 Long Tom Coffin. Colonel Howard 
 wishes him to marry his niece Katharine, 
 but the young lady has given her heart to 
 lieutenant Barnstable, Avho turns out to 
 be the colonel's son, and succeeds at last 
 in marrving the ladv of his affection. — 
 E. Fitzball, The Pilot. 
 
 Borre (1 syL), natural son of king 
 Arthur, and one of the knights of the 
 Round Table. His mother was Lyo- 
 nors, an earl's daughter, who came to do 
 homage to the young king. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 15 
 (1470). 
 
 %* Sir Bors de Ganis is quite another 
 person, and so is king Bors of Gaul. 
 
 Borriohoola Gha, m Africa. (See 
 Jellyby, Mrs.) 
 
 Borro'meo [Charles), cardinal and 
 archbishop of Milan. Immortalized by 
 his self-devotion in ministering at Mil'an 
 to the plague-stricken (1538-1584). 
 
 St. Roche, who died 1327, devoted 
 himself in a similar manner to tnosc 
 stricken with the plague at Piacenza ; and 
 Mompesson to the people of Eyam. In 
 1720-22 H. Francis Xavier de Belsunoe 
 was indefatigable in ministering to the 
 plague-stricken of Marseilles. 
 
 Borrowing. Wlw goeth a-borrowing, 
 goeth a-sorrowing. — T. Tusser, Five Hun- 
 dred Points of Good Husbandry, xv 8 
 and again xlii. 6 (1557). 
 
 Bors {King) of Gaul, brother of kinrj 
 Ban of Benwicke [? Brittany]. They 
 went to the aid of prince Arthur when 
 he was first established on the British 
 throne, and Arthur promised in return to 
 
BORS. 
 
 124 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 aid them against king Claudas, "a mighty 
 man of men," who warred against them. 
 — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince Arthur 
 (1470). 
 
 There are two brethren beyond the sea, and they kings 
 both . . . the one hight king Ban of T5enwicke, and the 
 other bight king Bors of Gaul, that is, France.— Pt. i. 8. 
 
 (Sir Bor3 was of Ganis, that is, Wales, 
 and was a knight of the Round Tabic. 
 So also was Borre (natural son of prince 
 Arthur;, also called sir Bors sometimes.) 
 
 Bors (Sir), called sir Bors de Ganis, 
 brother of sir Lionell and nephew of sir 
 Launcelot. " For all women was he 
 a virgin, save for one, the daughter of 
 king Brandeg'oris, on whom he had a 
 child, hight Elaine ; save for her, sir 
 Bors was a clean maid" (ch. iv.). When 
 he went to Corbin, and saw Galahad the 
 son of sir Launcelot and Elaine (daughter 
 of king Belles), he prayed that the child 
 might prove as good a knight as his 
 father, and instantly a vision of the holy 
 greal was vouchsafed him ; for — 
 
 There came a white dove, bearing a little censer of gold 
 In her bill . . . and a maiden that bear the Sancgreall. and 
 she said, "Wit ye well, sir Bors, that this child . . . shall 
 achieve the Sancgreall" . . . then they kneeled down . -. . 
 and there was such a savour as all the spicery in the world 
 had been there. And when the dove took her flight, 
 the maiden vanished away with the Sancgreall.— Pt. iii. 4. 
 
 Sir Bors was with sir Galahad and sir 
 Percival when the consecrated wafer 
 assumed the visible and bodily appearance 
 of the Saviour. And this is what is 
 meant by achieving the holy greal ; for 
 when they partook of the wafer their 
 eyes saw the Saviour enter it. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 
 101, 102 (1470). 
 
 N.B. — This sir Bors must not be con- 
 founded with sir Borre, a natural son of 
 king Arthur and Lyonors (daughter of 
 the earl Sanam, pt. i. 15), nor yet with 
 king Bors of Gaul, i.e. France (pt. i. 8). 
 
 Bortell, the bull, in the beast-epic 
 called Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Bos'can-[Almoga'va], a Spanish 
 poet of Barcelona (1500-1543). His 
 {>oems are generally bound up with those 
 of Garcilasso. They introduced the Italian 
 style into Castilian poetry. 
 
 Sometimes he turned to gaze upon his book, 
 Boscan, or Garcilasso. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 95 (1819). 
 
 Bosmi'na, daughter of Fingal king 
 of Morven (north-west coast of Scotland). 
 — Ossian. 
 
 Boss, of Arthurian legend, is Boscastle, 
 in Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel. 
 
 Bude is also in Cornwall, on the Bristol 
 Channel. 
 
 When tbe longwave broke 
 All down tbe thundering shores of Bude and Boss. 
 Tennyson, Idylls of the King. 
 
 Bossu (Be'nele), French scholar and 
 critic (1631-1680). 
 
 And for the epic poem rour lordship bade me look at, 
 upon taking the length, breadth, height, and depth oi 
 it, and trying them at home upon an exact scale of 
 Bossu's, 'tis out, my lord, in everyone of its dimensions. — 
 Sterne (1768). 
 
 (I think Sterne means the Abbe Bossut, 
 the mathematician. His critic tried the 
 book on its "length, breadth, and depth ;" 
 or perhaps he wishes to confound the two 
 authors.) 
 
 Bossut (Abbe' Charles), a celebrated 
 mathematician (1730-1 814). 
 
 (Sir Richard Phillips assumed a host 
 of popular names, amongst others that of 
 M. VAbb€ Bossut in several educational 
 works in French.) 
 
 Bosta'na, one of the two daughters 
 of the old man who entrapped prince 
 Assad in order to oiler him in sacrifice 
 on "the fiery mountain." His other 
 daughter was named Cava'ma. The old 
 man enjoined these two daughters to 
 scourge the prince daily with the bas- 
 tinado and feed him with bread and 
 water till the day of sacrifice arrived. 
 After a time, the heart of Bostana soft- 
 ened towards her captive, and she re- 
 leased him. Whereupon his brother 
 Amgiad, out of gratitude, made her his 
 wife, and became in time king of the city 
 in which he was already vizier. — Arabian 
 Nights ("Amgiad and Assad"). 
 
 Bostock, a coxcomb, cracked on the 
 point of aristocracy and family Lirth. 
 His one and only inquiry is " How many 
 quarterings has a person got?" Descent 
 from the nobility with him covers a 
 multitude of sins, and a man is no one, 
 whatever his personal merit, who " is 
 not a sprig of the nobility " — James 
 Shirley, The Ball (1642). 
 
 Bot'any (Father of English), W. 
 Turner, M.D. (1520-1568). 
 
 J. P. de Tournefort is called The Father 
 of Botany (1656-1708). 
 
 *** Antony de Jussieu lived 1686- 
 1758, and his brother Bernard 1699-1777. 
 
 Bothwell (Sergeant), alias Francis 
 Stewart, in the royal army. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mo?~tal it y '(time, Charles II.). 
 
 Bothu-ell (Lady), sister of lady 
 Forester. 
 
BOTTLED BEER. 
 
 125 
 
 BOUNTY. 
 
 Sir Geoffrey Bothwell, the husband of 
 lady Bothwell. 
 
 Mrs. Margaret Bothwell, in the intro- 
 duction of the story. Aunt Margaret 
 proposed to use Mrs. Margaret's tomb- 
 stone for her own. — Sir W. Scott, Aunt 
 Margaret's Mirror (time, William IU.). 
 
 Bottled Beer, Alexander NoweU, 
 author of a celebrated Latin catechism 
 which first appeared in 1570, under the 
 title of Christiana; pietatis prima Insti- 
 tution ad usum Scholaru/n Latine Scripta. 
 In 15G0 he was promoted to the deanery 
 of^ St. Paul's (L507-1G02). — Fuller, 
 Worthies of England (" Lancashire "). 
 
 Bottom (Nick), an Athenian weaver, 
 a compound of profound ignorance and 
 unbounded conceit, not without good 
 nature and a fair dash of mother-wit. 
 When the play of Piramus and T'nisbe 
 is cast, Bottom covets every part ; the 
 lion, Thisbe, Pyramus. all have charms 
 for him. In order to punish Titan'ia, the 
 fairy-king made her dote on Bottom, on 
 whom Puck had placed an ass's head. — 
 Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream. 
 When Goldsmith, jealous of the attention which a 
 dancing monkey attracted in a coffee-house, said, " I can 
 do that as well," and was ahout to attempt it, he was but 
 playing "Bottom."— E. G. White. 
 
 Bottomless Pit (TJie), a ludicrous 
 sobriquet of William Pitt, who was re- 
 markably thin (1759-180G). 
 
 Boubekir' Muez'in, of Bagdad, 
 " a vain, proud, and envious iman, 
 who hated the rich because he him- 
 self was poor." When prince Zeyn 
 Alasnam came to the city, he told the 
 people to beware of him, for probably he 
 was "some thief who had made himself 
 rich by plunder." The prince's attendant 
 called on him, put into his hand a purse 
 of gold, and requested the honour of his 
 acquaintance. Next day, after morning 
 prayers, the iman said to the people, " I 
 find, nw brethren, that the stranger who 
 is come to Bagdad is a young prince 
 possessed of a thousand virtues, and 
 worthy the love of all men. Let us pro- 
 tect him, and rejoice that he has come 
 among us." — Arabian Nights ("Prince 
 Zeyn Alasnam "). 
 
 Bouchard (-Sir), a knight of Flan- 
 ders, of most honourable descent. He 
 mairied Constance, daughter of Bertulphe 
 provost of Bruges. In 1127 Charles "the 
 Good," earl of Flanders, made a law that 
 a serf was always a serf till manumitted, 
 and whoever married a serf became 
 a serf. Now, Bertulphe's father was 
 
 Thancmar's serf, and Bertulphe, who had 
 raised himself to wealth and great honour, 
 was reduced to serfdom because his father 
 was not manumitted. By the same law 
 Bouchard, although a knight of royai 
 blood, became Thancmar's serf because 
 he married Constance, the daughter of 
 Bertulphe (provost of Bruges). The 
 result of this absurd law was that 
 Bertulphe slew the earl and then himself, 
 Constance went mad and died, Bouchard 
 and Thancmar slew each other in tight, 
 and all Bruges was thrown into confusion, 
 — S. Knowles, The Provost of Bruijes 
 (183G). 
 
 Bought "Wit is Dear. Wisdom 
 gained by experience is dearly bought. — 
 G. Gascoigne, Magnum Yectitjal, etc K 
 (died 1577)". 
 
 Bou'illon (Godfrey duke of), a 
 crusader (1058-1100), introduced in Count, 
 llobert of Paris, a novel by sir W. Scott 
 (time, Rufus). 
 
 Bounce {Mr. T.), a nickname given 
 in 1837 to T. Barnes, editor of the Times 
 (or the Turnabout, as it was called). 
 
 Bound'erby (Josiah), of Coketown, 
 banker and mill-owner, the "Bully of 
 Humility," a big, loud man, with an iron 
 stare and metallic laugh. Mr. Bounderby 
 is the son of Mrs. Pegler, an old woman, 
 to whom he pays £30 a year to keep out 
 of sight, and in a boasting way he pre- 
 tends that "he was dragged up "from the 
 gutter to become a millionaire." Mr. ' 
 Bounderby marries Louisa, daughter of 
 his neighbour and friend, Thomas Grad- 
 grind, Esq., M.P.— C. Dickens, Hard 
 Times (1854). 
 
 Bountiful {Lady), widow of sir 
 Chtirles Bountiful. Her delight waa 
 curing the parish sick and relieving the 
 indigent. 
 
 My lady Bountiful is one of the best of women. Her 
 late husband, rir Charles Bountiful, left her with ^£1000 
 a year; and- I believe she- lays out one-half on't in 
 charitable uses for the pood of her neighbours. In short, 
 she has cured more people iir and about Lichfield within 
 ten years than the doctors have killed in twenty; and 
 that's a bold word.— George Farquhar, The Beaux' Siraia- 
 gera, i. 1 (1705). 
 
 Bounty [Mutiny of the), in 1700, 
 headed \>y Fletcher "Christian. The 
 mutineers finally settled in Pitcairn 
 Island (Polynesian Archipelago). In 
 1808 all the mutineers were dead except 
 one (Alexander Smith), who had changed 
 his name to John Adams, and became a 
 model patriarch of the colony, which w.'ts 
 taken under the protection of the British 
 Government in 1830. Lord Byron, in 
 
BOUSTRAPA. 
 
 126 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 The Island, has made the "mutiny of 
 the Bounty " the basis of his tale, but the 
 facts are greatly distorted. 
 
 Bous'trapa, a nickname given to 
 Napoleon III. It is compounded of the 
 first syllables of i>'oM[logne], Stfra- 
 [sbourg], Pa[ris], and alludes to his 
 escapades in 1840, 183(5, 1851 (coup d'etat). 
 
 No man ever lived who was dis- 
 tinguished by more nicknames than Louis 
 Napoleon. Besides the one above men- 
 tioned, he was called Badlnquct, Man of 
 December, Man of Sedan, Ratipol, Ver- 
 huel, etc. ; and after his escape from the 
 fortress of Ham he went by the pseudonym 
 of count Arenenberg. 
 
 Bow Church. (London). Stow gives 
 two derivations: (1) He says it was so 
 called because it was the first church in 
 London built on arches. This is the 
 derivation most usually accepted. (2) 
 He says also it took its name from certain 
 stone arches supporting a lantern on the 
 top of the tower. 
 
 Bower of Bliss, a garden belonging 
 to the enchantress Armi'da. It abounded 
 in everything that could contribute to 
 earthly pleasure. Here Rinal'do spent 
 some time in love-passages with Armi'da, 
 but he ultimately broke from the enchan- 
 tress and rejoined the Avar.— Tasso, Jeru- 
 salem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Bower of Bliss, the residence of the 
 witch Acras'ia, a beautiful and most 
 fascinating woman. This lovely garden 
 was situated on a floating island filled 
 with everything which could conduce to 
 enchant the senses, and " wrap the spirit 
 in forgetful ness." — Spenser, Fairy Queen, 
 ii. 12(1590). 
 
 Bowkit, in The Son-in-Law. 
 
 In the scene wliere Cranky declines to accept Bowklt as 
 son-in-law on account of his ugliness, John Edwin, who 
 was playing " Bowkit" at the Hayinarket. uttered in a tone 
 of surprise, "Vylyl" and then advancing to the lamps, said 
 with infinite impertinence, "1 submit to the decision of 
 tiie British public which is the ugliest fellow of us three : 
 I, old Cranky, or that gentleman there in the front row 
 of the balcony box?"— Curnhill Magazine (1867). 
 
 Bowley (Sir Joseph), M.P., who 
 facetiously called himself "the poor man's 
 friend." His secretarv is Fish. — C. 
 Dickens, The Chimes (1844). 
 
 Bowling (Lieutenant Tom), an ad- 
 mirable naval character in Smollett's 
 Roderick Random. Dibdin wrote a naval 
 song in memoriam of Tom Bowling, be- 
 ginning thus : 
 
 Here a sheer hulk lies poor Tom Bowling, 
 Tho darling of the crew . . . 
 
 Bowyer (Master), usher of the black 
 rod in the court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir 
 AV. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bowzybe'us (4 syl.), the drunkard, 
 noted for his songs in Gay's pastorals, 
 called The Shepherd's Week. He sang 
 of " Nature's Laws," of " Fairs and 
 Shows," " The Children in the Wood," 
 "Chevy Chase," "Taffey Welsh," 
 "Rosamond's Bower," " Lilly-bullero,' 
 etc. The Gth pastoral is in imitation of 
 Virgil's 6th Eel., and Bowzybeus is a 
 vulgarized Silenus. 
 
 That Bowzybeus, who with Jocund tongue. 
 Ballads, and roundelays, and catches sung. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, vi. (1714). 
 
 Box and Cox, a dramatic romance, 
 by J. M. Morton, the principal characters 
 of which are Box and Cox. 
 
 Boy Bachelor (The), William Wot- 
 ton, D.D., admitted at St. Catherine's 
 Hall, Cambridge, before he was ten, and 
 to his degree of B.A. when he was twelve 
 and a half (1666-1720). 
 
 Boy Bishop (The), St. Nicholas, the 
 patron saint of boys (fourth century). 
 
 (There was also an ancient custom of 
 choosing a boy from the cathedral choir 
 on St. Nicholas' Day (December 6) as a 
 mock bishop. This boy possessed certain 
 privileges, and if he died during the year 
 was buried in pontificalibus. The custom 
 was abolished by Henry VIII. In Salis- 
 bury Cathedral visitors "are shown a small 
 sarcophagus, which the verger says was 
 made for a boy bishop.) 
 
 Boy Crucified. It is said that 
 some time during the dark ages, a boy 
 named Werner was impiously crucified at 
 Bacharach on the Rhine, by the Jews. A 
 little chapel erected to the memory of this 
 boy stands on the walls of the town, close 
 to the river. Hugh of Lincoln and 
 William of Norwich are instances of a 
 similar story. 
 
 See how its currents gleam and shine . . . 
 As if the grapes were stained with the blood 
 Of the innocent boy who, some years back, 
 Was taken and crucified by the Jews 
 In that ancient town of Bacharach. 
 
 Longfellow, The Ooi'den Legend. 
 
 Boys (sea-term) has no reference to 
 age, but only to experience ; a boy may 
 be 50 or any other age. A crew is 
 divided into (1) able seamen or seamen, 
 (2) ordinary seamen, (3) boys or green- 
 horns. When a person enters himself tv3 
 a boy, he is not required to know anything 
 about the practical working of the vessel, 
 but able seamen and ordinary seauicu 
 
BOYET. 
 
 127 
 
 BRADWARDINE. 
 
 must possess a certain amount of expe- 
 rience. 
 
 There is a sea axiom, A "60//" does not 
 ship to know anything, that is, when a 
 person accepts the office of " boy " on 
 board ship, he does not profess to know 
 anything of his duty, not even the names 
 of* the ropes, or the distinction between 
 stem and stern. 
 
 Boyet', one of the lords attending on 
 the princess of France. — Shakespeare, 
 Loss's Labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Boythorn (Laurence), a robust 
 gentleman with the voice of a Stentor, 
 and a friend of Mr. Jarndyce. He would 
 utter the most ferocious sentiments, while 
 at the same time he fondled a pet canary 
 on his finger. Once on a time he had 
 been in love with Miss Barbary, lady 
 Dedlock's sister. But " the good old 
 times — all times when old are good — were 
 gone." — C. Dickens^ Bleak House (1853). 
 
 (" Laurence Boy thorn" is a photo- 
 graph of W. 'S. Landor; as "Harold 
 Skimpole," in the same story, is drawn 
 from Leigh Hunt.) 
 
 Boz, Charles Dickens. It was the 
 nickname of a pet brother dubbed Moses, 
 in honour of "Moses Primrose" in the 
 Vicar of Wakefield. Children called the 
 name Bozes, which got shortened into 
 Boz (1812-1870). 
 
 Who the dickens " Boz " could ba 
 
 Puzzled many a learned elf ; 
 But time revealed the mystery, 
 
 And " Boz " appeared as Dickens' self. 
 
 Epigram on the Carthusian. 
 
 Boazy, James Boswell, the gossipy 
 biographer of Drt Johnson (1740-1795). 
 
 Braban'tio, a senator of Venice, 
 father of Desdemo'na ; most proud, 
 arrogant, and overbearing. He thought 
 the "insolence" of Othello in marrying 
 his daughter unpardonable, and that 
 Desdemona must have been drugged with 
 love-potions so to demean herself. — 
 Shakespeare, Othello (1611). 
 
 Brac'eio, commissary of the republic 
 of Florence, employed in picking up 
 every item of scandal he could find 
 against Lu'ria the noble Moor, who com- 
 manded the army of Florence against the 
 Pisans. The Florentines hoped to find 
 sufficient cause of blame to lessen or 
 wholly cancel their obligations to the 
 Moor, but even Braccio was obliged to 
 confess " This Moor hath borne his 
 faculties so meek, hath been so clear in 
 his great office, that his virtues would 
 plead like angels, trumpet-tongued," 
 
 against the council which should censure 
 him. — Robert Browning, Luria. 
 
 Brac'idas and Am'idas, the two 
 sons of Mile'sio, the former in love with 
 .the wealthy Philtra. and the latter with 
 the dowerless Lucy. Their father at 
 death left each of his sons an island of 
 equal size and value, but the sea daily 
 encroached on that of the elder brother 
 and added to the island of Amidas. The 
 rich Philtra now forsook Bracidas for the 
 richer brother, and Lucy, seeing herself 
 forsaken, jumped into the sea. A floating 
 chest attracted her attention, she clung to 
 it, and was drifted to the wasted island, 
 where Bracidas received her kindly 
 The chest was found to contain property 
 of great value, and Lucy gave it to 
 Bracidas, together with herself, "the 
 better of them both." Amidas and 
 Philtra claimed the chest as their right, 
 and the dispute was submitted to sir 
 Ar'tegal. Sir Artegal decided that 
 whereas Amidas claimed as his own all 
 the additions which the sea had given 
 to his island, so Lucy might claim as her 
 own the chest which the sea had given 
 into her hands. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 v. 4 (1596). 
 
 Bracy (Sir Maurice de), a follower 
 of prince John. He sues the lady Rowen'a 
 to become his bride, and threatens to kill 
 both Cedric and Ivanhoe if she refuses. 
 The interview is intercepted, and at the 
 close of the novel Kowena marries 
 Ivanhoe. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Brad'amant, daughter of Amon and 
 Be i* rice, sister of Rinaldo, and niece of 
 Charlemagne. She was called the Virgin 
 Kn : iht. Her armour was white, and her 
 plume white. She loved Roge'ro the 
 Moor, but refused to marry him till he 
 was baptized. Her marriage with great 
 pomp and Rogero's victory over Rodo- 
 inont. form the subject of the last book of 
 Orlando Furioso. Bradamant possessed 
 an irresistible spear, which unhorsed any 
 knight with a touch. Britomart had a 
 similar spear. — Bojardo, Orlando Inna- 
 morato (1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 BradHbourne (Mistress Lilias), 
 waiting-woman of lady Avenel (2 syl.), 
 at Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bradwardine (Corno Cosmi/ne), 
 baron of Bradwardine and of Tulij 
 
BRADY. 
 
 128 
 
 BRAMBLE. 
 
 Veolan. He is very pedantic, but brave 
 and gallant. 
 
 Eose Bradwardine, his daughter, the 
 heroine of the novel, which concludes 
 with her marriage with Waverley, and 
 the restoration of the manor-house of. 
 Tully Veolan. 
 
 Malcolm Bradwardine of Inchgrabbit, a 
 relation of the old baron. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Brady (Martha), a young " Irish 
 widow," 23 years of age, and in love 
 with William "Whittle. She was the 
 daughter of sir Patrick O'Neale. Old 
 Thomas Whittle, the uncle, a man of 
 03, wanted to oust his nephew in her affec- 
 tions, for he thought her " so modest, 
 so mild, so tender-hearted, so reserved, 
 so domestic. Her voice was so sweet, 
 with just a soupcon of the brogue to 
 make it enchanting." In order to break 
 off this detestable passion of the old man, 
 the widow assumed the airs and manners 
 of a boisterous, loud, flaunting, extrava- 
 gant, low Irishwoman, deeply in debt, 
 and abandoned to pleasure. Old Whittle, 
 thoroughly frightened, induced his 
 nephew to take the widow off his hands, 
 and gave him £5000 as a douceur for 
 so doing. — Garrick, The Irish Widow 
 
 (mi). 
 
 Brag (Jack), a vulgar boaster, who 
 gets into good society, where his vulgarity 
 stands out in strong relief. — Theodore 
 Hook, Jack Brag (a novel). 
 
 Brag (Sir Jack), general John Burgoyne 
 (died 1792). 
 
 Braganza (The), the largest diamond 
 in existence, its weight being 1080 carats. 
 It is uncut, and its value is £58,350,000. 
 It is now among the crown jewels of 
 Portugal. 
 
 *** It is thought that this diamond, 
 which is the size of a hen's egg, is in reality 
 a white topaz. 
 
 Braganza (Juan duke of). In 1580 
 Philip II. of Spain claimed the croAvn of 
 Portugal, and governed it by a regent. 
 In 1040 Margaret was regent, and Velas- 
 quez her chief minister, a man exceed- 
 ingly obnoxious to the Portuguese. Don 
 Juan and his wife Louisa of Braganza 
 being very popular, a conspiracy was 
 formed to shake off the Spanish yoke. 
 Velasquez was torn to death by the 
 populace, and don Juan of Braganza was 
 proclaimed king. 
 
 Low'sa duchess of Braganza. He* 
 character is thus described : 
 
 Bright Louisa. 
 To all the softness of her tender sex, 
 Unites the noblest qualities of man : 
 A genius to embrace the amplest schemes . . . 
 Judgment most sound, persuasive eloquence . . , 
 Pure piety without religious dro.-s. 
 And fortitude that shrinks at no disaster. 
 
 Kobert Jephson, Braganza, i. I (1775). 
 Mrs. Bellamy took her leave of the stags May 24, 1785. 
 On this occasion Mrs. Yates sustained the part of the 
 "duchess of Braganza," and Miss Earren spoke the 
 address.— F. Reynolds. 
 
 Bragela, daughter of Sorglan, and 
 wife of CuthuIIin (general of- the Irish 
 army and regent during the minority of 
 king Cormac). — Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Braggado'chio, personification of 
 the intemperance of the tongue. For 
 a time his boasting serves him with 
 some profit, but being found out he is 
 stripped of his borrowed plumes. His 
 shield is claimed by Mar'Incl ; his horse 
 by Guyon ; Talus shaves off his beard ; 
 and his lady is shown to be a sham 
 Florimel. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 8 
 and 10, with v. 3. 
 
 It is thought that Philip of Spain was 
 the academy figure of " Braggadochio." 
 
 Bnn/gadochio's Sword, San'glamoro 
 (3 sgl.). 
 
 Bragh [braw]. Go bragh (Irish), 
 " for ever." 
 
 One dying wish my bosom can draw ; 
 Erin ! an exile bequeaths thee his blessing. 
 Land of jny forefathers, Erin go bragh I 
 
 Campbell, Exile of Erin. 
 
 Bragmar'do (Jano'tus de), the 
 sophister sent by the Parisians to Gar- 
 gantua, to remonstrate with him for 
 carrying off the bells of Notre-Dame to 
 suspend round the neck of his mare for 
 jingles. — Rabelais, Gargantua and Fan- 
 tag' ruel', ii. (1533). 
 
 Brain' worm, the servant of Kno - 
 well, a man of infinite shifts, and a 
 regular Proteus in his metamorphoses. 
 He appears first as Brainworm ; after as 
 Fitz-Sword ; then as a reformed soldier 
 whom Knowell takes into his service ; 
 then as justice Clement's man ; and 
 lastly as valet to the courts of law, by 
 which devices he plays upon the same 
 clique of some half-dozen men of average 
 intelligence. — Ben Jonson, Fvcrg Man in 
 Jlis Humour (1598). 
 
 Brakel (Adrian), the gipsy mounte- 
 bank, formerly master of Fenella, the 
 deaf and dumb girl. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Feveril of the J'eak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Bramble (Matthew), an " odd kind of 
 
BRAMBLE. 
 
 129 
 
 BRANGTONS. 
 
 humourist," "always on the fret," dys- 
 peptic, and afflicted with gout, but 
 benevolent, generous, and kind-hearted. 
 
 Miss Tubitha Bramble, an old maiden 
 sister of Matthew Bramble, of some 45 
 years of age, noted for her bad spel- 
 ling. She is starch, vain, prim, and 
 ridiculous ; soured in temper, proud, 
 imperious, prying, mean, malicious, and 
 uncharitable. She contrives at last to 
 marry captain Lismaha'go, who is content 
 to take " the maiden " for the sake of her 
 £4000. 
 
 "She is tall, raw-boned, awkward, flat-chested, and 
 stooping; her complexion is sallow and freckled; her 
 eyes are not grey, but greenish, like those of a cat, and 
 generally inflamed ; her hair is of a sandy or rather of a 
 dusty hue ; her forehead low ; her nose long, sharp, and 
 towards the extremity always red in cold weather ; her 
 lips skinny ; her mouth extensive ; her teeth straggling 
 and loose, of various colours and conformations ; and her 
 long neck shrivelled into a thousand wrinkles." — T. 
 Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771). 
 
 *** " Matthew Bramble " is " Roderick 
 Random " grown old, somewhat cynical by 
 experience of the world, but vastly im- 
 proved in taste. 
 
 Smollett took some of the incidents of the family tour 
 from " Anstey's New Bath Guide." — Chambers, English 
 Literature, ii. 
 
 Bramble (Sir Hubert), a baronet living 
 at Biackberry Hall, Kent. Blunt and 
 testy, but kind-hearted ; " charitable as a 
 Christian, and rich as a Jew ; " fond of 
 argument and contradiction, but de- 
 testing flattery ; very proud, but most 
 considerate to his poorer neighbours. In 
 his first interview with lieutenant Wor- 
 thington " the poor gentleman," the 
 lieutenant mistook him for a bailiff come 
 to arrest him, but sir Robert nobly paid 
 the bill for £500 when it was presented to 
 him for signature as sheriff of the county. 
 
 * + * " Sir Robert Bramble " is the same 
 type of character as Sheridan's "sir An- 
 thony Absolute." 
 
 Frederick Bramble, nephew of sir 
 Robert, and son of Joseph Bramble a 
 Russian merchant. His father having 
 failed in business, Frederick was adopted 
 by his rich uncle. He is full of life and 
 noblo instincts, but thoughtless and 
 impulsive. Frederick falls in love with 
 Emily Worthington, whom he marries. — 
 G. Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802). 
 
 Bra'mine (2 syl.) and Bra'min 
 ( The), Mrs. Elizabeth Draper and Laurence 
 Sterne. Sterne being a clergyman, and 
 Mrs. Draper being born in India, sug- 
 gested the names. Ten of Sterne's letters 
 to Mrs. Draper are published, and called 
 Letters to Eliza. 
 
 Bran, the dog of Lamderg the lover 
 
 of Gelchossa (daughter of Tuathal).— 
 Ossian, Finrjal, v. 
 
 *** Fiugal king of Morven had a dog 
 of the same name, and another named 
 Lullth. 
 
 Call White-breasted Bran and the surly strength ot 
 Luath. — Ossiiin, fingal, vi. 
 
 Brand (Si? Deny s), a county magnate, 
 who apes humility. He rides a sorry 
 brown nag "not worth £5," but mounts 
 his groom on a race-horse " twice victor 
 for a plate." 
 
 Bran'damond of Damascus, whom 
 sir Bevis of Southampton defeated. 
 
 That dreadful battle where with Brandamond he fought. 
 And with his sword and steed such earthly wonders 
 
 wrought 
 As e'en among his foes him admiration won. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 
 
 Bran'dan (Island of St.) or Island 
 of San Boran'dan, a flying icland, so 
 late as 1755 set down in geographical 
 charts west of the Canary group. In 
 1721 an expedition was sent by Spain in 
 quest thereof. The Spaniards say their 
 king Rodri'go has retreated there, and 
 the Portuguese affirm that it is the retreat 
 of their don Sebastian. It was called St. 
 Brandan from a navigator of the sixth 
 century, who went in search of the 
 " Islands of Paradise." 
 
 Its reality was for a long time a matter of firm belief . . . 
 the garden of Armi'tla, where Rinaldo was detained, and 
 which Tasso places in one of the Canary Isles, has been 
 identified with San Borandan.— W. Irving. 
 
 (If there is any truth at all in the 
 legend, the island must be ascribed to 
 the Fata Morgana.) 
 
 Bran'deum, plu. Brandea, a piece 
 of cloth enclosed in a box with relics, 
 which thus acquired the same miraculous 
 powers as the relics themselves. 
 
 Pope Ieo proved this fact beyond a doubt, for when 
 some Greeks ventured to question it, he cut a brandeuni 
 through with a pair of scissors, and it was instantly 
 covered with blood. — J. Brady, Clavis Calenduria, \&2. 
 
 Bran'dimart, brother-in-law of 
 Orlando, son of Monodantes, and husband 
 of For'delis. This " king of the Distant 
 Islands " was one of the bravest knights 
 in Charlemagne's array, and was slain by 
 Gradasso. — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato 
 (1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1510). 
 
 Brandy !N"an, queen Anne, who was 
 very fond of brandy (1664-1714). 
 
 Brandy Nan, brandy Nan, left [an] in the lurch, 
 
 Her face to the gin-shop, her back to the church. 
 
 Written on the statue of queen Anne in St. Paul's paUint. 
 
 Brangtons ( The), . vulgar, jealous, 
 malicious gossips in Evelina, a novel by 
 i Miss Burney (1778). 
 
BRANNO. 
 
 130 
 
 BRAZEN HEAD. 
 
 Branno, an Irishman, father of 
 Evirallin. Evirallin was the wife of 
 Ossian and mother of Oscar. — Ossian. 
 
 Brass, the roguish confederate of 
 Dick Amlet, and acting as his servant. 
 
 " I am your valet, 'tis true ; your footman sometimes . . . 
 but you have always had the ascendant, I confess. When 
 we were school-fellows, you made me carry your hooks, 
 make your exercise, own your rogueries, and sometimes 
 take a whipping for you. When we were fellow-prentices, 
 though I was your senior, you made me open the shop, 
 clean my master's boots, cut last at dinner, and eat all the 
 crusts. In your sins, too, I must own joii still kept me 
 •mder ; you soared up to the mistress, while I was content 
 with the maid."— Sir John Vanbrugh, The Confederacy, 
 iii. I (1605). 
 
 Brass (Sampson), a knavish, servile 
 attorney, affecting great sympathy with 
 his clients, but in reality fleecing them 
 without mercy. 
 
 Sally Brass, Sampson's sister, and an 
 exaggerated edition of her brother. — 
 C. Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 
 
 Brave (The), Alfonzo IV. of Portu- 
 gal (1290-1357). 
 
 The Brave Fleming, John Andrew van 
 der Mersch (1734-1792). 
 
 The Bravest of the Brave, Marshal Ne3 r , 
 Le Brave des Braves (17G9-1815). 
 
 Brawn. One day a little boy came 
 into king Arthur's court, and, drawing his 
 wand over a boar's head, exclaimed, 
 " There's never a cuckold's knife can cut 
 this head of brawn ! " and, lo ! no knight 
 except sir Cradock was able to carve it. — 
 Percy, Beliques, III. iii. 18. 
 
 Bray (Mr.), a selfish, miserly old man, 
 who dies suddenly of heart-disease, just 
 in time to save his daughter being sacri- 
 ficed to Arthur Gride, a rich old miser. 
 
 Madeline Bray, daughter of Mr. Bray, 
 a loving, domestic, beautiful girl, who 
 marries Nicholas Nickleby. — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Bray ( Vicar of), supposed by some to 
 be Simon Aleyn, who lived (,says Fuller) 
 ''in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward 
 VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. In the first 
 two reigns he was a protestant, in Mary's 
 reiga a catholic, and in Elizabeth's a 
 protestant again." No matter who was 
 king, Simon Alevrr resolved to live and 
 die " the vicar of "Bray " (1540-1588). 
 
 Others think the vicar was Simon 
 Symonds, who (according to Kay), was 
 an independent in the protectorate, a hiyh 
 cuurchmanm the reign of Charles II., a 
 papist under James II., and a moderate 
 churchman in the "reign of William 111. 
 
 Others again give the cap to one Pen- 
 dleton. 
 
 %* The well-known song was written 
 
 by an officer in colonel Fuller's regiment, 
 in the reign of George I., and seems to 
 refer to some clergyman of no very distant 
 date. 
 
 Bray'more (Lady Caroline), daughter 
 of lord Fitz-Balaam. She was to have 
 married Frank Rochdale, but hearing that 
 her "intended" loved Mary Thornberry, 
 she married the Hon. Tom Shuffleton. — 
 G. Colman, jun., John Bull (1805). 
 
 Braywick, the town of asses. An 
 alderman of Braywick, having lost his 
 donkey, went fourteen days in search of 
 it ; then meeting a brother alderman, they 
 agreed to retire to the two opposite sides 
 of a mountain and bray, in hopes that the 
 donkey would answer, and thus reveal 
 its place of concealment. This led to 
 a public scandal, insomuch that the 
 people of Braywick had to take up arms 
 in order to avenge themselves on those 
 who jeered at them. — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, II. ii. 7 (1615). 
 
 Brazen (Captain), a kind of Bobadil. 
 A. boastful, tongue-doughty Avarrior, who 
 pretends to know everybody ; to have a 
 liaison with every wealthy, pretty, or 
 distinguished woman ; and to have 
 achieved in war the most amazing 
 prodigies. 
 
 He knows everybody at first sight ; his impudence were 
 a prodigy, were not his ignorance proportionable. He has 
 the most universal acquaintance of any man living, for he 
 won't be alone, and nobody will keep him company twice. 
 Then he's a Caesar among the women; Veni, vidi, vici, that's 
 all. If he has hut talked with the maid, he swears he has 
 [corrupted] the mistress ; but the most surprising part of 
 his character is his memory, which is the most prodigious 
 and the most trifling in the world. — G. Farquhar, The 
 Recruiting Officer, iii. 1 (1705). 
 
 Brazen Age, the age of war and 
 
 violence. The age of innocence was the 
 golden age ; then followed the silver age ; 
 then the brazen age ; and the present is 
 the it on age, or the age of hardware and 
 railroads. 
 
 Brazen Head. The first on record 
 is one which Silvester II. (Gerbcrt) pos- 
 sessed. It told him he would be pope, 
 and not die till he had sung mass at Jeru- 
 salem. When pope he was stricken with 
 his death-sickness while performing mass 
 in a church called Jerusalem (999-1003). 
 
 The next we hear of was made bv 
 Rob. Grosseteste (1175-1253). 
 
 The third was the famous brazen head 
 of Albertus Magnus, which coot him 
 thirty years' labour, and was broken to 
 pieces b}' his disciple Thomas Aqui'naa 
 (1193-1280). 
 
 The fourth was that of friar Bacon, 
 which used to say, " Time is, time was, 
 
 
BRAZEN HEAD. 
 
 131 
 
 BRETWALDA. 
 
 time comes." Byron refers to it in the 
 lines : 
 
 Like friar Ricoh's brazen head, I've spoken, 
 "Time is, time was, time's past [?]" 
 
 Don Juan, i. 217 (1S19). 
 
 Another was made by the marquis of 
 Vilcna of Spain (lo84— 1434). And a sixth 
 by a Polander, a disciple of Escotillo an 
 Italian. 
 
 Brazen Head (The), a gigantic bead 
 kept in the castle of the giant Fer'ragus 
 of Portugal. It was omniscient, and 
 told those who consulted it whatever they 
 desired to know, past, present, or future. 
 -— Valentine %nd Orson. 
 
 Bread Street (London), was the 
 bread-market in the time of Edward 1. 
 Here Milton was born. 
 
 Breaking a Stick is part of the 
 marriage ceremony of the American 
 Indians, as breaking a glass is still part 
 of the marriage ceremony of the Jews. — 
 Lady Augusta Hamilton, Marriage Kites, 
 etc., 292, 298. 
 
 In one of Raphael's pictures we see an 
 unsuccessful suitor of the virgin Mary 
 breaking his stick, and this alludes to the 
 legend that the several suitors of the 
 "virgin" were each to bring an almond 
 stick which was to be laid up in the sanc- 
 tuary over night, and the owner of the 
 stick which budded was to be accounted 
 the suitor God ordained, and thus Joseph 
 became her husband. — B. H. Cowper, 
 Apocryphal Gosjicl ("Pseudo-Matthew's 
 Gospel," 40, 41). 
 
 In Florence is a picture in which the 
 rejected suitors break their sticks on the 
 back of Joseph. 
 
 Breathes there a man . . . 
 
 Breathes there a man with soul so dead, 
 Who never to himself hath said, 
 " This is my own, my native land " ? 
 Sir W. Scott, Lay of tlie Last Minstrel, vi. 1 (1805). 
 
 Bree'an, a mythical king of "Wales. 
 He had twenty-four daughters by one 
 wife. These daughters, for their beauty 
 and purity, were changed into rivers, all 
 of which now into the Severn. Breck- 
 nockshire, according to fable, is called 
 after this king. (See next art.) 
 
 Brecan was a prince once fortunate and great 
 
 (Who dying lent his name to that his noljie seat), 
 
 With twice twelve daughters blest, by one and only wife. 
 
 They, for their beauties rare and sanctity of life, 
 
 to rivers were transformed ; whose pureness doth declare 
 
 How excellent they were by being what they are . . . 
 
 , . . [they} to Severn shape their course. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyoibion, iv. (161'2). 
 
 Brec'han (Prince) f father of St. 
 
 Cadock and St. Canock, the former a 
 martyr and the latter a confessor. 
 
 Then Cadock, next to whom comes Canock, both which 
 
 were 
 Prince Brechan's sons, who gave the name to Brecknock 
 
 shire ; 
 The first a martyr made, a confessor the other. 
 
 Drayton, PoJyolblon, xxiv. (16-22). 
 
 Breck (Alison), an old fishwife, friend 
 Vi the Mucklebackits. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Breck (Angus), a follower of Rob Roy 
 M'Gregor, the outlaw. — Sir W. Scott. 
 Roh Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Bren'da [Troiij, daughter of Magnus 
 Troil and sister of Minna. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Breng'wain, the confidante of Is'oide 
 (2 syl.) wife of sir Mark king of Corn- 
 wall. Isolde was criminally attached to 
 kernephew sir Tristram, and Brengwain 
 assisted the queen in her intrigues. 
 
 Breng'u-ain, wife of Gwenwvn prince of 
 Powys-land.— Sir W. Scott, The Be- 
 trothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Brenta'no (A), one of inconceivable 
 folly. The Brentanos, Clemens and his 
 sister Bettina, are remarkable in Ger- 
 man literary annals for the wild and 
 extravagant character of their genius. 
 Bettina's work, Gothe's Correspondence 
 icith a Child (1S35), is a pure fabrication 
 of her own. 
 
 At the point whet 
 the Eren'.ai.os begins 
 
 the folly of others ceases, that of 
 —Herman Proverb. 
 
 Brentford (The two kings of). In 
 the duke of Buckingham's farce called 
 The Rehearsal (1671), the two kings of 
 Brentford enter hand-in-hand, dance to- 
 gether, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, 
 and to heighten the absurdity the actors 
 represent them as smelling at the same 
 nosegay (act ii. 2). 
 
 Bres'an, a small island upon the very 
 point of Cornwall. 
 
 Upon the utmost end 
 
 Of Cornwall's furrowing beak, 
 
 Where Besan from the land 
 The tilting waves doth break. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, I (1612). 
 
 Breton. Entete' commc le Breton. 
 French proverbial expression. 
 
 Bretwalda, the over-king of the 
 Saxon rulers, established in England 
 during the heptarchy. In Germany the 
 over-king was called emperor. The 
 bretwalda had no power in the civil 
 affairs of the under-kings, but in times 
 of war or danger formed an important 
 I centre. 
 
BKEWER OF GHENT. 
 
 132 
 
 BRIDGE OF SJGHS. 
 
 Brewer of Ghent {The), Jame3 J 
 van Artevelde, a great patriot. His son 
 Philip fell in the battle of Rosbecq 
 (fourteenth century). 
 
 Brca'na, the lady of a castle who 
 demanded for toll "the locks of every 
 lady and the beard of every knight that 
 passed." This toll was established be- 
 cause sir Crudor, with whom she was in 
 love, refused to marry her till she had 
 provided him with human hair sufficient 
 to " purfle a mantle" with. Sir Cruder, 
 having been overthrown in knightly 
 combat by sir Calidore, who refused to 
 give "the passage pay," is made to 
 release Briana from the condition im- 
 posed on her, and Briana swears to dis- 
 continue the discourteous toll. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, vi. 1 (1596). 
 
 Bri'anor (Sir), a knight overthrown 
 by the "Salvage Knight," whose name 
 was sir Artegal. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iv. 5 (1596). 
 
 Briar'eos (4 syl.), usually called 
 Briareus \_Bri' .a.rucc], the giant with a 
 hundred hands. Hence Dry den says, 
 " And Briareus, with all his hundred 
 hands" ( Virgil, vi.) \ but Milton writes 
 the name BriarCos (Paradise Lost, i. 199). 
 
 Then, called by Uiee, the monster Titan came, 
 Whom gods Briareos, men .Eguon name. 
 
 Pope's Iliad, i. 
 
 Bri'areus (Bold), Handel (1685- 
 1757). 
 
 Bri'areus of Languages, cardinal 
 Mezzofanti, who was familiar with fifty- 
 eight different languages. Byron calls 
 him " a walking polyglot " (1774-1819). 
 
 Bribo'ci, inhabitants of Berkshire 
 and the adjacent counties. — Caesar, Com- 
 mentaries. 
 
 Brick (Jefferson), a very weak pale 
 young man, the war correspondent of 
 the New York Rowdy Journal, of which 
 colonel Diver was editor. — C. Dickens, 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Bride-Catching. It is a common 
 Asiatic custom for the bridegroom to 
 give chase to the bride, either on foot, 
 horseback, or in canoes. If the bride- 
 groom catches the fugitve, he claims her 
 as his bride, otherwise the match is broken 
 off. The classical tales of Hippom'enes 
 and Atalanta will instantly recur to the 
 reader's memory. 
 
 A girl is first mounted, and rides off at full speed. Her 
 lover pursues, and if he overtakes her she becomes Ids 
 wife. No Kalmuck girl is ever caupht unless she chooses 
 to be so.— L>r. Clarke 
 
 In Turcomania the maiden carries a lamb and kid, 
 which must be .taken from her in the chase. In Shiga* 
 pore the chase is made in caiiuus. — Cameron. 
 
 Bride of Aby'dos (The), Zulei'ka 
 (3 syl.), daughter of Giaffer (2 syl.) 
 pacha of Abydos. She is the troth- 
 plight bride of Selim ; but Giaffer shoots 
 the lover, and Zuleika dies of a broken 
 heart. — Byron, Bride of Abydos (1813). 
 
 Bride of Lammermoor, Lucy 
 Ashton, in love with Edgar master of 
 Ravenswood, but compelled to marry 
 Frank Hayston laird of Bucklaw. She 
 tries to murder him on the bridal night, 
 and dies insane the day following. —Sir 
 W. Scott, The Bride of Laimnermoor 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 * if * The Bride of Lammermoor is one 
 of the most finished of Scott's novels, pre- 
 senting a unity of plot and action from 
 beginning to end. The old butler, Caleb 
 Balderston, is exaggerated and far too 
 prominent, but he serves as a foil to the 
 traffic scenes. 
 
 In The Bride of Lammermoor we see embodied the 
 dark spirit of fatalism — that spirit which breathe? on the 
 writings of the Greek tragedians when they traced the per- 
 secuting vengeance of destiny against the houses of Laiua 
 and Atrens. From the time that we hear the prophetic 
 rhymes the spell begins, and the clouds blacken round 
 us, till they close the tale in a night of horror.— Ed. Rev: 
 
 Bride of the Sea, Venice, so called 
 from the ancient ceremony of the doge 
 marrying the city to the Adriatic by 
 throwing a ring into it, pronouncing these 
 words, "We wed thee, sea, in token of 
 perpetual domination." 
 
 Bridewell was a king's palace before 
 the Conquest. Henry I. gave the stone 
 for rebuilding it. Its name is from St. 
 Bride (or Bridget), and her holy well. 
 The well is now represented by an iron 
 pump in Bride Lane. 
 
 Bridge. The imaginary bridge be- 
 tween earth and the Mohammedan para- 
 dise is called " Al Sirat'." 
 
 The rainbow bridge which spans 
 heaven and earth in Scandinavian myth- 
 ology is called " Bif'rost." 
 
 Bridge of Gold. According to 
 German tradition, Charlemagne's spirit 
 crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge, at 
 Bingen, in seasons of plenty, and blesses 
 both corn-fields and vineyards. ■ 
 
 Thou standest, like imperial Chariemagne, 
 Upon thy bridge of gold. 
 
 Longfellow, A utumn. 
 
 Bridge of Sighs, the covered pas- 
 sage-way which connects the palace of 
 the doge in Venice with the State prisons. 
 Called " the Bridge of Sighs" because the 
 condemned passed over it from the judg- 
 
BRIDGES OF CANE. 
 
 133 
 
 BRIGANTES. 
 
 nient hall to the place of execution. 
 Hood has a poem called The Bridje of 
 Sighs. 
 
 Bridges of Cane, in many parts 
 of Spanish America, are thrown over 
 narrow streams. 
 
 Wild-cane arch high flung o'er gulf profound. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, ii. 16 (1809). 
 
 Bridgemore (Ah:), of Fish Street 
 Hill, London. A dishonest merchant, 
 wealthy, vulgar, and purse-proud. He 
 is invited to a soiree given hy lord Abber- 
 ville, " and counts the servants, gapes 
 at the lustres, and never enters the 
 drawing-room at all, but stays below, 
 chatting with the travelling tutor." 
 
 Mrs. Bridgemore, wife of Mr. Bridge- 
 more, equally vulgar, but with more pre- 
 tension to gentility. 
 
 Miss Lucinda Bridgemore, the spiteful, 
 purse-proud, malicious daughter of Mr. 
 and Mrs. Bridgemore, of Fish Street 
 Hill. She was engaged to lord Abber- 
 ville, but her money would not out- 
 balance her vulgarity and ill-temper, so 
 the young "fashionable lover" made 
 his bow and retired. — Cumberland, The 
 Fashionable Lover (1780). 
 
 Bridgenorth {Major Ralph), a 
 roundhead and conspirator, neighbour of 
 sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak, a staunch 
 cavalier. 
 
 Mrs. Bridgenorth, the major's wife. 
 
 Alice Bridgenorth, the major's daughter 
 and heroine of the novel. Her marriage 
 with Julian Peveril, a cavalier, concludes 
 the novel. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Beak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Brid'get (Miss), the mother of Tom 
 Jones, in Fielding's novel called The 
 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). 
 
 It has been wondered why Fielding should have chosen 
 to leave the stain of illegitimacy on the birth of his 
 hero . . . but had Miss Bridget been privately married . . . 
 there could have been no adequate motive assigned for 
 keeping the birth of the child a secret from a man so 
 reasonable and compassionate as Allworthy. — Encyc. 
 lirit. Art. "Fielding." 
 
 Brid'get (Mrs.), in Sterne's novel called 
 The Life and Opinions of I'ristram Shandy, 
 Gent. (1759). 
 
 Bridget (Mother), aunt of Catherine 
 Seyton, and abbess of St. Catherine. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bridget (May), the milkwoman at Falk- 
 land Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Berth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Bridge'ward (Peter), the bridge- 
 keeper of Kennaquhair ("I know not 
 where"). — Sir W-. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 B ridge ward (Peter), warder of the 
 bridge near St. Mary's Convent. He 
 refuses a passage to father Philip, who is 
 carrying off the Bible of lady Alice. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Bridle. John Gower says that Rosi- 
 phele princess of Armenia, insensible to 
 love, saw in a vision a troop of ladies 
 splendidly mounted, but one of them rode 
 a wretched steed, wretchedly accoutred 
 except as to the bridle. On asking the 
 reason, the princess was informed that 
 she wis disgraced thus because of her 
 cruelty to her lovers, but that the splendid 
 bridle had been recently given, because 
 the obdurate girl had for the last month 
 shown symptoms of true love. Moral — 
 Hence let ladies warning take — ■ 
 
 Of love that they be not idle, 
 And bid them think of my bridle. 
 Confessio A mantis ("Episode of Rosiphele," 13'z5-140-2). 
 
 Bridlegoose (Jiulge), a judge who 
 decided the causes brought before him 
 not by weighing the merits of the case, 
 but by the more simple process of throw- 
 ing dice. — Rabelais, Bantag'ruel', iii. 39 
 (1545). 
 
 *** Beaumarchais, in his Marriage of 
 Figaro (1784), has introduced this judge 
 under the name of " Brid'oiscn." The 
 person satirized by Rabelais is the chan- 
 cellor Poyet. 
 
 Bri'dlesly (Joe), a horse-dealer at 
 Liverpool, of whom Julian Peveril buys 
 a horse. — Sir AY. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Brid'oison [Bree.du-oy.zong'~\, a stupid 
 judcre'in the Mariage de Figaro, a corned v 
 in French, by Beaumarchais (1784). 
 
 Bridoon (Corporal), in lieutenant 
 Xosebag's regiment. — Sir W. Scott, 
 
 Waverlcy (time, George II.). 
 
 Brien'mus (Kicephorus), the Caesar 
 of the Grecian empire, and husband of 
 Anna Comne'na (daughter of Alexius 
 Comncnus, emperor of Greece). — Sir W. 
 Scott, Count Bobert of Paris (time, 
 Rufus). 
 
 Brigado're (4 syl.), sir Guyon's 
 horse. The word means "Golden bridle." 
 — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 3 (1596). 
 
 Brigan'tes (3 syl.), called by Drayton 
 Brij'ants, the people of Yorkshire, Lan- 
 cashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and 
 Durham. 
 
 Where in the Britons' rule of yore the Brigants swayed, 
 The powerful English established . . . Northumberland 
 [ Sort humbrid]. 
 
 Drayton, PolyoVAon. svi. (1613). 
 
BRIGGS. 
 
 134 
 
 BRITANNIA. 
 
 Briggs, one of the ten young gentle- 
 men in the school of Dr. Blimber when 
 Paul Dombey was a pupil there. Brings 
 was nicknamed the "Stoney," because his 
 brains were petrified by the constant 
 dropping of wisdom upon them. — C. 
 Dickens, Domhoy and Son (1846). 
 
 Brigliadoro [Bril'.ye.dor'.i-o], Or- 
 lando's steed. The word means "Gold 
 hridle." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Sir Guyon's horse, in Spenser's Faery 
 Queen, is called by the same name (1596). 
 
 Brilliant (Sir Philip), a great fop, 
 hut brave soldier, like the famous Murat. 
 lie would dress with all the finery of a 
 vain girl, but would share watching, toil, 
 and peril with the meanest soldier. "A 
 butterfly in the drawing-room, but a 
 Hector on the battle-field." He was a 
 ' blade of proof; you might laugh at the 
 scabbard, but you wouldn't at the blade." 
 He falls in love with lady Anne, reforms 
 his vanities, and marries. — S. Knowles, 
 Did Maids (1841). 
 
 Brilliant Madman (The), Charles 
 XII. of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 
 
 Brillianta (The lady), a great wit in 
 the ancient romance entitled Tirante le 
 Blanc, author unknown. 
 
 Here [in Tirante le BUnc] we shall find the famous 
 knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, his brother 
 Thomas, the knight Fonseca, ... the stratagems of the 
 widowTranquil . . . and the witticisms of lady Brillianta. 
 This is one of the most amusing books ever written. — 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 
 
 Bris (// conte di San), governor of the 
 Louvre. He is father of Valenti'na and 
 leader of the St. Bartholomew massacre. 
 — Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots (1836). 
 
 Brisac' (Justice), brother of Mira- 
 mont. 
 
 Charles Brisac, a scholar, son of justice 
 Brisac. 
 
 Eustace Brisac, a courtier, brother of 
 Charles. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Elder Brother (1637). 
 
 Brise'is (3 syl.), whose real name was 
 HippodamT'a, was the daughter of Brises, 
 brother of the priest Chryses. She was 
 the concubine of Achilles, but when 
 Achilles bullied Agamemnon for not 
 giving Chryse'is to her father, who offered 
 a ransom for her, Agamemnon turned 
 upon him and said he would let Chryseis 
 
 fo, but should take Briseis instead. — 
 Iomer, Iliad, i. 
 
 Brisk, a good-natured conceited cox- 
 comb, with a most voluble tongue. Fond 
 of saying "good things." and pointing I 
 
 them out with such expressions as " There 
 I had you, eh ? " " That was pretty well, 
 egad, eh V " "I hit you in the teeth there, 
 egad!" His ordinary oath was " Let me 
 perish ! " He makes love to lady Froth. — 
 W. Congreve, The Double Dealer (1694). 
 
 Bris'kie (2 syl.), disguised under the 
 name of Putskie. A captain in the Mos- 
 covite army, and brother of general 
 Archas "the loyal subject" of the great- 
 duke of Moscovia. — Beaumont ana 
 Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 
 
 Bris'sotin, one of the followers of 
 Jean Pierre Brissot, an advanced revolu- 
 tionist. The Brissotins were subsequently 
 merged in the Girondists, and the word 
 dropped out of use. 
 
 Bristol Boy (The), Thomas Chatter- 
 ton, the poet, born at Bristol. Also 
 called "The Marvellous Boy." Byron 
 calls him " The wondrous boy who 
 perished in his pride" (1752-1770). 
 
 Bristol Man's Gift, a present of 
 something which the giver pronounces to 
 be of no use or no value to himself. 
 
 Britain, according to the British 
 triads, was called first " The green water- 
 fort " ( Clas Merddyn) ; this was before it 
 was populated. Its next name was " Tlut 
 honey isle" (Y Vel Ynys). But after it 
 was brought under one head by Prydain 
 son of Aedd, it was called "Prydain's isle" 
 (Ynys Prydain). 
 
 It has also been called " Hyperbo'rea," 
 " Atlan'tica," " Cassit'eris," " Roma'na," 
 and " Thule." Also " Yr Ynys Wen" 
 (" the white island "), and some will have 
 that the word Albion is derived from the 
 Latin, albus, " white," and that the island 
 was so called from " its white cliffs," an 
 etymology only suited to fable. 
 
 Bochart says Baratanic ("country of 
 tin"), a Phoenician word, contracted into 
 BWatart, is the true derivation. 
 
 Britain, in Arthurian romance, 
 always means Brittany. England is 
 called Logris or Logria. 
 
 Britan'nia. The Romans represented 
 the island of Great Britain by the figure 
 of a woman seated on a rock, from a 
 fanciful resemblance thereto in the general 
 outline of the island. The idea is iess 
 poetically expressed by "An old witch on 
 a broomstick." 
 
 The effigy of Britannia on our copper 
 coin dates from the reign of Charles II. 
 (1672), and was engraved by Roetk.Y 
 from a drawing by Evelyn. It is meant 
 
BRITANNIA. 
 
 135 
 
 BROBDINGNAG. 
 
 for one of the king's court favourites, 
 gome say Frances Theresa Stuart, duchess 
 of Richmond, and others Barbara Villiers, 
 duchess of Cleveland. 
 
 Britannia, the name of the ship under 
 the command of captain Albert, in Fal- 
 coner's poem called The Shipwreck. It was 
 dashed to pieces on the projecting verge of 
 cape Colonna, the most southern point 
 of Attica (175C). 
 
 British History of Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth, is a translation of a Welsh 
 Chronicle. It is in nine books, and con- 
 tains a "history" of the Britons and 
 Welsh from Brutus, great-grandson of 
 Trojan vEneas to the death of Cadwallo 
 or Cadwallader in 688. This Geoffrey 
 was first archdeacon of Monmouth, and 
 then bishop of St. Asaph. The general 
 outline of the work is the same as that 
 given by Nennius three centuries pre- 
 viously. Geoffrey's Chronicle, published 
 about 1143, formed a basis for many 
 subsequent historical works. A com- 
 pendium by Diceto is published in Gale's 
 Chronicles. 
 
 British Lion {The), the spirit or 
 pugnacity of the British nation, as op- 
 posed to John Bull, which symbolizes the 
 substantiality, obstinacy, and solidity of 
 the British nation, with all its prejudices 
 and national peculiarities. To rouse 
 John Bull is to tread on his corns, to 
 rouse the British Lion is to blow the war- 
 trumpet in his ears. The British Lion also 
 means the most popular celebrity of the 
 British nation for the time being. 
 
 Our glorious constitution is owing to tlie habit which 
 the British Lion observes of sitting over his wine after 
 dinner.— William Jerdan. 
 
 British Soldiers' Battle {The), 
 the battle of Inkerman, November 5, 
 1854. 
 
 For stubborn valour, for true old English resolution to 
 fight it out to the last, amid every disadvantage and 
 against almost overwhelming odds, men will for ages 
 point to Inkerman, " the British Soldiers" Battle."— Sir 
 Edward Creasy, The Fifteen Decisive Battles (preface). 
 
 Brit'omart, the representative of 
 chastity. She was the daughter and 
 heiress of king Ryence of Wales, and her 
 legend forms the third book of the Faery 
 Queen. One day,' looking into Yenus's 
 looking-glass, given by Merlin to her 
 father, she saw therein sir Artegal, and fell 
 in love with him. Her nurse Glauce 
 (2 syl.) tried by charms "to undo her 
 love," but " love that is in gentle heart 
 begun no idle charm can remove." Find- 
 ing her "charms" ineffectual, she took 
 her to Merlin's cave in Carmarthen, and 
 
 the magician told her she would be the 
 mother of a line of kings {the Tudor s), 
 and after twice 400 years one of her 
 offspring, "a royal virgin," would shake 
 the power of Spain. Glauce now sug- 
 gested that they should start in quest of 
 sir Artegal, and Britomart donned the 
 armour of An'gela (queen of the Angles), 
 which she found in her father's armoury, 
 and taking a magic spear which " nothing 
 could resist," she sallied forth. Her 
 adventures allegorize the triumph of 
 chastity over impurity: Thus in Castle 
 Joyous, Malacasta {lust), not knowing her 
 sex, tried to seduce her, " but she flees 
 youthful lust, which wars against the 
 soul." She next overthrew Marinel, son 
 of Cym'oent. Then made her appearance 
 as the Squire of Dames. Her last achieve- 
 ment was the deliverance of Am'orct 
 {wifely love) from the enchanter Busirane. 
 Her marriage is deferred to bk. v. '5, 
 when she tilted with sir Artegal, who 
 "shares away the ventail of her helmet 
 with his sword," and was about to strike 
 again when he became so amazed at her 
 beauty that he thought she must be a god- 
 dess. She bade the knight remove his 
 helmet, at once recognized him, consented 
 "to be his love, and to take him for her 
 lord." — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. (1500). 
 
 She charmed at once and tamed the heart. 
 Incomparable Britomart. 
 
 Sir W.Scott. 
 
 Briton {Colonel), a Scotch officer, 
 who sees donna Isabella jump from 
 a window in order to escape from a mar- 
 riage she dislikes. The colonel catches 
 j hor, and takes her to the house of donna 
 Violante, her friend. Here he calls upon 
 her, but don Felix, the lover of Violante, 
 supposing Violante to be the object of his 
 visits, becomes jealous, till at the end the 
 mystery is cleared up, and a double 
 marriage is the result. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
 The Wonder (1714). 
 
 Broadside {A). To constitute a 
 broadside, the matter should be printed 
 on the entire sheet, on one side of the 
 paper only, not in columns, but in one 
 measure. " It matters not which way of 
 the paper the printing is displayed, or 
 what the size of type, provided the whole 
 is presented to the eye in one view. 
 Although the entire, matter of a broadside 
 must be contained on one side of a sheet 
 of paper, an endorsement may be allowed. 
 
 Brob'dingnag, a country of enor- 
 mous giants, to whom Gulliver was a tiny 
 dwarf. They were as tall "a3 an or- 
 
BROCK. 
 
 136 
 
 BROWDIE. 
 
 dinary church steeple," and all their 
 surroundings were in proportion. 
 
 Yon high church steeple, yon gawky stag, 
 Your husband must come from Brobdingnag. 
 
 Kane O'Hara, Midas. 
 
 Brock (Adam), in Charles XI L, an 
 historical drama by J. R. Planche'. 
 
 Broken Feather. A broken feather 
 in his winy, a scandal connected with 
 one's name, a blot on one's 'scutcheon. 
 
 If an angel were to walk about, Mrs. Sam Hurst would 
 never rest till she had found out where lie came from. 
 
 And peihaps whether he had a broken feather in his 
 wins. — Mrs. Oliphant, I'hmbe.jun., ii. 6. 
 
 Broken-Girth-Flow (Laird of), 
 one of the Jacobite conspirators in The 
 Black Dwarf, a novel by sir \V. Scott 
 (time, Anne). 
 
 Broken Heart (TJie), a tragedy by 
 John Ford (1633). (See Calaxtha.) 
 
 Broker of the Empire (The). 
 
 Dari'us, son of Hystaspes, was so called 
 by the Persians from his great care of 
 the financial condition of his empire. 
 
 Bro'mia, wife of Sosia (slave of 
 Amphitryon), in the service of Alc- 
 ir.e'na. A nagging termagant, who 
 keeps her husband in petticoat subjection. 
 She is not one of the characters in 
 Moiiere's comedy of Amphitryon. — 
 Dry den, Amphitryon (1690). 
 
 Bromton's Chronicle (time, Ed- 
 ward 111.), that is, "The Chronicle of 
 John Bromton" printed among the Decern 
 Scriptures, under the titles of " Chronicon 
 Johannis Bromton," and " Joralanensis 
 Historia a Johanne Bromton," abbot of 
 Jerevaux, in Yorkshire. It commences 
 with the conversion of the Saxons by St. 
 Augustin, and closes with the death of 
 Richard I. in 1199. Selden has proved 
 that the chronicle was not written by 
 Bromton, but was merely brought to 
 the abbey while he was abbot. 
 
 Bron'tes (2 syl.), one of the Cyclops, 
 hence a blacksmith generally. Called 
 Bronteus (2 syl.) by Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iv. 5 (1596). 
 
 Not with such weight, to frame the forky brand. 
 The ponderous hammer falls from BrontGs' hand. 
 Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (Hool's translation). 
 
 Bronzely (2 syl.), a mere rake, whose 
 vanity was to be thought " a general 
 seducer." — Mrs. Inchbald, Wives as they 
 Were, and Maids as they Are (1797). 
 
 Bron'zoniarte (3 syl.), the sorrel 
 steed of sir Launcelot Greaves. The 
 word means a " mettlesome sorrel." — 
 Bmollett, Sir Launcelot Greaves (1756). 
 
 Brook (Master), the name assumed 
 by Ford when sir John Falstaff makes 
 love to his w r ife. Sir John, not knoAving 
 him, confides to him every item of his 
 amour, and tells him how cleverly he has 
 duped Ford by being carried out in a 
 buck-basket before his very face. — ■ 
 Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor 
 (1601). 
 
 Brook Street (Grosvenor Square. 
 London), is so called from a brook or 
 stream which at one time ran down that 
 locality. 
 
 Broo'ker, the man who stole the son 
 of Ralph Nickleby out of revenge, called 
 him " Smike," and put him to school at 
 Dotheboys Hall, Yorkshire. His tale is 
 told p. 594-5 (original edit.). — C. 
 Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Brother Jon'athan. When Wash- 
 ington was in want of ammunition, he 
 called a council of officers ; but no prac- 
 tical suggestion being offered, he said, 
 " We must consult brother Jonathan," 
 meaning his excellency Jonathan Trum- 
 bull, the elder governor of the state of 
 Connecticut. This was done, and the diffi- 
 culty surmounted. "To consult brother 
 Jonathan" then became a set phrase, and 
 "Brother Jonathan" became the "John 
 Bull" of the United States.— J. R. Bart- 
 lett, Dictionary of Americanisms. 
 
 Brother Sam, the brother of 
 lord Dundreary, the hero of a comedy 
 based on a German drama, by John 
 Oxenford, with additions and alterations 
 by E. A. Sothern and T. B. Buckstone. — 
 Supplied by T. B. Buckstone, Esq. 
 
 Brothers (The), a comedy bv 
 Richard Cumberland (1769). (For the 
 plot, see Belfield, Bkothehs.) 
 
 Brougham's Plaid Trousers. 
 The story goes that lord Brougham 
 [Uroom] once paid a visit to a great cloth 
 factory in the north, and was so pleased 
 with one of the patterns that he requested 
 to be supplied with " a dozen pieces for his 
 own use," meaning, of course, enough for 
 a dozen. pair of trousers. The clothier 
 sent him " a dozen pieces," containing 
 several hundred yards, so that his lord- 
 ship was not only set up for life in plaid 
 for trousers, but had enough to supply 
 a whole clan. 
 
 Browdie (John), a brawny, big-made 
 Yorkshire corn-factor, bluff, brusque, 
 honest, and kind-hearted. He befriends 
 poor Smike, and is much attached to 
 
BROWN. 
 
 137 
 
 BRULGRUDDERY. 
 
 Nicholas Nickleby. John Browdie marries 
 Matilda Price, a miller's daughter. — C. 
 Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Brown (Ydribeest), lieutenant of Dirk 
 Ilatteraick. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
 nering (time, George II.). 
 
 Brown (Jonathan), landlord of the 
 Black Bear at Darlington. Here Frank 
 Osbaldistone meets Rob Roy at dinner. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Hob Roy (time, George 
 L). 
 
 Frown (Mrs.), the widow of the brother- 
 in-law, of the Hon. Mrs. Skewton. She 
 had one daughter, Alice Marwood, who 
 was first cousin to Edith (Mr. Dombey's 
 second wife) . Mrs. Brown lived in great 
 poverty, her only known vocation being 
 " to strip children of their clothes, which 
 she sold or pawned." — C. Dickens, Dom- 
 bcy and Son (1846). 
 
 Brown (Mrs.), a "Mrs. John Bull," 
 with ail the practical sense, kind- 
 heartedness, absence of conventionality, 
 and the prejudices of a well-to-do but 
 half -educated Englishwoman of the middle 
 shop class. She passes her opinions on 
 all current events, and travels about, 
 taking with her all her prejudices, and 
 despising everything which is not Eng- 
 lish. — Arthur Sketchley [Rev. George 
 Rose]. 
 
 Brown (llablot) illustrated some of 
 Dickens's novels, and took the pseudonvm 
 of " Phiz " (1812- ). 
 
 Brown the Younger ( Thomas), the 
 notn de plume of Thomas Moore, in The 
 Two-penny Post-bag, a series of witty and 
 very popular satires on the prince regent 
 (afterwards George IT.), his ministers, 
 and his boon companions. Also in The 
 Fudqe Familv in Faris, and in The Fudges 
 in England (1835). 
 
 Brown, Jones, and Robinson, 
 
 three Englishmen who travel together. 
 Their adventures, by Richard Doyle, were 
 published in Funch. In them is held up 
 to ridicule the gaucherie, the contracted 
 notions, the vulgarit}-, the conceit, and 
 the general snobbism of the middle-class 
 English abroad. 
 
 Browns. To astonisJt, the Browns, 
 to do or say something regardless of the 
 annoyance it may cause or the shock it 
 may give to Mrs. Grundy. Anne Boleyn 
 had a whole clan of Browns, or " country 
 cousins," who were welcomed at court, in 
 the reign of Elizabeth. The queen, how- 
 
 ever, was quick to see what was gauche, 
 and did not scruple to reprove them for 
 uncourtly manners. Her plainness of 
 speech used quite to "astonish the 
 Browns." 
 
 Browne (General) pays a visit to 
 lord Woodville. His bedroom for tht 
 night is the "tapestried chamber," where 
 he sees the apparition of "the lady in 
 the sacque," and next morning relates his 
 adventure. — Sir W. Scott, The Tapestried 
 Chamber (time, George III.). 
 
 Brownlow, a most benevolent old 
 gentleman, who rescues Oliver Twist from 
 his vile associates. He refuses to believe 
 in Oliver's guilt of theft, although ap- 
 pearances were certainly against him, and 
 he even takes the bov into his service.^- 
 C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Brox'mouth (John), a neighbour of 
 Happer the miller. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bruce (The), an epic poem bv John 
 Barbour (1320-1395). 
 
 Bru'el, the name of the goose, in the 
 tale of Reynard the Fox. The word 
 means the "Little roarer" (1498). 
 
 Bru'in, the name of the bear, in the 
 beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Henc-j 
 a bear in general. 
 
 The word means the "brown one" 
 (1498). 
 
 Bru'in, one of the leaders arrayed 
 against Hudibras. He is meant for one 
 Talgol, a Newgate butcher, who obtained 
 a captain's commission for valour at 
 Naseby. He marched next to Orsin 
 [Joshua Gosling, landlord of the bear- 
 gardens at Southwark]. — S. Butler, Hudi- 
 bras, i. 3. 
 
 Bruin (Mrs. and Mr.), daughter and 
 son-in-law to sir Jacob Jollup. Mr. 
 Bruin is a huge bear of a fellow, and rules 
 his wife with scant courtesy. — S. Foote, 
 The Mayor of Garratt (1763). 
 
 Brulgrud'dery (Dennis), landlord 
 of the Red Cow, on Muckslush Heath. 
 He calls himself "an Irish gintleman 
 bred and born." He was "brought up to 
 the church," i.e. to be a church beadle, 
 but lost his place for snoring at sermon- 
 time. He is a sot, with a very kind 
 heart, and is honest in great matters, al- 
 though in business he will palm off an 
 old cock for a young capon. 
 
 Mrs. Brulg rudder;/, wife of Dennis, and 
 widow of Mr. Skinnygauge, former land- 
 
BRUMO. 
 
 138 
 
 BRUTE. 
 
 lord of the Red Cow. Unprincipled, 
 eelf-willed, ill-tempered, and over-reach- 
 ing. Money is the only thing that moves 
 her, and when she has taken a bribe she 
 will whittle down the service to the finest 
 point. — G. Colman, jun., John Bull (1805). 
 
 Brumo, a place of worship in Craca 
 (one of the Shetland Isles). 
 
 Far from his friends they placed him in the horrid 
 circle of Brumo, where the ghosts of the dead howl 
 round the stone of their fear.— Ossian. Fingal, vi. 
 
 Brun'cheval "the Bold," a paynim 
 knight, who tilted with sir Satyrane, and 
 both were thrown to the ground together 
 at the first encounter. — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iv. 4 (159G). 
 
 Brunel'o, a deformed dwarf, who at 
 the siege of Albracca stole Sacripan'te's 
 charger from between his legs without his 
 knowing it. He also stole Angelica's 
 magic ring, by means of which he re- 
 leased Roge'ro from the castle in which he 
 was imprisoned. Ariosto says that Agra- 
 mant gave the dwarf a ring which had 
 the power of resisting magic. — Bojardo, 
 Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; and Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 " I," says Sancho, "slept so soundly upon Dapple, that 
 the thief had time enough to clap four stakes under the 
 four corners of my pannol. and to lead away the beast 
 from und«r my legs; without waking me." — Cervaj'tes, Don 
 (Quixote, II. i. 4 (1615). 
 
 Brunenburg (Battle of), referred to 
 in Tennyson's King Harold, is the victory 
 obtained in 938 by king Athelstan over 
 the Danes. 
 
 Brunetta, mother of Chery (who 
 married his cousin Fairstar). — Comtesse 
 D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Princess Fair- 
 star," 1682). 
 
 Brunetta, the rival beauty of Phyllis. 
 On one occasion Phyllis procured a most 
 marvellous fabric of gold brocade in 
 order to eclipse her rival, but Brunetta 
 arrayed her train-bearer in a dress of the 
 same material and cut in the same fashion. 
 Phyllis was so mortified that she went 
 home and died. — The Spectator. 
 
 Brunhild, queen of Issland, who 
 made a vow that none should win her 
 who could not surpass her in three trials 
 of skill and strength : (1) hurling a 
 a pear ; (2) throwing a stone ; and (B) 
 jumping. Giinther king of Burgundy 
 undertook the three contests, and by the 
 aid of Siegfried succeeded in winning the 
 iv.artial queen. First, hurling a spear 
 that three men could scarcely lift: the 
 oneen hurled it towards Giinther, but 
 •Siegfried, in his invisible cloak, reversed 
 
 its direction, causing it to strike the queen 
 and knock her down. Next, throwing a 
 stone so huge that twelve brawny men 
 were employed to carry it : Brunhild 
 lifted it on high, flung it twelve fathoms, 
 and jumped beyond it. Again Siegfried 
 helped his friend to throw it further, and 
 in leaping beyond the stone. The queen, 
 being fairly beaten, exclaimed to her liege- 
 men, " I am no longer your queen and 
 mistress ; henceforth are ye the liegemen 
 of Giinther" (lied vii.). After marriage 
 Brunhild was so obstreperous that the 
 king again applied to Siegfried, who suc- 
 ceeded in depriving her of her ring and 
 girdle, after which she became a very 
 submissive wife. — The Niebe'ungen Lied. 
 
 Bru'no (Bishop), bishop of Herbi- 
 polita'num. Sailing one day on the 
 Danube with Henry III. emperor of 
 Germany, they came to Ben Strudel 
 (" the devouring gulf "), near Grinon 
 Castle, in Austria. Here the voice of a 
 spirit clamoured aloud, "Ho ! ho! Bishop 
 Bruno, whither art thou travelling V But 
 go thy ways, bishop Bruno, for thou shalt 
 travel with me to-night." At night, while 
 feasting with the emperor, a rafter fell ou 
 his head and killed him. Southey has a 
 ballad called Bishop Bruno, but it deviates 
 from the original legend given by Hoy- 
 wood in several particulars : It makes 
 bishop Bruno hear the voice first on hi9 
 way to the emperor, who had invited him 
 to dinner; next, at the beginning of 
 dinner; and thirdly, when the guests had 
 well feasted. At the last warning an ice- 
 cold hand touched .him, and Bruno fell 
 dead in the banquet hall. 
 
 Brush., the impertinent English valet 
 of lord Ogleby. If his lordship calls he 
 never hears unless he chooses ; if his bell 
 rings he never answers it till it suits his 
 pleasure. He helps himself freely to all 
 his master's things, and makes love to all 
 the pretty chambermaids he comes into 
 contact with. — Colman and Garrick, The 
 Clandestine Marriage (1766). 
 
 Brut (Be), a metrical chronicle of 
 Maitre Wace, canon of Caen, in Nor- 
 mandy. It contains the earliest history 
 of England, and other historical legends 
 (twelfth century). 
 
 Brute (1 syl.), the first king of 
 Britain (in mythical history). He was 
 the son of ./Eneas Silvius (grandson of 
 Ascanius and great-grandson of ^Eneas 
 of Troy). Brute called London (the 
 capital of his adopted country) Troy- 
 
BRUTE. 
 
 139 
 
 BRUTUS. 
 
 novant (New Troy). The legend is this : 
 An oracle declared that Brute should be 
 tho death of both his parents ; his mother 
 died in child-birth, and at the age of 
 15 Brute shot his father accidentally 
 iu a deer-hunt. Being driven from Alba 
 Longa, he collected a band of old Trojans 
 and landed at Totness, in Devonshire. 
 His wife was Innogen, daughter of Pan- 
 dra'sus king of Greece. His tale is told 
 at length in the Chronicles of Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth, in the first song of Dray- 
 ton's Polyolbion, and in Spenser's Fairy 
 Queen, ii. 
 
 Brute (Sir John), a coarse, surly, ill- 
 mannered brute, whose delight was to 
 " provoke " his young wife, who he tells 
 us " is a young lady, a fine lady, a witty 
 lady, and* a virtuous lady, but yet I hate 
 her." In a drunken frolic he intercepts a 
 tailor taking home a new dress to lady 
 Brute ; he insists on arraying himself 
 therein, is arrested for a street row, and 
 taken before the justice of the peace. 
 Being asked his name, he gives it as " lady 
 John Brute," and is dismissed. 
 
 Lady Brute, wife of sir John. She is 
 subjected to divers indignities, and in- 
 sulted morn, noon, and night, by her 
 surly, drunken husband. Lady Brute 
 intrigues with Constant, a former lover ; 
 but her intrigues are more mischievous 
 than vicious. — Vanbrugh, The Provoked 
 Wife (1G97). ' 
 
 Tbe coarse pot-house valour of "sir John Bmte"(Garrick's 
 famous part) is well contrasted with the fine-lady airs and 
 affectation of his wife. [Surely this must bean error. It 
 applies to ••i:idy Fanciful," but not to "lady Brute.'" J — R. 
 Chambers, English Literature, i. 598. 
 
 Brute Green-Shield, the successor 
 of Ebranc king of Britain. The mythi- 
 cal line is : (1) Brute, great-great-grand- 
 son of /Eneas ; (2) Locrin, his son ; (3) 
 Guendolen, the widow of Locrin ; (4) 
 Ebranc ; (5) Brute Green-Shield. Then 
 follow m order Leil, Hudibras, Bladud, 
 Leir [Shakespeare's "Lear"], etc. 
 
 ... of her courageous kings, 
 Brute Green-Shield, to whose name we providence impute 
 Divinely to revive the laud's first conqueror, Brute. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Brute's City, London, called Trino- 
 vant (New Troy). 
 
 The goodly Thames near which Brute's city stands. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 (Of course Trinovant is so called from 
 the Trinovantes or Trinobantes, a Celtic 
 tribe settled in Essex and Middlesex 
 when Caesar invaded the island.) 
 
 Bru'ton Street (London), so called 
 from Bruton, in Somersetshire, the seat of 
 John lord Berkeley of Stratton. 
 
 Brutus (Lucius Junius), first conra^ 
 of Rome, who condemned his own two 
 sons to death for joining a conspiracy to 
 restore Tarquin to the throne, from which 
 he had been banished. This subject has 
 been dramatized by N. Lee (1679) and 
 John H. Pavne, under the title of Brutus 
 or The Fall of Tarquin (18*20). Alfieri 
 has an Italian tragedy on the same sub- 
 ject. In French we have the tragedies «»f 
 Arnault (1792) and Ponsard (1843). (See 
 
 Lc'CRETIA.) 
 
 The eWer Kean on one occasion consented to appear at 
 the Glasgow Theatre for his son's benefit. The play 
 chosen was Payne's tirutus, in which the father took the 
 part of " Brutus " and Charles Kean that of " Titus." The 
 audience sat suffused in tears during the pathetic inter- 
 view, till "Brutus" falls on the neck of "Titus," ex- 
 claiming in a burst of agony, " Kmbrace thy wretched 
 father ! " when the whole house broke forth into peals of 
 approbation. Edmund Kean then whispered in his son's 
 ear, "Charlie, we are doing the trick." — W. C. Russell, 
 Representative Actors, 476. 
 
 Junius Brutus. So James Lynch Fitz- 
 Stephen has been called, because (like the 
 first consul of Rome) he condemned his 
 own son to death for murder, and to 
 prevent a rescue caused him to be exe- 
 cuted from the window of his own house 
 in Gal way (1493). 
 
 The Spanish Brutus, Alfonso Perez de 
 Guzman, governor of Tarifa in 1293. 
 Here he was besieged by the infant don 
 Juan, who had revolted against his 
 brother, king Sancho IV., and having 
 Guzman's son in his power, threatened to 
 kill him unless Tarifa was given up to 
 him. Guzman replied, " Sooner than be 
 guilty of such treason I will lend Juan 
 a dagger to slay my son ; " and so 
 saying tossed his dagger over the wall. 
 Sad to say, Juan took the dagger, and 
 assassinated the young man there and 
 then (1258-1309). 
 
 Brutus (Jfarcus), said to be the son of 
 Julius Caesar by Serrilia. 
 
 Brutus' bastard hand 
 Stabb'd Julius Caesar. 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry TV. act iv. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 This Brutus is introduced by Shake- 
 speare in his tragedy of Julius Casar, 
 and the poet endows him with even- 
 quality of a true patriot. He loved 
 Caesar much, but he loved Rome more. 
 
 John P. Kemble seems to me always to play best those 
 characters in which there is a predominating tinge of 
 some over-mastering passion. . . . The patrician pride of 
 "Ooriolanus," the stoicism of "Brutus," the vehemence 
 of " Hotspur," mark the class of characters I mean. — Sir 
 W. Scott. 
 
 In the life of C. M. Young, we are told that Edmund Kean 
 in "Hamlet," " Coriolanus," "Brutus" . . . never ap- 
 proached within any measurable distance of tne learned 
 and majestic Kemble. 
 
 Brutus. Ft tu, Brute. Shakespeare, 
 on the authority of Suetonius," puts these 
 
BRUTUS AND CICERO. 
 
 140 
 
 BUCKLAW. 
 
 words into the mouth of Caesar when 
 BnrUis stabbed him. Shakespeare's drama 
 was written in 1607, and probably he had 
 seen The Time Tragedy of Richard duke 
 of York (1600), where these words occur ; 
 but even before that date H. Stephens 
 had said: 
 
 Jule Cesar, quand il vit que Brutus aussi estoit de ceux 
 qui luy tirient des coups d*espee, luy dit, Kai sy tectum) 
 c'est d dire. . . . Et toy nion fils, en es tu aussi.— Deux 
 Dial, du Xoveau Lang. Franc (1583). 
 
 Brutus and Cicero. Cicero says : 
 " Caesare interfecto, statim, cruentum aite 
 extollens M. Brutus pugionem Ciceron- 
 em nominatim exclamavit, atque ei re- 
 cuperatam libertatem est gratulatus." — 
 P/ulipp. ii. 12. 
 
 When Brutus rose. 
 Befulgent from the stroke of Caesar's fate, 
 . . . \he) called aloud 
 
 On Tuily's name, and shook his crimson steel, 
 And bade the " father of his country" hail. 
 
 Akenside. Pleasures of lnuujiuation, !. 
 
 Bryce's Day (St.), November 13. 
 On St. Bryce's Day, 1002, Ethelred caused 
 all the Danes in the kingdom to be 
 secretly murdered in one night. 
 
 In one night the throats of all the Danish cut. 
 
 Drayton, l'olyulbion, xii. (1613). 
 
 Bry'done (Elspetli) or Glendinning, 
 widow of Simon Glendinning, of the 
 Tower of Glendearg. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Bubas'tis, the Diau'a of Egyptian 
 mythology. She was the daughter of 
 lois and sister of Horus. 
 
 Bubenburg (Sir Adrian de), a veteran 
 knight of Berne. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 (Jeierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Bueca, goblin of the wind in Celtic 
 mythology, and supposed by the ancient 
 inhabitants of Cornwall to foretell ship- 
 wreck. 
 
 Bucen'taur, the Venetian State 
 galley used by the doge when he went 
 "to wed the Adriatic." In classic 
 mythology the bucentaur was half man 
 and half ox. 
 
 Bucepli'alos ( ' ' bull-headed "), the 
 name of Alexander's horse, which cost 
 £3500. It knelt down when Alexander 
 mounted, and was 30 years old at its 
 death. Alexander built a city called 
 Bucephala in its memory. 
 
 The Persian Bucephalos, Shibdiz, the 
 famous charger of Chosroes Parviz. 
 
 Buck'et (Mr.), a shrewd detective 
 officer, who cleverly discovers that Hor- 
 tense, the French maid-servant of lady 
 Dedlock, was the murderer of Mr. Tul- 
 
 kinghorn, and not lady Dedlock who was 
 charged with the deed bv Hortense. — C. 
 Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 
 
 Buckiugham (George Villiers, duke 
 of). There were two dukes of this name, 
 father and son, both notorious for their 
 profligacy and political unscrupulous- 
 ness. The first (1592-1628) was the fa- 
 vorite of James I., nicknamed " Steenie " 
 by that monarch from his personal beau- 
 ty, " Steenie" being a pet corruption of 
 Stephen, whose face at martyrdom was 
 "as the face of an angel." He was as- 
 sassinated by Fenton. Sir Walter Scott 
 introduces him in The Fortune* of Nigel, 
 and his son in Peveril of the Peak. The 
 son( 1 627-88) also appears under the name 
 of "Zimri" (q.v.) in Dryden's Absalom 
 and Achitophel. He was the author of 
 The Rehearsal, a drama, upon which 
 Sheridan founded his Critic, and of 
 other works, but is principally remem- 
 bered as the profligate favorite of Charles 
 II. He was a memher of the famous 
 " Cabal " (q. v.), and closed a career of 
 great splendor and wickedness in the 
 most abject poverty. 
 
 Buckingham (Henry de Stafford, duke 
 of) was a favorite of Richard III. and a 
 participator in his crimes, but revolted 
 against him, and was beheaded in 1483. 
 This is the duke that Sackville met in 
 the realms of Pluto, and whose " com- 
 playnt" is given in the induction of A 
 Mirrour for Magistraytes (1 587). He als > 
 appears in Shakespeare's Jiichard III. 
 
 Buckingham (Mary duchess of), intro- 
 duced bv sir W. Scott in Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Bucklaw (The laird of), afterwards 
 laird of Girnington. His name was 
 Frank Hayston. Lucy Ashton plights 
 her troth "to Edgar master of Kavcns- 
 wood, and they exchange love-tokens at 
 the Mermaid's Fountain ; but her father, 
 sir "William Ashton, from pecuniary views, 
 promises her in marriage to the laird of 
 Bucklaw, and as she signs the articles 
 Edgar suddenly appears at the castle. 
 They return to each other their love- 
 tokens, and Lucy is married to the laird ; 
 but on the wedding night the bridegroom 
 is found dangerously wounded in the 
 bridal chamber, and the bride hidden in 
 the chimney-corner insane. Lucy dies 
 in convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and 
 goes abroad. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of 
 Lammermoor (time, "William II L). 
 
BUCKLE. 
 
 141 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 
 Buckle (Put into), put into pawn at 
 the rate of 40 per cent, interest. 
 
 Buckle (To talk)) to talk about mar- 
 riage. 
 
 I took a girl to dinner who talked buckle »o me, and 
 the girl on the other side talked balls. — Vera, 154. 
 
 Bucklers-bury (London), so called 
 from one Buckle, a grocer (Old and 2iew 
 London). In the reign of Elizabeth and 
 long afterwards Bucklersbury was chiefly 
 inhabited by druggists, who sold green 
 and dried herbs. Hence Falstaff says to 
 Mrs. Ford, he could not assume the ways 
 of those "lisping hawthorn buds [i.e. 
 young fops], who smell like Bucklers- 
 bury in simple -time." — Shakespeare, 
 Merry Wives of Windsor y act iii. sc. 3 
 (1601). 
 
 Bude Light, a light devised by Mr. 
 Gurney of Bude, in Cornwall. Intense 
 light is obtained by supplying the burner 
 with an abundant stream of oxygen. 
 The principle of the Argand lamp is also 
 a free supply of oxygen. Gurney's in- 
 vention is too expensive to be of general 
 service, but an intense light is obtained 
 by reflectors and refractors called Bxule 
 lights, although they wholly differ in 
 principle from Gurney's invention. 
 
 Buffoon (The Pulpit). Hugh Teters 
 is so called by Dugdale (1599-1000). 
 
 Bug Jargal, a negro, passionately in 
 love Avith a white woman, but tempering 
 the wildest passion with the deepest re- 
 spect. — Victor Hugo, Pug Jargal (a 
 novel). 
 
 Bulbul, an Oriental name for a night- 
 ingale. When, in The Princes °(by 
 Tennyson), the prince, disguised as a 
 woman, enters with his two friends 
 (similarly disguised) into the college to 
 which no man was admitted, he sings ; 
 and the princess, suspecting the fraud, 
 says to him, "Not for thee, O bulbul, any 
 rose of Gulistan shall burst her veil," i.e. 
 "O singer, do not suppose that any woman 
 will be taken in by such a flimsy deceit." 
 The bulbul loved the rose, and* Gulistan 
 means the " garden of roses." The prince 
 was the bulbul, the college was Gulistan, 
 and the princess the rose sought. — Tenny- 
 son, The Princess, iv. 
 
 Bulbul-He'zar, the talking bird, 
 which was joined in singing bv all the 
 song-birds in the neighbourhood. (See 
 Talking Bikd.)— Arabian Xights (" The 
 Two Sisters," the last story). 
 
 Buns, mother of Egyp'ius of Thessaly. 
 
 Egypius entertained a criminal love for 
 Timandra, the mother of Neoph'ron, and 
 Neophron was guilty of a similar passion 
 for Bulis. Jupiter changed Egypius and 
 Neophron into vultures, Bulis into a duck, 
 and Timandra into a sparrow-hawk. — ■ 
 Classic Mythology. 
 
 Bull (John), the English nation per- 
 sonified, and hence any typical English- 
 man. 
 
 Bull in the main was an honest, plain-dealing fellow, 
 choleric bold, and of a very inconstant temper. He 
 dreaded not old Lewis [Louis XIV.], either at back-sword, 
 single falchion, or cudgel-play ; but then he was very apt 
 to quarrel with his best friends, especially if they pre- 
 tended to govern him. If you flattered him, you might 
 lead him as a child. John's temper depended very much 
 upon the air; his spirits rose and fell with the weather- 
 glass. He was quick, and understood business well ; but 
 no man alive was more careless in looking into his 
 Hccompts, nor more cheated by partners, apprentices, and 
 servants. . . . No man kept abetter house, nor spent his 
 money more generously. — Chap. 5. 
 
 (The subject of this Plistory is the 
 "Spanish Succession" in the reigns of 
 Louis XIV. and queen Anne.) 
 
 Mrs. Bull, queen Anne, "very apt to be 
 choleric." On hearing that Philip Baboon 
 (Philippe due d'Anjou) was to succeed to 
 lord Strutt's estates (i.e. the Spanish 
 throne), she said to John Bull : 
 
 "You sot, you loiter about ale-houses and taverns, spend 
 your time at billiards, ninepins, or puppet-shows, never 
 minding me nor my numerous family. Don't you hear 
 how lord Strutt [the king of Spain] has bespoke his 
 liveries at Lewis Baboon's shop [fYance}'! . . . Fie upon 
 it ! Up. man ! ... I'll sell my shift before I'll be so 
 used."— Chap. 4. 
 
 John Bull's Mother, the Church of 
 England. 
 
 John had a mother, whom he loved and honoured ex- 
 tremely; a discreet, grave, sober, good-conditioned, cleanly 
 old gentlewoman as ever lived. She was none of your 
 cross-grained, termagant, scolding jades . . . always 
 censuring your conduct ... on the contrary, she was of 
 a meek spirit . . . and put the best construction U| on 
 the words and actions of her neighbours. . . . She neither 
 wore a ruff, forehead clotli, nor high-crowned hat. . . . 
 She scorned to patch and paint, yet she loved cleanliness. 
 . . . She was no less genteel in her behaviour ... in the 
 due mean between one of your affected curtsying pieces of 
 formality, and your ill-mannered creatures which have no 
 regard to the common rules of civility. — Pt. u. 1. 
 
 John Bull's Sister Peg, the Scotch, in 
 love with Jack (Calvin). 
 
 John had a sister, a poor girl that bad been reared . . . 
 on oatmeal and water . . . and lodged in a garret exposed 
 to the north wind. . . . However, this usage . . . gave 
 her a hardy constitution. . . . Peg had, indeed, some udd 
 humours and comical antipathies, ... she would faint at 
 Uie sound of an organ, and yet dancv and frisk at the 
 n< use of a bagpipe.— Br. Arbuthnot, Htilory of John 
 Bull, u. 2 (1712). 
 
 Bulls, ludicrous blunders. 
 
 That such a poem should be toothless and affirm to be 
 a bull.— Milton, Apology for Hmectymnuus (1642). 
 
 Bull-dog, rough iron. 
 
 A man was putting some bull-dog into the rolls, when 
 his spade caught between the rolls. — timet. 
 
BULL-DOGS. 
 
 142 
 
 BUNDALINDA. 
 
 Bull-dogs, the two servants of a 
 university proctor, who follow him in his 
 rounds to assist, him in apprehending 
 students who are violating the university 
 statutes, such as appearing in the streets 
 after dinner without cap and gown, etc. 
 
 Bullamy, porter of the "Anglo- 
 Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life 
 Insurance Company." An imposing 
 personage, whose dignity resided chiefly 
 in the great expanse of his red waistcoat. 
 Kespectability and well-to-doedness were 
 expressed in that garment. — C. Dickens, 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Bullcalf (Peter), of the Green, who 
 was pricked for a recruit in the army of 
 sir John Falstaff. He promised Bardolph 
 "four Harry ten-shillings in French 
 crowns" if he would stand his friend, 
 and when sir John was informed thereof, 
 he said to Bullcalf, " I will none of you." 
 Justice Shallow remonstrated, but Falstaff 
 exclaimed, "Will you tell me, Master 
 Shallow, how to choose a man ? Care I 
 for the limb, the thews, the stature? . . . 
 Give me the spirit, Master Shallow." — 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2 
 (1598). 
 
 Bullet-head (The Great), George 
 Cadoudal, leader of the Chouang (1769- 
 1804). 
 
 Bull'segg {Mr.), laird of Killan- 
 cureit, a friend of the baron of Bradwar- 
 dine. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Buhner (Valentine), titular earl of 
 Etherington, married to Clara Mowbray. 
 
 Mrs. Ann Bulmer, mother of Valen- 
 tine, married to the earl of Etherington 
 during the life-time of his countess ; 
 hence his wife in bigamy. — Sir W. Scott, 
 St. Eonan's Well (time, "George III.). 
 
 Bum'ble, beadle of the workhouse 
 where Oliver Twist was born and brought 
 up. A stout, consequential, hard- 
 hearted, fussy official, with mighty ideas 
 of his own importance. This character 
 has given to the language the word 
 bumbledom, the officious arrogance and 
 bumptious conceit of a parish authority 
 or petty dignitary. After marriage, the 
 high and mighty beadle was sadly hen- 
 pecked and reduced to a Jerrv Sneak. — 
 C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Bumbledom, parish-dom, the pride 
 of parish dignity, the arrogance of parish 
 authority, the mig-htinesB of parish 
 
 officers. From Bumble, the beadle, in 
 Dickens's Oliver Twist (1887). 
 
 Bum'kinet, a shepherd. He pro- 
 poses to Grub'binol that they should 
 repair to a certain hut and sing " Gillian 
 of Croydon," "Patient Grissel," "Cast 
 away Care," " Over the Hills," and so on ; 
 but being told that Blouzelinda was dead, 
 he sings a dirge, and Grubbinol joins 
 him. 
 
 Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain, 
 Till bonny Susan sped across the plain ; 
 They seized the lass in apron clean arrayed, 
 And to the ale-house forced the willing maid ; 
 In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, 
 And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, v. (1714). 
 
 (An imitation of Virgil's Eel. v. 
 " Daphnis.") 
 
 Bumper (Sir Harry), a convivial 
 friend of Charles Surface. He sings the 
 popular song, beginning- 
 Here's to the maiden of bashful fifteen, 
 Here's to the widow of fifty, etc. 
 
 Sheridan, School for Scandal (1777). 
 
 Bunce (Jack), alias Frederick Alta- 
 mont, a ci-devant actor, one of the crew 
 of the pirate vessel. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Bunch (Mother), an alewife, men- 
 tioned by Dekker in his drama called 
 Satiromastix (1602). In 1G04 was pub- 
 lished PasquiVs Jests, mixed with Mother 
 Bunch's Merriments. 
 
 There are a series of "Fairy Tales" 
 called Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales. 
 
 Bunch (Mother), the supposed pos- 
 sessor of a "cabinet broken open" and 
 revealing " rare secrets of Art and 
 Nature," such as love-spells (1760). 
 
 Bun'cle, messenger to the earl of 
 Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Bun'cle (John), "a prodigious hand at 
 matrimony, divinity, a song, and a 
 peck." He married seven wives, and 
 lost all in the flower of their age. For 
 two or three days after the death of a 
 wife he was inconsolable, but soon became 
 resigned to his loss, which he repaired by 
 marrying again. — Thos. Amory, The Life, 
 etc., of John Buncle, Esq. 
 
 Bundalinda, the beau-ideal of ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 Transformed from a princess to a peasant, from beauty 
 to ugliness, from polish to rusticity, from light to dark- 
 ness, from an angel of light to an imp of hell, from 
 fragrance to ill-savour, from elegance to rudeness, from 
 Aurora in full brilliancy to Bundalinda in deep obscurity. 
 —Cervantes, Jion Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 
 
BUNDLE. 
 
 143 
 
 BURLEIGH. 
 
 Bundle, the gardener, father of 
 Wilelmi'na, and friend of Tom Tug the 
 waterman. He is a plain, honest man, 
 but greatly in awe of his wife, who nags 
 at him from morning till night. 
 
 Mrs. Bundle, a vulgar Mrs. Malaprop, 
 and a termagant. " Everything must he 
 her way or there's no getting any peace." 
 She greatly frequented the minor the- 
 atres, and acquired notions of sentimental 
 romance. She told Wilelmina, if she 
 refused to marry Robin : 
 
 " I'll disinherit you from any share in the blood of my 
 family, the Grograns, and you may creep through Life with 
 the dirty, pitiful, mean, paltry, low, ill-bred notions 
 which you nave gathered from [your father's) family, the 
 Bundles."— C. Dibdin, The Watermin (1774). 
 
 Bun'gay (Friar), one of the friars in 
 a comedy by Robert Green, entitled Friar 
 Bacon and Friar Bungay. Both the j 
 friars are conjurors, and the piece con- 
 cludes with one of their pupils bring 
 carried off to the infernal regions on the 
 back of one of friar Bacon's demons 
 (1591). 
 
 Bungen \_Bung-n\, the street in 
 Hamelin down which the pied piper 
 Bunting led the rats into the river Weser 
 and the children into a cave in the moun- 
 tain Koppenberg. No music of any kind 
 is permitted to be played in this street. 
 
 Bungey (Friar), personification of 
 the charlatan of science in the fifteenth 
 century. 
 
 *** In T/ie Last of the Barons, by lord 
 Lytton, friar Bungey is an historical 
 character, and is said to have "raised 
 mists and vapours," which befriended 
 Edward IV. at the battle of Barnet. 
 
 Buns'by (Captain John or Jack), 
 owner of the Cautious Clara. Captain 
 Cuttle considered him "a philosopher, 
 and quite an oracle." Captain Bunsby 
 had one "stationary and one revolving 
 eye," a very red face, and was extremely 
 taciturn. The captain was entrapped by 
 Mrs. McStinger (the termagant landlady 
 of his friend captain Cuttle) into marry- 
 ing her. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
 (1846). 
 
 Bunting, the pied piper of Ham'elin. 
 He was so called from his dress. 
 
 To blow the pipe his lips he wrinkled. 
 And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled . . ; 
 And ere three notes his pipe had uttered . . . 
 Out of the houses rats came tumbling — 
 Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats, 
 Brown rats, black rats, grey rats, tawny rats, . . . 
 And step by step they followed him dancing, 
 Till they came to the river Weser. 
 
 R. Browning. 
 
 Bur (John), the servant of Job Thorn - 
 
 berry, the brazier of Penzance. Brusqua 
 in his manners, but most devotedly 
 attached to his master, by whom he was 
 taken from the workhouse. John Bur 
 kept his master's "books" for twenty- 
 two years with the utmost fidelity. — G. 
 Colman, jun., John Bull (1805). 
 
 Bur'bon (i.e. Henri JV.' of France). 
 He is betrothed to Fordelis (France), 
 who has been enticed from him by Gran- 
 torto (rebellion). Being assailed on all 
 sides by a rabble rout, Fordelis is carried 
 off by "hellrake hounds." The rabble 
 batter Burbon's shield (protestantism), 
 and compel him to throw it away. Sir 
 Ar'tegal (right or justice) rescues the 
 "recreant knight" from the mob, but 
 blames him for his unknightly folly in 
 throwing away his shield (of faith). 
 Talus (the executive) beats off the hell- 
 hounds, gets possession of the lady, and 
 though she flouts Burbon, he catches her 
 up upon his steed and rides off with her. 
 — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 2 (1596). 
 
 Burchell (Mr.), alias sir William 
 Thornhill, about 39 years of age. 
 "When Dr. Primrose, the vicar of Wake- 
 field, loses £1400, Mr. Burchell presents 
 himself as a broken-down gentleman, 
 and the doctor offers him his purse. 
 He turned his back on the two flash ladies 
 who talked of their high-life doings, and 
 cried " Fudge ! " after all their boastings 
 and remarks. Mr. Burchell twice rescued 
 Sophia Primrose, and ultimately married 
 her. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield 
 (1765). 
 
 Burgundy (Charles the Bold, duke 
 of), introduced by sir W. Scott in Quentin 
 Durward and in Anne of Geierstein. The 
 latter novel contains the duke's defeat at 
 Nancy', and his death (time, Edward IT.). 
 
 Bu'ridan's Ass. A man of inde- 
 cision is so called from the hypothetical 
 ass of Buridan, the Greek sophist. Bu- 
 ridan maintained that "if an ass could 
 be placed between two hay-stacks in such 
 a way that its choice was evenlv balanced 
 between them, it would starve to death, 
 for there would be no motive why he 
 should choose the one and reject the 
 other." 
 
 Burleigh. (William Cecil, lord), lord 
 treasurer to queen Elizabeth (1520-1598), 
 introduced by sir W. Scott in his his- 
 torical novel called Kenilworth (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 He is <ne of the principal characters 
 
BURLEIGH. 
 
 144 
 
 BUSQUEUE. 
 
 in The Earl of Essex, a tragedy by Henrv 
 Jones (1745). 
 
 Burleigh (Lord), a parliamentary leader, 
 in The Legend of Montrose, a novel by sir 
 W. Scott (time, Charles I.). 
 
 A lord Burleigh shake of the head, a 
 great deal meant by a look or movement, 
 though little or nothing is said. Puff, 
 in his tragedy of the " Spanish Armada," 
 introduces lord Burleigh, "who has the 
 affairs of the whole nation in his head, 
 and has no time to talk ; " but his lord- 
 ship comes on the stage and shakes his 
 head, by which he means far more than 
 words could utter. Puff says : 
 
 Why, by that shake of the head he gave you to 
 understand that even though they had more justice in 
 their cause and wisdom in their measures, yet, if there 
 was not a greater spirit shown on the part of the people, 
 the country would at last fall a sacrifice to the hostile 
 ambition of the Spanish monarchy. 
 
 Sneer. Did he mean all that by shaking his head? 
 
 Puff. Every word of it. — Sheridan, The Critic, ii. 1 
 (1779). 
 
 The original " lord Burleigh " was Irish Moody [1728- 
 1813].— Cornhill Magazine (1S67). 
 
 Burlesque Poetry [Father of), 
 Hippo'nax of Ephesus (sixth century 
 
 B.C.). 
 
 Burlong, a giant, whose legs sir 
 Try'amour cut off. — Romance of Sir Try- 
 amour. 
 
 Burn Daylight (We), we waste 
 time (in talk instead of action). — Shake- 
 speare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. 
 sc. 1 (1601). 
 
 Burnt) ill, Henry de Londres, arch- 
 bishop of Dublin and lord justice of 
 Ireland, in the reign of Henry III. It 
 is said that he fraudulently burnt all the 
 "bills" or instruments by which the 
 tenants of the archbishopric held their 
 estates. 
 
 Burning Crown. Regicides were 
 at one time punished by having a crown 
 of red-hot iron placed on their head. 
 
 He was adjudged 
 To have his head seared with a burning crown. 
 Author unknown, Tragedy of Hoffman (1631). 
 
 Burns of France {The), Jasmin, 
 a barber of Gascony. Louis Philippe 
 presented to him a gold watch and chain, 
 and the duke of Orleans an emerald ring. 
 
 Bur'ris, an honest lord, favourite of 
 the great-duke of Moscovia. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 
 
 Busby (A), a low conical bearskin 
 hat worn by certain British volunteers. 
 
 Busby Wig (^4), a punning syno- 
 nym of a "buzzwig," the joke being a 
 
 reference to Dr. Busby of Westminster 
 School, who never wore a wig, but only 
 a skull-cap. 
 
 Business To-morrow is what 
 Archias, one of the Spartan polemarchs 
 in Athens, said, when a letter was handed 
 to him respecting the insurrection of 
 Pelopldas. He was at a banquet at the 
 time, and thrust the letter under his 
 cushion ; but Pelopidas, with his 400 
 insurgents, rushed into the room during 
 the feast, and slew both Archias and the 
 rest of the Spartan officers. 
 
 Bu'sirane (3 syl.), an enchanter who 
 bound Am'oret by the waist to a brazen 
 pillar, and, piercing her with a dart, 
 wrote magic characters with the dropping 
 blood, "all for to make her love him." 
 When Brit'omart approached, the en- 
 chanter started up, and, running to 
 Amoret, was about to plunge a knife 
 into her heart ; but Britomart intercepted 
 the blow, overpowered the enchanter, 
 compelled him to "reverse his charms," 
 and then bound him fast with his own 
 chain. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 11, 
 12 (1590). 
 
 Busi'ris, king of Egypt, was told by 
 a foreigner that the long drought of nine 
 years would cease when the gods of the 
 country were mollified by human sacri- 
 fice. "So be it," said the king, and 
 ordered the man himself to be offered 
 as the victim. — Herod, ii. 59-61. 
 
 'Tis said that Egypt for nine years was dry ; 
 
 Nor Nile did floods nor heaven did rain supply. 
 
 A foreigner at length informed the king 
 
 That slaughtered guests would kindly moisture bring. 
 
 The king replied, " On thee the lot shall fall ; 
 
 Be thou, my guest, the sacrifice for all. " 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, I. 
 
 Busi'ris, supposed by Milton to be the 
 Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. 
 
 Hath vexed the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew 
 Busiris and his Memphian chivalry. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 306 (1GG5). 
 
 Bus'ne (2 syl.). So the gipsies call 
 all who do not belong to their race. 
 
 The gold of the Busnfi ; give me her gold. 
 
 Longfellow, The Spanish Student. 
 
 Busqueue (Lo?'d), plaintiff in the 
 great Pantagruelian lawsuit known as 
 "lord Busqueue v. lord Suckfist," in 
 which the parties concerned pleaded for 
 themselves. Lord Busqueue stated his 
 grievance and spoke so learnedly and at 
 such length that no one understood one 
 word about the matter ; then lord Suckfist 
 replied, and the bench declared " We 
 I have not understood one iota of the 
 I defence." Pantag'ruel, however, gave 
 
BUSY BODY. 
 
 145 
 
 BYRON AND MARY. 
 
 judgment, and as both plaintiff and 
 defendant considered he had got the 
 verdict, both were full}* satisfied, "a 
 thing without parallel in all the annals of 
 the court." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
 (1533). 
 
 Busy Body {The), a comedy by Mrs. 
 Centlivre (1709). Sir Francis Gripe 
 (guardian of Miranda an heiress, and 
 father of Charles), a man G5 years old, 
 wishes to marry his ward for the sake 
 of her money, but Miranda loves and is 
 beloved by sir George Airy, a man of 
 24. She pretends to love "Gardy," and 
 dupes him into yielding up her money 
 and giving his consent to her marriage 
 with "the man of her choice," believ- 
 ing himself to be the person. Charles 
 is in love with Isabinda, daughter of sir 
 Jealous Traffick, who has made up his 
 mind that she shall marry a Spaniard 
 named don Diego Babinetto, expected to 
 arrive forthwith. Charles dresses in a 
 Spanish costume, passes himself off as 
 the expected don, and is married to the 
 lady of his choice ; so both the old men 
 are duped, and all the young people wed 
 according to their wishes. 
 
 But are Ye sure the News is 
 True ? This exquisite lyric is generally 
 ascribed to William Mickle, but Sarah 
 Tyler, in Good Woods, March, 1869, 
 ascribes it to Jean Adam of Crawfurd's 
 Dyke. She says, "Colin and Jean" are 
 Colin and Jean Campbell of Crawfurd's 
 Dyke — the Jean being the poetess and 
 writer of the poem. 
 
 Butcher (The), Achmet pasha, who 
 struck off the heads of seven of his wives 
 at once. He defended Acre against Napo- 
 leon I. 
 
 John ninth lord Clifford, called "The 
 Black Clifford" (died 1461). 
 
 Oliver de Clisson, constable of France 
 (1320-1407). 
 
 Butcher (The Bloody), tbe duke of 
 Cumberland, second son of George II. ; so 
 called for his great barbarities in sup- 
 pressing the rebellion of Charles Edward, 
 the young pretender (1726-1765). 
 
 Butcher of England, John Tiptoft, 
 earl of Worcester, a man of great learning 
 and a patron of learning (died 1470). 
 
 On one occasion in the reign of Edward IV. he ordered 
 C'.apham (a squire to lord Warwick) and nineteen ethers, 
 all gentlemen, to be impaled. — Stow, Warkworth Chro- 
 nicle (" Cont. Croyl."). 
 
 Yet so barbarous was the age, that this same learned man 
 Impaled forty Lancastrian prisoners at Southampton, put 
 to death the infant children of the Irish chief Desmond, 
 and acquired the nickname of " The Butcher of England." 
 —Old and Jfete London, ii. 21. 
 
 Butler (The Rev. Mr.), military 
 chaplain at Madras. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Butler (Reuben), a presbyterian min- 
 ister, married to Jeanie Deans. 
 
 Benjamin Butler, father of Reuben. 
 
 Stephen Butler, generally called " Bible 
 Butler," grandfather of Reuben and 
 father of Benjamin. 
 
 Widow Judith Butler, Reuben's grand- 
 mother and Stephen's wife. 
 
 Eupliemia or Femie Butler, Reuben's 
 daughter. 
 
 David and Reuhcn Butler, Reuben's sons. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Buttercup (John), a milkman. — W. 
 Brough, A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 
 
 Buxo'ma, a shepherdess with whom 
 Cuddy was in love. 
 
 My brown Buxoma is the featest maid 
 That e'er at wake delightsome gambol played . . . 
 And neither lamb, nor kid, nor calf, nor Tray, 
 Dance like Buxoma on the first of May. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 
 
 Bus'fuz (Serjeant), the pleader re- 
 tained by Dodson and. Fogg for the 
 plaintiff in the celebrated case of ' ' Bar- 
 dell v. Pickwick." Serjeant Buzfuz is a 
 driving, chaffing, masculine bar orator, 
 who proved that Mr. Pickwick's note 
 about "chops and tomato sauce" was a 
 declaration of love ; and that his reminder 
 "not to forget the warming-pan" was 
 only a flimsy cover to express the ardour 
 of his affection. Of course the defendant 
 was found guilty by the enlightened jury. 
 (His junior was Skimpin.) — C. Dickens, 
 The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Buz'zard (The), in The Hind and the 
 Panther, by Dryden (pt. iii.), is meant 
 for Dr. Gilbert Burnet, whose figure was 
 lusty (1643-1715). 
 
 Bycorn, a fat cow, so fat that its sides 
 were nigh to bursting, but this is no 
 wonder, for its food was "good and 
 enduring husbands," of which there is 
 good store. (See Chichi-Vaciie.) 
 
 Byron (The Polish), Adam Mickie- 
 wicz (1798-1855). 
 
 Byron (The Russian), Alexander Ser- 
 geivitch Puschkin (1799-1837). 
 
 Byron (Miss Harriet), a beautiful and 
 accomplished woman of high rank, de- 
 votedly attached to sir Charles Grandison, 
 whom ultimately she marries. — Richard- 
 son, Sir Charles Grandison (1753). 
 
 Byron and Mary. Tin. ' ' Mary *' of 
 
BYRON AND TERESA GUICCIOLI. 146 
 
 CADWALLON. 
 
 Byron's song is Miss Chaworth. Both 
 Miss Chaworth and lord Byron were 
 wards of Mr. White. Miss' Chaworth 
 married John Musters, and lord Byron 
 married Miss Milhanke of Durham; 
 both equally unhappy. 
 
 I hare a passion for the name of " Mary," 
 For once it was a magic name to me. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, v. 4 (1820). 
 
 Byron and Teresa G-uiecioli. 
 
 This lady was the wife of count Guiccioli, 
 an old man, but very rich. Moore says 
 that Byron " never loved but once, till he 
 loved Teresa." 
 
 Byron and the Edinburgh. Re- 
 view. It was Jeffrey and not Brougham 
 who wrote the article which provoked the 
 poet's reply. 
 
 C (in Notes and Queries), the Right 
 Hon. John Wilson Croker. 
 
 Caa'ba (Al), the shrine of Mecca, 
 said by the Arabs to be built by Abra- 
 ham on the exact spot of the tabernacle 
 let down from heaven at the prayer of 
 repentant Adam. Adam had been a 
 wanderer for 200 years, and here received 
 pardon. 
 
 The black stone, according to one tra- 
 dition, was once Avhite, but was turned 
 black by the kisses of sinners. It is "a 
 petrified angel." 
 
 According to another tradition, this 
 stone was given to Ishmael by the angel 
 Gabriel, and Abraham assisted his son to 
 insert it in the wall of the shrine. 
 
 Cabal, an anagram of a ministry 
 formed by Charles II. in 1670, and con- 
 sisting of Clifford], A[shley], Buck- 
 ingham], Arlington], L [auderdale] . 
 
 Caeafo'go, a rich, drunken usurer, 
 stumpy and fat, choleric, a coAvard, and 
 a bully. He fancies money will buy 
 everything and every one.— Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a 
 Wife (1640). 
 
 Cacur'gus, the fool or domestic 
 jester of Misog'onus. Cacurgus is a 
 rustic simpleton and cunning mischief- 
 maker. — Thomas Rychardes, 31isogonus 
 (the third English comedy, 1560). 
 
 Ca'cus, a giant who lived in a cave 
 
 on mount Av'entino (3 syl.). When 
 Hercules came to Italy with the oxen 
 which he had taken from Ger'yon of 
 Spain, Cacus stole part of the herd, but 
 dragged the animals by their tails into 
 his cave, that it might be supposed they 
 had come out of it. 
 
 If he falls into slips, it is eqoally clear they were intro- 
 duced by him on purpose to confuse, like Cacus, the 
 traces of his retreat. — Encyc. Brit. Art. " Romance." 
 
 Cad, a low-born, vulgar fellow. A 
 cadie in Scotland was a carrier of a 
 
 sedan-chair. 
 
 All Edinburgh men and boys know that when sedan- 
 chairs were discontinued, the old cadies sank into 
 riinous poverty, and became synonymous with roughs. 
 The word was brought to London by James Hannay, who 
 frequently used it. — M. Pringle. 
 
 *** M. Pringle assures us that the 
 word came from Turkey. ^ 
 
 Cade'mis (3 syl.), dean Swift. The 
 word is simply de-cd-nus ("a dean"), 
 with the first two syllables transposed 
 (ca-de-nus). "Vanessa" is Miss Esther 
 Vanhomrigh, a young lady who fell in 
 love with Swift, and proposed marriage. 
 The dean's reply is given in the poem 
 entitled Cadenus and Vanessa [i.e. Van- 
 Esther], 
 
 Cadu ceus, the wand of Mercury. 
 The " post of Mercury " meana the office 
 of a pimp, and to " bear the caduceus " 
 means to exercise the functions of a 
 pimp. 
 
 I did not think the post of Mercury-in-chief quite so 
 honourable as it was called . . . and I resolved to aban- 
 don the Caduceus for ever. — Lesage, Gil Bias, xii. 3, 4 
 (1715). 
 
 Cadur'ei, the people of Aquita'nia. 
 
 Cad'wal. Arvir'agus, son of Cym'- 
 beline, was so called while he lived in 
 the woods with Bela'rius, who called 
 himself Morgan, and whom Cadwal sup- 
 posed to be his father. — Shakespeare, 
 Cymbeline (1605). 
 
 Cadwallader, called by Bede (l 
 siyl.) Elidwalda, son of Cadwalla king 
 of Wales. Being compelled by pesti- 
 lence and famine to leave Britain, he 
 went to Armorica. After the plague 
 ceased he went to Rome, where, in 689, 
 he was baptized, and received the name 
 of Peter, but died very soon afterwards. 
 
 Cadwallader that drave [sailed] to the Armoric shore. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612)b 
 
 Cadwallader, the misanthrope in Smol- 
 lett's Peregrine Pickle (1751). 
 
 CadwalTon, son of the blinded 
 Cyne'tha. Both father and son accom- 
 panied prince Madoc to North America 
 
CADWALLOET. 
 
 14; 
 
 CESAR. 
 
 -Southev, Madoc 
 
 in the twelfth centurv.- 
 (1805). 
 
 Cadwal'lon, the favourite bard of 
 prince Gwenwyn. He entered the ser- 
 vice of sir Hugo de Lacy, disguised, under 
 the assumed name of Renault Vidal. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
 Henry II.). 
 
 Cae'cias, the north-west wind. Ar- 
 gestes is the north-east, and Bo'reas the 
 full north. 
 
 Boreas and Csecias and Argestes loud 
 . . rend the woods, and seas upturn. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 699, etc. (1665). 
 
 Cselesti'na, the bride of sir Walter 
 Terill. The king commanded sir Walter 
 to bring his bride to court on the night 
 of her marriage. Her father, to save 
 her honour, gave her a mixture supposed 
 to be poison, but in reality it was only a 
 sleeping draught. In due time the bride 
 recovered, to the amusement of the king 
 and delight of her husband. — Th. Dekker, 
 Satiro-mastix (1G02). 
 
 Cae'netis [«Se\nMce] was born of the 
 female sex, and was originally called 
 Caenis. Vain of her beauty, she rejected 
 all lovers, but was one day surprised by 
 Neptune, who offered her violence, 
 changed her sex, converted her name to 
 Ceneus, and gave her (or rather him) the 
 gift of being invulnerable. In the wars 
 of the Lap'ithae, Ceneus offended Jupiter, 
 and was overwhelmed under a pile of 
 wood, but came forth converted into a 
 yellow bird. iEneas found Ceneus in the 
 infernal regions restored to the feminine 
 sex. The order is inverted by sir John 
 Davies : 
 
 And how was Cseneus made at first a man, 
 And then a woman, then a man again. 
 
 Orchestra, etc. (1615). 
 
 Caesar, said to be a Punic word 
 meaning "an elephant," "Quod avus 
 ejus in Africa manu propria occidit 
 elepharitem " (Plin. Hist. viii. 7). There 
 are old coins stamped on the one side 
 with DIVUS JULIUS, the reverse hav- 
 ing S.P.Q.K. with an elephant, in allu- 
 sion to the African original. 
 
 In Targum Jonathanis Cesira extat, notione affine, pro 
 scuto vel clypeo ; et fortasse inde est quod, tunica lingua, 
 elephas "Ca3sar" dicebatur, quasi tutaiuen et presidium 
 legionum. — Casaubon, Animadv. in Trauqaill, i. 
 
 Ccesar (Caius Julius). 
 
 Somewhere I've read, but where I forget, he could dic- 
 tate 
 Seven letters at once, at the same time writing his 
 
 Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village 
 Than be second in Home, and I think he was right when 
 tie said it. 
 
 Twice was he married before he was 20, and many timet 
 after ; 
 
 Battles 500 lie fought, and a thousand dtie3 he con- 
 quered ; 
 
 But was finally stabbed by his friend the orator Bmtug. 
 Longfellow, Courtship of Stiles Standish, iL 
 
 (Longfellow refers to Pliny, vii. 25, 
 where he says that Caesar " could employ, 
 at one and the same time, his ears to 
 listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, 
 and his tongue to dictate." He is said 
 to have conquered 300 nations ; to have 
 taken 800 cities, to have slain in battle a 
 million men, and to have defeated three 
 millions. See below, Ccesar' s Wars.) 
 
 Ccesar and his Fortune. Plutarch says 
 that Caesar told the captain of the vessel 
 in which he sailed that no harm could 
 come to his ship, for that he had " Caesar 
 and his fortune with him." 
 
 Now am I like that proud insulting ship, 
 Which Csesar and his fortune bare at once. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 
 
 Ccesar saves his Commentaries. Once, 
 when Julius Caesar was in danger of 
 being upset into the sea by the overload- 
 ing of a boat, he swam to the nearest 
 ship, with his book of Commentaries in 
 his hand. — Suetonius. 
 
 Cazsar's Wars. The carnage occa- 
 sioned by the wars of Caesar is usually 
 estimated at a million fighting men. He 
 won 320 triumphs, and fought 500 bat- 
 tles. See above, G^sar ( Caius Julius). 
 
 What millions died that Csesar might be great ! 
 
 Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope, li. (1799). 
 
 Ccesar' s Famous Despatch, " Veni, vidi, 
 vici," written to the senate to announce 
 his overthrow of Pharnaces king of 
 Pontus. This "hop, skip, and a jump" 
 was, however, the work of three days. 
 
 Ccesar's Death. Both Chaucer and 
 Shakespeare say that Julius Caesar was 
 killed in the capitol. Thus Polonius says 
 to Hamlet, "I did enact Julius Csesar; 
 I was killed i' the capitol" (Hamlet, act 
 iiL sc. 2). And Chaucer says : 
 
 This Julius to the capitoIS wente . . . 
 And in the capitole anon him hente 
 This false Brutus, ami his other soon, 
 And sticked him with bodSkins anon. 
 Canterbury Tales (" The Monk's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Plutarch expressly tells us he was 
 killed in Pompey's Porch or Piazza ; and 
 in Julius Caesar Shakespeare says he fell 
 "e'en at the base of Pompey's statue" 
 (act iii. sc. 2). 
 
 Ccesar, the Mephistnph'eles of Byron's 
 unfinished drama called The Deformed 
 Transformed. This Caesar changes Ar- 
 nold (the hunchback) into the form of 
 Achilles, and assumes himself the de- 
 formity and ugliness which Arnold idiots 
 
(LESAR. 
 
 148 
 
 CAIN AND ABEL. 
 
 off. The drama being incomplete, all 
 that can be said is that " Caesar," in 
 cynicism, effrontery, and snarling bitter- 
 ness of spirit, is the exact counterpart of 
 his prototype, Mephistopheles (1821). 
 
 Cmsar (Don), an old man of 63, the 
 father of Olivia. In order to induce his 
 daughter to marry, he makes love to 
 Marcella, a girl of 16.— Mrs. Cowley, A 
 Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). 
 
 Cae'sarism, the absolute rule of man 
 over man, with the recognition of no law 
 divine or human beyond that of the ruler's 
 will. Caesar must be summits pontifex 
 as well as imperdtor. — Dr. Manning, On 
 Cwsarism (1878). (See Chauvinism.) 
 
 Cael, a Highlander of the western 
 coast of Scotland. These Cael had 
 colonized, in very remote times, the 
 northern parts of Ireland, as the Fir-bolg 
 or Belgae of Britain had colonized the 
 southern parts. The two colonies had 
 each a separate king. When Crothar whs 
 king of the Fir-bolg (or "lord of Atha "), 
 he carried off Conla'ma, daughter of the 
 king of Ulster (i.e. "chief of the Cael"), 
 and a general war ensued between the 
 two races. The Cael, being reduced to the 
 last extremity, sent to Trathal (Fingal's 
 grandfather) for help, and Trathal sent 
 over Con'ar, who was chosen " king of 
 the Cael " immediately he landed in 
 Ulster; and having reduced the Fir-bolg to 
 submission, he assumed the title of " king 
 of Ireland." The Fir-bolg, though con- 
 quered, often rose in rebellion, and made 
 many efforts to expel the race of Conar, 
 but never succeeded in so doing. — Ossian. 
 
 Caer Ery'ri, Snowdon. (Eryri means 
 "an eyrie" or "eagle's nest.") 
 
 . . . once the wondering forester at dawn . . . 
 On Caer Eryri's highest found the king. 
 
 Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette. 
 
 Caer Gwent, Venta, that is, Gwent- 
 ceaster, Wintan-ceaster (or Winchester). 
 The word Gwent is Celtic, and means " a 
 fair open region." 
 
 Caer'leon or Caerle'on, on the Usk, 
 in Wales, the chief royal residence of 
 king Arthur. It was here that he kept at 
 Pentecost "his Round Table" in great 
 splendour. Occasionally these " courts " 
 were held at Camelot. 
 
 Where, as at Caer'leon oft. lie kept the Table Round. 
 Most faniouj for the sporu. at Pentecost. 
 
 Drayton. Polyolbion, iii. (1612). 
 For Arthur on the Whitsuntide before 
 Held court at old Caerle'on-upon-Usk. 
 
 Tennyson, Enid. 
 
 Caerleon (The Battle of), one of the 
 twelve great victories of prince .Arthur 
 
 over the Saxons. This battle was not 
 fought, as Tennyson says, at Caerleon- 
 upon-Usk, in the South of Wales, but at 
 Caerleon, now called Carlisle. 
 
 Cages for Men. Alexander the 
 Great had the philosopher Callisthenes 
 chained for seven months in an iron cage, 
 for refusing to pay him divine honours. 
 
 Catherine II. of Russia kept her perru- 
 quier for more than three years in an iron 
 cage in her bed-chamber, to prevent his 
 telling people that she wore a wig. — Mons. 
 de Masson, Me'moires Secrets sur la Russie. 
 
 Edward I. confined the countess of 
 Buchan in an iron cage, for placing 
 the crown of Scotland on the head of 
 Bruce. This cage Avas erected on one 
 of the towers of Berwick Castle, where 
 the countess was exposed to the rigour of 
 the elements and the gaze of passers-by. 
 One of the sisters of Bruce was similarly 
 dealt with. 
 
 Louis XI. confined cardinal Balue 
 (grand-almoner of France) for ten years in 
 an iron cage in. the castle of Lochcs[Zos/».]. 
 
 Tamerlane enclosed the sultan Bajazet 
 in an iron cage, and made of him a public 
 show. So says D'Herbelot. 
 
 An iron cage was made by Timour's command, com- 
 posed on every side of iron gratings, through which the 
 captive sultan [Bujnzet] could be seen in any d rection. 
 He travelled in this den slung between two horses.— Leun- 
 clavius. 
 
 Caglios'tro (Count de), the assumed 
 name of Joseph Balsamo (1743-1795). 
 
 Ca ira, one of the most popular 
 revolutionary songs, composed for the Fete 
 de la Fe'deration, in 1789, to the tune of 
 Le Carillon National. Marie Antoinette 
 was for ever strumming this air on her 
 harpsichord. " Ca ira" was the rallying 
 cry borrowed by the Federalists from Dr. 
 Franklin, who used to say, in reference to 
 the American Revolution, Ah I ah 1 ca 
 ira ! ca ira ! (" It will speed "). 
 
 Twos all the same to him— God save the King, 
 Or Ca ira. 
 
 Byron. Don Juan, iii. 84 (1820)i 
 
 Cain and Abel are called in the 
 Koran " Kabil and Habil." The tradition 
 is that Cain was commanded to marry 
 Abel's sister, and Abel to marry Cain's, 
 but Cain demurred because his own sister 
 was the more beautiful, and so the matter 
 was referred to God, and God answered 
 " No " by rejecting Cain's sacrifice. 
 
 The Mohammedans also say that Cain 
 carried about with him the dead body of 
 Abel, till he saw a raven scratch a hole in 
 the ground to bury a dead bird. The 
 hint was taken, and Abel was buried 
 under ground. — Sale's Koran, v. notes. 
 
CAIN-COLOURED BEARD. 
 
 149 
 
 CALDERON. 
 
 Cain- coloured Beard, Cain and 
 Judas in old tapestries and paintings are 
 always represented with yellow beards. 
 
 He hath a little wee face, with a little yellow beard ; a 
 Cain-coloured beard. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
 Windsor, act i. sc. 4 (1601). 
 
 Cain's Hill. Maundrcl tells us that 
 " some four miles from Damascus is a 
 high hill, reported to be the same on which 
 Cain slew his brother Abel." — Travels, 
 131. 
 
 In that place where Damascus was founded, Kayn 
 sloughe Abel his brother.— Sir John Maundeville, Travels, 
 148. 
 
 Caina [Ka.i'.nah'], the place to which 
 murderers are doomed. 
 
 Caina waits 
 The soul who spills man's life. 
 
 Dai-te, Hell, v. (1300). 
 
 Cair'bar, son of Borbar-Duthul, "lord 
 of Atha" (Connaught), the most potent 
 of the race of the Fir-bolg. He rose in 
 rebellion against Cormac " king of Ire- 
 land," murdered him (Tcmora, i.), and 
 usurped the throne ; but Fingal (who was 
 distantly related to Cormac) went to Ire- 
 land with an army, to restore the ancient 
 dynasty. Cairbar invited Oscar (Fingal's 
 grandson) to a feast, and Oscar accepted 
 the invitation, but Cairbar having pro- 
 voked a quarrel with his guest, the two 
 •fought, and both were slain. 
 
 " Thy heart is a rock. Thy thoughts are dark and bloody. 
 Thou art the brother of Cathmor . . . but my soul is not 
 like thine, thou feeble hand in fight. The light of my 
 bosom is stained by thy deeds." — Oasian, Temora, i. 
 
 Cair'bre (2 syl.), sometimes called 
 " Cair'bar," third king of Ireland, of the 
 Caledonian line. (There was also a Cair- 
 bar, "lord of Atha," a Fir-bolg, quite a 
 different person.) 
 
 The Caledonian line ran thus: (1) 
 Conar, first " king of Ireland ;" (2) Cor- 
 mac I., his son ; (3) Cairbre, his son ; (4) 
 Artho, his son ; (5) Cormac II., his son ; 
 (6) Ferad-Artho, his cousin. — Ossian. 
 
 Cai'us (2 syl.), the assumed name of 
 the earl of Kent when he attended on 
 king Lear, after Goneril and Re'gan re- 
 fused to entertain their aged father with 
 his suite. — Shakespeare, King Lear (1605). 
 
 Cai'us {Dr.), a French physician, 
 whose servants are Rugby and Mrs. 
 Quickly. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
 Windsor (1G01). 
 
 The clipped English of Dr. Caius. — Macaulay. 
 
 Cai'us College (Cambridge), origin- 
 ally Gonville Hall. In 1557 it was 
 erei ted into a college by Dr. John Key, of 
 
 Norwich, and called after him Caius ot 
 Key's College. 
 
 Cakes (Land of). Scotland, famous 
 for its oatmeal cakes. 
 
 Calandri'no, a character in the De- 
 cameron, whose "misfortunes have made 
 all Europe merry for four centuries." 
 — Boccaccio, Decameron, viii. 9 (1350). 
 
 Calan'tha, princess of Sparta, loved 
 by Ith'ocles. Ithocles induces his sister, 
 Penthe'a, to break the matter to the prin- 
 cess. This she does ; the princess is won 
 to requite his love, and the king consents 
 to the union. During a grand court cere- 
 mony Calantha is informed of the sudden 
 death of her father, another announces to 
 her that Penthea had starved herself to 
 death from hatred to Bass'anes, and a 
 third follows to tell her that Ithocles, her 
 betrothed husband, has been murdered. 
 Calantha bates no jot of the ceremony, 
 but continues the dance even to the bitter 
 end. The coronation ensues, but scarcely 
 is the ceremony over than she can sup- 
 port the strain no longer, and, broken- 
 hearted, she falls dead. — John Ford, The 
 Broken Heart (1633). 
 
 Calan'the (3 syl.), the betrothed wife 
 of Pyth'ias the Syracusian. — J. Banim, 
 
 Damon and Pythias (1825). 
 
 Cala'ya, the third paradise of the 
 Hindus. 
 
 Calculator {The). Alfragan the 
 Arabian astronomer was so called (died 
 A.D. 820). Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, 
 in Derbyshire, Avas also called "The Cal- 
 culator" (1705-1775). George Bidder, 
 Zerah Colburn, and a girl named Hey- 
 wood (whose father was a Mile End 
 weaver), all exhibited their calculating 
 powers in public. 
 
 Pascal, in 1642, made a calculating 
 machine, which was improved by Leibnitz. 
 C. Babbage also invented a calculating 
 machine (1790-1871). 
 
 Caleut'ta is Kali-cuttah ("temple of 
 the goddess Kali "). 
 
 Cal'deron (Don Pedro), a Spanish 
 poet born at Madrid (1600-1681). At 
 the age of 52 he became an ecclesiastic, 
 and composed religious poetry only. Al- 
 together he wrote about 1000 dramatic 
 pieces. 
 
 Her memory was a mine. She knew by heart 
 Ali Cal'deron and greater part of Lope. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 11 (1819). 
 
 *** " Lope " that is Lope de Vega, the 
 Spanish poet (1562-1635). 
 
CALEB. 
 
 150 
 
 OALEPINE. 
 
 Caleb, the enchantress who carried off 
 St. George in infancy. 
 
 Ca'leb, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, is meant for lord Grey of 
 Wark, in Northumberland, an adherent of 
 the duke of Monmouth. 
 
 And, therefore, in the name of dulness be 
 The well-hung Balaam and cold Caleb free. 
 
 Part i. 
 
 *** " Balaam " is the earl of Hunting- 
 don. 
 
 Ca'led, commander-in-chief of the 
 Arabs in the siege of Damascus. He is 
 brave, fierce, and revengeful. War is his 
 delight. When Pho'cyas, the Syrian, 
 deserts Eu'menes, Caled asks him to 
 point out the governor's tent; he refuses*, 
 they fight, and Caled falls. — John Hughes, 
 Siege of Damascus (1720). 
 
 Caledo'nia, Scotland. Also called 
 Cal'edon. 
 
 O Caledonia, stern and wild. 
 Meet nurse for a poetic child ! 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 Not thus in ancient da>s of Caledon 
 Was thy voice mute amid the lestal crowd. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Caledo'nians, Gauls from France 
 who colonized south Britain, whence they 
 journeyed to Inverness and Ross. The 
 word is compounded of two Celtic words, 
 Cael ("Gaul" or "Celt"), and don or 
 dun ("a hill"), so that Cael-don means 
 " Celts of the highlands." 
 
 The Highlanders to this day call themselves " Cael," and 
 their language " Caelic" or "Gaelic" and their country 
 " Caeldock," which the Romans softened into Caledonia. — 
 Dissertation on the Foems of Ossian. 
 
 Calenders, a class of Mohammedans 
 who abandoned father and mother, wife 
 and children, relations and possessions, 
 to wander through the world as religious 
 devotees, living on the bounty of those 
 whom they made their dupes. — D'Herbe- 
 lot, Supplement, 204. 
 
 He diverted himself with the multitude of calenders, 
 santou.s, and dervises, who had travelled from the heart 
 of India, and halted on their way with the emir. — W. 
 Beckford, Vathek (1786;. 
 
 The Three Calenders, three royal 
 princes, disguised as begging dervishes, 
 each of whom had lost his right eye. 
 Their adventures form three tales in the 
 Arabian Nights 1 Entertainments. 
 
 Tale of the First Calender. No names 
 are given. This calender was the son of 
 a king, and nephew of another king. 
 While on a visit to his uncle his father 
 died, and the vizier usurped the throne. 
 When the prince returned, he was seized, 
 fcnd the usurper pulled out his right eye. 
 
 The uncle died, and the usurping vizier 
 made himself master of this kingdom also. 
 So the hapless young prince assumed the 
 garb of a calender, wandered to Bagdad, 
 and being received into the house of " the 
 three sisters," told his tale in the hearing 
 of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid. — The 
 Arabian Nights. 
 
 Tale of the Second Calender. No names 
 given. This calender, like the first, was 
 the son of a king. On his way to India 
 he was attacked by robbers, and though 
 he contrived to escape, he lost all hid 
 effects. In his flight he came to a large 
 city, where he encountered a tailor, 
 who gave him food and lodging. In 
 order to earn a living, he turned woodman 
 for the nonce, and accidentally discovered 
 an under-ground palace, in which lived a 
 beautiful lady, confined there by an evil 
 genius. With a view of liberating her, 
 he kicked down the talisman, when the 
 genius appeared, killed the lady, and 
 turned the prince into an ape. As an ape he 
 was taken on board ship, and transported 
 to a large commercial city, where his pen- 
 manship recommended hiin to the sultan, 
 who made him his vizier. The sultan's 
 daughter undertook to disenchant him 
 and restore him to his proper form ; but 
 to accomplish this she had to fight with 
 the malignant genius. She succeeded in 
 killing the genius, and restoring the en- 
 chanted prince • but received such severe 
 injuries in the struggle that she died, and 
 a spark of fire which flew into the right 
 eye of the prince perished it. The sultan 
 was so heart-broken at the death of his 
 only child, that he insisted on the prince 
 quitting the kingdom without delay. So 
 he assumed the garb of a calender, and 
 being received into the hospitable house 
 of " the three sisters," told his tale in the 
 hearing of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid. 
 — The Ai^abian Nii/hts. 
 
 Tale of the Third Calender. This tale is 
 given on p. 12, under the word Agib. 
 
 "I am called Agib," he says, "andam the son of a king 
 whose name was Cassib." — Arabian Jfights. 
 
 Calepine (Sir), the knight attached 
 to Sere'na (canto 3). Seeing a bear 
 carrying off a child, he attacked it, and 
 squeezed it to death, then committed the 
 babe to the care of Matilde, wife of sir 
 Bruin. As Matilde had no child of her 
 own, she adopted it (canto 4). — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, vi. (1596). 
 
 %'* Upton says, "the child" in this 
 incident is meant for M'Mahon, of Ire- 
 land, and that "Mac Mahon" means the 
 " son' of a bear." He furthermore says 
 
CALES. 
 
 151 
 
 CALTSTA. 
 
 that the M'Mahons were descended from 
 the Fitz-Ursulas, a noble English family. 
 
 Ca'les (2 syl.). So gipsies call them- 
 selves. 
 
 Ecltraii Cruzado, count of the Cales. 
 
 Longfellow, The Spa7iish Student. 
 
 Calf-skin. Fools and jesters used to 
 wear a calf-skin coat buttoned down the 
 back, and hence Faulconbridge says inso- 
 lently to the arch-duke of Austria, who 
 had acted very basely towards Kichard 
 Lion-heart : 
 
 Thou wear a lion's hide! doff it for shame. 
 And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs. 
 
 Shakespeare, King John, act iii. sc. 1 (1596). 
 
 Cal'ianax, a humorous old lord, 
 father of Aspatia the troth-plight wife of 
 Amin'tor. it is the death of Aspatia 
 which gives name to the drama. — lieau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Maids Tragedy 
 (1610). 
 
 Cal'iban, a savage, deformed slave 
 of Prospero (the rightful duke of Milan 
 and father of Miranda). Caliban is the 
 " freckled whelp " of the witch Syc'orax. 
 Mrs. Shelley's " Frankenstein " is a sort 
 of Caliban. — Shakespeare, The Tempest 
 (1609). 
 
 "Caliban" . . . is all earth ... he has thedawnings 
 of understanding without reason or the moral sense . . . 
 this advance to the intellectual faculties without the moral 
 sense is marked by the appearance of vice.— Coleridge. 
 
 Cariburn, same as Excalibar, the 
 famous sword of king Arthur. 
 
 Onward Arthur paced, with hand 
 On Caliburn's resistless brand. 
 Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Trierynain (1S13). 
 
 Arthur . . . drew out his Caliburn, and . . . rushed 
 forward with great fury into the thickest of the enemy's 
 ranks . . . nor did he give over the fury of his assault till 
 he had, with his Caliburn, killed 470 men.— Geoffrey, 
 lirizUh Uistory, ix. 4 (114:2). 
 
 Cal'idore (Sir), the type of courtesy, 
 and the hero of the sixth book of Spenser's 
 *hery Queen. The model of this character 
 was sir Philip Sydney. Sir Calidore 
 (o syl.) starts in quest of the Blatant Beast, 
 which had escaped from sir Artegal 
 (bk. v. P2). He first compels the lady 
 Bria'na to discontinue her discourteous 
 toll of " the locks of ladies and the beards 
 of knights" (canto 1). Sir Calidore falls in 
 love with Pastorella, a shepherdess, dresses 
 like a shepherd, and assists his lady-love 
 in keeping sheep. Pastorella being taken 
 captive by brigands, sir Calidore rescues 
 her, and leaves her at Belgard Castle to 
 be taken care of, while he goes in quest of 
 the Blatant Beast. He finds the monster 
 after a time, by the havoc it had made 
 with religious houses, and after an obsti- 
 nate fight suecseds in muzzling it. and 
 
 dragging it in chains after him, but it got 
 loose again, as it did before (canto 12). — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. (1596). 
 
 Sir Gawain was the "Calidore" of the Round Table.— 
 Southey. 
 
 %* ' ' Pastorella " is Frances Walsingham 
 (daughter of sir Francis), whom sir Philip 
 Sydney married. After the death of sir 
 Philip she married the earl of Essex. The 
 "Blatant Beast" is what we now call 
 " Mrs. Grundy." 
 
 Calig'orant, an Egyptian giant and 
 cannibal, who used to entrap travellers 
 with an invisible net. It was the very 
 same net that Vulcan made to catch Mars 
 and Venus with. Mercury stole it for 
 the purpose of entrapping Chloris, and left 
 it in the temple of Anu'bis, whence it was 
 stolen by Caligorant. One day Astolpho, 
 by a blast of his magic horn, so frightened 
 the giant that he got entangled in his own 
 net, and being made captive was despoiled 
 of it. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Cali'no, a famous French utterer ef 
 bulls. 
 
 Caliph, means " vicar " or representa- 
 tive of Mahomet. Scaliger says, "Caliphs 
 est vicarius " (Isagog, 3). The dignity of 
 sultan is superior to that of caliph, 
 although many sultans called themselves 
 caliphs. That passage which in our 
 version of the New Testament is ren- 
 dered "Archelaus reigned in his stead" 
 (i.e. in the place of Herod), is translated 
 in the Syriac version Chealaph Herodes, 
 that is, "Archelaus was Herod's caliph" 
 or vicar. Similarly, the pope calls him- 
 self "St. Peter's vicar." — Selden, Titles 
 of Honour, v. 68-9 (1672). 
 
 Calip'olis, in The Battle of Alcazar, 
 a drama by George Peele (1582). Pistol 
 says to Mistress Quickly : 
 
 Then feed and be fat, my fair Calipolis.— Shakespeare. 
 2 Henry I V. act ii. sc. 4 (lo'yS). 
 
 Cal'is (The princess), sister of As'- 
 torax king of Paphos, in love Avith Poly- 
 dore, brother of general Memnon, but 
 loved greatly bv Siphax. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1617). 
 
 Calis'ta, the fierce and haughty 
 daughter of Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud 
 Genoese nobleman. She yielded to the 
 seduction of Lotha'rio, but engaged to 
 marry Al'tamont, a young lord who loved 
 her dearly. On the wedding day a letter 
 was picked up which proved her guilt, 
 and she was subsequently seen by Aita- 
 mont conversing with Lothario. A duel 
 ensued, in which Lothario fell ; in a street 
 
CALISTO AND AKCAS. 
 
 152 
 
 CALUMET OF PEACE. 
 
 row Sciolto received his death-wound, 
 and Calista stabbed herself. The charac- 
 ter of " Calista " -was one of the parts of 
 Mrs. Siddons, and also of Miss Brunton. 
 — N. Rowe, The Fair Penitent (1703). 
 
 Richardson has given a purity and sanctity to the sor- 
 rows of his " Clarissa" which leave ' ' Calista " hum easurably 
 behind.— K. Chambers, English Literature, i. 5U0. 
 
 Twelve years after Norris's death, Mrs. Barry was acting 
 the character of "Calista." In the last act, where " Calista" 
 lays her hand upon a skull, she [Mrs. Ziarry] was suddenly 
 seized with a shuddering, and fainted. Next day she 
 asked whence the skull had been obtained, and was told 
 it was "the skull of Mr. Norris, an actor." This Norris 
 was her former husband, and so great was the shock that 
 she died within six weeks. — Oxberry. 
 
 Calis'to and Ar'cas. Calisto, an 
 Arcadian nymph, was changed into a she- 
 bear. Her son Areas, supposing the bear 
 to be an ordinary beast, was about to shoot 
 it, when Jupiter metamorphosed him into 
 a he-bear. Both were taken to heaven by 
 Jupiter, and became the constellations 
 Ursa Minor and Ursa Major. 
 
 CaH'aghan O'Brall'aghan (Sir), 
 
 "a wild Irish soldier in the Prussian 
 army. His military humour makes one 
 fancy he was not only born in a siege, but 
 that Bellona had been his nurse, Mars his 
 schoolmaster, and. the Furies his play- 
 fellows" (act i. 1). He is the successful 
 suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. — C. Mack- 
 lin, Love a-la-mode (1779). 
 
 In the records of the stage, no actor ever approached 
 Jack Johnstone in. Irish characters : "sir Lucius Trig- 
 ger," "Callajihan O'Brallaghau," "major O'Flaherty," 
 " league, " "Tully" (the Irish gardener), and "Dennis 
 Brulgruddery " were portrayed by him in most eNquisite 
 colours. — A'ev> Monthly Magazine (1829). 
 
 * + * " Lucius O'Trigger," in The Rivals 
 (Sheridan) ; " major O'Flaherty," in The 
 West Indian (Cumberland); "Teague," 
 in The Committee (Howard); "Dennis 
 Brulgruddery," in John Bull (Colman). 
 
 CaHet, a file pvhlique. Brantome 
 says a calle or calotte is " a cap," hence the 
 phrase, Plattes comme des calles. Ben 
 Jonson, in his Magnetick Lady, speaks of 
 •' wearing the callet, the politic hood." 
 
 Des filles du peuple et de la campagne s'appellant calles, 
 a cause de la "cale" qui leur servait de coiffure.— Fran- 
 cisquc Michel. 
 
 En sa tete avoit un gros bonnet blanc, qui 1'on appelle 
 line calle, et nous auties appelons calotte, ou bonnette 
 blanche de lagne, nou^eou bridle pardessoubz lementon. 
 — DrantOme, I iet des Dumes lllustres. 
 
 A beggar in his drink 
 Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. 
 
 Shakespeare, Othello, act iv. sc. 2 (1611). 
 
 Callim'achus (The Italian), Filippo 
 Buonaceorsi (14o7-1496). 
 
 Callir'rhoe (4 syl.), the lady-love of 
 Chse'reas, in a Creek romance entitled 
 The Loves of Chaireas and Callirrhoe, by 
 Char/iton (eighth century). 
 
 Callis'thenes (4 syl.), a philosopher 
 who accompanied Alexander the Great on 
 bis Oriental expedition. He refused to 
 pay Alexander divine honours, for which 
 he was accused of treason, and being 
 mutilated, was chained in a cage for 
 seven months like a wild beast. Lysi- 
 machus put an end to his tortures by 
 poison. 
 
 Oh let me roll in Macedonian rays. 
 Or, like Callisthenes, be caged for life.* 
 Rather than shine in fashions of the East. 
 
 N. Lee. Alexander the Or eat, jy. 1 (167S). 
 
 Cal'mar, son of Matha, lord of Lara 
 (in Connaught). He is represented as 
 presumptuous, rash, and overbearing, but 
 gallant and generous. The very opposite 
 of the temperate Connal, who advises 
 caution and forethought. Calmar hurries 
 Cuthnllin into action, which ends in 
 defeat. Connal comforts the general in 
 his distress. — Ossian, Fingal, i. 
 
 Cal'pe (2 syl.), Gibraltar. The two 
 pillars of Hercules are Calpe and Ab'yla. 
 
 She her thundering nary leads 
 To Caipe. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Xaiads. 
 
 Cal'thon, brother of Col'mar, sons o\ 
 Pvathmor chief of Clutha (the Clyde). The 
 father was murdered in his halls by Dun- 
 thalmo lord of Teutha (the Treed), and 
 the two boys were brought up by the 
 murderer in his own house, and accom- 
 panied him in his wars. As they grew 
 in years, Dunthalmo fancied he perceived 
 in their looks a something which excited 
 his suspicions, so he shut them up in two 
 separate dark caves on the banks of the 
 Tweed. Colmal, daughter of Dunthalmo, 
 dressed as a young warrior, liberated 
 Calthon, and fled with him to Morven, to 
 crave aid in behalf of the captive Col- 
 mar. Accordingly, Fingal sent his son 
 Ossian with BOO men to effect his libera- 
 tion. When Dunthalmo heard of the 
 approach of this army, he put Colmar to 
 death. Calthon, mourning for his brother. 
 was captured, and bound to an oak ; but 
 at daybreak Ossian slew Dunthalmo. cut 
 the thongs of Calthon, gave him to Col- 
 mal, and they lived happily in the halls 
 of Teutha. — Ossian, Calthon and Cohna?. 
 
 Calumet of Peace. The bowl of 
 this pipe is made of a soft red stt ne easily 
 hollowed out, the stem of cane or some 
 light wood, painted Avith diver* colours, 
 and decorated with the heads, tails, and 
 feathers of birds. When Lidians enter 
 into an alliance or solemn engagement, 
 the> smoke the calumet together. When 
 war is the subject, the whole pipe and 
 
CALYDON. 
 
 153 
 
 CAMBALLO. 
 
 all its ornaments are deep red. — Major 
 Kogers, Account of North America. (See 
 Bed Pipe.) 
 
 A-calunieting, a-courting. In the day- 
 time any act of gallantry would be 
 deemed "indecorous by the American 
 Indians ; but after sunset, the young 
 lover goes a-calumeting. -He, in fact, 
 lights his pipe, and entering the cabin of 
 hfs well-beloved, presents it to her. If 
 the lady extinguishes it, she accepts his 
 addresses; but if she suffers it to burn on, 
 she rejects them, and the gentleman 
 retires. — Ashe, Travels. 
 
 Cal'ydon {Prince of), Melea'ger, famed 
 for killing the Calydonian boar. — Apollod. 
 i. 8. (See Meleager.) 
 
 As did the fatal brand Althaea burn'd. 
 Unto the prince's heart of Calydon. 
 Shakespeare, 2 Eenry VI. act i. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 Cal'ydon, a town of iEto'lia, founded 
 by Calydon. In Arthurian romance 
 Calydon is a forest in the north of our 
 island. Probably it is what Richard of 
 Cirencester calls the "Caledonian "Wood," 
 westward of the Varar or Murray Frith. 
 
 to 
 
 don. 
 
 Calydo'nian Hunt. Artemis, 
 
 punish CEneus \_E'.nuce~\ king of Cal'yd 
 in ^Eto'lia, for neglect, sent a monster 
 boar to ravage his vineyards. His son 
 Melea'ger collected together a large 
 company to hunt it. The boar being 
 killed, a dispute arose respecting the 
 head, and this led to a war between the 
 Curetes and Calydo'nians. 
 
 A similar tale is told of Theseus (2 syl.), 
 who vanquished and killed the gigantic 
 sow which ravaged the territory of 
 Krommyon, near Corinth. (See Kuom- 
 
 SIYOXIAN SOAV.) 
 
 Calyp'so, in Te'le'maque, a prose-epic 
 by Fenelon, is meant for Mde. de Mon- 
 tespan. In mythology she was queen of 
 the island Ogyg'ia, on which Ulysses 
 was wrecked, and where he was detained 
 for seven years. 
 
 Calypso's Isle, Ogygia, a mythical 
 island " in the navel of the sea." Some 
 consider it to be Gozo, near Malta. 
 Ogygia (not the island) is Bceo'tia, in 
 Greece. 
 
 Cama'cho, "richest of men," makes 
 grand preparations for his wedding with 
 Quite'ria, " fairest of women," but as the 
 bridal party are on their way, Basil'ius 
 cheats him of his bride, by pretending 
 to kill himself. As it is supposed that 
 Basilius is dying, Quiteria is married to 
 him a3 a mere matter of form, to soothe 
 
 his last moments ; but when the service is 
 over, up jumps Basilius, and shows that 
 his "mortal wounds" are a mere 
 pretence. — Cervantes, an episode in Don 
 Quixote, II. ii. 4 (1615). 
 
 Camalodu'mim, Colchester. 
 
 Girt by half the tribes of Britain, near the colocy Camu- 
 lodine. 
 
 Tennyson, BoadUea. 
 
 Caman'ches (3 syl.) or Comax'- 
 ches, an Indian tribe of the Texas 
 (United States). 
 
 It is a caravan, whitening the desert where dwell the 
 Camanches. 
 
 Longfellow, To the Driving Cloud. 
 
 Camaral'zamaii, prince of " the 
 Island of the Children of Khal'edan, 
 situate in the open sea, some twenty days' 
 sail from the coast of Persia." He was 
 the only child of Schah'zaman and 
 Fatima, king and queen of the island. 
 He was very averse to marriage ; but one 
 night, by fain' influence, being shown 
 Badou'ra, only child of the king of 
 China, he fell in love with her and 
 exchanged rings. Next day both in- 
 quired what had become of the other, and 
 the question was deemed so ridiculous 
 that each was thought to be mad. At 
 length Marzavan (foster-brother of the 
 princess) solved the mystery. He 
 induced the prince Camaralzaman to go 
 to China, where he was recognized by the 
 princess and married her. (The name 
 means "the moon of the period. ")— Arabian 
 Nights ("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 
 
 C ami? alio, the second son of Cam- 
 buscan' king of Tartary, brother of 
 Al'garsife (3 syl.) and Can'ace (3 syl.). 
 He fought with two knights who asked 
 the lady Canace to wife, the terms being 
 that none should have her till he had 
 succeeded in worsting Camballo in 
 combat. Chaucer does not give us the 
 sequel of this tale, but Spenser says that 
 three brothers, named Priamond, Dia- 
 mond, and Triamond were suitors, and 
 that Triamond won her. The mother of 
 these three (all born at one birth) was 
 Ag'ape, who dwelt in Faery-land (bk. 
 iv. 2). 
 
 Spenser makes Cambi'na (daughter of 
 Agape) the lady-love of Camballo. 
 Camballo is also called Camballus and 
 Cambel. 
 
 Camballo's Pang, given him by his 
 sister Canace, "had power to stanch all 
 wounds that mortally did bleed." 
 
 Well mote ye wonder how that nobie knight, 
 
 After he had so often wounded been, 
 Could stand on foot now to renew the fight . . . 
 
CAMBALU. 
 
 154 
 
 CAMBUSCAN. 
 
 All wju thro' virtue of the ring he wore ; 
 
 The which not only <lid not from him let 
 One drop of blood to fall, but did restore 
 
 His weakened powers, and his dulled spirits whet. 
 Spenser, Faery queen, iv. 2 (159G). 
 
 Cam'balu, the royal residence of the 
 cham of Cathay (a province of Tartary). 
 Milton speaks of " Cambalu, seat of 
 Cathavan Can." — Paradise Lost, xi. 888 
 (16(35)'. 
 
 Cam'baTuc, spoken of by Marco Polo, 
 is Pekin. 
 
 Cambel, called by Chaucer Cam'- 
 ballo, brother of Can'ace (3 syl.). He 
 challenged every suitor to bis sister's 
 hand, and overthrew them all except 
 Tri'amond. The match between Cambel 
 and Triamond was so evenly balanced, 
 that both would have been killed had not 
 Cambi'na interfered. (See next art.) — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 3 (1596). 
 
 Cambi'na, daughter of the fairy 
 Ag'ape (3 syL). She had been trained 
 in magic by her mother, and when 
 Cam'ballo, son of Cambuscan', had slain 
 two of her brothers and was engaged in 
 deadly combat with the third (named 
 Tri'amond), she appeared in the lists in 
 her chariot drawn by two lions, and 
 brought with her a cup of nepenthe, 
 which had the power of converting hate 
 to love, of producing oblivion of sorrow, 
 and of inspiring the mind with celestial joy. 
 Cambina touched the combatants with 
 her wand and paralyzed them, then giving 
 them the cup to drink, dissolved their 
 animosity, assuaged their pains, and 
 filled them with gladness. The end was 
 that Camballo made Cambina his wife, 
 and Triamond married Can'ace. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iv. 3 (1596)* 
 
 Cam'bria, Wales. According to 
 legend, it is so called from Camber, the son 
 of Brute. This legendary king divided 
 his dominions at death between his three 
 sons : Locrin had the southern part, hence 
 called Locgria {England) ; Camber the 
 west (Wales) ; and Albanact the north, 
 called Albania (Scotland). 
 
 From Cambria's curse, from Cambria's tears. 
 
 Gray, The Bard (1757). 
 
 Cam'brian, Welsh, pertaining to 
 Cambria or Wales. 
 
 Cambridge University, said to 
 have been founded by Sebert or Segbert 
 king of Essex, the reputed founder of 
 St. Peter's, Westminster (604). 
 
 Wise Segbert, worthy praise, preparing us the seat 
 Of famous Cambridge first, then with endowments great, 
 The Muses to maintain, those sisters thvther brought. 
 Drayton, rolyolbion, xi. 11613). 
 
 Cambridge Boat Crew, light 
 blue, the Oxford being dark blue. 
 Caius, light blue and black ; Catherine' 's, 
 blue and white; Christ's, common blue; 
 Clare, black and golden yellow ; Corpus, 
 cherry and white ; Downing, chocolate ; Em- 
 manuel, cherry and dark blue; Jesus, red 
 and black ; John's, bright red and white ; 
 King's, violet ; Magdelen, indigo and laven- 
 der ; Pembroke, claret and French grey ; 
 Feterhouse, dark blue and white ; Queen's, 
 green and white ; Sydney, red and blue ; 
 Trinity, dark blue ; Trinity Hall, black 
 and white. 
 
 Cambridge on the Charles, 
 contains Harvard University, founded 
 1636 at Cambridge on the river Charles 
 (Massachusetts), and endowed in M'o'J 
 by the Rev. John Harvard. 
 
 A theologian from the school 
 
 Of Cambridge on the Charles, was there. 
 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Jnn (prelude). 
 
 Cambuscan', king of Sarra, in the 
 land of Tartary ; the model of all royal 
 virtues. His wife was El'feta; his two sons 
 Al'garsife (3 syl.) and Cam'ballo ; and his 
 daughter Can'ace (3 syl.). Chaucer accents 
 the last syllable, but Milton erroneously 
 throws the accent on the middle syllable. 
 Thus Chaucer says : 
 
 And so befell that when this Camboscan' . . • 
 
 And again : 
 
 This Cambuscan', of which I have you told . . 
 
 Squire' t Tate. 
 
 But Milton, in B Penseroso, says : 
 
 Him who left half-told 
 
 The story of Cambuscan bold. 
 
 The accent might be preserved by a 
 
 slight change, thus : 
 
 Him who left of old 
 
 The tale of Cambuscan' half-told. 
 
 Cambuscan had three presents sent hira 
 by the king of Araby and Ind : (1) 
 a horse of brass, which would within a 
 single day transport its rider to the most 
 distant region of the world ; (2) a tren- 
 chant sword, which would cut through the 
 stoutest armour, and heal a sword-wound 
 by simply striking it with the fiat of the 
 blade ; (3) a mirror, which would reveal 
 conspiracies, tell who were faithful and 
 loyal, and in whom trust might be 
 confided. He also sent Cambuscan's 
 daughter Canace a ring that she might 
 know the virtues of all plants, and by 
 aid of which she would be able to under- 
 stand the language of birds, and even to 
 converse with them.- — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Talcs ("The Squire's Tale," 1388). 
 
CAMBYSES. 
 
 155 
 
 CAMLAN. 
 
 Camby'ses (3 syi.), a pompous, 
 ranting character in Preston's tragedy of 
 that name. 
 
 I must speak in passion, and I will do it. iaking Cam- 
 byses' vein.— Shakespeare, 1 Henry I V. act ii. sc. 4 (1597). 
 
 Camby'ses and Smerdis. Cam- 
 
 byses king of Persia killed his brother 
 Smerdis from the wild suspicion of a 
 mad man, and it is only charity to think 
 that he was really non compos mentis. 
 
 Behold Cambisms and his fatal daye . . . 
 While he Mis brother Mergus cast to slaye, 
 A dreadful thing, his wittes were him bereft. 
 
 T. Sackville, A Mirrour for Magistraytet 
 (" The Complaynt," 1587). 
 
 Camdeo, the god of love in Hindu 
 mythology. 
 
 Camel. The pelican is called the 
 "river camel," in French chameau d'eau, 
 and in Arabic jimmel el bahar. 
 
 We saw abundance of camels [i.e. pelicans], but they 
 did not come near enough for us to shoot them. — Norden, 
 Voyage. 
 
 Cameliard (3 syl.), the realm of 
 Leod'ogran or Leod'ogrance, father of 
 Guin'evere (3 syl.) wife of king Arthur. 
 
 Lcodogir.n, the king of Cameliard 
 
 Had one fair daughter and none other child . . . 
 
 Guinevere, and in her his one delight. 
 
 Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. 
 
 Cam'elot (3 syl.). There are two 
 places so called. The place referred to in 
 King Lear is in Cornwall, but that of 
 Arthurian renown was in Winchester. In 
 regard to the first Kent says to Cornwall 
 "Goose, if I had you upon Sarum Plain 
 I'd drive ye cackling home to Camelot," 
 i.e. to Tintag'il or Camelford, the "home " 
 of the duke of Cornwall. But the Came- 
 lot of Arthur was in Winchester, where 
 visitors are still shown certain large en- 
 trenchments once pertaining to " king 
 Arthur's palace." 
 
 Sir Balm's sword was put into marble stone, standing it 
 upright as a great millstone, and it swam down the stream 
 to the city of Camelot, that is, in English, Winchester. — 
 Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 44 (1470). 
 
 *** In some places, even in Arthurian 
 romance, Camelot seems the city on the 
 Camel, in Cornwall. Thus, Avhen sir 
 Tristram left Tintagil to go to Ireland, a 
 tem.Dest "drove him back to Camelot" 
 (pt/ii. 19). 
 
 Camilla, the virgin queen of the 
 Volscians, famous for her fleetness of 
 foot. She aided Turn us against iEneas. 
 
 Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, 
 Flies o'er th' unbending corn, or skims along the main. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Camilla, wife of Anselmo of Florence. 
 Anselino, in order to rejoice in her incor- 
 ruptible fidelity, induced his friend Lo- 
 
 thario to try to corrupt her. This he did, 
 and Camilla was not trial-proof, but fell. 
 Anselmo for a time was kept in the dark, 
 but at the end Camilla eloped with Lo- 
 thario. Anselmo died of grief, Lothario 
 was slain in battle, and Camilla died in a 
 convent. — Cervantes, Don Quixote. I. iv. 
 5, 6 (" Fatal Curiosity," 1605). 
 
 Camille' (2 syl.), in Corneille's tragedy 
 of Les Horaces (1639). When her brother 
 meets her and bids her congratulate him 
 for his victory over the three curiatii, she 
 gives utterance to her grief for the death of 
 her lover. Horace says, "What ! canyon 
 prefer a man to the interests of Rome ? " 
 Whereupon Camille denounces Rome, and 
 concludes with these words: "Oh that 
 it were my lot ! " When Mdlle. Rachel 
 first appeared in the character of " Ca- 
 mille," she took Paris by storm (1838). 
 
 Voir le dernier Romain a son dernier soupir, 
 Moi seule en etre cause, et mourir de plaisir. 
 
 *** Whitehead has dramatized the sub- 
 ject and called it The Roman Father 
 (1741). 
 
 Camillo, a lord in the Sicilian court, 
 and a very good man. Being commanded 
 by king Leontes to poison Polixenes, 
 instead of doing so he gave him warning, 
 and fled with him to Bohemia. When 
 Pclixenes ordered his son FlorTzel to 
 abandon Perdita, Camillo persuaded the 
 young lovers to seek refuge in Sicily, 
 and induced Leontes, the king thereof, 
 to protect them. As soon as Polixenes 
 discovered that Perdita was Leontes' 
 daughter, he readily consented to the union 
 which before he had forbidden. — Shake- 
 speare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Carni'ola, "the maid of honour," a 
 lady of great wealth, noble spirit, and 
 great beauty. She loved Bertoldo 
 (brother of Roberto king of the two Sici- 
 lies), and when Bertoldo was taken 
 prisoner at Sienna, paid his ransom. 
 Bertoldo before his release, was taken 
 before Aurelia, the duchess of Sienna. 
 Aurelia fell in love with him, and pro- 
 posed marriage, an offer which Bertoldo 
 accepted. The betrothed then went to 
 Palermo to be introduced to the king, 
 when Camiola exposed the conduct of the 
 base young prince. Roberto was dis- 
 gusted at his brother, Aurelia rejected 
 him with scorn, and Camioia retired to 
 a nunnery. — Massinger, The Maid of 
 Honour (1637). 
 
 Camlan (in Cornwall), now the river 
 Alan or Camel, a contraction of Cam-alan 
 
CAMLOTTE. 
 
 KG 
 
 CANDAYA. 
 
 ("the crooked river"), so called from its 
 continuous windings. Here Arthur re- 
 ceived his death-wound from the hand of 
 his nephew Mordred or Modred, a.d. 542. 
 
 Camel . . . 
 
 Frantic ever since her British Arthur's blood, 
 
 By Mordred's murtherous hand, was mingled with her 
 
 flood. 
 For as that river best might boast that conqueror's breath 
 
 [birthl 
 So sadly she bemoans his too untimely death. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion. L (1612). 
 
 Cam'lotte (2 syl.), shoddy, fustian, 
 rubbish, as Cest de la camlotte ce qui vous 
 dites-la. 
 
 Cam'omile (3 syl.), says Falstaff, 
 "the more it is trodden on the faster it 
 grows." — Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. actii. 
 so. 4 (1597). 
 
 Though the camomile, the more it is trodden and pressed 
 downe, the more it spreadeth ; yet the violet, the oftener 
 it is handled and touched, the sooner it withereth and 
 decayeth. — Lilly, Euphues. 
 
 Campa'nia, the plain country about 
 Cap'ua, the terra di Lavo'ro of ltal}\ 
 
 Campas'pe (3 syl.), mistress of Alex- 
 ander. He gave her up to Apelles, who 
 had fallen in love with her while painting 
 her likeness. — Pliny, Hist. xxxv. 10. 
 
 John Lyly produced, in 1583, a drama 
 entitled Cupid and Campaspe, in which ia 
 the well-known lyric : 
 
 Cupid and my Campaspfi played 
 At cards for kisses ; Cupid paid. 
 
 Campbell (Captain), called "Green 
 Colin Campbell," or Bar'caldine (3 syl.). 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Campbell (General), called "Black 
 Colin Campbell," in the king's service. 
 He suffers the papist conspirators to 
 depart unpunished. — Sir W. Scott, lied- 
 (jauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Campbell (Sir Duncan), knight of Ar- 
 denvohr, in the marquis of Argyll's 
 army. He was sent as ambassador to 
 the earl of Montrose. 
 
 Lady Mary Campbell, sir Duncan's 
 wife. 
 
 Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchenbreck, 
 an officer in the army of the marquis of 
 Argyll. 
 
 Murdoch Campbell, a name assumed by 
 the marquis of Argyll. Disguised as a 
 servant, he visited Dalgetty and M'Eagh 
 in the dungeon, but the prisoners over- 
 mastered him, bound him fast, locked 
 him in the dungeon, and escaped. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
 Charles I.). 
 
 Campbell (The lady Mary), daughter of 
 the duke of Argyll. ' 
 
 The lady Caroline Campbell, sister of 
 lady Mary.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
 lothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Campeador [Kam.pay' .doi*~\ , the Cut, 
 who was called Mio Gid el Campeador 
 (" my lord the champion "). " Cid " is a 
 corruption of said (" lord "). 
 
 Campo-Basso (The count of), an 
 officer in the duke of Burgundy's army, 
 introduced by sir W. Scott in two 
 novels, Quentin Durward and Anne of 
 Geierstein, both laid in the time of 
 Edward IV. 
 
 Can'a, a kind of grass plentiful in the 
 heathy morasses of the north. 
 
 If on the heath she moved, her breast was whiter than 
 the down of cana ; if on the sea-beat shore, than the uiaiu 
 of the rolling ocean.— Ossian, Cath-Loda, ii. 
 
 Can'ace (3 syl.), daughter of Cam- 
 buscan', and the paragon of women. 
 Chaucer left the tale half-told, but 
 Spenser makes a crowd of suitors woo 
 her. Her brother Cambel or Cam'ballo 
 resolved that none should win his sister 
 who did not first overthrow him in fight. 
 At length Tri'amond sought her hand, and 
 Avas so nearly matched in fight with Can: - 
 ballo, that both would have been killed, 
 if Cambi'na, daughter of the fairy Ag'ape 
 (3 syl.), had not interfered. Cambina 
 gave the wounded combatants nepenthe, 
 which had the power of converting enmity 
 to love ; so the combatants ceased from 
 fight, Camballo took the fair Cambina to 
 wife, and Triamond married Canace. — • 
 Chaucer, Squires Talc ; Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, i'v. 3 (1696). 
 
 Canace's Mirror, a mirror which told 
 the inspectors if the persons on whom 
 they set their affections would prove true 
 or false. 
 
 Canace' 's Ring. The king of Araby and 
 Ind sent Canace, daughter of Cambus- 
 can' (king of Sarra, in Tartary), a ring 
 which enabled her to understand the 
 language of birds, and to know the 
 medical virtues of all herbs. — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales ("The Squire's Tale," 
 1388). 
 
 Candau'les (3 syl.), king of Lydia, 
 who exposed the charms of his wife to 
 Gy'ges.' The queen was so indignant 
 that she employed Gyges to murder her 
 husband. She then married the assassin, 
 who became king of Lydia, and reigned 
 twenty-eight years (b.c". 716-688). 
 
 Canday'a ( The kingdom of), situate 
 
CANDID FRIEND. 
 
 157 
 
 CANTON. 
 
 between the great Trapoba'na and the 
 South Sea, a couple of leagues beyond 
 cape Com'orin. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 II. iii. 4 (1615). 
 
 Candid Friend. 'Save me, oh, 
 save me, from a candid friend!" (See 
 Hater.) 
 
 Give me th' avowed, the erect, the open foe,— 
 Him I can meet, perhaps may turn his blow; 
 But of all friends that Heaven in wrath can send. 
 Save me, oh, save me, from a candid friend ! 
 
 Canning. 
 
 Candide' (2 syl.), the hero of Vol- 
 taire's novel of the same name. All 
 conceivable misfortunes are piled on his 
 head, but he bears them with cynical 
 indifference. 
 
 Voltaire says "No." He tells you that Candide 
 Found life most tolerable after meals. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, v. 31 (1820). 
 
 Candour (2frs.), the beau-ideal of 
 female backbiters. — Sheridan, The School 
 for Scandal (1777). 
 
 The name of "Mrs. Candour" has become one of those 
 formidable by-words which have more power in putting 
 folly and ill-nature out of countenance than whole volumes 
 of the wisest remonstrance and reasoning. — T. Moore. 
 
 Since the days of Miss Pope, it may be questioned 
 whether " Mrs. Candour " has ever found a more admirable 
 representative than Mrs. Stilling. — Dramatic Memoirs. 
 
 Can'idia, a Neapolitan, beloved by 
 the poet Horace. When she deserted 
 him, he held her up to contempt as an old 
 sorceress who could by a rhomb unsphere 
 the moon. — Horace, Epodes v. and xvii. 
 
 Such a charm were rijjht 
 Canidian. 
 Mrs. Browning, Hector in the Garden, iv. 
 
 Canker of the Brain, mental de- 
 lusion. We often say " a person is full of 
 maggots," meaning whims and fancies. 
 'See Maggots.) 
 
 If any vision should reveal 
 
 Thy likeness, 1 might count it vain, 
 
 As but the canker of the brain. 
 
 Tennyson, In Mcmoriam, xcii. 
 
 Canmore or Great-Head. Malcolm 
 III. of Scotland (*, 1057-1093).— Sir W. 
 Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, i. 4. 
 
 Canning {George), statesman (1770- 
 1827). Charles Lamb calls him : 
 
 St. Stephen's fool, the zany of debate. 
 
 Sonnet in " Tlie Champion." 
 
 Cano'pos, Menelaos's pilot, killed 
 in the return voyage from Troy by the 
 bite of a serpent. The town Canopos 
 (Latin, Canopus) was built on the site 
 where the pilot was buried. 
 
 Can'tab, a member of the University 
 of Cambridge. The word is a contraction 
 of the La:in Can.abrig'ia. 
 
 CantaTbrian Surge (The), Bay of 
 Biscay. 
 
 She her thundering navy leads 
 
 To Calpe [Gibraltarl ... or the rough 
 
 Cantabrian surge. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Saiads. 
 
 Cantab'ric Ocean, the sea which 
 Avashes the south of Ireland. — Richard of 
 Cirencester, Ancient State of Britain, i. 8. 
 
 Can'tacuzene' (4 syl.), a noble 
 Greek family, which has furnished two 
 emperors of Constantinople, and several 
 princes of Moldavia and Wallachia. The 
 family still survives. 
 
 We mean to show that the Cantacuzenes are not the 
 only princely family in the world. — Disraeli, Lothaire. 
 
 There are other members of the Cautacuzeu§ family 
 besides myself. — Ditto. 
 
 Can'tacuzene' (Michael), the grand 
 sewer .of Alexius Comne'nus, emperor of 
 Greece. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Canterbury, according to mythical 
 story, was built by Rudhudibras. 
 
 By Rudhudibras Kent's famous town . . . arose. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii.(1612.) 
 
 Canterbury Tales. Eighteen tales 
 told by a company of pilgrims going to 
 visit the shrine of "St. Thomas a Becket" 
 at Canterbury. The party first assembled 
 at the Tabard, an inn in Southwark , and 
 there agreed to tell one tale each both 
 going and returning, and the person who 
 told the best tale was to be treated by the 
 rest to a supper at the Tabard on the 
 homeward journey. The party consisted 
 of twenty-nine pilgrims, so that the 
 whole budget of tales sho.uld have been 
 fifty-eight, but only eighteen of the 
 number were told, not one being on the 
 homeward route. The chief of these tales 
 are : " The Knight's Tale " (Pal' anion ard 
 Ar'cite, 2 syl.) ; "The Man of Law's 
 Tale" (distance, 2 syl.) ; "The Wife of 
 Bath's Tale n {M?das) ; " The Clerk's Talc" 
 (Grisildis); "The Squire's Tale" (Cam- 
 buscan', incomplete) ; " The Franklin's 
 Tale" (Dot J igen arid Arvir'agus) ; "The 
 Prioress's Tale " (Hugh of Lincoln) ; " The 
 Priest's Tale " (Chanticleer and Partelite) ; 
 "The Second Nun's Tale" (St. Cecil' ia) ; 
 " The Doctor's Tale " (Virginia); "The 
 Miller's Tale " (John the Carpenter and 
 Alison) ; and " The Merchant's Tale " 
 (January and May), (1388). 
 
 Canton, the Swiss valet of lord 
 Ogleby. He has to skim the morning 
 papers and serve out the cream of thein 
 to his lordship at breakfast, "with good 
 emphasis and good discretion." He 
 laughs at all his master's jokes, flatters 
 
CANTRirS. 
 
 CAPTAIN. 
 
 him to the top of his bent, and speaks 
 of him as a mere chicken compared to 
 himself, though his lordship is 70 and 
 Canton about 50. Lord Ogleby calls 
 him his "cephalic snuff, and no bad 
 medicine against megrims, vertigoes, and 
 profound thinkings." — Column and Gar- 
 rick, The Clandestine Marriage (1766). 
 
 Can/trips {Mrs.), a quondam friend 
 of Nanty Ewart, the smuggler-captain. 
 
 Jessie Cantrips, her daughter. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Rcdgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Cant'well {Dr.), the hypocrite, the 
 English representative of Moliere's "Tar- 
 tuffe." He makes religious cant the 
 instrument of gain, luxurious living, and 
 sensual indulgence. His overreaching 
 and dishonourable conduct towards lady 
 Lambert and her daughter gets thoroughly 
 exposed, and at last he is arrested as a 
 swindler. — I. Bickerstaff, The Hypocrite 
 (1768). 
 
 Dr. Cfntwell . . . the meek and saintly hypocrite. 
 L. Hunt. 
 
 Canute' or Cnut and Edniund 
 Irpnside. William of Malmesbury 
 says : When Cnut and Edmund were 
 ready for their sixth battle in Gloucester- 
 shire, it was arranged between them to 
 decide their respective claims by single 
 combat. Cnut was a small man. and 
 Edmund both tall and strong ; so Cnut 
 said to his adversary, "We both lay 
 claim to the kingdom in right of our 
 fathers; let us, therefore, divide it and 
 make peace ; " and they did so. 
 
 Canutus of the two that furthest was from hope . . . 
 Cries, "Noble Edmund, hold 1 Let us the land divide." 
 . . . and all aloud do cry-. 
 
 ' Courageous kings, divide 1 'Twere pity such should die." 
 Drayton, PolyolUion, xii. (1613). 
 
 Canute's Bird, the knot, a corruption of 
 " Ivnut," the Cinclus bellonii, of which king 
 Canute was extremely fond. 
 
 The knot, that called was Canutus' bird of old, 
 Of that great king of Danes, his name that stiLl doth hold, 
 His appetite to piease . . . from Denmark hither brought. 
 Drayton, PoJyoll/ion, xxv. (1(52 - J). 
 
 Cail'ynge (Sir William), is re- 
 presented in the Rowley Romance as a 
 rich, God-fearing merchant, devoting 
 much money to the Church, and much 
 to literature. He was, in fact, a 
 Msece'nas, of princely hospitality, living 
 in the Ked House. The priest Rowley 
 was his " Horace.'' — Chatterton (1752- 
 1770). 
 
 Ca'ora, Inhabited by men "whose 
 beads do grow beneath their shoulders." 
 (See Blemmyes.) 
 
 On that branch which is called Canra are <xic~\ a nation 
 ©f people whoso heades appeare not above their shoulders. 
 
 They are reported to have their eyes in their shoulders, 
 and their inouthes in the middle of their breasts.— 
 Hackluyt, Voyage (1598). 
 
 (Raleigh, in his Description of Guiana 
 (1596), also gives an account of men 
 whose "heads do grow beneath their 
 shoulders.") 
 
 Capability Brown, Launcelot 
 Brown, the English landscape gardener 
 (1715-1783). 
 
 Cap'aneus (3 syl.), a man of gigantic 
 stature, enormous strength, and headlong 
 valour. He was impious to the gods, but 
 faithful to his friends. Capaneus was 
 one of the seven heroes who marched 
 against Thebes (1 syl.), and was struck 
 dead by a thunderbolt for declaring that 
 not Jupiter himself should prevent his 
 scaling the city walls. 
 
 *** The " Mezentius" of Virgil and 
 "Argante " of Tasso are similar characters ; 
 but the Greek Capfineus exceeds Mezen- 
 tius in physical daring and Argante in 
 impiety. 
 
 Cape of Storms, now called the 
 Cape of Good Hope. It was Bartholomew 
 Diaz who called it Cabo Tormentoso (1486), 
 and king Juan II. who changed the 
 name. 
 
 Capitan^ a boastful, swaggering 
 coward, in several French farces and 
 comedies prior to the time of Moliere. 
 
 Capoiisae'chi (Guiseppe), the young 
 priest under whose protection Pompilia 
 fled from her husband to Rome. The 
 husband and his friends said the elope- 
 ment was criminal ; but Pompilia, Capon- 
 sacchi, and their friends maintained that 
 the young canon simply acted the part of 
 a chivalrous protector of a young woman 
 who was married at 15, and who fled from 
 a brutal husband who ill-treated her. — 
 R. Browning, 'The Ring and the Booh. 
 
 Capstern (Captain), captain of an 
 East Indiaman, at Madras. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Captain, Manuel Comne'nua of 
 Treb'izond (1120, 1143-1180). 
 
 Captain of Kent. So Jack Cade called 
 himself (died 1450). 
 
 The Great Captain (el Gran Capitano), 
 Gonzalvodi Cor'dova (1453-1515). 
 
 The People's Captain (el Capitano del 
 Popolc), Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807- ). 
 
 Captain (A Copper), a poor captain, 
 whose swans are all geese, his jewellery 
 paste, his guineas counters, his achieve- 
 
CAPTAIN. 
 
 159 
 
 CARACTACUS. 
 
 ments tongue-doughtiness, and his whole 
 man Brummagem. 
 
 To this copper captain was confided the command of the 
 troops.— W. Irving. 
 
 let all the world view here the captain's treasure . . . 
 Here's a goodly jewel . . . 
 See how it sparkles, like an old lady's eyes, . . . 
 And here's a chain of whitings' eyes for pearls . . . 
 Your clothes are parallels to these, all counterfeits. 
 Put these and then! on, you're a man of copper ; 
 A kind of candlestick ; a copper, copper captain. 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and 
 Have a Wife (1&40). p 
 
 Captain (A led), a poor obsequious 
 captain, who is led about as a cavalier 
 servante by those who find him hospitality 
 and pay nunky for him. He is not the 
 leader of others, as a captain ought to be, 
 but is by others led. 
 
 When you quarrel with the family of Blandish, you only 
 leave refined cookery to be fed upon scraps by a poor 
 cousin or a led captain. — Burgoyne, The Heiress, v. 3 (1781). 
 
 Captain (The Black), lieutenant-colonel 
 Dennis Davidoff, of the Russian army. 
 In the French invasion he was called by 
 the French Le Capitaine Noir. 
 
 Captain Loys [Lo.is]. Louise Labe' 
 was so called, because in early life she 
 embraced the profession of arms, and 
 gave repeated proofs of great valour. 
 She was also called La Belle Cordiere. 
 Louise Labe' was a poetess, and has left 
 several sonnets full of passion, and 
 some good elegies (1520-1566). 
 
 Captain Right, a fictitious com- 
 mander, the ideal of the rights clue to 
 Ireland. In the last century the peasants 
 of Ireland were sworn to captain Right, 
 as chartists were sworn to their articles 
 of demand called their charter. Shake- 
 speare would have furnished them with 
 a good motto, " Use every man after his 
 desert, and who shall 'scape whipping ? " 
 (Hamlet, act ii. sc. 2). 
 
 Captain Rock, a fictitious name 
 assumed by the leader of certain Irish 
 insurgents in 1822, etc. All notices, 
 summonses, and so on, were signed by 
 this name. 
 
 Captain is a Bold Man (The), a 
 popular phrase at one time. Peachum 
 applies the expression to captain Mac- 
 heath. — Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 
 
 Capu'cinade (4 syl.). " A capu- 
 cinade " is twaddling composition, or 
 wishy-washy literature. The term is 
 derived from the sermons of the Capu- 
 chins, which were notoriously incorrect 
 in doctrine and debased in style. 
 
 It was a vague discourse, the rhetoric of an old pro- 
 fessor, a mere capuckiade. — Lesage, Oil Bias, vu 4 
 (1715). 
 
 Cap'ulet, head of a noble house of 
 Verona, in feudal enmity with the house 
 of Mon'tague (o syl.). Lord Capulet is 
 a jovial, testy old man, self-willed, pre- 
 judiced, and tyrannical. 
 
 Lady Capulet, wife of lord Capulet 
 and mother of Juliet. — Shakespeare, 
 Romeo and Juliet (1598). 
 
 Then lady Capulet comes sweeping by with her train 
 of velvet, her black hood, her fan, and her rosary, the 
 very beau-ideal of a proud Italian matron of the fiiteenth 
 century, whose offer to poison liomeo in revenge for the 
 death of Tybalt stamps her with one very characteristic 
 trait of the age and country. Yet she loves her daughter, 
 and there is a touch of remorseful tenderness in Uer 
 lamentation over her. — Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 (Lord Capulet was about 60. He had 
 "left off masking" for above thirty 
 years (act i. sc. 5), and lady Capulet was 
 only 28, as she tells the nurse ; but 
 her daughter Juliet was a marriageable 
 woman.) 
 
 The Tomb of all the Capulets. Burke, 
 in a letter to Matthew Smith, says: "I 
 would rather sleep in the corner of a 
 little country church-yard than in the 
 tomb of all the Capulets." It does not 
 occur in Shakespeare. 
 
 Capys, a blind old seer, who pro- 
 phesied to Romulus the military triumphs 
 of Rome from its foundation to the de- 
 struction of Carthage. 
 
 In the hall-gate sat Capys, 
 Capys the sightless seer ; 
 From head to foot he trembled 
 
 As Romulus drew near. 
 And up stood stiff his thin white hair. 
 And his blind eyes flashed tire, 
 lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Ko me ("The Prophecy 
 of Capys," xi.). 
 
 Car'abas (Le marquis de), an hypo- 
 thetical title to express a fossilized old 
 aristocrat, who supposed the whole world 
 made for his behoof. The " king owes 
 his throne to him;" he can "trace his 
 pedigree to Pepin ; " his youngest son is 
 "sure of a mitre;" he is too noble "to 
 pay taxes ; " the very priests share their 
 tithes, with him ; the country was made 
 for his "hunting-ground;" and, there- 
 fore, as Be'ranger says : 
 
 Chapeau bas ! chapeau bas ! 
 
 Gioire au marquis de Carabas ! 
 
 The name occurs in Perrault's tale of 
 Puss in Boots, but it is Be'rangers song 
 (1816) which has given the word its 
 present meaning. 
 
 Carac'ci of Prance, Jean Jouve- 
 net, who was paralyzed on the right side, 
 and painted with his left hand (1647- 
 
 roi). 
 
 Carac'tacus or Caradoc, king ol 
 tlie Sil'ures (Monmouthshire, etc.). For 
 
CARACUL. 
 
 160 
 
 CARDS OF COMPLIMENT. 
 
 nine years he withstood the Roman arms, 
 but being defeated by Osto'rius* Scap'ula, 
 the Roman general, he escaped to Bri- 
 gantia (Yorkshire, etc.) to crave the aid 
 of Carthisman'dua (or Cartimandua), a 
 Roman matron married to Venn'tius, 
 chief of those parts. Carthismandua 
 betrayed him to the Romans, a.i>. 47. — 
 Richard of Cirencester, Ancient State of 
 Britain, i. 6, 23. 
 
 Caradoc was led captive to Rome, a.d. 
 51, and, struck with the grandeur of that 
 city, exclaimed, " Is it possible that a 
 people so wealthy and luxurious can 
 envy me a humble cottage in Britain ? " 
 Claudius the emperor was so charmed 
 with his manly spirit and bearing that 
 he released him and craved his friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Drayton says that Caradoc went to 
 Rome with body naked, hair to the waist, 
 girt with a chain of steel, and his 
 "manly breast enchased with sundry 
 shapes of beasts. Both his wife and 
 children were captives, and walked with 
 him." — Polgolbion, viii. (1(512). 
 
 Caracul (i.e. Caracalla), son and 
 successor of Sevorus the Roman em- 
 peror. In a.d. 210 he made an expedition 
 against the Caledo'nians, but was de- 
 feated by Fingal. AurClius Antoninus 
 was called " Caracalla " because he 
 adopted the Gaulish caracalla in pre- 
 ference to the Roman toga. — Ossian, 
 Comala. 
 
 The Caracul of Fingal is no other than Caracalla, who 
 (as the son of Severus) the emperor of Rome . . . was 
 not without reason odled "The Son of the King of the 
 World.*' This was A.D. -'10. — Dissertation on the Era of 
 Oman. 
 
 Caraculiam'bo, the hypothetical 
 giant of the island of Malindra'ma, 
 whom don Quixote imagines he may one 
 day conquer and make to kneel at the 
 foot of his imaginary lady-love. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 1 (1605). 
 
 Car'adoc or Cradock, a knight 
 of the Round Table. He was husband 
 of the only lady in the queen's train who 
 could wear " the mantle of matrimonial 
 fidelity." This mantle fitted only chaste 
 and virtuous wives ; thus, when queen 
 Guenever tried it on — 
 
 One while it was too long, another while too short. 
 And wrinkled on her shoulders in most unseemly sort. 
 Percy, fleliuties ("Boy and the Mantle," III. iii. 18). 
 
 Sir Caradoc and the Boar's Head. The 
 boy who brought the test mantle of 
 fidelity to king Arthurs court, drew a 
 wand three times across a boar's head, 
 and said, "There's never a cuckold who 
 can carve that head of brawn." Knight 
 
 after knight made the attempt, but only 
 sir Cradock could carve the brawn. 
 
 Sir Cradoc and the Drinking-horn. The 
 boy furthermore brought forth a drink- 
 ing-horn, and said, "No cuckold can 
 drink from that horn without spilling the 
 liquor." Only Cradock succeeded, and 
 ' ' he wan the golden can." — Percy, lleliques 
 (" Boy and the Mantle," 111. iii. 18). 
 
 Caradoc of Men' wy gent, the 
 younger bard of Gwenwyn prince of 
 Powys-land. The elder bard of the 
 prince was Cadwallon. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Car'atach or Carac'tacus, a British 
 king brought captive before the emperor 
 Claudius in a.d. 52. He had been be- 
 trayed by Cartimandua. Claudius set 
 him at liberty. 
 
 And Beaumont's pilfered Caratach affords 
 A tragedy complete except in words. 
 Byron, Enylish Bards a?id Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 (Byron alludes to the " spectacle " of 
 Caractacus produced by Thomas Sheri- 
 dan at Drury Lane Theatre. It was 
 Beaumont's tragedy of Bonduca, minus 
 the dialogue.) 
 
 Pigges [1720-1786] was the very absolute " Caratach." 
 The solid bulk of his frame, his action, his voice, all 
 marked him with identity. — Boaden, Life of Siddons. 
 
 Car'athis, mother of the caliph 
 Vathek. She was a Greek, and induced 
 her son to study necromancy, held in 
 abhorrence by all good Mussulmans. 
 When her son "threatened to put to death 
 every one who attempted without success 
 to read the inscription of certain sabres, 
 Carathis wisely said, "Content yourself, 
 my son, with commanding their beards 
 tobe burnt. Beards are less essential to 
 a state than men." She was ultimately 
 carried by an afrit to the abyss of Eblis, 
 in punishment of her many crimes. — 
 W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 Carau'sius, the first British em- 
 peror (287-294). His full name was 
 Marcus Aurelius Valerius Carausius, and 
 as emperor of Britain he was accepted 
 by Diocletian and Maxim'ian ; but after 
 a vigorous reign of seven years, he was 
 assassinated b} r Allectus, who succeeded 
 him as " emperor of Britain." — See 
 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., ii. 13. 
 
 Cards of Compliment. When 
 it was customary to fold down part of 
 an address card, the strict rule was this : 
 Right hand bottom corner turned down 
 meant a Personal call. Right hand top 
 corner turned down meant Condolence. 
 
CARDAN. 
 
 161 
 
 CAREER. 
 
 Left hand bottom corner turned down 
 meant Congratulation. 
 
 Car'dan (Jerome) of Pa'via (1501- 
 1576), a great mathematician and astro- 
 loger. He professed to have a demon or 
 farniliar spirit, who revealed to hin the 
 secrets of nature. 
 
 What did your Cardan and your Ptolemy tell you ? 
 Your Messahalah and your Longomontanus [two astro- 
 logert], your harmony of chiromancy with astrology ? — W. 
 Congreve, Love for Love, iv. (ltWo). 
 
 Carde'nio of Andalusi'a, of opulent 
 parents, fell in love with Lucinda, a lady 
 of equal family and fortune, to whom he 
 was formally engaged. Don Fernando, 
 his friend, however, prevailed on Luan- 
 da's father, by artifice, to break off the 
 engagement and promise Lucinda to 
 himself, "contrary to her wish, and in 
 violation of every principle of honour." 
 This drove Cardenio mad, and he haunted 
 the Sierra Morena or Brown Mountain 
 for about six months, as a maniac with 
 lucid intervals. On the wedding day 
 Lucinda swooned, and a letter informed 
 the bridegroom that she was married to 
 Cardenio. Next day she privately left 
 her father's house, and took refuge in a 
 convent ; but being abducted by don 
 Fernando, she was carried to an inn, 
 where Fernando found Dorothea his wife, 
 and Cardenio the husband of Lucinda. 
 All parties were now reconciled, and the 
 two gentlemen paired respectively with 
 their proper wives. — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, 1. iv (1605). 
 
 Car'duel or Kar'tel, Carlisle, the 
 place where Merlin prepared the Round 
 Table. 
 
 Care, described <»s a blacksmith, who 
 "worked all night and day." His 
 bellows, says Spenser, are Pensiveness 
 and Sighs. — Faery Queen, iv. 5 (1596). 
 
 Careless, one of the boon com- 
 panions of Charles Surface. — Sheridan, 
 School for Scandal (1777). 
 
 Care'less (Colonel), an officer of high 
 spirits and mirthful temper, who seeks to 
 win Ruth (the daughter of sir Basil 
 Thoroughgood) for his wife. — T. Knight, 
 The Ho-nest Thieves. 
 
 This farce is a mere re'ehauffe' of TJie 
 Committee, by the Hon. sir R. Howard. 
 The names "colonel Careless" and 
 "Ruth" are the same, but "Ruth" says 
 her proper Christian name is "Anne." 
 
 Careless, in TJie Committee, was the part 
 for which Joseph Ashbury (1638-1720) 
 was celebrated. — Chetwood, History of 
 the Siaae. 
 
 (Tiie Committee, recast by T. Knight, 
 is called The Honest Thieves.) 
 
 Careless (Ned), makes love to ladv 
 Pliant.— W. Congreve, The Double Dealer 
 (1700). 
 
 Careless Husband ( The), a comedy 
 by Colley Cibber (1704). The "careless 
 husband" is sir Charles Easy, who has 
 amours with different persons, but is so 
 careless that he leaves his love-letters 
 about, and even forgets to lock the door 
 when he has made a liaison, so that his 
 wife knows all ; yet so sweet is her 
 temper, and under such entire control, 
 that she never reproaches him, nor shows 
 the slightest indication of jealousy. Her 
 confidence so wins upon her husband that 
 he confesses to her his faults, and reforms 
 entirely the evil of his ways. 
 
 Careme (Jean de), chef de cuisine of 
 Leo X. This was a name given him by 
 the pope for an admirable soupe maigre 
 which he invented for Lent. A descendant 
 of Jean was chef to the prince regent, at 
 a salary of £1000 per annum, but he left 
 this situation because the prince had only 
 a menage bourgeois, and entered the ser- 
 vice of baron Rothschild at Paris (1784— 
 1833). 
 
 Carey (Patrick), the poet, brother of 
 lord Falkland, introduced by sir W. 
 Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
 wealth). 
 
 Car'gill (The Rev. Josiah), minister 
 of St. Ronan's Well, tutor of the Hon. 
 Augustus Bidmore (2 syl.), and the suitor 
 of Miss Augusta Bidmore, his pupil's 
 sister. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Car'ibee Islands (London), now 
 Chandos Street. It was called the 
 Caribee Islands from its countless straits 
 and intricate thieves' passages. 
 
 Cari'no, father of Zeno'cia the chaste 
 troth-plight wife of Arnoldo (the lady 
 dishonourably pursued by the governor 
 count Clodio). — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Custom of the Country (1647). 
 
 Car Iter (James), manager in the 
 house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. Carker 
 was a man of 40, of a florid complexion, 
 with very glistening white teeth, which 
 showed conspicuously when he spoke. 
 His smile was like "the snarl of a cat." 
 He was the Alas'tor of the house of 
 Dombey, for he not only brought the 
 firm to bankruptcy, but he seduced Alice 
 
CARLEGION. 
 
 162 
 
 CARMILHAN. 
 
 Marvvood (cousin of Edith, Dombey's 
 second wife) and also induced Edith to 
 elope with him. Edith left the wretch at 
 Dijon, and Carker, returning to England, 
 was run over by a railway train and 
 killed. 
 
 John Carker, the elder brother, a junior 
 clerk in the same firm. He twice robbed 
 it and was forgiven. 
 
 Harriet Carker, a gentle, beautiful 
 young woman, who married Mr. Morfin, 
 one of the employe's in the house of Mr. 
 Dombey, merchant. When her elder 
 brother John fell into disgrace by robbing 
 his employer, Harriet left the house of 
 her brother James (the manager) to live 
 with and cheer her disgraced brother 
 John. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
 (1846). 
 
 Carle'gion (4 syl.) or Cair-Li'gion, 
 Chester, or the "fortress upon Dee." 
 
 Fair Chester, called of old 
 Carlegion . 
 
 Drayton, PolyoJbion. xi. (1613). 
 
 Carle'ton (Captain), an officer in the 
 Guards. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 I'eak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Carlisle (Frederick Howard, carl of), 
 uncle and guardian of lord Bvron (1748- 
 18-26). His tragedies are The Father's 
 Revenge and Bellamcre. 
 
 The paralytic puling of Carlisle . . . 
 Lord, rhymester, imtit-mnitre, pamphleteer. 
 Byron, English liarda and Scotch Keviewer* (1809). 
 
 Carlos, elder son of don Antonio, 
 and the favourite of his paternal uncle 
 Lewis. Carlos is a great bookworm, 
 but when he falls in love with Angelina, 
 bo throws oil his diffidence and becomes 
 bold, resolute, and manly. His younger 
 brother is Clodio, a mere coxcomb. — 
 C. Gibber, Love Makes a Man (169-1). 
 
 Car'los (under the assumed name of the 
 marquis D'Antas) married Ogari'ta, but 
 as the marriage was affected under a 
 false name it was not binding, and 
 Ogarita left Carlos to marry Horace de 
 Brienne. Carlos was a great villain : He 
 murdered a man to steal from him the 
 plans of some Californian mines. Then 
 embarking in the Urania, he induced the 
 crew to rebel in order to obtain mastery 
 of the ship. "Gold was the object of his 
 desire, and gold he obtained." Ultimately, 
 his villainies being discovered, he was 
 given up to the hands of justice. — E. 
 Stirling, The Orphan of the Frozen Sea 
 (1856). 
 
 Carlos (Don), son of Philip II. of 
 Portugal ; deformed in person, violent 
 
 and vindictive in disposition. Don Carlos 
 was to have married Elizabeth of France, 
 but his father supplanted him. Sub- 
 sequently he expected to marry the arch- 
 duchess Anne, daughter of the emperor 
 Maximilian, but her father opposed the 
 match. In 1564 Philip II. settled the 
 succession on Kodolph and Ernest, his 
 nephews, declaring Carlos incapable. 
 This drove Carlos into treason, and he 
 joined the Netherlanders in a war against 
 his father. He was apprehended and 
 condemned to death, but was killed in 
 prison. This has furnished the subject 
 of several tragedies : i.e. Otway's Don 
 Carlos (1672) in English ; those of J. G. de 
 Campistron (1683) and M. J. de Che'nier 
 (1789) in French ; J. C. F. Schiller (1798) 
 in German ; Alfieri in Italian, about the 
 same time. 
 
 Car'los (Don), the friend of don Alonzo, 
 and the betrothed husband of Leono'ra, 
 whom he resigns to Alonzo out of friend- 
 ship. After marriage, Zanga induces 
 Alonzo to believe that Leonora and don 
 Carlos entertain a criminal love for each 
 other, whereupon Alonzo out of jealousy 
 has Carlos put to death, and Leonora 
 kills herself. — Edward Young, The 
 Revenge (1721). 
 
 Carlos (Don), husband of donna 
 Victoria. He gave the deeds of his wife's 
 estate to donna Laura, a courtezan, and 
 Victoria, in order to recover them, assumed 
 the disguise of a man, took the name of 
 Florio, and made love to her. Having 
 secured a footing, Florio introduced 
 Gaspar as the wealthy uncle of Victoria, 
 and Gaspar told Laura the deeds in her 
 hand were utterly worthless. Laura in a 
 lit of temper tore them to atoms, and 
 thus Carlos recovered the estate, and was 
 rescued from impending ruin. — Mrs. 
 Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Husband 
 (1782): 
 
 Carlton (Admiral George), George 
 
 IV., author of The Voyage of in 
 
 search of Loyalty, a poetic epistle 
 (1820). 
 
 Car'milhan, the " phantom ship." 
 The captain of this ship swore he would 
 double the Cape, whether God willed it 
 or not, for which impious vow he was 
 doomed to abide for ever and ever captain 
 in the same vessel, which always appears 
 near the Cape, but never doubles it. TLc 
 kobold of the phantom ship is named 
 Klabot'erman, a kobold who helps 
 sailors at their work, but beats thos€ 
 
CARO. 
 
 163 
 
 CARPILLONA. 
 
 who are idle. When a vessel is doomed, 
 the kobold appears smoking a short pipe, 
 dressed in yellow, and wearing a night- 
 cap. 
 
 Caro, the Flesh or "natural man" 
 personified. Phineas Fletcher says " this 
 dam of sin " is a hag of loathsome shape, 
 arrayed in steel, polished externally, but 
 rusty within. On her shield is the device 
 of a mermaid, with the motto, " Hear, 
 Gaze, and Die." — The Purple Island, vii. 
 (1633). 
 
 Carocium, the banner of the Mi- 
 lanese, having for device " St. Ambrose," 
 the patron saint of Milan. It was 
 mounted on an iron tree with iron leaves, 
 and the summit of the tree was sur- 
 mounted by a large cross. The whole 
 was raised on a red car, drawn by four 
 red bulls with red harness. Mass was 
 always said before the car started, and 
 Guinefolle tells us, " toute la ce're'monie 
 e'tait une imitation de l'arche d'alliance 
 des Israelites." 
 
 Le carocium ties Milanais etait au milieu, entourrd de 
 300 jeunes gens, qui s'etaient unis a la vie a la mort pour 
 le defendre. II y avait encore pour sa garde un bataillon 
 de la mort. compose de U00 cavaliers. — La Bataillts de 
 Ligna.no, 29 Mai, 1176. 
 
 Caroline, queen-consortof George II., 
 introduced by sir W. Scott in The Heart 
 of Midlothian. Jeanie Deans has an 
 interview with her in the gardens at Rich- 
 mond, and her majesty promises to inter- 
 cede with the king for Effie Deans's 
 pardon. 
 
 Caros or Carausius, a Roman 
 captain, native of Belgic Gaul. The 
 emperor Maximian employed Caros to 
 defend the coast of Gaul against the 
 Franks and Saxons. He acquired great 
 wealth avd power, but fearing to excite 
 the jealousy of Maximian, he sailed 
 for Britain, where (in a.d. 287) he caused 
 himself to be proclaimed emperor. Caros 
 resisted all attempts of the Romans to 
 dislodge him, so that they ultimately 
 acknowledged his independence. He 
 repaired Agricola's wall to obstruct the 
 incursions of the Caledonians, and while he 
 was employed on this work was attacked 
 by a party commanded by Oscar, son of 
 Ossian and grandson of Fingal. " The 
 warriors of Caros fled, and Oscar remained 
 like a rock left by the ebbing sea." — 
 Ossian, The War of Caros. 
 
 The Caros mentioned ... is the . . . noted usurper 
 Carausius, who assumed the purple in the year 287, and 
 seizing on Britain, defeated the emperor Maximinian 
 Herculius in several naval engagements, which give pro- 
 priety to his being called " The King of Ships." — Diaer- 
 iation on the Era of Ossian. 
 
 Car'ove (3 syl.), " a story without 
 an end." — Mrs. Austin, Translation. 
 
 I must get on, or my readers will anticipate that my 
 story, like Carovc's more celebrated one, will prove a 
 "story without an end."— W. J. Thorns, Note* and 
 Queries. March 24, 1877. 
 
 Carpatli'ian "Wizard (TJie), Pro- 
 teus (2 syl.), who lived in the island of 
 Car'pathos, in the Archipelago. He was 
 a wizard, who could change his form at 
 will. Being the sea-god's shepherd, he 
 carried a crook. 
 
 [By] the Carpathian wizard's hook [crook]. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 872 (1634). 
 
 Carpet (Prince Housain's), a magic 
 carpet, to all appearances quite worthless, 
 but it would transport any one who sat on 
 it to any part of the world in a moment. 
 This carpet is sometimes called "the 
 magic carpet of Tangu," because it came 
 from Tangu, in Persia. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Prince Ahmed "). 
 
 Carpet (Solomons). Solomon kad a 
 green silk carpet, on which his throne was 
 set. This carpet was large enough for all 
 his court to stand on ; human beings 
 stood on the right side of the throne, and 
 spirits on the left. When Solomon 
 wished to travel he told the wind where 
 to set him down, and the carpet with all 
 its contents rose into the air and alighted 
 at the proper place. In hot weather the 
 birds of the air, with outspread wings, 
 formed a canopy over the whole party. — 
 Sale, Koran, xxvii. notes. 
 
 Carpet Knight (A), a civil, not a 
 
 military knight. 
 
 Carpet Knights are men who are, by the prince's 
 grace and favour, made knights at home and in the time 
 of peace, by the imposition or laying on of the king's 
 sword, having, by some special service done to the com- 
 monwealth, deserved this title and dignity. They are 
 called "Carpet Knights" because they receive their 
 honour in the court, and upon carpets land not in the 
 battle-field].— Francis Murkhani, Booke of Honour (1625). 
 
 Carpil'lona (Princess), the daughter 
 of Subli'mus king of the Peaceable 
 Islands. Sublimits, being dethroned by a 
 usurper, was with his wife, child, and a 
 foundling boy, thrown into a dungeon, 
 and kept there for three years. The four 
 captives then contrived to escape ; but 
 the rope which held the basket in which 
 Carpillona was let down, snapped 
 asunder, and she fell into the lake. 
 Sublimus and the other two lived in 
 retirement as a shepherd family, and 
 Carpillona, being rescued by a fisherman, 
 was brought up by him as his daughter. 
 When the " Humpbacked" Prince de- 
 throned the usurper of the Peaceable 
 Islands, Carpillona was one of the cap- 
 
CARPIO. 
 
 164 
 
 CARTHAGE. 
 
 tives, and the "Humpbacked" Prince 
 wanted to make her his wife ; but she fled 
 in disguise, and came to the cottage 
 home of Sublimus, where she fell in love 
 with his foster-son. who proved to be half- 
 brother of the "Humpbacked" Prince. 
 Ultimately, Carpillona married the found- 
 ling, and each succeeded to a kingdom. — 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Prin- 
 cess Carpillona," 1682). 
 
 Car'pio {Bernardo del), natural son of 
 don Sancho, and dona Ximena, surnamed 
 "The Chaste." It was Bernardo del 
 Carpio who slew Roland at Roncesvalles 
 (4 syl.). In. Spanish romance he is a 
 very conspicuous figure. 
 
 Carras'co (Samson), son of Bartholo- 
 mew Carrasco. He is a licentiate of much 
 natural humour, who flatters don Quixote, 
 and persuades him to undertake a second 
 tour. 
 
 He was about 24 years of age, of a pale complexion, and 
 had good talents. His nose was remarkably flat, and his 
 mouth remarkably wide.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 
 3 (1615). 
 
 He may perhaps boast ... as the bachelor Samson 
 Carrasco, of fixing the weather-cock La Giralda of Seville, 
 for weeks, months, or years, that is, for as long as the 
 wind shall uniformly blow from one quarter.— Sir W. 
 Scott. 
 
 (The allusion is to Don Quixote, II. i. 
 14.) 
 
 Carric-Thura, in the Orkney Islands, 
 the palace of king Cathidla. It is the 
 title of one of the Ossian poems, the 
 subject being as follows : — Fingal, going 
 on a visit to Cathulla king of the Ork- 
 neys, observes a signal of distress on the 
 palace, for Frothal, king of Sora, had 
 invested it. Whereupon, Fingal puts to 
 flight the besieging army, and overthrows 
 Frothal in single combat ; but just as his 
 sword was raised to slaj' the fallen king, 
 Utha, disguised in armour, interposed. 
 Ilcr shield and helmet "flying wide," 
 revealed her sex, and Fingal not only 
 spared Frothal. but invited him and 
 Utha to the palace, where they passed the 
 night in banquet and in song. — Ossian, 
 Carric-Thura. 
 
 Carril, the grey-headed son of Kin- 
 fe'na bard of Cuthullin, general of the 
 Irish tribes. — Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Carrillo (Fray) was never to be 
 found in his own cell, according to a 
 famous Spanish epigram. 
 
 Like Fray Carillo, 
 
 The only place in which one cannot find him 
 Is his own cell. 
 
 Longfellow, The Spanish Student, i, 5. 
 
 Car'rol, deputy usher at Kenilworth 
 
 Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Car'stone (Richard), cousin of Ada 
 Clare, both being wards in Chancery, 
 interested in the great suit of " Jarndyce 
 v. Jarndyce." Richard Carstone is a 
 " handsome youth, about 19, of ingenuous 
 face, and with a most engaging laugh'." 
 He marries his cousin Ada, and lives in 
 hope that the suit will soon terminate 
 and make him rich. In the mean time, he 
 tries to make two ends meet, first by the 
 profession of medicine, then by that of 
 law, then by the army ; but the rolling 
 stone gathers no moss, and the poor 
 fellow dies with the sickness of hope 
 deferred. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853) . 
 
 Cartaph'ilus, the Wandering Jew 
 cf Jewish story. Tradition says he was 
 door-keeper of the judgment hall, in the 
 service of Pontius Pilate, and, as he led 
 our Lord from the judgment hall, struck 
 Him, saying, "Get on! Faster, Jesus!" 
 Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied, 
 " I am going fast, Carta philus ; but tarry 
 thou till I come again." After the cruci- 
 fixion, Cartaphilus was baptized by the 
 same Anani'as who baptized Paul, and 
 received the name of Joseph. At the 
 close of every century he falls into a 
 trance, and wakes up after a time a 
 young man about 30 years of age. — Book 
 of the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. 
 Albans. 
 
 (This "book" was copied *and con- 
 tinued by Matthew Paris, and contains 
 the earliest account of the Wandering 
 Jew, a.d. 1228. In 1242 Philip Mouskes, 
 afterwards bishop of Tournay, wrote the 
 "rhymed chronicle.") 
 
 Carter (Mrs. Deborah), housekeeper 
 to Surplus the lawyer. — J. M. Morton, 
 A Regular Fix. 
 
 Car'thage (2 syl.). When Dido 
 came to Africa she bought of the natives 
 " as much land as could be encompassed 
 with a bull's hide." The agreement beinji, 
 made, Dido cut the hide into thongs, so 
 as to enclose a space sufficiently large 
 for a citadel, which she called Bursa 
 "the hide." (Greek, bursa, "a bull's 
 hide.") 
 
 The following is a similar story in 
 Russian history : — The Yakutsks granted 
 to the Russian explorers as much land as 
 they could encompass with a cow's hide ; 
 but the Russians, cutting the hide into 
 strips, obtained land enough for the town 
 and fort which they called Yakutsk. 
 
CARTHAGE OF THE NORTH. 165 
 
 CASSANDRA. 
 
 Carthage of the North. Liibeck 
 was so called when it was the head of the 
 Hanseatic League. 
 
 Car'thon, son of Cless'ammor and 
 Moina, was born while Clessammor was 
 in flight, and his mother died in child- 
 birth. When he was three years old, 
 Comhal (Fingal's father) took and burnt 
 Balclutha (a town belonging to the 
 Britons, on the Clyde), but Carthon Avas 
 carried away safely by his nurse. When 
 grown to man's estate, Carthon resolved 
 to revenge this attack on Balclutha, and 
 accordingly invaded Morven, the king- 
 dom of Fingal. After overthrowing two 
 of Fingal's heroes, Carthon was slain by 
 his own father, who knew him not ; but 
 when Clessammor learnt that it was his 
 own son whom he had slain, he mourned 
 for him three days, and on the fourth he 
 died. — Ossian, Carthon. 
 
 Car'ton {Sydney), a friend of Charles 
 Darnay, whom he personally resembled. 
 Sydney Carton loved Lucie Manette, but, 
 knowing of her attachment to Darnay, 
 never attempted to win her. Her friend- 
 ship, however, called out his good 
 qualities, and he nobly died instead of 
 his friend. — C. Dickens, A Tale of Two 
 Cities (1859). 
 
 Cartouche, an eighteenth century 
 highwayman. He is the French Dick 
 Turpin. 
 
 Car'un, a small river of Scotland, now 
 called Carron, in the neighbourhood of 
 Agricola's wall. The word means "wind- 
 ing." 
 
 Ca'rus (Slow), in Garth's Dispensary, 
 is Dr. Tyson (1649-1708). 
 
 Caryati'des (5 syl.) or Carya'tes 
 (4 syl.), female figures in Greek costume, 
 used in architecture to support entabla- 
 tures. Ca'r}-a, in Arcadia, sided with the 
 Persians when they invaded Greece, so after 
 the battle of Thermopylae, the victorious 
 Greeks destroyed the city, slew the men, 
 and made the women slaves. Praxit'eles, 
 to perpetuate the disgrace, employed 
 figures of Caryan women with Persian 
 men, for architectural columns. 
 
 Cas'ca, a bluut-witted Roman, and 
 one of the conspirators who assassinated 
 Julius Caesar. He is called " Honest 
 Casca," meaning plain- spoken. — Shake- 
 speare, Julius Ccesar (1607). 
 
 Casch/casch, a hideous genius, 
 "hunchbacked, lame, and blind of one 
 
 eye ; with six horns on his head, and both 
 his hands and feet hooked." The fairy 
 Maimou'ne (3 syl.) summoned him to de- 
 cide which was the more beautiful, " the 
 prince Camaral'zaman or the princess 
 Badou'ra," but he was unable to deter- 
 mine the knotty point. — Arabian Nii/hts 
 (" Camaralzaman and Badoura "). 
 
 Casel'la, a musician and friend of 
 the poet Dante* introduced in his Pur- 
 gatory, ii. On arriving at purgatory, the 
 poet sees a vessel freighted with souls 
 come to be purged of their sins and made 
 fit for paradise ; among them he recognizes 
 his friend Casella, whom he " woos to 
 sing ; " whereupon, Casella repeats with 
 enchanting sweetness the words of 
 [Dante's] second canzone. 
 
 DnAte shall give Fame leave to set thee higher 
 Than his Casella, whom he wooed to sing. 
 Met in the milder shades of purgatory. 
 
 Milton, Sonnet, xiii. (To H. Lawes). 
 
 Casket Homer, Alexander's edition 
 w r ith Aristotle's notes. So called because 
 it was kept in a golden casket, studded 
 with jewels, part of the spoil which foil 
 into the hands of Alexander after the 
 battle of Arbe'la. 
 
 Cas'par, master of the horse to the 
 baron of Arnheim. Mentioned in Don- 
 nerhugel's narrative. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward Y\ T .). 
 
 Cas'par, a man who sold himself to 
 Za'micl the Black Huntsman. The night 
 before the expiration of his life-lease, he 
 bargained for a respite of three years, on 
 condition of bringing Max into the power 
 of the fiend. On the day appointed for 
 the prize-shooting, Max aimed at a dove 
 but killed Caspar, and Zainiel carried off 
 his victim to "his own place." — Weber's 
 opera, Der Freischiitz (1822). 
 
 Cassan'dra, daughter of Priam, 
 gifted with the power of prophecy ; but 
 Apollo, whom she had offended, cursed 
 her with the ban "that no one should 
 ever believe her predictions." — Shake- 
 speare, Troilus and Cressida (1602). 
 
 Mrs. Barry in characters of greatness was graceful, 
 noble, and dignified ; no violence of passion was beyond 
 the reach of her feeling, and in the most melting distress 
 and tenderness she was exquisitely affecting. Thus she 
 was equally admirable in "Cassandra," "Cleopatra," 
 "Roxana," "Monimia," or " Belvidera."— C. Dibdin, Uis- 
 tory of the Stage. 
 
 *** " Cassandra " ( Troilus and Cressida, 
 Shakespeare) ; "Cleopatra" (Antony and 
 Cleopatra, Shakespeare, or All for Love, 
 Dryden) ; " Roxana " (Alexander the 
 Great, Lee); "Monimia" (The Orphan, 
 Otway) ; " Belvidera" ( Venice Preserved, 
 Otway). 
 
CASSEL. 
 
 166 
 
 CASSIUS. 
 
 Cassel {Count), an empty-headed, 
 heartless, conceited puppy, who pays 
 court to Amelia Wildenhaim, but is too 
 insufferable to be endured. He tells her 
 he "learnt delicacy in Italy, hauteur in 
 Spain, enterprise in France, prudence in 
 Russia, sincerity in England, and love 
 in the wilds of America," for civilized 
 nations have long since substituted in- 
 trigue for love. — Inchbald, Lovers' Vows 
 (1800), altered from Kotzebue. 
 
 Cassi, the inhabitants of Hertford- 
 shire or Cassio. — Caesar, Commentaries. 
 
 Cassib'ellaun or Cassib'elan 
 
 (probably " Caswallon "), brother and 
 successor of Lud. He was king of 
 Britain when Julius Caesar invaded the 
 island. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, in 
 his British History, that Cassibellaun 
 routed Caesar, and drove him back to 
 Gaul (bk. iv. 3, 5). In Caesar's second in- 
 vasion, the British again vanquished him 
 (ch. 7), and "sacrificed to their gods as 
 a thank-offering 40,000 cows, 100,000 
 sheep, 30,000 wild beasts, and fowls 
 without number " (ch. 8). Androg'eus 
 (4 sy(.) " duke of Trinovantum," with 
 5000 men, having joined the Roman forces, 
 Cassibellaun was worsted, and agreed "to 
 pay 3000 pounds of silver yearly in 
 tribute to Rome." Seven years after this 
 Cassibellaun died and was buried at York. 
 
 In Shakespeare's Cymbeline the name is 
 called " Cassibelan." 
 
 *** Polyaenus of Macedon tells us 
 that Cresar had a huge elephant armed 
 with scales of iron, with a tower on its 
 back, filled with archers and slingers. 
 When this beast entered the sea, Cassi- 
 velaunus and the Britons, who had never 
 seen an elephant, were terrified, and their 
 horses fled in affright, so that the Romans 
 Avere able to land without molestation. — 
 See Drayton's Polyolbion, viii. 
 
 There the hive of Roman liars worship a gluttonous em- 
 peror-idiot 
 Such is Rome . . . hear it, spirit or' Cassivelaun. 
 
 Tennyson, Doadicccu 
 
 Cas'silane (3 syi.), general of Candy 
 and father of Annophel. — Laws of Candy 
 (1647). 
 
 Cassim, brother of Ali Baba, a 
 Persian. He married an heiress and soon 
 became one of the richest merchants of 
 the place. When he discovered that his 
 brother had made himself rich by hoards 
 from the robbers' cave, Cassim took ten 
 mules charged with panniers to carry away 
 part of the same booty. "Open Sesame ! " 
 he cried, and the door opened. He filled 
 
 his sacks, but forgot the magic word. 
 "Open Barley!" he cried, but the dooi 
 remained closed. Present!} 7 the robber 
 band returned, and cut him down with 
 their sabres. They then ' hacked the 
 carcase into four parts, placed them near 
 the door, and left the cave. Ali Baba 
 carried off the body and had it decently 
 interred. — Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba 
 or the Forty Thieves"). 
 
 Cas'sio {Michael), a Florentine, 
 lieutenant in the Venetian army under 
 the command of Othello. Simple-minded 
 but not strong-minded, and therefore 
 easily led by others who possessed greater 
 power of will. Being overcome with 
 wine, he engaged in a street-brawl, for 
 which he was suspended by Othello, but 
 Desdemona pleaded for his restoration. 
 Iago made capital of this intercession to 
 rouse the jealousy of the Moor. Cassio's 
 "almost" wife was Bianca, his mistress. 
 —Shakespeare, Othello (1611). 
 
 "Cassio" is brave, benevolent, and honest, mined only 
 by his want of stubbornness to resist an insidious invita* 
 tion. — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Cassiodo'rus {Marcus Aurelius), a 
 great statesman and learned writer of the 
 sixth century, who died at the age of 
 100, in a.d. 562. He filled many high 
 offices under Theod'oric, but ended his 
 days in a convent. 
 
 Listen awhile to a learned prelection 
 On Marcus Aurelius Cassiodotus. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend-. 
 
 Cassiope'ia, wife of Ce'pheus 
 (2 syl.) king of Ethiopia, and mother of 
 Androm'eda. She boasted herself to be 
 fairer than the sea-nymphs, and Neptune, 
 to punish her, sent a huge sea-serpent to 
 ravage her husband's kingdom. At deatli 
 she was made a constellation, consisting of 
 thirteen stars, the largest of which form 
 a " chair" or imperfect W. 
 
 . . . had you been 
 Sphered up with Cassiopeia. 
 
 Tennyson, The J'rincess, iv. 
 
 Cassius, instigator of the conspiracy 
 against Julius Caesar, and friend of Bru- 
 tus. — Shakespeare, Julius Ccesar (1607). 
 
 Brutus. The last of all the Romans, fare thee well I 
 
 It is impossible that ever Rome 
 
 Should breed thy fellow. Friends, I owe more tears 
 
 To this dead man than you shall see me pay. 
 
 I shall find time, Cassius, I shall find time. 
 
 Act v. sc. 3. 
 
 Charles Mayne Young trod the boards with freedom. 
 His countenance was equally well ariartcd for the ex- 
 pression of pathos or of pride : thus in such parts aa 
 "Hamlet," "Beverley," "The Stranger," "Pierre," 
 "Zanga,"and "Cassius," he looked the men he repre- 
 sented.— Rev. J. Young, Life of C. M. Tovmg. 
 
 *** "Hamlet" (Shakespeare); "Bever- 
 ky" {The Gamester, Moore) ; " The 
 
CASTAGNETTE. 
 
 167 
 
 CASTLE IN THE AIR. 
 
 Stranger " (B. Thompson) ; " Pierre " 
 (Venice Preserved, Otway) ; "Zanga" 
 (Revenge, Young). 
 
 Castagnette (Captain), a hero whose 
 stomach was replaced by a leather one 
 made by Desgenettes [Da'. ge.net'], but 
 his career was soon ended by a bomb- 
 shell, which blew him into atoms. — 
 Manuel, A French Extravaganza. 
 
 Casta'lio, son of lord Acasto, and 
 Polydore's twin-brother. Both the 
 brothers loved their father's ward, Mo- 
 nim'ia "the orphan." The love of Poly- 
 dore was dishonourable love, but Castalio 
 loved her truly and married her in 
 private. On the bridal night Polydore by 
 treachery took his brother's place, and 
 next day, when Monimia discovered the 
 deceit which had been practised on her, 
 and Polydore heard that Monimia was 
 really married to his brother, the bride 
 poisoned herself, the adulterer ran upon 
 his brother's sword, and the husband 
 stabbed himself. — Otway, The Orphan 
 (1680). 
 
 Mr. Wilks's excellence in comedy was never once dis- 
 puted, but the l'est judges extol him for different parts in 
 tragedy, as " Hamlet," " Castalio," " Edgar," " Moneses," 
 " Jaffier." — Chetwood. 
 
 *** "Hamlet" (Shakespeare); "Ed- 
 gar" (King Lear, Shakespeare); "Mo- 
 neses" (Tamerlane, Rowe) ; "Jaffier" 
 ( Venice Preserved, Otway) . 
 
 Cas'taly, a fountain of Parnassos, 
 sacred to the Muses. Its waters had the 
 virtue of inspiring those who drank 
 thereof with the gift of poetry. 
 
 Casta'ra, the lady addressrd by Wm. 
 Habington in his poems. She was Lucy 
 Herbert (daughter of Wm. Herbert, first 
 lord Powis), and became his wife. (Latin, 
 casta, "chaste.") 
 
 If then, Castara, I in heaven nor move, 
 Nor earth, poi hell, where am I hut in love ? 
 
 AV. Habington, To Castara (died 1654). 
 The poetry of Habington shows that he possessed . . . 
 % real passion tor a lady of birth and virtue, the 
 " Castara " whom he afterwards married. — Hallam. 
 
 Castle Dangerous, a novel by sir 
 W. Scott, after the wreck of his fortune 
 and repeated strokes of paralysis (1831). 
 Those who read it must remember thej r 
 are the last notes of a dying swan, and 
 forbear to scan its merits too strictly. 
 
 Castle Dangerous or "The Perilous 
 Castle of Douglas." So called because 
 it was thrice taken from the English 
 between 1306 and 1307. 
 
 1. On Palm Sunday, while the English 
 ioldierswere at church, Douglas fell on 
 
 them and slew them ; then, entering the 
 castle, he put to the sword all he found 
 there, and set fire to the castle (March 
 19). 
 
 2. The castle being restored was placed 
 under the guard of Thirwall, but Douglas 
 disguised his soldiers as drovers, and 
 Thirwall resolved to "pillage the rogues." 
 He set upon them to drive off the herds, 
 but the "drovers," being too strong for 
 the attacking party, overpowered them, 
 and again Douglas made himself master 
 of the castle. 
 
 3. Sir John de Walton next volunteered 
 to hold the castle for a year and a day, 
 but Douglas disguised his soldiers as 
 market-men carrying corn and grass to 
 Lanark. Sir John, in an attempt to 
 plunder the men, set upon them, but was 
 overmastered and slain. This is the 
 subject of sir W. Scott's novel called 
 Castle Dangerous, but instead of the 
 market-men "with corn and grass," the 
 novel substitutes lady Augusta, the pri- 
 soner of Black Douglas, whom he pro- 
 mises to release if the castle is surrendered 
 to him. De Walton consents, gives up 
 the castle, and marries the lady Augusta. 
 
 Castle Perilous, the habitation of 
 lady Liones (called by Tennyson 
 Lyonors). Here she w^as held captive by 
 sir Ironside the Red Knight of the Red 
 Lands. Sir Gareth overcame the knight, 
 and married the ladv. — Sir T. Malorv, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153. 
 
 *** Tennyson has poetised the tale in 
 Gareth and Lynette, but has altered it. 
 He has even departed from the old story 
 by making sir Gareth marry Lynette, 
 and leaving the lady Lyonors in the cold. 
 In the old story Gareth marries Liones 
 (or Lyonors), and his brother Ga'heris 
 marries Linet (or Lynette). 
 
 Tennyson has quite missed the scope of the Arthurian 
 allegory, which is a Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Ly- 
 nette represents the people of this world or the inhabit- 
 ants of the " City of Destruction." "Liones" represents 
 the " bride," which says to the Christian "Come!" and 
 is the bride in heaven of those who fight the fight of 
 faith. "Castle Perilous" is the Celestial City, set on a 
 hill. Lynette scoffs at Gareth after every conquest, for 
 "the carnal mind is enmity against God;" but Gareth 
 " fights the fight," and wins the bnde. Tennyson makes 
 the Christian leave the City of Destruction, conquer 
 Apollyon and all the giants, stand in sight of the 
 Celestial City, see the bride inviting him to heaven, and 
 then marry Lynette or the personification of the " world, 
 the flesh, and the devil." — See Notes and Queries 
 (January 19, February 16, March 16, 1878). 
 
 Castle in the Air or Chateau 
 d'Espagne, a splendid thing of fancy 
 or hope, but wholly without any real 
 existence, called a " castle of Spain," 
 because Spain has no castles or chateaux. 
 So Greek Kalends means "never," be- 
 
CASTLE OF ANDALUSIA. 
 
 168 
 
 CAT. 
 
 cause there were no such, things as 
 "Greek Kalends." 
 
 Ne semez point vos ddsirs sur le jardin d'autruy; 
 cultirez seulnicnt bien le vostre ; ne desirez point de 
 n'estre pas ce que vous estes, mais desirez d'estre fort 
 bien ce que vcus estes. . . . De quoy sert-il de bastir des 
 chasteaux en Espagne, quisqu'il nous faut habiter en 
 France. —St. Francois de Sales (.bishop of Geneva), 
 Writing to a. Lady on the subject of " Contentment," i. 
 285 (1567). 
 
 Castle of Andalusia, an opera by- 
 John O'Keefe. Don C«sar, the son of 
 don Scipio, being ill-treated by his 
 father, turns robber-chief, but ultimately 
 marries Lorenza, and becomes reconciled 
 to his father. 
 
 The plot is too complicated to be 
 understood in a few lines. Don Caesar, 
 Spado, Lorenza, Victoria, Pedrillo, and 
 Fernando, all assume characters different 
 to their real ones. 
 
 Castle of In'dolence (3 syl.), in 
 the land of Drowsiness, where every 
 sense is enervated by sensual pleasures. 
 The owner of the castle is an enchanter, 
 who deprives those who enter it of their 
 physical energy and freedom of will. — 
 Thomson, Castle of Indolence (1748). 
 
 Castle of Maidens, Edinburgh. 
 
 [Ebraucus] also built the . . . town of mount Agned 
 [Edinburgh], called at this time " the Castle of Maidens 
 or the Mountain of Sorrow." — Geoffrey, Uritish History, 
 ii 7(114:!). 
 
 Cas'tlewood (Beatrix), the heroine 
 of Esmond, a novel by Thackeray, the 
 "finest picture of splendid lustrous 
 physical beauty ever given to the world." 
 
 Cas'tor (Steph'anos), the wrestler. — 
 Sir \V. Scott, Count Robert of Paris 
 (time, Rufus). 
 
 Castor, of classic- fable, is the son of 
 Jupiter and Leda, and twin-brother of 
 Pollux. The brothers were so attached 
 to each other that Jupiter set them among 
 the stars, where the}' form the constella- 
 tion Gemini ("the twins"). Castor and 
 Pollux are called the Dios'curi or " sons 
 of Dios," i.e. Jove. 
 
 Cas'triot (George), called by the 
 Turks " Scanderbeg " (1404 - 1467). 
 George Castriot was son of an Albanian 
 prince, delivered as a hostage to Amu- 
 rath II. He won such favour from the 
 sultan that he was put in command of 
 5000 men, but abandoned the Turks in 
 the battle of Mora'va (1443). 
 
 This is the first dark blot 
 On thy name, George Castriot 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (an interlude). 
 
 Castruc'cio Castraca'ni's Sword. 
 When Victor Emmanuel II. went to Tus- 
 
 cany, the path from Lucca to Pistoia 
 was strewed with roses. At Pistoia the 
 orphan heirs of Pucci'ni met him, 
 bearing a sword, and said, "This is 
 the sword of Castruccio Castracani, the 
 great Italian soldier, and head of the 
 Ghibelines in the fourteenth century. 
 It was committed to our ward and keep- 
 ing till some patriot should arise to 
 deliver Italy and make it free." Victor 
 Emmanuel, seizing the hilt, exclaim ea, 
 " Questa e per me!" ("This is fur 
 me.") — E. B. Browning, The Sword of 
 Castruccio Castracani. 
 
 Cas'yapa (3 syl.), father of the 
 immortals, who dwelis in the mountain 
 called Hemacu'ta or Himakoot, under 
 the Tree of Life. — Southey, Curse of 
 Kehama (canto vi. is called " Casyapa," 
 1809). 
 
 Cat (The) has been from time im- 
 memorial the familiar of witches ; thus 
 Galinthia was changed by the Fates into 
 a cat (Antoninus Liberalis, Metam. 29). 
 Hecate also, when Typhon compelled the 
 gods and goddesses to hide themselves in 
 animals, assumed the form of a cat 
 (Pausanias, Bosotics). Ovid says, " Fele 
 soror Phcebi latuit." 
 
 The cat t the adage: that is, Catus 
 amat pisces, sed non vult tingere plantas 
 (" the cat loves fish, but does not like to 
 wet her paws "). 
 
 Letting I dare not wait upon I would, 
 Like the poor cat i' the adage. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc 7 (160S). 
 
 Good liquor will make a cat speak, — 
 Old Proverb. 
 
 Not room to swing a cat ; reference is 
 to the sport of swinging a cat to the 
 branch of a tree as a mark to be shot at. 
 Shakespeare refers to another variety of 
 the sport ; the cat being enclosed in a 
 leather bottle, was suspended to a tree 
 and shot at. " Hang me in a bottle, like a 
 cat" (Much Ado about Nothing, act i. sc. 1) , 
 and Steevers tells us of a third variety in 
 which the " cat was placed in a soot-bag, 
 hung on a line, and the players had to 
 beat out the bottom of the bag." He 
 who succeeded in thus liberating the cat, 
 had the " privilege" of hunting it after- 
 wards. 
 
 Kilkenny Cats. A favourite amuse- 
 ment of the "good old times" with a 
 certain regiment quartered at Kilkenny, 
 was to tie two cats together by the tails, 
 swing them over a line, and watch their 
 ferocious attacks upon each other in their 
 struggles to get free. It was determined 
 
CATAIAN. 
 
 169 
 
 CATH-LODA. 
 
 to pat down this cruel " sport; " and one 
 day, just as two unfortunate cats were 
 swung, the alarm was given tha f the 
 colonel was riding up post haste. An 
 officer present cut through their tails 
 with his sword and liberated the cats, 
 which scampered off before the colonel 
 arrived. — From a correspondent, signed, 
 R. G. Glenn (4, Rowden Buildings, 
 Temple). 
 
 The Kilkenny Cats. The story is that 
 two cats fought in a saw-pit so ferociously 
 that each swallowed the other, leaving 
 only the tails behind to tell of the won- 
 derful encounter. — See Dictionary of 
 Phrase and Fable, for several other re- 
 ferences to cats. 
 
 Catai'an (3 syl.), a native of Catai/a 
 or Cathay, the ancient name of China ; a 
 boaster, a liar. Page, speaking of Fal- 
 staff, says : 
 
 I will not believe such a Cntainn, though the priest of 
 the town commended him for a true man [Le. truthful 
 muni— Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 1 (1601 ). 
 
 Cateucla'ni, called Catieuchla'ni by 
 Ptolemy, and Cassii by Richard of Ciren- 
 cester. They occupied Buckinghamshire, 
 Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire, Dray- 
 ton refers to them in his Polyolbion, xvi. 
 
 Catgut {Dr.), a caricature of Dr. 
 Arne in The Commissary, by Sam. Foote 
 (1765). 
 
 Cath'arine, queen-consort of Charles 
 II. ; introduced by sir W. Scott in 
 Peveril of the Peak. (See Catherine, 
 and also under the letter K.) 
 
 Cath'arine (St.) of Alexandria (fourth 
 century), patron saint of girls and vir- 
 gins generally. Her real name was 
 Dorothea ; but St. Jerome says she was 
 called Catharine from the Syriac word 
 Kethar or Kathar, " a crown," because 
 she won the triple crown of martyrdom, 
 virginity, and wisdom. She was put to 
 death on a wheel, November 25, which is 
 her fete day. 
 
 To braid St. Catharine's hair means "to 
 live a virgin." 
 
 Thou art too fair to be left to braid St. Catharine's tresses. 
 Longfellow, Evangeline (1348). 
 
 Cathay', China or rather Tartary, 
 a corruption of the Tartar word Kliitai', 
 " the country of the Khitai'ans or Khi- 
 tans." The capital was Aibracca, ac- 
 cording to Ariosto (Orlando Furioso). 
 
 . . the ship 
 From Ceylon, Ind, or far Cathay unloads. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xii. 9 (1821). 
 
 CathTba, son of Torman, beloved bv 
 
 Morna, daughter of Cormac king of 
 Ireland. He was killed out of jealousy 
 by Ducho'mar, and when Duchomar told. 
 Morna and asked her to marry him she 
 replied, "Thou art dark to me, Ducho- 
 mar ; cruel is ■ thine arm to Morna. 
 Give me that sword, my foe ; " and when 
 he gave it, she " pierced his manly 
 breast," and he died. 
 
 Cathba, young son of Torman, thou art of the love of 
 Morna. Thou art a sunbeam in the day of the gloomy 
 storm.— Ossian, Fingal, i. 
 
 Catherine, wife of Mathis, in The 
 Polish Jew, by J. R. Ware. 
 
 Catherine (The countess), usually called 
 "The Countess," falls in love with Huon, 
 a serf, her secretary and tutor. Her 
 pride revolts at the match, but her love is 
 masterful. When the duke her father is 
 told of it, he insists on Huons marrying 
 Catherine, a freed serf, on pain of death. 
 Huon refuses to do so till the countess 
 herself entreats him to comply. He then 
 rushes to the wars, where he greatly 
 distinguishes himself, is created prince, 
 and learns that his bride is not Catherine 
 the quondam serf, but Catherine the 
 duke's daughter. — S. Knowles, Love 
 (1840). 
 
 Cath'erine of Newport, the wife 
 of Julian Avenel (2 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). (See 
 Catharine, and under K.) 
 
 Cath'leen, one of the attendants on 
 Flora MTvor. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Cath'lin of Clu'tha, daughter of . 
 Cathmol. Duth-Carmor of Cluba had 
 slain Cathmol in battle, and carried off 
 Cathlin by force, but she contrived to 
 make her escape and craved aid of Fingal. 
 Ossian and Oscar were selected to espouse 
 her cause, and when they reached Rath- 
 col (where Duth-Carmor lived), Ossian 
 resigned the command of the battle to his 
 son Oscar. Oscar and Duth-Carmor met 
 in combat, and the latter fell. The victor 
 carried the mail and helmet of Duth- 
 Carmor to Cathlin, and Cathlin said, 
 "Take the mail and place it high in 
 Selma's hall, that you may remember the 
 helpless in a distant land." — Ossian, 
 Cathlin of Clutha. 
 
 Cath-Lo'da. The tale is this : Fingal 
 
 in his youth, making a voyage to the 
 
 Orkneys, was driven by stress of weather 
 
 to Denmark. The king Starno invited 
 
 | him to a feast, but Fingal, in distrust, 
 
 I declined the invitation. Starno thea 
 
CATHMOR. 
 
 170 
 
 CATO. 
 
 proposed U his son Swaran to surprise 
 Fingal in his sleep ; but Swaran replied, 
 " I shall not slay in shades. I move 
 forth in light ; " and Starno resolved to 
 attack the sleeper by himself. He came 
 to the place where Fingal lay, but Fingal, 
 hearing the step, started up and succeeded 
 in binding Starno to an oak. At da) r - 
 break he discovered it to be the king, and 
 loosing him from his bonds he said, "I 
 have spared thy life for the sake of thy 
 daughter, who once warned me of an 
 ambuscade." — Ossian, Cath-Loda (in three 
 duans). 
 
 Cath'raor, younger brother of Cair'- 
 bar (" lord of Atha "), but totally unlike 
 him. Cairbar was treacherous and malig- 
 nant ; Cathmor high-minded and hospit- 
 able. Cairbar murdered Cormac king of 
 Ireland, and having inveigled Oscar (son 
 of Ossian) to a feast, vamped up a quarrel, 
 in which both fell. Cathmor scorned 
 such treachery. Cathmor is the second 
 hero of the poem called Tem'ora, and 
 falls by the hand of Fingal (bk. viii.). 
 
 Cathmor, the friend of strangers, the brother of red- 
 haired Cairbar. Their souls were not the same. The 
 light of heaven -was in the bosom of Cathmor. His towers 
 rose on the banks of Atha ; seven paths led to his halls ; 
 seven chiefs stood on the paths and called strangers to the 
 feast. Bat Cathmor dwelt in the wood, to shun the voice 
 of praise. — Ossian, Temora, i. 
 
 Cath'olie {The). 
 
 Alfonso I. of Asturias, called by 
 Gregory III. His Catholic Majesty (693, 
 739-757). 
 
 Ferdinand II. of Ar'agon, husband of 
 Isabella. Also called Rus€ t "the wily" 
 (1452, 1474-1510). 
 
 Isabella wife of Ferdinand II. of 
 Aragon, so called for her zeal in establish- 
 ing the Inquisition (1450, 1474-1504). 
 
 Catholic Majesty {Catholka Ma- 
 jestad), the special title of the kings of 
 Spain. It was first given to king Recared 
 (590) in the third Council of Toledo, for 
 his zeal in rooting out the "Arian 
 heresy." 
 
 Cui a Deo sternum meritum nisi vero Catbolico Re- 
 caredo regi 1 Cui a Deo se tenia corona nisi vero orthodoxo 
 Recaredo regi 1— Gregor. Mag., 127 and 128. 
 
 But it was not then settled as a fixed 
 title to the kings of Spain. In 1500 
 Alexander VI. gave the title to Ferdinand 
 V. king of Aragon and Castile, and from 
 that time it became annexed to the 
 Spanish crown. 
 
 Ab Alexandre pontifice Ferdinandus " Catholici " ccg- 
 nomeirtnm accepit in posteros cum regno transfusum 
 stabili possessione. Honorum titulos princlpibus dividere 
 pontificibus Bomar.is datur.— Mariana, De Rebus Besp., 
 xxvi. 12 ; see also vii. 4. 
 
 Ca thos, cousin of Madelon, brought 
 
 up by her uncle Gor'gibus, a plain citizen 
 in the middle rank of life. These two 
 silly girls have had their heads turned by 
 novels, and thinking their names common- 
 place, Cathos calls herself Aminta, and 
 her cousin adopts the name of Polirt'ena. 
 Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but 
 the girls consider their manners too 
 unaffected and easy to be "good style," 
 so the gentlemen send their valets to 
 represent the "marquis of Mascarille " 
 and the "viscount of Jodelet." The 
 girls are delighted with these "dis- 
 tinguished noblemen ; " but when the 
 game has gone far enough, the masters 
 enter, and lay bare the trick. The girls 
 are taught a useful lesson, without being 
 involved in any fatal ill consequences. — 
 Molibre, Les Pre'cieuses Ridicules (1659). 
 
 Cathul'la, king of Inistore {the 
 Orkneys) and brother of Coma'la (q.v.). 
 Fingal, on coming in sight of the palace, 
 observed a beacon-flame on its top as 
 signal of distress, for Frothal king of 
 Sora had besieged it. Fingal attacked 
 Frothal, engaged him in single combat, 
 defeated him, and made him prisoner. — - 
 Ossian, Carrick-fftura. 
 
 Cat'iline (3 syl.), a Roman patrician, 
 who headed a conspiracy to overthrow the 
 Government, and obtain for himself and 
 his followers all places of power and 
 trust. The conspiracy was discovered by 
 Cicero. Catiline escaped and put himself 
 at the head of his army, but fell in the 
 battle after fighting with desperate 
 daring (n.c. 62). Ren Jonson wrote a 
 tragedy called Catiline (1611), and Vol- 
 taire, in his Rome Sauve'e, has introduced 
 the conspiracy and death of Catiline 
 (1752). 
 
 Ca'to, the hero and title of a tragedy 
 by J. Addison (1713). Disgusted with 
 Caesar, Cato retired to U'tica (in Africa), 
 where he had a small republic and 
 mimic senate ; but Caesar resolved to 
 reduce Utica as he had done the rest of 
 Africa, and Cato, finding resistance 
 hopeless, fell on his own sword. 
 
 Tho' stern and awful to the foes of Rome, 
 He is all goodness, Lucia, always mild, 
 Compassionate, and gentle to his friends ; 
 Filled with domestic tenderness. 
 
 Act v. 1. 
 When Barton Booth [1713] first appeared as ' ' Cato," 
 Bolingbroke called him into his box and gave him fifty 
 guineas for defending the cause of liberty so well against 
 a perpetual dictator. — Life of Addison. 
 
 He is a Cato, a man of simple habits, 
 severe morals, strict justice, and blunt 
 speech, but of undoubted integrity and 
 
CATULLCTS. 
 
 171 
 
 CAVE OF ADULLAM. 
 
 patriotism, like the Roman censor of that 
 name, the grandfather of the Cato of 
 Uttea, who resembled him in character 
 find manners. 
 
 Cato and HortenJius. Cato of Utica's 
 second wife was Martia daughter of 
 Philip. He allowed her to live with his 
 friend Hortensius, and after the death of 
 Hortensius took, her hack again. 
 
 [Sultans] don't agree at all with the wise Roman, 
 
 Heroic, stoic Caci, the sententious. 
 
 Who lent his lady to his friend Hortentius. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, vi. 7 (1S21). 
 
 Catullus. Lord Byron calls Thomas 
 Moore the %> British Catullus. v referring 
 to a volume of amatory poems published 
 in 1808, under the pseudonym of 
 "Thomas Little." 
 
 Tis Little ! young Catullus of his day, 
 As sweet but ;is immoral as his lay. 
 Byron, English Kurds and Scotch Reviewer! (1809). 
 
 The Oriental Catullus, Saadi or Sadi, 
 % Persian poet. He married a rich 
 merchant's daughter, but the marriage 
 was an unhappy one. His chief works 
 ire The Oidistan (or "garden of roses'*), 
 md The Bostan (or "garden of fruits"), 
 [1176-1291). 
 
 Cau'dine "Forks, a narrow pass in the 
 mountains near Capua, now called "the 
 Valley of Arpaia." Here a Roman army 
 inder the consuls T. Vetu'rius Calvi'nus 
 md Sp. Postu'mius fell into the hands of 
 ;he Sam'nites (2 syl.), and were made to 
 ; ' pass under the yoke." 
 
 Cau'dle (Mrs. Margaret), a curtain 
 lecturer, who between eleven o'clock at 
 light and seven the next morning, deli- 
 vered for thirty years a curtain lecture to 
 icr husband Job Caudle, generally a most 
 gentle listener ; if he replied, she pro- 
 nounced him insufferably rude, and if he 
 lid not he was insufferably sulky. — 
 Douglas Jerrold, Punch ("The Caudle 
 Papers "). ' 
 
 Cau'line (Sir), a knight who served 
 :he wine to the king of Ireland. He fell 
 n love with Christabclle (3 syl.), the 
 vine's daughter, and she became his 
 roth-plight wife, without her father's 
 knowledge. When the king knew of it, 
 le banished sir Cauline (2 syl.). After a 
 ;ime the Soldain asked the lady in 
 narriage, but sir Cauline challenged his 
 rival and slew him. He himself, however, 
 lied of the wounds he had received, and 
 ■he lady Christabelle, out of grief , "burst 
 ler gentle hearte in twayne." — Percy's 
 !Miqucs, I. i. 1. 
 
 Cau'rus, the stormy we9t-north-weBr. 
 wind ; called in Greek, Arges'tes. 
 
 The ground by piercing Caurus seared. 
 
 Tnomson, Castle of Indolence, ii. (1748). 
 
 Caustic, of the Despatch newspaper, 
 was the signature of Mr. Serle. 
 
 Christopher Caustic, the pseudonym of 
 Thomas Green Fessenden, author of 
 Terrible Tractoration, a Hudibrastic poem 
 (1771-1837). 
 
 Caustic (Colonel), a fine gentleman of 
 the last century, very severe on the 
 degeneracy of the present race. — Henr» 
 Mackenzie, in The Lounger. 
 
 Ca'va or Florida, daughter of St. 
 Julian. It was the violation of Cava by 
 Roderick that brought about the war 
 between the Goths and the Moors, in 
 which Roderick was slain (a.d. 711). 
 
 Cavalier (The). Eon de Beaumont, 
 called bv the French Le Chevalier cTEon 
 (1728-1810). Charles Breydel, the 
 Flemish landscape painter (1677-1744). 
 Francisco Cairo, the historian, called 
 El Chavalierr del Cairo (1598-1674). Jean 
 le Clerc, Le Chevalier (1587-1633). J. 
 Bapt. Marini, the Italian poet, called 
 H Cavaliere (1569-1625). Andrew Michael 
 Ramsay (1686-1743). 
 
 %* James Francis Edward Stuart, the 
 "Old Pretender," was stvled Le Chevalier 
 de St. George (1688-1765). Charles 
 Edward, the "Young Pretender," was 
 styled The Bonnie Chevalier or The 
 Young Cavalier (1720-1788). 
 
 Cavalier Servente, same as the 
 Spanish corte'jo, an Italian epithet for 
 a young gentleman who plays the gal- 
 lant to a married woman, escorts her 
 to places of public amusement, calls her 
 coach, hands her to supper, buys her bou- 
 quets and opera tickets, etc. 
 
 He may resume his amatory care 
 As cavalier servente. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 24 (1320). 
 
 Cavall', " king Arthur's hound ol 
 deepest mouth." — Tennj'son, Ldylls of the 
 King (" Enid"). 
 
 Cave of Adul'lam, a cave m 
 which David took refuge when he fled 
 from king Saul ; and thither reported to 
 him " every one that was in distress, and 
 every one that was in debt, and every one 
 that was discontented" (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). 
 Mr. John Bright called the seceders of 
 the reform party Adull'amites (4 syl.), 
 and said that Lowe and Horsman, like 
 David in the cave of Adullam, gathered 
 
CAVE OF MAMMON. 
 
 172 
 
 CELIA. 
 
 together all the discontented, and all 
 that were politically distressed. 
 
 Cave of Mammon, the abode of 
 the god of wealth. The money-god first 
 appears as a miser, then becomes a worker 
 of metals, and ultimately the god of all 
 the treasures of the world. All men bow 
 down to his daughter Ambition. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 7 (1590). 
 
 Cave of Montesi'nos, about sixty 
 feet in depth, in the heart of La Mancha. 
 So called because Montesinos retired 
 thither when he quitted the French court 
 on account of some insult offered to him. 
 Cervantes makes Don Quixote visit it, 
 and it is now often resorted to by shep- 
 herds as a shelter from the cold or rain. 
 
 Cav'endish, author of Principles of 
 Whist, and numerous guide-books on 
 
 fames, as B€z>qiu\ Piquet, Ecarte', 
 Milliards, etc. llcnry Jones, editor of 
 "Pastimes" in The Field and The Queen 
 newspapers (1831- ), 
 
 Cavendish Square (London), so 
 called from Henrietta Cavendish, wife of 
 Edward second earl of Oxford and 
 Mortimer (built 1718). 
 
 Cawther (Al), tne lake °f paradise, 
 the waters of which are sweet as honey, 
 cold as snow, and clear as crystal. He 
 who once tastes thereof shall never 
 thirst again. — Al Koran, cviii. 
 
 The righteous having surmounted the difficulties of life, 
 and having passed the sharp bridge [nl Hir&t], will be 
 refreshed by drinking at the pond of their prophet, the 
 waters of which are supplied from al C'awthar. . . . This 
 is the first taste which the blessed will have of their future 
 Lnt near-approaching felicity.— Sale, Al Koran ("The 
 Preliminary Discourse," iv.). 
 
 Cax'on (Old Jacob), hairdresser of 
 Jonathan Oldbuck (" the antiquary ") 
 of Monkbarns. 
 
 Jenny Caxon, a milliner ; daughter of 
 Old Jacob. — Sir W.Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Caxton (Pifiistratus), the hero of Bul- 
 wer's novel The Caxtoun, and the feigned 
 author of the sequel to it entitled My 
 Novel, as well as of the essays collected 
 together under the name of Caxtoniana. 
 
 Ceca to Mecca (From), from pillar 
 to post. To saunter or ramble from Ceca 
 to Mecca is a Spanish proverb, meaning to 
 roam about purposelessly or idly. Ceca 
 and Mecca are two places visited by 
 Mohammedan pilgrims. 
 
 " Let ns return home." said S.-tncho, " nor longcrraniblc | 
 from Ceca to Mecca." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1. lii. 4 I 
 U605>. I 
 
 Cecil, the hero of a novel so called by 
 Mrs. Gore (1790-1861). 
 
 Cecil's Fast, an Act of Parliament 
 by W. Cecil, lord Burleigh, to enjoin the 
 eating of fish on certain days. The 
 object of this Act was to restore the fish 
 trade, which had been almost ruined by 
 the Reformation. Papists eat fish on 
 fast-days, and at the Reformation the 
 eating of fish being looked on as a badge 
 of bad faith, no one was willing to lie 
 under the suspicion of being a papist, 
 and no one would buy fish. 
 
 Cecilia (St.), the patroness of musi- 
 cians and "inventor of the organ." The 
 legend says that an angel fell in love 
 with Cecilia for her musical skill, and 
 nightly brought her roses from paradise. 
 Her husband saw the angel visitant, who 
 gave to both a crown of martyrdom. 
 
 Thou seem'st to me like the angel 
 That brought the immortal roses 
 To St. Cecilia's bridal chamber. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 
 Ce'dric, a thane of Rotherwood, and 
 surnamed "the Saxon." — Sir W.Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Cel'adon and Amelia, lovers 
 of matchless beauty, and most devoted 
 to each other. Being overtaken bj r a 
 thunderstorm, Amelia became alarmed, 
 but Celadon, folding his arm about her, 
 said, " 'Tis safety to be near thee, sure ; " 
 but while he spoke, Amelia was struck 
 by lightning and fell dead in his arms. 
 — Thomson, The Seasons (" Summer," 
 1727). 
 
 (Celadon, like Chloe, Celia, Lesbia, 
 Daphne, etc., may be employed to 
 signify a lady-love generally.) 
 
 Cele'no or Celae'no, chief of the 
 
 harpies. 
 
 There on a craggy stone 
 Celeno hung, and made his direful moan. 
 Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph [on £arth], (1G10). 
 
 Celes'tial City (The). Heaven is 
 so called by John Bunyan, in his Pilgrim's 
 
 Progress (1678). 
 
 Celes'tial Empire, China, so 
 called because the first emperors were 
 all " celestial deities : " as Puon-Ku 
 (" highest eternity"), Tien-Hoang (" em- 
 peror of heaven"), Ti-Hoang(" emperor of 
 earth"), Gine-Hoang(" emperor of men"), 
 etc., embracing a period of 30<J,000 years 
 previous to To-hi, whose reign is placed 
 B.C. 2953-2838. 
 
 Ce'lia, daughter of Frederick the 
 usurping duke, and cousin of Ros'alind, 
 
CELTA. 
 
 173 
 
 CENTAUR. 
 
 daughter of the banished duke. When Ro- 
 salind was driven from her uncle's court, 
 Celia determined to go with her to the 
 forest of Arden to seek out the banished 
 duke, and for security sake, Rosalind 
 dressed in boy's clothes and called her- 
 self " Gan'imed," while Celia dressed as 
 a peasant girl and called herself 
 " Aliena." "When they reached Ardcn 
 they lodged for a time in a shepherd's 
 hut, and Oliver de Boys was sent to tell 
 them that his brother - Orlando was hurt 
 and could not come to the hut as usual. 
 Oliver and Celia fell in love with each 
 other, and their wedding day was fixed. 
 Ganimed resumed the dress of Rosalind, 
 and the two brothers married at the same 
 time. — Shakespeare, As You Like It 
 (1598). 
 
 Ce'lia, a girl of 16, in Whitehead's 
 comedy of Tlie School for Lovers. It 
 was written expressly for Mrs. Cibber, 
 daughter of Dr. Arne. 
 
 Mrs. Cibber was at tlie time more than 50 years old, but 
 the uncommon symmetry and exact proportion in her 
 form, with her singular vivacity, enabled her to represent 
 the character of " Celia " with all the juvenile appearance 
 marked by the author. — Percy, Anecdotes. 
 
 Ce'lia, a poetical name for any lady- 
 love : as "Would you know my Celia's 
 charms . . . ?." Not unfrequently 
 Streph'on is the wooer when Celia is the 
 wooed. Thomas Carew calls his "sweet 
 sweeting " Celia ; her real name is not 
 known. 
 
 Ce'lia {Dame), mother of Faith, Hope, 
 and Charity. She lived in the hospice 
 called Holiness. (Celia is from the Latin, 
 avium, "heaven.") — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, i. 10 (1590). 
 
 Cel'idon, the scene of one of Arthur's 
 twelve battles, also called " Celidon-the- 
 Forest," and said to be Tweeddale. 
 Cclyddon was a common term for a 
 British forest. 
 
 Celimene (3 syl.), a coquette courted 
 by Alceste (2 syl.) the "misanthrope" (a 
 really good man, both upright and manly, 
 but blunt in behaviour, rude in speech, 
 and unconventional). Alceste wants Ce'- 
 limene to forsake society and live with 
 him in seclusion ; this she refuses to do, 
 and he replies, as you cannot find, " tout 
 en moi, comme moi tout en vous, allez, 
 je vous refuse." He then proposes to her 
 cousin Eliante (3 syl.), but Eliante tells 
 him she is already engaged to his friend 
 Philinte (2 syl.), and so the plav ends. — 
 Moliere, Le Misanthrope (1666).* 
 
 " Celimene" in Moliere's Les Pre'cieuses 
 
 Ridicules is a .mere dummy. She ia 
 brought on the stage occasionally towards 
 the end of the play, but never utters one 
 word, and seems a supernumerary of no 
 importance at all. 
 
 Celin"da,the victim of count Fathom's 
 seduction. — Smollett, Count Fathom 
 (1754). 
 
 The count placed an Eolian harp in her bedroom, and 
 "the strings no sooner felt the impression of the wind 
 than they began to pour forth a stream of melody more 
 ravishingly delightful than the song of Philomel, the 
 warbling brook, and all the concert of the wood." — Smol- 
 lett, Count Fathom. 
 
 Cel'lide (2 syl.), beloved by Valentine 
 and his son Francisco. The lady naturally 
 prefers the vounger man. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (1619). 
 
 Celt. Tennyson calls the irritability 
 of the Irish and Welsh 
 
 The blind hysterics of the Celt 
 
 In Memoriam, cix. 
 
 Celtic and Ibe'rian Fields ( Tlie), 
 France and Spain. 
 
 Roving the Celtic and Iberian fields. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 60 (1634). 
 
 Celtic Homer (The), Ossian, said 
 to be of the third century. 
 
 If Ossian lived at the introduction of Christianity, as by 
 all appearances he did, his epech will be tlie latter end of 
 tlie third and beginning of tlie fourth century. 
 
 The "Caracul" of Fingal, who is no other Uian Cara- 
 calla (son of Seve'rus, emperor of Rome), and the battle 
 fought against Caros or Carausius. ... fix tlie epoch of 
 Fingal to the third century, and Irish historians place his 
 death in the year ^83. Ossian was Fingal's son. — Era of 
 Ossian. 
 
 Cenci. Francesco Cenci Avas a most 
 profligate Roman noble, who had four 
 sons and one daughter, all of whom he 
 treated with abominable cruelty. It is 
 said that he assassinated his two elder 
 sons and debauched his daughter Beatrice. 
 Beatrice and her two surviving brothers, 
 with Lucretia (their mother), conspired 
 against Francesco and accomplished his 
 death, but all except the youngest brother 
 perished on the scaffold, September 11, 
 1501. 
 
 It has been doubted whether the fam- 
 ous portrait in the Barberini palace at 
 Rome is really of Beatrice Cenci, and even 
 whether Guido Reni was the painter. 
 
 Percy B. Shellev wrote a tragedy called 
 The Cenci (1819). 
 
 Cenimag'ni, the inhabitants of 
 Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge. — Caesar, 
 Commentaries. 
 
 Centaur {Hie Blue), a human form 
 from the waist upwards, and a goat 
 covered with blue shag from the waiet 
 
CENTURY WHITE. 
 
 174 
 
 CHALYBES. 
 
 downwards. Like the Ogri, he fed on 
 human fksh. 
 
 " Shepherds," said he, " I am the Blue Centaur. If you 
 wiE give me every third year a young child, I promise to 
 bring a hundred of my kinsmen and drive the Ojniaway." 
 ... He [the Blue Centaur] used to appear on the top of 
 arock, with his club in one hand . . . and with a terrible 
 voice cry out to the shepherds, " Leave me my prey, and 
 be off with you'" — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
 ('• Princess Carpillena," 1682). 
 
 Cen'tury White, John White, the 
 nonconformist lawyer. So called from 
 his chief work, entitled The First Cen- 
 tury of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, 
 etc. (1590-1645). 
 
 Ce'phal (Greek, Kephale), the Head 
 personified, the "acropolis" of The Purple 
 Island, fully described in canto v. of 
 that poem, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 
 
 Ceph/alus (in Greek, Kephalos). 
 One day, overcome with heat, Cephalus 
 threw himself on the grass, and cried 
 aloud, " Come, gentle Aura, and this 
 heat allay !" The words were told to his 
 young wife Procris, who, supposing Aura 
 to be some rival, became furiously 
 jealous. Resolved to discover her rival, 
 she stole next day to a covert, and scon 
 saw her husband come and throw himself 
 on the bank, crying aloud, " Come, gentle 
 Zephyr ; come, Aura, come, this heat 
 allay !" Her mistake was evident, and 
 she "was about to throw herself into the 
 arms of her husband, when the young 
 man, aroused by the rustling, shot an 
 arrow into the "covert, supposing some 
 wild beast was about to spring on him. 
 Procris was shot, told her tale, and died. 
 — Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 
 
 (Cephalus loves Procris, i.e. " the sun 
 kisses the dew." Procris is killed by 
 Cephalus, i.e. "the dew is destroyed by 
 the rays of the sun.") 
 
 Ceras'tes (3 syl.), the horned snake. 
 (Greek, keras, "a horn.") Milton uses the 
 word in Paradise Lost, x. 525 (1665). 
 
 Cerberus, a dog with three heads, 
 which keeps guard in hell. Dante places 
 it in the third circle. 
 
 Cerberus, cruel monster, fierce and i 
 Through his wide threefold throat barks as a dog . 
 His eyes glare crimson, black its unctuous beard. 
 Its belly large, and clawed the hands with which 
 It tears the spirits, flays them, and their limbs 
 Piecemeal disparts. 
 
 Dante, Hell, vL (1300, Gary's translation). 
 
 Cer'doil, the boldest of the rabble 
 leaders in the encounter with llu'dibras 
 at the bear-baiting. The original of this 
 character was Hewson, a one-eyed cobbler 
 and preacher, who was also a colonel in 
 the Rump arm v. — S. Butler, Iludibras, 
 i. 2 (1663). 
 
 Ce'res (2 syl.), the Fruits of Harvegt 
 personified. In classic mythology Ceres 
 means " Mother Earth," the protectress of 
 agriculture and fruits. 
 
 Ce'res, the planet, is so called because it 
 was discovered from the observatory of 
 Palermo, and Ceres is the tutelar goddess 
 of Sicily. 
 
 Ceret'tiek Shore {TJie), the Car- 
 digan coast. 
 
 ... the other floods from the Cerettick short 
 To the Virginian sea [?.».], contributing their store. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, vi. (1612). 
 
 Cer'imon, a physician of Ephesua, 
 who restored to animation Tbaisa, the 
 wife of Per'icles prince of Tj're, sup- 
 posed to be dead. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
 Prince of Tyre (1608). 
 
 Chab'ot {Philippe do), admiral of 
 France, governor of Bourgoyne and Nor- 
 mandy under Francois I. Montmorency 
 and the cardinal de Lorraine, out of 
 jealous}-, accused him of malversation, 
 his faithful servant Allegre was put 
 to the rack to force evidence against the 
 accused, and Chabot was sent to prison 
 because he was unable to pay the fine 
 levied upon him. His innocence, how- 
 ever, was established by the confession of 
 his enemies, and he was released ; but 
 disgrace had made so deep an impression 
 on his mind that he sickened and died. 
 This is the subject of a tragedy entitled 
 The Trayedy of Philip Chabot, etc., by 
 George Chapman and James Shirley. 
 
 Chad'banci {The Rev. Mr.), type of 
 a canting hypocrite "in the ministry." 
 He calls himself "a vessel," is much 
 admired by his dupes, and pretends to 
 despise the "carnal world," but never- 
 theless loves dearly its "good things," 
 and is most self-indulgent. — C. Dickens, 
 Bleak House (1853). 
 
 Chaffington {Mr, Percy), M.P., a 
 stock-broker. — T. M. Morton, If I had a 
 Thousand a Year. 
 
 Chalbrook, the giant, the root of 
 the race of giants, including Polypheme 
 (3 syl.), Goliath, the Titans, Fierabras, 
 Gargantua, and closing with Pantag'ruel. 
 He was born in the year known for ita 
 " week of three Thursdaj's." — Rabelais, 
 Pantayruel, ii. (1533). 
 
 Chal'ybes (3 syl.), a people on the 
 south shore of the Black Sea, who occu- 
 pied themselves in the working of iron. 
 
 On the left hand dwell 
 The iron-workers called the C'halybes, 
 Of whom beware. 
 
 E. Ii. Browning, Prometheus Bound (I860). 
 
CHAM. 
 
 175 
 
 CHANTICLEER. 
 
 Cham, the pseudonym of comte 
 Ame'dee de Noe', a peer of France, a great 
 wit, and the political caricaturist of 
 Charivari (the French Punch). The count 
 was one of the founders of the French 
 Republic in 1875. As Cham or Ham was 
 the second son and scapegrace of Noah, 
 so Ame'dee was the second son and scape- 
 grace of the comte de Noe [Noah]. 
 
 Cham of Literature, the Great, a nick- 
 name given to Dr. Samuel Johnson by 
 Smollett in a letter to John Wilkes (1709- 
 1784). 
 
 Cham of Tartary, a corruption 
 of Chan or Khan, i.e. " lord or prince," 
 as Hoccota Chan. " Ulu Chan" means 
 "great lord," "ulu" being equal to the 
 Latin magnus, and "chan" to dominus or 
 imperdtor. Sometimes the word is joined 
 to the name, as Chan-balu, Cara-chan, 
 etc. The Turks have also had their 
 " Sultan Murad chan bin Sultan Selim 
 chan," i.e. Sultan Murad prince, son of 
 Sultan Selim prince. — Selden, Titles of 
 Honour, vi. 66 (1672). 
 
 Cham'berlain {Matthew), a tapster, 
 the successor of Old Roger Raine (1 syl.). 
 — Sir W. Scott, Pcveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Chamont, brother of Monimia 
 " the orphan," and the troth - plight 
 husband of Seri'na (daughter of lord 
 Acasto). He is a soldier, so proud and 
 susceptible that he is for ever taking 
 offence, and setting himself up as censor 
 or champion. He fancies his sister 
 Monim'ia has lost her honour, and calls 
 her to task, but finds he is mistaken. 
 He fancies her guardian, old Acasto, has 
 not been sufficiently watchful over her, and 
 draws upon him in his anger, but sees his 
 folly just in time to prevent mischief. He 
 fancies Castalio, his sister's husband, has 
 ill-treated her, and threatens to kill him, 
 but his suspicions are again altogether 
 erroneous. In fact, his presence in the 
 house was like that of a mad man with 
 fire-brands in a stack-yard. — Otwav, The 
 Orphan (1680). 
 
 There are characters in which he [C. il. Young] is 
 unrivalled and almost perfect. His "Pierre" {Venice 
 Preserved, Otway) is more soldierly than Kemble's ; 
 his "Chamont" is full of brotherly pride, noble im- 
 petuosity, and heroic scorn. — New Monthly Magazine 
 {1822). 
 
 Champagne (Henry earl of), a 
 crusader. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Cham'pernel', a lame old gentle- 
 20 an, the husband of Lami'ra, and son- 
 
 in-law of judge Vertaigne (2 syl.). — ■ 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie Little French. 
 Lawyer (1647). 
 
 Champion and Several! A 
 "champion" is a common, or land ia 
 allotments without enclosures. A 
 " severall " is a private farm, or land 
 enclosed for individual use. A "cham- 
 pion " also means one who holds an open 
 allotment or " champion." 
 
 More profit is quieter found 
 
 (Where pastures in several] he) 
 Of one seely acre of ground, 
 
 Than champion maketh of three. 
 Again what a joy it is known 
 When men may be bold of their own ! 
 
 Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, liii. 2 - J. 
 
 Again : 
 
 The champion differs from several} much 
 For want of partition, closier, and such. 
 
 Tusser (intr.), (1557). 
 
 Champion of the Virgin. St. 
 Cyril of Alexandria is so called from his 
 defence of the " Incarnation" or doctrine 
 of the " hypostatic union," in the long 
 &ad stormy dispute with Nesto'rius 
 bishop of Constantinople. 
 
 Champneys (Sir Geoff ry), a fossi- 
 lized old country gentleman, who believes 
 in "blue blood" and the "British peer- 
 age." Father of Talbot, and neighbour 
 of Perkyn Middlewick, a retired butte:- 
 man. The sons of these two magnates 
 are fast friends, but are turned adrift by 
 their fathers for marrying in opposition 
 to their wishes. "When reduced to abject 
 poverty, the old men go to visit their 
 sons, relent, and all ends happily. 
 
 Talbot Champneys, a swell with few 
 brains and no energy. His name, which 
 Avas his passport into society, would not 
 find him in salt in the battle of life. 
 He marries Mary Melrose, a girl without 
 a penny, but his father wanted him to 
 marry Violet the heiress. 
 
 Jliss Champneys, sir Geoffry's sister, 
 proud and aristocratic, but quite willing 
 to sacrifice both on the altar <of Mr. 
 Perkyn Middlewick, the butterman, if 
 the wealthy plebeian would make her 
 his wife, and allow her to spend his 
 money. — H. J. Byron, Our Boys (1875). 
 
 CId andos House (Cavendish Square, 
 London), so called from being the resi- 
 dence of James Brydges, duke of Chan- 
 dos, generally called " The Princely 
 Chandos." 
 
 Chandos Street. (See Caiubee 
 Islands.) 
 
 Chan'ticleer (3 syl.), the cock, in 
 
CHAONIAN BIRD. 
 
 176 
 
 CHARLEMAGNE, ETC. 
 
 the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498), 
 and also in "The Nonne Preste's Tale," 
 told in The Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer 
 (1388). 
 
 Chaon'ian Bird (The), the dove; 
 so called because doves delivered the 
 oracles of Dodona or Chaon'ia. 
 
 But the mild swallow none with toils infest, 
 And none the soft Chaonian bird molest 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, ii. 
 
 Chaonian Food, acorns, so called from 
 the oak trees of Dodona, which gave out 
 the oracles by means of bells- hung 
 among the branches. Beech mast is so 
 called also, because beech trees abounded 
 ii the forest of Dodona. 
 
 Chapelle Aventureuse, the 
 place where Launcelot had his second 
 vision of the "Beatific Cup." His first 
 was during his fit of madness. 
 
 Slumbering, he saw the vision high, 
 He might not view with waking eye. 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 
 
 Characters of Vathek's Sabres. 
 " Like the characters of Vathek's sabres, 
 they never remained two days alike." 
 These sabres would deal blows without 
 being wielded bv man, obedient to his 
 wish only.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 Charalois, son of the marshal of 
 Burgundy. When he was 28 years old, 
 his father died in prison at Dijon, for 
 debts contracted by him for the service 
 of the State in the wars. According to 
 the law which then prevailed in France, 
 the body of the marshal was seized by 
 his creditors, and refused burial. The 
 son of Charalois redeemed his father's 
 body by his own, which was shut up in 
 l>rison in lieu of the marshal's. — Fhilip 
 Massinger, The Fatal Dowry (1032). 
 
 (It will be remembered that Milti'ades, 
 the Athenian general, died in prison for 
 debt, and the creditors claimed the body, 
 which they would not suffer to be buried 
 till his- son Cimon gave up himself as 
 a hostage.) 
 
 Char'egite (3 syL). The Charegite 
 assassin, in the disguise of a Turkish 
 marabout or enthusiast, comes and dances 
 before the tent of Richard Cceur de Lion, 
 and suddenly darting forward, is about 
 to stab the king, when a Nubian seizes 
 his arm, and the king kills the assassin 
 on the spot. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Charicle'iajthejfanc^of Theag'enes, 
 in the Greek romance nailed The Loves of 
 
 Theagenes and Charicleia, by Heliodo'ros 
 bishop of Trikka (fourth century). 
 
 Chari'no, father of Angelina. Charino 
 wishes Angelina to marry Clodio, a young 
 coxcomb ; but the lady prefers his elder 
 brother Carlos, a young bookworm. 
 Love changes the character of the diffi- 
 dent Carlos, and Charino at last accepts 
 him for his son-in-law. Charino is a 
 testy, obstinate old man, who wants to 
 rule the whole world in his own way. — 
 C. Cibber, Love Makes the Man (1094). 
 
 Chariva'ri. In the middle ages a 
 "charivari" consisted of an assemblage 
 of ragamuffins, who, armed with tin pots 
 and pans, fire-shovels, and kettles, 
 gathered in the dark outside the house of 
 any obnoxious person, making the night 
 hideous by striking the pots against the 
 pans, and howling " Haro ! haro !" or (in 
 the south) "Hari! hari !" In 1563, the 
 Council of Trent took the matter up, and 
 solemnly interdicted " charivaries " undei 
 pain of excommunication ; nevertheless, 
 the practice continues in France to this 
 day, notably in the village of La Rus- 
 cade. 
 
 In East Lavant, near Chichester, be- 
 tween 1£G9 and J 872, I have witnessed 
 three such visitations made to different 
 houses. In two cases the husband had 
 bullied his wife, and in one the wife had 
 injured her husband with a broomstick. 
 The visitation in all cases was made for 
 three successive nights, and the villagers 
 assured me confidently that the " law had 
 no power to suppress these demonstra- 
 tions." 
 
 Charlemagne and His Pala- 
 dins. This series of romances is of 
 French origin ; as the Arthurian is "Welsh 
 or British. It began with the legendary 
 chronicle in verse, called Historia de Vita 
 Carola Magni et Eolandi, erroneously at- 
 tributed to Turpin archbishop of Rheims 
 (a contemporary of Charlemagne), but 
 probably written 200 or 300 years 
 later. The chief of the series are "Huon 
 of Bordeaux, Oner in de Monglave, Gay- 
 Icn Ithctore (in which Charlemagne and 
 his paladins proceed in mufti to the Holj 
 Land), Miles and Ames, Jairdain de 
 Jilaves, Doolin de Mayence, Oyier le 
 Danais, and Manyis the Enchanter. 
 
 Charlemagne's Stature. We are told 
 that Charlemagne was " eight feet high," 
 and so strong that he could "straighten 
 with his hands alone three horse-3hoes 
 at once." His diet and his dress wer« 
 both as simple as possible. 
 
CHAKLEMAGNE OF SERVIA. 17 
 
 CHARLES'S WAIX. 
 
 Charlemagne's Nine Wives: (1) Hair.il- 
 trude, a poor frenchwoman, -who bore him 
 several children. (2) Desidera'ta, -who 
 was divorced. (3) Hildegarde. (1) Fas- 
 trade, daughter of count Kodolph the 
 Saxon. (5) Luitgarde the German. The 
 last three died before him. (6) Malte- 
 garde. (7) Gersuinde the Saxon. (8) 
 Retina. (9) Adalinda. 
 
 Charlemagne' 's Sicord, La Joyeuse. 
 
 Charlemagne and the Ring, Pasquier 
 says that Charles le Grand fell in love 
 Nvith a peasant girl [Agatha], in whose 
 society he seemed bewitched, insomuch 
 that all matters of State were neglected 
 by him ; but the girl died, to the great joy 
 of all. What, however, was the astonish- 
 ment of the court to find that the king 
 seemed no less bewitched with the dead 
 body than he had been with the living, and 
 spent all day and night with it, even when 
 its smell was quite offensive. Archbishop 
 Turpm felt convinced there was sorcery 
 in this strange infatuation, and on ex- 
 amining the body, found a ring under 
 the tongue, which he removed. Charle- 
 magne now lost all regard for the dead 
 body ; but followed Turpin, with whom 
 he seemed infatuated. The archbishop 
 now bethought him of the ring, which he 
 threw into a pool at Aix, where Charle- 
 magne built a palace and monastery, and 
 no spot in the world had such attractions 
 for him as Aix-la-Chapelle, where "the 
 ring" was buried. — Rechcrches de la 
 France, vi. 33. 
 
 Charlemagne not dead. According to 
 legend, Charlemagne waits crowned and 
 armed in Odenberg (Hesse) or Untersberg, 
 near Saltzburg, till the time of antichrist, 
 when he will wake up and deliver Christen- 
 dom. (See Bakbakossa.) 
 
 Charlemagne and Years of Plentg. Ac- 
 cording to German legend, Charlemagne 
 appears in seasons of plenty. He crosses 
 the Rhine on a golden bridge, and blesses 
 both corn-fields and vineyards. 
 
 Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne, 
 Upon thy bridge of gold. 
 
 Longfellow, Autumn. 
 
 Charlemagne of Servia, Stephen 
 Dushan. 
 
 Charles II. of England, introduced 
 by sir W. Scott in two novels, viz., 
 Peterii of the Peak and Woodstock. In 
 this latter he appears first as a gipsy 
 woman, and afterwards under the name 
 of Louis Kerneguy (Albert Lee's page) . 
 
 Charles XII. of Sweden. " Deter- 
 mined to brave the seasons, as he had 
 done his enemies, Charles XII. ventured 
 
 to make lorn 
 of the memon 
 
 marches during the cold 
 the memorable winter of 1709. In one 
 of these inarches 2000 of his men died 
 from the cold. 
 
 Or lean the fate that bleedins thousands bore. 
 Marched by their Charles to Dnieper's swampy shore: 
 Faint in his wounds, and shivering in the blast. 
 The Swedish soldier sank, and groaned his last. 
 
 Campbell, The Pleasures of Uojje, :L (1799). 
 
 (Planche' has an historical drama, in 
 two acts, called Charles XII. ; and the 
 Life of Charles XII., by Voltaire, is con- 
 sidered to be one of the best-written 
 historical works in the French language.) 
 
 Charles "the Bold," duke of Lur- 
 gundy, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
 two novels, viz., Quentin Danrard and 
 Anne of Geierstein. The latter novel 
 contains an account of the battle of 
 Nancy, where Charles was slain. 
 
 Charles prince f Wales (called "Babie 
 Charles"), son of James I., introduced by 
 sir \Y. Scott in The Fortunes of Nigel. 
 
 Charles "the Good," earl of Flanders. 
 In 1127 he passed a law that whoever 
 married a serf should become a serf : 
 thus if a prince married a serf, the 
 prince would become a serf. This absurd 
 law caused his death, and the death of 
 the best blood in Bruges. — S. Knowles, 
 The Provost of Bruges (1836). 
 
 Charles Edward [Stuart], called 
 "The Chevalier Prince Charles Edward, 
 the Young Pretender," introduced by sir 
 W. Scott in Redgauntlet (time, George 
 III.), first as "father Buonaventura," 
 and afterwards as " Pretender to the 
 British crown." He is again introduced 
 in WaveHey (time, George. II.). 
 
 Charles Emmanuel, son of Victor 
 Amade'us (4 sift.) king of Sardinia. In 
 1730 his father abdicated, but somewhat 
 later wanted his son to restore the crown 
 again. This he refused to do ; and when 
 Victor plotted against him, D'Orme'a 
 was sent to arrest the old man, and he 
 died. Charles was brave, patient, single- 
 minded, and truthful.— R. Browning, 
 King Victor and King Charles, etc. 
 
 Charles's "Wain, the constellation 
 called The Great Bear, a corruption of 
 the old English ceorles ween f" the churl's 
 or farmer's waggon"), sometimes still 
 further corrupted into "King Charles's 
 wain." 
 
 Heigh ho ! An 't be not four by the day. 111 be hanged. 
 Charles' wain is over tr.e new chimney.— Shakespeare, 
 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 1 (159,-). 
 
 Could he not beg the loan of Char'.es's wain. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 99 (1S20) ■ 
 
CHARLEY, 
 
 178 
 
 CHASTE. 
 
 Charley (A), an imperial, or tuft of 
 hair on the chin. 
 
 A tuft of hair on his chin, termed grandiloquently an 
 "imperial," but familiarly a "Charley." — R. M. Jephson, 
 The Girl He Lejt behind /Jim, i. 5. 
 
 Charley, plu. Charlies, an old 
 watchman or " night guardian," before 
 the introduction of the police force by 
 sir Robert Peel, in 1829. So called from 
 Charles I., who extended and improved 
 the police system. 
 
 Chariot, a messenger from Liege to 
 Louis XL — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur- 
 tiard (time, Edward IV .). 
 
 Charlotte, the faithful sweetheart of 
 young Wilmot, supposed to have perished 
 at sea. — Geo. Lillo, Fatal Curiosity (17o0). 
 
 Charlotte, the dumb girl, in love with 
 Leander ; but her father, sir Jasper, 
 wants her to marry Mr. Dapper. In 
 order to avoid this hateful alliance, Char- 
 lotte pretends to be dumb, and only 
 answers, " Han, hi, ban, hon." The 
 "mock doctor" employs Leander as his 
 apothecary, and the young lad}- is soon 
 cured by "pills matrimoniac." In 
 Moliere's Le Medecin Malgre Lui, Char- 
 lotte is called " Lucinde." The jokes in 
 act ii. 6 are verbally copied from the 
 French. — H. Fielding, The Mock Doctor. 
 
 Charlotte, daughter of sir John Lam- 
 bert, in The Hypocrite, by Is. Bicker- 
 staff (1768) ; in love with Darnley. She 
 is a giddy girl, fond of tormenting Darn- 
 lcy ; but being promised in marriage to 
 I >r. Cantwell, who is 59, and whom she 
 utterly detest6, she becomes somewhat 
 sobered down, and promises Darnley to 
 become his loving wife. Her constant 
 exclamation is " Lud ! " In Moliere's 
 comedy of I'artujfe, Charlotte is called 
 " Mariane," and Darnley is " Valere." 
 
 Charlotte, the pert maid-servant of the 
 countess Wintersen. Her father was 
 " state coachman." Charlotte is jealous 
 of Mrs. Hallcr, and behaves rudely to 
 her (see act ii. 3). — Benjamin Thompson, 
 The Stranger (1797). 
 
 Char'lotte, servant to Sowerberry. A 
 dishonest, rough servant-girl, who ill- 
 treats Oliver Twist, and robs her master. 
 — C. Dickens, Olicer Twist (1837). 
 
 Charlotte (Lady), the servant of a lady 
 so called. She assumes the airs with the 
 name and address of her mistress. The 
 servants of her own and other households 
 address her as " Your ladyship," or 
 " lady Charlotte ; " but though so mighty 
 
 grand, she is " noted for a plaguy pair of 
 thick legs." — Rev. James Townley, High 
 Life Below Stairs (1759). 
 
 Charlotte Elizabeth, whose sur- 
 name was Phelan, afterwards Tonna, 
 author of numerous books for children, 
 tales, etc. (1825-1862). 
 
 Charlotte G-oodchild, a merchants 
 orphan daughter of large fortune. She 
 is pestered by many lovers, and her 
 guardian gives out that she has lost all 
 her money by the bankruptcy of his house. 
 On this all her suitors but one call off, 
 and that one is sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan, 
 who declares he loves her now as an 
 equal, and one whom he can serve, but 
 before he loved her "with fear and 
 trembling, like a man that loves to be a 
 soldier, yet is afraid of a gun." — C. Mack- 
 lin, Love a-la-mode (1779). 
 
 Char'mian, a kind-hearted, simple- 
 minded attendant on Cleopatra. After 
 the queen's death, she applied one of the 
 asps to her own arm, and when the Roman 
 soldiers entered the room, fell down 
 dead. — Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra 
 (1008). 
 
 Char'teris (Sir Patrick) of Kin- 
 fauns, provost of Perth. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Chartist Clergyman (The), Rev. 
 Charles Kingsley (1809-1877). 
 
 Chartre (Le billet qu' a la), the 
 promise of a candidate to those he can- 
 vasses. The promise of a minister or 
 prince, which he makes from politeness, 
 and forgets as soon. Ah, le bon billet qu" a 
 la Chartre. — Ninon de Lenclos. 
 
 Charyllis, in Spenser's pastoral 
 Colin Clout's Come Home Again, is lady 
 Compton. Her name was Anne, and she 
 was the fifth of the six daughters of sir 
 John Spenser of Althorpe, ancestor of 
 the noble houses of Spenser and Marl- 
 borough. Edmund Spenser dedicated to 
 her his satirical fable called Mother 
 Hubbard's Tale (1591). She was thrice 
 married, her first husbimd was lord Mont- 
 eagle, and her third was Robert lord 
 Buckhurst (son of the poet Sackville), 
 who succeeded his father in 1608 as earl 
 of Dorset. 
 
 No less praiseworthy are the sisters three. 
 The honour of the nohle family 
 Of which I meanest hoast myself to be, . . . 
 Phyllis, Charyllis. and sweet Amaryllis : 
 Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three, 
 The next to her \s bountiful Charyllis. 
 
 Co.in Clouts tome Home lyain (159.1). 
 
 Chaste (The), Alfonso II. of As- 
 
CHASTITY. 
 
 179 
 
 CHEERYBLE BROTHERS. 
 
 turias and Leon C758, 791-835 abdicated, 
 died 842). 
 
 Chastity ( Tests of) : Alasnam's 
 mirror, Arthur's drinking-horn, the boy's 
 mantle, cutting the brawn's head, Flori- 
 mel's girdle, the horn of fidelity, la coupe 
 enehante'e, the mantle of fidelity, the 
 grotto of Ephesus, etc. (See Cakadoc, 
 and each article named.) 
 
 Chateau en Espagne. (See 
 Castle in the Air.) 
 
 Chatookee, an Indian bird, that 
 never drinks at a stream, but catches the 
 rain-drops in falling. — Period. Account 
 of the Baptist Missionaries, ii. 309. 
 
 Less pure than thess is that strange Indian bird, 
 Who never dips in earthly streams her bill, 
 
 But, when the sound of coming shoivers is heard, 
 Looks up. and from the clouds receives her fill. 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, xxi. 6 (1809). 
 
 Chat'tanach (M i Gillie), chief of the 
 clan Chattan. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
 of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Chat'terley (Rev. Simon), "the man 
 of religion " at the Spa, one of the manag- 
 ing committee. — Sir W. Scott, St. 
 lionan's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Chatlbert (Mons.), Master Chif- 
 finch's cook. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Chaucer of France, Cle'ment 
 Marot (1484-1544). 
 
 Chau'nus, Arrogance personified in 
 The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
 (1G33). "Fondly himself with praising 
 he dispraised." Fully described in canto 
 viii. (Greek, chaunos, " vain.") 
 
 ChauVinism, a blind idolatry of 
 Napoleon I. Now it is applied to a blind 
 idolatry of France and Frenchmen. A 
 chauvin is the person who idolizes. The 
 word is taken from "Chauvin" in 
 Scribe's Soldat Labourcw; a veteran 
 eoldier of the first empire, whose admira- 
 tion of Napoleon was unbounded, and 
 who honoured even "the shadow of his 
 shoe-tie." 
 
 Such is the theme on which French chauvinism is 
 Inexhaustible. — Times, 1871. 
 
 Cheap as the Sardinians 
 
 (Latin). The reference is to the vast 
 crowds of Sardinian prisoners and slaves 
 brought to Rome by Tiberius Gracchus. 
 
 Cheap Jack means market Jack or 
 Jack the chapman. (Anglo-Saxon, chepe, 
 " a market," hence Cheap-side.) 
 
 Cheat'ly (2 syl.), a lowd, imprudent 
 
 debauchee of Alsatia (Whitefriars). He 
 dares not leave the " refuge " by reason 
 of debt ; but in the precincts he fleeces 
 young heirs of entail, helps them to 
 money, and becomes bound for them. — 
 Shadwell, Squire of Alsatia (1688). 
 
 Che'bar, the tutelar angel of Mary, 
 sister of Martha and Lazarus of Bethany. 
 — Klopstock, The Messiah, xii. (1771). 
 
 Ched'eraza'de (5 syl.), mother of 
 Hem'junah and wife of Zebene'zer 
 sultan of Cassimir'. Her daughter having 
 run away to prevent a forced marriage 
 with the prince of Georgia, whom she had 
 never seen, the sultana pined awav and 
 died.— Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of 
 the Genii (" Princess of Cassimir," talo 
 vii., 1751). 
 
 Chederles (3 syl.), a Moslem hero, 
 who, like St. George, saved a virgin 
 exposed to the tender mercies of a huge 
 dragon. He also drank of the waters of 
 immortality, and lives to render aid iu 
 war to any who invoke it. 
 
 When Chederlfis comes 
 To aid the Moslem on his deathless horse, 
 ... as [ if] he had newly quaffed 
 The hidden waters of eternal youth. 
 
 Southey, Joan of Arc, vi. 302, etc. (183VJ. 
 
 Cheeney (Frank), an outspoken 
 bachelor. He marries Kate Tyson. — 
 Wybert Reeve, Parted. 
 
 Cheerly' (Mrs.), daughter of colonel 
 Woodley. After being married three 
 years, she was left a widow, young, hand- 
 some, rich, lively, and gay. She came 
 to London, and was seen in the opera by 
 Frank Heartall, an open-hearted, im- 
 pulsive young merchant, who fell in 
 love with her, and followed her to her 
 lodging. Ferret, the villain of the story, 
 misinterpreted all the kind actions of 
 Frank, attributing his gifts to hush- 
 money ; but his character was amply vin- 
 dicated, and "the soldier's daughter" 
 became his blooming wife. — Cherry, 
 The Soldier's Daughter (1804). 
 
 Miss O'Neill, at the age of 19, made her dkbut at the 
 Theatre Royal, Crow Street, in 1811, as "The Widow 
 Cheerly."— W. Donaldson. 
 
 Cheeryble Brothers (The), brother 
 Ned and brother Charles, the incarnations 
 of all that is warm-hearted, generous, 
 benevolent, and kind. They were onco 
 homeless boys running about the streets 
 barefooted, and when they grew to be 
 wealthy London merchants, were ever 
 ready to stretch forth a helping hand to 
 those struggling against the buffets of 
 fortune. 
 
CHEESE. 
 
 180 
 
 CHESTER MYSTERIES. 
 
 Frank Clieeryble, nephew of the brothers 
 Cheeryble. He married Kate Nickleby. 
 — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Cheese. The " ten topping guests." 
 (See Cisley.) 
 
 Cheese (Dr.), an English translation 
 of the Latin Dr. Caseus, that is, Dr. John 
 Chase, a noted quack, who was born in the 
 reign of Charles II., and died in that of 
 queen Anne. 
 
 Cheese-Cakes. Sir W. Scott, allud- 
 ing to the story of " Nour'eddin' Ali and 
 Bed'reddin' Hassan," in the Arabian Nights 1 
 Entertainments, makes in four or five 
 lines as many blunders. The quotation is 
 from The Heart of Midlothian. 
 
 She, i.e. Effie Deans, amused herself with visiting the 
 dairy . . . ami was near discovering herself to Mary 
 Hetley hy betraying her acquaintance with the celebrated 
 receipt for Dunlop cheese, that she compared herself to 
 Bedreddin Hassan, whom the vizier his father-in-law 
 discovered by his superlative skill in composing cream- 
 tarts with pepper in thetn. 
 
 (1) It was not "cream-tarts" but 
 cheese-cakes. (2) The charge was that he 
 made cheese-cakes without putting pepper 
 in them, and not " cream -tarts with 
 pepper." (3) It was not "the vizier his 
 father-in-law," but the widow of Nour- 
 eddin Ali and the mother of Bedreddin, 
 who made the discovery. She declared 
 that she herself had given the receipt to 
 her son, and it was known to no one else. 
 
 Chemistry {The Father of), Arnaud 
 de Yiileneuve (1238-1314). 
 
 Che'mos (ch = k), god of the Moabites ; 
 also called Baal-Pe'or; the Pria'pus or 
 idol of turpitude and obscenity. Solomon 
 built a temple to this obscene idol "in 
 the hill that is before Jerusalem " 
 (1 Kings xi. 7). In the hierachy of hell 
 Milton gives Chemos the fourth rank : (1) 
 Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) 
 Chemos. 
 
 Next Chemos, the ob'scene dread of Moab's sons . 
 Peo'r his other name. 
 
 Paradise Lost, 406, 412 (16G5). 
 
 Cheq'uers, a public-bouse sign ; the 
 arms of Fitz- Warren, the head of which 
 house, in the days of the Plantagenets, 
 was invested with the power of licensing 
 vintcrs and publicans. 
 
 The Chequers of Abingdon Street, West- 
 minster, the bearing of the earls of 
 Arundel, at one time empowered to grant 
 licences to public-houses. 
 
 Cherone'an ( The) or The Cheboxe'- 
 an Sage (ch=k), Plutarch, who was 
 
 born at Chaerone'a, in Bceo'tia (a.d. 46- 
 120). 
 
 This praise, Cheronean sage, is thine I 
 
 Beattie, Mimtrel (1773). 
 
 Cher'ry, the lively daughter of Boni- 
 face, landlord of the inn at Lichfield. — 
 Geo. Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem 
 (1705). (See Chery.) 
 
 Cherry (Andrew), comic actor and dra- 
 matist (1762-1812), author of The Soldier's 
 Daughter, All for Fame, T'vco Strings to 
 your Bow, The Village, Spanish Do)la7-s, 
 etc. He was specially noted for his ex- 
 cellent wig?. 
 
 Shall sapient managers new scenes produce 
 From Cherry, Skeftington, and Mother Goose f 
 Byron, Snglish Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 *** Mother Goose is a pantomime bv 
 C. Dibdin. 
 
 Cher'sett (Anglo-Saxon, chirch-sett, 
 or "church-seed," ecclesice semen), a cer- 
 tain quota of wheat annually made to the 
 Church on St. Martin's Day. 
 
 All that measure of wheat called chersett — Deed of Gift 
 to Uoxg-roec Priory jnear Chichester). 
 
 Cher'ubim (Don), the "bachelor of 
 Salamanca," who is placed in a vast 
 number of different situations of life, and 
 made to associate with all classes of 
 society, that the authors may sprinkle 
 his satire and wit in every direction.— 
 Lesage, The Bachelor of Salatnanca 
 (1737). 
 
 Cher'y, the son of Brunetta (who was 
 the wife of a king's brother), married 
 his cousin Fairstar, daughter of the king. 
 He obtained for his cousin the three 
 wonderful things : The dancing water, 
 which had the power of imparting 
 beauty ; the singing apple, which had the 
 power of imparting wit ; and the little green 
 bird, which had the power of telling 
 secrets. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
 (" The Princess Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 Ches'ter (Sir John), a plausible, 
 foppish villain, the sworn enemy of 
 Geoffrey Haredale, by whom he is killed 
 in a duel. Sir John is the father of Hugh, 
 the gigantic servant at the Maypole inn. 
 
 "Edward Chester, son of sir John, and 
 the lover of Emma Haredale. — C. Dickens, 
 Barnaby Budge (1841). 
 
 Chester Mysteries, certain miracle- 
 plays performed at Chester, composed in 
 1600, 1604, 1607, and printed in 1843 for 
 the Shakespeare Society, under the care 
 of Thomas Wright. "(See Towneley 
 Mysteries.) 
 
CHESTERFIELD. 
 
 181 CHICKENS AND THE AUGURS. 
 
 Chesterfield {Charles), a young 
 man of genius, the hero and title of a 
 novel by Mrs. Trollope (1841). The object 
 of this novel is to satirize the state of 
 literature in England, and to hold up to 
 censure authors, editors, and publishers, 
 as profligate, selfish, and corrupt. 
 
 Chesterfield House (London), 
 built by Isaac "Ware for Philip fourth 
 earl of Chesterfield, .author of Chester- 
 fields Letters to His Son (1694-1773). 
 
 Chesterton {Paul), nephew to Mr. 
 Percy Chaffington, stock-broker andM.P. 
 — T. M. Morton, If I had a Thousand a 
 Year (1764-1838). 
 
 Chevalier d'Pndustrie, a man 
 
 who lives by his wits and calls himself a 
 "gentleman." 
 
 Dtnicheur de fauvettes, chavalier de 1'ordre de 1'indus- 
 trie, qui va chercher quelque bon nid. quelque femrne qui 
 lui fasse sa fortune. — Goiigam ou L'homme Prodigieux 
 (iri3). 
 
 Chevalier Malfet (Le). So sir 
 
 Launcelot calls himself after he was cured 
 of his madness. The meaning of tbe 
 phrase is "The knight who has done ill," 
 or "The knight who has trespassed." — 
 Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
 iii. 20 (1470). 
 
 Cheveril {Hans), the ward of Mor- 
 dent, just come of age. Impulsive, 
 generous, hot-blooded. He resolves to 
 be a rake, but scorns to be a villain. 
 However, he accidentally meets with 
 Joanna "the deserted daughter," and 
 falls in love with her. He rescues her 
 from the clutches of Mrs. Enfield the 
 crimp, and. marries her. — Holcroff, The 
 Deserted Daughter (altered into The 
 Steward). 
 
 The part that placed me [Walter Lacy] in the position 
 of a light comedian was "Cheveril," in The Steward, 
 altered from Hulcroft's Deserted Daughter.— W. Lacy, 
 Letter to W. C. Russell. 
 
 Chevy Chase is not the battle of 
 Otterburn, although the two are mixed 
 up together in the ballad so called. Chevy 
 Chase is the chase of the earl of Douglas 
 among "the Chyviat Hyls" after Percy 
 of Northumberland, who had vowed "he 
 would hunt there three days without 
 asking the warden's consent." 
 
 The Perse owt of Northombarlande, 
 
 And a vowe to God mayd he 
 That he wolde hunte in the mountayns 
 
 Off Chyviat within dnyes thre, 
 In mauger of doughte Dogles 
 
 And all that with him be. 
 
 Percy, Reliquet, I. i. 1. 
 
 Chibia r bos, the Harmony of Nature 
 
 personified ; a musician, the friend of 
 Hiawatha, and ruler in the land of spirits. 
 "When he played on his pipe, the "brookg 
 ceased to murmur, the wood-birds to sing, 
 the squirrel to chatter, and the rabbit sat 
 upright to look and listen." He was 
 drowned in lake Superior by the breaking 
 of the ice. 
 
 Most beloved by Hiawatha 
 Was the gentle Chibiabos; 
 He the best of all musicians, 
 He the sweetest of all singers. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, vi and xv. 
 
 Chieaneau [She'.ka.no'~\, a litigious 
 tradesman, in Les Plaideurs, by Racine 
 (1668). 
 
 Chich'i-Vache (3 syl.), a monstei 
 that fed only on good women. The word 
 means the " sorry cow." It was all skin 
 and bone, because its food was so ex- 
 tremely scarce. (See Bycorn.) 
 
 O noble wyves, full of heigh prudence. 
 Let noon humilitie your tonges nayle . . . 
 Lest Chichi- Vache you swolive in her entraile. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (" Merchant's Tale," 13S8). 
 
 Chick (Mr.), brother-in-law of Mr. 
 Dombey ; a stout gentleman, with a 
 tendency to whistle and hum airs at in- 
 opportune moments. Mr. Chick is some- 
 what hen-pecked ; but in the matrimonial 
 squalls, though apparently beaten, he not 
 unfrequently rises up the superior and 
 gets his own way. 
 
 Louisa Chick, Mr. Dombey's married 
 sister. She is of a snappish temper, but 
 dresses in a most juvenile style, and is 
 persuaded that anything can be accom- 
 plished if persons will only "make an 
 effort." — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
 (1846). 
 
 Chicken {Tne), Michael Angelo 
 Taylor, barrister, so called because in his 
 maiden speech, 1785, he said, "I deliver 
 this opinion with great deference, being 
 but a chicken in the profession of the 
 law." 
 
 Chicken {The Game), a low fellow, to be 
 heard of at the bar of the Black Badger. 
 Mr. Toots selects this man as his instruc- 
 tor in fencing, betting, and self-defence. 
 The Chicken has short hair^. low fore- 
 head, a broken nose, and "a considerable 
 tract of bare and sterile country behind 
 each ear." — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
 (1846). 
 
 Chickens and the Augurs. 
 When the augurs told Publius Claudius 
 Pulcher, the Roman consul, who was 
 about to engage the Carthaginian fleet, 
 that the sacred chickens would not eatj he 
 
CHICKENSTALKER. 
 
 13:i 
 
 CHILDREN. 
 
 replied, "Then toss them into the sea, 
 that they may drink." 
 
 Chick'enstalker {Mrs.), a stout, 
 bonny, kind-hearted woman, who keeps a 
 general shop. Toby Veck, in his dream, 
 imagines her married to Tugby, the 
 porter of sir Joseph Bowley. — C. Dickens, 
 The Chimes (1844). 
 
 Chick' weed {Conkey, i.e. Nosey), 
 the man who robbed himself. He was a 
 licensed victualler on the point of failing, 
 and gave out that he had been robbed of 
 827 guineas "by a tall man with a black 
 patch over his eye." He was much 
 pitied, and numerous subscriptions were 
 made on his behalf. A detective was 
 sent to examine into the " robbery," and 
 duckweed would cry out, "There he is ! " 
 and run after the "hypothetical thief" 
 for a considerable distance, and then lose 
 Bight of him. This occurred over and 
 over again, and at last the detective said 
 to him, " I've found out who done this 
 here robbery." "Have you?" said 
 Chickweed. "Yes," says Spyers, "you 
 done it yourself." And so he had. — C. 
 Dickens, Oliver Twist, xxxi. (1837). 
 
 Chiffinch {Master Thomas), alias 
 Will Smith, a friend of Richard Gan- 
 lesse (2 syl.). The private emissary of 
 Charles II. He was employed by the 
 duke of Buckingham to carry off Alice 
 Bridgenorth to "Whitehall, but the captive 
 escaped and married Julian Peveril. 
 
 Kate Chiffinch, mistress of Thomas Chif- 
 finch.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Chignon [Shin.yong], the French 
 valet of Miss Alscrip "the heiress." A 
 silly, affected, typical French valet-de- 
 chambre. — General Burgovne, The Heiress 
 (1718). 
 
 Chi'lax, a merry old soldier, lieu- 
 tenant to general Memnon, in Paphos. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover 
 (1617). 
 
 Child. The notes of this bank bear a 
 marigold, because this flower was the 
 trade-mark#of "Blanchard and Child." 
 The original "marigold" is still to be 
 seen in the front office, with the motto 
 Ainsi man ame.^~ See First London Direc- 
 tory, 1G77. 
 
 Child {The), Bettina, daughter of Maxi- 
 miiiane Brentauo. So called from the 
 title of her book, Goethe's Correspondence 
 with a Child. 
 
 Child of Nature {The), a play by 
 
 Mrs. Inchbald. Amantis is the " child of 
 Nature." She was the daughter of Al- 
 berto, banished " by an unjust sentence," 
 and during his exile he left his daughter 
 under the charge of the marquis Almanza. 
 Amantis was brought up in total ignorance 
 of the world and the passion-principles 
 which sway it, but felt grateful to her 
 guardian, and soon discovered that what 
 she called "-gratitude" the world calls 
 " love." Her father returned home rich, 
 his sentence cancelled and his innocence 
 allowed, just in time to give his daughter 
 in marriage to his friend Almanza. 
 
 Child of the Cord. So the defend- 
 ant was called by the judges of the 
 Vehm-gericht, in Westphalia ; because 
 every one condemned by the tribunal was 
 hanged to the branch of a tree. 
 
 Child-King. Shakespeare says, 
 "Woe to that land that's governed bv a 
 child ! " {Richard ILL. act ii. sc. 3). 
 
 Woe to thee, land, when thy king is a child ! — 
 Eccles. x. 16. 
 
 Childe Harold, a man sated with 
 the world, who roams from place to place, 
 to kill time and escape from himself. 
 The "childe" is, in fact, lord Byrou 
 himself, who Avas only 22 when he began 
 the poem, which was completed in seven 
 years. In canto i. the "childe" visits 
 Portugal and Spain (1809) ; in canto ii. 
 Turkey in Europe (1810) ; in canto iii. 
 Belgium and Switzerland (1816) ; and in 
 canto iv. Venice, Rome, and Florence 
 (1817). 
 
 (" Childe " is a title of honour, about 
 tantamount to "lord," as childe Waters, 
 childe Rolande, childe Tristram, childe 
 Arthur, childe Childers, etc.) 
 
 Chil'ders {E. W. B.), one of the 
 riders in Sleary's circus, noted for his 
 vaulting and reckless riding in the cha- 
 racter of the " Wild Huntsman of the 
 Prairies." This compound of groom 
 and actor marries Josephine, Sleary's 
 daughter. 
 
 Kidderminster Childers, son of the 
 above, known in the profession as 
 " Cupid." He is a diminutive boy, with 
 an old face and facetious manner wholly 
 bevond his years. — C. Dickens, Bard 
 Times (1854). 
 
 Children {The Henneberg). It is said 
 that the countess of Henneberg railed at a 
 beggar for having twins, and the beggar, 
 turning on the countess, who was 42 years 
 old, said, "May you have as many 
 children as thcre"are days in a year," and 
 
CHILDREN IN THE WOOD. 
 
 18; 
 
 CHIRON. 
 
 Bure enough on Good Friday, 1276, the 
 countess brought forth 365 at one birth ; 
 all the males were christened John, and 
 all the females Elizabeth. They Avere 
 buried at a village near La Hague, and the 
 jug is still shown in which they were 
 baptized. 
 
 Children in the "Wood, the little 
 son (three years old) and younger 
 daughter (Jane), left by a Norfolk gentle- 
 man on his death-bed to the care of his 
 deceased wife's brother. The boy was to 
 have £300 a year on coming of age, and 
 the girl £500 as a wedding portion ; but 
 if the children died in their minority the 
 money was to go to the uncle. The 
 uncle, in order to secure the property, 
 hired two ruffians to murder the children, 
 but one of them relented and killed his 
 companion ; then, instead of murdering 
 the babes, he left them in Wayland Wood, 
 where they gathered blackberries, but 
 died at night with cold and terror. All 
 things went ill with the uncle, who 
 perished in gaol, and the ruffian, after a 
 lapse of seven years, confessed the whole 
 villainy. — Percy, Rcliques, III. ii. 18. 
 
 Children of the Mist, one of the 
 branches of the MacGregors, a wild race 
 of Scotch Highlanders, who had a skir- 
 mish with the soldiers in pursuit of Dal- 
 gettv and M'Eagh among the rocks 
 (ch."l4).— Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
 rose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Chillip (-Dr.), a physician who at- 
 tended Mrs. Copperfield at the birth of 
 David. 
 
 He was the meekest of his set, the mildest of little men. 
 — C. Dickens, David Copperfield, i. (1849). 
 
 Chillon' [Prisoner of), Francois de 
 Bonnivard, of Lunes, the Genevese pa- 
 triot (1496-1571), who opposed the enter- 
 prises of Charles III. (the duke-bishop 
 of Savoy) against the independence of 
 Geneva, and was cast by him into the 
 prison of Chillon, where he was confined 
 for six years. Lord Byron makes him 
 one of six brothers, two of whom died 
 on the battle-field; one was burnt at 
 the stake, and three were imprisoned 
 at Chillon. Two of the prisoners died, 
 but Francois was set at liberty by the 
 people of Berne. — Byron, Prisoner of 
 Chillon (1816). 
 
 Chil'minar', the city of "forty 
 pillars," built by the genii for a lurking- 
 piace to hide themselves in. Balbec was 
 also built by the genii. 
 
 Chimene (La Belle) or Xime'na, 
 daughter of count Lozano de Gormaz, 
 wife of the Cid. After the Cid's death 
 she defended Valentia from the Moors 
 with great bravery, but without success. 
 Corneille and Guilhem de Cantro have 
 introduced her in their tragedies, but the 
 role they represent her to have taken is 
 wholly imaginary. 
 
 China, a corruption of Tsina, the ter- 
 ritory of Tsin. The dynasty of Tsin 
 (b.c. 256-202) takes the same position in 
 Chinese history as that of the Norn an s 
 (founded by William the Conqueror) does 
 in English "history. The founder of the 
 Tsin dynasty built the Great Wall, divided 
 the empire into thirty-six provinces, and 
 made roads or canals in every direction, 
 so that virtually the empire begins with 
 this dynasty. 
 
 Chinaman (John), a man of China. 
 
 Chindasuin'tho (4 syl.), king of 
 Spain, father of Theod'ofred, and grand- 
 father of Roderick last of the Gothic 
 kings. — Southey, Roderick, etc. (1814). 
 
 Chinese Philosopher (A). Oliver 
 Goldsmith, in the Citizen of the World, 
 calls his book " Letters from a Chinese 
 Philosopher residing in London to his 
 Friends in the East " (1759). 
 
 Chingachcook, the Indian chief, 
 called in French Le Gros Serpent. Feni- 
 more Cooper has introduced this chief in 
 four of his novels, Tlie Last of the Mo- 
 hicans, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, 
 and The Pioneer. 
 
 Chintz (Mary), Miss Bloomfield'a 
 maid, the bespoke of Jem Miller.— C. 
 Selby, The Unfinished Gentleman. 
 
 Chi'os (The Man of), Homer, who 
 lived at Chios [Ki'.os]. At least Chios 
 was one of the seven cities which laid 
 claim to the bard, according to the Latin 
 hexameter verse : 
 
 Smyrna, Rhodos, Col5phon, Sal&mis, Chios, Argos.Athenae. 
 
 Chirn'side (Luckie), poulterer at 
 Wolf's Hope village.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 
 
 Chi'ron. a centaur, renowned for his 
 skill in hunting, medicine, music, gymnas- 
 tics, and prophecy. He numbered among 
 his pupils, Achilles, Peleus, Diomede, 
 and indeed all the most noted heroes of 
 Grecian story. JuDiter took him to 
 
CHIRRUP. 
 
 184 
 
 CHRIST'S VICTORY, ETC. 
 
 heaven, and made him the constellation 
 Sagittarius. 
 
 ... as Chiron erst had done 
 To that proud bane of Troy, her god-resembling son 
 [A thillesl 
 
 Drayton, Pmlyolbion, v. (1612). 
 
 Chirrup {Betsey), the housekeeper of 
 Mr. Sowerberry the misanthrope. — W. 
 Brongh, A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 
 
 Chitling (Tom), one of the associates 
 of Fagin the Jew. Tom Chitling was 
 always most deferential to the "Artful 
 Dodger." — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist 
 (1837). 
 
 Chivalry {The Flower of), William 
 Douglas, lord of Liddesdale (fourteenth 
 century). 
 
 Chlo'e [Klv'.F}, the shepherdess 
 beloved by Daphnis, in the pastoral 
 romance called Daphnis and Chloe, by 
 Longus. St. Pierre's tale of Paul and 
 Virginia is based on this pastoral. 
 
 Chlo'e or rather Cloe. So Prior calls 
 Mrs. Centlivre (1661-1723). 
 
 Chlo'ris, the ancient Greek nair.e of 
 Flora. 
 
 Around your haunts 
 The laughing CUloris with profusest hand 
 Throws wide her blooms and odours. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 
 
 Choas'pes (3 syl.), a river of Susia'na, 
 noted for the excellency of its water. 
 The Persian kings used to carry a suffi- 
 cient quantity of it with them when 
 journeying, so that recourse to other 
 water might not be required. 
 
 There Susa, by Clioaspes' amber stream. 
 The drink of none but kings. 
 
 Milton, I'aradUe Regained, iii. 288 (1661). 
 
 Chce'reas (ch — k), the lover of Cal- 
 liirhoe, in the Greek romance called 'The 
 Lores of CAcereas and Callirr/toe, by 
 Char'iton (eighth century). 
 
 Choke (General), a lank North 
 American gentleman, " one of the most 
 remarkable men in the century." He 
 was editor of The Watertoast "Gazette, 
 and a member of "The Eden Land 
 Corporation." It was general Choke 
 who induced Martin Chuzzlewit to stake 
 his all in the egregious Eden swindle. — 
 C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Cholmondeley [CkBm'Jy], of Vale 
 Royal, a friend of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Cholula (Pyramid of), the great 
 Mexican pyramid, west of Puebla, 
 erected in the reign of Montezuma 
 
 emperor of Mexico (1466-1520). Its 
 base is 1423 feet each side, or double 
 that of the largest Egyptian pyramid, but 
 its height does not exceed 164 feet. 
 
 Choppard (Pierre), one of the gang 
 of thieves, called "The Ugly Mug." When 
 asked a disagreeable question, he always 
 answered, " I'll ask my wife, my 
 memory's so slippery." — Edward Stirling, 
 The Courier of Lyons (1852). 
 
 Choruses. The following are druid- 
 ical, and of course Keltic in origin : — 
 " Down, down, derry down ! " (for dun ! 
 dun ! daraqon, dun !), that is, " To the 
 hill ! to the hill ! to the oak, to the hill ! " 
 " Fal, lal, la ! " (for falla la), that is, " The 
 circle of day ! " The day or sun has com- 
 pleted its circle. " Fal, lero, loo ! " (for 
 falla lear lu [aid/i]), that is, " The circle 
 of the sun praise ! " " Hey, nonnie, nonnie !" 
 that is, " Hail to the noon ! " " High 
 trolollie, lollielol" (for ai [or aibhc], trah 
 let, "Hail early day! "trahla, "early dav," 
 la lee [or la lo), " bright day ! "). " Lilli 
 burlero " (for Li, li beur, Lear-a ! buille 
 na la), that is, " Light, light on the sea, 
 beyond the promontorv ! 'Tis the stroks 
 of day ! "—All the Year Round, 316-320, 
 August, 1873. 
 
 Chriemhil'da. (See under K.) 
 
 Chrisom Child (A), a child that dies 
 within a month of its birth. So called 
 because it is buried in the white cloth 
 anointed with chrism (oil and balm), worn 
 at its baptism. 
 
 He's in Arthur's [A braham's] bosom, if ever man went 
 to Arthur's bosom. 'A made a finer end, and went away, 
 an it had been any christom [chrisom] child. 'A parted 
 just ... at turning o' the tide. (Quickly's description of 
 the death of Falstair.)— Shakespeare, Ilenry V. act ii x.'i 
 (1599). 
 
 Why, Mike's ». child to him ... a chrism child. 
 
 Jean Ingelow, Brothers and a Sermon. 
 
 Christ and His Apostles. Dupuis 
 maintained that Christ and His apostles, 
 like Hercules and his labours, should be 
 considered a mere allegory of the sun and 
 the twelve signs of the zodiac. 
 
 Christ's Victory and Triumphs, 
 
 a poem in four parts, bv Giles Fletcher 
 (1610): Part i. "Christ's Victory in 
 Heaven," when He reconciled Justice with 
 Mercy, by taking on Himself a bod) r of 
 human flesh ; part ii. "Christ's Triumph 
 on Earth," when He was led up into the 
 wilderness, and was tempted by Pre- 
 sumption, Avarice, and Ambition ; part 
 iii. " Christ's Triumph over Death," when 
 He died on the cross ; part iv. " Christ's 
 Triumph after Death," in His resurrection 
 
CHRISTABEL. 
 
 185 
 
 CHRISTIE. 
 
 and ascension. (See Para disk Re- 
 gained.) 
 
 Chxis'tabel (ch=k), the heroine of 
 a fragmentary poem of the same title hy 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Christabel, the heroine of an ancient 
 romance entitled Sir Eglamour of Artois. 
 
 Christabelle [Kris'. ta.bel], daughter 
 of "a bonnie king of Ireland." beloved 
 by sir Cauline (2 syl.) "When the king 
 knew of their lovea he banished sir 
 Cauline from the kingdom. Then as 
 Christabelle drooped the king held a 
 tournament for her amusement, every 
 prize of which was carried off by an 
 unknown knight in black. On the 
 last day came a giant with two "gog- 
 gling eyes, and mouthe from ear to 
 ear," called, the Soldain, and defied all 
 comers. No one would accept his chal- 
 lenge save the knight in black, who 
 succeeded in killing his adversary, but 
 died himself of the wounds he had 
 received. When it was discovered that 
 the knight was sir Cauline, the lady 
 "fette a sighe, that burst her gentle hearte 
 in twavne." — Percy, Meliques ("Sir Cau- 
 line," I. i. 4). 
 
 Christian, the hero of Bunyan's 
 allegory called The Pilgrim's Progress. 
 He flees from the City of Destruction 
 and journeys to the Celestial City. At 
 starting he has a heavy pack upon his 
 shoulders, which falls off immediately he 
 reaches the foot of the cross. (The pack, 
 of course, is the bundle of sin. which is 
 removed by the blood of the cross. 1678.) 
 
 Christian, a follower of Christ. So 
 called first at Antioch. — Acts xi. 20. 
 
 Christian, captain of the patrol in a 
 small German town in which Mathis is 
 burgomaster. He marries Annette, the 
 burgomaster's daughter. — J. R. Ware, 
 The Polish Jew. 
 
 Christian, synonym of "Peasant" in 
 Russia. This has arisen from the abund- 
 ant legislation under czar Alexis and czar 
 Peter the Great to prevent Christian serfs 
 from entering the service of Mohammedan 
 masters. No Christian is allowed to belong 
 to a Mohammedan master, and no Moham- 
 medan master is allowed to employ a 
 Christian on his estate. 
 
 Christian J J. (or Chrisiiern), king of 
 Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. When 
 the Dalecarlians rose in rebellion against 
 him and chose Gustavus Yasa for their 
 leader, a great battle waB fought, in which 
 
 the Swedes were victorious ; but Gustavus 
 allowed the Danes to return to their 
 country. Christian then abdicated, and 
 Sweden became an independent kingdom. 
 — H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730j. 
 
 Christian (Edward), a conspirator. 
 He has two aliases, ' ; Pdchard Gan'lesse " 
 (2 syl.) and "Simon Can'ter." 
 
 Colonel William Christian, Edward's 
 brother.. Shot for insurrection. 
 
 Fcnella alias Zarah Christian, daughter 
 of Edward Christian. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peceril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Christian (Fletcher), mate of the 
 Bounty, under the command of captain 
 Bligh, and leader of the mutineers. 
 After setting the captain and some others 
 adrift, Christian took command of the 
 ship, and, according to lord Byron, the 
 mutineers took refuge in the island of 
 Toobouai (one of the Society Islands). 
 Here Torquil, one of the mutineers, mar- 
 ried Neuha. a native. After a time, a 
 ship was sent to capture the mutineers. 
 Torquil and Neuha escaped, and lay 
 cuncealed in a cave ; but Christian, Ben 
 Punting, and Skyscrape were shot. This 
 is not according to fact, for Christian 
 merely touched at Toobouai, and then, 
 with eighteen of the natives and nine 
 of the mutineers, sailed for Tahiti, where 
 all soon died except Alexander Smith, 
 who changed his name to John Adams, 
 and became a model patriarch. — Byron, 
 The Island. 
 
 Christian Doctor (Most), John 
 Charlier de Gerson (1303-1429). 
 
 Christian Eloquence ( The Founder 
 
 of), Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704). 
 
 Christian King (Most). So the 
 kings of France were styled. Pepin le 
 Href was so styled by pope Stephen II J. 
 (714-768). Charles II. le Chauve was 
 so styled by the Council of Savonnieres 
 (823/840-87*7). Louis XI. was so stvled 
 by Paul II. (1423, 1461-1483). 
 
 Christian'a (ch—k), the wife of 
 Christian, who started with her children 
 and Mercy from the City of Destruction 
 long after her husband's flight. She was 
 under the guidance of Mr. Greathearc, 
 and went, therefore, with silver slippers 
 along the thorny road. This forms the 
 second part of Bunyan's I'iigrim's Pro- 
 gress (168-4). 
 
 Chris'tie (2 syl.) of the Clint Hill, 
 one of the retainers of Julian Avenel (2 
 
CHRISTIE. 
 
 186 CHRONICLES OF CANONGATE. 
 
 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Chris' tie (John), ship-chandler at Paul's 
 Wharf. 
 
 Dame Nelly Christie, his pretty wife, 
 carried off by lord Dalgarno. — Sir AV. 
 Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Christi'na, daughter of Christian II. 
 king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 
 She is sought in marriage by prince 
 Arvi'da and by Gustavus Vasa ; but the 
 prince abandons his claim in favour of 
 his friend. After the great battle, in 
 which Christian is defeated by Gustavus, 
 Christina clings to her father, and pleads 
 with Gustavus on his behalf. He is sent 
 back to Denmark, with all his men, with- 
 out ransom, but abdicates, and Sweden 
 is erected into a separate kingdom. — H. 
 Brooke, Gustavus I'asa (I7o0). 
 
 Cliris'tine (2 syl.), a pretty, saucy 
 young woman in the service of the 
 countess Marie, to whom she is devotedly 
 attached. After the recapture of Ernest 
 ("the prisoner of State"), she goes 
 boldly to king Frederick II., from whom 
 she obtains his pardon. Being set at 
 liberty, Ernest marries the countess. — 
 E. Stirling, The Prisoner of State (1847). 
 
 Christmas comes but Once a 
 Year. — Tusser, Five Hundred Points of 
 Good llusba ndry (1557). 
 
 Christmas Day, called "the day 
 of new clothes," from an old French 
 custom of giving those who belonged to 
 the court new cloaks on that day. 
 
 On Christmas Eve, 1245, the king [Louis XI.] bade all 
 his court be present at early morning mass. At the 
 chapel door each man received his new cloak, put it on, 
 and went in . . . As the day rose, each man saw on his 
 neighbour's shoulder betokened "the crusading vow." — 
 Kite bin, History of France, i. 3-J8. 
 
 Chris'topher (St.), a saint of the 
 Roman and Greek Churches, said to have 
 lived in the third century. His pagan 
 name was Offerus, his body was twelve 
 ells in height, and he lived in the land of 
 Canaan. Offerus made a row to serve 
 only the mightiest ; so, thinking the 
 emperor was "the mightiest," he entered 
 his service. But one day the emperor 
 crossed himself for fear of the devil, and 
 the giant perceived that there was one 
 mightier than his present master, so he 
 quitted his service for that of the devil. 
 After a while, Offerus discovered that 
 the devil was afraid of the cross, where- 
 upon he enlisted under Christ, em- 
 ploying himself in carrying pilgrims 
 across a deej stream. One day, a very 
 
 ' small child was carried across by hini| 
 | but proved so heavy that Orrerus, though 
 a huge giant, was well-nigh borne down 
 by the weight. This child was Jesus, 
 who changed the giant's name to Christo- 
 ferus, "bearer of Christ." He died three 
 days afterwards, and was canonized. 
 
 Like the great giant Christopher, it stands 
 Upon the brink of the tempestuous wave. 
 
 Longfellow, The Lighthouse. 
 
 Chronicle (The Saxon), an historical 
 prose work in Anglo-Saxon, down to the 
 reign of Henry II., a.d. 1154. 
 
 Chroniclers (Anglo-Norman), a 
 series of writers on British history in 
 verse, of very early date. Geffrey Gai- 
 mar wrote his Anglo-Norman chronicle 
 before 1146. It is a history in verse of 
 the Anglo-Saxon kings. Robert Wace 
 wrote the Brut d'Angleterre [i.e. Chronicle 
 of England] in eight-syllable verse, and 
 presented his work to Henry II. It was 
 begun in 1160,. and finished in 1170. 
 
 C/woniclers (Latin), historical writers 
 of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 
 
 Chroniclers (Rhyming), a series of 
 writers on English history, from the 
 thirteenth century. The most noted are : 
 Lay anion (called" The English Ennius") 
 bishop of Ernleye-upon-Severn (1216). 
 Robert of Gloucester, who wrote a narra- 
 tive of British history, from the landing 
 of Brute to the close of the reign of 
 Henry III. (* to 1272). No date is 
 assigned to the coming of Brute, but he 
 was the son of Silvius iEne'as (the third 
 generation from iEneas, who escaped from 
 Troy, n.c. 1183), so that the date may be 
 assumed to be n.c. 1028, thus giving a 
 scope of 2300 years to the chronicle. 
 (The verse of this chronicle is eight and 
 six syllables displayed together, so as to 
 form lines of fourteen syllables each.) 
 Robert de Brunne, whose chronicle is in 
 two parts. The first ends with the death 
 of Cadwallader, and the second with the 
 death of Edward I. The earlier parts are 
 similar to the Anglo-Norman chronicle of 
 Wace. (The verse is octo-syllabic.) 
 
 Chronicles of Canongate, cer- 
 tain stories supposed to have been written 
 by Mrs. Martha Bethune Baliol, a lady 
 of quality and fortune, who lived, when 
 in Edinburgh, at Baliol Lodging, in the 
 Canongate. These tales were written 
 at the request of her cousin, Mr. Croft- 
 angry, by whom, at her death, they 
 were published. The lir^t series contains 
 The Highland Widow, The Two Drovers, 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 187 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 and The Surgeon's Dan (/liter, [afterwards 
 removed from this series]. The second 
 series contains The Fair Maid of Perth. — 
 Sir W. Scott, "Chronicles of Canongate" 
 (introduction to The Highland Widow). 
 
 Chronology (The Father of), J.J. 
 Scaliger (1540-1(309). 
 
 Chronon-Hoton-Thorogos (King) . 
 He strikes Bombardin'ean, general of his 
 forces, for giving him hashed pork, and 
 Baying, " Kings as great as Chronon- 
 hotonthologos have made a hearty meal 
 on worse." The king calls his general a 
 traitor. " Traitor in thy teeth," retorts 
 the general. They fight, and the king 
 dies. — H. Carey, Chrononhotonthologos (a 
 burlesque). 
 
 Chrysalde' (2 syl.), friend of Ar- 
 nolphe. — Moliere. Uecole des Femmes 
 (1662). 
 
 Chrysale (2 syl.), a simple-minded, 
 hen-pecked French tradesman, whose wife 
 Philaminte (3 syl.) neglects her house for 
 the learned languages, women's rights, 
 and the aristocracy of mind. He is him- 
 self a plain practical man, who has no 
 sympathy with the pas blue movement. 
 He has two daughters, Armande (2 syl.) 
 and Henriette, both of whom love Cli- 
 tandre ; but Armande, who is a "blue- 
 stocking," loves him platonicly ; while 
 Henriette, who is a "thorough woman," 
 loves him with woman's love. Chrysale 
 sides with his daughter Henriette, and 
 when he falls into money difficulties 
 through the " learned proclivities " of his 
 wife, Clitandre comes forward like a 
 man, and obtains the consent of both 
 parents to his marriage with Henriette. — 
 Moliere, Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 
 
 Chrysa'or (ch — k), the sword of 
 sir Ar'tegal, which "exceeded all other 
 swords." It once belonged to Jove, and 
 was used by him against the Titans, but 
 it had been laid aside till Astraea gave 
 it to the Knight of Justice. 
 
 Of most perfect metal it was made. 
 
 Tempered wiUi adamant ... no substance was so . . . 
 
 hard 
 But it would pierce or cleave whereso it came. 
 
 Spenser, Fairy Queen, v. (1596). 
 
 *** The poet tells us it was broken to 
 pieces by Radigund queen of the Ama- 
 zons (bk. v. 7), yet it re-appears whole 
 and sound (canto 12), when it is used with 
 good service against Grantorto (the spirit 
 of rebellion). Spenser says it was called 
 Chrysaor because "the blade was gar- 
 nished all with k - old." 
 
 Chrysa'or, son of Neptune and Medu'sa. 
 He married Callir'rhoe (4 syl.), one of 
 the sea-nymphs. 
 
 Chrysaor rising out of the sea, 
 
 Showed thus glorious and thus emulous, 
 
 Leaving the arms of Callirrho§. 
 
 Longfellow, The Evening Star. 
 
 Chryseis [Hri.see'.iss], daughter of 
 Chryses priest of Apollo. She was 
 famed for her beauty and her embroidery. 
 During the Trojan war Chryseis was taken 
 captive and allotted to Agamemnon 
 king of Argos, but her father came to 
 ransom her. The king would not accept 
 the offered ransom, and Chryses prayed 
 that a plague might fall on the Grecian 
 camp. His prayer was ansAvered, and 
 in order to avert the plague Agamemnon 
 sent the lady back to her father not only 
 without ransom but with costly gifts. — 
 Homer, Fliad, i. 
 
 Chrysostom, a famous scholar, who 
 died for love of Marcella, "rich Wil- 
 liam's daughter." 
 
 Unrivalled in learning and wit, he was sincere in 
 disposition, generous and magnificent without ostentation, 
 prudent and sedate without affectation, modest and 
 complaisant without meanness. In a word, one of the 
 foremost in goodness of heart, and second to none in 
 misfortunes. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. ii. 5 (1605). 
 
 Chucks, the boatswain under captain 
 Savage. — Captain Marryat, Peter Simple 
 (1833). 
 
 Chuf fey, Anthony Chuzzlewitt's old 
 clerk, almost in his dotage, but master 
 and man love each other with sincerest 
 affection. 
 
 Chuffey fell back into a dark corner on one side of the 
 fire-place, where he always spent his evenings, and was 
 neither seen nor heard . . . save once, when a cup of 
 tea was given hiin, in which he was seen to soak his 
 bread mechanically. . . . He remained, as it were, frozen 
 up, if any term expressive of such a vigorous process can 
 be applied to him. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzetwit, xi. 
 (1843). 
 
 Chimes (A la), very huge and bulky. 
 Chune'e was the largest elephant ever 
 brought to England. Henry Harris, 
 manager of Covent Garden, bought it 
 for £900 to appear in the pantomime of 
 Harlequin Padmcnaba, in 1810. It was 
 subsequently sold to Cross, the pro- 
 prietor of Exeter 'Change. Chune'e at 
 length became mad, and was shot by a 
 detachment of the Guards, receiving 152 
 wounds. The skeleton is preserved in 
 the museum of the College of Surgeons. 
 It is 12 feet 4 inches high. 
 
 Church. I go to church to hear God 
 praised, not the king. This was the wise 
 but severe rebuke of George III. to Dr. 
 "Wilson, of St. Margaret's Church, Lon- 
 don. 
 
CHURCH BUILT BY VOLTAIRE. 188 
 
 CID. 
 
 Church built by Voltaire. 
 
 Voltaire the atheist built at Ferney a 
 Christian church, and had this inscrip- 
 tion affixed to it, '■'■Deo crexit Voltaire." 
 Campbell, in the life of Cowper (vol. vii. 
 858), says "he knows not to whom 
 Cowper alludes in these lines : " 
 
 Nor his who for the bane of thousands born, 
 Built God a church, and laughed His Word to scorn. 
 Cowper, Retirement (1782). 
 
 Church - of- Englandism. This 
 word was the coinage of Jeremy Ben- 
 tham (1748-1832). 
 
 Chuz'zlewit (Anthony), cousin of 
 Martin Chuzzlewit the grandfather. 
 Anthony is an avaricious old hunks, 
 proud of having brought up his son 
 Jonas to be as mean and grasping as 
 himself. His two redeeming points are 
 his affection for his old servant Chuffey, 
 and his forgiveness of Jonas after his 
 attempt to poison him. 
 
 The old-established firm cf Anthony Chuzzlewit and 
 Son, Manchester warehousemen . . . had its place of 
 Ininiiie.-s in a very narrow street somewhere behind the 
 Post -Office. ... A dim, dirty, smoky, tumble-down, 
 rotten old house it was . . . but here the firm . . . 
 transacted their business . . . and neither the young 
 man nor the old one had any other residence. — Chap. xi. 
 
 Jonas Chuzzlewit, son of Anthony, of 
 the "firm of Anthony Chuzzlewit and 
 Son, Manchester warehousemen." A 
 consummate villain of mean brutality 
 and small tyranny. He attempts to 
 poison his old father, and murders Mon- 
 tague Tigg, who knows his secret. Jonas 
 marries Mercy Pecksniff, his cousin, and 
 leads her a life of utter misery. His 
 education had been conducted on money- 
 grubbing principles ; the first word he 
 was taught to spell was gain, and the 
 second money, lie poisons himself to 
 save his neck from the gallows. 
 
 This fine young man had all the inclination of a 
 profligate of the first water, and only lacked the one 
 good trait in the common catalogue of debauched vices — 
 cpen-handedness — to be a notable vagabond. But there 
 his g'ip ; ng and penurious habits stepped in.— Chap. xi. 
 
 Martin Chuzzlewit, sen., grandfather 
 to the hero of the same name. A stern 
 uid man, whose kind heart has been 
 turned to gall by the dire selfishness of 
 his relations. Being resolved to expose 
 Pecksniff, he goes to live in his house, 
 and pretends to be weak in intellect, but 
 keeps his eyes sharp open, and is able to 
 expose the canting scoundrel in all his 
 deformity. 
 
 Martin Chuzzlewit, jun., the hero of 
 the tale called Martin Chuzzlewit, grand- 
 son to old Martin. His nature has been 
 warped by bad training, and at iirst he 
 is both selfish and exacting ; but the 
 
 troubles and hardships he undergoes in 
 "Eden" completely transform him, and 
 he becomes worthy of Mary Graham, 
 whom he marries.— C. Dickens, Martin 
 Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Chyndo'nax, a chief druid, whose 
 tomb (with a Greek inscription) was 
 discovered near Dijon, in 1598. 
 
 Ciaceo' (2 syl.), a glutton, spoken to 
 by Dante, in the third circle of hell, the 
 place to which gluttons are consigned to 
 endless woe. The word means "a pig," 
 and is not a proper name, but only a 
 symbolical one.— Dante, Hell, vi. (1300). 
 
 Ciaceo, thy dire affliction grieves me much. 
 
 Hell, vi. 
 
 Cicero. When the great Roman 
 orator was given up by Augustus to the 
 revenge of Antony, it was a cobbler who 
 conducted the sicarii to Formne, whither 
 Cicero had fled in a litter, intending to 
 put to sea. His bearers would have 
 fought, but Cicero forbade them, and 
 one Herennius has the unenviable noto- 
 riety of being his murderer. 
 
 It was a cobbler that set the murderers on Cicero.— 
 Ouida, A riadne, i. 6. 
 
 Cicero of the British Senate, George 
 Canning (1770-1827). 
 
 Cicero of France, Jean Baptiste Mas- 
 sillon (1G63-1742). 
 
 Cicero of German}/, John elector of 
 Brandenberg (1455, 1486-1499). 
 
 Cicero's Mouth, Philippe Pot, prime 
 minister of Louis XI. (1428-1494). 
 
 The British Cicero, William Pitt, earl 
 of Chatham (1708-1778). 
 
 The Christian Cicero, Lucius Coelius 
 Lactantius (died 330). 
 
 The German Cicero, Johann Sturm, 
 printer and scholar (1507-1589). 
 
 Cicle'nius. So Chaucer calls Mer- 
 cury. He was named Cylle'nius from 
 mount Cylle'ne, in Peloponnesus, where 
 he was born. 
 
 Ciclenius riding in his chirachee. 
 Chaucer. Compl. of Mars and Venus (1391). 
 
 Cid (The) = Seid or Signior, also 
 called Campeador [Cam. pa' .dor} or 
 " Camp hero." Rodrigue Diaz de Bivar 
 was surnamed "the Cid." The great 
 hero of Castille ; he was born at Burgos 
 1030 and died 1099. He sigualized him- 
 self by his exploits in the reigns of 
 Ferdinand, Sancho II., and Alphonso VI. 
 of Leon and Castille. In the wars be- 
 tween Sancho II. and his brother (Al- 
 phonso VI.), he sided with the former; 
 and on the assassination of Sancho, waa 
 disgraced, and quitted the court. He 
 
CID. 
 
 189 
 
 CINQ-MARS, 
 
 then assembled his vassals, and marched 
 against the Moors, -whom he conquered 
 in several battles, so that Alphonso was 
 necessitated to recall him. Both Cor- 
 neille and Guilhem de Cantro have 
 admirable tragedies on the subject; 
 Ross Neil has an English drama called 
 The Cid; Sanchez, in 1775, wrote a 
 long poem of 1128 verses, called Poema 
 del Cid Campeador. South ey, in his 
 Chronicle of the Cid (1808), has collected 
 all that is known of this extraordinary- 
 hero. 
 
 (It was TJie Cid (163G) which gained for 
 Corneille the title of " Le Grand Cor- 
 neille.") 
 
 The CidTs Father, don Diego Lainez. 
 
 The Cid's Mother, dona Teresa Nunez. 
 
 The Cid's Wife, Xime'na, daughter of 
 count Lozano de Gormaz. The French 
 call her La Belle Chimene, but the role 
 ascribed to her by Corneille is wholly 
 imaginary. 
 
 Never more to thine own castle 
 Wilt thou turn Babieca's rein ; 
 
 Never will thy loved Ximena 
 See thee at her side again. 
 
 The Cid. 
 
 The CicTs Children. His two daughters 
 were Elvi'ra and Sol ; his son Diego 
 Rodriquez died young. 
 
 The CicTs Horse was Babieca [either 
 Bab.i.e'.keh or Ba.bee'.keh], It survived 
 its master two years and a half, but no one 
 was allowed to mount it. Babieca was 
 buried before the monastery gates of 
 Valencia, and two elms were planted to 
 mark the spot. 
 
 Troth it goodly was and pleasant 
 To behold him at their head, 
 
 All in mail on Babieca, 
 And to list the words he said. 
 
 The Cid. 
 
 (Here "Babieca" is 4 syl., but in the 
 rerse above it is only 3 syl.) 
 
 The Cid"s Swords, Cola'da and Tizo'na 
 (" terror of the world "). The latter Avas 
 taken by him from king Bucar. 
 
 Cid {The Portuguese), Nunez Alva'rez 
 Perei'ra (1360-1431). 
 
 Cid Harriet Benengeli, the hy- 
 pothetical author of Don Quixote. (See 
 Benengeli.) 
 
 Spanish commentators have discovered 
 this pseudonym to be only an Arabian 
 version of Senior Cervantes. Cid, i.e. 
 " signior ; " Hamet, a Moorish prefix ; 
 and Ben-en-qeli, meaning "son of a stag." 
 So cervato ("a young stag ") is the basis 
 of the name Cervantes. 
 
 Cid'li, the daughter of Jairus, re- 
 stored to life by Jesus. She was beloved 
 
 by Sem'ida, the young man of Nain, also 
 raised by Jesus from the dead. — Klop- 
 stock, The Messiah, iv. (1771). 
 
 Cil'laros, the horse of Castor or 
 Pollux, so named from Cylla, in Troas. 
 
 Cimmerian Darkness. Homer 
 places the Cimmerians beyond the Ocean us, 
 in a land of never-ending gloom ; and 
 immediately after Cimmeria, he places 
 the empire" of Hades. Pliny {Historia 
 Naturalis, vi. 14) places Cimmeria near 
 the lake Avernus, in Italy, where " the 
 sun never penetrates." Cimmeria is now 
 called Kertch, but the Cossacks call it 
 Prekla {Hell). 
 
 There under ebon shades and iow-browed necks . . . 
 In dark Cimmerian deserts ever dwell. 
 
 Milton. L Allegro (1638). 
 Ye spectre-doubts that roll 
 Cimmerian darkness on the parting soul. 
 
 Campbell. Pleasures of Hope, u. (1799). 
 
 Cincinna'tus of the Americans, 
 
 George Washington (1732-1799). 
 
 Cinderella, the heroine of a fairy 
 tale. She was the drudge of the house, "put 
 upon" by her two elder sisters. While the 
 elder sisters were at a ball, a fairy came, 
 and having arrayed the "little cinder- 
 girl " in ball costume, sent her in a mag- 
 nificent coach to the palace where the ball 
 was given. The prince fell in love with 
 her, but knew not who she was. This, how- 
 ever, he discovered by means of a "glass 
 slipper" which she dropped, and which 
 fitted no foot but her own. 
 
 (This tale is substantially the same as 
 that of Rhodopis and Psammit'ichus in 
 iElian {Var. Hist., xiii. 32). A similar 
 one is also told in Strabo {Geog. xvii.).) 
 
 The glass slipper should be the fur 
 slipper, pantoujle envair, not enverre ; Gur 
 version being taken from the Contcs de 
 Fees of C. Perrault (1G97). 
 
 Cinna, a tragedv bv Pierre Corneille 
 (1637). Mdlle. Rachel* in 1838, took the 
 chief female character, and produced 
 a great sensation in Paris. 
 
 Cinq-Mars (//. Coiffier de lluze, 
 marquis de), favourite of Louis XIII. and 
 prote'ge' of Richelieu (1620-1G42). Irri- 
 tated by the cardinal's opposition to his 
 marriage with Marie de Gonzague, Cinq- 
 Mars tried to overthrow or to assassinate 
 him. Gaston, the king's brother, sided with 
 the conspirator, but Richelieu discovered 
 the plot, and Cinq-Mars, being arrested, 
 was condemned to death. Alfred de 
 Vigny published, in 1826, a novel (in 
 imitation of Scott's historical novels) on 
 the subject, under the title of Cinq-Mars, 
 
CINQUECENTO. 
 
 190 
 
 CITIZEN. 
 
 Cinquecento (3 syl.) } the fifteenth, 
 century of Italian notables. Thev were 
 Ariosto (1474-4533), Tasso (1544^1595), 
 andGiovanni Rucellai (1475-1526), poets; 
 Raphael (1483-1520), Titian (1480-1576), 
 and Michael Angelo (1474-1564), painters. 
 These, with Machiavelli, Luigi Alamanni, 
 Bernardo Baldi, etc., make up what is 
 termed the " Cinquecentesti." The word 
 means the worthies of the '500 epoch,- 
 and it will be observed that they all 
 flourished between 1500 and the close of 
 that century. (See Seicexta.) 
 
 Ouida writes in winter mornings at a Venetian writing- 
 table of cinquecento work tlint would enrapture the souls 
 of the virtuosi who haunt Christie's. — E. Yates, Cele- 
 brities, xix. 
 
 Cipan'go or Zipango, a marvel- 
 lous island described in the Voyages 
 of Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller. 
 He described it as lying some 1500 miles 
 from land. This island was an object of 
 diligent search with Columbus and other 
 early navigators, but belongs to that 
 wonderful chart which contains the El 
 Dorado of sir Walter Raleigh, the Utopia 
 of sir Thomas More, the Atlantis of lord 
 Bacon, the Laputa of dean Swift, and 
 other places better known in story than 
 in geography. 
 
 Cipher. The Rev. R. Egerton War- 
 burton, being asked for his cipher by 
 a lady, in 1845, wrote back : 
 
 A u I thee. 
 
 Oh ! no but me : 
 
 Yet thy mv one go, 
 
 Till u d the u so 
 A cipher you sigh-for, I sigh-for thee. 
 Oh 1 sigh-for Decipher, but sigh-for me; 
 Yet thy sigh-for my cipher one-ci-for-go [on-ce I for-gol 
 Till you de-cipher the cipher you sigh-for so. 
 
 (Erroneously ascribed to Dr. Whewell.) 
 
 Circe (2 syl.), a sorceress who meta- 
 morphosed the companions of Ulysses 
 into swine. Ulysses resisted the en- 
 chantment by means of the herb moly, 
 given him by Mercury. 
 
 Who knows not Circe, 
 The daughter of the sun, whose charmed cup 
 Whoever tasted Inst his upright shape. 
 And downward fell into a grovelling swine? 
 
 Milton, Comut (1634). 
 
 Circuit (Serjeant), in Foote's farce 
 called The Lame Lover. 
 
 Circumlocution Office, a term 
 applied by C. Dickens, in Little Dorrit 
 (1855), to our public offices, where the 
 duty is so divided and subdivided that 
 the simplest process has to pass through 
 a whole serits of officials. The following, 
 from baron Stock mar, will illustrate the 
 absurdity: — 
 
 In the English palace the lord steward finds the fuel 
 
 and lays the fire, but the lord chamberlain lights it. Th« 
 baron says he was once sent by the queen [Victoria] to sir 
 Frederick Watson (master of the household), to complain 
 that the drawing-room was always cold. Sir Frederick 
 replied, "You see, it is not my fault, for the lord steward 
 only lays the fire, it is the lord chiunberlain who lights 
 it." 
 
 Again he says : 
 
 The lord chamberlain provides the lamps, but the lord 
 steward has to see that they are trimmed and lighted. 
 
 Here, therefore, the duty is reversed. 
 
 Again : 
 
 If a pane of glass or the door of a cupboard in the 
 kitchen needs mending, the process is as follows : (1) A 
 requisition must be prepared and signed by the chief cook. 
 (•2) This must be countersigned by the clerk of the kitchen. 
 (3) It is then taken to the master of the household. (4) 
 It must next be authorized at the lord chamberlain's office. 
 (5) Being thus authorized, it is laid before the clerk of the 
 works under the office of Woods and Forests. So that it 
 would take months before the pane of glass oi cupboard 
 could be mended.— Memoirs, ii. 121, 122. 
 
 (Some of this foolery has been recently 
 abolished.) 
 
 Cirrha, one of the summits of Par- 
 nassus, sacred to Apollo. That of Nysa, 
 another eminence in the same mountain, 
 was dedicated to Bacchus. 
 
 Mv rows I send, my homage, to the seats 
 Of rocky Cirrha, 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Naicwis (1767). 
 
 Cis'ley or Ciss, any dairy-maid. 
 Tusser frequently speaks of the " dairy- 
 maid Cislcy," and in April Husbandry 
 tells Ciss she must carefully keep these 
 ten guests from her cheeses : Geha'zi, 
 Lot's wife, Argus, Tom Piper, Crispin, 
 Lazarus, Esau, Mary Maudlin, Gentiles, 
 and bishops. (1) Gehazi, because a 
 cheese should never be a dead white, 
 like Gehazi the leper. (2) Lot's Avife, 
 because a cheese should not be too salt, 
 like Lot's wife. (3) Argus, because a 
 cheese should not be full of eyes, like 
 Argus. (4) Tom Piper, because a cheese 
 should not be " hoven and puffed," like 
 the cheeks of a piper. (5) Crispin, 
 because a cheese should not be leathery, 
 as if for a cobbler's use. (6) Lazarus, 
 because a cheese should not be poor, like 
 the beggar Lazarus. (7) Esau, because 
 a cheese should not be hairy, like Esau. 
 (8) Mary Maudlin, because a cheese 
 should not be full of whey, as Mary 
 Maudlin was full of tears. (9) Gentiles, 
 because a cheese should not be full of 
 maggots or gentils. (10) Bishops, be- 
 cause a cheese should not be made of 
 burnt milk, or milk "banned by a 
 bishop." — T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points 
 of Good Husbandry (" April," 1557). 
 
 Citizen (The), a farce by Arthur 
 Murphy. George Philpot is destined to 
 be the husband of Maria Wilding, but as 
 
CITIZEN KING. 
 
 191 
 
 CIVIL WAKS. 
 
 Maria Wilding is in love with Beaufort, 
 she behaves so sillily to her betrothed 
 that he refuses to marry her, -whereupon 
 sha gives her hand to Beaufort (1757). 
 
 Citizen King {The), Louis Philippe, 
 the first elective king of France (1773, 
 1830-1849, abdicated and died 1850). 
 
 City, plu. Cities. 
 
 City of Churches, Brooklyn, New 
 York, which has an unusual number of 
 churches. 
 
 City of David, Jerusalem. — 2 Sam. v. 
 7,9. 
 
 City of Destruction, this world, or 
 rather the worldly state of the uncon- 
 verted. Bunyan makes "Christian" flee 
 from the City of Destruction and journey 
 to the Celestial City, by which be alle- 
 gorizes the "walk of a" Christian" from 
 his conversion to death (1678). 
 
 City of Enchantments, a magical city 
 described in the story of " Beder Prince 
 of Persia."— -Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments. 
 
 City of God, the Church or whole body 
 of believers. The phrase is used by St. 
 Augustine. 
 
 City of Lanterns, an imaginary cloud- 
 city somewhere beyond the zodiac. — 
 Lucian, Vera; Historian. 
 
 City of Legions, Caerleon-on-Usk. New- 
 port is the port of this ancient city 
 (Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire). 
 It was in the City of Legions that Arthur 
 held his court. It contained two cathe- 
 drals, viz., St. Julius and St. Aaron, built in 
 honour of two martyrs who suffered death 
 here in the reign of Diocletian. 
 
 City of Masts, London. 
 
 City of Monuments, Baltimore, in Mary- 
 land. One of its streets is called Monu- 
 ment Street. 
 
 City of Palaces. Three cities are so 
 called : (1) Rome from the reign of 
 Atigustus. Agrippa converted "a city of 
 brick huts into a city of marble palaces." 
 (2) Calcutta. (3) St. Petersburg is so 
 called, from its numerous Imperial and 
 Government edifices. 
 
 City of -Refuge, Medi'na, in Arabia, 
 where Mahomet took refuge when driven 
 by conspirators from Mecca. He en- 
 tered the city not as a fugitive, but in 
 triumph (a.d. 622). 
 
 Cities of Refuge, Bezer, Ramoth, and 
 Golan (east of Jordan) ; Hebron, She- 
 chern, and Kedesh (west of that river). 
 —Deut. iv. 43 ; Josh. xx. 1-S. 
 
 City of the Great King, Jerusalem. — 
 Psalm xlviii. 2 : Matt. v. 35. 
 
 Cities of the Plain, Sodom and Go- 
 morrah. — Gen. xiii. 12. 
 
 City of the Prophet, Medi'na, in Arabia, 
 where Mahomet was protected when he 
 fled from Mecca (July 16, a.d. G22). 
 
 City of the Sun, Balbec, called in 
 Greek, Heliop'olis ("sun-city"). 
 
 *** In Campanula's romance the 
 "City of the Sun" is an ideal republic, 
 constructed on the model of Plato's 
 republic. It is an hypothetical perfect 
 society or theocratic communism. Sir 
 T. More in his Utopia, and lord Bacon 
 in his Atlantis, devised similar cities. 
 
 City of the Tribes, Galway, in Ireland, 
 " the residence of thirteen tribes," which 
 settled there in 1235. 
 
 City of the West, Glasgow, in Scotland, 
 situate on the Clyde, the principal river 
 on the west coast. 
 
 The Cleanest City in the World, Broek, 
 in Holland, which is "painfully neat 
 and clean." 
 
 The Seven Cities, Egypt, Jerusalem, 
 Babylon, Athens, Rome, Constantinople, 
 and London (for commerce) or Paris (for 
 beauty). 
 
 (In the Seven Wonders of the World, 
 the last of the wonders is doubtful, some 
 giving the Pharos of Egypt, and others 
 the Palace of Cyrus ; so again in the Seven 
 Sages of Greece, the seventh is either 
 Periander, Myson, or Epimenides.) 
 
 City Madain (The), a comedy by 
 Philip Massinger (1633). She was the 
 daughter of a farmer named Goodman 
 Humble, and married a merchant, sir 
 John Frugal, who bt±came immensely 
 wealth}', but retired from business, and 
 by a deed of gift transferred his wealth 
 to his brother Luke, whereby madam and 
 her daughter were both dependent on 
 him. During her days of wealth the 
 extravagance of lady Frugal was un- 
 bounded, and her dress costly beyond 
 conception; but Luke reduced her state to 
 that of farmers' daughters in general. 
 Luke says to her : 
 
 You were served in plate ; 
 Stirred not afoot without a coach, and going 
 To church, not for devotion, but to show 
 Your pomp. 
 
 The City Madam is an extraordinarily spirited picture 
 of actual life, idealized into a semi-conuc strain of poetry. 
 — Professor Spalding. 
 
 Civil Wars of England. 
 
 There Dutton Dutton kills ; a Done doth kill a Done ; 
 
 A Booth a Booth, and I.eigh by Leigh is overthrown ; 
 
 A Venables against a Venables doth stand ; 
 
 A Troutbeck hghteth with a Troutbeck hand to hand ; 
 
 There Molineux doth make a Moliueux to die, 
 
 And Egerton the strength of Egeiton doth try. 
 
 Drayton, rvl>,olbion, xxii. (1622). 
 
CLACK-DISH. 
 
 192 
 
 CLARCHEN. 
 
 Clack-Dish, a dish or platter with a 
 lid, used at one time by beggars, who 
 clacked the lid when persons drew near, to 
 arrest attention and thus solicit alms. 
 
 Your beir^ra- of fifty; and his use was to put a ducat in 
 her clack-dUh.— Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, act 
 lii. sc. 2 (1603). 
 
 Cladpole (Tim), Richard Lower, of 
 Chiddingly, author of Tom Cladpole' s 
 Journey to Lunnun (1831) ; Jan Clad- 
 lK>le's Trip to 'Mcrricur (1844), etc. 
 
 Claimant (The). William Knollys, 
 in The Great Banbury Case, claimed the 
 baronetcy, but was non-suited. This 
 suit lasted 150 years (1660-1811). 
 
 Douglas v. Hamilton, in The Great 
 Douglas Case, was settled in favour of the 
 claimant, who was at once raised to the 
 peerage under the name and title of 
 baron Douglas of Douglas Castle, but 
 was not restored to the title of duke 
 (1767-1769). 
 
 Tom Provis, a schoolmaster of ill 
 repute, who had married a servant of sir 
 Hugh Smithes of Ashton Hall, near 
 Bristol, claimed the baronetcy and estates, 
 but was non-suited and condemned to 
 imprisonment for twenty-one years 
 (1853). 
 
 Arthur Orton, who claimed to be sir 
 Roger Tichborne (drowned at sea). He 
 was non-suited and sentenced to fourteen 
 Years' imprisonment for perjury (1871— 
 1872). 
 
 Clandestine Marriage (The). 
 Fanny Sterling, the younger daughter of 
 Mr. Sterling, a rich city merchant, is 
 clandestinely married to Mr. Love well, 
 an apprentice in the house, of good 
 family ; and sir John Melvil is engaged 
 to Miss Sterling, the elder sister. Lord 
 Ogleby is a guest in the merchant's house. 
 Sir John prefers Fanny to her elder sister, 
 and not knowing of her marriage proposes 
 to her, but is rejected. Fanny appeals to 
 lord Ogleby, who being a vain old fop, 
 fancies she is in love with him, and tells 
 Sterling he means to make her a countess. 
 Matters being thus involved, Lovewell 
 goes to consult with Fanny about de- 
 claring their marriage, and the sister, con- 
 vinced that sir John is shut up in her 
 sister's room, rouses the house with a cry 
 of " Thieves ! " Fanny and Lovewell now 
 make their appearance. All parties are 
 scandalized. But Fanny declares they 
 have been married four months, and lord 
 Ogleby takes their part. So all ends 
 Tfell. — G, Colman and D. Garrick (1766). 
 
 This comedy is a re'chaujfe' of The 
 
 False Concord, by Rev. James Townley, 
 many of the characters and much of the 
 dialogue being preserved. 
 
 Clang of Shields. To strike the 
 shield with the blunt end of a spear was 
 in Ossianic times an indication of war to 
 the death. A bard, when the shield was 
 thus struck, raised the mort-song. 
 
 Cairbar rises in his arms. Darkness gathers on hig 
 brow. The hundred harps cease at once. The clang of 
 shields is heard. Far distant on the heath Olla raised the 
 song of woe. — Ossian, Temora, L 
 
 Cla'ra, in Otway's comedy called The 
 Cheats of Scapin, an English version of 
 Les Fourberics de Scapin, by Moliere, 
 represents the French character called 
 " Hyacinthe." Her father is called by 
 Otway "Gripe," and by Moliere " Ge'- 
 ronte" (2 syl.) ; her brother is "Leander," 
 in French "Leandre;" and her sweetheart 
 "Octavian" son of "Thrifty," in French 
 "Octave" son of "Argante." The sum 
 of money wrung from Gripe is £200, 
 but that squeezed out of Ge'ronte is 1500 
 livres. 
 
 Clara [d' Almanza] , daughter of 
 don Guzman of Seville, beloved by don 
 Ferdinand, but destined by her mother 
 for a cloister. She loves Ferdinand, but 
 repulses him from shyness and modesty, 
 quits home, and takes refuge in St. 
 Catherine's Convent. Ferdinand discovers 
 her retreat, and after a few necessary 
 blunders they are married.— Sheridan,, 
 The Duenna (1773). . 
 
 Clara (Donna), the trotn-plight wife of 
 Octavio. Her affianced husband, having 
 killed don Felix in a duel, was obliged to 
 lie perdu for a time, and Clara, assuming 
 her brother's clothes and name, went m 
 search of him. Both came to Salamanca, 
 both set up at the Eagle, both hired the 
 same, servant Lazarillo, and ere long they 
 met, recognized each other, and became 
 man and wife.— Jephson, Two Strings to 
 your Bow (1792). 
 
 Clara [Douglas], a lovely girl, of 
 artless mind, feeling heart, great modesty, 
 and well accomplished. She loved Alfred 
 Evelyn, but refused to marry him because 
 they were both too poor to support a 
 house. Evelyn was left an immense for- 
 tune, and proposed to Georgina Vesey, 
 but Georgina gave her hand to sir 
 Frederick Blount. Being thus disen- 
 tangled, Evelyn again proposed to Clara, 
 and was joyfully accepted. — Lord L. 
 Bulwer Lytton, Money (1840). 
 
 Clarchen \_I\ler' Jin], a female cha- 
 
CLARK. 
 
 193 
 
 CLAUDIXE. 
 
 racter in Goethe's Egmont, noted for her 
 constancy and devotion. 
 
 Clare (Ada), cousin of Richard Car- 
 stone, both of whom are orphans and 
 wards in Chancery. They marry each 
 other, but Richard dies young, blighted 
 by the law's delay in the great Chancery 
 suit of " Jarndyce v. Jarndyce." — C. 
 Dickens, Bleak Ilouse (1853). 
 
 Clarence (George duke of), intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott in Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Clarence and the Malmsey- 
 Butt. According to tradition, George 
 duke of Clarence, having joined Warwick 
 to replace Henry VI. on- the throne, was 
 put to death, and the choice being ottered 
 him, was drowned m a butt of malmsey 
 wine (1478). 
 
 "Twere better sure to die so, than be shut 
 With maudlin Clarence in his malmsey-butt. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 10(5 (1319). 
 
 Clarendon (The earl of), lord chan- 
 cellor to Charles II. Introduced by sir 
 W. Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
 wealth). 
 
 Claribel (Sir), surnamed " The 
 Lewd." One of the six knights who con- 
 tended for the false Florimel. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iv. 9 (1596). 
 
 Clar'ibel, the pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Barnard, author of numerous popular 
 songs (from 1865 to ). 
 
 Clar'ice (3 syl.), wife of Rinaldo, and 
 sister of Huon of Bordeaux. Introduced 
 in the romances of Bojardo, Ariosto, 
 Tasso, etc. 
 
 Clann or Clarin'da, the con- 
 fidential maid of Radigund queen of the 
 Am'azons. When the queen had got sir 
 Ar'tegal into her power, and made him 
 change his armour for an apron, and his 
 sword for a distaff, she fell in love with 
 the captive, and sent Clarin to win him 
 over by fair promises and indulgences. 
 Clarin parformed the appointed mission, 
 but fell in love herself with the knight, 
 and told the queen that sir Artegal was 
 obstinate, and rejected her advances with 
 acorn. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 5 
 (1596). 
 
 Clarinda, the heroine of Mrs. Cent- 
 livre's drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 
 
 Nothing could be more captivating than Mrs. Pritchard 
 [1711-1768J in *' lady Macbeth," "The Queen" \n Hamlet, 
 " Clarinda," " Estifania ; " in short, every species of strong 
 nature received from her a polish and perfection than 
 which nothing could !>e more truly captivating.— C. Dib- 
 din, llhtvry of tftc Sla£e. 
 
 *** " Estifania," in Rule a Wife and 
 Have a Wife, by Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Clarin'da, a merry, good-humoured, 
 high-spirited lady, in love with Charles 
 Frankly. The madcap Ranger is her 
 cousin. — Dr. Hoadly, The Suspicious 
 Husband (1747). 
 
 Clarinda of Robert Burns, was Mrs. 
 Maclehose, who was alive in 1833. 
 
 Clar'ion, the son and heir of Mus- 
 carol. He was the fairest and most 
 prosperous of all the race of flies. 
 Aragnol, the son of Arachne (the spider), 
 entertained a deep and secret hatred 
 of the young prince, and set himself to 
 destroy him ; so, weaving a most curious 
 net, Clarion was soon caught, and Aragnol 
 gave him his death-wound by piercing 
 him under the left wing. — Spenser, 
 Muiopotinos or The Butterfly's Fate 
 (1590). 
 
 Claris'sa, wife of Gripe the 
 scrivener. A lazy, lackadaisical, fine 
 city lady, who thinks "a woman must 
 be of mechanic mould who is either 
 troubled or pleased with anything her 
 husband can do" (act i. 3). She,has "wit 
 and beauty, with a fool to her husband," 
 but though "fool," a hard, grasping, 
 mean, old hunks. 
 
 " I have more subjects for spleen than one. Is it not a 
 most horrible thing that I should fee a scrivener's wife ? . . . 
 Don't you think nature designed me for something plus 
 elevie! Why, I dare abuse nobody. I'm afraid to affront 
 people, . . . or to ruin their reputations. ... I dare not 
 raise the lie of a man, though he neglects to make love to 
 me ; nor report a woman to be a fool, though she is hand- 
 somer than I. In short, I dare not so much as bid my 
 footman kick people out of doors, though they come to 
 dun me for what I owe them." — Sir John Vanbrugh, Th« 
 Confederacy, i. 3 (1695). 
 
 Claris'sa, sister of Beverle} r , plighted 
 to George Bellmont. — A. Murphy, All in 
 the Wrong (1761). 
 
 Clarissa Harlowe. (See Har- 
 
 LOWE.) 
 
 Clark (TJie Rev, T.), the pseudonym 
 of John Gall, the novelist (1779-1839). 
 
 Clarke (The Rev. C. C), one of the 
 many pseudonyms of sir Richard Phillips, 
 author of The Hundred Wonders of the 
 World (1818), Readings in Natural 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Cla'tho, the last wife of Fingal and 
 mother of Fillan, Fingal's youngest son. 
 
 Claude (The English), Richard Wilson 
 (1714-1782). 
 
 Clau'dine (2 syl.), wife of the porter 
 of the hotel Harancour, and old nurae of 
 o 
 
CLAUDIO. 
 
 194 
 
 CLAYPOLE. 
 
 Julio " the deaf and dumb " count. She 
 recognizes the lad, who had been rescued 
 by De 1'Epee from the streets of Paris, 
 and brought up by him under the name 
 of Theodore. Ultimately, the guardian 
 Darlemont confesses that he had sent 
 him adrift under the hope of getting rid 
 of him ; but being proved, to be the count, 
 he is restored to his rank and property. — 
 Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb (1785). 
 
 Claudio (Lord) of Florence, a friend 
 of don Pedro prince of Aragon, and 
 engaged to Hero (daughter of Leonato 
 governor of Messina). — Shakespeare, 
 Much Ado about Nothing (1G00). 
 
 Clau'dio, brother of Isabella and the 
 suitor of Juliet. He is imprisoned by lord 
 Angelo for the seduction of Juliet, and it 
 is on the effort made to release him by his 
 sister Isabella that the whole plot turns. — 
 Shakespeare, -Meosm-e/br Meaaure(lQ>Q3). 
 
 Clau'dius, king of Denmark, who 
 poisoned his brother, married the -widow, 
 and usurped the throne. Claudius in- 
 duced Laertes to challenge Hamlet to 
 play with foils, but persuaded him to 
 poison his weapon. In the combat the 
 foils got changed, and Hamlet wounded 
 Laertes with the poisoned weapon. In 
 order still further to secure the death of 
 Hamlet, Claudius had a cup of poisoned 
 wine prepared, which he intended to give 
 Hamlet when he grew thirsty with 
 playing. The queen, drinking of this cup, 
 died of poison, and Hamlet, rushing on 
 Claudius, stabbed him and cried aloud, 
 " Here, thou incestuous, murderous Dane, 
 . . . Follow my mother ! " — Shakespeare, 
 Hamlet (1596). 
 
 * # * In the History of Hamblet, Clau- 
 dius is called " Fengon," afar better name 
 for a Dane. 
 
 Claudius, the instrument of Appius the 
 decemvir for entrapping Virginia. He 
 pretended that Virginia was his slave, 
 who had been stolen from him and sold 
 to Virginius. — J. S. Knowles, Virginius 
 (1820). 
 
 Claudius (Mathias), a German poet born 
 at Kheinfeld, and author of the famous 
 song called Rheinweinlied ("Khenish wine 
 song"), sung at all convivial feasts of the 
 Germans. 
 
 Claudius, though he sang of flagons, 
 And huge tankards tilled with .Rhenish, 
 
 From -the fiery blood of dragons 
 Never would bis own replenish. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Song. 
 
 Claus (Peter). (See under K.) 
 
 Claus (Santa), a familiar name for St. 
 Nicholas, the patron saint of children,, 
 On Christmas Eve German children have 
 presents stowed away in their socks and 
 shoes while they are asleep, and the little 
 credulous ones suppose that Santa Claus 
 or Klaus placed them there. 
 
 St. Nicholas is said to hare supplied three destitute 
 maidens with marriage portions by secretly leaving money 
 with their widowed mother, and as his day occurs just 
 before Christmas, he was selected for the gift-giver on 
 Christmas Eve. — Yonge. 
 
 " Claverhouse " or the marquis of 
 Argyll, a kinsman of Ravenswood, intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott in The Bride of 
 Lammermoor (time, William III.). 
 
 Clavcr'house (3 syl.), John Graham of 
 Claverhouse (viscount Dundee), a relent- 
 less Jacobite, so rapacious and profane, 
 so violent in temper and obdurate of 
 heart, that every Scotchman hates the 
 name. He hunted the covenanters with 
 real vindictiveness, and is almost a by- 
 word for barbarity and cruelty (1650- 
 1689). 
 
 Clavijo (Don), a cavalier who " could 
 touch the guitar to admiration, write 
 poetry, dance divinely, and had a fine 
 genius for making bird-cages." He 
 married the princess Antonomasia of 
 Candaya, and was metamorphosed by 
 Maiambru'no into a crocodile of some 
 unknown metal. Don Quixote disen- 
 chanted him " by simply attempting the 
 adventure." — Cervantes, Don Quixote^ 
 II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 
 
 Clavilen'o, the wooden horse on 
 which don Quixote got astride in order to 
 disenchant the infanta Antonoma'sia, her 
 husband, and the countess Trifaldi (called 
 the " Dolori'da duena"). It was "the 
 very horse on which Peter of Provence 
 carried off the fair Magalona, and was 
 constructed by Merlin." This horse was 
 called Clavileno or Wooden Peg, because 
 it was governed by a wooden pin in the 
 forehead. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
 iii. 4, 5 (1615). 
 
 There is one peculiar advantage attending this horse ; 
 he neither eats, drinks, sleeps, nor wants shoeing. . . . 
 His name is not Pegasus, nor Busephaius ; nor is it 
 Brilladoro, the name of the steed of Orlando Furioso ; 
 neither is it Bayarte, which belonged to Keynaldo de 
 Montalbon ; nor Bootes, nor Peritoa, the horses of the 
 sun ; but his name is Clavileno the Winged.— Chap. 4. 
 
 Claypole (Noah), alias "Morris 
 Bolter," an ill-conditioned charity-boy, 
 who takes down the shutters of Sowei- 
 berry's shop and receives broken meats 
 from Charlotte (Sowerberry's servant), 
 whom he af terwards marries. — C. Dickens, 
 Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
CLEANTE. 
 
 195 
 
 CLEMENTINA. 
 
 Cleante (2 syl.), brother-in-law of 
 Orgon. He is distinguished for his 
 genuine piety, and is both high-minded 
 and compassionate. — Moliere, La Tartuffe 
 (1664). 
 
 Cleante (2 syl.), son of Har'pagon the 
 miser, in love with Mariane (3 syl.). 
 Harpagon, though 60 years old, wished 
 to marry the same young lady, but 
 Cleante solved the difficulty thus : He 
 dug up a casket of gold from the garden, 
 hrdden under a tree by the miser, and 
 while Harpagon was raving about the loss 
 of his gold, Cleante told him he might take 
 his choice between Mariane and the gold. 
 The miser preferred the casket, which was 
 restored to him, and Cleante married 
 Mariane. — Moliere, L'Avare (1667). 
 
 Cleante (2 syl.), the lover of Angelique 
 daughter of Argan the malade imaginaire. 
 As Argan had promised Angelique in 
 marriage to Thomas Diafoirus a young 
 surgeon, Cleante carries on his love as 
 a music-master, and though Argan is 
 present, the lovers sing to each other their 
 plans under the guise of an interlude 
 called "Tircis and Philis." Ultimately, 
 Argan assents to the marriage of his 
 daughter with Cleante. — Moliere, Le 
 Malade Imaginaire (1673). 
 
 Clean/the (2 syl.), sister of Siphax 
 of Paphos. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Mad Lover (1617). 
 
 Clcanthe (3 syl.), tli£ lady beloved by 
 Ion.— Talfourd, Ion (1835). 
 
 Clean' th.es (3 syl.), son of Leon'ides 
 and husband of Hippolita, noted for his 
 filial piety. The duke of Epire made a 
 law that all men who had attained the 
 age of 80 should be put to death as use- 
 less incumbrances of the commonwealth. 
 Simonides, a young libertine, admired the 
 law, but Cleanthes looked on it with 
 horror, and determined to save his father 
 from its operation. Accordingly, he gave 
 out that his father was dead, and an 
 ostentatious funeral took place ; but 
 Cleanthes retired to a wood, where he 
 concealed Leon'ides, while he and his wife 
 waited on him and administered to his 
 wants. — Tlie Old , Law (a comedy of 
 Philip Massinger, T. Middleton, and W. 
 Rowley, 1620). 
 
 Clegg {Holdfast), a puritan mill- 
 wright. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Cleish'botham (Jededi'ah), school- 
 master and parish clerk of Gandercleuch, 
 
 who employed his assistant teacher to 
 arrange and edit the tales told by the 
 landlord of the Wallace inn of tue 
 same parish. These tales the editor dis- 
 posed in three series, called by the general 
 title of The Tales of My Landlord (q.v.), 
 (See introduction of The Black Dwarf.) 
 Of course the real author is sir "Walter 
 Scott (1771-1832). 
 
 Mrs. Dorothea Cleishhotham, wife of the 
 schoolmaster, a perfect Xantippe, and 
 " sworn sister of the Eumen'idC's." 
 
 Cle'lia or Clce'lia, a Roman maiden, 
 one of the hostages given to Por'sena. 
 She made her escape from the Etruscan 
 camp by swimming across the Tiber. 
 Being sent back by the Romans, Porsena 
 not only set her at liberty for her gallant 
 deed, but allowed her to take with her 
 a part of the hostages. Mdlle. Scude'ri 
 has a novel on the subject, entitled 
 Cle'lie, Ilistoire Eomaine. 
 
 Our statues — not of those that men desire— 
 Sleek odalisques [ Turkish, sl-ives] . . .hut 
 The Carian Artemisia . . . [See Artemisia.] 
 Clelia, Cornelia . . . and the Roman brows 
 Of Agrippina. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, it. 
 
 Cle'lia, a vain, frivolous female butter- 
 fly, with a smattering of everything. In 
 youth she was a coquette ; and when youth 
 was pasbed, tried sundry means to earn 
 a living, but without success. — Crabbe, 
 Borough (1810). 
 
 Clelie (2 syl.), the heroine of a novel 
 so called by Mdlle. Scude'ri. (See 
 Clelia.) 
 
 Clement, one of the attendants of 
 sir Reginal Front de Bceuf (a follower of 
 prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Ckm'ent (Justice), a man quite able 
 to discern between fun and crime. 
 Although he had the weakness "of 
 justices' justice," he had "not the weak- 
 ness of ignorant vulgarity. 
 
 Knowell. They say he will commit a man for talcing the 
 wall of his horse. 
 
 WeUbred. Ay, or for wearing his cloak on one shoulder, 
 or serving God. Anything, indeed, if it comes in the way 
 of his humour. — B. Jonson, Every Man in Bis Humour, 
 Hi. 2 (1598). 
 
 Clementi'na (The lady), an amiable, 
 delicate, beautiful, accomplished, but un- 
 fortunate woman, deeply in love with sir 
 Charles Grandison. Sir Charles married 
 Harriet Biron. — S. Richardson, The His- 
 tory of Sir Charles Grandison (1753). 
 
 Those scenes relating to the history of Clementina 
 contain passages of deep pathos. — Encyc. Brit. Art. 
 " Fielding." 
 
 Shakespeare himself has scarcely drawn a more affect- 
 ing or harrowing picture of high-souled suffering and 
 
CLEOFAS. 
 
 196 
 
 CLERKS. 
 
 ! lighting calamity than the miulne^s of Clementina.— 
 Jhambers, English Literature, ii. 161. 
 
 Cle'ofas (Don), the hero of a novel 
 by Lesage, entitled Le Diable Boiteux 
 (The Devil on Two Sticks). A fiery 
 young Spaniard, proud, high-spirited, 
 and revengeful ; noted for gallantry, but 
 not without generous sentiments. Asmo- 
 de'us (4 syl.) shows him what is going 
 on in private families by unroofing the 
 houses (1707). 
 
 Cleom/brotus or Ambracio'ta of 
 Ambrac'ia (in Epirus). Having read 
 Plato's book on the soul's immortality 
 and happiness in another life, he was so 
 ravished with the description that he 
 leaped into the sea that he might die 
 and enjoy Plato's elysium. 
 
 He who to enjoy 
 Plato's elysium leaped into the sea, 
 Cleombrotus. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 471, etc. (1665). 
 
 Cleom'enes (4 syl.), the hero and 
 title of a drama by Dryden (1692). 
 
 A? Dryden camo out of the theatre a young fop of 
 fashion said to him, " If I hud heen lett alone with a 
 young beauty, I would not have spent my time like your 
 Spartan hero." " Perhaps not," said the poet, " but you 
 are not my hero." — W. C. Russell, Representative Aetors. 
 
 Cleom'enes (4 syl.). " The Venus of 
 CleomenOs" is now called "The Venus 
 di Medici." 
 
 Such a mere moist lump was once . . . the Venus of 
 Cleomenes. — Ouida, Ariaditd, i. 8. 
 
 Cle'on, governor of Tarsus, burnt to 
 death with his wife Dionys'ia by the 
 enraged citizens, to revenge the supposed 
 murder of Mari'na, daughter of Per'icles 
 prince of Tvrc. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
 Prince of Tyre (1G08). 
 
 Cle'on, the personification of glory. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen. 
 
 Cleop'atra, queen of Egypt, wife of 
 Ttolemy Dionysius her brother. She 
 was driven from her throne, but re-estab- 
 lished by Julius Caesar, B.C. 47. Antony, 
 captivated by her, repudiated his wife, 
 Octavia, to live with the fascinating 
 Egyptian. After the loss of the battle 
 of Actium, Cleopatra killed herself by 
 an asp. 
 
 E. Jodelle wrote in French a tragedy 
 called Cle'opdtre Captive (1550) ; -I tan 
 Mairet one called Cle'opdtre (1630) ; 
 Isaac de Benserade (1670), .J. F. Mar- 
 montel (1750), and Mdc. de Girardin 
 (1847) wrote tragedies in French on the 
 same subject. S. Dauiel (1600) wrote a 
 tragedy in English called Cleopatra ; 
 Shakespeare one called Antony and Cleo- 
 patra (1608); and Dryden one on the 
 
 same subject, called All. for Love or The 
 World Well Lost (1682). 
 
 V Mrs. Oldfield (1683-1730) and 
 Peg [Margaret] Woffingtoa (1718-1760] 
 were unrivalled in this character. 
 
 Cleopatra and the Pearl. The tale is 
 that Cleopatra made a sumptuous Dan- 
 quet, which excited the surprise of 
 Antony ; whereupon the queen took a 
 pearl ear-drop, dissolved it in a strong 
 acid, and drank the liquor to the health 
 of the triumvir, saying, "My draught 
 to Antony shall exceed in value the 
 whole banquet." 
 
 *** When queen Elizabeth visited the 
 Exchange, sir Thomas Gresham pledged 
 her health in a cup of Avine containing a 
 precious stone crushed to atoms, and 
 worth £15,000. 
 
 Here ^15,000 at one clap, goes 
 Instead of sugar; Gresham drinks the pearl 
 Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it; lords ! 
 Th. Heywood, // }'ou Know not Me, I'ou Know Sobody. 
 
 Cleopatra in Hades. Cleopatra, says 
 Rabelais, is "a crier of onions" in the 
 shades below. The Latin for a pearl 
 and onion is unio, and the pun refers to 
 Cleopatra giving her pearl (or onion) to 
 Antony in a draught of wine, or, as some 
 say, drinking it herself in toasting her 
 lover. — Kabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 30 
 (1533). 
 
 Cleopat'ra, queen of Syria, daughter 
 of Ptolemy Philome'ter king of Egypt. 
 She first married Alexander Bala, the 
 usurper (n.c. 149) ; next Deme'trius 
 Nica'nor. Demetrius, being taken pri- 
 soner by the Parthians, ' married Kodo- 
 gune (3 syl.), daughter of Phraa'tcs (3 
 syl.) the Parthian king, and Cleopatra 
 married Antiochus Side'tes, brother of 
 Demetrius. She slew her son Seleucus 
 (by Demetrius) for treason, and as this 
 produced a revolt, abdicated in favour 
 of her second son, Anti'ochus VIII., who 
 compelled her to drink poison which she 
 had prepared for himself. P. Corneille 
 has made this the subject of his tragedy 
 called Eodogune (1646). 
 
 *** This is not the Cleopatra of Shake- 
 speare's and Dryden's tragedies. 
 
 Clere'mont (2 syl.), a merry gentle- 
 man, the friend of Dinant'. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer 
 (1647). 
 
 Cler'imond, niece of the Green 
 Knight, sister of Fer'ragus the giant, 
 and bride of Valentine the brave. — la/a- 
 tine and Orson. 
 
 Clerks (St. Nicholas's), thieves, also 
 
CLESSAMMOR. 
 
 197 
 
 CLINKER. 
 
 polled " St. Nicholas's Clergymen," in 
 allusion to the tradition of " St. Nicholas 
 and the thieves." Probably a play on 
 the words JSlch-olas and Old Nick may 
 be designed. — See Shakespeare, 1 Henri/ 
 IV. act ii. sc. 1 (1597). 
 
 Cless'aniirior, son of Thaddu and 
 brother of Morna (Fingal's mother), lie 
 married Moina, daughter of Reutha'mir 
 (the principal man of Balelutha, on the 
 Clyde). It so happened that Moina -was 
 beloved by a Briton named Reuda, Avho 
 came with an army to carry her off. 
 Reuda was slain by Clessammor ; but 
 Clessammor, being closely pressed by 
 the Britons, fled, and never again saw 
 his bride. In due time a son was 
 born, called Carthon ; but the mother 
 died. While Carthon was still an infant. 
 Fir.gal's father attacked Balelutha, and 
 slew Reuthama (Carthon's grandfather). 
 AVhen the boy grew to manhood, he 
 determined on vengeance ; accordingly 
 he invaded Morven, the kingdom of 
 Fingal, where Clessammor, not knowing 
 who he was, engaged him in single 
 cQmbat, and slew him. When he dis- 
 covered that it was his son, three days he 
 mourned for him, and on the fourth ha 
 died. — Ossian, Carthon. 
 
 Cleve'land (Barbara Villiers, duchess 
 of), one of the mistresses of Charles II., 
 introduced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of 
 the Peak. 
 
 Cleve'land (Captain Clement), alias 
 Vaughax [TatraJ, " the pirate," son of 
 Noma of the Fitful Head. He is in love 
 with Minna Troil (daughter of Magnus 
 Tmil, the udaller of Zetland).— Sir W. 
 Scott, The P irate (time, William 111.). 
 
 Clever, the man-servant of Hero 
 Sutton "the city maiden." When Hero 
 assumed the guise of a quaker, Clever 
 called himself Obadiah, and pretended to 
 be a rigid quaker also. His constant 
 exclamation was "Umph!" — S. Knowles, 
 Woman's Wit, etc. (1838). 
 
 Clifford (Sir Thomas), betrothed to 
 Julia (daughter of Master Walter "the 
 hunchback "). He is wise, honest, truth- 
 ful, and well-favoured, kind, valiant, and 
 prudent. — S. Knowles, The Hunchback 
 (1831). 
 
 Clifford (Mr.), the heir of sir William 
 Charlton in right of his mother, and in 
 love with lady Emily Gayville. The 
 scrivener Alscrip had fraudulently got 
 possession of the deeds of the Charlton 
 estates, which he had given to his 
 
 daughter called " the heiress," and which 
 amounted to £-2000 a year; but Rightly, 
 the lawyer, discovered the fraud, and 
 "the heiress" was compelled to relin- 
 quish this part of her fortune. Clifford 
 then proposed to lady Emily, and was 
 accepted. — General Burgoyne, The Heiress 
 (1781). 
 t 
 
 Clifford (Paid), a highwayman, re- 
 formed by the power of love. — Lord 
 Lytton, Paul Clifford (1830). 
 
 Clifford (Rosamond), usually called 
 "The Fair Rosamond," the favourite 
 mistress of Henry II. ; daughter of 
 Walter lord Clifford. She is introduced 
 by sir W. Scott in two novels, The Talis- 
 man and Woodstock. Dryden says : 
 
 Jans Clifford was her name, as books aver, 
 
 " Fair Rosamond" was but ber nom de guerre. 
 
 Epilogue to Henry IT. 
 
 Clifford (Henry lord), a general in the 
 English army. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Clifford Street (London), so named 
 from Elizabeth Clifford, daughter of the 
 last earl of Cumberland, who married 
 Richard Boyle, earl of Burlington. (See 
 Savile Row.) 
 
 Clifton (Harry), lieutenant of II.M. 
 ship Tiger. A daring, dashing, care-for- 
 nobody young English 6ailor, delighting 
 in adventure, and loving a good scrape. 
 Ho and his companion Mat Mizen take 
 the side of El Hyder, and help to re- 
 establish the Chereddin, prince of Delhi, 
 who had been dethroned by Hamet Ab- 
 dulcrim. — Barrymore, HI Hyder, Chief of 
 the Ghaut Mountains. 
 
 Clim of the Clough. (See Ci.ym.) 
 
 Clink (Jem), the turnkey at New- 
 gate. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Clinker (Humphry), a poor work- 
 house lad, put out by the parish as 
 apprentice to a blacksmith, and after- 
 Avards employed as an ostler's assistant 
 and extra postilion. Being dismissed 
 from the stables, he enters the service 
 of Mr. Bramble, a fretful, grumpy, but 
 kind-hearted and generous old gentle- 
 man, greatly troubled with gout. Here 
 he falls in lov^ with Winifred Jenkias, 
 Miss Tabitha Bramble's maid, and turna 
 out to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble. — 
 T. Smollett, The Hxpedition of Humphry 
 Clinker (1771). 
 
 (Probably this novel suggested to C, 
 Dickens his Adventures of Oliver Twist.) 
 
CLIO. 
 
 198 
 
 CLORINDA. 
 
 Clio, an anagram of C[helsea], 
 I*[ondon], I[slington], 0[ffice], the 
 places from which Addison despatched 
 his papers for the Spectator The papers 
 signed by any of these letters are by 
 Addison ; hence called "Clio." 
 
 When panting virtue her last efforts made, 
 You brought your Clio to the virgin's aid 
 
 Sonierville.* 
 
 Clip 'purse {Lawyer), the lawyer 
 employed, by sir Everard Waverley to 
 make his will. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Cliqiiot [Klee'.ko], a nickname given 
 by Punch to Frederick William IV. of 
 Prussia, from his love of champagne 
 of the "Cliquot brand" (1795, 1840- 
 1861). 
 
 Clitandre, a wealthy bourgeois, in 
 love with Henriette, " the thorough 
 woman," by whom he is beloved with 
 fervent affection. Her elder sister Ar- 
 mande (2 syl.) also loves him, but her 
 love is of the Platonic hue, and Clitandre 
 prefers in a wife the warmth of woman's 
 love to the marble of philosophic ideality. 
 — Molicre, Les Fannies Savantes (1G72). 
 
 Cloaci'na, the presiding personifica- 
 tion of city sewers. (Latin, cloaca, " a 
 sewer.") 
 
 . . . Clonoinn, goddess of the tide. 
 
 Whose sable streams beneath the city glide. 
 
 Gay, Trivia, ii. (1712). 
 
 Clod'd' , pole (3 syl.), "the wisest 
 lout of all the neighbouring plain.". Ap- 
 pointed to decide the contention between 
 Cuddy and Lobbin Clout. 
 
 From Cloddipole we learn to read the skies, 
 
 To know when bail will fall, or winds arise ; 
 
 He taught us erst the heifer's tail to view. 
 
 When struck aloft that showers would straight ensue. 
 
 He first that useful secret did explain, 
 
 That pricking corns foretell the gathering rain ; 
 
 When swallow* fleet soar high and sport in air, 
 
 He told us that tho welkin would be clear. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 
 
 (Cloddipole is the " Palaemon " of 
 Virgil's Eel. iii.) 
 
 Clo'dio (Count), governor. A dis- 
 honourable pursuer of Zeno'cia, the 
 chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the 
 Country (1647). 
 
 Clodio, the younger son of don Antonio, 
 a coxcomb and braggart. Always boast- 
 ing of his great acquaintances, his con- 
 quests, and Iris duels. His snuff-box he 
 thinks move of than his lady-love, he 
 interlards his speech with French, and 
 exclaims "Split me!" by way of oath. 
 Clodio was to have married Angelina, but 
 the lady preferred his elder brother 
 
 Carlos, a bookworm, and Clodio engaged 
 himself to Elvira of Lisbon. — C. Cibber, 
 Love Makes a Man (1694). 
 
 Clo'e, in love with the shepherd 
 Thenot, but Thenot rejects her suit out of 
 admiration of the constancy of Clorinda 
 for her dead lover. She is wanton, 
 coarse, and immodest, the very reverse of 
 Clorinda, who is a virtuous, chaste, and 
 faithful shepherdess. (" Thenot," the 
 final t is sounded.) — John Fletcher, The 
 Faithful Shepherdess (1610). (SeeCuLOE.) 
 
 Clo'ra, sister to Fabrit'io the merry 
 soldier, and the sprightly companion of 
 Frances (sister to Frederick). — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Captain (1613). 
 
 Clorida'no, a humble Moorish youth, 
 who joined Medo'ro in seeking the body 
 of king Dardinello to bury it. Medoro 
 being wounded, Cloridano rushed madly 
 into the ranks of the enemy and was 
 slain. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Clorin'da, daughter of Sena'pus of 
 Ethiopia (a Christian). Being born white, 
 her mother changed her for a black child. 
 The eunuch Arse'tes (3 syl.) was entrusted 
 with the infant Clorinda, and as he was 
 going through a forest, saw a tiger, 
 dropped the child, and sought safety in 
 a tree. The tiger took the babe and 
 suckled it, after\vhich the eunuch carried 
 the child to Egypt. In the siege of Jeru- 
 salem by the crusaders, Clorinda was a 
 leader of the pagan forces. Tancred fell 
 in love with her, but slew her unknow- 
 ingly in a night attack. Before she ex- 
 pired she received Christian baptism at 
 the hands of Tancred, who greatly 
 mourned her death. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered, xii. (1675). 
 
 (The story of Clorinda is borrowed from 
 the Theaij'anes and Charicle'a of Helio- 
 dorus bishop of Trikka.) 
 
 Clorinda, "the faithful shepherdess," 
 called " The Virgin of the Grove," faith- 
 ful to her buried love. From this beauti- 
 ful character, Milton has drawn his 
 "lady" in Comus. Compare the words 
 of the "First Brother" about chastity, 
 in Milton's Comus, with these lines of 
 Clorinda : 
 
 Yet I have heard (my mother told it me), 
 
 And now I do believe it, if 1 keep 
 
 My virgin flower uncropt, pure, chaste, and fair, 
 
 No goblin, wood-god, fairy, elf, or fiend, 
 
 Satyr, or other power that haunts the groveB 
 
 Shall hurt my body, or by vain illusion 
 
 Draw me to wander after idle fires. 
 
 Or voices calling me in dead of night 
 
 To make me follow, and so tole me on 
 
 Through mire and standing pools, to find Kg nua. 
 
 . . . Sure there's a power 
 
CLORIS. 
 
 199 
 
 CLUTHA. 
 
 In that great a*m« of Virgin that biiwls fiist 
 
 All rud«, uncivil bloods. . . . Then strong Chastity, 
 
 Be thou mv strongest guard. 
 
 J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess (1610). 
 
 Cloris, the damsel beloved by prince 
 Prettvman. — Duke of Buckingham, The 
 Rehearsed (1671). 
 
 Clotaire (2 syl.). The king of France 
 exclaimed on his death-bed, "Oh how 
 great must be the King of Heaven, if He 
 can kill so mighty a monarch as I am ! " 
 ■ — Gregory of Tours, iv. 21. 
 
 Cloten or Cloton, king of Corn- 
 wall, one of the five kings of Britain 
 after the extinction of the line of Brute 
 (1 syl.).~— Geoffrey. British. History, ii. 17 
 (1142). 
 
 Clo'ten, sl vindictive lout, son of the 
 second wife of Cymbeline by a former 
 husband. He is noted for "his unmean- 
 ing frown, his shuffling gait, his burst 
 of voice, his bustling insignificance, his 
 f ever-and-ague fits of valour, his froward 
 tetchiness, his unprincipled malice, and 
 occasional gleams of good sense." Cloten 
 is the rejected lover of Imogen (the 
 daughter of his father-in-law by his first 
 wife), and is slain in a duel by Guiderius. 
 — Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605). 
 
 Clotha'rius or Clothaire, leader of 
 the Franks after the death of Hugo. He 
 is shot with an arrow by Clorinda. — 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xi. (1675). 
 
 Cloud. A dark spot on the forehead 
 of a horse between the eyes is so called. 
 It gives the creature a sour look indicative 
 of ill-temper, and is therefore regarded as 
 a blemish. 
 
 Agrippa. He [Antony] has a cloud in his face. 
 Jinobarbus. He were the worse for that were he a 
 horse. 
 Shakespeare, A ntony and Cleopatra, act iii. sc. 2 (1608). 
 
 Cloud (St.), patron saint of nail-smiths. 
 A play on the French word clou ("a 
 nail "). 
 
 Cloudes'ley (William of), a famous 
 North-country archer, the companion of 
 Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough. 
 Their feats of robbery were chiefly carried 
 on in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. 
 William was taken prisoner at Carlisle, 
 and was about to be hanged, but was 
 rescued by his two companions. The 
 three then went to London to ask pardon 
 of the king, which at the queen's inter- 
 cession was granted. The king begged 
 to see specimens of their skill in archery, 
 and was so delighted therewith, that he 
 made William a "gentleman of fe," and 
 the other two " yemen of his chambre." 
 
 The feat of William was very similar tx> 
 that of William Tell (q.v.).— Percy, 
 Eeliques, I. ii. 1. 
 
 Clout (Colin), a shepherd loved by 
 Marian " the parson's maid," but for 
 whom Colin (who loved Cicely) felt no 
 affection. (See Colin Clout.) 
 
 Young Colin Clout, a lad of peerless meed, 
 Full well could dance, and deftly tune the reed ; 
 In every wood his carols sweet were known, 
 At every wake his nimble feats were shown. 
 
 Gay. Pastoral, ii. (1714). 
 
 Clout (Lobbin), a shepherd, in love with 
 Blouzelinda. He challenged Cuddy to a 
 contest of song in praise of their respec- 
 tive sweethearts, and Cloddipole was 
 appointed umpire. Cloddipole was unable 
 to award the prize, for each merited "an 
 oaken staff for his pains." " Have done, 
 however, for the herds are weary of the 
 songs, and so am I." — Gay, Pastoral, i. 
 (1714). 
 
 (An imitation of "Virgil's Eel. iii.) 
 
 Club-Bearer (The), Periphe'tes, the 
 robber of Ar'golis, who murdered his 
 victims. with an iron club. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Clumsey (Sir Tunbelly), father of 
 Miss Hoyden. A mean, ill-mannered 
 squire and justice of the peace, living 
 near Scarborough. Most cringing to the 
 aristocracy, whom he toadies and courts. 
 Sir Tunbelly promised to give his 
 daughter in marriage to lord Foppington, 
 but Tom Fashion, his lordship's younger 
 brother, pretends to be lord Foppington, 
 gains admission to the family, and marries 
 her. When the real lord Foppington 
 arrives, he is treated as an impostor, but 
 Tom confesses the ruse. His lordship 
 treats the knight with such ineffable con- 
 tempt, that sir Tunbelly 's temper is 
 aroused, and Tom is received into high 
 favour. — Sheridan, A. Trip to Scarborough 
 (1777). 
 
 *** This character appears in Van- 
 brugh's Relapse, of which comedy the 
 Trip to Scarborough is an abridgment 
 and adaptation. 
 
 Clumsey, the name of Belgrade's dog. 
 
 Clu'ricaune (3 syl.), an Irish elf of 
 evil disposition, especially noted for his 
 knowledge of hid treasure. He generally 
 assumes the appearance of a wrinkled old 
 man. 
 
 Clu'tha, the Clyde. 
 
 I came in my bounding ship to Balclutha's walls of 
 towers. The winds had roared behind my sails, an'd 
 Clutha's stream received my dark-bosomed ship. — Ossian, 
 Carthon. 
 
CLUTTERBUCK. 
 
 200 
 
 COATEL. 
 
 Clutterbuck {Captain), the hypo- 
 thetical editor of some of sir Walter 
 Scott's novels, as The Monastery and 
 The Fortunes of Nigel. Captain Clutter- 
 Imck is a retired officer, who employs 
 himself in antiquarian researches and 
 literary idleness. The Abbot is dedicated 
 by the "author of Waver ley" to "cap- 
 tain Clutterbuck," late of his majesty's 
 infantry regiment. 
 
 Clym of the Clough (" Clement 
 of the Cliff"), a noted outlaw, associated 
 with Adam Bell and William of Cloudes- 
 ley, in EngleAvood Forest, near Carlisle. 
 When William was taken prisoner at 
 Carlisle, and was about to be hanged, 
 Adam and Clym shot the magistrates, 
 and rescued their companion. The 
 mayor with his posse went out against 
 them, but they shot the mayor, as they 
 had done the sheriff, and foiight their 
 way out of the town. They then hastened 
 to London to beg pardon of the king, 
 which was granted them at the queen's 
 intercession. The king, wishing to see a 
 specimen of their shooting, was so de- 
 lighted at their skill that'he made Wil- 
 liam a " gentleman of fe," and the other 
 two "yemen of his chambre." — Percy, 
 Relkjues (" Adam Bell," etc., I. ii. 1). 
 
 Cly'tie, a water-nymph, in love with 
 Apollo. Meeting with no return, she Avas 
 changed into a sunflower, or rather a 
 tourit-jsol, which still turns to the sun, 
 following him through his daily course. 
 
 The sunflower does not turn to the sun. 
 On the same stem may be seen flowers in 
 every direction, and not one of them 
 shifts the direction in which it has first 
 opened. T. Moore (1814) says : 
 
 The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets, 
 Thesame look which sheturned when he rose. 
 
 This may do in poetry, but it is not 
 correct. The sunflower is so called 
 simply because the flower resembles a 
 picture sun. 
 
 Lord Thurlow (1821) adopted Tom 
 Moore's error, and enlarged it: 
 
 Behold, my dear, this lofty flower 
 That now the golden sun receives; 
 
 No other deity has power, 
 But only Phcebus, on her leaves; 
 
 As he in radiant glory burns, 
 
 From east to west her visage turns. 
 
 The Sunflower. 
 
 Clytus, an old officer in the army of 
 Philip of Macedon, and subsequently in 
 that of Alexander. At a banquet, when 
 both were heated with wine, Clytus said 
 to Alexander, " Philip fought men, but 
 Alexander women," and after some other 
 insults, Alexander in his rage stabbed 
 
 but instantly repented 
 
 the old soldier 
 and said : 
 
 What has my vengeance done? 
 Who is it thou hast slain ? Clytus? What wash*'" 
 The faithfullest subject, worthiest counsellor. 
 The bravest soldier. He who saved my life, 
 Fighting bare-headed at the river Granic. 
 For a rash word, spoke in the heat of wine. 
 The poor, the honest Clytus thou hast slain,— 
 Clytus, thy friend, thy guardian, thy preserver ! 
 
 N. Lee, A lexcmder the Great, iv. 2 (1G78). 
 
 Cne'us, the Roman officer in com- 
 mand of the guard set to watch the tomb 
 of Jesus, lest the disciples should steal 
 the bod)', and then declare that it had 
 risen from the dead. — Klopstock, The 
 Messiah, xiii. (1771). 
 
 Coaches, says Stow, in his Chronicle, 
 were introduced by Fitz-Allen, earl of 
 Arundel, in 1580. 
 
 Before the costly coach and silken stock came in. 
 
 Drayton, 1'olyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Coals. To carry coals, to put up with 
 affronts. The boy says in Henry V. 
 (act iii. sc. 2), "I knew . . . the men 
 would carry coals." So in Romeo and 
 Juliet (act i. sc. 1), " Gregory, o' my 
 word, we'll not carry coals." Ben Jon- 
 son, in Every Man out of His Humour, 
 says • " Here comes one that will carry 
 coals, ergo, will hold my dog." 
 
 The time hath been when I would 'a scorned to carry 
 coals.— E., Troubles of 0.ueene Jilimbeth (1639). 
 
 (To carry corn, is to bear wealth, 
 to be rich. He does not carry com well, 
 "He does not deport himself well in his 
 prosperity.") 
 
 Co'an (The), Hippocrates, the "Father 
 of Medicine" (n.c. 400-357). 
 
 . . . the great Coan, him whom Nature made 
 To serve the cosUiest crertture of her tribe [man]. 
 
 Dante, l'urgalory, xxix. (1308). 
 
 Co'anocot'zin (5 syl.), king of the 
 Az'tecas. Slain in battle by Madoc. — - 
 Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 Co'atel, daughter of Acul'hua, a priest 
 of the Az'tecas, and wife of Lincoya. 
 Lincoya, being doomed for sacrifice, 
 fled for refuge to Madoc, the Welsh 
 prince, who had recently landed on the 
 North American coast, and was kindly 
 entreated by him. This gave Coatel 
 a sympathetic interest in the White 
 strangers, and she was not backward in 
 showing it. Thus, when young lloel 
 was kidnapped, and confined in a cavern 
 to starve to death, Coatel visited him and 
 took him food. Again, when prince 
 Madoc was entrapped, she contrived to 
 release him, and assisted the prince to 
 carrv off young lloel. After the defeat 
 
COIJU. 
 
 201 
 
 COCKLE. 
 
 of the Az'tecas by tbc White strangers, 
 the chief priest declared that some one 
 had proved a traitor, and resolved to dis- 
 cover who it was by handing round a cup, 
 which he said would be harmless to the 
 innocent, but death to the guilty. When 
 it was handed to Coatel, she was so 
 frightened that she dropped down dead. 
 Her father stabbed himself, and "fell 
 upon his child," and when Lincoya heard 
 thereof, he flung himself down from a steep 
 precipice on to the rocks below. — Southev, 
 Madoc (1805). 
 
 Cobb (Ephraim), in Cromwell's troop. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Com- 
 monwealth). 
 
 Cobbler-Poet (The), Hans Sachs 
 of Nuremberg. CSee Twelve W t ise 
 Masters.) 
 
 Cobham (Eleanor), wife of Hum- 
 phrey duke of Gloucester, and aunt of 
 king Henry VI., compelled to do penance 
 bare-foot in a sheet in London, and after 
 that to live in the Isle of Man in banish- 
 ment, for " sorcery." In 2 Henry VI., 
 Shakespeare makes queen Margaret " box 
 her ears," but this could not be, as 
 Eleanor was banished three years before 
 Margaret came to England. 
 
 Stand forth, dame Eleanor Cobham, Gloster's wife . . . 
 You, madam . . . despoiled of your honour . . . 
 Shall, after three days' open penance done. 
 Live in your country here in banishment, 
 With sir John Stanley, in the Isle of Man. 
 
 Shakespeare, 2 JJenry VI. act ii. SC. 3 (1591). 
 
 Cocagne (The Land of), a poem full 
 of life and animation, by Hans Sachs, 
 the cobbler, called "The prince of meis- 
 ter-singers " (1494-1574).— SeeCocJcaigne. 
 
 Cock and Pie. Douce explains thus :• 
 
 In the days of chivalry it was the practice to make 
 solemn vows for the performance of any considerable 
 enterprise. This was usually done at some festival, when 
 a roasted peacock, being served up in a dish of gold or 
 silver, was presented to the knight, who then made his 
 vow with great solemnity. 
 
 Cock of "Westminster (The). 
 Castell, a shoemaker, was so called from 
 his very early hours. He was one of the 
 benefactors of Christ's Hospital (London). 
 
 Cockade. 
 
 The Black Cockade. Badge of the 
 house of Hanover, worn at first only by 
 the servants of the royal household, the 
 diplomatic corps, the army, and navy; 
 but now worn by the servants of justices, 
 deputy-lieutenants, and officers both of 
 the militia and volunteers. 
 
 The White Cockade. (1) Badge of the 
 Stuarts, and hence of the Jacobites. (2) 
 Badge of the Bourbons, and hence of the 
 royalists of France.. 
 
 The White and Green Cockade. Badge 
 worn bv the French in the " Seven Years' 
 War" (1756). 
 
 The Blue and Red Cockade. Badge of 
 the city of Paris from 1 789. 
 
 The Tricolour was the union of the 
 white Bourbon and blue and red of the 
 citv of Paris. It was adopted by 
 Louis XVI. at the Hotel de Ville, 
 July 17, 1789, and has ever since been 
 recognized as the national symbol, ex- 
 cept during the brief "restoration," when 
 the Bourbon white was for the time 
 restored. 
 
 Royal Cockades are large and circular, 
 half the disc projects above the top of 
 the hat. 
 
 Naval Cockades have no fan-shaped 
 appendage, and do not project above the 
 top of the hat. 
 
 (All other cockades worn' for livery 
 are fan-shaped.) 
 
 Cockaigne' ( TJie Zand of), an imagi- 
 nary land of pleasure, wealth, luxury, 
 and idleness. London is so called. 
 Boileau applies the word to Paris. The 
 Land of Cokayne is the subject of a bur- 
 lesque, which, Warton says, " was evi- 
 dently written soon after the Conquest, at 
 least before the reign of Henry II." 
 — History of English Poetry, i. 12. 
 
 The houses were made of barley-sugar and cakes, the 
 streets were paved with x»astry, and the shops supplied 
 goods without requiring money in payment. — The Land 
 of Cockaigne (an old French poem, thirteenth century). 
 
 (This satirical poem is printed at 
 length bv Ellis, in his Specimens of Early 
 English Poets, i. 83-95.) 
 
 Cocker (Edward) published a useful 
 treatise on arithmetic in the reign of 
 Charles II., which had a prodigious suc- 
 cess, and has given rise to the proverb, 
 "According to Cocker" (1632-1675). 
 
 Cockle (Sir John), the miller of 
 Mansfield, and keeper of Sherwood 
 Forest. Hearing a gun fired one night, 
 he went into the forest, expecting to And 
 poachers, and seized the king (Henry 
 VIII.), who had been hunting and had get 
 separated from his courtiers. When the 
 miller discovered that his captive was not 
 a poacher, he offered him a night's lodging. 
 Next day the courtiers were brought to 
 Cockle's house by under-keepers, to be 
 examined as poachers, and it was then 
 discovered that the miller's guest was 
 the king. The " merry monarch " 
 knighted the miller, and settled on bom 
 1000 marks a year. — R. Dodsley, The 
 King and the Miller of Mansfield (1737). 
 
COCKLE OF REBELLION. 
 
 202 
 
 COLE. 
 
 Cockle of Rebellion (The), that 
 is the weed called the cockle, not the 
 crustacean. 
 
 We nourish 'gainst our senate 
 The cockle of rebellion. 
 
 Shakespeare, Coriolanus, act iii. sc. 1 (1609). 
 
 Cockney (Nicholas), a rich city 
 grocer, brother of Barnacle. Priscilla 
 Tomboy, of the West Indies, is placed 
 under his charge for her education. 
 
 Walter Cockney, son of the grocer, in 
 the shop. A conceited young prig, not 
 yet out of the quarrelsome age. He 
 makes boy-love to Priscilla Tomboy and 
 Miss La Blond; but says he will "tell 
 papa " if they cross him. 
 
 Penelope Cockney, sister of Walter. — 
 The Romp (altered from Bickerstaff's 
 Love in the City). 
 
 Cockpit of Europe. Belgium is so 
 called because it has been the site of more 
 European battles than any other: e.g. 
 Oudcnarde, Kamillies, Fontenoy, Fleu- 
 rus, Jemmapes, Ligny, Quatre Bras, 
 Waterloo, etc. 
 
 Cocy'tus, one of the five rivers of 
 hell. The word means the " river of 
 weeping" (Greek, hohuo, "I lament"), be- 
 cause "into this river fall the tears of the 
 wicked." The other four rivers are Styx, 
 Ach'eron, Phleg'ethon, and Le'the. (See 
 Styx.) 
 
 Cocytus, named of lamentation loud, 
 Heard on the rueful oirearn. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 579 (1C65). 
 
 Ccelebs' "Wife, a bachelor's ideal of 
 a model wife. Coelebs is the hero of a 
 novel by Mrs. Hannah More, entitled 
 Ccelebs in Search of a Wife (1809). 
 
 In short she was a walking calculation. 
 
 Mi*; Etlgeworth's novels stepping from their covers, 
 Or Mrs. Trimmer's hooks on education, 
 
 Or ' Cielebs' wife" set out in quest of lovers. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 16 (1819). 
 
 Coffin (Long Tom), the best sailor 
 character ever drawn. He is introduced 
 in The Pilot, a novel by J. Fenimore 
 Cooper, of New York. "Cooper's novel 
 has been dramatized by E. Fitzball, 
 under the same name, and Long Tom 
 Coffin preserves in the burletta his reck- 
 less daring, his unswerving fidelity, his 
 simple-minded affection, and his love for 
 the sea. 
 
 Cogia Houssain, the captain of 
 forty thieves, outwitted by Morgiana, the 
 slave. When, in the guise of a mer- 
 chant, he was entertained by Ali Baba, 
 and refused to eat any salt, the suspicions 
 cf Morgiana were aroused, and she soon 
 detected him to be the captain of the forty 
 thieves. After supper she amused her 
 
 master and his guest with dancing ; then 
 playing with Cogia's dagger for a time, 
 she plunged it suddenly into his heart 
 and killed him. — Arabian Nights ("Ali 
 Baba or the Forty Thieves "). 
 
 Coi'la (2 syl.), Kyle, in Ayrshire. So 
 called from Coilus, a Pictish monarch. 
 Sometimes ail Scotland is so called, 
 as: 
 
 Farewell, old Coila's hills and dales. 
 Her heathy moors and winding vales. 
 
 Burns. 
 
 Cola'da, the sword taken by the Cid 
 from Ramon Bcr'enger, count of Barce- 
 lona. This sword had two hilts of solid 
 gold. 
 
 Col'ax, Flattery personified in The 
 Purple Lsland (1G33), by Phineas Flet- 
 cher. Colax "all his words with sugar 
 spices . . . lets his tongue to sin, and 
 takes rent of shame . . . His art [tras] 
 to hide and not to heal a sore." Fully 
 described in canto viii. (Greek, kdlax, 
 " a flatterer or fawner.") 
 
 Colbrand or Colebrond (2 syl.), 
 the Danish giant, slain in the presence of 
 king Athelstan, by sir Guy of Warwick^ 
 just returned from a pilgrimage, still 
 " in homely russet clad," and in his hind 
 "a hermit's staff." The combat is 
 described at length by Drayton, in his 
 Polyolbion, xii. 
 
 One could scarcely bear his axe . . . 
 
 Whose squares were laid with plates, and riveted with 
 
 steel, 
 And armiid down along with pikes, whose hardened 
 
 points 
 . . . had power to tear the joints 
 Of cuirass or of mail. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xil. (1613). 
 
 Colchos, part of Asiatic Scythia, 
 now called Mingrelia. The region to 
 which the Argonauts directed their 
 course. 
 
 Cold Harbour House, the origi- 
 nal Heralds' College, founded by Richard 
 II., in Poultney Lane. Henry VII. 
 turned the heralds out, and gave the 
 house to bishop Tunstal. 
 
 Coldstream (Sir Charles), the chief 
 character in Charles Mathew's play called 
 Used Up. He is wholly ennuye, sees 
 nothing to admire in anything ; but is a 
 living personification of mental inanity 
 and physical imbecility. 
 
 Cole (1 syl.), a legendary British 
 king, described as "a merry old soul," 
 fond of his pipe, fond of his glass, and 
 fond of his " fiddlers three." There were 
 two kings so called — Cole (or Coil I.) was 
 the predecessor of Porrex ; but Coil II. 
 
COLE. 
 
 203 COLLINGBOURXE'S RHYME. 
 
 was succeeded by Lucius, " the first 
 British king who embraced the Christian 
 religion." Which of these two mythical 
 kings the song refers to is not evident. 
 
 Cole (Mrs.). This character is de- 
 signed for Mother Douglas, who kept a 
 '♦gentlemen's magazine of frail beauties" 
 in a superbly furnished house at the 
 north-east corner of Covent Garden. She 
 died 1761.— S. Foote, T/ie Minor (1760). 
 
 Colein (2 syl.), the great dragon 
 slain by sir Bevis of Southampton. — 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 
 
 Colemi'ra (3 syl.), a poetical name 
 for a cook. The word is compounded of 
 coal and mire. 
 
 "Could I," he cried, " express how bright a grace 
 Adorns thy morning hands and well-washed face, 
 Thou wouldst, Colemira, grant what I implore, 
 And yield me love, or wash thy face no more." 
 
 Shenstoue, Colemira (an eclogue). 
 
 Cole'pepper (Captain) or Captaix 
 Peppercull, the Alsatian bully. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
 James I.). 
 
 Colin, or in Scotch Cailen, Green 
 Colin, the laird of Dunstaffnage, so called 
 from the green colour which prevailed in 
 his tartan. 
 
 Colin and Rosalinde. In The 
 
 Shephearde's Calendar (1579), by Edm. 
 Spenser, Rosalinde is the maiden vainly 
 beloved by Colin Clout, as her choice was 
 already fixed on the shepherd Menalcas. 
 Rosalinde is an anagram of " Rose 
 Danil," a lady beloved by Spenser (Colin 
 Clout), but Rose Danil had already fixed 
 her affections on John Florio the Reso- 
 lute, whom she subsequently married. 
 
 And I to thee will be as kind 
 As Colin was to Kosalinde, 
 Of courtesie the flower. 
 
 M. Drayton, Dowsabcl (1593). 
 
 Colin Clout, the pastoral name as- 
 sumed by the poet Spenser, in The Shep- 
 hearde's Calendar, The Ruins of Time, 
 Daphnaida, and in the pastoral poem called 
 Colin Clout's Come Home Again (from his 
 visit to sir Walter Raleigh). Eel. i. and 
 xii. are soliloquies of Colin, being lamen- 
 tations that Rosalinde will not return his 
 love. Eel. vi. is a dialogue between Hob- 
 binol and Colin, in which the former tries 
 to comfort the disappointed lover. Eel. 
 xi. is a dialogue between Thenot and 
 Colin. Thenot begs Colin to sing seme 
 joyous lay ; but Colin pleads grief lv.r 
 the death of the shepherdess Dido, and 
 then sings a monody on the great shep- 
 
 herdess deceased. In eel. vi. we are told 
 that Rosalinde has betrothed herself to 
 the shepherd Menalcas (1579). 
 
 In the last book of the Faery Queen, 
 we have a reference to "Colin and his 
 lassie " (Spenser and his wife) supposed 
 to be Elizabeth, and elsewhere called. 
 "Mirabella." (See Clout, etc.) 
 
 Witness our Colin, whom tho' all the Graces 
 
 And all the Muses nursed . . . 
 Yet all bis hopes were crossed, all suits denied ; 
 Discouraged, scorned, his writings vilified. 
 Poorly, poor man, he lived ; poorlv, poor man, he died. 
 Ph. Fletcher, The Purple Island, i. 1 (1633). 
 
 Colin Clout and his Lassie, referred to 
 in the last book of the Faery Queen, are 
 Spenser and his wife Elizabeth, elsewhere 
 called "Mirabella" (1596). 
 
 Colin Clout's Come Home Again. 
 "Colin Clout" is Spenser, who had been to 
 London on a visit to "the Shepherd of the 
 Ocean " (sir Walter Raleigh), in 1589 ; on 
 his return to Kilcolman, in Ireland, he 
 wrote this poem. " Hobbinol " his friend 
 (Gabriel Harvey, LL.D.) tells him how 
 all the shepherds had missed him, and 
 begs him to relate to him and them his 
 adventures while abroad. The pastoral 
 contains a eulogy of British contemporary 
 poets, and of the court beauties of queen 
 Elizabeth (1591). (See Colyx.) 
 
 Colin Tampon, the nickname of a 
 Swiss, as John Bull means an English- 
 man, etc. 
 
 ColMtto (Young), or " Yich Alister 
 More," or " Alister M'Donnell," a High- 
 land chief in the army of Montrose.— 
 Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
 Charles I.). 
 
 Collean (May), the heroine of a 
 Scotch ballad, which relates how " fause 
 sir John " carried her to a rock for the 
 purpose of throwing her down into the 
 sea ; but May outwitted him, and sub- 
 jected him to the same fate as he had 
 designed for her. 
 
 CoUeen', i.e. "girl;" Colleen bawn 
 (" the blond girl ") ; Colleen rhue (" the 
 red-haired girl"), etc. 
 
 * + * Dion Boucicault has a drama en- 
 titled The Colleen Bawn, founded upon 
 Gerald Griffin's novel The Collegians. 
 
 Collier (Jem), a smuggler. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlei (time, George III.). 
 
 Collingbourne's Rhyme. The 
 rhyme for which Collingbourne was 
 executed was : 
 
 A cat, a rat, and Level the dog, 
 Rule all England under the hog. 
 
COLLINGWOOD, ETC. 
 
 204 
 
 COLONNA. 
 
 For wlieie I meant the king [Richard III.] by name of 
 
 hog, 
 I only alluded to the badge he bore [a boar] ; 
 To Lovel's name 1 added more — our dog — 
 Because most dogs have borne that name of yore. 
 These metaphors I used with other more. 
 As cat and rat, the half-names ICatesbye, Jiatcliffe] of 
 
 the rest. 
 To hide the sense that they so wrongly wrest. 
 
 Tli. Sackville, A Mirrour for ifagistraytes 
 I" Complaynt of Collingbouine"). 
 
 Collingwood and the Acorns. 
 Collingwood never saw a vacant place in 
 his estate, but he took an acorn out of his 
 pocket and popped it in. — Thackerav, 
 Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 Colrnal, daughter of Dunthalmo 
 lord of Teutha (the Tweed). Her father, 
 having murdered Rathmor in his halls, 
 brought up the two young sons of the latter, 
 Calthon and Colmar, in his own house ; 
 but when grown to manhood he thought he 
 detected a suspicious look about them, 
 and he shut them up in two separate caves 
 on the banks of the Tweed, intending to 
 kill them. Colmal, who was in love 
 with Calthon, set him free, and the two 
 made good their escape to the court of 
 Fingal. Fingal sent Ossian with 300 
 men to liberate Colmar ; but when Dun- 
 thalmo heard thereof, he murdered the 
 prisoner. Calthon, being taken captive, 
 was bound to an oak, but was liberated 
 by Ossian, and joined in marriage to Col- 
 mal, with whom he lived lovingly in the 
 halls of Teutha.— Ossian, Calthon and, 
 Colmal. 
 
 Colmar, brother of Calthon. "When 
 quite young their father was murdered 
 by Dunthalmo, who came against him 
 by night, and killed hirn in his banquet 
 hall : but moved by pity, he brought up 
 the two boys in his own house. When 
 grown to manhood, he thought he ob- 
 served mischief in their looks, and 
 therefore shut them up in two separate 
 cells on the banks of the Tweed. Colmal, 
 the daughter of Dunthalmo, who was in 
 love with Calthon, liberated him from 
 his bonds, and they fled to Fingal to 
 crave aid on behalf of Colmar ; but 
 before succour could arrive, Dunthalmo 
 had Colmar brought before him, " bound 
 with a thousand thongs," and slew him 
 with his spear. — Ossian, Calthon and 
 Colmal. 
 
 Colmes-kill, now called Icolmkill, 
 the famous Iona, one of the Western 
 Islands. It is I-colm-kiil ; " I " = island, 
 " colm "=:Columb (St.), and "kill"= 
 burying-placc ("the burying-ground in 
 St. Columb's Isle"). 
 
 Jtosse. Where is Duncan's body ? 
 
 Macduff. Carried to Colmes-kill ; 
 The sacred store-house of his predecessors, 
 And guardian of their bones. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act ii. sc. 4 (1606). 
 
 Colna-Dona ("love of heroes'"), 
 daughter of king Car'ul. Fingal sent 
 Ossian and Toscar to raise a memorial 
 on the banks of the Crona, to perpetuate 
 the memory of a victory he had obtained 
 there. Carul invited the two young 
 men to his hall, and Toscar fell in love 
 with Colna-Dona. The passion being 
 mutual, the father consented to their 
 espousals. — Ossian, Colna-Dona. 
 
 Cologne (The three lungs of), the 
 three Magi, called Gaspar, Melchior, and 
 Baltha'zar. Gaspar means " the white 
 one;" Melchior, "king of light;" 
 Balthazar, "lord of treasures." Klop- 
 stock, in The itessiali, says there A\ere 
 six Magi, whom he calls Hadad, Sel'ima, 
 Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. 
 
 *** The "three" Magi are variously 
 named ; thus one tradition gives them 
 as Apellius, Amerus, and Damascus \. 
 another calls them Magalath, Galgalath, 
 and Sarasin ; a third says they were 
 Ator, Sator, and Perat'oras. They are 
 furthermore said to be descendants of 
 Balaam the Mesopotamian prophet. 
 
 Colon, one of the rabble leaders in 
 Iludibras, is meant for Noel Perryan or 
 Ned Perry, an ostler. He was a rigid 
 puritan "of low morals," and very fond 
 of bear-baiting. 
 
 Colonna (The marquis of), a high- 
 minded, incorruptible noble of Naples. 
 He t".lls the young king bluntly that his 
 oily courtiers are vipers who would suck 
 his life's blood, and that Ludov'ico, hia 
 chief minister and favourite, is a traitor. 
 Of course he is not believed, and Ludo- 
 vico marks him out for vengeance. His 
 scheme is to get Colonna, of his own 
 free will, to murder his sister's lover and 
 the king. "With this view he artfully 
 persuades Vicentio, the lover, that 
 Evadne (the sister of Colonna) is the 
 king's wanton. Vicentio indignantly 
 discards Evadne, is challenged to tight 
 by Colonna, and is supposed to be killed. 
 Colonna, to revenge his wrongs on the 
 king, invites him to a banquet with 
 intent to murder him, when the whole 
 scheme of villainy is exposed: Ludovico 
 is slain, and Vicentio marries Evadne.— 
 Shiel, Evadne or the Statue (1820). 
 
 Colonna, the most southern cape of 
 Attica. Falconer makes it the site of bis 
 
COLOPHON. 
 
 205 
 
 COMEDY OF ERRORS. 
 
 " shipwreck " (canto iii.) ; and Byron 
 Bays the isles of Greece, 
 
 . . . seen from far Oolonna's height. 
 Make glad the heart tlint hails the sight, 
 And lend to loneliness delight. 
 
 Byron, The Giaour (1813). 
 
 Col'oplion, the end clause of a book 
 containing the names of the printer and 
 publisher, and the place where the book 
 was printed ; in former times the date 
 and the edition were added also. Colo- 
 phon was a city of Iona, the inhabitants 
 of which were such excellent horsemen 
 that they could turn the scale of battle ; 
 hence the Greek proverb to add a colo- 
 phon meant to " put a finishing stroke 
 to an affair." 
 
 Colossos (Latin, Colossus), a gi- 
 gantic brazen statue 126 feet high, exe- 
 cuted by Chares for the Rhodians. 
 Blaise de Vignenere says it was a striding 
 figure, but comte dc Caylus proves that 
 it was not so, and did not even stand at 
 the mouth of the Rhodian port. Philo 
 tells us that it stood on a bfoch of white 
 marble, and Lucius Ampeilius asserts 
 that it stood in a car. Tickell makes out 
 the statue to be so enormous in size, 
 that— 
 
 While at one foot the thronging galleys ride, 
 A whole hour's sail scarce readied the further side ; 
 Betwixt the brazen thighs, i n loose array. 
 Ten thousand streamers on the billows play. 
 
 Tickell, On the Prospect of Peace. 
 
 Col'thred (Benjamin) or " Little 
 Benjie," a spy employed by Nixon 
 (Edward Redgauntlet's agent). — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Columb (St.) or St. Columba was 
 of the family of the kings of Ulster ; 
 and with twelve followers founded 
 amongst the Picts and Scots 300 Chris- 
 tian establishments of presbyterian cha- 
 racter ; that in Io'na was founded in 
 563.. 
 
 The Pictish men by St. Columb taught. 
 
 Campbell, Jieullura. 
 
 Columbus. His three ships were 
 the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the 
 Nina. — Washington Irving, History of 
 the Life, etc., of Columbus, 183. 
 
 Colyn Clout (The Boke of), a rhym- 
 ing six-syllable tirade against the clergy, 
 by John Skelton, poet-laureate (1460- 
 1529). 
 
 Comal and Galbi'na. Comal was 
 the son of Albion, "chief of a hundred 
 hills." He loved Galbi'na (daughter of 
 Conlech), who was beloved by Grumal 
 also. One day, tired out by the chase, 
 Comal and Galbina rested in the cave of 
 
 Ronan ; but ere long a deer appeared, 
 and Comal went forth to shoot it. 
 During his absence, Galbina dressed her- 
 self in armour "to try his love," and 
 " strode from the cave." Comal thought 
 it was Grumal, let fly an arrow, and she 
 fell. The chief too late discovered hi8 
 mistake, i ashed to battle, and was slain. 
 — Ossian, Fingal, ii. 
 
 Com'ala, daughter of Sarno king of 
 Inistore (the Orkneys). She fell in love 
 with Fingal at a feast to which Sarno 
 had invited him after his return from 
 Denmark or Lochlin (Fingal, iii.). 
 Disguised as a youth, Comala followed 
 him, and begged to be employed in his 
 wars ; but was detected by Hidallan, son 
 of Lamor, whose love she had slighted. 
 Fingal was about to marry her, when 
 he Avas called to oppose Caracul, who had 
 invaded Caledonia. Comala witnessed the 
 battle from a hill, thought she saw Fingal 
 slain, and though he returned victorious, 
 the shock on her nerves was so great that 
 she died. — Ossian, Comala. 
 
 Coman'ches (3 syl.), an Indian tribe 
 of the Texas. (See Camanches.) 
 
 Comb (Reynard's Wonderful), said to 
 be made of Pan'thera's bone, the per- 
 fume of which was so fragrant that no 
 one could resist following it ; and the 
 wearer of the comb was always of a 
 merry heart. This comb existed only in 
 the brain of Master Fox. — Reynard the 
 Fox, xii. (1498). 
 
 Co'me (St.), a physician, and patron 
 saint of medical practitioners. 
 
 "By St Come!" said the surgeon, "here's a pretty 
 adventure." — Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. 1 (1735). 
 
 Come and Take Them. The re- 
 ply of Leon'idas, king of Sparta, to the 
 messengers of Xerxes, when commanded 
 by the invader to deliver up his arms. 
 
 Com'edy (The Father of), Aristoph'- 
 anes the Athenian (b.c. 444-380). 
 
 Comedy (Prince of Ancient), Aristoph'- 
 anes (b.c. 444-380). 
 
 Comedy (Prince of New), Menander 
 (b.c. 342-291). 
 
 Comedy of Errors, by Shakespeare 
 (1593). iEmilia wife of ^geon had two 
 sons at a birth, and named both of them 
 Antipholus. When grown to manhood, 
 each of these sons had a slave named 
 Dromio, also twin-brothers. The brothers 
 Antipholus had been shipwrecked in 
 
OOMHAL. 
 
 206 
 
 COMUS. 
 
 infancy, and being picked up by different 
 vessels, were carried one to Syracuse and 
 the other to Ephesus. The play sup- 
 poses that Antipholus of Syracuse goes 
 in search of his brother, and coming to 
 Ephesus with his slave Dromio, a series 
 of mistakes arises from the extraordinary 
 likeness of the two brothers and their 
 two slaves. Andriana, the wife of the 
 Ephesian, mistakes the Syracusian for 
 her husband ; but he behaves so 
 strangely that her jealousy is aroused, 
 and when her true husband arrives he is 
 arrested as a mad man. Soon after, the 
 Syracusian brother being seen, the wife, 
 supposing it to be her mad husband 
 broken loose, sends to capture him ; but 
 he flees into a convent. Andriana now 
 lays her complaint before the duke, and 
 the lady abbess comes into court. So 
 both brothers face each other, the mis- 
 takes are explained, and the abbess turns 
 out to be ^Emilia the mother of the twin- 
 brothers. Now, it so happened that 
 iEgeon, searching for his son, also came 
 to Ephesus, and was condemned to pay a 
 fine or suffer death, because he, a Syra- 
 cusian, had set foot in Ephesus. The 
 duke, however, hearing the story, par- 
 doned him. Thus yEgeon found his wife 
 in the abbess, the parents their twin sons, 
 and each son his long-lost brother. 
 
 %* The plot of this comedy is copied 
 from the Mencechmi of Plautus. 
 
 Comhal or Combal. son of Tra- 
 thal, and father of Fingal. His queen 
 was Morna, daughter of Thaddu. Com- 
 hal was slain in battle, fighting against 
 the tribe of Morni, the very day that 
 Fingal was born. — Ossian. 
 
 Fingal said to A Mo, " I w.is born in the midst of 
 battle.*'— Ossian, The Battle of Lora. 
 
 Comines [Cum'.iji]. Philip des Co- 
 mines, the favourite minister of Charles 
 " the Bold," duke of Burgundy, is intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott in Quentin Dur- 
 tcard (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Coming Events. 
 
 And coming events cast their shadows before. 
 
 Campbell, Lochiel's Warning. 
 
 Com/leach (2 syl.), a mountain in 
 Ulster. The Lubar flows between Com- 
 loach and Cromal. — Ossian. 
 
 Commander of the Faithful 
 {Emir al Mxtmenin), a title assumed by 
 Omar I., and retained bv his successors 
 in the caliphate (581, 634^-644). 
 
 Commandment ( TJxe Eleventh)^ 
 Thou shalt not be found out. 
 
 After all, that Eleventh Commandment is the only on« 
 that it is vitally important to keep in these days. — B. H. 
 liuxton, Jennie of the Prince's, iii. 314. 
 
 Comminges (2 syl.) (Count de), the 
 hero of a novel so called by Mde. de 
 Tencin (1681-1749). 
 
 Committee (The), a comedy by the 
 Hon. sir R. Howard. Mr. Daj T , a Crom- 
 wellite, is the head of a Committee of 
 Sequestration, and is a dishonest, canting 
 rascal, under the thumb of his wife. He 
 gets into his hands the deeds of two 
 heiresses, Anne and Arbella. The former 
 he calls Ruth, and passes her off as hia 
 own daughter ; the latter he wants to 
 marry to his booby son Abel. Ruth falls 
 in love with colonel Careless, and Arbella 
 with colonel Blunt. Ruth contrives to 
 get into her hands the deeds, which she 
 delivers over to the two colonels, and 
 when Mr. Day arrives, quiets him by 
 reminding him that she knows of certain 
 deeds which would prove his ruin if 
 divulged (1670). 
 
 T. Knight reproduced this comedy as 
 a farce under the title of The Honest 
 Thieves. 
 
 Common (Dol), an ally of Subtle 
 thealchemist. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist 
 (1610). 
 
 Commoner (Tie Great), sir John 
 Barnard, who in 1737 proposed to reduce 
 the interest of the national debt from 
 4 per cent, to 3 per cent., any creditoi 
 being at liberty to receive his principal 
 in full if he preferred it. William Pitt, 
 the statesman, is so called also (1759- 
 1806). 
 
 Comne'nus (Alexius), emperor of 
 Greece, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
 Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Anna Comne'na, the historian, daugh- 
 ter of Alexius Comnenus, emperor of 
 Greece. — Same novel. 
 
 Compeyson, a would-be gentleman 
 and a forger. He duped Abel Magwitch 
 and ruined him, keeping him completely 
 under his influence. He also jilted Miss 
 Havisham. — C. Dickens, Great Expecta- 
 tions (1860). 
 
 Com'rade (2 syl.), the horse given by 
 a fairy to Fortunio. 
 
 He has many rare qualities . . . first he eats but once 
 in eight days ; and then he knows what's past, present, 
 and to come [and speaks with the voice of a manj.— 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales {" Fortunio," 1682). 
 
 Comus, the god of revelry. In 
 
CONA. 
 
 207 
 
 CONLATH. 
 
 Milton's "masque" so called, the "lady" 
 is lady Alice Egerton, the younger 
 brother is Mr. Thomas Egerton, and the 
 elder brother is lord viscount Brackley 
 (eldest son of John earl of Bridgewater, 
 president of Wales). The lady, weary 
 with long walking, is left in a wood by 
 her two brothers, while they go to gather 
 "cooling fruit" for her. She sings to 
 let them know her whereabouts, and 
 Comus, coming up, promises to conduct 
 her to a cottage till her brothers could 
 be found. The brothers, hearing a noise 
 of revelry, become alarmed about their 
 sister, when her guardian spirit informs 
 them that she has fallen into the hands 
 of Comus. They run to her rescue, and 
 arrive just as the god is offering his cap- 
 tive a potion ; the brothers seize the cup 
 and dash it on the ground, while the spirit 
 invokes Sabri'na, who breaks the spell 
 and releases the lady (1634). 
 
 Co'na or Coe, a river in Scotland, 
 falling into Lochleven. It is distin- 
 guished for the sublimity of its scenery. 
 Glen-coe is the glen held by the M'Do- 
 nalds (the chief of the clan being called 
 Maclan). In "Ossian," the bard Ossian 
 (son of Fingal) is called "The voice of 
 Cona." — Ossian, Songs of Selma. 
 
 They praised the voice of Cona, first among a thousand 
 bards. 
 
 Ossian, Songs of Sslma. 
 
 Ccnach'ar, the Highland apprentice 
 of Simon Glover, the old glover of Perth. 
 Conachar is in love with his master's 
 daughter, Catharine, called "the fair 
 maid of Perth ; " but Catharine loves and 
 ultimately marries Henry Smith, the 
 armourer. Conachar is at a later period 
 Ian Eachin [Hector] M'lan, chief of the 
 clan Quhele.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 rerth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Collar, son of Trenmor, and first 
 "king of Ireland." When the Fir-bolg 
 (or Belgse from Britain settled in the 
 xouth of Ireland) had reduced the Cael 
 (or colony of Caledonians settled in the 
 north of Ireland) to the last extremity 
 by war, the Cael sent to Scotland for 
 aid. Trathel (grandfather of Fingal) 
 accordingly sent over Conar with an 
 army to their aid ; and Conar, having 
 reduced the Fir-bolg to submission, as- 
 sumed the title of "king of Ireland." 
 Conar was succeeded by his son Cormac 
 I. ; Cormac I. by his son Cairbre ; Cair- 
 bre by his son Artho ; Artho by his son 
 Cormac II. (a minor) ; and Cormac (after 
 
 a slight interregnum) by Ferad-ArtLo 
 (restored by Fingal). — Ossian. 
 
 Con-Cathlin (means " mild beam of 
 the wave"), the pole-star. 
 
 While yet my locks were young, I markfd Con-Cathlin 
 on high, from ocean's mighty wave. — Ossian, Oina-iloral. 
 
 Confessio Amantis, by Gower 
 (1393), above 30,000 verses. It is a 
 dialogue between a lover and his con- 
 fessor, a priest of Venus named Genius. 
 As every vice is unamiable, a lover must 
 be free from vice in order to be amiable, 
 i.e. beloved ; consequently, Genius ex- 
 amines the lover on every vice before he 
 willgranthim absolution. Tale after tale 
 is introduced by the confessor, to show 
 the evil effects of particular vices, and 
 the lover is taught science, and " the 
 Aristotelian philosophy," the better to 
 equip him to win the love of his choice. 
 The end is very strange : The lover does 
 not complain that the lady is obdurate or 
 faithless, but that he himself has grown 
 old. 
 
 Gower is indebted a good deal to 
 Eusebius's Greek romance of Ismtne and 
 Ismenias, translated by Viterbo. Shake- 
 speare drew his Pericles Prince of Tyre 
 from the same romance. 
 
 Confession. The emperorWenceslas 
 ordered John of Xep'omucto be cast from 
 the Moldau bridge, for refusing to reveal 
 the confession of the empress. The martyr 
 was canonized as St. John Nepomu'cen, 
 and his day is May 14 (1330-1383). 
 
 Confusion worse Confounded. 
 
 With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, 
 Confusion worse confounded. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 996 (1663). 
 
 Congreve {The Modern), R. B. 
 Sheridan (1751-1816). 
 
 The School for Scandal crowned the reputation of the 
 modern Congreve in 1777. — Craik, Literature and 
 Learn'ing in England, v. 7. 
 
 Conk-ey duckweed, the man who 
 
 robbed himself of 327 guineas, in order to 
 make his fortune by exciting the sym- 
 pathy of his neighbours and others. The 
 tale is told by detective Blathers. — C. 
 Dickens, Oliver Ticist (1837). 
 
 Con'latn, 3 r oungest son of Morni, and 
 brother of the famous Gaul (a man's 
 name). Conlath was betrothed to Cu- 
 tho'na, daughter of Ruma, but before the 
 espousals Toscar came from Ireland to 
 Mora, and was hospitably received by 
 Morni. Seeing Cuthona out hunting, 
 Toscar carried her off in his skiff by 
 force, and being overtaken by Conlath 
 
CONNAL. 
 
 208 
 
 CONSTATS. 
 
 they both fell in tight. Three days 
 afterwards Cuthona died of grief. — 
 Ossian, Conlath and Cuthona. 
 
 Connal, son of Colgar petty king of 
 Togorma, and intimate friend of Cutb ullin 
 general of the Irish tribes. He is a kind 
 of Ulysses, who counsels and comforts 
 Cuthullin in his distress, and is the very 
 opposite of the rash, presumptuous, 
 though generous Calmar. — Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Con'nell {Father), an aged catholic 
 priest, full of gentle affectionate feelings. 
 He is the patron of a poor vagrant boy 
 called Neddy Fennel, whose adventures 
 furnish the incidents of Banim's novel 
 called Father Council (1842). 
 
 Father Council is not unworthy of association with the 
 protestant Vicar of Wakefield— R. Chambers, English 
 Literature, iL 012. 
 
 Coningsby, a novel by B. Dis- 
 raeli. The characters are meant for por- 
 traits : thus, " Rigby" represents Croker ; 
 "Menmouth," lord Hertford; "Esk- 
 dale," Lowther; "Ormsby," Irving; 
 " Lucretia," Mde. Zichy ; " countess 
 Colonna," lady Strachan ; "Sidonia," 
 baron A. de Rothschild ; " Henry Sid- 
 ney," lord John Manners ; " Bel voir," 
 duke of Rutland, second son of Beau- 
 manoir. — Lord Palmerston, Notes and 
 Queries, March 6, 1875. 
 
 ^ Conqueror (The). Alexander the 
 Great, The Conqueror of the World 
 (n.c. 356, 386-323). Alfonso of Por- 
 tugal (1094, 1137-1185). Aurungzebe 
 the Great, called Alemgir (1618, 1659- 
 1707). James of Aragon (1206, 1213- 
 1276). Othman or Osman I., founder of 
 the Turkish empire (1259, .1299-1326). 
 Francisco Pizarro, called Conquistador, 
 because he conquered Peru (1475-1541). 
 "William duke of Xormandv, who obtained 
 England by conquest (102*7, 1066-1137). 
 
 Con'rad (Lord), the corsair, after- 
 wards called Lara. A proud, ascetic but 
 successful pirate. Hearing that the 
 sultan Seyd [&'«/] was about to attack 
 the pirates, he entered the palace in the 
 disguise of a dervise, but being found out 
 was seized and imprisoned. He was 
 released by Gulnare (2 syl.), th-a sultan's 
 favourite concubine, and fled with her to 
 the Pirates' Isle, but finding his 
 Medo'ra dead, he left the island with 
 Gulnare, returned to his native land, 
 headed a rebellion, and was shot. — Lord 
 Byron, The Corsair, continued in Lara 
 (1814). 
 
 Con'rade (2 syl.), a follower of don 
 John (bastard brother of don Pedro 
 prince of Aragon). — Shakespeare, Much 
 Ado About Nothing (1600). 
 
 Con'rade (2 syl.), marquis of Mont- 
 serrat, who with the Grand-Master of the 
 Templars conspired against Richard Cceur 
 de Lion. He was unhorsed in combat, 
 and murdered in his tent by the Templar. 
 — Sir \V. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Consenting Stars, stars forming 
 certain configurations for good or evil. 
 Thus we read in the book of Judges v. 20, 
 " The stars in their courses fought against 
 Sisera," i.e. formed configurations which 
 were unlucky or malignant. 
 
 . . . scourge the bad revolving stars. 
 That have consented unto Henry's death ! 
 King Henry the Filth, too famous to live long 1 
 Sliakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 1 (158y). 
 
 Constance, mother of prince Arthur 
 and widow of Geoffrey Plantagenet. — - 
 Shakespeare, King John (1598). 
 
 Mrs. Bartley's " lady Macbeth," "Constance," and 
 "queen Katherine " [Henry Vlll.\ were powerful em- 
 bodiments, and I question if they have ever since been so 
 finely portrayed [17S5-1S50]. — J. Adolphus, Jiecollection*. 
 
 Constance, daughter of sir "William 
 Fondlove, and courted by "Wildrake, a 
 country squire, fond of field sports. 
 " Her beautv rich, richer her grace, her 
 mind yet ricner still, though richest all." 
 She was "the mould express of woman, 
 stature, feature, body, limb;" she danced 
 well, sang well, harped well. Wildrake 
 was her childhood's playmate, and be- 
 came her husband. — S. Knowles, Tl,* 
 Love Chase (1837). 
 
 Constance, daughter of Bertulphe pro- 
 vost of Bruges, and bride of Bouchard, a 
 knight of Flanders. She had " beauty to 
 shame young love's most fervent dream, 
 virtue to form a saint, with just enough 
 of earth to keep her woman." By an 
 absurd law of Charles "the Good," earl 
 of Flanders, made in 1127, this young 
 lady, brought up in the lap of luxury, 
 was reduced to serfdom, because her 
 grandfather was a serf ; her aristocratic 
 husband was also a serf because he 
 married her (a serf). She went mad at 
 the reverse of fortune, and died. — S. 
 Knowles, The Provost of Bruges (1836). 
 
 ConstailS, a mythical king of Britain. 
 He was Ike eldest* of the three sons of 
 Constantine, his two brothers being 
 Aurelius Anibrosius and Uther Pen- 
 dragon. Constans was a monk, but at 
 the death of his father he laid aside the 
 
CONSTANT, 
 
 209 
 
 CONTINENCE. 
 
 cowl for the crown. Vortigern caused 
 him to be assassinated, and usurped the 
 crown. Aurclius Ambrosius succeeded 
 Vortigern, and was himself succeeded by 
 his younger brother, Uther Pendragon, 
 father of king Arthur. Hence it will 
 appear that Constans was Arthur's uncle. 
 
 Constant {Ned), the former lover of 
 lady Brute, with whom he intrigued after 
 her marriage with the surlv knight. — 
 Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife (1697). 
 
 Constant (Sir Bashful), a younger 
 brother of middle life, who tumbles into 
 an estate and title by the death of his 
 elder brother. He marries a woman of 
 quality, but finding it comme il faut not 
 to let his love be known, treats her 'with 
 indifference and politeness, and though he 
 dotes on her, tries to make her believe he 
 loves her not. He is very soft, carried 
 away by the opinions of others, and is 
 an example of the truth of what Dr. 
 Young has said, "What is mere good 
 nature but a fool ? " 
 
 Lady Constant, wife of sir Bashful, a 
 Ionian of spirit, taste, sense, wit, and 
 beauty. She loves her husband, and 
 repels with scorn an attempt to shake 
 her fidelity because he treats her with cold 
 indifference. — A. Murphy, The Way to 
 keep Him (1760). 
 
 Constan'tia, sister of Petruccio go- 
 vernor of Bologna, and mistress of the 
 duke of Eerrara. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Chances (1620). 
 
 Constantia, a protege'e of lady McSy- 
 copha^t. An amiable girl, in love with 
 Egcrton McSycophant, by whom her 
 love is amplv returned. — C. Macklin, The 
 Man of the World (1764). 
 
 Con'stantine (3 syl.), a king of 
 Scotland, who (in 937) joined Anlaf (a 
 Danish king) against Athelstan. The 
 allied kings were defeated at Brunan- 
 burh, in Northumberland, and Constan- 
 tine was made prisoner. 
 
 Our English Athelstan . . . 
 Made all the isle his own . . . 
 
 And Constantine, the king, a prisoner hither brought. 
 Drayton, J'oIyolMon, xii. 3 (1613). 
 
 Constantinople (Little). Kertch 
 was so called by the Genoese from its 
 extent and its prosperity. Demosthenes 
 calls it " the granary of Athens." 
 
 Consuelo (4 syl.), the impersonation 
 of moral purity in the midst of temp- 
 tations. Consuelo is the heroine of a 
 novel so called by George Sand (i.e. Mde. 
 Dudevant). 
 
 Consul Bib'ulus (A), a cipher in 
 office, one joined with others in office but 
 without the slightest influence. Bibulus 
 was joint consul with Julius Csesar, but so 
 insignificant that the wits of Pome called 
 it the consulship of Julius and Caesar, not 
 of Bibulus and Caesar (b.c. 59). 
 
 Contemporaneous Discoverers. 
 Goethe and Vicq d'Azyrs discovered at 
 the same time the intermaxillary bone. 
 Goethe and Von Baer discovered at the 
 same time • Morphology. Goethe and 
 Oken discovered at the same time the 
 vertebral system. The Penny Cyclo- 
 paedia and Chambers' 1 s Journal were started 
 nearly at the same time. The invention 
 of printing is claimed by several contem- 
 poraries. The processes called Talbotype 
 and Daguerreotype were nearly simul- 
 taneous discoveries. Leverrier and Adams 
 discovered at the same time the planet 
 Neptune. 
 
 *** This list may be extended to a 
 very great length. 
 
 Contest {Sir Adam). Having lost 
 his first wife by shipwreck, he married 
 again after the lapse of some twelve or 
 fourteen years. II is second wife was a 
 girl of 18, to whom he held up his first 
 wife as a pattern and the very paragon 
 of women. On the wedding day this first 
 wife made her appearance. She had been 
 saved from the wreck; but sir Adam 
 wished her in heaven most sincerely. 
 
 Lady Contest, the bride of sir Adam, 
 "young, extremely lively, and pro- 
 digiously beautiful." She had been 
 brought up in the country, and treated a9 
 a child, so her naivete was quite capti- 
 vating. When she quitted the bride- 
 groom's house, she said, " Good-bye, sir 
 Adam, good-bye. I did love you a little, 
 upon my word, and should be really un- 
 happy if I did not know that your hap- 
 piness will be infinitely greater with your 
 first wife." 
 
 Mr. Contest, the grown-up son of sir 
 Adam, by his first wife. — Mrs. Inchbald, 
 The Wedding Day (1790). 
 
 Continence. 
 
 Alexander the Great having 
 gained the battle of Issus (b.c. 33o), 
 the family of king Darius fell into his 
 hands ; but he treated the ladies as 
 queens, and observed the greatest deco- 
 rum towards them. A eunuch, having 
 escaped, told Darius that his wife re- 
 mained unspotted, for Alexander had 
 shown himself the most continent and 
 
CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 210 
 
 COPPERFIELD. 
 
 generous of men. — Arrian, Anabasis of 
 Alexander, iv. 20. 
 
 Scipio Africaxus, after the conquest 
 of Spain, refused to touch a beautiful 
 princess who had fallen into his hands, 
 " lest he should be tempted to forget his 
 principles." It is, moreover, said that 
 ne sent her back to her parents with 
 presents, that she might marry the man 
 to whom she was betrothed. A silver 
 shield, on which this incident was de- 
 picted, was found in the river Rhone by 
 some fishermen in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 E'en Scipio, or a victor y*t more cold, 
 Might have forgot his virtue at her sight 
 
 N. Kowe, Tamerlane, iii. 3 (1702). 
 
 Axsox, when he took the Senhora 
 Theresa de Jesus, refused even to see 
 the three Spanish ladies who formed 
 part of the prize, because he was resolved 
 to prevent private scandal. The three 
 ladies consisted of a mother and her two 
 daughters, the younger of whom was "of 
 surpassing beauty." 
 
 Contractions. The following is 
 probably the most remarkable : — " Utaca - 
 mund " is by the English called Ooty 
 (India). " Cholmondeley," contracte 1 
 into Chumly, is another remarkable 
 example. 
 
 Conven'tual Friars are those who 
 live in convents, contrary to the rule of 
 St. Francis, who enjoined absolute 
 poverty, without land, books, chapel, or 
 house. Those who conform to the rule 
 of the founder are called " Observant 
 Friars." 
 
 Conversation Sharp, Richard 
 Sharp, the critic (1759-1835). 
 
 t Cook who Killed Himself ( The) . 
 Vatcl killed himself in 1671, because 
 the lobster for his turbot sauce did not 
 arrive in time to be served up at the 
 banquet at Chantilly, given by the prince 
 de Conde to the king. 
 
 Cooks (Wages received by). In Rome 
 as much as £800 a year was given to a 
 chef de cuisine ; but Careine received 
 £1000 a year. 
 
 Cooks of Modern Times. 
 Careine, called "The Regenerator of 
 Cookery" (1784-1833). Charles Elme 
 Francatclli, cook at Crockford's, then 
 in the Roval Household, and lastlv at 
 the Reform Club (1805-1876). Ude, 
 Gouffe', and Alexis Soyer, the last of 
 w"hom died in 1858. 
 
 Cookery {Regenerator of), Caremo 
 (1784-1833). 
 
 (Ude, Gouffe', and Soyer were also 
 regenerators of this art.) 
 
 Cooper (Anthony Ashly), earl of 
 Shaftesbury, introduced by sir W. Scott 
 in Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Cooper (Do you want a)? that is, "Do 
 you want to taste the wines ? " This ques- 
 tion is addressed to those who have an 
 order to visit the London docks. The 
 "cooper" bores the casks, and gives the 
 visitor the wine to taste. 
 
 Cophet'ua or Copet'kua, a mythi- 
 cal king of Africa, of great wealth, who 
 fell in love with a beggar-girl, and 
 married her. Her name was Penel'ophon, 
 but Shakespeare writes it Zenel'ophon in 
 Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. 1. Tenny- 
 son has versified the tale in The Beggar- 
 Maid. — Percy, Reliques, I. ii. 6. 
 
 Cop'ley (Sir Thomas), in attendance 
 on the earl of Leicester at Woodstock. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Copper Captain (4), Michael 
 Perez, a captain without money, but 
 with a plentiful stock of pretence, whu 
 seeks to make a market of his person and 
 commission by marrying an heiress, lie 
 is caught in his own trap, for he marries 
 Estifania, a woman of intrigue, fancying 
 her to be the heiress Margaritta. The 
 captain gives the lady " pearls," but they 
 are only whitings' eyes. His wife says 
 to him : 
 
 Here's a goodly jewel . . . 
 Did you not win this at Goletta, captain ? . . , 
 See how it sparkles, like an old lady's eyes . . . 
 And here's a chain of whitings' eyes for pearls . . 
 Your clothes are parallels to these, all counterfeits. 
 Put these and them on, you're a man of copper. 
 A copper, . . . copper captain. 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Rale a Wife and 
 Save a Wife (1W0) 
 
 ("W. Lewis (1748-1811) was famous in 
 this character ; but Robert Wilks (1670- 
 1732) was wholly unrivalled.) 
 
 The old stage critics delighted in the "Copper Cap- 
 tain ; " it was the test for every comedian. It could be 
 worked on like a picture, and new readings given. Here 
 it must be admitted that Wilks had no rival. — Fitzgerald. 
 
 Copperfield (David), the hero of a 
 novel so called, by C. Dickens. David 
 is Dickens himself, and Micawber is 
 Dickens's father. According to the tale, 
 David's mother was nursery governess in 
 a family where Mr. Copperfield visited. 
 At the death of Mr. Copperfield, the 
 widow married Edward Murdstone, a 
 
COPPERHEADS. 
 
 211 
 
 CORDELIA. 
 
 hard, tyrannical man, who made the 
 home of David a dread and terror to 
 the boy. When his mother died, Murd- 
 stone sent David to lodge with the 
 Micawbers, and bound him apprentice to 
 Messrs. Murdstone and Grinby, by whom 
 he was put into the warehouse, and set to 
 paste labels upon wine and spirit bottles. 
 David soon became tired of this dreary 
 work, and ran away to Dover, where he 
 was kindly received by his [great] -aunt 
 lietsey Trotwood, who clothed him, and 
 eent him as day-boy to Dr. Strong, but 
 placed him to board with Mr. Wickfield, 
 a lawyer, father of Agnes, between whom 
 and David a mutual attachment sprang 
 up. David's first wife was Dora Spen- 
 !ow, but at the death of this pretty little 
 " child-wife," he married Agnes Wick- 
 field. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
 (1849). 
 
 Copperheads, members of a faction 
 in the north, during the civil war in the 
 United States. The copperhead is a 
 poisonous serpent, that gives no warning 
 of its approach, and hence is a type of a 
 concealed or secret foe. (The Trigono- 
 cepkalus contortrix.) 
 
 Coppemose (3 syl.). Henry VIIT. 
 was so called, because he mixed so much 
 copper with the silver coin that it showed 
 after a little wear in the parts most pro- 
 nounced, as the nose. Hence the sobri- 
 quets " Coppernosed Harry," "Old 
 Coppemose." etc. 
 
 Copple, the hen killed by Reynard, 
 in the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
 (1498). 
 
 Cora, the gentle, loving wife of 
 Alonzo, and the kind friend of Rolla 
 general of the Peruvian army. — Sheridan, 
 Fizarro (altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 
 
 Co'rah, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel, is meant for Dr. Titus 
 Oates. As Corah was the political calum- 
 niator of Moses and Aaron, so Titus 
 Oates was the political calumniator of the 
 pope and English papists. As Corah was 
 punished by "going down alive into the 
 pit," so Oates was "condemned to im- 
 prisonment for life," after being publicly 
 whipped ar.d exposed • in the pillory. 
 North describes Titus Oates as a very short 
 man, and says, " if his mouth were taken 
 for the centre of a circle, his chin, fore- 
 head, and cheekbones would fall in the 
 circumference." 
 
 Sunk were his eyes, his voice was harsh and loud. 
 Sure signs he neither choleric was, nor proud ; 
 
 His long chin proved his wit ; his saint-like grace, 
 
 A Church vermilion, and a Moses' face; 
 
 His memory miraculously great 
 
 Could plots, exceeding man's belief, repeat. 
 
 Drvden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 
 
 Corbac'cio (Signior), the dupe of 
 Mosca the knavish confederate of Vol'- 
 pone (2 syl.). He is an old man, with 
 "seeing and hearing faint, and under- 
 standing dulled to childishness," yet he 
 wishes to live on, and 
 
 Feels not his gout nor palsy ; feigns himself 
 Younger by scores of years ; natters his age 
 With confident belying it ; hopes he may 
 With charms, like j£son, have his youth restored. 
 Ben Jonson, Volpone or ths Fox (1605). 
 Benjamin Johnson [1665-1742] . . . seemed to ba 
 proud to wear the poet's double name, and was particu- 
 larly great in all that author's plays that were usually 
 performed, viz., " Wasp," in Bartholomew Fair; " Cor- 
 baccio;" "Morose," in The Silent Woman; and "Ana- 
 nias," in The A Icliemist. — Chetwood. 
 
 C. Dibdin says none who ever saw W. 
 Parsons (1736-1795) in "Corbaccio" could 
 forget his effective mode of exclaiming 
 " Has he made his will? What has he 
 given me?" but Parsons himself says: 
 "Ah! to see 'Corbaccio' acted to per- 
 fection, you should have seen Shuter. 
 The public are pleased to think that I act 
 that part well, but his acting was as far 
 superior to mine as mount Vesuvius is to 
 a rushlight." 
 
 Cor'bant, the rook, in the beast-epic 
 of Reynard the Fox (1498). (French, 
 corbeau, "a rook.") 
 
 Corbrech/tan or Corybrechtan, 
 a whirlpool on the west coast of Scotland, 
 near the isle of Jura. Its name signilies 
 "Whirlpool of the prince of Denmark," 
 from the tradition that a Danish prince 
 once wagered to cast anchor in it, but 
 perished in his foolhardiness. In calm 
 weather the sound of the vortex is like 
 that of innumerable chariots driven with 
 speed. 
 
 The distant isles that hear the loud Corbrechtan roar. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 5 (1S09). 
 
 Corce'ea (3 syl.), mother of Abessa. 
 The word means " blindness of heart," or 
 Romanism. Una sought shelter under 
 her hut, but Corceca shut the door 
 against her ; whereupon the lion which 
 accompanied Una broke down the door. 
 The "lion" means Eny land, "Corceca" 
 popery, " Una " protestantism, and 
 " breaking down the door" the Reforma- 
 tion. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 3 (1590). 
 
 Corde'lia, youngest daughter of king 
 Lear. She was disinherited by her royal 
 father, because her protestations of love 
 were less violent than those of her sisters. 
 Cordelia married the king of France, an J 
 
CORFLAMBO. 
 
 212 
 
 CORINTHIAN BRASS. 
 
 ■when her two elder sisters refused to 
 entertaia the old king with his suite, she 
 brought an arm}' over to dethrone them. 
 She was, however, taken captive, thrown 
 into prison, and died there. 
 
 Her voice was ever soft, 
 Gentle, and low ; an excellent thing in woman. 
 
 Shakespeare. King Lear, act v. sc. 3 (1605). 
 
 Corflam/bo, the personification of 
 sensuality, a giant killed by Arthur. 
 Corfiainbo had a daughter named Paea'na, 
 who married PlacTdas, and proved a good 
 wife to him. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 8 
 (1596). 
 
 Coriat (Thomas), died 1617, author 
 of a book called Crudities. 
 
 Besides, 'tis known he could speak Greek, 
 As naturally as pigs do squeak. 
 Lionel Cranfield, Panegyric Verses on T. Coriat. 
 But if the meaning were as far to seek 
 , As Coriat's horse was of his master's Greek, 
 
 When in that tongue he made a speech at length. 
 To show the beast the greatness of his strength. 
 
 G. Wither, Abuses Stript and Whipt (1613). 
 
 Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess," 
 who having lost her true love by death, 
 retired from the busy world, remained a 
 virgin for. the rest of her life, and was 
 called " The Virgin of the Grove." The 
 shepherd Thenot (final t pronounced) fell 
 in love with her for her "fidelity," and 
 to cure him of his attachment she pre- 
 tended to love him in return. This broke 
 the charm, and Thenot no longer felt 
 that reverence of love he before enter- 
 tained. Corin was skilled " in the dark, 
 hidden virtuous use of herbs," and says • 
 
 Of all green wounds I know the remedies 
 In men and cattle, be they stung by snakes, 
 Or charmed with powerful words of wicked art. 
 Or be they love-sick. 
 John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1 (1610). 
 
 Cor'in, Corin' eus (3 syl.), or Corine'us 
 (4 syl.), " strongest of mortal men," and 
 one of the suite of Brute (the first 
 mythical king of Britain). (See Coiu- 
 
 SKUS.) 
 
 From Corin carne it first? [i.e. the CornUh hug in 
 wrestling], 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 
 
 Corine'us (3 syl.). Southey throws 
 the accent on the first syllable, and Spen- 
 ser on the second. One of the suite of 
 Brute. He overthrew the giant Goem'- 
 agot, for which achievement he was 
 rewarded with the whole western horn of 
 England, hence called Corin'ea, and the 
 inhabitants Corin'eans. (See Corin.) 
 
 Corineus challenged the giant to wrestle with him. At 
 the beginning ot the encounter, Corineus and the giant 
 standing f-ont to front held each other strongly in their 
 arms, and panted aloud for breath ; but Gooinagot pre- 
 sently grasping Corineus with all his might broke three 
 of his ribs, two on his right side and one on his left. At 
 which Corineus, highly enraged, roused up his whole 
 BtUJigth. and snatching up the giant, ran with him on 
 
 his shoulders to the neighbouring shore, and getting on ttl 
 the top of a liigh rock, hurled the monster into the sea. 
 . . . The place where he fell is called Lam GoiSmagot or 
 Goc*magot's Leap to this day. — Geoffrey, British UUtory, 
 i. 16 (1142). 
 
 When father Brute and Cor'ineus set foot 
 
 On the White Island first 
 
 Southey, Madoc, vi. (1S05). 
 
 Cori'neus had that province utmost west 
 
 To him assigned. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 
 
 Drayton makes the name a word of 
 four syllables, and throws the accent on 
 the last but one. 
 
 Which to their general then grent Corine'us had. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 
 
 Corinna, a Greek poetess of Bceotia, 
 who gained a victory over Pindar at the 
 public games (fl. b.c. 490). 
 
 . . . they raised 
 A tent of satin, elaborately wrought 
 With fair Comma's triumph. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, lii. 
 
 Corinna, daughter of Gripe the scri- 
 vener. She marries Dick Amlet. — Sir 
 John Vanbrugh, The Confederacy (1695). 
 
 See lively Pope advance in jig and trip 
 
 " Corinna," "Cherry." " Honeycomb," and "Snip"; 
 
 Not without art, but yet to nature true. 
 
 She charms the town with humour just yet new. 
 
 Churchill, Hosciad (17C1). 
 
 Corinne' (2 syl.), the heroine and title 
 of a novel by Mde. de Stack Her lover 
 proved false, and the maiden gradually 
 pined away. 
 
 Corinth.. ' Tis not every one who can 
 afford to yo to Corinth, " 'tis not-every one 
 who can afford to indulge in very expen- 
 sive licentiousness." Aristophanes speaks . 
 of the unheard-of sums (amounting to 
 £200 or more) demanded by the harlots of 
 Corinth. — Plutarch, Parallel Lives, i. 2. 
 
 Non cuivis hominum contingit adire Corinthum. 
 
 Horace, Fpist.,1. xvii. 3*. 
 
 A Corinthian, a rake, a " fast man." 
 Prince Henry says (1 Henry IV. act ii. 
 sc. 4), " [ They] tell me I am no proud 
 Jack, like Falstaff, but a Corinthian, a 
 lad of mettle." 
 
 Corinthianism, harlotry. 
 
 To Corinthianise, to live an idle dis- 
 sipated life. 
 
 Corinthian (To act the), to become a 
 fille pubiique. Corinth was called the 
 nursery of harlots, in consequence of the 
 temple of Venus, which was a vast and 
 magnificent brothel. Strabo says (Geog, 
 viii.) : " There were no fewer than a thou- 
 sand harlots in Corinth." 
 
 Corin'thian Brass, a mixture of 
 gold, silver, and brass, which forms the 
 best of all mixed metals. When Mum- 
 mius set fire to Corinth, the heat of the 
 
CORINTHIAN TOM. 
 
 213 
 
 CORMORAN. 
 
 conflagration was so great that it melted 
 the metal, which ran down the streets in 
 streams. The three mentioned above ran 
 together, and obtained the name of 
 " Corinthian brass." 
 
 1 think it may be of " Corinthian brass," 
 Which was u mixture of all metals, but 
 The brazen uppermost. 
 
 Byron, Don Jxian, vi. 56 (1S21). 
 
 Corinthian Tom, "a fast man," 
 the sporting rake in Pierce Egan's Life in 
 London. 
 
 Coriola'nUS (Caius Marcius), called 
 Coriolanus from his victory at Cori'oli. 
 His mother was Vetu'ria (not Volumnia), 
 and his wife Volumnia (not Virgilia). 
 Shakespeare has a drama so called. La 
 Ilarpe has also a drama entitled Curiolan, 
 produced in 1781. — Livy, Annals, ii. 40. 
 
 1 remember her [Jtrs. Siddons] coming down the stage 
 In tb«j triumphal entry of Her son Coriolanus, when her 
 dumb-show drew plaudits that shook the house. She 
 came alone, marching and beating time to the music, 
 rolling . . . from side to side, swelling with the triumph 
 of he' son. Such was the intoxication of joy which flashed 
 fi-om her eye and lit up her whole face, that the effect was 
 irresistible.— C. M. Young. 
 
 Corita'ni, the people of Lincolnshire, 
 Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicester- 
 shire, Rutlandshire, and Northampton- 
 shire. Drayton refers to them in his 
 Folyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Cork Street (London). So called 
 from the Boyles, earls of Burlington and 
 Cork. (See Cliffokd Street.) 
 
 Cormac I., son of Conar, a Cael, who 
 succeeded his father as " king of Ireland," 
 and reigned many years. In the latter 
 part of his reign the Fir-bolg (or Belgte 
 settled in the south of Ireland), who had 
 been subjugated by Conar, rebelled, and 
 Cormac was reduced to such extremities 
 that he sent to Fingal for aid. Fingal 
 went with a large army, utterly defeated 
 Colculla "lord of Atha," and re-estab- 
 lished Cormac in the sole possession of 
 Ireland. For this service Cormac gave 
 Fingal his daughter Roscra'na for wife, 
 and Ossian was their first s'on. Cormac I. 
 was succeeded by his son Cairbre ; Cair- 
 bre by his son Artho ; Artho by his son 
 Cormac II. (a minor) ; and Cormac II. 
 after a short interregnum) by Ferad- 
 Artho. — Ossian. 
 
 Cormac II. (a minor), king of Ire- 
 land. On his succeeding his father Artho 
 on the throne, Swaran king of Lochlin 
 [Scandinavia'] invaded Ireland, and de- 
 feated the army under the command of 
 Cuthullin. Fingal's arrival turned the 
 tide of events, for next day Swaran was 
 
 routed and returned to Lochlin. In the 
 third year of his reign Torlath rebelled, 
 but was utterly discomfited at lake Lego 
 by Cuthullin, Avho, however, was himself 
 mortally wounded by a random arrow 
 during the pursuit. Not long after this 
 Cairbar rose in insurrection, murdered 
 the young king, and usurped the govern- 
 ment. His success, however, was only of 
 short duration, for having invited Oscar 
 to a feast, he treacherously slew him, and 
 was himself slain at the same time. His 
 brother Cathmor succeeded for a few 
 days, when he also was slain in biittle by 
 Fingal, and the Conar dynasty restored. 
 Conar (first king of Ireland, a Cale- 
 donian) was succeeded by his son 
 Cormac It; Cormac I. was succeeded by 
 his son Cairbre ; Cairbre by his son 
 Artho ; Artho by his son Cormac II.; 
 and Cormac II. (after a short inter- 
 regnum) by his cousin Ferad-Artho. — 
 Ossian, Fingal, Dar-Thula, and Temora. 
 
 Cor'mack (Donald), a Highland 
 robber-chief. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
 of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Cor'malo, a "chief of ten thousand 
 spears," who lived near the waters of 
 Lano (a Scandinavian lake). He went to 
 Inis-Thona (an island of Scandinavia), to 
 the court of king Annir, and "sought the 
 honour of the spear " (i.e. a tournament). 
 Argon, the elder son of Annir, tilted with 
 him and overthrew him. This vexed 
 Cormalo greatly, and during a hunting 
 expedition he drew his bow in secret 
 and shot both Argon and his brother 
 Ruro. Their father wondered they did 
 not return, when their dog Runa came 
 bounding into the hall, howling so as to 
 attract attention. Annir followed the 
 hound, and found his sons both dead. 
 In the mean time his daughter was carried 
 off by Cormalo. When Oscar, son of 
 Ossian, heard thereof , he vowed vengeance, 
 went, with an army to Lano, encountered 
 Cormalo, aud slew him. Then rescuing 
 the daughter, he took her back to Inis- 
 Thona, and delivered her to her father. — 
 Ossian, The War of Inis-Thona. 
 
 Cor'moran' (The Giant), a Cornish 
 giant slain by Jack the Giant-killer. 
 This was his first exploit, accomplished 
 when he was a mere boy. Jack dug a 
 deep pit, and so artfully filmed it over 
 atop, that the giant fell into it, where- 
 upon Jack knocked him on the head and 
 killed him. 
 The Persian trick of "Ameen and theGhool" recur* 
 
CORNAVII. 
 
 214 
 
 CORSAIR. 
 
 fat the Scandinavian visit of Thor to Loki, which has come 
 •own to Germany in The Brave Little Tailor, and to us 
 to Jack tha Giant-killer. — Yonge. 
 
 This is the valiant Cornish man 
 Who killed the giant Cormoran. 
 
 Jack the Giant-killer (nursery tale). 
 
 Cornavii, the inhabitants of Che- 
 shire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwick- 
 shire, and Worcestershire. Draj^ton 
 refers to them in his Polyolbion, xvi. 
 (1613). 
 
 Cornelia, wife of Titus Sempronius 
 Gracchus, and mother of the two tribunes 
 Tiberius and Caius. She was almost 
 idolized by the Romans, who erected a 
 statue in her honour, with this inscription : 
 Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi. 
 
 Clelia, Cornelia, . . . and the Roman brows 
 Of Agrippina. , 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 
 
 Corner ( The). So Tattersall's used 
 to be called. 
 
 I saw advertised a splendid park hack, and . . . imme- 
 diately proceeded to the Corner.— Lord W. Lennox, Cele- 
 brities, etc., ii. 15. 
 
 Comet, a waiting-woman on lady- 
 Fanciful. She caused great offence 
 because she did not flatter ber ladyship. 
 She actually said to her, "Your lady- 
 ship looks very ill this morning," which 
 the French waiting-woman contradicted 
 by saying, "My opinion be, matam, dat 
 your latyship never look so well in all 
 your life." Lady Fanciful said to 
 Cornet, "Get out of the room, I can't 
 endure you ; " and then turning to Mdlle. 
 she added, "This wench is insufferably 
 ugly. . . . Oh, by-the-by, Mdlle., you 
 can take these two pair of gloves. The 
 French are certainly well-mannered, and 
 never flatter." — Vanbrugh, The Provoked 
 Wife (1697). 
 
 *** This is of a piece with the arch- 
 bishop of Granada and his secretary Gil 
 Bias. 
 
 Corney {Mrs.), matron of the work- 
 house where Oliver Twist was born. She 
 is a well-to-do widow, who marries Bum- 
 ble, and reduces the pompous beadle to a 
 hen-pecked husband. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
 Twist, xxxvii. (1837). 
 
 Cornflower (Henry), a farmer, who 
 " beneath a rough outside, possessed a 
 heart which would have done honour to 
 a prince." 
 
 Mrs. Cornflower (by birth Emma Bel- 
 ton), the farmer's wife, abducted by sir 
 Charles Courtly. — Dibdin, The Farmer's 
 Wife (1780). 
 
 Cornio'le (4 syl.), the cognomen 
 given to Giovanni Bernardi, the great 
 
 cornelian engraver, in the time of Lorenzo 
 di Medici. He Avaa called "Giovanni 
 delle Corniole" (1495-1555). 
 
 Corn-Law Rhymer (The), Ebe- 
 nezer Elliot (1781-1849). 
 
 Cornu/bia, Cornwall. The rivers of 
 Cornwall are more or less tinged with the 
 metals which abound in those parts. 
 
 Then from the largest stream unto the lesser brook . . . 
 They curl their ivory fronts, . . . and bred such courage . . . 
 As drew down many a nymph [river] from the Cornubian 
 
 shore, 
 That paint their goodly breasts [water] with sundry sorts 
 
 of ore. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 CornuHbian Shore (The), Corn- 
 wall, famous for its tin mines. Mer- 
 chants of ancient Tyre and Sidon used to 
 export from Cornwall its tin in large 
 quantities. 
 
 . . . from the bleak Cornubian shore. 
 Dispense the mineral treasure, which of old 
 Sidouian pilots sought. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the A'aiads. . 
 
 Cornwall (Barry), an imperfect 
 anagram of Bryan Waller Proctor, author 
 of English Songs (1788-1874). 
 
 Corombona (Vittoria), the White 
 Devil, the chief character in a drama by 
 John Webster, entitled The White Devil 
 or Vittoria Corombona (1612). 
 
 Coro'nis, daughter of Phoroneus 
 (3 sul.) king of Pho'cis, metamorphosed 
 by Minerva into a crow. 
 
 Corporal (The Little). General 
 Bonaparte was so called after the battle 
 of Lodi (1796). 
 
 Corrector (Alexander the), Alex- 
 ander Cruden, author of the Concordance 
 to the Bible, for many 3'ears a corrector of 
 the press, in London. He believed him- 
 self to be divinely inspired to correct the 
 morals and manners of the world (1701- 
 1770). 
 
 Corriv'reckin, an intermittent 
 whirlpool in the Southern Hebrides, so 
 called from a Danish prince of that 
 name, who perished there. 
 
 Corrouge' (2 syl.), the sword of sir 
 Otuel, a presumptuous Saracen, nephew 
 of Farracute (3 syl.). Otuel was in the 
 end converted to Christianity. 
 
 Corsair (The), lord Conrad, after- 
 wards called Lara. Hearing that the 
 sultan Seyd [Seed] was about to attack 
 the pirates, he assumed the disguise of a 
 dervise and entered the palace, while his 
 crew set fire to the sultan's fleet. Conrad 
 was apprehended and cast into a dungeon, 
 
CORSAND. 
 
 215 
 
 COSMOS. 
 
 but being released by Gulnare (queen of 
 the harem), he fled with her to the 
 Pirates' Isle. Here he found that Medo'ra 
 (his heart's darling) had died during his 
 absence, so he left the island with Gul- 
 nare, returned to his native land, headed 
 a rebellion, and was shot. — Byron, TJie 
 Corsair, continued in Lara (1814). 
 
 (This tale is based on the adventures of 
 Lafitte, the notorious buccaneer. Lafitte 
 was pardoned by general Jackson for 
 services rendered to the States in 1815, 
 during the attack of the British on New 
 Orleans.) 
 
 Cor'sand, a magistrate at the ex- 
 amination of Dirk Hatteraick at Kipple- 
 tringan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Corsican General {The), Napoleon 
 I., who was born in Corsica (1769-1821). 
 
 Cor'sina, wife of the corsair who 
 found Fairstar and Chery in the boat as 
 it drifted on the sea. Being made very 
 rich by her foster-children, Corsina 
 brought them up as princes. — Comtesse 
 D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("The Princess 
 Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 Corte'jo, a cavalier servente, wno as 
 Byron says in Beppo : 
 
 Coach, servants, gondola, must go to call, 
 And carries fan and tippet, gloves and shawL 
 Was it for this that no cortejo ere 
 I yet have chosen from the vouth of Seville? 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 143 (1819). 
 
 Corti'na {a cauldron). It stood on 
 three feet. The tripod of the Pythoness 
 was so called, because she sat in a kind 
 of basin standing on three feet. When 
 not in use, it was covered with a lid, and 
 the basin then looked like a large metal 
 ball. 
 
 Cor'via or Corvi'na, a valuable 
 stone, which will cause the possessor to 
 be both rich and honoured. It is obtained 
 thus : Take the eggs from a crow's nest, 
 and boil them hard, then replace them in 
 the nest, and the mother will go in search 
 of the stone, in order to revivify her 
 eggs. — Mirror of Stones. 
 
 Corvi'no {Signior), a Venetian mer- 
 chant, duped by Mosca into believing 
 that he is Vol'pone's heir. — Ben Jonson, 
 Volpone or the Fox (1605). 
 
 Coryate's Crudities, a book of 
 travels by Thomas Coryate, who called 
 himself the " Odcombian Legstretcher." 
 He was the son of the rector of Odcombe 
 (1577-1617). 
 
 Corye'ian Cave {The), on mount 
 Parnassus, so called from the nymph 
 Coryc'i*. Sometimes the Muses are called 
 Cor yc' ides (4 syl.). 
 
 The immortal Muse 
 To your calm habitations, to the cave 
 Corycian, or the Delphic mount, will guide 
 His footsteps. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Saiadt. 
 
 Corycian Nymphs {The), the 
 Muses, so called from the cave of Corycia 
 on Lycorea, one of the two chief summits 
 of mount Parnassus, in Greece. 
 
 Cor'ydon, a common name for a 
 shepherd. It occurs in the Idylls of 
 Theocritos ; the Eclogues of Virgil ; 
 The Cantata, v., of Hughes, etc. 
 
 Cor'ydon, the shepherd who languished 
 for the fair Pastorella (canto 9). Sir 
 Calidore, the successful rival, treated him 
 most courteously, and when he married 
 the fair shepherdess, gave Cory don both 
 flocks and herds to mitigate his dis- 
 appointment (canto 11). — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, vi. (1596). 
 
 Cor'ydon, the shoemaker, a citizen. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Faris 
 (time, Rufus). 
 
 Coryphseus of German Litera- 
 ture {The), Goethe. 
 
 'llie Polish poet called upon ... the great Coryphieui 
 of German literature. — W. R. Morfcll, Sotel and Queriei, 
 April 27, 1878. 
 
 Coryphe'us (4 syL), a model man or 
 leader, from the Koruphaios or leader of 
 the chorus in the Greek drama. Aris- 
 tarchos is called The Corypheus of Gram- 
 marians. 
 
 I was ki love with honour, and reflected with pleasure 
 that I should pass for the Corypheus of all domestics, — 
 Lesage, Gil mas, iv. 7 (1724). 
 
 Cosme (St.), patron of surgeons, 
 born in Arabia. He practised medicine 
 in Cilicia with his brother St. Daniien, 
 and both suffered martyrdom under Dio- 
 cletian in 303 or 310. " Their fete day is 
 December 27, In the twelfth century 
 there was a medical society called Saint 
 Cosme. 
 
 Cos'miel (3 syl.), the genius of the 
 world. He gave to Theodidactus a boat 
 of asbestos, in which he sailed to the sun 
 and planets. — Kircher, Ecstatic Journey 
 to Heaven. 
 
 Cosmos, the personification of " the 
 world" as the enemy of man. Phineas 
 Fletcher calls him "the first son to the 
 Dragon red" {the devil). "Mistake," 
 he says, "points all his darts;" or, as tne 
 
COSTARD. 
 
 216 COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS. 
 
 Preacher says, "Vanity, vanity, all is 
 vanity." Fully described in The purple 
 Island, viii. (1633). (Greek, kostnos, "the 
 world.") 
 
 Cos'tard, a clown wko apes tke court 
 wits of queen Elizabeth's time. He uses 
 tke word " honoriticabilitudinitatibus," 
 and some of his blunders are very ridi- 
 culous, as "ad dunghill, at the fingers' 
 ends, as they say" (act v. 1). — Shake- 
 speare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Costill {Lord), disguised as a beggar, 
 in The Beggar's Bush, a drama by Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher (1622). 
 
 Cote Male-taile (Sir), meaning tke 
 "knight with the villainous coat," the 
 nickname given by sir Key (the seneschal 
 of king Arthur) to sir Brewnor le Noyre, 
 a young knight who wore his father's 
 coat with all its sword-cuts, to keep him 
 in remembrance of the vengeance due to 
 his father. His first achievement was 
 to kill a lion that "had broken loose 
 from a tower, and came hurling after the 
 queen." He married a damsel called 
 Maledisaunt (3 syl.), who loved him, but 
 always chided him. After her marriage 
 she was called Beauvinant. — Sir T. 
 Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 42- 
 50 (1470). 
 
 Cotyt'to, goddess of the Edoni of 
 Thrace. Her orgies resembled those of 
 the Thracian Cyb'ele (3 syl.). 
 
 Hail, goddess of nocturnal sport. 
 Dark-veiled Cotytto, to whom the secret flame 
 Of midnight torches bums. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 139, etc. (1634). 
 
 Cougar, the American tiger. 
 
 Nor foeman then, nor cougar's crouch I feared, 
 For I was strong as mountain cataract 
 
 Campbell, ocrtrude of Wyoming, iii. 14 (1S'>S). 
 
 Coulin, a British giant pursued by 
 Debon till he came to a chasm 132 feet 
 across which he leaped ; but slipping on 
 the opposite side, he fell backwards into 
 the pit and was killed. 
 
 And eke that ample pit yet far renowned 
 For the great leap which Debon did compell 
 
 Coulin to make, being eight lugs of grownd, 
 Into the which retourning back he fell. 
 
 Spenser, Faery queen, ii. 10 (1590). 
 
 Councils ( (Ecumenical) . Of the thirty- 
 two only six are recognized by the Church 
 of England, viz.: (1) Nice, 325; (2) 
 Constantinople, 381 ; (3) Ephesus, 431 ; 
 (1) Chalce'don, 451 ; (5) Constantinople, 
 553 ; (6) ditto, 680. 
 
 Count not your Chickens before 
 they are Hatched. Generally referred 
 
 to Lafontaine's fable of the milkmaid 
 Perrette. But the substance of this fable 
 is very old. For example : — 
 
 In A.i). 550 Barzuyeh translated for tke 
 king of Persia a collection cf Indian 
 fables called the Lanka Tantra ("five 
 books "),_ and one of the stories is that of 
 a Brahmin who collected rice by begging ; 
 but it occurred to him there might be a 
 famine, in which case he could sell his 
 rice for 100 rupees, and buy two goats. 
 The goats would multiply, and he would 
 then buy cows ; the cows would calve, 
 and he would buy a farm ; with the 
 savings of his farm he would buy a 
 mansion ; tken marry some one with a 
 rich dowry ; there would be a son in due 
 time, who should be named Somo Sala, 
 whom he would dandle on his knees. If 
 the child ran into danger he would cry 
 to the mother, " Take up the baby ! take 
 up the baby I" and in his excitement the 
 dreamer kicked over his packet of rice. 
 The Persians say of a day-dreamer, " He 
 is like the father of Somo Sala." 
 
 Another version is given in the history 
 of Alnaschar (q. v.) — Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments. 
 
 Rabelais has introduced a similar story, 
 " The Shoemaker and a Ha'poth of Milk," 
 told by Echepron (q.v.) in Pantayruel. 
 
 But the oldest form of the story is to 
 be found in iEsop, in the fable of The 
 Milkmaid and her Pail, of which La Fon- 
 taine's is only a poetical reproduction. 
 
 Count of Narbonne, a tragedy by 
 Robert Jephson (1782). His father, count 
 Raymond, having poisoned Alphonso, 
 forged a will barring Godfrey's right, 
 and naming Raymond as successor. 
 Theodore fell in love with Adelaide, the 
 count's daughter, but was reduced to this 
 dilemma : if he married Adelaide he 
 could not challenge the count and obtain 
 the possessions he had a right to as 
 grandson of Alphonso ; if, on the other 
 hand, he obtained his rights and killed 
 the count in combat, he could not expect 
 that Adelaide would marry him. At the 
 end the count killed Adelaide, and then 
 himself. This drama is copied from 
 Walpole's Castie of Otranto. 
 
 Count Robert of Paris, a novel 
 by sir W. Scott, after the wreck of his 
 fortune and repeated strokes of paralysis 
 (1831). The critic can afford to be 
 indulgent, and those who read this story 
 must remember that the sun of the great 
 wizard was hastening to its set. The 
 time of the novel is the reign of Rufus. 
 
COUNTIES. 
 
 217 
 
 COUVADE. 
 
 Counties. " The clownish blazon of 
 each county" (from Drayton's Polyolbion, 
 xxiii., towards the close). 
 
 Bedfordshire : Malthorses. 
 Berkshire : Let's tot, and toss the ball. 
 Berwick (to tha Ouse) : Snaffle, spur, and spoar. 
 Buckinghamshire: 
 
 Bread and beef, 
 
 Where if you beat the hush, 'tis odds you start a thief. 
 Cambridgeshire : Hold nets, and let us win. 
 Cheshire: Chief of men. 
 
 Derbyshire: Wool and lead. 
 Dorsetshire: Dorsers. 
 Essex : Calves and stiles. 
 Gloucestershire : Weigh thy wood. 
 Hants : Hampshire hogs. 
 Herefordshire : Give me woof and warp. 
 Herts: 
 
 The club and clouted shoon, 
 I'll rise betimes, and sleep again at noon. 
 Huntingdonshire : With stilts we'll stalk through thick 
 
 and thin. 
 KENT : Long tails and liberty. 
 Lancashire: Witches or Fair maids. 
 Leicestershire : Bean-be!lies. 
 Lincolnshire : Bags and bagpipes. 
 Middlesex: 
 
 Up to London let us go. 
 
 And when our market's done, let's have a pot or two. 
 Norfolk : Many wiles. 
 
 Northants : Low below the girdle, but little else above. 
 Nottinghamshire : Ale and bread. 
 Oxfordshire : 
 
 The scholars have been here. 
 
 And little though they paid, yet have they had joor* 
 cheer. 
 Rutlandshire : Raddlemen. 
 Shropshire: 
 
 Shins be ever sharp ; 
 
 Lay wood upon the fire, reach hither me the harp. 
 
 And whilst the black bowl walks, we merrily will carp. 
 Somersetshire : Set the bandog on the bulL 
 Staffordshire : 
 
 Stay, and I will beet [sic] the fire. 
 And nothing will I ask but goodwill for my hire. 
 Suffolk : Maids and milk. 
 
 Sussex 7 * Then Iet m Iead home logs - 
 Warwickshire : I'll bind the sturdy bear. 
 Wiltshire : Get home and pay for all. 
 Worcestershire : And I will squirt the pear. 
 Yorkshire: I'se Yorkshire and Stingo. 
 
 Country (Father of his). Cicero was 
 so called by the Roman senate (r..c. 
 106-43). Julius Caesar was so called 
 after quelling the insurrection in Spain 
 (b.c. 100-43). Augustus Ccesar was 
 called Pater atque Princcps (b.c. 63, 81- 
 14). Cosmo de Med'ici (1389-1464). G. 
 "Washington, defender and paternal coun- 
 sellor of the American States (1732-1799). 
 Andrea Dorea is so called on the base 
 of his statue in Gen'oa (1468-1560). 
 Andronlcus Palaeol'ogus II. assumed the 
 title (1260-1332). See 1 Chron. iv. 14. 
 
 Country C-irl (The) y a comedy by 
 Garrick, altered from Wycherh'. The 
 "country girl" is Peggy Thrift, the 
 orphan daughter of sir Thomas Thrift, 
 and ward of Moody, who brings her. up 
 in the country in perfect seclusion. When 
 Moody is 50 and Peggy is 19, he wants 
 to marry her, but she outwits him and 
 
 10 
 
 marries Belville, a young man of suitable 
 age and position. 
 
 Country "Wife "(The), a comedy by 
 William Wycherly (1675). 
 
 Pope was proud to receive notice from the author of 
 The Country Wife. — R. Chambers, English Literature, 
 i.393. 
 
 Coupee, the dancing-master, who 
 says " if it were not for dancing-masters, 
 men might as well walk on their heads as 
 heels." He courts Lucy by promising to 
 teach her dancing. — Fielding, Tlie Virgin 
 Unmasked. 
 
 Courland "Weather, wintry weather 
 with pitiless snow-storms. So called 
 from the Russian province of that name. 
 
 Court Holy "Water, flummery ; the 
 meaningless compliments of politesso, 
 called in French Eau benite de cour. 
 
 To flatter, to claw, to give one court holie-water.— 
 Florio, Italian Dictionary, Art. " Mantellizare." 
 
 Cour r tain, one of the swords of 
 Ogier the Dane, made by Munifican. 
 His other sword was Sauvagine. 
 
 But Ogier gazed upon it [the sea] doubtfully 
 One moment, and then, sheathing Courtain, said, 
 " What tales are these ?" 
 
 W. Morris, The Earthly Paradise ("August"). 
 
 Courtall, a fop and consummate 
 libertine, for ever boasting of his love- 
 conquests over ladies of the haut raonde. 
 He tries to corrupt lad}' Frances Touch- 
 wood, but is foiled by Saville. — Mrs. 
 Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 
 
 Courtly (Sir Charles), a young liber- 
 tine, who abducted the beautiful wife of 
 Farmer Corn (lower. — Dibdin, Tha Far- 
 mer's Wife (1780), 
 
 Cousin Michel or Michael, the 
 nickname of a German, as John Bull is 
 of an Englishman, Brother Jonathan of 
 an American, Colin Tampon a Swiss, 
 John Chinaman a Chinese, etc. 
 
 Couvade' (2 syL), a man who takes 
 the place of his wife when she is in 
 child-bed. In these cases the man lies 
 a-bed, and the woman does the household 
 duties. The people called " Gold Tooth," 
 in the confines of Burmah, are couvades. 
 M. Francisque Michel tells us the custom 
 still exists in Biscay ; and colonel Yule 
 assures us that it is common in Yunnan 
 and among the Miris in Upper Assam. 
 Mr. Tylor has observed the same custom 
 among the Caribs of the West Indies, 
 the Abipones of Central South America, 
 the aborigines of California, in Guiana, 
 in West Africa, and in the Indian 
 Archipelago. Diodorus speaks of it as 
 
COVENTRY. 
 
 213 
 
 CRAMP. 
 
 existing at one time in Corsica ; Strabo 
 feays the custom prevailed in the north of 
 Spain ; and Apollonius Rhodius that the 
 Tabarenes on the Euxine Sea observed 
 the same : 
 
 In the Tabnrenian land, 
 When some good woman bears her lord a babe, 
 'Tis he is swathed, and groaning put to bed ; 
 While she arising tends his bath and serves 
 Nice possets for her husband in the straw. 
 
 Apollonius Khodius, Argonautic Exp. 
 
 Coventry, a corruption of Cune-tre 
 (" the town on the Cune"). 
 
 Cune, whence Coventry her name doth take. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Coventry Mysteries, certain 
 miracle-plays acted at Coventry till 
 1591. They were published in 1841 for 
 the Shakespeare Society, under the care 
 of J. 0. Halliwell. (See Chester 
 Mysteries.) 
 
 Cov'erley (Sir Roger de), a member 
 of an hypothetical club, noted for his 
 modesty, generosity, hospitality, and 
 eccentric whims ; most courteous to his 
 neighbours, most affectionate to his 
 family, most amiable to his domestics. 
 Sir Roger, who figures in thirty papers of 
 the Spectator, is the very beau-ideal of 
 an amiable country gentleman of queen 
 Anne's time. 
 
 What would sir Roger de Coverley be without hia 
 follies and his charming little brain-cracks ? If the good 
 knight did not call out to the people sleeping in church, 
 and say "Amen" with such delightful pomposity; if he 
 did not mistake Mde. Doll Tearsheet for a lady of quality 
 in Temple Garden; if he were wiser than he- is ... of 
 what worth were he to us? We love him for his vanities 
 as much as for his virtues.— Thackeray. 
 
 Covert-baron, a wife, so called 
 because she is under the covert or pro- 
 tection of her baron or lord. 
 
 Cow and Calf, Lewesdon Hill and 
 Pillesdon Pen, in Dorsetshire. 
 
 Cowards and Bullies. In Shake- 
 speare we have Parolles and Pistol ; in 
 Ben Jonson, Bob'adil ; in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, Bessus and Mons. Lapet, the 
 very prince of cowards ; in the French 
 drama, Le Capitan, Metamore, and Scara- 
 mouch. (See also Basilisco, Captain 
 Noel Bluff, Boroughcliff, Caftain 
 Brazen, Sir Petronel Flash, Sacri- 
 pant, Vincent de la Rose, etc.) 
 . Cowper, called " Author of The 
 Task" from his principal poem (1731- 
 1800). 
 
 Coxcomb, an empty-headed, con- 
 ceited fop, like an ancient jester, who 
 wore on the top of his cap a piece of red 
 cloth resembling a cock's comb. 
 
 The Prince of Coxcombs, Charles 
 Joseph prince de Ligne (1535-1614). 
 
 Richard II. of England (1366, 1377- 
 1400). 
 
 Henri HI. of France, Le Mignon (1551, 
 1574-1589). 
 
 Cose (Captain), one of the masques 
 at Kenilworth. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Crabshaw (Timothy), the servant of 
 sir Launcelot Greaves T s squire. — Smollett, 
 Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves 
 (1760). 
 
 Crab'tree, in Smollett's novel called 
 The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751 ). 
 
 Crab'tree, uncle of sir Harry Bumber, 
 in Sheridan's comedy, The School for 
 Scandal (1777). 
 
 Crab'tree, a gardener at Fairport. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, George 
 
 Crac (M. de), the French baron Mun- 
 chausen ; hero of a French operetta. 
 
 Craca, one of the Shetland Isles. — 
 Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Crack'en thorp (Father), a publican. 
 
 Dolly Crackenthorp, daughter of the 
 pp.blican. — Sir W. Scott, Rcdgauntlct 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Crackit (Flash Toby), one of the 
 villains in the attempted burglary in 
 which Bill Sikes and his associates were 
 concerned. — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist 
 (1837). 
 
 Cra'dlemont, king of Wales, sub- 
 dued by Arthur, fighting for Leod'ogran 
 king of Cam'eliard (o syl.). — Tennyson, 
 Coming of Arthur. 
 
 Cradock (Sir), the only knight wno 
 could carve the boar's head which no 
 cuckold could cut ; or drink from a bowl 
 which no cuckold could quaff without 
 spilling the liquor. His lady was the 
 only>)ue in king Arthur's court who 
 could wear the mantle of chastity brought 
 thither by a boy during Christmas-tide. — 
 Percy, Reliques, etc., III. iii. 18. 
 
 Craigdal'lie (Adam), the senior 
 baillie of Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair 
 Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Craig'engelt (Captain), an ad- 
 venturer and companion of Bucklaw. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Cramp (Corporal), under captain 
 Thornton.— Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, 
 George I.). 
 
CRAXBOURXE. 
 
 219 
 
 CRAWLEY. 
 
 Cran'bourne (Sir Jasper), a friend 
 of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Pcveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Crane (Dame Alison), mistress of the 
 Crane inn, at Marlborough. 
 
 Gaffer Crane, the dame's husband. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Kenilwortk (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Crane (Lchabod), a credr.lous Yankee 
 schoolmaster. He is described as "tall, 
 exceedingly lank, and narrow-shouldered ; 
 his arms, legs, and neck unusually long ; 
 his hands dangle a mile out of his 
 sleeves ; his feet might serve for shovels; 
 and his whole frame is very loosely hung 
 together." 
 
 The head of Ichabod Crane was small and flat at top, 
 with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long snipe 
 nose, so that it looked like a weather-cock perched upon 
 his spindle neck to tell which way the wind blew.— W. 
 Irving, Sketch-Book ("Legend of Sleepy Hollow"). 
 
 Cranes (1 sy!.). Milton, referring to 
 the wars of the pygmies and the cranes, 
 calls the former 
 
 That small infantry 
 Warred on by cranes. 
 
 raradue Lost, 5. 575 (1665). 
 
 Cranion, queen Mab's charioteer. 
 
 Four nimble gnats the horses were, 
 Their harnesses of gossAmere, 
 Fly Cranion, her charioteer. 
 
 M. Drayton, Aymphidia (1563-1631). 
 
 Crank (Dame), the papist laundress 
 at Marlborough. — Sir W. Scott, Kenii- 
 vcorth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Cra'paud (Johnnie), a Frenchman, as 
 John Bull is an Englishman, Cousin 
 Michael a German, Colin Tampon a 
 Swiss, Brother Jonathan a Xorth Ameri- 
 can, etc. Called Crapaud from the device 
 of the ancient kings of France, "three 
 toads erect, saltant." Xostradamus, in 
 the sixteenth century, called the French 
 crapauds in the well-known line : 
 
 Les anciens crapauds prendront Sara. 
 
 ("Sara" is Aras backwards, a city 
 taken from the Spaniards under Louis 
 XIV.) 
 
 Cratchit (Bob or Robert), clerk of 
 Ebenezer Scrooge, stock-broker. Though 
 Bob Cratchit has to maintain nine persons 
 on 15s. a week, he has a happier home 
 and spends a merrier Christmas than his 
 master, with all his wealth and selfish- 
 ness. 
 
 'Tin;/ Tim Cratchit, the little lame son 
 of Bob Cratchit, the Benjamin of the 
 family, the most helpless and most 
 oeloved of all. Tim does not die, but 
 Ebenezer Scrooge, after his change of 
 
 character, makes him his special care. — 
 C. Dickens, A Christmas Carol (in five 
 staves, 1843). 
 
 Craw'ford (Lindsay earl of), the 
 young earl-marshal of Scotland. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Crawford (Lord), captain of the Scot- 
 tish guard at Plessis le's Tours, in the pay 
 of Louis XL — Sir W. Scott, Qtumtin 
 Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Crawley (Sir Pitt), of Great Gaunt 
 Street, and of Queen's Crawley, Hants. 
 A sharp, miserly, litigious, vulgar, ig- 
 norant baronet, very rich, desperate] y 
 mean, "a philosopher with a taste for 
 low life," and intoxicated every night. 
 Becky Sharp was engaged by him to teach 
 his two daughters. On the death of his 
 second wife, sir Pitt asked her to become 
 lady Crawley, but Becky had already mar- 
 ried his son, captain Rawdon Crawley. 
 This "aristocrat" spoke of "brass far- 
 dens," and was unable to speil the simplest 
 words, as the following specimen will 
 show:— "Sir Pitt CraAvley begs Miss Sharp 
 and baggidge may be hear on Tuseday, 
 as I leaf . . . to-morrow eiiy." "The 
 whole baronetage, peerage, and common- 
 age of England did not contain a more 
 cunning, mean, foolish, disreputable old 
 rogue than sir Pitt Crawley." He died 
 at the age of fourscore, "lamented and 
 beloved, regretted and honoured," if we 
 can believe his monumental tablet. 
 
 Lady Crawley. Sir Pitt's first wife was 
 " a confounded, quarrelsome, high-bred 
 jade." So he chose for bis second wife 
 the daughter of Mr. Dawson, ironmonger, 
 of Mudbury, who gave up her sweet- 
 heart, Peter Butt, for the gilded vanity 
 of Crawley ism. This ironmonger's daugh- 
 ter had "pink cheeks and a white skin, 
 but no distinctive character, no opinions, 
 no occupation, no amusements, no vigour 
 of mind, no temper ; she was a mere 
 female machine." Being a "blonde, she 
 wore draggled sea-green or slatternly 
 sky-blue dresses," went about slip-shod 
 and in curl-papers all day till dinner- 
 time. She died and left sir Pitt for the 
 second time a widower, "to-morrow to 
 fresh woods and pastures new." 
 
 Mr. Pitt Crawley, eldest son of sir Pitt, 
 and at the death of his father inheritor of 
 the title and estates. Mr. Pitt was a 
 most proper gentleman. He would rather 
 starve than dine without a dress-coat and 
 white neckcloth. The whole house bowed 
 
CRAWLEY. 
 
 220 
 
 CRESSWELL. 
 
 down to him ; even sir Pitt himself threw 
 oft' his muddy gaiters in his son's presence^ 
 Mr. Pitt always addressed his mother-in- 
 law with " most powerful respect," and 
 strongly impressed her with his high 
 aristocratic breeding. At Eton he was 
 called " Miss Crawley." His religious 
 opinions were offensively aggressive 
 and of the "evangelical type." He 
 even built a meeting-house close by his 
 uncle's church. Mr. Pitt Crawley came 
 into the large fortune of his aunt, Miss 
 Crawley, married lady Jane Sheepshanks, 
 daughter of the countess of Southdown, 
 became an M.P., grew money-loving and 
 mean, but less and less " evangelical " as 
 he grew great and wealthy. 
 
 Captain Rawdon Crawley, younger 
 brother of Mr. Pitt Crawley. He was in 
 the Dragoon Guards, a " blood about 
 town," and an adept in boxing, rat- 
 hunting, the fives-court, and four-in- 
 hand driving, lie was a young dandy, 
 six feet hi<,'h, with a great voice, but few 
 brains. He could SAvoar a great deal, 
 but could not spell. He ordered about 
 the servants, who nevertheless adored 
 him ; was generous, but did not pay his 
 tradesmen ; a Lothario, free and easy. 
 His style of talk was, "Aw, aw; Jave- 
 aw ; Gad-aw ; it's a confounded fine 
 segaw-aw — confounded as I ever smoked. 
 Gad-aw." This military exquisite was 
 the adopted heir of Miss Crawley, but 
 as be chose to marry Becky Sharp, 
 was set aside for his brother Pitt. For 
 a time Becky enabled him to live in 
 splendour " upon nothing a year," but a 
 great scandal got wind of gross impro- 
 prieties between lord Steyne and Becky, 
 so that Rawdon separated" from his wife, 
 and was given the governorship of Coven- 
 try Isle by lord Steyne. "His excellency 
 colonel Rawdon Crawley died in his island 
 of yellow fever, most deeply beloved and 
 deplored," and his son Rawdon inherited 
 his uncle's title and the family estates. 
 
 The Rev. Bute Crawley, brother of sir 
 Pitt. He was a "tall, stately, jolly, 
 shovel-hatted rector." ' ' He pulled stroke- 
 oar in the Christ Church boat, and had 
 thrashed the best bruisers of the town. 
 The Rev. Bute loved boxing-matches, 
 races, hunting, coursing, balls, elections, 
 regattas, and good dinners ; had a fine 
 singing voice, and was very popular." 
 His wife wrote his sermons for him. 
 
 Mrs. Bute Crawley, the rector's wife, 
 was a smart little lady, domestic, politic, 
 but apt to overdo her " policy." She 
 gave her husband full liberty to do as he 
 
 liked ; was prudent and thrifty. — Thacke- 
 ray, Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 Cray'on (Le Sieur de), one of the 
 officers of Charles "the Bold," duke of 
 Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Crayon (Geoffrey), Esq., Washington 
 Irving, author of the Sketch-Book (1820). 
 
 Crea'kle, a hard, vulgar school- 
 master, to whose charge David Copper- 
 field was entrusted, and where he first 
 made the acquaintance of Steerforth. 
 
 The circumstance about him which impressed me most 
 was that lie had no voice, but spoke ui a whisper. — (J. 
 Dickens, David Coppvrfield, vi. (184a). 
 
 Cre billon of Romance {The), A. 
 Francois Pre'vost d'Exiles (1697-1763). 
 
 Credat Judseus Apella, non 
 ego (Horace, Sat. I. v. 100). Of 
 "Apella" nothing whatever is known. 
 In general the name is omitted, and the 
 word "Judams" stands for any Jew. "A 
 disbelieving Jew would give credit to the 
 statement sooner than 1 should." 
 
 Cre'kenpit, a fictitious river near 
 Husterloe, according to the hypothetical 
 geography of Master Reynard, who calls 
 on the hare to attest the fact. — Reynard 
 the Fox (1498). 
 
 Crescent City, New Orleans 
 \_0r.leenz], in Louisiana, U.S. 
 
 Cres'sida, in Chaucer Cresseide 
 (2 syl.), a beautiful, sparkling, and 
 accomplished woman, who has become 
 a by-word for infidelity. She was the 
 daughter of Calchas, a Trojan priest, who 
 took part with the Greeks. Cressida is not 
 a character of classic story, but a mediaeval 
 creation. Pope says her story was the 
 invention of Lollius the Lombard, his- 
 toriographer of Urbino, in Italy. Cressida 
 betroths herself to Troi'lus, a son of 
 Priam, and vows eternal fidelity. Troi'lus 
 gives the maiden a sleeve, and she gives 
 her Adonis a glove, as a love-knot. Soon 
 after this betrothal an exchange of 
 prisoners is made, when Cressida falls to 
 the lot of Diomed, to whom she very 
 soon yields her love, and even gives him 
 the yery sleeve which Troi'lus had given 
 her as a love-token. 
 
 As false 
 As air, as water, wind, or sandy earth . . 
 Yea, let [men] say to stick the heart of falsehood, 
 " As false as Cressid." 
 Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act iii. sc. 2 (1602). 
 
 Cresswell {Madame), a woman of 
 infamous character, who bequeathed £10 
 for a funeidl sermon, in which nothing 
 
CRETE. 
 
 221 
 
 CROAKER. 
 
 ill should be said of her. The duke of 
 Buckingham wrote the sermon, which 
 was as follows : — " All I shall say of her 
 is this : she was born well, she married 
 well, lived well, and died well ; for she 
 was born at Shad-well, married Cress- 
 well, lived at Clerken-wcll, and died in 
 Bride-well." 
 
 Crete (Hound of), a blood-hound. — 
 See Midsummer flight's l)ream t act iii. 
 sc. 2. 
 
 Coupe le gorge, that's the word ; I thee defy again, 
 O hound of Crete : 
 
 Shakespeare, Henry V. act ii. sc. 1 (1599). 
 
 Crete (The Infamy oj), the Minotaur. 
 
 [There] lay stretched 
 The infamy of Crete, detested brood 
 Of the feigned heifer. 
 Daute, Hell, xii. (1300, Cary's translation). 
 
 Crevecour (2 syl.). The count 
 Philip de Crevecour is the envoy sent by 
 Charles " the Bold," duke of Burgundy, 
 with a defiance to Louis XI. king of 
 France. 
 
 The countess of Crevecour, wife of the 
 count. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Crib (Tom), Thomas Moore, author 
 of Tom Crib's Memorial to Conyress 
 (1819). 
 
 Crillon. The following story is told 
 of this brave but simple-minded officer. 
 Henri IV., after the battle of Arques, 
 wrote to him thus : 
 
 Prends-toi, brave Crillen, nous avons vaincu a Arques, 
 et tu n'y etais pas. 
 
 The first and last part of this letter have 
 become proverbial in France. 
 
 When Crillon heard the story of the 
 Crucifixion read at church, he grew so 
 excited that he cried out in an audible 
 voice, Oil e'tais tu, Crillon ? ("What 
 were you about, Crillon, to permit of 
 such atrocity?") 
 
 * + * When Clovis was told of the 
 Crucifixion, he exclaimed, " Had I and 
 my Franks been by, we would have 
 avenged the wrong, I warrant." 
 
 Crime — Blunder. Talleyrand said 
 of the execution of the due d'Enghien by 
 Napoleon I., that it was "not merely 
 a crime, it was a blunder." The words 
 have been attributed to Fouche' also. 
 
 Crimo'ra and Connal. Crimora, 
 daughter of Rinval, was in love with 
 Connal of the race of Fingal, who was 
 defied by Dargo. He begs his " sweet- 
 ing " to lend him her father's shield, but 
 she says it is ill-fated, for her father fell 
 by the spear of Goimar. Connal went 
 
 against his foe, and Crimora, disguised in 
 armour, went also, but unknown to him. 
 She saw her lover in fight with Dargo, 
 and discharged an arrow at the foe, but it 
 missed its aim and shot Connal. She ran 
 in agony to his succour. It was too late. 
 He died, Crimora died also, and both 
 were buried in one grave. — Ossian. 
 Carrie- Thura. 
 
 Crim-Tartary, now called the 
 Crime'a. 
 
 Crispin (St.). Crispinos and Cris- 
 pianus were two brothers, born at Rome, 
 from which place they travelled to 
 Soissons, in France (about a.d. 303), to 
 propagate the gospel, and worked as shoe- 
 makers, that they might not be chargeable 
 to any one. The governor of the town 
 ordered them to be beheaded the very 
 year of their arrival, and they were made 
 the tutelar}' saints of the "gentle craft." 
 St. Crispin's Day is October 25. - 
 
 This day is called the feast of Crispian . . . 
 And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by. 
 From this day to the ending of the world, 
 But we in it shall be remembered. 
 
 Shakespeare, Henry V. act ir. sc. 3 (1599). 
 
 Critic (A Bossu), one who criticizes 
 the " getting up " of a book more than its 
 literary worth ; a captious, carping critic. 
 Rene le Bossu was a French critic (1G31- 
 1680). 
 
 The epic poem your lordship bade me look at, upon 
 taking the length, breadth, height, and depth of it. and 
 trying them at home upon an exact scale of Bossu's, 'tis 
 out, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. Admirable 
 connoisseur ! — Sterne. 
 
 (Probably the scale referred to was that 
 of Bossut the mathematician, and that 
 either Bossu and Bossut have been con- 
 founded, or else that a pun is intended.) 
 
 Critic (The), by R. B. Sheridan, sug- 
 gested by The Rehearsal (1779). 
 
 * # * The Rehearsal is by the duke of 
 Buckingham (1071). 
 
 Critics (The Prince of), Aristarchos of 
 Byzantium, who compiled, in the second 
 century B.C., the rhapsodies of Homer. 
 
 Croaker, guardian to Miss Richland. 
 Never so happy as when he imagines 
 himself a martyr. He loves a funeral 
 better than a festival, and delights to 
 think that the world is going to rack and 
 ruin. His favourite phrase is "Maybe 
 not." 
 
 A poor, fretful soul, that has a new distress for every hour 
 of the four and twenty. — Act i. L 
 
 Mrs. Croaker, the very reverse of Lei 
 grumbling, atrabilious husband. She is 
 
CROCODILE. 
 
 222 
 
 CROMWELL. 
 
 mirthful, light-hearted, and cheerful as 
 a lark. 
 
 The very reverse of each other. She all langh and 
 no joke, he always complaining and never sorrowful. 
 .—Act 1. 1. 
 
 Leontine Croaker, son of Mr. Croaker. 
 Being sent to Paris to fetch his sister, he 
 falls in love with Olivia Woodville, whom 
 he brings home instead, introduces her 
 to Croaker as his daughter, and ulti- 
 mately marries her. — Goldsmith, The 
 lood-natured Man (1763). 
 
 Crocodile {King). The people of 
 l'sna, in Upper Egypt, affirm that there 
 is a king crocodile as there is a queen 
 bee. The king crocodile has ears but 
 no tail, and has no power of doing harm. 
 Southey says that though the king croc- 
 odile has no tail, he has teeth to devour 
 his people with. — Browne, Travels. 
 
 Crocodile (Lady Kitty), meant for the 
 duchess of Kingston. — Sam. Foote, A 
 Trip to 'Calais. 
 
 Crocodile's Tears, deceitful show 
 of grief; hypocritical sorrow. 
 
 It is written that a crocodile will weep over a man's 
 head when he hath devoured the body, and then he 
 will eat up the head too. Wherefore in Latin there is 
 a proverbc : Crocodili lachrymce (" crocodile's tears "1 
 to signify such tears as are t'aiued and spent only with 
 intent to deceive or doe harm. — Bullokar, EnglUh 
 Expositor (161 H). 
 
 Csesar will weep, the crocodile will weep. 
 
 Drydon, All for Love (1682). 
 
 Crocus, a young man enamoured of 
 the nymph Sinilax, who did not return 
 his love. The gods changed him into 
 the crocus flower, to signify unrequited 
 love. 
 
 Croesus, king of Lydia, deceived by 
 an oracle, was conquered by Cyrus king 
 of Persia. Cyrus commanded a huge 
 funeral pile to be erected, upon which 
 Croesus and fourteen Lydian youths were 
 to be chained and burnt alive. When 
 this was done, the discrowned king called 
 on the name of Solon, and Cyrus asked 
 why he did so. "Because be told me to 
 call no one happy till death." Cyrus, 
 struck w r ith the remark, ordered the fire of 
 the pile to be put out, but this could not 
 t>e done. Croesus then called on Apollo, 
 who sent a shower which extinguished 
 the flames, and he with his Lydians came 
 from the pile unharmed. 
 
 %* The resemblance of this legend to 
 the Bible account of the Jewish youths 
 condemned by Nebuchadnezzar to be cast 
 into the fiery furnace, from which they 
 came forth uninjured, will recur to the 
 reader.- -Daniel iii. 
 
 Crcesus's Dream. Croesus dreamt that 
 his son Atys would be slain by an iron 
 instrument, and used every precaution to 
 prevent it, but to no purpose; for one 
 day Atys went to chase the wild boar, and 
 Adrastus, his friend, threw a dart at the 
 boar to rescue Atysfrom danger; the dart, 
 however, struck the prince and killed him. 
 The tale is told by William Morris in his 
 Earthly Paradise (" July"). 
 
 Croftaiigry {Mr. Chrystal), a gentle- 
 man fallen to decay, cousin of Mrs. 
 Martha Bethune Baliol, to whom, at 
 death, he left the MS., of two novels, 
 one The Highland Widow, and the other 
 The Fair Maul of Perth, called the First 
 and Second Scries of the " Chronicles of 
 Canongate " (q.v.). The history of Mr. 
 Chrystal Croftaugry is given in the 
 introductory chapters of The Highland 
 Widow, and continued in the introduction 
 of The Fair Maid of Perth. 
 
 Lockhart tells us that Mr. Croftangry 
 is meant for sir Walter Scott's father 
 and that " the fretful patient at th* 
 death-bed " is a living picture. 
 
 Crofts {Master)^ the person killed in 
 aduel bysir Geoffrey Hudson, the famous 
 dwarf. — Sir W. Scott, Pexeril of the Peak 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Croker's Mare. In the proverb As 
 coy as Croker's mare. This means "as 
 chary as a mare that carries crockery." 
 
 She was to their, as koy as a croker's mare. 
 
 J. Heywood, Jiinlojae, ii. 1 (1566*. 
 
 Crokers. Potatoes are so called, 
 because they were first planted in Croker's 
 field, at Youghal, in Ireland. — J. 11. 
 Planchc, Recollections, etc., ii. 119. 
 
 Croma, Ulster, in Ireland. — Ossian. 
 
 Cromla, a hill in the neighbourhood 
 of the castle Tura, in Ulster. — Ossian, 
 Fiajal. 
 
 Crommal, a mountain in Ulster , 
 the Lubar flows between Crommal and 
 Cromleach. — Ossian. 
 
 Crom'well (Oliver), introduced by 
 sir W. Scott in Woodstock. 
 
 Cromwell's daughter Elizabeth, who mar- 
 ried John Claypole. Seeing her father 
 greatly agitated by a portrait of Charles I., 
 she gently and lovingly led him away 
 out of the room.— Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Crornicell is called by the preacher 
 Burroughr "the archangel who did battle 
 with the devil." 
 
 Cromwell's Lucky Day. The 3rd Sep- 
 
CRONA. 
 
 223 
 
 CROSBIE. 
 
 tember was considered by Oliver Crom- 
 well to be his red-letter day. On 3rd 
 September, 1(550, be won the battle of 
 Dunbar; on 3rd September, 1651, he won 
 the battle of Worcester ; and on 3rd 
 September, 1058, he died. It is not, 
 however, true that he was born on 3rd 
 September, as many affirm, for his birth- 
 day was 25th April, 1599. 
 
 Cron.'K-elVs Dead Body Insulted. Crom- 
 well's dead body was, by the sanction if 
 not by the express order of Charles II., 
 taken from its grave, exposed on a 
 gibbet, and finally buried under the 
 gallows. 
 
 ***Siniilarly, the tomb of Am'asis king 
 of Egypt was broken open by Camby'ses ; 
 the body was then scourged and insulted 
 in various ways, and finally burnt, which 
 was abhorrent to the Egyptians, who 
 used every possible method to preserve 
 dead bodies in their integrity. 
 
 The. dead body of admiral Coligny 
 [Co.ieen.ye\ was similarly insulted by 
 Charles IX., Catherine de Medicis, and 
 all the court of France, who spattered 
 blood and dirt on the half-burnt black- 
 ened mass. The king had the bad taste 
 to say over it : 
 
 Fragrance sweeter than a rose 
 Rises from our slaughtered foes. 
 
 It will be remembered that Coligny was 
 the guest of Charles, his only crime being 
 that he was a huguenot. 
 
 Crona ("murmuring"), asmall stream 
 running into the Carron. — Ossian. 
 
 Cro'ni an Sea ( 27ie) , the Arctic Ocean . 
 Pliny (in his Nat. Hist. iv. 16) says : " A 
 Thufe unius diei navigatione mare con- 
 cretuni a nonnullis cranium appellatur." 
 
 As when two polar winds blowing adverse 
 Upon the Cronian sea. 
 
 Milton, 1'aradise Lost, x. 290 (1665). 
 
 Crook- fingered Jack, one of Mac- 
 heath's gang of thieves. In eighteen 
 months' service he brought to the general 
 stock four fine gold watches and seven 
 silver ones, sixteen snuff-boxes (five of 
 which were gold), six dozen handkerchiefs, 
 four silver-hilted swords, six shirts, three 
 periwigs, and a "piece" of broadcloth. 
 Pea'chum calls him "a mighty clean- 
 handed fellow," and adds : 
 
 " Considering these are only the fruits of his leisure 
 hours, I don't know a prettier fellow, for no man alive 
 hath a more engaging presence of mind upon the road." — 
 Gay, The Beggar* Opera, i. 1 (1727). 
 
 Crop (George), an honest, hearty 
 farmer, who has married a second wife, 
 named Dorothy, between whom there are 
 Jmdless quarrels. Two especially are 
 
 noteworthy. Crop tells his wife he hopes 
 that better times are coming, and when 
 the law-suit is over "we will have roast 
 pork for dinner every Sunday." The 
 wife replies, "It shall be lamb." "But 
 I say it- shall be pork." *'I hate pork, I'll 
 have lamb." " Pork, I tell you." " I say 
 lamb." " It shan't be lamb, I will have 
 pork." The other quarrel arises from 
 Crop's having left the door open, which 
 he asks his wife civilly to shut. She. 
 refuses, he commands ; she turns ob- 
 stinate, he turns angry ; at length they 
 agree that the person who first speaks 
 shall shut the door. Dorothy speaks 
 first, and Crop gains the victory. — P. 
 Hoare, No Song no Supper (1754-1834), 
 
 Cropland. (Sir Charles), an ex- 
 travagant, heartless libertine and man of 
 fashion, who hates the country except 
 for hunting, and looks on his estates and 
 tenants only as the means of supplying 
 money for his personal indulgence. 
 Knowing that Emily Worthington was 
 the daughter of a " poor gentleman," he 
 offers her "a house in town, the run 
 of his estate in the country, a chariot, 
 two footmen, and £600 a year ; " but the 
 lieutenant's daughter rejects with scorn 
 such " splendid infamy." At the end 
 sir Charles is n.ade to see his own 
 baseness, and offers the most ample 
 apologies to all whom he has offended. — 
 G. Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802). 
 
 Croquemitaine [ Croak.mit.tain] , 
 the bogie raised by fear. Somewhere near 
 Saragossa was a terrible castle called 
 Fear Fortress, which appeared quite im- 
 pregnable ; but as the bold approached 
 it, the difficulties of access gradually 
 gave Avay and even the fortress itself 
 vanished into thin air. 
 
 Croquemitaine is a romance in three 
 parts : the first part is a tournament 
 between the knights of Marsillus, a 
 Moorish king, and the paladins of Char- 
 lemagne ; the second part is the siege of 
 Saragossa by Charlemagne ; and the 
 third part is the allegory of Fear Fortress. 
 Mitaine is the godchild of Charlemagne, 
 who goes in search of Fear Fortress. 
 
 Croqnis (Alfred), Daniel Macliso, 
 R.A. This pseudonjmi was attached to 
 a series of character-portraits in Frazcr's 
 Magazine between the years 1830 and 
 1838. Maclise was born 1811, and died 
 1870. 
 
 Cros'bie ( William), provost of Dum- 
 
CROSBITE. 
 
 224- 
 
 CROTIIAR. 
 
 fries, a friend of Mr. Fairford the 
 lawyer. 
 
 Mrs. Crosbie, wife of the provost, and a 
 cousin of Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Cros'bite (2 syl.), a barrister. — Sir 
 W. Scott. Eedjaurdlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Cross. A favourite legend used to 
 be that the Cross was made of three 
 different trees, and that these trees sprang 
 from three seeds taken from the "Tree 
 of Life " and planted in Adam's mouth at 
 death. They were given to Adam's son 
 Seth by the angel who guarded paradise, 
 and the angel told Seth that when these 
 seeds became trees, Adam would be free 
 from the power of death. 
 
 (This is rather an allegory than a 
 legend. For other legends and traditions 
 see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.) 
 
 Cross-legged Host (Dinina with 
 our), going without dinner. Lawyers at 
 one time gave interviews to their clients 
 in the Round Church, famous for its 
 effigies of knights lying cross-legged. 
 
 Or walk the Round [Church] with knights o' the posts, 
 About the cross-legged knights, their hosts. 
 
 S. Butler, Iludibrm, iii. 3 (1678). 
 
 Cross Purposes, a farce by 
 O'Brien. There are three brothers named 
 Bevil — Francis an M.P., Harry a lawyer, 
 and George in the Guards. They all, 
 unknown to each other, wish to marry 
 Emily Grub, the handsome daughter of 
 a rich stock-broker. Francis pays court 
 to the father, and obtains his consent ; 
 Harry to the mother, and obtains her 
 consent ; and George to the daughter, 
 whose consenthe obtains, and the two elder 
 brothers retire from the field. The fun 
 of the farce is the contention of the 
 Grubs about a suitable husband, their joy 
 at finding they have all selected Mr. 
 Bevil, and their amazement at discovering 
 that there are three of the same name. 
 
 Cross Questions and Crooked 
 Answers. An Irish recruit about to 
 be inspected by Frederick the Great, was 
 told he would be asked these questions: 
 (1) Howoldareyou V (2) Howlonghave 
 you been in the service ? (3) Are you 
 content with your pay and rations ? So 
 he prepared his answers accordingly. 
 But it so happened that the king began 
 with the second question : "How long 
 have you been in the service ? " Paddy 
 glibly replied," Twenty years." "Why," 
 said the king, " how old are you ? " " Six 
 months." "Six raoDths ! " rejoined the 
 
 king; "surely either you or I must be 
 mad ! " " Yes, both, your majesty." 
 
 Some Highlanders, coming to England 
 for employ, conceived they would toe 
 a*ked (1) Who are you? (2) Why do 
 you come here ? and that the questioner 
 might then say, " No, I don't want your 
 service." Scarcely had they crossed the 
 border than they came to the body of a 
 man who had been murdered. They 
 stopped to look at it, when a constable 
 came up and said, "Who did this?" 
 "We three Highlanders," was the pre- 
 pared answer. " Why did you do it?" 
 said the constable. " For the money and 
 the silver," was the answer they had 
 prepared. "You scoundrels," said the 
 constable, "I shall hang you for this." 
 " If you don't, another will," said the 
 men, and were preparing to go away, 
 when they were marched off to jail. 
 
 Cross'myloof, a lawyer. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Crothar, " lord of Atha," in Con- 
 naught (then called Alnec'ma). He was 
 the first and most powerful chief of the 
 Fir-bolg ("bowmen") or Belgse from Bri- 
 tain who colonized the southern parts of 
 Ireland. Crothar carried off Conla'ma, 
 daughter of Cathmin a chief of the Caei 
 or Caledonians who had colonized the 
 northern parts of Ireland and held their 
 court in Ulster. As Conlama was be- 
 trothed to Turloch a Cael, he made an 
 irruption into Connaught, slew Cormui, 
 but was himself slain by Crothar, Cormul's 
 brother. The feud now became general, 
 " Blood poured on blood, and Erin's 
 clouds were hung with ghosts." The 
 Cael being reduced to the last extremity, 
 Trathel (the grandfather of Fingal) sent 
 Conar (son of Trenmor) to their relief. 
 Conar, on his arrival in Ulster, A\*as 
 chosen king, and the Fir-bolg being 
 subdued, he called himself "the king of 
 Ireland." — Ossian, Temora, ii. 
 
 Crothar, vassal king of Croma (in 
 Ireland), held under Artho over-lord of 
 all Ireland. Crothar, being bliud with 
 age, A\ r as attacked by Rothmar chief of 
 Tromlo, who resolved to annex Croma to 
 his own dominion Crothar sent to 
 Fingal for aid, and Fingal sent his son 
 Ossian with an army ; but before he 
 could arrive Fovar-Gormo, a son of 
 Crothar, attacked the invader, but was 
 defeated and slain. When Ossian 
 readied Ulster, he attacked the victorious 
 
CROTONA'S SAGE. 
 
 225 
 
 CRUCIFIXION. 
 
 Rothrnar, and both routed the army and 
 slew the chief. — Ossian, Croma. 
 
 Croto'na's Sage, Pythagoras, so 
 called because his first and chief school 
 of philosophy was established at Cro- 
 tona (fl. B.C. 540). 
 
 Crouch/mas, from the invention of 
 the Cross to St. Helen's Day, i.e. from 
 May 3 to August 18. Halliwell, in his 
 Archaic Dictionary, says it means " Christ- 
 mas," but this is wholly impossible, as 
 Tusser, in his "May Remembrances," 
 says : " From bull cow fast, till Crouch- 
 minas be past, i.e. St. Helen's Hay." 
 The word means " Cross-mas." 
 
 Crow. As the crow flies, that is, 
 straight from the point of starting to the 
 point to be reached, without being turned 
 from the path by houses, rivers, hills, or 
 other obstacles, which do not divert the 
 crow from its night. The Americans call 
 it "The Bee-line." 
 
 Crowde'ro, one of the rabble leaders 
 encountered by Hudibras at a bear- 
 baiting. The academy figure of this 
 character was Jackson or Jephson, a 
 milliner in the New Exchange, Strand, 
 London. He lost a leg in the service of 
 the roundheads, and was reduced to the 
 necessity of earning a living by playing 
 on the croicd or crouth from ale-house 
 to ale-house. — S. Butler, Hudibras, i. 2 
 (1664). 
 
 (The croath was a long box-shaped 
 instrument, with six or more strings, sup- 
 ported by a bridge. It was played with 
 a bow. The last noted performer on this 
 instrument was John Morgan, a Welsh- 
 man, who died 1720.) 
 
 Crowe (Captain), the attendant of sir 
 Launcelot Greaves (1 syl.), in his peregri- 
 nations to reform society. Sir Launcelot 
 is a modern don Quixote, and captain 
 Crowe is his Sancho Panza. 
 
 Captain Crowe had commanded a merchant ship in the 
 Mediterranean trade fur many years, and saved some 
 money by dint of frugality and traffic. He was an ex- 
 cellent seaman, brave, active, friendly in his way, and 
 scrupulously honest, but as little acquainted with the 
 world as a sucking child ; whimsical, impatient, and so 
 impetuous that he could not help breaking in uton the 
 conversation, whatever it might be, with repeated inter- 
 ruptions. . . . When he himself attempted to speak, he 
 never finished his period.— T. Smollett, The Adventures 
 of Sir Launcelot Greavet (1760). 
 
 Crowfield (Christopher), a pseu- 
 donvm of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe 
 (1814- ). 
 
 Crown. Godfrey, when made the 
 over-lord of Jerusalem, or " Baron of the 
 Holy Sepulchre," refused to wear a crown 
 
 of gold where his Saviour had only worn 
 a crown of thorns. 
 
 Canute, after the rebuke he gave to bis 
 flatterers, refused to wear thenceforth any 
 symbol of royalty at all. 
 
 Canute (truth worthy to be known) 
 
 From that time forth did for his brows disown 
 
 The ostentatious symbol of a crown. 
 
 Esteeming earthly royalty 
 
 Presumptuous and vain. 
 
 Crown of the East, Antioch, also 
 called "Antioch the Beautiful." 
 
 Crown of Ionia, Smyrna, .he 
 largest city of Asia Minor. 
 
 Crowns. Byron, in Don Juan, says 
 the sultan is " master of thirty king- 
 doms " (canto vi. 90). The czar of 
 Russia is proclaimed as sovereign o* 
 seventeen crowns. 
 
 * ** Of course the sultan is no longer 
 master of thirty kingdoms, 1878. 
 
 Crowned after Death. Inez de 
 Castro was exhumed six years after her 
 assassination, and crowned queen of 
 Portugal by her husband, don Pedr.. 
 (See Inez de Castko.) 
 
 Crowquill (Alfred), Alfred Henry 
 Forrester, author of Leaves from my 
 Memorandum-Book (1859), one of the 
 artists of Punch (1805-1872). 
 
 Croye (Isabel I e countess of), a ward 
 of Charles "the Bold," duke of Burgundy. 
 She lirst appears at the turret window in 
 Plessis le's Tours, disguised as Jacqueline; 
 and her marriage with Quentin Durward 
 concludes the novel. 
 
 The countess Hameline of Croye, aunt 
 to countess Isabelle. First disguised as 
 Dame Perotte (2 syl.) at Plessis les 
 Tours ; afterwards married to William dc 
 la Marck. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur- 
 ward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Croye (Monseigneur de la), an officer of 
 Charles "the Bold," duke of Burgundy. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Croysa'do (The Great), general lord 
 Fairfax (1611-1671).— S. Butler, Jludi- 
 bras. 
 
 Crucifixion (The). When Clovi* 
 was told the story of the Crucifixion, be 
 exclaimed, " Had I and my Franks been 
 there, we would soon have avenged the 
 wrong." 
 
 When Crillon "the Brave" heard the 
 tale, he grew so excited that he could not 
 contain himself, and (starting up in trie 
 
CRUDOR. 
 
 226 
 
 CUCKOO. 
 
 church, he cried aloud, Ok etais hi, 
 Crillon ? ( " What were you about, Crillon, 
 to allow of such deeds as these ? ") 
 
 Crudor (Sir), the knight who told 
 Bria'na he would not marry her till she 
 brought him enough hair, consisting of 
 ladies' locks and the beards of knights, 
 to purfle his cloak with. In order to 
 obtain this love-gift, the lady established 
 a toll, by which every lady who passed 
 her castle had to give the hair of her 
 head, and every knight his beard, as 
 " passing pay," or else fight for their 
 lives. Sir Crudor being overthrown by 
 sir Calidore, Briana was compelled to 
 abolish this toll. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 v. 1 (1596). 
 
 Cruel (The), Pedro king of Castile 
 (1334, 1350-1369). 
 
 Cruik'shanks (Ebenezer), landlord 
 of the Golden Candlestick inn. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Crum'mles (Mr. Vincent), the 
 eccentric but kind-hearted manager of 
 the Portsmouth Theatre. 
 
 It was necessary that the writer shculd, like Mr. 
 Crummies, dramatist, construct his piece in the interest 
 of " the pump and washing-tubs."— P. Fitzgerald. 
 
 Mrs. Crummies, wife of Mr. Vincent 
 Crummies, a stout, ponderous, tragedy- 
 queen sort of a lady. She walks or 
 rather stalks like lady Macbeth, and 
 always speaks theatrically. Like her 
 husband, she is full of kindness, and 
 always willing to help the needy. 
 
 Miss Ninctta Crummies, daughter of 
 the manager, and called in the play-bills 
 "the infant phenomenon." — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Crumtliormo, one of the Orkney or 
 Shetland Islands. — Ossian, Cath-Loda. 
 
 Cruncher (Jerry), an odd-job man 
 in Tellson's bank. His wife was con- 
 tinually saying her prayers, which Jerry 
 termed "flopping." He was a "resurrec- 
 tion man." — C. Dickens, A Tale of Two 
 Cities (1859). 
 
 Crupp (Mrs.), a typical humbug, who 
 let chambers in Buckingham Street for 
 young gentlemen. David Copperfield 
 lodged with her. — C. Dickens, David 
 Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Crushed by Ornaments. Tar- 
 
 peia, daughter of the governor of the 
 Roman citadel on the Saturnian Hill, w r as 
 tempted by the gold on the Sabine 
 bracelets and collars to open a gate of 
 the fortress to the besiegers, on condition 
 
 that they would give her the ornaments 
 which they wore on their arms. Tarpeia 
 opened the gate, and the Sabines as they 
 passed threw ou her their shields, saying, 
 "These are the ornaments worn by the 
 Sabines on their arms," and the maid was 
 crushed to death. G. Gilfillan, alluding 
 to Longfellow, has this erroneous allu- 
 
 His ornaments, unlike those of the Sabine [sic] maid, 
 have not crushed him. — Introductory Essay to Long- 
 fellow. 
 
 Crusoe (Bobinson), the hero and title 
 of a novel by Daniel Defoe. Robinson 
 Crusoe is a shipwrecked sailor, who leads 
 a solitary life for many years on a desert 
 island, and relieves the tedium of life by 
 ingenious contrivances (1719). 
 
 (The story is based on the adventures 
 of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, 
 who in 1704 was left by captain Stradding 
 on the uninhabited island of Juan Fer- 
 nandez. Here he remained for four years 
 and four months, when he was rescued 
 by captain Woods Rogers and brought to 
 England.) 
 
 Was there ever anything written by mere man that 
 the reader wished longer except Robinson Crutoe, Don 
 Quixote, and The Pilgrim's Progress t — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Cruth-Iioda, the war-god of the 
 ancient Gaels. 
 
 On thy top, U-thormo. dwells the misty Loda : the 
 house of the spirits of nen. In the end of his cloudy hall 
 bends forward Cruth-Loda of swords. His form is dimly 
 seen amid the wavy mists, his right hand is on his shield. 
 — Ossian, Cath-Loda. 
 
 Cry stal'line ( The) . According to the 
 theory of Ptolemy, the crystalline sphere 
 comes after and beyond the firmament or 
 sphere of the fixed stars. It has a shim- 
 mering motion, which somewhat inter- 
 feres with that of the stars. 
 
 They pass the planets seven, and pass the " fixed," 
 And that crystalline sphere whose balance weighs 
 The trepidation talked [of], 
 
 Milton. Paradise Lost, iii. (1665). 
 
 Cuckold King (The), sir Mark of 
 Cornwall, whose wife Ysolde [F.sdld] 
 intrigued with sir Tristram (bis nephew), 
 one of the knights of the Round Table. 
 
 Cuckoo. Pliny (Nat. Hist. x. 9) says . 
 "Cuckoos lay always in other birds' 
 nests." 
 
 But, since the cuckoo builds not for himself, 
 Remain in 't as thou mayst. 
 Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act ii. sc. 6(1608). 
 
 (The Bohemians say the festivals of 
 the Virgin used t» be held sacred even by 
 dumb animals, and that on these sacred 
 days all the birds of the air ceased build- 
 ing their nests except the cuckoo, which 
 was therefore doomed to wander without 
 having a nest of its own.) 
 
CUDDIE. 
 
 227 
 
 CUMNOR HALL. 
 
 Cud'die or Cutukert Hkaduigg, 
 a ploughman, in the sendee of "lady 
 Bcllenden of the Tower of Tillietudlem. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Cuddy, a herdsman, in Spenser's 
 Shephcai-de's Calendar, in three eclogues 
 of which Cuddy is introduced : 
 
 Eel. ii. is a dialogue between Thenot 
 and Cuddy, in which Cuddy is a lad 
 who complains of the cold, and Thenot 
 laments the degeneracy of pastoral life. 
 At one time shepherds and herdsmen 
 were hardy, frugal, and contented ; but 
 nowadays, he says, "they are effeminate, 
 luxurious, and ambitious.' He then tells 
 Cuddy the fable of "The Oak and the 
 Bramble." (See Thenot.) 
 
 Eel. viii. Cuddy is a full-grown man, 
 appointed umpire to decide a contention 
 in song between the two shepherds, Willy 
 and Perigot. He pronounced each to be 
 worthy of the prize, and then sings to 
 them the " Lament of Colin for Rosa- 
 lind." 
 
 Eel. x. is between Piers and Cuddy, 
 the subject being "divine poetry." 
 Cuddy declares no poet would be equal to 
 Colin if his mind were not unhappily 
 unhinged by disappointed love. — Spenser, 
 The Shephearde's Calendar (1579). 
 
 Cuddy, a shepherd, who boasts that the 
 charms of his Buxo'ma far exceed those 
 of Blouzelinda. Lobbin, who is Blouze- 
 linda's swain, repels the boast, and the 
 two shepherds agree to sing the praises 
 of their respective shepherdesses, and to 
 make Clod'dipole arbiter of their con- 
 tention. Cloddipole listens to their 
 alternate verses, pronounces that " both 
 merit an oaken staff," but, says he, "the 
 herds are weary of the songs, and so am 
 I."— Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 
 
 (This eclogue is in imitation of Virgil's 
 Ed. iii.) 
 
 Cui Bono? " Of what practical use 
 is it? " — See Cicero, Pro Mdone, xii. 32. 
 
 Cato, that great and grave philosopher, did commonly 
 demand, when any new project was propounded unto 
 him, "Cui bono?" What good would ensue in case the 
 same were effected?— Th. Fuller, Worthies (" The Design, 
 etc.." i). 
 
 Culdees (i.e. sequestered persons), 
 the primitive clergy of presbyterian 
 character, established in Io'na or Icolm- 
 kill [I-columb-kill] by St. Columb and 
 twelve of his followers in 563. They 
 also founded similar church establish- 
 ments at Abernethy, Dunkeld, Kirk- 
 caldy [Jvirk-Culdee], etc., and at Lindes- 
 
 farne, in England. Some say as many aa 
 300 churches were founded by them. 
 Augustine, a bishop of Watcrford, began 
 against them in 1 17G a war of exter- 
 mination, when those who could escape 
 sought refuge in Iona, the original cradle 
 of the sect, and were not driven thence 
 till 1203. 
 
 Peace to their shades ! the pure Culdees 
 Were Albyn's [Scotland's] earliest priests of God, 
 Ere yet an island of her seas 
 By foot of Saxon monk was trod. 
 
 Campbell, Reullura. 
 
 Culloch (Sawney), a pedlar. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Manner inq (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Cumberland (John of). "The devil 
 and John of Cumberland" is a blunder 
 for " The devil and John-a-Cumber." 
 John-a-Cumber was a famous Scotch 
 magician. 
 
 He poste to Scotland for brave John-a-Cumber, 
 The only man renownde for magick skill. 
 Oft have I heard he once beguylde the devill. 
 A. Munday, John-a-Kent and John-a-Cumber (1595). 
 
 Cumberland (William Augustus duke 
 of), commander-in-chief of the army of 
 George II., whose son he was. The 
 duke was especially celebrated for his 
 victory of Cullo'den (174G) ; but he was 
 called "The Butcher" from the great 
 severity with which he stamped out the 
 clan system of the Scottish Highlanders. 
 He was wounded in the leg at tbe battle 
 of Dettingen (1743). Sir W. Scott has 
 introduced him in Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Proud Cumberland prances, insulting the slain. 
 And their hoof-beaten bosoms ire trod to the plain. 
 Campbell, LochieCs Warning. 
 
 Cumberland Poet (The), William 
 Wordsworth, born at Cockermouth 
 (1770-1850). 
 
 Cum'bria. It included Cumberland, 
 Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayr, Lanark, 
 Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburgh, and Dum- 
 fries 
 
 Cumnor Hall, a ballad by Mickle, 
 the lament of Amy Robsart, who had 
 been won and thrown away by the earl 
 of Leicester. She says if roses and 
 lilies grow in courts, why did he pluck 
 the primrose of the field, which some 
 country swain might have won and 
 valued ? Thus sore and sad the lady 
 grieved in Cumnor Hail, and ere dawn 
 the death bell rang, and never more was 
 that countess seen. 
 
 *** Sir W. Scott took this for the 
 groundwork of his Kenilworth, which he 
 called Cumnor Hall, but Constable, hi* 
 
CUNEGONDE. 
 
 •228 
 
 CURTAIN PAINTED. 
 
 publisher, induced him to change the 
 name. 
 
 Cune'gonde [Ku'.na.gond] , the 
 mistress of Candide (2 syl.), in Voltaire's 
 novel called Candide. Sterne spells it 
 " Cune'gund." 
 
 Cun'ningham (Archie), one of the 
 archers of the Scotch guards at Plessis 
 le's Tours, in the pay of Louis XI. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Quentin Duncard (time, Ed- 
 ward IV.). 
 
 Cu'no, the ranger, father of Agatha. 
 —Weber, tier Freischutz (1822). 
 
 Cuno'beline, a king of the Sil'ures, 
 son of Tasciov'anus and father of Carac- 
 tacus. Coins still exist bearing the 
 name of " Cunobeline," and the word 
 "Camalodunum " [Colchester], the 
 capital of his kingdom. The Roman 
 general between a.d. 43 and 47 was 
 Aulus Plautius, but in 47 Ostorius 
 Scapula took Caractacus prisoner. 
 
 Some think Cunobeline is Shake- 
 speare's " Cymbeline," who reigned from 
 15. c. 8 to a.d. 27 ; but Cymbeline's father 
 was Tenantius or Tenuantius, his sons 
 Guide'rius and Arvir'agus, and the Roman 
 general was Caius Lucius. 
 
 . . . the courageous sons of our Cunobelin 
 Sank under Plautius' sword. 
 
 Drayton, folyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Cunstance or Constance. (See 
 
 Cl'STAXCE.) 
 
 Cupar Justice, hang first, and try 
 afterwards. (Same as " Jedbury Jus- 
 tice.") 
 
 Cupid and Psyche [Si'./ty], an 
 episode in The Golden Ass of Apuleius. 
 The allegory represents Cupid in love 
 with Psyche. He visited her every 
 evening, and left at sunrise, but strictly 
 enjoined her not to attempt to discover 
 who he was. One night curiosity over- 
 came her prudence, and going to look 
 upon her lover a drop of hot oil fell on 
 his shoulder, awoke him, and he fled. 
 Psyche now wandered in search of the 
 lost one, but was persecuted by Venus 
 with relentless cruelty. Having suffered 
 almost to the death, Cupid at length 
 married her, and she became immortal. 
 Mrs. Tighe has a poem on the subject ; 
 Wm. Morris has poetized Ihe same in 
 his Earthly Paradise (" May ") ; Lafon- 
 taine has a poem called Psyche, in imita- 
 tion of the episode of Apuleius ; and 
 Molibre has dramatized the subject. 
 
 *** Woman's ideal of love must not 
 be subjected to too strong a light, or it 
 will flee away, and the woman will suffer 
 
 long years of torment. At length truth 
 will correct her exaggerated notions, and 
 love will reside with her for the rest of 
 her life. 
 
 Cupid's Jack - o' - Lantern, the 
 
 object of an affair of gallantry. Bob 
 Acres says : 
 
 " Sir, 1 have followed Cupid's Jack-o'-lantern, and find 
 myself in a quagmire at last."— Sheridan, The Jiivalis, 
 iii. 4 (1775). 
 
 Cu'pidon (Jean). Count d'Orsay 
 was so called by lord Byron (1798-1852). 
 The count's father was styled Le Beau 
 d'Orsay. 
 
 Cur'an, a courtier in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of King Lear (1G05). 
 
 Cure de Meudon, Rabelais, who 
 was first a monk, then a leech, then 
 prebendarv of St. Maur, and lastlv cure 
 of Meudon (1483-1553). 
 
 Cu'rio, a gentleman attending on the 
 duke of Illyria. — Shakespeare, Twelfth 
 Night (1G14). 
 
 Curio. So Akenside calls Mr. Pul- 
 teney, and styles him " the betrayer of 
 his country," alluding to the great states- 
 man's change of politics. Curio was a 
 young Roman senator at one time the 
 avowed enemy of Cassar, but subsequently 
 of Caesar's party, and one of the victims 
 of the civil war. 
 
 Is this the man in freedom's cause approved, 
 The man so great, so honoured, so beloved . . . 
 This Curio, hated now nnd scorned by all. 
 Who fell himself to work his country's fall? 
 
 Akenside, Epistle to Curio. 
 
 Curious Impertinent (The), a 
 tale introduced by Cervantes in his Don 
 Quixote. The "impertinent" is an 
 Italian gentleman who is silly enough 
 to make trial of his wife's fidelity by 
 persuading a friend to storm it if he 
 can. Of course his friend "takes the 
 fort," and the fool is left to bewail his 
 own folly.— rt. I. iv. 5 (1G05). 
 
 Currer Bell, the nom de plume of 
 Charlotte Bronte, author of Jane Eyre 
 [Air] (1816-1855). 
 
 Curtain Painted. Parrhasios 
 painted a curtain so wonderfully Avell 
 that even Zcuxis, the rival artist, 
 thought it was real, and bade him draw 
 Ids drapery aside and show his picture. 
 The painting of Zcuxis was a bunch of 
 grapes so true to nature that the birds 
 came to peck at the fruit. The " cur- 
 tain," however, gained the prize ; for 
 though the grapes deceived the birds, 
 the curtain deceived Zcuxis. 
 
CURTANA. 
 
 229 
 
 CUTHTJLLIN. 
 
 Curta'na, the sword of Edward the 
 Con'fessor, which had no point, and was 
 therefore the emblem of mercy. Till the 
 reign of Henry III. the. royal sword of 
 England was so called. 
 
 But when Curtana will not do the deed, 
 You hiy the pointless clergy-weapon by, 
 And to the laws, vour sword of justice, fiy. 
 lHyden, The Jlind and the Panther, ii. (1687). 
 
 Curta'na or Courtain, the sword 
 cf Ogier the Dane. 
 
 He [Ogier] drew Courtain his sword out of its sheath. 
 W. Morris, Earthly Paradise, 634. 
 
 Curt-Hose (2 syl.), Robert II. due 
 de Norrnandie (1087-1134). 
 
 Curt-Mantle, Henry II. of Eng- 
 land (1133, 1154-1189). So called be- 
 cause he wore the Anjou mantle, which 
 was shorter than the robe worn by his 
 predecessors. 
 
 Curtis, one of Petruchio's servants. 
 — Shakespeare, Taminj of the Shrew 
 (1594). 
 
 Cur'zon Street (London). So named 
 after the ground-landlord, George Au- 
 gustus Curzon, third viscount Howe. 
 
 Cushla Machree (Irish), "My 
 heart's delight." 
 
 Custance, daughter of the emperor 
 of Rome, affianced to the sultan of Syria, 
 who abjured his faith and consented to 
 be baptized in order to marry her. His 
 mother hated this apostacy, and at the 
 wedding breakfast slew all the apostates 
 except the bride. Her she embarked in a 
 ship, Avhich was set adrift, and in due 
 time reached the British shores, where 
 Custance was rescued by the lord-con- 
 stable of Northumberland, who took her 
 home, and placed her under the care of 
 his wife Hermegild. Custance converted 
 both the constable and his wife. A 
 young knight wished to marry her, but 
 she declined his suit, whereupon he 
 murdered Hermegild, and then laid the 
 bloody knife beside Custance, to make her 
 suspected of the crime. King Alia ex- 
 amined the case, and soon discovered the 
 real facts, whereupon the knight was exe- 
 cuted, and the king married Custance. 
 The queen-mother highly disapproved of 
 the match, and during the absence of her 
 son in Scotland embarked Custance and 
 her infant boy in a ship, which was 
 turned adrift. After floating about for 
 live years, it was taken in tow by a 
 Roman fleet on its return from Syria, and 
 Custance with her son Maurice became 
 the guests of a Roman senator. It so 
 
 happened that Alia at this same time was 
 at Rome on a pilgrimage, and encountered 
 his wife, who returned with him to 
 Northumberland and lived in peace and 
 happiness the rest of her life. — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales (" The Man of Law's 
 Tale," 1388). 
 
 Cusiance, a gay and rich widow, whom 
 Ralph Roister Doister wishes to marry, 
 but he is Avholly baffled in his scheme. — ■ 
 Nicholas Udall, Ralph Roister Dokter 
 (first English comedy, 1534). 
 
 Cute (Alderman)^ a " practical philo- 
 sopher," resolved to put down everything. 
 In his opinion "everything must be put 
 down." Starvation must be put down, 
 and so must suicide, sick mothers, babies, 
 and poverty. — C. Dickens, The Chimes 
 (1844). 
 
 Cuthal, same as Uthal, one of the 
 Orkneys. 
 
 Cuthbert (St.), a Scotch monk of 
 the sixth century. 
 
 St. Cuthbert 1 s Beads, joints of the 
 articulated stems of encrinites, used for 
 rosaries. So called from the legend that 
 St. Cuthbert sits at night on the rock in 
 Holy Island, forging these "beads." 
 The opposite rock serves him for anvil. 
 
 On a rock of Lindisfarn 
 St. Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame 
 The sea- born beads that bear his name. 
 
 Sir W. Scott, ilarmion (1808). 
 
 St. Cuthbert 1 s Stane, a granite rock 
 in Cumberland. 
 
 St. Cuthbert s Well, a spring of water 
 close by St. Cuthbert's Stane. 
 
 Cuthbert Bede, the Rev. Edw. 
 Bradley, author of Verdant Green (1857). 
 
 Cutho'na, daughter of Rumar, -nas 
 betrothed to Conlath, youngest son of 
 Morni, of Mora. Not long before the 
 espousals were to be celebrated, Toscar 
 came from Ireland, and was hospitably 
 entertained by Morni. On the fourth day, 
 he saw Cuthona out hunting, and carried 
 her off by force. Being pursued by 
 Conlath, a fight ensued, in which both 
 the young men fell, and Cuthona, after 
 languishing for three days, died also. — 
 Ossian, Conlath and Cuthona. 
 
 Cuthullin, son of Semo, commander 
 of the Irish army, and regent during the 
 minority of Cormac. His wife was 
 Brag'ela, daughter of Sorglan. In the 
 poem called Fincjal, Cuthullin was de- 
 feated by Swaran king of Lochlin 
 ^Scandinavian and being ashamreu to 
 
CUTLER. 
 
 230 
 
 CYLLAROS. 
 
 meet Fingal, retired from the field gloomy 
 and sad. Fingal, having utterly defeated 
 Swaran, invited Cuthullin to the ban- 
 quet, and partially restored his depressed 
 spirits. In the third year of Cormac's 
 reign, Torlath, son of Can'tela, rebelled. 
 Cuthullin gained a complete victory over 
 him at the lake Lego, but was mortally 
 wounded in the pursuit by a random 
 arrow. Cuthullin was succeeded by 
 Nathos, but the young king was soon 
 dethroned by the rebel Cairbar, and 
 murdered. — Ossian, Fingal and The Death 
 of Cuthullin. 
 
 Cutler (Sir John), a royalist, who 
 died 1699, reduced to the utmost poverty. 
 
 Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall, 
 
 lor very want he could not build a wall. 
 
 His only daughter in a stranger's power. 
 
 For very want he could not pay a dower. 
 
 A few grey hairs his reverend temples crowned, 
 
 'Twas very want that sold them for two pound. . . . 
 
 Cutler and Brutus, dying, both exclaim, 
 
 '• Virtue and Wealth, what are ye but a name ? "' 
 
 Pope, Moral £sia>/s. iii. (1709). 
 
 Cutpurse (Moll), Mary Frith, the 
 heroine of Middleton's comedy called The 
 Iloariny Girl (1611). She was a woman 
 of masculine vigour, who not unfre- 
 quently assumed man's attire. This 
 notorious cut-purse once attacked general 
 Fairfax on Hounslow Heath, but was 
 arrested and sent to Newgate ; she es- 
 caped, however, by bribing the turnkey, 
 and died of dropsy at the age of 75. 
 Nathaniel Field introduces her in his 
 drama called Amends for Ladies (1618). 
 
 Cuttle (Captain Edward), a great 
 friend of Solomon Gills, ship's instru- 
 ment maker. Captain Cuttle had been a 
 skipper, had a hook instead of a right 
 hand, and always wore a very hard, 
 glazed hat. He was in the habit of 
 quoting, and desiring those to whom he 
 spoke "to overhaul the catechism till 
 they found it ; " but, he added, " when 
 found, make a note on." The kind- 
 hearted seaman was very fond of 
 Florence Donibey, and of Walter Gay, 
 whom he called " Wal'r." When Flo- 
 rence left her father's roof, captain 
 Cuttle sheltered her at the Wooden 
 Midshipman. One of his favourite 
 sentiments was " May we never want a 
 friend, or a bottle to give him." — C. 
 Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 (" When found, make a note of " is the 
 motto of Notes and Queries.) 
 
 Cyan'ean Rocks, the Symple'- 
 gades (which see), so called from their 
 deep greenish-blue colour. 
 
 Here we those hard rocks of trap of a grci:iish-blue 
 
 coloured with copper, and hence called the Cyanefcn. 
 —Olivier. 
 
 CyeTades (3 syl.), some twenty 
 islands, so called from the classic legend 
 that they circled round Delos when that 
 island was rendered stationary by the 
 birth of Diana and Apollo. 
 
 Cyclic Poets, a series of epic poets, 
 who wrote continuations or additions lo 
 Homer's Iliad and Odyssey ; they were 
 called " Cyclic " because they confined 
 themselves to the cycle of the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 Ag'ias wrote an epic on " the return of 
 the Greeks from Troy " (b.c. 740). 
 
 Arcti'xos wrote a continuation of the 
 Iliad, describing the taking of Troy by 
 the " Wooden Horse," and its conflagra- 
 tion. Virgil has copied from this poet 
 (B.C. 776). 
 
 Eu'gamon wrote a continuation of the 
 Odyssey. It contains the adventures of 
 Teleg'onos in search of his father 
 Ulysses. When he reached Ith'aca, 
 Ulysses and Telemachos went against 
 him, and Telegonos killed Ulysses with 
 a spear which his mother Circe had given 
 him (B.C. 568). 
 
 Les'ches, author of the Little Iliad, in 
 four books, containing the fate of Ajax, 
 the exploits of Philoctetes, Neoptol'emos, 
 and Ulysses, and the final capture of 
 Troy (b.c. 708). 
 
 Sxasi'nos, "son-in-law" of Homer. 
 He wrote an introduction to the Iliad. 
 
 Cyclops. Their names are Brontes, 
 SterOpes, and Arges. (See Sixijbad, 
 voy. 3.) 
 
 Cyclops ( The Holy). So Pryden, in the 
 Masque of Albion and Albanius, calls 
 Richard Rumbold, an Englishman, the 
 chief conspirator in the " Ryehouse Plot." 
 lie had lost one eye, and was executed. 
 
 Cydip'pe (3 syl.), a lady courted by 
 Acontius of Cea, but being unable to 
 obtain her, he wrote on an apple, " I 
 swear by Uiana that Acontius shall be my 
 husband." This apple was presented to 
 the maiden, and being persuaded that she 
 had written the words, though inadver- 
 tently, she consented to marry Acontius 
 for " the oath's sake." 
 
 Cydippe by a letter was betrayed. 
 Writ on an apple to th' unwary maid. 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, L 
 
 Cyl'laros, the horse of Pollux 
 according to Virgil (Georq. iii. 90), but cf 
 Castor according to Ovid (Mctam. xii. 
 408). It was coal-black, with white legs 
 and tail. 
 
CYLLENIUS. 
 
 231 
 
 CYNTHIA. 
 
 Cylle'nius, Mercury ; bo called from 
 mount Cyllene, in Arcadia, where he was 
 born. 
 
 CyinTbeline (3 syl.), mythical king 
 of Britain for thirty-five years. He 
 began to reign in the nineteenth year of 
 Augustus Caesar. His father was Tenan- 
 tms, who refused to pay the tribute to 
 the Romans exacted of Cassibelan after 
 his defeat by Julius Caesar. Cymbeline 
 married twice. By his first wife he had 
 a daughter named Imogen, who married 
 Posthumus Leonatus.. His second wife 
 had a son named Cloten by a former 
 husband. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1G05). 
 
 Cymoeliles [Sl.mGk'.leez], brother 
 of Pyroch'les, son of Aerates, and hus- 
 band of Acras'ia the enchantress. He 
 sets out against sir Guyon, but being 
 ferried over Idle Lake, abandons him- 
 self to self-indulgence, and is slain by 
 king Arthur (canto 8). — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, ii. 5, etc. (1590). 
 
 Cymod/oce (4 syl.). The mother of 
 Mar'inel is so called in bk. iv. 12 of the 
 Faery Queen, but in bk. iii. 4 she is 
 spoken of as Cymo'ent " daughter of 
 Nereus" (2 syl.) by an earth-born father, 
 " the famous Dumarin." 
 
 Cymoent. (See Cymodoce.) 
 
 Cym'ry, the Welsh. 
 
 The Welsh always called themselves "Cymry," the 
 literal meaning of which is "aborigines." ... It is the 
 same word as "Cimbri." . . . They call their language 
 "Cymraeg," i.e. " the primitive tongue." — E. Williams. 
 
 Cynsegi'ros, brother of the poet 
 jEschylos. "When the Persians, after 
 the battle of Marathon, were pushing off 
 from shore, Cynaagiros seized one of 
 their ships with his right hand, which 
 being lopped off, he grasped it with his 
 left hand ; this being cut off, he seized it 
 with his teeth, and lost his life. 
 
 Admiral Ben how, in an engage- 
 ment with the French, near St. Martha, 
 in 1701, had his legs and thighs shivered 
 into splinters by chain-shot ; but (sup- 
 ported on a wooden frame) he remained 
 on deck till Du Casse sheered off. 
 
 Almeyda, the Portuguese governor 
 of India, had his legs and thighs shattered 
 in a similar way, and caused himself to 
 be bound to the ship's mast, that he might 
 wave his sword to cheer on the com- 
 batants. 
 
 Jaafek, at the battle of Muta, car- 
 ried the sacred banner of the prophet. 
 One hand being lopped off, he held it 
 urith the other • this also being cut off, he 
 
 held it with his two stumps, and when at 
 last his head was cut off, he contrived to 
 fall dead on the banner, which was thus 
 detained till Abdallah had time to rescue 
 it and hand it to Khaled. 
 
 Cyne'tlia (3 syl.), eldest son of Cad- 
 wallon (king of North Wales). He was 
 an orphan, brought up by his uncle Owen. 
 During his minority, Owen and Cynetha 
 loved each other dearly ; but when the 
 orphan came of age and claimed his in- 
 heritance, his uncle burnt his eyes out by 
 exposing them to plates of hot brass. 
 Cynetha and his son Cadwallon accom- 
 panied Madoc to North America, where 
 the blind old man died while Madoc was 
 in Wales preparing for his second voyage. 
 — Southey, Madoc, i. 3 (1805). 
 
 Cadwallonis erat prima?vus jure Cynetha : 
 Proh pudor 1 hunc oculis patruus privavit Oenus. 
 The Pentarchia. 
 
 Cynic Tub ( 77ie),Diog'enes, the Cynio 
 philosopher lived in a tub, and it is to 
 this fact that allusion is made in the line : 
 
 [They] fetch their doctrines from the Cynic tub. 
 
 Milton, Comu.% 708 (1634). 
 
 Cy'nosure (3 syl.), the pole-star. 
 The word means " the dog's tail," and is 
 used to signify a guiding genius, or the 
 observed of all observers. Cynosu'ra was 
 an Idsean nymph, one of the nurses of 
 Zeus (1 syl.). 
 
 Some gentle taper, 
 Tho' a rush candle, from the wicker hole 
 Of some clay habitation, visit us 
 With thy long levelled rule of streaming light 
 And thou shaft be our star of Arcady, 
 Or Tyrian cynosure. 
 
 Milton, Cottma (1634). 
 Where perhaps some Beauty lies, 
 Tlie cynosure of neighbouring eyes. 
 
 MUton, V Allegro (1638). 
 
 Cyn'tnia, the moon or Diana, whe 
 was born on mount Cynthus, in Delos. 
 Apollo is called "Cynthius." 
 
 . . . watching, in the night, 
 Beneath pale Cynthia's melancholy light. 
 
 Falconer, The Suijnoreck, iii. 2 (1756). 
 
 Cyn'thia. So Spenser, in Colin Clout's 
 Come Home Again, calls queen Elizabeth, 
 "whose angel's eye" was his life's sole 
 bliss, his heart's eternal treasure. Ph. 
 Fletcher, in The Purple Island, iii., 
 also calls queen Elizabeth "Cynthia." 
 
 Her words were like a stream of honey fleeting . . * 
 Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes . . . 
 Her looks were like beams of the morning sun 
 Fortli looking thro' the windows of the east . . . 
 Her thoughts were like the fumes of frankincense 
 Which from a golden censer forth doth rise. 
 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1591) 
 
 Cynth'ia, daughter of sir Paul Pliant, 
 and daughter-in-law of lady Pliant. She 
 is in love with Meile'font (2 syl.). Sil 
 
CYPRIAN. 
 
 DAGONET. 
 
 Paul calls her "Thy."— W. Congreve, 
 
 The Double Dealer (1694). 
 
 Cyp'rian (A), a woman of loose 
 morals ; so called from the island Cyprus, 
 a. chief seat of the worship of Venus or 
 Cyp'ria. 
 
 Cyp'rian (Brother), a Dominican monk 
 at the monastery of Holyrood. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Cyrena'ic Shell {The), the lyre 
 or strain of Callim'achos, a Greek poet of 
 Alexandria, in Egypt. Six of his hymns 
 in hexameter verse are still extant. 
 
 For you the Cyrenaic shell 
 Behold I touch revering. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 
 
 Cyr'ie (St.), the saint to whom 
 Bailors address themselves. The St. Elmo 
 of the Welsh. 
 
 The weary mariners 
 Called on St. Cjric's aid. 
 
 Southey. Madoc, i. 4 (1805). 
 
 Cyrus and Tom'yris. Cyrus, 
 after subduing the eastern parts of Asia, 
 was defeated by Tomyris queen of the 
 Massage'tte, in Scythia. Tomyris cut off 
 his head, and threw it into a vessel filled 
 with human blood, saying, as she did so, 
 " There, drink thy fill." Dante refers to 
 this incident in his Purgatory, xii. 
 
 Consyder Cyrus . . . 
 
 He whose huge power no man might overthrowe, 
 
 Tomy'ris queen with great despite hath slowe, 
 
 His head dismembered from his mangled corps 
 
 Herself she cast into a vessel fraught 
 
 With clotted hloud of them that felt her force. 
 
 And with these words a just reward she taughj— 
 
 •• Orynke now thy fyll of thy desired draught." 
 
 T. Sackvillc, A Mirrour for Magistraytes 
 ("The Coniplaynt," 1587). 
 
 Cythere'a, Venus ; so called from 
 Cythe'ra (now Cerigo), a mountainous 
 island of Laco'nia, noted for the worship 
 of Aphrodite (or Venus). The tale is 
 that Venus and Mars, having formed an 
 illicit affpction for each other, were 
 caught in a delicate net made by Vulcan, 
 and exposed to the ridicule of the court 
 of Olympus. 
 
 He the fate \inay sing] 
 Of naked Mars with Cytherea chained. 
 
 Akenside, llyinn to the Naiad*. 
 
 Cyze'nis, the infamous daughter of 
 Diomed, who killed every one that fell 
 into her clutches, and compelled fathers 
 to eat their own children. 
 „ Czar (Crcsar), a title first assumed in 
 Russia by Ivan III., who, in 1472, mar- 
 ried a princess of the imperial Byzantina 
 line. He also introduced the double- 
 headed black eagle of Byzantium as the 
 national symbol. The official style of 
 the Russian autocrat is Samoderjctz. 
 
 D'Acunha (Teresa), waiting-woman 
 
 to the countess of Glenallan. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Daffodil. When Perseph'one, the 
 daughter of Deme'ter, was a little maiden, 
 she wandered about the meadows of 
 Enna, in Sicily, to gather white daffodils 
 to wreathe into her hair, and being tired 
 she fell asleep. Pluto, the god of the 
 infernal regions, carried her off to be- 
 come his wife, and his touch turned the 
 white flowers to a golden yellow. Some 
 remained in her tresses till she reached 
 the meadows of Acheron, and falling off 
 there grew into the asphodel, with which 
 the meadows thenceforth abounded. 
 
 She stepped upon Sicilian grass, . 
 
 Demeter's daughter, fresh and fair, 
 A child of light, a radiant lass, 
 
 And gamesome as the morning air. 
 The daffodils were fair to see, 
 They nodded lightly on the lea ; 
 
 Persephone 1 Persephone ! 
 
 Jean Ingelow, Persephone. 
 
 Dagon, sixth in orderof thehierarchv 
 of hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) 
 Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz, (6) 
 Dagon. Dagon was half man and half 
 fish. He was worshipped in Ashdod, 
 Gath, Ascalon, Ekron, and Gaza (the five 
 chief cities of the Philistines). AVhen 
 the " ark " was placed in his temple, 
 Dagon fell, and the palms of his bauds 
 were broken off. 
 
 Next came . . . 
 Dagon . . . sea-monster, upward man 
 And downward fish. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost. i. 457, etc. (16C5). 
 
 Dag'onet (Sir), king Arthur's fool. 
 One day sir Dagonet, with two squires, 
 came to Cornwall, and as they drew near 
 a well sir Tristram soused them all three 
 in, and dripping wet made them mount 
 their horses and ride off, amid the jeers 
 of the spectators (pt. ii. 60). 
 
 King Arthur loved sir Dagonet passing well, and made 
 him knight with his own hands; and at every tourna- 
 ment he made king Arthur laugh.— Sir T. Malory, BUtury 
 of Prince Arthur, ii. 97 (1470). 
 
 Justice Shallow brags that he once 
 personated sir Dagonet, while he was a 
 student at Clement's Inn. — Shakespeare, 
 2 Henry I V. act ii. sc. 2 (1598). < 
 
 * # * Tennyson deviates in this, as hft 
 does in so many other instances, from the 
 old romance. The History says that 
 king Arthur made Dagonet knight "with 
 his own hands," because he "loved bim 
 
DALDAH. 
 
 DAMOCLES. 
 
 passing well ; " but Tennyson says that 
 Bir Gawain made him " a mock-kiaght of 
 the Round Table."— The Last Tourna- 
 ment, 1. 
 
 Dal'dah, Mahomet's favourite white 
 mule. 
 
 Dalga, a Lombard harlot, who tries to 
 Beduce young Goltho, but Goltho is saved 
 by his friend LTfinore. — Sir W. Da- 
 venant, Gondibert (died 1668). 
 
 Dalgarno [Lord Malcolm of), a pro- 
 fligate young nobleman, son of the earl 
 of Huntinglen (an old Scotch noble 
 family). Nigel strikes" Dalgarno with 
 his sword, and is obliged to seek refuge 
 in " Alsatia." Lord Dalgarno's villainy 
 to the lady Hermlone excites the displea- 
 sure of king James, and he would have 
 been banished if he had not married her. 
 After this, lord Dalgarno carries off the 
 Avife of John Christie, the ship-owner, 
 and is shot by captain Colepepper, the 
 Alsatian bully. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Dalgetty (Dugald), of Drum- 
 thwacket, the union of the soldado with 
 the pedantic student of Mareschal College. 
 As a soldier of fortune, he is retained in 
 the service of the earl of Monteith. The 
 marquis of Argyll (leader of the parlia- 
 mentary army) tried to tamper with him 
 in prison, but Dugald seized him, threw 
 him down, and then made his escape, 
 locking the marquis in the dungeon. 
 After the battle, captain Dalgetty was 
 knighted. This "Rittmaster" is "a pe- 
 dant, very conceited, full of vulgar 
 assurance, with a good stock of worldly 
 knowledge, a student of divinity, and a 
 soldier who lets his sword out to the 
 highest bidder. The character is original 
 and well drawn. — Sir W. Scott, Legend 
 of Jlontrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 It was an old fortalice. but is now reduced to the 
 dimensions of a "sconce" chat would have delighted the 
 ffrate-ic soul of Di'gald Dalgetty. of DrunHhwackeL — 
 Yates, Celebrities, etc., 45. 
 
 *** The original of this character was 
 Munro, who wrote an account of the 
 campaigns of that band of Scotch and 
 English auxiliaries in the island of 
 Swinemtinde, in 1630. Munro was himself 
 one of the band. Dugald Dalgetty is one 
 of the. best of Scott's characters. 
 
 Dalton (Mrs.), housekeeper to the 
 Rev. Mr. Staunton, of Willingham Rec- 
 tory.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Dalton (Reginald), the hero of a novel 
 so called, by J. G. Lockhart (1S32) 
 
 Dalzsll (General Thomas), in tho 
 roval armv of Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, 
 
 Old Mortality (1816). 
 
 Damascus of the .North.. Bosna- 
 Serai, capital of Bosnia, is so called from 
 its garden-like asj>ect, trees being every- 
 where mingled with the houses. 
 
 Dame du Lac, Yivienne le Fay. 
 The lake was "en la marche de la peti'to 
 Bretaigne ; " "en ce lieu . . . avoit la 
 dame moult de belles maisons et moult 
 riches." 
 
 Dame du Lac, Sebille (2 syl.). Her 
 •castle was surrounded by a river on which 
 rested so thick a fog that no eye could 
 see across it. Alexander the Great 
 abode a fortnight with this fay, to be 
 cured of his wounds, and king Arthur 
 was the result of their amour. (This ia 
 not in accordance with the general 
 legends of this noted hero. See Ar- 
 thur.) — Perceforest, i. 42. 
 
 Dam/ian, a squire attending on the 
 Grand-Master of the Knights Templars. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time. Richard I.). 
 
 Damiot'ti (Dr. Baptisti), a Paduan 
 quack, who exhibits " the enchanted 
 mirror " to lady Forester and lady Both- 
 well. They see therein the clandestine 
 marriage and infidelity of sir Philip 
 Forester. — Sir W. Scott" Aunt Margaret's 
 Mirror (time, William III.). 
 
 Damis [Dah.me~\, son of Orgon and 
 Elmire (2 syl.), impetuous and self- 
 willed.— Moliere, Tartuffe (1664). 
 
 Damn "with. Faint Praise. 
 
 Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer. 
 And without sneering teach the rest to sneer. 
 
 Pope. Prologue to the Satires. 201 (1734). 
 
 Damno'riii, the people of Damno'- 
 nium, that is, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset- 
 shire, and part of Somersetshire. This 
 region, says Richard of Cirencester (Hist. 
 vi. 18) was much frequented by the 
 Phoenician, Greek, and Gallic merchants, 
 for the metals with which it abounded, 
 and particularly for its tin. 
 
 Wherein our Devonshire now and farthest Cornwal are, 
 The old Danniouii [sic] dwelt 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion. rri. (1613). 
 
 Dam'ocles (3 syl.), a sycophant, in the 
 court of Dionys'iusthe Eider, of Syracuse. 
 After extolling the felicity of princes, 
 Dionysius told him he would give him 
 experimental proof thereof. Accordingly 
 he had the courtier arrayed in royal robe3 
 and seated at a sumptuous banquet, but 
 overhead was a sword suspended fcy . 
 
DAMCETAS. 
 
 234 
 
 DANAID, 
 
 single horsehair, and Damocles was afraid 
 to stir, lest the hair should break and the 
 sword fall on him. Dionysius thus inti- 
 mated that the lives of kings are threatened 
 every hour of the day. — Cicero. 
 
 Let us who have not our names in the Red Book con- 
 sole ourselves by thinking comfortably how miserable our 
 belters may be, and that Damocles, who sits on satia 
 cushions, and is served on gold plate, has an awful sword 
 hanging over his head, in the shape of a bailiff, or heredi- 
 tary disease, or family secret — Xhackeray, Vanity Fair, 
 xlvii. (1848). 
 
 Damce'tas, a herdsman. Theocritos 
 and Virgil use the name in their pastorals. 
 
 And oldDamcetas loved to hear our song. 
 
 Milum, Lycidas (1638). 
 
 Da'mon, a goat-herd in Virgil's third 
 Eclogue. Walsh introduces the same 
 name in his Eclogues also. Any rustic, 
 swain, or herdsman. 
 
 Damon and Delia. Damon asks 
 Delia why she looks so coldly on him. 
 She replies because of his attentions to 
 P.elvidera. He says he paid these atten- 
 tions at her own request, " to hide the 
 secret of their mutual love." Delia con- 
 fesses that his prudence is commendable, 
 but his acting is too earnest. To this he 
 rejoins that she alone holds his heart; and 
 Delia replies : 
 
 Tho" well I might your truth mistrust. 
 My foolish heart believes you just ; 
 Reason this faith may disapprove, 
 
 But 1 believe, because 1 love. 
 
 Lord Lyttleton. 
 
 Damon and Musido'ra, two 
 lovers who misunderstood each other. 
 Musidora was coy, and Damon thought 
 her shyness indicated indifference ; but 
 one day he saw her bathing, and his 
 delicacy on the occasion so charmed the 
 maiden that she at once accepted his 
 proffered love. — Thomson, The Seasons 
 [" Summer," 1727). 
 
 Da'mon and Pyth'ias. Damon, 
 & senator of Syracuse, was by nature hot- 
 mettled, but 'was schooled by Pytha- 
 gore'an philosophy into a Stoic coldness 
 and slowness of speech. He was a fast 
 friend of the republic, and when Dio- 
 nysius was made "king" by a vote of 
 the senate, Damon upbraided the be- 
 trayers of his country, and pronounced 
 Dionysius a "tyrant." For this he was 
 seized, and as he tried to stab Dionysius, 
 he was condemned to instant death. 
 Damon now craved respite for four hours 
 to bid farewell to his wife and child, but 
 the request was denied him. On his way 
 to execution, his friend Pythias en- 
 countered him, and obtained permission 
 of Dion\sius to become his surety, and 
 
 to die in his stead, if within four hours 
 Damon did not return. Dionysius not 
 only accepted the bail, but extended the 
 leave to six hours. When Damon reached 
 his country villa, Lucullus killed his 
 horse to prevent his return ; but Damon, 
 seizing the horse of a chance traveller, 
 reached Syracuse just as the executioner 
 was preparing to put Pythias to death. 
 Dionysius so admired this proof of 
 friendship, that he forgave Damon, and 
 requested to be taken into his friendship. 
 
 This subject was dramatized in 1571 by 
 Richard Edwards, and again in 1825 by 
 John Banim. • 
 
 (The classic name of Pythias is "Phin- 
 tias.") 
 
 Damsel or Damoiseau (in Italian, 
 donzel ; in Latin, domisellus), one of the 
 gallant youths domiciled in the maison du 
 roi. These youths were always sons of 
 the greater vassals. Louis VII. (le 
 Jeune) was called "The Royal Damsel ;" 
 and at one time the royal body-guard 
 was called "The King's Damsels." 
 
 Damsel of Brittany, Eleanor, 
 daughter of Geoffrey (second son of 
 Henry II. of England). After the death 
 of Arthur, his sister Eleanor was next in 
 succession to the crown, but John, who 
 had caused Arthur's death, confined 
 Eleanor in Bristol Castle, where she re- 
 mained till her death, in 1241. 
 
 D'Amville (2 syl), "the atheist," 
 with the assistance of Borachio, murdered 
 Montferrers, his brother, for his estates. 
 — Cyril Tourneur, The Atheist's Tragedy 
 (seventeenth century). 
 
 Dam'yan (3 syl.), the lover of May 
 (the youthful bride of January a Lombard 
 knight, GO years of age). — Chaucer, Can- 
 terbury Tales ("The Merchant's Tale," 
 1388). 
 
 Dan of the Howlet Hirst, the 
 
 dragon of the revels at Kennaquhair 
 Abbey.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot and 
 The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Dan'ae (3 syl.), an Argive princess, 
 visited by Zeus [Jupiter] in the form of 
 a shower'of gold, while she was confined 
 in an inaccessible tower. 
 
 Danaid (3 syl.). Dan'aus had fifty 
 daughters, called the Danaids or Da- 
 na'ides. These fifty women married the 
 fifty sons of iEgyptus, and (with one 
 exception) murdered their husbands on 
 the night of their espousals. For this 
 
DANAW". 
 
 235 
 
 DANTE AND BEATRICE. 
 
 crime they were doomed in hades to 
 pour water everlastingly into sieves. 
 
 Let not your prudence, dearest, drowse, or prove 
 The Danaid of a leaky vase. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, iL 
 
 *** The one who spared her husband 
 was Hypermnestra, whose husband's 
 name was Lynceus \_Lin' ,suse~[. 
 
 Dan'aw, the German word for the 
 Dan'ube, used by Milton in his Paradise 
 Lost, i. 353 (1665). 
 
 Dancing Chancellor {The), sir 
 Christopher Hatton, who attracted the 
 attention of queen Elizabeth by his grace- 
 ful dancing at a masque. She took him 
 into favour, and made him both chan- 
 cellor and knight of the Garter (died 
 1591). 
 
 *„.* Mons. de Lauzun, the favourite of 
 Louis XIV., owed his fortune to his 
 grace in dancing in the king's quadrille. 
 
 .Many more than one nobleman owed the favour he 
 enjoyed at court to the way he pointed his toe or moved 
 his leg. — A. Dumas, Taking the Hostile. 
 
 .Dancing Water (The), from the 
 Burning Forest. This water had the 
 power of imparting youthful beauty to 
 those who used it. Prince Chery, aided 
 by a dove, obtained it for Fairstar. 
 
 The dancing water is the eighth wonder of the world. 
 It beautifies ladies, makes them young again, and even 
 enriches them. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Prin- 
 cess Fairstar," 16S2). 
 
 Dandies (The prince of), Beau Brum- 
 mel (1778-1840). 
 
 Dandin (George), a rich French 
 tradesman, who marries Ang'elique, the 
 daughter of Mons. le baron de Sotenville, 
 and has the "privilege" of paying off 
 the family debts, maintaining his wife's 
 noble parents, and being snubbed on all 
 occasions to his heart's content. He 
 constantly said to himself, in self -rebuke, 
 Vous l'avez voulu, vous l'avez voulu, George 
 Dandin! ("You have no one to blame 
 but yourself ! you brought it on yourself, 
 George Dandin ! ") 
 
 Vous l'avez voulu, vous l'avez voulu, George Dandin ! 
 tous l'avez volu ! . . . voi:s avez justement ce que vous 
 meritez.— Molieie, George Dandin, i. 9 (1668). 
 
 " Well, tu Vas voulu, George Dandin," she said, with a 
 smile, "you were determined on it, and must bear the 
 consequences."— I'ercy Fitzgerald, The Parvenu Family, 
 ii. '262. 
 
 *** There is no such phrase in the 
 comedy as Tu Vas voulu, it is always Vous 
 l'avez voulu. 
 
 Dan'dolo (Signer), a friend to Fazio 
 in prosperity, but who turns from him 
 wvien in disgrace. He says : 
 
 Signor, I am paramount 
 In all affairs of boot and spur and hose; 
 
 In matters of the robe and cap supreme ; 
 In ruff disputes, my lord, there's no appesi 
 From my irrefragibility. 
 
 Dean Mihnan, Fazio, iL 1 (1818). 
 
 Danelagh (2 sgl.), the fifteen 
 counties in which the Danes settled in 
 England, viz., Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk, 
 Norfolk, Herts, Cambs., Hants, Lincoln, 
 Notts., Derby, Northampton, Leicester- 
 shire, Bucks., Beds., and the vast ter- 
 ritory called Northumbria. — Bromton 
 Chronicle (printed 1652). 
 
 Dangeau (Jouer a la), to play as 
 good a hand at cards as Philippe de 
 Courcillon, marquis de Dangeau (1638- 
 1720). 
 
 Dan'gerfield (Captain), a hired wit- 
 ness in the " Popish Plot." — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fever il of the Peak (time, Charles 
 IL). 
 
 Dangle, a gentleman bitten with the 
 theatrical mania, who annoys a manager 
 with impertinent flattery and advice. It 
 is said that Thomas Vaughan, a play- 
 wright of small reputation, was the 
 original of this character. — Sheridan, 
 The Critic (see act i. 1), (1779). 
 
 The latter portion of the sentence is intelligible . . . 
 hut the rest reminds us of Mr. Dangle's remark, that the 
 interpreter appears the harder to be understood of the 
 two. — Eneyc. Brit. Art. "Romance." 
 
 Dan'hasch, one of the genii who 
 did not " acknowledge thegreat Solomon." 
 When the princess Badoura in her sleep 
 was carried to the bed of prince Camaral'- 
 zaman that she might see him, Danhasch 
 changed himself into a flea, and bit her 
 lip, at which Badoura awoke, saw the 
 prince sleeping by her side, and after- 
 wards became his wife. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 
 
 Daniel, son of Widow Lackitt ; a 
 wealthy Indian planter. A noodle of the 
 softest mould, whom Lucy Weldon mar- 
 ries for his money. — Thomas Southern, 
 Oroonoko (1696). 
 
 Dan'nischemend, the Persian 
 sorcerer, mentioned in Donnerhugel's 
 narrative. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Dante and Beatrice. Some say 
 that Beatrice, in Dante's Divina Coin- 
 media, merely personifies faith ; others 
 think it a real character, and say she was 
 the daughter of an illustrious family of 
 Portinari, for whom the poet entertained 
 a purely platonic affection. She meets 
 the poet after he bas been dragged 
 through the river Lethe (Purgatory % 
 xxxi.), and conducts him through para- 
 
DANTON OF THE CEVENNES. 236 
 
 DARGONET. 
 
 disc. Beatrice Portina'ri married Simon 
 de Bardi, and died at the age of 24 ; 
 Dante Ava3 a few months older. 
 
 8ome persons say that Dante meant Theology 
 By Beatrice, and not a mistress ; I . . . 
 Deem tills a commentator's phantasy. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 11 (1820). 
 
 *** The poet married Gemma, of the 
 powerful house of Donati. (See Loves.) 
 
 Dante's Beard. All the pictures of 
 Dante which I have seen represent him 
 without any heard or hair on his face at 
 all ; but in Purgatory, xxxi., Beatrice 
 says to him, "Raise thou thy beard, and 
 lo ! what sight shall do," i.e. lift up 
 your face and look about you ; and he 
 adds, " No sooner lifted I mine aspect up 
 . . . than niine eyes {encountered^ Bea- 
 trice." 
 
 Danton of the Cevennes, 
 Pierre Seguier, prophet and preacher of 
 Magistavols, in France. He was a leader 
 amongst the Camisards. 
 
 Dan vers (Charles), an embryo bar- 
 rister of the Middle Temple. — C. Selby, 
 The Unfinished Gentleman. 
 
 Daph'ne (2 syl.), daughter of Sileno 
 and Mysis, and sister of Nysa. The 
 favourite of Apollo while sojourning on 
 earth in the character of a shepherd lad 
 named " Pol." — Kane OTlara, Midas (a 
 burletta, 1778). 
 
 (In classic mythology Daphne fled 
 from the amorous god, and escaped by 
 being changed into a laurel.) 
 
 Daph/nis, a beautiful Sicilian shep- 
 herd, the inventor of bucolic poetry. He 
 was a son of Mercury, and friend both of 
 Pan and of Apollo. 
 
 Daph'nis, the modest shepherd. 
 
 This is that modest shepherd, be 
 That only dare salute, hut r.e er could be 
 Brought to kiss any, hold discourse, or sing, 
 Whisper, or boldly ask. 
 John Fletcher, The faithful Shepherdess, L 3 (1610). 
 
 Daph'nis and Chlo'e, a prose- 
 pastoral love story in Greek, by Longos 
 (a Byzantine), not unlike the tale of 
 The Gentle Shepherd, by Allan Ramsay. 
 Gessner has also imitated the Greek 
 romance in his idyll called Daphnis. 
 In this love story Longos says he was 
 hunting in Lesbos, and saw in a grove 
 consecrated to the nymphs a beautiful 
 picture of children exposed, lovers 
 plighting their faith, and the incursions 
 of pirates, which he now expresses and 
 dedicates to Pan, Cupid, and the nymphs. 
 Daphnis, of course, is the lover of Chloe. 
 
 (Probably this Greek pastoral story I 
 
 suggested to St. Pierre his story of Ftiul 
 and Virginia. Gay has a poem entitled 
 Daphnis and Chloe.) 
 
 Dapper, a lawyer's clerk, who went 
 to Subtle " the alchemist," to be sup- 
 plied with "a familiar" to make him 
 Avin in horse-racing, cards, and all games 
 of chance. Dapper is told to prepare 
 himself for an interview with the fairy 
 queen by taking "three drops of vinegar 
 in at the nose, two at the mouth, and 
 one at either ear," " to cry hum thrice 
 and buzz as often." — Ben Jonson, The 
 Alchemist (1610). 
 
 Dapple, the donkey ridden by Sancho 
 Panza, in Cervantes' romance of Don 
 Quixote (1605-1615). 
 
 Darby and Joan. This ballad, 
 called The Happy Old Couple, is printed 
 in the Gentleman's Magazine, v. 153 
 (March, 1735). It is also in Plumptre'a 
 Collection of Songs, 152 (Camb. 1805), 
 with the music. The words are some- 
 times attributed to Prior, and the first 
 line favours the notion : " Dear Chloe, 
 while thus beyond measure ; " only Prior 
 always spells Chloe without " h." 
 
 Darby and Joan are an old-fashioned, 
 loving couple, wholly averse to change 
 of any sort. It is generally said that 
 Henry Woodfall was the author of the 
 ballad, and that the originals were John 
 Darby (printer, of Bartholomew Close, 
 who * died 17o0) and his wife Joan. 
 Woodfall served his apprenticeship with 
 John Darby. 
 
 " You may be a Darby [Mr. J/ardcastle], but I'll be no 
 Joan, I promise you." — Goldsmith, She Stoops toComjuer, 
 i. 1 (1773). 
 
 Dardu-Xie'na, the daughter of Fol- 
 dath general of the Fir-bolg or Belgse 
 settled in the south of Ireland. When 
 Foldath fell in battle, 
 
 His soul rushed to the vale of Mona, to Dardii-Lena'* 
 dream, by Dalrutho's stream, where she slept, returning 
 from the chase of hinds. Her bow is near the maid, 
 unstrung. . . . Clothed in the beauty of youth, the love 
 of heroes lay. Dark-bending from . . . the wood her 
 wounded father seemed to come. He appeared at times, 
 then hid himself in mist. Bursting into tears, she arose. 
 She knew that the chief was low. . . . Thou wert the 
 last of his race, O blue-eyed Dardu-Lena 1 — Ossian, 
 Temora, v. 
 
 Dare. Humani nihil a me alienum ess* 
 puto. — Terence. 
 
 I dare do all that may become a man. 
 Who dares do more is none. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 7 (1608). 
 
 Dargo, the spear of Ossian son of 
 Fingal. — Ossian, Calthon and Colmal. 
 
 Dar'gonet " the Tall," son of A«- 
 
DARIUS AND HIS HORSE. 
 
 237 
 
 D'ASUMAR. 
 
 tolplio, and brother of Paradine. In the 
 tight provoked by Oswald against duke 
 Gondibert, which was decided by four 
 combatants against four, Dargonet was 
 slain by Hugo the Little. Dargonet and 
 his brother were rivals for the love of 
 Laura. — Sir "Wm. Davenant, Gondibert, 
 i. (died 1GG8). 
 
 Dari'us and His Horse. The 
 seven candidates for the throne of Persia 
 agreed that he should be king whose 
 horse neighed first. As the horse of 
 Darius was the first to neigh, Darius was 
 proclaimed king. 
 
 That brave Scythian, 
 Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing 
 Thau all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 
 
 Lord Brooks 
 
 (All the south of Russia and west of 
 Asia waa called Scythia.) 
 
 Darlemont, guardian and maternal 
 uncle of Julio of Harancour ; formerly a 
 merchant. He takes possession of the 
 inheritance of his ward by foul means, 
 but is proud as Lucifer, suspicious, ex- 
 acting, and tyrannical. Every one fears 
 him ; no one loves him. — Thorn. Hol- 
 croft, Deaf and Duinh (1785). 
 
 Darling {Grace), daughter of William 
 Darling, lighthouse-keeper on Longstone, 
 one of the Fame Islands. On the morn- 
 ing of September 7, 1838, Grace and her 
 father saved nine of the crew of the 
 Forfarshire steamer, wrecked among the 
 Fame Islands opposite Bamborough 
 Castle (1815-1842). 
 
 Darnay (Charles), the lover and 
 afterwards the husband of Lucie Ma- 
 nette. He bore a strong likeness to 
 Sydney Carton, and was a noble character, 
 worthy of Lucie. His real name was 
 Evre'monde. — C. Dickens, A Tale of Two 
 Cities (1859). 
 
 Darnel (Aurclia), a character in 
 Smollett's novel entitled TJie Adventures 
 of Sir Launcelot Greaves (17G0). 
 
 Darnley, the amant of Charlotte 
 [Lambert], in The Hypocrite, by Isaac 
 Bickerstaif. In Moliere's comedy of 
 Tartwfe, Charlotte is called " Mariane," 
 and Darnley is " Yalere." 
 
 Dar'-Thula, daughter of Colla, and 
 '•' fairest of Erin's maidens." She fell in 
 love with Nathos, one of the three sons 
 nf Usnoth lord of Etha (in Argyllshire). 
 Cairbar, the rebel, was also in love with 
 her, but his suit was rejected. Nathos 
 was made commander of king Cormac's 
 
 army at the death of Cuthullin, and for 
 a time upheld the tottering throne. But 
 the rebel grew stronger and stronger, 
 and at length found means to murder 
 the young king ; whereupon the army 
 under Nathos deserted. Nathos was now 
 obliged to quit Ireland, and Dar-Thula 
 fled with him. A storm drove the vessel 
 back to Ulster, where Cairbar was en- 
 camped, and Nathos, with his two 
 brothers, being overpowered by numbers, 
 fell. Dar-Thula was arrayed as a young 
 warrior ; but when her lover was slain 
 "her shield fell from her arm; her 
 breast of snow appeared, but it was 
 stained with blood. An arrow was fixed 
 in her side," and her dying blood was 
 mingled with that of the three brothers. 
 — Ossian, Dar-Thula (founded on the 
 story of " Deirdri," i. Trans, of tl\e. 
 Gaelic Soc). 
 
 Dar'tle (Rosa), companion of Mrs. 
 Steerforth. She loved Mrs. Steerforth's 
 son, but her love was not reciprocated. 
 Miss Dartle is a vindictive woman, noted 
 for a scar on her lip, which told tales 
 when her temper was aroused. This scar 
 was from a wound given by young Steer- 
 forth, who struck her on the lip when a 
 bov. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
 (1849). 
 
 Darwin's Missing Link, the 
 link between the monkey and man. 
 According to Darwin, the present host 
 of animal life began from a few elemental 
 forms, which developed, and by natural 
 selection propagated certain types of 
 animals, while others less suited to the 
 battle of life died out. Thus, beginning 
 with the larvte of ascidians (a marine 
 mollusc), we get by development to fish 
 lowly organized (as the Lancelot), thence 
 to ganoids and other rish, then to amphi- 
 bians. From amphibians we get to birds 
 and reptiles, and thence to mammals, 
 among which comes the monkey, between 
 which and man is a Missing Lixk. 
 
 Dashall (The Hon. Tom), cousin of 
 Tally-ho. The rambles and adventures 
 of these two blades are related bv Pierce 
 Egan (1821-1822). 
 
 D'Asumar (Count), au old Nestor, 
 who fancied nothing was so good as when 
 he was a young man. 
 
 " Alas ! I see no men nowadays comparable to those 
 I knew heretofore ; and the tournaments are not per- 
 formed with halt the magnificence as when I was a young 
 man. . . ." Seeing some fine peaches served up, he 
 observed, ''In my time, the peaches were much largtr 
 than they arc at present ; nature degenerates every da} ." 
 
DAUGHTER. 
 
 238 
 
 DAVID. 
 
 "At that rate," said his companion, smiling, "the 
 peaches of Adam's time must have been wonderfully 
 Urge."— Lesage, Oil Bias, iv. 7 (1724). 
 
 Daughter {The), a drama by S. 
 Knowles (1836). Marian, "daughter" 
 of Robert, once a wrecker, was betrothed 
 to Edward, a sailor, who went on his last 
 voyage, and intended then to marry her. 
 During his absence a storm at sea arose, 
 a body was washed ashore, and Robert 
 went down to plunder it. Marian went 
 to look for her father and prevent his 
 robbing those washed ashore by the 
 waves, when she saw in the dusk some 
 one stab a wrecked body. It was Black 
 Norris, but she thought it was her father. 
 Robert being taken up, Marian gave 
 witness against him, and he was con- 
 demned to death. Norris said he would 
 save her father if she would marry him, 
 and to this she consented ; but on the 
 wedding day Edward returned. Norris 
 was taken up for murder, and Marian 
 was saved. 
 
 Daughter with Her Murdered 
 Father's Head. Margaret Roper, 
 daughter of sir Thomas More, obtained 
 privately the head of her father, which 
 had been exposed for some days on 
 London Bridge, and buried it in St. 
 Dunstan's Church, Canterbury (1535). 
 Tennyson alludes to this in the following 
 lines : — . 
 
 Morn broadened on the borders of the dark, 
 Kre I saw her who clasped in her last trance 
 lies murdered father's head. 
 
 The head of the young earl of Derwent- 
 water was exposed on Temple Bar in 
 1716. His wife drove in a cart under 
 the arch, and a man, hired for the pur- 
 pose, threw the young earl's head into 
 the cart, that it might be decently buried. 
 — Sir Bernard Burke. 
 
 Mdlle. de Sombreuil, daughter of the 
 comte de Sombreuil, insisted on sharing 
 her father's prison during the "Reign of 
 Terror," and in accompanying him to the 
 guillotine. 
 
 Dauphin (Le Grand), Louis due de 
 Bourgogne, eldest son of Louis XIV., 
 for whom was published the Delphine 
 Classics (1661-1711). 
 
 Dauphin (Le Petit), son of the "Grand 
 Dauphin" (1682-1712). 
 
 Daura, daughter of Armin. She 
 was betrothed to Armar, son of Armart, 
 Erath a rival lover having been rejected 
 by her. One day, disguised as an old 
 grey-beard, Erath told Daura that he 
 was sent to conduct her to Armar, who 
 
 was waiting for her. Without 'the 
 slightest suspicion, she followed her 
 guide, who took her to a rock in the 
 midst of the sea, and there left her. 
 Her brother Arindal, returning from the 
 chase, saw Erath on the shore, and 
 bound him to an oak ; then pushing off 
 the boat, went to fetch back his sister. 
 At this crisis Armar came up, and dis- 
 charged his arrow at Erath ; but the 
 arrow struck Arindal, and killed him. 
 "The boat broke in twain," and Armar 
 plunged into the sea to rescue his be- 
 trothed ; but a " sudden blast from the 
 hills struck him, and he sank to rise no 
 more." Daura was rescued by her father, 
 but she haunted the shore all night in a 
 drenching rain. Next day "her voice 
 grew very feeble ; it died away ; and, 
 spent with grief, she expired." — Ossian, 
 Sonjs of Selma. 
 
 Davenant {Lord), a bigamist. One 
 wife was Marianne Dormer, whom he 
 forsook in three months. It was given 
 out that he was dead, and Marianne 
 in time married lord Davenant's son. 
 His other wife was Louisa Travers, who 
 was engaged to captain Dormer, but 
 was told that the captain was faithless 
 and had married another. When the 
 villainy of his lordship could be no longer 
 concealed, he destroyed himself. 
 
 Ladt/ Davenant, one of the tw r o wives 
 of lord Davenant. She Avag ''a faultless 
 wife," with beauty to attract affection, 
 and every womanly grace. 
 
 Charles Davenant, a son of lord Dave- 
 nant, who married Marianne Dormer, his 
 father's wife. — Cumberland, Vhe Mys- 
 terious Husband (1733). 
 
 Davenant (Will), a supposed descend- 
 ant from Shakespeare, and Wildrake's 
 friend. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstwk (time, 
 the Commonwealth). 
 
 David, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, is meant for Cbnrles J I. 
 As David's beloved son Absalom rebelled 
 against him, so the duke of Monmouth 
 rebelled against his father Charles II. 
 As Achitophel was a traitorous counsellor 
 to David, so was the earl of Shaftesbury 
 to Charles II. As Husha'i outwitted 
 Achitophel, so Hyde (duke of Rochester) 
 outwitted the earl of Shaftesbury, ^tc., 
 etc. 
 
 Auspicious prince. 
 
 Thy longing country s darling and desire. 
 Their cloudy pillar, and their guardian fire . . . 
 The people's prayer, the glad diviner's theme. 
 The young men's vision, and the old men's dream. 
 Dryden, AUtalom and Achitophel, i 110*1) 
 
DAVID. 
 
 239 
 
 DAWSON. 
 
 Divid, king of North Wales, eldest 
 son of Owen, by his second Avife. Owen 
 died in 1169. David married Emma 
 Plantagenet, a Saxon princess. He slew 
 his brother Hoel and his half-brother 
 Yorwerth (son of Owen by his first wife), 
 who had been set aside from the succes- 
 sion in consequence of a blemish in the 
 face. He also imprisoned his brother 
 llodri, and drove others into exile. 
 Madoc, one of his brothers, went to 
 America, and established there a Welsh 
 colony. — Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 David (St.), son of Xantus prince of 
 Cereticu (Cardiganshire) and the nun Ma- 
 learia. He was the uncle of king Arthur. 
 St. David first embraced the ascetic life 
 in the Isle of Wight, but subsequently 
 removed to Menevia, in Pembrokeshire, 
 where he founded twelve convents. In 
 577 the archbishop of Caerleon resigned 
 nis see to him, and St. David removed 
 the seat of it to Menevia, which was sub- 
 sequently called St. David's, and became 
 the metropolis of Wales. He died at the 
 age of 140", in the year 642. The waters 
 of Bath "owe their warmth and salutary 
 qualities to the benediction of this saint." 
 Drayton says he lived in the valley of 
 Ewias (2 syl.), between the hills of 
 Hatterill, in Monmouthshire. 
 
 Here, in an aged cell with moss and ivy grown. 
 In which not to this day the sun hath ever shone, 
 That reverend British saint in zealous ages past. 
 To contemplation lived. 
 
 Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 St. Davids Day, March 1. The leek 
 worn by Welshmen on this day is in 
 memory of a complete victory obtained 
 by them over the Saxons (March 1, 640). 
 This victory is ascribed "to the prayers 
 of St. David," and his judicious adoption 
 of a leek in the cap, that the Britons 
 might readily recognize each other. The 
 Saxons, having no badge not unfrc- 
 quently turned their swords p.gainst their 
 own supporters. 
 
 David and Jonathan, inseparable 
 friends. The allusion is to David the 
 psalmist and Jonathan the son of Saul. 
 David's lamentation at the death of 
 Jonathan was never surpassed in pathos 
 and beauty. — 2 Samuel i. 19-27. 
 
 Davie Debet, debt. 
 
 So ofte thy neighbours banquet in thy hall, 
 
 Till Davie Debet in thy parler stand. 
 
 And bid-s the[ej welcome to thine own decay. 
 
 G. Gascoigne, Magnum. Vectigal, etc. (died 1775). 
 
 Davie of Stenhouse, a friend of 
 Hobbie Elliott.— Sir W. Scott, The Black 
 Dwurf (time, Anne). 
 
 Davies (John), an old fisherman 
 employed by Joshua Geddes the quaker. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Ecdgauntlet (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Da'viis, a plain, uncouth servitor ; 
 a common name for a slave in Greek and 
 Roman plays, as in the Andria of 
 Terence. 
 
 His face made of brass, like a vice in a game, 
 His gesture like Davus, whom Terence doth name. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Oood 
 Husbandry, liv. (1557). 
 
 Davus sum, non (E'dipus. I am a 
 homely man, and do not understand 
 hints, innuendoes, and riddles, like (Edi- 
 pus. (Edipus was the Theban who 
 expounded the riddle of the Sphinx, that 
 puzzled all his countrymen. Davus was 
 the stock name of a servant or slave in 
 Latin comedies. The proverb is used by 
 Terence, Andria, 1, 2, 23. 
 
 Davy, the varlet of justice Shallow, 
 who so identifies himself with his master 
 that he considers himself half host half 
 varlet. Thus when he seats Bardolph 
 and Page at table, he tells them they 
 must take "his" good will for their 
 assurance of welcome. — Shakespeare, 2 
 Henry IV. (1598). 
 
 Daw (Sir David), a rich, dunder- 
 headed baronet of Monmouthshire, with- 
 out wit, words, or worth, but believing 
 himself somebody, and fancying himself 
 a sharp fellow, because his servants laugh 
 at his good sayings, and his mother call? 
 him a wag. Sir David pays his suit to 
 Miss [Emily] Tempest ; but as the affec- 
 tions of the young lady are fixed on 
 Henry Woodville, the baron goes to the 
 wall. — Cumberland, The Wheel of For- 
 tune (1779). 
 
 Dawfyd, "the one-eyed" freebooter 
 chief. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed 
 (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Dawkins (Jack), known by the 
 sobriquet of the "Artful Dodger." He 
 is one of Fagin's tools. Jack Dawkins is 
 a young scamp of unmitigated villainy, 
 and full of artifices, but of a cheery, 
 buoyant temper. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
 Twist, viii. (1837). 
 
 Dawson (Bully), a London sharper, 
 bully, and debauchee of the seventeenth 
 century. — See Spectator, No. 2. 
 
 Bully Dawson kicked by half the town, and half th» 
 town kicked by Bully Dawson.— Charles Lamb. 
 
 Dawson (Jemmy). Captain James Daw- 
 son was one of the eight officers belong- 
 ing to the Manchester volunteers in the 
 
DAWSON. 
 
 240 
 
 DAYS RECURRENT, ETC. 
 
 service of Charles Edward, the young 
 pretender. He was a very amiable 
 young man, engaged to a young lady of 
 family and fortune, who went in her 
 carriage to witness his execution for 
 treason. When the body was drawn, i.e. 
 embowelled, and the heart thrown into the 
 fire, she exclaimed, "James Dawson!" 
 and expired. Shenstone has made this 
 the subject of a tragic ballad. 
 
 Young Dawson was a gallant youth, 
 
 A brighter never trod the plain ; 
 And well he loved one charming maid, 
 
 And dearly was he loved again. 
 
 Shenstone, Jemmy Dawson. 
 
 Dawson (Phoebe), "the pride of Lam- 
 mas Fair," courted by all the smartest 
 young men of the village, but caught 
 "by the sparkling eyes" and ardent 
 words of a tailor. Phoebe had by him a 
 child before marriage, and after marriage 
 he turned a " captious tyrant and a noisy 
 sot." Poor Phoebe drooped, "pinched 
 were her looks, as one who pined for 
 bread," and in want and sickness she 
 sank into an early tomb. 
 
 This sketch is one of the best in Crabbe's 
 Parish Register (1807). 
 
 Day (Justice), a pitiable hen-pecked 
 husband, who always addresses his wife 
 as "duck" or " duckie." 
 
 Mrs. Pay, wife of the " justice," full 
 of vulgar dignity, overbearing, and loud. 
 She was formerly the kitchen-maid of 
 her husband's father ; but being raised 
 from the kitchen to the parlour, became 
 my lady paramount. 
 
 In the comedy from which this farce is 
 taken, " Mrs. Day "was the kitchen-maid 
 in the family of colonel Careless, and 
 went by the name of Gillian. In her 
 exalted state she insisted on being ad- 
 dressed as "Your honour" or "Your 
 ladyship." 
 
 Margaret Woffington [1718-1760], in "Mrs. Day," 
 made no scruple to disguise her beautiful face by drawing 
 on it the lines of deformity, and to put on the tawdry 
 habiliments and vulgar manners of an old hypocritical 
 city vixen.— Thomas Davies. 
 
 Abel Day, a puritanical prig, who can 
 do nothing without Obadiah. This 
 «* downright ass" (act i. 1) aspires to the 
 hand of the heiress Arabella. — T. Knight, 
 The Honest Thieves. 
 
 This farce is a mere re'chauffe'oi The 
 Committee, a comedy by the Hon. siT 
 R. Howard (1670). The names of "Day," 
 "Obadiah," and "Arabella" are the 
 name. 
 
 Day (Ferquhard), the absentee from 
 the clan Chattan ranks at the conllict. — 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 Day of the Barricades, May 12, 
 1588, when Henri de Guise returned to 
 Paris in defiance of the king's order. 
 The king sent for his Swiss guards, and 
 the Parisians tore up the pavements, 
 threw chains across the streets, and piled 
 up barrels filled with earth and stones, 
 behind which they shot down the Swiss 
 as they paraded the streets. The king 
 begged the duke to put an end to the con- 
 flict, and fled. 
 
 Another Journe'e des Parricades was 
 August 27, 1688, the commencement of 
 the Fronde war. 
 
 Another was June 27, 1830, the- first 
 day of the grand scmain which drove 
 Charles X. from the throne. 
 
 Another was February 24, 1848, when 
 Afire, archbishop of Paris, was shot in 
 his attempt to quell the insurrection. 
 
 Another was December 2, 1851, the 
 day of the coup d'etat, when Louis 
 Napoleon made his appeal to the people 
 for re-election to the presidency for ten 
 years. 
 
 Day of the Cornsacks (Journe'e 
 des Farines), January 3, 1591, when some 
 of the partizans of 'Henri IV., disguised 
 as millers, attempted to get possession of 
 the barrier de St. Honore (Paris), with 
 the view of making themselves masters 
 of the city. In this they failed. 
 
 Day of the Dupes, November 11, 
 1630. The dupes were Marie de Medicis, 
 Anne of Austria, and Gaston due d'Or- 
 lc'ans, who were outwitted by cardinal 
 Richelieu. The plotters had induced 
 Louis XIII. to dismiss his obnoxious 
 minister, whereupon the cardinal went 
 at once to resign the seals of office ; the 
 king repented, re-established the cardinal, 
 and he became more powerful than ever. 
 
 Days Recurrent in the Lives 
 of G-reat Men. 
 
 Becket. Tuesday was Beckec's day. 
 He was born on a Tuesday, and on a 
 Tuesday was assassinated. He was 
 baptized on a Tuesday, took his flight 
 from Northampton on a Tuesday, with- 
 drew to France on a Tuesday, had 
 his vision of martyrdom on a Tuesday, 
 returned to England on a Tuesday, his 
 body was removed from the crypt to the 
 shrine on a Tuesday, and on Tuesday 
 (April 13, 1875) cardinal Manning conse- 
 crated the new church dedicated to St* 
 Thomas a Becket. 
 
DAZZLE. 
 
 241 
 
 DEANS. 
 
 Cromwell's day was September 3. 
 On September 3, 1650, he won the battle 
 of Dunbar; on September 3, 1651, he 
 won the battle of Worcester ; on Septem- 
 ber 3, 1658, he died. 
 
 Harold's day was October 14. It was 
 his birthday, and also the day of his 
 death. William the Conqueror was born 
 on the same day, and, on October 14, 1066, 
 won England by conquest. 
 
 Napoleon's day was August 15, his 
 Krthday ; but his "lucky" day, like 
 that of his nephew, Napoleon III., was 
 the 2nd of the month. He was made 
 consul for life on August 2, 1802 ; was 
 crowned December 2, 1804 ; won his 
 greatest battle, that of Austerlitz, for 
 which he obtained the title of "Great," 
 December 2, 1805 ; married the arch- 
 duchess of Austria April 2, 1810 ; etc. 
 
 Napoleon III. The coup d'etat was 
 December 2, 1851. Louis Napoleon was 
 made emperor December 2, 1852 ; he 
 opened, at Saarbriick, the Franco-German 
 war August 2, 1870 ; and surrendered his 
 sword to Willian»of Prussia, September 2, 
 1870. 
 
 Dazzle, in London Assurance, by 
 D. Boucicault. 
 
 " Dazzle " and " lady Gay Spanker " " act themselves," 
 and will never be dropped out of the list of acting plays. 
 —Percy Fitzgerald. 
 
 De Bourgo ( William), brother of the 
 earl of Ulster and commander of the 
 English forces that defeated Felim 
 O'Connor (1315) at Athunree, in Con- 
 naught. 
 
 Why tho' fallen her brothers kerne [Irish infantry] 
 Beneath De Bourgo's battle stprn. 
 
 Campbell, O'Connor's Child. 
 
 De Courcy, in a romance called 
 Women, by the Rev. C. It. Maturin. An 
 Irishman, made up of contradictions and 
 improbabilities. He is in love with 
 Zaira, a brilliant Italian, and also with 
 her unknown daughter, called Eva Went- 
 worth, a model of purity. Both women 
 are blighted by his inconstancy. Eva 
 dies, but Zaira lives to see De Courcy 
 perish of remorse (1822). 
 
 De Gard, a noble, staid gentleman, 
 newly lighted from his travels ; brother 
 of Oria'na, who "chases" Mi'rabel "the 
 wild goose," and catches him. — Beaumont 
 *nd Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 
 
 De Jj'Epee(Abbe). Seeing a deaf and 
 
 dumb lad abandoned in the streets of 
 
 Paris, he rescues him, and brings him up 
 
 under the name of Theodore. The f ound- 
 
 11 
 
 ling turns out to be Julio count of Har* 
 ancour. 
 
 " In your opinion, who Is the greatest genius that 
 France has ever produced ?" " Science would decide for 
 D'Alembert, and Nature [would J say Buffon ; Wit and 
 Taste [would] present Voltaire ; and Sentiment plead for 
 Rousseau ; but Genius and Humanity cry out for De 
 1'Epee, and him I call the best and greatest of human. 
 creatures." — Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb, iii. 2 
 (1785). 
 
 De Profundis (" out of the 
 
 depths . . ."), the first two words of 
 Psalm cxxx. in the Roman Catholic 
 Liturgy, sung when the dead are com- 
 mitted to the grave. 
 
 At eve, instead of bridal verse. 
 The De Profundis filled the air. 
 
 Longfellow, The Blind Girl 
 
 De Valmont (Count), father of 
 Florian and uncle of Geraldine. During 
 his absence in the wars, he left his kins- 
 man, the baron Longueville, guardian of 
 his castle ; but under the hope of coming 
 into the property, the baron set fire to the 
 castle, intending thereby to kill the wife 
 and her infant boy. When De Valmont 
 returned and knew his losses, he became 
 a wayward recluse, querulous, despondent, 
 frantic at times, and at times most melan- 
 choly. He adopted an infant ' ' found in a 
 forest," who turned out to be his son. His 
 wife was ultimately found, and the vil- 
 lainy of Longueville was brought to light. 
 — W. Dimond, The Foundling of the Forest. 
 
 Many "De Valmonts" I have witnessed in fifty-four 
 years, but have never seen the equal of Joseph George 
 Holnian [1764-1817J.— Donaldson. 
 
 Deaf and Dumb (The), a comedy 
 by Thomas Holcroft. ''The deaf and 
 dumb " boy is Julio count of Harancour, 
 a ward of M. Darlemont, who, in order to 
 get possession of his ward's property, 
 abandons him when very young in the 
 streets of Paris. Here he is rescued by 
 the abbe De l'Epe'e, who brings him up 
 under the name of Theodore. The boy 
 being recognized by his old nurse and 
 others, Darlemont confesses his crime, 
 and Julio is restored to his rank and 
 inheritance. — Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and 
 Dumb (1785). 
 
 Dean of St. Patrick (T7ic), Jona- 
 than Swift, who was appointed to the 
 deanery in 1713, and retained it till his 
 death (1667-1745). 
 
 Deans (Douce Davie), the cowherd 
 at Edinburgh, noted for his religious 
 peculiarities, his magnanimity in affec- 
 tion, and his eccentricities. 
 
 Mistress Rebecca Deans, Douce Davie'" 
 Becond wife. 
 
 Jeanie Deans, daughter of Douce Davie 
 Deans, by his first wife. She marries 
 
DEATH, 
 
 242 
 
 DEBATABLE LAND 
 
 Reuben Butler, the presbyterian minister. 
 Jeanie Deans is a model of good sonse, 
 strong affection, resolution, and dis- 
 interestedness. Her journey from Edin- 
 burgh to London is as interesting as that 
 of Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or 
 of Banyan's pilgrim. 
 
 Ejf.e [Euphonta] Deans, daughter of 
 Douce Davie Deans, by his second wife. 
 She is betrayed by George [after- 
 wards sir George] Staunton (called 
 Geordie Robertson), and imprisoned for 
 child murder. Jeanie goes to the queen 
 and sues for pardon, which is vouchsafed 
 to her, and Staunton does what he can 
 to repair the mischief he has done by 
 marrying Effie, who thus becomes lady 
 Staunton. Soon after this sir George is 
 shot by a gipsy boy, who proves to be 
 his own son, and Effie retires to a convent 
 on the Continent. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 * + * J. E. Millais has a picture of Effie 
 Deans keeping tryst with George Staunton. 
 
 * i * The prototype of Jeanie Deans 
 was Helen Walker, to whose memory 
 sir W. Scott erected a tombstone in 
 lrongray Churchyard (Kirkcudbright). 
 
 Death or Mors. So Tennyson calls 
 sir Ironside the Red Knight of the Red 
 Lands, who kept Lyonors (or Liones) 
 captive in Castle Perilous. The name 
 " Mors," which is Latin, is very incon- 
 sistent -with a purely British tale, and of 
 course does not appear in the original 
 story. — Tennyson, Idylls (" Gareth and 
 Lvnette ") ; sir T. Malorv, History of 
 JPrincc Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470). 
 
 Death (The Ferry of). The ferry of 
 the Irtish, leading to Siberia, is so called 
 because it leads the Russian exile to 
 political and almost certain physical 
 death. To be "laid on the shelf" is to 
 cross the ferry of the Irtish. 
 
 Death from Strange Causes. 
 
 iEsciiYLTjs was killed by the fall of a 
 tortoise on his head from the claws of an 
 eagle in the air. — Pliny, Hist. vii. 7. 
 
 Agatii'oclks (4 syl.), tyrant of Sicily, 
 was killed by a tooth-pick, at the age of 95. 
 
 Asackeok was choked by a grape- 
 Btone. — Pliny, Hist. vii. 7. 
 
 Bassus (Q. lecanius) died from the 
 prick of a fine needle in his left thumb. 
 
 CiiAXCHAS, the soothsayer, died of 
 laughter at the thought of his having 
 outlived the time predicted for his death. 
 
 Charles Till., conducting his queen 
 into a tennis-court, struck nis head against 
 :ht lintel, and it caused his death. 
 
 Fabitjs, the Roman praetor, was choked 
 by a single goat-hair in the milk which 
 he was drinking. — Pliny, Hist. vii. 7. 
 
 Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales, 
 died from the blow of a cricket-ball. 
 
 Itadach died of thirst in the harvest- 
 field, because (in observance of the rule 
 of St. Patrick) he refused to drink a 
 drop of anything. 
 
 Louis VI. met with his death from a 
 pig running under his horse, and causing 
 it to stumble. 
 
 Margutte died of laughter on seeing a 
 monkey tryingto pull on a pair of his boots. 
 
 Philom'exes (4 syl.) died of laughter 
 at seeing an ass eating the figs provided 
 for his own dessert. — Valerius Maxim us. 
 
 Placut (Phillipot) dropped down dead 
 while in the act of paying a bill. — Baca- 
 berry the elder. 
 
 Quenelault, a Norman physician of 
 Montpellier, died from the slight wound 
 made in his hand in the extraction of a 
 splinter. 
 
 Sauteius (Spurius) was choked supping 
 up the albumen of a soft-boiled egg. 
 
 Zeuxts, the painter, died of laughter 
 at sight of a hag which he had just 
 depicted. 
 
 Death Proof of Guilt. When 
 combats and ordeals were appealed to 
 in proof of guilt, in the belief that " God 
 would defend the right," the death of the 
 combatant was his sentence of guilt also. 
 
 Take hence that traitor from our sight. 
 For, hy his death, we do perceive his guilt 
 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act ii. sc 3 (1591). 
 
 Death Ride [The), the charge of 
 the Light Brigade at Balaklava, October 
 25, 1854. In this action GOO English 
 horsemen, under the command of the earl 
 of Cardigan, charged a Russian force of 
 5000 cavalry and six battalions of in- 
 fantry. They galloped through the 
 battery of thirty guns, cutting down 
 the artillerymen, and through the cavalry, 
 but then discovered the battalions, and 
 cut thei r way back again. Of the 670 who 
 advanced to this daring charge, not 200 
 returned. This reckless exploit Avas the 
 result of some misunderstanding in an 
 order from the commander-in-chief. 
 Tennvson has a poem on the subject, 
 called The Charge of the light Brigade. 
 
 For chivalrous devotion and daring, "theDejith Ride" 
 of the Light Brigade will not easily he paralleled.— Sir 
 F-dw. Craisy, The Fifteen Decisive Battles (preface). 
 
 Debatable Land (Tie), a tract of 
 land between the Esk and the Sark. It 
 seems properly to belong to Scotland, bat 
 having been claimed by both crowns was 
 
DEBON. 
 
 243 
 
 DEFARGE. 
 
 styled The Debatable Land. Sir Richard 
 Graham bought of James I. of England a 
 lease of this tract, and got it united to 
 the county of Cumberland. As James 
 ruled over both kingdoms, he "was 
 supremely indifferent to which the plot 
 ■was .annexed. 
 
 Deb'on, one of the companions of 
 Brute. According to British fable, Devon- 
 shire is a corruption of " Debon's-share," 
 or the share of country assigned to Debon. 
 
 Deborah Debbitcli, govemante at 
 lady Peveril's. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
 the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Dec'adi, plu. dec'adis, the holiday 
 every tenth day, in substitution of the 
 Sunday or sabbath, in the first French 
 Revolution. 
 
 All decadi he labours in the corner of the Augustin 
 cloister, and he calls that his hoaday. — TJie Atelier du 
 Lyt, ii. 
 
 Decern Scriptores, a collection 
 of ten ancient chronicles on English 
 history, edited by Twysden and John 
 Selderi. The names of* the chroniclers 
 are Simeon of Durham, John of Hexham, 
 Richard of Hexham, Ailred of Rieval, 
 Ralph de Diceto, John Brompton of 
 Jorval, Gervase of Canterbury, Thomas 
 Stubbs, William Thorn of Canterbury, 
 and Henry Knighton of Leicester. 
 
 De'cius, friend of Antin'ous (4 syl.). 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, Laws of Candy 
 (1647). 
 
 Decree of Fontainebleau, an 
 
 edict of Napoleon I., ordering the destruc- 
 tion by fire of all English goods (dated 
 October 18, 1810, from Fontainebleau). 
 
 Dec'uman Gate, one of the four 
 gates in a Roman camp. It was the gate 
 opposite the praetorian, and furthest from 
 the enemy. Called decuman because the 
 tenth legion was always posted near it. 
 The other two gates (the porta principalis 
 dextra and the porta principalis sinistra) 
 were on the other sides of the square. If 
 the praetorian gate was at the top of this 
 page, the decuman gate would be at the 
 bottom, the porta dextra on the right 
 hand, and the porta sinistra on the left. 
 
 Dedlock (Sir Leicester), bart., who 
 has a general opinion that the world 
 might get on without hills, but would 
 be "totally done up" without Dedlocks. 
 He loves lady Dedlock, and believes in 
 her implicitly. Sir Leicester is honour- 
 able and truthful, but intensely preju- 
 diced, immovably obstinate, and proud 
 as "county" can make a man; but his 
 
 pride has a most dreadful fall when the 
 guilt of lady Dedlock becomes known. 
 
 Lady Dedlock, wife of sir Leicester, 
 beautiful, cold, and apparently heartless ; 
 but she is weighed down with "this terrible 
 secret, that before marriage she had had 
 a daughter by captain Hawdon. This 
 daughter's name is Esther [Summerson] 
 the heroine of the novel. 
 
 Volumnia Dedlock, cousin of sii 
 Leicester. A "3 r oung'' lady of 60, 
 given to rouge, pearl-powder, and cos- 
 metics. She has a habit of prying into 
 the concerns of others. — C. Dickens, 
 Bleak House (1853). 
 
 Dee's Spec'ulum, a mirror, whicn 
 Dr. John Dee asserted was brought 
 to him by the angels Raphael and 
 Gabriel. At the death of the doctor it 
 passed into the possession of the earl of 
 Peterborough, at Drayton ; then to lady 
 Betty Germaine, by whom it was given 
 to John last duke of Argyll. The duke's 
 grandson (lord Frederic Campbell) gave 
 it to Horace Walpole ; and in 1842 it was 
 sold, at the dispersion of the curiosities 
 of Strawberry Hill, and bought bv Mr. 
 Smythe Pigott. At the sale o*f Mr, 
 Pigott's library, in 1853, it passed into 
 the possession of the late lord Londes- 
 borough. A Avriter in Notes and Queries 
 (p. 376, November 7, 1874) says, it "has 
 now been for many years in the British 
 Museum," where he saw it " some 
 eighteen years ago." 
 
 This magic speculum is a flat polished 
 mineral, like cannel coal, of a circular 
 form, fitted with a handle. 
 
 Deerslayer ( The), the title of a novel 
 by J. F. Cooper, and the nickname of its 
 hero, Natty or Nathaniel Bumppo. Uo 
 is a model uncivilized man, honourable, 
 truthful, and brave, pure of heart and 
 without reproach. He is introduced in 
 five of Cooper's novels : The Deerslayer, 
 The Pathfinder, The Last of the Mohicans, 
 The Pioneers, and The Prairie. He is 
 called " Hawk-eye " in The Last of the 
 Mohicans; "Leather-stocking" in The 
 Pioneers; and "The Trapper" in The 
 Prairie, in which last book he dies. 
 
 Defarge (Mons.), keeper of a wine 
 shop in the Faubourge St. Antoine, in 
 Paris. He is a bull-necked, good- 
 humoured, but implacable-looking man. 
 
 Mde. Defarge, his wife, a dangerous 
 woman, with great force of character ; 
 everlastingly knitting. 
 
 Mde. Defarge had a watchful eye, that seldom seemed 
 to look at anything.— C. Dickens, A Tale of Tvoo Citiet 
 i. 5 (1859,. 
 
DEFENDER OF THE FAITH. 244 
 
 DELLA CRUSCA SCHOOL. 
 
 Defender of the Faith, the title 
 first given to Henry VIII. by pope Leo 
 X., for a volume against Luther, in 
 defence of pardons, the papac}', and the 
 aeven sacraments. The original volume 
 is in the Vatican, and contains this 
 inscription in the king's handwriting : 
 Anglorwn rex BenrlcUs, Leoni X. miitit 
 hoc opus etfidci testcm ct amicitioe; where- 
 upon the pope (in the twelfth year of his 
 reign) conferred upon Henry, by bull, the 
 title " Fidei Defensor," and commanded 
 all Christians so to address him. The 
 original bull was preserved by sir Robert 
 Cotton, and is signed by the pope, four 
 bishop-cardinals, fifteen priest-cardinals, 
 aiid eight deacon-cardinals. A complete 
 copy of the bull, with its seals and sig- 
 natures, may be seen in Selden's Titles of 
 Honour ; v. 53-57 (1672). 
 
 Defenssetas, Devonshire. 
 
 Defoe writes The History of the 
 Plague of London as if he had been a 
 personal spectator, but he was only three 
 years old at the time (1GG3-1731). 
 
 Deggial, antichrist. The Moham- 
 medan writers say he has but one eye and 
 one eyebrow, and on his forehead is 
 written cafeu ("infidel"). 
 
 Chilled with terror, we concluded that the Deggial, with 
 his exterminating angels, had sent forth their plagues on 
 the earth.— W. Beckford, Vathck (1784). 
 
 Degree. " Fine by degrees and beau- 
 tifully less." — Prior. 
 
 Deheubarth, South Wales. — Spen- 
 ser, Faery Queen, iii. 2 (1590). 
 
 Deird'ri, an ancient Irish story 
 similar to the Dar-T/ada of Ossian. 
 Conor, king of Ulster, puts to death by 
 treachery the three sons of Usnach. 
 This leads to the desolating war against 
 Ulster, which terminates in the total 
 destruction of Eman. This is one of the 
 three tragic stories of the Irish, which 
 are: (1) The death of the children of 
 Touran (regarding Tuatha de Danans) ; 
 (2) the death of the children of Lear or 
 Lir, turned into swans by Aoife ; (3) 
 the death of the children of Usnach (a 
 " Milesian " story). 
 
 Dei'ri (3 syl.), separated from' Ber- 
 nicia by Soemil, the sixth in descent from 
 Woden. Deiri and Bernicia together 
 constituted Northumbria. 
 
 Diera \ric] l>eareth thro' the spacious Yorkish hounds. 
 From Durham down along to the Lancastrian sounds . . . 
 And did the greater part of Cumberland contain. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Dek'abrist, a Decembrist, from 
 Deiabtr. the Russian for December. It 
 
 denotes those persons who suffered death 
 or captivity for the part they took in the 
 military conspiracy which broke out in 
 St. Petersburg in December, 1825, on the 
 accession of czar Nicholas to the throne. 
 
 Dela'da, the tooth of Buddha, pre- 
 served in theMalegawa temple at Kandy. 
 The natives guard it with the greatest 
 jealousy, from a belief that whoever 
 possesses it acquires the right to govern 
 Ceylon. When the English (in 1815) ob- 
 tained possession of this palladium, the 
 natives submitted without resistance. 
 
 Delaserre (Captain Philip), a friend 
 of Harry Bertram. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mahnering (time, George II.). 
 
 Delec'table Mountains, a raage 
 of hills from the summits of which the 
 Celestial City could be seen. These 
 mountains were beautiful with woods, 
 vineyards, fruits of all sorts, flowers, 
 springs and fountains, etc. 
 
 Now there were on the tops of these mountains shep- 
 herds feeding their flocks. The pilgrims, theiefore, went 
 to them, and leaning on their staffs . . . they asked, 
 " Whose delectable mountains are these, and whose be the 
 sheep that feed upon them 1 " The shepherds answered, 
 " These mountains are Emmanuel's land . . . and the 
 sheep are His, and He laid down His life for them."— 
 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1(>78). 
 
 De'lia, Diana ; so called from the 
 island Delos, where she was born. 
 Similarly, Apollo was called Delias. 
 Milton says that Eve, e'en 
 
 Delia's self. 
 In gate surpassed and goddess-like deport. 
 Though not as she with bow and quiver armed. 
 
 Paradise Lost, ix. 333, etc. (1GC5). 
 
 De'lia, any female sweetheart. She is 
 one of the shepherdesses in Virgil's 
 Eclogues. Tibullus, the Roman poet, calls 
 his lady-love " Delia," but what her real 
 name was is not certain. 
 
 Delia, the ladj--love of James Ham- 
 mond's elegies, was Miss Dashwood, wno 
 died in 1779. She rejected his suit, and 
 died unmarried. In one of the elegies 
 the poet imagines himself married to her, 
 and that they were living happily 
 together till death, when pitying maids 
 would tell of their wondrous loves. 
 
 Delian King {The). Apollo or the 
 sun is so called in the Orphic hymn. 
 
 Oft as the Delian king with Sirius holds 
 The central heavens. 
 
 Akcnside, Hymn to the Naiads (1707). 
 
 Delight of Mankind (The), Titus 
 the Roman emperor (a.i>. 40, 79-81). 
 
 Titus indeed gave one short evening gleam, 
 More 3ordial'felt, as in the midst, it spread 
 Of storm and horror : "TheDelig t of Men." 
 
 Thomson, Liberty, iii. (1735). 
 
 Delia Crusca School, originally 
 
DELPHINE. 
 
 246 
 
 DEMOGORGON. 
 
 applied in 1582 to a society in Florence, 
 established to purify the national lan- 
 guage and sift from it all its impurities ; 
 but applied in England to a brotherhood 
 of poets (at the close of the last century) 
 under the leadership of Mrs. Piozzi. 
 This school was conspicuous for affec- 
 tation and high-flown panegyrics on each 
 other. It was stamped out by Gifford, in 
 The Baviad, in 1794, and The Mxviad, in 
 1796. Robert Merry, who signed himself 
 Delia Crusca, James Cobb a farce-writer, 
 James Boswell (biographer of Dr. John- 
 son), O'Keefe, Morton, Reynolds, Hol- 
 croft, Sheridan, Colman the younger, 
 Mrs. H. Cowley, and Mrs. Robinson were 
 its best exponents. 
 
 Del'phine (2 syl. ) , theheroine and title 
 of a novel by Mde. de Stael. Delphine is 
 a charming character, who has a faithless 
 lover, and dies of a broken heart. This 
 novel, like Corinne, was written during 
 her banishment from France by Napo- 
 leon I., when she travelled in Switzerland 
 and Italy. It is generally thought that 
 " Delphine " was meant for the authoress 
 herself (1802). 
 
 Delphine Classics (The), a set of 
 Latin classics edited" in France for the use 
 of the grand dauphin (son of Louis XIV.). 
 lLiet was chief editor, assisted by Mon- 
 tausier and Bossuet. They had thirty- 
 nine scholars working under them. The 
 indexes of these classics are very valu- 
 able. 
 
 Delta [A] of Blackwood is D. M. 
 Moir (1798-1851). 
 
 Del'ville (2 syl.), one of the guardians 
 of Cecilia. He is a man of wealth and 
 great ostentation, with a haughty hu- 
 milityand condescending pride, especially 
 in his intercourse with his social inferiors. 
 —Miss Burney, Cecilia (1782). 
 
 Demands. In full of all demands, 
 as his lordship says. His "lordship" is 
 the marquis of Blandford ; and the 
 allusion is to Mr. Benson, the jeweller, 
 who sent in a claim to the marquis for 
 interest to a bill which had run more than 
 twelve months. His lordship sent a 
 cheque for the bill itself, and wrote on it, 
 "In full of all demands." Mr. Benson 
 accepted the bill, and sued for the 
 interest, but was non-suited (1871). 
 
 Deme'tia, South Wales ; the inhabit- 
 ants are called Demetians. 
 
 Denevoir, the seat of the Demetian king. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, v. (1612). 
 
 Deme'trius, a young Athenian, to 
 whom Egeus (3 syl.) promised his 
 daughter Hermia in marriage. As 
 Hermia loved Lysander, she refused to 
 marry Demetrius, and fled from Athens 
 with Lysander. Demetrius went in quest 
 of her, and was followed bj r Hel'ena, who 
 doted on him. All four fell asleep, and 
 "dreamed a dream" about the fairies. 
 On waking, Demetrius became more 
 reasonable. He saw that Hermia dis- 
 liked him, but that Helena loved him 
 sincerely, so he consented to forego the 
 one and take to wife the other. When 
 Egeus, the father of Hermia, found out 
 how the case stood, he consented to the 
 union of his daughter with Lysander. — 
 Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream 
 (1592). 
 
 Deme'trius, in The Poetaster, by Ben 
 Jonson, is meant for John Marston (died 
 1633). 
 
 Deme'trius (4 syl.), son of king Antig'- 
 onus, in love with Celia, alias Enan'the. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Humorous 
 Lieutenant (1647). 
 
 Deme'trius, a citizen of Greece during 
 the reign of Alexias Comnenus. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
 Rufus). 
 
 Demiurgus, that mysterious agent 
 which, according to Plato, made the 
 world and all that it contains. The 
 Logos or "Word" of St. John's Gospel 
 (ch. i. 1) is the demiurgus of platonizing 
 Christians. 
 
 Democ'ritos (in Latin Dcmocritus), 
 the laughing or scoffing philosopher, the 
 friar Bacon of his age. To " dine with 
 Democrltos " is to go without dinner, the 
 same as "dining with duke Humphrey," 
 or " dining with the cross-legged 
 knights." 
 
 People think that we [authors] often (line with Democ- 
 ritos, but there they are mistaken. There is not one of 
 the fraternity who is not welcome to some good table.— 
 Lesage, Gil Bias, xii. 7 (1735). 
 
 Democritus Junior, Robert Bur- 
 ton, author of The Anatomy of Melancholy 
 (1576-1640). 
 
 Demod'ocos (in Latin Demodocus), 
 bard of Alcin'ous (4 syl.) king of the 
 Phaea'cians. 
 
 Such as the wise Demodicos once told 
 In solemn songs at king Alcinous' least. 
 While sad Ulysses' soul and all the rest 
 Are held, with his melodious harmony. 
 In willing chains and sweet captivity. 
 
 Milton, Vacation Exercise (1627). 
 
 Dem'ogor'gon, tyrant of the elvea 
 
DEMOPHOON. 
 
 246 
 
 DERBY. 
 
 and fays, whose very name inspired terror; 
 hence Milton speaks of " the dreaded 
 name of Demogorgon" (Paradise Lost, 
 ii. 9G5). Spenser says he " dwells in the 
 deep abyss where the three fatal sisters 
 dwell " (Faery Queen, iv. 2) ; but Ariosto 
 says he inhabited a splendid palace on 
 the Himalaya Mountains. Demogorgon 
 is mentioned by Statius in the Thebaid, 
 iv. 516. 
 
 He's the first-begotten of Beelzebub, with a face as 
 terrible as Demogorgon. — Drjden, The Spanish Fryar, 
 v. -1 (1680). 
 
 Demoph/oon (4 syl.) was brought 
 up by Demeter, who anointed him with 
 ambrosia and plunged him every night 
 into the fire. One day, his mother, out 
 of curiosity, watched the proceeding, and 
 was horror-struck ; whereupon Demeter 
 told her that her foolish curiosity hsd 
 robbed her son of immortal youth. 
 
 %* This story is also told of I sis. — 
 Plutarch, De Isid. et Osirid., xvi. 357. 
 
 * + * A similar story is told of Achilles. 
 His mother Thet'is was taking similar 
 precautions to render him immortal, when 
 his father Pe'leus ("2 syl.) interfered. — 
 Apollonius Rhodius, Aryonautic Exp., iv. 
 866. 
 
 Demos'thenes of the Pulpit. 
 Dr. Thomas Kennell, dean of "West- 
 minster, was so called by "William Pitt 
 (1753-1840). 
 
 Dendin (Peter), an old man, who 
 had settled more disputes than all the 
 magistrates of Poitiers, though he was no 
 judge. His plan was to wait till the 
 litigants were thoroughly sick of their 
 contention, and longed to end their dis- 
 putes ; then would he interpose, and his 
 judgment could not fail to be acceptable. 
 
 Tenot Dendin, son of the above, but, 
 unlike his father, he always tried to 
 crush quarrels in the bud ; consequently, 
 he never succeeded in settling a single 
 dispute submitted to his judgment. — 
 Rabelais, Paniayruel, iii. 41 (1545). 
 
 (Racine has introduced the same name 
 in his comedy called Les Plaideurs (1GG9), 
 and Lafontaine in his Fables, 1668.) 
 
 Dennet (Father), an old peasant at 
 the Lists of St. George. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Jvanhoe (time, Richard 1.). 
 
 Dennis the hangman, one of the 
 ringleaders of the "No Popery riots;" 
 the other two were Hugh servant of the 
 Maypole inn, and the half-witted Barnaby 
 Rudge. Dennis was cheerful enough 
 when he " turned off " others, but when 
 
 he himself ascended the gibbet he showed 
 a most grovelling and craven spirit. — C. 
 Dickens, Barnaby Pudge (1841). 
 
 Dennis (John), "the best abused man 
 in English literature." Swift lampooned 
 him ; Pope assailed him in the Essay on 
 Criticism; and finally he was "damned 
 to everlasting fame " in the Dunciad. He 
 is called "Zo'ilus" (1657-1733). 
 
 Dennison (Jenny), attendant on 
 Miss Edith Bellenden. She marries 
 Cuddie Headrigg.— Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Dent le Lait (Une), a prejudice. 
 After M. Be'ralde has been running down 
 Dr. Purgon as a humbug, Argan replies, 
 "C'est que vous avez, mon frere, une 
 dent de lait contre lui." — Moliere, Le 
 Malade Lmayinaire, iii. 3 (1673). 
 
 D'Eon de Beaumont (Le cheva- 
 lier), a person notorious for the ambiguity 
 of his sex ; said to be the son of an 
 advocate. His face was pretty, without 
 beard, moustache, or whiskers. Louis 
 XV. sent him as a woman to Russia on a 
 secret mission, and he presented himself 
 to the czarina as a woman (1756). In 
 the Seven Years' War he was appointed 
 captain of dragoons. In 1777 he assumed 
 the dress of a woman again, which he 
 maintained till death (1728-1810). 
 
 Derbend (The Jron Gates of), called 
 the "Albanica; Porta?," or the "Caspian's 
 Gate." Iron gates, which closed the defile 
 of Derbend. There is still debris of a 
 great wall, which once ran from the 
 Black Sea to the Caspian. It is said that 
 Alexander founded Derbend on the west 
 coast of the Caspian, and that Khosru 
 the Great fortified it. Haroun-al-Kas- 
 chid often resided there. Its ancient 
 name was Albana, and hence the pro- 
 vince Schirvan was called Albania. 
 
 *** The gates called Albanice Fylve 
 were not the "Caspian's Gate," but 
 " Trajan's Gate " or " Kopula Derbend." 
 
 Derby (Earl of), third son of the earl 
 of Lancaster, and near kinsman of 
 Edward III. His name was Henry 
 Plantagenet, and he died 13G2. Henry 
 Plantagenet, earl of Derby, was sent to 
 protect Guienne, and was noted for his 
 humanity no less than for his bravery. 
 He defeated the comte de ITsle at 
 Bergerac, reduced Perigord, took the 
 castle of Auberoche, in Gascony, over- 
 threw 10,000 French with only 1000, 
 taking prisoners nine earls and nearly all 
 
DERBY. 
 
 247 
 
 DESERTER. 
 
 the barons, knights, and squires (1345). 
 Next year he took the fortresses of 
 Monsegur, Monsepat, Villefranche, Mire- 
 niont, Tennins, Damassen, Aiguilon, and 
 Reole. 
 
 That most deserving earl of Derby, ttp prefer 
 Henry's third valiant son, the earl of Lancaster, 
 That "only Mars of men. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xviiL (1613). 
 
 Derby (Countess of), Charlotte de la 
 Treraouille, countess of Derby and queen 
 of Man. 
 
 Philip earl of Derby, king of Man, son 
 of the eountess. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
 the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Der'rick. hangman in the first half of 
 the seventeenth century. The crane for 
 hoisting goods is called a derrick, from 
 this hangman. 
 
 Derrick (Tom), quarter-master of the 
 pirate's vessel. — Sir W. Scott, T/te Pirate 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Derry-Down Triangle (The), 
 lord Castlereagh ; af terwards marquis of 
 Londonderry ; so called by William 
 Hone. The first word is a pun on the 
 title, the second refers to his lordship's 
 oratory, a triangle being the most feeble, 
 monotonous, and unmusical of all musical 
 instruments. Tom Moore compares the 
 oratory of lord Castlereagh to "water 
 spouting from a pump." 
 
 Q. Why is a pump like viscount Castlereagh? 
 J.. Because it is a slender thins of wood. 
 
 That up and down its awkward arm doth sway, 
 And coolly spout, and spout, and spout away, 
 In one weak, washy, everlasting flood. 
 
 T. Moore. 
 
 Dervise ("a poor man"), a sort of 
 religious friar or mendicant among the 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 Desborough (Colonel), one of the 
 parliamentary commissioners. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Desdemo'na, daughter of Brabantio 
 a Venetian senator, in love with Othello 
 the Moor (general of the Venetian army). 
 TheJtfoor loves her intensely, and marries 
 her ; but Iago, by artful villainy, induces 
 him to believe that she loves Cassio too 
 well. After a violent conflict between 
 love and jealousy, Othello smothers her 
 with a bolster, and then stabs himself. — 
 Shakespeare, Othello (1611). 
 
 The soft simplicity of Desdemona, confident of merit 
 and conscious of innocence, her artless perseverance in 
 her suit, and her slowness to suspect that she can be sus- 
 pected, are proofs of Shakespeare's skill in human nature. 
 —Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Desert Fairy (The). This fairy 
 was guarded by two lions, which coidd 
 
 be pacified only by a cake made of 
 millet, sugar candy, and crocodiles' eggs. 
 The Desert Fairy said to Allfair, "I sweai 
 by my coif you shall marry the Yellow 
 Dwarf, or I will burn my crutch." — 
 Comtesse D' Ar.no v, Fairy Tales (" The 
 Yellow Dwarf," 1G82). 
 
 Deserted Daughter (TJie), a 
 comedy by Holcroft. Joanna was the 
 daughter of Mordent, but her mother 
 died, and Mordent married lady Anne. 
 In order to do so he ignored his daughter 
 and had her brought up by strangers, 
 intending to apprentice her to some trade. 
 Item, a money-lender, acting on the ad- 
 vice of Mordent, lodges the girl with 
 Mrs. Enfield, a crimp, where Lennox ia 
 introduced to her, and obtains Mordent's 
 consent to run away with her. In the 
 interim Cheveril sees her, falls in love 
 with her, and determines to marry her. 
 Mordent repents, takes the girl home, 
 acknowledges her to be his daughter, and 
 she becomes the wife of the gallant 
 young Cheveril (1784). 
 
 *** This comedy has been recast, and 
 called The Steward. 
 
 Deserted Village (The). The 
 poet has his eye chiefly on Lissoy, its 
 landscapes and characters. Here his 
 father was pastor. He calls the village 
 Auburn, but tells us it was the seat of 
 his youth, every spot of which was dear 
 and familiar to him. He describes the 
 pastor, the schoolmaster, the ale-house ; 
 then tells us that luxury has killed all 
 the simple pleasures of village life, but 
 asks the friends of truth to judge how 
 wide the limits "between a splendid and 
 a happy land." Now the man of wealth 
 and pride 
 
 Takes up a space that many poor supplied : 
 Space for his lake, his parks' extended bounds, 
 Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds. 
 
 O. Goldsmith (1770). 
 
 Some think Springfield, Essex, is the 
 place referred to. 
 
 A traveller, whom Washington Irving accepts as an 
 authority, identified Lissoy's ale-house, with the sign of the 
 Three Pigeons swinging over the door-way, as "that 
 house where nutbrown draughts inspired, and where once 
 the signpost caught the passing eye."— G. Kedway, Note* 
 and Queries, October 12, 1878. 
 
 Dr. Goldsmith composed his Deserted Tillage whilst 
 residing at a farm-house nearly opposite the church here 
 [i.e. Springfield]. Joseph Strutt, the engraver and 
 antiquary, was born here in 1749. and died 1S02. — Lev/is, 
 Topoc/r i ihical Dictionary of England, Art. "Spring- 
 field " (1831). 
 
 Deserter (The), a musical drama by 
 Dibdin (1770). Henry, a soldier, is en- 
 gaged to Louisa, but during his absence 
 some rumours of gallantry to 14s disad- 
 
DESMAS. 
 
 248 
 
 DEVIL. 
 
 vantage reach the village, and to test his 
 love, Louisa in pretence goes with Sim- 
 iin as if to be married. Henry sees the 
 procession, is told it is Louisa's wedding 
 day, and in a fit of desperation gives 
 himself up as a deserter, and is con- 
 denmad to death. Louisa goes to the 
 king, explains the whole affair, and re- 
 turns with his pardon as the muffled 
 drums begin to beat. 
 
 Desnias. The repentant thief is so 
 called in The Story of Joseph of Arima- 
 thea ; but Dismas in the apocryphal 
 Gospel of Nicodemus. Longfellow, in The 
 Golden Legend, calls him Dumachus. 
 The impenitent thief is called Gestas, but 
 Longfellow calls him Titus. 
 
 Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora ramis : 
 Dismas et Gesmiis, media est Divina Potestas ; 
 Alta petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas ; 
 Nos et res nostras conservet Summa Potestas. 
 
 Of differing merits from three trees incline 
 Dismas and Gesmas and the Power Divine ; 
 Dismas repents, Gesmas no pardon craves, 
 The Power Divine by death the sinner saves. 
 
 Desmonds of Kilmallock 
 
 (Limerick). The legend is that the lasi, 
 powerful head of this family, who 
 perished in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
 still keeps his stute under the Avaters of 
 lough Gur, that every seventh year he 
 re-appears fully armed, rides round the 
 lake early in the morning, and will 
 ultimately return in the flesh to claim his 
 own again. (See Barbauossa.) — Sir 
 W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel. 
 
 Despair (Giant) lived in Doubting 
 Castle. He took Christian and Hopeful 
 captives for sleeping on his grounds, and 
 locked them in a dark dungeon from 
 "Wednesday to Saturday, without " one 
 bit of bread, or drop of drink, or ray of 
 light." By the advice of his wife, Diffi- 
 dence, the giant beat them soundly 
 " with a crab-tree cudgel." On Saturday 
 night Christian remembered he had a key 
 in his bosom, called " Promise," which 
 would open any lock in Doubting Castle. 
 So he opened the dungeon door, and they 
 both made their escape with speed. — John 
 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 Deucal'idon, the sea which washes 
 the north coast of Scotland. 
 
 Till thro' the sleepy main to Thuly I have gone, 
 And seen the frozen isles, the cold Deucalidon. 
 
 M. Drayton, 1'otyollion, i. (1612). 
 
 Deucalidon'ian Ocean, the sea 
 which washes the northern side of Ire- 
 land. — liichard of Cirencester, Hist. t i. 6 
 (1762). 
 
 Deuce is in Him {The), a farce by 
 
 George Colman, senior. The person re- 
 ferred to is colonel Tamper, under which 
 name the plot of the farce is given (1762). 
 
 Deugala, says Ossian, "was covered 
 with the light of beauty, but her heart 
 was the house of pride." 
 
 Deve'ta, plu. Devetas, inferior or 
 secondary deities in Hindu mythology. 
 
 Devil (The). Olivier Ledain, the 
 tool of Louis XL, and once the king's 
 barber, was called Le Liable, because he 
 was as much feared, was as fond of 
 making mischief, and was far more dis- 
 liked than the prince of evil. Olivier 
 was executed in 1484. 
 
 Devil ( The). The noted public-house so 
 called was No. 2, Fleet Street. In 1788, 
 it was purchased by the bank firm and 
 formed part of " Child's Place." The 
 original "Apollo" (of the Apollo Club, 
 held here under the presidency of Ben 
 Jonson), is still preserved in Child's 
 bank. 
 
 When the lawyers in the neighbourhood 
 went to dinner, they bung a notice on 
 their doors, " Gone to the Devil," that 
 those who Avanted them might know 
 where to find them. 
 
 Dined to-day with Dr. Garth and Mr. Addison at the 
 Devil tavern, near Temple Bar, and Garth treated.— 
 Swift, Letter to Stella. 
 
 Devil (Tlxc French), Jean Bart, an in- 
 trepid French sailor, born at Dunkirk 
 (1650-1702). 
 
 Devil (The White). George Castriot, 
 surnamed " Scanderbeg," was called by 
 the Turks "The White Devil of Wal- 
 lachia" (1404-1467). 
 
 Devil (The Printer's). Aldus Manu- 
 tius, a printer in Venice to the holy 
 Church and the doge, employed a negro 
 boy to help him in his office. This little 
 black boy was believed to be an imp of 
 Satan, and went by the name of the 
 "printer's devil." In order to protect 
 him from persecution, and confute a 
 foolish superstition, Manutius made a 
 public exhibition of the boy, and an- 
 nounced that "any one who doubted him 
 to be flesh and blood might come forward 
 and pinch him." 
 
 Devil (Robert the), of Normandy ; so 
 called because his father was said to have 
 been an incubus or fiend in the disguise 
 of a knight (1028-1035). 
 
 *** Robert Francois Damiens is also 
 called Robei't le Diable, for his attempt to 
 assassinate Louis XV. (1714-1757). 
 
DEVIL. 
 
 249 DEVIL'S DYKE, BRIGHTON. 
 
 Devil (Son of the), Ezzeli'no, chief of 
 the Gibelins, governor of Vicenza. He 
 was so called for his infamous cruelties 
 (1215-1259). 
 
 Devil Dick, Richard Porson, the 
 critic (1759-1808). 
 
 Devil on Two Sticks {The), that 
 13 Le Liable Boitcux, by Lesage (1707). 
 The plot of this humorous satirical tale 
 is borrowed from the Spanish, El Diabolo 
 Cojuelo, by Gueva'ra (1635). Asmode'us 
 (le diable boiteux) perches don Cle'ofas 
 on the steeple of St. Salva'dor, and 
 stretching out his hand the roofs of all 
 the houses open, and expose to him what 
 is being done privately in every dwelling. 
 
 Devil on Two Sticks (The), a farce by 
 S. Foote ; a satire . on the medical pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Devil to Pay (The), a farce by C. 
 Coffey. Sir John Loverule has a terma- 
 gant wife, and Zackel Jobson a patient 
 grissel. Two spirits named Nadir and 
 Ab'ishog transform these two wives for a 
 time, so that the termagant is given to 
 Jobson, and the patient wife to sir John. 
 When my lady tries her tricks on Jobson, 
 he takes his strap to her and soon reduces 
 her to obedience. After she is well re- 
 formed, the two are restored to their 
 original husbands, and the shrew becomes 
 an obedient, modest wife (died 1745). 
 
 The Devil to Pay was long a favourite, chiefly for the 
 character of " Nell " [the cobbler's wife], which made 
 the fortunes of several actresses. — Chambers, Engluh 
 Literature, ii. 15L 
 
 Devil's Age (The). A wealthy man 
 once promised to give a poor gentleman 
 and his wife a large sum of money if at 
 a given time they could tell him the devil's 
 age. When the time came, the gentleman, 
 at his wife's suggestion, plunged first 
 into a barrel of honey and then into a 
 barrel of feathers, and walked on all 
 fours. Presently, up came his Satanic 
 majesty, and said, " X and x years have I 
 lived," naming the exact number, "yet 
 never saw I an animal like this." The 
 gentleman had heard enough, and was 
 able to answer the question without diffi- 
 culty. — Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends, 
 58 (1877). 
 
 Devil's Arrows, three remarkable 
 "druidical" stones, near Boroughbridge, 
 in Yorkshire. Probably these stones 
 simply mark the boundary of some pro- 
 perty or jurisdictiou. 
 
 Devil's Bridge (T7ie), mentioned by 
 Xongf ellow, in the Golden Legend, is the 
 
 bridge over the falls of the Reuss, in the 
 canton of the Uri, in Switzerland. 
 
 Devil's Chalice (The). A wealthy 
 man gave a poor farmer a large sum of 
 money on this condition : at the end of a 
 twelvemonth he was either to say "of 
 what the devil made his chalice." or els« 
 give his head to the devil. The poor 
 farmer, as the time came round, hid 
 himself in the cross-roads, and presently 
 the witches assembled from all sides. 
 Said one witch to another, "You know 
 that Farmer So-and-so has sold his head 
 to the devil, for he will never know 
 of what the devil makes his chalice. 
 In fact, I don't know myself." " Don't 
 you?" said the other; "why, of the 
 parings of finger-nails trimmed on Sun- 
 days." The farmer was overjoyed, and 
 when the time came Tound was quite 
 ready with his answer. — Rev. W. Web- 
 ster, Basque Legends, 71 (1877). 
 
 Devil's Current (The). Part of the 
 current of the BosphQrus is so called from 
 its great rapidity. 
 
 Devil's Den, a cromlech in Pres- 
 chute, near Marlborough. 
 
 Devil's Dyke (TJie), otherwise 
 called Grim's Dyke. This dyke ran from 
 Newmarket into Lincolnshire, and was 
 designed to separate Merciafrom the East 
 Angles. Part of the southern boundary 
 of Mercia (from Hampshire to the mouth 
 of the Severn) was called "Woden's 
 Dyke," the present Wan's Dyke. 
 
 Because my depth and breadth so strangely doth exceed 
 Men's low and wretched thoughts, they constantly decreed 
 That by the devil's help I needs must raised be. 
 Wherefore the " Devil's Ditch " they basely named me 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxi (1622). 
 
 Devil's Dyke, Brighton (The). 
 One day, as St. Cuthman was walking over 
 the South Downs, and thinking to him- 
 self how completely he had rescued the 
 whole country from paganism, he was 
 accosted by his sable majesty in person. 
 " Ha, ha ! " said the prince of darkness ; 
 " so you think by these churches and 
 convents to put me and mine to your 
 ban ; do you '? Poor fool ! why, this very 
 night will I swamp the whole land with 
 the sea." " Forewarned is forearmed," 
 thought St. Cuthman, and hies him to 
 sister Cecilia, superior of a convent which 
 then stood on the spot of the present 
 Dyke House. " Sister," said the saint, 
 "I love you well. This night, for the 
 grace of God, keep lights burning at the 
 convent windows from midnight to day- 
 
DEVIL'S FRYING-PAN. 
 
 250 
 
 DIAMOND JOUSTS. 
 
 break, and let masses be said by the holy 
 sisterhood." At sundown came the devil 
 •with pickaxe and spade, mattock and 
 shovel, and set to work in right good earnest 
 to dig a dyke which should let the waters of 
 the sea into the downs. " Fire and brim- 
 stone ! " — he exclaimed, as a sound of 
 voices rose and fell in sacred song — " Fire 
 and brimstone ! What's the matter with 
 me?" Shoulders, feet, wrists, loins, all 
 seemed paralyzed. Down went mattock 
 and spade, pickaxe and shovel, and just 
 at that moment the lights at the convent 
 windows burst forth, and the cock, mis- 
 taking the blaze for daybreak, began to 
 crow most lustily. Off flew the devil, 
 and never again returned to complete his 
 work. The small digging he effected 
 still remains in witness of the truth of 
 this legend of the " Devil's Dyke." 
 
 Devil's Frying-Pan (The), a 
 Cornish mine worked by the ancient 
 Romans. According to a very primitive 
 notion, precious stones are produced from 
 condensed dew hardened by the sun. 
 This mine was the frying-pan where dew 
 was thus converted and hardened. 
 
 Devil's Parliament (The), the 
 parliament assembled by Henry VI. at 
 Coventry, in 1459. So called because it 
 passed attainders on the duke of York and 
 Lis chief supporters. 
 
 Devil's Throat (The). Cromer Bay 
 is so called, because it is so dangerous to 
 navigation. 
 
 Devil's Wall (The), the wall sepa- 
 rating England from Scotland. So 
 called from its great durability. 
 
 Devonshire, according to historic 
 fable, is a corruption of " Debon's-share." 
 This Debon was one of the companions of 
 Brute, the descendant of /Ene'as. He 
 chased the giant Coulin till he came to a 
 pit eight leagues across. Trying to leap 
 this chasm, the giant fell backwards and. 
 lost his life. 
 
 . . . that ample rit, yet far renowned 
 For the great leaf, which Debon did compel 
 Coulin to make, being eight lugs of ground. 
 Into the which retourning back he fell . . . 
 And Debon's share was that is Devonshire. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590)* 
 
 De'vorgoil (Lady Jane), a friend of 
 the Hazelwood family. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Dewlap (Dick), an anecdote teller, 
 irhosc .success depended more upon his i 
 
 physiognomy than his wit. His chin and 
 his paunch were his most telling points. 
 
 I found that the merit of his wit was founded upon the 
 shaking of a fat paunch, and the tossing up of a pair of 
 rosy jowls. — Richard Steele. 
 
 Dhu (Evan), of Lochiel, a Highland 
 chief, in the army of Montrose. 
 
 Mluch-Connel Dhu, or M'llduy, a High- 
 land chief, in the army of Montrose. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
 Charles I.). 
 
 Dhul'dul, the famous horse of Ali, 
 son-in-law of Mahomet. 
 
 Dhu'l Karnein (" the two-horned") , 
 a true believer according to the Moham- 
 medan notion, who built the wall to 
 prevent the incursions of Gog and Ma- 
 gog. — Al Koran, xviii. 
 
 Commentators say the wall was built in this manner : 
 The workmen dug till they found water ; and having laid 
 the foundation of stone and melted brass, they built the 
 superstructure of large pieces of iron, between which they 
 packed wood and coal, till the whole equalled the height 
 of the mountains [of Armenia\ Then setting fire to the 
 combustibles, and by the use of bellows, they made the iron 
 red hot, and poured molten brass over to fill up the 
 interstices. — Al BeidawL 
 
 Dhu'lnun, the surname of Jonah ; 
 so called because he was swallowed by a 
 fish. 
 
 Remember Dhu'lnun, when he departed in wrath, and 
 thought that we could not exercise our power over him. — 
 Al Kordn, xxi. 
 
 Diafoirus (Tliomas), son of Dr. Dia- 
 foirus. He is a young medical milksop, 
 to whom Argan has promised his daughter 
 Angelique in marriage. Diafoirus pays his 
 compliments in cut-and-dried speeches, 
 and on one occasion, being interrupted 
 in his remarks, says, " Madame, vous 
 m'avez interrompu dans le milieu de ma 
 pe'riode,et cela m'a trouble' la me'moire." 
 His father says, " Thomas, re'servez cela 
 pour une autre fois." Angelique loves 
 Cle'ante (2 syl.), and Thomas Diafoirus 
 goes to the wall. 
 
 II n'a jamais eu 1'imagination bien vive, nl ce feH 
 d'esprit qu'on remarque dans quelques uns, . . . Lorsqu'il 
 dtait petit, il n'a jamais £t6 ce qu'on appelle mievie et 
 eVeille; on le voyait toujours doux, paisible, et taciturne, 
 ne disant jamais mot, et ne jouant jamais a tous ces 
 petits jeux que Ton nomine enfantins. — Moliere, Le 
 Malade hnaginaire, ii. 6 (lb'73). 
 
 Di'amond, one of three brothers, 
 sons of the fairy Agape. Though very 
 strong, he was slain in single light by 
 Cam'balo. His brothers were Pri'amond 
 and Tri'amond. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iv. (159G). 
 
 Diamond Jousts, nine jousts insti- 
 tuted by Arthur, and so called because a 
 diamond was the prize. These nine 
 diamonds were all won by sir Launcelot, 
 who presented them to the queen, but 
 
DIAMOND SWORD. 
 
 251 
 
 DIBUTADES. 
 
 Guinevere, in a tiff, flung them into the 
 river which ran by the palace. — Ten- 
 nyson, Idylls of the King (" Elaine "). 
 
 Diamond Sword, a magic sword 
 given by the god Syren to the king of 
 the Gold Mines. 
 
 She gave him a sword made of one entire diamond, that 
 gave as great lustre as the sun. — Comtesse D'Auiioy, Fairy 
 Tales (" The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 
 
 Diamonds. The largest in the world : 
 
 Carats 
 
 
 
 (uncut). Cut. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Possessor. 
 
 1680 * 
 
 Braganza 
 
 King of Portugal 
 
 — 367 
 
 
 
 Rajah of Mattau 
 (Borneo) 
 
 — 254 
 
 Star of the South 
 
 
 
 — 194 
 
 Orloff 
 
 Czar of Russia 
 
 — 139* 
 
 Florentine 
 
 Kmp. of Austria 
 
 — 138* 
 
 
 
 King of Portugal 
 
 410 136J 
 
 Pitt 
 
 Kii g ot Prussia 
 
 793| 106 r \, 
 
 Koh-i-noor 
 
 Queen of England 
 
 — 86 
 
 Shah 
 
 Czar of Russia 
 
 — 82£ 
 
 Pigott 
 
 Messrs. Rundell 
 and Bridge 
 
 — 78 
 
 Nassac 
 
 Lord Westminster 
 
 112 67* 
 
 Blue 
 
 
 
 — 53 
 
 Sancy 
 
 Czar of Russia 
 
 88* 44* 
 
 Dudley 
 
 Earl of Dudley 
 
 — 40 
 
 Pacha of Egypt 
 
 Khedive of Egypt 
 
 %* For particulars, see each under its 
 
 name. 
 
 
 
 Diana, the heroine and title, a pastoral 
 of Montemayor, imitated from the Daph- 
 uis and Chloe of Longos (fourth century). 
 
 Dian'a, daughter of the widow of Flo- 
 rence with whom Hel'ena lodged on her 
 way to the shrine of St. Jacques le Grand. 
 Count Bertram wantonly loved Diana, 
 but the modest girl made this attachment 
 the means of bringing about a reconcilia- 
 tion between Bertram and his wife Helena. 
 —Shakespeare, All's Well that Ends Well 
 (1598). 
 
 Dian'a de Lasconrs, daughter of 
 Ralph and Louise de Lascours, and sister 
 of Martha, alias Ogari'la. Diana was 
 betrothed to Horace de Brienne, whom 
 she resigns to Martha. — E. Stirling, The 
 Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 
 
 Dian'a the Inexorable. (1) She 
 slew Orion with one of her arrows, for 
 daring to make love to her. (2) She 
 changed Actaeon into a stag and set her 
 own dogs on him to worry him to death, 
 because he chanced to look upon her 
 while bathing. (3) She shot with her 
 arrows the six sons and six daughters of 
 Niobe, because the fond mother said she 
 was happier than Latona, who had only 
 two children. 
 
 Diana; uon movenda numina. 
 
 Horace, Epode, xvii. 
 
 Diana the Second of Salman- 
 tin, a pastoral romance by Gil Polo. 
 
 " We will preserve that book," said the cure, "as care- 
 fully as if Apollo himself had been its author."— Cervantes. 
 Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 
 
 Diana {the Temple of), at Ephesus, 
 one of the Seven Wonders of antiquity, 
 was set on fire by Herostratos to immor- 
 talize his name. 
 
 Diana of the Stage, Mrs. Anne 
 Bracegirdle (1663-1748). 
 
 Dian'a's Foresters, " minions of 
 the moon," " Diana's knights," etc., high- 
 waymen. 
 
 Marry, then, sweet wag, when thou art king, let not 
 us that are "squires of the night's body" be culled 
 thieves ... let us be "Diana's foresters," "Gentlemen 
 of the shade," " minions of the moon." — Shakespeare, 
 1 Henry IV. act i. sc. 2 (1597). 
 
 Diana's Livery (To wear), to be ?i 
 virgin. 
 
 One twelve-moons more she'll wear Diana's livery ; 
 This . . . hath she vowed. 
 Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyre, act ii. sc. 5 (1608). 
 
 Diano'ra, wife of Gilberto of Friu'li, 
 but amorously loved by Ansaldo. In 
 order to rid herself of his importunities, 
 she vowed never to yield to his suit till 
 he could " make her garden at midwinter 
 as gay with flowers as it was in summer" 
 (meaning never). Ansaldo, by the aid of 
 a magician, accomplished the appointed 
 task ; but when the lady told him her 
 husband insisted on her keeping her 
 promise, Ansaldo, not to be outdone in 
 generosity, declined to take advantage 
 of his claim, and from that day forth 
 was the firm and honourable friend of 
 Gilberto. — Boccaccio, Decameron, x. 5. 
 
 The Franklin's Tale of Chaucer is sub- 
 stantially the same story. (See Doki- 
 
 GEX.) 
 
 Diarmaid, noted for his "beauty 
 spot," which he covered up with his cap"; 
 for if any woman chanced to see it, she 
 would instantly fall in love with him. — 
 Campbell, Tales of the West Highlands 
 (" Diarmaid and Grainne "). 
 
 Diav'olo (Fra), Michele Pezza, in- 
 surgent of Calabria (1760-1806).— Auber, 
 Fra Diavolo (libretto by Scribe, 1836). 
 
 Dibble (Davie), gardener at Monk- 
 barns. — Sir W. Scott, Antiquary (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 ^Dibu'tades (4 syl.), a potter of 
 Sicyon, whose daughter traced on the 
 wall her lover's shadow, cast there by 
 the light of a lamp. This, it is said, is 
 the origin of portrait painting. The 
 father applied the same process to hi* 
 
DICiEA. 
 
 252 
 
 DIEGO. 
 
 pottery, and this, it is said, is the origin 
 of sculpture in relief. 
 
 Will the arts ever have a lovelier origin than that fair 
 daughter of Dibutades tracing the beloved shadow on the 
 wall?— Ouida, Aritutue, L 6. 
 
 Dicae'a, daughter of Jove, the "ac- 
 cusing angel " of classic mythology. 
 
 Forth stepped the just Dicffia, full of rage. 
 Phiueas Fletcher, The Purple J stand, vi. (1633). 
 
 Diccon the Bedlamite, a half- 
 mad mendicant, both knave and thief. 
 A specimen of the metre will be seen by 
 part of Diccou's speech : 
 
 Many a myle have I walked, divers and sundry waies, 
 And many a good man's house have 1 bin at in my dais : 
 Many a go».p's cup in my tynie have 1 tasted, 
 And many a broche and spyt have I both turned and 
 
 b-isted . . . 
 When 1 saw it booted nit, out at doores I hyed mee, 
 A nd caught a slyp of bacon when I saw none spyed mee, 
 ■Which I intend not far hence, unless my purpose fayle. 
 Shall serve for a shoing home to draw on two pots of ale. 
 Diccon the Bedlamite (155'J). 
 
 Dicil'la, one of Logistilla's hand- 
 maids, noted for her chastity. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Dick, ostler at the Seven Stars inn, 
 York. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Dick, called "The Devil's Dick of 
 Hellgarth ; " a falconer and follower of 
 the earl of Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
 Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Dick (Mr.), an amiable, half-witted 
 man, devoted to David's "aunt," Miss 
 Betsey Trotwood, who thinks him a pro- 
 digious genius. Mr. Dick is especially 
 mad on the subject of Charles I. — C. 
 Dickens, David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Dick Amlet, the son of Mrs. Amlet, 
 a rich, vulgar tradeswoman. Dick as- 
 sumes the airs of a fine gentleman, and 
 calls himself colonel Shapely, in -which 
 character he gets introduced to Corinna, 
 the daughter of Gripe, a rich scrivener. 
 Just as he is about to elope, his mother 
 makes her appearance, and the deceit is 
 laid bare ; but Mrs. Amlet promises to 
 give her son £10,000, and so the -wedding 
 is adjusted. Dick is a regular scamp, 
 and wholly without principle ; but being 
 a dashing young blade, with a handsome 
 person, he is admired by the ladies. — Sir 
 John Vaubrugh, The Confederacy (1695). 
 
 John Palmer was the "Dick Amlet," and John Ban- 
 nister the roguish servant, "Brass." — James Smith (lrtO). 
 
 Dick Shakebag, a highwayman in 
 the gang of captain Colepepper (the 
 Alsatian bully). — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Dickson {Thomas), farmer at Doug- 
 las dale. 
 
 Charles Dickson, son of the above, 
 killed in the church. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Dicta'tor of Letters, Francois 
 Marie Arouet de Voltaire, called th«? 
 " Great Pan " (1694-1778). 
 
 Dictionary (A Lining). Wilhelm 
 Leibnitz (1646-1716) was so called by 
 George I. 
 
 *** Longfnus was called " The Living 
 Cyclopaedia " (213-273). 
 
 *** Daniel Huet, chief editor of the 
 Delphine Classics, was called a Forcus 
 Literarum for his unlimited knowledge 
 (1630-1721). 
 
 Diddler (Jeremy), an artful swindler ; 
 a clever, seedy vagabond, who borrows 
 money or obtains credit by his songs, 
 witticisms, or other expedients. — Kenney, 
 Raising the Wind. 
 
 Diderick, the German form of Theo- 
 dorick, king of the Goths. As Arthur 
 is the centre of British romance and 
 Charlemagne of French romance, so 
 Diderick is the central figure of the 
 German minnesingers. 
 
 Didier (Henri), the lover of Julie 
 Lesurques (2 syl.) ; a gentleman in feel- 
 ing and conduct, who remains loyal to 
 his fiancee through all her troubles. — Ed. 
 Stirling, The Courier of Lyons (1852). 
 
 Die. "Ah, surely nothing dies but 
 something mourns ! " — Byron, Don Juan, 
 iii. 108 (1820). 
 
 Die Young ( Whom the Gods love). — 
 Byron, Don Juan, iv. 12 (1824). 
 
 bv o\ tieoi (piKovaiv uiro0vt]<TKei veor. 
 
 Menander, Fragtnents, 48 ("Meineke"). 
 And what excelleth but what dieth young ? 
 
 Drummond (1535-1&49). 
 
 Die'go, the sexton to Lopez the 
 " Spanish curate." — Beaumont and Flet- 
 cher, The Spanish Curate (1622). 
 
 Die'go (Don), a man of 60, who saw a 
 country maiden named Leonora, whom 
 he liked, and intended to marry if her 
 temper was as amiable as her face was 
 pretty. He obtained leave of her parents 
 to bring her home and place her under a 
 duenna for three months, and then either 
 return her to them spotless, or to make 
 her his wife. At the expiration of the 
 time, he went to settle the marriage 
 contract ; and, to make all things sure, 
 locked up the house, giving the keys to 
 Ursula, but to the outer door he attached 
 
DIET OF PERFORMERS. 
 
 253 
 
 DIMANCHE. 
 
 a huge padlock, and put the key in his 
 pocket. Leander, being in love with 
 Leonora, laughed at locksmiths and 
 duennas, and Diego (2 syl.) found them 
 about to elope. Being a wise man, he 
 not only consented to their union, but 
 gave Leonora a handsome marriage por- 
 tion. — I. Bickerstaff, The Padlock. 
 
 Diet of Performers. 
 
 B UAH am sang on bottled porter. 
 
 Catley (Miss) took linseed tea and 
 madeira. 
 
 Cooke (G. F.) drank everything. 
 
 Henderson, gum arable and sherry. 
 
 Ixcledon sang on madeira. 
 
 Jordan (Mrs.) drank calves'-foot jelly 
 and sherry. 
 
 Kean (C.) took beef -tea for breakfast, 
 and preferred a rump-steak for dinner. 
 
 Kean (Edm.), Emery, and Reeve 
 drank cold brand y-and-water, 
 
 Kemble (John) took opium. 
 
 Lewis, mulled wine and oysters. 
 
 Ma cue ad y used to eat the lean of 
 mutton-chops when he acted, and subse- 
 quently lived almost wholly on a vege- 
 table diet. 
 
 Oxberry drank tea. 
 
 Russell (Henry) took & boiled egg. 
 
 Smith ( W.) drank coffee. 
 
 Wood (Mrs.) sang on draught porter. 
 
 Wrench and Harley took no refresh- 
 ment during a performance. — W. C. 
 Russell, Representative Actors, 272. 
 
 Die'trieh (2 syl.). So Theod'oric the 
 Great is called by the German minne- 
 singers. In the terrible broil stirred up 
 by queen Kriemhild in the banquet hall 
 of Etzel, Dietrich interfered, and suc- 
 ceeded in capturing Hagan and the 
 Burgundian king Gunther. These he 
 handed over to the queen, praying her to 
 set them free ; but she cut off both their 
 heads with her own hands. — The Niebe- 
 lungen Lied (thirteenth century). 
 
 Dietrich (John), a labourer's son of 
 Pomerania. He spent twelve years 
 under ground, where he met Elizabeth 
 Krabbin, daughter of the minister of his 
 own village, Rambin. One day, walking 
 together, they heard a cock crow, and 
 an irresistible desire came over both of 
 them to visit the upper earth. John so 
 frightened the elves by a toad, that they 
 yielded to his wish, and gave him hoards 
 of wealth, with part of which he bought 
 half the island of Riigen. He married 
 Elizabeth, and became the founder of a 
 very powerful. family. — Keightley, Fairy 
 Mythology. (Sec Taniiauser.) 
 
 Dieu et Mon Droit, the parole 
 of Richard I. at the battle of Gisora 
 (1198). 
 
 Diggery, one of the house-servanti 
 at Strawberry Hall. Being stage-struck, 
 he inoculates his fellow-servants (Cymon 
 and Wat) with the same taste. In the 
 same house is an heiress named Kitty 
 Sprightly (a ward of sir Gilbert Pump- 
 kin), also stage-struck. Diggery's fa- 
 vourite character was "Alexander the 
 Great," the son of "Almon." One day, 
 playing Romeo and Juliet, he turned the 
 oven into the balcony, but, being rung 
 for, the girl acting "Juliet" was nearly 
 roasted alive. (See Diggory.) — J. Jack- 
 man, All the World's a Stage. 
 
 Digges (Miss Maria), a friend of ( 
 lady Penfeather ; a visitor at the Spa.—' 
 Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Diggon [Davie], a shepherd in the 
 Shcphearde' s Calendar, by Spenser. He 
 tells Hobbinol that he drove his sheep 
 into foreign lands, hoping to find better 
 pasture ; but he was amazed at the 
 luxury and profligacy of the shepherds 
 whom he saw there, and the wretched 
 condition of the flocks. He refers to 
 the Roman Catholic clergy, and their 
 abandoned mode of life. Diggon also 
 tells Hobbinol a long story about Roffin 
 (the bishop of Rochester) and his watch- 
 ful dog Lauder catching a wolf in sheep's 
 clothing in the fold. — Eel. ix. (Septem- 
 ber, 1572 or 1578). 
 
 Diggory, a barn labourer, employed 
 on state occasions for butler and footman 
 by Mr. and Mrs. Hardcastle. He is 
 both awkward and familiar, laughs at 
 his master's jokes and talks to his 
 master's guests while serving. (See 
 Diggery.) — Goldsmith, She Stoops to 
 Conquer (1773). 
 
 Diggory (Father), one of the monks of 
 St. Botolph's Priory.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 DiH or Ane'thum. The seeds are 
 warm, strong-smelling, and aromatic. 
 
 The wonder-working dill he gets . . . 
 Which curious women use in many a nice disease. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Dimanche (Mons.), a dun. Mons. 
 Dimanche, a tradesman, applies to don 
 Juan for money. Don Juan treats him 
 with all imaginable courtesy, but every 
 time he attempts to revert to business 
 interrupts him with some such question 
 as, Comment se porte madame Dimanche 9 
 
DIN. 
 
 254 
 
 DINER-OUT, ETC. 
 
 or Et votre petite file Claudine, comment 
 se porte-t-elle ? or Le petit Colin, fait-il 
 toujours bien du bruit avec soil tambour ? 
 or Et votre petit chien Brusquet, gronde- 
 t-il toujours aussi fort . . . ? and, after a 
 time, he says he is very sorry, but he 
 must say good-bye for the present, and 
 he leaves Mons. without his once stating 
 the object of his call. (See Shuffle- 
 ton.) — Moliere, Don Juan (1665). 
 
 Din (The), the practical part of Islam, 
 containing the ritual and moral laws. 
 
 Dinah [Friendly], daughter of sir 
 Thomas Friendly. She loves Edward 
 Blushington, "the bashful man," and 
 becomes engaged to him. — W. T. Mon- 
 crieff, The Bashful Man. 
 
 Dinah, daughter of Sandie Lawson, 
 landlord of the Spa hotel. — Sir W, 
 Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Di'nah (Aunt) leaves Mr. Walter 
 Shandy £1000. This sum of money, in 
 "Walter's eye, will suffice to carry out all 
 the wild schemes and extravagant fancies 
 that enter into his head. — Sterne, Tris- 
 tram Shandy (1759). 
 
 Dinant', a gentleman who once loved 
 and still pretends to love Lamira, the 
 wife of Champernel. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Little French Lawi/cr 
 (1647). 
 
 Dinarza'de (4 syl.), sister of Sche- 
 herazade sultana of Persia. Dinarzade 
 was instructed by her sister to wake her 
 ever}' morning an hour before daybreak, 
 and say, " Sister, relate to me one of 
 those delightful stories you know," or 
 " Finish before daybreak the story you 
 began yesterday." The sultan got in- 
 terested in these tales, and revoked the 
 cruel determination he had made of 
 strangling at daybreak the wife he had 
 married the preceding night. (See Sche- 
 herazade.) 
 
 Dinas Emrys or " Fort of Am- 
 brose" (i.e. Merlin), on the Brith, a 
 part of Snowdon. When Vortigern built 
 this fort, whatever was constructed 
 during the day was swallowed up in the 
 earth during the nig'ht. Merlin (then 
 called Ambrose or Embres-Guletic) dis- 
 covered the cause to be "two serpents 
 at the bottom of a pool below the foun- 
 dation of the works." These serpents 
 were incessantly struggling with each 
 other ; one was white, and the other red. 
 The white serpent at first prevailed, but 
 
 ultimately the red one chased the other 
 out of the pool. The red serpent, he 
 said, meant the Britons, and the white 
 one the Saxons. At first the Saxons 
 (or white serpent) prevailed, but in the 
 end " our people " (the red serpent) "shall 
 chase the Saxon race beyond the sea." — 
 Nennius, History of the Britons (842). 
 
 And from the top of Brith, so high and wondrous steep 
 Where Dinas Emris stood, showed where the serpents 
 
 fought 
 The white that tore the red, for whence the prophet 
 
 taught 
 The Britons' sad decay. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, x. (1612). 
 
 Dine -with. Demoeritos (To), to 
 be choused out of your dinner. 
 
 A " Barmecide feast " is no feast at 
 all. The allusion is to Barmecide, who 
 invited Schacabac to dine with him, and 
 set before him only empty plates and 
 dishes, pretending that the " viands " 
 were most excellent. (See Barmecide.) 
 
 Dine with, duke Humphrey 
 (To), to have no dinner to go to. The 
 duke referred to was the son of Henry 
 IV., murdered at St. Edmundsbury, and 
 buried at St. Alban's. It was generally 
 thought that he was buried in the nave 
 of St. Paul's Cathedral ; but the monu- 
 ment supposed to be erected to the duke 
 was in reality that of John Beauchamp. 
 Loungers, who were asked if they were 
 not going home to dinner, and those who 
 tarried in St. Paul's after the general 
 crowd had left, were supposed to be so 
 busy looking for the duke's monument 
 that they disregarded the dinner hour. 
 
 Dine with Mahomet (To), to die. 
 Similar to the classic phrase, "To sup 
 with Pluto." 
 
 Dine (or Sup) with sir Thomas 
 Gresham, to have no dinner or supper 
 to go to. At one time the Royal Exchange 
 was the common lounging-place of idlers 
 and vagabonds. 
 
 Tho' little coin thy purseless pockets line. 
 
 Yet with ^Teat company thou'rt taken up ; 
 For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine. 
 
 And of'er. with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 
 
 Hayman, Epigram on a Loafer (1628). 
 
 Dine with the Cross-Legged 
 Knights (To), to have no dinner to go 
 to. Lawyers at one time made appoint- 
 ments with their clients at the Round 
 Church, and here a host of dinnerless 
 vagabonds loitered about all day, in the 
 hope of picking up a few pence for little 
 services. 
 
 Diner- Out of the First "Water 
 
DINEVAWK 
 
 255 
 
 DIONYSIUS. 
 
 the Rev. Sidney Smith ; so called bv the 
 Quarterly Review (1769-1845). 
 
 Din'evawr (3 syl.) or Dinas Vawr 
 ("great palace"), the residence of the 
 king of South Wales, built by Rhodri 
 Mawr. 
 
 I w:is the guest of Shy's at Dinevawr, 
 
 Ajid there the tidings found uie, that our sire 
 
 Was gathered to his fathers. 
 
 Southey, Modoc, L 3 (1805). 
 
 Dingle (Old Dick of the), friend of 
 Hobbie Elliott of the Heugh-f oot farm. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, 
 Anne). 
 
 Dingwall (Davie), the attorney at 
 Wolf's Hope village. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Dinias and Dercyllis (The Wan- 
 derings, Adventures, and Loves of), an 
 old Greek novel, the basis of the romance 
 of Antonius Diog'enes in twenty-four 
 books and entitled Incredible Things 
 beyond Thule \_Ta Hupcr Thoulen Apista], 
 a store-house from which subsequent 
 writers have borrowed largely. The 
 work is not extant, but Photius gives an 
 outline of its contents. 
 
 Dinmont (Dandy, i.e. Andrew), an 
 eccentric and humorous store farmer at 
 Charlie's Hope. He is called " The Fight- 
 ing Dinmont of Liddesdale." 
 
 Ailie Dinmont, wife of Dandy Dinmont. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannermj (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 *** This novel has been dramatized by 
 Daniel Terry. 
 
 Dinner DelL Burke was so called 
 from his custom of speaking so long as 
 to interfere with the dinner of the mem- 
 bers (1729-1797). 
 
 Dinnerless (The) are said to sit at 
 a "Barmecide feast:" to "dine with 
 duke Humphrey;" "to dine with sir 
 Thomas Gresham ; " to " dine with De- 
 mocritos." Their hosts are said to be the 
 cross-legged knights. 
 
 Diocle'tian, the king and father of 
 Erastus, who was placed under the charge 
 of the " seven wise masters " (Italian 
 version) . 
 
 In the French version, the father is 
 called " Dolop'athos." 
 
 Diog'enes (4 syl.), the negro slave 
 of the cynic philosopher Michael Age- 
 lastes (4 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Bobert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Di'omede (3 syl.) fed his horses on 
 
 human flesh, and he was himself eaten bj 
 his horse, being thrown to it by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Dion (Lord), father of Euphrasia. 
 Euphrasia is in love with Philaster, heir 
 to the crown of Messi'na. Disguised 
 as a page, Euphrasia assumes the name 
 of Bellario and enters the service of 
 Philaster. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Phi- 
 laster or Love Lies a-b/eeding (1638). 
 
 (There is • considerable resemblance 
 between "Euphrasia" and "Viola" in 
 Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, 1614.) 
 
 Dionas'an Caesar, Julius Csesar, 
 who claimed descent from Venus, called 
 Dione from her mother. iEneas Asas 
 son of Venus and Anchises. 
 
 Ecce, Dionaei processit Csesaris astrum. 
 
 Virgil, Eclogues, ix. 47. 
 
 Dio'ne (3 syl.), mother of Aphro- 
 dite ( Venus), Zeus or Jove being the 
 father. Venus herself is sometimes 
 called Dione. 
 
 Oh bear ... thy treasures to the green recess, 
 Where young DiouS strays , with sweetest airs 
 Entice her forth to lend her angel form 
 For Beauty's honoured image. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (17-44). 
 
 Dionys'ia, wife of Cleon governor 
 of Tarsus. Pericles prince of Tyre 
 commits to her charge his infant daughter 
 Mari'na, supposed to be motherless. 
 When 14 years old, Dionysia, out of 
 jealousy, employs a man to murder her 
 foster-child, and the people of Tarsus, 
 hearing thereof, set lire to her house, and 
 both Dionysia and Cleon are burnt to 
 death in the flames. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
 Prince of Tyre (1608). 
 
 Dionys'ius, tyrant of Syracuse, de- 
 throned Evander, and imprisoned him in 
 a dungeon deep in a huge rock, intending 
 to starve him to death. But Euphrasia, 
 having gained access to him, fed him 
 from her own breast. Timoleon invaded 
 Syracuse, and Dionysius, seeking safety 
 in a tomb, saw there Evander the deposed 
 king, and was about to kill him, when 
 Euphrasia rushed forward, struck the 
 tyrant to the heart, and he fell dead at 
 her feet. — A. Murphy, The Grecian 
 Daughter (1772). 
 
 %* In this tragedy there are several 
 gross historical errors. In act i. the 
 author tells us it was Dionysius the 
 Elder who was dethroned, and went in 
 exile to Corinth ; but the elder Dionysius 
 died in Syracuse, at the age of 63, and 
 it was the younger Dionysius who was 
 dethroned by Timoleon, and went to 
 
DIONYSIUS. 
 
 256 
 
 DISTAFFINA. 
 
 Corinth. In act v. he makes Euphrasia 
 kill the tyrant in Syracuse, whereas he 
 was allowed to leave Sicily, and retired 
 to Corinth, where he spent his time in 
 riotous living, etc. 
 
 Dionys'ius [the Elder] was appointed 
 sole general of the Syracusian army, and 
 then king by the voice of the senate. 
 Damon "the Pythagore'an " opposed the 
 appointment, and even tried to stab " the 
 tyrant," but was arrested and condemned 
 to death. The incidents whereby he was 
 saved are to be found under the article 
 Da'mon (q.v.). 
 
 Damon and Pythias, a drama by P. 
 Edwards (1571), and another by John 
 Banim, in 1825. 
 
 Dionys'ius [the Younger], being 
 banished from Syracuse, went to Corinth 
 and turned schoolmaster. 
 
 Corinth's pedagogue hath now 
 
 Transferred his byword [tyrant] to thy brow. 
 
 Byron, Ode to Napoleon. 
 
 Dionysius the Areopagite was 
 one of the judges of the Areopagite 
 when St. Paul appeared before this 
 tribunal. Certain writings, fabricated by 
 the neo-platonicians in the fifth century, 
 were falsely ascribed to him. The Iso- 
 do'rian Decretals is a somewhat similar 
 forgery by Mentz, who lived in the ninth 
 century, or three hundred years after 
 Isidore. 
 
 The error of those doctrines so vicious 
 Of the old Areopagite Dionysius. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 
 Dionysius's Ear, a cave in a rock, 
 72 feet high, 27 feet broad, and 219 feet 
 deep, the entrance of which " resembled 
 the shape of an ear." It was used as a 
 guard-room or prison, and the sentinel 
 could hear the slightest whisper of the 
 prisoners within. 
 
 Dioscu'ri (sons of Zens), Castor and 
 Pollux. Generally, but incorrectly, ac- 
 cented on the second syllable. . 
 
 Dioti'ma, the priestess of Mantineia 
 m Plato's Symposium, the teacher of 
 Soc'rates. Her opinions on life, its 
 nature, origin, end, and aim, form the 
 nucleus of the dialogue. Socrates died 
 of hemlock. 
 
 Beneath an emerald plane 
 Sits Diotima, teaching him that died 
 Of hemlock. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, Hi. 
 
 Diplomatists (Prince of), Chnrles 
 Maurice Talleyrand de Pe'rigord (1754- 
 1838). 
 
 Dipsas, a serpent, so called because 
 those bitten by it suffered from intoler- 
 able thirst. (Greek, dipsa, "thirst.") 
 Milton refers to it in Paradise Lost. x. 
 526 (16G5). 
 
 Dipsodes (2 syl.), the people of 
 Dipsody, ruled over by king Anarchus, 
 and subjugated by prince Pantag'ruel (bk. 
 ii. 28). Pantagruel afterwards colonized 
 their country with nine thousand million 
 men from Utopia (or to speak more 
 exactly, 9,876,543,210 men), besides 
 women, children, workmen, professors, 
 and peasant labourers (bk. iii. 1). — Rabe- 
 lais, Pantag'ruel (1545). 
 
 Dip'sody, the country of the Dip- 
 sodes (2 syl.), q.v. 
 
 Dircse'an Swan, Pindar; so called 
 from Dirce, a fountain in the neighbour- 
 hood of Thebes, the poet's birthplace 
 (B.C. 518^42). 
 
 Dirlos or D'Yrlos (Count), a 
 paladin, the embodiment of valour, gene- 
 rosity, and truth. He was sent by 
 Charlemagne to the East, where he con- 
 quered Aliar'de, a Moorish prince. On 
 his return, he found his young wile 
 betrothed to Celi'nos (another of Charle- 
 magne's peers). The matter was put 
 right by the king, who gave a grand 
 feast on the occasion. 
 
 Dirty Lane, now called Abingdon 
 Street, Westminster. 
 
 Dirty Linen. Napoleon I. said, 
 " II faut laver sa linge en famille." 
 
 Disastrous Peace (The), the peace 
 signed at Cateau-Cambre'sis, by which 
 Henri II. renounced all claim to Gen'oa, 
 Naples, Mil'an, and Corsica (1559). 
 
 Dis'mas, the penitent thief ; Gesraas 
 the impenitent one. 
 
 Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora ramls : 
 Dismas et Gesnios, media est Divina Potestas; 
 Alta petit DUmas, infeliK iufima Gesmas ; 
 Nos et res nostras conservet Summa Potestas, 
 Hos versus dicas, ne ta furto tua perdas. 
 
 A Latin Charm. 
 
 Disney Professor, a chair in the 
 University of Cambridge, founded by 
 John Disney, Esq., of The Hyde, Ingate- 
 stone, for Archasology (1851). 
 
 DistaflS/na, the troth-plight wife of 
 general Bombastes ; but Artaxaminous, 
 king of Utopia, promised her "half a 
 crown " if she would forsake the general 
 for himself — a temptation too great to be 
 resisted. When the general found him- 
 self jilted, he retired from the world, bung 
 
DISTAFF'S DAY. 
 
 257 
 
 DIVINA COMMEDIA. 
 
 up his boots on the branch of a tree, and 
 dared any one to remove thein. The king 
 cut the boots down, and the general 
 cut the king down. Fusbos, coming up 
 at this crisis, laid the general prostrate. 
 At the close of the burlesque all the 
 dead men jump up and join the dance, 
 promising "to die again to-morrow," if 
 the audience desires it. — W. B. Rhodes, 
 Bombastes Furioso (1790). 
 
 Falling on one knee, he put both hands on his heart 
 and rolled up his eyes, much after the manner of Bombastes 
 Furioso making love to Distaffina.— E. Sargent 
 
 Distaff's Day (St.), January 7 ; so 
 called because the Christmas festivities 
 terminate on " Twelfth Day," and on the 
 day following the women used to return 
 to their distaffs or daily occupations. 
 
 * + * Also called Rock Day, because 
 " rock " is another name for a distaff. 
 
 Distance. " 'Tis distance lends en- 
 chantment to the view." — Campbell, 
 Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Distressed Mother ( The), a tragedy 
 by Ambrose Philips (1712). The " dis- 
 tressed mother" is Androm'ache, the 
 widow of Hector. At the fall of Troy 
 she and her son Asty'anax fell to the lot 
 of Pyrrhus king of Eplrus, Pyrrhus fell 
 in love with her and wished to marry her, 
 but she refused him. At length an em- 
 bassy from Greece, headed by Orestes, 
 son of Agamemnon, was s^.nt to Eplrus 
 to demand the death of Astyanax, lest in 
 manhood he might seek to avenge his 
 father's death. Pyrrhus told Andro- 
 mache he would protect her son, and 
 defy all Greece, if she would consent to 
 marry him ; and she yielded. "While the 
 marriage rites were going on, the Greek 
 ambassadors fell on Pyrrhus and mur- 
 dered him. As he fell he placed the 
 crown on the head of Andromache, 
 who thus became queen of Epirus, and 
 the Greeks hastened to their ships in 
 flight. This play is an English adaptation 
 of Racine's Andromaque (1667). 
 
 Ditchley (Gaffer), one of the miners 
 employed by sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Dithyrambic Poetry (Father of), 
 Arlon of Lesbos (fl. B.C. 625). 
 
 Ditton (Thomas), footman of the 
 Rev. Mr. Staunton, of Willingham Rec- 
 tory.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Divan (T/ie), the supreme council and 
 
 court of justice of the caliphs. The 
 abbassidcs always sat in person in this 
 court to aid in the redress of wrongs. It 
 was called " a divan " from the benches 
 covered with cushions on which the 
 members sat. — D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque 
 Orientale, 298. 
 
 Dive \deev~], a demon in Persian 
 mythology. In the mogul's palace at 
 Lahore, there used to be several pictures 
 of these dives (1 syl.), with long horns, 
 staring eyes, shaggy hair, great fangs, 
 ugly paws, long tails, and other horrible 
 deformities. I remember seeing them 
 exhibited at King's College in one of the 
 soirees given there after the Indian 
 Mutiny. 
 
 Diver (Colonel), editor of the New 
 York Roudy Journal, in America. His 
 air was that of a man oppressed by a 
 sense of his own greatness, and his 
 physiognomy was a map of cunning and 
 conceit. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlevoit 
 (1844). 
 
 Di'ves (2 syl.), the name popularly 
 given to the "rich man" in our Lord's 
 parable of the rich man and Lazarus ; in 
 Latin, Dives et Lazarus. — Luke xvi. 
 
 Divide and Govern, a maxim of 
 Machiavelli of Florence (1469-1527). 
 
 Divi'na Comme'dia, the first poem 
 of note ever written in the Italian lan- 
 guage. It is an epic by Dante' Alighie'ri, 
 and is divided into three parts : Hell, 
 Purgatory, and Paradise. Dante' called 
 it a comedy, because the ending is happy ; 
 and his countrymen added the word 
 divine from admiration of the poem. The 
 poet depicts a vision, in which he is 
 conducted, first by Yirgil (human reason) 
 through hell and purgatory; and then by 
 Beatrice (revelation) and finanj oy St. 
 Bernard through the several heavens, 
 where he beholds the Triune God. 
 
 "Hell" is represented as a funnel- 
 shaped hollow, formed of gradually con- 
 tracting circles, the lowest and smallest 
 of which is the earth's centre. (See In- 
 ferno, 1300.) 
 
 "Purgatory" is a mountain rising 
 solitarily from the ocean on that side of 
 the earth which is opposite to us. It is 
 divided into terraces, and its top is the 
 terrestrial paradise. (See Purgatory, 
 1308.) 
 
 From this "top" the poet ascenda 
 through the seven planetary heavens, 
 the fixed stars, and the "primum mobile," 
 
DIVINE. 
 
 258 
 
 DOCTOR. 
 
 to the empyre'an or seat of God. (See 
 Paradise, loll.) 
 
 Divine ( The), St. John the evangelist, 
 called "John the Divine." 
 
 Raphael, the. painter, was called II 
 Divino (1483-1520). 
 
 Luis Morales, a Spanis?i painter, was 
 called El Divino (1509-1586). 
 
 Ferdinand de Herre'ra, a Spanish poet 
 (1516-1595). 
 
 Divine Doctor (The), Jean de 
 Ruyshroek, the mystic (1294-1381). 
 
 Divine Speaker (The). Tyr'timos, 
 jsually known as Theophrastos ("divine 
 speaker"), was so called by Aristotle 
 (B.C. 370-287). 
 
 Divine Right of Kings. The 
 dogma that Kings can do no wrong is based 
 on a dictum of Hincmar archbishop of 
 Rheims, viz., that "kings are subject to 
 no man so long as they rule by God's 
 law." — Hincmar's Works, i. 693. 
 
 Divining Rod, a forked branch of 
 hazel, suspended between the balls of the 
 thumbs. The inclination of this rod 
 indicates the presence of water-springs 
 and precious metals. 
 
 Now to rivulets from the mountains 
 Point the rods of fortune-tellers. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Song. 
 
 *** Jacques Aymar of Crole was the 
 most famous of ail diviners. He lived in 
 the latter half of the seventeenth century 
 and the beginning of the eighteenth. His 
 marvellous faculty attracted the attention 
 of Europe. M. Chauvin, M.D., and 
 M. Gamier, M.D., published carefully 
 written accounts of his wonderful powers, 
 and both weie eye-witnesses thereof. — 
 See S. Baring-Gould, Myths of the Middle 
 Ayes. 
 
 Divinity. There are four professors 
 of divinity at Cambridge, and three at 
 Oxford. Those at Cambridge are the 
 Hul'sean, the Margaret, the Norrisian, 
 and the Regius. Those at Oxford are 
 the Margaret, the Regius, and one for 
 Ecclesiastical History. 
 
 Divi'no Lodov'ico, Ariosto, author 
 of Orlando Furioso (1474-1533). 
 
 D-iX'ie's Land, the land of milk and 
 honey to American niggers. Dixie was 
 a slave-holder of Manhattan Island, who 
 removed his slaves to the Southern 
 States, where they had to work harder 
 and fare worse ; so that they were always 
 sighing for their old home, which they 
 
 called "Dixie's Land." Imagination and 
 distance soon advanced this island into a 
 sort of Delectable Country or land of 
 Beulah. 
 
 Dixon, servant to Mr. Richard Vere 
 (1 syl.)— Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf 
 (time, Anne). 
 
 Dizzy, a nickname of Benjamin Dis- 
 raeli, earl of Beaconsfield (1805- ). 
 
 Dja'bal, son of Youssof, a sheikh, 
 and saved by Maa'ni in the great massacre 
 of the sheikhs by the Knights Hospitallers 
 in the Spo'rades. He resolves to avenge , 
 this massacre, and gives out that he is ' 
 Hakeem', the incarnate god, their founder, 
 returned to earth to avenge their wrongs 
 and lead them back to Syria. His im- 
 posture being discovered, he kills him- 
 self, but Loys [Lo'.issl , a young Breton 
 count, leads the exiles back to Lebanon. 
 
 Djabal is Hakeem, the incarnate Dread, 
 The phantasm khalif, king of Prodigies. 
 Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, i. 
 
 Djin'nestan', the realm of the djinn 
 or genii of Oriental mythology. 
 
 Dobbin (Captain afterwards Colonel), 
 son of sir William Dobbin, a London 
 tradesman. Uncouth, awkward, and tall, 
 with huge feet ; but faithful and loving, 
 with a large heart and most delicate ap- 
 preciation. He is a prince of a fellow, 
 is proud, fond of captain George Osborno 
 from boyhood to death, and adores Amelia, 
 George's wife. When she has been a 
 widow for some ten years, he marries 
 her. — Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 Dobbins (Humphrey), the confi- 
 dential servant of sir Robert Bramble of 
 Blackberry Hall, in the county of Kent. 
 A blunt old retainer, most devoted to his 
 master. Under a rough exterior he con- 
 cealed a heart brimful of kindness, and 
 so tender that a word would melt it. — 
 George Colman, The Poor Gentleman 
 (1802). 
 
 Dobu'ni, called Bodu'ni by Dio ; the 
 people of Gloucestershire and Oxford- 
 shire. Drayton refers to them in his 
 Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Doctor (The), a romance by Sou- 
 ther. The doctor's name is Dove, anr* 
 his horse " Nobbs." 
 
 Doctor (The Admirable), Roger Bacon 
 (1214-1292). 
 
 The Angelic Doctor, Thomas Aquinas 
 (1224-1274), " fifth doctor of the Church." 
 
 The Authentic Doctor, Gregory of 
 Rimini (*-1357). 
 
DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 259 
 
 DODONA. 
 
 The Divitie Doctor, Jean Ruysbroek 
 [1294-1381). 
 
 The Dalcifluous Doctor, Antonio An- 
 Ireas (*-1320). 
 
 The Ecstatic Doctor, Jean Ruysbroek 
 (1294-1381>. 
 
 The Eloquent Doctor, Peter Aureolus, 
 irchbishop of Aix (fourteenth century). 
 
 The .Evangelical Doctor, J. Wy cliff e 
 (1324-1384). 
 
 The Illuminated Doctor, Raymond Luliy 
 '1235-1315), or Most Enlightened Doctor. 
 
 The Invincible Doctor, William Occam 
 [1276-1347). 
 
 The Irrefragable Doctor, Alexander 
 Hales (*-l245). 
 
 The Mellifluous Doctor, St; Bernard 
 (1091-1153). 
 
 The Most Christian Doctor, Jean de 
 Gerson (1363-1429). 
 
 The Most Methodical Doctor, John 
 Dassol (*-1347). 
 
 The Ifost Profound Doctor, ^Egidius 
 le Columna (*-1316). 
 
 The Most Resolute Doctor, Durand de 
 St. Fountain (1267-1332). 
 
 The Perspicuous Doctor, Walter Bur- 
 ley (fourteenth century). 
 
 The Profound Doctor, Thomas Brad- 
 wardine (*-1349). 
 
 The Scholastic Doctor, Anselm of Laon 
 (1050-1117). 
 
 The Seraphic Doctor, St. Bonaventura 
 (1221-1274). 
 
 The Singular Doctor, William Occam 
 (1276-1347). 
 
 The Solemn Doctor, Henry Goethals 
 (1227-1293). 
 
 The Solid Doctor, Richard Middleton 
 (*-1304). 
 
 The Subtle Doctor, Duns Scotus (1265- 
 L308), or Most Subtle Doctor. 
 
 The Thorough Doctor, William Varro 
 (thirteenth century). 
 
 The Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille 
 1114-1203) ; Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 
 
 The Venerable Doctor, William de 
 ^hampeaux (*-1126). 
 
 The Well-founded Doctor, ^Egidius 
 ttomanus (*-1316). 
 
 The Wise Doctor, John Herman Wessel 
 1409-1489). 
 
 The Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon 
 1214-1292). 
 
 Doctors of the Church. The 
 
 xreek Church recognizes four doctors, 
 riz.j St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory 
 >f Nyssa, and St. John Chrysostom. 
 rhe Latin Church recognizes St. Au- 
 justin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, and 
 it. Gregorv the Great. 
 
 (For all other doctors, see under the 
 proper name or nickname.) 
 
 Doctor's Tale {TJie), in Chaucer's 
 
 Canterbury Tales, is the Roman story of 
 Virginius given by Livy. This story is 
 told in French in the Roman de la Rose, 
 ii. 74, and by Gower in his Confessio 
 Amantis, vii. It has furnished the subject 
 of a host of tragedies : for example, in 
 French, Mairet (1628) ; Leclerc (1645) ; 
 Campestron (1683) ; Chabanon (1769) ; 
 Laharpe(1786) ; LeblancdeGuillet(1786) ; 
 Guiraud (1827) ; Latour St. Ybars (1845). 
 In Italian, Alfieri (1784) ; in German, 
 Lessing (1775) ; and in English, Knowles 
 (1829). 
 
 Doctor's Wife {The), a novel by 
 Miss Braddon, adapted from Madame 
 Bovary, a French novel. 
 
 Dodger {The Artful), the sobriquet 
 of Jack Dawkins, an artful, thievish 
 young scamp, in the boy crew of Fagin 
 the Jew villain. — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist, 
 viii. (1837). 
 
 Dodington, whom Thomson in- 
 vokes in his Summer, is George Bubb 
 Dodington, lordMelcomb-Regis, aBritish 
 statesman. Churchill and Pope ridiculed 
 him, while Hogarth introduced him in 
 his picture called the "Orders of Peri- 
 wigs." 
 
 Dod'ipoll {Dr.), any man of weak 
 intellect, a dotard. Hence the proverb, 
 Wise as Dr. Dodipoll, meaning " not wise 
 at all." 
 
 Dodman or Doddiman. A snail 
 is so called in the eastern counties. 
 
 " I'm a regular dodman, I am," said Mr. Peggutty — by 
 which he meant "snail." — C. Dickens, David Copjjer- 
 ficld, vii. (1849). 
 
 Doddiman, doddiman, put out your horns, 
 For here comes a thief to steal your corns. 
 
 Common Popular Rhyme in Norfolk. 
 
 Dodon or rather Dodoens {Rem- 
 bert), a Dutch botanist (1517-1585), phy- 
 sician to the emperors Maximilian II. and 
 Rodolph II. His works are Frumentorum 
 et Leguminum Historia ; Florum Histeria ; 
 Purgantium Radicum et Herbarum Historia ; 
 Stirpium Historia ; all included under 
 the general title of "The History of 
 Plants." 
 
 Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but a few, 
 To those unnumbered sorts, of simples here that grew. 
 Which justly to set down e'en Dodon short doth fall. 
 Drayton, 1'olyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Dodo'na (in Eplros), famous for the 
 most ancient oracle in Greece. The 
 responses were made by an old woman 
 called a pigeon, because the Greek word 
 
DODS. 
 
 260 
 
 DOG. 
 
 pelice means either "old women" or 
 *' pigeons." According to fable, Zeus 
 gave his daughter Thebe two black 
 pigeons endowed with the gift of human 
 speech: one flew into Libya, and gave the 
 responses in the temple of Amnion ; the 
 other into Epiros, where it gave the re- 
 sponses in Dodona. 
 
 We are told that the priestess of Dodona 
 derived her answers from the cooing of 
 the sacred doves, the rustling of the 
 sacred trees, the bubbling of the sacred 
 fountain, and the tinkling of bells or 
 pieces of metal suspended among the 
 branches of the trees. 
 
 And Dodona's oak swang lonely 
 Henceforth to the tempest only. 
 
 Mrs. Browning, Dead Pan, 17. 
 
 Dods (Meg), landlady of the Clachan 
 or Mowbery Arms inn at St. Ronan's Old 
 Town. The inn was once the manse, 
 and Meg Dods reigned there despotically, 
 but her wines were good and her cuisine 
 excellent. This is one of the best lowcomic 
 characters in the whole range of fiction. 
 
 She had hair of a brindled colour, betwixt black and 
 grey, which was apt to escape in ef-locksfrom under her 
 mutch when she was 'thrpjvn into violent agitation ; long 
 skinny hands terminated by stout talons. 'grey eyes, thin 
 lips, a robust person, a broad though fat chest, capital 
 ■wind, and a voice that could match a choir of fishwomen. 
 —Sir W. Scott, at. Italian's Well, i. (time, George 111. ). 
 
 (So good a housewife was this eccentric 
 landlady, that a cookery-book has been 
 published bearing her name ; the authoress 
 is Mrs. Johnstone, a Scotchwoman.) 
 
 Dodson, a young farmer, called upon 
 by Death on his wedding day. Death 
 told him he must quit his Susan, and go 
 with him. " With you ! " the hapless 
 husband cried ; "young as I am, and un- 
 prepared?" Death then told him he 
 would not disturb him yet, but would 
 call again after giving him three warn- 
 ings. When he was 80 years of age, Death 
 called again. " So soon returned ?" old 
 Dodson cried. " You know you promised 
 inc three warnings." Death then told him 
 that as he was " lame and deaf and blind," 
 he had received his three warnings. — Mrs. 
 Thrale [Piozzi], The Three Warnings. 
 
 Dodson and Fogg (Messrs.), two 
 unprincipled lawyers, who undertake on 
 their own speculation to bring an action 
 against Mr. Pickwick for "breach of 
 promise," and file accordingly the famous 
 suit of "Bardell v. Pickwick." — C. 
 Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Doe (John) and Richard Roe, the fic- 
 titious plaintiff and defendant in an ac- 
 tion of ejectment. Men of straw. 
 
 Doeg, Saul's herdsman, who told him 
 that the priest Abim'elech had supplied 
 David with food ; whereupon the king 
 sent him to kill Abimelech, and Doeg 
 sleAV priests to the number of four score 
 and five (1 Samuel xxii. 18). In pt. ii. 
 of the satire called Absalom and Achito- 
 phel, Elkaneh Settle is called Doeg, 
 because he " fell upon " Dryden with his 
 pen, but was only a " herdsman or driver 
 of asses." 
 
 Doeg, tho' without knowing how or why, 
 Made still a blundering kind of melody . 
 Let him rail on . . . 
 But if he jumbles to one Hue of sense, 
 Indict him of a capital offence. 
 
 Tate, Absalom and Aclutophel, ii. (1682). 
 
 Dog (Agrippa's). Cornelius Agrippa 
 had a dog which was generally suspected 
 of being a spirit incarnate. 
 
 Arthur's Dog, "Cavall." 
 
 Dog of Belgrade, the camp duttler, 
 was named "Clumsey." 
 
 Lord Byron's Dog, ' ' Boatswain. ' ' It was 
 buried in the garden of Newstead Abbey. 
 
 Dog of Catherine de Medicis, "Phoebe," 
 a lap-dog. 
 
 Cuthullin's Dog was named "Luath," a 
 swift-footed hound. 
 
 Dora's Dog, " Jip."— C. Dickens, David 
 Coppcrfeld. 
 
 Douglas's Dog, "Luffra." — Dady of the 
 Lake. 
 
 Erigone's Dog was " Mcera." Erigone 
 is the constellation Virgo, and Moera the 
 star called Canis. 
 
 Eurytion's Dog (herdsman of Geryon), 
 " Orthros." It had two heads. 
 
 Eingal's Dog was named "Bran." 
 
 Geryon s Dogs. One was "Gargittos" 
 and the other "Orthros." The latter was 
 brother of Cerberos, but it had only two 
 heads. ' Hercules killed both of Geryon's 
 dogs. 
 
 Landseer's Dog, "Brutus." Introduced 
 by the great animal painter in his picruve 
 called "The Invader of the Larder." 
 
 IJewellyn's Dog was named " Gelert ; " 
 it was a greyhound. (Sec Gel'jERT.) 
 
 Lord Lury an's Dog was named "Master 
 M'Grath," from an orphan boy who 
 reared it. This dog won three Waterloo 
 cups, and was presented at court by the 
 express desire of queen Victoria, the very 
 year it died. It Avas a sporting grey- 
 hound (born 18G6, died Christmas Day, 
 1871). 
 
 Maria's Dog, "Silvio." — Sterne, Sentu 
 mental Journey. 
 
 Dog of Montargis. This was a dog 
 named " Dragon," bclontjiugto Aubri de 
 Montdidier, a captain in the French 
 
DOG. 
 
 261 
 
 DOILEY. 
 
 arrnv. Aubri was murdered in the forest 
 of "Bondy by his friend, lieutenant 
 Macaire, in the same regiment. After its . 
 master's death, the dog showed such a I 
 strange aversion to Macaire, that suspicion 
 was aroused against him. Some say he 
 was pitted against the dog, and confessed 
 the crime. Others say a sash was found 
 on him, and the sword-knot was recog- 
 nized by Ursula as her own Avork and gift 
 to Aubri. This Macaire then confessed 
 the crime, and his accomplice, lieutenant 
 Landrv, trying to escape, was seized by 
 the dog and bitten to death. This story 
 has been dramatized both in French and 
 English. 
 
 Orion's Dogs; one was named "Arc- 
 toph'ouos" and the other " Pto-ophagos." 
 
 Punch's Dog, "Toby." 
 
 Sir W. Scott's Dogs. His deer-hound 
 was " Maida." His jet-black greyhound 
 was " Hamlet." He had also two Dandy 
 Dinmont terriers. 
 
 Dog of the Seven Sleepers, " Katmir." 
 It spoke with a human voice. 
 
 In Sleary's circus, the performing dog 
 is called "Merryleys." — C. Dickens, 
 Hard Times. 
 
 (For Action's fifty dogs, see Dictionary 
 of Phrase and Fable, 234.) 
 
 Dog. The famous mount St. Bernard 
 dog which saved forty human beings, was 
 named "Barry." The stuffed skin of 
 this noble creature is preserved in the 
 museum at Berne. 
 
 Dog (The), Diogenes the cynic (n.c. 
 412-323). When Alexander encountered 
 him, the young Macedonian king intro- 
 duced himself with the words, " I am 
 Alexander, surnamed ' the Great.' " To 
 which the philosopher replied, "And I 
 am Diogenes, surnamed 'the Dog.'" The 
 Athenians raised to his memory a pillar 
 of Parian marble, surmounted with a dog, 
 and bearing the following inscription : — 
 
 " Say, dog, what guard you in that tomb? " 
 A dig. "His name?" Diogenes. "From far?" 
 
 SinopS. "He who made a tub his home?" 
 The same ; now dead, among the stars a star. 
 
 Dog (The Thracian), Zo'i'lus the gram- 
 marian ; so calledf or his snarling, captious 
 criticisms on Homer, Plato, and Iso'crates. 
 He was contemporary with Philip of 
 Macedcn. 
 
 Dog's Nose, gin and beer. 
 Cold as a dog's nose. 
 
 There sprung a leak in Noah's ark. 
 Which made the dog begin to bark ; 
 Noah took his nose to stop the hole. 
 And hence his nose is always coid. 
 
 A'otes arid. Queries, February 4, IS7J 
 
 Dogs were supposed by the ancient 
 Gaels to be sensible of their masters' 
 death, however far they might be sepa- 
 rated. 
 
 The mother of Culmin remains in the hall . . . hi* 
 dogs are howling in their place. . . . "Art thou fallen, 
 my fair-haired son, in Erin's dismal war?" — Ossian, 
 Temora, v. 
 
 Dogs. The two sisters of Zobei'de (3 
 syl.) were turned into little black dogs 
 for casting Zobeide and "the prince" intc 
 the sea. (See Zoheide.) 
 
 Dogs of War, Famine, Sword, and 
 Fire. 
 
 Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, 
 
 Assume the port of Mars ; and at his heels, 
 
 Leashed in like hounds, should Famine, Sword, and Fire 
 
 Crouch for employment 
 
 Shakespeare, King Henry V. 1 chorus (1599). 
 
 Dog-headed Tribes (of India), 
 mentioned in the Italian romance of 
 Gueri'no Meschi'no. 
 
 Dog-rose (Greek, kuno-rodon). So 
 called because it was supposed to cure the 
 bite of mad dogs. 
 
 A morsu vero [i.e. of a mad dog] unicum remedinia 
 oraculo quodam nuper repertum, radix sylvestris ros» 
 qua [nunc] cynorrhodos appellatur. — Pliny, Hist. Sat., 
 viii. 63 ; see also xxv. 6. 
 
 Dogberry and Verges, two ig- 
 norant conceited constables, who greatly 
 mutilate their words. Dogberry calls 
 "assembly" dissemb/y ; "treason" ne 
 calls perjury ; "calumny" he calls bur- 
 glary ; " condemnation," redemption ; 
 " respect," suspect. When Conrade says, 
 " Away ! you are an ass ; " Dogberry tells 
 the town clerk to write him down "an 
 ass." "Masters," he says to the officials, 
 "remember I am an ass." " Oh that I 
 had been writ down an ass ! " (act iv. sc. 2). 
 — Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
 (1600). 
 
 Dogget, wardour at the castle of 
 Garde Doloureuse. — Sir W. Scott, Tiie 
 Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Dogget's Coat and Badge, the 
 great prize in the Thames rowing-match, 
 given on the 1 st of August ever}- year. . So 
 called from Thomas Dogget, an actor of 
 Drury Lane, who signalized the accession of 
 George I. to the throne by giving annually 
 a waterman's coat and badge to the 
 winner of the race. The Fishmongers' 
 Company add a guinea to the prize. 
 
 Doiley (Abraham), a citizen and re- 
 tired slop-seller. He was a charity boy, 
 wholly without education, but made 
 £80,01)0 in trade, and is determined to have 
 "a lamed skollard for his son-in-law." 
 
DOLL COMMON. 
 
 2G2 
 
 DOLON AND ULYSSES. 
 
 He speaks of jomtry [geometry], joklate, 
 jogrify, Al Mater, pinny-forty, and anti- 
 kary doctors ; talks of Scratchi [Gracchi], 
 Horsi [Horatii] , a study of horses, and so 
 on. Being resolved to j udge between the 
 rival scholarship of an Oxford pedant 
 and a captain in the army, he gets both 
 to speak Greek before him. Gradus, the 
 scholar, quotes two lines of Greek, in 
 which the word panta occurs four times. 
 " Pantry ! " cries the old slop-seller; 
 " you can't impose upon me. I know 
 pantry is not Greek." The captain tries 
 English fustian, and when Gradus main- 
 tains that the words are English, " Out 
 upon you for a jackanapes," cries the 
 old man; "as if 1 din't know my own 
 mother tongue ! " and gives his verdict in 
 favour of the captain. 
 
 Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of the old 
 slop-seller, in love with captain Granger. 
 She and her cousin Charlotte induce the 
 Oxford scholar to dress like a beau to 
 please the ladies. By so doing he dis- 
 gusts the old man, who exclaims, "Oh 
 that I should ever have been such a dolt 
 as to take thee for a man of larnen' ! " So 
 the captain wins the race at a canter. — 
 Mrs. Cowley, Who's the Dupe ? 
 
 Doll Common, a young woman in 
 league with Subtle the alchemist and 
 Face his ally. — B. Jonson, The Alchemist 
 (1610). 
 
 Mrs. rritchard [1711-17f 
 beth " to " Doll Common. 
 
 I could pass from "lady Mao 
 -Leigh Hunt 
 
 Doll Tearsheet, a "bona-roba." 
 This virago is cast into prison with Dame 
 Quickly (hostess of a tavern in East- 
 cheap), for the death of a man that they 
 and Pistol had beaten. — Shakespeare, 
 2 Henry IV. (1598). 
 
 Dollallolla (Queen), wife of king 
 Arthur, very fond of stiff punch, but 
 scorning "vulgar sips of brandy, gin, 
 and rum." She is the enemy of Tom 
 Thumb, and opposes his marriage with 
 her daughter Huncamunca ; but when 
 Noodle announces that the red cow has 
 devoured the pigmy giant-queller, 6he 
 kills the messenger for his ill tidings, 
 and is herself killed by Frizaletta. Queen 
 Dollallolla is jealous of the giantess 
 Glundalca, at whom his majesty casts 
 " sheep's eyes." — Tom Thumb,by Fielding 
 the novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, 
 author of Midas (1778). 
 
 Dolla Murrey, a character in 
 Crabbe's Borouyh, who died playing 
 cards. 
 
 " A vole ! a vole 1 " she cried ; "'Us fairly won." 
 
 This said, she gently with a single sigh 
 
 Died. 
 
 Crabbe, Borough (1810). 
 
 Dolly of the Chop-house 
 
 (Queen's Head Passage, Paternoster Row 
 and Newgate Street, London). Her cele- 
 brity arose from the excellency of her 
 provisions, attendance, accommodation, 
 and service. The name is that of the old 
 cook of the establishment. 
 
 The broth reviving, and the bread was fair, 
 The small beer grateful and as pepper strong, 
 The beaf-steaks tender, and the pot-herbs young. 
 
 Dolly Trull. Captain Macheath 
 says she was " so taken up with stealing 
 hearts, she left herself no time to steal 
 anything else." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, 
 ii. 1 (1727). 
 
 Dolly Varden, daughter of Gabriel 
 Yarden, locksmith. She was loved to 
 distraction by Joe YVillet, Hugh of the 
 Maypole inn, and Simon Tappertit. 
 Dolly dressed in the Watteau style, and 
 was lively, pretty, and bewitching. — C. 
 Dickens, "Barnaby Budge (1841). 
 
 Dolman, a light-blue loose-fitting 
 jacket, braided across the front with 
 black silk frogs, and embroidered from 
 the cuffs almost to the shoulders with 
 gold lace of three rows interwoven. It is 
 used as the summer jacket of the Al- 
 gerian native troops. The winter jacket 
 is called a " pelisse." 
 
 Dol'on, "a man of subtle wit and 
 wicked mind," father of Guizor (groom 
 of Pollente the Saracen, lord of " Par- 
 lous Bridge "). Sir Ar'tegal, with scant 
 ceremony, knocks the life out of Guizor, 
 for demanding of him " passage-penny " 
 for crossing the bridge. Soon afterwards, 
 Brit'omart and Talus rest in Dolon's 
 castle for the night, and Dolon, mistak- 
 ing Britomart for sir Artegal, sets upon 
 her in the middle of the night, but is 
 overmastered. He now runs with his two 
 surviving sons to the bridge, to prevent 
 the passage of Britomart and Talus ; but 
 Britomart runs one of them through with 
 her spear, and knocks the other into the 
 river. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. G (159(5)-. 
 
 Dol'on and Ulysses. Dolon under- 
 took to enter the Greek camp and bring 
 word back to Hector an exact account of 
 everything. Accordingly he put on a 
 wolf's skin and prowled about the camp 
 on all fours. Ulysses saw through the 
 disguise, and said to Diorhed, "Yonder 
 man is from the host . . . we'll let him 
 pass a few paces, and then pounce on him 
 unexpectedly." They soon caught tho 
 
DOLOPATOS. 
 
 263 
 
 DOMINIE SAMPSON. 
 
 fellow, and having "pumped" out of 
 him all about the Trojan plans, and the 
 arrival of! Rhesus, Diomcd s.mote him 
 ■with his falchion on the mid-neck and 
 slew him. This is the subject of bk. x. 
 of the Iliad, and therefore this book is 
 called "Dolonia" ("the deeds of 
 Dolon") or " DOlophon'ia" (" Dolon's 
 murder"). 
 
 Full of cunning, like Ulysses' whistle 
 When he allured poor Dolon. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 105 (1824). 
 
 Dolopa'tos, the Sicilian king, who 
 placed his son Lucien under the charge 
 of " seven wise masters." When grown 
 to man's estate, Lucien's step-mother 
 made improper advances to him, which 
 he repulsed, and she accused him to the 
 king of insulting her. By astrology the 
 prince discovered that if he could tide over 
 seven days his life would be saved ; so 
 the wise masters amused the king Avith 
 seven tales, and the king relented. The 
 prince himself then told a tale which 
 embodied his own history ; the eyes of the 
 king were opened, and the queen was con- 
 demned to death. — Sandabafs Parables 
 (French version). 
 
 Doinbey* (Mr.), a purse-proud, self- 
 contained London merchant, living in 
 Portland Place, Bryanstone Square, wiih 
 offices in the City. His god was wealth ; 
 and his one ambition was to have a son, 
 that the firm might be known as " Dom- 
 bey and Son." When Paul was born, 
 his ambition was attained, his whole ■ 
 heart was in the boy, and the loss of the 
 mother was but a small matter. The 
 boy's death turned his heart to stone, 
 and he treated his daughter Florence not 
 only with utter indifference, but as an 
 actual interloper. Mr. Dombey married 
 a second time, but his wife eloped with 
 his manager, James Carker, and the proud 
 spirit of the merchant was brought low. 
 
 Paul Dombey, son of Mr. Dombey ; a 
 delicate, sensitive little boy, quite un- 
 equal to the great things expected of him. 
 He was sent to Dr. Blimber's school, but 
 soon gave way under the strain of school 
 discipline. In his short life he won the 
 love of all who knew him, and his sister 
 Florence was especially attached to him. 
 His death is beautifully told. During his 
 last days he was haunted by the sea, and 
 was always wondering what the wild 
 waves were saying. 
 
 Florence Dombey, Mr. Dombey's 
 daughter; a pretty, amiable, inother- 
 lesc child, who incurred her father's 
 hatred because she lived and thrived 
 
 while her younger brothei Paul dwindled 
 and died. Florence hungered to be 
 loved, but her father had no love to 
 bestow on her. She married Walter Gay, 
 and Avhen Mr. Dombey was broken in 
 spirit by the elopement of his second 
 wife, his grandchildren were the solace 
 of his old age. — C. Dickens, Dombey and 
 Son (184G). 
 
 Dom-Daniel originally meant a 
 public school for magic, established at 
 Tunis ; but what is generally understood 
 by the word is that immense establish- 
 ment, near Tunis, under the "roots, of 
 the ocean," established by Hal-il-Mau'- 
 graby, and completed by his son. There 
 were four entrances to it, each of which had 
 a staircase of 4000 steps ; and magicians, 
 gnomes, and sorcerers of every sort were 
 expected to do homage there at least 
 once a year to Zatanai [Satan] . Dom- 
 Daniel was utterly destroyed by prince 
 Habed-il-Rouman, son of the caliph' of 
 Syria. — Continuation of the Arabian Nights 
 (" History of Maugraby "). 
 
 Southey has made the destruction of 
 Dom-Daniel the subject of his Thai aba — 
 in fact, Thalaba takes the office of 
 Habed-il-Rouman ; but the general inci- 
 dents of the two tales have no other 
 resemblance to each other. 
 
 Domestic Poultry, in Dryden's 
 Hind and Panther, mean the Roman 
 Catholic clergy ; so called from an estab- 
 lishment of priests in the private chapel of 
 Whitehall. The nuns are termed " sister 
 partlet with the hooded head " (1687). 
 
 Dominick, the "Spanish fryar," a 
 kind of ecclesiastical Falstaff. A most 
 immoral, licentious dominican, who for 
 money would prostitute even the Church 
 and Holy Scriptures. Dominick helped 
 Lorenzo in his amour with Elvi'ra the 
 wife of Gomez. . 
 
 He is a huge, fat, religious gentleman . . . big enough 
 to be a pope. His gills are as rosy as a turkey-cock's. His 
 big belly walks in state before him, like a harbinger ; and 
 his, gouty legs come limping after it. Never was such a 
 tun of devotion seen.— Dry-den. The Spanish Fryar, ii. 3 
 (1680). 
 
 Dom'ine Stekan (corruption of 
 Dominus tecum, " the Lord be with thee"). 
 A witch, being asked how she contrived to 
 kill all the children of a certain farnity in 
 infancy, replied, "Easily enough. When 
 the infant sneezes, nobody says ' Domine 
 stekan,' and then I become mistress of 
 the child." — Rev. W. Webster, Basque 
 Legends, 73 (1877). 
 
 Dominie Sampson ; his Christian 
 name is Abel. He fs the tutor at Elian- 
 
DOMTNIQUE. 
 
 264 
 
 DONICA. 
 
 gowan House, very poor, very modest, 
 and crammed with Latin quotations. His 
 constant exclamation is " Prodigious ! " 
 
 Dominie Sampson is a poor, modest, humb'e scholar, 
 Who had won his way through the classics, but fallen to 
 the leeward in the voyage of life.— Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Dom'inique (3 syl.), the gossiping 
 old footman of the Franvals, who fancies 
 himself quite tit to keep a secret. He is, 
 however, a really faithful retainer of the 
 family. — Th. Ilolcroft, The Deaf and 
 Dumb (1785). 
 
 Domitian a Marksman. The 
 emperor Domitian was so cunning a 
 marksman, that if a boy at a good 
 distance off held up his hand and 
 stretched his fingers abroad, he could 
 shoot through the spaces without touch- 
 ing the ooy's hand or any one of his 
 fingers. (See Tell, for many similar 
 marksmen.) — Peacham, Complete Gentle- 
 man (1627). 
 
 Domizia, a noble lady of Florence, 
 greatly embittered against the republic 
 for its base ingratitude to her two brothers, 
 Porzio and Berto, whose death she hoped 
 to revenge. 
 
 I am a daughter of the Traversari, 
 
 Sister of Porzio and Berto both . . . 
 
 I knew that Florence, that could doubt their faith, 
 
 Must needs mistrust a stranger's ; holding back 
 
 Reward from them, must hold back his reward. 
 
 Robt Browning, Luria, Hi. 
 
 Don Alphonso, son of a rich banker. 
 In love with Victoria, the daughter of don 
 Scipio ; but Victoria marries don Fer- 
 nando. Lorenza, who went by the name 
 of Victoria for a time, and is the person 
 don Alphonso meant to marry, espouses 
 don Caesar. — O'Keefe, Castle of Andalusia. 
 
 *** For other dons, see under the sur- 
 name. 
 
 Donacha dim na Dunaigh, the 
 Highland robber near Roseneath. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Donald, the Scotch steward of Mr. 
 Mordent. Honest, plain-spoken, faith- 
 ful, and unflinching in his duty. — Hol- 
 croft, The Deserted Daughter (altered 
 into The Steward). 
 
 Donald, an old domestic of MacAulay, 
 the Highland chief. — Sir W. Scott, Legend 
 of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Donald of the Hammer, son of 
 the laird of Invernabyle of the "West 
 Highlands of Scotland. When Green 
 Colin assassinated the laird and his house- 
 hold, the infant Donald was saved by his 
 
 foster-nurse, and afterwards brought up 
 by her husband, a blacksmith. He be- 
 came so strong that he could work for 
 hours with two fore-hammers, one in each 
 hand, and was therefore called Donuil nan 
 Ord. When he was 21 he marched with 
 a few adherents against Green Colin, and 
 slew him, by which means he recovered 
 his paternal inheritance. 
 
 Donald of the smithy, the " son of the hammer," 
 Filled the banks of Lochawe with mourning and clamo'ir. 
 Quoted by sir Walter Scott in Tales of a Grant- 
 father, i. 3a. 
 
 Donar, same as Thor, the god of 
 thunder among the ancient Teutons. 
 
 Donation of Pepin. When Pepin 
 conquered Ataulf (Adolphus), the ex- 
 archate of Ravenna fell into his hands. 
 Pepin gave the pope both the ex-archate 
 and the republic of Rome ; and this 
 munificent gift is the world-fainous 
 " Donation of Pepin," on which rested 
 the whole fabric of the temporal power of 
 the popes (a.d. 755). Victor Emmanuel, 
 king of Italy, dispossessed the pope of 
 his temporal sovereignty, and added the 
 papal states to the united kingdom of 
 Italy, over which he reigned (1870). 
 
 Dondasch', an Oriental giant, con- 
 temporary with Seth, to whose service he 
 was attached. He needed no weapons, 
 because he could destroy anything by his 
 muscular force. 
 
 Don'egild (3 syl.), the wicked mother 
 .of Alia king of Northumberland. Hating 
 Custance because she was a Christian, 
 Donegild set her adrift with her infant 
 son. When Alia returned from Scotland, 
 and discovered this act of cruelty, he put 
 his mother to death ; then going to Rome 
 on a pilgrimage, met his wife and child, 
 who had been brought there a little time 
 previouslv. — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales 
 (" The Man of Law's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Don'et, the first grammar put into 
 the hands of scholars. It was that of 
 Dona'tus the grammarian, who taught 
 in Rome in the fourth century, and was 
 the preceptor of St. Jerome. When 
 "Graunde Amour" was sent to study 
 under lady Gramer, she taught him, as 
 he says : 
 
 First my donet, and then my accedence. 
 S. Hawes, The Pastime of Vlesure, v. (time, Henry VIM. 
 
 Doni'ca, only child of the lord of 
 Ar'kinlow (an elderly man). Young 
 Eb'erhard loved her, and the Finnish 
 maiden was betrothed to him. Walking 
 one evening by the lake, Donlca heard 
 
PONNERHUGEL. 
 
 265 
 
 DORAX. 
 
 the sound of the death-spectre, and fell 
 lifeless in the arms of her lover. Presently 
 the dead maiden received a supernatural 
 vitality, but her cheeks were wan, her 
 lips livid, her ej r es lustreless, and her 
 lap-dog howled when it saw her. Eber- 
 hard still resolved to marry her, and to 
 church they went ; but when he took 
 Ponica's hand into his own it was cold 
 and clammy, the demon fled from her, 
 and the body dropped a corpse at the feet 
 of the bridegroom. — R. Southey, Donica 
 (a Finnish ballad) . 
 
 Donnerhu'gel (Rudolph), one of the 
 Swiss deputies to Charles "the Bold," 
 duke of Burgundy. He is cousin of the 
 sons of Arnold Biederman the landam- 
 nian of Unterwalden (alias count Arnold 
 of Geierstein). 
 
 Theodore Donnerhugel, uncle of Ru- 
 dolph. He was page to the former baron 
 of Arnheim [Ar?iJiime~\. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Do'ny, Florimel's dwarf. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iii. 5 and iv. 2 (1590, 159G). 
 
 Donzel del Fe'bo (El), the knight 
 of tlie sun, a Spanish romance in The 
 Mirror of Knighthood. He was " most 
 excellently fair, " and a ' ' great wanderer ; " 
 hence he is alluded to as "that wander- 
 ing knight so fair." 
 
 Doo'lin of Mayence (2 syl.), the 
 hero and title of an old French romance 
 of chivalry. He was ancestor of Ogier 
 the Pane. His sword was called Mar- 
 veillcuse ("wonderful"). 
 
 Doomsday Sedgwick, William 
 Sedgwick, a fanatical "prophet" during 
 the Commonwealth. He pretended that 
 the time of doomsday had been revealed 
 to him in a vision ; and, going into the 
 garden of sir Francis Russell, he denounced 
 a party of gentlemen playing at bowls, 
 and bade them prepare for the day of 
 doom, which was at hand. 
 
 Doorm, an earl who tried to make 
 Enid his handmaid, and " smote her on 
 the cheek " because she would not wel- 
 come him. Whereupon her husband, 
 count Geraint, started up and slew 
 the " russet-bearded earl."' — Tennyson, 
 Idylls of the King (" Enid"). 
 
 Door-Opener (The), Crates, the 
 Thcban ; so called because he used to go 
 round Athens early of a morning, and 
 rebuke the people for their late rising. 
 
 Dora [Spenlow], a pretty, warm-. 
 
 12 
 
 hearted little doll of a woman, with no 
 practical views of the duties of life or the 
 value of money. She was the "child- 
 wife" of Pavid Copperfield, and loved to 
 sit by him and hold his pens while he 
 wrote. She died, and Pavid then mar- 
 ried Agnes Wickfield. Pora's great pet 
 was a dog called " Jip," which died at the 
 same time as its mistress. — C. Pickens, 
 David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Dora'do (El), a land of exhaustless 
 wealth ; a golden illusion. Orella'na, 
 lieutenant of Pizarro, asserted that he had 
 discovered a " gold country " between the 
 Orino'co and the Am'azon, in South, 
 America. Sir Walter Raleigh twice visited 
 Guia'na as the spot indicated, and pub- 
 lished highly coloured accounts of its 
 enormous wealth. 
 
 Dorali'ce (4 syl.), a lady beloved by 
 Rodomont, but who married Mandri- 
 cardo. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 m Dor'alis, the lady-love of Rodomont 
 king of Sarza or Algiers. She eloped 
 with Mandricardo king of Tartary. — 
 Bojardo, Orlando Jnnatnorato (1495) ;*and 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Dor ante (2 syl.), a name introduced 
 into three of Moliere's comedies. In Les 
 Facheux he is a courtier devoted to the 
 chase (1661). In La Critique de I'ecoledes 
 Femmes he is a chevalier (1662). In Le 
 Bourgeois Gentilhomme he is a count in 
 love with the marchioness Porimbne 
 (1670). 
 
 Doras'tus and Faunia, the hero and 
 heroine of a popular romance by Robert 
 Greene, published in 1588, under the title 
 of Pandosto and the Triumph of Time. 
 On this "history" Shakespeare founded 
 his Winter's Tale. 
 
 Why, sir William, it is a romance, a novel, a pleasanter 
 history hy half than the loves of Dorastus and Faunia. — 
 Is. Bickerstaff, Love in a Village, iii. 1. 
 
 Dorax, the assumed name of don 
 Alonzx* of Alcazar, when he deserted 
 Sebastian king of Portugal, turned rene- 
 gade, and joined the emperor of Barbary. 
 The cause of his desertion was that Sebas- 
 tian gave to Henri'qucz the lady betrothed 
 to Alonzo. Her name was Violante 
 (4 syl.). The quarrel between Sebastian 
 and Porax is a masterly copy of the. 
 quarrel and reconciliation between Brutus 
 and Cassius in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, 
 
 Like " Dorax " in the play, I submitted, " tho' with a 
 swelling heart." — Sir W. Scott 
 
 This quotation is not exact. It occurs 
 in the " quarrel." Sebastian 6ays to 
 
DORCAS. 
 
 DORMER. 
 
 Dorax, " Confess, proud spirit, that 
 better he \Henriquez\ deserved my love 
 than thou." To this Dorax replies : 
 
 I must grant. 
 Yes, I must grant, but with a swelling soul, 
 Henriquez bad your love with more desert ; 
 For you he fought and died ; I fought against yon. 
 Drayton, Don Sebastian (16&0). 
 
 Dorcas, servant to squire Ingoldshy. 
 -Sir W. Scott, Eedgauntlet (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Dorcas, an old domestic at Cumnor 
 Place. — Kenilwortli (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Dorcas Society, a society for sup- 
 plying the poor with clothing ; so called 
 from Dorcas, -who " made clothes for the 
 poor," mentioned in Acts ix. 89. 
 
 Doria D'Istria, a pseudonym of the 
 princess Koltzoff-Massalsky, a ~\Val- 
 lachian authoress (1829- ). 
 
 Doric Land, Greece, of which Doris 
 was a part. 
 
 Thro' all the bounds 
 Of Doric land. 
 
 Milton, Paradise loft, i. 519 (1665). 
 
 Doric Reed, pastoral poetry, simple 
 andunornamented poetry; socalled because 
 everything Doric was remarkable for its 
 chaste simplicity. 
 
 Doricourt, the f.anc€ of Letitia 
 Hardy. A man of the world and the 
 rage of the London season, he is, how- 
 ever, both a gentleman and a man of 
 honour. He had made the " grand tour," 
 and considered English beauties insipid. 
 — Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem 
 (1780). 
 
 Montague Talbot 11778-1831]. 
 He reigns o'er comedy supreme . . . 
 None show for'light and airy sport, 
 So exquisite a Doricourt 
 
 Crofton Croker. 
 
 Do'ridon, a lovely swain, nature's 
 *' chiefest work," more beautiful than 
 Narcissus, Ganimede, or Adonis. — Win. 
 Browne, Britannia's Pastorals (1613). 
 
 Do'rigen, a lady of high family, who 
 married Arvir'agus out of pity for his 
 love and meekness. Aurelius sought to 
 entice her away, but she said she would 
 never listen to his suit till on the British 
 coast " there n'is no stone y-seen." Au- 
 relius by magic caused all the stones to 
 disappear, and when Dorigen went and 
 said that her husband insisted on her 
 keeping her word, Aurelius, seeing her 
 dejection, replied, he would sooner die 
 than injure so true a wife and noble a 
 gentleman. — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales 
 (" The Franklin's Tale," 1388). i 
 
 (This is substantially the same as Boc- 
 caccio's tale of Dianora and &ilberto f 
 x. 6. See Diaxora.) 
 
 Dor'imant, a genteel, witty liDertme. 
 The original of this character was the earJ 
 of Rochester. — G. Etherege, The Man of 
 Mode or Sir Fopling Flutter (1676). 
 
 The Dorimants and the Lady Touchwoods, in their own 
 sphere, do not offend my moral sense ; in fact, they do not 
 appeal to it all. — C. lamb. 
 
 (The "lady Touchwood" in Congreve'o 
 Double Dealer, not the " lady Francis 
 Touchwood " in Mrs. Cowley's Belle's 
 Stratagem, which is quite another cha- 
 racter.) 
 
 Dor'imene (3 syl.), daughter of Al- 
 cantor, beloved by Sganarelle (3 syl.) and 
 Lycaste (2 syl.). She loved ." le jeu, les 
 visites, les assemble's, les cadeaux, et les 
 promenades, en un mot toutes le choses 
 de plaisir," and wished to marry to get 
 free from the trammels of her home. She 
 says to Sganarelle (a man cf 63), whom 
 she promises to marry, "Nous n'aurons 
 jamais aucun de'mele' ensemble ; et je ne 
 vous contraindrai point dans Vfs actions, 
 comme j'espere que vous ne me contrain- 
 drez point dans les mienne."- Moliere, 
 Le Mariage .Force (1664). 
 
 (She had been introduced previously as 
 the wife of Sganarelle, in the corrsdy of 
 Le Cocu Jmaginaire, 1660.) 
 
 Dorhnene, the marchioness, in the Bour- 
 geois Gentilhomme, by Moliere (1670). 
 
 Dorin'da, the charming daughter of 
 lady Bountiful ; in love with Aimwell. 
 She was sprightly and light-hearted, but 
 good and virtuous also. — George Far- 
 quhar, The Beaux' Stratagem (1707). 
 
 Dorine' (2 syl.), attendant of Mariane 
 (daughter of Orgon). She ridicules the 
 folly of the family, but serves it faith- 
 fully.— Moliere, Le Tartuffe (1664). 
 
 D'Orme'o, prime minister of Yictoi 
 Amade'us (4 syl.), and also of his son and 
 successor Charles Emmanuel king of Sar- 
 dinia. He took his colour from the king 
 he served: hence under the tortuous, 
 deceitful Victor, his policy was marked 
 with crude rascality and duplicity ; but 
 under the truthful, single-minded Charles 
 Emmanuel, he became straightforward and 
 honest. — K. Browning, King Victor and 
 King Charles, etc. 
 
 Dormer (Captain), benevolent, truth- 
 ful, and courageous, candid and warm- 
 hearted. He was engaged to Louisa 
 Travers ; but the lady was told that he 
 
DORMER. 
 
 267 
 
 DORRILLON. 
 
 was false and had married another, so 
 she gave her hand to lord Davenant. 
 
 Marianne Dormer, sister, of the cap- 
 tain. She married lord Davenant, who 
 called himself Mr. Brooke ; but he forsook 
 her in three months, giving out that he 
 was dead. Marianne, supposing herself 
 to be a widow, married his lordship's son. 
 — Cumberland, The Mysterious Husband 
 (1783). 
 
 Dormer {Caroline), the orphan daughter 
 of a London merchant, who was once very- 
 wealthy, but became bankrupt and died, 
 leaving his daughter £200 a year. This 
 annuity, however, she loses through the 
 knavery of her man of business. When 
 reduced to penury, her old lover, Henry 
 Morland (supposed to have perished at 
 sea), makes his appearance and marries 
 her, by which she becomes the lady 
 Duberly. — G. Colman, The Heir-at-Law 
 (1797). 
 
 Dorntoil (Mr.), a great banker, who 
 adores his son Harry. He tries to be 
 ptern with him when he sees him 
 going the road to ruin, but is melted by 
 a kind word. 
 
 Joseph Munden [1758-1832] -was the original repre- 
 sentative of *' Old Doruton" and a host of other characters. 
 —Memoir (1832). 
 
 Harry Dornton, son of the above. A 
 noble-hearted fellow, spoilt by over- 
 indulgence. He becomes a regular rake, 
 loses money at Newmarket, and goes 
 post-speed the road to ruin, led on by 
 Jack Milford. So great is his extrava- 
 gance, that his father becomes a bankrupt ; 
 but Sulky (his partner in the bank) comes 
 to the rescue. Harry marries Sophia 
 Freelove, and both father and son are 
 saved from ruin. — Holcroft, The Road to 
 Jiuin (1792). 
 
 Dorober'nia, Canterbury. 
 
 Dorotlie'a, of Andalusi'a, daughter 
 of Cleonardo (an opulent vassal of the 
 duke Ricardo). She was married to don 
 Fernando, the duke's younger son, who 
 deserted her for Lucinda (the daughter of 
 an opulent gentleman), engaged to Car- 
 denio, her equal in rank and fortune. 
 When the wedding day arrived, Lucinda 
 fell into a swoon, a letter informed the 
 bridegroom that she was already married 
 to Cardenio, and next day she took 
 refuge in a convent. Dorothea also left 
 her home, dressed in boy's clothes, and 
 concealed herself in the Sierra Morena or 
 Brown Mountain. Now, it so happened 
 that Dorothea, Cardenio, and don Quixote's 
 party happened to be staying at the Cres- 
 
 cent inn, and don Fernando, who had 
 abducted Lucinda from the convent, 
 halted at the same place. Here he found 
 his wife Dorothea, and Lucinda her 
 husband Cardenio. All these misfortunes 
 thus came to an end, and the parties mated 
 with their respective spouses. — Cervantes, 
 Don Quixote, I. iv. (1605). 
 
 Dorothea, sister of Mons. Thomas.— * 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas 
 (1619). 
 
 Dorothe'a, the " virgin martyr," at- 
 tended by Angelo, an angel in tha 
 semblance of a page, first presented to 
 Dorothea as a beggar-boy, to whom she 
 gave alms. — Philip Massinger, The Virqin 
 Martyr (1622). 
 
 Dorothe'a, the heroine of Goethe's poem 
 entitled Hermann and Dorothea (1797). 
 
 Dor'otheus (3 syl.), the man who 
 spent all his life in endeavouring to eluci- 
 date the meaning of one single word ia 
 Homer. 
 
 Dor'othy (Old), the housekeeper of 
 Simon Glover and his daughter " the 
 fair maid of Perth."— Sir W. Scott, Fair 
 Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Dor'othy, charwoman of Old Trapbois 
 the miser and his daughter Martha. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
 James I.). 
 
 Dorrillon (Sir William), a rich 
 Indian merchant and a widower. He had 
 one daughter, placed under the care of 
 Mr. and Miss Norberry. When this 
 daughter (Maria) was grown to woman- 
 hood, sir William returned to England, 
 and wishing to learn the character of 
 Maria, presented himself under the as- 
 sumed name of Mr. Mandred. He found 
 his daughter a fashionable young lady, 
 fond of pleasure, dress, and play, but 
 affectionate and good-hearted. He was 
 enabled to extricate her from some money 
 difficulties, won her heart, revealed him- 
 self as her father, and reclaimed her. 
 
 Miss [Maria] Dorrillon, daughter of 
 sir William ; gay, fashionable, lig ht- 
 hearted, highly accomplished, and very 
 beautiful. " Brought up without a 
 mother's care or father's caution," she 
 had some excuse for her waywardness 
 and frivolity. Sir George Evelyn was 
 her admirer, whom for a time she teased 
 to the very top of her bent ; then she 
 married, loved, and reformed. — Mrs. 
 Inchbald, Wives as they Were and Maids 
 as they Are (1797). 
 
D'OSBORN. 
 
 268 
 
 DOUGLAS. 
 
 D'Qeborn (Count), governor of the 
 Giant's Mount Fortress. The countess 
 Marie consented to marry him, because he 
 promised to obtain the acquittal of Ernest 
 de Fridberg (" the State prisoner") ; but 
 he never kept his promise. It was by 
 this man's treachery that Ernest was a 
 prisoner, for he kept back the evidence of 
 general Bavois, declaring him innocent. 
 He next employed persons to strangle 
 him, but his attempt was thwarted. His 
 villainy being brought to light, he was 
 ordered by the king to execution. — E. 
 Stirling, The Slate Prisoner (1847). 
 
 Do'son, a promise-maker and pro- 
 mise-breaker. Antig'onos (grandson of 
 Demetrios the besieger) was so called. 
 
 Dot. (See Peerybingle.) 
 
 Dotheboys Hall, a Yorkshire 
 school, where boys were taken-in and 
 done-for by Mr. Squeers, an arrogant, 
 conceited, puffing, overbearing, and 
 ignorant schoolmaster, Avho fleeced, beat, 
 and starved the boys, but taught them 
 nothing. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
 (1838). 
 
 The original of Dotheboys Hall is still in existence at 
 fcowes, some five miles from Barnard Castle. The King's 
 Head inn at Barnard Castle is sjioken of in Nicholas 
 Nickleby by Newman Noggs. — Notes and Queries, 
 April 2. 1875. 
 
 Doto, !N~yse, and Neri'ne, the 
 three nereids who guarded the fleet of 
 Yasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
 pilot had run the ship in which Yasco 
 was sailing on a sunken rock, these sea- 
 nymphs lifted up the prow and turned it 
 round. — Camoens, Lusiad, ii. (1569). 
 
 Douban, the physician, cured a 
 Greek king of leprosy by some drug con- 
 cealed in a racket handle. The king gave 
 Douban such great rewards that the envy 
 of his nobles was excited, and his vizier 
 (suggested that a man like Douban was 
 very dangerous to be near the throne. 
 The fears of the weak king being aroused, 
 he ordered Douban to be put to death. 
 When the physician saw there wag no 
 remedy, he gave the king a book, saying, 
 "On the sixth leaf the king will find 
 something affecting his life." The king, 
 finding the leaves stick, moistened his 
 finger with his mouth, and by so doing 
 poisoned himself. " Tyrant! " exclaimed 
 Douban, " thotse who abuse their power 
 ni'.-rit death." — Arabian Nights ("The 
 Greek King and the Physician"). 
 
 Douban, physician of the emperor 
 A lexius. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Double Dealer (The). "The 
 double dealer" is Maskwell, who pre- 
 tends love to lady Touchwood and friend- 
 ship to Mellefont (2 syl.), in order to 
 betray them both. The other characters 
 of the comedy also deal doubly : Thus 
 lady Froth pretends to love her husband, 
 but coquets with Mr. Brisk ; and lady 
 Pliant pretends to be chaste as Diana, 
 but has a liaison with Careless. On the 
 other hand, Brisk pretends to entertain 
 friendship for lord Froth, but makes love 
 to his wife ; and Ned Careless pretends to 
 respect and honour lord Pliant, but bam- 
 boozles him in a similar way. — W. Con- 
 greve (1700). 
 
 Double-headed Mount ( TJie), 
 Parnassus, in Greece ; so called from its 
 two chief summits, Tithoreo and Lycorea. 
 
 Double Lines (in Lloyd's books), a 
 technical word for losses and accidents. 
 
 One morning the subscribers were reading the "double 
 lines," and among the losses was the total wreck of ih is 
 identical ship. — Old and New London, i. 513. 
 
 Doublefee (Old Jacob), a money- 
 lender, who accommodates the duke of 
 Buckingham with loans. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Doubting Castle, the castle of 
 giant Despair, into which Christian and 
 Hopeful were thrust, but from which 
 they escaped by means of the key called 
 "Promise." — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, 
 i.- (1678). 
 
 Dougal, turnkey at Glasgow Tol- 
 booth. He is an adherent of Roy Roy. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Douglas, divided into The Black 
 Douglases and The Red Douglases. 
 
 I. The Black Douglases (or senior 
 branch). Each of these is called " The 
 Black Douglas." 
 
 The Hardy, William de Douglas, de- 
 fender of Berwick (died 1302). 
 
 The Good sir James, eldest son of " The 
 Hardy." Friend of Bruce. Killed by the 
 Moors in Spain, 1330. 
 
 England's Scourge and Scotland's Bul- 
 wark, William Douglas, knight of Liddes- 
 dale. Taken at Neville's Cross, and 
 killed by William first earl of Douglas, 
 in 1353. 
 
 The Flower of Chivalry, William de 
 Douglas, natural son «if " The Good sir 
 James " (died 1384). 
 
 James second earl of Douglas ovei- 
 threw Hotspur. Died at Otterbum, 
 1388. This is the Douglas of the old 
 ballnu of Chevy Chase. 
 
DOUGLAS. 
 
 DOULOUREUSE GARDE. 
 
 Archibald the Grim, Archibald Douglas, 
 natural son of "The Good sir James" 
 (died *). 
 
 The Black Douglas, William lord of 
 Nithsdale (murdered bv the earl of Clif- 
 ford, 1890). 
 
 Tincman (the loser), Archibald fourth 
 eari, who lost the battles of Homildon, 
 Shrewsbury, and Verneuil, in the last of 
 which he was killed (1424). 
 
 William Douglas, eighth earl, stabbed 
 by James II., and then despatched with a 
 battle-axe by sir Patrick Gray, at Stirling, 
 February 13, 1452. Sir Walter Scott 
 alludes to this in The Lady of the Lake. 
 
 James Douglas, ninth and last earl 
 (died 1488). With him the senior branch 
 closes. 
 
 II. The Red Douglases, a collateral 
 branch. 
 
 Bell-the-Cat, the great earl of Angus. 
 He is introduced by Scott in Marmion. 
 His two sons fell in the battle of Flod- 
 den Field. He died in a monastery, 1514. 
 
 Archibald Douglas, sixth earl of 
 Angus, and grandson of " Bell-the-Cat." 
 James Bothwell, one of the family, forms 
 the most interesting part of Scott's Lady 
 of tke Lake. He was the grandfather of 
 Darnley, husband of Mary queen of 
 Scots. " He died 1560. 
 
 James Douglas, earl of Morton, 
 younger brother of the seventh earl of 
 Angus. He took part in the murder of 
 Rizzio, and was executed by the instru- 
 ment called "the maiden" (1530-1581). 
 
 The " Black Douglas," introduced by 
 sir W. Scott in Castle Dangerous, is 
 "The Gud schyr James." This was also the 
 Douglas which was such a terror to the 
 English that the women used to frighten 
 their unruly children by saying they 
 would " make the Black Douglas take 
 them." He first appears in Castle Dan- 
 (jrrous as " Knight of the Tomb." The 
 following nursery rhyme refers to him : — 
 
 Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye j 
 Huili iti, imAi ye, uo not fret ve: 
 The Black Douglas sh;dl not get thee. 
 Sir W. Scott, Talcs of a Grandfather, i. 6. 
 
 Douglas, a tragedy hy J. Home (1757). 
 Young Xorval, having saved the life of 
 lord Randolph, is given a commission 
 in the army. Lady Randolph hears of 
 the exploit, and discovers that the youth 
 is her own son by her first husband", lord 
 Douglas. Glenalvon, who hates the new 
 favourite, persuades lord Randolph that 
 his wife is too intimate with the young 
 upstart, and the two surprise them in 
 familiar intercourse in a wood. The 
 
 youth, being attacked, slays Glenalvon ; 
 but is in turn slain by lord Randolph, 
 who then learns that the young man was 
 lady Randolph's son. Lady Randolph, 
 in distraction, rushes up a precipice and 
 throws herself down headlong, and lord 
 Randolph goes to the war then raging 
 between Scotland and Denmark. 
 
 Douglas (Archibald earl of), father-in- 
 law of prince Robert, eldest son of 
 Robert III. of Scotland. 
 
 Margery of Douglas, the earl's daughter, 
 and wife of prince Robert duke of Roth- 
 say. The duke was betrothed to Eliza- 
 beth daughter of the earl of March, but 
 the engagement was broken off by in- 
 trigue. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
 (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Douglas (George), nephew of the re- 
 gent Murray of Scotland, and grandson 
 of the lady of Lochleven. George Doug- 
 las was devoted to Mary queen of Scots. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Douglas and the Bloody Heart. 
 The heart of Bruce was entrusted to 
 Douglas to carry to Jerusalem. Landing 
 in Spain, he stopped to aid the Cas- 
 tilians against the Moors, and in the heat 
 of battle cast the " heart," enshrined in a 
 golden coffer, into the very thickest of 
 the foe, saying, " The heart or death ! " 
 On he dashed, fearless of danger, to 
 regain the coffer, but perished in the 
 attempt. The family thenceforth adopted 
 the "bloody heart" as their armorial 
 device. 
 
 Douglas Lai'der (The). When the 
 " Good sir James" Douglas, in 130(3, took 
 his castle by a coup de main from the 
 English, he caused all the barrels con- 
 taining flour, meal, wheat, and malt to 
 be knocked in pieces and their contents 
 to be thrown on the floor ; he then staved 
 in all the hogsheads of wine and ale upon 
 this mass. To this he flung the dead 
 bodies slain and some dead horses. The 
 English called this disgusting mess " The 
 Douglas Larder." He then set fire to the 
 castle and took refuge in the hills, for he 
 said " he loved far better to hear the lark 
 sim* than the mouse cheep." 
 
 * # * Wallace's Larder is a similar 
 phrase. It is the dungeon of Ardrossan, 
 in Ayrshire, where Wallace had the dead 
 bodies of the garrison thrown, surprised 
 by him in the reign of Edward I. 
 
 Douloureuse Garde (La), a castle 
 in Berwick-upon- TAveed, won by sit 
 
DOUSTERSWIVEL. 
 
 270 
 
 DRAGON. 
 
 Launcelot du Lac, in one of the most 
 terrific adventures related in romance. 
 In memory of this event, the name of the 
 castle was changed into La Joyeuse Garde 
 or La Garde Joyeuse. 
 
 Dousterswivel {Herman), a German 
 schemer, who obtains money under the 
 promise of finding hidden wealth by a 
 divining rod. — Sir W. Scott, The Anti- 
 quary (time, George III.). 
 
 The incident of looking for treasure in the church is 
 copied from one which Lilly mentions, who went with 
 David Uamsay to search for hid treasure in Westminster 
 Abbey. — See Old and A'ew London, i. 129. 
 
 Dove (Dr.), the hero of Southey's 
 novel called The Doctor (1834). 
 
 Dove (Sir Benjamin), of Cropley 
 Castle, Cornwall. A little, peaking, pul- 
 ing creature, desperately hen-pecked by a 
 second wife; but madam overshot the 
 mark, and the knight was roused to assert 
 and maintain the mastery. 
 
 That very clever actor Cherry [1769-1812], appeared in 
 '* sir Benjamin Dove," and showed himself a muster of his 
 profession.— Boaden. 
 
 Lady Dove, twice married, first to Mr. 
 Searcher, king's messenger, and next to 
 sir Benjamin Dove. She had a tendrcsse 
 for Mr. Paterson. Lady Dove was a 
 terrible termagant, and when scolding 
 failed, used to lament for " poor dear dead 
 
 Searcher, who , etc., etc." She pulled 
 
 her bow somewhat too tight, and sir 
 Benjamin asserted his independence. 
 
 Sophia Dove, daughter of sir Benjamin. 
 She loved Robert Bel field, but Avas 
 engaged to marry the elder brother An- 
 drew. When, however, the wedding day 
 arrived, Andrew was found to be a mar- 
 ried man, and the 3'ounger brother became 
 the bridegroom. — R. Cumberland, The 
 Brothers (1769). 
 
 Dowlas (Daniel), a chandler of 
 Gosport, who trades in "coals, cloth, 
 herrings, linen, candles, eggs, sugar, 
 treacle, tea, and brickdust." This vulgar 
 and illiterate petty shopkeeper is raised 
 to the peerage under the title of "The 
 Right Hon. Daniel Dowlas, baron Du- 
 berly." But scarcely has he entered on 
 his "honours, when the " heir-at-law," 
 supposed to have been lost at sea, makes 
 his appearance in the person of Henry 
 Morland. The "heir" settles on Daniel 
 Dowlas an annuity. 
 
 Deborah Dowlas, wife of Daniel, and 
 for a short time lady Duberly. She 
 assumes quite the airs and ton cf gen- 
 tility, and tells her husband "as he is a 
 pear, he ought to behave as sich." 
 
 Dick Doiclas, the son, apprenticed to an 
 attorney at Castleton. A wild young 
 scamp, who can "shoot wild ducks, fling 
 a bar, play at cricket, make punch, catch 
 gudgeons, and dance." His mother says, 
 " he is the sweetest-tempered youth when 
 he has everything his own way." Dick 
 Dowlas falls in love with Cicely Home- 
 spun, and marries her. — G. Colman, Heir- 
 at-law (1797). 
 
 Miss Pope asked me about the dress. I answered, " It 
 should be black bombazeen ..." 1 proved to her that not 
 only " Deborah Dowlas," but all the rest of the dramat'n 
 persons: ought to be in mourning. . . . The three " Dow- 
 lases" as relatives of the deceased lord Duberly ; " Henry 
 Morland " as the heir-at-law ; "Dr. Pangioss " as a clergy- 
 man, "Caroline Dormer" for the loss of her father, and 
 "Kenrick" as a servant of the Dormer family.— James 
 Smith. 
 
 Dowlas (Old Dame), housekeeper to 
 the duke of Buckingham. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Dowling (Captain), a great drunkard, 
 who dies in his cups. — Crabbe, Borough, 
 xvi. (1810). 
 
 Downer (Billy), an occasional porter 
 and shoeblack, a diffuser of knowledge, 
 a philosopher, a citizen of the world, and 
 an " unfinished gentleman." — C. Selby, 
 The Unfinished Gentleman. 
 
 Downing Professor, in the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. So called from 
 sir George Downing, bart., who founded 
 the law professorship in 1800. 
 
 Dowsabel, daughter of Cassemen 
 (3 syl.) a knight of Arden ; a ballad by 
 M. Drayton (1593). 
 
 Old Chaucer doth of Topaz tell,- 
 Mild Rabelais, f Pantagruel, 
 A later third of Dowsabel. 
 
 M. Drayton. Jfymphldiu. 
 
 Drac, a sort of fairy in human form, 
 whose abode is the caverns of rivers. 
 Sometimes these dracs will float like 
 golden cups along a stream to entice 
 bathers, but when the bather attempts to 
 catch at them, the drac draws him under 
 water. — South of France Mythology. 
 
 Dra'chenfels ("dragon rocks"), so 
 called from the dragon killed there by 
 Siegfried, the hero of the Niebelungen 
 Lied. 
 
 Dragon (A), the device on the royai 
 banner of the old British kings. Tho 
 leader was cal led the pendragon. Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth says: "When Aure'lius 
 was king, there appeared a star at. 
 "Winchester of wonderful magnitude and 
 brightness, darting forth a ray, at the 
 end of which was a flame in form of a 
 dragon." Uther ordered two golden 
 
DRAGON. 
 
 271 
 
 DRAPIER'S LETTERS. 
 
 dragons to be made, one of which he 
 presented to Winchester, and the other he 
 carried with him as a royal standard. 
 Tennyson says that Arthur's helmet had 
 for crest a golden dragon. 
 
 . . . they saw 
 The dragon of the great pendragonship. 
 That crowned the state pavilion of the king. 
 
 Tennyson, Guinevere. 
 
 Dragon (The), one of the masques 
 at Kennaquhair Abbey. — Sir W. Scott, 
 T/ie Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Dragon (Tlie Red), the personification 
 of " the devil," as the enemy of man. 
 — Phineas Fletcher, Tlie Purple Island, 
 ix. (1633). 
 
 Dragon of "Wantley (i.e. Warn- 
 cliif, in Yorkshire), a skit on the old 
 metrical romances, especially on the old 
 rhyming legend of sir Bevis. The ballad 
 describes the dragon, its outrages, the 
 flight of the inhabitants, the knight 
 choosing his armour, the damsel, the 
 fight, and the victory. The hero is called 
 "More, of More Hall" (q.v.). — Percy, 
 Reliques, III. iii. 13. 
 
 (H. Carey has a burlesque called TJie 
 Dragon of Wantley, and calls the hero 
 "Moore, of Moore Hall," 1697-1743.) 
 
 Dragon's Hill (Berkshire). The 
 legend says it is here that St. George 
 killed the dragon ; but the place as- 
 signed for this achievement in the ballad 
 given in Percy's Eeliques is " Sylene, in 
 Libya." Another legend gives Berytus 
 (Beyrut) as the place of this encounter. 
 
 (In regard to Dragon Hill, according 
 to Saxon annals, it was here that Cedric 
 (founder of the West Saxons) slew 
 Naud the pendragon, with 5000 men.) 
 
 Dragon's Teetn. The tale of Jason 
 and Jietes is a repetition of that of 
 Cadmus. 
 
 In the tale of Cadmus, we are told 
 the fountain of Arei'a (3 syl.) was 
 guarded by a fierce dragon. Cadmus 
 killed the dragon, and sowed its teeth in 
 the earth. From these teeth sprang up 
 armed men called " Sparti," among whom 
 he flung stones, and the aru.ed men fell 
 foul of each other, till all were slain 
 excepting five. 
 
 In the tale of Jason, we are told 
 that having slain the dragon which kej5t 
 watch orer the golden fleece, he sowed its 
 teeth in the ground, and armed men 
 sprang up. Jason cast a stone into the 
 midst of them, whereupon the men at- 
 tacked each other, and were all slain. 
 
 Dragons. 
 
 Ahrimax, the dragon slain by Mithra, 
 — Persian Mythology. 
 
 Dahak, the three-headed dragon slain 
 by Thraetana-Yacna. — Persian. 
 
 Fafnir, the dragon slain by Sigurd. 
 
 Grexdel, the dragon slain by Beo- 
 wulf, the Anglo-Saxon hero. 
 
 La Gargouille, the dragon which 
 ravaged the Seine, slain by St. Romaia 
 of Rouen. 
 
 Pythox, the dragon slain by Apollo. 
 — Greek Mythology. 
 
 Tarasque (2 syl.), the dragon slain at 
 Aix-la-Chapelle by St. Martha. 
 
 Zohak, the dragon slain by Feridun 
 (Shahndnwh). 
 
 *** Numerous dragons have no special 
 name. Many are denoted Red, White, 
 Black, Great, etc. 
 
 Drama. The earliest European 
 drama since the fall of the Western 
 empire appeared in the middle of the 
 fifteenth century. It is called La Celes- 
 tina, and is divided into twent}'-one acts. 
 The first act, which runs through fifty 
 pages, was composed by Rodrigo Cota ; 
 the other twenty are ascribed to Fernando 
 de Rojas. The whole was published in 
 1510. 
 
 The earliest English drama is entitled 
 Ralph Roister Doister, a comedy by 
 Nicholas Udal (before 1551, because men- 
 tioned by T. Wilson, in his Rule of Reason, 
 which appeared in 1551). 
 
 The second English drama was Gammer 
 Gui-ton's Needle, by Mr. S. Master of 
 Arts. Warton, in his History of English 
 Poetry (iv. 3*2), gives 1551 as the date of 
 this comedy ; and Wright, in his Historia 
 Histrionica, savs it appeared in the reign 
 of Edward VI., who died 1553. It is 
 generally ascribed to bishop Still, but he 
 was only eight years old in 1551. 
 
 Drama (Father of tlie French), Etienne 
 Jodelle (1532-1573). 
 
 Fatlier of the Greek Drama, Thcspis 
 (b.c. sixth century). 
 
 Father of tlie Spanish Drama, Lope de 
 Vega (1562-1635). 
 
 Drap, one of queen Mab's maids of 
 honour. — Drayton, Nymphidia. 
 
 Dra'pier's Letters, a series of 
 letters written by dean Swift, and signed 
 "31. D. Drapier," advising the Irish not to 
 take the copper money coined by William 
 Wood, to whom George I. had given a 
 patent. These letters (1724) stamped out 
 this infamous job, and caused the patent 
 
DRAWCANSIR. 
 
 272 
 
 DROP SERENE. 
 
 to be cancelled. The patent was obtained 
 by the duchess of Kendal (mistress of 
 the king), who was to share the profits. 
 
 Can we the Drapier then forget ? 
 
 Is not our nation in his debt? 
 
 'Twas he that writ the " Drapier's Letters." 
 
 Dean Swift, Verses on his own death. 
 
 Drawcan'sir, a bragging, blustering 
 bully, who took part in a battle, and 
 killed cverj' one on both sides, " sparing 
 neither friend nor foe." — George Villiers, 
 duke of Buckingham, The Rehearsal 
 
 i:o:.). 
 
 Juar, who was a little superficial, 
 
 And not in literature a great Drawcansir. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xi. 51 (1824). 
 
 At length my enemy appeared, and I went forward 
 *ome yards like a Drawcansir, but found myself seized 
 with a panic as Paris was when he presented himself to 
 fight with Menelaus.— Lesage, Gil Mat, vii. 1 (1735). 
 
 Dream Authorship. Tt is said 
 that Coleridge wrote his Kvhla Klian 
 from his recollection of a dream. 
 
 *x* Condillac (says Cabanis) con- 
 cluded in his dreams the reasonings left 
 incomplete at bed-time. 
 
 Dreams. Amongst the ancient Gaels 
 the leader of the army was often deter- 
 mined by dreams or visions in the night. 
 The different candidates retired "each to 
 his hill of ghosts, to pass the night, and 
 he to whom a vision appeared was ap- 
 pointed the leader." 
 
 Sehna's king [Finrjal] looked around. In his presence 
 we rose in aims. But who should lift the shield — for all 
 had claimed the war? The night came down. We 
 strode in silence, each to his hill of ghosts, that spirits 
 might descend in our dreams to mark us for the field. 
 We struck the shield of the dead. We raised the hum of 
 songs. We called thrice the ghosts of our fathers. We 
 laid us down for dreams. — Ossian, Cathlin of Clutha. 
 
 Dreams. The Indians believe all 
 dreams to be revelations, sometimes made 
 by the familiar genius, and sometimes by 
 the "inner or divine soul." An Indian, 
 having dreamt that his linger was cut off, 
 had it really cut off the next day. — 
 Charlevoix, Journal of a Voyage to North 
 America. 
 
 Dream'er {The Immortal), John 
 Bunyan, whose Pilgrim's Progress is said 
 by him to be a dream (1G28-1688). 
 
 * # * The pretence of a dream was one 
 of the most common devices of mediaeval 
 romance, as, for example, the Romance of 
 the Rose and Piers Plowman, both in the 
 fourteenth century. 
 
 Dreary (Wat), alias Brown Will, 
 one of Macheath's gang of thieves. He 
 is described by Peach urn as " an irregular 
 dog, with an underhand way of disposing 
 of his goods" (act i. 1). — Gay, The 
 
 Beggar's Opera (1727). 
 
 Drink used by actors, orators, etc. : 
 
 Braham, bottled porter. 
 
 Catley (Miss), linseed tea and madeira. 
 
 Cooke (G. F.), everything drinkable. 
 
 Emery, brandy-and- water (cold). 
 
 Gladstone ( W. E.), an egg beaten up 
 in sherry. 
 
 Henderson, gum arabic and sherry. 
 
 Incledon, madeira. 
 
 Jordan (Mrs.), calves'-foot jelly dis- 
 solved in warm sherry. 
 
 Kean (Edmund), beef -tea for break- 
 fast, cold brandy. 
 
 Lewis, mulled wine (with oysters). 
 
 Oxberry, tea. 
 
 Smith ( William), coffee. 
 
 Wood (Mrs.), draught porter. 
 
 *** J. Kemble took opium. 
 
 Drink. " / drink the air,'" says Ariel, 
 meaning " I will fly with great speed." 
 
 In Henry IV. we have " devour th« 
 way," meaning the same thing. 
 
 Dri'ver, clerk to Mr. Pleydell, advo- 
 cate, Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Driver of Europe. The due de 
 Choiseul, minister of Louis XY., was so 
 called by the empress of Russia, because 
 he had spies all over Europe, and ruled 
 by them all the political cabals. 
 
 Dro'gio, probably Nova Scotia and 
 Newfoundland. A Venetian voyager 
 named Antonio Zeno (fourteenth century) 
 so called a country which he discovered 
 It was said to lie south-west of Estotiland 
 (Labrador), but neither Estotiland nor 
 Drogio are recognized by modern geo- 
 graphers, and both are supposed to be 
 wholly, or in a great measure, hypo- 
 thetical. 
 
 Dro'mio ( The Brothers), two brothers, 
 twins, so much alike that even their 
 nearest friends and masters knew not one 
 from the other. They were the servant a 
 of two masters, also twins and the exact 
 fac-sirniles of each other. The masters 
 were Antiph'olus of Ephesus and Anti- 
 pholus of Syracuse. — Shakespeare, Comedy 
 of Errors (1593). 
 
 (The Comedy of Errors is borrowed 
 from the Mena:chmi of Plautus.) 
 
 Dronsdaughter (Tronda), the old 
 serving-woman of the Yellowleys. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Tlic Pirate (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Drop Serene (Gutta Serena), it 
 was once thought that this sort of blind- 
 ness was an ino arable extinction of vision 
 
DROPPING WELL. 
 
 273 
 
 DRUNKEN PARLIAMENT. 
 
 by a transparent watery humour distilling 
 on the optic nerve. It caused total blind- 
 ness, but made no visible change in the 
 eye. It is now known that this sort of 
 blindness arises from obstruction in the 
 capillary nerve-vessels, and in some cases 
 at least is curable. Milton, speaking of 
 his own blindness, expresses a doubt 
 whether it arose from the Gntta Serena or 
 the suffusion of a cataract. 
 
 So thick a " drop serene" hath quenched their orbs, 
 Or dim "suffusion " veiled. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 25 (1665). 
 
 Dropping Well, near the Nyde, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 . . . men "Dropping Well" it call. 
 Because out of a rock it still in drops doth fall : 
 Near to the foot whereof it makes a little pon [depository], 
 Which in as little space converteth wood to stone. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbiun, xxviii. (1622). 
 
 Drudgeit {Peter), clerk to lord 
 Bladderskate. — Sir W. Scott, Pedgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Drugger (Abel), a seller of tobacco ; 
 artless and gullible in the extreme. He 
 was building a new house, and came to 
 Subtle "the alchemist," to know on which 
 side to set the shop door, how to dispose 
 the shelves so as to ensure most luck, on 
 what days he might trust his customers, 
 and when it would be unlucky for him so 
 to do. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610). 
 
 Thomas Weston was "Abel Drugger" himself [1727- 
 1776J, but David Garrick was fond of the part also [1716- 
 1779].— C. Dibdin, History uf the Stage. 
 
 (This comedy was cut down into a 
 two-act farce, called The Tobacconist, by 
 Francis Gentleman.) 
 
 Drugget, a rich London haberdasher, 
 who has married one of his daughters to 
 sir Charles Racket. Drugget is "very 
 fond of his garden." but his taste goes no 
 further than a suburban tea-garden, with 
 leaden images, cockney fountains, trees 
 cut into the shapes of animals, and other 
 similar abominations. He is very head- 
 strong, very passionate, and very fond of 
 cattery . 
 
 Mrs. Drugget, wife of the above. She 
 knows her husband's foibles, and, like a 
 wise woman, never rubs the hair the 
 wrong way. — A. Murphy, Three Weeks 
 after Marriage. 
 
 Druid [The), the nom de plume of 
 Henry Dixon, sportsman and sporting 
 writer. One of his books, called Steeple- 
 chasing, appeared in the Gentleman s 
 Magazine. His last work was called 
 The Saddle and Surloin. 
 
 * + * Collins calls James Thomson 
 (author of TJie Seasons) a druid, mean- 
 
 ing a pastoral British poet or "Nature's 
 High Priest." 
 
 In yonder grave a Druid lies. 
 
 Collins (1746). 
 
 Druid (Dr.), a man of North Wales, 
 65 years of age, the travelling tutor of 
 lord Abberville, who was only 23; The 
 doctor is a pedant and antiquary, choleric 
 in temper, and immensely bigoted, wholly 
 without any knowledge of the human 
 heart, or indeed any practical knowledge 
 at all. 
 
 "Money and trade, I scorn "em both; ... I have 
 traced the Oxus and the Po, traversed the Riphcean 
 Mountains, and pierced into the inmost tesarts of Kifcnuc 
 Tartary. ... I have followed the ravages of Kouli Chan 
 with rapturous delight. There is a land of wonders; 
 finely depopulated ; gloriously laid waste ; fields without 
 a hoof to tread 'em ; fruits without a hand to gather 'em : 
 with such a catalogue of pats, peetles. serpents, scorpions, 
 caterpillars, toads, and puttertiies! Oh, 'tis a recreating 
 contremplation indeed to a philosophic mind 1" — Cumber- 
 land, The Fashionable Lover (1780). 
 
 Druid Money, a promise to pay on 
 the Greek Kalends. Patricius says: 
 " Druidae pecuniam mutuo accipiebant in 
 posteriore vita reddituri." 
 
 Like money by the Druids borrowed. 
 In th' other world to be restored. 
 
 Butler, Iludibras, iii. 1 (1678). 
 
 *** Purchas tells us of certain priests 
 of Pekin, "who barter with the people 
 upon bills of exchange, to be paid in 
 heaven a hundredfold." — Pilgrims, iii. 2. 
 
 Drum (Jack) . Jack Drum's entertain- 
 ment is giving a guest the cold shoulder. 
 Shakespeare calls it "John Drum's 
 entertainment" (All's Well, etc., act iii. sc. 
 6), and Holinshed speaks of "Tom Drum 
 his entertaynement, which is to hale a 
 man in by the heade, and thrust him out 
 by both the shoulders." 
 
 In faith, good gentlemen, I think we shall be forced to 
 give you right John Drum's entertainment — Introduction 
 to Jack Drum's L'ntertainment (1601). 
 
 Drummle (Bentleg) and Startop, 
 two young men who read with Mr. 
 Pocket. Drummle was a surly, ill- 
 conditioned fellow, who married Estclla. 
 — C. Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 
 
 Drunk. The seven phases of drunken- 
 ness are : (1) Ape-drunk, when men 
 make fools of themselves in their cups ; 
 (2) Lion-drunk, when men want to fight 
 with every one ; (o) Swine-drunk, when 
 men puke, etc. ; (4) Sleep-drunk, when 
 men get heavy and sleepy in their cups ; 
 (5) Martin-drunk, when men become 
 boastful in their cups ; (6) Goat-drunk, 
 when men become amorous; (7) Fox- 
 drunk, when men become crafty in their 
 cups. 
 
 Drunken Parliament, a Scotch 
 
DRUON. 
 
 274 
 
 DUBRTC. 
 
 parliament assembled at Edinburgh, 
 January 1, 1661. 
 
 It was a mad, warring time, full of extravagance ; and 
 lio wonder it was so. when the men of affairs were almost 
 perpetually drunk.— Burnet, His Own Time (1723-3*). 
 
 Druon "the Stern," one of the four 
 tnights who attacked Britomart and 
 ur Scudarnorc (3 syL). 
 
 The warlike dame | Britomart] was on her part assaid 
 
 By Claribel and Blandamour at one ; 
 
 While Paridei and Druon fiercely laid 
 
 On Scudaniore, both his professed fone \fo?.s]. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 9 (1596). 
 
 Dru'ry Lane (London), takes its 
 name from the Drury family. Drury 
 House stood on the site of the present 
 Olympic Theatre. 
 
 Druses (Return of the). The Druses, 
 a semi-Mohammedan sect of Syria, being 
 attacked by Osman, take refuge in one of 
 the Spor'adcs, and place themselves 
 under the protection of the knights of 
 Rhodes. These knights slay their sheiks 
 and oppress the fugitives. In the sheik 
 massacre, Dja'bal is saved by Maa'ni, 
 and entertains the idea of revenging his 
 people and leading them back to Syria. 
 To this end he gives out that he is Hakeem, 
 the incarnate god, returned to earth, and 
 soon becomes the leader of the exiled 
 Druses. A plot is formed to murder the 
 prefect cf the isle, and to betray the 
 island to Venice, if Venice will supply 
 a convoy for their return. An'eal (2 syl.'), 
 a young woman, stabs the prefect, and 
 dies of bitter disappointment when she 
 discovers that Djabal is a mere impostor. 
 L'jabal stabs himself when his imposition 
 is made public, but Loys (2 syL), a 
 Breton count, leads the exiles back to 
 Lebanon. — Robert Browning, The Return 
 of tlic Druses. 
 
 %* Historically, the Druses, to the 
 number of 160,000 or 200,000, settled in 
 Syria, between Djebail and Sai'de, but 
 their original seat was Egypt. They 
 quitted Egypt from persecution, led by 
 Dara'zi or Durzi, from whom the name 
 Druse (1 syl.) is derived. The founder 
 of the sect was the hakem B'amr-ellah 
 (eleventh century), believed to be incarnate 
 deity, and the last prophet who com- 
 municated between God and man. From 
 this founder the head of the sect was 
 called the hakem, his residence being 
 Deir-el-Kamar. During the thirteenth 
 ur fourteenth century the Druses Avere 
 banished from Syria, and lived in exile 
 in Bom* of the Sporides, but were led 
 back to Syria early in the fifteenth century 
 by count Loys de Deux, a new convert. 
 
 Since 1588 they have been tributaries of 
 the sultan. 
 
 What say you does this wizard style himself— 
 Hakeem Biamrallah, the Third Fatimite ? 
 What is this jargon ? He the insane prophet, 
 Dead near three hundred years ? 
 
 Robert Browning, The Return of the Drutst. 
 
 Dryas or Dryad, a wood-nymph, 
 whose life was bound up with that of 
 her tree. (Greek, fyi/ar, dyvddos.) 
 
 "The quickening power of the soul," like Martha, " is 
 busy about many things," or like "a Dryas living in a 
 tree." — Sir John Davies, Immortality of the Soul, xii. 
 
 Dry-as-Dust (The Rev. Doctor), an 
 hypothetical person whom sir W. Scott 
 makes use of to introduce some of his 
 novels by means of prefatory letters. 
 The word is a synonym for a dull, prosy, 
 plodding historian, -with great show of 
 learning, but very little attractive grace. 
 
 Dryden of Germany (The), 
 Martin Opitz, sometimes called "The 
 Father of German Poetry" (1597-1639). 
 
 Dryeesdale (Jasper), the old steward 
 at Lochleven Castle. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Dry'ope (3 syl.), daughter of king 
 Dryops, beloved by Apollo. Apollo, 
 having changed himself into a tortoise, 
 was taken by Dryope into her lap, and 
 became the father of Amphis'sos. Ovid 
 savs that Drvope was changed into a 
 lotus (Met., x*. 331). 
 
 Duar'te (3 syl.), the vainglorious 
 son of Guiomar. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Custom of the Country (1647). 
 
 Dubosc, the great thief, who robs 
 the night-mail from Lyons, and murders 
 the courier. He bears such a strong 
 likeness to Joseph Lesurques (act i. 1) that 
 their identity is mistaken. — Ed. Stirling, 
 The Courier of Lyons (1852). 
 
 Dubourg (Mons.), a merchant at 
 Bordeaux, and agent there of Osbaldis- 
 tone of London. 
 
 / Clement Dubourg, son of the Bordeaux 
 merchant, one of the clerks of Osbaldis- 
 tone, merchant. — Sir "W. Scott, Rob Roy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Dubric (St.) or St. Dubricius, arch- 
 bishop of the City of Legions (Catrleon- 
 upon-Usk; Newport is the only part left). 
 He set the crown on the head of Arthur, 
 when only 15 years of age. Geoffrey 
 says (British History, ix. 12) : " This pre- 
 late, Who was primate of Britain, was so 
 eminent for his piety, that be could cure 
 any sick person by his prayers. St. 
 Dubric abdicated and lived a hermit, 
 
DUCHESS STREET. 
 
 275 
 
 DUENNA. 
 
 leaving David his successor. Tennyson 
 introduces him in his Coming of Arthur, 
 Enid, etc. 
 
 St. Dubric, whose report old Carleon yet doth carry. 
 Draytau, ralyoibion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 To whom arrived, by Dubric the high saint, 
 Chief of the Church in Britain, and before 
 The stateliest of her altar-shriues, the king 
 That moru was married. 
 
 Tennyson, The Coming of Arthur. 
 
 Duchess Street (Portman Square). 
 So called from Margaret duchess of Port- 
 land. (See Duke Street.) 
 
 Diicho'iriarwas in love with Morna, 
 daughter of Cormac king of Ireland. 
 Out of jealousy, he slew Cathba, his more 
 successful rival, went to announce his 
 death to Morna, and then asked her to 
 marry him. She replied she had no love 
 for him, and asked him for his sword. 
 " He gave the sword to her tears," and 
 she stabbed him to the heart. Duchomar 
 begged the maiden to pluck the sword 
 from his breast that he might die ; and 
 when she approached him for the pur- 
 pose, " he seized the sword from her, and 
 slew her." 
 
 " Pucbdmar, most gloomy of men ; dark are thy brows 
 »nd terrible ; red are thy rolling eyes ... I love thee 
 not," said Morna; "hard is thy heart of rock, and dark 
 Is thy terrible brow."— Ossian, Fingal, L 
 
 Dueiiran (The laird of), a friend of 
 baron Bradwardine. — Sir W. Scott, Wa- 
 verley (time, George II.). 
 
 Ducking-Pond Row (London), 
 now called "Grafton Street." 
 
 Duck JLane (London), a row near 
 Smithfield, once famous for second-hand 
 books. It has given way to city improve- 
 ments. 
 
 Scotists and Thomists now in peace remain, 
 Amidst their kindred cobwebs in Duck Lane. 
 
 Pope, Essay on CYUicitm (1711). 
 
 Dll Croisy and his friend La Grange 
 are desirous to marry two young ladies 
 whose heads are turned by novels. The 
 silly girls fancy the manners of these 
 gentlemen too unaffected and easy to be 
 aristocratic ; so the gentlemen send to 
 them their valets, as " the viscount de Jo- 
 delet." and "the marquis of Mascarille." 
 The girls are delighted with their titled 
 visitors ; but when the game has gone 
 far enough, the masters enter and unmask 
 the trick. By this means the girls are 
 taught a useful lesson, without being 
 subjected to any fatal consequences. — 
 Moliere, Les Frecieuses Ridicules (1659). 
 
 Dudley, a young artist ; a disguise 
 assumev. by Harry Bertram. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Dudley (Captain), a poor English 
 officer, of strict honour, good family, 
 and many accomplishments. He has 
 served his country for thirty years, but 
 can scarcely provide bread for his family. 
 
 Charles Dudley, son of captain Dudley. 
 High-minded, virtuous, generous, poor, 
 and proud. He falls in love with his 
 cousin Charlotte Rusport, but forbears 
 proposing to her, because he is poor and 
 she is rich. His grandfather's will is ia 
 time brought to light, by which he be- 
 comes the heir of a noble fortune, and he 
 then marries his cousin. 
 
 Louisa Dudley, daughter of captain 
 Dudley. Young, fair, tall, fresh, and 
 lovely. She is courted by Belcour the 
 rich West Indian, to whom ultimately 
 she is married. — Cumberland, The West 
 Indian (1771). 
 
 Dudley Diamond (The). In 1868 
 a black shepherd named Swartzboy 
 brought to his master, Nie Kirk, this 
 diamond, and received for it £400, with 
 which he drank himself to death. Nie 
 Kirk sold it for £12,000 ; and the earl 
 of Dudlev gave Messrs. Hunt and Ros- 
 kell £30,000 for it. It weighed in the 
 rough 88| carats, but cut into a heart 
 shape it weighs 4-H carats. It is tri- 
 angular in shape, and of great brilliancy. 
 
 *** This magnificent diamond, that 
 called the "Stewart" (q.v.), and the 
 " Twin," have all been discovered in 
 Africa since 1868. 
 
 Dudu, one of the three beauties of 
 the harem, into which Juan, by the 
 sultana's order, had been admitted in 
 female attire. Next day, the sultana, out 
 of jealousy, ordered that both Dudu and 
 Juan should be stitched in a sack and 
 cast into the sea. ; but, by the connivance 
 of Baba the chief eunuch, they effected 
 their escape. — Byron, Don Juan, vi. 42, 
 etc. 
 
 A kind of sleeping Venus seemed Dudit . . . 
 But she was pensive more than melancholy . . . 
 The strangest Uiing was, beauteous, she was holy. 
 Unconscious, albeit turned of quick seventeen. 
 
 Canto vi. 42-44 (1824). 
 
 Duenna (The), a comic opera by 
 R. B. Sheridan (1773). Margaret, the 
 duenna, is placed in charge of Louisa, 
 the daughter of don Jerome. Louisa is 
 in love with don Antonio, a poor noble- 
 man of Seville ; but her father resolves 
 to give her in marriage to Isaac Men- 
 doza, a rich Portuguese Jew. As Louisa 
 will not consent to her father's arrange- 
 ment, he locks her up in her chamber 
 
DUESSA. 
 
 276 
 
 DUKE OF MILAN. 
 
 and turns the duenna out of doors, but 
 in his impetuous rage he in reality turns 
 his daughter out, and locks up the 
 duenna. Isaac arrives, is introduced to 
 the lady, elopes with her, and is duly 
 married*. Louisa flees to the convent of 
 St. Catharine, and writes to her father 
 for his consent to her marriage to the 
 man of her choice ; and don Jerome, 
 supposing she means the Jew, gives it 
 freely, and she marries Antonio. When 
 they meet at breakfast at the old man's 
 house, he finds that Isaac has married 
 the duenna, Louisa has married Antonio, 
 and his son has married Clara ; but the 
 old man is reconciled, and says, " I am 
 an obstinate old fellow, when I'm in the 
 wrong, but you shall all find me steady 
 in the right." 
 
 Duessa (false faith), is the personi- 
 fication of the papacy. She meets the 
 Eed Cross Knight in the society of 
 Sansfoy (infidelity), and when the knight 
 slays Sansfoy, she turns to flight. Being 
 overtaken, she says her name is Fidessa 
 (true faith), deceives the knight, and 
 conducts him to the palace of Lucif'era, 
 where he encounters Sansjoy (canto 2). 
 Duessa dresses the wounds of the Eed 
 Cross Knight, but places Sansjoy under 
 the care of Esculu'pius in the infernal 
 regions (canto 4). The Eed Cross Knight 
 leaves the palace of Lucifera, and Duessa 
 induces him to drink of the " Enervating 
 Fountain ; " Orgoglio then attacks him, 
 and would have slain him if Duessa had 
 not promised to be his bride. Having 
 cast the Eed Cross Knight into a dun- 
 geon, Orgoglio dresses his bride in most 
 gorgeous array, puts on her head "a 
 triple crown" (the tiara of the pope), 
 and sets her on a monster beast with 
 " seven heads" (the seven hills of Rome). 
 Una (truth) sends Arthur (England) to 
 rescue the captive knight, and Arthur 
 slays Orgoglio, wounds the beast, re- 
 leases the knight, and strips Duessa of 
 her finery (the Reformation) ; whereupon 
 she flies into the wilderness to conceal 
 her shame (canto 7). — Spenser Faery 
 Queen, i. (1590). 
 
 Duessa, in bk. v., allegorizes Mary 
 queen of Scots. She is arraigned by 
 Zeal before queen Mercilla (Elizabeth), 
 and charged with high treason. Zeal 
 says he shall pass by for the present 
 " her counsels false conspired " with 
 Blandainour (earl of Nortfnimberland), and 
 Paridel (earl of Westmoreland, leaders of 
 the insurrection of 1569), as that wicked 
 plot came to naught, and the false 
 
 Duessa was now "an untitled queen." 
 When Zeal had finished, an old sage 
 named the Kingdom's Care (lord Burghleij) 
 spoke, and opinions were divided/ Au- 
 thority, Law of Nations, and Eeligion 
 thought Duessa guilty, but Pity, Danger, 
 Nobility of Birth, and Grief pleaded in 
 her behalf. Zeal then charges the pri- 
 mmer with murder, sedition, adultery, 
 a/id lewd impiety ; whereupon the sen- 
 tence of the court was given against her. 
 Queen Mercilla, being called on to pass 
 sentence, was so overwhelmed with grief 
 that she rose and left the court. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, v. 9 (1596). 
 
 Duff (Jamie), the idiot boy attending 
 Mrs. Bertram's funeral. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Manneriny (time, George II.). 
 
 Duglas, the scene of four Arthurian 
 battles. The Duglas is said to fall into 
 the estuary of the Eibble. The Paris 
 MS. and Henry of Huntingdon says, 
 " Duglas qui est in regionc Inniis." But 
 where is " Inniis' n ? There is a township 
 called "Ince," a mile south-west of 
 Wigan, and Mr. Whitaker says, " six 
 cwt. of horse-shoes were taken up from 
 a space of ground near that spot during 
 the formation of a canal ; " so that this 
 "Ince" is supposed to be the place re- 
 ferred to. 
 
 Duke (My lord), a duke's servant, 
 who assumes the airs and title of his 
 master, and is addressed as " Your 
 grace," or "My lord duke." He was 
 first a country cowboy, then a wig- 
 maker's apprentice, and then a duke's ser- 
 vant. He could neither write nor read, 
 but was a great coxcomb, and set up for 
 a tip-top fine gentleman. — Eev. J. Town- 
 ley, Hiyh Life Below Stairs (1763). 
 
 Duke (The Iron), the duke of Welling- 
 ton, also called "The Great Duke" 
 (1769-1852). 
 
 Duke and Duchess, in pt. II. of 
 
 Don Quixote, who play so many sportive 
 tricks on "the Knight of the Woeful 
 Countenance," were don Carlos de Borja, 
 count of Ficallo and donna Maria of 
 Aragon duchess of Villaher'mora his 
 wife, in whose right the count held ex- 
 tensive estates on the banks of the Ebro, 
 among others a country seat called 
 Buena'via, the place referred to by Cer- 
 vantes (1615). 
 
 Duke of Mil'an, a tragedy by 
 Massinger (1622). A play evidently in 
 iuiiiaiiou of Shakespeare'^ Othello, 
 
DUKE COMBE. 
 
 DUMARIN. 
 
 "Sforza" is Othello; "Francesco," 
 I ago ; "Marcelia," Desdemona ; and 
 " Eugenia," Emilia. Sforza "the More " 
 [sic] doted on Marcelia his . young 
 bride, "who amply returned his love. 
 Francesco, Sforza's favourite, being left 
 lord protector of Milan during a tem- 
 porary absence of the duke, tried to 
 corrupt Marcelia ; but failing in this, 
 accused her to Sforza of wantonness. 
 The duke, believing his favourite, slew 
 his beautiful young bride. The cause of 
 Francesco's villainy was that the duke 
 had seduced his sister Eugenia. 
 
 *** Shakespeare's play was produced 
 1611, about eleven years before Massin- 
 ger's tragedy. In' act v. 1 we have, 
 "Men's injuries we write in brass," 
 which brings to mind Shakespeare's line, 
 "Men's evil manners live in brass, their 
 virtues we write in Avater." 
 
 (Cumberland reproduced this drama, 
 with some alterations, in 1780.) 
 
 Duke Combe, William Combe, 
 author of Dr. Si/ntax, and translator of 
 The Devil upon Two Sticks, from Le Diable 
 Boiteux of Lesage. He was called duke 
 from the splendour of his dress, the pro- 
 fusion of his table, and the magnificence 
 of his deportment. The last fifteen years 
 of his life were spent in the King's Bench 
 (1743-1823). 
 
 Duke Street (Portman Square, 
 London). So called from William Bentick, 
 second duke of Portland. (See Duchess 
 Street.) 
 
 Duke Street (Strand, London). So 
 named from George Villiers, duke of 
 Buckingham. 
 
 (For other dukes, see the surname or 
 titular name.) 
 
 Duke's, a fashionable theatre in the 
 reign of Charles II. It was in Portugal 
 Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. So named 
 in compliment to James duke of York 
 (James II.), its great patron. 
 
 Dulcama'ra (Dr.), an itinerant 
 physician, noted for his pomposity ; very 
 boastful, and a thorough charlatan. — 
 Donizetti, VElisire cTAmore (1832). 
 
 Dulcamon. (See Dhu'l Karnein.) 
 
 Duleifluous Doctor, Antony An- 
 dreas, a Spanish minorite of the Duns 
 Scotus school (*-1320). 
 
 Dulcin'ea del Tobo'so, the lady 
 of don Quixote's devotion. She was 
 a fresh-coloured countrv wench, of an 
 
 adjacent village, with whom the don was 
 once in love. Her real name was Al- 
 donza Lorenzo. Her father was Lorenzo 
 Corchuelo, and her mother Aldonza 
 Nogales. Sancho Panza describes her in 
 pt. I. ii. 11. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 I. i. 1 (1605). 
 
 "Her flowing hair," says the knight. " is of geld, her for*, 
 head the Elysian fields, her eyebrows two celestial arches, 
 her eyes a pair of glorious suns, her cheeks two beds of 
 roses, her lips two coral portals that guard h*r teeth of 
 Oriental pearl, her neck is alabaster, her hands are 
 polished ivory, and her bosom whiter than the new-fallen 
 snow. 
 
 " She is not a descendant of the ancient Caii, Curtii, Mid 
 Scipios of Rome ; nor of the modern Colonas and Orsini ; 
 nor of the Moncadas and Requesenes of Catalonia ; nor of 
 the Rebillas and Villanovas of Valencia ; neither is she a 
 descendant of the Palafoxes, Newcas, Rocabertis, Corellas, 
 Lunas, Alngones, Ureas, Foyes, and Gurreas of Aragon ; 
 neither does the lady Dulcinea descend from the Cerdas, 
 Manriquez, Mendozas, and Guzmans of Castille ; nor from 
 the Alencastros, Pallas, and Menezes of Portugal ; but she 
 derives her origin from the family of Toboso de la Mancha, 
 most illustrious of all." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, L ii. i 
 (1605). 
 
 Ask you for whom my tears do flow so? 
 'Tis for Dulcinea del Toboso. 
 
 Don Quixote, I. iii. 11 (1605). 
 
 Dull, a constable. — Shakespeare, Love's 
 Labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Du'machus. The impenitent thief is 
 so called in Longfellow's Golden Legend, 
 and the penitent thief is called Titus. 
 
 In the apocryphal Gospel of Nicode- 
 mus, the impenitent thief is called Gestas, 
 and the penitent one Dysmas. 
 
 In the story of Joseph of Arimathca, the 
 impenitent thief is called Gesmas, and the 
 penitent one Dismas. 
 
 Alta petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas. 
 
 A Monkish Charm to Scare away Thieves. 
 
 Dismas in paradise would dwell, 
 But Gesmas chose his lot in l.elL 
 
 Dumain, a French lord in attendance 
 on Ferdinand king of Navarre. He 
 agreed to spend three years with the king 
 in study, during which time no woman 
 was to approach the court. Of course, the 
 compact was broken as soon as made, and 
 Dumain fell in love with Katharine. 
 When, however, he proposed marriage, 
 Katharine deferred her ansAver for twelve 
 months and a day, hjoping by that time 
 " his face would be more bearded," for, 
 she said, " I'll mark no words that 
 smooth-faced wooers say." 
 
 The young Dumain, a well-accomplished youth, 
 Of all that virtue love for virtue loved ; 
 Most power to do most harm, least knowing ill ; 
 For he hath wit to make an ill shape good, 
 And shape to win grace, tho' he had no wit. 
 Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. sc. 1 (1594). 
 
 Du'marin, the husband of Cym'oenr,, 
 and father of Marinel.— Spenser, Fae.rif 
 Queen, hi. 4. 
 
DUMAS. 
 
 278 
 
 DUNCIAD. 
 
 Dumas {Alexandre D.), in 1845, pub- 
 lished sixty volumes. 
 
 The most skilful copyist, writing 12 hours a day, can with 
 difficulty do 3900 letters in an hour, which gives him 
 46,800 per diem, or 60 pages of a romance. Thus he 
 could copy 5 volumes octavo per month and 60 in a year, 
 supposing that he did not lose one second of time, but 
 worked without teasing 12 hours every day throughout the 
 entire year. — De Mirecourt, Damns J'ere (1867). 
 
 Dumb Ox (The). St. Thomas 
 Aqui'nas was so called by his fellow- 
 students at Cologne, from his taciturnity 
 and dreaminess. Sometimes called "The 
 Great Dumb Ox of Sicily." He was large- 
 bodied, fat, with a brown complexion, 
 and a large head partly bald. 
 
 Of a truth, it almo t makes me laugh 
 
 To see men leaving the golden grain. 
 
 To gather in piles the pitiful chaff 
 
 That old Peter Lombard thrashed with his brain. 
 
 To have it caught up and tossed again 
 
 On the horns of the Dumb Ox of Cologne. 
 
 Longfellow, The Oolden Legend. 
 
 (Thomas Aquinas was subsequently 
 called " The Angelic Doctor," and the 
 "Angel of the Schools," 1224-1274.) 
 
 Dumbiedikes (The old laird of), an 
 exacting landlord, taciturn and obstinate. 
 
 The laird of Dumbiedikes had hitherto been moderate 
 in his exactions . . . but when a stout, active )oung 
 fellow appeared ... he began to think so broad a pair 
 of shoulders might hear an additional burden. He regu- 
 lated, indeed, his management of his dependents as 
 carters do their horses, never failing to clap an ;idditional 
 brace of hundred-weights on a new and willing horse. — 
 Chap. 8 (1818). 
 
 The young laird of Dumbiedikes (3 sgl.), 
 a bashful young laird, in love with Jeanie 
 Deans, but Jeanie marries the presby- 
 terian minister, Reuben Butler. — Sir "\V. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Dum'merar (The Rev. Dr.), a friend 
 of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Pevcril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Dummy or Sufkkxumerary. "Ce- 
 liniene," in the Pre'cicuses Ridicules, does 
 not utter a single word, although she 
 enters with other characters on the stage. 
 
 Dumtous'tie (Mr. Daniel), a young 
 barrister, and nephew of lord Bladder- 
 skate. — Sir W. Scott, Eedgauntlet (time, 
 George III.). • 
 
 Dun (Squire), the hangman who 
 came between Richard Brandon and Jack 
 Ketch. 
 
 And presently a halter got, 
 Made of the best strong hempen teer, 
 And ere a cat could lick his ear, 
 Had tied him up with as much art 
 As Dun himself could do for"s heart. 
 
 Cotton, Virgil Travestied, iv. (1G77). 
 
 Dun Cow (The), slain by sir Guy 
 of Warwick onDunsmcre Heath, was the 
 cow kept by a giant in Mitchel Fold 
 
 [rniddle-fold], Shropshire. Its milk was 
 inexhaustible. One day an old woman, 
 who had rilled her pail, wanted to fill her 
 sieve also with its milk, but this so en- 
 raged the cow that it broke away, and 
 wandered to Dunsmore, where it was 
 killed. 
 
 %* A huge tusk, probably an ele- 
 phant's, is still shown at Warwick Castle 
 as one of the horns of this wonderful 
 cow. 
 
 Dunbar and March. (George earl 
 of), who deserted to Henry IV. of Eng- 
 land, because the betrothal of his daughter 
 Elizabeth to the king's eldest son was 
 broken off by court intrigue. 
 
 Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of the earl 
 of Dunbar and March, betrothed to prince 
 Robert duke of Rothsay, eldest son of 
 Robert III. of Scotland. The earl of 
 Douglas contrived to set aside this be- 
 trothal in favour of his own daughter 
 Elizabeth, who married the prince, and 
 became duchess of Rothsay. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 
 Duncan "the Meek," king of Scot- 
 land, was son of Crynin, and grandson of 
 Malcolm II., whom he succeeded on the 
 throne. Macbeth was the son of the 
 younger sister of Duncan's mother, and 
 hence Macbeth and Duncan were first 
 cousins. Sueno king of Norway having 
 invaded Scotland, the command of the 
 army was entrusted to Macbeth and Ban- 
 quo, and so great was their success that 
 only ten men of the invading army were 
 left alive. After the battle, king Duncan 
 paid a visit to Macbeth in his castle of 
 Inverness, and was there murdered by 
 his host. The successor to the throne was 
 Duncan's son Malcolm, but Macbeth 
 usurped the crown. — Shakespeare, Mac- 
 beth (160G). 
 
 Duncan (Captain), of Knockdunder, 
 agent at Roseneath to the duke of Buck- 
 ingham. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
 lothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Duncan (Duroch), a follower of Donald 
 Bean Lean. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Dunce, wittily or wilfully derived 
 from Duns, surnamed " Scotus." 
 
 In the Gaelic, donis [means] "bad luck," or in con- 
 tempt, "a poor ignorant creature." The Lowland Scotch 
 has dotisie, " unfortunate, stupid." — A'otes and Queries, 
 225, September 21, 1878. 
 
 Dun'ciad ("the dunce-epic") a satire 
 by Alexander Pope — written to rcveng* 
 
DUNDAS. 
 
 279 
 
 DUNS SCOTUS. 
 
 himself upon his literary enemies. The 
 plot is this: Eusden the poet-laureate 
 being dead, the goddess of Dulness elects 
 Colley Gibber as his successor. The in- 
 stallation is celebrated by games, the 
 most important being the "reading of 
 two voluminous works, one in verse and 
 the other in prose, without nodding." 
 King Gibber is then taken to the temple 
 of Dulness, and lulled to sleep on the 
 lap of the goddess. In his dream he sees 
 the triumphs of the empire. Finally, the 
 goddess having established the kingdom 
 on a firm basis, Night and Chaos are 
 restored, and the.poem ends (1728-42). 
 
 Dundas (Starvation), Henry Dundas, 
 first lord Melville. So called because he 
 introduced into the language the Avord 
 starvation, in a speech on American 
 affairs (1775). 
 
 Bunder (Sir David), of Dunder Hall, 
 near Dover. An hospitable, conceited, 
 whimsical old gentleman, who for ever 
 interrupts a speaker with "Yes, yes, I 
 know it," or " Be quiet, I know it." He 
 rarely finishes a sentence, but runs on in 
 this style : " Dover is an odd sort of a — 
 eh V" " It is a dingy kind of a — humph ! " 
 " The ladies will be happy to — eh ? " He 
 is the father of two daughters, Harriet 
 and Kitty, whom he accidentally detects 
 in the act of eloping with two guests. 
 To prevent a scandal, he sanctions the 
 marriages, and discovers that the two 
 lovers, both in family and fortune, are 
 suitable sons-in-law. 
 
 Lady Dunder, fat, fair, and forty if 
 not more. A country lady, more fond of 
 making jams and pastry than doing the 
 fine lady. She prefers cooking to cro- 
 quet, and making the kettle sing to sing- 
 ing herself. (See Harriet and Kitty.) 
 — G. Colman, Ways and Means (1788). 
 
 William Dowton [17G4-1851] played "sir Anthony Abso- 
 lute," "sir Peter Teazle," "sir David Dunder," and "sir 
 Juhn Falstaff,'' and looked the very characters he repre- 
 sented. — W. Donaldson, Recollections. 
 
 * + * " Sir Anthony Absolute," in Tlie 
 Rivals (Sheridan) ; "sir Peter Teazle," 
 in The School for Scandal (Sheridan). 
 
 Dundrear'y (Lord), a good-natured, 
 indolent, blundering, empty -headed 
 swell ; the chief character in Tom Tay- 
 lor's dramatic piece entitled Our Ameri- 
 can Cousin. He is greatly characterized 
 by his admiration of "Brother Sam," for 
 his incapacity to follow out the sequence 
 of any train of thought, and for supposing 
 all are insane who differ from him. 
 
 (Mr. Sothern of the Haymarket created 
 
 this character by his pewer of conception 
 and the genius of his acting.) 
 
 Duned'ia (3 syL), Edinburgh. 
 
 On her firm-set rock 
 Dunedin's castle felt a secret shock. 
 Byron, English Bards md Scotch Reviewers (1.809) 
 
 Dunlathmon, the family seat of 
 NuiLth, father of Oithona (q.v.). — Ossian, 
 Oithona. 
 
 Dunmow Flitch (The), given to 
 any married couple who, at the close of 
 the first year of their marriage, can tak^ 
 their oath they have never once wished 
 themselves unmarried again. Dr. Short 
 sent a gammon to the princess Charlotte 
 and her consort, prince Leopold, while 
 they were at Claremont House. 
 
 *** A similar custom is observed at th 
 manor of Wichenor, in Staffordshire, 
 where corn as well as bacon is given tc 
 the " happy pair." 
 
 (For a list of those who have received 
 the flitch from its establishment, see 
 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 251.) 
 
 Dunois (The count de), in sir W. 
 Scott's novel of Quentin Durward (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Dunois the Brave, hero of the 
 famous French song, set to music by 
 queen Ilortense, mother of Napoleon III., 
 and called Partant pour Syrie. His 
 prayer to the Virgin, when he left for 
 Syria, was : 
 
 Que j'aime la plus belle, 
 Et sois le plus vaillant. 
 
 He behaved with great valour, and the 
 count whom he followed gave him his 
 daughter to wife. The guests, on the 
 bridal day, all cried aloud : 
 
 Amour a la plus belle ! 
 Honneur au plus vaillant ! 
 
 Words by M. de Laborde (1809) 
 
 Dun'over, a poor gentleman intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott in the introduction 
 of The Heart of Midlothian (time, Georga 
 II.). 
 
 Dunrommath, lord of Uthal, one 
 of the Orkneys. He carried off Oith'ona, 
 daughter of Nuath (who was engaged to 
 be married to Gaul, son of Morai), and 
 was slain by Gaul in fight. 
 
 Gaul advanced in his arms. DunrommaC shrunk be- 
 hind his people. But the spear of Gaui pierced the 
 gloomy chief ; his sword lopped off his head as it uencied 
 in death. — Ossian, Oithona. 
 
 Duns Scotus, called " The Subtle 
 Doctor," said to have been born at-Duuse, 
 in Berwickshire, or Dunstance, in North- 
 umberland (12G5-1308). 
 
 *** John Scotus, called EriijUna 
 
DUN-SHUNNER. 
 
 280 
 
 DUROTIGES. 
 
 (" Erin-born"), is quite another per- 
 son (*-886). Erigena is sometimes called 
 " Scotus the Wise," and lived four cen- 
 turies before "The Subtle Doctor." 
 
 Dun-Shunner (Augustus), a nom de 
 plume of professor William Edmonstoune 
 Avtoun, in Blackwood's Magazine (1813- 
 18'65). 
 
 Dunsmore Cross or High Cross, the 
 centre of England. 
 
 Hence, Muse, divert thy course to Dunsmore, by that 
 
 cross 
 Where those two mighty way». the Watling and the Foss, 
 Our centre seem to cut. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Dunstable {Downright), plain speak- 
 ing ; blunt honesty of speech : calling a 
 spade a spade, without euphemism. 
 Other similar phases are Plain Dunstable; 
 Dunstable wag, etc., in allusion to the 
 proverb, "As plain as Dunstable high- 
 way." — Howell, Epist. Howel., 2 ; Florio, 
 Diet., 17, 85. 
 
 That's flat, sir, as you may say, " downright Dunstable." 
 —Mrs. Oliphant, Phoebe, Jan., ii. 3. 
 
 Duns'tan (Si.), patron saint of gold- 
 smiths and jewellers. He was a smith, 
 and worked up all sorts of metals in his 
 cell near Glastonbury Church. It was in 
 this cell that, according to legend, Satan 
 had a gossip with the saint, and Dunstan 
 caught his sable majesty by the nose with 
 a pair of red-hot forceps. 
 
 Dunthal'mo, lord of Teutha {the 
 Tweed). He went " in his pride against 
 Rathmor" chief of Clutha (the Clgde), 
 but being overcome, "his rage arose," and 
 he went "by night with his warriors" 
 and slew Rathmor in his banquet hall. 
 Touched with pity for his two young 
 sons (Calthon and Colmar), he took them 
 to his own house and brought them up. 
 " They bent the bow in his presence, and 
 went forth to his wars." Rut observing 
 that their countenances fell, Dunthalmo 
 began to be suspicious of the young men, 
 and shut them up in two separate caves 
 on the banks of the Tweed, where neither 
 " the sun penetrated by day nor the moon 
 by night." Colmal (the daughter of 
 Dunthalmo), disguised as a young war- 
 rior, loosed Calthon from his bonds, and 
 fled with him to the court of Fingal, to 
 crave aid for the liberation of Colmar. 
 Fingal sent his son Ossian with 300 men 
 to effect this object, but Dunthalmo, 
 hearing of their approach, gathered to- 
 gether his strength and slew Colmar. He 
 also seized Calthon, mourning for his 
 brother, and bound him to an oak. At 
 daybreak Ossian moved to the fight, slew j 
 
 Dunthalmo, and having released Calthon, 
 " gave him to the white-bosomed Col- 
 mal." — Ossian, Calthon and Colmal. 
 
 Dupely (Sir Charles), a man who 
 prided himself on his discernment of 
 character, and defied any woman to en- 
 tangle him in matrimony ; but he mistook 
 lady Bab Lardoon, a votary of fashion, 
 for an unsophisticated country maiden, 
 and proposed marriage to her. 
 
 "I should like to see the woman," he says, "that could 
 entangle me. . . . Show me a woman . . . and at the 
 first glance 1 will discover the whole extent of her artifice." 
 — Burgoyne, The Maid of the Oaks, i. 1. 
 
 Dupre [Du.prag'], a servant of M. 
 Darlemont, who assists his master in 
 abandoning Julio count of Harancour 
 (his ward) in the streets of Paris, for the 
 sake of becoming possessor of his ward's 
 property. Dupre' repents and confesses 
 the crime. — Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and 
 Dumb (1785). 
 
 Duran'dal, the sword of Orlando, 
 the workmanship of fairies. So admirable 
 was its temper that it would "cleave the 
 Pyrenees at a blow." — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (1516). 
 
 Durandar'te (4 syl.), a knight who 
 fell at Roncesvalles (4 sgl.). Durandarte 
 loved Belerma, whom he served for seven 
 years, and was then slain ; but in dying 
 he requested his cousin LJontesi'nos to 
 take his heart to Belerma. 
 
 Sweet in manners, fair in favour, 
 Mild in temper, fierce in fight. 
 
 Lewis. 
 
 Dur'den (Dame), a notable country 
 gentlewoman, who kept five men-servants 
 "to use the spade and flail," and five 
 women-servants "to carry the milken- 
 pail." The five men loved the five maids. 
 Their names were : 
 
 Moll and Bet, and Doll and Kate, and Dorothy Draggle- 
 tail; 
 
 John and Dick, and Joe and Jack, and Humphrey with 
 his flail. 
 
 A Well-known Glee. 
 
 (In Bleak House, by C. Dickens, Esther 
 Summerson is playfully called " Dame 
 Durden.") 
 
 Duretete (Captain), a rather heavy 
 gentleman, who takes lessons of gallantry 
 from his friend, young Mirabel. Very 
 bashful with ladies, and for ever sparring 
 with Bisarre, who teazes him unmerci- 
 fully [Dure-tait, Be-zar']. — G. Farquhar, 
 The Inconstant (1702). 
 
 Durinda'na, Orlando's sword, given 
 him by his cousin Malagi'gi. This 
 sword and the horn Olifant were buried 
 at the feet of the hero. 
 
DURWARD. 
 
 281 
 
 DWARF. 
 
 *** Charlemagne's sword " Joyeuse " 
 was also buried with him, and " Tizo'na " 
 was buried with the Cid. 
 
 Duroti'ges (4 syl.). Below the 
 Hedui (those of Somersetshire) came the 
 Durotiges, sometimes called Mur'Ini. 
 Their capital was Du'rinum (Dorchester), 
 and their territory extended to Vindel'ia 
 (Portland Isle).' — Richard of Cirencester, 
 Ancient State of Britain, vi. 15. 
 
 The Durotiges on the Dorsetian sand. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Durward (Quentin), hero and title 
 of a novel by sir W. Scott. Quentin 
 Durward is the nephew of Ludovic Lesly 
 (surnamed Le Balafre). He enrolls him- 
 self in the Scottish guard, a company 
 of archers in the pay of Louis XI. at 
 Plessis les Tours, and saves the king in 
 a boar-hunt. When Liege is assaulted 
 by insurgents, Quentin Durward and the 
 countess Isabelle de Croye escape on 
 horseback. The countess publicly refuses 
 to marry the due d'Orlcans, and ultimately 
 marries the young Scotchman. 
 
 Dusronnal, one of the two steeds 
 of Cuthullin general of the Irish tribes. 
 The other was " Sulin-Sifadda " (q.v.). 
 
 Before the left side of the car is seen the snorting 
 horse. The thin-maned, high-headed, strong-hoofed, 
 fleet, bounding son of the hill. His name is Dusronnal, 
 among the stormy sons of the sword . . . the [two] ste. ds 
 like wreaths of mist fly over the vales. The wildness of 
 deer is in their course, the strength of eagles descending 
 on the prey. — Ossian, Fingal, i. 
 
 Dutch. School of painting, noted 
 for its exactness of detaii and truthful- 
 ness to life : — 
 
 For portraits: Rembrandt, Bol, Flinck, 
 Hals, and Yanderhelst. 
 
 For conversation pieces: Gerhard Douw, 
 Terburg, Metzu, Mieris, and Netscher. 
 
 For low life : Ostard, Bower, and Jan 
 Steen. 
 
 For landscapes : Ruysdael, Hobbema, 
 Cuyp, Vanderneer (moonlight scenes), 
 Berchem. and A. Both. 
 
 For battle scenes : Wouvermans and 
 Huchtenburg. 
 
 For marine pieces: Vandevelde and 
 Bakhuizen. 
 
 For still life and flowers : Kalf , A. van 
 Utrecht, Van Huysum, and De Heem. 
 
 Dutton (Mrs. Dolly), dairy-maid to 
 the duke of Argyll. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
 of Midlothian (time. George II.). 
 
 Dwarf. The following are cele- 
 brated dwarfs of real life : — 
 
 Andromeda, 2 feet 4 inches. One of 
 .Julia's free maids. 
 
 Aristratos, the poet. "So small," 
 
 says Athenaeos, "that no one could see 
 him." 
 
 Bebe (2 syl.)} 2 feet 9 inches. The 
 dwarf of Stanislas king of Poland (died 
 1764). 
 
 Boruwlaski (Count Joseph), 2 feet 
 4 inches. Died aged 98 (1739-1837). 
 He had a brother and a sister both 
 dwarfs. 
 
 Buchinger (Matthew), who had no 
 arms or legs, but fins from the shoulders. 
 He could draw, write, thread needles, 
 and play the hautboy. Fac-similes of 
 his writing are preserved among the 
 Harleian MSS. (born 1674-*). 
 
 Chung, recently exhibited with Chang 
 the giant. 
 
 Colo'bri (Prince), of Sleswig, 25 
 inches; weight, 25 lbs. (1851). 
 
 Conopas, 2 feet 4 inches. One of the 
 dwarfs of Julia, niece of Augustus. 
 
 Coppernin, the dwarf of the princess 
 of Wales, mother of George HI. The 
 last court-dwarf in England. 
 
 Crachami (Caroline), a Sicilian, born 
 at Palermo, 20 inches. Her skeleton is 
 preserved in Hunter's Museum (1814- 
 1824). 
 
 Decker or Duckep. (John), 2 feet 
 6 inches. An Englishman (1610). 
 
 Fakkel (Owen), 3 feet 9 inches. Born 
 at Cavan. He was of enormous strength 
 (died 1742). 
 
 Fekky (Nicholas), usually called Be'bo', 
 contemporary with Boruwlaski. He was 
 a native of France. Height at death, 
 2 feet 9 inches (died 1737). 
 
 Gibson (Bichard) and his wife Anne 
 Shepherd. Neither of them 4 feet. 
 Gibson was a noted portrait painter, and 
 a page of the back-stairs in the court of 
 Charles I. The king honoured the wed- 
 ding with his presence ; and they had 
 nine children (1615-1690). 
 
 Design or chance makes others -wive, 
 But Nature did this match contrive. 
 
 Waller (1642). 
 
 Hudson (Sir Jeffrey), 18 inches. He 
 was born at Oakham, in Rutlandshire 
 (1019-1678). 
 
 Lucius, 2 feet: weight, 17 lbs. The 
 dwarf of the emperor Augustus. 
 
 Phile'tas, a poet, so small that "he 
 wore leaden shoes to prevent being blown 
 aAvay by the wind " (died B.C. 280). 
 
 Philips (Calvin) weighed less than 
 2 lbs. His thighs were not thicker than 
 a man's thumb. He was born at Bridge- 
 water, Massachusetts, in 1791. 
 
 Ritchie (David), 3 feet 6 inches. 
 Native of Tweeddale. 
 
DWARF. 
 
 282 
 
 DYING SAYIXGS. 
 
 Souvray (Therese). 
 
 Stoberin (C. II.) of Nuremberg was 
 less than 3 feet at the age of 20. His 
 father, mother, brothers, and sisters were 
 all under the medium height. 
 
 Thumb (General Tom). His real name 
 was Charles S. Stratton ; 25 inches ; 
 
 weight, 25 lbs., at the age of 
 
 Born 
 
 at Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, 
 in 1832. 
 
 Thumb (Tom), 2 feet 4 inches. A 
 Dutch dwarf. 
 
 Xit, the royal dwarf of Edward VI. 
 
 *** Nicephorus Calistus tells us of an 
 Egyptian dwarf " not bigger than a 
 partridge." 
 
 Dwarf of lady Clerimond was named 
 Pac'olet. He had a winged horse, which 
 carried off Valentine, Orson, and Cleri- 
 mond from the dungeon of Ferragus to 
 the palace of king Pepin ; and subse- 
 quently carried Valentine to the palace 
 of Alexander, his father, emperor of 
 Constantinople. — Valentine and Onon 
 (fifteenth century). 
 
 Dwarf (The Black), a fairy of malig- 
 nant propensities, and considered the 
 author of all the mischief of the neigh- 
 bourhood. In sir Walter Scott's novel 
 60 called, this imp is introduced under 
 various aliases, as sir Edward Mauley, 
 Elshander the recluse, cannic Elshie, and 
 the Wise Wight of Micklestane Moor. 
 
 Dwarf Alberich, the guardian of 
 the Nicbelungen hoard. He is twice van- 
 quished by Siegfried, who gets possession 
 of his cloak of invisibility, and makes 
 himself master of the hoard. — The Nicbe- 
 lungen Lied (1210). 
 
 Dwarf Peter, an allegorical ro- 
 mance by Ludwig Tieck. The dwarf is 
 a castle spectre, who advises and aids the 
 family, but all his advice turns out evil, 
 and all his aid is productive of trouble. 
 The dwarf is meant for " the law in our 
 members, which wars against the law of 
 our minds, and brings us into captivity 
 to the law of sin." 
 
 D wining (Henbane), a pottingar or 
 apothecary. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Dying Sayings (real or tradi- 
 tional) : 
 
 Addison. See how a Christian dies ! or, See in what 
 peace a Christian can die ! 
 
 Anaxagoras. Give the boys a holiday. 
 
 I! AEKIA. My Paetns, it is not painful. 
 
 t Augustus. Vos plaudite. (After asking how he had 
 acted his part in life.) — Cicero. 
 
 BEAUFORT [Cardinal Henry). I pray you all, pray for 
 
 Berry (Jfde. de). Is not this dying with courage and 
 true greatness ? 
 
 Bronte (father of the authoresses). While there is 
 life there is will. (He died standing.) t 
 
 Byron. I must sleep now. 
 
 § C*sar [Julius;. Et tu, Brute I (To Brutus, when 
 he stabbed him.) 
 
 • Charlemagne. Lord, into Thy hands. I commend 
 my spirit ! 
 
 Charles I. (of England). Remember. (To William 
 Juxon, archbishop of Canterbury.) 
 
 Charles II. (of England). Don't let poor NellJ 
 starve! (Nell Gwynne.) 
 
 Charles V. Ah ! Jesus. 
 
 Charles IX. (of France). Nurse, nurse, what murder ! 
 what blood ! Ob ! I have done wrong. God, pardon 
 me ! 
 
 Charlotte (The princess). You make me drir.k. 
 Pray, leave me quiet. I find it affects my head. 
 
 Chesterfield. Give Day Rolles a chair. 
 
 • Columbus. Lord, into Thy hands I commend my 
 spirit! 
 
 Crome (John). Hobbinia, Hobbinia, how I do 
 love thee ! 
 
 Cromwell. My desire is to make what haste I may 
 to be gone. 
 
 t Dkmonax (the philosopher). You may go home, the 
 show is over. — Lucia n. 
 
 Elden (Lord). It matters not where 1 am going, 
 whether the weather be cold or hot. 
 
 Fontenelle. I suffer nothing, but feel a sort of 
 difficulty in living longer. 
 
 Franklin. A dying man can do nothing easy. 
 
 Gainsborough. We are all going to heaven, and 
 Vandyke is of the company. 
 
 George IV. Whatty, what is this? It is death, my 
 boy. They have deceived me. (Said to his page, sir 
 Walhen Waller.) 
 
 Gibbon. Mod Dieu ! mon Dieu 1 
 
 IT Goethe. More light! 
 
 Gregorv VII. I have loved justice and hated iniquity, 
 therefore I die in exile. 
 
 • Grey (Lady Jane). Lord, into Thy hands I com- 
 mend my spirit ! 
 
 GKOTIU8. Be serious. 
 
 Hadvx. God preserve the emperor ! 
 
 Haller. The artery ceases to beat. 
 
 Hazlitt. I have led a happy life. 
 
 Hobbes. Now am I about to take my last voyage— a 
 great leap in the dark. 
 
 || Hunter (IXr. William). If I had strength to hold 
 a pen, I would writedown how easy and pleasant a thing 
 it is to die. 
 
 Irving. If I die, I die unto the Lord. Amen. 
 
 James V. (of Scotland). It came with a lass, and wilt 
 go with a lass (i.e. the Scotch crown). 
 
 Jefferson (of America). I resign my spirit to God, 
 my daughter to my country. 
 
 Jesus Christ. It is finished , 
 
 Johnson (Dr.). God bless you, my dear! (To Miss 
 Morris ) 
 
 Knox. Now it is come. 
 
 Louis I. Huzihuz! (Eouquet says :" He turned his 
 face to the wall, and twice cried, ' Huz ! huz ! ' (out, out), 
 and then died. ) 
 
 Louis IX. I will enter now into the house of the 
 Lord. 
 
 II Louis XIV. Why weep ye? Did you think I should 
 live for ever? (Then, after a pause.) I thought dying 
 had been harder. 
 
 t Louis XVIII. A king should die standing. 
 
 Mahomet. O Allah, be it so! Henceforth among the 
 glorious host of paradise. 
 
 Margaret (of Scotland, wife of Louis XL of France). 
 Fi de la vie ! qu'on ne m'en parle plus. 
 
 Marie Antoinette. Farewell, my children, for ever. 
 I go to your father. 
 
 § Massaniello. Ungrateful traitors 1 (Said to the as- 
 sassins.) 
 
 Mathews (Charles). I am ready. 
 
 Mirabeau. Let me die to the sounds of delicious 
 music. 
 
 Moody (the actor): 
 
 Reason thus with, life, 
 
 If I do lose thee, I do lose a thing 
 
 That none but fools would keep. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Moore (Sir John). I hope my country will do m» 
 justice. 
 
DYOTT STREET. 
 
 EASTWARD HOE. 
 
 Napoleon L Mon Dieu 1 La nation Francaise ! Fete 
 rt'armce : 
 
 Na;»oi.£ON IIL Were you at Sedan? (To Dr. Con- 
 lieau.) 
 
 NELSON. I thank God I have done my duty. 
 
 Nero. Qualis artifex pereo ! 
 
 Palmer (the actor). There is another and a better 
 country. (This he said on the stage, it being a line in the 
 part he was acting. From The Stranger.) 
 
 Pitt ( William). my country, how 1 love thee I 
 
 Pizakro. Jesu! 
 
 Pope. Friendship itself is but a part of virtue. 
 
 t Rabelais. Let down the curtain, the farce is over. 
 
 Sand (George). Laissez la verdure. (Meaning, " Leave 
 the tomb green, do not cover it over with bricks or stone." 
 George Sand was Mde. DudevauL) 
 
 Schiller. Many things are growing plain and clear 
 to my understanding. 
 
 Scott {Sir Walter). God bless you all I (To his 
 family.) 
 
 SIDNEY (Algernon). I know that my Redeemer 
 liveth. I die for the good old cause. 
 
 Socrates. Crito, we owe a cock to iEsculapius 
 
 Stael (Mde. de). I have loved God, my father, and 
 liberty. 
 
 If Talma. The worst is, I cannot see. 
 
 • Tasso. Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit I 
 
 Thurlow (Lord). I'll be shot if I don't believe I'm 
 dying. 
 
 t Vespasian. A king should die standing. 
 
 William III. (of England). Can this last long? (To 
 his physician.) 
 
 William of Nassau. God, have mercy upon me, 
 and upon this poor nation ! (This was said as he was shot 
 by Baithasar Gerard, 1584.) 
 
 Wolfe (General). What ! do they run already ? Then 
 I die happy. 
 
 Wvatt (Thomat). That which I then said I unsay. 
 That wtiich I now say is true. (This to the priest who 
 reminded him that he had accused the princess Elizabeth 
 of t.eason to the council, and that he now alleged her to 
 be innocent.) 
 
 *** Those names preceded by similar 
 pilcrows indicate that the "dying words" 
 ascribed to them are identical or nearly 
 so. Thus the * before Charlemagne^ 
 Columbus, lady Jane Grey, and Tasso, 
 shows that their words were alike. So 
 with the f before Augustus, Demonax, 
 and Rabelais ; the J before Louis XVIII. 
 and Vespasian ; the § before Cassar and 
 Massaniello ; the || before Arria, Hunter, 
 and Louis XIV.- ; and the ^ before Goethe 
 and Talma. 
 
 Dyott Street (Bloomsbury Square, 
 London), now called George Street St. 
 Giles. The famous song "In my 
 Chamber that's next to the Sky" is in 
 Bombastes Furioso, by T. B. Rhodes 
 (1790). 
 
 Dys'colus, Moroseness personified in 
 The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
 •(1033). " He nothing liked or praised." 
 Fully described in canto viii. (Greek, 
 daskulos, "fretful.") 
 
 Dysmas, Dismas, or Demas, the 
 penitent thief crucified with our Lord. 
 The impenitent thief is called Gesmas or 
 Gestas. 
 
 Alta petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas. 
 
 P*rt of a Charm. 
 To paradise thief Dismas went, 
 But Gesmas died impenitent 
 
 E. 
 
 Eadburgh, daughter of Edward the 
 
 Elder, king of England, and Eadgifu his 
 wife. "When three years old, her father 
 placed on the child some rings and brace- 
 lets, and showed her a chalice and a book of 
 the Gospels, asking which she would have. 
 The child chose the chalice and book, and 
 Edward was pleased that " the child 
 would be a daughter of God." She 
 became a nun, and lived and died in 
 Winchester. 
 
 Eagle {The), ensign of the Roman 
 legion. Before the Cimbrian war, the 
 wolf, the horse, and the boar were also 
 borne as ensigns, but Marius abolished 
 these, and retained the eagle only, hence 
 called emphatically " The Roman Bird." 
 
 Eagle {The Theban), Pindar, a native of 
 Thebes (b.c. 518-442). 
 
 Eagle of Brittany, Bertrand Du- 
 guesclin, constable of France (1320- 
 1380). 
 
 Eagle of Divines, Thomas Aqui'- 
 nas (1224-1274). 
 
 Eagle of Meaux \_M6], Jacques 
 Be'nigne Bossuet, bishop of Meaux (1627- 
 1704). 
 
 Eagle of the Doctors of France, 
 Pierre d'Ailly, a great astrologer, who 
 maintained that the stars foretold the 
 great flood (1350-1425). 
 
 Earnscliffe {Patrick), the young 
 laird of Earnscliff. — Sir \V. Scott, Black 
 Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 East Saxons or Essex, capital 
 Colchester, founded by Erchinwin. 
 Sebert began to reign in Essex in 604, 
 and, according to tradition, where West- 
 minster Abbey now stands was a heathen 
 temple to Apollo, which he either con- 
 verted into a church called St. Peter's, 
 or pulled down and erected a church so 
 called on the same site. 
 
 . . . from the loins of Erchinwin (who raised 
 Th' East Saxons' kingdom first) brave Sebert may be 
 
 praised, 
 T Who] began the goodly church of Westminster to rear. 
 Drayton, Polyotbion, xi (1613). 
 
 Eastward Hoe, a comedy by Chap- 
 man, Marston, and Ben Jonson. For 
 this drama the three authors were im- 
 prisoned ' ' for disrespect to their sovereign 
 lord king James I." (1605). (See West- 
 ward Hoe.) 
 
EASY. 
 
 ECTOR DE MARIS. 
 
 Easy (Sir Charles), a man who 
 bates trouble; "so lazy, even in his 
 pleasures, that he would rather lose the 
 woman of his pursuit, than go through 
 any trouble in securing or keeping her." 
 He says he is resolved in future to " follow 
 no pleasure that rises above the degree 
 of amusement." "When once a woman 
 comes to reproach me with voavs, and 
 usage, and such stuff, I would as soon 
 hear her talk of bills, bonds, and eject- 
 ments ; her passion becomes as trouble- 
 some as a law-suit, and I would as soon 
 converse with ni3 r solicitor" (act iii.). 
 
 Lad;] Easy, wife of sir Charles, who 
 dearly loves him, and knows all his 
 "naught}' ways," but never shows the 
 slightest indication of ill temper or 
 jealousy. At last she wholly reclaims 
 him. — Colley Cibber, Tlxe Careless Hus- 
 band (1704). 
 
 Eberson (Earl), the voung son of 
 William de la Marck " The" Wild Boar of 
 Ardennes.''— Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur- 
 uard (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Eblis, monarch of 'the spirits of evil. 
 Once an angel of light, but, refusing to 
 worship Adam, he lost his high estate. 
 Before his fall he was called Aza'zel. 
 The Koran says: "When We [Go dl said 
 unto the angels, 'Worship Adam,' they 
 all worshipped except Eblis, who refused 
 . . . and became of the number of un- 
 believers " (ch. ii.). 
 
 His person was that of a young man, whose noble and 
 regular features seemed to have been tarnished by malig- 
 nant vapours. In his large eyes appeared both pride and 
 despair. His flowing hair returned some resemblance to 
 that of an angel of light. In his hand (which thunder had 
 blasted) he swayed the iron sceptre that causes the afrits 
 and all the powers of the abyss to tremble.— W. Beckford, 
 Vathek (i:84). 
 
 Ebon Spear (Knight of the), Brito- 
 mart, daughter of king Ryence of Wales. 
 ■ — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. (1590). 
 
 Ebrauc, son of Mempric (son of Guen- 
 dolen and Madden) mythical king of Eng- 
 land. He built Kaer-brauc [Yorli], about 
 the time that David reigned in Judea.— 
 Geoffrey, British History, ii. 7 (1142), 
 
 By Ebrauk's powerful hand 
 York lifts her towers aloft. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1G12). 
 
 Ebu'dae, the Hebrides. 
 
 Ecclesiastical History (The 
 Fathet of), Eusebius of Ca:sarea (264- 
 340). 
 
 *** His Historia Ecclesiastica, in ten 
 books, begins with the birth of Christ and 
 concludes with the defeat of Licinius by 
 Constantine, A.o. 324. 
 
 S, 
 
 Echeph'ron, an old soldier, who 
 rebuked the advisers of king Picrochol* 
 3 syl.), by relating to them the fable of 
 "'w Man and his Ha'p'orth of Milk. Tha 
 fable is as follows : — 
 
 A shoemaker bought a ha'poth of milk ; with this he 
 was going to make butter ; the butter was to buy a cow ; 
 the cow was to have a calf ; the calf was to be changed for 
 a colt ; and the man was to become a nabob; only he 
 cracked his jug, spilt his milk, and went supperless to bed. 
 —Rabelais, Pantagruel, i. 33 (1533). 
 
 This fable is told in the Arabian Nights 
 (" The Barber's Fifth Brother, Al'nas- 
 char"). Lafontaine has put it into verse, 
 Perrette et le Put au Lad. Dodsley has the 
 same, The Milk-maid and her Pail of Milk. 
 
 Echo, in classic poetry, is a female, 
 and in English also; but in Ossian echo is 
 called "the son of the rock." — Songs of 
 
 Sclma. 
 
 Eck'hart (The Faithful), a gooa 
 servant, who perishes to save his master's 
 children from the mountain fiends. — Louis 
 Tieck. 
 
 (Carl vie has translated this tale into 
 English.) 
 
 Eclecta, the "Elect" personified \n 
 The Purple Island, by Phineas Flet- 
 cher. She is the daughter of Intellect 
 and Voletta (free-will), and ultimately 
 becomes the bride of Jesus Christ, "the 
 bridegroom " (canto xii., 1633). 
 
 But let the Kentish lad [Phinecu Fletcher] 
 . . . that sung and crowned 
 Eclecta's hymen with ten thousand flowers 
 Of choicest praise ... be the sweet pipe. 
 
 Giles Fletcher. Christ* Triumph, etc. (1610). 
 
 Ecne'phia, a hurricane, similar to the 
 typhoon. 
 
 The circling Typhon, whirled from point to point, . . . 
 And dire Eciuphia reign. 
 
 Thomson, The Season* (" Summer," 1727). 
 
 Ecole des Pemmes, a comedy of 
 Moliere, the plot of which is borrowed 
 from the novelletti of Ser Giovanni (1378). 
 
 Ector (Sir), "lord of many parts of 
 England and Wales, and foster-father of 
 prince Arthur." His son, sir Key or Kay, 
 was seneschal or steward of Arthur when 
 he became king. — Sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, i. 3 (1470). 
 
 *** Sir Ector and sir Ector de Marig 
 were two distinct persons. 
 
 Ector de Maris (Sir), brother "of 
 sir Launcelot" of Benwick, i.e. Brittany. 
 
 Then sir Ector threw his shield, his sword, and his helm 
 from him, and. . . he fell down in a swoon ; and when he 
 awaked, it were hard for any tongue to tell .be doleful 
 complaints [lamentati07is]tlv\t he marie lor his broUier. 
 "Ah, sir Launcelot " said h» " head of aU Chrisii&D 
 knights." . . . etc.— Sir T. Malory, llutory of Print* 
 Arthur, iii. 176 11470). 
 
EDEN. 
 
 285 
 
 EDINA. 
 
 Eden (The Garden of). There is a 
 region of Bavaria so called, because, like 
 Eden, it is watered by four streams, viz., 
 the White Maine, the Eger, the Saalle, 
 and the Xaabe. 
 
 in the Koran the word Eden means 
 " everlasting abode." Thus in ch. ix. we 
 read, "God promiseth to true believers 
 gardens of perpetual abode," literally 
 " gardens of Eden." 
 
 Eden, in America. A dismal swamp, 
 the climate of which generally proved 
 fatal to the poor dupes who were induced 
 to settle there through the swindling 
 transactions of general Scadder and 
 general Choke. So dismal and dan- 
 gerous was the place, that even Mark 
 Tapley was satisfied to have found at last 
 a place where he could "come out jolly 
 with credit." — C. Dickens, Martin Chuz- 
 zlcwit (1844). 
 
 Eden of Germany (Das Eden 
 Deutschlands). Baden is so called on 
 account of its mountain scenery, its 
 extensive woods, its numerous streams, 
 its mild climate, and its fertile soil. 
 The valley of Treisam, in the grand- 
 duchy, is locally called " Hell Yalley " 
 (HbUenthall). Between this and the lake 
 Constance lies what is called " The 
 Kingdom of Heaven." 
 
 Edenhall (TJie Luck of), an old 
 painted goblet, left by the fairies on St. 
 Cuthbert's Well in the garden of Eden- 
 hall. The superstition is that if ever this 
 goblet is lost or broken, there will be no 
 more luck in the family. The goblet is 
 in the possession of sir Christopher Mus- 
 grave, bart., Edenhall, Cumberland. 
 
 *£* Longfellow has a poem on The Luck 
 of Edenhall, translated from Uhland. 
 
 Edgar (959-775), "king of all the 
 English," was not crowned till he had 
 reigned thirteen years (a.d. 973). Then 
 the ceremony was performed at Bath. 
 After this he sailed to Chester, and eight 
 of his vassal kings came with their fleets 
 to pay him homage, and swear fealty to 
 him by land and sea. The eight are 
 Kenneth {king of Scots), Malcolm (of 
 Cumberland), Maccus (of the Isles), and 
 five Welsh princes, whose names were 
 Dufnal, Siferth, Huwal, Jacob, and 
 Juchil. The eight kings rowed Edgar in 
 a boat (while he acted as steersman) 
 from Chester to St. John's, where they 
 offered prayer, and then returned. 
 
 At Chester, while he [Edyar] lived, at more than kingly 
 
 charge, 
 Fight tributary kings there rowed him In his barge. 
 
 'Jrayfon, I'ol/olbion, xii. (1613). 
 
 Edgar, son of. Gloucester, and his 
 lawful heir. He was disinherited by 
 Edmund, natural son of the earl. — Shake- 
 speare, King Lear (1605). 
 
 *** This was one of the characters of 
 Robert Wilks (1670-1732), and also of 
 Charles Kemble (1774-1854). 
 
 Edgar, master of Ravenswood, son oL 
 Allan of Ravenswood (a decayed Scotch 
 nobleman). Lucy Ashton, being attacked 
 by a wild bull, is saved by Edgar, who 
 shoots it ; and the two, falling in love with 
 each other, plight their mutual troth, and 
 exchange love-tokens at the "Mermaid's 
 Fountain." While Edgar is absent in 
 France on State affairs, sir William Ash- 
 ton, being deprived of his office as lord 
 keeper, is induced to promise his daugh- 
 ter Lucy in marriage to Frank Hayston, 
 laird of Bucklaw, and they are married ; 
 but next morning, Bucklaw is found 
 wounded, and the bride hidden in the 
 chimney-corner, insane. Lucy dies in 
 convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and 
 goes abroad. Edgar is lost in the quick - 
 sands at Kelpies Flow, in accordance with 
 an ancient prophecy. — Sir W. Scott, Bride 
 of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 
 
 *** In the opera, Edgar is made to stab 
 himself. 
 
 Edgar, an attendant on prince Robert 
 of Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Ferth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Edgardo, master of Ravenswood, m 
 love with Lucia di Lammermoor [Lucy 
 Ashton], While absent in France on 
 State affairs, the lady is led to believe 
 him faithless, and consents to marry the 
 laird of Bucklaw ; but she stabs him on 
 the bridal night, goes mad, and dies. 
 Edgardo also stabs himself.— Donizetti, 
 Lucia di Lammermoor (1835). 
 
 *** In the novel called The Bride of 
 Lammermoor, by sir W. Scott, Edgar i3 
 lost in the quicksands at Kelpies Flow, in 
 accordance with an ancient prophecy. 
 
 Edgeworth (L'Abbe), who attended 
 Louis XVI. to the scaffold, was called 
 " Mons. de Firmount," a corruption of 
 Fain-mount, in Longford (Ireland), where 
 the Edgeworths had extensive domains. 
 
 Edging (Mistress), a prying, mischief- 
 making waiting-woman, in The Careless 
 Husband, by Colley Cibber (1704). 
 
 Edi'na, a poetical form of the word 
 Edinburg. It was first emploved by 
 Buchanan (150G-1582). 
 
 And pale E'iina shuddered at the sound. 
 Byron, English tiardt and Scotch Ucviewert 11808), 
 
EDINBURG. 
 
 286 
 
 EDWARD STREET. 
 
 Edinburg, a corruption of Edwins- 
 burg, the fort built by Edwin king of 
 Northumbria (81G-G33). 
 
 *„* Dun-Edin or Dunedin is a mere 
 translation of Edinburg. 
 
 Edith, daughter of Baldwin the 
 tutor of Rollo and Otto dukes of Nor- 
 mandy. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Bloody Brother (1639). 
 
 E'dith, the "maid of Lorn" (Argyll- 
 shire), was on the point of being married 
 to lord Ronald, when Robert, Edward, 
 and Isabel Bruce sought shelter at the 
 castle. Edith's brother recognized Robert 
 Bruce, and being in the English interest, 
 a quarrel ensued. The abbot refused to 
 marry the bridal pair amidst such dis- 
 cord. Edith fled, and in the character of 
 a page had many adventures, but at the 
 restoration of peace, after the battle of 
 Bannockburn, was duly married to lord 
 Ronald. — Sir W. Scott, Lord of the Isles 
 (1815). 
 
 Edith (The lady), mother of Athel- 
 stane " the Unready " (thane of Con- 
 ingsburgh). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Edith [Granger], daughter of the 
 Hon. Mrs. Skewton, married at the age of 
 18 to colonel Granger of " Ours," who 
 died within two years, when Edith and 
 bor mother lived as adventuresses. Edith 
 became Mr. Dombey's second wife, but 
 the marriage was altogether an unhappy 
 one, and she eloped with Mr. Carker to 
 Dijon, where she left him, having taken 
 this foolish step merely to annoy her 
 husband for the slights to which he had 
 subjected her. On leaving Carker she 
 went to live with her cousin Feenix, in the 
 south of England. — C. Dickens, Dombey 
 and Son (1846). 
 
 Edith Plantagenet (The lady), 
 called " The Fair Maid of Anjou," a 
 kinswoman of Richard I., and attendant 
 on queen Berenga'ria. She married 
 jJavid earl of Huntingdon (prince royal 
 of Scotland), and is introduced by sir W. 
 Scott in Tlie Talisman (1825). 
 
 Edmund, natural son of the earl 
 of Gloucester. Both Goneril and Regan 
 (daughters of king Lear) were in love 
 with him. Regan, on the death of her 
 husband, designed to marry Edmund, 
 but Gonerii, out of jealousy, poisoned her 
 Bister Regan. — Shakespeare, King Lear 
 (1605). 
 
 Edo'ni.an Band (The), the priest- 
 
 esses and other ministers of Bacchus, so 
 called from Edo'nus, a mountain of 
 Thrace, Avhere the rites of the wine-god 
 were celebrated. 
 
 Accept the rites your bounty well may claim. 
 Nor heed the scoffings of th' Edonuui band. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Saiads (1767). 
 
 # Edric, a domestic at Hereward's 
 barracks. — Sir W. Scott, Count Eobert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Edward, brother of Hereward the 
 Varangian guard. He was slain in 
 battle. — Sir W. Scott, Count Eobert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Edward (Sir). He commits a murder, 
 and keeps a narrative of the transaction 
 in an iron chest. Wilford, a young man 
 who acts as his secretary, was one day 
 caught prying into this chest, and sir 
 Edward's first impulse was to kill him ; 
 but on second thoughts he swore the 
 young man to secrecy, and told him the 
 story of the murder. Wilford, unable to 
 live under the suspicious eye of sir 
 Edward, ran away; but was hunted down 
 by Edward, and accused of robbery. The 
 whole transaction now became public, and 
 Wilford was acquitted. — G. Colman, The 
 Iron Chest (1796). 
 
 * + * This drama is based on Goodwin'3 
 novel of Caleb Williams. " Williams " 
 is called Wilford in the drama, and 
 " Falkland " is called sir Edward. 
 
 Sowerby, whose mind was always in a ferment, was 
 wont to commit the most ridiculous mistakes. Thus 
 when "sir Edward " says to " Wilford," " You may have 
 noticed in my library a chest," he transposed the words 
 thus : "You may have noticed in my chest a library," and 
 the house was convulsed with laughter. — Russell, llcpre- 
 tentative Actors (appendix). 
 
 Edward II., a tragedy by C. Mar- 
 lowe (1592), imitated by Shakespeare in 
 his Richard II. (1597). Probably most 
 readers would prefer Marlowe's noble 
 tragedy to Shakespeare's. 
 
 Edward IV. of England, intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott in his novel entitled 
 Anne of Geierstein (1829). 
 
 Edward the Black Prince, a 
 tragedy by W. Shirley (1640). The sub- 
 ject of this drama is the victory of 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Yes, Philip lost the battle [Cressal with the odds 
 Of three to one. In this [Poitiers] . . . 
 They have our numbers more than twelve times told, 
 If we can trust report. 
 
 Act iii. 2. 
 
 Edward Street (Cavendish Squaic, 
 London), is so called from Edward 
 second earl of Oxford and Mortimer. 
 (See Hknkiktta Stkket.; 
 
EDWIDGE, 
 
 287 
 
 EGEUS. 
 
 Ed'widge, wife of William Tell.— 
 Rossini, Guglielmo Tell (1829). 
 
 Edwin " the minstrel," a youth living 
 in romantic seclusion, with a great thirst 
 for knowledge. He lived in Gothic days 
 in the north countrie, and fed his flocks 
 on Scotia's mountains. 
 
 And vet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy, 
 
 Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye. 
 
 Dainties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy, 
 Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy ; 
 
 Silent when glad, affectionate, yet shy ; . . . 
 
 \nd now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why. 
 
 The neighbours stared and sighed, yet blessed the lad : 
 
 Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed 
 him mad. 
 
 Beatie, The Minstrel, i. (1773). 
 
 Edwin and Angeli'na. Angelina 
 was the daughter of a wealthy lord, 
 "beside the Tyne." Her hand was 
 sought in marriage by many suitors, 
 amongst whom was Edwin, "who had 
 neither wealth nor power, but he had 
 both wisdom and worth." Angelina 
 loved him, but "trifled with him," and 
 Edwin, in despair, left her, and retired 
 from the world. One day, Angelina, in 
 boy's clothes, asked hospitality at a 
 hermit's cell ; she was kindly enter- 
 tained, told her tale, and the hermit 
 proved to be Edwin. From that hour 
 they never parted more. — Goldsmith, The 
 Hermit. 
 
 A correspondent accuses me of having taken this 
 ballad from The Friar of Orders Gray . . . but if there 
 is any resemblance between the two, Mr. Percy's ballad 
 is taken from mine. 1 read my ballad to Mr. Percy, and 
 he told me afterwards that he had taken my plan to 
 form the fragments of Shakespeare into a ballad of his 
 own. — Signed, O. Goldsmith. 1767. 
 
 Edwin and Emma. Emma was 
 a rustic beauty of Stanemore, who loved 
 Edwin "the pride of swains;" but 
 Edwin's sister, out of envy, induced his 
 father, "a sordid man," to forbid any 
 intercourse between Edwin and the 
 cottage. Edwin pined away, and being 
 on the point of death, requested he might 
 be allowed to see Emma. She came and 
 said to him, " My Edwin, live for me ; " 
 but on her way home she heard the death 
 bell toll. She just contrived to reach her 
 cottage door, cried to her mother, "He's 
 gone ! " and fell down dead at her feet. — 
 Mallet, Edwin and Emma (a ballad). 
 
 Ed'yrn, son of Nudd. He ousted the 
 earl of Yn'iol from his earldom, and tried 
 to win E'nid the earl's daughter, but 
 failing in this, became the evil genius 
 of the gentle earl. Ultimately, being 
 sent to the court of king Arthur, he 
 became quite a changed man — from a 
 malicious "sparrow-hawk" he was con- 
 
 verted into a courteous gentleman.— 
 Tennyson, Idylls of the King (" Enid "). 
 
 Eel. The best in the world are those 
 of Ancum, a river in that division of 
 Lincolnshire called Lindsey (the highest 
 part). The best pike are from the 
 Witham, in the division of Lincolnshire 
 called Kesteven (in the west). 
 
 As Kesteven doth boast her Wytham, so have I 
 My Ancum . . : whose fame as far doth fly 
 For fat and dainty eels, as tier's doth for her j ifcp 
 Drayton, i>olyolbion, xxv. (1C22). 
 
 Efeso (St.), a saint honoured in Pisa. 
 He was a Roman officer [Ephesus^ in the 
 service of Diocletian, whose reign was 
 marked by a great persecution of the 
 Christians. This Efeso or Ephesus was 
 appointed to see the decree of the emperor 
 against the obnoxious sect carried out in 
 the island of Sardinia ; but being warned 
 in a dream not to persecute the servants 
 of the Lord, both he and his friend Potito 
 embraced Christianity, and received a 
 standard from Michael the archangel 
 himself. On one occasion, being taken 
 captive, St. Efeso was cast into a furnace 
 of fire, but received no injury ; whereas 
 those who cast him in were consumed by 
 the flames. Ultimately, both Efeso and 
 Potito suffered martyrdom, and were 
 buried in the island of Sardinia. "When, 
 however, that island was conquered by 
 Pisa in the eleventh century, the relics of 
 the two martyrs were carried off and 
 interred in the duomo of Pisa, and the 
 banner of St. Efeso was thenceforth 
 adopted as the national ensign of Pisa. 
 
 Egalite (Philippe), the due d'Orle'ans, 
 father of Louis Philippe king of France. 
 He himself assumed this " title " when 
 .he joined the revolutionary party, whose 
 motto was "Liberty, Fraternity, and 
 Egalite'" (born 1747, guillotined 1793). 
 
 Ege'us (3 syl.), father of Her'mia. 
 He summoned her before The'seus (2 syl.) 
 duke of Athens, because she refused to 
 marry Demetrius, to whom he had pro- 
 mised her in marriage ; and he requested 
 that she might either be compelled to marry 
 him or else be dealt with "according to 
 the law," i.e. "either to die the death," 
 or else to " endure the livery of a nun, 
 and live a barren sister all her life." 
 Hermia refused to submit to an " un- 
 wished yoke," and fled from Athens with 
 Lysander. Demetrius, seeing that Hermia 
 disliked him but that Hel'ena doted on 
 him, consented to abandon the one and 
 wed the other. When Egeus was in- 
 formed thereof, he withdrew his summon*, 
 
EGIL. 
 
 288 
 
 EINERIAR. 
 
 and gave his consent to the union of his 
 daughter with Lysander. — Shakespeare, 
 Midsummer Night's Dream (1592) . 
 
 *** S. Knowles, in The Wife, makes 
 the plot turn on a similar "law of 
 marriage" (1833). 
 
 E'gil, brother of Weland ; a great 
 archer. One day, king Nidung com- 
 manded him to shoot at an apple placed 
 on the head of his own son. Egil selected 
 two arrows, and being asked why he 
 wanted two, replied, " One to shoot thee 
 with, O tyrant, if I fail." 
 
 (This is one of the many stories similar 
 to that of William Tell, q.v.) 
 
 Egilo'na, the wife of Roderick last 
 of the Gothic kings of Spain. She was 
 very beautiful, but cold-hearted, vain, 
 and fond of pomp. After the fall of 
 Roderick, Egilona married Abdal-Aziz, 
 the Moorish governor of Spain ; and when 
 Abdal-Aziz was killed by the Moorish 
 rebels, Egilona fell also. 
 
 The popular rage 
 Fell on them both ; and they to whom her name 
 Had been a mark for mockery and reproach, 
 Shuddered with human horror at her fate. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xstii. (1814). 
 
 Eg'la, a female Moor, servant to 
 Amaranta (wife of Bar'tolus, the covetous 
 lawyer). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Spanish Curate (1622). 
 
 Eg'lamour (Sir) or sir Eglamoue 
 of Artoys, a knight of Arthurian romance. 
 Sir Eglamour and sir Pleindamour have 
 no French original, although the names 
 themselves are French. 
 
 Eg'lamour, the person who aius Silvia, 
 daughter of the duke of Milan, in her 
 escape. — Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen 
 of Verona (1594). 
 
 Eglantine (3 syl.), daughter of king 
 Pepin, and bride of her cousin Valentine 
 (brother of Orson). She soon died. — 
 Valentine arid Orson (fifteenth century). 
 
 Eglantine (Madame), the prioress ; 
 good-natured, wholly ignorant of the 
 world, vain of her delicacy of manner at 
 table, and fond of lap-dogs. Her dainty 
 oath was " By Seint Eloy ! "' She " en- 
 tuned the service swetely in her nose," 
 and spoke French "after the scole of 
 Stratford-atte-Bowe." — Chaucer, Canter- 
 bury Tales (1388). 
 
 Egypt. The head-gear of the king 
 of Upper Egypt was a high conical white 
 cap, terminating in a knob at the top. 
 That of the king of Lower Egypt was 
 red. If a kin<r ruled over both countries, 
 
 he wore both caps, but that of Lower 
 Egypt was placed outside. This com- 
 posite head-dress was called the pschent. 
 
 Egypt, in Drj'den's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, means France. 
 
 Egypt and Tyrus [Holland] intercept your trade. 
 Part i. (1631). 
 
 Egyptian Disposition (An), a 
 thievish propensity, "gipsy" being a 
 contracted form of Egyptian. 
 
 I no sooner saw it was money . . . than my Egyptian 
 disposition prevailed, and I was seized with a desire of 
 stealing it.— Lesage, Gil Bias, x. 10 (1735). 
 
 Egyptian Thief (The), Thy amis, a 
 native of Memphis. Knowing he must 
 die, he tried to kill Chariclea, the woman 
 he loved. 
 
 Why should I not, had I the heart to do it. 
 Like to th' Egyptian thief at point cf death. 
 Kill what I love ? 
 Shakespeare, Twelfth Kight, act v. sc. 1 (1614). 
 
 Eighth Wonder (The). When Gil 
 Bias reached Pennaflor, a parasite entered 
 his room in the inn, hugged him with 
 great energy, and called him " the eighth 
 wonder." When Gil Bias replied that he 
 did not know his name had spread so far, 
 the parasite exclaimed, " How ! we keep 
 a register of all the celebrated names 
 within twenty leagues, and have no doubt 
 Spain will one day be as proud of you 
 as Greece was of the seven sages." After 
 this, Gil Bias could do no less than ask 
 the man to sup with him. Omelet after 
 omelet was despatched, trout was called 
 for, bottle followed bottle, and when the 
 parasite was gorged to satiety, he rose 
 and said, " Signor Gil Bias, don't believe 
 yourself to be the eighth wonder of the 
 world because a hungry man would feast 
 by flattering yonr vanity." So saying, 
 he stalked away with a laugh. — Lesage, 
 Gil Bias, i. 2 (1715). 
 
 (This incident is copied from Aleman'a 
 romance of Guzman d'Alfarache, q. v.) 
 
 Eikon Basil'ike (4 syl.), the por- 
 traiture of a king (i.e. Charles I.), once 
 attributed to king Charles himself ; but 
 now admitted to be the production of Dr. 
 John Gauden, who (after the restoration) 
 was first created bishop of Exeter, and 
 then of Worcester (1605-1662). 
 
 In the Eikon Basi/ike a strain of majestic melancholy 
 is kept up, but the personated sovereign is rather too 
 theatrical for real nature, the language is too rhetorical 
 and amplified, the i>eriods too artificially elaborated.— 
 Hallani, Literature of Europe, iii. 662. 
 
 (Milton wrote his Eikonoclastes in 
 answer to Dr. Gauden's Eikon Basilike.) 
 
 Einer'iar, the hall of Odin, and 
 asylum of warriors slain in battle. It 
 
EINION. 
 
 289 
 
 ELEAZAR. 
 
 had 540 gates, each sufficiently wide to 
 admit eight men abreast to pass through. 
 — Scandinavian Mythology, 
 
 Einion (Father), chaplain to Gwen- 
 wyn prince of Powys-land. — Sir W. 
 Scott, T/ie Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Eivir, a Danish maid, who assumes 
 boy's clothing, and waits on Harold "the 
 Dauntless," as his page. Subsequently, 
 her sex is discovered, and Harold marries 
 her. — Sir W. Scott, Harold the Dauntless 
 (1817). 
 
 Elain, sister of king Arthur by the 
 same mother. She married sir Nentres 
 of Carlot, and was by king Arthur the 
 mother of Mordred. (See Elein.)— Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
 (1470). 
 
 *** In some of the romances there is 
 great confusion between Elain (the sister) 
 and Morgause (the half-sister) of Arthur, 
 Both are called the mother of Mordred, 
 and both are also called the wife of Lot. 
 This, however, is a mistake. Elain was 
 the wife of sir Nentres, and Morgause of 
 Lot ; and if Gawain, Agrawain, Gareth, and 
 GahSris were [half] -brothers of Mordred, 
 as we are told over and over again, then 
 Morgause and not Elain was his mother. 
 Tennyson makes Bellicent the wife of 
 Lot, but this is not in accordance with 
 any of the legends collected b} T sir T. 
 Malory. 
 
 Elaine (Dame), daughter of king 
 Pelles (2 syl.) " of the foragn country," 
 and the unwedded mother of sir Galahad 
 by sir Launcelot du Lac. — Sir i\ Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, iii. 2 (1470). 
 
 Elaine, daughter of king Brandeg'oris, 
 by whom sir Bors de Ganis had a child. 
 
 For all women was sir Bors a virgin, save foi one, the 
 daughter of king Brandegoris, on whom lie had a child, 
 hight Elaine; save for her, sir Bors was a clean maid. — 
 Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 4 (1470). 
 
 *** It is by no means clear from the 
 history whether Elaine was the daughter 
 of king Brandegoris, or the daughter of 
 sir Bors and granddaughter of king 
 Brandegoris. 
 
 Elaine' (2 syl.), the strong contrast of 
 Guinevere. Guinevere's love for Lance- 
 lot was gross and sensual, Elaine's was 
 platonic and pure as that of a child ; but 
 both were masterful in their strength. 
 Elaine is called "the lily maid of As'- 
 tolat " (Guildford), and knowing that 
 Lancelot was pledged to celibacy, she 
 pined and died. According to her dying- 
 request, her dead body was placed on a 
 
 13 
 
 bed in a barge, and was thus conveyed 
 by a dumb servitor to the palace of king 
 Arthur. A letter was handed to the king, 
 telling the tale of Elaine's love, and the 
 king ordered the body to be buried, and 
 her story to be blazoned on her tomb. — ■ 
 Tennyson, Idylls of the King (" Elaine"). 
 
 El'amites (3 syl.), Persians. So 
 called from Elam, son of Shem. 
 
 El'berieh, the most famous dwarf 
 of German romance. — The Heldenbitch. 
 
 ElHbow, a well-meaning but loutish 
 constable. — Shakespeare, Measure for 
 Measure (1603). 
 
 Elden Hole, in Derbyshire Peak, 
 said to be fathomless. 
 
 El Dora'do, the " golden city." So 
 the Spaniards called Man'hoa of Guia'na. 
 
 Guiana, whose great city Geryon's sons 
 Call "El Dorado." 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost-, xi. 411 (1665). 
 
 El'eanor, queen-consort of Henry II., 
 alluded to by the presbyterian minister 
 in Woodstock, x. (1826). 
 
 "Believe me, young man, thy servant was more likely 
 to see visions than to dream idle dreams in that apart- 
 ment; for I have always heard that, next to Rosamonds 
 Bower, in which . . . she played the wanton, and was 
 afterwards poisoned by queen Eleanor, Victor Lee's 
 chamber was the place . . . peculiarly the haunt of evil 
 spirits." — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Eleanor Crosses, twelve or four- 
 teen crosses erected by Edward I. in the 
 various towns where the body of his queen 
 rested, when it was conveyed- from Her- 
 delie, near Lincoln, to Westminster. The 
 three that still remain are Geddington, 
 Northampton, and Waltham. 
 
 (In front of the South-Eastern Railway 
 station, Strand, London, is a model of 
 the Charing Cross, of the original dimen- 
 sions.) 
 
 Eleazar the Moor, insolent, blood- 
 thirsty, lustful, and vindictive, like 
 "Aaron," in [Shakespeare's?] Titus An- 
 dron'icus. The lascivious queen of Spain 
 is in love with this monster. — C. Marlowe, 
 Lust's Dominion or The Lascivious Queen 
 (1588). 
 
 Elea'zar, a famous mathematician, who 
 cast out devils by tying to the nose of the 
 possessed a mystical ring, which the 
 demon no sooner smelled than he aban- 
 doned the victim. He performed before 
 the emperor Vespasian; and to prove that 
 something came out of the possessed, he 
 commanded the demon in making off to 
 upset a pitcher of water, which it did. 
 
 I imagine if Eleazar's ring had been put under Uwdr 
 U 
 
ELECTOR. 
 
 290 
 
 ELIDURE. 
 
 noses, we should have seen devils issue with their breath, 
 so loud were these disputants.— lesage, Oil Blat, v. 12 
 (1724). 
 
 Elector (Vie Great), Frederick Wil- 
 liam of Brandenburg (1620-1688). 
 
 Elein, wife of king Ban of Benwick 
 (Brittany), and mother of sir Launcelotand 
 sir Lionell. (See Elain.)— Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 60 (1470). 
 
 Eleven Thousand Virgins ( Tlie), 
 the virgins who followed St. Ur'sula in 
 her flight towards Rome. They were all 
 massacred at Cologne by a party of Huns, 
 and even to the present hour "their 
 bones " are exhibited to visitors through 
 windows in the wall. 
 
 A calendar in the Freisingen codex 
 notices them as " SS. M. XI. VIR- 
 GINUM," that is, eleven virgin mar- 
 tyrs ; but "M" (martyrs) being taken 
 for 1000, we get 11,000. It is furthermore 
 remarkable that the number of names 
 known of these virgins is eleven : (1) 
 Ursula, (2) Sencia, (3) Gregoria, (4) Pin- 
 nosa, (5) Martha, (6) Saula, (7) Brittola, 
 (8) Saturnina, (9) Rabacia or Sabatia, (10) 
 Saturia or Saturnia, and (11) Palladia. 
 
 Elfenseigen [elfn-si.gri] (4 syl.) 
 or Alpleich, that weird music with which 
 Bunting, the pied piper of Hamelin, led 
 forth the rats into the river Weser, and 
 the children into a cave in the mountain 
 Koppenberg. The song of the sirens is 
 so called. 
 
 El'feta, wife of Cambuscan' king of 
 Tartary. 
 
 El'flida or ^Ethelfl^da, daughter 
 of king Alfred, and wife of iEthelred 
 chief of that part of Mercia not claimed 
 by the Danes. She was a woman of 
 enormous energy and masculine mind. 
 At the death of her husband, she ruled 
 over Mercia, and proceeded to fortify city 
 after city, as Bridgenorth, Tamworth, 
 Wanvick, Hertford, Witham, and so on. 
 Then, attacking the Danes, she drove 
 them from place to place, and kept them 
 from molesting her. 
 
 When Elflida up-grew . . . 
 The puissant Danish powers victoriously pursued, 
 And resolutely here thro' their thick squadrons hewed 
 Her way into the north. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 
 
 Elf thryth or iElf thryth, daughter 
 of Ordgar, noted for her great beauty. 
 King Edgar sent /Ethelwald. his friend, 
 to ascertain if she were really as beautiful 
 as report made her out to be. When 
 ^Ethelwald saw her he fell in love with 
 
 her, and then, returning to the king, said 
 she was not handsome enough for the 
 king, but was rich enough to make a very 
 eligible wife for himself. The king 
 assented to the match, and became god- 
 father to the first child, who was called 
 Edgar. One day the king told his friend 
 he intended to pay him a visit, and iEthel- 
 wald revealed to his wife the story of his 
 deceit, imploring her at the same time to 
 conceal her beauty. But Elfthryth, ex- 
 tremely indignant, did all she could to 
 set forth her beauty. The king fell in 
 love with her, slew iEthelwald, and mar- 
 ried the widow. 
 
 A similar story i3 told by Herodotus : 
 Prexaspes being the lady's name, and 
 Kambyses the king's. 
 
 Elgin Marbles, certain statues and 
 bas-reliefs collected by lord Elgin, and 
 purchased of him by the British Govern- 
 ment for £35,000, to be placed in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 (They are chiefly fragments of the 
 Parthenon of Athens.) 
 
 El'githa, a female attendant at 
 Rotherwood on the lady Rowe'na. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 E'lia, pseudonym of Charles Lamb, 
 aHthor of the Essays of Elia (1823). — 
 London Magazine. 
 
 Eli'ab, in the satire of Absalom and 
 Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is 
 Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington. As 
 Eliab befriended David (1 Chron. xii. 9), 
 so the earl befriended Charles II. 
 
 Hard the task to do Eliab right : 
 Long with the royal wanderer he roved, 
 And firm in all the turns of fortune proved. 
 
 Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682). 
 
 E'lian God (The), Bacchus. An 
 error for 'Eleuan, i.e. "the god Eleleus" 
 (3 syl.). Bacchus was called El'eleus 
 from the Bacchic cry, SISlcu ! 
 
 As when with crown6d cups unto the Elian god 
 Those priests high orgies held. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, vl. (1612). 
 
 El'idure (3 syl.), surnamed " the 
 Pious," brother of Gorbonian, and one of 
 the five sons of Morvi'dus (q.v.). He 
 resigned the crown to his brother Arth- 
 gallo, who had been deposed. Ten years 
 afterwards, Arthgallo died, and Elidure 
 was again advanced to the throne, but 
 was deposed and imprisoned by his two 
 younger brothers. At the death of these 
 two brothers, Elidure was taken from 
 prison, and mounted the British throne 
 
ELIJAH FED BY RAVENS. 
 
 291 
 
 ELMO. 
 
 for the third time. — Geoffrey, British 
 History, iii. 17, 18 (1470). 
 
 Then Elidure again, crowned with applausive praise, 
 As lie a brother raised, by brothers was deposed 
 And put into the Tower . . . but, the usurpers dead. 
 Thrice was the British crown set on his reverend head. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 *** Wordsworth has a poem on this 
 subject. 
 
 Elijah fed by Ravens. While 
 Elijah was at the brook Cherith, in con- 
 cealment, ravens brought bim food every 
 morning and evening.— 1 Kings xvii. 6. 
 
 A strange parallel is recorded of Wyat, 
 in the reign of Kichard III. The king 
 cast him into prison, and when he was 
 nearly starved to death, a cat appeared at 
 the window-grating, and dropped into his 
 hand a pigeon, which the warder cooked 
 for him. This was repeated daily. 
 
 ETim, the guardian angel of Lebbeus 
 (3 syl.) the apostle. Lebbeus, the softest 
 and most tender of the twelve, at the 
 death of Jesus "sank under the burden 
 of Mb grief." — Klopstock, The Messiah. 
 iii. (1748). 
 
 El'ion, consort of Beruth, and *ather 
 of Ghe. — Sanchoniathon. 
 
 Eliot {George), Marian Evans (or 
 " Mrs. Marian Lewes "), author of Adam 
 Bede (1858), Mill on the Floss (18G0), 
 Silas Marner (1861), etc. 
 
 Elisa, often written Eliza in English, 
 Dido queen of Carthage. 
 
 . . . nee me meminisse pigebit Elisae, 
 Dum memor ipse mel, dum spiritus hos reget artus. 
 Virgil, Jineid, iv. 335, 336. 
 So to Eliza dawned that cruel day 
 Which tore ./Eneas from her sight away, 
 That saw him parting, never to return, 
 Herself in funeral flames decreed to burn. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 4 (1756). 
 
 Elis'abat, a famous surgeon, who 
 attended queen Madasi'ma in all her 
 solitary wanderings, and was her sole 
 companion. — Amadis de Gaul (fifteenth 
 century). 
 
 Elisabeth ou Les Exiles de 
 Siberie, a tale by Madame Cottin 
 (1773-1807). The family being exiled 
 for some political offence, Elizabeth 
 walked all the way from Siberia to 
 Russia, to crave pardon of the czar. She 
 obtained her prayer, and the family 
 returned. 
 
 Elise (2 syl), the motherless child of 
 Harpagon the miser. She was affianced 
 to Valere, by whom she had been 
 " rescued from the waves." Valere turns 
 out to be the son of don Thomas d' Alburci, 
 
 a wealthy nobleman of Naples. — Moliere* 
 L'Avare (1G67). 
 
 Elis'sa, step-sister of Medi'na and 
 Perissa. They could never agree upon 
 any subject. — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 
 2 (1590). 
 
 "Medina" (the golden mean) , "Elissa" 
 and "Perissa" (the two extremes). 
 
 Elixir Vitse, a drug which was once 
 thought would ensure perpetual life and 
 health. 
 
 He that has once the " Flower of the Suu," 
 
 The perfect Ruby which we call elixir, 
 
 . . . by its virtue 
 
 Can confer honour, love, respect, long life, 
 
 Give safety, valour, yea and victory. 
 
 To whom he will. In eight and twenty days 
 
 He'll make an old man of fourscore a child. 
 
 Beii Jonson, The A Ichemist, ii. (1610). 
 
 Elizabeth (The queen), haughty, 
 imperious, but devoted to her people. 
 She loved the earl of Essex, and, when 
 she heard that he was married to the 
 countess of Rutland, exclaimed that she 
 never " knew sorrow before." The queen 
 gave Essex a ring after his rebellion, 
 saying, " Here, from my finger take this 
 ring, a pledge of mercy ; and whensoe'er 
 you send it back, I swear that I will 
 grant whatever boon you ask." After 
 his condemnation, Essex sent the ring to 
 the queen by the countess of Nottingham, 
 craving that her most gracious majesty 
 would spare the life of lord Southampton ; 
 but the countess, from jealousy, did not 
 give it to the queen. However, the queen 
 sent a reprieve for Essex, but Burleigh 
 took care that it came too late, and the 
 earl was beheaded as a traitor. — Henry 
 Jones, The Earl of Essex (1745). 
 
 Elizabeth (Queen), introduced by sir 
 W. Scott in his novel called Kenilworth. 
 
 Elizabeth of Hungary (St.), 
 patron saint of queens, being herself a 
 queen. Her day is July 9 (1207-1231). 
 
 Ellesmere (Misti-ess), the head 
 domestic of lady Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Elliott (Flobbie, i.e. Halbert), farmer at 
 the Heugh-foot. His bride-elect is Grace 
 Armstrong. 
 
 Mrs. Elliott, Hobbie's grandmother. 
 
 John and Harry, Hobbie's brothers. 
 
 Lilias, Jean, and Arnot, Hobbie's 
 sisters.— Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf 
 (time, Anne). 
 
 Elmo (St.). The fire of St. Elmo 
 (Feu de Saint Elme), a comazant. If 
 only one appears on a ship-mast, foul 
 weather is at hand ; but if two or more, 
 
ELOA. 
 
 292 
 
 ELVINO. 
 
 they indicate that stormy weather is 
 about to cease. By the Italians these 
 comazants are called the "fires of St. 
 Peter and St. Nicholas." In Latin the 
 single fire is called "Helen," but the 
 two " Castor and Pollux." Horace says 
 (Odes, I. xii. 27): 
 
 Quorum simul alba nautis Stella refulsit, 
 Defluit saxis agitatus liumor, 
 Concidunt vent*, fugiuntque nubes, etc. 
 
 But Longfellow makes the stella indi- 
 cative of foul weather : 
 
 Last night I saw St. Elmo's stars. 
 
 With their glimmering lanterns all at play . . . 
 
 And I knew we should have foul weather to-day. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 
 (St. Elmo is the patron saint of sailors.) 
 
 Elo'a, the first of seraphs. His name 
 with God is "The Chosen One," but the 
 angels call him Eloa. Eloa and Gabriel 
 were angel friends. 
 
 Eloa, fairest spirit of heaven. His thoughts are past 
 understanding to the mind of man. His looks more 
 lovely than the day-spring, more beaming than the stars 
 of heaven when they first new into being at the voice of 
 the Creator.— Klopstock, The Messiah, i. (1748). 
 
 Eloi (St.), that is, St. Louis. The 
 kings of France were called Loys up to 
 the time of Louis XIII. Probably the 
 "delicate oath" of Chaucer's prioress, 
 who was a French scholar "after the 
 scole of Stratford-atte-Bowc," was St. 
 Loy, i.e. St. Louis, and not St. Eloi the 
 patron saint of smiths and artists. St. 
 Eloi was bishop of Noyon in the reign of 
 Dagobert, and a noted craftsman in gold 
 and silver. (Query, "Seint Eloy" for 
 Scinte Loy ?) 
 
 Ther was also a nonne, a prioresse. 
 
 That of hire smiling was full simp' and coy, 
 
 Hire greatest othe n'as but by Seint Eloy I 
 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 
 
 El'ops. There was a fish so called, but 
 Milton nses the word (Paradise Lost, x. 
 525) for the dumb serpent or serpent 
 which gives no warning of its approach 
 by hissing or otherwise. (Greek, ellops, 
 " mute or dumb.") 
 
 Eloquence ( The Four Monarchs of) : 
 (1) Demosthenes, the Greek orator (b.C. 
 385-322) ; (2) Cicero, the Roman orator 
 (b.o. 106-43); (3) Sadi, the Persian 
 (1184-1263); (4) Zoroaster (b.c. 589- 
 513). 
 
 Eloquent ( TJiat Old Man), Isoc'rates, 
 the Greek orator. When he heard that 
 the battle of Chasrone'a was lost, and that 
 Greece was no longer free, he died of 
 #rief. 
 
 That dishonest victory 
 At Chaeronea, fatal to liberty. 
 Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent. 
 
 Milton, Xonn«t, ix. 
 
 (This victory was gained by Philip of 
 MacSdon. Called "dishonest" because 
 bribery and corruption were employed.) 
 
 Eloquent Doctor (The), Peter 
 Aureolus, archbishop of Aix (fourteenth 
 century). 
 
 Elpi'nus, Hope personified. He was 
 "clad in sky-like blue," and the motto 
 of his shield was " I hold by being held." 
 He went attended by Pollic'ita (promise). 
 Fully described in canto ix. (Greek, 
 elpis, "hope.") — Phineas Fletcher, The 
 Purple Island (1633). 
 
 Elshender the Recluse, called 
 "The Canny Elshie" or the "Wise 
 Wight of Mucklestane Moor." This is 
 "the black dwarf," or sir Edward 
 Mauley, the hero of the novel. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Black Dvcarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Elsie, the daughter of Gottlieb, a 
 cottage farmer of Bavaria. Prince Henry 
 of Hoheneck, being struck with leprosy, 
 was told he would never be cured till a 
 maiden chaste and spotless offered to 
 give her life in sacrifice for him. Elsie 
 volunteered to die for the prince, and he 
 accompanied her to Salerno; but either 
 the exercise, the excitement, or some 
 charm, no matter what, had quite cured 
 the prince, and when he entered the 
 cathedral with Elsie, it was to make her 
 lady Alicia, his bride. — Hartmann von 
 der Aue, Poor Henry (twelfth century) ; 
 Longfellow, Golden Legend. 
 
 *** Alcestis, daughter of Pelias and 
 wife of Admctos, died instead of her 
 husband, but was brought back by Her- 
 cules from the shades below, and restored 
 to her husband. 
 
 Elspeth (Auld), the old servant of 
 Dandie Dinmont the store-farmer at 
 Charlie's Hope. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Elspeth (Old) of the Craigburnfoot, 
 the mother of Saunders Mucklebacket 
 (the old fisherman at Musselcrag), and 
 formerly servant to the countess of 
 Glenallan. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Elvi'no, a wealthy farmer, in love with 
 Ami'na the somnambulist. Amina being 
 found in the bedroom of conte Rodolf'o the 
 day before her wedding, induces Elvino 
 to break off the match and promise 
 marriage to Lisa ; but as the truth of the 
 matter breaks in upon him, and he is 
 convinced of Amina's innocence, he turns 
 over Lisa to Alessio, her paramour, and 
 
ELVIRA. 
 
 293 
 
 EMILE. 
 
 'marries Amina, his first and only love. — 
 Bellini's opera, La Sonnambula (1831). 
 
 Elvi'ra, sister of don Duart, and 
 niece of the governor of Lisbon. She 
 marries Clodio, the coxcomb son of don 
 Antonio. — C. Cibber, Love Makes a Man. 
 
 Elvi'ra, the young wife of Gomez, a 
 rich old banker. She carries on a liaison 
 ■with colonel Lorenzo, by the aid of her 
 father-confessor Dominick, but is always 
 checkmated, and it turns out that Lorenzo 
 is her brother. — Dryden, The Spanish 
 Fryar (1680). 
 
 Elvi'ra, a noble lady, who gives up 
 everything to become the mistress of 
 Pizarro. She tries to soften his rude and 
 cruel nature, and to lead him into more 
 generous ways. Her love being changed 
 to hate, she engages Rolla to slay Pizarro 
 in his tent ; but the noble Peruvian spares 
 his enemy, and makes him a friend. 
 Ultimately, Pizarro is slain in fight with 
 Alonzo, and Elvira retires to a convent. — 
 Sheridan, Pizarro (altered from Kotzebue, 
 1799). 
 
 Elvi'ra (Donna), a lady deceived by 
 don Giovanni, who basely deluded her 
 into an amour with his valet Leporello. — 
 Mozart's opera, Don Giovanni (1787). 
 
 Elvi'ra " the puritan," daughter of 
 lord Walton, betrothed to Arturo (lord 
 Arthur Talbot), a cavalier. On the day of 
 espousals the young man aids Enrichetta 
 (Henrietta, widow of Charles L.) to escape, 
 and Elvira, thinking he has eloped with 
 a rival, temporarily loses her reason. 
 Cromwell's soldiers arrest Arturo for 
 treason, but he is subsequently pardoned, 
 and marries Elvira. — Bellini's opera, I 
 Purxtani (1834). 
 
 Elvi'ra, a lady in love with Erna'ni the 
 robber-captain and head of a league 
 against don Carlos (afterwards Charles V. 
 of Spain). Ernani was just on the point of 
 marrying Elvira, when he was summoned 
 to death by Gomez de Silva, and stabbed 
 himself. — Verdi, Ernani (an opera, 1841). 
 
 Elvi'ra, betrothed to Alfonso (son of 
 the duke d'Arcos). No sooner is the 
 marriage completed than she learns that 
 Alfonso has seduced Fenella, a dumb 
 girl, sister of Masaniello the fisher- 
 man. Masanisllo, to revenge his wrongs, 
 heads an insurrection, and Alfonso with 
 Elvira run for safety to the fisherman's 
 hut, where they .find Fenella, who pro- 
 mises to protect them. Masaniello, being 
 made chief magistrate of Por'tici, is killed 
 
 by the mob ; Fenella throws herself, into 
 the crater of Vesuvius ; and Alfonso is 
 left to live in peace with Elvira. — Auber, 
 Masaniello (1831). 
 
 Elvire (2 syl.), the wife of don Juan, 
 whom he abandons. She enters a 
 convent, and tries to reclaim her pro- 
 fligate husband, but without success. — • 
 Moliere, Don Juan (1665). 
 
 Ely (Bishop of), introduced by sir W. 
 Scott in the Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Elysium (the Elysian fields), the 
 land of the blest, to which the favoured 
 of the gods passed without dying. They 
 lav in one of the " Fortunate Islands " 
 (Canaries). 
 
 Fancy dreams 
 Of sacred fountains, and Elysian groves, 
 And vales of bliss. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, L (1744). 
 
 Emath'ian Conqueror ( The Great), 
 Alexander the Great. Emathia is Mace- 
 donia and Thessaly. Emathion, a son of 
 Titan and Aurora, reigned in Macedonia. 
 Pliny tells us that Alexander, when he 
 besieged Thebes, spared the house in 
 which Pindar the poet was born, out of 
 reverence to his great abilities. 
 
 Lift not thy spear against the Muses' bower. 
 
 The great Eniathian conqueror bid spare 
 The house of Pindarus, when temple and tower 
 
 Went to the ground. 
 
 Milton, Sonnet, viii. 
 
 Embla, the woman Eve of Scandi- 
 navian mythology. Eve or Embla was 
 made of elm, but Ask or Adam was made 
 of ash. 
 
 Em'elie or Emelte, sister-in-law of 
 duke Theseus (2 syl.), beloved by both 
 Pal'amon and Ar'cyte (2 syl.), but the 
 former had her to wife. 
 
 Emelie that fairer was to scene 
 Than is the lilie on hire stalkes grene. 
 And fresscher than the Mav with flourfis newe. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tal-es{" The Knight's Tale," 13S8) 
 
 Em'erald Isle (The), Ireland; sc 
 called first by Dr. W. Drennan, in his 
 
 poem entitled Erin (1754-1820). 
 
 Emeral'der, an Irishman, one of the 
 Emerald Isle. 
 
 Emer'ita (St.), sister of king Lucius, 
 who, when her brother abdicated the 
 British crown, accompanied him to Swit- 
 zerland, and shared with him there a 
 martyr's death. 
 
 Emerita the next, king Lucius' sister dear, 
 Who in Helvetia with her martyr brother died. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Emile (2 syl.), the chief character of 
 a philosophical romance on education by 
 
EMILIA. 
 
 294 
 
 ENANTHE. 
 
 Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762). Emile is 
 the author's ideal of a young man perfectly 
 educated, every bias but that of nature 
 having been carefully withheld. 
 
 N.B. — Emile is the French form of 
 Emilius. 
 
 Hie body is inured to fatigue, as Rosseau advises in his 
 Emilius. — Continuation of the Arabian Nights, iv. 63. 
 
 Emil'ia, wife of Iago the ancient of 
 Othello in the Venetian army. She is 
 induced by Iago to purloin a certain 
 handkerchief given by Othello to Des- 
 deinona. Iago then prevails on Othello to 
 ask his wife to show him the handker- 
 chief, but she cannot find it, and Iago 
 tells the Moor she has given it to Cassio 
 as a love-token. At the death of Des- 
 demona, Emilia (who till then never 
 suspected the real state of the case) 
 reveals the truth of the matter, and Iago 
 rushes on her and kills her. — Shake- 
 speare, Othello (1G11). 
 
 The virtue of Emilia is such as we often find, worn 
 loosely, but not rast off ; easy to commit small crimes, but 
 quickened and alarmed at atrocious \ Ulainies.— Dr. John- 
 son. 
 
 Emil'ia, the lady who attended on 
 queen Hermi'one in prison. — Shake- 
 speare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Emilia, the lady-love of Peregrine 
 Pickle, in Smollett's novel called The 
 Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 
 
 Emily, the fiancee of colonel Tamper. 
 Duty called away the colonel to Havan- 
 nah, and on his return he pretended to 
 have lost one eye and one leg in the war, 
 in order to see if Emily would love him 
 still. Emily was greatly shocked, and 
 Mr. Prattle the medical practitioner was 
 sent for. Amongst other gossip, Mr. 
 Prattle told his patient he had seen the 
 colonel, who looked remarkably well, 
 and most certainly was maimed neither 
 in his legs nor in his eyes. Emily now 
 saw through the trick, and resolved to 
 turn the tables on the colonel. For this 
 end she induced Mdlle. Florival to appear 
 en militaire, under the assumed name of 
 captain Johnson, and to make desperate 
 love to her. When the colonel had 
 been thoroughly roasted and was about 
 to quit the house for ever, his friend 
 major Belford entered and recognized 
 Mdlle. as his fiance'e ; the trick was dis- 
 covered, and all ended happily. — G. Col- 
 man, sen., The Deuce is in Him (1762). 
 
 Emir or Ameer, a title given to 
 lieutenants of provinces and other officers 
 of the sultan, and occasionally assumed 
 
 by the sultan himself. The sultan is not 
 unfrequently called " The Great Ameer," 
 and the Ottoman empire is sometimes 
 spoken of as " the country of the Great 
 Ameer." What Matthew Paris and other 
 monks call " ammirals " is the same word. 
 Milton speaks of the "mast of some tall 
 ammiral " {Paradise Lost, i. 294). 
 
 The difference between xariff or sariff 
 and amir is this : the former is given to 
 the blood successors of Mahomet, and the 
 latter to those who maintain his religious 
 faith. — Selden, Titles of Honour, vi. 73-4 
 (1672). 
 
 Em'ly (Little), daughter of Tom, 
 the brother-in-law of Dan'el Peggotty a 
 Yarmouth fisherman, by whom the orphan 
 child was brought up. While engaged 
 to Ham Peggotty (Dan'el's nephew), 
 Little Em'ly runs away with Steerforth, 
 a handsome but unprincipled gentleman. 
 Being subsequently reclaimed, she emi- 
 grates to Australia with Dan'el Peggotty 
 and old Mrs. Gummidge. — C. Dickens, 
 David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Emma "the Saxon" or Emma 
 Plantagenet, the beautiful, gentle, and 
 loving wife of David king of North 
 Wales (twelfth century). — Southey, Ma- 
 doc (1805). 
 
 Emped'ocles, one of Pythagoras's 
 scholars, who threw himself secretly into 
 the crater of Etna, that people might 
 suppose the gods had carried him to 
 heaven ; but alas! one of his iron pattens 
 was cast out with the larva, and recog- 
 nized. 
 
 He who to be deemed 
 A god, leaped fondly into Etna flames. 
 Emiiedocles. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 469, etc. (1663). 
 
 Emperor of Believers (The), 
 Omar I., father-in-law of Mahomet 
 (581-644). 
 
 Emperor of the Mountains 
 (The), Peter the Calabrian, a famous 
 robber-chief (1812). 
 
 Emperor for My People. ■ Ha- 
 drian used to say, " I am emperor not 
 for myself but for my people " (76, 117- 
 138). 
 
 Empson (Master), flageolet player to 
 Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (1823). 
 
 Enan'the (3 syl.), daughter of Seleu- 
 cus, and mistress of prince Deme'trius 
 (son of king Antig'onus). She appears 
 under the name of Celia. — Beaumont 
 
ENCELADOS. 
 
 295 
 
 ENID. 
 
 and Fletcher, The Humorous Lieutenant 
 (1647). 
 
 Encel'ados (Latin, Enceladus), the 
 most powerful of all the giants who con- 
 spired against Jupiter. He was struck 
 with a thunder-bolt, and covered with 
 the heap of earth now called mount Etna. 
 The smoke of the volcano is the breath of 
 the buried giant ; and when he shifts his 
 6ide it is an earthquake. 
 
 Fama est, Enoeladi semiustum fulmine corpus 
 Urgeri mole hac, ingentemqne insuper JStnara 
 Inipositam, ruptis flammam expirare caminis ; 
 Et, fessam quoties mutat latus, intremere omnem 
 Murmure Trhiacriam, et coelum subtexere fumo. 
 
 Virgil, sEneid, iii. 578-5S2. 
 Where the burning cinders, blown 
 From the lips of the o'erthrown 
 Enceladus, fill the air. 
 
 Longfellow, Enceladus. 
 
 En 'crates (3 syl.), Temperance per- 
 sonified, the husband of Agnei'a (wifely 
 chastity). When his wife's sister Par- 
 then'ia (maidenly chastity) was wounded in 
 the battle of Mansoul, by False Delight, 
 he and his wife ran to her assistance, and 
 soon routed the foes who were hounding 
 her. Continence (her lover) went also, 
 and poured a balm into her wounds, which 
 healed them. (Greek, egkrates, "continent, 
 temperate.") 
 
 So have I often seen a purple flower, 
 
 Fainting thro' heat, hang down her drooping head ; 
 But, soon refreshed with a welcome shower, 
 
 Begins again her lively beauties spread. 
 And wi : h new pride her silken leaves display. 
 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, xi. (1633). 
 
 Endell (Martha), a poor fallen girl, 
 to whom . Em'ly goes when Steerforth 
 deserts her. She emigrates with Dan'el 
 Peggot'ty, and marries a young farmer 
 in Australia. — C. Dickens, 'David, Copper- 
 field (1849). 
 
 Endermay, i.e. Andermatt or Ur- 
 seren, a town and valley in the Uri of 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Soft as the happy swain's enchanting lay. 
 That pipes among the shades of Endermay. 
 
 W. Falconer, The Shijnoreck, iii. 3 (1756). 
 
 Endiga, in Charles XII., by J. R. 
 
 Planche (1826). 
 
 Endless, the rascally lawyer in No 
 Song No Supper, by P. Hoare (1754- 
 1834). 
 
 Endym'ion, a noted astronomer who, 
 from mount Latmus, in Caria, discovered 
 the course of the moon. Hence it is 
 fabled that the moon sleeps with Endy- 
 mion. Strictly speaking, Endymion is 
 the setting sun. 
 
 £ o Latmus by the wise Endymion is renowned ; 
 That hill on whose high top he was the first that found 
 Pale Phoebe's wandering course ; so skilful in her sphere, 
 4< »ome stick not to say that he enjoyed her there. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbio?i,\i. (161 a). 
 
 To sleep like Endymion, to sleep long 
 and soundly. Endymion requested of 
 Jove permission to sleep as long as he 
 felt inclined. Hence the proverb, Endy~ 
 mionis somnum dormire. Jean Ogier de 
 Gombaud wrote in French a romance or 
 prose poem called Endymion (1624), and 
 one of the best paintings of A. L. Girodet 
 is "Endymion." Cowley, referring to 
 Gombaud's romance, says : 
 
 While there is a people or a sun, 
 Eudymiou's story with the moon shall run. 
 
 John Keats, in 1818, published his 
 Endymion (a poetic romance), and the 
 criticism of the Quarterly Review was 
 falsely said to have caused his death. 
 
 Endym'ion. So Wm. Browne calls sir 
 Walter Raleigh, who was for a time in 
 disgrace with queen Elizabeth, whom he 
 calls "Cyn'thia." 
 
 The first note that I heard I soon was wonne 
 To think the sighes of faiie Endymion, 
 The subject of whose moumfull heavy lay, 
 Was his declining with faire Cynthia. 
 
 Britannia's Pastorals, iv. (1613). 
 
 Enfants de Dieu, the Camisards. 
 
 The royal troops outnumbered the Enfants de Dieu, and 
 a not inglorious flight took place. — Ed. Gilliat, Asylum 
 Christi, iiL 
 
 Enfield (Mrs.), the keeper of a house 
 of intrigue, or " gentlemen's magazine " 
 of frail beauties. — Holcroft, The Deserted 
 Daughter (1784). 
 
 Engaddi (Theodorick, hermit of), an 
 enthusiast. He was Aberick of Morte- 
 mar, an exiled noble. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Engaddi,' one of the towns of Judah, 
 forty miles from Jerusalem, famous for 
 its palm trees. 
 
 Anchorites beneath Engaddi's palms. 
 Pacing the Dead Sea beach. 
 
 Longfellow, Sand of the Desert. 
 
 Engel'breeht, one of the Varangian 
 
 fuards. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 >aris (time, Rufus). 
 
 En'gelred, 'squire of sir Reginald 
 Front de Boeuf (follower of prince John 
 of Anjou, the brother of Richard I.). — 
 Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 En'guerraud, brother of the mar- 
 quis of Montserrat, a crusader. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 E'nid, the personification of spotless 
 purity. She was the daughter of Yn'iol, 
 and wife of Geraint. The tale of Geraint 
 and Enid allegorizes the contagion of 
 distrust and jealousy, commencing with 
 
ENNA. 
 
 296 
 
 EPIDAURUS. 
 
 Guinever's infidelity, and spreading down- 
 wards among the Arthurian knights. In 
 order to save Enid from this taint, sir 
 Geraint removed from the court to Devon ; 
 but overhearing part of a sentence uttered 
 by Enid, he fancied that she was unfaith- 
 ful, and treated her for a time with great 
 harshness. In an illness, Enid nursed 
 Geraint with such wifely devotion that 
 he felt convinced of his error. A perfect 
 reconciliation took place, and they 
 "crowned a happy life with a fair 
 death." — Tennyson, Idylls of the King 
 (" Geraint and Enid"). 
 
 Erma, a city of Sicily, remarkable for 
 its beautiful plains, fruitful soil, and 
 numerous springs. Proserpine was car- 
 ried off by Pluto while gathering flowers 
 in the adjacent meadow. 
 
 She moved 
 Like Proserpine in Enna, gathering flowers. 
 
 Tennyson, Edurin Morris. 
 
 Ennius (The English), Lay'amon, 
 who wrote a translation in Saxon of The 
 Brut of Wace (thirteenth century). 
 
 Ennius (The F?-ench), Jehan de Meung, 
 who wrote a continuation of Layamon's 
 romance (1260-1320). 
 
 *** Guillaume de Lorris, author of the 
 Romance of the Rose, is also called " The 
 French Ennius," and with better title 
 (1235-1265). 
 
 Ennius (The Spanish), Juan de Mena of 
 Cordova (1412-1456). 
 
 Enough is as G-ood as a Feast. 
 
 Geo. Gascoigne says : 
 
 I count enough as good as any feast 
 
 Satis Suj/icit (Gascoigne died 1577). 
 
 Enrique' (2 syl.), brother-in-law of 
 Chrysalde (2 syl.). lie married secretly 
 Chrysalde's sister Angelique, by whom he 
 had a daughter, Agnes, who was left in 
 charge of a peasant while Enrique was 
 absent in America. Having made his 
 fortune in the New World, Enrique re- 
 turned and found Agnes in love with 
 Horace, the son of his friend Oronte 
 (2 syl.). Their union, after the usual 
 quota of misunderstanding and cross 
 purposes, was consummated to the delight 
 of all parties. — Moliere, Ee'cole des Fern- 
 mes (1662). 
 
 Entel'echy, the kingdom of queen 
 Quintessence. Pantag'ruel' and his com- 
 panions went to this kingdom in search of 
 the "holy bottle." — Rabelais, Rantag- 
 ruel, v. 19 (1545). 
 
 * + * This kingdom of "speculative 
 
 science " gave the hint to Swift for his 
 island of Lapu'ta. 
 
 Ephe'sian, a toper, a dissolute sot, . 
 a jovial companion. When Page (2 
 Henry II. act ii. sc. 2) tells prince Henry 
 that a company of men were about to 
 sup with Falstaff, in Eastcheap, and calls 
 them "Ephesians," he probably meant 
 soldiers called fe'thas ("foot-soldiers"), 
 and hence topers. Malone suggests that 
 the word is a pun on pheese (" to chastise 
 or pay one tit for tat "), and means 
 " quarrelsome fellows." 
 
 Ephe'sian Poet (The), Hippo'nax, 
 born at Ephesus (sixth century B.C.). 
 
 Ephe'sus (Letters of), bribes. 
 " Ephesiae literse " were magical notes 
 or writings, which ensured those who 
 employed them success in any under- 
 taking they chose to adventure on. 
 
 Silver keys were used in old Rome, where every petty 
 officer who knew no other spelling could decipher a 
 " letter of Ephesus." Oh for the purity of honest John 
 Bull! No "letters of Ephesus" will tempt the integrity 
 of our British bumbledom. — Cassell's Magazine.Febni&rv. 
 1877. 
 
 Epic (Tlxe Great Puritan), Paradise 
 Lost, by Milton (1665). 
 
 Epic Poetry (The Father of), Homer 
 (about 950 B.C.). 
 
 Ep'icene (3 syl.) or The Silent 
 Woman, one of the three great comedies 
 of Pen Jonson (1609). 
 
 The other two are Volpone (2 syl. t 
 1605), and The Alchemist (1610). 
 
 Epicurus. The aimee de coeur of 
 this philosopher was Leontium. (See 
 Love us.) 
 
 Epicurus of China, Tao-tse, who 
 commenced the search for " the elixir of 
 perpetual youth and health" (b.c 540). 
 
 *** Thomas Moore has a prose romance 
 entitled The Epicure'an. Lucretius the 
 Roman poet, in his De Rcrum Natura, is 
 an exponent of the Epicurean doctrines. 
 
 Epidaurus (TJiat God in), iEscula'- 
 pius, son of Apollo, who was worshipped 
 in Epidaurus, a city of Peloponne'sus. 
 Being sent for to Rome during a plague', 
 he assumed the form of a serpent. — Livv, 
 Nat. Hist., xi. ; Ovid, Metaph., xv. 
 
 Never since of serpent kind 
 Lovelier, not those that in lllyria changed 
 Hermionfi and Cadmus, or the god 
 In Epidaurus. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, \x. 507 (1665). 
 
 (Cadmus and his wife Harmonia [Her- 
 mione'] left Thebes and migrated into 
 lllyria, where they were changed into 
 
EPH1ALTES. 
 
 297 
 
 EQUIVOKES. 
 
 Borpents because they happened to kill 
 one belonging to Mars.) 
 
 Ephial'tes (4 syl.), one of the giants 
 who made war upon the gods. He was 
 deprived of his left eye by Apollo, and of 
 his right eye by Hercules. 
 
 Epig'oni, seven youthful warriors, 
 sons of the seven chiefs who laid siege 
 to Thebes. All the seven chiefs (except 
 Adrastos) perished in the siege ;_ but the 
 seven sons, ten years later, took the city 
 and razed it to the ground. The chiefs 
 and sons were: (1) Adrastos, whose son 
 was iEgi'aleus (4 syl.) ; (2) Polynikes, 
 whose son was Thersan'der ; (3) Am- 
 pliiar'aos (5 syl.), whose son was Alk- 
 maxm (the chief) ; (4) Ty'deus (2 syl.), 
 whose son was Diome'des ; (5) Kap'- 
 aneus (3 syl.), whose son was Sthen'elos ; 
 (6) Parthenopse'os, whose son was Pro- 
 machos ; (7) Mekis'theus (3 syl.), whose 
 son was Eury'alos. 
 
 ^Eschylos has a tragedy on The Seven 
 Chiefs against Thebes. There are also 
 two epics, one The Tfiebaid of Statius, 
 and The Epigoni sometimes attributed to 
 Homer aud sometimes to one of the 
 Cyclic poets of Greece. 
 
 Epigon'iad (The), called "the 
 Scotch Iliad; 1 by William Wilkie (1721- 
 1772). This is the tale of the Epig'oni 
 or seven sons of the seven chieftains who 
 laid siege to Thebes. The tale is this : 
 When (E'dipos abdicated, his two sons 
 agreed to reign alternate years ; but at 
 the expiration of the first year, the elder 
 son (Ete'ccles) refused to give up the 
 throne. Whereupon the younger brother 
 (Polynikes) interested six Grecian chiefs 
 to espouse his cause, and the allied 
 armies laid siege to Thebes, without suc- 
 cess. Subsequently, the seven sons of the 
 old chiefs went against the city to avenge 
 the deaths of their fathers, who had fallen 
 in the former siege. They succeeded in 
 taking the city, and in placing Thersan- 
 der on the throne. The names of the 
 seven sons are Thersander, /Egi'aleus, 
 Alkmajon, Diome'des, Sthen'elos, Pro'- 
 machos, and Euryalos. 
 
 Epimen'ides (5 syl.) of Crete, some- 
 times reckoned one of the "seven wise 
 men of Greece " in the place of Peri- 
 ander. He slept for fifty-seven years in 
 a cave, and, on waking, found every- 
 thing so changed that he could recognize 
 nothing. Epimenides lived 289 years, 
 and was adored by the Cretans as one 
 of their " Curetcs " or priests of Jove. 
 1J' was contemporary with Solon. 
 
 (Goethe has a poem called Des Epime- 
 nides Erwachen. — See Heinrich's Epime- 
 nides.) 
 
 Epimenides' s Drug. A n ym ph who 1 o ved 
 Epimenides gave him a draught in a 
 bull's horn, one single drop of which 
 would not only cure any ailment, but 
 would also serve for a hearty meal. 
 
 Le Nouveau Epi/nenede is a man wno 
 lives in a dream in a kind of "Castle of 
 Spain," where he deems himself a king, 
 and does not wish to be disillusioned. 
 The song is by Jacinthe Leclere, one of 
 the members of the " Societe de Momus" 
 of Paris. 
 
 Epinogris (Sir), son of the king of 
 Northumberland. He loved an earl's 
 daughter, but slew the earl in a knightly 
 combat. Next day, a knight challenged 
 him to fight, and the lady was to be the 
 prize of the victor. Sir Epinogris, being 
 overthrown, lost the lady ; but when sir 
 Palomides heard the tale, he promised to 
 recover her. Accordingly, he challenged 
 the victorious knight, Avho turned out to 
 be his brother. The point of dispute was 
 then amicably arranged by giving up the 
 ladv to sir Epinogris. — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, ii. 169 (1470). 
 
 Eppie, one of the servants of the Rev. 
 Josiah Cargill. In the same novel is 
 Eppie Anderson, one of the servants at 
 the Mowbrav Arms, Old St. Roman's, 
 held by Meg Dods.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
 Ronarts Wed, (time, George III.). 
 
 Epps, cook of Saunders Fairford a 
 lawyer. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Equity (Father of), Heneage Finch, 
 earl of Nottingham (1621-1682). In 
 Absalom and Achitophel (by Dryden and 
 Tate) he is called " Amri." 
 
 Sincere was Amri, and not only knew, 
 But Israel's sanctions into practice drew; 
 Our laws, that d.d a boundless ocean seem. 
 Were coasted all, and fathomed all by him . . . 
 To him the double blessing doth belong, 
 With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue. 
 
 Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (168 J). 
 
 Equivokes. 
 
 1. Hexry IV. was told that "he 
 should not die but in Jerusalem," which 
 he supposed meant the Holy Land ; but 
 he died in the Jerusalem Chamber, Lon- 
 don, which is the chapter-house of West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 2. Pope Sylvester was also told he 
 should die at Jerusalem, and he died 
 while saying mass in a church so called 
 at Rome. 
 
EQUIVOKES. 
 
 298 
 
 ERCOCO. 
 
 3. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, was told 
 that he should die in Ecbat'ana, which 
 he supposed meant the capital of Media. 
 Being wounded accidentally in Syria, he 
 asked the name of the place ; and being 
 told it was Ecbatana, he replied, " Here, 
 then, I am destined to end my life." 
 
 4. A Messenian seer, being sent to 
 consult the Delphic oracle respecting the 
 issue of the Messenian war, then raging, 
 received for reply : 
 
 When the goat stoops to drink of the Neda, seer, 
 From Messenia flee, for its ruin is near 1 
 
 In order to avert this calamity, all 
 goats were diligently chased from the 
 banks of the Neda. One day, Theoclos 
 observed &fig tree growing on the river- 
 6ide, and its branches dipped into the 
 stream. The interpretation of the oracle 
 flashed across his mind, for he remem- 
 bered that goat and fig tree, in the Mes- 
 senian dialect, were the same word. 
 
 *** The pun would be clearer to an 
 English reader if "a stork " were sub- 
 stituted for the goat: " AVhen a stork 
 stoops to drink of the Neda ; " and the 
 "stalk "of the fig tree dipping into the 
 stream. 
 
 b. When the allied Greeks demanded 
 of the Delphic oracle what would be 
 the issue of the battle of Salamis, they 
 received for answer : 
 
 Seed-time and harvest weeping sires shall tell 
 How thousands fought at Salamis and fell ; 
 
 but whether the oracle referred to the 
 Greeks or Persians who were to fall by 
 " thousands," was not stated. 
 
 6. When Ciuesus demanded what would 
 be the issue of the battle against the 
 Persians, headed by Cyrus, the answer 
 was, he "should behold a mighty empire 
 overthrown;" but whether that empire 
 was his own, or that of Cyrus, only the 
 actual issue of the fight could determine. 
 
 7. Similarly, when Philip of Maccdon 
 sent to Delphi to inquire if his Persian 
 expedition would prove successful, he 
 received for reply, " The ready victim 
 crowned for sacrifice stands before the 
 altar." Philip took it for granted that 
 the " ready victim " was the king of 
 Persia, butit was himself. 
 
 8. Tahquix sent to Delphi to learn the 
 fate of his struggle with the Romans for 
 the recovery of his throne, and was told, 
 " Tarquin will never fall till a dog speaks 
 with the voice of a man." The "dog" 
 was Junius Brutus, who was called a dog 
 by way of contempt. 
 
 9. When the oracle was asked who 
 would succeed Tarquin. it replied, " lie 
 
 who shall first kiss his mother." Where- 
 upon Junius Brutus fell to the earth, and 
 exclaimed, "Thus, then, I kiss thee, O 
 mother earth ! " 
 
 10. Jourdain, the wizard, told the duke 
 of Somerset, if he wished to live, to 
 "avoid where castles mounted stand." 
 The duke died in an ale-house called 
 the Castle, in St. Alban's. — Shakespeare, 
 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2. 
 
 11. A wizard told king Edward IV. that 
 "after him should raign one whose first 
 letter of his name should be G." The 
 king thought the person meant was his 
 brother George, but the duke of Gloucester 
 was the person pointed at. — Holinshed, 
 Chronicles; Shakespeare, Richard III. 
 act i. sc. 1. 
 
 Eraclius (The emperor) condemned 
 a knight to death on the supposition of 
 murder ; but the man supposed to be 
 murdered making his appearance, the 
 condemned man was taken back, under 
 the expectation that he would be instantly 
 acquitted. But no, Eraclius ordered ail 
 three to be put to death : the knight, 
 because the emperor had ordered it ; the 
 man who brought him back, because .he 
 had not carried out the emperor's order ; 
 and the man supposed to be murdered, 
 because he was virtually the cause of 
 death to the other two. 
 
 This tale is told in the Gesta Roman- 
 orum, and Chaucer has put it into the 
 mouth of his sumpnor. It is also told 
 by Seneca, in his De Ira ; but he ascribes 
 it to Cornelius Piso, and not to Eraclius. 
 
 Eraste (2 syl.), hero of Les Fdcheux, 
 by Molibre. He is in love with Orphisc 
 (2 syl.), whose tutor is Damis (1GG1). 
 
 Er'celdoun {Thomas of), also called 
 "Thomas the Rhymer," introduced by 
 sir W. Scott in his novel called Castie 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 It is said that Thomas of Erceldoun is not dead, but 
 that he is sleeping beneath the Eildon Hills, in Scotland. 
 One day, he met with a lady of elfin race beneath the 
 Eildon tree, and she led Lira to an under-ground region, 
 where he remained for seven years. He then revisited 
 the earth, but bound himself to return when summoned. 
 One day, when he was making merry with his friends, he 
 was told that a hart and hind were parading the street; 
 and be knew it was his summons, so he immediately 
 went to the Eildon tree, and has never since been heard 
 of.— Sir W. Scott, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. 
 
 *** This tale is substantially the same 
 as the German one of Tanhauser (q.v.). 
 
 Erco'co or Ehquico, on the Red Sea, 
 marks the north-east boundary of the 
 negus of Abyssinia. 
 
 The empire of Negus to his utmost port, 
 Ercoco. 
 
 ililton, Pa-radUe Lost, xi. 397 (1665). 
 
ERECK. 
 
 299 
 
 ERISICHTHON. 
 
 Ereck, a knight of the Round Table. 
 He marries the beautiful Enite (2 syl.), 
 daughter of a poor knight, and falls into 
 a state of idleness and effeminacy, till 
 Enite rouses him to action. He then 
 goes forth on an expedition of adven- 
 tures, and after combating with brigands, 
 giants, and dwarfs, returns to the court 
 of king Arthur, where he remains till 
 the death of his father. He then enters 
 on his inheritance, and lives peaceably 
 the rest of his life. — Hartmann von der 
 Aue, Ereck (thirteenth century). 
 
 Ereen'ia (3 syl.), a glendoveer' or 
 good spirit, the beloved son of Cas'yapa 
 (3 syl.), father of the immortals. Ereenia 
 took pity on Kail'yal (2 syl.), daughter 
 of Ladur'lad, and carried her to his 
 Bower of Bliss in paradise (canto vii.). 
 Here Kailyal could not stay, because she 
 was still a living daughter of earth.. On 
 her return to earth, she was chosen for 
 the bride of Jagan-naut, and Ar'valan 
 came to dishonour her ; but she set lire 
 to the pagoda, and Ereenia came to her 
 rescue. Ereenia was set upon by the 
 witch Lor'rimite (3 syl.), and carried to 
 the submerged city of Baly, whence he 
 was delivered by Ladurhid, The glen- 
 doveer now craved Seeva for vengeance, 
 but the god sent him to Yamen (i.e. 
 Pluto), and Yamen said the measure of 
 iniquity was now full, so Arvalan and 
 his father Kehama were both made in- 
 mates of the city of everlasting woe ; 
 while Ereenia carried Kailyal, who had 
 quaffed the waters of immortality, to his 
 Bower of Bliss, to dwell with him in 
 everlasting joy. — Southey, Curse of Ke- 
 lmrna (1809). 
 
 Eret/rian Bull (The). Menede'mos 
 of Eretria, in Euboe'a, was called "Bull " 
 from the bull-like breadth and gravity 
 of his face. He founded the Eretrian 
 school (fourth century B.C.). 
 
 Eric, "Windy-cap," king of Sweden. 
 He could make the wind blow from any 
 quarter by simply turning his cap. 
 Hence arose the expression, " a capful of 
 wind." 
 
 Erichtho [E.rik'.tho], the famous 
 Thessalian witch consulted by Pompey. 
 ■ — Lucan, Pharsalia, vi. 
 
 Erickson (Sweyn), a fisherman at 
 Jarlshof.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Zric'tho, the witch in John Marston's 
 
 tragedy called The Wonder of Women or 
 Sophonisba (1005). 
 
 Er'idan, the river Po, in Italy ; so 
 called from Eridan (or Phaeton), who 
 fell into the stream when he overthrew 
 the sun-car. 
 
 Su down the silver streams of Eridan, 
 
 On either side bankt with a lily wall 
 Whiter than both, rides the triumphant swan, 
 
 And sings his dirge, and prophecies his fall. 
 Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph [over Death} (1010). 
 
 Erig'ena (John Scotus), called "Sco- 
 tus the Wise." He must not be cou- 
 founded with Duns Scotus, "the Subtle 
 Doctor," who lived some four centuries 
 later. ErigSna died in 875, and Duns 
 Scotus in 1308. 
 
 Erig'one (4 syl.), the constellation 
 Virgo. She was the daughter of Icarios, 
 an Athenian, who Avas murdered by some 
 drunken peasants. Erigone discovered 
 the dead body by the aid of her father's 
 dog Moera, who became the star called 
 Canis. 
 
 . . . that virgin, frail Erigone\ 
 Who by comp;ission got preheminence fsjcj 
 
 Lord Brooke, Of Mobility. 
 
 Erill'yab (3 syl.), the widowed and 
 deposed queen of the Hoamen (2 syl.), 
 an Indian tribe settled on a south branch 
 of the Missouri. Her husband was king 
 Tepol'loni, and her son Amal'ahta. Madoc, 
 when he reached America, espoused her 
 cause, and succeeded in restoring her to 
 her throne and empire. — Southev, Madoc 
 (1805). 
 
 Erin, from car or iar ("west") and 
 in ("island"), the Western Island, Ireland. 
 
 Eriphy'le (4 syl.), the wife of Am- 
 phiara'os. Being bribed by a golden 
 necklace, she betrayed to Polynl'ces where 
 her husband had concealed himself that 
 he might not go to the siege of Thebes, 
 where he knew that he should be killed. 
 Congreve calls the word Eriph'yle. 
 
 When Eriphyle broke her plighted faith, 
 And for a bribe procured her husband's death. 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 
 
 Er'iri or Er'eri, Snowdon, in Caer- 
 narvonshire. The word means " Eagle 
 rocks." 
 
 In this region .Ordovicia'] is the stupendous mountain 
 Eriri. — Richard of Cirencester, On the Ancient State of 
 Britain, i. 6, 25 (fourteenth century). 
 
 Erisich'thon (should be Erysich- 
 thon), a Thessalian, whose appetite was 
 insatiable. Having spent all his estate 
 in the purchase of food, nothing was left 
 but his daughter Metra. and her he sold 
 to buy food for his voracious appetite ; 
 but Metra had the power of transforming 
 
KRLAND. 
 
 300 
 
 EROSTRATOS. 
 
 herself into any shape she chose, so as 
 often as her father sold her, she changed 
 her form and returned to him. After a 
 time, Erisichthon Avas reduced to feed 
 upon himself. — Ovid, Metaph., viii. 2 
 (740 to end). 
 
 Drayton says when the Wyre saw her 
 goodly oak trees sold for firewood, she 
 bethought her of Erisichthon's end, who, 
 "when nor sea, norland, sufficient were," 
 ate his own flesh. — Polyolbion, vii. 
 
 So Erisicthon, once fired (as men say) 
 
 With hungry rage, fed never, ever feeding; 
 Ten thousand dishes severed every day, 
 
 Yet in ten thousand thousand dishes needing. 
 In vain his daughter hundred shapes assumed ; 
 A whole camp's meat he in his gorge inhumed ; 
 And all consumed, his hunger yet was unconsumed. 
 Fhineas Fletcher, The Purple Island UG33). 
 
 Erland, father of Noma " of the 
 Fitful Head."— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Erl-King, a spirit of mischief, which 
 haunts the Black Forest of Thuringia. 
 
 Goethe has a ballad called the Erl- 
 konig, and Herder has translated the 
 Danish ballad of Sir Olaf and the Erl- 
 hinifs Daughter. 
 
 Ermangarde of Baldringham 
 
 (The Lady), aunt of the lady Eveline 
 Berenger " the betrothed." — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Er'meline {Dame), the wife of Rey- 
 nard, in the beast-epic called lieynard the 
 Fox (1498). 
 
 Ermin'ia, the heroine of Jerusalem 
 Delivered. She fell in love with Tancred, 
 and when the Christian army besieged 
 Jerusalem, arrayed herself in Clorinda's 
 armour to go to him. After certain ad- 
 ventures, she found him wounded, and 
 nursed him tenderly ; but the poet has 
 not told us what was the ultimate lot of 
 this fair Syrian. — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
 livered (1575). 
 
 Erna'ni, the robber-captain, duke of 
 Segor'bia and Cardo'na, lord of Aragon, 
 and count of Ernani. He is in love with 
 Elvi'ra, the betrothed of don Ruy Gomez 
 de Silva, an old Spanish grandee, whom 
 she detests. Charles V. falls in love 
 with her, and Ruy Gomez joins Ernani 
 in a league against their common rival. 
 During this league Ernani gives Ruy 
 Gomez a horn, saying, " Sound but this 
 horn, and at that moment Ernani will 
 cease to live." Just as he is about to 
 espouse Elvira, the horn is sounded, and 
 Ernani stabs himself. — Verdi, Ernani (an 
 opera, 1841). 
 
 Ernest (Duke), son-in-law of kaiser 
 Konrad II. He murders his feudal lord, 
 and goes on a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 Land, to expiate, his crime. The poem 
 so called is a mixture of Homeric 
 legends, Oriental myths, and pilgrims' 
 tales. We have pygmies and cyclopses, 
 genii and enchanters, fairies and" dwarfs, 
 monks and devotees. After a world of 
 hair-breadth escapes, the duke reaches 
 the Holy Sepulchre, pays his vows, re- 
 turns to Germany, and is pardoned. — 
 Henry von Veldig (minnesinger), Duke 
 Ernest (twelfth century). 
 
 Ernest de Fridberg, "the pri- 
 soner of State." He was imprisoned in 
 the dungeon of the Giant's Mount fortress 
 for fifteen years on a false charge of 
 treason. Ul'rica (his natural daughter 
 by the countess Marie), dressed in the 
 clothes of Herman, the deaf and dumb 
 jailer-boy, gets access to the dungeon 
 and contrives his escape ; but he is re- 
 taken, and led back to the dungeon. 
 Being subsequently set at liberty, ho 
 marries the countess Marie (the mother 
 of Ulrica). — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
 State (1847). 
 
 Eros, the manumitted slave of Antony 
 the triumvir. Antony made Eros swear 
 that he would kill him if commanded by 
 him so to do. When in Egypt, Antony 
 (after the battle of Actium), fearing lest 
 he should fall into the hands of Octavius 
 Cassar, ordered Eros to keep his promise. 
 Eros drew his sword, but thrust it into his 
 own side, and fell dead at the feet of An- 
 tony. "0 noble Eros," cried Antony, "I 
 thank thee for teaching me how to die ! " 
 —Plutarch. 
 
 *** Eros is introduced in Shakespeare's 
 Antony and Cleopatra, and in Drvden's 
 All for Love or the World Well Lost. 
 
 (Eros is the Greek name of Cupid, and 
 hence amorous poetry is called Erotic.) 
 
 Eros'tratos (in Latin Erostratus), 
 the incendiary who set fire to the temple 
 of Diana of Ephesus, that his name 
 might be perpetuated. An edict was 
 published, prohibiting any mention of 
 the name, but the edict was wholly 
 ineffective. 
 
 *** Charles V., wishing to be shown 
 over the Pantheon [All Saints'] of Rome, 
 was taken to the top by a Roman knight. 
 At parting, the knight told the emperor 
 that he felt an almost irresistible desire 
 to push his majesty down from the top 
 of the building, ''in order to immortalize 
 
EROTA. 
 
 301 
 
 ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 his name." Unlike Erostratos, the name 
 of this knight has not transpired. 
 
 Ero'ta, a very beautiful hut most 
 imperious princess, passionately beloved 
 by Philander prince of Cyprus. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Laws of Candu 
 (1647). 
 
 Erra-Pater, an almanac, an alma- 
 nac-maker, an astrologer. Samuel Butler 
 calls Lilly, the almanac-maker, an Erra- 
 Pater, which we are told was the name 
 of a famous Jewish astrologer. 
 
 His only Bible was an Erra-Pater. 
 Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 
 Wliat's here ? Erra-Pater or a bearded sibyl [the person 
 was Foresight]. 
 
 Congreve, Love for Love, iv. (1695). 
 
 ErragOll, king of Lora (in Scandi- 
 navia). Aldo, a Caledonian chief, offered 
 him his services, and obtained several 
 important victories ; but Lorma, the 
 king's wife, falling in love with him, the 
 guilty pair escaped to Morven. Erragon 
 invaded the country, and slew Aldo in 
 single combat, but was himself slain in 
 battle by Gaul, son of Morni. As for 
 Lorma, she died of grief. — Ossian, The 
 Battle of Lora. 
 
 Errant Damsel {The), Una. — Spen- 
 ser, Faery Queen, iii. 1 (1590). 
 
 Errol {Gilbert earl of), lord high con- 
 stable of Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
 Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Error, a monster who lived in a den 
 in "Wandering Wood," and with whom 
 the Red Cross Knight had his first ad- 
 venture. She had a brood of 1000 young 
 ones of sundry shapes, and these cubs 
 crept into their mother's mouth when 
 alarmed, as young kangaroos creep into 
 their mother's .pouch. The knight was 
 nearly killed by the stench which issued 
 from the foul iiend, but he succeeded in 
 "rafting" her head off, whereupon the 
 brood lapped up the blood, and burst 
 with satiety. 
 
 Half like a serpent horribly displayed. 
 
 Hut th' other half did woman's shape retain . . . 
 
 And as she lay upon the dirty ground, 
 
 Her huge long tail her den all overspread. 
 
 Yet was in knots and many boughts [folds] upwound, 
 
 Pointed with mortal sting. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 1 (1590). 
 
 Errors of Artists. (See Ana- 
 chronisms.) 
 
 Axgelo {Michel), in his great picture of 
 (he "Last Judgment," has introduced 
 Charon's bark. 
 
 Brengheli, the Dutch painter, in a 
 picture of the "Wise Men of the East" 
 making their offerings to the infant Jesus, 
 
 has represented one of them dressed in a 
 large white surplice, booted and spurred, 
 offering the model of a Dutch seventy- 
 four to the infant. 
 
 Etty has placed by the bedside of 
 Holof ernes a helmet of the period of the 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 Mazzochi {Paulo), in his "Symbolical 
 Painting of the Four Elements," repre- 
 sents the sea by fishes, the earth by moles, 
 fire by a salamander, and air by a camel ! 
 Evidently he mistook the camelion (which 
 traditionally lives on air) for a camel. 
 
 Tintoret, in a picture which represents 
 the " Israelites Gathering Manna in the 
 Wilderness," has armed the men with 
 guns. 
 
 Veronese {Paul), in his "Marriage 
 Feast of Cana of Galilee," has introduced 
 among the guests several Benedictines. 
 
 West, president of the Royal Academy, 
 has represented Paris the Phrygian in 
 Roman costume. 
 
 Westminster Hall is full of ab- 
 surdities. Witness the following as 
 specimens : — 
 
 Sir Cloudesley Shovel is dressed in a 
 Roman cuirass and sandals, but on his 
 head is a full-bottomed wig of the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 The duke of Buckingham is arrayed in 
 the costume of a Roman emperor, and his 
 duchess in the court dress of George I. 
 period. 
 
 Errors of Authors. (See Ana- 
 chronisms.) 
 
 Akenside. He views the Ganges 
 from Alpine heights. — Pleasures of Imagi- 
 nation. 
 
 Allison (Sir Archibald) says: " Sir 
 Peregrine Pickle was one of "the pall- 
 bearers of the duke of Wellington." — Life 
 of Lord Castlereagh. 
 
 In his History of Europe, the phrase 
 droit de timbre (" stamp duty ") he trans- 
 lates " timber duties." 
 
 Articles ok War for the Army. 
 It is ordered "that every recruit shall 
 have the -10th and 4(>th of the articles 
 read to him" (art. iii.). 
 
 The 40th article relates wholly to the 
 misconduct of chaplains, and has no sort 
 of concern with recruits. Probably the 
 41st is meant, which is about mutiny and 
 insubordination. 
 
 Browne ( William). Apelles' Curtain. 
 W. Browne says : 
 
 If ... 1 set my pencil to Apelles' table [painting] 
 Or dare to draw his curtain. 
 
 Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 2 
 
 This curtain was not drawn by Apelles, 
 
ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 302 
 
 ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 hut by Parrhasios. who lived a full cen- 
 tury before Apelles. The contest was 
 between Zeuxis and Parrhasios. The 
 former exhibited a bunch of grapes which 
 deceived the birds, and the latter a cur- 
 tain which deceived the competitor. 
 
 BitUYSSEL (E. von) says: "According 
 to Homer, Achilles had a vulnerable 
 heel." It is a vulgar error to attribute 
 this myth to Homer. The blind old bard 
 nowhere says a word about it. The 
 story of dipping Achilles in the river 
 Styx is altogether post-Homeric. 
 
 Byuox. Xerxes' Skips. Byron says 
 that Xerxes looked on his " ships by 
 thousands " off the coast of Sal amis. 
 The entire number of sails was 1200 ; of 
 these 400 were wrecked before the battle 
 off the coast of Sepias, so that even 
 supposing the whole of the rest were en- 
 gaged, the number could not exceed 800. 
 — Isles of Greece. 
 
 The Isle Teos. In the same poem he 
 refers to "Teos" as one of the isles of 
 Greece, but Teos is a maritime town on 
 the coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 Ckkvaxtes. Dorotheas Father. Doro- 
 thea represents herself as queen of Mico- 
 micon, because both her father and 
 mother were dead, but don Quixote 
 speaks of him to her as alive. — Pt. I. iv. 8. 
 
 Mambrino's Helmet. In pt. I. iii. 8 
 we are told that the galley-slaves set 
 free by don Quixote assaulted him with 
 stones, and "snatching the basin from 
 his head, broke it to /wees." In bk. 
 iv. 15 we find this basin quite whole 
 and sound, the subject of a judicial in- 
 quiry, the question being whether it was 
 a helmet or a barber's basin. Sancho 
 (eh. 11) says, he "picked it up, bruised 
 and battered, intending to get it mended ; " 
 but he says, " I broke it to pieces," or, 
 according to one translator, " broke it 
 into a thousand pieces." In bk. iv. 8 we 
 are told that don Quixote ".came from his 
 chamber armed cap-a-pie, with the bar- 
 ber's basin on his head." 
 
 Sancho's Ass. We are told (pt. I. iii. 9) 
 that Gines de Passamonte "stole Sancho's 
 ass." Sancho laments the loss with true 
 pathos, and the knight condoles with him. 
 Bat soon afterwards Cervantes says: "He 
 [Sancho] jogged on leisurely upon his ass 
 after his master." 
 
 Sancho's Great-coat. Sancho Panza, we 
 are told, left his wallet behind in the 
 Crescent Moon tavern, where he was 
 tossed in a blanket, and put the provisions 
 left by the priests /nhis great-coat (ch. 5). 
 The galley-slaves robbed him of "his 
 
 great-coat, leaving only his doublet " (ch. 
 8), but in the next chapter (9) we find "the 
 victuals had not been touched," though 
 the rascals " searched diligently for booty." 
 Now, if the food was in the great-coat, 
 and the great-coat was stolen, how is it 
 that the victuals remained in Sancho's 
 possession untouched ? 
 
 Sancho's Wallet. AVe are told that 
 Sancho left his wallet by mistake at the 
 tavern where he was blanket-tossed (ch. 5), 
 but in ch. 9, when he found the port- 
 manteau, "he crammed the gold and 
 linen into his wallet." — Pt. I. iii. 
 
 To make these oversights more striking, 
 the author says, when Sancho found the 
 portmanteau, "he entirely forgot the loss 
 of his wallet, his great-coat, and of his 
 faithful companion and servant Dapple " 
 {the ass). 
 
 Supper. Cervantes makes the party at 
 the Crescent tavern eat two suppers in 
 one evening. In ch. 5 the curate orders 
 in supper, and " after supper" they read 
 the story of Fatal Curiosity. In ch. 12 
 we are told "the cloth was laid [again] 
 for supper," and the company sat down 
 to it, quite forgetting that they had 
 already supped. — Pt. 1. iv. 
 
 Cham iucks'sExcycloivkdia states that 
 " the fame of Beaumarchais rests on his 
 two operas, Le Barbicr de Seville (1755) 
 and Le Mariage de Figaro." Every one 
 knows that Mozart composed the opera of 
 Figaro (1786), and that Casti wrote the 
 libretto. The opera of Le Barbicr de 
 Seville, or rather // Barbiere di Stviglia, 
 was composed by Rossini, in 1816. What 
 Beaumarchais wrote was two comedies, 
 one in four acts and the other in five acts. 
 — Art. "Beaumarchais." 
 
 CiiAMBtttts's Jouuxal. We are told, 
 in a paper entitled " Coincidences," that 
 "Thursday has proved a fatal day with 
 the Tudors, for on that day died Henry 
 VIII., Edward VI., queen Mary, and 
 queen Elizabeth." If this had been the 
 case it would, indeed, have been startling; 
 but what arc the facts? Henry VIII. 
 died on Friday, January 28, 1547, and 
 Elizabeth died on Mo?iday, March 24, 
 1603. — Rymer, Faidera, xv. 
 
 In the same paper we are told with 
 equal inaccuracy that Scdurday has been 
 fatal to the present dynasty, "for William 
 IV. and every one of the Georges died on 
 a Saturday." What, however, says history 
 proner? William IV. died on Tuesday, 
 June 20, 1837; George I. died Wednes- 
 day, June 11, 1727 ; George III. died 
 Monday, January 29, 1820 ; George IV. 
 
ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 died Sunday, June 26, 1830; and only 
 George II. died on a Saturday, "the day 
 [_so~] fatal to the present dynasty," 
 
 Chaucek says: "The throstle-cock 
 6ings so .sweet a tune that Tubal himself, 
 the first musician, could not equal it." — 
 The Court of Love. Of course he means 
 Jiibal. 
 
 Cibbkr (Colley), in his Love Makes a 
 Man, i., makes Carlos the student say, 
 " For the cure of herds [ Virgil's] bucolicks 
 are a master-piece; but when his art 
 describes the commonwealth of bees . . . 
 I'm ravished." He means the Georgtcs, 
 the Bucolics are eclogues, and never touch 
 upon either of these subjects. The 
 diseases and cures of cattle are in Georgic 
 iii., and the habits, etc., of bees, Georgic iv. 
 
 Cid {The). "When Alfonso succeeded 
 his brother Sancho and banished the Cid, 
 Rodrigo is made to say : 
 
 Prithee say where were these gallants 
 (Bold enough when far from blows} ? 
 
 Where were they when I, unaided, 
 Rescued thee from thirteen foes ? 
 
 The historic fact is, not that Rodrigo 
 rescued Alfonso from thirteen foes, but 
 that the Cid rescued Sancho from thirteen 
 of Alfonso's foes. Eleven he slew, and 
 two he put to flight. — The Cid, xvi. 78. 
 
 Colman. Job Thornberry says to 
 Peregrine, who offers to assist him in his 
 difficulties, "Desist, young man, in time." 
 But Peregrine was at least 45 years old 
 when so addressed. He was 15 when 
 Job first knew him, and had been absent 
 thirty years in Calcutta. Job. Thornberry 
 himself was not above five or six years 
 older. 
 
 CowrER calls the rose " the glory of 
 April and May," but June is the great 
 rose month. In the south of England 
 they begin to bloom in the latter half of 
 May, and go on to the middle of July. 
 April roses would be horticultural cu- 
 riosities. 
 
 Critics at fault. The licentiate tells 
 don Quixote that some critics found fault 
 with him for defective memory, and 
 instanced it in this: "We are told that 
 Sancho's ass is stolen, but the author has 
 forgotten to mention who the thief was." 
 This is not the case, as we are distinctly 
 informed that it was stolen by Gines de 
 Passamonte, one of the galley-slaves. — 
 Don Quixote, II. i. 3. 
 
 Dickens, in Edwin Drood, puts " rooks 
 and rooks' nests" (instead of daws) "in 
 the towers of Cloisterham." 
 
 In Nicholas Nickleby he represents Mr. 
 Squeers as setting his boys "to hoe 
 turnips" in midwinter. 
 
 In The Tale of Two Cities., iii. 4, ha 
 says: "The name of the strong man of 
 Old Scripture descended to ■ the chief 
 functionary who worked the guillotine." 
 But the name of this functionary was 
 Sanson, not Samson. 
 
 Galen says that man has seven bones 
 in the sternum (instead of three) ; and 
 Sylvius, in reply to Vesalius, contends 
 that " in days of yore the robust chests 
 of heroes had more bones than men now 
 have." 
 
 Greene {Robert) speaks of Delphos as 
 an island ; but Delphos, or rather Delphi, 
 was a city of Phocis, and no island. 
 " Six noblemen were sent to the isle of 
 Delphos." — Donastus and Faunia. Pro- 
 bably he confounded the city of Delphi 
 with the isle of Delos. 
 
 Halliwell, in his Archaic Dictionary, 
 says: " Crouchmas means Christmas," 
 and adds that Tusser is his authority. 
 But this is altogether a mistake. Tusser, 
 in his " May Remembrances," says i 
 " From bull cow fast, till Crouchmas be 
 past," i.e. St. Helen's Day. Tusser evi- 
 dently means from May 3 (the invention 
 of the Cross) to August 18 (St. Helen's 
 Day or the Cross-mas), not Christ-mas. 
 
 Higgons (Bevil) says : 
 
 The Cyprian queen, drawn by Apelles' hand, 
 Of ]>erfect beauty did the pattern stand ! 
 But then bright nymphs from every part of Greece 
 Did all contribute to adorn the piece. 
 
 To Sir Godfrey KnelJer (i;8C). 
 
 Tradition says that Apelles' model w^s 
 either Phryne, or Campaspe afterwards his 
 wife. Campbell has borrowed these lints, 
 but ascribes the painting to Protog'enea 
 the Rhodian. 
 
 When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed 
 The Queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade, 
 The ha) py master mingled in the piece 
 Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece. 
 Measures of Hope, ii. 
 
 Johnson (Dr.) makes Addison speak 
 of Steele as " Little Dicky," whereas the 
 person so "called by Addison was not 
 Richard Steele, but a dwarfish actor who 
 played "Gomez" in Dryden's Spanish 
 Fryar. 
 
 London Newspaper (.4), one of the 
 leading journals of the day, has spoken 
 three times Avithin two years of " passing 
 under the Caudine Forks," evidently sup- 
 posing them to be a " yoke " instead of a 
 valley or mountain pass. 
 
 Longfellow calls Erig'ena a Scotch- 
 man, whereas the very word means an 
 Irishman. 
 
 Done into Latin by that Scottish beast, 
 Erigena Johannes. 
 
 Golden Legend. 
 
 "Without doubt, the poet mistook John 
 
ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 304 
 
 ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 Duns [Scottus], who died in 1308, for 
 John Scottus \Erigend\ , who died in 875. 
 Erigena translated into Latin St. Diony^ 
 sius. He was latitudinarian in his views, 
 and anything but "a Scottish beast" or 
 Calvinist. 
 
 The Two Angels. Longfellow crowns 
 the death-angel with amaranth, with 
 which Milton says, " the spirits elect 
 bind their resplendent locks ; " and his 
 angel of life he crowns with asphodels, 
 the flowers of Pluto or the grave. 
 
 Melville ( Wkyte) makes a very pro- 
 minent part of his story called liotmby 
 House turn on the death of a favourite 
 hawk named Diamond, which Mary 
 Cave tossed off, and saw " fall lifeless at 
 the king's feet" (ch. xxix.). In ch. 
 xlvi. this very hawk is represented to 
 be alive ; " proud, beautiful, and cruel, 
 like a Venus Victrix it perched on her 
 mistress's wrist, unhooded." 
 
 Milton. Colkitto and Macdonnel. In 
 Sonnet x. Milton speaks of Colkitto and 
 M'Donnel as two distinct families, but 
 they are really one and the same. The 
 M'Donnels of Antrim were called Col- 
 cittok because they were descended from 
 the lame Colin. 
 
 In Comus (ver. 880) he makes the siren 
 Ligea " sleek her hair with a golden 
 comb," as if she were a Scandinavian 
 mermaid. 
 
 Mooke (Tlwm.) says: 
 
 The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets. 
 The same look which she turned when he rose. 
 
 Irish Melodies, ii. (" Believe Me, if all those 
 Endearing Young Charms "). 
 
 The sunflower does not turn either to 
 the rising or setting sun. It receives its 
 name solely because it resembles a pic- 
 lure sun. It is not a turn-sun or helio- 
 trope at all. 
 
 Mourns (W.), in his Atalanta's Race, 
 renders the Greek word saophron " saf- 
 ron," and says: 
 
 She the saffron gown will never wear, ' 
 
 And in no flower-strewn couch shall she be laid ; 
 
 i.e. she will never be a bride. Nonnius 
 (bk. xii.) tells us that virtuous women 
 wore a girdled gown called saophron 
 (" chaste "), to indicate their purity and to 
 prevent indecorous liberties. The gown 
 was not yellow at all, but it was girded 
 with a girdle. 
 
 MuitPHY, in the Grecian Daughter, 
 says (act i. 1) : 
 
 Have you forgot the elder Dionysius, 
 
 Surnamed the Tyrant ? . . . Evander came from Greece, 
 
 Anil sent the tyrant to his humble rank. 
 
 Once more reduced to roam for vile subsistence, 
 
 A wandering sophist thro' the realms of Greece. 
 
 It was not Dionysius the Ella; but 
 
 Dionysius the Younger, who was the 
 " wandering sophist ; " and it was not 
 Evander, but Timoleon, who dethroned 
 him. The elder Dionysius was not de- 
 throned at all, nor ever reduced "to 
 humble rank." He reigned thirty-eight 
 years without interruption, and died a 
 king, in the plenitude of his glory, at the 
 age of 63. 
 
 In the same play '(act iv. 1) Euphrasia 
 says to Dionysius the Younger : 
 
 Think of thy father's fate at Corinth, Dionysius. 
 
 It was not the father but the son 
 (Dionysius the Younger) who lived in 
 exile at Corinth. 
 
 In the same play he makes Timo'leon 
 victorious over the Syracusians (that is 
 historically correct) ; and he makes Eu- 
 phrasia stab Dionysius the Younger, 
 whereas he retreated to Corinth, and 
 spent his time in debauchery, but sup- 
 ported himself by keeping a school. Of 
 his death nothing is known, but certainly 
 he was not stabbed to death by Euphrasia. 
 — See Plutarch. 
 
 Rymer, in his Faidcra, ascribes to 
 Henry I. (who died in 1135) a preaching 
 expedition for the restoration of Roches- 
 ter Church, injured bv fire in 1177 (vol. I. 
 i. 0). 
 
 In the previous page Rymer ascribes U> 
 Henry I. a deed of gift from " Henry 
 king of England and lord of Ireland ; " 
 but every one knows that Ireland was 
 conquered by Henry II., and the deed 
 referred to was the act of Henry III. 
 
 On p. 71 of the same vol. Odo is made, 
 in 1298, to swear "in no wise to con- 
 federate with Richard I. ; " whereas 
 Richard I. died in 1199. 
 
 Sabine Maid (The). G. Gilfillan, in 
 his introductory essay to Longfellow, 
 says: "His ornaments, unlike those of 
 the Sabine maid, have not crushed him." 
 Tarpeia, who opened the gates of Rome 
 to the Sabines, and was crushed to death 
 by their shields, was not a Sabine maid 
 but a Roman. 
 
 Scott (Sir Walter). In the Heart of 
 Midlothian we read : 
 
 She [Effle Deans] amused herself with visiting the 
 dairy . . . and was near discovering herself to Mary 
 Het'.ey by betraying her acquaintance with the celebrated 
 receipt for Dunlop cheese, that she compared herself to 
 Bedrendin Hassan, whom the vizier his father-in-law dis- 
 covered by his superlative skill in composing cream-tarta 
 with pepper in them. 
 
 In these few lines are several gross errors : 
 
 (1) "cream-tarts should be cheese-cakes; 
 
 (2) the charge was " that he made cheese- 
 cakes without putting pepper in them," 
 and not that he made " cream-tarts with 
 
ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 305 
 
 ERRORS OF AUTHORS 
 
 pepper ; " (3) it was not the vizier his 
 father-in-law and uncle, hut his mother, 
 the widow of Noureddin, who made the 
 discovery, and why ? for the best of all 
 reasons — because she herself had taught 
 her son the receipt. The party were at 
 Damascus at the time. — Arabian Nights 
 ( "Noureddin Ali," etc.). (See next page, 
 "Thackeray.") 
 
 "What!" said Bedreddin. "was everything in my 
 house to be broken and destroyed . . . only because I 
 did not put pepper in a cheese-cake?" — Arabian AigiUt 
 ('" Noureddin AU," etc.). 
 
 Again, sir Walter Scott speaks of 
 "the philosopher who appealed from 
 Philip inflamed with wine to Philip in his 
 hours of sobriety " (Antiquary, x.). This 
 " philosopher" was a poor old woman. 
 
 Shakespeare. Althaea and the Fire- 
 brand. Shakespeare says (2 Henry IV. 
 act ii. sc. 2) that " Althasa dreamt she was 
 delivered of a fire-brand." It was not 
 Althaea but Hecuba who dreamed, a little 
 before Paris was born, that her offspring 
 was a brand that consumed the kingdom." 
 The tale of Althaea is, that the Fates laid 
 a log of wood on a fire, and told her that 
 her son would live till that log was con- 
 sumed ; whereupon she snatched up the 
 log and kept it from the fire, till one day 
 her son Melea'ger offended her, when 
 she fiung the log on the fire, and her son 
 died, as the Fates predicted. 
 
 Bohemia's Coast. In the Winter's Tale 
 the vessel bearing the infant Perdlta is 
 " driven by storm on the coast of Bohe- 
 mia;" but Bohemia has no sea-board at 
 all. 
 
 In Coriolanus Shakespeare makes Vo- 
 lumnia the mother, and Yirgilia the wife, 
 of Coriolanus ; but his wife was Volum- 
 r.ia, and his mother Veturia. 
 
 Delphi an Island. In the same drama 
 (act iii. sc. 1) Delphi is spoken of as an 
 island ; but Delphi is a city of Phocis, 
 containing a temple to Apollo. It is no 
 island at all. 
 
 Duncan's Murder. Macbeth did not 
 murder Duncan in the castle of Inverness, 
 as stated in the plav. but at "the smith's 
 house," near Elgin (1039). 
 
 J'Jlsinvre. Shakespeare speaks of the 
 " beetling cliff of Elsinore," whereas 
 Elsinore has no cliffs at all. 
 
 What if it [the ghost] tempts you to the flood . . . 
 Or to thp dreadful summit of the cliff 
 That beeUes o'er its base into the sea ! 
 
 Hamlet, act i. sc 4. 
 
 The Ghost, in Hamlet, is evidently a 
 Roman Catholic : he talks of purgatory, 
 absolution, and othsr catholic dogmas ; 
 but the Danes at the time were pagans. 
 
 St. Louis. Shakespeare, in Henry V. 
 act i. sc. 2, calls Louis X. " St. Louis," but 
 " St. Louis " was Louis IX. It was Louis 
 IX. whose " grandmother was Isabel," 
 issue of Charles de Lorraine, the last of 
 the Carlovingians. Louis X. was the son 
 of Philippe IV. (le Bel), and grandson of 
 Philippe III. and "Isabel of Aragon," 
 not Isabel "heir of Capet, of the line of 
 Charles the duke of Lorain." 
 
 Macbeth was no tyrant, as Shakespeare 
 makes him out to be, but a firm and 
 equitable prince, whose title to the throne 
 was better than that of Duncan. 
 
 Again, Macbeth was not slain by Mac- 
 duff at Dunsin'ane, but made his escape 
 from the battle, and was slain, in 1050, 
 at Lumphanan. — Lardner, Cabinet Cyc, 
 17-19. 
 
 In The Winter's Tale, act v. sc. 2, 
 one of the gentlemen refers to Julio 
 Romano, the Italian artist and architect 
 (1492-1546), certainly some 1800 years 
 or more before Romano was born. 
 
 In Twelfth Night, the Illyrian clown 
 speaks of St. Rennet's Church, London. 
 " The triplex, sir, is a good tripping mea- 
 sure, or the bells of St. Bennet's sure may 
 put you in mind : one, two, three " (act v. 
 sc. 1) ; as if the duke was a Londoner. 
 
 Spenser. Bacchus or Saturn ? In 
 the Faery Queen, iii. 11, Britomart saw 
 in the castle of Bu'sirane (8 syl.), a pic- 
 ture descriptive of the love of Saturn, 
 who had changed himself into a centaur 
 out of love for Erig'one. It was not 
 Saturn but Bacchus who loved Erigone, 
 and he was not transformed to a centaur, 
 but to a horse. 
 
 Benone or QZnone ? In bk. vi. 9 (Faery 
 Queen) the lady-love of Paris is called 
 Benone, which ought to be (Enone. The 
 poet says that Paris was "by Plexippus' 
 brook " when the golden apple was 
 brought to him ; but no such brook is 
 mentioned by any classic author. 
 
 Critias and Socrates. In bk. ii. 7 (Faery 
 Queen) Spenser says : " The wise Socra- 
 tes .. . poured out his life ... to the 
 dear Critias ; his dearest bel-amie." It 
 was not Socrates but Theram'enes, one 
 of the thirty tyrants, who, in quaffing 
 the poison-cup, said smiling, "Thit, I 
 drink to the health of fair Critias." — 
 Cicero, Tusculan Questions. 
 
 Critias or Crito ? In Faery Queen, iv. 
 (introduction), Spenser says that Socra- 
 tes often discoursed of love to his friend 
 Critias; but it was Crito, or rather Criton, 
 that the poet means. 
 
 Cyprus and Paphos. Spenser make* 
 
ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 306 
 
 ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 
 
 sir Scudamore speak of a temple of 
 Venus, far more beautiful than "that in 
 Paphos or that in Cyprus ; " but Paphos 
 was merely a town in the island of Cy- 
 prus, and the " two " are but one and the 
 same temple. — Faery Queen, iv. 10. 
 
 Hippomanes. Spenser says the golden 
 apples of Mammon's garden were better 
 than 
 
 Those with which the Eubaean young man won 
 Swift Atalanta. 
 
 Faery Queen, ii. 7. . 
 
 The young man was Hippom'anes, but 
 he was not a " Eubtean " but a native of 
 Onchestos, in Boeo'tia. 
 
 Tennyson, in the Last Tournament, 
 says (ver. 1), Dagonet was knighted in 
 mockery by sir Gaw'ain ; but in the 
 History of Prince Arthur we are dis- 
 tinctly told that king Arthur knighted 
 him with his own hand (pt. ii. 91). 
 
 In Gareth and Lynette the same poet 
 says that Gareth was the son of Lot and 
 Bellicent ; but we are told a score times 
 and more in the History of Prince Arthur, 
 that he was the son of Margawse (Arthur's 
 sister and Lot's wife, pt. i. 36). 
 
 King Lot . . . wedded Margawse; Nentres . . . wedded 
 Elaiil. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 2, 
 35, 36. 
 
 In the same Idyll Tennyson has changed 
 Li ones to Lyonors ; but, according to the 
 collection of romances edited by sir T. 
 Malory, these were quite different persons. 
 Liones, daughter of sir Persaunt, and 
 sister of Linet of Castle Perilous, married 
 sir Gareth (pt. i. 153) ; but Lyonors was 
 the daughter of earl Sanam, and was the 
 unwed mother of sir Borre by king 
 Arthur (pt. i. 15). 
 
 Again, Tennyson makes Gareth marry 
 Lynette, and leaves the true heroine, 
 Lyonors, in the cold ; but the History 
 makes Gareth marry Liones (Lyonors), 
 and Gaheris his brother marries Linet. 
 
 Thus endetli the history of sir Gareth, that wedded Dame 
 Lionel of the CasUe Perilous ; and also of sir GahCris, who 
 wedded her sister Dame Linet.— Sir T. Malory, History 
 Of Prince Arthur (end of pt. i.). 
 
 Again, in Gareth and Lynette, by 
 erroneously beginning day with sunrise 
 instead of the previous eve, Tennyson 
 reverses the order of the knights, and 
 makes the fresh green morn represent the 
 decline of day, or, as he calls it, " Hes- 
 perus " or " Evening Star " ; and the blue 
 star of evening he makes " Phosphorus " 
 or the " Morning Star." 
 
 Once more, in Gareth and Lynette 
 the poet-laureate makes the combat be- 
 tween Gareth and Death finished at a 
 single blow, but in the History Gareth 
 tights from dawn to dewy eve. 
 
 Thus they fought [from sunrise] till it was past noon, 
 and would not stint, till at last both lacked wind, and 
 then stood they wagging, staggering, panUng, blowing, 
 and bleeding . . . and when they had rested them awhile, 
 they went to battle again, trasing, rasing, and foyning, as 
 two boars. . . Thus they endured till evening-song time. 
 — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 136. 
 
 In the Last Tournament Tennyson 
 makes sir Tristram stabbed to death by 
 sir Mark in Tintag'il Castle, Cornwall, 
 while toying with his aunt, Isolt the Fair , 
 but in the History he is in bed in Brit- 
 tany, severely wounded, and dies of a 
 shock, because his wife tells him the ship 
 in which he expected his aunt to come 
 was sailing into port with a black sail 
 instead of a white one. 
 
 The poet-laureate has deviated so often 
 from the collection of tales edited by sir 
 Thomas Malory, that it would occupy too 
 much space to point out his deviations 
 even in the briefest manner. 
 
 Thackeray, in Vanity Fair, has taken 
 from sir Walter Scott his allusion to 
 Bedreddin, and not from the Arabian 
 Nights. He has, therefore, fallen into the 
 same error, and added two more. He 
 says : " I ought to have remembered the 
 pepper which the princess of Persia puts 
 into the cream-tarts in India, sir" (ch. 
 iii.). The charge was that Bedreddin 
 made his cheese-cakes without putting 
 pepper into them. But Thackeray has 
 committed in this allusion other blunders. 
 It was not a " princess " at all, but Bed- 
 reddrin Hassan, who for the nonce had 
 become a confectioner. He learned the art 
 of making cheese-cakes from his mother 
 (a widow). Again, it was not a "princess 
 of Persia," for Bedrcddin's mother was the 
 widow of the vizier of Balsora, at that 
 time quite independent of Persia. 
 
 Victor Hugo, in Lcs Travailleurs de 
 la Mer, renders "the frith of Forth" 
 by the phrase Premier des quatre, mis- 
 taking "frith" for first, and "Forth" 
 for fourth or four. 
 
 In his Marie Tudor he refers to the 
 " History and Annals of Henry VII. par 
 Franc Baronum," meaning " Historia, etc., 
 Henrici Septimi, per Franciscum Baco- 
 nuni." 
 
 Virgil has placed iEneas in a harbour 
 which did not exist at the time. " Por- 
 tusque require Velinos " (JEneid, vi. 
 366). It was Curius Dentatus who cut a 
 gorge through the rocks to let the waters 
 of the Velinus into the Nar. Before this 
 was done, the Velinus was merely a 
 number of stagnant lakes, and the 
 blunder is about the same as if a modern 
 poet were to make Columbus pass through 
 the Suez Canal. 
 
ERRUA. 
 
 307 
 
 ESCALUS. 
 
 In JEneid, iii. 171, Virgil makes iEneas 
 Bpeak of "Ausonia;" but as Italy was 
 so called from Auson, son of Ulysses and 
 Calypso, of course ^Eneas could not have 
 known the name. 
 
 Again, in JEncid, ix. 571, he repre- 
 sents Chorinsus as slain by Asy'las ; but 
 in bk. xii. 298 he is alive again. Thus : 
 
 Chorinaeum sternit Asylas. 
 
 Then 
 
 Obvius ambustum torrem Chorinaeus ab ara 
 Corripit, et venienti Ebuso plagamque fereuti 
 Occupat os ftaumiis, etc. 
 
 Bk. xii. 298, etc 
 
 Again, in bk. ix. Numa is slain by 
 Nisus (ver. 554) ; but in bk. x. 562 Nuina 
 is alive, and JEneas kills him. 
 
 Once more, in bk. x. J^neas slays 
 Camertes (ver. 5G2) ; but in bk. xii. 224 
 J at u ma, the sister of Turnus, assumes 
 his shape. But if he was dead, no one 
 would have been deluded into supposing 
 the figure to be the li%'ing man. 
 
 *** Of course, every intelligent reader 
 will be able to add to this list ; but no 
 more space can be allowed for the subject 
 in this dictionary. 
 
 Er'rna ("the mad-cap' 1 ''), a young 
 m?n whose wit defeated the strength of the 
 giant Tartaro (a sort of one-eyed Poly- 
 pheme). Thus the first competition was in 
 throwing' a stone. The giant threw his 
 stone, but Errua threw a bird, which the 
 giant supposed to be a stone, and as it 
 flew out of sight, Errua won the wager. 
 The next wager was to throwa bar of iron. 
 After the giant had thrown, Errua said, 
 " From here to Salamanca ; " whereupon 
 the giant bade him not to throw, lest the 
 bar of iron should kill his father and 
 mother, who lived there ; so the giant lost 
 the second wager. The third was to pull 
 a tree up by the roots ; and the giant gave 
 in because Errua had run a cord round a 
 host of trees, and said, " You pull up one, 
 but I pull up all these." The next ex- 
 ploit was at bed-time : Errua was to 
 sleep in a certain Led ; but he placed a 
 dead man in the bed, while he himself 
 got under it. At midnight Tartaro took 
 his club and belaboured the dead body most 
 unmercifully. AVhen Errua stood before 
 Tartaro next morning, the giant was 
 dumfoundered. He asked Errua how he 
 had slept. " Excellently well," said 
 Errua, "but somewhat troubled by 
 fleas." Other trials were made, but 
 always in favour of Errua. At length a 
 race was propoeed, and Errua sewed into 
 a bag the bowels of a pig. When he- 
 
 started, he cut the bag, strewing the 
 bowels on the road. When Tartaro was 
 told that his rival had done this to make 
 himself more fleet, he cut his belly, and 
 of course killed himself. — Rev. W. Web- 
 ster, Basque Let/ends (1877). 
 
 (The reader will readily trace the re- 
 semblance between this legend and the 
 exploits of Jack the Giant-killer. See 
 also Campbell's Popular Tales of the West 
 Highlands, ii. 327, and Grimm's Valiant 
 Little Tailor.) 
 
 Erse (1 syl.), the native language of 
 the West Highlanders of Scotland. 
 Gaelic is a better word. 
 
 * + * Erse is a corruption of Irish, from 
 the supposition that these Highlanders 
 were a colony from Ireland ; but whether 
 the Irish came from Scotland or the 
 Scotch from Ireland, is one of those 
 knotty points on which the two nations 
 will never agree. (See Fik-eolg.) 
 
 Ers'kine {The Rev. Dr.), minister of 
 Greyfriars' Church, Edinburgh. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Manncring (time, George II.). 
 
 Er'tanax, a fish common in the 
 Euphrates. The bones of this fish impart 
 courage and strength. 
 
 A fish . . . haunteth the flood of Eufratfis ... it is 
 called an ertanax, and his bones be of such a manner of 
 kind that who^o handleth them he shall have so much 
 courage that lie shall never be weary, and he shall not 
 think on joy nor sorrow that he hath had, but only on 
 the thing he beholdeth liefore him.— Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, iii. 84 (1470). 
 
 Erudite (Most). Marcus Terentius 
 Varro is called " the most erudite of the 
 Romans" (b.c. 116-27). 
 
 Erythrae'an Main (The), the Red. 
 Sea. The " Erythraeum Mare" included 
 the whole expanse of sea between Arabia 
 and Africa, including the Red Sea and the 
 Persian Gulf. 
 
 The ruddy waves he cleft in twain 
 Of the Erythraean main. 
 
 Milton, Psalm, exxxvi. (1623). 
 
 Er'ythre, Modesty personified, the 
 virgin page of Parthen'ia or maiden 
 chastitv, in The Purple Island, bv Phineas 
 Fletcher (1633). Fully described in 
 canto x. (Greek, cruthros, " red," from 
 eruthriao, "to blush.") 
 Erysich.th.on [Erri.sik' .thori] , a grand- 
 son of Neptune, who was punished by 
 Ceres with insatiable hunger, for cutting 
 down some trees in a grove sacred to that 
 goddess. (See Erisichtho>\) 
 
 Es'calns, an ancient, kind-hearted 
 lord in the deputation of the duke of 
 Vienna. — Shakespeare, Measure for Mea- 
 sure (1603). 
 
ESCALUS. 
 
 308 
 
 ESTHER HAWDON. 
 
 Es'calus, prince of Vero'na. — Shake- 
 speare, Romeo and Juliet (1598). 
 
 Es'canes (3 syl.), one of the lords of 
 Tyre. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of 
 Tyre (1608). 
 
 Escobar (Mons. X'), the French name 
 for a fox, so called from M. Escobar the 
 probabilist, whence also the verb esco- 
 bardcr, "to play the fox," "to play fast 
 and loose." 
 
 The French have a capital name for the fox, namely, 
 M. L'Escobar, which may be translated the "shuffler," or 
 mire freely "sly boots." — Th6 Daily Newt, March 25, 
 1878. 
 
 Escotillo {i.e. little Michael Scott), 
 considered by the common people as a 
 magician, because he possessed more 
 knowledge of natural and experimental 
 philosophy than hi3 contemporaries. 
 
 Es'dale (Mr.), a surgeon at Madras. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Ecil or Eisel, vinegar. John Skel- 
 ton, referring to the Crucifixion, when the 
 soldiers gave Christ "vinegar mingled 
 with gall," says : 
 
 Christ by cnultie Was nayled to a tree . . . 
 He dranke eisel and gall. To redeme vs withal. 
 
 Colyn Cluiit (time, Henry VIII.). 
 
 Es'ings, the kings of Kent. So called 
 from Eisc, the father of Hengist, as the 
 Tuscans receive their name from Tus- 
 cus, the Romans from Romulus, the Ce- 
 crop'id* from Cecrops, the Britons from 
 Brutus, and soon. — Ethelwerd, Chron., ii. 
 
 Esmeralda, a beautiful gipsy-girl, 
 who, with tambourine and goat, dances 
 in the place before Notre Dame de Paris, 
 and is looked on as a witch. Qassimodo 
 conceals her for a time in the church, but 
 after various adventures she is gibbeted. 
 — Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris 
 
 Esmond (Henry), a chivalrous cava- 
 lier in the reign of queen Anne ; the 
 hero of Thackeray's novel called Esmond 
 (1852). 
 
 Esplan'dian, son of Am'adis and 
 Oria'na. Montalvo has made him the 
 subject of a fifth book to the four original 
 books of Amadis of Gaul (1400). 
 
 The description of the most furious battles, carried on 
 with all the bloody -mindedness of an L'spiandian or a 
 Bobadil IBen Jonson, Every Man in J/is J/umour]. 
 — Jiitcyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 
 
 Espriel'la (Manuel Alvarez), the 
 apocryphal name of Robert Southey. 
 The poet-laureate pretends that certain 
 " letters from England," written by this 
 Spaniard, were translated by him from the 
 original Spanish (three vols., 1807). 
 
 Essex (Tlie earl of), a tragedy by 
 Henry Jones (1745). Lord Burleigh and 
 sir Walter Raleigh entertained a mortal 
 hatred to the earl of Essex, and accused 
 him to the queen of treason. Elizabeth 
 disbelieved the charge ; but at this junc- 
 ture the earl left Ireland, whither the 
 queen had sent him, and presented him- 
 self before her. She was very angry, and 
 struck him, and Essex rushed into open 
 rebellion, was taken, and condemned to 
 death. The queen had given him a ring 
 before the trial, telling him whatever peti- 
 tion he asked should be granted, if he 
 sent to her this ring. When the time of 
 execution drew nigh, the queen sent the 
 countess of Nottingham to the Tower, to 
 ask Essex if he had any plea to make, and 
 the earl entreated her to present the ring 
 to her majesty, and petition her to spare 
 the life of his friend Southampton. The 
 countess purposely neglected this charge, 
 and Essex was executed. The queen, it is 
 true, sent a reprieve, but lord Burleigh 
 took care it should arrive too late. Thi 
 poet says that Essex had recently married 
 the countess of Rutland, that both the 
 queen and the countess of Nottingham 
 were jealous, and that this jealousy was 
 the chief cause of the carl's death. 
 
 The abbe' Boyer, La Calprenede, and 
 Th. Corneille have tragedies on the same 
 subject. 
 
 Essex (The earl of), lord high con- 
 stable of England, introduced by sir W. 
 Scott in his novel called Icanhoe (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Estel'la, a haughty beauty, adopted 
 by Miss Havisham. She was affianced 
 by her wish to Pip, but married Bentley 
 Drummle.— C. Dickens, Great Expecta- 
 tions (I860). 
 
 Esther, housekeeper to Muhldenau, 
 minister of Mariendorpt. She loves 
 Hans, a servant to the minister, but 
 Hans is shy, and Esther has to teach him 
 how to woo and win her. Esther and 
 Hans are similar to Helen and Modus, 
 only in a lower social grade. — S. Knowles, 
 The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 
 
 Esther Hawdon, better known 
 through the taie as Esther Summerson, 
 natural daughter of captain Hawdon and 
 lady Dedlock (before her marrhige with 
 sir Leicester Dedlock). Estrier is a most 
 lovable, gentle creature, called by those 
 who know her and love her, " Dame 
 Durden" or "Dame Trot." She is the 
 heroine of the tale, and a ward in 
 
ESTIFANIA. 
 
 309 
 
 ETHIOPIANS. 
 
 Chancery. Eventually she marries Allan 
 Woodcourt, a surgeon. — C. Dickens, 
 Bleak House (1852). 
 
 Estifa'nia, an intriguing woman, 
 servant of donna Margaritta the Spanish 
 heiress. She palms herself off on don 
 Michael Perez (the copper captain) as an 
 heiress, and the mistress of Margaritta's 
 mansion. The captain marries her, and 
 finds out that all her swans are only 
 geese. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a 
 Wife and Have a Wife (1G40). 
 
 Mrs. Pritchard was excellent in "The Queen" in 
 Hamlet [Shakespeare], "Clarinda" [The Beau's Duel, 
 CentlivreJ, "Estifania," " Doll Common " [Tlie Alchemist, 
 B. JonsonJ. — Charles Dibdin. 
 
 Est-il-Possible ? a nickname given 
 to George of Denmark (queen Anne's 
 husband), because his general remark to 
 the most startling announcement was 
 Est il possible ? With this exclamation he 
 exhausted the. vials of his wrath. It was 
 James II. who gave him the sobriquet. 
 
 Est/mere (2 syl.), king of England. 
 He went with his younger brother Adler 
 to the court of king Adlands, to crave his 
 daughter in marriage ; but king Adlands 
 replied that Bremor, the soAvdan or sultan 
 of Spain, had forestalled him. However, 
 the lady, being consulted, gave her voice 
 in favour of the king of England. While 
 Estmere and his brother went to make 
 preparations for the wedding, the "sow- 
 dan " arrived, and demanded the lady to 
 wife. A messenger was immediately de-. 
 spatched to inform Estmere, and the two 
 brothers returned, disguised as a harper 
 and his boy. They gained entrance into 
 the palace, and Adler sang, saying, 
 " O lad ye, this is thy owne true love ; 
 no harper, but a king ; " and then drawing 
 his sword he slew the " sowdan," Est- 
 mere at the same time chasing from the 
 hall the " kempery men." Being now 
 master of the position, Estmere took 
 " the ladye faire," made her his wife, and 
 brought her home to England. — Percy, 
 Rcliques, I. i. 5. 
 
 Estot'iland, a vast tract of land in 
 the north of America. Said to have been 
 discovered by John Scalve, a Pole, in 
 1477. 
 
 The snow 
 From cold Estotiland. 
 
 MUton, Paradise Lost, x. 6S5 (1665). 
 
 Estrildis or Elstred, daughter of 
 the emperor of Germany. She was taken 
 captive in war by Locrin (king of 
 Britain), by whom she became the mother 
 
 of Sabrin or Sabre. Gwendolen, the 
 wife of Locrin, feeling insulted by this 
 liaison, slew her husband, and had 
 Estrildis and her daughter thrown into a 
 river, since called the Sabri'na or Severn. 
 — Geoffrey, British History, ii. 2, etc. 
 
 Their corses were dissolved into that crystal stream, 
 Their curls to curled waves. 
 
 Drayton, PolyolUon, vi (1612). 
 
 Ete'ocles and Polyni'ces, the two 
 sons of CE'dipos. After the expulsion of 
 their father, these two young princes 
 agreed to reign alternate years in Thebes. 
 Eteocles, being the elder, took the first 
 turn, but at the close of the year refused 
 to resign the sceptre to his brother ; 
 whereupon Polynlces, aided by six other 
 chiefs, laid siege to the city. The two 
 brothers met in combat, and each Avas 
 slain by the other's hand. 
 
 *** A similar fratricidal struggle is 
 told of don Pedro of Castile and his half- 
 brother don Henry. When don Pedro 
 had estranged the Castilians by his 
 cruelt} r , don Henry invaded Castile with 
 a body of French auxiliaries, aud took 
 his brother prisoner. Don Henry visited 
 him in prison, and the tAvo brothers fell 
 on each other like liens. Henry Avounded 
 Pedro in the face, but fell over a bench, 
 Avhen Pedro seized him. At that moment 
 a Frenchman seized Pedro by the leg, 
 tossed him over, and Henry sieAV him. — ■ 
 Menard, History of Du Guesclin. 
 
 (This is the subject of one of Lock- 
 hart's Spanish ballads.) 
 
 Eth'elbert, king of Kent, and the 
 first of the Anglo-Saxon kings Avho was 
 a Christian. He persuaded Gregory to 
 send over Augustine to convert the Eng- 
 lish to "the true faith" (596), and built 
 St. Paul's, London. — Ethelwerd's Chro- 
 nicle, ii. 
 
 Good Ethelbert of Kent, first christened English king. 
 To preach the faith of Christ was first did hither bring 
 AVise Augustine the monk, from holy Gregory sent . . . 
 That mighty fane to Paul in London did erect 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xL (161:1). 
 
 Eth/erington {Tlie late earl of), 
 father of Tyrrel and Bulmer. 
 
 The titular earl of Etherington, his suc- 
 cessor to the title and estates. 
 
 Marie de Martigny (La comtesse), Avife 
 of the titular earl of Etherington. — Sir 
 W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Ethiopians, the same as Abas- 
 sinians. The Arabians call these people 
 El-habasen or Al-habasen, whence our 
 Abassins, but they call themselves Ithio- 
 
ETHIOPIAN WOOD. 
 
 310 
 
 EUCHARIS. 
 
 pians or Ethiopians. — Selden, Titles of 
 Honour, vi. 64. 
 
 Where the Abassin kings their issue guard, 
 Mount Amara. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 280 (1665). 
 
 Ethio'pian "Wood, ebony. 
 
 The seats were made of Ethiopian wood, 
 The polished ebony. 
 Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert, ii. 6 (died 1668). 
 
 Ethiop's Queen, referred to by- 
 Milton in his 11 Penseroso, was Cassiope'a, 
 wife of Ce'pheus (2 sj/L) king of Ethio- 
 pia. Boasting that she was fairer than 
 the sea-nymphs, she offended the Nereids, 
 who complained to Neptune. Old father 
 Earth-Shaker sent a huge sea-monster to 
 ravage her kingdom for her insolence. 
 At death Cassiopea was made a constella- 
 tion of thirteen stars. 
 
 . . . that starred Ethiop queen tl.&t strove 
 To set her beauty's praise above 
 The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended. 
 
 Milton, II Penseroso, 19 (1633). 
 
 Ethnic Plot. The "Popish Plot" is 
 so called in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel. As Dryden calls the 
 royalists " Jews," and calls Charles II. 
 " David king of the Jews," the papists 
 were " Gentiles " (or Ethnoi), whence the 
 "Ethnic Plot" means the plot of the 
 Ethnoi against the people of God. — Pt. i. 
 (1G81). 
 
 Etiquette (Madame), the duchesse 
 de Noailles. grand-mistress of the cere- 
 monies in the court of Marie Antoinette ; 
 so called from her rigid enforcement of 
 all the formalities and ceremonies of the 
 ancien regime. 
 
 Et'na. Zeus buried under this moun- 
 tain Enkel'ados, one of the hundred- 
 handed giants. 
 
 The whole land weighed him down, as Etna does 
 The giant of mythology. 
 
 Tennyson, The Golden Supper. 
 
 Etteilla, the pseudonym of Alliette 
 (spelt backwards), a perruquier and 
 diviner of the eighteenth century. He 
 became a professed cabalist, and was 
 visited in his studio in the Hotel de 
 Crillon (Rue de la Yerrerie), by all those 
 who desired to unroll the Book of Fate. 
 In 1783 he published Maniere de se 
 Be'cre'cr avec le Jeu de Cartes, nomme'es 
 Tarots. In the British Museum are some 
 divination cards published in Paris in the 
 first half of the nineteenth century, called 
 Grand Etteilla and Petit Etteilla, each 
 pack being accompanied with a book of 
 explication and instruction. 
 
 Ettereap, an ill-tempered person, who 
 
 mars sociability. The ettereap is the 
 poison-spider, and should be spelt 
 "Attercop." (Anglo-Saxon, atter-cop, 
 " poison-spider.") 
 
 O sirs, was sic flifTerence seen 
 
 As 'twixt wte Will and TamT 
 The ane's a perfect ettereap, 
 
 The ither's just a lamb. 
 
 W. Miller, Nursery Songs. 
 
 Ettrick Shepherd {The), James 
 Hogg, the Scotch poet, who was born in 
 the forest of Ettrick, in Selkirkshire, and 
 was in early life a shepherd (1772-1835). 
 
 Etty's Nine Pictures, " the 
 Combat," the three "Judith" pictures, 
 " Benaiah," "Ulysses and the Syrens," 
 and the three pictures of " Joan of Arc." 
 
 "My aim," says Etty, "in all my great pictures has 
 been to paint some srreat moral on the heart. 'The 
 Combat' represents the beauty of mercy; the three 
 'Judith' pictures, patriotism [1, self-devotion to God; 
 2, self-devotion to man: 3, self-devotion to country]; 
 'Benaiah, David's chief captain,' represents valour; 
 ' Ulysses and the Syrens,' sensual delights or the wages 
 of sin is death ; and the three pictures of ' Joan of Arc ' 
 depict religion, loyalty, and /xitriotism. In all, nine in 
 number, as it was mv desire to paint three times three." 
 — William Etty, of York (1787-1849). 
 
 Et'zel or Ez'zel (i.e. Attila), king of 
 the Huns, in the songs of the German 
 minnesingers. A ruler over three king- 
 doms and thirty principalities. His second 
 wife was Kriemhild, the widow of Sieg- 
 fried. In pt. ii. of the Niebelungen Lied, 
 he sees his sons and liegemen struck down 
 without making the least effort to save 
 them, and is as unlike the Attila of history 
 as a "hector" is to the noble Trojan "the 
 protector of mankind." 
 
 Eubo'nia, Isle of Man. 
 
 He reigned over Britain and its three islands.— Nenmus, 
 History of the Britons. 
 
 (The three islands are Isle of Wight, 
 Eubonia, and Orkney.) 
 
 Eu'charis, one of the nymphs of 
 Calypso, with whom Telemachos was 
 deeply smitten. Mentor, knowing hia 
 love was sensual love, hurried him away 
 from the island. He afterwards fell 
 in love with Anti'ope, and Mentor ap- 
 proved his choice. — Fe'nelon, Te'le'maque, 
 vii. (1700). 
 
 He [Paul] fancied he had found in Virginia the wisdom 
 of Antiopg, with the misfortunes and the tenderness of 
 Eucharis. — Bernardin de St. Pierre, Paul and Virginia 
 (1788). 
 
 (Eucharis is meant for Mdlle. de Fon- 
 tange, maid of honour to Mde. de 
 Montespan. For a few months she was 
 a favourite with Louis XIV., but losing 
 her good looks she was discarded, and 
 died at the age of 20. She used to dress 
 her hair with streaming xihbons, and 
 
EUCLIO. 
 
 311 
 
 EUPHRASIA. 
 
 hence this style of head-gear was called 
 a la Fontange.) 
 
 Eu'clio, a penurious old hunks. — 
 Plautus, Aulularia. 
 
 Now you must explain all this to me, unless you would 
 have me use you as ill as Euclio does Staph/la.— Sir W. 
 Scott. 
 
 Eu'crates (3 syl.), the miller, and 
 one of the archons of Athens. A 
 shuffling fellow, always evading his duty 
 and breaking his promise ; hence the 
 Latin proverb : 
 
 Vias novit, quibus effugiat Eucrates ("He has more 
 shifts than Eucratfis "). 
 
 Eudo'cia (4 syl.), daughter of 
 Eu'menes governor of Damascus. Pho'- 
 cyas, general of the Syrian forces, being 
 in love with her, asks the consent of 
 Eumenes, and is refused. In revenge, he 
 goes over to the Arabs, who are besieging 
 Damascus. Eudocia is taken captive, 
 but refuses to wed a traitor. At the end, 
 Pho'cyas dies, and Eudocia retires into a 
 nunnery. — John Hughes, The Siege of 
 Damascus (1720). 
 
 Eudon ( Count) of Cantabria. A baron 
 favourable to the Moors, "too weak- 
 minded to be independent." When the 
 Spaniards rose up against the Moors, the 
 first order of the Moorish chief was this : 
 " Strike off count Eudon's head ; the fear 
 which brought him to our camp will bring 
 him else in arms against us now" (ch. 
 xxv.). — Southey, Roderick, etc., xiii. 
 (1814). 
 
 Eudox'ia, wife of the emperor 
 Valentin'ian. Petro'niusMax'imns "poi- 
 soned" the emperor, and the empress 
 killedMaximus. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 Valentinian (1617). 
 
 Euge'nia, called "Silence" and the 
 "Unknown." She was wife of count de 
 Valmont, and mother of Florian, "the 
 foundling of the forest." In order to 
 come into the property, baron Longueville 
 used every endeavour to kill Eugenia and 
 Florian, but all his attempts were abortive, 
 and his villainy at length was brought to 
 light.— W. Dimond, flie Foundling of the 
 Forest. 
 
 Eugenio, a young gentleman who 
 turned goat-herd, because Leandra jilted 
 him and eloped with a heartless adven- 
 turer, named Vincent de la Rosa. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 20 (" The 
 Goat-herd's Story," 1605)'. 
 
 Euge'nius, the friend and wise coun- 
 sellor of Yorick. John Hall Stevenson 
 
 was the original of this character.— 
 Sterne, Tristram Shandy (1759). 
 
 Euhe'meros, a Sicilian Greek, who 
 wrote a Sacred History to explain the 
 historical or allegorical character of the 
 Greek and Latin mythologies. 
 
 One could wish EuhemCrus had never been born. It 
 was he who spoilt [the old myths] first— Ouida, Ariadne, 
 i. L 
 
 Eulenspiegel (Tyll), i.e. "Tyll 
 Owlglass," of Brunswick. A man who 
 runs through the world as charlatan, fool, 
 lansquenet, domestic servant, artist, and 
 Jack-of-all-trades. He undertakes any- 
 thing, but rejoices in cheating those who 
 employ him ; he parodies proverbs, re- 
 joices in mischief, and is brimful of 
 pranks and drolleries. Whether Eulen- 
 spiegel was a real character or not is a 
 matter of dispute, but by many the au- 
 thorship of the book recording his jokes 
 is attributed to the famo«s German sat- 
 irist, Thomas Murner. 
 
 In the English versions of the story he 
 is called Hoicle-glass. 
 
 To few mortals has it been granted to earn such a place 
 in universal history as Ty 11 Eulenspiegel. Now, after five 
 centuries, his native village is pointed out with pride to 
 the traveller. — Carlyle. 
 
 Eumaeos (in Latin, Eumceus), the 
 slave and swine-herd of Ulysses, hence 
 any swine-herd. 
 
 Eu'menes (3 syl.), governor of 
 Damascus, and father of Eudo'cia. — 
 John Hughes, Siege of Damascus (1720). 
 
 Eumnes'tes, Memory personified. 
 Spenser says he is an old man, decrepit 
 and half blind. He was waited on by a boy 
 named Anamnestes. (Greek, eumnestis, 
 "goodmemory," anamnestis, "research.") 
 —Faery Queen, ii. 9 (1590). 
 
 He [Fancy] straight commits them to his treasury 
 AVhich old Eumnestes keeps, father of memory — 
 Eumnestes old, who in his living screen 
 (His living breast) the rolls and records bears 
 Of all the deeds and men which he hath seen, 
 And keeps locked up in faithful registers. 
 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vi (1633;. 
 
 Eu'noe (3 syl.), a river of purgatory, 
 a draught of which makes the mind recall 
 all the good deeds and good offices of 
 life. It is a little beyond Lethe or the 
 river of f orgetf ulness. 
 
 Lo ! where Eunoe flows, 
 lead thither ; and, as thou art wont, revive 
 His fainting virtue. 
 
 Dantd, Purgatory, xxxiii. (1308j. 
 
 Eupnra'sia, daughter of lord Dion^ 
 a character resembling "Viola" in Shake- 
 speare's Twelfth Night. Being in love 
 with prince Philaster, she assumes boy's 
 attire, calls herself " Bellario," and enters 
 
EUPHRASIA. 
 
 312 
 
 EURYDICE. 
 
 the prince's service. Philaster transfers 
 Bellario to the princess Arethusa, and 
 then grows jealous of the lady's love for 
 her tender page. The sex of Bellario 
 being discovered, shoAvs the groundless- 
 ness of this jealousy. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, Philaster or Love Lies a-bleeding 
 (1608). 
 
 Euphra'sia, " the Grecian daughter," 
 was daughter of Evander, the old king of 
 Syracuse (dethroned by Dionysius. and 
 kept prisoner in a dungeon on the summit 
 of a rock). She was the wife of Phocion, 
 who had fled from Syracuse to save their 
 infant son. Euphrasia, having gained 
 admission to the dungeon where her aged 
 father was dying from starvation, 
 " fostered him at her breast by the milk 
 designed for her oavu babe, and thus the 
 father found a parent in the child." 
 When Timoleon took Syracuse, Dionysius 
 was about to Stab Evander, but Eu- 
 phrasia, rushing forward, struck the 
 tyrant dead upon the spot. — A. Murphy, 
 The Grecian Daughter (1772). 
 
 *** The same tale is told of Xantippe, 
 who preserved the life of her father 
 Cimo'nos in prison. The guard, astonished 
 that the old man held out so long, set a 
 watch and discovered the secret. 
 
 There is a dungeon, in whose dim drear light 
 
 What do I gaze on ? . . . 
 
 An old man, and a female young and fair, 
 
 Fresh as a nursing mother, in whose veins 
 
 The blood is nectar . . . 
 
 Here youth offers to old age the food, 
 
 The milk of his own gift. ... It is her sire, 
 
 To whom she renders back the debt of blood. 
 
 Byron, Chllde Harold, iv. 148 (1817). 
 
 Eu'phrasy, the herb eye-bright ; so 
 called because it was once supposed to be 
 efficacious in clearing the organs of sight. 
 Hence the archangel Michael purged the 
 eyes of Adam with it, to enable him to see 
 into the distant future. — See Milton, 
 Paradise Lost, xi. 414-421 (1665). 
 
 Eu'phues (3 syl.), the chief cha- 
 racter in John Lilly's Euphues or The 
 Anatomy of Wit, and Euphues and his 
 England. He is an ( Athenian gentle- 
 mam, distinguished for his elegance, wit, 
 love-making, and roving habits. Shake- 
 speare borrowed his "government of the 
 bees " (Henry V. act i. sc. 2) from Lilly. 
 Euphues was designed to exhibit the 
 style affected by the gallants of England 
 in the reign of queen Elizabeth. Thomas 
 Lodge wrote a novel in a similar style, 
 called Euphues' Golden Legacy (1590). 
 
 "The commonwealth of your bees," replied EuphuSs, 
 " did so delight me that I was not a little sorry that either 
 their estates have not been longer, or your leisure more ; 
 for, in my simple judgment, there was such an orderly 
 
 government that men may not be ashamed to imitate 
 it."— J. Lilly, Euphues (1581). 
 
 (The romances of Calprene'de and 
 Scuderi bear the same relation to the 
 jargon of Louis XIV., as the Euphues of 
 Lilly to that of queen Elizabeth.) 
 
 Eure'ka ! or rather Heure'ka ! (" I 
 have discovered it ! ") The exclamation of 
 Archime'des, the Syracusian philosopher, 
 when he found out how to test the purity 
 of Hi'ero's crown. 
 
 The tale is, that Hiero suspected that 
 a craftsman to whom he had given a 
 certain Aveight of gold to make into a 
 croAvn had alloyed the metal, and he 
 asked Archimedes to ascertain if his sus- 
 picion Avas well founded. The philosopher, 
 getting into his bath, observed that the 
 Avater ran over, and it flashed into his 
 mind that his body displaced its OAvn 
 bulk of Avater. Noav, suppose Hiero gave 
 the goldsmith 1 lb. of gold, and the 
 croAvn Aveighed 1 lb., it is manifest that if 
 the croAvn was pure gold, both ought 
 to displace the same quantity of water ; 
 but they did not do so, and therefore the 
 gold had been tampered Avith. Archi- 
 medes next immersed in Avater 1 lb. of 
 silver, and the difference of Arater dis- 
 placed soon gaA r e the clue to the amount of 
 alloy introduced by the artificer. 
 
 Vitruvius says : " AVhen the idea occurred to the philo- 
 sopher, he jumped out of his bath, and without waiting to 
 put on his clothes, he ran home, exclaiming, ' JJeurCkal 
 tveureha I ' " 
 
 Euro'pa. The Fight at Lame Europa's 
 School, written by the Rev. H. W. Pullen, 
 minor canon of Salisbury Cathedral. A 
 skit on the Franco-Prussian Avar (1870- 
 1871). 
 
 Europe's Liberator. So Welling- 
 ton Avas called after the overthroAV of 
 Bonaparte (1769-1852). 
 
 Oh AVellington . . . called " Saviour of the Nations" . 
 And " Europe's Liberator." 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ix. 5 (1824). 
 
 Eu'rus, the east Avind ; Zephyr, the 
 west Avind ; No'tus, the south Avind ; 
 Bo'reas, the north Avind. Eurus, in Ita- 
 lian, is called the Lev'ant ("rising of 
 the sun "), and Zephyr is called Po'nent 
 (" setting of the sun "). 
 
 Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds— 
 Eurus and Zephyr. 
 
 Milton, Paradise lost, x. 705 (1665). 
 
 Euryd'ice (4 syl.), the wife of 
 Orpheus, killed .by a serpent on her 
 Avedding night. Orpheus went doAvn to 
 hades to crave for her restoration to life, 
 and Pluto said she should folloAV him to 
 earth provided he did not look back. When 
 
EURYTION, 
 
 313 
 
 EVADNE. 
 
 the poet was stepping on the confines of 
 our earth, he turned to see if Eurydice 
 was following, and just caught a glance 
 of her as she was snatch* ed back into the 
 shades below. 
 
 (Pope tells the tale in his Pindaric 
 poem, called Ode or SL Cecilia's Day, 
 1709.) 
 
 Eurytlon, the herdsman of Ger'yon. 
 lie never slept day nor night, but walked 
 unceasingly among his herds with his 
 two-headed dog Orthros. " Hercules 
 them all did overcome." — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, v. 10 (159(5). 
 
 Eus'tace, one of the attendants of 
 sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower 
 of prince John). — Sir TV. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Eustace (Fatlier), or "father Eusta- 
 tius," the superior and afterwards abbot 
 of St. Mary's. He was formerly William 
 Allan, and the friend of Henry Warden 
 (afterwards the protestant preacher). — 
 Sir TV. Scott. The Monastery (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Eustace (Charles), a pupil of Ignatius 
 Polyglot. He has been clandestinely 
 married for four years, and has a little 
 son named Frederick. Charles Eustace 
 confides his scrape to Polyglot, and 
 conceals his young wife in the tutor's 
 private room. Polyglot is thought to be 
 a libertine, but the truth comes out, and 
 all parties are reconciled. — J. Poole, The 
 Scapegoat. 
 
 Eus'tace (Jack), the lover of Lucinda, 
 and "a very worthy young fellow," of 
 good character and family. As justice 
 Woodcock was averse to the marriage, 
 Jack introduced himself as a music- 
 master, and sir William Meadows, who 
 recognized him, persuaded the justice to 
 consent to the marriage of the young 
 couple. This he was the more ready to 
 do as his sister Deborah said positively he 
 "should not do it." — Is. Bickerstaff, Love 
 in a Village. 
 
 Euthana'sia, an easy, happy death. 
 The word occurs in the Dunciad, and 
 Byron has a poem so entitled. Eutha- 
 nasia generally means a harbour of rest 
 and peace after the storms of life : " Inveni 
 port.um ; spes et fortuna valete," i.e. "I 
 have found my Euthanasia, farewell to 
 the battle of life." (Greek, eu thandtos, 
 " a happy death.") 
 
 To whom does not that modest demesne at Lirias, with 
 its mansion-house of four little pavilions, its garden 
 bordered with orange trees . . . not to mention the 
 oU<i podridas of Master Joachim, rise up before the mind's j 
 
 14 
 
 eye as the very ideal of a happy rural retreat . . . tfea 
 Euthanasia of a life of carefulness and toil 1— Enc&s. Brit~, 
 Art. " Romance." {The reference is to Gil Bias.) 
 
 E'va, daughter of Torquil of the Oak. 
 She is betrothed to Ferquhard Day. — 
 Sir TV. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 Evad'ne (3 syh), wife of'Kap'aneus 
 (3 syl.). She threw herself on the funeral 
 pile of her husband, and was consumed 
 with him. 
 
 Evad'ne (3 syl.), sister of Melantius. 
 Amintor was compelled by the king to 
 marry her, although he was betrothed to ' 
 Aspasia (the " maid" whose death forms 
 the tragical event of the drama). — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy 
 (1610). 
 
 The purity of female virtue in Aspasia is well contrasted 
 with the guilty boldness et Evadne, and the rough soldier- 
 like bearing and manly feeling of Melantius render tha 
 selfish sensuality of the king more hateful and disgusting. 
 — R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 204. 
 
 Evad'ne or the Statue, a drama by 
 Sheil (1820). Ludov'ico, the chief minister 
 of Naples, heads a conspiracy to murder 
 the king and seize the crown ; his great 
 stumbling-block is the marquis of Co- 
 lonna, a high-minded nobleman, who 
 cannot be corrupted. The sister of 
 the marquis is Evadne (3 syl.), plighted 
 to Vicentio. Ludovico's scheme is to 
 get Colonna to murder Vicentio and the 
 king, and then to debauch Evadne. 
 With this in view, he persuades Vicentio 
 that Evadne is the king's fille <T amour, 
 and that she marries him merely as a 
 flimsy cloak, but he adds "Never mind, 
 it will make your fortune." The proud 
 Neapolitan is disgusted, and flings off 
 Evadne as a viper. Her brother is 
 indignant, challenges the troth-plight 
 lever to a duel, and Vicentio falls. 
 Ludovico now irritates Colonna by talk- 
 ing of the king's amour, and induces 
 him to invite the king to a banquet and 
 then murder him. The king goes to 
 the banquet, and Evadne shows him the 
 statues of the Colonna family, and 
 amongst them one of her own father, 
 who at the battle of Milan had saved 
 the king's life by his own. The king is 
 struck with remorse, but at this moment 
 Ludovico enters, and the king conceals 
 himself behind the statue. Colonna tells 
 the traitor minister the deed is done, and 
 Ludovico orders his instant arrest, gibes 
 him as his dupe, and exclaims, "Now I 
 am king indeed ! " At this moment the 
 king comes forward, releases Colonna, 
 and orders Ludovico to be arrested. The 
 traitor draws his sword, and Colonna 
 
EVAN DHU OF LOCHIEL. 
 
 314 
 
 EVELYN. 
 
 kills him. Vicentio now enters, tells how 
 his ear has been abused, and marries , 
 Evadne. 
 
 Evan Dhu of Lochiel, a Highland 
 chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Legend of" Montrose (time, Charles 
 I.). 
 
 Evan Dhu M'Combich, the foster- 
 brother of M'lvor. — Sir W. Scott, Waver - 
 ley (time, George II.). 
 
 Evandale {The JRujht Hon. W. Max- 
 well, lord), in the royal army under the 
 duke of Monmouth. He is a suitor of 
 Edith Bellenden, the granddaughter of 
 lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower 
 of Tillietudlem.— Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Evan'der, the "good old king of 
 Syracuse," dethroned by Dionysius the 
 Younger. Evander had dethroned the 
 elder Dionysius " and sent him for vile 
 %ibsistence, a wandering sophist through 
 . \e realms of Greece." He was the 
 fi» v her of Euphrasia, and was kept in a 
 dungeon on the top of a rock, where he 
 would have been starved to death, if 
 Euphrasia had not nourished him with 
 " the milk designed for her OAvn babe." 
 When Syracuse was taken by Timoleon, 
 Dionysius by accident came upon Evan- 
 der, and would have killed him, but 
 Euphrasia rushed forward and scabbed 
 the tyrant to the heart. — A. Murphy, The 
 Grecian Daughter (1772). (See Errors 
 of Authors, " Dionysius," p. 304.) 
 
 Mr. Bentley, May 6, 1796, took leave of the stage in the 
 character of " Evander."— W. C. Russell, Representative 
 Actors, 426. 
 
 Evangelic Doctor {The), John 
 Wy cliff e, "the Morning Star of the Re- 
 formation" (1324-1384.). 
 
 Evangeline, the heroine and title 
 of a tale in hexameter verse by Long- 
 fellow, in two parts. Evangeline was the 
 daughter of Benedict Bellefontaine, the 
 richest farmer of Acadia (now Nova Scotia). 
 At the age of 17 she was legally betrothed 
 by the notary-public to Gabriel son of 
 Basil the blacksmith, but next day all 
 the colony was exiled by the order of 
 George II., and their houses, cattle, and 
 lands were confiscated. Gabriel and 
 Evangeline were parted, and now began 
 the troubles of her life. She wandered 
 from place to place to find her betrothed. 
 Basil had settled at Louisiana, but when 
 Evangeline reached the place Gabriel had 
 just left ; she then went to the prairies, to 
 Michigan, and so on, but at every place 
 she was just too late to catch him. At 
 
 length, grown old in this hopeless search, 
 she went to Philadelphia and became a 
 sister of mercy. The plague broke out 
 in the city, and as she visited the alms- 
 house she saw an old man smitten down 
 with the pestilence. It was Gabriel. 
 He tried to whisper her name, but death 
 closed his lips. He was buried, and 
 Evangeline lies beside him in the grave. 
 
 (Longfellow's Evangeline (1849) has 
 many points of close similitude with 
 Campbell's tale of Gertrude of Wyoming, 
 1809.) 
 
 Evans {Sir Hugh), a pedantic Welsh 
 parson and schoolmaster of extraordinary 
 simplicity and native shrewdness. — 
 Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Wind- 
 sor (1601). 
 
 The reader may cry out with honest sir Hugh Evans, 
 "I like not when a'ooman has a great peard." — Macaulay. 
 
 Henderson says: "I have seen John Edwin, in 'sir 
 Hugh Evans,' when preparing for the duel, keep :he house 
 in an ecstasy of merriment for many minutes together 
 without speaking a word " (1750-1790). 
 
 Evans {William), the giant porter of 
 Charles I. He carried sir Geoffrey Hud- 
 son about in his pocket. Evans was 
 eight feet in height, and Hudson only 
 eighteen inches. Fuller mentions this 
 giant amongst his Worthies. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Peveril of the Teak (time, Charles 
 
 Evan'the (3 syl.), sister of Sora'no, 
 the wicked instrument of Frederick duke 
 of Naples, and the chaste wife of Valeric. 
 The duke tried to seduce her, but failing 
 in this scandalous attempt, offered to 
 give her to any one "for a month," at 
 the end of which time the libertine was 
 to suffer death. No one would accept 
 the offer, and ultimately Evanthe was 
 restored to her husband. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624). 
 
 Eve (1 syl.) or Havah, the "mother 
 of all living" {Gen. iii. 20). Before the 
 expulsion from paradise her name was 
 Ishah, because she was taken out of ish, 
 i.e. "man" {Gen. ii. 23). 
 
 Eve was of such gigantic stature that when she laid her 
 head on one hill near Mecca, her knees rested on two 
 other hills in the plain, about two gun-shots asunder. 
 Adam was as tall as a palm tree. — Moncony, Voyage, i. 
 372, etc. 
 
 Ev'eli'na (4 syl.), the heroine of a 
 novel so called by Miss Burney (after- 
 wards Mde. DArblay). Evelina marries 
 lord Orville (1778). 
 
 Evelyn {Alfred), the secretary and 
 relative of sir John Vesey. He made 
 sir John's speeches, wrote hia pamphlets, 
 got together his facts, mended his pens, 
 and received no salary. Evelyn loved 
 
EVELYN. 
 
 315 
 
 EWART. 
 
 Clara Douglas, a dependent of lady Frank- 
 lin's, but she was poor also, and declined 
 to marry him. Scarcely had she refused 
 him. when he was left an immense fortune 
 and proposed to Georgina Vesey. What 
 little heart Georgina had was given to 
 sir Frederick Blount, but the great fortune 
 of Evelyn made her waver ; however, 
 being told that Evelyn's property was in- 
 secure, she married Frederick, and left 
 Evelyn free to marry Clara. — Lord L. 
 Bulwer Lytton, Money (1840). 
 
 Evelyn (Sir George), a man of for- 
 tune, family, and character, in love with 
 Dorrillon, whom he marries. — Mrs. Inch- 
 bald, Wives as they Were and Maids as 
 they Are (1795). 
 
 Even Numbers are reckoned un- 
 lucky. 
 
 The . . . crow . . . cried twice ; this even, sir, is no 
 pood number.— S. S., The Honest Lawyer (1U16). 
 
 Among the Chinese, heaven is odd, and earth even. 
 The numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, belong to yang or heaven ; but 
 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, belong to yin or earth.— Rev. Mr. Edkins. 
 
 *** Shakespeare says- "there is divinity 
 in odd numbers " (Merry Wives of Wind- 
 sor, act v. sc. 1, 159G). 
 
 Everard (Colonel Markham), of the 
 Commonwealth party. 
 
 Master Everard, the colonel's father. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Common- 
 wealth). 
 
 Ev'erett (Master), a hired witness of 
 the "Popish Plot."— Sir W. Scott, Peveril 
 of the Peak (time, Charles II.,. 
 
 Every Man in His Humour, a 
 
 comedy by Ben Jonson (1598). The 
 original play was altered by David 
 Garrick. The persons to whom the title 
 of the drama apply are : " captain 
 Bobadil," whose humour is bragging of 
 his brave deeds and military courage — 
 he is thrashed as a coward by Down- 
 right; "Kitely," whose humour is jea- 
 lousy of Lis wife — he is befooled and 
 cured by a trick played on him by Brain- 
 worm ; " Stephen," whose humour is 
 verdant stupidity — he is plaj r ed on by 
 every one ; " Kno'well," whose humour 
 is suspicion of his son Edward, which 
 turns out to be all moonshine ; " Dame 
 ȣitely," whose humour is jealousy of her 
 husband, but she (like her husband) is 
 cured by a trick devised by Brainworm. 
 Every man in his humour is liable to be 
 duped thereby, for his humour is the 
 " Achilles' heel " of his character. 
 
 Every Man out of His Hu- 
 mour, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1599). 
 
 Every One has His Fault, a 
 
 comedy by Mrs. Inchbald (1794). By 
 the fault of rigid pride, lord Norland 
 discarded his daughter, lady Eleanor, 
 because she married against his consent. 
 By the fault of gallantry and defect of due 
 courtesy to his wife, sir Robert Ramble 
 drove lady Ramble into a divorce. By 
 the fault of irresolution, "Shall I marry or 
 shall I not?" Solus remained a miserable 
 bachelor, pining for a wife and domestic 
 joys. By the fault of deficient spirit and 
 manliness, Mr. Placid was a hen-peckqd 
 husband. By the fault of marrying with- 
 out the consent of his wife's friends, Mr. 
 Irwin was. reduced to poverty and even 
 crime. Harmony healed these faults : 
 lord Norland received his daughter into 
 favour ; sir Robert Ramble took back hia 
 wife ; Solus married Miss Spinster ; Mr. 
 Placid assumed the rights of the head 
 of the family ; and Mr. Irwin, being 
 accepted as the son-in-law of lord Nor- 
 land, was raised from indigence to do- 
 mestic comfort. 
 
 Evil May-Day, May 1, 1517, when 
 
 the apprentices committed great excesses, 
 especially against foreigners ; and the 
 constable of the Tower discharged his 
 cannons on the populace. The tumult 
 began in Cheapside (time, Henry VIII.). 
 
 Ecdot, page to sir John Ramorny 
 (master of the horse to prince Robert 
 of Scotland).— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
 of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Evir- Allen, the white-armed daugh- 
 ter of Branno an Irishman. "A thousand 
 heroes sought the maid ; she refused her 
 love to a thousand. The sons of the 
 sword were despised, for graceful in hor 
 eyes was Ossian." This Evir- Allen was 
 the mother of Oscar, Fingal's grandson ; 
 but she was not alive when Fingal went 
 to Ireland to assist Cormac against the 
 invading Norsemen, which forms the 
 subject of the poem called Fingal, in six 
 books. — Ossian, Fingal, iv. 
 
 Ew'ain (Sir), son of king Vrience 
 and Morgan le Fay (Arthur's half-sister). 
 — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 72 (1470). 
 
 Ewan of Brig^lands, a horse- 
 soldier in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Ewart (Nanty, i.e. Anthony), cap- 
 tain of the smuggler's brig. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Excal'ibur, kins Arthur's famous 
 
EXCALIBUR. 
 
 316 
 
 EYED. 
 
 swords. There seems to have been two of 
 his swords so called. One was the sword 
 sheathed in stone, which no one could 
 draw thence, save he who was to be king 
 of the land. Above 200 knights tried to 
 release it, but failed ; Arthur alone could 
 draw it with ease, and thus proved his 
 right of succession (pt. i. 3). In 
 ch. 7 this sword is called Excalibur, and 
 is said to have been so bright "that it 
 gave light like thirty torches." After his 
 tight with Pellinore, the king said to 
 Merlin he had no sword, and Merlin took 
 him to a lake, and Arthur saw an arm 
 " clothed in white samite, that held a fair 
 sword in the hand." Presently the Lady 
 of the Lake appeared, and Arthur begged 
 that he might have the sword, and the 
 lady told him to go and fetch it. When 
 became to it he took it, "and the arm 
 and hand went under the water again." 
 This is the sword generally called Excali- 
 bur. When about to die, king Arthur 
 sent an attendant to cast the sword back 
 again into the lake, and again the hand 
 "clothed in white samite" appeared, 
 caught it, and disappeared (ch. 23). — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
 i. 3, 23 (1470). 
 
 King Arthur's srword, Excalibur, 
 Wrought by the lonely maiden of the lake; 
 Nine years she wrought it, sitting in the deeps, 
 Upon the hidden bases of the hills. 
 
 Tennyson, Mortc W Arthur. 
 
 Excalikur's Sheath. " Sir," said Mer- 
 lin, " look that ye keep well the scabbard 
 of Excalibur, for ye shall lose no blood 
 as long as ye have the scabbard upon 
 you, though ye have never so many 
 wounds." — Sir T. Malorv, History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 36 (1470)". 
 
 Executioner {No). When Francis 
 viscount d'Aspremont, governor of Ba- 
 yonne, was commanded by Charles IX. of 
 France to massacre the huguenots, he 
 replied, " Sire, there are many under my 
 government devoted to your majesty, but 
 not a single executioner." 
 
 Exhausted "Worlds ... Dr. 
 Johnson, in the prologue spoken by 
 Garrick at the opening of Drury Lane, in 
 1747, says of Shakespeare : 
 
 Each change of many-coloured life he drew, 
 Exhausted worlds, and then imagined new. 
 
 Exterminator (The), Montbars, 
 chief of a set of filibusters in the seven- 
 teenth century. He was a native of 
 Languedoc, and conceived an intense 
 hatred against the Spaniards on reading 
 of their cruelties in the New World. 
 Embarking at Havre, in 16G7, Montbars 
 
 attacked the Spaniards in the Antilles 
 and in Honduras, took from them Vera 
 Cruz and Carthagena, and slew them 
 most mercilessly wherever he encoun- 
 tered them (1645-1707). 
 
 Extra (That's). That's Extra, as 
 the woman said when she saw Kerton 
 (a Devonshire sayiny), that is, " I thought 
 my work was done, but there are more 
 last words." "The office closes at four 
 (but that's only Kerton), there is much 
 work still to do before the day's work is 
 done (or before we reach Extra)." 
 "Extra" is a popular pronunciation of 
 Exeter, and " Kerton " is Crediton. The 
 woman was walking to Exeter for the 
 first time, and when she reached the 
 grand old church of Kerton or Crediton, 
 supposed it to be Exeter Cathedral. 
 " That's Exeter Cathedral," she said, 
 "and the end of my journey." But it 
 was only Kerton Church, and she had 
 still eight more miles to walk before she 
 got to Exeter. 
 
 Eye. Terrible as the eye of Vathek. 
 One of the eyes of this caliph was so 
 terrible in anger that those died who 
 ventured to look thereon, and had he 
 given way to his wrath, he would have 
 depopulated his whole dominion. — W. 
 Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 Eye-bright or Euphrasia (" joy- 
 giving"). So called from its reputed power 
 in restoring impaired vision. 
 
 [77<e hertnil] fumitory gets and eye-bright for the eye. 
 Drayton, l'olyolbiun, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Eye of the Baltic {The), Gottland 
 or Gothland, an island in the Baltic. 
 
 Eye of Greece {The), Athene. 
 
 Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
 And eloquence, native to famous wits. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 %* Sometimes Sparta is called "The 
 Eye of Greece " also. 
 
 Eyes {Grey). With the Arabs, grey 
 eyes are synonymous with sin and enmity. 
 Hence in the Koran, xx., we read : " On 
 that day the trumpet shall be sounded, 
 and we will gather the wicked together, 
 even those having grey eyes." Al Beidawi 
 explains this as referring to the Greeks, 
 whom the Arabs detest, and he calls 
 "red whiskers and grey eyes" an idio- 
 matic phrase for " a foe." 
 
 Eyed (One-) people. The Arimas- 
 pians of Scythia were a one-eyed people. 
 
 The Cyclops were giants with only one 
 eye, and" that in the middle of the fore- 
 head. 
 
EYRE. 
 
 317 
 
 FADLADEEN. 
 
 Tartaro, in Basque legends, was a one- 
 eyed giant. Sindbad the sailor, in his 
 third voyage, was cast on an island in- 
 habited by one-eyed giants. 
 
 Eyre (Jane), a governess, who stoutly 
 copes with ad\ r erse circumstances, and 
 ultimately marries a used-up man of 
 fortune, in whom the germs of good 
 feeling and sound sense were only ex- 
 hausted and not destroyed. — Charlotte 
 Bronte, Jane Eyre (1847). 
 
 Ez'zelin (Sir), the gentleman who 
 recognizes Lara at the table of lord Otho, 
 and charges him with being Conrad the 
 corsair. A duel ensues, and. Ezzelin is 
 never heard of more. A serf used to say 
 that he saw a huntsman one evening 
 cast a dead body into the river which 
 divided the lands of Otho and Lara, and 
 that there was a star of knighthood on 
 the breast of the corpse. — Byron, Lara 
 (1814;. 
 
 Faa (Gabriel), nephew of Meg 
 Mcrrilies. One of the huntsmen at 
 Liddesdale. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
 ing (time, George II.). 
 
 Fab'ila, a king devoted to the chase. 
 One day he encountered a wild boar, and 
 commanded those who rode with him not 
 to interfere, but the boar overthrew him 
 and gored him to death. — Chronica An- 
 tiqua de Espafia, 121. 
 
 Fa'bius (The American), George 
 "Washington (1732-1799). 
 
 Fa'bius (The French), Anne due de 
 Montmorency, grand-constable of -France 
 (1493-1567). 
 
 Fabrieius [Fa.brish'.e.us], an old 
 Roman, like Cincinnatus and Curius 
 Dentatus, a type of the rigid purity, 
 frugality, and honesty of the "good old 
 times." Pyrrhos used every effort to 
 corrupt him by bribes, or to terrify 
 him, but in vain. " Excellent Fabrieius," 
 cried the Greek, "one might hopfe to 
 turn the sun from its course as soon as 
 turn Fabrieius from the path of duty." 
 
 Fabric' ius, an author, whose composition 
 was so obscure that Gil Bias could not 
 comprehend the meaning of a single line 
 of his writings. His poetry was verbose 
 
 fustian, and his prose a maze of far- 
 fetched expressions and perplexed 
 phrases. 
 
 "If not intelligible," said Fabrieius, "so much the 
 better. The natural and simple won't do for sonnets, 
 odes, and the sublime. The merit cf these 13 their 
 obscurity, and it ia quite sufficient if the author himself 
 thinks he understands them. . . . There are five or six 
 of us who have undertaken to introduce a thorough 
 change, and we will do so, in spite of Lope de Vega, 
 Cervantes, and all the fine geniuses who cavil at us."- 
 Lcsage, G U Bleu, v. 12 (1724). 
 
 Fabrit'io, a merry soldier, the friend 
 of captain Jac'omo the woman-hater. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Captain 
 (1613). 
 
 Face (1 syl.), alias "Jeremy," house- 
 servant of Lovewit. During the absence 
 of his master, Face leagues with Subtle 
 (the alchemist) and Dol Common to turn 
 a penny by alchemy, fortune-telling, and 
 magic. Subtle (a beggar who knew 
 something about alchemy) was discovered 
 by Face nearPye Corner. Assuming the 
 philosopher's garb and wand, he called 
 himself "doctor;" Face, arrogating the 
 title of "captain," touted for dupes; 
 while Dol Common kept the house, and 
 aided the other two in their general 
 scheme of deception. On the unexpected 
 return of Lovewit, the whole thing blew 
 up, but Face was forgiven, and continued 
 in his place as house-servant. — Ben 
 Jonson, The Alchemist (1610). 
 
 Face Index of the Mind. 
 
 Fair on the face [God] wrote the index of the mini 
 Phineas Fletcher. The Purple Jtland, v. 11633). 
 
 Facto 'turn (Johannes), one employed 
 to do all sorts of work for another ; one 
 in whom another confides for ail the odds 
 and ends of his household management or 
 business. 
 
 He is an absolute Johannes Factotum, at least in his own 
 conceit. — Greene, Groat' s-worth of Wit (IjDJ). 
 
 Faddle (William), a "fellow made 
 up of knavery and noise, with scandal for 
 wit and impudence for raillery. He was 
 so needy that the very devil might havn 
 bought him for a guinea." Sir Charles 
 Raymond says to him : 
 
 " Thy life is a disgrace to humanity. A foolish prodigality 
 makes Uiee needy; need makes thee vicious; an i IxitU 
 make thee contemptible. Thy wit is prostituted to slander 
 and buffoonery ; and thy judgment, if Ihou hast any, to 
 meanness and villainy. Thy betters, that laugh 'with 
 thee. Laugh at thee ; and all the varieties of thy life are 
 but pitiful rewards and painful abuses." — £d- Moore, The 
 J-'ouiidling, iv. 2 (1748). 
 
 Fa'dha (Al), Mahomet's silver 
 cuirass. 
 
 Fadladeen, the great nazir' or 
 chamberlain of Aurungze'be's harem. 
 He criticizes the tales told to Lalla Rookh 
 by a young poet on her way to Delhi, and 
 
FADLADINIDA. 
 
 818 
 
 FAIR PENITENT. 
 
 great was his mortification to find that the 
 poet was the young king his master. 
 
 Fadladeen was a judge of everything, from the pencilling 
 of a Circassian's eyelids to the deepest questions of science 
 and literature; from the mixture of a conserve of rose 
 leaves to the composition of an epic poem.— T. Moore, 
 I.aUa Rookh (18ir). 
 
 Fadladin'ida, wife of king Chronon- 
 hotonthologos.'" While the king is alive 
 she falls in love with the captive king of 
 the Antip'odes, and at the death of the 
 king, when two suitors arise, she says, 
 " Well, gentlemen, to make matters easy, 
 I'll take you both." — H. Carey, Chronon- 
 hotonthologos (a burlesque). 
 
 Faery Queen, a metrical romance, in 
 six books, of twelve cantos each, by 
 Edmund Spenser {incomplete). 
 
 Book I. Tiik Red Ckoss Knight, 
 the spirit of Christianity, or the victory of 
 holiness over sin (1590). 
 
 II. The Legend of Sir Guyon, the 
 golden mean (1590). 
 
 III. The Legend of Britomaktis, 
 chaste love. Britomartis is Diana or 
 queen Elizabeth (1590). 
 
 IV. Cambel and Tiuamond, fidelity 
 (1596). 
 
 V. The Legend of Sir Ar'tegal, 
 justice (1596). 
 
 VI. The Legend of Sir Calidore, 
 courtesy (1596). 
 
 *** Sometimes bk. vii., called Muta- 
 bility, is added ; but only fragments of this 
 book exist. 
 
 Fafnis, the dragon with which Sigurd 
 fights. — Sigurd the Horny (a German 
 romance based on a Norse legend). 
 
 Fag, the lying servant of captain 
 Absolute. He "wears his master's wit, 
 as he does his lace, at second hand." — 
 Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 
 
 ^ Faggot (Nicholas), clerk to Matthew 
 Foxley, the magistrate who examined 
 Darsie Latimer (i.e. sir Arthur Darsie 
 Redgauntlet) after he had been attacked 
 by rioters. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Faggots and Faggots (II y a fagots 
 et fagots), all things of the same sort are not 
 equal in quality. In Moliere's Le M(fde- 
 oin Malgre' Lui, Sganarelle wants to show 
 that his faggots are better than those of 
 other persons, and cries out " Ay i but 
 those faggots are not equal to mine." 
 
 11 est vrai, messieurs, que je suis le premier homme du 
 monde pour faire des fagots . . . Je n'y cpargne aucune 
 eiiusi;, e( Jes fais d'une facon qu'il n'y a rien a dire. . . . 
 U y a fagots et fagots.— Act i. <> (lG(i(i). 
 
 Fagin, an old Jew, who omploys a 
 
 gang of thieves, chiefly boys. These boys 
 he teaches to pick pockets and pilfer 
 adroitly. Fagin assumes a most suave 
 and fawning manner, but is malicious, 
 grasping, and full of cruelty. — C. Dickens, 
 Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Fainall, cousin by marriage to sir 
 Wilful Witwould. He married a young, 
 wealthy, and handsome widow, b:i the 
 two were cat and dog to each other. The 
 great aim of Fainall was to get into his 
 possession the estates of his wife (settled 
 onherself "in trust to Edward Mirabell "), 
 but in this he failed. In outward sem- 
 blance, Fainall was plausible enough, 
 but he was a goodly apple rotten at the 
 core, false to his friends, faithless to 
 his wife, overreaching, and deceitful. 
 
 Mrs. Fainall. Her first husband was 
 Languish, son of lady Wishfort. Her 
 second husband she both despised and 
 detested. — W. Congreve, The Way of the 
 World (1700). 
 
 Thomas Davies [1710-1785], after a silence of fifteen 
 years, performed the part of " Fainall." His expression 
 was Garrick's, with all its fire quenched.— Boaden. 
 
 Fainaso'lis, daughter of Craca's 
 king (the Shetland Isles). When Fingal 
 was quite a young man; she fled to him 
 for protection against Sora, but scarcely 
 had he promised to take up her cause, 
 when Sora landed, drew the bow, and she 
 fell. Fingal said to Sora, "Unerring is 
 thy hand, O Sora, but feeble was the 
 foe." lie then attacked the invader, and 
 Sora fell. — Ossian, Fingal r iii. 
 
 Faint Heart never Won Fair 
 Lady, a line in a ballad written to the 
 " Berkshire Lady," a>Miss Frances Ken- 
 drick, daughter of sir William Keudrick, 
 second baronet. Sir William's father was 
 created baronet by Charles II. The wooer 
 was a Mr. Child, son of a brewer at 
 Abingdon, to whom the lady sent a chal- 
 lenge. 
 
 Having read this strange relation, 
 He was in a consternation j 
 But, advising with a friend. 
 He persuades him to attend : 
 " Be of courage and make ready. 
 Faint heart never won fair lady." 
 
 quarterly Jieoiew, cvi. 205-245. 
 
 Faint Heart never Won Fair Lady, 
 name of a petit comedie brought out by 
 Mde. Vestris at the Olympic. Mde. 
 Vestris herself performed the part of the 
 " fair lady." 
 
 Fair Penitent (The), a tragedy by 
 Rowe (1703). Cahsta was daughter of 
 lord Sciol'to (3 syl.), and bride of lord 
 Al'tamont. It was discovered on the 
 
FA1RBR0THER. 
 
 31-0 
 
 FAKENIIAM GHOST. 
 
 wedding day that she had been seduced 
 by Lotha'rio. This led to a duel between 
 the bridegroom and the libertine, in which 
 Lothario was killed ; a street riot ensued, 
 in which Sciolto received his death - 
 wound ; and Calista, " the fair penitent," 
 stabbed herself. This drama is a mere 
 rechauffe of Massinger's Fatal Dowry. 
 
 *** For Fair Maids and Fair , see 
 
 the proper name or titular name. 
 
 Fairbrother {Mr.), counsel of Effie 
 P ians at the trial. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
 of Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Fairfax (Thomas lord), father of 
 the duchess of Buckingham. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
 II.). 
 
 Fairfield, the miller, and father of 
 Patty "the maid of the mill." An 
 honest, straightforward man, grateful 
 and modest. — Bickerstaff, The Maid of 
 the Mill (1647). 
 
 Fairford {Mr. Alexander or Saun- 
 ders), a lawyer. 
 
 Allan Fairford, a young barrister, son 
 of Saunders, and a friend of Darsie 
 Latimer. He marries Lilias Redgauntlet, 
 sister of sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet, 
 called "Darsie Latimer." 
 
 Feter Fairford, Allan's cousin. — Sir \V. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Fairleigll {Frank), the pseudonym 
 of F. E. Smedley, editor of Sharpe's 
 London Magazine (1848, 1849). It was 
 in this magazine that Smedley's two 
 novels, Frank Fairleigh and Lewis Arun- 
 del, were first published. 
 
 Fairlimb, sister of Bitelas, and 
 daughter of Rukenaw the ape, in the 
 beast-epic called Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Fair'serieve (2 syl.), clerk of Mr. 
 James Middleburgh, a magistrate of 
 Edinburgh.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
 lothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Fairservice {Mr.), a magistrate's 
 clerk.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
 lothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Fairservice (Andrew), the humorous 
 Scotch gardener of sir Ilildebrand Os- 
 baldistone, of Osbaldistone Hall. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Overflowing with a humour as peculiar in its way as the 
 humours of Andrew Fairservice. — London Atltenceum. 
 
 Fairstar (Princess), daughter of 
 queen Blon'dina (who had at one birth 
 two boys and a girl, all "with sfcus 
 on their foreheads, and a chain of g >"d 
 about their necks"). On the same day, 
 
 Blondina's sister Brunetta (wife of the 
 king's brother) had a son, afterwards 
 called Chery. The queen-tnother, wishing 
 to destroy these four children, ordered 
 Fein'tisa to strangle them, but Feintisa 
 sent them adrift in a boat, and told the 
 queen-mother they were gone. It sc 
 happened that the boat was seen by a 
 corsair, who brought the children to his 
 wife Cor'sina to bring up. The corsair 
 soon grew immensely rich, because every 
 time the hair of these children was 
 combed, jewels fell from their heads. 
 When grown up, these castaways went 
 to the land of their royal father and his 
 brother, but Chery was for a while em- 
 ployed in getting for Fairstar (1) The 
 dancing water, which had the gift of 
 imparting beauty ; (2) The singing apple, 
 which had the gift of imparting wit; 
 and (3) The green bird, which could 
 reveal all secrets. By this bird the story 
 of their birth was made known, and 
 Fairstar married her cousin Chery. — Com- 
 tesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("Princess 
 Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 *** This tale is borrowed from the 
 fairy talcs of Straparola, the Milanese 
 (1550). 
 
 Faithful, a companion of Christian 
 in his walk to the Celestial City. Both 
 were seized at Vanity Fair, and Faithful, 
 being burnt to death, was taken to heaven, 
 in a chariot of lire. — Bunyau, Pilgrim's 
 Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 Faithful (Jacob), the title and hero of a 
 sea tale, by Captain Marryat (1835). 
 
 Faithful (Father of the), Abraham 
 — Rom. iv. ; Gal. iii. 6-9. 
 
 Faithful Shepherdess (The), a 
 pastoral drama by John Fletcher (1610). 
 The "faithful shepherdess" is Cor'in, 
 whose lover was dead. Faithful to his 
 memory, Corin retired from the busy 
 world, employing her time in works of 
 humanity, such as healing the sick, exor- 
 cizing the bewitched, and comforting the 
 afflicted. 
 
 (A part of Milton's Comus is almost a 
 verbal transcript of this pastoral.) 
 
 Fakar (Dhu'l), Mahomet's scimitar. 
 
 Fakenham Ghost {TJie). An old 
 woman, walking to Fakenham, had to 
 cross the churchyard after night-fall. 
 She heard a short, quick step behind, and 
 looking Efmnd saw what she fancied to 
 be a four-footed menster. On she ran, 
 faster and faster, and on came the patLer- 
 
FAKREDDIN'S VALLEY 
 
 320 
 
 FALSTAFF. 
 
 ing footfalls behind. She gained the 
 churchyard gate and pushed it open, but, 
 ah! "the monster'* also passed through, 
 Every moment she expected it would 
 leap upon her back. She reached her 
 cottage door and fainted. Out came her 
 husband with a lantern, saw the " sprite," 
 which was no other than the foal of a 
 donkey that had strayed into the park 
 and followed the ancient dame to her 
 cottage door. 
 
 And many a langh went through ths vale, 
 
 And some conviction, too ; 
 Each thought some other goblin tale 
 
 Perhaps was just as true. 
 
 R. Bloomfield, The Fakenham Ghost (a fact). 
 
 Fakreddin's Valley. Over the 
 several portals of bronze were these in- 
 scriptions : (1) The Asylum ok Pil- 
 grims ; (2) The Traveller's Refuge ; 
 (3) The Depository of the Secrets 
 of all the world. 
 
 Falcon. Win. Morris tells us that 
 whoso watched a certain falcon for seven 
 days and seven nights without sleeping, 
 should have his first wish granted by a 
 fay. A certain king accomplished the 
 watching, and wished to have the fay's 
 love. His wish was granted, but it 
 proved his ruin. — The Earthly Paradise 
 ("July"). 
 
 Falconer (Mr.), laird of Balma- 
 whapple, a friend of tne old baron of 
 Bradwardinc. — Sir AV. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Falconer (Major), brother of lady 
 Bothwell. — Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's 
 Mirror (time, William III.). 
 
 Falconer (Edmund), the nom de plume of 
 Edmund O'Rourke, author of Extremes 
 or Men of the Day (a comedy, 1859). 
 
 Faler'num or Falerxus Ager, a 
 
 district in the north of Campania, extend- 
 ing from the Massic Hills to the river 
 Yultur'nus (in Italy). This district was 
 noted for its wines, called "Massic" or 
 " Falernian," the best of which was 
 "Faustianum." 
 
 Then with water fill the pitcher 
 
 Wreathed nlwut with classic fables; 
 
 Ne'er Falernian threw a richer 
 Light upon Luculius' tables. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Song. 
 
 Falie'ro (Marino), the doge of 
 Venice, an old man who married a young 
 wife named Angioli'na (3 syl.). At a 
 banquet, Michel Steno, a young patrician, 
 grossly insulted some of the ladies, and 
 was, by the order of the doge, turned out 
 of the house. In revenge, Steno pla- 
 carded the doge's chair with some scurri- 
 
 lous verses upon the young dogaressti, 
 and Faliero referred the matter to "the 
 Forty." The council sentenced Steno to 
 two months' imprisonment, and the doge 
 deemed this punishment so inadequate to 
 the offence, that he looked upon it as a 
 personal insult, and headed a conspiracy 
 to cut off, root and branch, the whole 
 Venetian nobility. The project being 
 discovered, Faliero was put to death 
 (1355), at the age of 7(5, and his picture 
 removed from the gallery of his brother 
 doges. — Byron, Marino Faliero. 
 
 Falkland, an aristocratic gentleman, 
 of a noble, loving nature, but the victim 
 of false honour and morbid refinement of 
 feeling. Under great provocation, he 
 was goaded on to commit murder, but 
 being tried was honourably acquitted, and 
 another person was executed for the 
 crime. Caleb Williams, a lad in Falk- 
 land's service, accidentally became ac- 
 quainted with these secret facts, but, 
 unable to live in the house under the 
 suspicious eyes of Falkland, he ran away. 
 Falkland tracked him from place to place, 
 like a blood-hound, and at length arrested 
 him for robbery. The true statement 
 now came out, and Falkland died of 
 shame and a broken spirit. — W. Godwin, 
 Caleb Williams (1794). (See Faulk- 
 
 LAN1>.) 
 
 *** This tale has been dramatized by 
 G. Colman, under the title of The Iron 
 Chest, in which Falkland is called "sir 
 Edward Mortimer," and Caleb Williams 
 is called "Wilford." 
 
 False One (T?te), a tragedy bv 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (10*19). The 
 subject is the amours of Julius Caesar and 
 Cleopat'ra. 
 
 Falsetto (Sitjnor), a man who fawns 
 on Fazio in prosperity, and turns his back 
 on him when fallen into disgrace. — Dean 
 Milman, Fazio (1815). 
 
 Falstaff (Sir John), in The Merry 
 Wives of Windsor, and in the two parts 
 of Henry IV., by Shakespeare. In 
 Hchry V., his death is described by Mrs. 
 Quickly, hostess of an inn in Eastcheap. 
 In the comedy, sir John is represented as 
 making love "to Mrs. Page, who "fools 
 him to the top of her bent." In the 
 historic plays, he is represented as a 
 soldier and a wit, the boon companion of 
 "Mad-cap Hal" (the prince of Wales). 
 In both cases, he is a mountain of fat, 
 sensual, mendacious, boastful, and fond of 
 practical jokes. 
 
FAMOUS. 
 
 321 
 
 FARINATA. 
 
 In the kind's army, "sir John" was 
 captain, " Peto " lieutenant, " Pistol " 
 ancient [ensign], and " Bardolph" cor- 
 poral. 
 
 C. R. Leslie says,: ''Quin's 'Falstaff' must have been 
 glorious. Since Garrlck's time there have been more than 
 one ' Richard,' ' Hamlet,' ' Romeo,' ' Macbeth,' and 
 'Lear;' but since Quin fl693-17B6J only one 'Falstaff,' 
 John Henderson [1747-178BJ." 
 
 (Robert William Elliston (1774-1831) 
 was the besc of all "Falstaffs." His was 
 a wonderful combination of wit, humour, 
 sensuality, and philosophy, but he was 
 always the gentleman.) 
 
 Falstaff, unimitated, inimitable Falstaff, how shall 
 I describe thee? Thou compound of sense and vice : of 
 sense which may be admired, but not esteemed ; of vice 
 which may be despised, but hardly detested. " Falstaff " 
 is a character loaded with faults, and with those faults 
 which naturally produce contempt. He is a thief and a 
 glutton, a coward and a boaster, always ready to cheat 
 the weak and prey upon the poor, to terrify the timorous 
 and insult the defenceless. At once obsequious and malig- 
 nant, yet the man thus corrupt, thus dospicable, makes 
 himself necessary to the prince by perpetual gaiety, and 
 by unfailing power of exciting laughter. — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Famous. " I woke one morning and 
 found myself famous." So said Byron, 
 after the publication of cantos i. and ii. 
 of his Child* Harold (1812). 
 
 Fanciful (Lady), a vain, conceited 
 beauty, who calls herself "nice, strangely 
 nice," and says she was formed " to make 
 the whole creation uneasy." She loves 
 lleartfree, a railer against woman, and 
 when he proposes marriage to Belinda, a 
 rival beauty, spreads a most impudent 
 scandal, which, however, reflects only on 
 herself. Heartfree, who at one time was 
 partly in love with her, says to her : 
 
 "Nature made you handsome, gave you beauty to a 
 miracle, a shape without a fault, wit enough to' make 
 them relish . . . but art has made you become the pity of 
 «ur sex, and the jest of your own. There's not a feature 
 i i your face but you have found the way to teach it some 
 iiTected convulsion. Your feet, your hands, your very 
 finger-ends, are d:reeted never to move without some 
 ridiculous air, and your language is a suitable trumpet to 
 draw people's eyes upon the raree-show " (act ii. 1). — Van- 
 brugh, The Provoked Wife (lbi)7). 
 
 Fan-Fan, alias Phelin O'Tug, "a 
 
 lolly-pop maker, and manufacturer of 
 maids of honour to the court." This 
 merry, shy, and blundering elf, concealed 
 in a bear-skin, makes love to Christine, 
 the faithful attendant on the countess 
 Marie. Phelin O'Tug says his mother 
 was too bashful ever to let him know her, 
 and his father always kept in the back- 
 ground. — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
 State (1847). 
 
 Fang, a bullying, insolent magistrate, 
 ivho would have sent Oliver Twist to 
 prison, on suspicion of theft, if Mr. 
 Brownlow had not interposed on the 
 
 boy's behalf.— C. Dickens, Oliver TwisA 
 
 (1837). 
 
 The original of this ill-tempered, bullying magistrate 
 was Mr. Laing, of Hatton Garden, removed from the 
 bench by the home secretary.— John Foster, Life of 
 Dickens, iii. 4. 
 
 Fang and Snare, two sheriff's 
 officers. — Shakespeare, 2 JJenru J V, 
 (1598). 
 
 Fanny (Lord). So John lord II er- 
 vey was usually called by the wits of the 
 time, in consequence of his effeminate 
 habits. His appearance was that of a 
 "half wit, half fool, half man, half beau." 
 He used rouge, drank ass's milk, and took 
 Scotch pills (1694-1743). 
 
 Consult lord Fanny, and confide in Curll [publisher^ 
 Byron, English Hards and Scotch Reviewers (130SJ). 
 
 Fanny (Miss), younger daughter oi 
 Mr. Sterling, a rich City merchant. Sht 
 was clandestinely married to Lovewell. 
 "Gentle-looking, soft-speaking, sweet- 
 smiling, and affable," Avanting "nothing 
 but a crook in her hand and a lamb under 
 her arm to be a perfect picture of inno- 
 cence and simplicity." Every one loved 
 her, and as her marriage was a secret, sir 
 John Melvil and lord Ogleby both pro- 
 posed to her. Her marriage with Love- 
 well being ultimately made known, her 
 dilemma was removed. — Colman and 
 Garrick, The Clandestine Marriage (176G). 
 
 Fan'teries (3 syl.), foot-soldiers, 
 infantry. 
 
 Five other bandes of English fanteries. 
 G. Gascoigne, The Fruites of Warre, 152 (died 1557). 
 
 Faquir', a religious anchorite, whose 
 life is spent in the severest austerities and 
 mortification. 
 
 He diverted himself, however . . . especially with the 
 Brahmins, faquirs, and other enthusiasts who had tra- 
 velled from the heart of India, and halted on their way 
 with the emir.— W. Beckford, Vathelc ;1786). 
 
 Farceur (The), Angelo Beolco, the 
 Italian 'farce-writer. Called Ruzzanie in 
 Italian, from ruzzare, "to play the fool" 
 (1502-1542). 
 
 Farina'ta [Degli Uberti], a noble 
 Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline fac- 
 tion, and driven from his country in 1250 
 by the Guelfes (1 syl.). Some ten years 
 later, by the aid of Mainfroi of Naples, 
 he beat the Guelfes, and took all the 
 towns of Tuscany and Florence. Dante 
 conversed with him in the city of Dis, 
 and represents him as lying in a fiery 
 tomb yet open, and not to be closed till 
 the last judgment day. When the council 
 agreed to raze Florence to the ground. 
 
FARM-HOUSE. 
 
 322 
 
 FASTRADA. 
 
 Farinata opposed the measure, and saved 
 the city. Dante" refers to this : 
 
 Lo ! Farinata . . . his brow 
 Bomewhat uplifted, cried . . . 
 " In that affray [i.e. at 3/ontapcrto, near the river 
 
 A rbia] 
 I stood not singly . . . 
 But singly there I stood, when by consent 
 Of all, Florence had to the ground Iv en razed,— 
 (The one who openly forbade the deed." 
 
 Dante, Inferno, x. (1300). 
 
 Like Farinata from his fiery tomb. 
 
 Longfellow, Dante. 
 
 Farm-house {The). Modely and 
 Heartwell, two gentlemen of fashion, 
 come into the country and receive hospi- 
 tality from old Farmer Freehold. Here 
 they make love to his daughter Aura and 
 his niece Flora. The girls, being high- 
 principled, • convert the flirtation of the 
 two guests into love, and Heartwell 
 marries the niece, while Modely proposes 
 to Aura, who accepts him, provided he 
 will wait two months and remain con- 
 stant to her. — John Philip Kemble. 
 
 Farmer G-eorge, George III. ; so 
 called because he was like a farmer in 
 dress, manners, and tastes (1738-1820). 
 
 Farmer's Wife {The), a musical 
 drama by C. Pibdin (1780). Cornflower, 
 a benevolent, high-minded farmer, having 
 saved Emma Belton from the flames of a 
 house on fire, married her, and they lived 
 together in love and peace till sir Charles 
 Courtly took a fancy to Mrs. Cornflower, 
 and abducted her. She was soon tracked, 
 and as it was evident that she was no 
 pa?-ticeps criminis, she was restored to her 
 husband, and sir Charles gave his sister 
 to Mrs. Cornflower's brother in marriage 
 as a peace offering. 
 
 Farnese Bull [Far.nay'.ze], a colos- 
 sal group of sculpture, attributed to 
 Apollonius and Tauriscus of Tralles, in 
 Asia Minor. The group represents Dirce 
 bound by Zethus and Amphi'on to the 
 horns of a bull, for ill-using her mother. 
 It was restored by Bianchi, in 1546, and 
 placed in the Farnese palace, in Italy. 
 
 Farnese Her'cules [Far.nay'.ze], 
 a name given to Glykon's copy of the 
 famous statue by Lysippos (a Greek sculp- 
 tor in the time of Alexander "the Great"). 
 It represents Hercules leaning on his 
 club, with one hand on his back. The 
 Farnese family became extinct in 1731. 
 
 Fashion {Sir Brilliant), a man of the 
 world, who "dresses fashionably, lives 
 fashionably, wins your money fashion- 
 ably, loses his own fashionably, and 
 does everything fashionably." His fa- 
 
 shionable asseverations are, "Let me 
 perish, if . . .J" "May fortune eter- 
 nail}' frown on me, if ... ! " " May I 
 never hold four by honours, if . . . i " 
 "May the first woman I meet strike me 
 with a supercilious eyebrow, if . . . ! " 
 and so on. — A. Murphv, The Way to 
 Keep Him (1760). 
 
 Fashion {Tom) or "Young Fashion," 
 younger brother of lord Foppington. As 
 his elder brother did not behave well to 
 him, Tom resolved to outwit him, and to 
 this end introduced himself to sir Tun- 
 belly Clumsy and his daughter, Miss 
 Hoyden, as lord Foppington, between 
 whom and the knight a negotiation of 
 marriage had been carried on. Iking 
 established in the house, Tom married 
 the heiress, and when the veritable lord 
 appeared, he was treated as an impostor. 
 Tom, however, explained his ruse, and as 
 his lordship treated the knight with great 
 contempt and quitted the house, a recon- 
 ciliation was easily effected. — Sheridan, 
 A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 
 
 Fashionable Lover ( The). Lord Ab- 
 berville, a young man of 23 years of age, 
 promises marriage to LucindaBridgemore, 
 the vulgar, spiteful, purse-proud daughter 
 of a London merchant, living in Fish Street 
 Hill. At the house of this merchant lord 
 Abberville sees a Miss Aubrey, a hand- 
 some, modest, lady-like girl, with whom 
 he is greatly smitten. He first tries to 
 corrupt her, and then promises marriage ; 
 but Miss Aubrey is already engaged to a 
 Mr. Tyrrel. The vulgarity and ill-nature 
 of Lucinda being quite insurmountable, 
 "the fashionable lover" abandons her. 
 The chief object of the drama is to root 
 out the prejudice which Englishmen at 
 one time entertained against the Scotch, 
 and the chief character is in reality Colin 
 or Cawdie Macleod, a Scotch servant of 
 lord Abberville.— R. Cumberland (1780). 
 
 Fastolfe {Sir John), in 1 Henry VI. 
 This is not the "sir John Falstaff" of 
 huge proportions and facetious wit, but 
 the lieutenant-general of the duke of 
 Bedford, and a knight of the Garter. 
 
 Here had the conquest fully been sealed up 
 
 If sir John Fastolfei had not played the coward ; 
 
 He being in the vanward . . . 
 
 Cowardly tied, not having struck one stroke. 
 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry Yl. act i. sc. 1 (1583) 
 
 From this hattell [of Pataie, in France] departed 
 without anie stroke striken, sir John Fastolfe. . . . The 
 duke of Bedford tooke from him the image of St. Georg* 
 and bis garter.— Holinshed, ii. UOl. 
 
 Fastra'da or Fastrade, daughter of 
 
FAT. 
 
 323 
 
 FATES. 
 
 count Rodolph and Luitgarde. She was 
 one of the nine wives of Charlemagne. 
 
 Those same soft bells at even-tide 
 Rang in the ears of Charlemagne, 
 
 As seated by Fastrada's side. 
 
 At Ingelheim, in all his pride. 
 He heard their sound with secret pain. 
 
 Longfellow, Golden Legend, Ti. 
 
 Pat (The). Alfonzo II. of Portugal 
 (I iso, 1212-1223). Charles II. (le Gros) 
 of France (832-882). Louis VI. (le Gros) 
 of France (1078, 1108-1137). 
 
 Edward Bright of Essex weighed 44 
 stone (616 lbs.) at death (1720-1750). 
 David Lambert of Leicester weighed 
 above 52 stone (739 lbs.) at death (1770- 
 1809). 
 
 Fat Boy (The), Joseph or Joe, a lad 
 of astounding obesity, whose employment 
 consisted of alternate eating and sleeping. 
 Joe was in the service of Mr. Wardle. 
 He was once known to "burst into a 
 horse laugh," and was once known to 
 defer eating to say to Mary, ' ' How nice 
 you do look ! " 
 
 This was said in an admiring manner, and was so far 
 gratifying ; but still there was enough of ttie cannibal in 
 the young gentleman's eyes to render the compliment 
 doubtful. — C. Dickens, Pickwick Papers, liv. (183ti). 
 
 Fata Alci'na, sister of Fata Morga'- 
 na. She carried off Astolfo on the back 
 of a whale to her isle, but turned him 
 into a myrtle tree when she tired of him. 
 — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Fata Ar'gea ("la reina della Fata' 1 ''), 
 protectress of Floridante. 
 
 Fata Falsire'na, an enchantress in 
 the Adoni of Marini (1623). 
 
 Fata della Fonti, an enchantress, 
 from whom Mandricardo obtained the 
 arms of Hector. — Bojardo, Orlando In- 
 namorato (1495). 
 
 Fata Morga'na, sister of Arthur 
 and pupil of Merlin. She lived at the 
 bottom of a lake, and dispensed her 
 treasures to whom she willed. This fairy 
 is introduced by Bojardo in his Orlando 
 Innamorato, first as "lady Fortune," but 
 subsequently as an enchantress. In Tasso 
 her three daughters (Morganetta, Nivetta, 
 and Carvilia) are introduced. 
 
 *** "Fata Morgana" is the name 
 given to a sort of mirage occasionally 
 seen in the Straits of Messi'na. 
 
 Fata 35Tera and Fata Bianca, 
 
 protectresses of Guido'ne and Aquilante. 
 ■ — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495). 
 
 Fata Silvanella, an enchantress in 
 Orlan/Jo Innamorato, by Bojardo (1495). 
 
 Fatal Curiosity, an epilogue in 
 Bon Quixote (pt. I. iv. 5, 6). The sub- 
 ject of this tale is the trial of a wife's 
 fidelity. Anselmo, a Florentine gentle- 
 man, had married Camilla, and wishing 
 to rejoice over her incorruptible fidelity, 
 induced his friend Lothario to put it to 
 the test. The lady was not trial-proof, 
 but eloped with Lothario. The end was 
 that Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was 
 slain in battle, and Camilla died in a 
 convent (1605). 
 
 Fatal Curiosity, by George Lillo. 
 Young Wilmot, supposed to have perished 
 at sea, goes to India, and having made 
 his fortune, returns to England. He 
 instantly visits Charlotte, whom he finds 
 still faithful and devotedly attached to 
 him, and then in disguise visits his 
 parents, with whom he deposits a casket. 
 Agnes Wilmot, out of curiosity, opens 
 the casket, and when she discovers that 
 it contains jewels, she and her husband 
 resolve to murder the owner, and secure 
 the contents of the casket. Scarcely have 
 they committed the fatal deed, when 
 Charlotte enters, and tells them it is their 
 own son whom they liave killed, where- 
 upon old Wilmot first* stabs his Avife and 
 then himself. Thus, was the " curiosity " 
 of Agnes fatal to herself, her husband, 
 and her son (1736). 
 
 Fatal Dowry (The), a tragedy by 
 Philip Massinger (1632). Kowe has bor- 
 rowed much of his Fair Penitent from 
 this drama. 
 
 Fatal Marriage (The), a tragedv 
 by Thomas Southerne (1659-1746). Isa- 
 bella a nun marries Biron eldest son of 
 count Baldwin. The count disinherits 
 his son for this marriage, and Biron, 
 entering the army, is sent to the siege of 
 Candy, where he is seen to fall, and is 
 reported dead. Isabella, reduced to the 
 utmost poverty, after seven years of 
 " widowhood," prays count Baldwin to 
 help her and do something for her child, 
 but he turns her out of doors. Yilleroy 
 (2 syl.) proposes marriage to her, and 
 her acceptance of him was "the fatal 
 marriage," for the very next day Biron 
 returns, and is set upon by ruffians in the 
 pay of his brother Carlos, who assassinate 
 him. Carlos accuses Yilleroy of th« 
 murder, but one of the ruffians impeaches, 
 and Carlos is apprehended. As for Isa- 
 bella, she stabs herself and dies. 
 
 Fates. The three Fatal Sisters were 
 Clo'tho, Lachesis [Lak'.e.sis~], and At'- 
 
FATHER— SON. 
 
 324 
 
 FATJMA, 
 
 ropos. They dwelt in the deep abyss of 
 Demogorgon, "with unwearied fingers 
 drawing out the threads of life." Clotho 
 held the spindle or distaff ; Lachesis 
 drew out the thread 5 and Atropos cut it 
 off. 
 
 Sad Clotho held the rock, the whiles the thread 
 By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain, 
 
 That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid, 
 
 With cursed knife cutting the twist in twain. 
 
 Spenser, Fairy Queen, iv. 2 (1596). 
 
 Father — Son. It is a common ob- 
 servation that a father above the common 
 rate of men has usually a son below it. 
 Witness king John son of Henry II. ; 
 Edward II. son of Edward I. ; Kichard II. 
 son of the Black Prince ; Henry VI. son 
 of Henry V. ; Lord Chesterfield's son, 
 etc. So in French history: Louis VIII. 
 was the son of Philippe Auguste ; Charles 
 the Idiot was the son of Charles le Sage ; 
 Henri II. of Francois I. Again, in Ger- 
 man history : Heinrich VI. was the son 
 of Barbarossa ; Albrecht I. of Rudolf ; 
 and bo on, in all directions. Heroumfilii 
 tivxce is a Latin proverb. 
 
 My trust, 
 like a good parent, did beget of him 
 A falsehood, in its contrary as great 
 As my trust was. 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest, act i. sc. 2 (1609). 
 
 Father Suckled by His own 
 Daughter. Euphrasia, called " The 
 Grecian Daughter," thus preserved the 
 life of her father Evander in prison. 
 (See Euphrasia.) 
 
 Xantippe thus preserved the life of her 
 father Ciaionos in prison. 
 
 Father's Head Nursed "by a 
 Daughter after Death. Margaret 
 Roper "clasped in her last trance her mur- 
 dered father's head." (See Daughter.) 
 
 Father of His Country. 
 
 Cickeo, who broke up the Catiline 
 conspiracy (b'.c. 106-43). 
 
 *** The Romans offered the same title 
 to Harms after his annihilation of the 
 Teutunes and Cimbri, but he would not 
 accept it. 
 
 Julius CfflSAR, after he had quelled 
 the Spanish insurrection (n.c. 100-44). 
 
 Augustus, Pater atque Princeps (b.c. 
 03-31 to a.d. 14). 
 
 Cosmo de Medici (1389-1464). 
 
 Anuria Dorea ; called so on his 
 statue at Genoa (1468-1560). 
 
 Androni'cus Pal^eol'ogus assumed 
 the title (1260-1332). 
 
 George Washington, "Defender and 
 Paternal Counseiler of the American 
 States" (1732-1799). 
 
 Father of the People. 
 
 Louis XII. of France (1462, 1498- 
 1515). 
 
 Henri IV. of France, " The Father 
 and Friend of the People " (1553. 1589- 
 1610). 
 
 Louis XVIII. of France (1755, 1814- 
 1824). 
 
 Gabriel du Pineau, a French lawyer 
 (1573-1644). 
 
 Christian III. of Denmark (1502, 
 1534-1559). 
 
 *** For other "Fathers," see under 
 the specific name or vocation, as Botany, 
 Literature, and so on. 
 
 Fathers (Last of the), St. Bernard 
 (1091-1153). 
 
 *** The "Fathers of the Church" 
 were followed by " the Schoolmen." 
 
 Fatherless. Merlin never had a 
 father ; his mother was a nun, the 
 daughter of the king of Dimetia. 
 
 Fathom (Ferdinand count), a villain 
 who robs his benefactors, pillages any 
 one, and finally dies in misery and 
 despair. — T. Smollett, The Adventures of 
 Ferdinand count Fathom (1754). 
 
 (The gang being absent, an old bel- 
 dame conveys the count to a rude apart- 
 ment to sleep in. Here he found the 
 dead body of a man lately stabbed and 
 concealed in some straw ; and the acccuut 
 of his sensations during the night, the 
 horrid device by which he saved his life 
 (by lifting the corpse into his OAvn bed), 
 and his escape guided by the hag, is ter- 
 rifically tragic.) 
 
 The robber-soene in the old woman's hut, in Count 
 J'atUom, though often imitated since, still remains one of 
 the most impressive and agitating night-pieces of its kind. 
 — Kncyc. lirit.. Art. "Romance." 
 
 Fatima, daughter of Mahomet, and 
 one of the four perfect women. The 
 other three are Khadijah, the prophet's 
 first wife ; Mary, daughter of Imran ; 
 and Asia, wife of that Pharaoh who was 
 drowned in the Bed Sea. 
 
 Fat'ima, a holy woman of China, 
 who lived a hermit's life. There was 
 "no one affected with headache whom 
 she did not cure by simply laying her 
 hands on them." An African magician 
 induced this devotee to lend him her 
 clothes and stick, and to make him the 
 fac-simile of herself. He then murdered 
 her, and got introduced into the palace of 
 Aladdin. Aladdin, being informed of the 
 trick, pretended to have a bad headache, 
 and when the false Fatima approached 
 under the pretence of curing it, h« 
 
FATIMA. 
 
 325 
 
 FAZIO. 
 
 plunged a dagger into the heart of the 
 magician and killed him. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp "j. 
 
 Fat'ima, the mother of prince Cam aral'- 
 zaraan. Her husband was Schah'zaman 
 eultan of the "Isle of the Children of 
 Khal'edan, some twenty days' sail from 
 the coast of Persia, in the open sea." — 
 Arabian Nights (" Camaralzaman and 
 Badoura"). 
 
 Fat'ima, the last of Bluebeard's wives. 
 She was saved from death by the timely 
 arrival of her brothers with a party of 
 friends. — C. Perrault, Contes de Fees 
 (1697). 
 
 Fat'imite (3 syl). Tlie Third Fat imite, 
 the caliph Hakem B'amr-ellah, who 
 professed to be incarnate deity, and the 
 last prophet who had communication 
 between God and man. He was the 
 founder of the Druses (q.v.). 
 
 What say you does this wizard style himself— 
 Hakeem Biamrallah, the Third Fatimite? 
 
 Kobt. Browning, The Jieturn of the Druses, y. 
 
 Faulconbridge (Philip), called "the 
 Bastard," natural son of king Richard I. 
 and lady Robert Faulconbridge. An 
 admirable admixture of greatness and 
 levity, daring and recklessness. He was 
 generous and open-hearted, but hated 
 foreigners like a true-born islander. — 
 Shakespeare, King John (1596). 
 
 Faulkland, the over-anxious lover 
 of Julia [Melville], always fretting and 
 tormenting himself about her whims, 
 spirit, health, life. Every feature in the 
 sky, every shift of the wind was a source 
 of anxiety to him. If she was gay, he 
 fretted that she should care so little for 
 his absence ; if she was low-spirited, he 
 feared she was going to die ; if she 
 danced with another, he was jealous ; if 
 she didn't, she was out of sorts. — Sheri- 
 dan, The Rivals (1775). 
 
 Fault. "Faultily faultless, "icily 
 regular, splendidly null." Tennyson so 
 describes his " Maud." 
 
 Fault-bag. A fable says that every 
 man has a bag hanging before him in 
 Avhich he puts his neighbours' faults, and 
 another behind him in which he stows 
 his own. 
 
 Oh that you could turn your eye=; towards the napes of 
 your necks, and make but an interior survey of your good 
 selves !— Shakespeare, Coriolantu act i_L.sc. 1 (1609). 
 
 Faultless Painter (The), Andrea 
 del Sarto (1488-1530).— 1{. Browning, 
 Andrea del Sarto. 
 
 Faun. Tennyson uses this sylvan 
 deity of the classics as the symbo* of a 
 drunkard. 
 
 Arise and fly 
 The reeling Faun, the sensual feast 
 
 In Memoriam, exviii, 
 
 Faust, a famous magician of the six- 
 teenth century, a native of Suabia. A 
 rich uncle having left him a fortune, 
 Faust ran to every excess, and when his 
 fortune was exhausted, made a pact with 
 the devil (Avho assumed the name of 
 Mephistoph'eles, and the appearance of a 
 little grey monk) that if he might in- 
 dulge his propensities freely for twenty- 
 four years, he would at the end of that 
 period consign to the devil both body and 
 soul. The compact terminated in 1550, 
 when Faust disappeared. His sweetheart 
 was Margheri'ta [ Murgare t~\ , whom he 
 seduced, and his faithful servant was 
 Wagner. 
 
 Goethe has a noble tragedy entitled 
 Faust (1798) ; Gounod an opera called 
 Faust e Margherita (1859). (See Faustus.) 
 
 Faustus (Dr.), the same as Faust ; 
 but Marlowe, in his admirable tragedy, 
 makes the doctor sell himself to Lucifer 
 and Mephistophilis. 
 
 When Faustus staivis on the brink of everlasting ruin, 
 waiting for the fatal moment ... a scene of enchanting 
 interest, fervid passion, and overwhelming pathos, carriea 
 captive the sternest heart, and proclaims the first triumph 
 of the tnigic poet.— R. Chambers, English Literature, L 
 
 *** W. Bayle Bernard, of Boston, 
 U.S. America, has a tragedy on the same 
 subject. 
 
 Favori'ta (La), Leonora de Guzman, 
 "favourite" of Alfonzo XI. of Castile. 
 Ferdinando fell in love with her ; and the 
 king, to save himself from excommunica- 
 tion, sanctioned the marriage. But when 
 Ferdinando learned that Leonora was the 
 king's mistress, he rejected the alliance 
 with indignation, and became a monk. 
 Leonora also became a novice in the same 
 monastery, saw Ferdinando, obtained his 
 forgiveness, and died. — Donizetti, La 
 Favor ita (an opera, 1842). 
 
 Paw (Tibbie), the ostler's wife, in 
 Wandering Willie's tale.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Redgauntlet (time, George 111.). 
 
 Faw'nia, the lady beloved by Doras- 
 tus. — R. Greene, Pandosto, the "Triumph 
 of Time (1588). 
 
 *** Skakespeare founded his Winter's 
 Tale on Greene's romance. 
 
 Fazio, a Florentine, who first tried to 
 make a fortune by alchemy, but being 
 
FEA. 
 
 326 
 
 FEINAIGLE. 
 
 present when Bartoldo died, he buried 
 the body secretly, and stole the miser's 
 money-bags. Being now rich, he passed 
 his time with the marchioness Aldabella 
 in licentious pleasure, and his wife 
 Bianca, out of jealousy, accused him to 
 the duke of being privy to Bartoldo's 
 death. For this offence Fazio was con- 
 demned to die ; and Bianca, having tried 
 in vain to save him, went mad with grief, 
 and died of a broken heart. — Dean Mil- 
 man, Fazio (1815). 
 
 Fea (Euphanc), the old housekeeper 
 of the old udaller at Burgh- Westra. (A 
 "udaller" is one who holds land by 
 allodial tenure.)— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Fear Fortress, nearSaragossa. An 
 allegorical bogie fort, conjured np by 
 fear, which vanishes as it is courageously 
 approached and boldly besieged. 
 
 If a child disappeared, or any cattle were carried off, 
 the frightened peasants said, "The lord of Fear Fortress 
 has taken them." If a fire broke out anywhere, it was 
 the lord of Fear Fortress who must have lit it The origin 
 of all accidents, mishaps, and disasters, was traced to the 
 mysterious owner of this invisible castle. — L'Epine, 
 Croqucmitaine, Hi. 1. 
 
 Fearless {The), Jean due de Bour- 
 goigne, called Sans Pcur (1371-1419). 
 
 Feast of Reason, etc. 
 
 There St. John mingles with the friendly bowl, 
 The feast of reason and the flow of soul. 
 Pope, Sat., L { "Imitations of Horace "), 1-7-8 (1734). 
 
 Feast — Death. "Let us eat and 
 drink, for to-morrow we die " (1 Cor. xv. 
 32), in allusion to the words spoken in 
 certain Egyptian feasts, when a mummy 
 or the semblance of a dead body was 
 drawn in a litter round the room before 
 the assembled guests, while a herald cried 
 aloud, " Gaze here, and drink, and be 
 merry ; for when you die, such will you 
 be." (See Remember You are 
 Mortal.) 
 
 *** E. Long (Academician) exhibited 
 a painting (12 feet by 6 feet) of this 
 custom, in the Roya' Academy exhibi- 
 tion, 1877. 
 
 Featherhead (John), Esq., an op- 
 ponent of sir Thomas Kittlecourt, M.P. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Gay Manncring (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Fee and Fairy. Fee is the more 
 general term, including the latter. The 
 Arabian Nights are not all fairy tales, 
 but they are all fee tales or '««f« desfe>s. 
 So again, the Ossianic tales, Campbell's 
 Tales of the West High/a uls, the my- 
 thological tales of the Barnes, Irish, 
 
 Scandinavians, Germans, French, etc., 
 may all be ranged under fee talea. 
 
 Feeble (Francis), a woman's tailor, 
 and one of the recruits of sir John Fal- 
 staff. Although a thin, starveling yard- 
 wand of a man, he expresses great 
 willingness to be drawn. Sir John com- 
 pliments him as " courageous Feeble," 
 and says to him, "Thou wilt be as 
 valiant as the wrathful dove, or most 
 magnanimous mouse . . . most forcible 
 Feeble." — Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act 
 iii. sc. 2 (1598). 
 
 Feeder (Mr.), B.A., usher in the 
 school of Dr. Blimber of Brighton. He 
 was "a kind of human barrel-organ, which 
 played only one tune." He was in the 
 habit of shaving his head to keep it cool. 
 Mr. Feeder married Miss Blimber, the 
 doctor's daughter, and succeeded to the 
 school. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
 (1846). 
 
 Feenix, nephew of the Hon. Mrs. 
 Skewton (mother of Edith, Mr. Dombey's 
 second wife). Feenix was a very old 
 gentleman, patched up to look as much 
 like a young fop as possible. 
 
 Cousin Feenix was a man about town forty years ago; 
 but he is still so juvenile in figure and manner that 
 strangers are amazed when they discover latent wrinkles 
 in his lordship's face, and crows' feet in his eyes. But 
 cousin Feenix getting up at half-past seven, is quite 
 another thing from cou.-in Feenix got up.— C. Dickens. 
 Dombey and Son, xxxi. (1840). 
 
 Feet like Mice. 
 
 Her feet beneath her petticoat. 
 Like little mice stole in and out, 
 A- i:' lliey feared the light. 
 Sir John Suckling, The Wedding (died 1641). 
 
 Feign well (Colonel), the suitor of 
 Anne Lovely, an heiress. Anne Lovely 
 had to obtain the consent of her four 
 guardians before she could marry. One 
 was an old beau, another a virtuoso, a 
 third a broker on 'Change, and the fourth 
 a canting quaker. The colonel made him- 
 self agreeable to all. and carried off his 
 prize. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for 
 a Wife (1717). 
 
 Andrew Cherry |17'">!>-1812]. His fir>t character was 
 "colonel Feignwell," an arduous task for a boy of 17: but he 
 obtained great applause, and the manager of the sharing 
 company, after passing many encomiums on his exertions, 
 presented him vrith tenpence halfpenny, as his dividend 
 of the profits of the night's performance. — Percy, a nee- 
 dote*. 
 
 Feinai'gle (Gregory de), a German 
 mnemonist (17(55-1820). lie obtained 
 some success by his aids to memory, but 
 in Paris he was an object of ridicule. 
 
 Her memory was amine . . . 
 
 For bur ireinais-'le's was :> useless art 
 
 Bvron, Don Juan, i. 11 (181W. 
 
FELICE. 
 
 327 
 
 FENELLA. 
 
 Felice, wife of sir Guy of Warwick, 
 said to have " the same high forehead as 
 Venus." 
 
 Felic'ian {Father), the catholic priest 
 and schoolmaster of Grand Pro, in Acadia 
 (now called Nova Scotia). He accom- 
 panied Evangeline in part of her wander- 
 ings to find Gabriel her affianced husband. 
 — Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). 
 
 Felicians {The), the happy nation. 
 TheFelicians live under a free sovereignty, 
 where the laws are absolute. Felicia 
 is the French "Utopia." — Mercier de la 
 Riviere, L 1 Heureuse Nation (1767). 
 
 Feliciano de Sylva, don Quixote's 
 favourite author. The two following 
 extracts were in his opinion unsurpassed 
 and unsurpassable : — 
 
 The reason, most adored one, of your unreasonable 
 unreasonableness hath so unreasonably unseated my 
 reason, that I have no reasonable reason for reasoning 
 against such unreasonableness. 
 
 The bright heaven of your divinity that lifts you to the 
 stars, most celestial of women, renders you deserving 
 of every desert which your charms so deservedly deserve. 
 —Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 8 (1605). 
 
 Felix, a monk who listened to the 
 singing of a milk-white bird for a hundred 
 years ; which length of time seemed to 
 him "but a single hour," so enchanted 
 was he with the song. — Longfellow, The 
 Gulden Legend. (See also Hildesheim.) 
 
 Felix {Don), son of don Lopez. He 
 was a Portuguese nobleman, in love with 
 Violante ; but Violante's father, don Pedro, 
 intended to make her a nun. Donna 
 Isabella, having fled from home to avoid 
 a marriage disagreeable to her, took 
 refuge with Violante ; and when colonel 
 Briton called at the house to see donna 
 Isabella, her brother don Felix was 
 jealous, believing that Violante was the 
 object of his visits. Violante kept " her 
 friend's secret," even at the risk of losing 
 her lover ; but ultimately the mystery 
 was cleared up, and a double marriage 
 took place. — Mrs. Centlivre, The Wo?ider 
 (1714). 
 
 Felix {M. Minucius), a Roman lawyer, 
 who flourished a.d. 230 ; he wrote a 
 dialogue entitled Octavius, which occupies 
 a conspicuous place among the early 
 Apologies of Christianity. 
 
 Like Menucius Felix, she believed that evil demons hid 
 themselves in the marbles [statues].— Ouida, Ariadne, 
 
 Felix {St.), of Burgundy, who converted 
 Sigbert (Sigebert or Sabert) king of the 
 
 East Saxons (a.d. 604). — Ethelwerd, 
 
 Chronicles, v. 
 
 So Burgundy to us three men most reverend bare . . . 
 Of which was Felix first, who in th' East. Saxon reign 
 Converted to the faith king Sigbert. Him again 
 EnsuethAnselm . . . and Hugh . . .[bishop of Lincoln^ 
 Drayton, Polyolbien, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Fe'lixmar'te (4 syl.) of Hyrcania, 
 son of Flo'risan and Martedi'na, the hero 
 of a Spanish romance of chivalry. The 
 curate in Don Quixote condemned this 
 work to the flames. — Melchior de Orteza, 
 Cabal lero de Ubeda (1566). 
 
 Fell {Dr.). Tom Brown, being in dis- 
 
 grace, was set bv Dr. Fell, dean of Christ 
 hurch (1625-1686), to translate the 
 thirty-third epigram of Martial. 
 
 Non amo te, Zabldi, nee possum dicere quare ; 
 Hoc tan turn possuc dicere, non amo te. 
 
 Which he rendered thus : 
 
 I do not like thee, Dr. Fell— 
 The reason why I cannot tell ; 
 But this I know, and know full well, 
 I do not like thee, Dr FelL 
 
 Feltliam {Black), a highwayman 
 with captain Colepepper or Peppercull 
 (the Alsatian bully).— Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Femmes Savantes {Les), women 
 who go in for women's rights, science, 
 and philosophy, to the neglect of 
 domestic duties and wifely amenities. 
 The " blue-stockings "are (1) Philaminte 
 (3 syl.) the mother of Henriette, who 
 discharges one of her servants because she 
 speaks bad grammar ; (2) Armande (2 syl.) 
 sister of Henriette, who advocates platonic 
 love and science ; and (3) Be'lise sister 
 of Philaminte, who sides with her in ail 
 things, but imagines that every one is in 
 love with her. Henriette, who has no 
 sympathy with these "lofty flights," is 
 in love with Clitandre, but Philaminte 
 wants her to marry Trissotin, a bel esprit. 
 However, the father loses his property 
 through the "savant" proclivities of his 
 wife, Trissotin retires, and Clitandre 
 marries Henriette the " perfect " or 
 thorough woman. — Moliere, Les Femmes 
 Savantes (1672). 
 
 Fenella, alias Zarah (daughter of 
 Edward Christian), a pretended deaf and 
 dumb fairy-like attendant on the countess 
 of Derby. The character seems to have 
 been suggested by that of Mignon, the 
 Italian girl in Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's 
 Apprenticeship. — Sir W. Scott, Feveril of 
 the Peak (time, Charles II'.). 
 
 Let it be tableaux vivants. and I will appear as ' 
 — Fercy Fitzgerald, Parvenu family, UL 22a. 
 
FEN ELLA. 
 
 328 
 
 FERGUS. 
 
 Fenella, a deaf and dumb girl, sister 
 of Masaniello the fisherman. She was 
 seduced by Alfonso, son of the duke of 
 Arcos ; and Masaniello resolved to kill 
 him. He accordingly headed an insur- 
 rection, and met with such great success 
 that the mob made him chief magistrate 
 of Portlci, but afterwards shot him. 
 Fenella, on hearing of her brother's death, 
 threw herself into the crater of Vesuvius. 
 ■ — Auber, Masaniello (an opera, 1831). 
 
 Fenris. the demon wolf of Niflhcim. 
 "When he gapes one jaw touches the earth 
 and the other heaven. This monster Will 
 swallow up Odin at the day of doom. 
 (Often but incorrectly written Fenrir.) — 
 Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Fenton, the lover of Anne Page, 
 daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Page, gentle- 
 folks living at Windsor. Fenton is of 
 good birth, and seeks to marry a fortune 
 to "heal his poverty." In " sweet Anne 
 Page" he soon discovers that which 
 makes him love her for herself more than 
 for her money — Shakespeare, Merry 
 Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. 4 (1G01). 
 
 Ferad-Artho, son of Cairbre, and 
 only surviving descendant of the line of 
 Conar (the first king of Ireland). On 
 the death of Cathmor (brother of the 
 rebel Cairbar) in battle, Ferad-Artho was 
 placed by Fingal on the throne as "king 
 of Ireland." The race was thus : (1) 
 Conar (a Caledonian) ; (2) CormacL, his 
 Bon ; (3) Cairbre, his son ; (4) Artho, his 
 Bon ; (5) Cormac II., his son (a minor) ; 
 ((>) Ferad-Artho, his cousin. — Ossian, 
 Femora, vii. 
 
 Fer'amorz, the young Cashmerian 
 poet who relates poetical tales to Lalla 
 liookh on her journey from Delhi to 
 Lesser Bucharia. Lalla is going to be 
 married to the young sultan, but falls in 
 love with the poet. On the wedding 
 morn she is led to her bridegroom, and 
 finds with unspeakable joy that the poet 
 is the sultan himself. — T. Moore, Lalla 
 Eookh (1817). 
 
 Ferda, son of Damman, chief of a 
 hundred hills in Albion. Ferda was the 
 friend of Cuthullin general of the Irish 
 forces in the time of king Cormac I. 
 Deuga'la (spouse of Cairbar) loved the 
 youth, and told her husband if he would 
 not divide the herd she would no longer 
 live withhim. Cuthullin, being appointed 
 to make the division, enraged the lady by 
 assigning a snow-white bull to the 
 husband, whereupon Deugala induced 
 
 her lover to challenge Cuthullin to mortal 
 combat. Most unwillingly the two 
 friends fought, and Ferda fell. "The 
 sunbeam of battle fell — the first of 
 Cuthullin's friends. Unhappy [unlucky] 
 is the hand of Cuthullin since the hero 
 fell." — Ossian, Fingal, ii. 
 
 Ferdinand, king of Navarre. He 
 agreed with three young lords to spond 
 three years in severe study, during which 
 time no woman was to approach his 
 court ; but no sooner was the agreement 
 made than he fell in love with the 
 princess of France. In consequence of 
 the death of her father, the lady deferred 
 the marriage for twelve months and a 
 day. 
 
 ... the sole inheritor 
 Of all perfections that a man may owe [ovm\ 
 Matchless Navarre. 
 
 Shakespeare, love's labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Fer'dinand, son of Alonso king of 
 Naples. He falls in love with Miranda, 
 daughter of Prospero the exiled duke 
 of Milan. — Shakespeare, The Tempest 
 (1609). 
 
 Haply so 
 Mirander's hope had pictured Ferdinand 
 Long ere the gaunt wave tossed him on the shore. 
 Lowell. 
 
 Ferdinand, a fiery young Spaniard, in 
 love with Leonora.— Jephson, Two Strings 
 to your Bow (1792). 
 
 Ferdinand (Don), the son of don 
 Jerome of Seville, in love with Clara 
 d'Almanza, daughter of don Guzman. — 
 Sheridan, The Duenna (1773). 
 
 Ferdinan'do, a brave soldier who, 
 having won the battle of Tari'fa, in 1340, 
 was created count of Zamo'ra and marquis 
 of Montreal. The king, Alfonzo XL, 
 knowing his love for Leonora de Guzman, 
 gave him the bride in marriage ; but no 
 sooner was this done than Ferdinando 
 discovered that she was the king's 
 mistress, so he at once repudiated her, 
 restored his ranks and honours to the 
 king, and retired to the monastery of St. 
 James de Compostella. Leonora entered 
 the same monastery as a novice, obtained 
 the pardon of Ferdinando, and died. — 
 Donizetti, La Favori'ta (1842). 
 
 Fergus, fourth son of Fingai, and 
 the only one that had issue at the death of 
 his father. Ossian, the eldest brother, had 
 a son named Oscar, but Oscar was slain at 
 a feast by Cairbar " lord of Atha ; " and 
 of the other two brothers, Fillan was slain 
 before he had married, and Ryno, though 
 married, died without issue. 
 
FERGUS. 
 
 329 
 
 FERRARDO. 
 
 According to tradition, Fergus (son of 
 Fingal) was the father of Congal ; Congal 
 of Arcath; and Arcath of Fergus II., 
 •with whom begins the real history of the 
 Scots. — Ossian. 
 
 Fergus, son of Rossa, a brave hero in 
 the army of Cuthullin general of the 
 Irish tribes. 
 
 Fergus, first in our joy at the feast ; son of Rossa ; arm 
 of death.— Ossian, Fingal, L 
 
 Fcr'gus is another form of FerrXgus or 
 Ferracute, the Portuguese giant. (See 
 Feuracute.) 
 
 Fern (Fanny), the pseudonym of Sarah 
 Tayson Willis, afterwards Eldredge, 
 afterwards Farmington, afterwards Par- 
 tem, sister of N. P. Willis, an American 
 (1811-1872). 
 
 Fern (Will), a poor fellow who, being 
 found asleep in a shed, is brought before 
 alderman Cute. He says emphatically 
 ''he must be put down." The poor 
 fellow takes charge of his brother's child, 
 and is both honest and kind, but, alas ! 
 he dared to fall asleep in a shed, an 
 offence which must be "put down." — C. 
 Dickens, The Chimes, third quarter 
 (1844). 
 
 Fernan Cabal'lero, the pseudonym 
 of Cecilia Bb'hl de Faber, a Spanish 
 novelist (1797-1877). 
 
 Fernando, son of John of Proclda, 
 and husband of Isoline (3 syl.) daughter 
 of the French governor of Messina. The 
 butchery of the Sicilian Vespers occurred 
 the night after their espousals. Fernando 
 A'as among the slain, and Isoline died of 
 a broken heart. — S. Knowles, John of 
 Frocida (1840). 
 
 Fernando (Don), youngest son of the 
 duke Ricardo. Gay, handsome, generous, 
 and polite; but faithless to his friend Car- 
 denio, for, contrary to the lady's inclina- 
 tion, and in violation of every principle 
 of honour, he prevailed on Lucinda's 
 father to break off the betrothal between 
 his daughter and Cardenio, and to bestow 
 the lady on himself. On the wedding 
 day Lucinda was in a swoon, and a letter 
 informed, the bridegroom that she was 
 married already to Cardenio ; she then left 
 the house privately, and retired to a con- j 
 vent. Don Fernando, having entered the 
 convent, carried her off, but stopping at 
 an inn, found there Dorothea his wife, 
 with Cardenio the husband of Lucinda, and 
 the two parties paired off with their re- 
 
 spective spouses. — Cervantes, DonQuixote % 
 I. iv. (1G05). 
 
 Fcrnan'do, a Venetian captain, servant 
 to Annophel (daughter of the governor of 
 Candy). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Laws of Candy (1647). 
 
 i-ernan'do [Florestax] , a State prisoner 
 of Seville, married to Leonora, who (in 
 boy's attire and under the name of Fidelio) 
 became the servant of Roeco the jailer. 
 Pizarro, governor of the jail, conceived a 
 hatred to the State prisoner, and resolved 
 to murder him, so Rocco and Leonora 
 were sent to dig his grave. The arrival 
 of the minister of state put an end to the 
 infamous design, and Fernando was set 
 at liberty.— Beethoven, Fidelio (1791). 
 
 Ferney (The Fatriarch of), Voltaire ; 
 so called because he lived in retirement 
 at Ferney, near Geneva (1G94-1778). 
 
 Ferquhard Day, the absentee from 
 the clan Chattan at the combat. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Fer'raeute, a giant who had the 
 strength of forty men, and was thirty-six 
 feet high. He was slain by Orlando, 
 who wounded him in the navel, his only 
 vulnerable part. — Turpin, Chronicle of 
 Charlemagne. 
 
 *** Ferracute is the prototype of 
 Pulei's "Morgante," in his hcroi-comic 
 poem entitled Morgante Maggiore (1494). 
 
 Fer'ragus,the Portuguese giant, who 
 took Bellisant under his care after her 
 divorce from Alexander emperor of Con- 
 stantinople. — Valentine and Orson (fif- 
 teenth century). 
 
 My sire's tall form might grace the part 
 Of Ferragus or Aseapai t. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Fer'ramond (Sir), a knight, whose 
 lady-love was Lucida. 
 
 Ferrand de Vaudemont (Count), 
 due de Lorraine, son of Rene king of 
 Provence. He first appears disguised as 
 Laurence Neipperg. — Sir W. Scott, A7ine 
 of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Ferrardo [Goxzaga], reigning duke 
 of Mantua in the absence of his cousin 
 Leonardo. He was a villain, and tried to 
 prove Mariana (the bride of Leonardo) 
 guilty of adultery. His scheme was this : 
 He made Julian St. Pierre drunk with 
 drugged wine, and in his sleep conveyed 
 him to the duke's bed, throwing his scarf 
 under the bed of the duchess, which was 
 in an adjoining chamber. He then re- 
 
FERRAU. 
 
 FIDELIO. 
 
 realed these proofs of guilt to his cousin 
 Leonardo, but Leonardo refused to believe 
 in his wife's guilt, and Julian St. Pierre 
 exposed the whole scheme of villainy, 
 amply vindicating the innocence of 
 Mariana, who turned out to be Julian's 
 sister.— S. Knowles, The Wife (1833). 
 
 Ferrau, a Saracen, son of Landf u'sa. 
 Having dropped his helmet in a river, he 
 vowed never to wear another till he Avon 
 that worn by Orlando. Orlando slew him 
 by a wound in the navel, his only vul- 
 nerable part. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Ferraugh (Sir), introduced in bk. iii. 
 8, but without a name, as carrying off 
 the false Florimel from Braggadoccio. 
 In bk. iv. 2, the name is given. He 
 is there overthrown by sir Blanda- 
 mour, who takes away with him the false 
 Florimel, the lad} r of snow and wax. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen (1590, 159G). 
 
 Ferret, an avaricious, mean-spirited 
 slanderer, who blasts by innuendoes, and 
 blights by hints and cautions. He hates 
 young Heartall, and misinterprets all his 
 generous acts, attributing his benevolence 
 to hush-money. The rascal is at last 
 found out and foiled. — Cherry, The 
 Soldier's Daughter (1804). 
 
 Ferrex, eldest son of Gorboduc a 
 legendary king of Britain. Being driven 
 by his brother Porrex from the kingdom, 
 he "returned with a large army, but was 
 defeated and slain by Porrex. — Gorboduc, 
 a tragedy by Thorn. Norton and Thorn. 
 Sackville (1561). 
 
 Fetnab (" tormentor of hearts'' 1 ), the 
 favourite of the caliph Haroun-al-Rasehid. 
 While the caliph was absent in his wars, 
 Zobeide (3 syl.), the caliph's wife, out of 
 jealousy, ordered Fetnab to be buried alive. 
 Ganem happened accidentally to see the 
 interment, rescued her, and took her 
 home to his own private lodgings in 
 Bagdad. The caliph, on his return, 
 mourned for Fetnab as dead ; but receiving 
 from her a letter of explanation, he became 
 jealous of Ganem, and ordered him to be 
 put to death. Ganem, however, contrived 
 to escape. When the 'lit of jealousy was 
 over, the caliph heard the facts plainly 
 stated, whereupon he released Fetnab, 
 gave her in marriage to Ganem, and 
 appointed the young man to a very lucra- 
 tive postabout"the court. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Ganem, the Slave of Love "). 
 
 Fe'zon, daughter of Savary duke of 
 
 Aquitaine. The Green Knight, who was 
 a pagan, demanded her in marriage, but 
 Orson (brother of Valentine), called "The 
 Wild Man of the Forest," overthrew 
 the pagan and married Fezon. — Valentine 
 and Orson (fifteenth century). 
 
 Fiammetta, a lady beloved by Boc- 
 caccio, supposed to be Maria, daughter of 
 Robert king of Naples. (See Lovers.) 
 (Italian, fiamma, "a little flame.") 
 
 Fib, an attendant on queen Mab. — 
 Drayton, Nymphidia. 
 
 Fiction. Father of Modern Prose 
 Fiction, Daniel Defoe (1663-1731). 
 
 Fiddler (Oliver's). Sir Roger 1' Es- 
 trange was so called, because at one time 
 he was playing a riddle or viole in the 
 house of John Hingston, where Crom- 
 well was one of the guests (1616-1704). 
 
 Fiddler Joss, Mr. Joseph Poole, a 
 reformed drunkard, who subsequently 
 turned preacher in London, but retained 
 his former sobriquet. 
 
 Fiddler's Green, the Elysium of 
 sailors ; a land flowing with rum and 
 limejuice; a land of perpetual music, 
 mirth, dancing, drinking, and tobacco ; a 
 sort of Dixie's Land or land of the leal. 
 
 Fide'le (3 syl.), the name assumed by 
 Imogen, when, attired in boy's clothes, she 
 started for Milford Haven to meet her 
 husband Posthumus. — Shakespeare, Cym- 
 beline (1605). 
 
 *** Collins has a beautiful elegy on 
 " Fidele." 
 
 Fidelia, " the foundling." She is 
 in reality Harriet, the daughter of sir 
 Charles Raymond, but her mother dying 
 in childbirth, she was committed to the 
 charge of a governante. The governante 
 sold the child, at the age of 12, to one 
 Villiard, and then wrote to sir Charles 
 to say that she was dead. One night, 
 Charles Belmont, passing by, heard cries 
 of distress, and going to the rescue took 
 the girl home as a companion to his 
 sister. He fell in love with her ; the 
 governante, on her death-bed, told the 
 story of her infamy ; and Charles married 
 the foundling. — Ed. Moore, The Foundlinj 
 (1748). 
 
 Fide'lio, Leono'ra, wife of Fernando 
 Florestan. She assumed the name o£ 
 Fidelio, and dressed in male attire when 
 her husband was a State prisoner, that she 
 might enter the service of Rocco th« 
 
FIDES. 
 
 331 
 
 FIELDING'S PROVERBS. 
 
 jailer, and hold intercourse with her 
 husband. — Beethoven, Fidelio (1791). 
 
 Fides (2 syl.), mother of John of 
 Leyden. Believing that the prophet- 
 ruler of Westphalia had caused her son's 
 death, she went to Munster to curse him. 
 Seeing the ruler pass, she recognized in 
 him her own son ; but the son pretended 
 not to know his mother, and Fides, to 
 save him anno} r ance, professed to have 
 mads a mistake. She was put into a 
 dungeon, where John visited her, and when 
 he set fire to his palace, Fides rushed into 
 the flames, and both perished together. — 
 Meyerbeer, Le Prophete (1849). 
 
 Fidessa, the companion of Sansfoy ; 
 but when the Red Cross Knight slew that 
 "faithless Saracen," Fidessa told him she 
 was the only daughter of an emperor of 
 1 taly ; that she wa3 betrothed to a rich 
 and wise king ; and that her betrothed 
 being slain, she had set forth to find the 
 body, in order that she might decently 
 inter it. She said that in her wander- 
 ings Sansfoy had met her and com- 
 pelled her to be his companion ; but she 
 thanked the knight for having come to 
 her rescue. The Red Cross Knight, 
 wholly deluded by this plausible tale, 
 assured Fidessa of his sympathy and pro- 
 tection ; but she turned out to be Duessa, 
 the daughter of Falsehood and Shame. 
 The sequel must be sought under the 
 word Duessa. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 i. 2 (1590). 
 
 Fi'do, Faith personified, the foster-son 
 of AcOe ("hearing," Rom. x. 17); his 
 foster-sister is Meditation. Fully de- 
 scribed in canto ix. of The Purple 'islaud 
 (1633), by Phineas Fletcher. (Latin, 
 fides, "faith.") 
 
 Field of Blood, Aceldama, the 
 plot of land purchased by the thirty 
 pieces of silver which Judas had received 
 of the high priest, and which he threw 
 down in the Temple when he saw that 
 Jesus was condemned to death. — Matt. 
 xxvii. 5. 
 
 Field of Blood, the battle-field of 
 Cannre, where Hannibal, B.C. 216, de- 
 feated the Romans with very great 
 slaughter. 
 
 Field- of Mourning, a battle-field 
 near the city of Aragon. The battle was 
 fought July 17, 1134, between the 
 Christians and the Moors. 
 
 Field of Peterloo, the site of an 
 attack made by the military upon a reform 
 
 meeting held in St. Peter's Field, Man- 
 chester, August 16, 1819. As many as 
 60,000 persons were wounded in this 
 absurd attack. The word is a burlesque 
 on Waterloo. 
 
 Battles and bloodshed, September massacres, bridges of 
 lodi. retreats of Moscow, Waterloos, Peterloos, teu-pound 
 franchises, tar-barrels, and guillotines.— Carlyle. 
 
 Field of the Cloth of Gold, a 
 
 large plain between Ardres and Guisnes 
 [G-heeri], where Francois I. interviewed 
 Henry VIII. in 1520. 
 
 They differ, as a May-day procession of chimney- 
 sweepers differs from The Field of the Cloth of Gold. — 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Field of the Forty Footsteps, 
 
 at the back of the British Museum, once 
 called 'Southampton Fields. The tra- 
 dition is that two brothers, in the Mon- 
 mouth rebellion, took different sides, and 
 engaged each other in fight. Both were 
 killed, and forty impressions of their feet 
 were traceable in the field for years 
 afterwards. 
 
 *** The Misses Porter wrote a novel 
 called The Field of the Fort;/ Footsteps, 
 and the Messrs. Mayhew took the same 
 subject for a melodrama. 
 
 Fielding (Mrs.), a little querulous 
 old lady with a peevish face, who, in con- 
 sequence of having once been better off, 
 or of labouring under the impression that 
 she might have been if something in the 
 indigo trade had happened differently, 
 was very genteel and patronizing indeed. 
 When she dressed for a party, she wore 
 gloves, and a cap of state " almost as 
 tall and quite as stiff as a mitre." 
 
 May Fielding, her daughter, very pretty 
 and innocent. She was engaged to 
 Edward Plummer, but heard that he had 
 died in South America, and consented 
 to marry Tackleton the toy merchant. A 
 few days before the day fixed for the 
 wedding, Edward Plummer returned, and 
 they were married. Tackleton gave them 
 as a present the cake he had ordered 
 for his own wedding feast. — C. Dickens, 
 The Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 
 
 Fielding of the Drama, George 
 Farquhar, author of The Beaux' Stratagem, 
 etc. (1678-1707). 
 
 Fielding's Proverbs. These were 
 in reality compiled by W. Henry Ireland, 
 the Shakespeare impostor, who published 
 Miscellaneous Papers and Instruments, 
 under the hand and seal of William 
 Shakespeare, including the tragedy of King 
 Lear and a small fragtneni of Bamlei t 
 
FIERABRAS. 
 
 332 
 
 FILIO-QUE. 
 
 from, the original, 1796, folio, £4 4s. The 
 *rhole a barefaced forgery, 
 
 Fierabras (Sir) [_Fe.d'.ra.braK], a 
 8araeeit of Spain, who made himself 
 master of Rome, and carried away the 
 crown of thorns and the balsam with 
 which the Lord had been embalmed. His 
 chief exploit was to slay the giant who 
 guarded the bridge of Mantible, which 
 had thirty arches, all of black marble. 
 Bai'and of Spain assumed the name of sir 
 Fierabras. 
 
 Balsam of Fierabras, the balsam used 
 in embalming the body of Christ, stolen 
 by sir Fierabras. It possessed such vir- 
 tues that one single drop, taken inter- 
 nally, sufficed to heal the most malignant 
 wound. 
 
 Fierabras of Alexandria, the 
 
 greatest giant that ever walked the earth. 
 He possessed all Babylon, even to the 
 Bed Sea, was seigneur of Russia, lord of 
 Cologne, master of Jerusalem, and of the 
 Holy Sepulchre. This huge giant ended 
 his days in the odour of sanctity, " meek 
 as a lamb, and humble as he was meek." 
 
 Fierce (The), Alexander I. of Scot- 
 land. So called from the impetuosity of 
 his temper (*, 1107-112-1). 
 
 Fiesco, the chief character of Schiller's 
 tragedy so called. The poet makes Fiesco 
 killed by the hand of Verri'na the repub- 
 lican ; but history says his death was the 
 result of a stumble from a plank (1783). 
 
 Fig Sunday, Palm Sunday. So 
 called from the custom of eating figs on 
 this day, as snapdragons on Christmas 
 Eve, plum-pudding on Christmas Day, 
 oranges and barley sugar on St. Valen- 
 tine's Eve, pancakes on Shrove Tuesday, 
 salt cod-fish on Ash Wednesday, fru- 
 menty on Mothering Sunday (Mid-lent), 
 cross-buns on Good Friday, gooseberry 
 tart on Whit Sunday, goose on Michael- 
 mas Day, nuts on All -Hallows, and so on. 
 
 Figs of Holvan. Holvan is a 
 stream of Persia, and the Persians say 
 its figs are not be equalled in the whole 
 world. 
 
 Luscious as the figs of Holvan. 
 
 Saudi, Oulistan (thirteenth century)- 
 
 Fig'aro, a barber of extraordinary 
 cunning, dexterity, and intrigue. — Beau- 
 marchais, Barbier de Seville (1775). 
 
 Fig'aro, a valet, who outwits everv ore 
 by his dexterity and cunning. — Beau- 
 marchais, Mariage de Figaro (1784). 
 
 *** Several operas have been founded 
 
 on these two comedies : e.g. Mozart's 
 Nozze di Figaro (1786) ; Paisiello's 11 
 Bcxrbiere di Siviglia (1810) ; Rossini's // 
 Barbiere di Siviglia (1816). 
 
 Fig'aro, the sweetheart of Susan 
 (favourite waiting-woman of the countess 
 Almaviva). Figaro is never so happy as 
 when he has two or three plots in hand. — 
 T. Holcroft, The Follies of a Bay (1745 
 1809). J ^ 
 
 Fights and Buns Away (He 
 
 that). 
 
 He that fights and runs away 
 May live to fight another day; 
 But he that is in battie slain 
 Can never rise to fight again. 
 Sir John Meniiis, Mumrum Delicice (1656). 
 
 *** Demosthenes, being reproached for 
 running away from the battle of Choe- 
 
 ronea, replied, avr,^ 6 #£1/70)1/ Kai irdXtv fxa- 
 
 xh^erai (" a man who runs aw r ay may fight 
 again"). 
 
 Those that fly may fight again, 
 Which he can never do that's slain. 
 
 S. Butler, Uudibras, iii. 3 (1678). 
 
 Fighting Prelate (The), Henry 
 Spencer, bishop of Norwich. He opposed 
 the rebels under Wat Tyler with the tem- 
 poral sword, absolved them, and then sent 
 them to the gibbet. In 1383 he went to 
 assist the burghers of Ghent in their con- 
 test with the count of Flanders. 
 
 The bishop of Norwich, the famous "Fighting Pro. 
 late," had led an army into Flanders. — Lord Carapbeil. 
 
 Filch, a lad brought up as a pick- 
 pocket. Mrs. Peachum says, "He hath 
 as fine a hand at picking a pocket as a 
 woman, and is as nimble-fingered as a 
 juggler. If an unlucky session does not 
 cut the rope of thy life, I pronounce, bo}', 
 thou wilt be a great man in history " 
 (act i. 1). — Gay, The Beggar's Opera 
 (1727). 
 
 Filer, a lean, churlish man, who 
 takes poor Toby Veck's tripe, and delivers 
 him a homily on the sinfulness of luxury 
 and self-indulgence. — C. Dickens, The 
 Chimes (1844). 
 
 Filia Doloro'sa, the duchesse 
 d'Angouleme, daughter of Louis XVI. 
 Also called "The Modern Antig'one " 
 (1778-1851). 
 
 Filio-que, the following knotty 
 point of theological controversy between 
 the Eastern and Western Churches : — Does 
 the Holy Ghost proceed from the Father 
 and the Son (filio-que), or from the Father 
 only. Of course, in the Nicene Creed in 
 the Book of Common Prayer, the question 
 
FILLAN. 
 
 FTNGAL. 
 
 is settled so far as the Church of England 
 is concerned. 
 
 Fillan, son of Fingal and Clatho, the 
 most highly finished _ character in the 
 poem of Tem'ora. Fillan -was younger 
 than his nephew Oscar, and does not appear 
 on the scene till after Oscar's death. He 
 is rash and fiery, eager for military glory, 
 and brave as a lion. "When Fingal ap- 
 pointed Gaul to command for the day, 
 Fillan had hoped his father's choice 
 might have fallen to his own lot. " On 
 his spear stood the son of Clatho . . . 
 thrice he raised his eyes to Fingal ; his 
 voice thrice failed him as he spoke . . . 
 He strode away ; bent over a distant 
 stream . . . the tear hung in his eye. 
 He struck at times the thistle's head with 
 his inverted spear." Yet showed he no 
 jealousy, for when Gaul was in danger, 
 he risked his own life to save him. Next 
 day was Fillan's turn to lead, and his 
 deeds were unrivalled in dash and bril- 
 liancy. He slew Foldath, the general of 
 the opposing army, but when Cathmor 
 "lord of Atha," the commander-in-chief, 
 came against him, Fillan fell. His 
 modesty was then as prominent as his 
 bravery. "Lay me," he said to Ossian, 
 "in that hollow rock. Raise no stone 
 above me ... I am fallen in the first 
 of my fields, fallen without renown." 
 Every incident of Fillan's life is beautiful 
 in the extreme. — Ossian, Tcmora, v. 
 
 Fillpot (Toby), a thirsty old 60ul, 
 ■who "among jolly topers bore off the 
 bell." It chanced 'as in dog-days he sat 
 boosing in his arbour, that he died "full 
 as big as a Dorchester butt." His body 
 turned to clay, and out of the clay a 
 brown jug was made, sacred to friend- 
 ship, mirth, and mild ale. 
 
 His body, when long in the ground it had lain. 
 
 And time into clay had resolved it again, 
 
 A potter found out in its covert so snug, 
 
 And with part of fat Toby he formed this brown jug, 
 
 Now sacred to friendship, to mirth, and mild ale. 
 
 So here's to my lovely sweet Nan of the vale. 
 
 Rev. Francis Fawkes (1721-1777). 
 
 *%* The two best drinking songs in the 
 language were both by clergymen. The 
 other is, / Cannot Eat but Little Meat, 
 bv John Still, bishop of Bath and Wells 
 (1543-1607). 
 
 Filome'na (Santa). At Pisa the 
 church of San Francisco contains a chapel 
 lately dedicated to Santa Filomena. Over 
 the altar is a picture by Sabatelli, which 
 represents Filomena as a nymph-like 
 figure floating down from heaven, at- 
 tended by two angels bearing the lily, 
 
 the palm, and a javelin. In the fore- 
 ground are the sick and maimed, healed 
 by her intercession. 
 
 Nor ever shall be wanting here 
 The palm, the lily, and the spear: 
 
 The symbols that of yore 
 
 St. Filomena bore. 
 
 LongfelloT, Sta. Filomena. 
 
 *** Longfellow calls Florence Nightin- 
 gale " St. Filomena " (born at Florence, 
 1820). 
 
 Finality John, lord John Russell 
 (afterwards "earl Russell "), who main- 
 tained that the Reform Bill of 1832 was a 
 finality (1792-1878). 
 
 Finch. (Margaret), queen of the 
 gipsies, who died aged 109, a.d. 1740. 
 She was born at Sutton, in Kent, and was 
 buried atBeckenham, in the same county. 
 
 Fine-ear, one of the seven attend- 
 ants of Fortunio. He could hear the 
 grass grow, and even the wool on a 
 sheep's back. — Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy 
 Tales (" Fortunio," 1G82). 
 
 *** In Grimm's Goblins is the same 
 fairy tale (" Fortunio"). 
 
 Fin'etor, a necromancer, father of 
 the Enchantress Damsel. — Yasco de Lo- 
 beira, Arnadis de Gaul (thirteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Finetta, "the cinder girl," a fairy 
 tale by the comtesse D'Aunov (1G82). 
 This is merely the old tale of Cinderella 
 slightly altered. Finetta was the youngest 
 of three princesses, despised by them, and 
 put to all sorts of menial work. The two 
 sisters went to balls, and left Finetta at 
 home in charge of the house. One day 
 she found a gold key, which opened a 
 wardrobe full of most excellent dresses ; 
 so, arraying herself in one, she followed 
 her sisters to the ball, but she was so fine 
 that they knew her not, and she ran 
 home before them. This occurred two 
 or three times, but at last, in running 
 home, she lost one of ber slippers. Tha 
 young prince resolved to marry her alone 
 whose foot fitted the slipper, and Finetta 
 became his wife. Finetta Avas also called 
 Auricula or " Fine-ear." 
 
 Fingal (or Fion na Gael). 
 
 His father was Comhal or Combal, and 
 his mother Morna. 
 
 (Comhal was the son of Trathal king 
 of Morven, and Morna was the daughter 
 of Thaddu.) 
 
 His first wife was Roscrana, mother of 
 Ossian. His second was Clatho, mother 
 of Fillan, etc. 
 
FINGAL. 
 
 334 
 
 FIR-BOLG. 
 
 (Roscrana was the daughter of Corniac 
 X. third king of Ireland.) 
 
 His daughter was Bosmi'na, and his 
 sons Ossian, Fillan, Ryno, and Fergus. 
 (The son of Ossian was Oscar.) 
 
 (Fillan was younger than his nephew 
 Oscar, and both, together with Ryno, 
 were slain in battle before Fingal died.) 
 
 His bard and herald was Ullin. His 
 sword Luno, so called from its maker, 
 Luno of Lochlin (Denmark). 
 
 His kingdom was Morven (the north- 
 west coast of Scotland) ; his capital Semo ; 
 his subjects were Caledonians or Gaels. 
 
 After the restoration of Ferad-Artho to 
 the throne of Ireland, Fingal "resigned 
 his spear to Ossian," and he died a.d. 
 283. 
 
 Fingal, an epic in six books, by 
 Ossian. The subject is the invasion of 
 Ireland by Swaran king of Lochlin (Den- 
 mark) during the reign of Corniac II. 
 (a minor), and its deliverance by the aid 
 of Fingal king of Morven (north-west 
 coast of Scotland). The poem opens with 
 the overthrow of Cuthullin general of the 
 Irish forces, and concludes with the 
 return of Swaran to his own land. 
 
 Finger. "Little finger tell me 
 true." When M. Argan wishes to pump 
 his little daughter Louison, respecting a 
 young gentleman who pays attentions to 
 her elder sister, he says to the child, 
 '" Prenez-y bien garde au moins ; car 
 voila un petit doigt, qui sait tout, qui me 
 dira si vous mentez." When the child 
 has told him all she knows, he puts his 
 little finger to his ear and says, " Voila 
 mon petit doigt pourtant qui gronde 
 quelque chose. Attendez. He'! Ah, 
 ah ! Oni ? Oh, oh ! voila mon petit doigt, 
 qui me dit quelque chose que vous avcz 
 vu et que vous ne m'avez pas dit." 
 To which the child replies, " Ah ! mon 
 papa, votre petit doigt est un menteur." 
 — Molicre, Lc Malade Lnaginaire. ii. 11 
 (1673). 
 
 Fingers. In chiromancy we give the 
 thumb to Venus, the fore-finger to Jove, 
 the middle finger to Saturn, the ring 
 finger to Sol, and the little finger to Mer- 
 curv, — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist, i. 2 
 (16i0). 
 
 Finis Polonias. These words are at- 
 tributed (but without sufficient authority) 
 to Koscziusko the Pole, when he lay 
 wounded by the balls of Suwaroffs 
 troops on the field of Macieiowieze 
 (October 10, 1794). 
 
 Perce de coups, Koscziusko s'ecria en tombant " Finif 
 Polonise." — Micliaud, liiographie Cniversell*. 
 
 Finlayson (Luckie), landlady of the 
 lodgings in the Canongate of Edin- 
 burgh. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mayinerirvj 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Fin'niston (Duncan), a tenant of the 
 laird of Gudgeonford. 
 
 Luckie Finniston, wife of Duncan. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Fion (son of Comnal), an enormous 
 giant, who could place one foot on mount 
 Cromleach, in Ulster, and the other on 
 mount Crommal close by, and then dip 
 his hand in the river Lubar, which ran 
 between. 
 
 With one foot on the Crommal set and one on mount 
 
 Cromleach, 
 The waters of the Lubar stream his giant hana could 
 
 reach. 
 
 Translation of the Gaelic. 
 
 Fiona, a series of traditionary oid 
 Irish poems on the subject of Fion 
 M'Comnal and the heroes connected with 
 him. 
 
 Fiomma'la, daughter of Lir. Being 
 transformed into a swan, she was doomed 
 to wander over the lakes and rivers of 
 Ireland till the Irish became Christians, 
 but the sound of the first mass bell in the 
 island was to be the signal of her release. 
 
 Silent, Moyle, be the roar of thy water [County 
 
 Tyrone] . . . 
 While murmuring mournfully Lir's lonely daughter 
 
 Tells to the night-star her tale of woes. 
 When shall the " Swan," her death-note singing, 
 
 Sleep with wings in dirkness furled? 
 When will heaven, its sweet " bell " ringing, 
 Call my spirit from this stormy worid? 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies, iv. ("The Song of Fionnua^a ). 
 
 Fips (Mr.), a sedate, mysterious per- 
 sonage, living in an office in Austin Friar* 
 (London). He is employed by some un- 
 known benefactor (either John Westiock 
 or old Martin Chuzzlewit) to engage Tom 
 Pinch at a weekly salary as librarian to 
 the Temple Library. — C. Dickens, Martin 
 Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Fir-bolg (i.e. bowmen, from 60///, " a 
 quiver"), a colony of Belgsefrom Britain, 
 led by Larthon to Ireland and settled in 
 the southern parts of the island. Their 
 chief was called "lord of Atha" (a 
 country of Connaught), and thence Ire- 
 land Avas called Bolga. Somewhat later 
 a colony of Caledonians from the western 
 coast of Scotland settled in the northern 
 parts of Ireland, and made Ulster their 
 head-quarters. When Crotha was "lord 
 of Atha ' : he carried off Conlarna 
 ! (daughter of the Cael chief) by force, 
 
FIRE A GOOD SERVANT, ETC. 335 
 
 FISH. 
 
 and a general war between the two races 
 ensued. The Cael were reduced to the 
 last extremity, and sent to Trathal (grand- 
 father of Fingal) for aid. Trathal ac- 
 cordingly sent over Conar with an army, 
 and on his reaching Ulster he was made 
 "king of the Cael" by acclamation. He 
 utterly subdued the Fir-bolg, and assumed 
 the title of " king of Ireland ; " but the 
 Fir-bolg often rose in insurrection, and 
 made many attempts to expel the race of 
 Conar. — Ossian. 
 
 Fire a Good Servant, but Bad 
 Master. 
 
 For fire and people doe in this agree, 
 They both good servants, both ill masters be. 
 Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (3554-1628). 
 
 Fire-Brand of France {The), 
 John duke of Bedford, regent of France 
 (1389-1435). 
 
 John duke of Bedford, styled " The Fire-brand of France." 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 
 
 Fire-drake, a fire which flies in 
 the night, like a dragon. Metaphorically 
 it means a spitfire, an irritable, passionate 
 person. 
 
 Common people think the fire-drake to be a spirit that 
 keepeth some hid treasure, but philosophers affirm it to 
 be a great unequal exhalation inflamed between two 
 clouds, the one hot ami the other cold, which is the reason 
 that it smoketh. The middle part . . . being greater 
 than the rest, maketh it seeme like a bellie, and the two 
 ends are like unto a head and taile.— Bullukar, Expositor 
 (1616). 
 
 Fire-new, i.e. bran-new (brennan, 
 "to burn," brene, "shining"). 
 
 Your fire-new stamp of honour is scarce current. 
 
 Shakespeare, Richard III. act L sc. 3 (1597). 
 
 Firouz Schah, son and heir of the 
 king of Persia. One New Year's Day an 
 Indian brought to the king an enchanted 
 horse, which would convey the rider 
 almost instantaneously anywhere he 
 might wish to go to ; and asked, as the 
 price thereof, the king's daughter for his 
 wife. Prince Firouz, mounting the horse 
 to try it, was carried to Bengal, and there 
 fell in love with the princess, Avho accom- 
 panied him back to Persia on the horse. 
 When the king saw his son arrive safe 
 and sound, he dismissed the Indian dis- 
 courteously ; but the Indian caught up 
 tte princess, and, mounting the horse, 
 conveyed her to Cashmere. She was 
 rescued by the sultan of Cashmere, who 
 cut off the Indian's head, and proposed 
 marriage himself to the princess. To 
 avoid this alliance, the princess pretended 
 to be mad. The sultan sent for his ph;> T si- 
 cians, but they could suggest no cure. 
 At length came one who promised to cure 
 the lady ; it was prince Firouz in disguise. 
 
 He told the sultan that the princess had 
 contracted enchantment from the horse, 
 and must be set on it to disenchant her. 
 Accordingly, she was set on the horse, 
 and while Firouz caused a thick cloud of 
 smoke to arise, he mounted with the lady 
 through the air, saying as he did so, 
 " Sultan of Cashmere, when you would 
 espouse a princess who craves your pro- 
 tection, first learn to obtain her consent." 
 — Arabian Sights ("The Enchanted 
 Horse "). 
 
 First Gentleman of Europe, 
 George IV. (1762, 1820-1830). 
 
 Louis d'Artois of France was so called 
 also. 
 
 The " First Gentleman of Europe " had not yet quite lost 
 his once elegant figure. — E. Yates, Celebrities, xvii. 
 
 First Grenadier of France. 
 
 Latour d'Auverge was so called by Na- 
 poleon (1743-1800). 
 
 First Love, a comedy by Richard 
 Cumberland (1796). Frederick Mowbray's 
 first love, being dowerless, marries the 
 wealthy lord Ruby, who soon dies, leaving 
 all his fortune to his widow. In the mean 
 time, Frederick goes abroad, and at Padua 
 falls in with Sabina Rosny, who nurses 
 him through a severe sickness, for which 
 he thinks he is bound in honour to marry 
 her. She comes with him to England, 
 and is placed under the charge of lady 
 Ruby. Sabina tells lady Ruby she can- 
 not marry Frederick, because she is mar- 
 ried already to lord Sensitive, and even 
 if it were not so, she could not marry 
 him, for all his affections are with lady 
 Ruby ; this she discovered in the delirium 
 of the young man, when his whole talk 
 was about her ladyship. In the end, lord 
 Sensitive avows himself the husband of 
 Sabina, and Frederick marries his first 
 love. 
 
 Fish. (One-eyed), in the mere of Snow- 
 donia or the Snowdon group. 
 
 Snowdon ... his proper mere did note . . . 
 That pool in which . . . the one-eyed fish are found. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 
 
 Fish. All's fish that cometh to my net. 
 
 All's fish they get, that cometh to net. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Gottl 
 Husbandry, xxxiv. (1557). 
 Al is fishe that cometh to the net. 
 G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 He eats no fish, that is, "he is no 
 papist," "he is an honest man, or one to 
 be trusted." In the reign of queen Eliza- 
 beth papists were the enemies of tho 
 Government, and hence one who did not 
 cat fish, like a papist, on fast daye was 
 
FISH AND THE RING. 
 
 336 
 
 FIVE WITS. 
 
 considered a protestant, and friend to the 
 Government. 
 
 I do profess ... to serre him truly that will put me in 
 trust . . . and to eat no fish. — Shakespeare, King Lear, 
 act i. sc. 4 (1C05). 
 
 Fish and the Ring. 
 
 1. Polycrates, being too fortunate, was 
 advised to cast away something he most 
 highly prized, and threw into the sea an 
 engraved gem of great value. A few 
 days afterwards a fish came to his table, 
 and in it was this very gem. — Herodotus, 
 iii. 40. 
 
 2. A certain queen, having formed an 
 illicit attachment to a soldier, gave him a 
 ring which had been the present of her 
 husband. The king, being apprized there- 
 of, got possession of the ring Avhile the 
 Boldier was asleep, threw it into the sea, 
 and then asked his queen to bring it him. 
 In great alarm, she went to St. Kentigern 
 and told him everything. The saint went 
 to the Clyde, caught a salmon with the 
 ring in its mouth, and gave it to the 
 queen, who thus saved her character and 
 her husband. This legend is told about 
 the Glasgow arms. 
 
 3. The arms of dame Rebecca Berry, 
 wife of sir Thomas Elton, Stratford-le- 
 Bow, to be seen at St. Dunstan's Church, 
 Stepney. The tale is that a knight, hear- 
 ing the cries of a woman in labour, knew 
 that the infant was destined to become 
 his wife. He tried to elude his destiny, 
 and, when the infant had grown to woman- 
 hood, threw a ring into the sea, command- 
 ing the damsel never to see his face again 
 till she could produce the ring which he 
 had cast away. In a few days a cod-fish 
 was caught, and the ring was found in its 
 mouth. The young woman producing the 
 ring, the marriage was duly consummated. 
 ■ — Romance of London. 
 
 Fisher {Ralph), assistant of Roland 
 Graeme, at Avenel Castle. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Fitz-Boo'dle (George), a pseudonym 
 assumed by Thackeray in Fraser's Maga- 
 zine (1811-1863). 
 
 Fitz-Fulke (Hebe duchess of), a 
 " gracious, graceful, graceless grace " 
 (canto xvi. 49), staying with lord and 
 lady Amundeville (4 syl.), while don 
 Juan "the Russian envoy" was their 
 guest. Don Juan fancied he saw in the 
 night the apparition of a monk, which 
 produced such an effect on his looks and 
 behaviour as to excite attention. When 
 the cause of his perturbation was known, 
 lady Adeline sang to him a tale purport- 
 
 ing to explain the apparition ; but "her 
 frolic grace " at night personated the 
 ghost to carry on the joke. She was, 
 however, discovered by don Juan, who 
 was resolved to penetrate the mystery. 
 With this discovery the sixteenth and 
 last book of Don Juan ends. — Byron, Don 
 Juan (1824). 
 
 Fitzurse (T^ord Waldemar), a baron 
 in the suite of prince John of Anjou 
 (brother of Richard Coeur de Lion). — Sir 
 W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard 1.). 
 
 Five, says Pythagoras, "has peculiar 
 force in expiations. It is everything. 
 It stops the power of poisons, and is re- 
 doubted by evil spirits. Unity or the 
 monad is deity, or the first cause of all 
 things — the good principle. Two or the 
 dyad is the symbol of diversity — the evil 
 principle. Three or the triad contains 
 the mystery of mysteries, for everything 
 is composed of three substances. It re- 
 presents God, the soul of the world, and 
 the spirit of man. Five is 2+3, or the 
 combination of the first of the equals 
 and the first of the unequals, hence also 
 the combination of the good and evil 
 powers of nature." — Pythagoras, On the 
 Pentad. 
 
 Five Kings of France, the five 
 
 directors (1795). 
 
 The five kings of France sit in their curule chairs with 
 their flesh-coloured breeches and regal mantles. — Atalier 
 da Lys, ii 
 
 Five Points of Doctrine (The): 
 
 (1) Predestination or particular election ; 
 
 (2) Irresistible grace ; (3) Original sin or 
 the total depravity of the natural man ; 
 (4) Particular redemption ; and (5) The 
 final perseverance of the saints. The Cal- 
 vinists believe the affirmative of all these 
 five points. 
 
 Five-pound Note. De Quincy 
 tried in vain to raise the loan of half a 
 crown on the security of a five-pound 
 note. 
 
 Five Wits (The) : common wit, 
 imagination, fantasy, estimation, and 
 memory. 
 
 1. Common wit is that inward sense 
 which judges what the five senses simply 
 discern : thus the eye sees, the nose 
 smells, the ear hears, and so on, but it 
 is "common wit" that informs the brain 
 and passes judgment on the goodness or 
 badness of these external matters. 
 
 2. Imagination works on the mind, 
 causing it to roalize what has been pre- 
 sented to it. 
 
FLACCUS. 
 
 337 
 
 FLATTERER. 
 
 8. Fantasy energizes the mind to act in 
 accordance with, the judgment thus pro- 
 nounced. 
 
 4. Estimation decides on all matters 
 pertaining to time, space, locality, re- 
 lation, and so on. 
 
 5. Memory enables the mind to retain 
 the recollection of what has been imparted. 
 
 These are the five witts removyng inwardly — 
 First '"Common Witte,' and then " Ymagination," 
 •' Fantasy" and "Estimation" truely. 
 And " Memory." 
 Stephen H?wes, Tke Passe-l$>ncof ricsurc, xxiv. (1515). 
 
 Flaccus, Horace the Roman poet, 
 whose full name was Quintus Horatius 
 Flaccus (B.C. 65-8). 
 
 Fladdock (General), a friend of the 
 Xorris family in America, and, like them, 
 devoted to titles and aristocracy. — C. 
 Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Flags. 
 
 Banners of saints and images are 
 smaller than standards, and not slit at the 
 extremity. 
 
 Royal Banners contain the royal coat 
 of arms, 
 
 Bannekols, banners of great width ; 
 they represent alliances and descent. 
 
 Pennons, smaller than standards. 
 They are rounded at the extremity and 
 charged with arms. 
 
 Pensils, small flags shaped like the 
 vanes which surmount pinnacles. 
 
 Standards, much larger and longer 
 than bticners. 
 
 The Royal British Standard has three 
 red and one blue quarter. The first and 
 third quarters contain three leoparded 
 lions, the. second quarter the this'tle of 
 Scotland, and the fourth the harp of 
 Ireland. 
 
 * + * The Union Jack is a blue flag with 
 three united crosses extending to the ex- 
 treme edges: (1) St. George's cross {red 
 on white) for England ; (2) St. Andrew's 
 cross (white on blue) for Scotland ; (3) St. 
 Patrick's cross (red on white) for Ireland. 
 In all other flags containing the "Union 
 Jack," the Jack is con lined to the first 
 quarter or a part thereof. 
 
 Flam'berge (2 syl.), the sword which 
 Maagis took from Anthe'nor the Saracen 
 admiral, when he attacked the castle of 
 Griande la Fee. The sword was made 
 by Weyland, the Scandinavian Vulcan. — 
 Romance of Mauyis d'Ayyremont et de 
 Vivian son Frerc. 
 
 "Flaraborough (Solomon), farmer. 
 A talkative neighbour of Dr. Primrose, 
 vicar of Wakefield. Moses Primrose 
 Harries one of his daughters. 
 15 
 
 The Misses Flamhorough, daughters of 
 the farmer. Their homeliness contrasts 
 well with the flashy pretenders to fashion 
 introduced by squire Thornhill. — Gold- 
 smith, Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 
 
 Flame (Lord), Johnson the jester 
 and dramatist, author of Hurlo-Thrwnbo, 
 an extravaganza (1729). 
 
 Plammer (The Hon. Mr.^ Frisk), a 
 Cantab, nephew to lord Totterly. He is 
 a young gentleman with a vivid imagina- 
 tion, small income, and large debts. — C. 
 Selby, The Unfinished Gentleman. 
 
 Flammock. (Wilkin), a Flemish 
 soldier and burgess at the castle of Garde 
 Doloureuse. 
 
 Hose or Roschen Flammock, daughter of 
 Wilkin Flammock, and attendant on lady 
 Eveline. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed 
 (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Flanders (Moll), a woman of extra- 
 ordinary beauty, born in Old Bailey. 
 She was twelve years a harlot, five years 
 a wife, twelve years a thief, and eight 
 years a convict in Virginia ; but ulti- 
 mately she became rich, lived honestly, 
 and died a penitent in the reign of Charles 
 1 1 . — Defoe, The Fortunes of Moli Flanders. 
 
 Flash( Cajotain) , a blustering, cowardly 
 braggart, "always talking of fighting 
 and wars." In the Flanders war he pre- 
 tended to be shot, sneaked off into a 
 ditch, and thence to England. When 
 captain Loveit met him pa} r ing court to 
 Miss Biddy Bellaw, he commanded the 
 blustering coward to "deliver up his 
 sword," and added : 
 
 " Leave this house, change the colour of your cloUies and 
 fierceness of your looks ; appear from top to toe the 
 wretch, the very wretch thou art 1 "— B. Garrick, MUs in 
 Her Teens (1753). 
 
 Henry Woodward [1717-1777] was the best "Copper 
 Captain," "captain Flash." and "Bobadil" of his day.— 
 C. Leslie, Life of Reynold*. 
 
 %* " Copper Captain " in Rule a Wife 
 and Have a Wife (Beaumont and Flet- 
 cher) ; " Bobadil " in Every Man in His 
 Humour (B. Jonson). 
 
 Flat Simplicity. "The fiat sim- 
 plicity of that reply was admirable." — 
 Collev Cibber, The Crooked Husband, i. 1 
 (1728). 
 
 Flatterer. The Romans called a 
 flatterer " a Vitellius," from Vitellins. 
 president of Syria, who worshipped 
 Jehovah in Jerusalem, and Calig'ula in 
 Rome. - Tacitus says of him : " Exemplar 
 apud posteros adulate rii habetur" (Annals, 
 vi. 32). 
 
 Iil:ra [I'tceHiWj miri tn adulando ingenti ; primus 0. 
 Cwsnrom uuo. ari ut deum instituit.— Suoloniun, VUei., ". 
 Z 
 
FLAV1US. 
 
 333 
 
 FLIBBERTIGIBBET. 
 
 Fla'viuS; the faithful, honest steward 
 of Timon the man-hater. — Shakespeare, 
 Timon of Athens (1600). 
 
 Fle'ance (2 syL), son of Banquo. 
 After the assassination of his father he 
 escaped to Wales, where he married the 
 daughter of the reigning prince, and had 
 a son named Walter. This Walter after- 
 wards became lord high steward of Scot- 
 land, and called himself Walter the 
 Steward. From him proceeded in a direct 
 line the Stuarts of Scotland, a royal line 
 which gave James VI. of Scotland and 
 I. of England. — Shakespeare, Macbeth 
 (1606). 
 
 (Of course, this must not be looked on 
 as history. Historically, there was no 
 such person as Banquo, and therefore this 
 descent from Fleance is mere fable.) 
 
 Flecknoe {Richard), poet-laureate to 
 Charles II., author of dramas, poems, and 
 other works. As a poet, his name stands 
 on a level with Bavins and Maevius. 
 Dryden says of him : 
 
 . . . 'he reigned without dispute 
 Thro' all the realms of nonsense absolute. 
 
 Dryden, M'Fltcnoe (1B82). 
 
 (It was not Flecknoe but Shadwell that 
 Dryden wished to castigate in this satire. 
 The offence was that Dryden was re- 
 moved from the post of laureate, and 
 Shadwell appointed in his place. The 
 angry ex-laureate says, with more point 
 than truth, that " Shadwell never deviates 
 into sense.") 
 
 FledgeTby (2 syL), an over-reaching, 
 cowardly sneak, who conceals his dirty 
 bill-broking under the trade-name of 
 Pubsey and Co. He is soundly thrashed 
 by Alfred Lammle, and quietly pockets 
 tbe affront. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
 Friend (1864). 
 
 Fleece of Gold {Order of the), in- 
 stituted in 1430, by Philippe de Bour- 
 gogne, surnamed Le Bon. 
 
 Stately dames, like queens attended, knights who bore the 
 Fleece of Gold. 
 
 Longfellow, Belfry of Bruges. 
 
 Fleecebum'pkin (3 syL), bailiff 
 of Mr. Ireby, the country squire. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Fleece'em {Mrs.), meant for Mrs. 
 Rudd, a smuggler, thief, milliner, match- 
 maker, and procuress. — Sam. Foote, The 
 Cozeners. 
 
 Fleetwood or The New Man of 
 Feeling, the hero of a novel so named by 
 W. Godwin (1805). 
 
 Flem'ing {Archdeacon), the clergy, 
 man to whom old Meg Murdockson made 
 her confession. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Fleming {Sir Malcolm), a former 
 suitor of lady Margaret de Hautlieu. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, 
 Henry I.). 
 
 Fleming {Lady Mary), one of the 
 maids of honour to Mary queen of Scots. 
 —Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Fleming {Rose), niece of Mrs. Maylie. 
 Rose marries her cousin Harry Maylie. 
 
 She was past 17. Cast in so slight and exquisite ;» 
 mould, so mild and gentle, so pure and beautiful, that 
 earth seemed not her element, not its rough creatures her 
 fit companions. The very intelligence that shone in her 
 deep blue eye . . . seemed scarcely ... of the world, and 
 yet the changing expression of sweetness and good-humour, 
 the thousand lights that played about the face . . . above 
 all the smile, the cheerful, happy smile, were made fjr 
 home and fireside peace and happiness. — C. Dickeiw, 
 Oliver Twist, xxix. (1837). 
 
 Flemish School {The), a school 
 of painting commencing in the fifteenth 
 century, with the brothers Van Eyck. 
 The chief early masters were Memling, 
 Weyden, Matsys, Mabus, and More. 
 The chief of the second period were 
 Rubens, Vandyck, Snyders, Jordaens, 
 Gaspar de Crayer, and the younger 
 Teniers. 
 
 Fleshly School {The), a class of Brit- 
 ish poets of which Swinburne, Rossetti, 
 Morris, etc., are exponents ; so called 
 from the sensuous character of their 
 poetry. 
 
 *** It was Thomas Maitland [i.e. R. 
 W. Buchanan] who first gave them this 
 appellation in the Contemporary Review. 
 
 Fletcher {Dick), one of the crew of 
 the pirate vessel. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Fleur de Marie, the betrothed of 
 captain Phoebus. — Victor Hugo, Notre 
 Dame de Paris (1831). 
 
 Fleurant, an apothecary. He fiies 
 into a rage because Beralde (2 syl.) says 
 to his brother, " Remettez cela a une foie, 
 et demeurez un peu en repos." The 
 apothecary flares out, "De quoi vous 
 melez vous de vous opposer aux ordon- 
 nances de la me'decine . . je vais dire a 
 Monsieur Purgon comme on m'a em- 
 peche d'executer ses ordres . . . Vous 
 verrez, vous verrez." — Moliere, Le Malade 
 Imaginaire (1673). 
 
 Flib'bertigibHbet, the fiend that 
 
FLIBBERTIGIBBET. 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 gives man the squint eye and. harelip, 
 sends miLdews and blight, etc. 
 
 This is the foul fiend Flibbertigibbet ... he gives tbo 
 web and the phi [ditcases of the eye], squints [of] the eye, 
 and makes the hartvlip ; [he] mildews the white wheat, 
 and hurts the poor creature of earth. — King Lear, act 
 iii. sc. 4 (1605). 
 
 %* Shakespeare got this, name from 
 bishop Harsnett's Declaration of Popish 
 Impostures, where Flibberdigibet is one 
 of the fiends which the Jesuits cast out of 
 Mr. Edmund Peckham. 
 
 Flib'bertigib'bet or "Dickie Sludge," 
 the dwarf grandson of Gammer Sludge 
 (landlady of Erasmus Holiday, the 
 schoolmaster in the vale of Whitehorse). 
 In the entertainment given by the earl 
 of Leicester to queen Elizabeth, Dickon 
 Sludge acts the part of an imp. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Flint {Lord), chief minister of state 
 to one of the sultans of India. He had 
 the enviable faculty of a very short 
 memory when he did not choose to recol- 
 lect. "My people know, no doubt, but 
 1 cannot recollect," was his stock phrase. 
 —Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are (1786). 
 
 Flint, jailer in The Deserter, a musical 
 drama by Dibdin (1770). 
 
 Flint (Sir Clement), a, very kind-hearted, 
 generous old bachelor, who " trusts no 
 one," and though he professes his un- 
 doubted belief to be "that self is the 
 predominant principle of the human 
 mind," is never so happy as when doing 
 an unselfish and generous act. He settles 
 £2000 a year on the young lord Gayville, 
 his nephew, that he may marry Miss 
 Alton, the lady of 'his choice ; and says, 
 "To reward the deserving, and make 
 those we love happy, is self-interest in 
 the extreme."— General Burgoyne, The 
 Heiress (1781). 
 
 Flint Jack, Edward Simpson, who 
 used to tramp the kingdom, vending 
 spurious flint arrow-heads, celts, and 
 other imitation antiquities. In 18G7 he 
 was imprisoned for theft. 
 
 Flippan'ta, an intriguing lady's- 
 maid. Daughter of Mrs. Cloggit. She 
 is in the service of Clarissa, and aids her 
 in all her follies. — Sir John Vanbrugh, 
 The Confederacy (1695). 
 
 I saw Miss Pope for the second time in the year 1790, in 
 the cliaracter of " Flippanta."— James Smith. 
 
 Flite (Miss), a poor crazed, good- 
 hearted woman, who has lost her wits 
 through the "law's delay." She is 
 always haunting the Courts of Chancery 
 
 with "her documents," hoping against 
 hope that she will receive a judgment. 
 — C. Dickens, Bleak House, iv. (1852). 
 
 Flock'hart (Widow), landlady of the 
 lodgings in the Canongate where Waver- 
 ley and M'lvor dine with the baron of 
 Bradwardine (3 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Flogged by Deputy. The marquis 
 de Leganez forbade the tutor of his son to 
 use rigour or corporal punishment of any 
 kind, so the tutor hit upon this device to 
 intimidate the boy: he flogged a lad 
 named Raphael, brought up with young 
 Leganez as a playmate, whenever that 
 young nobleman deserved punishment. 
 This produced an excellent effect ; but 
 Raphael did not see its justice, and ran 
 away. — Lesage, Gil Bias, v. i. (1724). 
 
 Flollo or Flollio, a Roman tribune, 
 who held the province of Gaul under the 
 emperor Leo. When king Arthur invaded 
 Gaul, the tribune fled to Paris, which 
 Arthur besieged, and Flollo proposed to 
 decide the quarrel by single combat. To 
 this Arthur agreed, and cleft with his 
 sword Caliburn both the helmet and head 
 of his adversary. Having made himself 
 master of all Gaul, king Arthur held his 
 court at Paris. — Geoffrey, British His- 
 tory, ix. 11 (1142). 
 
 And after these . . . 
 
 At Paris, in the lists {Arthur] with Flollio fought ; 
 The emperor Leon's power to raise bis sieae that brought 
 Drayton, Polyollnon, iv. (1612). 
 
 Flor and Blancheflor, the title 
 of a minnesong by Conrad Fleck, at one 
 time immensely popular. It is the story 
 of two children who fall in love with each 
 other. There is a good deal of grace and 
 tenderness in the tale, with an abund- 
 ance of trash. Flor, the son of Feinix, 
 a pagan king, is brought up with 
 Blancheflor (an enfant vole'). The two 
 children love each other, but Feinix sells 
 Blancheflor to some Eastern merchants. 
 Flor goes in quest of Blancheflor, whom 
 he finds in Babylon, in the palace of the 
 sultan, who is a sorcerer. He gains 
 access to the palace, hidden in a basket 
 of roses ; but the sultan discovers him, 
 and is about to cast both into the flames, 
 when, touched with human gentleness and 
 love, he sets them free. They then return 
 to Spain, find Feinix dead, and many 
 (fourteenth century). 
 
 Flo'ra, goddess of flowers. In natural 
 history all the flowers and vegetable pr' 
 ductions of a country or locality are called 
 
FLORA. 
 
 340 
 
 FLORESKT. 
 
 its flora, and all its animal productions 
 its fauna. 
 
 Flora, the waiting-woman ot donna 
 Violante. In love with Lissado, the valet 
 of don Felix. — Mrs. Centlivre, The 
 Wonder (1714). 
 
 Mrs. Mattocks's was the most affecting theatrical leave- 
 taking we ever witnessed. The part she chose was 
 "Flora," to Cook's "don Felix," which she played with 
 all the freshness and spirit of a woman in her prime. — 
 The Aew Monthly (1826). 
 
 Flora, the niece of old Farmer Freehold. 
 She is a great beauty, and captivates 
 Ileartwell, who marries her. The two 
 are so well assorted that their " best love 
 is after their espousals." — John Philip 
 Kemble, The Farm-house. 
 
 Floranthe (Donna), a lady beloved 
 by Octavian. Octavian goes mad because 
 he fancies Floranthe is untrue to him, 
 but Roque, a blunt, kind-hearted servitor, 
 assures him he is mistaken, and per- 
 suades him to return home.— -G. Colman, 
 Octavian (1824). 
 
 Flor'delice (3 syl.), the mistress of 
 Bran'dimart (king of the Distant Islands). 
 — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Flordespi'na, daughter of Mar- 
 siglio. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (15JG). 
 
 Florence, Mrs. Spencer Smith, 
 daughter of baron Herbert the Austrian 
 ambassador in England. She was born 
 at Constantinople, during her father's 
 residence in that city. Byron made her 
 acquaintance in Malta, but Thomas Moore 
 thinks his devotion was more imaginary 
 than real. In a letter to his mother, his 
 lordship says he " finds her [Florence'] 
 very pretty, very accomplished, and ex- 
 tremely eccentric." 
 
 Thou mayst rind a new Calypso there. 
 Sweet Florence, could another ever share 
 This wajward, loveless heart, it would he thine. 
 
 Byron, Childe Harold, ii. 30 (1810). 
 
 Florence (The German), Dresden, also 
 called " The Florence of the North." 
 
 Florent or Florcntms, a knight who 
 promised to marry a deformed and ugly 
 hag, who taught him the solution of a 
 riddle. — Gower, Cvnfessio Amantis, i. 
 (1393). 
 
 " The Wife of Bath's Tale," in Chau- 
 cer's Canterbury Tales, is the same story. 
 The ugly old hag becomes converted 
 into a beautiful young princess, and 
 "iTorent" is called "one of Arthur's 
 knights" (1388). 
 
 Florentine Diamond (The), the 
 fourth largest cut diamond in the world. 
 
 It weighs I39J carats, and was the largest 
 diamond belonging to Charles "the 
 Bold," duke of Burgundy. It was picked 
 up by a Swiss peasant, who sold it to a 
 priest for half a crown. The priest sold 
 it for £200, to Bartholomew May of Berne. 
 It subsequently came into the hands of 
 pope Julius II., and the pope gave it to 
 the emperor of Austria. (See Diamonds.) 
 
 Flores or Isle of Flowers, one of 
 the Azores (2 syl.). It was discovered in 
 1439 by Tanderberg, and is especially 
 celebrated because it was near this isle that 
 sir Richard Grenville, in the reign of queen 
 Elizabeth, fought his famous sea-right. 
 He had only one ship with a hundred 
 men, and was opposed by the Spanish fleet 
 of fifty-three men-of-war. For some hours 
 victory was doubtful, and when sir 
 Richard was severely wounded, he 
 wanted to sink the ship ; but the Spaniards 
 boarded it, complimented him on his 
 heroic conduct, and he died. As the ship 
 (The Revenge) was on its way to Spain, 
 it was wrecked, and went to the bottom, 
 so it never reached Spain after all. 
 Tennvson has a poem on the subject 
 (1878). 
 
 Flo' res (2 syl.), the lover of Blanchefleur. 
 — Boccaccio, II Filocopo (1340). 
 
 %* Boccaccio has repeated the tale in 
 his Decameron, x. 5 (1352), in Avhich 
 Flores is called " Ansaldo," and Blanche- 
 fleur " Diano'ra." Flores and Blanche- 
 fleur, before Boccaccio's time, were noted 
 lovers, and are mentioned as early as 
 1288 by Matfres Eymcngau de Bezers, in 
 his 1> rev tar i d' Amor. 
 
 Chaucer has taken the same story as 
 the basis of the Frankelcin's Talc, and 
 Bojardohas introduced it as an episode in 
 his Orlando Innamorato, Avhere the lover 
 is "Prasildo" and the lady "Tisbina." 
 (See Prasildo.) 
 
 The chroniclers of Charlemagne, 
 Of Merlin, and the Mort d'Arthure, 
 Mingled together in his brain. 
 With tales of Klores and Blanchefleur. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Flores'ki (Count), a Pole, in love 
 with princess Lodois'ka (4 syl.). At the 
 opening of the play he is travelling with 
 his servant Varbef to discover where the 
 princess has been placed by her father 
 during the war. He falls in with the 
 Tartar chief Kera Khan, whom he over- 
 powers in fight, but spares his life, and 
 thus makes him his friend. Floreski 
 finds the princess in the castle of baron 
 T.ovinski, Avho keeps her a virtual prisoner, 
 but the castle being stormed by the Tar- 
 
FLOREZ. 
 
 341 
 
 FLORINDA. 
 
 tars, the baron is slain, and the princess 
 marries the count. — J. P. Kemble. Lo~ 
 doiska. 
 
 Flo'rez, son of Gerrard king of the 
 beggars. He assumes the name of Gos- 
 win, and becomes, in Bruges, a wealthy 
 merchant. His mistress is Bertha, the 
 supposed daughter of Vandunke the 
 burgomaster. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Beggars' Bush (1622). 
 
 Flor'ian, " the foundling of the 
 forest," discovered in infancy by the 
 count De Valmont, and adopted as his 
 own son. Florian is light-hearted and 
 volatile, but with deep affection, very 
 brave, and the delight of all who know 
 him. He is betrothed to his cousin, lady 
 Geraldine, a ward of count De Val- 
 mont. — W. Dimond, Hie Foundling of the 
 Forest. 
 
 Flor'imel "the Fair," courted by 
 sir Sat'yrane, sir Per'idure, and sir Cal'i- 
 dore (each 3 s///.), but she herself "loved 
 none but Mar'inel," who cared not for her. 
 When Marinel was overthrown by Brito- 
 mart and was reported to be dead, Flori- 
 rael resolved to search into the truth of 
 this rumour. In her wanderings, she 
 came weary to the hut of a hag, but when 
 she left the hut the hag sent a savage 
 monster to bring her back. Florimel, 
 however, jumped into a boat and escaped, 
 but fell into the hands of Proteus (2 syl.), 
 who kept her in a dungeon "deep in the 
 bottom of a huge greatrock." One day, 
 Marinel and his mother went to a banquet 
 given by Proteus to the sea-gods ; and 
 as Marinel was loitering about, he heard 
 the captive bemoaning her hard fate, and 
 all "for love of Marinel." His heart 
 was touched ; he resclved to release the 
 prisoner, and obtained from his mother 
 a warrant of release, signed by Neptune 
 himself. Proteus did not dare to dis- 
 obey ; the lady was released, and became 
 the happy bride of her liberator. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iii. 4. 8, and iv. 11, 12 (1590, 
 1596). 
 
 *** The name Florimel means "honey- 
 flower." 
 
 Florimel (The False), made by a witch 
 of Riphae'an snow and virgin wax, with 
 an infusion of vermilion. Two burning 
 lamps in silver sockets served for eyes, 
 fine gold wire for locks, and for soul "a 
 sprite that had fallen from heaven," 
 Braggadoecio, seeing this false Florimel, 
 carried ''her" off as the veritable Flori- 
 mel ; but when he was stripped of his 
 
 borrowed plumes, this waxen Florimel 
 vanished into thin air, leaving nothing 
 behind except the "golden girdle that 
 was about her waist." — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iii. 8, and v. 3 (1590, 1596). 
 
 Florimel's Girdle, a girdle which 
 gave to those who wore it, " the virtue of 
 chaste love and wifehood true ; " if any 
 woman not chaste or faithful put it on, 
 it immediately "loosed or tore asunder." 
 It was once the cestus of Venus, but 
 when that queen of beauty wantoned with 
 Mars, it fell off and was left on the "Aci- 
 dalian mount." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iv. 2 (1596). 
 
 One day, sir Cambel, sir Triamond, sir 
 Paridel, sir Blandamour, and sir Ferra- 
 mont agreed to give Florimel's girdle to 
 the most beautiful lady ; when the pre- 
 vious question was moved, "Who was the 
 most beautiful?" Of course, each knight, 
 as in duty bound, adjudged his own lady 
 to be the paragon of women, till the 
 witch's image of snow and wax, made to 
 represent Florimel, was produced, when 
 all agreed that it was without a peer, 
 and so the girdle was handed to " the 
 false Florimel." On trying it on, however, 
 it would in no wise fit her ; and when by 
 dint of pains it was at length fastened, it 
 instantly loosened and fell to the ground. 
 It would fit Amoret exactly, and of course 
 Florimel, but not the witch's thing of 
 snow and wax. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iv. 5 (1596). 
 
 *** Morgan la Fe'e sent king Arthur 
 a horn, out of which no lady could drink 
 "who was not to herself or to her husband 
 true." Ariosto's enchanted cup possessed 
 a similar spell. 
 
 A boy showed king Arthur a mantle 
 which no wife not leal could wear. If 
 any unchaste wife or maiden put it on, 
 it would either go to shreds or refuse to 
 drape decorously. 
 
 At Ephesus was a grotto containing a 
 statue of Diana. If a chaste wife or 
 maiden entered, a reed there (presented by 
 Pan) gave forth most melodious sounds ; 
 but if the unfaithful or unchaste entered, 
 its sounds were harsh and discordant. 
 
 Alasnam's mirror remained unsullied 
 when it reflected the unsullied, but be- 
 came dull when the unchaste stood before 
 it. (See Cakadoc, p. 160.) 
 
 Florin'da, daughter of count Julian 
 one of the high lords in the Gothic court 
 of Spain. She was violated by king 
 Roderick ; and the count, in his indigna 
 tion, renounces the Christian religion ind 
 
FLORIPES. 
 
 342 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 called over the Moors, who came to Spain 
 in large numbers and drove Roderick 
 from the throne. Orpas, the renegade 
 archbishop of Sev'ille, asked Florinda to 
 become his bride, but she shuddered at 
 the thought. Roderick, in the guise of a 
 priest, reclaimed count Julian as he was 
 f dying, and as Florinda rose from the 
 ►dead body : 
 
 Her cheek was flushed, and in her eyes there beamed 
 A wilder brightness. On the Goth (Roderick] she gazed, 
 While underneach the emotions of that hour 
 Exhausted life gave way. . . . Round his neck she threw 
 Her arms, and cried, " My Roderick ; mine in heaven 1 " 
 Groaning, he claspt her close, and in that act 
 And agony her happy spirit fled. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiv. (1814). 
 
 Flo'ripes (3 syL), sister of sir Fiera- 
 bras [Fe.a'.ra.brah], daughter of Laban, 
 and wife of Guy the nephew of Charle- 
 magne. 
 
 Florisan'do (The Exploits and Ad- 
 ventures of), part of the series of Le 
 Roman des Romans, or those pertaining to 
 Am'adis of Gaul. This part (from 
 bk. vi. to xiv.) was added by Paez de 
 Ribera. 
 
 Florise (The lad;/), attendant on 
 queen Berengaria. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Flor'isel of Nice'a (The Exploits 
 and Adventures of), part of the series 
 called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining 
 to Am'adis of Gaul. This part was added 
 by Feliciano de Silva. 
 
 Flor'ismart, one of Charlemagne's 
 paladins, and the bosom friend of Roland. 
 
 Florival (Mdlle.), daughter of a 
 French physician in Belleisle. She fell 
 in love with major Belford, while nursing 
 him in her father's house during a period 
 of sickness. Her marriage, however, was 
 deferred, from the great aversion of Die 
 major's father to the French, and he 
 went to llavannah. In due time he re- 
 turned to England and colonel Tamper 
 with him. Now, colonel Tamper was in 
 love with Emily, and, wishing to try the 
 strength of her affection, pretended to 1 e 
 severely mutilated in the wars. Florival 
 was a guest of Emily at the time, and, 
 being apprised of the trick, resolved to 
 turn the tables on the colonel, so when 
 he entered the room as a maimed soldier, 
 he found there Florival, dressed as an 
 officer, and, under the name of captain 
 Johnson, flirting most desperately with 
 Emily. The colonel was mad with 
 jealousy, but in the very whirlwind <f 
 his rage, major Belford recognized Mdih. 
 Fiorival, saw through the trick, and <ifter 
 
 a hearty good laugh at the colonel, all 
 ended happily. — Colman, sen., The Deuce 
 is in Him (17(52). 
 
 Flor'izel, 6on of Polixenes king of 
 Bohemia. In a hunting expedition, he 
 saw Perdlta (the supposed daughter of a 
 shepherd), fell in love with her, and 
 courted her under the assumed name of 
 Dor'icles. The king tracked his son to 
 the shepherd's house, and told Perdita that 
 if she gave countenance to this foolery 
 he would order her and the shepherd to 
 be put to death. Florizel and Perdita then 
 fled from Bohemia, and took refuge »n 
 Sicily. Being brought to the court of 
 king Leontes, it soon became manifest 
 that Perdita was the king's daughter. 
 PolixenGs, in the mean time, had tracked 
 his son to Sicily, but when he was in- 
 formed that Perdita was the king's daugh- 
 ter, his objection to the marriage ceased, 
 and Perdita became the happy bride of 
 prince Florizel. — Shakespeare," The Win- 
 ter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Florizel, the name assumed by George 
 1Y. in his correspondence with Mrs. 
 Robinson (actress and poetess), generally 
 known as PerMita, that being the cha- 
 racter in which she first attracted his 
 attention when prince of Wales. 
 
 %* George IV. was generally nick- 
 named "prince Florizel." 
 
 Flower of Chivalry, sir William 
 
 Douglas, knight of Liddesdalc (*-1353). 
 Sir Philip Sidney, statesman, noet, and 
 soldier, was also" called "The Hower of 
 Chivalry" (15n4-lo8G).. So was the 
 Chevalier de Bayard, le Chevalier sans 
 Peur et sans Rcprochc (1476-1.524). 
 
 Flower of Kings. Arthur is so 
 called by John of Exeter (sixth century). 
 
 Flower of Poets, Geoffrey Chaucer 
 (1328-1400). 
 
 Flower of the Levant'. ZantO is 
 so called from its great beauty and fer- 
 tility. 
 
 Zantel Zante ! flor di LevantL 
 
 Flower of Yarrow (The), Marv 
 Scott, daughter of sir "William Scott of 
 Harden. 
 
 Flowers (Lovers') are stated by Spen- 
 ser, in his Shcphcarde's Calendar, to be 
 "the purple columbine, gillillowers, car- 
 nations, and sops in wine" ("April"). 
 
 In the "language of flowers," colum- 
 bine signifies " folly," f/UUflowcrs "bonds 
 of love," carnations "pure love," and 
 
FLOATER SERMON. 
 
 343 
 
 FOLAIR. 
 
 tops of wine (one of the carnation family) 
 " woman's love." 
 
 Bring hither the ptnke. and purple coUunibine, 
 
 Withgnlinowers; 
 Bring coronations, and sops in wine, 
 Worne of paramours. 
 Spenser, The Shepkeardc't Calendar ('•April," 1579). 
 
 Flower Sermon, a sermon preached 
 every Whit Monday in St. Cather: x e 
 Creel On this occasion each of the con- 
 gregation carries a bunch of flowers, and 
 a bunch of flowers is also laid on the 
 pulnit cushion. The Flower Sermon is 
 not" m>w limited to St. Catherine Cree, 
 other churches have adopted the custom. 
 
 Flowerdale (Sir John), father of 
 Clarissa, and the neighbour of colonel 
 Oldboy. — Bickerstaff, Lionel and Clarissa. 
 
 Flowered Robes. In ancient Greece 
 to say " a woman wore flowered robes " 
 was the same as to say she was a file 
 pul)iique. Solon made it a law that 
 virtuous women should appear in simple 
 and modest apparel, but that harlots 
 should always dress in gay and flowered 
 robes. 
 
 As fiigitive slaves are known by their stigmata, so 
 flowered garments indicate one of tins denii-nioude 
 LuuixuAidu]. — Clemens of Alexandria. 
 
 Flowery Kingdom (The), China. 
 The Chinese call their kingdom Hv:a 
 Kicoh, which means "The Flowery King- 
 dom," i.e. the flower of kingdoms. 
 
 Fluel'len, a Welsh captain and great 
 pedant, who, amongst other learned quid- 
 dities, drew this parallel between Henry V. 
 and Alexander the Great: "One was born 
 in Monmouth and the other in Macedon, 
 both which places begin with M, and in 
 both a river flowed." — Shakespeare, Henry 
 V. act iv. sc. 7 (1599). 
 
 Flur, the bride of Cassivelaun, " for 
 whose love the Roman Cesar first invaded 
 Britain." — Tennvson, Idylls of tlie Kim] 
 ("Enid"). 
 
 Flute (Tlie Magic), a flute which has 
 the power of inspiring love. AYken given 
 by the powers of darkness, the love it in- 
 spires is sensual love ; but when bestowed 
 by the powers of- light, it becomes sub- 
 servient to the very holiest ends. In the 
 opera called Die Zauberfiote, Tami'no and 
 Pami'na are guided by it through all 
 worldly dangers to the knowledge of 
 divine truth (or the mysteries of Isis). — 
 Mozart, Die Zauberfiote (1791). 
 
 Flutter, a gossip, fond of telling a 
 gjod story, but, unhappily, unable to do 
 so without a blunder. "A good-natured, 
 
 insignificant creature, admitted every- 
 where, but cared for nowhere" (act i. 3). 
 — Mrs. Cowlev, The Belle's Stratagem 
 (1780). 
 
 Fly-gods, Beelzebub, a god of the 
 Philistines, supposed to ward off flies. 
 Achor was worshipped by the Cyreneans 
 for a similar object. Zeus Apomy'ios was 
 the fly-god of the Greeks. 
 
 On the east side of your shop, aloft. 
 Write Mathlai. Tarmael, and Barab'orat ; 
 Upon the north part, Eael, Velel, ThieL 
 They are tlie names of those mercuriaJ sprites 
 That do fright flies from boxes. 
 
 B. Johnson, The Alchemist, i. (1610). 
 
 Flying Dutchman (The), a phan- 
 tom ship, seen in stormy weather off the 
 Cape of Good Hope, and thought to fore- 
 bode ill luck. The legend is that it was 
 a vessel laden with precious metal, but a 
 horrible murder having been committed 
 on board, the plague broke out among 
 the crew, and no port would allow the 
 ship to enter, so it was doomed to float 
 about like a ghost, and never to enjoy 
 rest. — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 %.* Another legend is that a Dutch 
 captain, homeward bound, met with long- 
 continued head winds off the Cape, but 
 swore he would double the Cape and not 
 put back, if he strove till the day of doom. 
 He was taken at his word, and there he 
 still beats, but never succeeds in rounding 
 the point. 
 
 (Captain Marryat has a novel founded 
 on this legend, called The Phantom Ship, 
 1836.) 
 
 Flying Highwayman, William 
 Harrow, whv leaped his horse over turn- 
 pike gates as if it had been furnished 
 with wings. He was executed in 17G3. 
 
 Flyter (Mrs.), landlady of the lodg- 
 ings occupied by Frank Osbaldistone in 
 Glasgow. — Sir W. Scott, Hob Hoy (time, 
 George L). 
 
 Foible, the intriguing lady's-maid of 
 lady Wishfort, and married to WaitweH 
 (lackey of Edward Mirabell). She inter- 
 lards her remarks with "says he," "he 
 says says he," " she says says she," 
 etc. — W. Congreve, Tlie Way of the 
 World (1700). 
 
 Foi'gard (Father), one of a gang 
 of thieves. He pretends to be a French 
 priest, but "his French shows him to be 
 English, and his English shows him to 
 be Irish." — Farquhar, Tlie Beaux' Strata- 
 gem (1705). 
 
 Folair' (2 syl.), a panto mimist at the 
 Portsmouth Theatre, under the manage- 
 
FOLDATH. 
 
 344 
 
 ment of Mr. Vincent Crummies. — C. 
 Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Foldath, general of the Fir-bolg or 
 Belgse yd the south of Ireland. In the 
 epic called Tem'ora, Cathmor is the "lord 
 of Atha," and Foldath is his general. 
 He is a good specimen of the savage 
 chieftain : hold and daring, hut pre- 
 sumptuous, overbearing, and cruel. "His 
 stride is haughty, and his red eye rolls in 
 wrath." He looks -with scorn on Hidalla, 
 a humane and gentle officer in the same 
 army, for his delight is strife, and he 
 exults over the fallen. In counsel Fol- 
 dath is imperious, and contemptuous to 
 those who differ from him. Unrelenting 
 in revenge ; and even when he falls with 
 his death-wound, dealt by Fillan the son 
 of Fingal, he feels a sort of pleasure that 
 his ghost would hover in the blast, and 
 exult over the graves of his enemies. 
 Foldath had one child, a daughter, the 
 blue-eyed Dardu-Le'na, the last of the 
 race. — Ossian, Temora. 
 
 a comedy by 
 
 Follies of a Day, 
 
 Holcroft (1745-1809). 
 
 Fon'dlewife, an uxorious banker. — 
 Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1G93). 
 
 When Mrs. Jefferson ri73S-1776] was asked in what 
 characters she excelled the most, she innocently replied, 
 •• In old men, like ' Fondlewife ' and ' sir Jealous Traffic' " 
 — T. Davies. 
 
 *** "Sir Jealous Traffic" is in The 
 Busy Body, by Mrs. Centlivre. 
 
 Fondlove (Sir William), a vain old 
 baronet of GO, who fancies himself a 
 schoolboy, capable of playing boyish 
 games, dancing, or doing anything that 
 voting men do. "How marvellously I 
 wear ! What signs of age have I ? I'm 
 certainly a wonder for my age. I walk 
 as well as ever. Do I stoop? Observe 
 the hollow of my back. As now I stand, 
 so stood I when a child, a rosy, chubby 
 boy. My arm is firm as 'twas at 20. 
 Oak, oak, isn't it ? Think you my leg 
 is shrunk? — not in the calf a little? 
 When others waste, 'tis growing-time 
 with me. Vigour, sir, vigour, in every 
 joint. Could run, could leap. Why 
 shouldn't I marry?" So thought sir 
 William of sir William, and he married 
 the Widow Green, a buxom dame of 40 
 summers. — S. Knowles, The Love-Chase 
 (1837). 
 
 Fontainebleau [Decree of), an edict 
 passed by Napoleon I., ordering all 
 English goods wherever found to be 
 ruthlessly burnt (October 18, 1810). 
 
 FOOLS, JESTERS, ETC. 
 
 Fontaratria, now called Fuenterabia 
 (in Latin Fons rapidus), near the gulf of 
 Gascony. Here Charlemagne and all his 
 chivalry fell by the sword of the " Span- 
 ish Saracens." — Mariana. 
 
 *** Mezeray says that the rear of the 
 king's army being cut off, Charlemagne 
 returned and obtained a brilliant revenge. 
 
 Fool. James I. of Great Britain was 
 called by Henri IV. of France, "The 
 Wisest Fool in Christendom" (1566- 
 1625). 
 
 Fool (The), in the ancient morris-dance, 
 represented the court jester. He earned 
 in his hand a yellow bauble, and wore on 
 his head a hood with ass's ears, the top 
 of the hood rising into the form cf a 
 cock's neck and head, with a belt at the 
 extreme end. The hood was blue edged 
 Avith yellow and scalloped, the doublet 
 red edged with yellow, the girdle yellow, 
 the hose of one leg yellow and of the 
 other blue, shoes red. (See Morhis- 
 Dance.) 
 
 Fools. Fays de Fous. Gheel, in 
 Belgium, is so called, because it has 
 been for many years the Bedlam of 
 Belgium. 
 
 Battersea is also a pays de fous, from 
 a pun. Simples -used to be grown there 
 largely for the London apothecaries, and 
 hence the expression, You must go to 
 Battersea to yet your simples cut. 
 
 *** Boeotia was considered by the 
 Athenians the pays de fous of Greece. 
 Arcadia was also a folly-land ; hence 
 Arcades ambo (" both noodles alike"). 
 
 Fools, Jesters, and Mirthmen. 
 Those in italics were mirthmen, but not 
 licensed fools or jesters. 
 
 Adelsbuhn ( Bur hard Kaspar), jester to 
 George I. He was not only a fun-maker, 
 but also a ghostly adviser of the Hano- 
 verian. 
 
 Aksakoff, the fool of czarina Eliza- 
 beth of Russia (mother of Peter 1L). 
 He was a stolid brute, fond of practical 
 jokes. 
 
 Angely (L.), jester to Louis XIV., and 
 last of the licensed fools of France. He 
 is mentioned by Boileau in Satires i. and 
 viii. 
 
 Aopi (Monsiynore), who succeeded 
 Soglia >s the merryman of pope Gregory 
 
 Armstrong (Archie), jester in tne 
 courts of James I. and Charles I. One 
 of the characters in Scott's novel Th« 
 Fo? , tunes of Nigel. Beinfj condemned to 
 
FOOLS, JESTERS, ETC. 
 
 315 
 
 FOOLS, JESTERS, ETC. 
 
 death by king James for sheep-stealing, 
 Archie implored that he might live till 
 he had read his Bible through for his 
 soul's weal. This was granted, and Archie 
 rejoined, with a sly look, "Then de'il tak' 
 me 'gin I ever read a word on't ! " 
 
 Bkrdic, "joculator" to William the 
 Conqueror. Three towns and five cara- 
 cutes in Gloucestershire were given him 
 by the king. 
 
 Bluet d'Arberes (seventeenth cen- 
 tury), fool to the duke of Mantua. 
 During a pestilence, he conceived the idea 
 of offering his life as a ransom for his 
 countrymen, and actually starved himself 
 to death to stay the plague. 
 
 Bonny {Patrick), jester Vs the regent 
 Morton. 
 
 Borate (Andrew), usually called 
 " Merry Andrew," physician to Henry 
 VIII. (1500-1549). 
 
 Brusquet. Of this court fool Bran- 
 tome savs : " He never had his equal in 
 repartee" (1512-1563). 
 
 Caillet (Guillaume), who nourished about 
 1490. His likeness is given in the 
 frontispiece of the Ship of Fools (1497). 
 
 Chicot, jester of Henri III. and Henri 
 IV. Alexandre Dumas has a novel 
 called Chicot the Jester (1553-1591). 
 
 Colquhoun (Jemmy), predecessor of 
 James Geddes, jester in the court of 
 Mary queen of Scots. 
 
 Cory at, "prince of non-official jesters 
 and coxcombs." Kept by prince Henry, 
 brother of Charles I. 
 
 Coulon, doctor and jester to Louis 
 XVIII. He was the very prince of 
 mimics. He sat for the portraits of 
 Thiers, Mole', and comte Joseph deVillele 
 (died 1858). 
 
 Da'gonet (Sir), jester to king Arthur. 
 He was knighted by the king himself. 
 
 Derrie, a court jester to James I. 
 Contemporary with Thorn. 
 
 Dukresnoy, poet, playwright, actor, 
 gardener, glass-manufacturer, spend- 
 thrift, wit, and honorary fool to Louis 
 XIV. His jests are the" "Joe Millers" 
 of France. 
 
 Geddes (James), jester in the court of 
 Mary queen of Scots. He was daft, and 
 followed Jemmy Colquhoun in the motley. 
 
 Glorieux (Le), jester of Charles le 
 JIardi of Burgundy. 
 
 Gonella, domestic jester of the duke 
 of Ferrara. His jests are in print. 
 Gonella used to ride a horse all skin 
 and bone, Avhich is spoken of in Don 
 Quixote. 
 
 Hafod (Jack), a retainer in the house 
 
 of Mr. Bartlett, of Castlemorton, Worces- 
 tershire. He died at the close of the 
 eighteenth century, and has given birth 
 to the expression " As big a fool as Jack 
 Hafod." He was the ultitnus scurrarum 
 in Great Britain. 
 
 Heywood (John), author of numerous 
 dramatic works (1492-1565). 
 
 Jean (Seigni), or " Old John ; " so 
 called to distinguish him from Jean or 
 Johan, called Le Fol de Madame (fl. 1380). 
 
 Johan, Le Fol de Madame, mentioned 
 by Marot in his epitaphs. 
 
 Johnson (S.), familiarly known as 
 "lord Flame," the character he played 
 in his own extravaganza of Hurlo- 
 Thrumbo (1729). 
 
 Kgaw (General), a Saxon general, 
 famous for his broad jests. 
 
 Killigrew (Thomas), called "king 
 Charles's jester" (1611-1682), 
 
 Longely, jester to Louis XIII. 
 
 Narr (Klaus), jester to Frederick 
 "the Wise," elector of Prussia. 
 
 Pace. 
 
 Patch, court fool of Elizabeth wife 
 of Henry VII. 
 
 Patche, cardinal Wolsey's jester. 
 The cardinal made Henry VIII. a pre- 
 sent of this " wise fool," and the king 
 returned word that " the gift was a most 
 acceptable one." 
 
 Patison, licensed jester to sir Thomas 
 More. He is introduced by Hans Hol- 
 bein in his famous picture of the lord 
 chancellor. 
 
 Paid (Jacob), baron Gundling. This 
 merrvman was laden with titles in ridi- 
 cule by Frederick William I. of Prussia. 
 
 Pearce (Dickie), fool of the earl of 
 Suffolk. Dean Swift wrote an epitr.ph 
 on him. 
 
 Rayeee, court jester to Henry I. of 
 England. 
 
 Rosen (Kunz von der), private jester 
 to the emperor Maximilian I. 
 
 Scogan, court jester to Edward IV. 
 
 Soglia (Cardinal), the fun-maker of 
 pope Gregory XVI. He was succeeded 
 by Aopi. 
 
 Somers (Will), court jester to Henry 
 VIII. The effigy of this jester is at 
 Hampton Court. And in Old Fish Street 
 was once a public-house called Will 
 Somers's tavern (1490-1560). 
 
 Stehlin (Professor), in the household 
 of czarina Elizabeth of Russia. He was 
 teacher of mathematics and history to 
 the grand-duke (Peter II.), and was also 
 his licensed buffoon. 
 
 Tarleton (Richard), the famous clown 
 
FOOLS' PARADISE. 
 
 346 
 
 FOPPINGTON. 
 
 and jester in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
 but not attached either to the court or to 
 any nobleman (1530-1588). 
 
 Thom, one of the court jesters of 
 James I. Contemporary with Derrie. 
 
 Triboulkt, court jester to Louis XTT. 
 and Francois I. (1487-1536). Licinio, 
 the rival of Titian, took his likeness, 
 which is still extant. 
 
 Wallett ( W. F.), court jester to 
 queen Victoria. He styles himself "the 
 queen's jester," but doubtlessly has no 
 warrant for the title from the lord cham- 
 berlain. 
 
 Walter, jester to queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Will, " my lord of Leicester's jesting 
 player;" but who this "Will" was is 
 not known. It mijrht be Will Johnson, 
 Will Sly, Will Kimpe, or even Will 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Yokick, jester in the court of Den- 
 mark. Referred to by Shakespeare in 
 his Hamlet, act v. sc. 1 . 
 
 (Dr. Doran published The History of 
 Court Fools, in 1858.) 
 
 Fools' Paradise, unlawful plea- 
 sure ; illicit love ; vain hopes ; the 
 limbus fatiuirum or paradise of idiots 
 and fools. 
 
 If ye should lead her into a fool's paradise, it were a 
 gross . . . behaviour. — Shakespeare, Jiomeo and Juliet, 
 act il sc. 4 (15a7). 
 
 Foot. The foot of the Arab is noted 
 for its arch, and hence Tennyson speaks 
 of the " delicate Arab arch of [Maud's] 
 feet." — Maud, xvi. 1. 
 
 Foot-breadth., the sword of Thoralf 
 Skolinson "the Strong" of Norway. 
 
 Quern-biter of Hakon the Good, 
 Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 
 
 The millstone thro' and thro* ; 
 And Foot-breadth of Thoralf " the Strong I "— 
 Were not so broad, nor >et so long, 
 
 Nor was their edge so true. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Fopling Flutter (Sir), "the man 
 of mode," and chief character of a 
 comedy by sir George Etherege, entitled 
 The Man of Mode or Sir Fopling Flutter 
 (1676). 
 
 Foppery. Vespasian the Roman 
 emperor had a contempt for foppery. 
 When certain young noblemen came to 
 him smelling of perfumes, he said to 
 them, " You would have pleased me 
 more if you had smelt of garlic." 
 
 Charlemagne had a similar contempt 
 of foppery. One day, when he was 
 hunting, the rain poured down in tor- 
 rents, and the fine furs and silks of his 
 suite were utterly spoilt. The king took 
 
 this occasion to rebuke the court beaux 
 for their vanity in dress, and advised 
 them in future to adopt garments more 
 simple and more serviceable. 
 
 Foppington (Lord), an empty- 
 headed coxcomb, intent only on dress 
 and fashion. His favourite oaths, which 
 he brings out with a drawl, are : " Strike 
 me dumb ! " " Split my windpipe ! " and 
 so on. When he loses his mistress, he 
 consoles himself with this reflection : 
 " Now, for my part, I think the wisest 
 thing a man can do with an aching heart 
 is to put on a serene countenance ; for a 
 philosophical air is the most becoming 
 thing in the world to the face of a person 
 of qualitv." — Sir John Vanbrugh, The 
 Relapse (1697). 
 
 The shoemaker in The Relapse tells lord Fopping- 
 ton that his lordship is mistaken in supposing that his 
 shoe pinches. — Macaulay. 
 
 Foppington (Lord), a young married 
 man about town, most intent upon dress 
 and fashion, whose whole life is con- 
 sumed in the follies of play and seduc- 
 tion. Ilis favourite oaths are: "Sun, 
 burn me ! " " Curse, catch me ! " " Stap 
 my breath!" "Let me blood!" "Run 
 me through!" "Strike me stupid!" 
 " Knock me down ! " He is reckoned 
 the king of all court fops. — Colley Cib- 
 ber, The Careless Husband (1704). 
 
 Macklin says: "Nature formed Colley Cibber for a 
 coxcomb . . . and his predominant tendency was to be 
 considered among men as a leader of fashion, and 
 among women as a bvun gari;on. Hence . . . his 'lord 
 Foppington ' was a model for dress, and that hauteur 
 and nonchalance which distinguished the superior cox- 
 combs of that day." — Percy. Anecdotes. 
 
 Foppington (Lord), elder brother of 
 Tom Fashion. A selfish coxcomb, en- 
 gaged to be married to Miss Hoyden, 
 daughter of sir Tunbelly Clumsy, to 
 whom he is personally unknown. His 
 brother Tom, to whom he did not behave 
 well, resolved to outwit him ; and pass- 
 ing himself off as lord Foppington, got 
 introduced to the family, and married 
 the heiress. When his lordship appeared, 
 he was treated as an impostor, till Tom 
 explained his ruse ; and sir Tunbelly, 
 being snubbed by the coxcomb, was soon 
 brought to acquiesce in the change, and 
 gave his hand to his new son-in-law with 
 cordiality. The favourite oaths of lord 
 Foppington are: "Strike me dumb!" 
 " Strike me ugly ! " " Stap my vitals ! " 
 " Split my windpipe ! " " Rat me ! " 
 etc.; and, in speaking, his affectation is 
 to change the vowel "o" into a, as rat, 
 naw, resalve, waurld, ordered, mautk, 
 paund, maunth, lang, philasap/wr, tartwe t 
 
FORD. 
 
 317 
 
 FORGERIES 
 
 and so on. — Sheridan, A Trip to Scar- 
 borough (1777). 
 
 *** This comedy is The Relapse, 
 slightly altered and curtailed. 
 
 Ford, a gentleman of fortune living 
 at Windsor. He assumes the name of 
 Brook, and being introduced to sir John 
 Falstaff, the knight informs him " of 
 his whole course of wooing," and how at 
 one time he eluded Mrs. Ford's jealous 
 husband by being carried out before his 
 eyes in a buck-basket of dirty linen. — 
 Act iii. sc. 5. 
 
 Mrs. Ford, wife of Mr. Ford. Sir 
 John Falstaff pays court to her, and she 
 pretends to accept his protestations of 
 love, in order to expose and punish him. 
 Her husband assumes for the nonce the 
 name of Brook, and sir John tells him 
 from time to time the progress of his 
 6uit, and how he succeeds in duping her 
 fool of a husband. — Shakespeare, Merry 
 Wives of Windsor (1596). 
 
 Forde'lis (3 syl.), wife of Bran'di- 
 luart (Orlando's intimate friend). When 
 Brandimart was slain, Fordelis dwelt for 
 a time in his sepulchre in Sicily, and 
 died broken-hearted. (SeeFouRDELis.) — 
 Ariostc, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Forehead. A high forehead was at 
 one time deemed a mark of beauty in 
 women ; hence Felice, the wife of Guy of 
 Warwick, is described as having " the 
 same high forehead as Venus." — History 
 of Guy of Warwick. 
 
 Fore'sight (2 syl.), a mad, super- 
 stitious old man, who "consulted the 
 etars, and believed in omens, portents, 
 and predictions." He referred " man's 
 goatish disposition to the charge of a 
 star," and says he himself was "born 
 when the Crab was ascending, so that all 
 his affairs in life have gone backwards." 
 
 I know the signs, and the planets, and their houses ; 
 can judge of motions, direct and retrograde, of sextiles, 
 quadrates, trines, and oppositions, fiery trigons and 
 aquatic trigons. Know whether life shall be long or 
 short, happy or unhappy ; whether diseases are curable or 
 incu.able; if journeys shall be prosperous, undertakings 
 successful, or stolen goods recovered. — K. Congreve, Love 
 for Love, ii. (16yo). 
 
 Forester (Sir Philip), a libertine 
 knight. He goes in disguise to lady 
 Both well's ball on his return from the 
 Continent, but, being recognized, decamps. 
 
 Lady Jemima Forester, wife of sir 
 Philip, who goes Avith her sister lady 
 Both well to consult "the enchanted 
 mirror," in which they discover the clan- 
 destine marriage and. infidelity of sir 
 Philip.— Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's 
 Mirror (time, William III.). 
 
 Forgeries (Literary). 
 
 Bertram (C. Julius), professor of 
 English at Copenhagen, professed to have 
 discovered, in 1747, the Be Situ Britannia 
 of Richardus Corinensis, in the library of 
 that city ; and in 1757 he published it 
 with two other treatises, calling the whole 
 The Three Writers on the Ancient History 
 of the British Nations (better known as 
 Scriptores Tres). His forgery was ex- 
 posed by J. E. Mayor, in his preface 
 to Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum His- 
 toriale. 
 
 Chatter-ton (TJiomas), in 1777, pub- 
 lished certain poems, which he affirmed 
 were written in the fifteenth century by 
 Thomas Rowlej r , a monk. The poets 
 Gray and Mason detected the forgery. 
 
 His other literary forgeries were: (1) 
 The Pedigree of Burgum (a Bristol pew- 
 terer), professed to have been discovered 
 in the muniment-room of St. Mary's 
 Church, Redcliffe. He accordingly 
 printed a histor}' of the " De Bergham " 
 family, with a poem called The Ro- 
 maunt of the Cnyghte, by John de 
 Bergham (fourteenth century). (2) A 
 forged account of the opening of the old 
 bridge, signed " Dunhelmus Bristoliensis," 
 and professing to have been copied from 
 an old MS. (3) An Account of Bristol, 
 by Turgotus, " translated out of Saxon 
 into English, by T. Rowley." This 
 forgery was made for the use of Mr. 
 Catcott, who was writing a history of 
 Bristol. 
 
 Ireland (S. W. H.) published, in 
 folio, 1796, Miscellaneous Papers and 
 Instruments, under the hand and seal of 
 William Shakespeare, including the tragedy 
 of King Lear and a small fragment of 
 Hamlet, from the original, price £4 4s. 
 He actually produced MSS. which he 
 had forged, and which he pretended were 
 original. 
 
 On April 2, 1796, the play of Vorti- 
 gern and Rowena, "from the pen of 
 Shakespeare," was announced for repre- 
 sentation. It drew a most crowded 
 house ; but the fraud was detected, and 
 Ireland made a public declaration of his 
 impositions, from beginning to end. 
 
 Mextz, who lived in the ninth century, 
 published fifty-nine decretals, which he 
 asserted were by Isidore of Seville, who 
 lived three centuries previously. The 
 object of these forged letters was to exalt 
 the papacy and to corroborate certain 
 dogmas. 
 
 At Bremen, in 1837, were printed nine 
 books of Saxciioxx'athon, and it was said 
 
FORGE f-ME-NOTS. 
 
 348 
 
 FORTUNIO. 
 
 that the MSS. had been discovered in the 
 convent of St. Maria de Merinhao, by a 
 colonel Pereira in the Portuguese army ; 
 but it was ascertained that there was no 
 such convent, nor any such colonel, and 
 that the paper of this "ancient" MS. 
 bore the water-mark of Osnabriick paper- 
 mills. 
 
 Forget-me-nots of the Angels. 
 
 So Longfellow calls the stars. 
 
 Silently, one by one, in the infinite meadows of heaven, 
 Uiossomed the lovely stars, the " forget-me-nots " of the 
 angels 
 
 Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). 
 
 Forgive, Blest Shade . . . This 
 celebrated epitaph in Brading Church- 
 yard, Isle of Wight, is an altered version, 
 by the Rev. John Gill (curate of New- 
 church), of one originally composed by 
 Mrs. Anne Steele, daughter of a baptist 
 minister at Bristol. 
 
 Forgiveness. 
 
 Forgiveness to ths injured doth belong ; 
 
 But they ne'er pardon who have done the wrong. 
 
 Dryden, The Conquest of Uranada. 
 
 Forks, the gallows. (Latin, /urea.) 
 Cicero (De Div., i. 26) says: " Ferens 
 furcam ductus est" ("he was led forth, 
 bearing his gallows"). " Furcifer " was a 
 slave made to carry a furca for punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Fornari'na (La), so called because 
 she was the daughter of a baker (For- 
 najo), is the name under which Raphael's 
 mistress is known. Her real name is said 
 to have been Margherita. Raphael paint- 
 ed several portraits of this woman, the 
 most famous being in the Uffizi Gallery 
 at Florence, and her face appears to have 
 suggested many of his most beautiful 
 faces in other works. 
 
 Forrest (George), Esq., M.A., the 
 norn de plume of the Rev. J. G. Wood, 
 author of Every Boy's Book (1855), etc. 
 
 For'tinbras, prince of Norway. — 
 Shakespeare, Hamlet (159G). 
 
 Fcrtuna'tUS, a man on the brink of 
 starvation, on whom Fortune offers to 
 uestow either wisdom, strength, riches, 
 health, beauty, or long life. He chooses 
 riches, and she gives him an inexhaustible 
 purse. Subsequently, the sultan gives 
 him a wishing-cap, which as soon as he 
 puts en his head, will transport him to 
 any spot he likes. These gifts prove the 
 ruin of Fortunatus and his sons. 
 
 *** This is one of the Italian tales called 
 Niyhts, by Straparo'la. There is a German 
 
 version, and a French one, as far back as 
 1535. The story was dramatized in 1553 
 by Hans Sachs ; and in 1600 by Thomas 
 Dekker, under the title of The Pleasant 
 Comedie of Old Fortunatus. Ludwig 
 Tieck also has a drama upon the same 
 subject. 
 
 The purse of Fortunatus could not supply you. — Hoi- 
 croft, y/it; lload to Ruin, i. 3. 
 
 Fortunatus's Purse, a purse which was 
 inexhaustible. It was given to Fortu- 
 natus by Fortune herself. 
 
 Fortunatus 's Wishing-cap, a cap given 
 by the sultan to Fortunatus. He had 
 only to put it on his head and wish, when 
 he would find himself transported to any 
 spot he liked. 
 
 Fortune of 'Love, in ten oooks, ny 
 Antonio Lofrasco, a Sardinian poet. 
 
 "By my holy office," cried the cure\ "since Apollo wa* 
 Apollo, and Uie Muses were the offspring of Jove, there 
 never was a better or more delightful volume. He who 
 has never read it, has missed a fund of entertainment. 
 Give it me, Mr. Nicholas ; I would rather have that book 
 than a cassock of the very best Florence silk."— Cervantes. 
 Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605* 
 
 Fortune's Frolic, a farce by 
 Allingham. Lord Lackwit died suddenly, 
 and the heir of his title and estates was 
 Robin Roughhead, a poor labourer, en- 
 gaged to Dolly, a cottager's daughter. 
 The object of the farce is to show the 
 pleasure of doing good, and the blessings 
 which a little liberality can dispense. 
 Robin was not spoilt by his good fortune, 
 but married Dolly, and became the good 
 genius of the cottage tenantry. 
 
 Fortunes of Nigel, a novel by sir 
 W. Scott (1822). This story gives an 
 excellent picture of the times of James L, 
 and the account of Alsatia is wholly 
 unrivalled. The character of king James, 
 poor, proud, and pedantic, is a masterly 
 historic sketch. 
 
 Fortunio, one of the three daughters 
 of an old lord, who at the age of four 
 score was called out to join the army 
 levied against the emperor of Matapa'. 
 Fortunio put on military costume, and 
 went in place of her father. On her way, 
 a fairy gave her a horse named Com- 
 rade, not only of incredible swiftness, 
 but all-knowing, and endowed with 
 human speech ; she also gave her an in- 
 exhaustible Turkey-leather trunk, full of 
 money, jewels, and tine clothes. By the 
 advice of Comrade, she hired seven gifted 
 servants, named Strongback, Lightfoot, 
 Marksman, Fine-ear, Boisterer, Trinquet, 
 and Grugeon. After performing several 
 marvellous feats by the aid of her horse 
 
FORTY THIEVES. 
 
 349 
 
 FOSTER. 
 
 and servants, Fortunio married Alfurite 
 (3 syl.) the king of her country. — Coni- 
 tesse D' Annoy, Fairy Tales (1682). 
 
 *** The tale is reproduced in Grimm's 
 Gob/ins. 
 
 Fortunio's Horse, Comrade, -which not 
 only possessed incredible speed, but knew 
 all things, and was gifted with human 
 speech. 
 
 Fortunio's Attendants. 
 
 Trinquet drank up the lakes and ponds, and thus caught 
 for his master [sicj most delicate fish. Lightfoot hunted 
 down venison, and caught hares by the ears. As for 
 Marksman, he gave neither partridge nor pheasant any 
 quarter ; and whatever amount of game Marksman shot, 
 Strongnack would carry without inconvenience. — Com- 
 tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 1682). 
 
 Fortunio's Sisters. Whatever gifts 
 Fortunio sent her sisters, their touch 
 rendered them immediately worthless. 
 Thus the coffers of jewels and gold, "be- 
 came only cut glass and false pistoles" 
 the moment the jealous sisters touched 
 them. 
 
 Fortunio's Turkey-leather Trunk, full 
 of suits of all sorts, swords, jewels, and 
 gold. The fairy told Fortunio " she 
 needed but to stamp with her foot, and 
 call for the Turkey-leather trunk, and it 
 would always come to her, full of money 
 and jewels, fine linen and laces." — Com- 
 tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (1682). 
 
 Forty Thieves, also called the tale 
 of " Ali Baba." These thieves lived in a 
 vast cave, the door of which opened and 
 shut at the words, "Open, Sesame!" 
 "Shut, Sesame!" One da}', Ali Baba, 
 a wood-monger, accidentally discovered 
 the secret, and made himself rich by 
 carrying off gold from the stolen hoards. 
 The captain tried several schemes to dis- 
 cover the thief, but was always outwitted 
 by Morgia'na, the wood-cutter's female 
 slave, who, Avith boiling oil, killed trie 
 whole band, and at length stabbed the 
 captain himself with his own dagger. — 
 Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba or the Forty 
 Thieves"). 
 
 Forty-five (No. 45), the celebrated 
 number of Wilkes's North Britain, in 
 which the ministers were accused of 
 " putting a lie into the king's mouth." 
 
 Forwards (Marshal). Blucher is so 
 called for his dash and readiness to attack 
 in the campaign of 1813 (1742-1819). 
 
 Fosca'ri (Francis), doge of Venice 
 for thirty-rive years. He saw three of his 
 sons die, and the fourth, named Jac'opo, 
 was banished by the Council of Ten for 
 taking bribes from his country's enemies. 
 The old doge also was deposed at the age 
 
 of 84. As he was descending the " Giant 
 Staircase " to take leave of his son, he 
 heard the bell announce the election of 
 his successor, and he dropped down dead. 
 
 Jac'opo Foscari, the fourth and only 
 surviving son of Francis Foscari the doge 
 of Venice. He was banished for taking 
 bribes of foreign princes. Jacopo had 
 been several times tortured, and died soon 
 after his banishment to Candia. — Byron, 
 The Two Foscari (1820). 
 
 *** Verdi has taken this subject for an 
 opera. 
 
 Foss (Corporal), a disabled soldier, 
 who served many years under lieutenant 
 Worthington, and remained his ordinary 
 when the lieutenant retired from the ser- 
 vice. Corporal Foss loved his master and 
 Miss Emily the lieutenant's daughter, 
 and he gloried in his profession. Though 
 brusque in manner, he was tender-hearted 
 as a child. — G. Colman, The Poor Gentle- 
 man (1802). 
 
 *** Corporal Foss is modelled from 
 " corporal Trim," in Sterne's Tristram 
 Shandy (1759). 
 
 Foss-way, the longest of the Roman 
 roads, from Mt. Michael, in Cornwall, to 
 Caithness (the furthest north of Scotland-). 
 Drayton says the Foss-way, Watling 
 Street, and Iknield Street were con- 
 structed by Mulmutius, son of Cloten 
 king of Cornwall, who gained the sceptre 
 of Britain after the period of anarchy 
 which followed the murder of Porrex by 
 his mother (about B.C. 700). 
 
 The Foss exceeds me [ Watling Street] many a mile. 
 That holds from shore to shore the length of all the isle, 
 From where rich Cornwall points to the Iberian seas. 
 Till co.der Caithness tells the scattered Orcades. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Foster (Captain), on guard at Tully 
 Veoian ruin. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Foster, the English champion. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Laird's Jock (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Foster (Anthony) or " Tony-fire-the- 
 Faggot," agent of the earl of Leicester At 
 Cumnor Place. — Sir W. Scott, Rend- 
 worth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Foster (Sir John), the English warden. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Foster (Dr. James), a dissenting 
 minister, who preached on Sunday even- 
 ings for above twenty years, from i."28- 
 1749, in Old Jewry (die"d 1753). 
 
 let modest Foster, if he will, excel 
 Ten metropolitans in preaching well. 
 
 Pop* 
 
FOUL-WEATHER JACK. 
 
 350 
 
 FOURTEEN. 
 
 Foul-weather Jack, commodore 
 Byron (1723-1786). 
 
 Foundling {The). Harriet Ray- 
 mond, whose mother died in childbirth, 
 was committed to the charge of a 
 gouvernante, who announced to her father 
 (sir Charles Raymond) that the child was 
 dead. This, however, was not true, for 
 the gouvernantc changed the child's 
 name to Fidelia, and sold her at the age 
 of 12 to one Villiard. One night, Charles 
 Belmont, passing Villiard's house, heard 
 the cries of a girl for help ; he rescued her 
 and took her to his own home, where he 
 gave her in charge to his sister Kosetta. 
 The two girls became companions and 
 friends, and Charles fell in love with the 
 " foundling." The gouvernante. on her 
 death-bed, revealed the secret to sir Charles 
 Raymond, the mystery was cleared tip, 
 and Fidelia became the wife of Charles 
 Belmont. Rosetta gave her hand to 
 Fidelia's brother, colonel Raymond. — 
 Edward Moore, The Foundling (1748). 
 
 Fountain, Bellamore, &z d 
 Hare'brain, suitors to lady Hartwel!, 
 a widow. They are the chums of Valer- 
 tine the gallant, who would not be p< r- 
 suaded to keep his estate. — Beaumi nt 
 and Fletcher, Wit without Money (1G39). 
 
 Fountain of Life, Alexander Hales 
 "the Irrefragible Doctor" (*-1245). 
 
 Fountain of Youth, a marvellous 
 fountain in the island of Bim'ini (one of 
 the Baha'ma group). It had the virtue 
 of restoring the aged to youth again. In 
 the middle ages it was really believed to 
 exist, and Juan Ponce de Leon, among 
 other Spanish navigators, went in serious 
 quest of this fountain. 
 
 Four Kings (The) of a pack of 
 cards are Charlemagne (the Franco- 
 German king), David (the Jewish king), 
 Alexander (the Macedonian king), and 
 Caesar (the Roman king). These four 
 kings are representatives of the four great 
 monarchies. 
 
 Four Masters (The). (1) Michael 
 O'Clerighe; (2) Cucoirighe O'Clerighe ; 
 (3) Maurice Conry ; (4) Fearfeafa Conry. 
 These four masters were the authors of 
 the Annals of Donegal. 
 
 *** O'Clerighe is sometimes Anglicized 
 into Clcrhson, and Cucoirighe into l'ere- 
 yrinc. 
 
 Four Stones marked the extent of 
 a tumulus. AYith the bod}' of a hero was 
 buried his sword and the heads of twelve 
 
 arrows ; while on the surface of the 
 tumulus was placed the horn of a deer. 
 
 Four stones rise on the grave of Cathba, . . . Cathba, 
 son of Tonnan, thou wert a sunbeam in Erin. — O-sian, 
 Fhigal, i. 
 
 Fourberies de Seapin (Les), by 
 Moliere (1671). Seapin is the valet of 
 Leandre, son of seignior Ge'ronte (2 syl.), 
 who falls in love with Zerbinette, sup- 
 posed to be a gipsy, but in reality the 
 daughter of seignior Argante (2 syl.), 
 stolen by the gipsies in early childhood.. 
 Her brother Octave (2 syl.) falls in love 
 with Hyacinthe, whom he supposes to be 
 Hyacinth e Pandolphe of Tarentum, but 
 w'r.o turns out to be Hyacinthe Ge'ronte, 
 the sister of Leandre. Now, the gipsies 
 demand £1500 as the ransom of Zer- 
 binette, and Octave requires £80 for his 
 marriage with Hyacinthe. Seapin ob- 
 tains both these sums from the fathers 
 under false pretences, and at the end of 
 the comedy is brought in on a litter, with 
 his head bound as if on the point of death. 
 . lie begs forgiveness, which he readily 
 obtains ; whereupon the " sick man " 
 jumps from the litter to join the ban- 
 queters. (See Scai'ix.) 
 
 Fourde'lis, personification of France, 
 called the true love of Burbon (Henri IV.), 
 but enticed away from him by Grantorto 
 (rebellion). Talus (power or might) rescues 
 her, but when Burbon catches her by her 
 "ragged weeds," she starts back in dis- 
 dain. However, the knight lifts her on his 
 steed, and rides o1V -with her. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, v. 2 (1596). 
 
 Fou'rierisrn, a communistic system ; 
 so called from Charles Fourier of Bcsancon 
 (1772-1837). 
 
 Fourolle (2 syl.), a Will-o'-the-wisp, 
 supposed to have the power of charming 
 sinful human beings into the same form. 
 The charm lasted for a term of years 
 only, unless it chanced that some good 
 catholic, wishing to extinguish the 
 wandering name, made to it the sign of 
 the cross, in which case the sinful creature 
 became a fourolle ever}' night, by way of 
 penance. 
 
 She does not know the way ; she is not honest, Mon». 
 Do you not know— lam alia il i<> s y it ah f:d . . . she is 
 —a fourolle 1—7'emp!e liar (" Beside the Kiile," i.). 
 
 Fourteen, the name of a young 
 man who could do the work of fourteen 
 men, but had also the appetite of four- 
 teen men. Like Christoph'erus, he carried 
 our Lord across a stream, for which ser- 
 vice the Saviour gave him a sack, saying, 
 " Whatever vou wish for will come into 
 
FOURTEEN. 
 
 351 
 
 FRANCESCA. 
 
 this sack, if you only say ' Artchila murt- 
 chila ! ' " (i.e. "come (or go) into my 
 Back"). Fourteen's last achievement was 
 this : He went to paradise, and being re- 
 fused admission, poked his sack through 
 the keyhole of the door ; then crying out 
 "Artchila murtchila!" ("get into the 
 sack"), he found himself on the other side 
 of the door, and, of course, in paradise. — 
 Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends, 195 
 (1877). 
 
 Fourteen. This number plays a very 
 conspicuous part in French history, 
 especially in the reigns of Henri IV. and 
 Louis XIV. For example: 
 
 14th May, 1029, the first Henri was consecrated, and 
 14ih May. 1610, the last Henri was assassinaU-d. 
 
 14 letters compose the name of Henri de bourbon, the 
 14th king of France and Navarre. 
 
 14th December, 1553 (14 centuries. 14 decades, and 14 
 y ir* from the birth of Christ), Henri IV. was born, and 
 1553 added together =14. 
 
 14th May, 1554. Henri II. ordered the enlargement of 
 the Uue de la Ferronnerie. This order was carried out, 
 and 4 times 14 years later Henri IV. was assassinated 
 there. 
 
 14th May, 1552, was the birth of Margaret de Valois, first 
 wile of Henri IV. 
 
 14th May, 1533, the Parisians revolted against Henri III., 
 under the leadership of Henri de Guise. 
 
 14th March. 1590, Henri IV. gained the battle of Ivry. 
 
 14th May, 1590, Henri IV. was repulsed from the fau- 
 bourgs of Paris. 
 
 14th November, 1590, "The Sixteen" took oath to die 
 rather than serve the huguenot king, Henri IV. 
 
 14th November, 159-J, the Paris parJcment registered 
 the papal bull which excluded Henri IV. from reigning. 
 
 14th December, 1599, the duke of Savoy was reconciled 
 to Henri IV. 
 
 14th September, 1606, the dauphin (Louis XIII.), son of 
 Henri IV., was baptized. 
 
 14th May, 1610, Ravalllac murdered Henri IV. in the 
 Rue de la Ferronnerie. Henri IV. lived 4 times 14 jears 
 14 weeks, and 4 times 14 days, i.e. 56 years and 5 months. 
 
 14th May, 1643. died Louis XIII., son of Henri IV. (the 
 Kime day and month as his father). And 1643 added to- 
 gether = 14 ; just as 1553 (the birth of Henri /r.) = 14. 
 
 Louis XIV. mounted the throne 1643, which added to- 
 getlier=14. 
 
 Louis XIV. died 1715, which added together=14. 
 
 Louis XIV. lived 77 years, which added together=14. 
 
 Louis XV. mounted the throne 1715, which added to- 
 gether =14. 
 
 Louis XV. died 1774 (the two extremes are 14, and the 
 two means 77=14. 
 
 Louis XVI. published the edict for the convocation of 
 the slates-general in the 14th year of his reign (September 
 27, 1788). 
 
 Louis XVIII. was restored to the throne. Napoleon 
 abdicated, the "Peace of Paris" was signed, and the 
 "Congress of Vienna" met in 1814; and these figures 
 added together=14. 
 
 In 1832= 14, was the death of the due de Reichstadt (only 
 son of Napoleon I.). 
 
 In 1341=14, the law was passed for the fortification of 
 Paris. 
 
 In 1850 = 14, Louis Philippe died. 
 
 Fourteen Hundred! the cry on 
 
 'Change when a stranger enters the sacred 
 precincts. The question is then asked, 
 "Will you purchase my new navy live 
 per cents., sir?" after which the stranger 
 is hustled out without mercy. 
 
 Fox (That), Ilerod Antipas (b.c. 4 to 
 A.n. 39). 
 
 Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils.— 
 Luke xiii. 32. 
 
 Fox (The Old), marshal Soult (1769- 
 1851). 
 
 Foxley (Squire Matthew), a magis- 
 trate who examines Darsie Latimer [i.e. 
 sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet], after he 
 had been attacked by the rioters. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Fracasse (Capitaine), the French 
 Bombastes Furioso. — Theophile Gautier. 
 
 Fra Diavolo, the sobriquet of 
 Michel Pozza, a Calabrian insurgent and 
 brigand chief. In 1799 cardinal Ruffo 
 made him a colonel in the Neapolitan 
 army, but in 1806 he was captured by the 
 French, and hanged at Naples. Auber 
 has a comic-opera so entitled, the libretto 
 of which was written by Scribe, but 
 nothing of the true character of the 
 brigand chief appears in the opera. 
 
 Fradu'bio [i.e. brother Doubt}. In 
 his youth he loved Frselissa, but riding 
 with her one day they encountered a 
 knight accompanied by Duessa (false 
 faith), and fought to decide which lady 
 was the fairer. The stranger knight fell, 
 and both ladies being saddled on the 
 victor, Duessa changed her rival into a 
 tree. One day Fradubio saw Duessa 
 bathing, and was so shocked at her de- 
 formity that he determined to abandon 
 her, but the witch anointed him during 
 sleep with herbs tv produce insensibility, 
 and then planted him as a tree beside 
 Fradissa. The Red Cross Knight plucked 
 a bough from this tree, and seeing with 
 horror that blood dripped from the rift, 
 was told this tale of the metamorphosis. 
 — Speuser, Faery Queen, i. 2 (1590). 
 
 Frail (Mrs.), a demirep. Scandal says 
 she is a mixture of "pride, folly, affec- 
 tation, wantonness, inconstancy, covetoits- 
 ness, dissimulation, malice, and ignorance, 
 but a celebrated beauty " (act i.). She is 
 entrapped into marriage with Tattle. — W. 
 Congreve, Love for Love (1695). 
 
 Franeatelli, a chef de cuisine at 
 Windsor Castle, Crockford's, and at the 
 Freemasons' Tavern. He succeeded Ude. 
 at Crockford's. 
 
 Frances, daughter of Vandunke 
 (2 syl.) burgomaster of Bruges. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Beggars' Bunk 
 (1S22). 
 
 Francesea, daughter of Guido da 
 Polenta (lord of Ravenna). She Avas given 
 by her father in marriage to Lanciotto, 
 
FRANCESCA. 
 
 352 
 
 FRANKFORD. 
 
 son of Malatesta lord of Rimini, who was 
 deformed. His brother Paolo, who was 
 a handsome man, won the affections of 
 Francesca ; but being caught in adultery, 
 both of them were put to death by Lan- 
 ciotto. Francesca told Dante that the 
 tale of Lancelot and Guinever caused her 
 fall. The tale forms the close of Dante's 
 Hell, v., and is alluded to by Petrarch in 
 his Triumph of Love, iii. 
 
 * + * Leigh Hunt has a poem on the 
 subject, and Silvio Pellico has made it 
 the subject of a tragedy. 
 
 Francesca, a Venetian maiden, daughter 
 of old Minotti governor of Corinth. Alp, 
 the Venetian commander of the Turkish 
 army in the siege of Corinth, loved her ; 
 but she refused to marry a renegade. 
 Alp was shot in the, siege, and Francesca 
 died of a broken heart. — Byron, Siege of 
 Corinth, (1816). 
 
 Medora, Neuha, Leila. Francesca, and Theresa, it has 
 been alleged, are but children of one famiiy, with dif- 
 ferences resulting from climate and circumstances. — 
 Finuen, Byron Beauties. 
 
 *** "Medora," in The Corsair ; " Neu- 
 ha," in The Island; "Leila," in The 
 Giaour ; and "Theresa," in Mazeppa. 
 
 Francesco, the "Iago" of Mas- 
 einger's Duke of Milan ; the duke Sforza 
 "the More" being " Othello ; " and the 
 cause of hatred being that Sforza had se- 
 duced "Eugenia," Francesco's sister. As 
 Iago was Othello's favourite and ancient, 
 s<> Francesco was Sforza's favourite and 
 chi^f minister. During Sforza's absence 
 with the camp, Francesco tried to corrupt 
 the duke's beautiful young bride Marcelia, 
 and being repulsed, accused her to the 
 duke of wishing to play the wanton with 
 him. The duke believe 1 his favourite 
 minister, and in his mal jealousy ran 
 upon Marcelia and slew her. He was 
 then poisoned by Eugenia, whom he had 
 seduced. — Massinger, The Duke of Milan 
 (1622). (See Francisco.) 
 
 Francis, the faithful, devoted servant 
 of "the stranger." Quite impenetrable 
 to all idle curiosity. — Benj. Thompson, 
 The Stranger (1797). 
 
 Francis (Father), a Dominican monk, 
 the confessor of Simon Glover. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Ferth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Francis (Father), a monk of the con- 
 vent at Namur. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
 Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Franciscans. So called from St. 
 Francis of Assisi, their founder, in 1208. 
 
 Called " Min'orites" (or Inferiors), from 
 their professed humilty ; " Gray Friars," 
 from the colour of their coarse clothing ; 
 "Mendicants," because they obtained 
 their daily food by begging ; " Obser- 
 vants," because they observed the rule 
 of poverty. Those who lived in convents 
 were called "Conventual Friars." 
 
 Franciscan Sisters were colled 
 "Clares," "Poor Clares," "Minoresses,'' 
 "Mendicants," and "Urbanites" (3 syl.). 
 
 Francis'co, the son of Valentine. 
 Both father and son are in love with 
 Cellide (2 syl.), but the lady naturally 
 prefers the 6on. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 Mons. Thomas (1G19). 
 
 Francis'co, a musician, Antonio's boy 
 in The Chances, a comedy by Beaumont 
 and Fletcher (1620). 
 
 Francisco, younger brother of Valen- 
 tine (the gentleman who will not be 
 persuaded to keep his estate). (See Fran- 
 cesco.) — Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit 
 Without Money (1639). 
 
 Franguestan, famous for enamel. 
 
 Of completion more fair than the enamel of Fran- 
 guestan.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 Frank, sister to Frederick ; passion- 
 ately in love with captain Jac'omo the 
 woman-hater. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Captain (1613). 
 
 Frankenstein (3 syl.), a student, 
 who constructed, out of the fragments of 
 bodies picked from churchyards and 
 dissecting-rooms, a human form without 
 a soul. The monster had muscular 
 strength, animal passions, and active life, 
 but "no breath of divinity." It longed 
 for animal love and animal sympathy, but 
 was shunned by all. It was most power- 
 ful for evil, and being fully conscious of 
 its own defects and deformities, sought 
 with persistency to inflict retribution on 
 the young student who had called it 
 into being. — Mrs. Shelley, Frankenstein 
 (1817). 
 
 In the summer of 181(5, lord Byron and Mr. and Mrs. 
 £h Hey resided on the banks of the lake of Geneva . . . 
 and tUo Shelleys often passed their evenings with Byron, 
 athis house at Diodatl. During a week of rain, having 
 amused themselves with reading German ghost etories, 
 they agreed to write something in imitation of them. 
 " You and I," said lord Byron to Mrs. Shelley, '•will 
 publish ours together." He then hejan his tale of the 
 Vam/ire . . . but the most memorable part of this eton- 
 telling compnet whs Mrs. Shelley's wild and » overfill 
 romance of Frankenstein.— T. Moore, Life of Byron. 
 
 Frankford (Mr. and Mrs.). Mrs. 
 Frankford proved unfaithful to her mar- 
 riage vow, and Mr. Frankford sent her 
 to reside on one of his estates. She died 
 
FRANKLIN. 
 
 353 
 
 FREDERICK THE GREAT. 
 
 of grief ; but on her death-bed her hus- 
 band went to see her, and forgave her. — 
 John Heywood, A Woman Killed by 
 Kindtiess (1576-1645). 
 
 Franklin (Lady), the half-sister of 
 sir John Vesey, and a young widow. 
 Lady Franklin had an angelic temper, 
 which nothing disturbed, and she really 
 believed that "whatever is is best." She 
 could bear with unruffled feathers even 
 the failure of a new cap or the disappoint- 
 ment of a new gown. This paragon of 
 women loved and married Mr. Graves, 
 a dolorous widower, for ever sighing over 
 the superlative excellences of his "sainted 
 Maria," his first wife. — Lord L. Bulwer 
 Lytton, Honey (1840). 
 
 Frank'lin ( The Polish), Thaddeus Czacki 
 (1765-1813). 
 
 Franklin's Tale (The), in Chaucer's 
 Canterbury Tales, is that of "Dorigen and 
 Arvir'agus." Dorigen, a lady of rank, 
 married Arviragus, out of pity for his 
 love and meekness. One Aurelius tried 
 to corrupt her, but she said she would 
 never listen to his suit till " on these 
 coasts there n'is no stone y-seen." Aure- 
 lius contrived by magic to clear the coast 
 of stones, and Arviragus insisted that 
 Dorigen should keep touch with him. 
 When Aurelius heard thereof, and saw 
 the deep grief of the lady, he said he 
 would rather die than injure so true a 
 Avife and so noble a gentleman. 
 
 %* This tale is taken from The De- 
 cameron, x. 5. (See Diaxora, p. 251.) 
 There is also a very similar one in Boc- 
 caccio's Fhilocopo. 
 
 Frankly (Charles), a light-hearted, 
 joyous, enthusiastic young man, in love 
 with Clarinda, whom he marries. — Dr. 
 Hoadly, The Suspicious Husband (1747). 
 
 Franval (Madame), born of a noble 
 family, is proud as the proudest of the 
 old French noblesse. Captain St. Alnie, 
 the son of a merchant, loves her daughter ; 
 but the haughty aristocrat looks with 
 disdain on such an alliance. However, 
 her daughter Marianne is of another way 
 of thinking, and loves the merchant's 
 'son. Her brother intercedes in her behalf, 
 and madame makes a virtue of necessity, 
 <vith as much grace as possible. — Th. 
 Holcroft, Tic Dcaj and Dum'j (i<85). 
 
 Fra'teret'to, a fiend, who told Edgar 
 that Nero was an angler in the Lake of 
 Darkness. — Shakespeare, King Lear 
 
 aeooj. 
 
 Fraud, seen by Dante between the 
 sixth and seventh circles of the Inferno. 
 
 His head and upper part exposed on land. 
 But laid not on the shore his bestial train. 
 His face the semblance of a just man's wore 
 (So kind and gracious was its outward cheer). 
 The rest was serpent all. Two shaggy claws 
 Reached to the armpits, and the back and breast 
 And either side were painted o'er with nodes 
 Aiid orbits. 
 
 Dante, Hell, xvii. (13C0). 
 
 Freckles Cured. " The entrails of 
 crocodiles," says Ovid, " are excellent to 
 take freckles or spots from the face and 
 to whiten the skin." As Pharos, an island 
 in the mouth of the Nile, abounded in 
 crocodiles, the poet advises those who are 
 swarthy and freckled to use the Pharian 
 wash. 
 
 If swarthy, to the Pharian varnish fly. 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, iii. (B.C. 2). 
 
 Fred or Frederick Lewis prince of 
 "Wales, father of George III., was struck 
 by a cricket-ball in front of Cliefden 
 House, in the autumn of 1750, and died 
 the following spring. It was of this 
 prince that it was written, by way of 
 epitaph : 
 
 He was alive, and is dead ; 
 And as it is only Fred, 
 Why, there's no more to be said 
 
 Frederick, the usurping duke, father 
 of Celia and uncle of Rosalind. He was 
 about to make war upon his banished 
 brother, when a hermit encountered him, 
 and so completely changed him that he 
 not only restored his brother to his duke- 
 dom, but he retired to a religious house, 
 and passed the rest of his life in penitence 
 and acts of devotion. — Shakespeare, As 
 You Like It (15D8). 
 
 Frcd'crick, the unnatural and licentious 
 brother of Alphonso king of Naples, 
 whose kingdom he usurped. He tried 
 to seduce Evanthe (3 syl.), the chaste 
 wife of A'alerio, but not succeeding in hid 
 infamous design, he offered her as a con- 
 cubine for one month to any one who, at 
 the end of that period, would yield his 
 head to the block. As no one Avouid 
 accept the terms, Evanthe was restored 
 to her husband. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 A Wife for a Month (1624). 
 
 Frederick (Don), a Portuguese merchant, 
 the friend of don Felix. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
 The Wonder (1714). 
 
 Frederick the Great in Flight. 
 In 1741 was the battle of Molwitz, in 
 which the Prussians carried the day, and 
 the Austrians fled ; but Frederick, who 
 commanded the cavalrv, was put to fight 
 2 A 
 
FREEBORN JOHN. 
 
 354 
 
 FRIARS. 
 
 warly in the action, and thinking that all 
 was lost, fled with his staff many miles 
 from the scene of action. 
 
 Frederick the Great from Molwitz deigned to run. 
 Byron, Don Juan, viii. 2-2 (1824). 
 
 Freeborn John, John Lilbume, the 
 republican (1613-1657). 
 
 Freehold, a grumpy, rusty, but 
 soft-hearted old gentleman farmer, who 
 hates all new-fangled notions, and de- 
 tests "men of fashion." He lives in his 
 farm-house with his niece and daughter. 
 
 Aura Freehold, daughter of Freehold. 
 A pretty, courageous, high-spirited lass, 
 who wins the heart of Model y, a man of 
 the world and a libertine. — John Philip 
 Kemble, The Farm-house. 
 
 Freelove {Lady), aunt to Harriot 
 [Russet]. A woman of the world, "as 
 mischievous as a monkey, and as cunning 
 too " (act i. 1). — George Column, The 
 Jealous Wife (1761). 
 
 Freeman (Charles), the friend of 
 Lovel, whom he assists in exposing the 
 extravagance of his servants. — Rev. J. 
 Townley, High Life Below Stairs (1763). 
 
 Free'man (Sir Charles), brother of Mrs. 
 Sullen and friend of Aimwell. — George 
 Farquhar, The Beaux 1 Stratagem (1705), 
 
 Free'man (Mrs.), a name assumed by 
 the duchess of Marlborough in her cor- 
 respondence with queen Anne, who 
 called herself "Mrs. Morley." 
 
 Freemason (The lady), the Hon. 
 Miss Elizabeth St. Leger (afterwards 
 Mrs. Aldworth), daughter of Arthur lord 
 Doneraile. In order to witness the pro- 
 cetdings of a lodge, held in her father's 
 house, she hid herself in an empty clock- 
 case ; but, being discovered, she was 
 compelled to become a member of the 
 craft. 
 
 Freemasons' Buildings. St. 
 Paul's Cathedral, London, in 604, and 
 St. Peter's, Westminster, in 605, were 
 both built by freemasons. Gundulph 
 bishop of Rochester, who built White 
 Tcwer, was a grand - master ; so was 
 Peter of Colechurch, architect of Old 
 London Bridge. Henry VII.'s Chapel, 
 Westminster, is the work of a master 
 mason. Sir Thomas Gresham, who 
 planned the Royal Exchange, was also a 
 master mason ; so were Inigo Jones and 
 6ir Christopher Wren. Covent Garden 
 Theatre was founded, in 1808, by the 
 prince of Wales, in his capacitj- of grand- 
 master. 
 
 Free'port (Sir Andrew), a London 
 merchant, industrious, generous, and of 
 sound good sense. He was one of the 
 members of the hypothetical club under 
 whose auspices the Spectator was enter- 
 prised. 
 
 Freiherr von Guttingen, having 
 collected the poor of his neighbourhood 
 in a great barn, burnt them to death, and 
 mocked their cries of agony. Being 
 invaded by a swarm of mice, he shut 
 himself up in his castle of Guttingen. in 
 the lake of Constance ; but the vermin 
 pursued him, and devoured him alive. 
 The castle then sank in the lake, and 
 may still be seen there. (See Hatto.) 
 
 Freischutz (Der), a legendary 
 German archer, in league with the devil. 
 The devil gave him seven balls, six of 
 which were to hit with certainty any 
 mark he aimed at ; but the seventh was 
 to be directed according to the will of 
 the giver. — Weber, Der Freischutz (an 
 opera, 1822). 
 
 *** The libretto is by F. Kind, taken 
 from Apel's Gespensterbuch (or ghost 
 book). A translation of Apel's story 
 may be found in De Quincey's works. 
 
 Freron (Jean), the person bitten by 
 a mad dog, referred to by Goldsmith in 
 the lines : 
 
 The man recovered of the bite 
 The dog it was that died. 
 
 Elegy on a Mad Dog. 
 Un serpent niordit Jean Freron, eh bien? 
 Le serpent en inourut. 
 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., vii. 4 (Milman's notes). 
 
 Freston, an enchanter, introduced in 
 the romance of Don Belia'nis of Greece. 
 
 Freston, the enchanter, who bore don 
 Quixote especial ill-will. When the 
 knight's library was destroyed, he wus 
 told that some enchanter had carried off 
 the books and the cupboard which con- 
 tained them. The niece thought the en- 
 chanter's name was Munatou ; but the 
 don corrected her, and said, "You mean 
 Freston." " Yes, yes," said the Diece, 
 " I know the name ended in ton." 
 
 " That Freston," said the knight, " is doing me all tho 
 mischief his malevolence can invent ; but I regard him 
 not."— CI;. 7. 
 
 "That cursed Freston," said the knight, "who stole 
 my closet and books, has transformed the giants into 
 windmills" (ch. 8).— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. (1605). 
 
 Friars. The four great religious 
 orders were Dominicans, Franciscans, 
 Augustines, and Car'melites (3 syl.). 
 Dominicans are called black friars, Fran- 
 ciscans gray friars, and the other two 
 white friars. A fifth order was the 
 Trinitarians or Crutched friars, a latei 
 
FRIAR'S TALE. 
 
 355 
 
 FROG. 
 
 foundation. The Dominicans were fur- 
 thermore called Fratres Majores, and the 
 Franciscans Fratres Minores. 
 
 (For friars famed in fable or story, see 
 under each respective name or pseu- 
 donym.) 
 
 Friar's Tale (TJie), by Chaucer, in 
 The Canterbury Tales (1888). An arch- 
 deacon employed a sumpnour as his 
 secret spy to find out offenders, with the 
 view of exacting fines from them. In 
 order to accomplish this more effectually, 
 the sumpnour entered into a compact 
 with the devil, disguised as a yeoman. 
 Those who imprecated the devil were to 
 be dealt with by the yeoman-devil, and 
 those who imprecated God were to be 
 the sumpnour's share. They came in 
 time to an old woman " of whom they 
 knew no wrong," and demanded twelve 
 pence "for cursing." She pleaded 
 poverty, when the sumpnour exclaimed, 
 "The foul fiend fetch me if I excuse 
 thee ! " and immediately the foul fiend 
 at his side did seize him, and made off 
 with him too. 
 
 Fribble, a contemptible molly- 
 coddle, troubled with weak nerves. He 
 " speaks like a lady for all the world, and 
 never swears. . . . He wears nice white 
 gloves, and tells his lady-love what 
 ribbons become her complexion, where 
 to stick her patches, who is the best 
 milliner, where they sell the best tea, 
 what is the best wash for the face, and 
 the best paste for the hands. He is 
 always playing with his lady's fan, and 
 showing his teeth." He says when he is 
 married : 
 
 "All the domestic business will be taken from my wife's 
 hands. I shall make the tea, comb the dogs, and dress 
 the children myself." — D. Garrick, Miss in Her Teens ii. 
 (1753). 
 
 Friday (My man), a young Indian, 
 whom Robinson Crusoe saved from death 
 on a Friday, and kept as his servant and 
 companion on the desert island. — Defoe, 
 Bobinson Crusoe (1709). 
 
 Friday Street (London). So called 
 because it was the street of fishmongers, 
 who served the Friday markets. — Stow. 
 
 Friday Tree (A), a trial, mis- 
 fortune, or cross; so called from the 
 "accursed tree" on which the Saviour 
 was crucified on a Friday. 
 
 Friend (The Poor Man's), Nell 
 Gwynne (1642-1691). 
 
 Friend of Man (The), the marquis 
 de Mirabeau ; eo called from one of his 
 
 books, entitled L'Ami des Homines (1716- 
 1789). 
 
 Friends. 
 
 Frenchmen : Montaigne and Etienne de 
 la Boe'tie. 
 
 Germans: Goethe and Schiller. 
 
 Greeks : Achilles and Patroc'los ; 
 Diomedes and Sthen'alos ; Epaminondas 
 and Pelop'idas ; Harmo'dias and Aristo- 
 gi'ton ; Hercules and Iola'os ; Idomeneus 
 (4 syl.) and Merlon ; Pyl'ades and Ores'- 
 tes ; Septim'ios and Alcander ; Theseus 
 (2 syl.) and Pirith'oos. 
 
 Jews : David and Jonatnan ; Christ 
 and the beloved disciple. 
 
 Syracusians : Damon and Pythias ; 
 Sacharissa and AmSret. 
 
 Trojans : Nisus and Eury alus. 
 
 Of Feudal History : Amys and Amy- 
 lion. 
 
 Friends Falling out. 
 
 Faint friends, when they fall out, most cruel foemen be. 
 Speuser, Faery Queen, iv. 9 (1596). 
 
 Friendly (Sir Thomas), a gouty 
 baronet living at Friendly Hall. 
 
 Lady Friendly, wife of sir Thomas. 
 
 Frank Friendly, son of sir Thomas 
 and fellow-collegian with Ned Blushing- 
 ton. 
 
 Dinah Friendly, daughter of sir 
 Thomas. She marries Edward Blushing- 
 ton "the bashful man." — W. T. Mon- 
 crieff, The Bashful Man. 
 
 Frithiof [Frit.yof], a hero of Ice- 
 landic story. He married Inge'borg 
 [In.ge.boy'e], daughter of a petty Norwe- 
 gian king, and the widow of Hring. His 
 adventures are recorded in an ancient 
 Icelandic saga of the thirteenth century. 
 
 *** Bishop Tegner has made this 
 story the groundwork of his poem en- 
 titled Frithjofs Saga. 
 
 Frithiof s Sword, Angurva'del. 
 
 *,.* Frithiof means "peace-maker," 
 and Anyurvadel means " stream of an- 
 guish." 
 
 Fritz (Old), Frederick II. "the 
 Great," king of Prussia (1712, 1740- 
 1786). 
 
 Fritz, a gardener, passionately fond of 
 flowers, the only subject he can talk 
 about. — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
 State (1847). 
 
 Frog (Nic), the linen-draper. The 
 Dutch are so called in Arbuthnot's History 
 of John Bull. 
 
 Nic. Frog was a cunning, sly rogue, quite the reverse of 
 John [Bull] in many particulars ; covetous, frugaj ; minded 
 domestic affairs ; would pinch his belly to save bis pocket ; 
 
FROLLO. 
 
 356 
 
 FUDGE FAMILY. 
 
 never lost a farthing by careless servants or bad debts. 
 He illd not care much for any sort of diversions, except 
 tricks of high German artists and legerdemain ; no man 
 exceeded >>ic. in these. Yet it must be owned ihat Nic. 
 was a fa ir dealer, and in th at way acquired immense riches. 
 ^Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John Bull, v. (1712). 
 
 * !|c * "Frogs" are called Dutch night- 
 ingales. 
 
 Frollo (Claude), an archdeacon, ab- 
 sorbed by a search after the philosophers' 
 st«ne. He has a great reputation for 
 sanctity, but entertains a base passion 
 for Esmeralda, the beautiful gipsy girl. 
 Quasimodo flings him into the air from 
 the top of Notre Dame, and dashes him to 
 death. — Victor Hugo, Notre Dame dc 
 Paris (1831). 
 
 Fronde War {The), a political 
 squabble during the ministry of Maz'- 
 arin in the minority of Louis XIV. (1648- 
 1653). 
 
 Frondeur, a "Mrs. Candour," a 
 backbiter, arailer, a scandal-monger; any 
 one who flings stones at another. (French, 
 frondeur, "a slinger," /rorccfe, "a sling.") 
 
 "And what about Diebitsch ?" began another frondeur. 
 — Vera, '2W. 
 
 Frondeurs, the malcontents in the 
 Fronde war. 
 
 They were like schoolboys who sling stones about the 
 streets. When no eye is upon them they are bold as 
 bullies; but the moment a "policeman" approaches, off 
 they scamper to any ditch for concealment.— Montglat. 
 
 Front de Bceuf (Sir Reginald), a 
 follower of prince John of Anjou, and 
 one of the knight's challengers. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Icanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Frontaletto, the name of Sa'cri- 
 pant's horse. The word means " Little 
 head." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Fronti'no, the horse of Brada- 
 man'te (4 syl.). Roge'ro's horse bore the 
 same name. The word means " Little 
 hea:?." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 The renowned Frontino, which BradamantS purchased 
 at so high a price, could never be thought thy equal [i.e. 
 /iusinatite's equal]. — Cervantes, Don Quixote (lliOo). 
 
 Frost (Jack), Frost personified. 
 
 Jack Frost looked forth one still, clear night, 
 And he said, " Now 1 shall be out of sight, 
 So over the Talley and over the height 
 In silence I'll take my way." 
 
 Miss Gould. 
 
 Froth (Master), a foolish gentleman. 
 Too shallow for great crime and too light 
 for virtue. — Shakespeare, Measure for 
 Measure (IW5). 
 
 Froth (Lord), a good boon companion ; 
 but he vows that " he laughs at nobody's 
 jests but his own or a lady's." He says, 
 " Nothing is more unbecoming a man of 
 
 quality than a laugh ; 'tis such a vulgar 
 expression of the passion ; every one can 
 laugh." To lady Froth he is most gallant 
 and obsequious, though her fidelity to hel 
 liege lord is by no means immaculate. 
 
 Lady Froth, a lady of letters, who writes 
 songs, elegies, satires, lampoons, plays, 
 and so °n. She thinks her lord the 
 most polished of all men, and his bow 
 the pattern of grace and elegance. She 
 writes an heroic poem called The Syl- 
 labub, the subject of which is lord 
 Froth's love to herself. In this poem 
 she calls her lord "Spumoso" (Froth), 
 and herself "Biddy" (her own name). 
 Her conduct with Mr. Brisk is most blam- 
 able. — W. Congreve, The Double Dealer 
 (1700). 
 
 Frothal, king of Sora, and son of 
 Annir. Being driven by tempest to 
 Sarno, one of the Orkney Islands, he was 
 hospitably entertained by the king, and 
 fell in love with Coma'la, daughter of 
 Starno king of Inistore or the Orkneys. 
 He would have carried her off by violence, 
 but her brother Cathulla interfered, bound 
 Frothal, and, after keeping him in bondi 
 for three days, sent him out of the island. 
 "When Starno was gathered to his fathers, 
 Frothal returned and laid siege to the 
 palace of Cathulla ; but Fingal, happen- 
 ing to arrive at the island, met Frothal 
 in single combat, overthrew him, and 
 would have slain him, if Utha his be- 
 trothed (disguised in armour) had not 
 interposed. "When Fingal knew that 
 Utha was Frothal's sweetheart, he not 
 only spared the foe, but invited both to 
 the palace, where they passed the night in 
 banquet and song. — Ossian, Carrie- Thura. 
 
 Fruit at a Call. In the tale of 
 "The "White Cat," one of the fairies, in 
 order to supply a certain queen with ripe 
 fruit, put her fingers in her mouth, blew 
 three times, and then cried : 
 
 " Apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries, pears, 
 melons, grapes, apples, oranges, citrons, gooseberries, 
 currants, strawberries, raspberries, and all sorts of fruit ; 
 come at my call 1" ... And they came rolling in without 
 injury.— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The While 
 Cat," 1682). 
 
 Fuar'fed (3 syl.), an island of Scan- 
 dinavia. 
 
 Fudge Family (The), a family 
 supposed by T. Moore to be visiting 
 Paris after the peace. It consists of Phil 
 Fudge, Esq., his son Robert, his daughter 
 Biddy, and a poor relation named Phelim 
 Connor (an ardent Bonapartist and Irish 
 patriot) acting as bear-leader to B'">b. 
 These four write letters to their frienda 
 
FTJLGENTIO. 
 
 357 
 
 FUROR. 
 
 in England. The skit is meant to sa- 
 tirize the parvenu English abroad. 
 
 Phil Fudge, Esq., father of Bob and 
 Biddy Fudge ; a hack writer devoted 
 to legitimacy and the Bourbons. He 
 is a secret agent of lord Castlereagh 
 [Kar.'sl.rayJ , to whom he addresses letters 
 ii. and ix., and points out to his lordship 
 that Robert Fudge will be very glad to 
 receive a snug Government appointment, 
 and hopes that his lordship will not fail 
 to bear him in mind. Letter vi. he ad- 
 dresses to his brother, showing how the 
 Fudge family is prospering, and ending 
 thus : 
 
 Should we but still en;ov the sway 
 
 of Sidiuouth and of Caitlereagh, 
 
 1 hope ere long to see the day 
 
 When England's wisest statesmen, judges, 
 
 Lawyers, peers, will all be — FUDGES. 
 
 Miss Biddy Fudge, a sentimental girl 
 of 18, in love with "romances, high bon- 
 nets, and Mde. le Roy." She writes 
 letters i., v., x., and xii., describing to 
 her friend Dolly or Dorothy the sights 
 of Paris, and especiall} r how she be- 
 comes acquainted with a gentleman 
 whom she believes to be the king of 
 Prussia in disguise, but afterwards she 
 discovers that her disguised king calls 
 himself "colonel Calicot." Going with 
 her brother to buy some handkerchiefs, 
 her visions of glory are sadly dashed 
 when " the hero she fondly had fancied 
 a king " turns out to be a common 
 linen-draper. " There stood the vile trea- 
 cherous thing, with the yard-measure in 
 his hand." " One tear of compassion for 
 your poor heart-broken friend. P.S, — 
 You will be delighted to know we are 
 going to hear Brunei to-night, and have 
 obtained the governor's box ; we shall all 
 enjoy a hearty good laugh, I am sure." 
 
 Bub or Robert Fudge, son of Phil 
 Fudge, Esq., a young exquisite of the 
 first water, writes letters iii. and viii. to 
 his friend Richard. These letters describe 
 how French dandies dress, eat, and kill 
 time.— T. Moore (1818). 
 
 *** A sequel, called The Fudge Family 
 in England, was published. 
 
 Fulgentio, a kinsman of Roberto 
 (kiug of the two Sicilies). He was the 
 most rising and most insolent man in 
 the court. Cami'ola calls him "a suit- 
 broker," and says he had the worst report 
 among all good men for bribery and ex- 
 tortion. This canker obtained the king's 
 leave for his marriage with Camiola, and 
 he pleaded his suit as a right, not a favour ; 
 but the lady rejected him with scorn, and 
 Adoni killed the arrogant "sprig of no- 
 
 bilitv"in a duel. — Massinger, The Jf a id 
 of Honour (1G37). 
 
 Fulmer, a man with many shifts, 
 none of which succeeded. He says : 
 
 " I have beat through even- quarter of the compass . . . 
 I have blustered for prerogative ; I have bellowed for 
 freedom ; I have offered to serve my country ; I have 
 engaged to betray it .... I have talked treason, writ 
 treason . . . And here I set up as a bookseller, but men 
 leave off reading ; and if I were to turn butcher, I believe 
 . . . they'd leave off eating." — Act ii. L 
 
 Patty Fulmer, an unprincipled, flashy 
 woman, living with Fulmer, with the 
 brevet rank of wife. She is a swindler, 
 a scandal-monger, anything, in short, to 
 turn a penny by ; but her %-illainy brings 
 her to grief. — Cumberland, The West 
 Indian (1771). 
 
 Film, George IV. The Chinese fum 
 is a mixture of goose, stag, and snake, 
 with the beak of a cock ; a combination 
 of folly, cowardice, malice, and conceit. 
 
 And where is Fum the Fourth, our royal bird ? 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xL 78 (1824). 
 
 Furn-Hoam. the mandarin who re- 
 stored Malek-al-Salem king of Georgia 
 to his throne, and related to the king's 
 daughter Gulchenraz [Gundogdi] his 
 numerous metamorphoses : He was first 
 Piurash, who murdered Siamek the 
 usurper ; then a flea ; then a little dog ; 
 then an Indian maiden named Massouma ; 
 then a bee ; then a cricket ; then a mouse ; 
 then Abzenderoud the imaum'; then the 
 daughter of a rich Indian merchant, the 
 Jezdad of Iolcos, the greatest beauty of 
 Greece ; then a foundling found by a 
 dyer in a box ; then Dugme queen of 
 Persia ; then a young woman named 
 Hengu ; then an ape ; then a midwife's 
 daughter of Tartary ; then the only son 
 of the sultan of Agra ; then an Arabian 
 physician ; then a wild man named Kolao ; 
 then a slave ; then the son of a cadi of 
 Erzerum ; then a dervise ; then an Indian 
 prince ; and lastly Fum-Hoam. — T. S. 
 Gueulette, Chinese" Tales (1723). 
 
 Fum-Hoam, first president of the cere- 
 monial academv of Pekin. — Goldsmith, 
 Citizen of the World (1764). 
 
 Fumitory (" earth-smoke''), once 
 thought to be beneficial for dimness of 
 sight. 
 
 [The hermit] fumitory gets and eye- bright for the eye. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Fungo'so, a character in Ben Jon- 
 son's drama, Every JIan in His Humour 
 (1598). 
 
 Unlucky as Fungoso in the play. 
 
 Pope, £ssay on Criticism, 328 (1711). 
 
 Furor (intanpa-ate anger), a mad man 
 
FUSBERTA. 
 
 358 GABRIEL LAJEUNNESSE. 
 
 of great strength, the son of Occasion. 
 Sir Guyon, the "Knight of Temperance," 
 overcomes both Furor and his mother, 
 and rescues Phaon from their clutches. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 4 (1590). 
 
 Fusber'ta, the sword of Rinaldo. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 FusHbos, minister of state to Artax- 
 am'iuous king of Uto'pia. When the 
 king cuts down the bootsAvhich Bombastes 
 has hung defiantly on a tree, the general 
 engages the king in single combat, and 
 slays him. Fusbos, then coming up, 
 kills Bombastes, " who conquered all but 
 Fusbos, Fusbos him." At the close of 
 the farce, the slain ones rise one after 
 the other and join the dance, promising 
 "to die again to-morrow," if the audience 
 desires it. — W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes 
 Furioso. 
 
 Fus'bos, a nom de plume of Henry Plun- 
 kett, one of the first contributors to Punch. 
 
 Fy'rapel (Sir), the leopard, the 
 nearest kinsman of king Lion, in the 
 beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabble Retchet, a cry like that of 
 hounds, heard at night, foreboding trouble. 
 Said to be the souls of unbaptized chil- 
 dren wandering through the air till the 
 day of judgment. 
 
 Gabor, a Hungarian who aided 
 Ulric in saving count Stral'enheim from 
 the Oder, and was unjustly suspected of 
 being his murderer. — Byron, Werner 
 (1822). 
 
 Ga'briel (2 or 3 syl.), according to 
 Milton, is called "chief of the angelic 
 guards " (Paradise Lost, iv. 549) ; but in 
 bk. vi. 44, etc., Michael is said to be " of 
 celestial armies prince," and Gabriel "in 
 military prowess next." 
 
 Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince : 
 And thou in military prowess next, 
 Gabriel ; lead forth to battle these my sons 
 i Invincible. 
 
 MUton, Paradise Lott, vi. 44, etc (1665). 
 
 *** Gabriel is also called " The Mes- 
 senger of the Messiah," because he was 
 sent by the Messiah to execute his orders 
 on the earth. He is referred to in 
 
 Daniel viii. 16, ix. 21 ; and in Luke L 
 19, 26. 
 
 Gabriel (according to the Koran and 
 Sale's notes) : 
 
 1. It is from this angel that Ma- 
 homet professes to have received the 
 Koran ; and he acts the part of the Holy 
 Ghost in causing believers to receive the 
 divine revelation. — Ch. ii. 
 
 2. It was the angel Gabriel that won 
 the battle of Bedr. Mahomet's forces 
 were 319, and the enemy's a thousand : 
 but Gabriel (1) told Mahomet to throw 
 a handful of dust in the air, and on so 
 doing the eyes of the enemy were " con- 
 founded ; " (2) he caused the army of 
 Mahomet to appear twice as many as 
 the army opposed to it ; (3) he brought 
 from heaven 3000 angels, and, mounted 
 on his horse Ha'izum. led them against 
 the foe. — Ch. iii. 
 
 3. Gabriel appeared twice to Ma- 
 homet in his angelic form: first "in 
 the highest part of the horizon," and 
 next "by the lote tree" on the right 
 hand of the throne of God. — Ch. liv. 
 
 4. Gabriel's horse is called Ha'izum, 
 and when the golden calf was made, a 
 little of the dust from under this horse's 
 feet being thrown into its mouth, the calf 
 began to low, and received life. — Ch. ii. 
 
 Gabriel (according to other legends) : 
 
 The Persians call Gabriel " the angel 
 of revelations," because he is so fre- 
 quently employed by God to carry His 
 messages to man. 
 
 The Jews call Gabriel their enemy, 
 and the messenger of wrath; but Michael 
 they call their friend, and the messenger 
 of all good tidings. 
 
 In mediaeval romance, Gabriel is the 
 second of the seven spirits which stand 
 before the throne of God, and he is 
 frequently employed to carry the prayers 
 of man to heaven, or bring the messages 
 of God to man. 
 
 Longfellow, in the Golden Legend, 
 makes Gabriel " the angel of the moon," 
 and says that he " brings to man the gift 
 of hope." 
 
 Gabriel iajeiinnesse. son of 
 Basil the blacksmith of Grand Pre', in 
 Acadia (now Nova Scotia). He was 
 legally plighted to Evangeline, daughter 
 of Benedict Belief ontaine (the richest 
 farmer of the village) ; but next day ali 
 the inhabitants were exiled by order of 
 George II., and their property confiscated. 
 Gabriel was parted from his troth-plight 
 wife, and Evangeline spent her w'lolft 
 
GABRIELLE. 
 
 359 
 
 GALAHAD. 
 
 life in trying to find him. After many 
 wanderings, she went to Philadelphia, 
 and became a sister of mercy. The 
 plague visited this city, and in the alms- 
 house the sister saw an old man stricken 
 down by the pestilence. It was Gabriel. 
 He tried to whisper her name, but died 
 in the attempt. He was buried, and 
 Evangeline lies beside him in the grave. 
 ■ — Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). 
 
 G-abrielle (Charmhnte), or La Belle 
 Gabrielle, daughter of Antoine d'Estre'es 
 (grand-master of artillery and governor 
 of the He de France). Henri IV. (1590) 
 happened to stay for the night at the 
 chateau de Cceuvres, and fell in love with 
 Gabrielle, then 19 years old. To throw 
 a veil over his intrigue, he gave her in 
 marriage to Damerval de Liancourt, 
 created her duchess of Beaufort, and 
 took her to live with him at court. 
 
 The song beginning ' ' Charmante 
 Gabrielle . . ." is ascribed to Henri IV. 
 
 Gabri'na, wife of Arge'o baron of 
 Servia, tried to seduce Philander, a 
 Dutch knight ; but Philander fled from 
 the house, where he was a guest. She 
 then accused him to her husband of a 
 wanton insult, and Argeo, having appre- 
 hended him, confined him in a dungeon. 
 One day, Gabrina visited him there, and 
 implored him to save her from a knight 
 who sought to dishonour her. Philander 
 willingly espoused her cause, and slew 
 the knight, who proved fco be her hus- 
 band. Gabrina then told her champion 
 that if he refused to marry her, she would 
 accuse him of murder to the magistrates. 
 On this threat he married her, but ere 
 long was killed by poison. Gabrina now 
 wandered about the country as an old 
 hag, and being fastened on Odori'co, was 
 hung by him to the branch of an elm. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Gabriolet'ta, governess of Brittany, 
 rescued by Am'adis de Gaul from the 
 hands of Balan ("the bravest and 
 strongest of all giants"). — Vasco de 
 Lobeira, Amadis de Gaul, iv. 129 (four- 
 teenth century). 
 
 Gadshill, a companion of sir John 
 Falstaff. This thief receives bis name 
 from a place called Gadshill, on the 
 Kentish road, notorious for the many 
 robberies committed there. — Shake- 
 speare, 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4 (1597). 
 
 Ga'lieris (Sir), son of Lot (king of 
 Orkney) and Morgause (king Arthur's 
 Bister). Being taken captive by sir 
 
 Turquine, he was liberated by sir 
 Launcelot du Lac. One night, sirGaheris 
 caught his mother in adultery with sir 
 Lamorake, and, holding her by the hair, 
 struck off her head. 
 
 " Alas ! " said sir Lamorake, "why have you slain your 
 own mother? With more right should ye have siain me." 
 . . . And when it was known that sir Gaheris had slain 
 his mother, king Arthur was passing wroth, and com- 
 manded him to leave his court. — Sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, ii. 109 (1470). 
 
 Gaiour [Djow.'r], emperor of China, 
 and father of Badour'a (the "most beau- 
 tiful woman ever seen upon earth"). 
 Badoura married Camaral'zaman, the most 
 beautiful of men. — Arabian Nights ("Ca- 
 maralzaman and Badoura"). (See 
 Giaour.) 
 
 Gal'ahad (Sir), the chaste son of sir 
 Launcelot and the fair Elaine (king 
 Pelles's daughter, pt. iii. 2), and thus was 
 fulfilled a prophecy that she should be- 
 come the mother of the noblest knight 
 that was ever born. Queen Guenever 
 says that sir Launcelot "came of the 
 eighth degree from our Saviour, and sir 
 Galahad is of the ninth . . . and, therefore, 
 be they the greatest gentlemen of all the 
 world " (pt. iii. 85). His sword was 
 that which sir Balin released from the 
 maiden's scabbard (see Balin), and hig 
 shield belonged to king Euelake [Eve- 
 lake'], who received it from Joseph of 
 Arimathy. It was a snow-white shield, 
 on which Joseph had made a cross with 
 his blood (pt. iii. 39). After divers 
 adventures, sir Galahad came to Sarras, 
 where he was made king, was shown the 
 eangraal by Joseph of Arimathy, and 
 even "took the Lord's body between his 
 hands," and died. Then suddenly "a 
 great multitude of angels bear his soul 
 up to heaven," and " sithence was never 
 no man that could say he had seen the 
 sangreal" (pt. iii. 103). 
 
 Sir Galahad was the only knight who 
 could sit in the "Siege Perilous," a seat 
 in the Round Table reserved for the 
 knight destined to achieve the quest of 
 the holy graal, and no other person 
 could sit in it without peril of his life 
 (pt. iii. 32). He also drew from the 
 iron and marble rock the sword which 
 no other knight could release (pt. iii. 33). 
 His great achievement was that of the 
 holy graal. Whatever other persons 
 may say of this mysterious subject, it 
 is quite certain that the Arthurian 
 legends mean that sir Galahad saw with 
 his bodily eyes and touched with hia 
 hands " the incarnate Saviour," repro- 
 duced by the consecration of the elements 
 
GAL AH ALT. 
 
 360 
 
 GALERANA. 
 
 of bread and wine. Other persons see 
 the transformation by the eye of faith 
 only, but sir Galahad saw it bodily with 
 his eyes. 
 
 Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the 
 likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [the elevation of 
 the host] there came a figure in the likeness of a child, 
 and the visage was as red and as bright as fire ; and he 
 smote himself into that bread ; so they saw that the bread 
 was formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it into the 
 holy vessel again . . . then [the bishop] took the holy 
 vessel and came to sir Galahad as he kneeled down, and 
 there he received his Saviour . . . then went he and 
 kissed sir Bors . . . and kneeled at the table and made 
 his prayers; and suddenly his soul departed . . . and a 
 great multitude of angels bear his soul to heaven. — Sir T. 
 Malory, llhtory of Prince Arthur, iii. 101-103 (1470). 
 
 *** Sir Galahalt, the son of sir Brew- 
 nor, must not be confounded with sir 
 Galahad, the son of sir Launcelot. 
 
 Galahalt (Sir), called "The Haut 
 Prince," son of sir Brewnor. He was one 
 of the knights of the Round Table. 
 
 *** This knight must not be con- 
 founded with sir Galahad, the son of sir 
 Launcelot and Elaine (daughter of king 
 Pelles). 
 
 Gal'antyse (3 syl.), the steed given 
 to Graunde Amoure by king Melyzyus. 
 
 And I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, 
 
 Called Galantyse, to helpe you in vour nede. 
 
 Stephen Hawes, The J'assc-tyme of Plesurc, xxviu. (1515). 
 
 Ga'laor {Don), brother of Am'adis de 
 Gaul. A desultor amor is, who, as don 
 Quixote says, " made love to every 
 pretty girl he met." His adventures 
 form a strong contrast to those of his 
 more serious brother. — Amadis de Gaul 
 (fourteenth century). 
 
 A barber in the village insisted that none equalled 
 "The Knight of the Sun" [i.e. Amadis], except don 
 Galur his brother.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. L 1 
 (1605). 
 
 Gal'apas, a giant of " marvellous 
 height" in the army of Lucius king of 
 Borne. He was slain by king Arthur. 
 
 \K ing A rthur] slew a great giant named Galapas. . . . 
 He shortened him by smiting off both his legs at the 
 knees, saying, " Now art thou better of a size to deal 
 with than thou wert." And after, he smote off his head. 
 —Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 115 
 (1470). 
 
 Galaph/ron or Gallaphrone (3 
 syl.), a king of Cathay, father of An- 
 gelica. — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato 
 (1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Fwioso (1516). 
 
 When Agrican . . . besieged Albracca . . . 
 The city of Gallaphror.e, whence to win 
 The fairest of her sex, Angelica. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Regained, iii. (1671). 
 
 G-alasp, or rather George Gillespie, 
 mentioned by Milton in Sonnet, x., was 
 a Scottish writer against the indepen- 
 dents, and one of the "Assemblv of 
 Divines" (1583-1648). 
 
 G-alate'a, a sca-nymph, beloved by 
 
 Polypheme (3 syl.). She herself had a 
 heartache for Acis. The jealous giant 
 crushed his rival under a huge rock, and 
 Galatea, inconsolable at the loss of her 
 lover, was changed into a fountain. The 
 word Galatea is used poetically for any 
 rustic maiden. 
 
 %* Handel has an opera called Acis 
 and Galatea (1710). 
 
 Galate'a, a Avise ana modest lady at- 
 tending on the princess in the drama of 
 Philastcr or Love Lies a-bleeding, by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (1608). 
 
 Gal'atine (3 syL), the .sword of sir 
 Gaw'ain, king Arthur's nephew. — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
 93 (1470). 
 
 Galbraith (Major Duncan), of Gars- 
 chattachin, a militia officer. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Ga'len, an apothecary, a medical man 
 (in disparagement). Galen was the most 
 celebrated physician of ancient Greece, 
 and had a greater influence on medical 
 hcience than anv other man before or 
 since (A.r». 130-200). 
 
 Unawcd, young Galen bears the hostile brunt, 
 Pills in his rear, and Cullen in his front. 
 
 Win. Falconer, The Midshipman, 
 
 (Dr. William Cullen, of Hamilton, 
 Lanarkshire, author of Nosology, 1712- 
 1790.) 
 
 Galen'ical Medicines, herbs and 
 drugs in general, in contradistinction to 
 minerals recommended by Paraeel'sus. 
 
 Gal'enist, a herb doctor 
 
 The Galenist and Paracelsian. 
 
 S. Butler, Uudibras, iii. 3 (1678). 
 
 Galeotti Martivalle (Martius), 
 astrologer of Louis XL Being asked by 
 the superstitious king if he knew the day 
 of his own death, the crafty astrologer 
 replied that he could not name the exact 
 day, but he had learnt thus much by his 
 art — that it would occur just twenty-four 
 hours before the decease of his majesty 
 (eh. xxix.). — SirW. Scott, QuentinDur- 
 u-ard (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 *** Thrasullus the soothsayer made 
 precisely the same answer to Tibe'rius 
 emperor of Rome. 
 
 Galera'na is called by Ariosto the 
 wife of Charlemagne; but the nine wives 
 of that emperor are usually given as 
 Hamiltrude (3 syl.), Desidera'ta, Hil'de- 
 garde (3 syl.), Fastrade (2 syl.), Luit- 
 garde, Maltegarde, Gersuinde, Regi'na, 
 
GALERF. 
 
 361 
 
 GALLOMANIA. 
 
 and Adaliu'da. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, 
 xxi. (1516). 
 
 Galere (2 syL). Que diable allait-il 
 fairc dans oette galere f Scapin wants to 
 get from Ge'ronte (a miserly old hunks) 
 £1500, to help Leaudre, the old man s son, 
 out of a l^oney difficulty. So Scapin 
 vamps up i cock-and-bull story about 
 Leandre beU;f invited by a Turk on board 
 bis galley, wAere he was treated to a most 
 Bumptuouf, repast ; but when the young 
 man was about to quit the galley, the 
 Turk toIJ him he was a prisoner, and 
 demanded £1500 for his ransom within 
 two hours' time. When Ge'ronte hears 
 this, he exclaims, " Que diable allait-il 
 faire dans cette galere ? " and he swears 
 he will arrest the Turk for extortion. 
 Being shown the impossibility of so doing, 
 he again exclaims, " Que diable allait-il 
 faire dans cette galere?" and it flashes 
 into his mind that Scapin should give him- 
 self up as surety for the payment of the 
 ransom. This, of course, Scapin objects 
 to. The old man again exclaims, " Que 
 diable allait-il faire dans cette galere ? " 
 and commands Scapin to go and tell 
 the Turk that £1500 is not to be picked 
 off a bedge. Scapin says the Turk does 
 not care a straw about that, and insists 
 on the ransom. " Mais, que diable allait- 
 il faire dans cette galere ? " cries the old 
 hunks ; and tells Scapin to go and pawn 
 certain goods. Scapin replies there is no 
 time, the two hours are nearly exhausted. 
 " Que diable," cries the old man again, 
 "allait-il faire dans cette galere?" and 
 when at last he gives the money, he 
 repeats the same words, " Mais, que 
 diabie allait-il faire dans cette galere ? " 
 — Moliere, Lcs Fourberics de Scapin, ii. 11 
 (1671). 
 
 %* Vogue la galere means "come what 
 may," " let what will happen." 
 
 G-ale'sian Wool, the best and finest 
 wool, taken from sheep pastured on the 
 meadows of Galesus. 
 
 Dulce pellitis ovibus Galassi flumen. 
 
 Horace, Carm., ii. 6, 10. 
 
 G-al'gacus, chief of the Caledonians, 
 who resisted Agricola with great valour. 
 In a.p. 84 he was defeated, and died on 
 the field. Tacitus puts into his mouth a 
 noble speech, made to his army before 
 the battle. 
 
 Galgiicus, their guide. 
 Amongst his murthered troops there resolutely died. 
 Drayton, 1'olyolbion, via. (1612). 
 
 Gali a'na, a Moorish princess, daughter 
 of Gadaife king of Toledo. Her father 
 16 
 
 built for her a palace on the Tagus, so 
 splendid that "a palace of Galiana " has 
 become a proverb in Spain. 
 
 Galien Restored, a mediaeval 
 romance of chivalry. Galien was the 
 son of Jaqueline (daughter of Hugh king 
 of Constantinople) . His father was count 
 Oliver of Vienne. Two fairies interested 
 themselves in Jaqueline' s infant son : one, 
 named Galienne, had the child named after 
 her, Galien ; and the other insisted than 
 he should be called "Restored," for that 
 the boy would restore the chivalry of 
 Charlemagne. — Author unknown. 
 
 Galile'o [Galilei], born at Pisa. 
 but lived chiefly in Florence. In 1633 he 
 published his work on the Copernican 
 system, showing that "the earth moved 
 and the sun stood still." For this he was 
 denounced by the Inquisition of Rome, 
 and accused of contradicting the Bible. 
 At the age of 70 he was obliged to abjure 
 his system, in order to gain his liberty. 
 After pronouncing his abjuration, he said, 
 in a stage whisper, E pur si rnuove (" It 
 does move, though "). This is said to bo 
 a romance (1564-1642). 
 
 Galinthia, daughter of Proetus king 
 of Argos. She was changed by the Fatej 
 into a cat, and in that shape was made by 
 Hecate her high priestess. — Antonius U- 
 beralis, Metarn., xxix. 
 
 Galls, in Arthurian romance, mean* 
 " Wales," as sir Lamorake de Galis, i.e. 
 sir Lamorake the "Welshman. 
 
 Gallegos [Gal'.le.gozc], the people of 
 Galicia (once a province of Spain). 
 
 Gallic, France. " Gauls," the in- 
 habitants of Gallia. 
 
 Gallice'nae, priestesses of Gallic my- 
 thology, who had power over the winds 
 and waves. There were nine of them, all 
 virgins. 
 
 Galligan'tus, the giant who lived 
 with Hocus-Pocus the conjuror. When 
 Jack thp ^iant-killer blew the magic 
 horn, uotn the giant and conjuror were 
 overthrown. — Jack the Giant-killer 
 
 Gallo-Bel'gicus, an annual register 
 in Latin, first published in 1598 
 
 It is believed . . . 
 As if 'twere writ in Gallo-Belgicus. 
 
 T. May, The Jleir (1615). 
 
 Gallo-ma'nia, a furor for every- 
 thing French. Generally applied to that 
 vile imitation of French literature and 
 customs which prevailed in Germany in 
 the time of Frederick II. of Prussia. Jf< 
 
GALLOPING DICK. 
 
 382 GAMMER GURTON'S NEEDLE. 
 
 is very conspicuous in the writings of 
 Wieland (1788-1813). 
 
 Galloping Dick, Richard Ferguson 
 the highwayman, executed in 1800. 
 
 Galloway (A), a small nag of the 
 breed which originally came from Gal- 
 Joway, in Scotland. 
 
 Galloway ( The Fair Maid of), Margaret, 
 only daughter of Archibald fifth earl of 
 Douglas. She married her cousin "Wil- 
 liam, to whom the earldom passed in 
 1443. After the death of her first hus- 
 band, she married his brother James (the 
 last earl of Douglas). 
 
 Gal'lowglasses, heavy-armed Irish 
 foot-soldiers ; their chief weapon was the 
 pole-axe. They were " grim of counten- 
 ance, tali of stature, big of limb, lusty 
 of body, and strongly built." The light- 
 armed foot-soldiers were called " Kerns" 
 or "Kernes" (1 syl.). 
 
 The multiplying villainies of nature 
 
 Do swarm upon him ; from the western isles 
 
 Of Kernes and Gallowglasses [he's] supplied. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 2 (1606). 
 
 Gallu'ra's Bird, the cock, which 
 was the cognizance of Gallura. 
 
 For her so fair a burial will not make 
 
 The viper [the Milanese, whose ensign was a viper] 
 
 As had been made by shrill Gallura's bird. 
 
 DantS, Purgatory, viii. (130' ). 
 
 Gal'way Jury, an independent jury, 
 neither to be brow-beaten nor led by the 
 nose. In 1635, certain trials were held in 
 Ireland, respecting the right of the Crown 
 to the counties of Ireland. Leitrim, Ros- 
 comtnon, Sligo, and Mayo gave judgment 
 in favour of the Crown, but Galway stood 
 out, whereupon each of the jury was 
 fined £4000. 
 
 Ga'ma ( Vasco da), the hero of Ca- 
 moens's I.usiad. Sagacious, intrepid, 
 tender-hearted, pious, and patriotic. He 
 was the first European navigator who 
 doubled the Cape of Good Hope (1497). 
 
 Gama, captain of the venturous band, 
 Of bold emprise, and born for high command, 
 Whose martial fires, with prudence close allied, 
 Ensured the smiles of fortune on his side. 
 
 Camoens, Lusiad, i. (1569). 
 
 *** Gama is also the hero of Meyer- 
 beer's posthumous opera called L'Afri- 
 cane (1865). 
 
 Gam'elyn (3 syl.), youngest of the 
 three sons of sir Johan di Boundys, who, 
 on bis death-bed, left "five plowes of 
 land" to each of his two elder sons, 
 and the residue of his property to the 
 youngest. The eldest son took charge 
 of Gamelyn, but entreated him shame- 
 fully. On one occasion he said to him, 
 
 " Stand still, gadelyng, and hold thy 
 peace." To which the proud boy retorted, 
 "I am no gadelyng, but the lawful son 
 of a lady and true knight." On this, \he 
 elder brother sent his servants to chastise 
 him, but he drove them off "with a 
 pestel." At a wrestling match young 
 Gamelyn threw the champion, and carried 
 oft' the prize ram ; but on reaching home 
 found the door closed against him. He 
 at once kicked the door down, and threw 
 the porter into a well. The elder brother 
 now bound the young madcap to a tree, 
 and left him two days without food ; but 
 Adam, the spencer, unloosed him ; and 
 Gamelyn fell upon a party of ecclesiastics, 
 who had come to dine with his brother, 
 and "sprinkled holy water on them with 
 a stout oaken cudgel." The sheriff sent 
 to apprehend the young spitfire, but 
 he fled with Adam into the woods, and 
 came upon a party of foresters sitting at 
 meat. The captain gave him welcome, 
 and Gamelyn in time became " king of 
 the outlaws." His brother, being sheriff, 
 would have put him to death, but Game- 
 lyn hanged his brother on a forest tree. 
 After this the king appointed him chief 
 ranger, and he married. — Coke, Tale of 
 Gamelyn. 
 
 *** Lodge has made this tale the basis 
 of his romance entitled Itosalynd or 
 Euplieus 1 Golden Legacye (1590) ; and 
 from Lodge's novel Shakespeare has bor- 
 rowed the plot, with some of the charac- 
 ters and dialogue, of As You Like It. 
 
 Gamelyn de Guar'dover (Sir), 
 an ancestor of sir Arthur W ardour. — Sir 
 \V. Scott, Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Gamester (TJie), a tragedy by Ed. 
 Moore (1753). The name of the gamester 
 is Beverley, and the object of the play is 
 to show the great evils of gambling end- 
 ing in despair and suicide. 
 
 Gamester (The), by Mrs. Centlivre 
 (1705). The hero is Valere, to whom 
 Angelica gives a picture, which she en- 
 joins him not to lose on pain of forfeiting 
 her hand. Valere loses it in play, and 
 Angelica, in disguise, is the winner. After 
 much tribulation, Valere is cured of his 
 vice, the picture is restored, and the two 
 are happily united in marriage. 
 
 Gammer Gurton's Needle, ty 
 Mr. S. Master of Arts. It was in 
 existence, says "Warton, in 1551 (English 
 Poetry., iv. 32). Sir Walter Scott says: 
 "It was the supposed composition of 
 John Still, M.A., afterwards bishop of 
 
GAMP. 
 
 363 
 
 GANGES. 
 
 Bath and Wells ;" but in 1551 John Still 
 was a boy not nine years old. The fun 
 of this comedy turns on the loss and 
 recovery of a needle, with which Gammer 
 Gurton was repairing the breeches of her 
 man Hodge. The comedy contains the 
 famous drinking song, "I Cannot Eat but 
 Little Meat." 
 
 Gammer Gurton's Needle Is a ereat curiosity. The 
 popular characters, such as " Tr.e Sturdy Beggar," "The 
 Clovm," '"The Country Vicar," and "The Shrew," of 
 the sixteenth century, are drawn in colours taken from the 
 lite. . . . The place is the open square of the village before 
 Gammer Gurton's door ; the action, the loss of the 
 needle ; and this, followed by the search for it, and its 
 final recovery, is intermixed with no other thwarting or 
 •ubordinate interest— Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Gamp (Sarah), a monthly nurse, 
 residing in Kingsgate Street, High 
 Holborn. Sarah was noted for her gouty 
 umbrella, and for her perpetual reference 
 to an hypothetical Mrs. Harris, whose 
 opinions were a confirmation of her own. 
 She was fond of strong tea and strong 
 stimulants. " Don't ask me," she said, 
 "whether I Avon't take none, or whether 
 I will, but leave the bottle on the chimley- 
 piece, and let me put my lips to it 
 when I am so dispoged." When Mrs. 
 Prig, "her pardner," stretched out her 
 hand to the teapot [filled with gin] , Mrs. 
 Gamp stopped the hand and said with 
 great feeling, " No, Betsey ! drink fair, 
 wotever you do." (See Harris.)— C. 
 Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xlix. (1843). 
 
 *** A big, pawky umbrella is called a 
 Mrs. Gamp, and in France un Robinson, 
 from Robinson Crusoe's umbrella. 
 
 *** Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris have 
 Parisian sisters in Mde. Pochet and Mde. 
 Gibou, creations of Henri Monnier. 
 
 Gan. (See Ganelon.) \ 
 
 G-an'abini, the island of thieves. 
 (Hebrew, gannab, "a thief.") — Rabelais, 
 Pantag'ruel, iv. 66 (1545). 
 
 G-an'dalin, earl of the Firm Island, 
 and 'squire of Am'adis de Gaul. 
 
 Gandalin, though an earl, never spoke to his master but 
 cap in hand, his head bowing all the time, and his body 
 bent after the Turkish manner. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 I. iii. 6 (1605). 
 
 Gander-Cleugh. ( ' ' folly-cliff " ), that 
 mysterious place where a person makes 
 a goose of himself. Jededi'ah Cleish- 
 botham, the hypothetical editor of The 
 Tales of My Landlord, lived at Gander- 
 cleusrh. — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Gan'elon (2 syl.), count of Mayence, 
 the "Judas "of Charlemagne's paladins. 
 Hia castle was built on the Blocksberg, 
 the loftiest peak of the Hartz Mountains. 
 Charlemagne was always trusting this 
 
 base knight, and was as often betraj'ed by 
 him. Although the very business of the 
 paladins was the upholding of Chris- 
 tianity, sir Ganelon was constantly in- 
 triguing for its overthrow. No doubt, 
 jealousy of sir Roland made him a traitor, 
 and he basely planned with Marsillus 
 (the Moorish king), the attack of Ron- 
 cesvalles. The character of sir Ganelon 
 was marked with spite, dissimulation, 
 and intrigue, but he was patient, ob- 
 stinate, and enduring. He was six feet 
 and a half in height, had large glaring 
 eyes, and fiery red hair. He loved soli- 
 tude, was very taciturn, disbelieved in 
 the existence of moral good, and has 
 become a by-word for a false and faith- 
 less friend. Dante has placed him in his 
 " Inferno." (Sometimes called Ga>\) 
 
 The most faithless spy since the days of Ganelon. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Abbot, xxiv. (1820). 
 
 Ganem, "the Slave of Love." The 
 hero ard title of one of the Arabian 
 Nights tales. Ganem was the son of a 
 rich merchant of Damascus, named Abou 
 Aibou. On the death of his father he 
 went to Bagdad, to dispose of the mer- 
 chandize left, and accidentally saw three 
 slaves secretly burying a chest in the 
 earth. Curiosity induced him to dis- 
 inter the chest, when, lo ! it contained a 
 beautiful woman, sleeping from the effects 
 of a narcotic drug. He took her to hia 
 lodgings, and discovered that the victim 
 was Fetnab, the caliph's favourite, who 
 had been buried alive by order of the 
 sultana, out of jealousy. When the caliph 
 heard thereof, he was extremely jealous 
 of the young merchant, and ordered him 
 to be put to death, but he made good his 
 escape in the guise of a waiter, and lay 
 concealed till the angry fit of the caliph 
 had subsided. When Haroun-al-Raschid 
 (the caliph) came to himself, and heard 
 the unvarnished facts of the case, he 
 pardoned Ganem, gave to him Fetnab for 
 a wife, and appointed him to a lucrative 
 post about the court. ■ 
 
 Gan'esa, goddess of wisdom, in 
 Hindu mythology. 
 
 Then Camdeo [Love] bright and Ganesa sublime 
 Shall bless with joy their own propitious clime. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Mope, i. (179S). 
 
 Gan'ges. Pliny tells us of men 
 living on the odour emitted bv the water 
 of this river. — Nat. Hist., xii. 
 
 By Ganges' bank, as wild traditions tell, 
 Of old the tribes lived healthful by the smell ; 
 No food they knew, such fragrant vapours rose 
 Rich from the flowery lawn where Gauge? flows. 
 
 Cainocns. Liitind, vii (1600). . 
 
GANLESSE. 
 
 364 
 
 GARETH. 
 
 Ganlesse {Richard), alias Simon 
 Canter, alias Edward Christian, one 
 of the conspirators. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Ganna, the Celtic prophetess, who 
 succeeded Velle'da. She went to Rome, 
 and was received by Domitian with great 
 honour. — Tacitus, Annals, 55. 
 
 G-anor, Gano'ra, Geneura, Ginevra, 
 Genievre, Guinevere, Guenever, are dif- 
 ferent ways of spelling the name of 
 Arthur's wife ; called by Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth, Guanhuma'ra or Guan'humar ; 
 but Tennyson has made Guenevere the 
 popular English form. 
 
 Gants Jaunes {Pes), dandies, 
 men of fashion. 
 
 G-an'ymede (3 syl.), a beautiful 
 Phrvgean boy, who was carried up to 
 Olympos on the back of an eagle, to be- 
 come cup-bearer to the gods instead of 
 Hebe. At the time of his capture he 
 was playing a flute while tending his 
 father's sheep. 
 
 There fell a flute when Ganymede went up — 
 The flute that he was wont to play upon. 
 
 Jean lngelow, Honours, ii. 
 
 (Jupiter compensated the boy's father 
 for the loss of his son, by a pair of 
 horses.) 
 
 Tennyson, speaking of a great reverse 
 of fortuue from the highest glory to the 
 lowest shame, saj's : 
 
 They mounted Ganymedes, 
 To tumble Vulcuns on the second morn. 
 
 The Princess, iii. 
 
 The Birds of Ganymede, eagles. Gany- 
 mede is represented as sitting on an eagle, 
 or attended by that bird. 
 
 To see upon her shores her fowl and conies feed. 
 And wantonly to hatch the birds of Ganymede. 
 
 Drayton, 1'olyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 * # * Ganymede is the constellation 
 
 Aquarius. 
 
 Garagan'tua, a giant, who swallowed 
 five pilgrims with their staves in a salad. 
 — Rabelais, The History of Garagantua 
 (1533). 
 
 You must borrow me Garagantua's mouth before I can 
 utter so long a word.— Shakespeare, .4s You Like It, act 
 iii. sc. 2 (1600). 
 
 G-ar'cias. TJie soul of Peter Garcias, 
 money. Two scholars, journeying to 
 Salamanca, came to a fountain, which 
 bore this inscription: "Here is buried 
 the soul of the licentiate Peter Garcias." 
 One scholar went away laughing at the 
 notion of a buried soul, but the other, 
 cutting with his knife, loosened a stone, 
 
 and found a purse containing 100 ducati. 
 — Lesage, Gil Bias (to the reader, 1715). 
 
 Garcilas'o, surnamed "the Inca," 
 descended on the mother's side from the 
 royal family of Peru (1530-1568). He 
 was the son of Sebastian Garcilaso, a 
 lieutenant of Alvarado and Pizarro. 
 Author of Commentaries on the Origin of 
 the Picas, their Laws and Government. 
 
 It was from poetical traditions that Garcilasso [sic] com- 
 posed his account of the Yncas of Peru ... it was from 
 ancient poems which his mother (a princess of the blood 
 of the Yncas) taught him in his youth, that he collected 
 the materials of his history. —Dissertation on the Era of 
 Ossian. 
 
 Garcilaso [de la Vega], called "The 
 Petrarch of Spain," born at Toledo 
 (1503-1536). His poems are eclogues, 
 odes, and elegies of great naivete", grace, 
 and harmony. 
 
 Sometimes he turned to gaze upon his book, 
 Boscan or Garcilasso \sic]. 
 
 Byron, Dou Jnan, i. 95 (1819). 
 
 Gar'dari'ke (4 syl.). So Russia is 
 called in the Eddas. 
 
 Garden of the Argentine, Turcuman, 
 a province of Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Garden of England. Worcestershire 
 and Kent are both so called. 
 
 Garden of Erin, Carlow, in Leinstcr. 
 
 Garden of Europe. Italy and Belgium 
 are both so called. 
 
 Garden of Prance, Amboise, in the de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire. 
 
 Garden of India, Oude. 
 
 Garden of Italy, Sicily. 
 
 Garden of South Wales, southern 
 division of Glamorganshire. 
 
 Garden of Spain, Andaluci'a. 
 
 Garden of the West. Illinois and 
 Kansas are both so called. 
 
 Garden of the World, the region of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Garden {The), Covent Garden Theatre. 
 The " Lane," that is, Drury Lane. 
 
 He managed the Garden, and afterwards the Lane.— W. 
 C. Blacready, Temple Bar, 76, 1875 N 
 
 Gardens of the Sun, the East 
 Indian or Malayan Archipelago. 
 
 Gardening {Father of Landscape), 
 Lenotre (1613-1700). 
 
 Gar 'diner {Richard), porter to Miss 
 Seraphine Arthuret and her sister Ange- 
 lica. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlct (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Gar'diner {Colonel), colonel of Waver- 
 ley's regiment. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Gareth {Si?-), according to ancient 
 
GARETH. 
 
 365 
 
 GARGANTUA. 
 
 romance, was the youngest son of Lot 
 king of Orkney and Morgawse Arthur's 
 [half] -sister. His mother, to deter him 
 from entering Arthur's court, said, jest- 
 ingly, she would consent to his so doing 
 if he concealed his name and went as a 
 scullion for twelve months. To this he 
 agreed, and sir Kay, the king's steward, 
 nicknamed him " Beaumains," because 
 his hands were unusually large. At the 
 end of the year he was knighted, and 
 obtained the quest of Linet', who craved 
 the aid of some knight to liberate her 
 6ister Liones, who was held prisoner by 
 sir Ironside in Castle Perilous. Linet 
 treated sir Gareth with great contumely, 
 calling him a washer of dishes and a 
 kitchen knave ; but he overthrew the 
 live knights and liberated the lady, whom 
 he married. The knights were — first, the 
 Black Knight of the Black Lands or sir 
 Pere'ad (2 syl.), the Green Knight or sir 
 Pertolope, the Red Knight or sir Peri- 
 mo'nes, the Blue Knight or sir Persaunt 
 of India (four brothers), and lastly the 
 Red Knight of the Red Lands or sir Iron- 
 side. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 120-153 (1470). 
 
 *** According to Tennyson, sir Gareth 
 was " the last and tallest son of Lot king 
 of Orkney and of Bellicent his wife." 
 He served as kitchen knave in king 
 Arthur's hall a twelvemonth and a day, 
 and was nicknamed "Fair-hands" (Beau- 
 rnains). At the end of twelve months he 
 was knighted, and obtained leave to 
 accompany Lynette to the liberation of 
 her sister Lyonors, who Avas held captive 
 in Castle Perilous by a knight called 
 Death or Mors. The passages to the 
 castle were kept by four brothers, called 
 by Tennyson, Moraing Star or Phos'- 
 j.horus, Noonday Sun or Meridies, Even- 
 ing Star or Hesperus, and Night or Nox, 
 all of whom he overthrew. At length 
 Death leapt from the cleft skull of Night, 
 and prayed the knight not to kill him, 
 seeing that what he did his brothers had 
 made him do. At starting, Lynette treated 
 Gareth with great contumely, but softened 
 to him more and more after each victory, 
 and at last married him. 
 
 He that told the tale in olden times 
 Says that sir Gareth wedded Lyonors; 
 But he that told it Inter says Lynette. 
 Tennyson, Idyll* of the King (" Gareth and Lynette"). 
 
 Gareth and Linet' is in reality an alle- 
 gory, a sort of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Pro- 
 gress, describing the warfare of a Christian 
 trom birth to his entrance into glory. 
 The "Bride" lived in Castle Perilous, 
 and was named Liones ; Linet' represents 
 
 the "carnal world," which, like the in- 
 habitants of the City of Destruction, jest 
 and jeer at everything the Christian does. 
 Sir Gareth fought with four knights, 
 keepers of the roads " to Zion" or Castle 
 Perilous, viz., Night, Dawn, Midday, 
 and Evening, meaning the temptations of 
 the four ages of man. Having conquered 
 in all these, he had to encounter the last 
 enemy, which is death, and then the bride 
 was Avon — the bride who lived in Castle 
 Perilous or Mount Zion. 
 
 *** Tennyson, in his version of this 
 beautiful allegory, has fallen into several 
 grave errors, the worst of which is his 
 making Gareth marry Linet instead of 
 the true bride. This is like landing his 
 Pilgrim in the City of Destruction, after 
 having finished his journey and passed 
 the flood. Gareth's brother was wedded 
 to the world {i.e. Linet), but Gareth him- 
 self was married to the "true Bride," 
 who dwelt in Castle Perilous. Another 
 grave error is making Death crave of 
 Gareth not to kill him, as what he did he 
 was compelled to do by his elder brothers. 
 I must confess that this to me is quite 
 past understanding. — See Notes and 
 Queries, January 19, February 1G, March 
 16, 1878. 
 
 Gar'gamelle (3 syl.), wife of Gran- 
 gousier and daughter of the Parpaillons. 
 On the day that she gave birth to Gar- 
 gantua, she ate 16 qrs. 2 bush. 3 pecks 
 and a pipkin of dirt, the mere remains 
 left in the tripe which she had for supper, 
 although the tripe had been cleaned with 
 the utmost care. — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 
 4 (1533). 
 
 *** Gargamelle is an allegorical skit 
 on the extravagance of queens, and the 
 dirt is their pin-money. 
 
 G-argan'tua, son of Grangousier and 
 Gargamelle. It needed 17,913 cows to 
 supply the babe with milk. Like Gara- 
 ga.ntua (q.v.), he ate in his salad lettuces 
 as big as walnut trees, in which were 
 lurking six pilgrims from Sebastian. 
 He founded and endowed the abbey of 
 Theleme (2 syl.), in remembrance of his 
 victory over Picrochole (3 syl.). — Rabe- 
 lais, Gargantua, i. 7 (1533). 
 
 *** Of course, Gargantua is an alle- 
 gorical skit on the allowance accorded to 
 princes for their maintenance. 
 
 Gargantua's Mare. This mare was 
 as big as six elephants, and had feet 
 with ringers. On one occasion, going to 
 school, the "bov " hung the bells of Notre 
 Dame de Paris on his mare's neck, as 
 
GARGANTUAN CURRICULUM. 366 
 
 GASCOIGNE. 
 
 jingles; but when the Parisians promised 
 to feed his beast for nothing, he restored 
 the peal. This mare had a terrible tail, 
 " every whit as big as the steeple of St. 
 Mark's," and on one occasion, being 
 annoyed by wasps, she switched it about 
 so vigorously that she knocked down all 
 the trees in the vicinity. Gargantua 
 roared with laughter, and cried, "Je 
 trouve beau ce ! " whereupon the locality 
 was called " Reauce." — Rabelais, Gar- 
 gantua, i. 16 (1583). 
 
 %* Of course, this " mare " is an alle- 
 gorical skit on the extravagance of court 
 mistresses, and the "tail" is the suite in 
 attendance on them. 
 
 Gargantuan Curriculum, a 
 
 course of studies including all languages, 
 all sciences, all the fine arts, with all 
 athletic sports and calisthenic exercises. 
 (Jrangousier wrote to his son, saying: 
 
 " There should not be a river in the world, no matter 
 how small, thou dost not know the name of, wilh the 
 nature and habits of all fishes, all fowls of the air, all 
 shrubs and trees, all metals, minerals, gems, and precious 
 stones. I would, furthermore, have thee study the Tal- 
 rnndists and Cabalists. and get a perfect knowledge of 
 man, together with every language, ancient and modern, 
 living or dead."— Rabelais, fantagrutl', ii. 8 (1533). 
 
 Gar'gery {Mrs. Joe), Pip's sister. A 
 virago, who kept her husband and Pip in 
 constant awe. 
 
 Joe Garycry, a blacksmith, married to 
 Pip's sister. A noble-hearted, simple- 
 minded young man, who loved Pip sin- 
 cerely. Though uncouth in manners and 
 ungainly in appearance. Joe Gargery 
 was one of nature's gentlemen. — C. Dick- 
 ens, Great Expectation* (1S60). 
 
 Gargouille (2 syl.), the great dragon 
 that lived in the Seine, ravaged Rouen, 
 and was slain by St. Roma'nus in the 
 seventh century. 
 
 Garland of Howth (Ireland), the 
 book of the four Gospels preserved in 
 the abbey of Howth, remains of which 
 still exist. 
 
 Garlic. The purveyor of the sultan 
 of Casgar says he knew a man who lost his 
 thumbs and great toes from eating garlic. 
 The facts were these : A young man was 
 married to the favourite of Zobeide, and 
 partook of a dish containing garlic ; when 
 he went to his bride, she ordered him to 
 be bound, and cut off his two thumbs and 
 two great toes, for presuming to appear 
 Ik- fore her without having purified his 
 ringers. Ever alter this he always washed 
 his hands 120 times with alkali and soap 
 after partaking of garlic in a ragout. — 
 Arabia)'. Nights /"The Purveyor's Story"). 
 
 Gar 'rat {The mayor of). Garrat is a 
 village between Wandsworth and Tool- 
 ing. In 1780 the inhabitants associated 
 themselves together to resist any further 
 encroachments on their common, and the 
 chairman was called the Mayor. The first 
 "mayor" happened to be chosen on a 
 general election, and so it was decreed 
 that a new mayor should be appointed at 
 each general election. This made excel- 
 lent capital for electioneering squibs, and 
 some of the greatest wits of the day have 
 ventilated political grievances, gibbeted 
 political characters, and sprinkled holy 
 water with good stout oaken cudgels 
 under the mask of " addresses by the 
 mayors of Garrat." 
 
 S. Foote has a farce entitled The Mayor 
 of Garrat (1762). 
 
 Garraway's, a coffee-house in Ex- 
 change Alley, which existed for 216 years, 
 but is now pulled down. Here tea was 
 sold in 1657 for sums varying from 16s. 
 to 50j. per lb. 
 
 Garter. According to legend, Joan 
 countess of Salisbury accidentally slipped 
 her garter at a court ball. It was picked 
 up by her royal partner, Edward III., 
 who gallantly diverted the attention of 
 the guests from the lady by binding the 
 blue band round his cwn knee, saying, 
 as he did so, " lloni soit qui mal y 
 pense." 
 
 The earl's greatest of all grandmothers 
 Was grainier daughter still to Uiat fair dame 
 Whose garter slipped down at the famous ball 
 Robert Urowning, A Mot on the 'Ocutdieon, i. 3. 
 
 Gartha, sister of prince Oswald of 
 Vero'na. AVhen Oswald was slain in 
 single combat by Gondibert (a combat 
 provoked by his own treachery), Gartha 
 used all her efforts to stir up civil war ; 
 but llermegild, a man of great prudence, 
 who loved her, was the author of wiser 
 counsel, and diverted the anger of the 
 camp by a funeral pageant of unusual 
 splendour. As the tale is not finished, 
 the ultimate lot of Gartha is unknown. — 
 Sir AYilliarn Davenant, Gondibert (died 
 1608). 
 
 Gas'abal, the 'squire of don Galaor. 
 
 Gasabal was a man of such silence that the author 
 names bin. only once in tiie course of his voluiuinoui 
 histurj.— Don Quixote, 1. iii. ti (lUJb). 
 
 Gascoigne (Sir William). Shake- 
 speare says that prince Henry "struck 
 the chief justice in the open court ; " but 
 it does not appear from history that any 
 blow was given. The fact is this : 
 
 One of the gay companions of the prince being com- 
 mitted for felony, the prince demanded bis release ; but 
 
GASHFORD. 
 
 3G7 
 
 GAUi 
 
 ifr William told him the only way of obtaining a release 
 would be to yet from the king a free pardon. Prince 
 Henry now tried to rescue the prisoner by force, when 
 the judge ordered him out of court In a towering fury, 
 the prince flew to the judgment seat, and all thought he 
 was about to slay the judge ; hut sir William said very 
 firmly and quietly, "Syr, remember yourselfe. I kepe 
 here the place of the kynge, your sovereigne lorde and 
 father, to whom you owe double obedience ; wherefore I 
 charge you in his name to desyste of your wylfulnes. . . . 
 And "nowe for your con temp te goo you to the prysonaof 
 the Kynges Benche, whereunto I commytte you, and re- 
 mayne ye there prisoner untyll the pleasure of the kynge 
 oe further known." With which words, the prince being 
 abashed, the noble prisoner departed and went to the 
 Kiag'i Bench.— Sir Thomas Elyot, The GovKrnour (1531). 
 
 Gashford, secretary to lord George 
 Gordon. A detestable, cruel sneak, who 
 dupes his half-mad master, and leads 
 him to imagine he is upholding a noble 
 cause in plotting against the English 
 catholics. To wreak vengeance on Geof- 
 frey Haredale, he incites the rioters to 
 burn " The Warren," where Haredale 
 resided. Gashford commits suicide. — C. 
 Dickens, Barnaby Rudge (1841). 
 
 G-aspar or Caspar ("the white one''''), 
 one of the three Magi or kings of Cologne. 
 His offering to the infant Jesus was 
 frankincense, in token of divinity. 
 
 *** The other two were Melchior 
 ("king of light"), who offered gold, 
 symbolical of royalty ; and Balthazar 
 ("lord of treasures"), who offered myrrh, 
 to denote that Christ would die. Klop- 
 Btock, in his Messiah, makes the number 
 of the Magi six, not one of which names 
 agrees with those of Cologne Cathedral. 
 
 Gaspard, the steward of count De 
 Valmont, in whose service he had been 
 for twenty years, and to whom he was 
 most devotedly attached. — \V. Dimond, 
 The Foundling of the Forest. 
 
 Gas'pero, secretary of state, in the 
 drama culled The Laws of Candy, by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 
 
 Gate of France {Iron), Longwy, a 
 strong military position. 
 
 Gate of Italy, that part of the valley 
 of the Adige which is in the vicinity of 
 Trent and Roveredo. It is a narrow 
 gorge between two mountain ridges. 
 
 Gate of Tears ( Babel mandeb), the 
 passage into the Red Sea. 
 
 Like some ill-destined bark that steers 
 
 In silence through the Gate of Tears. 
 
 Moore, Lalla liookh {" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 
 
 Gates {Iron) or Demir Kara, a cele- 
 brated pass of the Teuthras, through 
 which all caravans between Smj r rna and 
 Brusa must needs pass. 
 
 Gates of Cilicia (pylce Cilicia?), a 
 
 defile connecting Cappadocia and Cilicia. 
 Now called the Pass of Golek Bdghaz. 
 
 Gates of Syria (pylce Syrice), a 
 Beilan pass. Near this pass was the 
 battle-field of Issus. 
 
 Gates of the Caspian (pylce Cas- 
 pian), a rent in the high mountain-wall 
 south of the Caspian, in the neighbour- 
 hood of the modern Persian capital. 
 
 Gates of the Occult Sciences 
 (The), forty, or as some say forty-eight, 
 books on magic, in Arabic. The first 
 twelve teach the art of sorcery and 
 enchantment, the thirteenth teaches how 
 to disenchant and restore bodies to their 
 native shapes again. A complete set 
 was always kept in the Dom-Daniel or 
 school for magic in Tunis. — Continuation 
 of the Arabian Nights (" History of Mau'- 
 graby"). 
 
 Gath'eral (Old), steward to the duke 
 of Buckingham. — Sir AV. Scott, Feveril 
 of the Feak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Gath'erill (Old), bailiff to sir Geof- 
 frey Peveril of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Feveril of the Feak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Gauden'tio di Lucca, the hero 
 and title of a romance by Simon Bering- 
 ton. He makes a j ourney to Mezzoramia, 
 an imaginary country in the interior of 
 Africa. 
 
 Gau'difer, a champion in the 
 romance of Alexander. 
 
 Gaudio'sa (Lady), wife of Pelayo ; 
 a wise and faithful counsellor, high- 
 minded, brave in danger, and a real help- 
 mate. — Southey, Roderick, Last of the 
 Goths (1814). 
 
 Gaudissart, the droll French bag- 
 man. 
 
 Gaul, son of Morni of Strumon. He 
 was betrothed to Oith'ona daughter of 
 Nuath, but before the day of marriage he 
 was called away by Fingal to attend him 
 on an expedition against the Britons. 
 At the same time Nuath was at war, and 
 sent for his son Lathmon ; so Oithona 
 was left unprotected in her home. Dun- 
 rommath lord of Uthal (or Cuthal) 
 seized this opportunity to carry her off, 
 and concealed her in a cave in the desert 
 island of Trom'athon. When Gaul re- 
 turned to claim his betrothed, he found 
 she was gone, and was told by a vision 
 in the night where she was hidden. Next 
 day, with three followers, Gaul went to 
 Tromathon, and the ravisher coming 
 
GAUL. 
 
 368 
 
 GAYVIIXE. 
 
 np, he slew him and cut off his head. 
 Oithona, armed as a combatant, mingled 
 •with the fighters and was wounded. 
 Gaul saw what he thought a youth dying, 
 and went to offer assistance, but found it 
 was Oithona, who forthwith expired. 
 Disconsolate, he returned to Dunlathmon, 
 and thence to Morven. — Ossian, Oithona. 
 
 His voice was like many streams. — Ossian, Fingal, iii. 
 
 (Homer makes a loud voice a thing to 
 be much commended in a warrior.) 
 
 Gaul (A) generally means a French- 
 man ; and Gallia means France, the 
 country of the Celtse or Keltai, called by 
 the Greeks " Gallatai," and shortened 
 into Galli. Wales is also called Gallia, 
 Galis, and Gaul, especially in medheval 
 romance : hence, Am&dis of Gaul is not 
 Amadis of France, but Amadis of Wales ; 
 sir Lamorake de Galis is sir Lamorake of 
 Wales. Gaul in France is Armorica or 
 Little Britain (Brittany). 
 
 Ga/unt'grim, the wolf, in lord 
 Lytton's Pilgrims of the Rhine (1834). 
 
 Bruin is always in the sulks, and Gauntgrim always in 
 a passion.— Ch. xii. 
 
 G-autier et Garguille, "all the 
 world and his wife." 
 
 Se moquer de Gautier et Garguille . (" To make game of 
 every one "). — A French Proverb. 
 
 Gava'ni, the pseudonym of Sulpice 
 Paul Chevalier, the great caricaturist of 
 the French Charivari (1803-1866).. 
 
 Gavroche (2 syl.), type of the 
 Parisian street arab. — Victor Hugo, Les 
 Miserables (1862). 
 
 Gawain \_Gaw n ri], son of king Lot 
 and Morgause (Arthur's sister). His 
 brothers were Agravain, Ga'heris, and 
 Ga'reth. The traitor Mordred was his 
 half-brother, being the adulterous off- 
 spring of Morgause and prince Arthur. 
 Lot was king of Orkney. Gawain was 
 the second of the fifty knights created by 
 king Arthur ; Tor was the first, and was 
 dubbed the same day (pt. i. 48). When 
 the adulterous passion of sir Launcelot 
 for queen Guenever came to the know- 
 ledge of the king, sir Gawain insisted 
 that the king's honour should be upheld. 
 Accordingly, king Arthur wont in battle 
 array to Benwieke (Brittany), the " realm 
 of sir Launcelot," and proclaimed war. 
 Here sir Gawain fell, according to the 
 prophecy of Merlin, "With this sword 
 ehail Launcelot slay the man that in 
 this world he loved best " (pt. i. 44). In 
 this same battle tie king was told that 
 his bastard son Mordred had usurped his 
 
 throne, so he hastened back with alS 
 speed, and in the great battle of the 
 West received his mortal wound (pt. iii. 
 160-167).— Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur (1470). 
 
 Of Arthurian knights, Gawain is called 
 the " Courteous," sir Kay the " Rude and 
 Boastful," Mordred the "Treacherous," 
 Launcelot the "Chivalrous," Galahad 
 the "Chaste," Mark the "Dastard," sir 
 Palomides (3 syl.) the " Saracen " i.e. 
 unbaptized, etc. 
 
 Gawky (Lord), Richard Grenville 
 (1711-1770). 
 
 Gaw'rey, a flying woman, whose 
 wings served the double purpose of flying 
 and dress. — R. Pultock, Peter Wilkhts 
 (1750). 
 
 Gay (Walter), in the firm of Dom- 
 bey and Son ; an honest, frank, in- 
 genuous youth, who loved Florence 
 Dombey, and comforted her in her early 
 troubles. Walter Gay was sent in the 
 merchantman called The Son and Heir, as 
 junior partner, to Barbadoes, and sur- 
 vived a shipwreck. After his return 
 from Barbadoes, he married Florence. — 
 C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Gayless (Charles), the pennyless 
 suitor of Melissa. His valet is Sharp. — 
 Garrick, The Tying Valet (1741). 
 
 Gay'ville (Lord), the affianced 
 husband of Miss Alscrip " the heiress," 
 whom he detests ; but. he ardently loves 
 Miss Alton, her companion. The former 
 is conceited, overbearing, and vulgar, but 
 very rich ; the latter is modest, retiring, 
 and lady-like, but- very poor. It turns 
 out that £2000 a year of " the heiress's " 
 property was entailed on sir William 
 Charlton's heirs, and therefore descended 
 to Mr. Clifford in right of his mother. 
 This money Mr. Clifford settles on his 
 sister, Miss Alton (whose real name is 
 Clifford). Sir Clement Flint tears the 
 conveyance, whereby Clifford retains the 
 £2000 a year, and sir Clement settles 
 the same amount on lord Gayville, who 
 marries Miss Alton alias Miss Clifford. 
 
 Lady Emily Gayville, sister of lord 
 Gayville. A bright, vivacious, and witty 
 lady, who loves Mr. Clifford. Clifford 
 also greatly loves lady Emily, but is 
 deterred from proposing to her, because 
 he is poor and unequal to her in a social 
 position. It turns out that he comes into 
 £2000 a year in right of his mother, ladv 
 Charlton : and is thus enabled to offer 
 
GAZBAN. 
 
 GELLATLY. 
 
 himself to the lady, by whom he is 
 accepted. — General Burgo}-ne, The Heiress 
 (1781). 
 
 Gaz^ban, the black slave of the old 
 fire-worshipper, employed to sacrifice the 
 Mussulmans to be offered on the " m van- 
 tain of fire." — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad 
 and Assad "). 
 
 Gazette (Sir Gregory), a man who 
 delights in news, without having the 
 slightest comprehension of politics. — 
 Samuel Foote, The Knights. 
 
 Gaz'nivides (3 syl), a Persian 
 dynasty, which gave four kings and 
 lasted fifty years. It was founded bv 
 Mahinoud Gazni (999-1049). 
 
 GeTber, an Arabian alchemist, born 
 at Tbous, in Persia (eighth century). He 
 wrote several treatises on the "art of 
 making gold," in the usual mystical 
 jargon of the period; and hence our word 
 gibberish ("senseless jargon"). 
 
 This art the Arabian Geber taught . . 
 The Eaxir of Perpetual Youth. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 
 Geddes (Joshua), the quaker. 
 
 Eachel Geddes, sister of Joshua. 
 
 Philip Geddes, grandfather of Joshua 
 and Rachel Geddes.— Sir W. Scott, Eed- 
 gauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Geherj/na, the place of everlasting 
 torment. Strictly speaking, it means the 
 Valley of Hinnom (Ge Hinnom), where 
 sacrifices to Moloch were offered, and 
 where refuse of all sorts was subsequently 
 cast, for the consumption of which fires 
 were kept constantly burning. There 
 was also a sort of aqua tofana, called 
 liquor Gehenna. 
 
 Holy water it may be to many. 
 
 But to me the veriest liquor Gehennae. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 405 ^605). 
 
 Geierstein [Gi'.er.stine], Arnold 
 count of. 
 
 Coun!- Albert of Geierstein, brother of 
 Arnold fiiederman, disguised (1) as the 
 black priest of St. Paul's ; (2) as pre- 
 sident of the secret tribunal 5 (8) as monk 
 at Mont St. Victoire. 
 
 Anne of Geierstein, called "The Maiden 
 of the Mist," daughter of count Albert, 
 and baroness of Arnheim. 
 
 Count Heinrick of Geierstein, grand- 
 father of count Arnold. 
 
 Count Williewald of Geierstein, father 
 ©f count Arnold. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Geislaer (Pctcrkin), one of the in- 
 surgents at Liege [Le.aje]. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Quentin Huricard (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Geith. (George), a model of untiring in- 
 dustry, perseverance, and moral courage. 
 Undaunted by difficulties, he pursued his 
 onward way, and worked as long as 
 breath was left him. — Mrs. Tralford 
 [Kiddell], George Geith. 
 
 Gelert, Llewellyn's favourite hound. 
 One day, Llewellyn returned from hunt- 
 ing, when Gelert met him smeared with 
 gore. The chieftain felt alarmed, and 
 instantly went to look for his baby son. 
 He found the cradle overturned, and all 
 around was sprinkled with gore and blood. 
 He called his child, but no voice replied, 
 and thinking the hound had eaten it, he 
 stabbed the animal to the heart. The 
 tumult awoke the baby boy, and on search- 
 ing more carefully, a huge wolf was found 
 under the bed, quite dead. Gelert had 
 slain the wolf and saved the child. 
 
 And now a gallant tomb they raise, 
 
 With costly sculpture decked ; 
 And marbles, storied with his praise, 
 
 Jfoor Gelert's bones protect. 
 Hon. W. R. Spencer, Beth-iielert {" GC-lert's Grave"). 
 
 *„* This tale, with a slight difference, 
 is common to all parts of the world. It 
 is told in the Gesta Pomanorum of 
 Folliculus, a knight, bat the wolf is a 
 " serpent," and Folliculus, in repentance, 
 makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. 
 In the Sanskrit version, given in the 
 Pantscliatantra (a.d. 540), the tale is 
 told of the brahmin Devasaman, an 
 "ichneumon" and "black snake" taking 
 the places of the dog and the wolf. In 
 the Arabic version by Nasr-Allah (twelfth 
 century), a "weasel" is substituted for 
 the dog ; in the Mongolian Uligerun a 
 "polecat;" in the Persian Sindibadndmeh, 
 a " cat ; " and in the Hitopadesa (iv. 8), 
 an " otter." In the Chinese Forest of 
 Pearls from the Garden of the Law, the 
 dog is an "ichneumon," as in the Indian 
 version (a.d. 668). In Sandabar, and 
 also in the Hebrew version, the tale is 
 told of a dog. A similar tale is told of 
 czar Piras of Bussia ; and another occurs 
 in the Seven Wise Masters. 
 
 Gel'latly (Davie), idiot servant 01 
 the baron of Bradwardine (o syl.). 
 
 Old Janet Gellatly, the idiot's mother. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 %* In some editions the word is spelt 
 " Gellatlev." 
 
 2 B 
 
GELOIOS. 
 
 370 
 
 GEMINI. 
 
 G-eloi'os, Silly Laughter personified. 
 Geloios is slain by Encra'tes (temper- 
 ance) in the battle of Mansoul. (Greek, 
 geloios, "facetious.") 
 
 Geloio. next ensued, a merry Greek, 
 
 Whose life was laughter vain, and mirth misplaced ; 
 His speeches broad, to shame the modest cheek ; 
 
 Nor cared he whom, or when, or how disgraced. 
 Fhiueas Fletcher, The Purple Jslnnd, viii., xl. (1633). 
 
 Gem Alphabet. 
 
 Transparent. 
 
 Aaiethvst 
 
 Beryl * 
 
 Chrysoberyl 
 
 Diamond 
 
 Emerald 
 
 Felspar 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Hyacinth 
 
 Idocrase 
 
 Kyanite 
 
 Lynx-sapphire 
 
 Milk-opal 
 
 Natrolite 
 
 Opal 
 
 Pyrope 
 
 Quartz 
 
 Ruby _ 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 Topaz 
 
 Unanite 
 
 "Vesuvianite 
 
 Water-sapphire 
 
 Xanthite 
 
 Zircon 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Agate 
 
 Basalt 
 
 Cacholong 
 
 Diaspore 
 
 Egyptian pebbh 
 
 Fire-stone 
 
 Granite 
 
 Heliotrope 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Krokidolite 
 
 Lapis-lazuli 
 
 Malachite 
 
 Nephrite 
 
 Onyx 
 
 Porphyry 
 
 Quartz-agate 
 
 Rose-quartz 
 
 Sardonyx 
 
 Turquoise 
 
 Ultra-marine 
 
 Verd-antique 
 
 Wood-opal 
 
 Xylotile 
 
 Zurlite 
 
 Gem. of Normandy", Emma, 
 daughter of Richard " the Fearless," 
 duke of Normandy. She first married 
 Ethelred II. of England, and then Canute, 
 but survived both, and died in 1052. 
 
 There is a story told that Emma was once brought to 
 trial on various charges of public and private misconduct, 
 but that she cleared herself by the ordeal ol walking blind- 
 fold over red-hot ploughshares without being hurt. — E. A. 
 Freeman, OUl English History, 265. 
 
 Gem of the Ocean. Ireland is 
 called by T. Moore " first gem of the 
 ocean, first pearl of the sea." 
 
 Gems emblems of the Twelve 
 Apostles. 
 
 Andkkw, the bright blue sapphire, 
 emblematic of his heavenly faith. 
 
 Bartholomew, the red carnelian, 
 emblematic of his martyrdom. 
 
 James, the white chalcedony, em- 
 blematic of bis purity. 
 
 James the Less, the topaz, em- 
 blematic of delicacy. 
 
 John, the emerald, emblematic of his 
 youth and gentleness. 
 
 Matthew, the amethyst, emblematic 
 of sobriety, Matthew was once a "pub- 
 
 lican," but was " sobered" by the leaven 
 of Christianity. 
 
 Matthias, the chrysolite, pure as sun- 
 shine. 
 
 Peter, the jasper, hard and solid aa 
 the rock of the Church. 
 
 Philip, the friendly sardonyx. 
 
 Simkon of Cana, the pink hyacinth, 
 emblematic of sweet temper. 
 
 Thaddeus, the chrysoprase, em- 
 blematic of serenity and trustfulness. 
 
 Thomas, the beryl, indefinite la lustre, 
 emblematic of his doubting faith. 
 
 Gems symbolic of the Months. 
 
 January, the jacinth or hyacinth, 
 symbolizing constancy and fidelity. 
 
 February, the amethyst, symbolizing 
 peace of mind and sobriety. 
 
 March, the blood-stone or jasper, sym- 
 bolizing courage and success in dangerous 
 enterprise. 
 
 April, the sapphire and diamond, 
 symbolizing repentance and innocence. 
 
 May, the emerald, symbolizing success 
 in love. 
 
 June, the agate, symbolizing long life 
 and health. 
 
 July, the carnelian, symbolizing cure 
 of evils resulting from forgetfulness. 
 
 August, the sardonyx or onyx, sym- 
 bolizing conjugal felicity. 
 
 September, the chrysolite, symbolizing 
 preservation from folly, or its cure. 
 
 October, the aqua-marine, opal, or 
 beryl, symbolizing hope. 
 
 November, the topaz, symbolizing fidelity 
 and friendship. 
 
 December, the turquoise or ruby, sym- 
 bolizing brilliant success. 
 
 %* Some doubt exists between May 
 and June, July and August. Thus some 
 give the agate to May, and the emerald to 
 June ; the carnelian to August, and the 
 onyx to Jul}'. 
 
 Gembok or Gemsboe, a sort of 
 stag, a native of South Africa. It is a 
 heavy, stout animal, which makes such 
 use of its horns as even to beat off the 
 lion. 
 
 Far into the heat among the sands. 
 The gembok nations, snuffing up the wind 
 Prawn by the scent of water; and the bands 
 Of tawny-bearded lions pacing, blind 
 With Uie sun-dazzle . . . and spiritless for lack of rest 
 Jean lugelow. The Four liridgen. 
 
 Gem'ini ("the twins"). Castor and 
 Pollux are the two principal stars of this 
 constellation ; the former has a bluish 
 tinge, and the latter a damask red. 
 
 As heaven's high twins, whereof in Tyrian blue 
 The one revolveth ; through his course immense 
 Might love his fellow of the damask hue. 
 
 Jean lugelow, Uonour*. X. 
 
GEMINI. 
 
 871 
 
 GEOFFREY. 
 
 Gemini. Mrs. Browning makes Eve 
 view in the constellation Gemini a 
 symbol of the increase of the human race, 
 and she loved to gaze on it. — E. B. 
 Browning, A Drama of Exile (1850). 
 
 Geneu'ra. (See Gineura.) 
 
 *** Queen Guinever or Guenever is 
 
 sometimes called " Geneura," or " Ge- 
 
 nevra." 
 
 Gene'va Bull (Tlie), Stephen 
 Marshall, a Calvinistic preacher. 
 
 Genevieve (St.), the patron saint of 
 Paris, born at Nanterre. She was a 
 shepherdess, but went to Paris when her 
 parents died, and was there during 
 .Attila's invasion (a.d. 451). She told 
 the citizens that God would spare the 
 city, and "her prediction came true." 
 At'another time, she procured food for the 
 Parisians suffering from famine. At her 
 request, Clovis built the church of St. 
 Pierre et St. Paul, afterwards called 
 Ste. Genevieve. Her day is January 3. 
 Her relics are deposited in the Panthe'on 
 now called by her name (419-512). 
 
 Genii or Ginn, an intermediate race 
 between angels and men. They ruled on 
 earth before the creation of Adam. — 
 D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientate, 357 
 (1697). Also spelt Djinn and Jinn. 
 
 * # * Solomon is supposed to preside 
 over the whole race of genii. This seems 
 to have arisen from a mere confusion of 
 words of somewhat similar sound. The 
 chief of the genii was called a suley- 
 man, which got corrupted into a proper 
 name. 
 
 Genius and Common Senye, 
 T. Moore says that Common Sense and 
 Genius once went out together on a 
 ramble by moonlight. Common Sense 
 went prosing on his way, arrived home 
 in good time, and went to bed ; but 
 Genius, while gazing at the stars, stum- 
 bled into a river, and died. 
 
 *** This story is told of Thales the 
 philosopher by Plato. Chaucer has also 
 an allusion thereto in his Miller s Tale. 
 
 So ferde another clerk with 'stronomye : 
 He walked in the feelde, for to prye 
 Upon the sterre.-, what ther shuld befall, 
 Til he was in a marie pit i-fall. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 3457, etc. (1388). 
 
 Genna'ro, the natural son of Lucrezia 
 di Borgia (daughter of pope Alexander 
 VI.) before her marriage with Alfonso 
 duke of Ferra'ra. He was brought up 
 b} r a Neapolitan fisherman. In early 
 manhood he went to Venice, heard of 
 the scandalous crueltv of Lucrezia, and, 
 
 with the heedless petulance of youth, 
 mutilated the duke's escutcheon by strik- 
 ing out the B, thus converting Borgia 
 into Orgia (orgies). Lucrezia demanded 
 vengeance, and Gennaro was condemned 
 to death by poison. When Lucrezia 
 discovered that the offender was her own. 
 son, she gave him an antidote to the 
 poison, and set him free. Not long after 
 this, at a banquet given by Negro'ni, 
 Lucrezia revealed herself to Gennaro as 
 his mother, and both expired of poison in 
 the banquet hall. — Donizetti, Lucrezia di 
 Borgia (1834). 
 
 Gennil (Ralph), a veteran in the 
 troop of sir Hugo de Lacy. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Genove'fa, wife of Siegfried count 
 palatine of Brabant. Being sus- 
 pected of infidelity, she was driven into 
 the forest of Ardennes, where she gave 
 birth to a son, who was suckled by a 
 white doe. After a time, Siegfried dis- 
 covered his error, and both mother and 
 child were restored to their proper home. 
 — German Popular Stories. 
 
 Tieck and M tiller have popularized the 
 tradition, and Raupach has made it the 
 subject of a drama. 
 
 Gentle Shepherd (The), George 
 Grenville. In one of his speeches, he 
 exclaimed in the House, " Tell me 
 where ! " when Pitt hummed the line of 
 a popular song, "Gentle Shepherd, tell 
 me where ! " and the House was convulsed 
 with laughter (1712-1770). 
 
 Gentle Shepherd (The), the title and 
 chief character of Allan Ramsay's pas- 
 toral (1725). 
 
 Gentleman of Europe (TJie First), 
 George IV. (1762, 1820-1830). 
 
 It was the "first gentleman in Europe" in whose high 
 presence Mrs. Rawdon passed her examination, and took 
 her degree in reputation ; so it must be flat disloyalty to 
 duubt her virtue. What a noble appreciation of cha- 
 racter must there not have been in Vanity Fair when 
 that august sovereign was invested with the title of 
 Premier Gentilhomme of all Europe ! — Thackeray, 
 Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 Gentleman of Europe (First), Louis 
 d'Artois. 
 
 Gentleman Smith, William Smith, 
 actor, noted for his gentlemanly deport- 
 ment on the stage (1730-1790). 
 
 Geoffrey, archbishop of York. — Six 
 Vv r . Scott, The Talisman (time,- Richard 
 I.). 
 
 Geoffrey, the old ostler of John Mengs 
 (innkeeper at Kirchhoff). — Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
GEOFFREY CRAYON. 
 
 372 
 
 GEORGE IV., ETC. 
 
 Geoffrey Crayon, the hypothetical 
 name of the author of the Sketch- Book, 
 by Washington Irving of New York 
 (1818-1820). 
 
 George (Honest). General Monk, 
 George duke of Albemarle, was so 
 called by the votaries of Cromwell 
 (1608-1670). 
 
 George (Mr.), a stalwart, handsome, 
 simple-hearted fellow, son of Mrs. 
 Rouncewell the housekeeper at Chesney 
 Wold. He was very wild as a lad, and 
 ran away from his mother to enlist as a 
 soldier ; but on his return to England 
 he opened a shooting-gallery in Leicester 
 Square, London. When sir Leicester 
 Dedlock, in his old age, fell into trouble, 
 George became his faithful attendant.— 
 C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 
 
 George (St.), the patron saint of Eng- 
 land. He was born at Lydda, but brought 
 up in Cappadocia, and suffered martyrdom 
 in the reign of Diocletian, April 23, a.d. 
 303. Mr. Hogg tells us of a Greek in- 
 scription at Ezra, in Syria, dated 346, in 
 which the martyrdom of St. George is 
 referred to. At this date was living 
 George bishop of Alexandria, with whom 
 Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall, has con- 
 founded the patron saint of England ; but 
 the bishop died in 362, or fifty-nine years 
 after the prince of Cappadocia. (See 
 Red Ckoss Knight.) 
 
 *** Mussulmans revere St. George 
 under the name of " Gherghis." 
 
 St. George's Bones were taken to the 
 church in the city of Constantine. 
 
 St. George's Head. One of his heads 
 was preserved at Rome. Long forgotten, 
 it was rediscovered in 751, and was given 
 in 1600 to the church of Ferrara. Another 
 of his heads was preserved in the church 
 of Mares-Moutier, in Picardj'. 
 
 St. George's Limbs. One of his arms 
 fell from heaven upon the altar of Pan- 
 taleon, at Cologne. Another was pre- 
 served in a religious house of Barala, 
 and was transferred thence in the ninth 
 century to Cambray. Part of an arm 
 was presented by Robert of Flanders, to 
 the city of Toulouse ; another part was 
 giyen to the abbey of Auchin, and 
 another to the countess Matilda. 
 
 George and the Dragon (St.). 
 St. George, son of lord Albert of 
 Coventry, was stolen in infancy by "the 
 weird lady of the woods," who brought 
 the lad up to deeds of arms. His body 
 had three marks : a dragon on the breast, 
 
 a garter round one of the legs, and a 
 blood-red cross on the right arm. When 
 he grew to manhood, he fought against 
 the Saracens. In Libya he heard of a 
 huge dragon, to which a damsel was 
 daily given for food, and it so happened 
 that when he arrived the victim was 
 Sabra, the king's daughter. She was 
 already tied to the stake when St. George 
 came up. On came the dragon ; but the 
 knight, thrusting his lance into the 
 monster's mouth, killed it on the spot. 
 Sabra, being brought to England, became 
 the wife of her deliverer, and they lived 
 happily in Coventry till death. — Percy, 
 Rcliques, III. iii. 2. 
 
 St. George and the Dragon, on old 
 guinea-pieces, was the design of Pis- 
 trucci. It was an adaptation of a di- 
 drachm of Tarentum, B.C. 250. 
 
 *** The encounter between George and 
 the dragon took place at Berytua (Bey- 
 rut). 
 
 The tale of St. George and the dragon 
 is told in the Golden Legends of Jacques 
 de Voragine. — See S. Baring-Gould, 
 Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. 
 
 George I. and the duchess of 
 Kendal (1719). The duchess was a 
 German, whose name was Erangard 
 Melrose de Schulemberg. She was 
 created duchess of Munster, in Ireland, 
 baroness Glastonbury, countess of Fever- 
 sham, and duchess of Kendal (died 
 1743). 
 
 George II. His favourite was Mary 
 Howard, duchess of Suffolk. 
 
 George II., when angry, vented his 
 displeasure by kicking his hat about the 
 room. We are told that Xerxes vented 
 his displeasure at the loss of his bridges 
 by ordering the Hellespont to be fet- 
 tered, lashed with 300 stripes, and in- 
 sulted. 
 
 George III. and the Fair 
 Quakeress. When George IIT. was 
 about 20 years of age, he fell in love with 
 Hannah Lightfoot, daughter of a linen- 
 draper in Market Street, St. James's. He 
 married her in Kew Church, 175i», but 
 of course the marriage was not recog- 
 nized. (See Lovers.) 
 
 *** The following year (September, 
 1760), he married the princess Charlotte 
 of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Hannah Light- 
 Foot married a Mr. Axford, and passed 
 out of public notice. 
 
 George IV. and Mrs. Mary 
 Robinson, generally called Perdita. 
 
GEORGE. 
 
 373 
 
 GERALDINE. 
 
 Mary Darby, at the age of 15, married 
 Mr. Robinson, who lived a few months on 
 credit, and was then imprisoned for 
 debt. Mrs. Robinson sought a livelihood 
 on the stage, and George IV., then prince 
 of Wales and a mere lad, saw her as 
 "Perdita," fell in love with her, cor- 
 responded with her under the assumed 
 name of " Florizel," and gave her a bond 
 for £20,000, subsequently cancelled for 
 an annuity of £500 (1758-1800). 
 
 %* George IV. was born in 1762, and 
 was only 16 in 1778, when he fell in love 
 with Mrs. Robinson. The young prince 
 suddenly abandoned her, and after two 
 other love affairs, privately married, at 
 Carlton House (in 1785), Mrs. Fitzherbert, 
 a lady of good family, and a widow, 
 6even years his senior. The marriage 
 being contrary to the law, he married the 
 princess Caroline of Brunswick, in 1795 ; 
 but still retained his connection with 
 Mrs. Fitzherbert, and added a new fa- 
 vourite, the countess of Jersey. 
 
 George [de Laval], a friend of 
 Horace de Brienne (2 syl.). Having 
 committed forgery, Carlos (alias marquis 
 d'Antas), being cognizant of it, had him 
 in his power ; but Ogarita (alias Martha) 
 obtained the document, and returned it to 
 George. — E. Stirling, Orphan oftheFrozen 
 Sea (1856). 
 
 George-a- Green, the pinner or 
 pound-keeper of Wakefield, one of the 
 chosen favourites of Robin Hood. 
 
 Veni Wakefield peramsenum, 
 
 Ubi qurerens Georginm Greenum, 
 
 Non inveni, sed in liunum, 
 
 Fixmn reperi Georgii sigaum, 
 
 Ubi allam bibi feram, 
 
 Donee Georgio fortior eram. 
 
 Drunken Barnaby (1640). 
 Once in Wakefield town, so pleasant, 
 Sought I George-a-Green, the peasant ; 
 Found him not, but spied instead, sir, 
 Cn a sign, "The George's Head," sir; 
 Valiant grown with ale like nectar. 
 What cared 1 for George or Hector? 
 
 *** Robert Green has a drama entitled 
 George-a- Green, the Pinner of Wakefield 
 (1589). 
 
 George Street (Strand, London), 
 one of a series of streets named after the 
 second duke of Buckingham. The series 
 consists of George Street, Villiers Street, 
 Duke Street, and Buckingham Street. 
 
 Georgian Women (The), Allah, 
 wishing to stock his celestial .harem, com- 
 missioned an imaum to select for him 
 forty of the loveliest women he could 
 find. The imaum journeyed into Frankis- 
 ton, and from the country of the Ingliz 
 
 carried off the king's daughter. From 
 Germany he selected other maidens ; but 
 when he arrived at Gori (north-west of 
 Tiflis) he fell in love with one of the beau- 
 ties, and tarried there. Allah punished 
 him by death, but the maidens remained 
 in Gori, and became the mothers of the 
 most beautiful race of mortals in the 
 whole earth. — A Le/jend. 
 
 Georgina [ Vesey] , daughter of sir 
 John Vesey. Pretty, but vain and frivo- 
 lous. She loA r ed, as much as her heart 
 was susceptible of such a passion, sir 
 Frederick Blount, but wavered between 
 her liking and the policy of marrying 
 Alfred Evelyn, a man of great wealth. 
 When she thought the property of Evelyn 
 was insecure, she at once gave her hand 
 to sir Frederick. — Lord L. Bulwer Lytton, 
 Money (1840). 
 
 Geraint' (Sir), of Devon, one of the 
 knights of the Round Table. He was 
 married to E'nid, only child of Yn'iol. 
 Fearing lest Enid should be tainted by 
 the queen, sir Geraint left the court, and 
 retired to Devon. Half sleeping and 
 half waking, he overheard part of Enid's 
 words, and fancying her to be unfaithful 
 to him, treated her for a time with great 
 harshness ; but Enid nursed him when he 
 was wounded with such wifely tenderness 
 that he could no longer doubt her fealty, 
 and a complete understanding being estab- 
 lished, " they crowned a happy life with 
 a fair death." — Tennyson, Idylls of the 
 King (" Geraint and Enid"). 
 
 Ger'aldin (Lord), son of the earl of 
 Glenallan. He appears first as "William 
 Lovell, and afterwards as major Neville. 
 He marries Isabella "Wardour (daughter 
 of sir Arthur "Wardour). 
 
 Sir Aymer de Geraldin, an ancestor of 
 lord Geraldin.— Sir W. Scott, The An- 
 tiquary (time, George III.), 
 
 Ger'aldine (3 syl.), a young man, 
 who comes home from his travels to find 
 his playfellow (that should have been his 
 wife) married to old Wincott, who receives 
 him hospitably as a friend of his father's, 
 takes delight in hearing tales of his 
 travels, and treats him most kindly. 
 Geraldine and the wife mutually agree 
 not in any wise to wrong so noble and 
 confiding an old gentleman. — John Hey- 
 wood, The English Traveller (1576-1615). 
 
 Geraldine (Lady), an orphan, the ward 
 of her uncle count de Valmont, and the 
 betrothed of Florian ("the foundling of 
 the forest," and the adopted son of the 
 
GERALDINE. 
 
 374 
 
 GERONTE. 
 
 count). This foundling turns out to be 
 his real son, who had been rescued by his 
 mother and carried into the forest to save 
 hiui from the hands of Longueville, a 
 desperate villain. — W. Dimond, The 
 Foundling of the Forest. 
 
 Geraldine {The Fair), the lady whose 
 praises are sung by Henry Howard earl 
 of Surrey. Supposed to be Elizabeth 
 Fitzgerald, daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald 
 ninth earl of Kildare. She married the 
 earl of Lincoln. 
 
 Gerard (John), an English botanist 
 (1545-1607), who compiled the Catalogus 
 Arborum, Fruticum, et Plantorum, tarn 
 Jndigenarum quam Exoticarum, in Horto 
 Johanis Gerardi, Also author of the 
 Herbal or General History of Plants 
 (1597). 
 
 Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but a few, 
 
 To those unnumbered sort3 of simples here that grew . . . 
 
 Not skilful Gerard jet shall ever find them all. 
 
 Drayton, I'olyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Gerard, attendant of sir Patrick Char- 
 teri3 (provost of Perth). — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Gerhard the Good, a merchant of 
 Cologne, who exchanges his rich freight 
 for a cargo of Christian slaves, that he 
 may give them their liberty. He retains 
 only one, who is the wife of William 
 king of England. She is about to marry 
 the merchant's son, when the king sud- 
 denly appears, disguised as a pilgrim. 
 Gerhard restores the wife, ships both off 
 to England, refuses all recompense, and 
 remains a merchant as before. — Rudolf 
 of Ems (a minnesinger), Gerhard the Good 
 (thirteenth century). 
 
 Ger'ion. So "William Browne, in his 
 Britannia's Pastorals (fifth song), calls 
 Philip of Spain. The allusion is to 
 Geryon of Gades (Cadiz), a monster with 
 three bodies (or, in other words, a king 
 over three kingdoms) slain by Hercules. 
 
 *** The three kingdoms over Avhich 
 Philip reigned were Spain, Germany, and 
 the Netherlands. 
 
 Gerlinda or Girlint, the mother 
 of Hartmuth king of Norway. When 
 Hartmuth carried off Gudrun the daugh- 
 ter of Hettel (Attila), who refused to 
 marry him, Gerlinda put her to the most 
 menial work, such as Avashing the dirty 
 linen. But her lover, Herwig king of 
 Heligoland, invaded Norway, and having 
 gained a complete victory, put Gerlinda 
 to death. — An Anglo-Saxon Poem (thir- 
 teenth century) 
 
 German Literature (Father of). 
 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). 
 
 Germany, formerly called Tongres 
 The name was changed (according to 
 fable) in compliment to Ger'mana, sister 
 of Julius Caesar, and wife of Salvias 
 Brabon duke of Brabant. — Jehan de 
 Maire, Illustrations de Garde, iii. 20-23. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth says that 
 Ebraucus, one of the descendants of Brute 
 king of Britain, had twenty sons, all of 
 whom, except the eldest, settled in 
 Tongres, which was then called German)', 
 because it was the land of the germans or 
 brothers. 
 
 These germans did subdue all Germany, 
 Of whom it hight. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 
 
 Geron'imo, the friend of Sganarelle 
 (3 syl.). Sganarelle asks him if he would 
 advise his marrying. "How old are 
 you ? " asks Geronimo ; and being told 
 that he is 63, and the girl under 20, says, 
 "No." Sganarelle, greatly displeased at 
 his advice, declares he is hale and strong, 
 that he loves the girl, and has promised 
 to marry her. "Then do as you like," says 
 Geronimo. — Moliere, Le Mariage Force' 
 (1664). 
 
 *** This joke is borrowed from Rabe- 
 lais. Panurge asks Pantag'ruel' whether 
 he advises him to marry. "Yes," saya 
 the prince ; whereupon Panurge states 
 several objections. " Then don't," says 
 the prince. " But I wish to marry," 
 says Panurge. " Then do it by all 
 means," says the prince. Every time the 
 prince advises him to marry, Panurge 
 objects ; and every time the prince 
 advises the contrary, the advice is 
 equally unacceptable. — Pantaqruel, iii. 
 9 (1545). 
 
 Geronte' (2 syl.), father of Le'andre 
 and Hyacinthe ; a miserly old hunks. 
 He has to pay Scapin £1500 for the 
 " ransom " of Le'andre, and after having 
 exhausted every evasion, draws out his 
 purse to pay the money, saying, "The 
 Turk is a villain ! " " Yes," says Scapin. 
 " A rascal ! " " Yes," says Scapin. " A 
 thief ! " " Yes," says Scapin. " He 
 would wring from me £1500 ! would he ?" 
 "Yes," says Scapin. "Oh, if I catch 
 him, won't I pay him out?" "Yes,' - 
 says Scapin. Then, putting his purse 
 back into his pocket, he walks off, saying, 
 "Pay the ransom, and bring back the 
 boy." "But the money; where's the 
 money? " says Scapin. "Oh, didn't I give 
 it you?" "No," says Scapin. "J 
 
GERONTE. 
 
 GESSLER. 
 
 forgot," says Ge'ronte, and he pays the 
 money (ace ii. 11). — Moliere, Les Four- 
 beries de Scapin (1671). 
 
 In the English version, called The 
 Cheats of Scapin, by Otway, Geronte 
 is called " Gripe," Hyacinthe is called 
 " Clara," Le'andre is Anglicized into 
 " Leander," and the sum of money bor- 
 rowed is £200. 
 
 Geronte (2 syl.), the father of Lucinde 
 (2 syl.). He wanted his daughter to 
 marry Horace, but as she loved Le'andre, 
 in order to avoid a marriage she detested 
 sh= pretended to have lost the power of 
 articulate speech, and only answered, 
 " Han, hi, hon ! " " Han, hi, hon, han ! " 
 Sganarelle, " le me'decin malgre' lui," 
 seeing that this jargon was put on, and 
 ascertaining that Le'andre was her lover, 
 introduced him as an apothecary, and the 
 young man soon effected a perfect cure 
 with "pills matrimoniac." — Moliere, Le 
 Me'decin Malgre' Lui (1666). 
 
 Ger'rard, king of the beggars, dis- 
 guised under the name of Clause. He is 
 the father of Elorez the rich merchant of 
 Bruges. — Beaumont and Eletcher, The 
 Beggars" Bush (1G22). 
 
 Ger'trude (2 syl.), Hamlet's mother. 
 On the death of her husband, who was 
 king of Denmark, she married Claudius, 
 the late king's brother. Gertrude was 
 accessory to the murder of her first 
 husband, and Claudius was principal. 
 Claudius prepared poisoned wine, which 
 he intended for Hamlet ; but the queen, 
 not knowing it was poisoned, drank it 
 and died. Hamlet, seeing his mother 
 fall dead, rushed on the king and killed 
 him. — Shakespeare. Hamlet (1596). 
 
 *** In the Historie of Ilamblett, Ger- 
 trude is called " Geruth." 
 
 Gertrude, daughter of Albert patriarch 
 of Wy'oming. One day, an Indian 
 brought to Albert a lad (nine years old) 
 mined Henry Waldegrave (2 syl.), and 
 told the patriarch he had promised the 
 boy's mother, at her death, to place her 
 son under his care. The lad remained at 
 AVyoming for three years, and was then 
 sent to his friends. When grown to man- 
 hood, Henry Waldegrave returned to 
 Wyoming, and married Gertrude ; but 
 three months afterwards, Brandt, at the 
 head of a mixed army of British and 
 Indians, attacked the settlement, and both 
 Albert and Gertrude were shot. Henry 
 Waldegrave then joined the army of 
 Washington, which was fighting for 
 
 American independence. — Campbell, Ger- 
 trude of Wyoming (1809). 
 
 *** Campbell accents Wy'oming on the 
 first syllable, but it is more usual to throw 
 the accent on the second. 
 
 Gerun'dio {Fray), i.e. Friar Gerund, 
 the hero and title of a Spanish romance, 
 by the Jesuit De l'lsla. It is a satire on 
 the absurdities and bad taste of the 
 popular preachers of the time (1758). 
 
 G-e'ryon's Sons, the Spaniards ; so 
 called from Geryon, an ancient king of 
 Spain, whose oxen were driven off by 
 Her'cules. This task was one of the 
 hero's "twelve labours." Milton uses 
 the expression in Paradise Lost, xi. 410 
 (1665). 
 
 Geryon'eo, a human monster with 
 three bodies. He was of the race of 
 giants, being the son of Geryon, the 
 tyrant who gave all strangers "as food to 
 his kine, the fairest and the fiercest kinp 
 alive." Geryoneo promised to take the 
 young widow. Beige (2 syl.) under his 
 protection ; but it was like the wolf pro- 
 tecting the lamb, for "he gave her 
 children to a dreadful monster to devour." 
 In her despair, she applied to king Arthur 
 for help, and the British king, espousing 
 ner cause, soon sent Geryoneo "down to 
 the house of dole." — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, v. 10, 11 (1596). 
 
 *** " Geryoneo " is the house of Aus- 
 tria, and Philip of Spain in particular. 
 "King Arthur" is England, and the earl 
 of Leicester in particular. The "Widow 
 Beige" is the Netherlands; and the mon- 
 ster that devoured her children the in- 
 quisition, introduced by the duke of Alva. 
 " Geryoneo" had three bodies, for Philip 
 ruled over three kingdoms — Spain, Ger- 
 many, and the Netherlands. The earl 
 of Leicester, sent in 1585 to the aid of 
 the Netherlands, broke off the yoke of 
 Philip. 
 
 Ges'mas, the impenitent thief cruci- 
 fied with our Lord. In the apocryphal 
 Gospel of Nicodemus, he is called Gestas. 
 The penitent thief was Dismas, Dysmas, 
 Demas, or Dumacus. 
 
 Three bodies on three crosses hang supine : 
 Dismas and Gesmas and the Power Divine. 
 Dismas seeks heaven, Gesmas his own damnation. 
 The Mid-one seeks our ransom and salvation. 
 
 Translation of a Latin Charm. 
 
 Gessler (Albrecht), the brutal and 
 tyrannical governor of Switzerland, ap- 
 pointed by Austria over the three forest 
 cantons. When the people rose in re- 
 
GETA. 
 
 376 GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 
 
 bellion, Gesslei insulted them by hoisting 
 his cap on a pole, and threatening death 
 to any one who refused to bow down to it 
 in reverence. William Tell refused to do 
 so, and was compelled to shoot at an 
 apple placed on tbe head of his own-son. 
 Having dropped an arrow by accident, 
 Gessler demanded why he ha. I brought a 
 second. "To shoot you," said the in- 
 trepid mountaineer, "if I fail in my 
 task." Gessler then ordered him to be 
 cast into Kusnacht Castle, "a prey to the 
 reptiles that lodged there." Gessler went 
 in the boat to see the order executed, and 
 as the boat neared land, Tell leapt on 
 shore, pushed back the boat, shot Gessler, 
 and freed his country from Austrian 
 domination. — Rossini, Guglielmo Tell 
 (1829). 
 
 Geta, according to sir Walter Scott, 
 the representative of a stock slave and 
 rogue in the new comedy of Greece and 
 Rome (? Getes). 
 
 The principal character, upon whose devices and in- 
 genuity the whole plot usually turnsv is tho Geta of the 
 piece — a witty, roguish, insinuating, and malignant slave, 
 the confidant of a wild and extravagant son, whom he 
 aids in his pious endeavours to cheat a suspicious, severe, 
 and griping father. — Sir Walter Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Ghengis Khan, a title assumed by 
 Tamenane or Timour the Tartar (1336- 
 1405). 
 
 Ghilan, a district of Persia, notoriously 
 unhealthy, and rife with fever, ague, 
 cholera, and plague. Hence the Persian 
 proverb : 
 
 " Let him who is tired of life retire to Ghilan." 
 
 Giaffir [Djaf.fir], pacha of Aby'dos, 
 and father of Zuleika [Zu.(ce f .kah~]. He 
 tells his daughter he intends her to marry 
 the governor of Magne'sia, but Zuleika 
 lias given her plight to her cousin Selim. 
 The lovers take to flight ; Giaffir pursues 
 and shoots Selim ; Zuleika dies of grief; 
 and the father lives on, a broken-hearted 
 old man, calling to the winds, " AVhere 
 is my daughter?" and echo answers, 
 "Where?" — Byron, Bride of Abydos 
 (1813). 
 
 Giarn'schid iJain.sh.id~], suleyman 
 of the Peris. Having reigned seven hun- 
 dred years, he thought himself immortal ; 
 but God, in punishment, gave him a 
 human form, and sent him to live on 
 earth, where he became a great conqueror, 
 and ruled over both the East and West. 
 The bulwark of the Peris' abode was com- 
 posed of green chrysolite, the reflection 
 
 of which gives to the sky its deep blue- 
 green hue. 
 
 Soul beamed forth in every spark 
 That darted from beneath the lid, 
 Bright as the jewel of Giamschid. 
 
 Byron, The Giaour (1813). 
 She only wished the amorous monarch had shown more 
 ardour for the carbuncle of Giamschid. — W. Beckford, 
 VaOtek (1786). 
 
 Giants of Mythology and 
 Fable. Strabo makes mention of the 
 skeleton of a giant 60 cubits in height. 
 Pliny tells us of another 46 cubits. Boc- 
 caccio describes the body of a giant from 
 bones discovered in a cave near Trapani, 
 in Sicilv, 200 cubits in length. One 
 tooth of this "giant" weighed 200 
 ounces ; but Kircber says the tooth and 
 bones were those of a mastodon. 
 
 Ac'amas, one of the Cyclops. — Greek 
 Fable. 
 
 Adamastok, the giant Spirit of the 
 Cape. His lips were black, teeth blue, 
 eves shot with livid fire, and voice louder 
 than thunder. — Camocns, Lusiad, v. 
 
 A\gmos, the hundred -handed giant. 
 One of the Titans. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Ag'rios, one of the giants called 
 Titans. He was killed by the Parcae. — 
 Greek Fable. 
 
 Alcyoxeus [Al'.sl.v.nucc~] or Al'ciox, 
 brother of Porphyrlon. He stole some of 
 the Sun's oxen, and Jupiter sent Her- 
 cules against him, but he was unable to 
 prevail, for immediately the giant touched 
 the earth he received fresh vigour. 
 Pallas, seizing him, carried him beyond 
 the moon, and he died. His seven 
 daughters were turned into halcyons or 
 kin^lishers. — Apollonios of Rhodes, Ar- 
 gonmilic Expedition, i. 6. 
 
 Al'gebar'. The giant Oilon is so 
 called \>y the Arabs. 
 
 Alifaxfarox or Alipii lrnon, em- 
 peror of Trapoban. — Don Qh jcote. 
 
 Aloe'os (4 s>/L), son ot Titan and 
 Terra. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Aloi'des (4 syl.), sons of Aleeus (4 
 sy!.), named Otos'and Ephialtes (<?.«.). 
 
 Am'eraxt, a cruel giant, idain by Guy 
 of Warwick. — Percy, Eeliques. 
 
 Axgoulaffiie, the Saracen giant. 
 He was 12 cubits high, his face measured 
 3 feet in breadth, his nose was 9 inches 
 long, his arms and legs 6 feet. He had 
 the strength of thirty men, and his mace 
 was the solid trunk of an oak tree, 300 
 years old. The tower of Pisa lost its 
 perpendicularity by the weight of this 
 giant leaning against it to rest himself. 
 He was slain in single combat by Roland, 
 at Fronsac. — L'Epine, Croqucmitume. 
 
GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 377 GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 
 
 Axt.eos, 60 cubits (85 feet) in height. 
 —Plutarch. 
 
 Arges (2 syl.), one of the Cyclops.— 
 Greek Fable. 
 
 Ascapart, a giant 30 feet high, and 
 with 12 inches between his eyes. Slain 
 bv sir Bevis of Southampton. — British 
 Fable. 
 
 Atlas, the giant of the Atlas Moun- 
 tains, who carries the world on his back. 
 A book of maps is called an "atlas" 
 from this giant. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Balax, "bravest and strongest of the 
 giant race." — Amadis of Gaul. 
 
 Belle, famous for his three leaps, 
 which gave names to the places called 
 Wanlip, Burstall, and Bellegrave. — 
 British Fable. 
 
 Belle'rus, the giant from whom 
 Cornwall derived its name " Bellerium." 
 — British Fable. 
 
 Bluxderbore (3 syl.), the giant who 
 was drowned because Jack scuttled his 
 boat. — Jack the Giant-killer. 
 
 Briare'os (4 syl.), a giant with a 
 hundred hands. One of the Titans. — 
 Greek Fable. 
 
 Brobdixgxag, a country of giants, to 
 whom an ordinary-sized man was "not 
 half so big as the round little worm 
 pricked from the lazy fingers of a maid." 
 — Swift, Gidliver's 1 ravels. 
 
 Brontes (2 syl.), one of the Cyclops. 
 —Greek Fable. 
 
 Burloxg, a giant mentioned in the 
 romance of Sir Try amour. 
 
 Cacus, of mount Aventine, who dragged 
 the oxen of Hercules into his cave tail 
 foremost. — Greek Fable. 
 • Calig'oraxt, the Egyptian giant, who 
 entrapped travellers with an invisible net. 
 ■ — Ariosto. 
 
 Caraculiamro, the giant that don 
 Quixote intended should kneel at the foot 
 of Dulcin'ea. — Cervantes, Don Quixote. 
 
 Cels or Cceus, son of Heaven and 
 Earth. He married Phoebe, and was the 
 father of Latona. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Chalbroth, the stem of all the giant 
 race. — Rabelais, Pantagruel. 
 
 Christopherus or St. Christopher, 
 the giant who carried Christ across a 
 ford, and was well-nigh borne down with 
 the "child's" ever-increasing weight. — 
 Christian Legend. 
 
 Clytios, one of the giants who made 
 war upon the gods. Vulcan killed him 
 with a red-hot iron mace. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Colbraxd, the Danish giant slain by 
 Guy of Warwick. — British Fable. 
 
 Corflambo, a giant who weis always 
 
 attended by a dwarf. — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iv. 8. 
 
 Cormorax', the Cornish giant who fell 
 into a pit twenty feet deep, dug by Jack 
 and filmed over with a thin layer of grass 
 and gravel. — Jack the Giant-killer. 
 
 Cormoraxt, a giant discomfited by 
 sir Brian. — Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. 4. 
 
 Coulix, the British giant pursued by 
 Debon, and killed by failing into a deep 
 chasm. — British Fable. 
 
 Cyclops, giants with only one eye, 
 and that in the middle of the forehead. 
 They lived in Sicily, and were black- 
 smiths. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Despair, of Doubting Castle, who 
 found Christian and Hopeful asleep on 
 his grounds, and thrust them into a 
 dungeon. He evilly entreated them, but 
 they made their escape by the key "Pro- 
 mise." — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. 
 
 Doxdasch, a giant contemporary with 
 Seth. "There were giants in the earth 
 in those days." — Oriental Fable. 
 
 Excel'ados, "most powerful of the 
 giant race." Overwhelmed under mount 
 Etna. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Ephialtes (4 syl.), a giant who grew 
 nine inches every month. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Erix, son of Goliah [sic] and grandson 
 of Atlas. He invented legerdemain. — 
 Duchat, (Euvres de Rabelais (1711). 
 
 Eu'rytos, one of the giants that made 
 war with the gods. Bacchus killed him 
 with his thyrsus. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Ferracute, a giant 36 feet in height, 
 with the strength of forty men. — Turpin's 
 Chronicle. 
 
 Ferragus,' a Portuguese giant. — Va- 
 lentine and Orson. 
 
 Fierabras, of Alexandria, "the 
 greatest giant that ever walked the 
 earth." — Mediaeval Bomance. 
 
 Fiox, son of Comnal, an enormous 
 giant, who could place his feet on two 
 mountains, and then stoop and drink 
 from a stream in the valley between. — 
 Gaelic Legend. 
 
 Fiorgavyx, the gigantic father of 
 Frigga. — Scandinavian Jllythology. 
 
 Fracassus, father of Ferragus, and 
 son of Morgante. 
 
 Primus erat quidam Fracassus prole gigantis, 
 Cnjus stirps olim Morgauto venit ab illo, 
 Qui bacchioconem canipanae ferre solebut. 
 Com quo mille hominum colpos fracasset in una 
 
 Merlin Cocaius[i.e. Thcophile Folensro], Btitoirm 
 JJacaronique (1603). 
 
 Gabbara, father of Goliah [51c] of 
 Secondille, and inventor of the custom 
 of drinking healths. — Duchat, (Euvres de 
 Rabelais (1711). 
 
GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 378 GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 
 
 GiiAPAS, the giant slain by king 
 Arthur. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur. 
 
 Galligantus. the giant who lived 
 with Hocus-Pocus the conjuror. — Jack 
 the Giant-killer. 
 
 Garagantua, same as Gargantua 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Gargantua, a giant so large that it 
 required 900 ells of linen for the body of 
 his shirt, and 200 more for the gussets ; 
 406 ells of velvet for his shoes, and 1 100 
 cow-hides for their soles. His toothpick 
 was an elephant's tusk, and 17,913 cows 
 were required to give him milk. This 
 was the giant who swallowed five pil- 
 grims, with their stavos, in a salad. — 
 Rabelais, Gargantua. 
 
 Gemmagog, son of the giant Orome- 
 don, and inventor of Poulan shoes, i.e. 
 shoes with a spur behind, and turned-up 
 toes fastened to the knees. These shoes 
 were forbidden by Charles V. of France, 
 in 1305, but the fashion revived again. — 
 Duchat, (Euvres de Eabelais (1711). 
 
 Geryon'eo, a giant with three bodies 
 r Philip II. of Spain]. — Spenser, Faery 
 "Queen, v. 11. 
 
 Giralda, the giantess. A statue of 
 victory on the top of an old Moorish tower 
 in Seville. 
 
 Godmer, son of Albion, a British 
 giant slain by Canu'tus one of the com- 
 panions of Brute. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 ii. 10. 
 
 Goem'agot, the Cornish giant who 
 wrestled with Cori'neus (3 syl!), and was 
 hurled over a rock into the sea. The 
 place where he fell was called " Lam 
 Goemagot." — Geoffrey. British His- 
 tory. 
 
 Gogmagog, king of the giant race of 
 Albion when Brute colonized the island. 
 He was slain by Cori'neus. The two 
 statues of Guildhall represent Gogmagog 
 and Corineus. The giant carries a pole- 
 axe and spiked balls. This is the same 
 as Goemagot. 
 
 Grangousia, the giant king of Utopia. 
 — Rabelais, Pantagruel. 
 
 Grantorto, the giant who withheld 
 the inheritance of Ire'na. — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, v. 
 
 Grim, the giant slain by Greatheart, 
 because he tried to stop pilgrims on their 
 way to the Celestial City. — Bunyan, Pil- 
 grim's Progress, ii. 
 
 Grum'bo, the giant up whose sleeve 
 Tom Thumb crept. The giant, thinking 
 some insect had crawled up his sleeve, 
 gave it a shake, and Tom fell into the 
 
 sea, when a fish swallowed him. — Tom 
 Thumb. 
 
 Gyges, who had fifty heads and a 
 hundred hands. He was one of the 
 Titans. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Hapmouche, the giant "fly-catcher." 
 He invented the drying and smoking of 
 neats' tongues. — Duchat, (Euvres de 
 Rabelais (1711). 
 
 Hippol'ytos, one of the giants -who 
 made Avar with the gods. He was killed 
 by Hermes. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Hrasvelg, the giant who keeps watch 
 over the Tree of Life, and devours the 
 dead. — Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Hurtali, a giant in the time of the 
 Flood. He was too large of stature to 
 get into the ark, and therefore rode 
 straddle-legs on the roof. He perpetu- 
 ated the • giant race. Atlas was his 
 grandson. 
 
 Indracittran, a famous giant of 
 Indian mythology. 
 
 Jotux, the giant of Jotunheim or Giant- 
 land, in Scandinavian story. 
 
 Juliance, a giant of Arthurian 
 romance. 
 
 Kifri, the giant of atheism and in- 
 fidelity. 
 
 Kottos, a giant with a hundred hands. 
 One of the Titans. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Malambru'no, the giant who shut up 
 Antonoma'sia and her husband in the 
 tomb of the deceased queen of Candaya. 
 — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 45. 
 
 Margutte (3 syl.), a giant 10 feet high, 
 who died of laughter when he saw a 
 monkey pulling on his boots. — Pulci, 
 Morgante Maggiore. 
 
 Maugys, the giant warder with whom 
 sir Lybius does battle. — Libeaux. 
 
 Maul, the giant of sophistry, killed by 
 Greatheart, who pierced, him under the 
 fifth rib. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 
 
 Mont-Rognon, one of Charlemagne's 
 paladins. 
 
 Morgante (3 syl.), a ferocious giant, 
 who died by the bite of a crab. — Pulci, 
 Morgante Maggiore. 
 
 Mugillo, a giant famous for his mace 
 with six balls. 
 
 Offerus, the pagan name of St. 
 Christopher, whose body was 12 ells in 
 height. — Christian Legend, 
 
 Ogias, an antediluvian giant, men- 
 tioned in the apocrvpha condemned by 
 pope Gelasius I. (492*-49G). 
 
 Orgoglio, a giant thrice the height of 
 an ordinary man. He takes captive the 
 Bed Cross Knight, but is slain by king 
 Arthur. — Spenser, Faery Queen y i. 
 
GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 379 
 
 GIANTS IN EEAL LIFE. 
 
 Ori'ox, a giant hunter, noted for his 
 beauty. He was slain by Diana, and 
 made a constellation. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Otos, a giant, brother of Ephialtes. 
 They both grew nine inches every month. 
 According to Pliny, he was 46 cubits (66 
 feet) in height. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Pallas, one of the giants called Titans. 
 Minerva flayed him, and used his skin for 
 armour ; hence she was called Pallas 
 Minerva. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Pantag'ruel, son of Gargantua, and 
 last of the rare of giants. 
 
 Polybo'te** (4 syl.), one of the giants 
 who fought against the gods. The sea- 
 god pursued him to the island of Cos, 
 and, tearing away a part of the island, 
 threw it on him and buried him beneath 
 the mass. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Polyphe'mos, king of the Cyclops. 
 His skeleton was found at Trapa'ni, in 
 Sicily, in the fourteenth century, by 
 which it is calculated that his height *vas 
 300 feet.— Greek Fable. 
 
 Porpiiyr'ion, one of the giants who 
 made war with the gods. He hurled the 
 island of Delos against Zeus ; but Zeus, 
 with the aid of Hercules, overcame him. 
 —Greek Fable. 
 
 Pyrac'mox, one of the Cyclops. — 
 Greek Fable. 
 
 RiTHO, the giant who commanded 
 king Arthur to send his beard to complete 
 the lining of a robe. — Arthurian Romance. 
 
 Slay-good, a giant slain by Great- 
 heart. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 
 
 Ster'opes (3 syl.), one of the Cyclops. 
 — Greek Fable. 
 
 Tartaro, the Cyclops of Basque 
 legendary lore. 
 
 Tkl'tobocii'us, a king, whose remains 
 were discovered in 1613, near the river 
 Rhone. His tomb was 30 feet long. — 
 Mazurier, Ilistoire Veritable du Ge'ant 
 Teutobochus (1618). 
 
 Tiiaon, one o£ the giants who made 
 war with the gods. He was killed by the 
 Parcae. — Hesiod, Tlieogong. 
 
 Titans, a race of giants. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Tit'yos, a giant whose body covered 
 nine acres of land. He tried to defile 
 Latona, but Apollo cast him into Tar- 
 tarus, where a vulture fed on his liver, 
 which grew again as fast as it was de- 
 voured. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Typhosus, a giant with a hundred 
 heads, fearful eyes, and most terrible 
 Toice. He was the father of the Harpies. 
 Zeus [Jupiter] killed him with a thunder- 
 bolt, and he lies buried under mount 
 Etna. — Hesiod, Tlieogong. 
 
 Typhon, son of Typhceus, a giant with 
 a hundred heads. He was so tall that he 
 touched heaven with his head. His off- 
 spring were Gorgon, Geryon, Cerberos, 
 and the hydra of Lerne. He lies buried 
 under mount Etna. — Homer, Hymns. 
 
 Widenostrils, a huge giant, who lived 
 on windmills, and died from eating a 
 lump of fresh butter. — Rabelais, Pantag- 
 ruel, iy. 17. 
 
 Yohak, the giant guardian of the caves 
 of Babylon. — Southey, Talaba, v. 
 
 *** Those who wish to pursue this 
 subject further, should consult the notes 
 of Duchat, bk. ii. 1 of his (Euvres da 
 Rabelais. 
 
 Giants in Real Life. 
 
 Anak, father of the Anakim. The 
 Hebrew spies said they themselves were 
 mere grasshoppers in comparison to these 
 giants. — Josh. xv. 14 ; Judges i. 20 ; 
 Numb. xiii. 33. 
 
 Anak, 7 feet 8 inches at the age of 26. 
 Exhibited in London, 1862-5. Born at 
 Eamonchamp, in the Vosges (1 syl.), 
 1840. His real name was Joseph Brice. 
 
 Andron'icus II., 10 feet. Grandsou 
 of Alexius Comnenus. Nicetas asserts 
 that he had seen him. 
 
 Bamford (Educard), 7 feet 4 inches. 
 Died in 1768, and was buried in St. Doa- 
 stan's Churchyard. 
 
 Bates (Captain), 7 feet 11 inches; of 
 Kentucky. Exhibited in London, 1871. 
 
 Blacker (Henry), 7 feet 4 inches, and 
 most symmetrical. Born at Cuckfield, 
 Sussex, in 1724. Generally called "The 
 British Giant." - 
 
 Bradley, 7 feet 8 inches at deAth. 
 Born at Market Weighton, in Yorkshire. 
 His right hand is preserved in the museum 
 of the College of Surgeons (1798-1820). 
 
 Brice (Joseph), 7 feet 8 inches. His 
 hand could span loHnches. (See"Anak.") 
 
 Busby (John), 7 feet 9 inches; of Dar- 
 field. His brother was about the same 
 height. 
 
 Chang- Woo-Goo, 7 feet 6 inches ; of 
 Fj'chou. The Chinese giant. Exhibited 
 in London, 1865-6. 
 
 Charlemagne, 8 feet nearly. He 
 could squeeze together three horse-shoes 
 at once with his hands. 
 
 Cotter (Patrick), 8 feet 7h inches. 
 The Irish giant. A cast of his hand is 
 preserved in the museum of the College ci 
 Surgeons (died 1802). 
 
 Elea'zer, 7 cubits (? 10 feet 6 inches). 
 The Jewish giant mentioned by Josephus. 
 He lived in the reign of Yitelllus. 
 
GIANTS IN REAL LIFE. 
 
 380 
 
 GIANT'S LEAP. 
 
 Eleizegue (Joachim), 7 feet 10 inches. 
 The Spanish giant. Exhibited in London. 
 
 Evans (FiZ/wm), 8 feet at death. 
 Porter to Charles I. (died 1632). 
 
 Frank (Big), 7 feet 8 inches j weight, 
 22 stone ; girth round the chest, 58 inches. 
 He was an Irishman, whose name was 
 Francis Sheridan (died 1870). 
 
 Frenz (Louis), 7 feet 4 inches. The 
 French giant. 
 
 Gabara, 9 feet 9 inches. An Arabian 
 giant. Pliny says he was the tallest man 
 seen in the days of Claudius. 
 
 Gilly, 8 feet. A Swede ; exhibited as 
 a show in the early part of the nine- 
 teenth century. 
 
 Goli'ath, 6 cubits and a span (? 9 feet 
 4 inches). — 1 Sam. xvii. 4, etc. His 
 "brother" was also a giant. — 2 Sam. 
 xxi. 19 ; 1 Chron. xx. 5. 
 
 Gordon (Alice), 7 feet. An Essex 
 giantess (died 1737). 
 
 Hale (Robert), 7 feet 6 inches; born at 
 Somerton. Generally called "The Nor- 
 folk Giant" (1820-1862). 
 
 Har'drada (Harold), " 5 ells of Nor- 
 way in height" (nearly 8 feet). The 
 Norway giant. 
 
 La Pierre, 7 feet 1 inch ; of Strat- 
 gard, in Denmark. 
 
 Louis, 7 feet 4 inches. The French 
 giant. His left hand is preserved in the 
 museum of the College of Surgeons. 
 
 Loushkin, 8 feet 5 inches. The 
 Russian giant, and drum-major of the 
 Imperial Guards. 
 
 M'Donald (James), 7 feet 6 inches; of 
 Cork (died 17G0). 
 
 M'Donald (Samuel), 6 feet 10 inches. 
 A Scotchman ; usually called " Big Sam" 
 (died 1802). 
 
 Magratii (Cornelius), 7 feet 8 inches. 
 He was an orphan, reared bv bishop 
 Berkley, and died at the age of 20 (1740- 
 1760). 
 
 Maximi'nus, 8 feet 6 inches. The 
 Roman emperor (235-238). 
 
 Mellon (Edmund), 7 feet G inches. 
 Born at Port Leicester, Ireland (1665- 1 684). 
 
 Middleton (John), 9 feet 3 inches. 
 "His hand was 17 inches long, and 8\ 
 inches broad." He was born at Hale, in 
 Lancashire, in the reign of James I. — 
 Dr. Plott, History of Staffordshire. 
 
 Miller (Maximilian Christopher), 8 
 feet. His hand measured 12 inches, and 
 his fore-finger was 9 inches long. The 
 Saxon giant. Died in London (1674-1734). 
 
 Murphy, 8 feet 10 inches. An Irish 
 giant, contemporary with O'Brien. Died 
 at Marseilles. 
 
 O'Brien or Charles Byrne, 8 feet 4 
 inches. The Irish giant. His skeleton 
 is preserved in the museum of the College 
 of Surgeons (1761-1783). 
 
 Og, king of Bashan. " His bed was 
 
 9 cubits by 4 cubits " (? 13| feet by 6 
 feet). — Deut. iii. 11. 
 
 *** The Great Bed of Ware is 12 feet 
 by 12 feet. 
 
 Osen (Heinrich), 7 feet 6 .inches ; 
 weight, 300 lbs. or 37| stone. Born in 
 Norway. 
 
 Porus, an Indian king who fought 
 against Alexander near the river Hy- 
 daspes (h.c. 327). He was a giant " 5 
 cubits in height" \7\ feet], with strength 
 in proportion. — Quintus Curtius, He rebus 
 gestis Alexandra Magni. 
 
 Riechart (/. H.), 8 feet 3 inches, of 
 Friedberg. His father and mother were 
 both giants. 
 
 Salmeron (Martin), 7 feet 4 inches. 
 A Mexican. 
 
 Sam (Big), 6 feet 10 inches. (See 
 "M'Donald.") 
 
 Sheridan (Francis), 7 feet 8 inches. 
 (See " Frank.") 
 
 Swan (Miss Avne Hanen), 7 feet 11 
 inches : of Nova Scotia. 
 
 %* In 1682, a giant 7 feet 7 inches 
 was exhibited in Dublin. A Swede 8 
 feet 6 inches was in the body-guard of a 
 king of Prussia. A human skeleton 
 8 feet 6 inches is preserved in the museum 
 of Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 Becanus says he had seen a man nearly 
 
 10 feet high, and a woman fully 10 feet. 
 Gasper Bauhin speaks of a Swiss 8 feet 
 in height. Del Rio says he saw a Pied- 
 montese in 1572 more than 9 feet in 
 stature. C. S. F. Warren, M.A., says 
 (in Notes and Queries, August 14, 1875) 
 that his father knew a lady 9 feet high ; 
 "her head touched the ceiling of a good- 
 sized room." Vanderbrook says he saw 
 a black man, at Congo, 9 feet high. 
 
 Giant of Literature, Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson (1709-1783). 
 
 Giant's Causeway, a basaltic mole 
 in Ireland, said to be the commencement 
 of a causeway from Ireland to Scotland. 
 
 Giant's Grave (The), a height on 
 the Adriatic shore of the Bosphorus, much 
 frequented by holiday parties. 
 
 Tis a grand sight from off " The Giant's Grave" 
 To watch the progress of those rolling seas 
 Between the Bosphorus, as they lasb and lave 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, v. 5 (1830V 
 
 Giant's Leap (Lam Goiimagot) or 
 
GIAOUR. 
 
 381 
 
 GIGGLESWICK FOUNTAIN. 
 
 "Goemagot's Leap." Now called Haw, 
 n«ar Plymouth. The legend is that 
 Cori'neus (3 syl.) wrestled with Goe'ma- 
 got king of the Albion giants, heaved the 
 monster on his shoulder, carried him to 
 the top of a high rock, and cast him into 
 the sea. 
 
 At the beginning of the encounter, Corineus and the 
 giant, standing front to front, held each other strongly in 
 their arms, and panted aloud for breath; but Goemagot 
 presently grasping Corineus with all his might, broke three 
 of his ribs, two on the right side and one on his left. 
 Corineus, highly enraged, roused up his whole strength, 
 snatched up the giant, ran with him on his shoulders to 
 the neighbouring cliff, and heaved him into the sea . . . 
 The place where he fell is called Lam Goemagot to this 
 day.— Geoffrey, British History, i. 16 (1142). 
 
 Giaour {djov/.er]. Byron's tale 
 called The Giaour is supposed to be 
 told by a Turkish fisherman who had 
 been employed all the day in the gulf of 
 JEgi'na, and landed his boat at night-fall 
 on the Piraeus, now called the harbour of 
 Port Leone. He was eye-witness of all 
 the incidents, and in one of them a 
 principal agent (see line 352 : "I hear the 
 sound of coming feet . . . "). The tale 
 is this : Leilah, the beautiful concubine 
 of the caliph Hassan, falls in love with a 
 giaour, flees from the seraglio, is over- 
 taken by an emir, put to death, and cast 
 into the sea. The giaour cleaves Hassan's 
 skull, flees for his life, and becomes a 
 monk. Six years afterwards he tells his 
 history to his father confessor on his 
 death -bed, and prays him to " lay his 
 body with the humblest dead, and not 
 even to inscribe his name on his tomb." 
 Accordingly, he is called "the Giaour," 
 and is known by no other name (1813). 
 
 Giauha're (4 syl.), daughter of the 
 king of Saman'dal, the mightiest of the 
 under-sea empires. When her father was 
 made captive by king Saleh, she emerged 
 for safety to a desert island, where she 
 met Bed'er the young king of Persia, 
 who proposed to make her his wife ; but 
 Giauhare "spat on him," and changed 
 him "into a white bird with red beak 
 and red legs." The bird was sold to a 
 certain king, and, being disenchanted, re- 
 Burned the human form. After several 
 marvellous adventures, Beder again met 
 the under-sea princess, proposed to her 
 again, and she became his wife and queen 
 of Persia. — Arabian Nights (" Beder and 
 Giauhare"). 
 
 Gibbet, a foot-pad and a convict, 
 who "left his country for his country's 
 good." He piqued himself on being "the 
 best-behaved man on the road." 
 
 Twas for the good of my country I should be abroad. — 
 George Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem, iii. 3 (1707). 
 
 I thought it rather odd . . . and said to myielf. m 
 Gibbet said when he heard that Aimwell had gone to 
 church, " That looks suspicious."— James Smith. 
 
 Gibbet (Master), secretary to Martin 
 Joshua Bletson (parliamentary commis- 
 sioner). — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
 Com monwealth) . 
 
 Gib'bie (Guse), a half-witted lad in 
 the service of lady Bellenden. — Sir \V. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Like Goose Gibbie of famous memory, he first kept the 
 turkeys, and then, as his years advanced, was promoted 
 to the more important office of minding the cows. — 
 Keightley. 
 
 Gibby, a Scotch Highlander in attend- 
 ance on colonel Briton. He marries Inis, 
 the waiting-woman of Isabella. — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, The Wonder (1714). 
 
 Gibou (Madame), a type of feminine 
 vulgarity. A hard-headed, keen-witted, 
 coarsely clever, and pragmatical waitress 
 femme, who believes in nothing but a 
 good digestion and money in the Funds. 
 — Henri Monnier, Scenes Populaires 
 (1852). 
 
 Mde. Pochet and Mde. Gibou are the 
 French " Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris." 
 
 Gibraltar of America, Quebec. 
 
 Gibraltar of Greece, a precipitous 
 rock 700 feet above the sea. 
 
 Gibraltar of the New "World, 
 Cape Diamond, in the province of Quebec. 
 
 Gibson (Janet), a young dependent 
 on Mrs. Margaret Bertram of Singleside. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner ing (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Gifford (John). This pseudonym Las 
 been adopted by three authors: (1) John 
 Richards Green, JJlackstone's Commen- 
 taries Abridged (1823) ; (2) Edward Foss, 
 An Abridgment of Blackstone's Commen- 
 taries (1821) ; (3) Alexander Whellicr, 
 The English Lawyer. 
 
 Gifford (William), author of The 
 Baviad, a poetical satire, which annihi- 
 lated the Delia Crusca school of poets 
 (1794). In 1796, Gifford published The 
 Mceviad, to expose the low state of dra- 
 matic authorship. 
 
 He was a man with whom I had no literary sympathies. 
 ... He had, however, a heart full of kindness for all 
 living creatures except authors ; them he regarded as a 
 fishmonger regards eels, or as lzaak Walton did worms. — 
 Southey. 
 
 Giggleswick Fountain ebbs and 
 flows eight times a day. The tale is that 
 Giggleswick was once a nymph living 
 with the Oreads on mount Craven. A 
 satyr chanced to see her, and resolved to 
 win her ; but Giggleswick fled to escape 
 
GILBERT. 
 
 382 
 
 GILES. 
 
 her pursuer, and praying to the "topic 
 gods " (the local genii), was converted 
 into a fountain, which still pants with 
 fear. The tale is told by Drayton, in his 
 Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 
 
 Gilbert, butler to sir Patrick Charteris 
 provost of Perth. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
 Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Gilbert (Sir), noted for the sanative 
 virtue of his sword and cere-cloth. Sir 
 Launcelot touched the wounds of sir 
 Meliotwith sir Gilbert's sword and wiped 
 them with the cere-cloth, and "anon a 
 wholer man was he never in all his life." 
 ■ — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 116 (1470). 
 
 Gilbert with, the White Hand, 
 one of the companions of Robin Hood, 
 mentioned often in The Lyttcll Geste of 
 Pobyn Hode (fytte v. and vii.). 
 
 Thairsaw I MaitlaTnd upon mild Reird Gray, 
 Robene Hude, and Gillii/i i " with the quhite hand," 
 Quhom Hay of Kauclitou tJu» in Madin-land. 
 
 bcutltiti i'oems, L 122. 
 
 GilTbertscleugh, cousin to lady 
 Margaret Bellenden.— Sir XV. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Gil Bias, son of Bias of Santilla'ne 
 'squire or "escudero" to a lady, and 
 brought up by his uncle, canon Gil Peres. 
 Gil Bias went to Dr. Godinez's school, of 
 Oviedo [Ov.e.a'.do'j, and obtained the re- 
 putation of being a great scholar. He 
 had fair abilities, a kind heart, and good 
 inclinations, but was easily led astray by 
 his vanity. Full of wit and humour, but 
 lax in his morals. Duped by others at first, 
 he afterwards played the same devices on 
 those less experienced. As he grew in 
 years, however, his conduct improved, 
 and when his fortune Avas made he became 
 an honest, steady man. — Lesage, Gil Bias 
 (1715). 
 
 (Lesage has borrowed largely from the 
 romance of Espinel, called Vida del Escu- 
 dero Marcos de Obregon (1618), from 
 which he has taken his prologue, the 
 adventure of the parasite (bk. i. 2), 
 the dispersion of the company of Caca- 
 belos by the muleteer (bk. i. 3), the 
 incident of the robber's Cave (bk. i. 4, 5), 
 the surprise by the corsairs, the contri- 
 butions levied by don Raphael and 
 Ambrose (bk. i. 15, 16), the service with 
 the duke of Lerma, the character of San- 
 grado (called by Espinel Sagrcdo), and even 
 the reply of don Matthias de Silva when 
 asked to fight a duel early in the morn- 
 ing, " As I never rise before one, even for 
 A party of pleasure, it is unreasonable 
 
 to expect that I should rise at six to have 
 my throat cut," bk. iii. 8.) 
 
 Gildas de Ruys (St.), near Yannes, 
 in F ranee. This monastery was founded 
 in the sixth century bv St. Gildas " the 
 Wise" (516-565). 
 
 For some of us knew a thing or two 
 In the abbey of St Gildas de Rnys. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
 
 Gil'deroy, a famous robber. There 
 were two of the name, both handsome 
 Scotchmen, both robbers, and both were 
 hanged. One lived in the seventeenth 
 century, and "had the honour" of 
 robbing cardinal Richelieu and Oliver 
 Cromwell. The other was born in Roslin, 
 in the eighteenth century, and was 
 executed in Edinburgh for "stealing 
 sheep, horses, and oxen." In the Percy 
 Pcliques, I. iii. 12, is the lament of 
 Gilderoy's widow at the execution of her 
 "handsome" and "winsome" Gilderoy ; 
 and Campbell has a ballad on the same 
 subject. Both are entitled "Gilderoy," 
 and refer to the latter robber ; but in 
 Thomson's Orpheus Calcdunius, ii. is a 
 copy of the older ballad. 
 
 *#* Thomson's ballad places Gilderoy 
 in the reign of Mary "queen of Scots," 
 but this is not consistent with the 
 tradition of his robbing Richelieu and 
 Cromwell. "VVe want a third Gilderoy 
 for the reign of queen Mary — one living 
 in the sixteenth century. 
 
 Gilding a Boy. Leo XII. killed the 
 boy Morta'ra by gilding him all over to 
 adorn a pageant. 
 
 Gildip'pe (3 syl.), wife of EdAvard 
 an English baron, who accompanied her 
 husband to Jerusalem, and performed 
 prodigies of valour in the war (bk. ix.). 
 Both she and her husband were slain by 
 Solyman (bk. xx.). — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 delivered (1575). 
 
 Giles, a farmer in love with Patty, 
 " the maid of the mill," and promised "to 
 him by her father ; but Patty refuses to 
 marry him. Ultimately, the "maid of 
 the mill " marries lord Aimworth. Giles 
 is a blunt, well-meaning, working farmer, 
 of no education, no refinement, no notioa 
 of the amenities of social life. — Bicker- 
 staff, The Maid of the Mill. 
 
 Giles (1 syl.), servin^-bo)' to Claud 
 Halcro.— Sir'W. Scott, 'The Pirate (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Giles (1 syl.), warder of the Tower. — 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
 James I.). 
 
GILES. 
 
 383 
 
 GINES DE PASSAMONTE. 
 
 Giles (1 syl.), jailer of sir Reginald 
 Front de Boeuf.— Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Giles (Will), apprentice of Gibbie 
 Girder the cooper at Wolfs Hope 
 village. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammer- 
 tnoor (time, William III.). 
 
 Giles, the "farmer's boy," "meek, 
 fatherless, and poor," the hero of Robert 
 Bloomfield's principal poem, which is 
 divided into "Spring," "Summer," 
 •'Autumn," and "Winter" (1798). 
 
 Giles of Antwerp, Giles Coignet, 
 the painter (1530-1600). 
 
 Gilfillan (Habakkuk), called "Gifted 
 Gilfjllan," a Camero'nian officer and 
 enthusiast. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Gill (Harry), a farmer, who forbade 
 old Goody Blake to carry home a few 
 sticks, which she had picked up from his 
 land, to light a wee-bit fire to warm her- 
 self by. Old Goody Blake cursed him 
 for his meanness, saying he should never 
 from that moment cease from shivering 
 with cold ; and, sure enough, from that 
 hour, a-bed. or up, summer or winter, at 
 home or abroad, his teeth went " chatter, 
 chatter, chatter still." Clothing was of 
 no use, fires of no avail, for, spite of all, 
 he muttered, " Poor Harry Gill is very 
 cold." — Wordsworth, Goody Blake and 
 Harry Gill (1798). 
 
 Gillamore (3 syl.) or Guillamur, 
 king of Ireland, being slain in battle by 
 Arthur, Ireland was added by the con- 
 queror to his own dominions. 
 
 How Gillamore again to Ireland he pursued . . . 
 And having slain the king, the country waste he laid. 
 Drayton. Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Gillian, landlady of don John and 
 don Frederic. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Chances (1620). 
 
 Gil'lian (Dame), tirewoman to lady 
 Eveline, and wife of Raoul the huntsman. 
 — Sir W. Scott. The Betrothed (time, 
 Henry II.). 
 
 GilliflLowers. A nosegay of these 
 flowers was given by the fairy Amazo'na 
 to Carpil'lona in her flight. The virtue 
 of this nosegay was, that so long as the 
 princess had it about her person, those 
 who knew her before would not recognize 
 her. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
 ("Princess Carpillona," 1682). 
 
 Gills (Solomon), ship's instrument 
 maker. A slo 1 ^, thoughtful old man, 
 uncle of Walter Gay, who was in the 
 
 house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. Gill* 
 was very proud of his stock-in-trade, 
 but never seemed to sell anything. — C. 
 Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Gilpin (John), a linen-draper and 
 train-band captain, living in London. 
 His wife said to him, " Though we have 
 been married twenty years, we have taken 
 no holiday ; " and at her advice the well- 
 to-do linen-draper agreed to make a 
 family party, and dine at the Bell, at 
 Edmonton. Mrs. Gilpin, her sister, and 
 four children went in the chaise, and 
 Gilpin promised to follow on horseback. 
 As madam had left the wine behind, 
 Gilpin girded it in two stone bottles to 
 his belt, and started on his way. The 
 horse, being fresh, began to trot, and then 
 to gallop ; and John, being a bad rider, 
 grasped the mane with both his hands. 
 On went the horse, off flew John Gilpin's 
 cloak, together with his hat and wig. 
 The dogs barked, the children screamed, 
 the turnpike men (thinking he was riding 
 for a wager) flung open their gates. He 
 flew through Edmonton, and never stopped 
 till he reached Ware, when his friend the 
 calender gave him welcome, and asked him 
 to dismount. Gilpin, however, declined, 
 saying his wife would be expecting him. 
 So the calender furnished him with 
 another hat and wig, and Gilpin harked 
 back again, when similar disasters 
 occurred, till the horse stopped at his 
 house in London. — W. Cowper, John 
 Gilpin (1786). 
 
 *** John Gilpin was a Mr. Beyer, of 
 Paternoster Row, Avho died in 1791, and 
 it was lady Austin who told the anecdote 
 to the poet. The marriage adventure of 
 commodore Trunnion, in Peregrine Tickle, 
 is a similar adventure. 
 
 Giltspur Street, a street in West 
 Smithfield, built on the route taken by 
 the knights (who wore gilt spurs) on their 
 way to Smithfield, where tire tournaments 
 were held. 
 
 Gines de Passamonte, one of the 
 galley-slaves set free by don Quixote. 
 Gines had written a history of his life and 
 adventures. After being liberated, th-, 
 slaves set upon the knight ; they assaulted 
 him with stones, robbed him and Sancho 
 ol everything they valued, broke to pieces 
 " Mambrino's helmet," and then made off 
 with all possible speed, taking Sancho'a 
 ass with them. After a time the ass was 
 recovered (pt. I. iv. 3). 
 
 "Hark ye. friend," said the galley slave, "Gines is my 
 name, and Passamonte the title of mv family.'" 
 I Hon Quixote, I. iii. 8 (1605). 
 
GINEURA. 
 
 GIOVANXI. 
 
 *„.* This Gines re-appears in pt. IT. ii. 
 7 as " Peter the showman," who exhibits 
 f,he story of " Melisendra and don Gay- 
 Ceros." The helmet also is presented 
 A^hole and sound at the inn, where it 
 jecomes a matter of dispute whether it is 
 t basin or a helmet. 
 
 Gineura. the troth-plight bride of 
 Ariodantes, falsely accused of infidelity, 
 nud doomed to die unless she found within 
 a month a champion to do battle for her 
 honour. The duke who accused her felt 
 confident that no champion would appear, 
 but on the day appointed Ariodantes him- 
 self entered the lists. The duke was 
 slain, the lady vindicated, and the cham- 
 pion became Gineura's husband. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (151G). 
 
 Shakespeare, in Much Ado about 
 Nothing, makes Hero falsely accused of 
 infidelity, through the malice of don 
 John, who induces Margaret (the lady's 
 attendant) to give Borachio a rendezvous 
 at the lady's chamber window. While 
 this was going on, Claudio, the betrothed 
 lover of Hero, was brought to a spot 
 where he might witness the scene, and, 
 believing Margaret to be Hero was so 
 indignant, that next day at the altar he 
 denounced Hero as unworthy of his love. 
 Benedict challenged Claudio for slander, 
 but the combat was prevented by the 
 arrest and confession of Borachio. Don 
 John, finding his villainy exposed, fled to 
 Messina. 
 
 Spenser has introduced a similar story 
 in his Faery Queen, v. 11 (the tale of 
 "Irena," q.v.). 
 
 Gin'evra, the young Italian bride 
 who, playing hide-and-seek, hid herself 
 in a large trunk. The lid accidentally 
 fell down, and was held fast by a spring- 
 lock. Many years afterwards the trunk 
 M r as sold and the skeleton discovered. — 
 Rogers, Italy (1792). 
 
 T. Haynes Bay ley wrote a ballad called 
 The Mistletoe Bough, on the same tradi- 
 tion. He calls the bridegroom "young 
 Lovell." 
 
 A similar narrative is given by Collet, 
 in his Causes Ce'iebres. 
 
 Marwell Old Hall, once the residence 
 of the Seymours, and subsequently of the 
 Dacre family, has a similar tradition 
 attached to it, and " the very chest is 
 now the property of the Rev. J. Hay garth, 
 rector of Upliam." — Fost- Office Directory. 
 
 Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar 
 tale and chest. 
 
 The same tale is ilso told of the great 
 house at Malsanger, near Basingstoke. 
 
 Gingerbread (Giles), the hero of an 
 English nursery tale. 
 
 Jack the Giant-killer, Giles Gingerbread, and Tom 
 Thumb will flourish in wide-spreading and never-ceasing 
 popularity.— Washington Irving. 
 
 Gixm or Jan (singular masculine 
 Jinnee, feminine Jinniyeh), a species of 
 beings created long before Adam. They 
 were formed of "smokeless fire" or fire 
 of the simoom, and were governed by 
 monarchs named suleyman, the last of 
 whom was Jan-ibn-Jan or Gian-ben- 
 Gian, who "built the pyramids of 
 Egypt." Prophets were sent to convert 
 them, but on their persistent disobedience, 
 an army of angels drove them from the 
 earth. Among the ginn was one named 
 Aza'zel. When Adam was created, and 
 God commanded the angels to worship 
 him, Azazel refused, saying, "Why should 
 the spirits of fire worship a creature made 
 of earth ? " Whereupon God changed him 
 into a devil, and called him Iblis cr 
 Eblis ("despair"). Spelt also Djinn. 
 
 Gi'ona, a leader of the anabaptists, 
 once a servant of comte d'Oberthal, but 
 discharged from his service for theft. He 
 joined the rebellion of the anabaptists, 
 but, with the rest of the conspirators, 
 betrayed the "prophet-king," John of 
 Ley den, when the emperor arrived with 
 his army. — Meyerbeer, Le Prophete 
 (1849). 
 
 Giovan'ni (Don), a Spanish libertine 
 of the aristocratic class. His valet, 
 Leporello, says, "He had 700 mistresses in 
 Italy, 800 in Germany, 91 in France and 
 Turkey, and 1003 in Spain." When the 
 measure of his iniquity was full, a legion 
 of foul fiends carried him off to the de- 
 vouring gulf. — Mozart's opera, Don 
 Giovanni (1787). 
 
 (The libretto of this opera is by 
 Lorenzo da Pontc.) 
 
 * # * The origin of this character was 
 don Juan Teno'rio, of Seville, who lived 
 in the fourteenth century. The traditions 
 concerning him were dramatized by Tirso 
 de Mo'lina ; thence passed into Italy and 
 France. Gliick has a musical ballet called 
 Don Juan (1765) ; Moliere, a comedy on 
 the same subject (1665) ; and Thomas 
 Corneille (brother of the Grand Corneillc) 
 brought out, in 1673, a comedy on the same 
 subject, called Le Festin de Pierre, which 
 is the second title of Moli ore's Don Juan, 
 Goldoni, called " The Italian Moliere," 
 
GIPSEY. 
 
 385 
 
 GLADIATOR. 
 
 has also a comedy on the same favourite 
 hero. 
 
 Gipsey, 
 
 Charles 1. 
 
 the favourite greyhound of 
 
 One evening, his [Charles /.] dog scraping at the door, 
 be commanded nre [sir Philip Warwick] to let in Gipsey. 
 —Memoirs, 328. 
 
 Gipsey Ring, a flat gold ring, with 
 stones let into it, at given distances. So 
 called because the stones were originally 
 Egyptian pebbles — that is, agate and 
 jasper. 
 
 Gipsies' Head-quarters, Yet- 
 holm, Roxburgh. 
 
 Head -quarters of the gipsies here. 
 
 Double Acrostic [" Queen"). 
 
 *** The tale is, that the gipsies are 
 wanderers because they refused to shelter 
 the Virgin and Child in their flight into 
 Egypt. — Aventinus, Annates Boioram, 
 viii. 
 
 Giralda of Seville, called by the 
 Knight of the Mirrors a giantess, whose 
 body was of brass, and who, without 
 ever shifting her place, was the most un- 
 steady and changeable female in the 
 world. In fact, this Giralda was no 
 other than the brazen statue on a steeple 
 in Seville, serving for a weathercock. 
 
 " I fixed the changeable Giralda ... I obliged her to 
 stand stili ; for during the space of a whole week no wind 
 blew but from the north."— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 
 14 (1615). 
 
 Girder {Gibbk, ue. Gilbert), the 
 
 cooper at Wolf's Hope village, 
 
 Jean Girder, wife of the cooper. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Bride of Lammcrmoor (time, 
 'VYilliam III.). 
 
 Girdle (Armi'da's), a cestus worn by 
 Armi'da, which, like that of Venus, pos- 
 sessed the magical charm of provoking 
 irresistible love. — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
 livered (1575). 
 
 Girdle (Flor'imers), the prize of a grand 
 tournament, in which sir Sat'yrane (3 syl.), 
 sir Brianor, sir Sanglier, sir Artegal, 
 sir Cambel, sir Tri'amond, Brit'ornart, 
 and others took part. It was accidentally 
 dropped by Florimel in her flight (bk. 
 iii. 7, 31), picked up by sir Satyrane, 
 and employed by him for binding the 
 monster which frightened Florimel to 
 flight, but afterwards came again into sir 
 Satyrane's possession, when he placed it 
 for safety in a golden coffer. It was a 
 gorgeous girdle, made by Vulcan for 
 Venus, and embossed with pearls and 
 precious stones ; but its chief merit was 
 
 It gave the virtue of chaste love 
 And wifehood true to all that it did bear ; 
 
 17 
 
 But whosoever contrary doth prove, 
 Might not the same about her middle wear, 
 But it would loose, or else asunder tear. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7 (1590J. 
 
 %* Other tests of chastity were : 
 ** Arthur's drinking horn," mentioned in 
 thzMorted'Art/mr. The "court mantel," 
 mentioned in the ballad called " The Boy 
 and the Mantel," in Percy's Reliques. 
 The "enchanted cup," mentioned in 
 Orlando Furioso, ii., etc. 
 
 Girdle {Venus' 's), a girdle on which was 
 embroidered the passions, desires, joys, 
 and pains of love. It was usually called 
 a cestus, which means "embroidered," and 
 was worn lower down than the cin'gulum 
 or matron's girdle, but higher up than 
 the zone or maiden's girdle. It was said 
 to possess the magical power of exciting 
 love. Homer describes it thus : 
 
 In this was every art, and every charm, 
 To win the wisest, and the coldest warm ; 
 Fond love, the gentle vow, the gay desire. 
 The kind deceit, the still reviving'fire, 
 Persuasive speech, and more persuasive sighs, 
 Silence that spoke, ai»d eloquence of eyes. 
 
 Pope, Iliad, xiv. 
 
 Girdle of Opakka, foresight and 
 prudence. 
 
 " Th# girdle of Opakka, with which Kifri the enchanter 
 is endued, what is it," said Shemshelnar, " but foresight 
 and prudence— the best ' girdle ' for the sultans of tho 
 earth ? "—Sir G. Morell [i.e. J. Ridley! Tales of the Genii 
 (" History of Mahoud," tale vii., 1751). 
 
 Girdles, impressed with mystical 
 characters, were bound with certain cere- 
 monies round women in gestation, to 
 accelerate the birth and alleviate the 
 pains of labour. It was a Druid custom, 
 observed bj the Gaels, and continued in 
 practice till quite modern times. 
 
 Aldo offered to give Erragon "a hundred steeds, chil- 
 dren of the rein ; a hundred hawks with fluttering wing, 
 . . . and a hundred girdles to bind high-bosomed maids, 
 friends of the births of heroes."— Ossian, The Battle of 
 Dora. 
 
 Girnington ( Tlie laird of), previously 
 Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw, the 
 bridegroom of Lucy Ashton. He is found 
 wounded by his bride on the wedding 
 night, recovers, and leaves the country ; 
 but the bride goes mad and dies. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Bride of Lammcrmoor (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Gjallar, Heimdall's horn, which he 
 blows to give the gods notice when any 
 one approaches the bridge Bifrost. — 
 Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Gladiator {The Dying). This fam- 
 ous statue, found at Nettuno (the an- 
 cient Antium), was the work of Agasias, 
 a sculptor of Ephesus. 
 
 2c 
 
GLADSMOOE. 
 
 380 
 
 GLASTONBURY. 
 
 Glads'moor (Mr.), almoner of the 
 earl of Glenallan, at Glenallan House. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Glamorgan, according to British 
 fable, is gla or glyn Morgan (valley or 
 glen of Morgan). Cundah' and Morgan 
 (says Spenser) were sons of Gonorill and 
 Regan, the two elder daughters of king 
 Leyr. Cundah chased Morgan into Wales, 
 and slew bim in the glen which per- 
 petuates his name. 
 
 Then gan the bloody brethren both to raine : 
 But fierce Cundah gaii shortly to envy 
 HLs brother Morgan . . . 
 Kaisd warre, and him in natteill overthrew ; 
 Whence as he to those woody hilles did fly, 
 Which bight of him Gla-iiiorgan, there bim slew. 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10, 33 (1590). 
 
 This is not quite in accordance with 
 Geoffrey's account : 
 
 Some restless spirits . . . inspired Margan with vain 
 conceits, . . . who marched with an army through Cune- 
 dagius's country, and began to burn all before him ; but 
 he was met by Cunedagius, with all his forces, who at- 
 tacked Margan, . . . and, putting him to flight, . . . killed 
 him in a town of Kambria, which since his death has 
 been called Margan to this day.— British History, ii. 15 
 (1142). 
 
 Glasgow (TJie bishop of). — Sir W. 
 Scott, Castle Dangerov.s, xix. (time, 
 Henry I.). 
 
 Glasgow Arms, an oak tree with 
 a bird above it, and a bell banging from 
 one of the branches ; at the foot of the 
 tree a salmon with a ring in its mouth. 
 The legend is that St. Kentigern built 
 the city and hung a bell in an oak tree to 
 summon the men to work. This accounts 
 for the "oak and bell." Now for the 
 rest : A Scottish queen, having formed an 
 illicit attachment to a soldier, presented 
 her paramour with a ring, the gift of her 
 royal husband. This coming to the know- 
 ledge of the king, he contrived to abstract 
 it from the soldier while he was asleep, 
 threw it into the Clyde, and then asked 
 his queen to show it him. The queen, in 
 great alarm, ran to St. Kentigern, and 
 confessed her crime. The father con- 
 fessor went to the Clyde, drew out a 
 salmon with the ring in its mouth, handed 
 it to the queen, and by this means both 
 prevented a scandal and reformed the 
 repentant lady. 
 
 A similar legend is told of Dame Re- 
 becca Berry, wife of Thomas Eiton of 
 Stratford Bow, and relict of sir John 
 Berry, 1696. She is the heroine of the 
 ballad called The Cruel Anight. The 
 story runs thus : A knight, passing by a 
 cottage, heard the cries of a woman in 
 labour. By his knowledge of the occult 
 sciences, he knew that the infant was 
 
 doomed to be his future wife ; but ho 
 determined to elude his destiny. When 
 the child was of a marriageable age, he 
 took her to the sea-side, intending to 
 drown her, but relented, and, throwing a 
 ring into the sea, commanded her never 
 to see his face again, upon pain of death, 
 till she brought back that ring with her. 
 The damsel now went as cook to a noble 
 family, and one day, as she was preparing 
 a cod-fish for dinner, she found the ring 
 in the fish, took it to the knight, and thus 
 became the bride of sir John Berry. The 
 Berry arms show a fish, and in the dexter 
 chief a ring. 
 
 Glass ( 3frs.), a tobacconist, in London, 
 who befriended Jeanie Deans while she 
 sojourned in town, whither she had come 
 to crave pardon from the queen for Effie 
 Deans, her half-sister, lying under sen- 
 tence of death for the murder of her 
 infant born before wedlock. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Glass Armour. When Chery went 
 to encounter the dragon that guarded the 
 singing apple, he arrayed himself in glass 
 armour, which reflected objects like a 
 mirror. Consequently, when the monster 
 came against him, seeing its reflection 
 in every part of the armour, it fancied 
 hundreds of dragons were coming against 
 it, and ran away in alarm into a cave, 
 which Chery instantly closed up, and thus 
 became master of the situation. — Com- 
 tesse D'Aunov, Fairy . Tales ("Princess 
 Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 Glasse (Mrs.), author of a cookery- 
 book, immortalized by the saying, " First 
 catch [skin] your hare, then cook it." 
 Mrs. Glasse is the nom de vlume of Dr. 
 John Hill (1716-1775). 
 
 A great variety of learned dainties whi<*i Mrs. Glasse 
 herself would not disdain to add to her high-flavoured 
 catalogue. — Edinburgh lieview. 
 
 1 know it all, from a lark to a loin of beef; and in the 
 economy of the table, wouldn't hold a candle to Hannah 
 Glasse herself.— Cumberland, First Love, ii. 1 (1796). 
 
 Glas'tonbury, in Arthurian ro- 
 mance, was the burial-place of king 
 Arthur. Selden, in his Illustrations of 
 Drayton, gives an account of Arthur's 
 tomb "betwixt two pillars," and says 
 that "Henry II. gave command to Henry 
 de Bois (then abbot of Glastonbury) to 
 make great search for the body of the 
 British king, which was found in a 
 wooden coffin some 16 foote deepe, and 
 afterwards they found a stone on whose 
 lower side was fixed a leaden cross with 
 the name inscribed." 
 
GLATISANT. 
 
 387 
 
 GLENDINNING. 
 
 Qlastonbury Thorn. The legend is that 
 Joseph of Arimathea stuck his staff into 
 the ground in " the sacred isle of Glas- 
 tonbury," and that this thorn blossoms 
 " on Christmas Day " every year. St. 
 Joseph was buried at Glastonbury. 
 
 Nol great Arthur's tomb, nor holy Joseph's grave. 
 From sacrilege had power their sacred bones to save . . . 
 {Here] trees in winter bloom and bear their summer's 
 green. 
 
 Dr?yton, Polyolbion, Hi. (1612). 
 
 Glatisant, the questing beast. It 
 had the head of a serpent, the body of a 
 libbard, buttocks of a lion, foot of a hart, 
 and in its body " there was a noise like 
 that of thirty couple of hounds questing " 
 (i.e. in full" cry). Sir Palomi'des the 
 Saracen was for ever following this beast. 
 — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
 Arthur, ii. 52, 53,149 (1470). 
 
 Glau'ce (2 syl.\ nurse of the princess 
 Brit'omart. She tried by charms to 
 " undo " her lady's love for sir Artegal, 
 " but love that is in gentle heart begun, 
 no idle charm can remove." Finding her 
 sorcery useless, she took the princess to 
 consult Merlin, and Merlin told her that 
 by marrying Artegal she would found a 
 race of kings from which would arise " a 
 royal virgin that shall shake the power of 
 Spain." The two now started in quest of 
 the knight, but in time got separated. 
 Glauce became "the 'squire" of sir 
 Scu'damore, but re-appears (bk. iii. 12) 
 after the combat between Britomart and 
 Artegal, reconciles the combatants, and 
 the princess consents "to be the love of 
 Artegal, and to take him for her lord " 
 (bk. iv. 5, 6). — Spenser, Faery Queen 
 (1590, 1596). 
 
 Glaucus, a fisherman of Bceo'tia. 
 He observed that all the fish which he 
 laid on the grass received fresh vigour, 
 and immediately leaped into the sea. 
 This grass had been planted by Kronos, 
 and when Glaucus tasted it, he also 
 leaped into the sea, and became a pro- 
 phetic marine deity. Once a year he 
 visited all the coasts of Greece, "to utter 
 his predictions. Glaucus is the sailors' 
 l>atron deity. 
 
 By] old soothsaying Glaucus' spell. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 874 (1634). 
 As Glaucus, when he tasted of the herb 
 That made him peer among the ocean gods. 
 
 Dante, Paradise, i. (1311). 
 
 Glaucus, son of Hippolytus. Being 
 smothered in a tub of honey, he was 
 restored to life by [a] dragon given him 
 by Escula'pios (probably a medicine so 
 called). — Apollodorus, Bibliothcca, 23. 
 
 Glaucus, of Chios, inventor of the art of 
 soldering metal. — Pausanias, Itinerary of 
 Greece. 
 
 A second Glaucus, one who ruins him- 
 self by horses. This refers to Glaucus, 
 son of Sis'yphos, who was killed by his 
 horses. Some say he was trampled to 
 death by them, and some that he was 
 eaten by them. 
 
 Glauci et Diomtdis permutatio, a very 
 foolish exchange. Homer (Iliad, vi.) 
 tells us that Glaucus changed his golden 
 armour for the iron one of Diomedes. The 
 French say, C'est le troc de Glaucus et de 
 Diomede. This Glaucus was the grand- 
 son of Bellerophon. (In Greek, "Glau- 
 kos.") 
 
 Glem, the scene of Arthur's battle, i3 
 in Northumberland. 
 
 The fight that all day long 
 Rang by the white mouth of the violent Glem. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 G-lenallari (Joscelind dowager countess 
 of), whose funeral takes place by torch- 
 light in the Catholic chapel. 
 
 The earl of Glenallan, son of the dow- 
 ager countess. — Sir W. Scott, Tlie Anti- 
 quary (time, George III.). 
 
 Glenalvon, heir of lord Randolph. 
 When young Norval, the son of lady 
 Randolph, makes his unexpected appear- 
 ance, Glenalvon sees in him a rival, whom 
 he hates. He pretends to lord Randolph 
 that the young man is a suitor of lady 
 Randolph's, and, having excited the pas- 
 sion of jealousy, contrives to bring his 
 lordship to a place where he witnesses 
 their endearments. A fight ensues, in 
 which Norval slays Glenalvon, but is 
 himself slain by lord Randolph, who then 
 discovers too late that the supposed suitor 
 was his wife's son. — Home, Douglas 
 (1757). 
 
 Glencoe (2 syl), the scene of the 
 massacre of M'lan and thirty-eight of his 
 glenmen, in 1692. All Jacobites were 
 commanded to submit to William III. by 
 the end of December, 1691. M'lan was 
 detained by a heavy fall of snow, and sir 
 John Dalrymple, the master of Stair, sent 
 captain Campbell to make an example of 
 " the rebel." 
 
 *,;.* Talfourd has a drama entitled 
 Glencoe or the Fall of the McDonalds. 
 
 Glendale (Sir Richard), a papist 
 conspirator with Redgauntlet. — Sir W, 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Glendin'ning (Elspeth) or Elspbth 
 Brydone (2 syl.), widow of Simon 
 Glendinning of the Tower of Glendearg. 
 
GLENDINNING. 
 
 388 
 
 GLUCK. 
 
 Halbert and Edward Glendinning, sons 
 of Elspeth Glendinning.— Sir W. Scott, 
 The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Glendin'ning (Sir Halbert), the knight 
 of Avenel, husband of lady Mary of 
 Avenel (2 syl.).— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Glendoveer', plu. Glendoveers, the 
 most beautiful of the good spirits of 
 Hindu mythology. 
 
 . . . the glendoveers. 
 The loveliest of all of heavenly birth. 
 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, vi. 2 (1809). 
 
 Glendow'er (Owen), a Welsh noble- 
 man, descended from Llewellyn (last of 
 the Welsh kings). Sir Edmund Mor- 
 timer married one of his daughters. 
 Shakespeare makes him a wizard, but 
 very highlv accomplished. — Shakespeare, 
 1 Henry IV. (1597). 
 
 Glengar'ry. So M'Donald of Glen- 
 garry (who gave in bis adhesion to 
 William III.) is generally called. 
 
 Glenpro'sing (The old lady), a 
 neighbour of old Jasper Yellowlev. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Glen thorn (Lord), the hero of Miss 
 Edgeworth's novel called Ennui. Spoiled 
 by indolence and bad education, he 
 succeeds, by a course of self-discipline, in 
 curing his mental and moral faults, and 
 in becoming a useful member of society 
 (1809). 
 
 The history of lord Glenthorn affords a striking picture 
 of ennui, and contains some excellent delineations of 
 character.— Chambers, English Literature, ii. 669. 
 
 Glenvar'loch (Lord), or Nigel 
 Olifaunt, the hero of Scott's novel called 
 The Fortunes of Niycl (time, James I.). 
 
 Glinter, the palace of Foresti "the 
 peace-maker," son of Balder. It was 
 raised on pillars of gold, and had a silver 
 roof. 
 
 Gloria'na, " the greatest glorious 
 queen of Faery-land." 
 
 By Gloriana I mean [true] Glory in my general intention, 
 hut in my particular I conceive the most excellent and 
 glorious person of our sovereign the queen [Elizabeth], 
 and her kingdom 13 Faerye-Iand. — Spenser, Introduction 
 to The Faery queen (1590). 
 
 Glorious John, John Dryden 
 (1631-1701). 
 
 Glorious Preacher (The), St. 
 John Chrysostom (i.e. John Goldcnmouth, 
 354-407) 
 
 Glory (Old), sir Francis Burdett 
 (1770-1844). 
 
 Glory Hole, a cupboard, ottoman, 
 box, or other receptacle, where any- 
 thing may be thrown for the nonce to get 
 it out of sight rapidly. A cupboard at 
 the head of a staircase for brooms, etc., is 
 so called. 
 
 Glossin (Mr. Gilbert), a lawyer, who 
 purchases the Ellangowan estate, and is 
 convicted by counsellor Pleydell of 
 kidnapping Henry Bertrand the heir. 
 Both Glossin and Dirk Hatteraick, his 
 accomplice, are sent to prison, and in the 
 night Hatteraick first strangles the lawyer 
 and then hangs himself. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Manneriny (time, George II.). 
 
 Gloucester (The duke of), brother of 
 Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
 (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Gloucester (Richard duke of), in the 
 court of king Edward IV. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Gloucester (The earl of), in the court 
 of king Henry II.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Glover (Simon), the old glover of 
 Perth, and father of the " fair maid." 
 
 Catharine Glover, "the fair maid of 
 Perth," daughter of Simon the glover, 
 and subsequently bride of Henry Smith 
 the armourer. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
 of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Glover (IJeins), the betrothed of Trud- 
 chen [i.e. Gertrude] Pavilion, daughter 
 of the syndic's wife. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Quentin Durvcard (tiuie, Edward IV.). 
 
 Glowrowrum (The old lady), a 
 friend of Magnus Troil. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Glubdub'drib, the laud of sorcerers 
 and magicians, where Gulliver was 
 shown many of the great men of 
 antiquity. — Swift, Gulliver's Travels 
 (172H). 
 
 Gliick, a German musical composer, 
 greatly patronized by Marie Antoinette. 
 Young France set up against him the 
 Italian Piccini. Between 1774 and 1780 
 every street, coffee-house, school, and 
 drawing-room in Paris canvassed the 
 merits of these two composers, not on 
 the score of their respective talents, but as 
 the representatives of the German and 
 Italian schools of music. The partizan3 
 of the German school were called Gliick- 
 
GLUMDALCA. 
 
 389 
 
 GOD. 
 
 ista, and those of the Italian school 
 Piccinists. 
 
 Est-ce Gliick, est -ce Puccini. 
 Que doitcouronuer Polymnie? 
 
 Pone entre Gliick et Puccini 
 Tout le Parnasseestdcsuni. 
 I.'uu soutient ce que l'nutre nie, 
 Et Clio vent battre Uranie. 
 Pour nioi, qui crains toute maniei 
 Plus irresulu que Babonc 
 N'epousant Piccini ni Gliick. 
 Je n'y connais rien : ergo Gliick. 
 
 * + * A similar contest raged in Eng- 
 land between the Bononcinists and 
 Handelists. The prince of Wales was 
 the leader of the Handel or German 
 party, and the duke of Marlborough of 
 the Bononcini or Italian school. (See 
 Tweedledum.) 
 
 Glumdalca, queen of the giants, 
 captive in the court of king Arthur. 
 The king cast love-glances at her, and 
 made queen Dollallolla jealous ; but the 
 giantess loved lord Grizzle, and lord 
 Grizzle loved the princess Huncamunca, 
 iand Huncamunca loved the valiant Tom 
 'Thumb. — Tom T'humb, by Fielding the 
 novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, author 
 of Midas (1778). 
 
 Glum-dal'clitch, a girl nine years 
 old "and only forty feet high." Being 
 such a "little thing," the charge of 
 Gulliver wa3 committed to her during 
 his sojourn in Brobdingnag. — Swift, 
 Gulliver's Travels. 
 
 Soon as Glumdalclitch missed her pleasing care. 
 She wepc, she blubbered, and she tore her hair. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Grlumms, the male population of 
 the imaginary country Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
 visited by Peter Wilkins. The glumms, 
 like the females, called gawreys (q.v.), 
 had wings, which served both for flying 
 and dress. — R. Pultock, Peter Wilkins 
 (1750). 
 
 Glutton (The), Vitellius the Roman 
 emperor (born a.d. 15, reigned G9, died 
 GO). _ Visiting the field after the battle of 
 Bedriac, in Gaul, he exclaimed, "The body 
 of a dead enemy is a delightful perfume." 
 
 *** Charles IX. of France, when he 
 went in grand procession to visit the 
 gibbet on which admiral Coligny was 
 hanging, had the wretched heartlessness 
 to exclaim, in doggerel verse : 
 
 Fragrance sweater tl/ui the rose 
 Rises from our slaughtered foes. 
 
 Glutton (The), Gabius Apiciua, who 
 lived during the reign of Tiberius. He 
 epent £800,000 on the luxuries of the 
 table, and when only £80,000 of his large 
 fortune remained, he hanged himself, 
 
 thinking death preferable to " starvation 
 on such a miserable pittance." 
 
 Gna, the messenger of Frigga. — 
 
 Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Goats. The Pleiades are called in 
 Spain The Seven Little Goats. . 
 
 So it happened that we passed close to the Seven Little 
 Goats.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 5 (1615). 
 
 *** Sancho Panza affirmed that two 
 of the goats were of a green colour, two 
 carnation, two blue, and one motley : 
 "but," he adds, "no he-goat or cuckold 
 ever passes beyond the horns of the 
 moon." 
 
 Goatsnose, a prophet, born deaf and 
 dumb, who uttered his predictions by 
 signs. — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, iii. 20 
 (1545). 
 
 Gobbo (Old), the father of Launce- 
 lot. He was stone blind. 
 
 Launcetot Gobbo, son of Old Gobbo. 
 He left the service of Shylock the Jew 
 for that of Bassa'nio a Christian. Launce- 
 lot Gobbo is one of the famous clowns of 
 Shakespeare. — Shakespeare, Merchant of 
 Venice (1698). 
 
 Gob'ilyve (Godfrey), the assumed 
 name of False Report. He is described 
 as a dwarf, with great head, large brows, 
 hollow eyes, crooked nose, hairy cheeks, 
 a pied beard, hanging lips, and black 
 teeth. His neck wus short, his shoulders 
 awry, his breast fat, his arms long, his 
 legs "kewed," and he rode " briggc-a- 
 bragge on a little nag." He told sir 
 Graunde Amoure he was wandering over 
 the world to find a virtuous wife, but 
 hitherto without success. Lady Correc- 
 tion met the party, and commanded 
 Gobilyve (3 syl.) to be severely beaten 
 for a lying varlet. — Stephen Hawes, The 
 Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxix., xxxi., 
 xxxii. (1515). 
 
 Gobseck, a grasping money-lender, 
 thehero and title of one of Balzac's novels.. 
 
 God. 
 
 Full of the god, full of wine, partly 
 intoxicated. 
 
 God made the country, and man made 
 the town. — Cowper's Task ("The Sofa"). 
 Varro, in his De lie Rmtica, has : " Divina 
 Natura agros dedit, ars humana aedificavit 
 tubes." 
 
 God sides with the strongest. Napoleon 
 I. said, "Le bon Dieu est toujours du 
 cote' des gros bataillons." Julius Caesar 
 made the same remark. 
 
GOD'S TABLE. 
 
 390 GOETZ VON BERLICHINGEN. 
 
 God's Table. The Koran informs 
 us that God has written down, in what is 
 called "The Preserved Table," every 
 event, past, present, and to come, from 
 the beginning to the end of time. The 
 most minute are not omitted (ch. vi.). 
 
 God's Token, a peculiar eruption on 
 the skin ; a certain indication of death 
 in those afflicted with the plague. 
 
 A Will and a Tolling bell are as present death as God's 
 token. — Two Hue Men and all the rest Foo's (1619). 
 
 Godam, a nickname applied by the 
 French to the English, in allusion to a 
 once popular oath. 
 
 Godfrey (cle Bouillon), the chosen 
 chief of the allied crusaders, who went 
 to wrest Jerusalem from the hands of the 
 Saracens. He was calm, circumspect, 
 prudent, and brave. Godfrey despised 
 " worldly empire, wealth, and fame." — 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Godfrey (Sir Edmondbury), a magis- 
 trate killed by the papists. He was very 
 active in laying bare their nefarious 
 schemes, and his body was found pierced 
 with his own sword, in 1678. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
 II.). 
 
 %* Dryden calls sir Edmondbury 
 "Agag," and Dr. Titus Oates he calls 
 " Corah." 
 
 Corah might for Agag's murder call. 
 
 In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul. 
 
 Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 
 
 Godfrey (Miss), an heiress, daughter of 
 an Indian governor. — Sam. Foote, The 
 Liar (176'1). 
 
 God'inez (Doctor), a schoolmaster, 
 " the most expert flogger in Oviedo " 
 [Ov.e.a'.do~\. He taught Gil Bias, and 
 "in six years his worthy pupil under- 
 stood a little Greek, and was a tolerable 
 Latin scholar." — Lesage, Gil Bias, i. 
 (1715). 
 
 Godi'va or Godgifu, wife of earl 
 Leofric. The tale is that she begged her 
 husband to remit a certain tax which 
 oppressed the people of Coventry. Leofric 
 said he would do so only on one con- 
 dition — that she would ride naked through 
 the city at midday. So the lady gave 
 orders that all people should shut up 
 their windows. and doors; and she rode 
 naked through the town, and delivered 
 the people from the tax. The tale 
 further says that all the people did as the 
 lady bade them except Peeping Tom, 
 who looked out, and was struck blind. 
 
 %* This legend is told at length by 
 Drayton in his Polyolbion, xiii. (1(513,. 
 
 Godless Florins, English two- 
 shilling pieces issued by Shiel when 
 master of the mint. He was a Roman 
 Catholic, and left out F. D. (defender of 
 the faith) from the legend. They were 
 issued and called in the same vear 
 (1849). 
 
 Godmanchester Hogs and 
 Huntingdon Sturgeon. 
 
 During a very high flood in the meadows between 
 Huntingdon and Godmanchester, something was seen 
 floating, which the Godmanchester people thought was a 
 black hog, and the Huntingdon folk declared was a 
 sturgeon. When rescued from the waters, it proved to 
 be a voung donkey. — Lord BraybrooKe (Pepys, Diary, 
 May 22, 1667). 
 
 Godmer, a British giant, son of 
 Albion, slain by Canu'tus one of the 
 companions of Brute. 
 
 Those three monstrous stones . . . 
 Which that huge son of hideous Albion, 
 Great Godmer, threw in fierce contention 
 At bold Canutus ; but of him was slain. 
 
 Spenser, faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590^. 
 
 Goemot or Goemagot, a British 
 giant, twelve cubits high, and of such 
 prodigious strength that he could pull up 
 a full-grown oak at one tug. Same as 
 Gogmagog (q.v.). 
 
 On a certain day, when Brutus was holding a solemn 
 festival to the gods . . . this giant, with twenty more of 
 his companions, came in upon the Britons, among whom 
 he made a dreadful slaughter ; but the Britons at last . . . 
 killed them every one but Goemagot . . . him Brutus 
 preserved alive, out of a desire to see a combat between 
 the giant and Corineus, who took delight in such en- 
 counters. . . . Corineus carried bin: to the top of a high 
 rock, and tossed him into the sea. — Geoffrey, UritUh 
 History, i. 16 (1142). 
 
 Goemagot 1 s Leap or " Lam Goe'magot," 
 now called Haw, near Plymouth ; the 
 place where the giant fell when Corin'- 
 eus (3 syl.) tossed him down the craggy 
 rocks, by which he was mangled to 
 pieces. — Geoffrey, British History, i. 16 
 (114-2). 
 
 *** Southey calls the word Lan-gce- 
 magog. (See*GoGMAGOG.) 
 
 Goer'vyl, sister of prince Madoc, 
 and daughter of Owen late king of North 
 Wales. She accompanied her brother to 
 America, and formed one of the colony 
 of Caer-madoc, south of the Missouri 
 (twelfth century). — Southey, Madoc 
 (1805). 
 
 Goetz von BerUchingen, or 
 
 Gottfried of the Iron Hand, a famous 
 German burgrave, w r ho lost his right 
 hand at the siege of Landshut. The iron 
 hand which replaced the one he had lost 
 is still shown at Jaxthausen, the place of 
 his birth. Gottfried took a prominent 
 part in the wars of independence against 
 the electors of Brandenberg and Bavaria, 
 in the sixteenth century (1480-1562;. 
 
GOFFE. 
 
 301 
 
 GOLD OF TOLOSA. 
 
 *^* Goethe has made this the title and 
 subject of an historical drama. 
 
 Groffe (Captain), captain of the pirate 
 vessel.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Gog, according to Ezek. xxxviii., 
 xxxix., was " prince of Magog " (a 
 country or people). Calmet says Cam- 
 by'ses king of Persia is meant ; but 
 others think Antiochus Epiph'anes is 
 alluded to. 
 
 Gog, in Rev. xx. 7-9, means Anti- 
 christ. Gog and Magog, in conjunc- 
 tion, mean all princes of the earth who 
 are enemies of the Christian Church. 
 
 *** Sale says Gog is a Turkish tribe. 
 — Al Koran, xviii. note. 
 
 Gog and Magog. Prester John, 
 in his letter to Manuel Comnenus, em- 
 peror of Constantinople, speaks of Gog 
 and Magog as two separate nations 
 tributary to him. These, with thirteen 
 others, he says, are now shut up behind 
 inaccessible mountains, but at the end of 
 the world they will be let loose, and 
 overrun the whole earth. — Albericus 
 Trium Fontium, Chronicles (1242). 
 
 Sale tells us that Gog and Magog are 
 called by the Arabs " Yajui " and " Ma- 
 juj," which are two nations or tribes 
 descended from Japhet, son of Noah. 
 Gog, according to some authorities, is a 
 Turkish tribe ; and Magog is the tribe 
 called " Gilan" by Ptolemy, and " Geli " 
 or " Gelae " by Strabo. — Al Koran, xviii. 
 note. 
 
 Respecting the re-appearance of Gog 
 and Magog, the Koran says: " They [the 
 dead] shall not return . . . till Gog and 
 Magog have a passage opened for them, 
 and they [the dead] shall hasten from 
 every high hill," i.e. the resurrection (ch. 
 xxi.). 
 
 Gog and Magog. The two statues of 
 Guildhall so cailed are in reality the 
 statues of Gogmagog or Goemagot and 
 Corineus, referred to in the next article. 
 (See also Corineus.) The Albion giant 
 is known by his pole-axe and spiked ball. 
 Two statues so called stood on the same 
 spot in the reign of Henry V. ; but those 
 now 'seen were made by Richard Saunders, 
 in 1708, and are fourteen feet in height. 
 
 In Hone's time, children and country visitors were told 
 that every day, when the giants heard the clock strike 
 twelve, they came down to dinner. — Old and A'ea> 
 London, L 387. 
 
 Another tale was that they then fell 
 foul of each other in angry combat. 
 
 Gog'magogjkingof the Albion giants, 
 eighteen feet in height, killed by Corin 
 in a wrestling match, ana flung by him 
 over the Hoe or Haw of Plymouth. For 
 this achievement, Brute gave his follower 
 all that horn of land now called Corn- 
 wall, Cor'n[w]all, a contraction of Corin- 
 all. The contest is described by Drayton 
 in his Polyolbion, i. (1612). 
 
 E"en thus unmoved 
 Stood Corineus, the sire of Guendolen, 
 When, grappling with his monstrous enemy, 
 He the brute vastness held aloft, and bore, 
 And headlong hurled, all shattered to the sea, 
 Down from the rock's high summit, since that day 
 Called Lau'-gasma'gog. 
 
 Southey, Joan 0/ Arc, viii. 395. 
 
 Spenser throws the accent of Corineus 
 on the second syllable, Southey on the 
 first, while Drayton makes it a word o» 
 four syllables, and accents the third. 
 
 Gog'magog Hill, the higher of the 
 two hills some three miles south-east of 
 Cambridge. It once belonged to the 
 Balsham Hills, but, " being rude and 
 bearish, regarding neither God nor man," 
 it was named in reproach Gogmagog. 
 The legend is that this Gogmagog Hill 
 was once a huge giant, who fell in love 
 with the nymph Granta, and, meeting 
 her alone, told her all his heart, saying : 
 
 " Sweeting mine, if thou mine own wilt be, 
 I've many a pretty gaud I keep in store for thee : 
 A nest of broad-faced owls, and goodly urchins too 
 (Nay, nymph, take heed of nie, when I begin to woo) ; 
 And better far than that, a bulchin two years old, 
 A curled-pate calf it ic, and oft could have been sold ; 
 And yet besides all this, I've goodly bear-whelps tway. 
 Full dainty for my jcy when she's disposed to play ; 
 And twenty sows of lead to make our wedding ring ; " 
 
 but the saucy nymph only mocked the 
 giant, and told his love story to the 
 Muses, and all made him their jest and 
 sport and laughter. — Drayton, Poly- 
 olbion, xxi. (1622). 
 
 Goitre. 
 
 When we were boys. 
 Who would believe that there were mountaineers 
 Dew-lapp'd like bulls, whose throats had hanging at 'em 
 Wallets of flesh ? 
 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iii. sc. 3 (1609). 
 
 Gold of Nibelungen (The), un- 
 lucky wealth. "To have the gold of 
 Nibelungen " is to have a possession 
 which seems to bring a curse with it. 
 The uncle who murdered "the babes in 
 the wood " for their estates and money, 
 got the "gold of Nibelungen;" nothing 
 from that moment went well with him — 
 his cattle died, his crops failed, his barns 
 were destroyed by fire or tempest, and 
 he was reduced to utter ruin. (See 
 Nibelungen.) — Icelandic Edda. 
 
 Gold of Tolo'sa (The), ill gains, 
 which never prosper. The reference is 
 
GOLD POURED, ETC. 
 
 392 
 
 GOLDEN MOUTH. 
 
 to Csepio the Roman consul, who, on his 
 march to Gallia Narbonensis, stole from 
 Tolosa (luulouse) the gold and silver 
 consecrated by the Cimbrian Draids to 
 their gods. He was utterly defeated by 
 the Cimbrians, and some 112,000 Romans 
 were left dead on the field of battle (b.c. 
 106). 
 
 Gold Poured down the Throat. 
 
 Marcus Licin'ius Crassus, surnamed "The 
 Rich," one of the first Roman triumvirate, 
 tried to make himself master of Partbia, 
 but being defeated and brought captive 
 to Oro'des king of Parthia, he was put to 
 death by having molten gold poured down 
 his throat. " Sate thy greed with this," 
 said Orodes. 
 
 Manlius Nepos Aquilius tried to restore 
 the kings of Bithynia and Cappado'cia, 
 dethroned by Mithridates, but being un- 
 successful and made prisoner, he was put 
 to death by Mithridates by molten gold 
 poured doAvn his throat. 
 
 In hell, the avaricious are punished in 
 the same way, according to the Shep- 
 hearde's Calendar. 
 
 And ladles dill of melted gold 
 Were poured artown their throats. 
 
 The Dead Mans Song (1579). 
 
 Gol'demar {King), a house-spirit, 
 sometimes called king Vollmar. He 
 lived three years with Neveling von 
 Hardenberg, on the Hardenstein at the 
 Ruhr, and the chamber in which he lived 
 is still called Yollmar's chamber. This 
 house-spirit, though sensible to the touch, 
 was invisible. It played beautifully on 
 the harp, talked freely, revealed secrets, 
 and played dice. One day, a person de- 
 termined to discover its whereabouts, 
 but Goldemar cut him to pieces and 
 cooked the different parts. Never after 
 this was there any trace of the spirit. 
 The roasted fragments disappeared in the 
 Lorrain war in 1651, but the pot in which 
 the man's head was boiled was built into 
 the kitchen wall of Neveling von Harden- 
 berg, where it remains to this day. — Von 
 Steinen, German Mythology, 477. 
 
 Golden Ass {The), a romance in 
 Latin by Apule'ius (4 syl.). It is the 
 adventures of Lucian, a young man who 
 had been transformed into an ass but still 
 retained his human consciousness. It 
 tells us the miseries which he suffered at 
 the hands uf robbers, eunuchs, magis- 
 trates, and so on, till the time came for 
 him to resume his proper form. It is 
 full of wit. racy humour, and rich fancy, 
 and contains the exquisite episode of 
 Cupid and Psy'che (bks. iv., v., vi.). 
 
 (This very famous satire, together with 
 the Aslmts of Lucian, was founded on a 
 satire of the same name by Lucius of 
 Patrse, and has been imitated in modern 
 times by Niecolo Macbiavelli. T. Taylor, 
 in 1822, published a translation of the 
 Aureus Asinus ; and sir G. Head, in 1851. 
 I^afontaine has an imitation of the episode ; 
 and Mrs. Tighe turned it into Spenserian 
 verse in 1805.) 
 
 *** Boccaccio has borrowed largely 
 from The Golden Ass, and the incidents 
 of the robbers in Gil Bias are taken from 
 it. 
 
 Golden Dragon of Bruges (TJie). 
 The golden dragon was taken in one of 
 the crusades from the church of St. Sophia 
 at Constantinople, and placed on the belfry 
 of Bruges, but Philip van Artevelde (2 
 syl.) transported it to Ghent, -where it 
 still adorns the belfry. 
 
 Saw «reat Artevelde victorious scale the Golden Dragoa'a 
 nest. 
 
 Longfellow, The Belfry of Brugei. 
 
 Golden Fleece {The), the fleece of 
 the ram which transported Phryxos to 
 Colchis. When Phryxos arrived there, 
 he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece 
 to king iEetes, who hung it on a sacred 
 oak. It was stolen by Jason, in his 
 " Argonautic expedition." 
 
 The Golden Fleece of the North. Fur 
 and peltry of Siberia is so called. 
 
 Golden Fountain {TJie), a fountain 
 which in twenty-four hours would convert 
 any metal or mineral into gold. — R. John- 
 son, The Seven Champions of Christendom, 
 ii. 4 (1617). 
 
 Golden Gate of Constantinople, 
 added by Theodosins to Constantine's 
 wall. It consists of a triumphal arch, 
 surmounted with a bronze statue of 
 Victory. The gate is amply decorated 
 with gilt ornaments and inscriptions. — 
 See Count Robert of Paris, ii., by sir W. 
 Scott. 
 
 Golden Horn {The), the inlet of 
 the Bosphorus on which Constantinople 
 stands ; so called from its shape and 
 beauty. 
 
 Golden Legends {TJie), a collectioi. 
 of hagiology, made in the thirteenth 
 century by James de Voragine, a Domini- 
 can. The legends consist of 177 sections, 
 each of which is devoted to a particular 
 saint or festival, arranged in the order of 
 tho calendar. 
 
 Golden Mouth, St. Chrysostom 
 
GOLDEN STATE. 
 
 393 
 
 GOMER. 
 
 (847-407). The name is the Greek 
 chrusos stoma, "gold mouth." 
 
 Golden State {The), California, in 
 Korlh America. 
 
 Golden Stream (TJie), Joannes Da- 
 mascenus (died 756). 
 
 Golden-tongued (The), St. Peter 
 of Ravenna (433-450). Our equivalent 
 is a free translation of the Greek chry- 
 sol'ogos (chrusos logos, "gold discourse"). 
 
 Golden Valley (The), the eastern 
 portion of Limerick ; so called from its 
 great fertility. 
 
 Golden Water (The). One drop of 
 this water dropped into the basin of a 
 fountain would till it, and then throw up 
 a jet d'eau of exquisite device. It was 
 called "golden" because the water looked 
 like liquid gold. — Arabian Nights ("The 
 Two Sisters," the last tale). 
 
 %* In Chery and Fairstar, by the 
 comtesse D'Aunoy, the "golden water" 
 is called "the dancing water." 
 
 Goldfinch (Charles), a vulgar, horsy 
 fellow, impudent and insolent in manner, 
 who flirts with Widow AVarren, and con- 
 spires with her and the Jew Silky to 
 destroy Mr. "Warren's will. By this will 
 the widow was left £600 a year, but the 
 bulk of the property went to Jack Milf ord 
 his natural son, and Sophia Freelove the 
 daughter of Widow Warren by a former 
 marriage. (See Beagle.) 
 
 Father was a sugar-baker, grandfather a slop-seller, I'm 
 a gentleman. — Holcroft, The lioad to Ruin, ii. 1 (1792). 
 
 G-oldiebirds (Messrs.), creditors of 
 sir Arthur Wardour. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Gold-mine (The) or Miller of 
 Grenoble, a drama by E. Stirling 
 (1854). (For the plot, see Simon.) 
 
 Gold-mine of Europe (The). 
 Transylvania was once so called ; but 
 the supply of gold obtained therefrom 
 has now very greatly diminished. 
 
 Gold-mines (King of the), & powerful, 
 handsome prince, who Avas just about to 
 marry the princess All-Fair, when Yellow 
 Dwarf claimed her as his betrothed, and 
 carried her to Steel Castle on a Spanish 
 cat. A good syren gave the betrothed 
 king a diamond sword to secure All-Fair's 
 deliverance ; but after overcoming every 
 obstacle, lie was so delighted at seeing 
 her, that he dropped his sword. In a 
 moment Yellow Dwarf snatched it up, 
 and stabbed his rival to the heart. The 
 
 king of the Gold-mines and All-Fair were 
 both changed into two palm trees. — Com- 
 tesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow 
 Dwarf," 1682). 
 
 Gold-purse of Spain. Andalu'- 
 cia is so called because it is the city from 
 which Spain derives its chief wealth. 
 
 Goldsmith (Oliver). 
 
 Here lies Nolly Goldsmith, for shortness called Noll 
 Who wrote like an angel, and talked like poor poll. 
 David Gairiek. 
 
 Goldsmith (Rev. J.), one of the many 
 pseudonyms adopted by sir Richard 
 Phillips, in a series of school books. 
 Some other of his false names were the 
 Rev. David Blair, James Adair, Rev. C. 
 Clarke, etc., with noted French names 
 for educational French books. 
 
 Goldsmith's Monument, in West- 
 minster Abbey, is by Nollekens. 
 
 Gold'thred (Lawrence), mercer, near 
 Cumnor Place. — SirW. Scott Kenilworth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Gold'y. Oliver Goldsmith was so 
 called by Dr. Johnson (1728-1774). 
 
 Gol'gotha (" the place of a skull"), a 
 small elevated spot north-west of Jeru- 
 salem, where criminals were executed. 
 Used in poetry to signify a battle-field or 
 place of great* slaughter. 
 
 Except,they meant to bathe in reeking woundBt 
 Or memorize another Golgotha. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act L sc. a 11606). 
 
 %* In the University of Cambridge, 
 the dons' gallery in Great St. Mary's is 
 called "Golgotha" because the heads of 
 the colleges sit there. 
 
 Gol'gotha (The City), Temple Bar, 
 London ; so called because the heads of 
 traitors, etc., used at one time to be ex- 
 posed there after decapitation. This was 
 not done from any notion of punishment, 
 but simply to advertise the fact as a 
 warning to evil-doers. Temple Bar was 
 taken away from the Strand in 1878. 
 
 Golightly (Mr.), the fellow who 
 wants to borrow 5s. in Lend Me Five Shil- 
 lings, a farce by J. M. Morton. 
 
 Goltho, the friend of Ul'fmore (3 
 syl.). He was in love with Birth a, 
 daughter of lord As'tragon the sage ; 
 but Birtha loved the duke Gondibert. 
 The tale being unfinished, the <sequel of 
 Goltho is not known. — Sir William 
 Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 
 
 Gomer or Godmer, a British giant, 
 
GOMEZ. 
 
 394 
 
 GOOD REGENT. 
 
 slain by Canu'tus one of the companions 
 of Brute. (See Goemot.) 
 
 Since Gomer's giant brood inhabited this isle. 
 
 Drayton, l'elyolbion, xiv. (1613). 
 
 Gomez, a rich banker, 60 years of 
 age, married to Elvi'ra, a young wife. 
 He is mean, covetous, and jealous. 
 Elvi'ra has a liaison with colonel Lo- 
 renzo, which Dominick, her father con- 
 fessor, aids and abets ; but the amour is 
 constantly thwarted, and it turns out that 
 Lorenzo and Elvira are brother and sister. 
 —Dry den, The Spanish Fryar (1080). 
 
 Gon'dibert {Duke), of the royal line 
 of Lombardy. Prince Oswald of Verona, 
 out of jealousy, stirs up a faction tight 
 against him, which is limited by agree- 
 ment to four combatants on each side. 
 Oswald is slain by Gondibert, and Gon- 
 dibert is cured of his wounds by lord 
 As'tragon, a philosopher and sage. 
 Rhodalind, the only child of Aribert 
 king of Lombardy, is in love with Gondi- 
 bert, and Aribert hopes that he will 
 become his son-in-law and heir, but 
 Gondibert is betiothed to Birtha. One 
 day, while walking with his affianced 
 Birtha, a messenger from the king comes 
 post haste to tell him that Aribert had 
 publicly proclaimed him his heir, and 
 that Rhodalind was to be his bride. Gon- 
 dibert still told Birtha he would remain 
 true to her, and gave her an emerald 
 ring, which would turn pale if his love 
 declined. As the tale was never finished, 
 the sequel cannot be given. — Sir \V. 
 Davenant, Gondibert (died 1GG8). 
 
 Gon'eril, eldest daughter of king 
 Lear, and wife of the duke of Albany. 
 She treated her aged father with such 
 scant courtesy, that he could not live 
 under her roof; and she induced her 
 sister Regan to follow her example. 
 Subsequently, both the sisters fell in love 
 with Edmund, natural son of the earl of 
 Gloucester, whom Regan designed to 
 marry when she became a widow. 
 Goneril, out of jealousy, now poisoned 
 her sister, and "after slew herself." 
 Her name is proverbial for "filial in- 
 gratitude." — Shakespeare, King Lear 
 (1605). 
 
 Gonin, a buffoon of the sixteenth 
 century, who acquired great renown for 
 his clever tricks, and gave rise to the 
 French phrase, tin tour de maitre Gonin 
 ("a trick of Master Gonin's "). 
 
 Gonnella, domestic jester to the 
 margrave Nicolo d'Este, and to his son 
 
 Borso duke of Ferrara. The horse he 
 rode on was ossa atque pellis totus, and, 
 like Rosinante, has become proverbial. 
 Gonnella' s jests were printed in 1506. 
 
 Gonsalez [Gon.zalley], Fernan Gon- 
 salez or Gonsalvo, a Spanish hero of the 
 tenth century, whose life was twice saved 
 by his wife Sancha. His adventures have 
 given birth to a host of ballads. 
 
 (There was a Hernandez Gonsalvo of 
 Cordova, called "The Great Captain" 
 (1443-1515), to whom some of the ballads 
 refer, and this is the hero of Florian's 
 historical novel entitled Gonzalve de Cor- 
 doue (1791), borrowed from the Spanish 
 romance called The Civil Wars of Gra- 
 nada, by Gines Perez de la Hita.) 
 
 Gonza'lo, an honest old counsellor 
 of Alonso king of Naples. — Shakespeare, 
 77m? Tempest (1609). 
 
 Gonza'lo, an ambitious but politic lord 
 of Venice. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Laws of Candy (1647). 
 
 Good Earl {The), Archibald eighth 
 earl of Angus, who died in 1588. 
 
 Good Even, Good Robin Hood ! 
 civility extorted by fear, as " Good Mr. 
 Highwayman, good gentlemen ' " of Mrs. 
 Hardcastle in her terror. 
 
 Clapping his rod on the borde. 
 No man dare litter a word . . . 
 He [ Wohey] said, " How say ye, my lordesf " . . . 
 Good even, good Robin Ilood. 
 6kelton, Why Came ye not to Court I (died 1529). 
 
 Good Hope {Cape of). When Bar- 
 tholomew Diaz first discovered this cape, 
 in 1497, he called it "The Cape of 
 Storms" {Cabo Tormentoso) ; but John 
 II. king of Portugal changed the name 
 to that of " Good Hope." 
 
 The Euxine Sea {i.e. "the hospitable 
 sea") was first called " The Axine Sea" 
 (" the inhospitable"), from the terrorwith 
 which it was viewed by the early Greeks : 
 but it was subsequently called by the 
 more courteous name. However, the older 
 name is the one which now generally 
 prevails ; thus we call it in English 
 "The Black Sea," and the Turks, 
 Greeks, and Russians call it inhospitable, 
 and not hospitable. 
 
 Good Man {A). Count Cassel says, 
 "In Italy a good man means a religious 
 one, in France a cheerful one, in Spain a 
 wise one, and in England a rich one." — 
 Inchbald, Lovers' Vows, ii. 2 (1800). 
 
 Good Regent {The), James Stuart, 
 earl of Murray, regent of Scotland after 
 the imprisonment of queen Mary. (Born 
 1533, regent 1567, assassinated 1570.) 
 
GOODFELLOW. 
 
 395 
 
 GORBODUC. 
 
 Goodfellow (Robin), son of king 
 Oberon. When six years old, he was so 
 mischievous that his mother threatened 
 to whip him, and he ran away ; but fall- 
 ing asleep, his father told him he should 
 have anything he wished for, with power 
 to turn himself into any shape, so long 
 as he did harm to none but knaves and 
 queans. 
 
 His first exploit was to turn himself into a horse, to 
 punish :i churl, whom he conveyed into a great plash of 
 water and left there, laughing, as he Hew off, "Ho, ho, 
 hu ! " He afterwards went to a farm-house, and taking a 
 fancy to the maid, does her work during the night The 
 maid, watching him, and observing him rather bare of 
 clothes, provides him with garments, which he puts out, 
 laughing " Ho, ho, ho ! " He next changes himself into a 
 Will-o'-the-wisp, to mislead a party of merry-makers, and 
 having misled them all night, he left them at daybreak, 
 with a "Ho, ho, ho!" At another time, seeing a 
 fellow ill-using a maiden, he changed him elf into a hare, 
 ran between his legs, and then growing into a horse, 
 tossed him into a hedge, laughing "Ho, ho. ho!" — The 
 if iid Pranks and Merry Jests of Robin Ooodfellow (15S0), 
 (l'ercy Society, 1S41). 
 
 Goodfellow (Robin), a general name 
 for any domestic spirit, as imp, urchin, 
 elve, hag, fay, Kit-wi'-the-ean'stick, 
 spoorn, man-i'-tke-oak, Puck, hobgoblin, 
 i Tom-tumbler, bug, bogie, Jack-o'-lantern, 
 Friar's lantern, Will-o'-the-wisp, Ariel, 
 nixie, kelpie, etc., etc. 
 
 A bigger kind than these German kobolds is that 
 called with us Robin Goodfellows, that would in those 
 superstitious times grind corn for a mess of milk, cut 
 woud, or do any manner of drudgery work. . . . These 
 have several names . . . but we commonly call them 
 Pucks. — Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 47. 
 
 *** The Goodfellows, being very nu- 
 merous, can hardly be the same as Robin 
 son o* Oberon, but seem to obtain the 
 name because their character was similar, 
 and, indeed, Oberon's son must be in- 
 cluded in the generic name. 
 
 Goodman of Ballengeich, the 
 assumed name of James V. of Scotland 
 when he made his disguised visits 
 through the districts round Edinburgh 
 and Stirling. 
 
 *** Haroun-al-Raschid, Louis XI., 
 Peter "the Great," etc., made similar 
 visits in disguise, for the sake of obtain- 
 ing information by personal inspection. 
 
 Goodman's Fields, Whitechapel, 
 London. So called from a large farmer 
 of the name of Goodman. 
 
 At this farm I myself in my youth have fetched many 
 a ha'p'orth of milk, and never had less than three ale- 
 pints in summer and one in winter, always hot from the 
 kine, and strained. One Trolop and afterwards Goodman 
 was the ■aimer there, and had thirrv or forty kine to the 
 paiL— Stow, Surves of London (1598). 
 
 Good'man Grist, the miller, a 
 friend of the smugglers. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Red/auntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Goodricke (M7\), a catholic priest 
 at Middlemas.— Sir W. Scott, The Sur- 
 geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Goodsire (Johnnie), a weaver, near 
 Charles's Hope farm. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Manner inj (time, George II.). 
 
 Goodwill, a man who had acquired 
 £10,000 by trade, and wished to give his 
 daughter Lucy in marriage to one of his 
 relations, in order to keep the money in 
 the family ; but Lucy would not have 
 any one of the boobies, and made choice 
 instead of a strapping footman. Good- 
 will had the good sense to approve of the 
 choice. — Fielding, The Virgin Unmasked. 
 
 Goody Blake, a poor old woman 
 detected by Harry Gill picking up sticks 
 from his farm-land. The farmer com- 
 pelled her to leave them, and threatened 
 to punish her for trespass. Goody Blake- 
 turned on the lusty yeoman, and said 
 never from that moment should he know 
 the blessing of warmth ; and sure enough, 
 neither clothing, fire, nor summer sun 
 ever did make him warm again. 
 
 No word to any msn he utters, 
 A-bed or up, to young or old; 
 But ever to himself he mutters, 
 " Poor Han v GiU is verv cold." 
 Wordsworth, Goody lilake and llarry Gill (1798). 
 
 Goody Palsgrave, a name of con- 
 tempt given to Frederick Y. elector pala- 
 tine. He is also called the " Snow King " 
 and the " Winter King," because the pro- 
 testants made him king of Bohemia in 
 the autumn of 1(519, and he was set aside 
 in the autumn of 1620. 
 
 Goody Two-shoes, a nursery tale 
 supposed to be by Oliver Goldsmith, 
 written in 1765 for Kewbery, St. Paul's 
 Churchyard. 
 
 Goose Gibbie, a half-witted lad, 
 first entrusted to "keep the turkeys," 
 but afterwards "advanced to the more 
 important office of minding the cows." — 
 Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 
 II.). 
 
 Goosey Goderieh, Frederick 
 Robinson, created viscount Goderieh in 
 1827. So called by Cobbett, for his in- 
 capacity as a statesman (premier 1827- 
 1828). 
 
 Gor'bodue, Gorbodug, or Gorro- 
 gud, a mythical British king, who had 
 two sons (Ferrex and Porrex). Ferrex 
 was driven by his brother out of the king- 
 dom, and on attempting to return with 
 a large army, was defeated by him and 
 
GOEBODUC. 
 
 GOBMAL 
 
 slain. Soon afterwards, Porrex himself was 
 murdered in his bed by his own mother, 
 Widen, who loved Ferrex the better. — 
 Geoffrey, British History, ii. 16 (1142). 
 
 And Gorbogud, till far in years he grew ; 
 When his ambitious sonnes unto them twayne 
 Arraught the rule, and from their father drew; 
 Stout Ferrex and stout Porrex him in prison threw. 
 
 But oh ! the greedy thirst of royall crowne . . . 
 Stini Porrex up to put his brother downe ; 
 Who unto him assembling forreigne might, 
 Made warre on him, and fell himself in fight ; 
 Whose death t' avenge, his mother, mercilesse 
 (Most mercilesse of women, Wyden hight), 
 Her other sonne fast sleeping did oppresse. 
 And with most cruell hand him murdred pitilesse. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10, 34, 35 (1590). 
 
 Gorboduc, the first historical play in 
 the language. The first three acts by 
 Thomas Norton, and the last two by 
 Thomas Sackville afterwards lord Buck- 
 hurst (1562). It is further remarkable 
 as being the father of Iambic ten-syllable 
 blank verse. 
 
 Those who last did tug 
 In worse than civil war, the sons of Gorbodug. 
 Drayton, l'olyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Gor'briae, lord-protector of Ibe'ria, 
 and father of king Arba'ces (3 syl.). — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, A King or No 
 King (1611). 
 
 Gor'dius, a Phrygian peasant, chosen 
 by the Phrygians for their king. He 
 consecrated to Jupiter his waggon, and 
 tied the yoke to the draught-tree so art- 
 fully that the ends of the cord could not 
 be discovered. A rumour spread abroad 
 that he who untied this knot would be 
 king of Asia, and when Alexander the 
 Great was shown it, he cut it with his 
 sword, saying, "It is thus we loose our 
 knots." 
 
 Gordon (The Bev. Mr.), chaplain in 
 Cromwell's troop. — Sir "\V. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Gordon (Lord George), leader of the 
 " No Popery riots " of 1779. Half mad, 
 but really well-intentioned, he counte- 
 nanced the most revolting deeds, urged 
 on by his secretary Gashford. Lord 
 George Gordon died in jail, 1793. — C. 
 Dickens, Banuiby Budge (1841). 
 
 Gordo'nius or Gordon (Bernard), 
 a noted physician of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury in the I'ouergue (France), author of 
 Liltum Medicince, de Morbo)~um prope 
 Omnium Curatione, septem Barticulis Dis- 
 tributum (Naples, 1480). 
 
 And has Goidonius " the divine," 
 In his famous Lily of Medicine . . . 
 No remedy potent enough to restore you ? 
 
 Longfellow, The Go'den Legend. 
 
 Gor'gibus, an honest, simple-minded 
 citizen of middle life, father of Mad o1 on 
 .and uncle of Cathos. The two girls have 
 had their heads turned by novels, but are 
 taught by a harmless trick to discern 
 between the easy manners of a gentle- 
 man and the vulgar pretensions of a 
 lackev. — Moliere, Les Bre'cieuses Bidi- 
 cules (1659). 
 
 Gorgibus, father of Celie. He is a head- 
 strong, unreasonable old man, who tells 
 his daughter that she is for ever reading 
 novels, and filling her mind with ridiculous 
 notions about love. " Vous parlez de Dieu 
 bien moins que de Lelie," he says, and 
 insists on her giving up Lelie for Valere, 
 saying, " S'il ne Test amant, il le sera 
 mari," and adds, "L'amourest souventun 
 fruit du mariage." 
 
 Jetez-moi dans le feu tous ces mechants ecrit [Le. 
 
 romartess] 
 Qui g&teut tousles jours tent de jeunes esprits ; 
 Lisez moi, comme il faut, au lieu de ces sornettes, 
 Les Quatrains de Pibrac, et lesdoctes Tabltttes 
 Du ronseiller Matthieu ; l'ouvrage est de valeur. 
 £t peiu do beaux die-tons a reciter par cceur. 
 
 Moliere, Sganarelle (1660i 
 
 Gorlois (3 syl.), said by some to be 
 the father of king Arthur. He was lord 
 of Tintag'il Castle, in Cornwall ; his wife 
 was Igrayne (3 syl.) or Igerna, and one 
 of his daughters (Bellicent) was, accord- 
 ing to some authorities, the wife of Lot 
 king of Orkney. 
 
 *** Gorlois was not the father of 
 Arthur, although his wife (Igerna or 
 Igrayne) was his mother. 
 
 Then all the kings asked Merlin, " For what cause is that 
 beardless boy Arthur made king ? " " Sirs." said Merlin, 
 " because he is king Utber'a son. born in wedlock. . . . 
 More than three hours after the death of Gorlois, did tht 
 kinu' wed the fair Igrayne." — Malory, History of Frinet 
 A rthur, i. 2, (1470). 
 
 [Cther] was sorry for the death of Gorlois, but re- 
 joiced that Igerna was now at liberty to marry again . . 
 they continued to live together with much affection, and 
 had a son and daughter, whose names were Arthur and 
 Anne.— Geoffrey, British History, iii. 'JO 11142). 
 
 %* It is quite impossible to reconcile 
 the contradictory accounts of Arthur's 
 sister and Lot's wife. Tennyson says 
 Bellicent, but the tales compiled by sir 
 T. Malory all give Margause. Thus iu 
 La Mort ~d 'Arthur, i. 2, we read : " King 
 Lot of Lothan and of Orkeney wedded 
 Margawse [Arthur's sister]" (pt. i. 36), 
 "whose sons were Gawaine, Agravaine, 
 Gaheris, and Gareth ; " but Tennyson 
 says Gareth was " the last tall son of Lot 
 and Bellicent." 
 
 Gor'mal, the mountain range oi 
 Sevo. 
 
 Her arm was white like Gormal's snow; her bosc.n 
 whiter than the loam oi the main when roll the wave* 
 beneath the wrath of winds. — Fragment of a iVorwi 
 Tale. 
 
GOSH. 
 
 397 
 
 GRAAF. 
 
 Gosh, the Right Hon. Charles 
 Arbuthnot, the most confidential friend 
 yf the duke of Wellington, with whom 
 he lived. 
 
 Gosling (G-iles), landlord of the 
 Black Bear inn. near Cumnor Place. 
 
 Cicely Gosling, daughter of Giles. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Gospel Doctor (The), John Wy- 
 cliffe (1324-1384). 
 
 Gospel of the Golden Rule, " Do 
 as you would be done by," or " As ye 
 would that men should do to you, do ye 
 also to them." — Luke vi. 31. 
 
 He preached to all men everywhere 
 The Gospel of the Golden Kule. 
 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 
 
 Gospeller {The Hot), Dr. R. Barnes, 
 burnt at Smithfield, 1540. 
 
 Gos'samer {i.e. God's seam or 
 thread). The legend is that gossamer is 
 the ra veilings of the Virgin Mary's 
 winding-sheet, which fell away on her 
 ascension into heaven. 
 
 Gossips (Prince of), Samuel Pepys, 
 noted for his gossiping Diary, commenc- 
 ing Januarv 1, 1(559, and continued for 
 nine years (1632-1703). 
 
 Goswin, a rich merchant of Bruges, 
 who is in reality Florez, son of Gerrard 
 king of the beggars. His mistress, Bertha, 
 the supposed daughter of Vandunke the 
 burgomaster of Bruges, is in reality the 
 daughter of the duke of Brabant. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars' 
 Bush (1622). 
 
 Goths ( The last of the), Roderick, the 
 thirty-fourth of the Visigothic line of 
 kings in Spain. He was the son of 
 Cor'dova, who had his eyes put out by 
 Viti'za the king of the Visigoths, where- 
 upon Roderick rose against Vitiza* and 
 dethroned him ; but the sons and ad- 
 herents of Vitiza applied to the Moors, 
 who sent over Tarik with 90,000 men, 
 and Roderick was slain at the battle of 
 Xerres, a.d. 711. 
 
 *** Southey has an epic poem called 
 Roderick, the Last of the Goths. He 
 makes "Rusilla" to be the mother of 
 Roderick. 
 
 Gothland or Gottland, an island 
 called " The eye of the Baltic." Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth says that when king Arthur 
 had added Ireland to his dominions, he 
 sailed to Iceland, which he subdued, and 
 then both " Doldar'.us king of Gothland 
 
 and Gunfasius king of the Orkneys 
 voluntarily became his tributaries."—- 
 British History, ix. 10 (1142). 
 
 To Gothland how again this conqueror maketh forth . . . 
 Where Iceland first he won, and Orkney after got. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Gottlieb [Got.leeb], a cottage farmer, 
 with whom prince Henry of Hoheneck 
 went to live after he was struck with 
 leprosy. The cottager's daughter Elsie 
 volunteered to sacrifice her life for the 
 cure of the prince, and was ultimately 
 married to him. — Hartmann von der Aue, 
 Boor Henry (twelfth century; ; Long- 
 fellow, Golden Legend. 
 
 Gour'lay (Ailshie), a privileged fool 
 or jester. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Gourlay (Ailsie), an old sibyl at the 
 death of Alice Gray.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III. ) . 
 
 Gourmaz (Don), a national portrait 
 of the Spanish nobility. — Pierre Corneille, 
 The Cid (1636). 
 
 The character of don Gormaz, for its very excellence, 
 drew down the censure of the French Academy. — Sir VV. 
 Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Go'vernale (3 syl.), first the tutor 
 and then the attendant of sir Tristram de 
 Liones. 
 
 Gow (Old Niell), the fiddler. 
 
 Nathaniel Gow, son of the fiddler.— 
 Sir W. Scott, Si. Ronan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Gow (Henry) or Henry Smith, also 
 called " Gow Chrom" and "Hal of the 
 Wynd," the armourer. Suitor of Ca- 
 tharine Glover "the fair maid of Perth," 
 whom he marries. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
 Maid of Berth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Gowk Storm, a short storm, such as 
 occurs in spring, when the gowk or 
 cuckoo comes. 
 
 He trusted the present [disturbance'] would prove but 
 a gowk storm.— Sir W. Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, i. 
 
 Go wk-thr apple (Maister), a co- 
 venanting preacher. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 A man of coarse, mechanical, perhaps rather intrinsi- 
 cally feeble intellect, with the vehemence of some pulpit- 
 drumming Gowk-thrapple.— Carlyle. 
 
 Graaf (Count) was a great speculator 
 in corn. One year a sad famine pre- 
 vailed, and he expected, like Pharaoh 
 king of Egypt, to make an enormous 
 fortune by his speculation, but an army 
 of ra s, pressed by hunger, invaded his 
 barns, and then swarming into the 
 
GRAAL. 
 
 898 GRACE-BE-HERE HUMGUDGEON. 
 
 castle, fell on the old baron, worried him 
 to death, and then devoured him. (See 
 Ratto.) 
 
 Graal (Saint) or St. Greal is 
 generally said to be the vessel or platter 
 used by Christ at the last supper, in 
 which Joseph of Arimathea caught the 
 b'ood of the crucified Christ. In all 
 descriptions of it in the Arthurian 
 romances, it is simply the visible "pre- 
 sence" of Christ, or realization of the 
 papistic notion that the wafer, after 
 consecration, is changed into the very 
 body of the Saviour, and when sir Gala- 
 had "achieved the quest of the holy 
 graal," all that is meant is that he saw 
 with his bodily eyes the visible Saviour 
 into which the holy wafer had been 
 transmuted. 
 
 Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the 
 likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [the elevation of 
 t lie host] t? ere came a figure in the likeness of a child, 
 and the visage was as red and as bright as hie, and lie smote 
 himself into that bread : so the) saw that the bread was 
 formed of a fleshly mail, and then he put it into the holy 
 vessel again . . . theii [the bishop] took the holy vessel 
 and came to sir Galahad as he kneeled down, and there 
 be received his Saviour. — Pt. iii. 101, 102. 
 
 King Pelles and sir Launcelot caught 
 a sight of the St. Graal ; but did not 
 "achieve it," like Galahad. 
 
 When they went into the castle to take their repast. . . 
 there came a dove to the window, and in its bill was a 
 little censer of gold, and there withal] was such a savor as 
 if all the spicery of the world had been there . . . and a 
 damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold between her 
 hands, and thereto the king kneeled devoutly and said his 
 prayers.. . . '• Oh mercy !" said sir Launcelot, "what may 
 this mean?". . . "This," said the king, "is the holy 
 Sancgreall which yc have seen."— Pt. iii. 2. 
 
 When sir Bors de Ganis went to Corbin, 
 and saw Galahad the son of sir Laun- 
 celot, he prayed that the boy might prove 
 as good a knight as his father, and 
 instantly the white dove came with the 
 golden censer, and the damsel bearing 
 the sancgraal, and told sir Bors that 
 Galahad would prove a better knight than 
 his father, and would "achieve the Sanc- 
 greall ; " then both dove and damsel 
 vanished. — Pt. iii. 4. 
 
 Sir Percival, the son of sir Pellinore 
 king of Wales, after his combat with sir 
 Ector de Maris (brother of sir Launcelot) 
 caught a sight of the holy graal, and 
 both were cured of their wounds thereby. 
 Like sir Bors, he was with sir Galahad 
 when the quest was achieved (pt. iii. 14). 
 Sir Launcelot was also miraculously 
 cured in the same way (pt. iii. 18). 
 
 King Arthur, the queen, and all the 
 150 knights saw the holy graal as they 
 sat at supper when Galahad was received 
 into the fellowship of the Round Table : 
 
 Wrst they heard a crackling and crying of 1 
 
 and in the midst of the blast entered a sun-beam mora 
 clear by seven times than ever they saw day, and all were 
 lighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost . . . then there 
 entered the hall the holy greal [consecrated breads 
 covered with white samite ; but none might see it. nor 
 who bare it . . . and when the holy greal had been borne 
 thro' the hall, the vessel suddenly departed.— Sir T. Malory. 
 History of Prince Arthur, iii. 35 (1470). 
 
 "V s The chief romances of the St. Graal 
 are: Parceval le Gallois by Chretien de 
 Troyes, in verse, and Roman den Diverse* 
 Quetes de St. Graal, by Walter Mapes, 
 in prose, both written in the latter part 
 of the twelfth century; Titurel or the 
 Guardian of the Holy Graal, by Wolfram 
 von Eschenbach ; The Romance of Parzi- 
 val, by the same — partly founded upon 
 the poem of Chretien — and the Life of 
 Joseph of Arimathea, by Robert de Bor- 
 ron, all belonging to the early part of 
 the thirteenth century ; TheHoly Graal, 
 by Tennyson. 
 
 Helinandus says : " In French they give the name gradal 
 or graal to a large deepish vessel in which rich meats 
 with their gravy are served to the wealthy." — Vincentius 
 Bellovacensis, Speculum Hist., xxiii. 147. 
 
 We find in the churchwardens' account 
 of Wing (Bucks.), 1527: " Three Gray Us," 
 i.e. three gradates, called by the Roman 
 Catholics cantatoria. In the Athenamm 
 (June 25, 1870) we read: "The Saxons 
 called a graal a ' graduale ' ad te levavi, 
 from the first three words of the introit 
 (First Sunday in Advent), with which the 
 codex begins." 
 
 Graal-burg, a magnificent temple, 
 surrounded with towers raised on brazen 
 pillars, and containing the holy graal. 
 It was founded by king Titurel, on 
 mount Salvage, in Spain, and was a mar- 
 vel of magnificence, glittering with gold 
 and precious stones. — Wolf ram of Eschen- 
 bach (minnesinger), Parzival (thirteenth 
 century). 
 
 Grace (Lady), sister of lady Townly, 
 and the engaged wife of Mr. Manly. 
 The very opposite of a lady of fashion. 
 She says : 
 
 " In summer I could pass my leisure hours in reading, 
 walking, . . . or sitting under a green tree: in dressing, 
 dining, chatting with an agreeable friend ; perhaps 
 hearing a little music, taking a dish of tea, or a game at 
 cards ; managing my family, looking into its accounts, 
 playing with my children . . or in a thousand other 
 innocent amusements."— Vanbrugh and Cibber, The Pro- 
 voked Husband, iii. (1728). 
 
 "No person," says George Colman. "has ever more 
 successfully performed the elegant levities of ' lady Townly ' 
 upon the stage, or more happily practised the amiable 
 virtues of ' lady Grace ' in the circles of society, than Miss 
 Farren (the countess of Derby, 1759-1829)." 
 
 Grace-be-liere Humgudgeon, a 
 corporal in Cromwell's troop. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
GRACE WAS IN ALL HER STEPS. 399 
 
 - GRAMMAR. 
 
 Grace was in all Her Steps. 
 Adam says of Eve : 
 
 Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye. 
 In every gesture dignity and love. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, viii. 488, etc. (1665). 
 
 Grace'church, London, means the 
 grass or grass church. It was built on 
 the site of the old grass-market. 
 
 Gracio'sa, a lovely princess, who is 
 the object of a step-mother's most im- 
 placable hatred. The step-mother's name 
 is Grognon, and the tale shows how all 
 her malicious plots are thwarted by Per- 
 cinet, a fairy prince, in love with 
 Graciosa. 
 
 Gracio'so, the licensed fool of Span- 
 ish drama. He has his coxcomb and 
 truncheon, and mingles with the actors 
 Avithout aiding or abetting the plot. 
 Sometimes he transfers his gibes from the 
 actors to the audience, like our circus 
 clowns. 
 
 Gradas'so, king of Serica'na, 
 " bravest of the pagan knights." He 
 went against Charlemagne with ICO, 000 
 vassals in his train, " all discrowned 
 kings," who never addressed him but on 
 their knees. — Bojardo, Orlando Innamo- 
 rato (1495) ; Aiiosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Grad'grind (Thomas), a man of 
 facts and realities. Everything about 
 him is square ; his forehead is square, 
 and so is his fore-finger, with which he 
 emphasizes all he says. Formerly he 
 was in the wholesale hardware line. In 
 his greatness he becomes M.P. for Coke- 
 town, and he lives at Stone Lodge, a 
 mile or so from town. He prides him- 
 self on being eminently practical ; and 
 though not a bad man at heart, he blights 
 his children by his hard, practical way of 
 bringing them up. 
 
 Mrs. Gradgrind, wife of Thomas Grad- 
 grind. A little thin woman, always 
 taking physic, without receiving from it 
 any benefit. She looks like an indif- 
 ferently executed transparency without 
 light enough behind the figure. She is 
 always complaining, always peevish, and 
 dies soon after the marriage of her 
 daughter Louisa. 
 
 Tom Gradgrind, son of the above, a 
 sullen young man, much loved by his 
 sister, and holding an office in the bank 
 of his brothtr-in-law, Josiah Bounderby. 
 Tom robs the bank, and throws suspicion 
 on Stephen Blackbridge, one of the hands 
 in Bounderby's factory. When found 
 out, Tom takes refuge in the circus of the 
 
 town, disguised as a black servant, till 
 he effects his escape from England. 
 
 Louisa Gradgrind, eldest daughter of 
 Thomas Gradgrind, M.P. She marries 
 Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill- 
 owner. Louisa has been so hardened by 
 her bringing up, that she appears cold 
 and indifferent to everything, but she 
 dearly loves her brother Tom. — C. 
 Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Graeme (Roland), heir of Avenel 
 (2 syl.). He first appears as page to the 
 lady of Avenel, then as page, to Mary 
 queen of Scots. 
 
 Magdalene Granne, dame of Heather- 
 gill, grandmother of Roland Graeme 
 She appears to Roland disguised as 
 Mother Nicneven, an old witch at Kin- 
 ross. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Grarme ( William), the red riever [free- 
 booter] at Westburnflat. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Black Dua?-/ (time, Anne). 
 
 Grsevius or J. G. Groefe of Saxony, 
 editor of several of the Latin classics 
 (1632-1703). 
 
 ! me, lady, I have more satisfaction in beholding 
 you than I should have in conversing with Gnevius and 
 Gronovius.— Mrs. Cowley, Who's the l>upe ) i. 3. 
 
 (Abraham Gronovius was a famous 
 philologist, 1694-1775.) 
 
 Gra'hame {Colonel John), of Claver- 
 house, in the royal army under the duke 
 of Monmouth. Afterwards viscount of 
 Dundee. 
 
 Comet Richard Graham?, the colonel's 
 nephew, in the same army. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Graliame's Dike, the Roman wall 
 between the friths of the Clyde and 
 Forth. 
 
 Tins wall defended the Britons for a time, but the Scots 
 and Picts . . . climbed over it. ... A man named 
 Grahame is said to have been the first soldier who gut 
 over, and the common people still call the remains of the 
 wall "Grahame's Dike." — Sir W. Scott, Tales of a 
 Grandfather. 
 
 Grahams, nicknamed "Of the Hen." 
 The reference is this : The Grahams, 
 having provided for a great marriage 
 feast, found that a raid had been made 
 upon their poultrv by Donald of the 
 Hammer (q.v.). They went in pursuit, 
 and a combat took place ; but as the 
 fight was for ; ' r pocks and hens," it ob- 
 tained for the Grahams the nickname of 
 Gramoch an Garrigh. 
 
 Gram, Siegfried's sword. 
 
 Grammar. Sigismund, sumamca 
 Augustus, said, " Ego sum Imoeratoi 
 
GRAMMARIANS. 
 
 400 
 
 GRANGOUSIER. 
 
 Romanorum, et supra grammaticam " 
 (1520, 1548-1572). 
 
 Grammarians {Prince of), Apol- 
 lonios of Alexandria. Priscian called 
 him Grarnmaticoruia Princeps (second 
 century B.C.). 
 
 Grammont (Tlie count of). He 
 promised marriage to la belle Hamilton, 
 tut left England without performing the 
 promise ; whereupon the brothers fol- 
 lowed him, and asked him if he had not 
 forgotten something. "True, true," said 
 the count, "excuse my short memory ; " 
 and, returning with the brothers, he 
 made the young lady countess of Gram- 
 mont. 
 
 Granary of Athens, the district 
 about Kertch. The buck-wheat of this 
 district carried off the prize of the Great 
 Exhibition in 1851. 
 
 Granary of Europe. Sicily was 
 bo called once. 
 
 Grand Jument, meant for Diana 
 of Poitiers. — Rabelais, Gargantua and 
 Pantagrucl. 
 
 Grand Monarque [rncnark''], 
 Louis XiV. (1G38, 1G43-1715). 
 
 Grand Pendu (Le), in cards, the 
 king of diamonds. "Whoever draws this 
 card in cartomancy, is destined to die by 
 the hands of the executioner. (See Le- 
 xormaxd.) 
 
 Joachim Murat, when king of Naples, sought the ai<l 
 of Millie. Lenormand, by whom he was received with 
 her customary haughtiness. The cards being produced, 
 Murat cut the Grand Pendu. the portent of ill-fortune. 
 Murat cut four times, and in every instance it was the 
 king of diamonds. — See W. H. Wiltshire, Playing and 
 other Cards, 162. 
 
 (Ths card called le pendu in tarot 
 cards is represented by a man with his 
 hands tied behind his back, and in some 
 cases with two bags of money attached 
 to his armpits. The man is hanging by 
 the right leg to a gibbet. Probably an 
 emblematic figure in alchemy.) 
 
 Grand Pre, a village of Acadia (now 
 Nova Scotia), inhabited by a colony from 
 Normandy, of very primitive manners, 
 preserving the very costume of their old 
 Norman forefathers. They had no locks 
 to their doors nor bolts to their windows. 
 There "the richest man was poor, and the 
 ■j poorest lived in abundance." Grand Pre' 
 is the scene of Longfellow's Evangeline 
 (1849). 
 
 Grandison (Sir Charles), the hero 
 of a novel by S. Richardson, entitled 
 The History of Sir Charles Grandison. 
 
 Sir Charles is the beau-ideal of a perfect 
 hero, the union of a good Christian and 
 perfect English gentleman ; but such a 
 " faultless monster the world ne'er saw." 
 Richardson's ideal of this character was 
 Robert Nelson, reputed author of the 
 Whole Duty of Man (1753). 
 
 Like the old lady mentioned by sir Walter Scott, who 
 chose Sir Charles Urandison because she could go to sleep 
 for half an hour at any time during its reading, and still 
 find the personages just where she left them, conversing 
 in the cedar parlour. — £ncyc. Uric, Art. " Romance." 
 
 Grandison is the English Emile, but an Emile com- 
 pletely instructed. His discourses are continual precepts, 
 and his actions are examples. Miss Biron is the object ol 
 his affection. — Editor of Arabian Nights Continued, 
 tv. 72. 
 
 Grandmother. Lord Byron calls the 
 British Review "My Grandmother's Re- 
 view," and jestingly says he purchased 
 its favorable criticism of Don Juan. 
 
 For fear some pnidish readers should grow skittish, 
 
 I've bribed "My Grandmother *s Review," The British ; 
 
 I sent it in a letter to the editor, 
 
 Who thanked me duly by return of post. . . . 
 
 And if my gentle Muse he please to roast . . . 
 
 All I can say is — that he had the money. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. -209, 210 (1818). 
 
 Grane (2 syl.), Siegfried's horse, 
 whose speed outstripped the wind. 
 
 Grane'angowl (Pev. Mr.), chaplaiu 
 to sir Duncan Campbell, at Ardenvohr 
 Castle.— Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
 rose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Granger (Captain), in love with 
 Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of a retired 
 slop-seller. The old father resolves to 
 give her to the best scholar, himself being 
 judge. Gradus, an Oxford pedant, quotes 
 two lines of Greek, in which the word 
 panta occurs four times. " Pantry ! " 
 cries old Doiley; "no, no; you can't per- 
 suade me that's Greek." The captain talks 
 of "refulgent scintillations in the ambient 
 void opake ; chrvsalic spheroids, and 
 astifarous constellations ; " and when 
 Gradus says, " It is a rant in English," 
 the old man boils with indignation. 
 " Zounds ! " says he; " d'ye take me for 
 a fool ? D'ye' think I don't know my 
 own mother tongue? 'Twas nu more like 
 English than 1 am like Whittington's 
 cat ! " and he drives off Gradus as a vilo 
 impostor. — Mrs. Cowley, Who's the Dupei 
 
 Granger. (See Edith.) 
 
 Grangousier, father of Gargantua. 
 "a good sort of a fellow in his younger 
 days, and a notable jester. He loved to 
 drink neat, and would eat salt meat" 
 (bk. i. 3). He married Garganielle 
 (3 syl.), daughter of the king of the Par- 
 paillons, and had a son named GargaD- 
 tua. — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 3 (1533). 
 
GRANTAM. 
 
 401 
 
 GRAUNDE AMOURE. 
 
 %* " Grangousier " is meant for John 
 d'Albret, king of Navarre ; "Gargamelle" 
 for Catherine de Foix, queen of Navarre ; 
 jMad "Gargantua" for Henri d'Albret, 
 king of Navarre. Some fancy that 
 " Grangousier " is meant for Louis XII., 
 but this cannot be, inasmuch as he is 
 distinctly called a "heretic for declaim- 
 ing against the saints " (ch. xlv.). 
 
 Grantam (Miss), a friend of Miss 
 Godfrey, engaged to sir James Elliot. — 
 f Sam. Foote, The Liar (1761). 
 
 Grant'mesnil (Sir Hugh de), one of 
 the knights challengers at the tourna- 
 ment. — Sir W. Scott, ivanhoe (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Graxitorto, the personification of re- 
 bellion in general, and of the evil genius 
 of the Irish rebellion of 1580 in particular. 
 Grantorto is represented as a huge giant, 
 who withheld from Irena [i.e. Ierne or 
 Ireland] her inheritance. Sir Artegal 
 [Arthur lord Grey of Wilton], being sent 
 to destroy him, challenged him to single 
 combat, and having felled him to the 
 earth with his sword Chrysa'or, " reft off 
 his head to ease him of his pain." — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 12 (1596). 
 
 Grapes of God. Tennyson calls 
 the wine-cup of the eucharist " the 
 chalice of the grapes of God," alluding, 
 of course, to the symbolical character of 
 the sacramental wine, which represents the 
 death-blood of Christ, shed for the re- 
 mission of sin. 
 
 Where the kneeling hamlet drains 
 The chalice of the grapes of God. 
 
 Tennyson, In Memoriam, x. 
 
 Grapes Painted. Zeuxis of Hera- 
 clea painted grapes so admirably that 
 birds flew to them and tried to eat" them. 
 (See House Painted.) 
 
 Therefore the bee did suck the painted flower, 
 And birds of grapes the cunning semblance pecked. 
 Sir John Davies, Immortality of the Soul, ii. (1622). 
 
 Grass (Cronos), a grass which gives 
 those who taste it an irresistible desire 
 for the sea. Glaucus, the Bceo'tian 
 fisherman, observed that all the fishes 
 which he laid on the grass instantly 
 leaped back into the water, whereupon 
 he also tasted the grass, and was seized 
 with the same irresistible desire. Leaping 
 into the sea, he became" a minor sea-god, 
 with the gift of prophecy. 
 
 Grass ( To give), to acknowledge yourself 
 vanquished. A Latin phrase, "Herbam 
 dare art porrigSre. — Pliny, Nat. Hist., 
 xxii. 4. 
 
 Grasshopper (A). What animal k 
 that which avoids ever}' one, is a com- 
 pound of seven animals, and lives in 
 desolate places ? 
 
 Damake answered, " It is a grasshopper, which has the 
 head of a horse, the neck of an ox, the wings of a dragon, 
 the feet of a camel, the tail of a serpent, the horns of a 
 stag, and the bodv of a scorpion." — Count Caylus, Oriental 
 Tales (" The Four Talismans," 1743). 
 
 m Grass-market (Edinburgh), at one 
 time the place of public executions. 
 
 Mitchel, being asked why he had made so wicked an 
 attempt on the person of the archbishop [Sfuir/>e}. replied 
 that he did it "for the glory of God." . . . The duke said 
 then, "Let Mitchel glorify Hod in the Grass-market. — 
 Higgins, Remarks on Burnet, ii. 131. 
 
 Gra'tian (Father), the begging friar 
 at John Mengs's inn at Kirchhoif. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Gratia'no, one of Anthonio's friends. 
 He "talked an infinite deal of nothing, 
 more than any man in all Venice." 
 Gratiano married Nerissa, the waiting- 
 gentlewoman of Portia. — Shakespeare, 
 Merchant of Venice (1598). 
 
 Gratia'no, brother of Brabantio, and 
 undo of Desdemona. — Shakespeare, 
 Othello (1611), 
 
 Graunde Amoure (Sir), walking 
 in a meadow, was told by Fame ol* a 
 beautiful lady named La belle Pucell, 
 who resided in the Tower of Musyke. 
 He was then conducted by Gouvernance 
 and Grace to the Tower of Doctrine, where 
 he received instruction from the seven 
 Sciences : — Gramer, Logyke, Rethorike, 
 Arismetrieke, Musyke, Geometry, and 
 Astronomy. In the Tower of Musyke 
 he met La" belle Pucell, with whom hefell 
 in love, butthcy parted f or atime. Graunde 
 Amoure went to the Tower of Chivalry 
 to perfect himself in the arts of knight- 
 hood, and there he received his degree 
 from king Melyz'yus. He then started 
 on his adventures, and soon encountered 
 False Report, who joined him and told 
 him many a lying tale ; but lady Correc- 
 tion, coming up, had False Report soundly 
 beaten, and the knight was entertained 
 at her castle. Next day he left, and came 
 to a wall where hung a shield and born. 
 On blowing the horn, a three-headed 
 monster came forth, with whom he fought, 
 and cut off the three heads, called False- 
 hood, Imagination, and Perjury. Ho 
 passed the night in the house of lady Com- 
 fort, who attended to his wounds ; and next 
 day he slew a giant fifteen feet high and 
 with seven heads. Lastly, he slew the 
 monster Malyce, made by enchantment of 
 seven metals. His achievements over, he 
 2 c 
 
GRAVEAIRS. 
 
 402 GREAT CHAM OF LITERATURE. 
 
 married La belle Pucell, and lived happily 
 till he was arrested by Age. having for 
 companions Policye and Avarice. Death 
 came at last to carry him off, and Re- 
 membrance wrote his epitaph. — Stephen 
 Hawes, The Pa sse-ty ttie of Plesure (1515). 
 Graunde Amoure's Steed, Galantyse, the 
 gift of king Melyz'yus when he conferred 
 on him the degree of knighthood. 
 
 I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, 
 Called Galantyse, to helpe you in your nede. 
 Stephen Hawes, The Passc-tyme of Plesure, xxviii. (1515). 
 
 Graunde Amoure's Sword, Clare Pru- 
 dence. 
 
 Drawing my swerde, that was both faire and bright, 
 I clipped Clare Prudence. 
 Stephen Hawes. The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxxiii. (1515). 
 
 Grave'airs (Lady), a lady of very 
 dubious virtue, in The Careless Husband, 
 by Colley Cibber (1704). 
 
 Mrs. Hamilton ri730-1788], upon her entrance, was 
 saluted with a storm of hisses, and advancing to the 
 footlights said, " Gemmen and ladies, I s'pose as how 
 you hiss me because I wouldn't play 'lady Gravedrs' 
 last night at Mrs. Bellamy's benefit. I would have done 
 80. but she said as how my audience stunk, and were all 
 tripe people." The pit reared with laughter, and the 
 who 1 * house shouted " Mrs. Tripe ! " a title which the fair 
 speechirier retained ever afuer. — Memoir of Mrs. Hamil- 
 ton (18(iU). 
 
 Gray {Old Alice), a former tenant of 
 the Ravenswood family. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Gray (Dr. Gideon), the surgeon at 
 Middlemas. 
 
 Mrs. Gray, the surgeon's wife. 
 
 Menle Gray, the "surgeon's daughter," 
 taken to India and given to Tippoo Saib 
 as an addition to his harem, but, being 
 rescued by Hyder Ali, was restored to 
 Hartley ; after which she returned to her 
 country. — Sir W. Scott, The Surycon's 
 Dauyhter (time, George II.). 
 
 Gray (Duncan) wooed a young lass 
 called Maggie, but as Duncan looked 
 asklent, Maggie " coost her head" and 
 bade Duncan behave himself. " Duncan 
 fleeched, and Duncan prayed," but Meg 
 was deaf to his pleadings ; so Duncan 
 took himself off in dudgeon. This was 
 more than Maggie meant, so she fell sick 
 and like to die. As Duncan "could na 
 be her death," he came forward manfully 
 again, and then "they were crouse 
 [merry'] and canty bath. Ha, ha ! the 
 Avooing o't." — R. Burns, Duncan Gray 
 (1792). 
 
 Gray (Mary), daughter of a country 
 gentleman of Perth. When the plague 
 broke out in 16*66, Mary Gray and her 
 friend Bessy Bell retired to an un- 
 
 frequented spot called Burn Braes, where 
 they lived in a secluded cottage and saw 
 no one. A young gentleman brought 
 them food, but he caught the plague, 
 communicated it to the two ladies, and 
 all three died. — Allan Ramsay, Bessy Bell 
 and Alary Gray. 
 
 Gray (Auld Robin). Jennie, a Scotch 
 lass, was loved by young Jamie ; " but 
 saving a crown, he had naething else 
 besides." To make that crown a pound, 
 young Jamie went to sea, and both were 
 to be for Jennie. He had not been gone 
 many days when Jennie's mother fell 
 sick, her father broke his arm, and their 
 cow was stolen ; then auld Robin came 
 forward and maintained them both. Auld 
 Robin loved the lass, and " wi' tears in 
 his ee," said, " Jennie, for their sakes, oh, 
 marry me ! " Jennie's heart said " nay," 
 for she looked for Jamie back ; but her 
 father urged her, and the mother pleaded 
 with her eye, and so she consented. They 
 had not been married above a month 
 when Jamie returned. They met ; she 
 gave him one kiss, and though she " gang 
 like a ghaist," she made up her mind, 
 like a brave, good lassie, to be a gude 
 wife, for auld Robin was very kind to 
 her (1772). 
 
 This ballad was composed by lady Anne 
 Lindsay, daughter of the earl of Bal- 
 carres (afterwards lady Barnard). It 
 was written to an old Scotch tune called 
 The Bridegroom Grat when the Sun went 
 Down. Auld Robin Gray was her father's 
 herdsman. When lady Anne was writing 
 the ballad, and was piling distress on 
 Jennie, she told her sister that she had 
 sent Jamie to sea, made the mother sick, 
 and broken the father's arm, but wanted 
 a fourth calamity. " Steal the cow, 
 sister Anne," said the little Elizabeth ; 
 and so "the cow was stolen awa'," and 
 the song completed. 
 
 Gray's Monument, in Westminster 
 Abbey, was by Bacon. 
 
 Graysteel, the sword of Kol, fatal to 
 its owner. It passed into several hands, 
 and always brought ill-luck with it. — 
 Icelandic Edda. 
 
 Great Captain (The), Gonsal»-o de 
 Cor'dova, el Gran Capitan (1453-1515). 
 
 Manuel I. [Oomnenus] emperor of 
 Trebizond, is so called also (1120, 1143- 
 1180). 
 
 Great Cham of Literature, Di t 
 
 Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 
 
GREAT COMMONER. 
 
 403 
 
 GREEK CHURCH. 
 
 Great Commoner (The), William 
 Pitt (1759-180G). 
 
 Great Dauphin (The), Louis the 
 son of Louis XIV. (1661-1711). 
 
 *** The "Little Dauphin" was the 
 duke of Bourgogne, son of the Great or 
 Grand Dauphin. Both died before Louis 
 XIV. 
 
 Great Duke (The), the duke of 
 Wellington (1769-1852). 
 
 Bury the Great Duke 
 
 With an empire's lamentation ; 
 Let us bury the Great Duke 
 
 To the noise of the mourning of a great nation. 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Great-Head or Caxmore, Mal- 
 colm III. of Scotland (*, 1057-1093). 
 
 Great-heart (Mr.), the guide of 
 Christiana and her family to the Celestial 
 Citv. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 
 (1684). 
 
 Great Magician (The) or Tht 
 Great Magician of the Noi'th, sir Walter 
 Scott. So called first by professor John 
 Wilson (1771-1832). 
 
 Great Marquis (The), James Gra- 
 ham, marquis of Montrose (1612-1650). 
 
 I've told thee how we swept Dundee, 
 And tamed the Lindsays' pride; 
 
 But never have I told thee yet 
 How the Great Marquis died. 
 
 Aytouu. 
 
 Great Marquis (Tlie), dom Sebastiano 
 Jose de Carvalho, marquis de Pombal, 
 greatest of all the Portuguese statesmen 
 (1699-1782). 
 
 Great Moralist (The), Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson (1709-1784). 
 
 Great Sea (The). The Mediterra- 
 nean Sea was so called by the ancients. 
 
 Great Unknown (T/ie), sir Walter 
 Scott, who published his Waverley Novels 
 anonymously (1771-1832). 
 
 Great Unwashed (The). The 
 artisan class were first so called by sir 
 W. Scott. 
 
 Greaves (Sir Launcelot), a well-bred 
 young English squire of the George II. 
 period ; handsome, virtuous, and en- 
 lightened, but crack-brained. He sets 
 out, attended by an old sea-captain, to 
 detect fraud and treason, abase inso- 
 lence, mortify pride, discourage slander, 
 disgrace immodesty, and punish ingrati- 
 tude. Sir Launcelot, in fact, is a modern 
 don Quixote, and captain Crow is his 
 
 Sancho Panza. — T. Smollett, The Advert' 
 tures of Sir Launcelot Greaves (1760). 
 
 Smollett became editor of the Critical Review, and an 
 attack in that journal on admiral Knowles led to a trial 
 for libel. The author was sentenced to pay a fine of 
 £100, and suffer three months' imprisonment. He con- 
 soled himself in prison by writing his novel of Launcelot 
 Greaves. — Chambers. English Literature, ii. 65. 
 
 Grecian Daughter (The), Eu- 
 phrasia, daughter of Evander a Greek, 
 who dethroned Dionysius the Elder, and 
 became king of Syracuse. In his old age 
 he was himself dethroned by Dionysius 
 the Younger, and confined in a dungeon 
 in a rook, where he was saved from star- 
 vation by his daughter, who fed him with 
 "the milk designed for her own babe." 
 Timoleon having made himself master of 
 Syracuse, Dionysius accidentally en- 
 countered Evander his prisoner, and was 
 about to kill him> when Euphrasia rushed 
 forwards and stabbed the tyrant to the 
 heart. — A. Murphy, The Grecian Daughter 
 (1772). 
 
 * + * As an historical drama, this plot is 
 much the same as if the writer had said 
 that James I. (of England) abdicated and 
 retired to St. Germain, and when his son 
 James II. succeeded to the crown, he was 
 beheaded at White Hall ; for Murphy 
 makes Dionysius the Elder to have been 
 dethroned, and going to Corinth to live 
 (act i.), and Dionysius the Younger to 
 have been slain by the dagger of Eu- 
 phrasia ; whereas Dionysius the Elder 
 never was dethroned, but died in Syracuse 
 at the age of 63 ; and Dionysius the 
 Younger was not slain in Syracuse, but 
 being dethroned, went to Corinth, where 
 he lived and died in exile. 
 
 Greece (Tlxe two eyes of), Athens and 
 Sparta. 
 
 Greedy (Justice), thin as a thread- 
 paper, always eating and always hungry. 
 He says to sir Giles Overreach (act iii. 1), 
 " Oh, I do much honour a chine of beef ! 
 Oh, I do reverence a loin of veal ! " As a 
 justice, he is most venial — the promise of 
 a turkey will buy him, but the promise 
 of a haunch of venison will out-buy him. 
 — Massinger, A New Way to Pay OldDebts 
 (1628). 
 
 Greek (A), a pander ; a merry Greek, 
 a foolish Greek, a Corinthian, etc., all 
 mean either pander or harlot. Frequently 
 used by Shakespeare in Timon of Athens 
 (1678), and in Henry IV. (1597-9). 
 
 Greek Church (Fathers of the) : 
 Eusebius, Athana'sius, Basil "the Great," 
 Gregory Nazianze'nus, Gregory of Nyssa, 
 
GREEK KALENDS. 
 
 404 
 
 GREEN KNIGHT. 
 
 Cyril of Jerusalem, Chrys'ostom, Epipha'- 
 nuis, Cyril of Alexandria, and Ephraini 
 deacon of Edessa. 
 
 Greek Kalends, never. There -were 
 no kalends in the Greek system of reckon- 
 ing the months. Hence Suetonius says 
 it shall be transferred ad Groscas calendas, 
 or, in parliamentary phrase, "to this day 
 six months." 
 
 They and their bills . . . are left 
 To the Greek Kalends--. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 45 (1824). 
 
 Greeks (Last of the), Philopoe'men of 
 Megalop'olis, whose great object was to 
 infuse into the Achaeans a military spirit, 
 and establish their independence (b.c. 
 252-183). 
 
 Greeks joined Greeks. Clytus said to 
 Alexander that Philip was the greater 
 warrior : 
 
 I have seen him march, 
 And fought beneath his dreadful banner, where 
 The boldest at this table would have trembled. 
 Nay. frown not, sir, you cannot look me dead ; 
 *'hen Greeks,-joined Greeks, then was the tug of war. 
 N. Lee, Alexander the Ureat. iv. 2 (1G78). 
 
 *** Slightly altered into When Greek 
 joins Greek, then is the tiig of war. This line 
 of Nathaniel Lee has become a household 
 pbrase. 
 
 lb play the Greek, to act like a harlot. 
 "When Cressid says of Helen, "Then 
 ehe's a merry Greek indeed," she means 
 that Helen is no better than afillepublique. 
 Probably Shakespeare had his eye upon 
 "fair Hiren," in Peel's play called The 
 2'urkish Mahomet and llyren the Fair 
 Greek. " A fair Greek " was at one time 
 a euphemism for a courtezan. 
 
 Green (Mr. Paddinyton), clerk at 
 Somerset House. 
 
 Mrs. Paddinyton Green, his wife. — T. 
 1H. Morton, If J had a Thousand a Year. 
 
 Green ( Verdant), a young man of 
 infinite simplicity, who goes to college, 
 and is played upon by all the practical 
 jokers of alma mater. After he has 
 bought his knowledge by experience, 
 the butt becomes the " butter " of juve- 
 niles greener than himself. Verdant 
 Green wore spectacles, which won for 
 him the nickname of "Gig-lamps." — 
 Cuthbert Eede [Rev. Edw. Bradlev], 
 Verdant Green (18G0). 
 
 Green ( Widow), a nch, buxom dame 
 of 40, who married first for money, and 
 intended to choose her second husband 
 "to please her vanity." She fancied 
 Waller loved her, and meant to make 
 her his wile, but sir William Fondlove 
 
 was her adorer. When the politic widow 
 discovered that Waller had fixed his love 
 on another, she gave her hand to the old 
 beau, sir William ; for vr the news got 
 wind of her love for Waller, she would 
 become the laughing-stock of all her 
 friends. — S. Knowles, The Love-Chase 
 (1837). 
 
 Green-Bag Inquiry (The). A 
 green bag full of documents, said to be 
 seditious, was laid before parliament by 
 lord Sidmouth, in 1817. A* "inquiry' 
 was made into these documents, ana it 
 was deemed advisable to suspend the 
 Habeas Corpus Act, and forbid ail sorts 
 of political meetings likely to be of a 
 seditious character. 
 
 Green Bird. Martyrs, after death, 
 partake of the delights of bliss in the 
 crops of green birds, which feed on the 
 fruits of paradise. — Jallalo'ddin. 
 
 Green Bird (The), a bird that told 
 one everything it was asked. An oracular 
 bird, obtained by Fairstar after the 
 failure of Chery and her two brothers. 
 It was this bird who revealed to the king 
 that Fairstar was his daughter and 
 Chery his nephew. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, 
 Fairy Tales ("Fairstar and Prince 
 Chery," 1G82). 
 
 Green Hands, inferior sailors ; also 
 called "boys," quite irrespective of age. 
 A crew is divided into (1) able seamen, 
 (2) ordinary seamen, and (3) green hands 
 or boys, who need know nothing about a 
 ship, not even the name of a single rope. 
 
 Green Horse (The), the 5th 
 Dragoon Guards (not the 5th Dragoons). 
 So called from their green velvet facings. 
 
 Green Howards (The), the 19th 
 Foot. So called from the Hon. Charles 
 Howard, their colonel from 1738 to 1748. 
 
 Green Isle (The) or True Emerald 
 Isle, Ireland. 
 
 A pugnacity characteristic of the Green Isle.— Sir W. 
 Scott. 
 
 Green Knight (The), sir Perto- 
 lope (3 67//.), called i>y Tennyson " Even- 
 ing Star" or " Hesperus." He was one 
 of the four brothers who kept the passages 
 of Castle Perilous, and was overthrown 
 by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, history of 
 1'rince Arthur, i. 127 (1470); Tennyson, 
 ldylis (" Gareth and Lynette"). 
 
 *** It is evidently a blunder of Tenny- 
 son to call the Green Knight " Evening 
 Star," and the Blue Knight " Morning 
 
GREEN KNIGHT. 
 
 405 
 
 GRENYILLE. 
 
 Star." In the old romance the combat 
 •with the "Green Knight "was at dawn, 
 and with the "Blue Knight" at sunset. 
 — See Notes and Queries (February 16, 
 1878). 
 
 Green Knight {The), a pagan knight, 
 who demanded Fezon in marriage, but 
 being overcome by Orson, was obliged to 
 resign his claim. — Valentine and Orson 
 (fifteenth century). 
 
 Green Lettuce Lane (St. Law- 
 rence, Poultney), a corruption of "Green 
 Lattice ; " so called from the green lattice 
 gate which used to open into Cannon 
 Street. 
 
 Green Linnets, the 39th Foot. 
 Their facings are green. 
 
 Green Man {The). The man who 
 used to let off fireworks was so called in 
 the reign of James I. 
 
 Have you any sqmus, any green man in your snows T— 
 John Kirke [R. Johnson], The Seven Champions of 
 Christendom (1617). 
 
 Green Man {The), a gentleman's 
 gamekeeper, at one time clad in green. 
 
 But the green man shall I pass by unsung? . . . 
 A squire's attendant clad in keeper's green. 
 
 Crabbe. Borough (1810). 
 
 Greenhalgh, messenger of the earl 
 of Derbv.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Greenhorn {Mr. Gilbert), an attor- 
 ney, in partnership with Mr. Gabriel 
 Grinderson. 
 
 Mr. Gernigo Greenhorn, father of Mr. 
 Gilbert.— Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Greenleaf {Gilbert), the old archer at 
 Douglas Castle.— Sir W. Scott, Castle 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Gregory. " St. Gregory's Day," 
 March 12. 
 
 Sow runcivals timely, and all that is gray ; 
 But sow not the white [>««*, etc.] till St. Gregory's day. 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, xxxv. 3 (1537). 
 
 Gregory, a faggot-maker of good 
 education, first at a charity school, 
 then as waiter on an Oxford student, and 
 then as the fag of a travelling physician. 
 "When compelled to act the doctor, he 
 says the disease of his patient arises from 
 " propria quie maribus tribuuntur mas- 
 cula dicas, ut suut divorum, Mars, 
 Bacchus, Apollo, virorum." And when 
 sir Jasper says, "I always thought till 
 now that the heart is on the left side and 
 the liver on the right," he replies, " Ay, 
 
 sir, so they were formerly, but we have 
 changed all that." In Moliere's comedy, 
 Lc Me'decin Malgre' Lui, Gregory is called 
 " Sganarelle," and all these jokes are in 
 act ii. 6. — Henry Fielding, The Mock 
 Doctor. 
 
 Gregory, father and son, hangmen in 
 the seventeenth century. In the time of 
 the Gregorys, hangmen were termed 
 " esquires." In France, executioners were 
 termed " monsieur," even to the breaking 
 out of the Revolution. 
 
 Gregson {Widow), Darsie Latimer's 
 landlady at Shepherd's Bush. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Gregson {Gilbert), the messenger of 
 father Buonaventura. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Eedgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Gre'mio, an old man who wishes to 
 marry Bianca, but the lady prefers 
 Lucentio, a young man. — Shakespeare, 
 Taming of the Shrew (1594). 
 
 Grendel, the monster from which 
 Beowulf delivered Hrothgar king of 
 Denmark. It was half monster, half 
 man, whose haunt was the marshes among 
 "a monster race." Night after night it 
 crept stealthily into the palace called 
 Heorot, and slew sometimes as many as 
 thirty of the inmates. At length Beowulf, 
 at the head of a mixed band of warriors, 
 went against it and slew it. — Beowulf, an 
 Anglo-Saxon epic (sixth century). 
 
 Grenville {Sir Richard), the com- 
 mander of The Revenge, in the reign of 
 queen Elizabeth. Out of his crew, ninety 
 were sick on shore, and only a hundred 
 able-bodied men remained on board. 
 The Revenge was one of the six ships 
 under the command of lord Thomas 
 Howard. While cruising near the Azores, 
 a Spanish fleet of fifty-three ships made 
 towards the English, and lord Howard 
 sheered off, saying, "My ships are out 
 of gear, and how can six ships-of-the- 
 line fight with fifty-three ? " Sir Richard 
 Grenville, however, resolved to stay and 
 encounter the foe, and "ship after ship 
 the whole night long drew back with her 
 dead ; some were sunk, more were shat- 
 tered ; " and the brave hundred still 
 fought on. Sir Richard was wounded' 
 and his ship riddled, but his cry was still. 
 " Fight on ! '" When resistance was no 
 longer possible, he cried, " Sink the ship, 
 master gunner ! sink her ! Split her in 
 twain, nor let her fail into the hands of 
 the foe I " But the Spaniards boarded 
 
GRESHAM AND THE PEAEL. 406 
 
 GRIFFIN. 
 
 her and praised sir Richard for his heroic 
 daring. " I have done my duty for my 
 queen and faith," he said, and died. The 
 Spaniards sent the prize home, but a 
 tempest came on, and The Revenge, shot- 
 shattered, "went down, to be lost ever- 
 more in the main." — Tennyson, The 
 Revenge, a ballad of the fleet (1878). 
 
 Froude has an essay on the subject. 
 Canon Kingsley, in Westward Ho 1 has 
 drawn sir Richard Grenville, and alludes 
 to the fight. Arber published three small 
 volumes on sir Richard's noble exploit. 
 Gervase Markham has a long poem on 
 the subject. Sir Walter Raleigh says : 
 "If lord Howard had stood to his guns, 
 the Spanish fleet would have been annihi- 
 lated." Probably Browning's Herv€ Riel 
 was present to the mind of Tennyson 
 when he wrote the ballad of The Revenge. 
 
 Gresham and the Pearl. When 
 queen Elizabeth visited the Exchange, 
 sir Thomas Gresham pledged her health 
 in a cup of wine containing a precious 
 stone crushed to atoms, and worth 
 £15.000. 
 
 Here £15,000 at one clap goes 
 Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pead 
 Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it, lords. 
 Hcywcod, // Yon Know not Me, 1'ou Know Nobody. 
 
 *** It is devoutly to be hoped that sir 
 Thomas was above such absurd vanity, 
 very well for queen Cleopatra, but more 
 than ridiculous in such an imitation. 
 
 Gresham and the Grasshopper. There 
 is a vulgar tradition that sir Thomas 
 Gresham was a foundling, and that the 
 old beldame who brought him up was 
 attracted to the spot where she found 
 him, by the loud chirping of a grass- 
 hopper. 
 
 *** This tale arose from the grass- 
 hopper, which forms the crest of sir 
 Thomas. 
 
 To Sup with sir Thomas Gresham, 
 to have no supper. Similarly, "to dine 
 with duke Humphrey," is to have no- 
 where to dine. The Royal Exchange 
 was at one time a common lounging-place 
 for idlers. 
 
 Tho' little coin thy purseless pockets line, 
 
 Yet with great company thou'rt taken up; 
 For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine. 
 And often with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 
 Hayman, Quidlibet (Epigram on a loafer. 1628). 
 
 GretcHen, a German diminutive of 
 Margaret ; the heroine of Goethe's 
 Faust. Faust meets her on her return 
 from church, falls in love with her, and 
 at last seduces her. Overcome with 
 shame, Gretchen destroys the infant to 
 which she gives birth, and is condemned 
 
 to death. Faust attempts to save her ; 
 and, gaining admission to the dungeon, 
 finds her huddled on a bed of straw, 
 singing Avild snatches of ballads, quite 
 insane. He tries to induce her to flee 
 with him, but in vain. At daybreak, 
 Mephistopheles, Gretchen dies and Faust 
 is taken away. 
 
 Gretchen is a perfect union of home- 
 liness and simplicit}', though her love is 
 strong as death ; yet is she a human 
 woman throughout, and never a mere 
 abstraction. No character ever draAvn 
 takes so strong a hold on the heart, and, 
 with all her faults, who does not lova 
 and pity her ? 
 
 Greth'el (Gammer), the hypothetical 
 narrator of the tales edited by the 
 brothers Grimm. 
 
 *** Said to be Frau Yiehmanin, wife of 
 a peasant in the suburbs of Hesse Cassel, 
 from whose mouth the brothers tran- 
 scribed the tales. 
 
 Grey (Lady Jane), a tragedy by N. 
 Rowe (1715). Another by Ross Neil; 
 and one by Tennyson (1876). 
 
 In French, Laplace (1745), Mde. do 
 Stael (1800), Ch. Brifaut (1812), and 
 Alexandre Soumet (1844), produced 
 tragedies on the same subject. Paul 
 Delaroche has a fine picture called "Le 
 Supplice de Jane Grey" (1835). 
 
 Gribouille, the wiseacre who threw 
 himself into a river that his clothes 
 might not get wetted by the rain. — A 
 French Proverbial Saying. 
 
 Gride (Arthur), a mean old usurer, 
 who wished to marry Madeline Pray, but 
 Madeline loved Nicholas Nickleby, and 
 married him. Gride was murdered. — C. 
 Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Grieux (Le chevalier de), the hero of 
 a French novel by A. F. Pre'vost, called 
 Manon CEscaut, translated into English 
 by Charlotte Smith. A discreditable 
 connection exists between De Grieux 
 and Manon, but as the novel proceeds 
 Manon changes from "the fair mischief" 
 to the faithful companion, following the 
 fortunes of her husband in disgrace and 
 banishment, and dying by his side in the 
 wilds of America (1697-1763). 
 
 Grieve (Jockie), landlord of an ale- 
 house near Charlie's Hope. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Griffin (Allan), landlord of the Grif- 
 fin inn, at Perth. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
 Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
GRIFFIN-FEET. 
 
 407 
 
 GRIPE. 
 
 Griffin-feet, the mark by which the 
 Desert Fairy was known in all her meta- 
 morphoses.— Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy 
 Tales (" The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 
 
 Griffiths (Old), steward of the earl 
 of Derby.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Griffiths (Samuel), London agent of sir 
 . Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
 ' Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Griflet (Sir), knighted by king 
 Arthur at the request of Merlin, who told 
 the king that sir Griflet would prove 
 " one of the best knights of the world, 
 and the strongest man of arms." — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 20 
 (1470). 
 
 Grildrig, a mannikin. 
 
 She gave me the name " Grildrig," which the family 
 took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word 
 imports what the Latin calls manunculus, the Italian 
 homuncclet ion, and the English mannikin. — l>ean Swift, 
 Qulliver'i Travel* (" Voyage to Brobdingnag," 1726). 
 
 Grim, a fisherman who rescued, from 
 a boat turned adrift, an infant named 
 Habloc, whom he adopted and brought 
 up. This infant was the son of the king 
 of Denmark, and when restored to his 
 royal father, the fisherman, laden with 
 rich presents, built the village, which he 
 called after his own name, Grims-by or 
 " Grirn's town." 
 
 *** The ancient seal of the town con- 
 tained the names of "Gryme" and 
 " Habloc." 
 
 Grim (Giant), a huge giant, who tried 
 to stop pilgrims on their way to the 
 Celestial City. He was slain by Mr. 
 Greatheart.— Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, 
 ii. (1684). 
 
 Griinalkin, a cat, the spirit of a 
 witch. Any witch was permitted to 
 assume the body of a cat nine times. 
 "When the "first Witch" (in Macbeth) 
 hears a cat mew, she says, "I come, 
 Grimalkin" (act i. sc. 1). 
 
 Grime, the partner of Item the 
 usurer. It is to Grime that Item appeals 
 when he wants to fudge his clients. 
 " Can we do so, Mr. Grime ? " brings the 
 stock answer, " Quite impossible, Mr. 
 Item." — Holcroft, The Deserted Daughter 
 (1784), altered into TJie Steward. 
 
 Grimes (Peter), the drunken, thievish 
 son of a steady fisherman. He had a 
 boy, whom he killed by ill-usage, and 
 two others he made away with ; but es- 
 caped conviction through defect of evi- 
 
 dence. As no one would live with him, 
 he turned mad, was lodged in the parish 
 poor-house, confessed his crimes in de- 
 lirium, and died. — Crabbe, Borough, x.xii. 
 (1810). 
 
 Grimes Hby (Gaffer), an old fanner at 
 Marlborough. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilvcorth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Grimwig, an irascible old gentle- 
 man, who hid a very kind heart under a 
 rough exterior. He was Mr. Brownlow's 
 great friend, and was always declaring 
 himself ready to "eat his "head" if he 
 was mistaken on any point on which he 
 passed an opinion. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
 Twist (1837). 
 
 Grinderson (Mr. Gabriel), partner 
 of Mr. Greenhorn. They are the attor- 
 neys who press sir Arthur Wardour for 
 the payment of debts. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Grip, the clever raven of Bamaby 
 Rudge. During the Gordon riots it 
 learnt the cry of "No Popery ! " Other 
 of its phrases were: "I'm a devil!" 
 "Never say die!" "Polly, put the 
 kettle on!" etc. — C. Dickens, Bamaby 
 Rudge (1841). 
 
 Gripe (1 syl.), a scrivener, husband 
 of Clarissa, but with a tendre for Ara- 
 minta the wife of his friend Moneytrap. 
 He is a miserly, money-loving, pig- 
 headed hunks, but is duped out of £250 
 by his foolish liking for his neighbour's 
 wife. — Sir John Yanbrugh, The Con- 
 federacy (1695). 
 
 Gripe (1 syl.), the English name of 
 Ge'ronte, in Otway's version of Moliere's 
 comedy of Les Fourberies de Scapin. His 
 daughter, called in French Hyacinthe, is 
 called "Clara," and his son Leandre is 
 Anglicized into " Leander." — Th. Otway, 
 The Cheats of Scapin. 
 
 Gripe (Sir Francis), a man of 64, 
 guardian of Miranda an heiress, and 
 father of Charles. He wants to marry 
 his ward for the sake of her money, and 
 as she cannot obtain her property without 
 his consent to her marriage, she pretends 
 to be in love with him, and even fixes the 
 day of espousals. "Gardy," quite secure 
 that he is the man of her choice, gives 
 his consent to her marriage, and she 
 marries sir George Airy, a man of 24. 
 The old man laughs at sir George, whom 
 he fancies he is duping, but he is himself 
 
GRIPUS. 
 
 401$ 
 
 GRONOYIUS. 
 
 the dupe all through. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
 The Busy Body (1709). 
 
 December 2,1790, Munden made his bow to the Covent 
 Garden audience as "sir Francis Gripe."— Memoir of 
 J. S. iiunden (1832). 
 
 Grip US, a stupid, venial judge, uncle 
 of Alcmena, and the betrothed of Ph?edra 
 ( Alcmena' s waiting-maid), in Diyden's 
 comedy of Amphitryon. Neither Gripus 
 nor Phasdra is among the dramatis 
 persona of Moliere's comedy of Amphi- 
 tryon. 
 
 Grisilda or Griselda, the model of 
 patience and submission, meant to alle- 
 gorize the submission of a holy mind to 
 the will of God. Grisilda was the 
 daughter of a charcoal-burner, but be- 
 came the wife of Walter marquis of 
 Saluzzo. Her husband tried her, as God 
 tried Job, and with the same result: (1) 
 He took away her infant daughter, and 
 secretly conveyed it to the queen of 
 Pa'via to be brought up, while the 
 mother was made to believe that it was 
 murdered. (2) Four years later she had 
 a son, which was also taken from her, 
 and was sent to be brought up with his 
 Bister. (3) Eight years later, Grisilda 
 was divorced, and sent back to her native 
 cottage, because her husband, as she was 
 told, intended to marry another. When, 
 however, lord Walter saw no indication of 
 murmuring or jealousy, he told Grisilda 
 that the supposed rival was her own 
 daughter, and her patience and submis- 
 sion met with their full reward. — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales ("The Clerk's Tale," 
 1388). 
 
 %* The tale of Grisilda is the last in 
 Boccaccio's Decameron. Petrarch ren- 
 dered it into a Latin romance, entitled 
 Dc Obedentia et Fide Uxoria Mythologia. 
 In the middle of the sixteenth century, 
 appeared a ballad aud also a prose ver- 
 sion cf Patient Grissel. Miss Edgeworth 
 has a domestic novel entitled The Modern 
 Griselda. The tale of Griselda is an 
 allegory on the text, " The Lord gave, 
 and the Lord hath taken away ; blessed 
 be the name of the Lord." 
 
 Dryder. says : " The talc of Grizild was the invention of 
 Petiarch, and was sent by him to Boccace, from whom 
 it came to Chaucer." — Preface to Fables. 
 
 Griskinis'sa, wife of Artaxaminous 
 king of Utopia. The king felt in doubt, 
 and asked his minister of state this 
 knotty question : 
 
 Shall t my Griskinissa's chams forego, 
 Compel her to give up the royal chair, 
 And place the rosy Distuffina there ? 
 
 The minister reminds the king that 
 Distaffina is betrothed to his general. 
 
 And would a king his general supplant! 
 I can't advise, upon my soul I can't. 
 
 W, B. Rhodes, fiombastes Furioso (1790). 
 
 Grissel or Grizel. Octavia, the 
 wife of Mark Antony, and sister of 
 Augustus, is called the "patient Grizel 
 of Roman story." 
 
 For patience she will prove a second Grissel. 
 Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew, act ii. sc. 1 (1594). 
 
 Griz'el Dal'mahoy {Miss), the 
 seamstress. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Griz'zie, maid-servant to Mrs. Saddle- 
 tree. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Griz'zie, one of the servants of the 
 Rev. Josiah Cargill.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
 Eonan's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Griz'zle, chambermaid at the Golden 
 Arms inn, at Kippletringan. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Grizzle (Lord), the first peer of the 
 realm in the court of king Arthur. He 
 is in love with the princess Huncamunca, 
 and as the lady is promised in marriage 
 to the valiant Tom Thumb, he turns 
 traitor, and " leads his rebel rout to the 
 palace gate." Here Tom Thumb en- 
 counters the rebels, and Glumdalca, the 
 giantess, thrusts at the traitor, but misse3 
 him. Then the "pigmy giant-killer'* 
 runs him through the body. The black 
 cart comes up to drag him off, but the 
 dead man tells the carter he need not 
 trouble himself, as he intends "to bear 
 himself off," and so he does. — Tom 
 Thumb, by Fielding the novelist (1730), 
 altered by Kane O'Hara, author of Midas 
 (1778). 
 
 Groat'settar (Miss Clara), niece ot 
 the old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the 
 guests at Burgh Westra. 
 
 Miss Maddie Groatscttar, niece of the 
 old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the 
 guests at Burgh Westra. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Groffar'ius, king of Aquitania, wno 
 resisted Brute the mythical great-grand- 
 son of ./Eneas, who landed there on his 
 way to Britain. — M. Dravton, Poh/olbion, 
 i. (1612). 
 
 Gronovius, father and son, critics 
 and humanists (father, 1611-1671 ; son, 
 1645-1716). 
 
 I have more satisfaction in beholding you than I 
 should have in conversing with Grsevius and Gronoviu* 
 
GROOM. 
 
 409 
 
 GRUEBW 
 
 I had rattier possess vuur approbation than that of the 
 alder Bcaliger.— Mrs. Cowley, Who's the Dai>e1 i. 3. 
 
 (Scaliger, father (1484-1558), son 
 (1540-1(509), critics and humanists.) 
 
 Groom (Squire), "a downright, 
 English, Newmarket, stable-bred gen- 
 tleman-jockey, who, having ruined his 
 finances by dogs, grooms, cocks, and 
 horses . . . thinks to retrieve his affairs 
 bv a matrimonial alliance with a City 
 fortune" (canto i. 1). He is one of the 
 suitors of Charlotte Goodchild ; but, 
 supposing the report to be true that she 
 has lost her money, he says to her 
 guardian : 
 
 " Hark ye ! sir Theodore ; I always make my match 
 according to the weight my thing can carry. When I 
 offered to take her into my stable, she was sound and in 
 good case ; but I heir her wind is touched. If so, I would 
 not back her for a shilling. Matrimony is a long course, 
 . . . and it won't do."— C. Macklin, Love d la mode. ii. 1 
 (1779). 
 
 This was Lee Lewes's great part [1740-1803]. One 
 morning at rehearsal, Lewes said something not in the 
 play. "Hoy, hoy!" cried Macklin; "what's that? 
 what's that?" " Oh," replied Lewes, "'tis only a bit of 
 m.. nonsense." " But," said Macklin, gravely, " 1 like 
 my nonsense, Mr. Lewes, belter than yours," — J. O'Keefe. 
 
 G-rosvenor [Grove'. nr] Square, 
 London. So called because it is built 
 on the property of sir Richard Grosvenor, 
 who died 1732. 
 
 Grotto of Eph'esus. Near Ephesus 
 was a grotto containing a statue of Diana 
 attached to a reed presented by Pan. If 
 a young woman, charged with dishonour, 
 entered this grotto, and the reed gave 
 forth musical sounds, she was declared to 
 be a pure virgin ; but if it gave forth 
 hideous noises, she was denounced and 
 never seen more. Corinna put the grotto 
 to the test, at the desire of Glaucon of 
 Lesbos, and. was never seen again by the 
 eye of man. — E. Bulwer Lytton, Tales 
 of Miletus, iii. (See Chastity, for other 
 tests.) 
 
 Grouse's Day (Saint), the 12th of 
 August. 
 
 They were collected with guns and dogs to do honour 
 to ... St. Grouse's day. — London Society ("Patty's 
 Revenge "). 
 
 Groveby (Old), of Gloomstock Hall, 
 aged 65. He is the uncle of sir Harry 
 Groveby. Brusque, hasty, self-willed, 
 but kind -hearted. 
 
 Sir Harry Groveby, nephew of old 
 Groveby, engaged to Maria "the maid 
 of the Oaks." — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of 
 the Oaks. 
 
 Groves (Jem), landlord of the Valiant 
 Soldier, to which was attached "a good 
 drv skittle-ground." — C. Dickens, The 
 Old Curiosity Shop, xxix. (1840). 
 18 
 
 Grub (Jonathan), a stock-broker, 
 •weighted with the three plagues of life — 
 a wife, a handsome marriageable daugh- 
 ter, and £100.000 in the Funds, "any 
 one of which is enough to drive a man 
 mad ; but all three to be attended to at 
 once is too much." 
 
 Mrs, Grub, a wealthy City woman, who 
 has moved from the east to the fashion- 
 able west quarter of London, and has 
 abandoned merchants and tradespeople 
 for the gentry. 
 
 Emily Grub, called Milly, tha hand- 
 some daughter of Jonathan. She marries 
 captain Bevil of the Guards. — O'Brien. 
 Cross Purposes. 
 
 Grub Street, near Moorfields, Lon- 
 don, once famous for literary hacks and 
 inferior literary publications. It is now 
 called Milton Street, No compliment to 
 our great epic poet. 
 
 Td sooner ballads write and Grub Street lays. 
 
 Gay. 
 
 *** The connection between Grub 
 Street literature and Milton is not ap- 
 parent. However, as Pindar, Hesiod, 
 Plutarch, etc., were Bceo'tians, so Foxe 
 the martyrologist, and Speed the his- 
 torian, resided in GruD Street. 
 
 GrubTtinol, a shepherd who sings 
 with Bumkinet a dirge on the death of 
 Blouzelinda. 
 
 Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain, 
 Till bonny Susan sped across the plain ; 
 They seized the lass, in apron clean iirrayed. 
 And to the ale-house forced the willing maid ; 
 In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, 
 And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, T. (1714). 
 
 (An imitation of Virgil's Eel., v. 
 " Daphnis.") 
 
 Gru'dar and Bras'solis. Cairbar 
 and Grudar both strove for a spotted 
 bull "that lowed on Golbun Heath," in 
 Ulster. Each claimed it as his own, and 
 at length fought, when Grudar fell. 
 Cairbar took the shield of Grudar to 
 Brassolis, and said to her, " Fix it on 
 high within my hall ; 'tis the armour of 
 my f oe ; " but the maiden, "distracted, 
 flew to the spot, where she found the 
 youth in his blood," and died. 
 
 Fair was Brassolis on the plain. Stately was Grudar on 
 the hill.— Ossian, fingal, i. 
 
 Grueby (John), servant to lord 
 George Gordon. An honest fellow, who 
 remained faithful to his master to the 
 bitter end. He twice saved Haredale's 
 life ; and, although living under lord 
 Gordon and loving him, detested the 
 crimes into which his master was he- 
 
GRUGEON. 
 
 ^10 
 
 GUARDS OF THE POLE. 
 
 trayed by bad advice and false zeal. — 
 0. Dickens, Barnaby Budge (1841). 
 
 Grugeon, one of Fortunio's seven 
 attendants. His gift -was that he could 
 eat any amount of food without satiety. 
 When Fortunio first saw him, he was 
 eating 60,000 loaves for his breakfast. — 
 Comtesse D' Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("For- 
 tunio," 1682). 
 
 Grum'ball {The Rev. Dr.), from 
 Oxford, a papist conspirator with Red- 
 gauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 ftime, George III.). 
 
 Grumbo, a giant in the tale of Tom 
 Thunb. A raven having picked up Tom 
 Thumb, dropped him on the flat roof of 
 the giant's castle. When old Grumbo 
 went there to sniff the air, Tom crept 
 up his sleeve ; the giant, feeling tickled, 
 shook his sleeve, and Tom fell into the 
 sea below. Here he was swallowed by 
 a fish, and the fish, being caught, was 
 sold for king Arthur's table. It was 
 thus that Tom got introduced to the 
 great king, by whom he was knighted. 
 
 Grumio, one of the servants of 
 Petruchio. — Shakespeare, Taming of the 
 Shrew (1594). 
 
 Grundy {Mrs.). Dame Ashfield, a 
 farmer's wife, is jealous of a neighbour- 
 ing farmer named Grundy. She tells 
 her husband that Farmer Grundy got five 
 shillings a quarter more for his wheat 
 than they did ; that the sun seemed to 
 shine on purpose for Farmer Grundy ; 
 that Dame Grundy's butter was the 
 crack butter of the market. She then 
 goes into her day-dreams, and says, " If 
 our Nelly were to marry a great baronet, 
 I wonder what Mrs. Grundy would say?" 
 .Her husband makes answer : 
 
 "Why dan't thee letten Mrs. Grundy alone? I do 
 verily think when thee goest to t'other world, the vurst 
 question thee'll ax 'ill he, if Mrs. Grundy's there?'— 
 Th. Morton, Speed the Plough, L i (1798). 
 
 Gryll, one of those changed by 
 Acras ia into a hog. He abused sir 
 Guyon for disenchanting him ; where- 
 upon the palmer said to the knight, 
 "Let Gryll be Gryll, and have his 
 hoggish mind." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 ii. 12 (1590). 
 
 Only a target light upon his arm 
 
 He careless bore, on which old Gryil was drawn, 
 Transformed into a hog. 
 
 Fhin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 
 
 Gryphon, a fabulous monster, having 
 the upper part like a vulture or eagle, 
 and the lower part like a lion. Gryphons 
 were the supposed guardians of gold- 
 mines, and were in perpetual strife with 
 
 the Arimas'pians, a people of Scythia, 
 who rifled the mines for the adornment 
 of their hair. 
 
 As when a gryphon thro* the wilderness, 
 With winged course, o'er hill or moory dale. 
 Pursues the Arimaspian, who, by stealth, 
 Had from his wakeful custody purloined 
 The guarded gold. 
 
 Milton, Pa7-adise Lost, ii. 943, etc. (1665). 
 
 The Gryphon, symbolic of the divino 
 and human union of Jesus Christ. The 
 fore part of the gryphon is an eagle, and 
 the hinder part a lion. Thus Dante saw 
 in purgatory the car of the Church drawn 
 by a gryphon. — Dante, Furgatory, xxix. 
 (1308). 
 
 Guadia'na, the 'squire of Duran- 
 darte, changed into a river of the same 
 name. He was so grieved at leaving his 
 master that he plunged instantaneously 
 under ground, and when obliged to ap- 
 pear "where he might be seen, he glided 
 in sullen state to Portugal."— Cervantes, 
 Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 
 
 Gualber'to {St.), heir of Valdcspe'sa, 
 and brought up with the feudal notion 
 that he was to be the avenger of blood. 
 Anselmo was the murderer he was to lie 
 in wait for, and he was to make it the 
 duty of his life to have blood for blood. 
 One day, as he Avas lying in ambush for 
 Anselmo, the vesper bell rang, and Gual- 
 berto (3 syl.) fell in prayer, but somehow 
 could not pray. The thought struck him 
 that if Christ died to forgive sin, it 
 could not be right in man to hold it beyond 
 forgiveness. At this moment Anselmo 
 came up, was attacked, and cried for 
 mercy. Gualberto cast away his dagger, 
 ran to the neighbouring convent, thanked 
 God he had been saved from blood- 
 guiltiness, and became a hermit noted 
 for his holiness of life. — Southey, St. 
 Gualberto. 
 
 Guards of the Pole, the two stars 
 j8 and y of the Great Bear, and not the 
 star Arctoph'ylax, which, Steevens says, 
 "literally signifies the guard of the 
 Bear," i.e. Bootes (not the Polar Guards). 
 Shakespeare refers to these two "guards" 
 in Othello, act ii. sc. 1, where he says the 
 surge seems to "quench the guards of the 
 ever-fixed pole." Hood says they arc so 
 called "from the Spanish word guardare, 
 which is ' to behold,' because they are 
 diligently to be looked unto in regard of 
 the singular use which they have in 
 navigation." — Use of the Celestial Globe 
 (1590). 
 
 How to knowe the honre of the night by the [Polar] 
 Gards, by knowing on what point of the compass they 
 shall be at midnight every fifteenth day throughout tin 
 whole year. — Norman, Hafegard of Sailer* (1587). 
 
GUARINI. 
 
 411 
 
 GUENEVRA. 
 
 Ghia'rini (Philip), the 'squire of sir 
 Hugo de Lac\ r . — Sir W. Scott, Tlie 
 Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 G-uari'nos (Admiral), one of Char- 
 lemagne's paladins, taken captive at 
 Roncesvalles. He fell to the lot of 
 Marlo'tes, a Moslem, who offered him 
 his daughter in marriage if he would 
 become a disciple of the Arabian pro- 
 phet. Guariuos refused, and was kept 
 in a dungeon for seven years, when he 
 was liberated, that he might take part 
 in a joust. The admiral then stabbed 
 the Moor to his heart, and, vaulting on 
 his grey horse Treb'ozond, escaped to 
 France. 
 
 Gu'drun, a lady married to Sigurd 
 by the magical arts of her mother ; and 
 on the death of Sigurd to Atli (Attila), 
 whom she hated for his fierce cruelty, 
 and murdered. She then cast herself 
 into the sea, and the waves bore her to 
 the castle of king Jonakun, who became 
 her third husband. — Edda of Samund 
 Sigfusson (1130). 
 
 . Gu'drun, a model of heroic fortitude 
 and pious resignation. She was the 
 daughter of king Hettel (Attila), and 
 the betrothed of Herwig king of Heli- 
 goland, but was carried off by Harmuth 
 king of Norway, who killed Hettel. As 
 she refused to marry Harmuth, he put 
 her to all sorts of menial work. One 
 day, Herwig appeared with an arm}'-, and 
 having gained a decisive victor}', married 
 Gudrun, and at her intercession pardoned 
 Harmuth the cause of her great misery. — 
 A North-Saxon Poem (thirteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Gud'yill (Old John), butler to lady 
 Bellenden.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Guelph/o (3 syl.), son of Actius IV. 
 marquis d'Este and of Cunigunda (a 
 German). Guelpho was the uncle of 
 Rinaldo, and next in command to God- 
 frey. He led an army of 5000 men from 
 Carynthia, in Germany, to the siege of 
 Jerusalem, but most of them were cut 
 off by the Persians. Guelpho was noted 
 for his broad snoulders and ample chest. 
 — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, iii. (1575). 
 
 Guen'dolen (3 syl.), a fairy whose 
 mother was a human being. King Arthur 
 fell in love with her, and she became the 
 mother of Gyneth. When Arthur de- 
 serted the frail fair one, she offered him 
 a parting cup ; but as he took it in his 
 
 hand, a drop of the liquor fell on hia 
 horse and burnt it so severely that it 
 " leapt twenty feet high," ran mad, and 
 died. Arthur dashed the cup on the 
 ground, whereupon it set fire to the grass 
 and consumed the fairy palace. As for 
 Guendolen, she was never seen after- 
 wards. — Sir W. Scott, The Bridal of 
 Triermain, i. 2 ("Lyulph's Tale," 1813). 
 
 Guendoloe'na, wife of Locrin 
 (eldest son of Brute, whom he suc- 
 ceeded), and daughter of Cori'neus (3 
 syl.). Being divorced, she retired to 
 Cornwall, and collected an army, which 
 marched against Locrin, who "was 
 killed by the shot of an arrow." Guen- 
 dolcena now assumed the reins of govern- 
 ment, and her first act was to throw 
 Estrildis (her rival) and her daughter 
 Sabre into the Severn, which was called 
 Sabri'na or Sabren from that day. — 
 Geoffrey, British History, ii. 4, 5 (1142). 
 
 Guenever or Guinever, a corrupt 
 form of Giuuihuma'ra (4 syl.), daughter 
 of king Leodegrance of the land of 
 Camelyard. She was the most beautiful 
 of women, was the wife of king Arthur, 
 but entertained a criminal attachment to 
 sir Launcelot du Lac. Respecting tne 
 latter part of the queen's history, the 
 greatest diversity occurs. Thus, Geoffrey 
 says : 
 
 King Arthur was on his way to Rome . . . when newi 
 was brought him that his nephew Modred, to whose care 
 he had entrusted Britain, had ... set the crown upon 
 his own head ; and that the queen Guanhumara . . . had 
 wickedly married him. . . . When king Arthur returned 
 and put Modred and his army to flight . . . the queeo 
 fled from York to the City of Legions [A'ewjiort, in South 
 Wales], where she resolved to lead a chaste life among the 
 nuns of Julius the martyr.— British Bistory, xL 1 (1142). 
 
 Another version is, that Arthur, being 
 informed of the adulterous conduct of 
 Launcelot, went with an army to Ben- 
 wick (Brittany), to punish him. That 
 Mordred (his son by his own sister), left 
 as regent, usurped the crown, proclaimed 
 that Arthur was dead, and tried to marry 
 Guenever the queen ; but she shut herself 
 up in the Tower of London, resolved to 
 die rather than marry the usurper. 
 When she heard of the death of Arthur, 
 she "stole away" to Almesbury, "and 
 there she let make herself a nun, and 
 wore white cloaths and black." And there 
 lived she "in fasting, prayers, and alms- 
 deeds, that all marvelled at her virtuous 
 life." — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
 Arthur, iii. 161-170 (1470). 
 
 *** For Tennyson's account, see Gui- 
 nevere. 
 
 Guene'vra (3 syl.), wife of Nee- 
 
GUEEIN. 
 
 412 
 
 GUILLOTINE. 
 
 taba'nus tno, dwarf, at the cell of the 
 hermit of Engaddi. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Guer'in or Gueri'no, son of Millon 
 king of Alba'nia. On the day of his 
 birth his father was dethroned, but the 
 child was rescued by a Greek slave, who 
 brought it up and surnamed it Meschi'no 
 or "The Wretched." When grown to 
 man's estate, Guerin fell in love with 
 the princess Elizena, sister of the Greek 
 emperor, who held his court at Constan- 
 tinople. — An Italian Romance. 
 
 Gueselin's Dust a Talisman. 
 Guesclin, or rather Du Guesclin, constable 
 of France, laid siege to Chatcauneuf-de- 
 Randan, in Auvergne. After several 
 assaults, the town promised to surrender 
 if not relieved within fifteen days. Du 
 Guesclin died in this interval, but the 
 governor of the town came and laid the 
 keys of the city on the dead man's body, 
 saying he resigned the place to the hero's 
 ashes (1380). 
 
 France . . . demands his bones [Xapoleoris], 
 To carry onward, in the battle's van. 
 To form, like Guesclin's dust, her talisman. 
 
 Byron, Age of liroiae, iv. (1321). 
 
 Gugner, Odin's spear, which never 
 failed to hit. It was made bv the dwarf 
 Eitri.— The Eddas. 
 
 Guide'rius, eldest son of Cym'be- 
 line (3 syl.) king of Britain, and brother 
 of Arvir'agus. They were kidnapped in 
 infancy by Belarius, out of revenge for 
 being unjustly banished, and wer^ brought 
 up bv him in a cave. When grown to 
 manhood, Belarius introduced them to 
 the king, and told their story ; where- 
 upon Cymbeline received them as his 
 sons, and Guiderius succeeded him on the 
 throne. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1G05). 
 
 Geoffrey calls Cymbeline "Kymbe- 
 linus son of Tenuantius ; " says that he 
 was brought up by Augustus Caesar, and 
 adds: "In his days was born our Lord 
 Jesus Christ." Kymbelinc reigned ten 
 years, when he was succeeded by Guide- 
 rius. The historian says that Kymbeline 
 paid the tribute to the Romans, and that 
 it was Guiderius who refused to do so, 
 " for which reason Claudius the emperor 
 marched against him, and he was killed 
 bv Hamo." — British History, iv. 11, 12, 13 
 (1142). 
 
 Guido " the Savage," son of Amon 
 and Constantia. He was the younger 
 brother of Rinaldo. Being wrecked on 
 the coast of the Am'azons, he was com- 
 
 pelled to fight their ten male champions, 
 and, having slain them all, to marry ten 
 of the Amazons. From this thraldom 
 Guido made his escape, and joined the 
 army of Charlemagne. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (1516). 
 
 Guido [FkancesohixtJ, a reduced 
 nobleman, who tried to repair his fortune 
 by marrying Pompilia, the putative child 
 of Pietro and Violante. When the mar- 
 riage was consummated, and the money 
 secure, Guido ill-treated the putative 
 parents ; and Violante, in revenge, de- 
 clared that Pompilia was not their child 
 at all, but the offspring of a Roman 
 wanton. Having made this declaration, 
 she next applied to the law-courts for 
 the recovery of the money. When 
 Guido heard this tale, he was furious, 
 and so ill-treated his child-wife that she 
 ran away, under the protection of a young 
 canon. Guido pursued the fugitives, 
 overtook them, and had them arrested ; 
 whereupon the canon was suspended for 
 three years, and Pompilia sent to a con- 
 vent. Here her health gave way, and 
 as the birth of a child was expected, she 
 was permitted to leave the convent and 
 live with her putative parents. Guido, 
 having gained admission, murdered all 
 three, and was himself executed for the 
 crime. — R. Browning, The Biny and the 
 Book. 
 
 Guil'denstern, one of Hamlet's 
 companions, employed by the king and 
 queen to divert him, if possible, from his 
 strange and wayward ways. — Shake- 
 speare, Hamlet (15 ( J6). 
 
 Rosencrantz and Guiklenstern are favourable samples 
 of the thorough-paced time-serving court knave . . . 
 ticketed and to be hired for any hard or dirty work.— 
 Cowden Clarke. 
 
 Guillotiere (4 syl.), the scum of 
 Lyons. La Guillotiere is the low quarter, 
 where the bouches inutilcs find refuge. 
 
 Guillotine (3 syl.). So named from 
 Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a French phy- 
 sician, who proposed its adoption, to 
 prevent unnecessary pain. Dr. Guillotin 
 did not invent the guillotine, but he im- 
 proved the Italian machine (1791). In 
 1792 Antnine Louis introduced further 
 improvements, and hence the instrument 
 is sometimes called Louisette or Louison. 
 The original Italian machine was called 
 rnannaja ; it was a clumsy affair, first 
 emploved to decapitate Beatrice Cenci in 
 Rome^A.D. 1600. 
 
 It was the popular theme for jests. It was [called La 
 mere Guil'othie], the " sharp female," the " best cure for 
 headache." It "infallibly prevented the hair from turu 
 
GUINART. 
 
 413 
 
 GULBEYAZ. 
 
 lng grey." It " imparted a peculiar delicacy to the com- 
 vVxion." It was the "national razor" which shaved 
 close. Those "who kissed the guillotine, looked through 
 the little window and sneezed into the sack." It was the 
 sign of "the regeneration of the human race." It 
 '•superseded the cross." Models were worn [as orna- 
 ments].— C. Dickens, A Tale of Txcu Cities, iii. 4 (1859). 
 
 Guinart (Lloqw), -whose true name 
 ■was Pedro RochaGuinarda, chief of a band 
 of robbers who levied black mail in the 
 mountainous districts of Catalonia. He 
 is introduced by Cervantes in his tale of 
 Don Quixote. 
 
 Guinea (Adventures of a), a novel by 
 Charles Johnstone (1761). A guinea, as 
 it passes into different hands, is the his- 
 torian of the follies and vices of its 
 master for the time being ; and thus a 
 series of scenes and personages are made 
 to pass before the reader, somewhat in 
 the same manner as in The Devil upon 
 Tv:o Sticks and in The Chinese Tales. 
 
 Guinea-hen, a fille de joie, a word 
 of contempt and indignity for a woman. 
 
 Ere I would . . . drown myself for the love of a 
 guinea-hen. I would change niv humanity with a baboon. 
 —Shakespeare, OtheUo, act i. sc. 3 (1611). 
 
 Guinea-pig: (A), a gentleman of 
 sufficient name to form a bait, who 
 allows himself to be put on a directors' 
 list for the guinea and lunch which the 
 board provides. — City Slang. 
 
 Guin'evere (3 syl.). So Tennyson 
 spells the name of Arthur's queen in his 
 Idylls. He tells us of the liaison be- 
 tween her and "sir Lancelot," and says 
 that Modred, having discovered this 
 familiarity, "brought his creatures to 
 the basement of the tower for testimony." 
 Sir Lancelot flung the fellow to the 
 ground, and instantly took to horse ; 
 while Guinevere fled to the nunnery at 
 Almesbury. Here the king took leave 
 of her ; and when the abbess died, the 
 queen was appointed her successor, and 
 remained head of the establishment for 
 three years, when she also died. 
 
 * # * It will be seen that Tennyson 
 departs from the British History by 
 Geoffrey, and the History of Prince 
 Arthur as edited by sir T. Malory. (See 
 
 GUENEVER.) 
 
 Guiomar, mother of the vain- 
 glorious Duar'te. — Beaumont and Flet- 
 cher, The Custom of the Country ^1647). 
 
 Guiscardo. the 'squire, but previously 
 the page, of Tancred king of Salerno. 
 Sigismunda, the king's daughter, loved 
 him, and clandestinely married him. When 
 Tancred discovered it, he ordered the young 
 
 man to be waylaid and strangled. He 
 then went to his daughter's chamber, 
 and reproved her for loving a base-born 
 " slave." Sigismunda boldly defended 
 her choice, but next day received a human 
 heart in a golden casket. It needed no 
 prophet to tell her what had happened, 
 and she drank a draught of poison. Her 
 father entered just in time to hear her 
 dying request that she and Guiscardo 
 might be buried in the same tomb. The 
 royal father 
 
 Too late repented of his cruel deed, 
 One common sepulchre for both decreed ; 
 Intombed the wretched pair in royal state. 
 And on their monument inscribed their fate. 
 Dryden, Sigismunda and Guiscardo (from Boccaccio). 
 
 Guise [Henri de Lorraine, due de) 
 commenced the Massacre of Bartholomew 
 by the assassination of admiral Coligny 
 \_Co.leen'. ye]. Being forbidden to enter 
 Paris, by order of Henri III., he dis- 
 obeved the injunction, and was mur- 
 dered (1550-1588). 
 
 *** Henri de Guise has furnished the 
 subject of several tragedies. In English 
 we have Guise or the Massacre of France, 
 by John Webster (1620) ; The Duke of 
 Guise, bj r Dryden and Lee. In French 
 we have Etats de Blois (the Death of 
 Guise), by Francois Raynouard (1814). 
 
 Guisla (2 syl.), sister of Pelayo, in 
 love with Numac'ian a renegade. "She 
 inherited her mother's leprous taint." 
 Brought back to her brothers house by 
 Adosinda, she returned to the Moor, 
 "cursing the meddling spirit that in- 
 terfered with her most shameless love." 
 — Southev, Roderick, Last of the Gothb 
 (1814). 
 
 Gui'zor (2 syl.), groom of the Saracen 
 Pollente. His "scalp was bare, betray- 
 ing his state of bondage." His office was 
 to keep the bridge on Pollente's territory, 
 and to allow no one to pass without pay- 
 ing "the passage-penny." This bridge 
 was full of trap-doors, through which 
 travellers were apt to fall into the river 
 below. When Guizor demanded toll of 
 sir Artegal, the knight gave him a 
 " stunning blow, saying, ' Lo ! there's my 
 hire ; ' " and the villain dropped down 
 dead. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 2 
 (1596). 
 
 *** Upton conjectures that "Guizor" 
 is intended for the due de Guise, and his 
 master "Pollente" for Charles IX. of 
 France, notorious both for the St. Bar- 
 tholomew Massacre. 
 
 Gulbey'az, the sultana. Having 
 seen Juan amongst Lambro's captives, 
 
GULCHENRAZ. 
 
 414 
 
 GUNTHER. 
 
 "passing on his way to sale," she caused 
 him to be purchased, and introduced into 
 the harem in female attire. On discover- 
 ing that he preferred Dudii, one of the 
 attendant beauties, to herself, she com- 
 manded botli to be stitched up in a sack, 
 and cast into the Bosphorus. They con- 
 trived, however, to make their escape. — 
 Byron, Don Juan, vi. (1824). 
 
 Gul'chenraz, surnamed " Gundog- 
 di" ("morning"), daughter of Malek- 
 al-salem king of Georgia, to whom 
 Fum-Hoam the mandarin relates his 
 numerous and extraordinary transforma- 
 tions or rather metempsychoses. — T. S. 
 Gueulette, Chinese Tales (1723). 
 
 Gul'chenrouz, son of Ali Hassan 
 (brother of the emir' Fakreddin) ; the 
 " most delicate and lovely youth in the 
 whole world." He could " write with 
 precision, paint on vellum, sing to the 
 lute, write poetry, and dance to perfec- 
 tion ; but could neither hurl the lance 
 nor curb the steed." Gulehenrcuz was 
 betrothed to his cousin Nouron'ihar, who 
 loved " even his fauits ; " but they never 
 married, for Nouronihar became the wife 
 of the calinh Vathek. — W. Beckford, 
 Vatheli (1784), 
 
 Gu'listan ("the rose garden"), a 
 collection of tales and apophthegms in 
 prose and verse by Saadi, a native of 
 Shiraz. It has "been translated into 
 English by Gladwin, 
 
 Even beggars, in soliciting alms, will give utterance to 
 some !iM>ropriate passage from the (julutan. — J. J. 
 Grandville. 
 
 Gui'liver (Lemuel), first a surgeon, 
 then a sea-captain of several ships. He 
 gets wrecked on the coast of Lilliput, a 
 country of pygmies. Subsequently he is 
 thrown among the people of Brobdingnag, 
 giants of tremendous size. In his next 
 voyage he is driven to Lapu'ta, an empire 
 of quack pretenders to science and knavish 
 projectors. And in his fourth voyage he 
 visits the Houyhnhnms [Whin'.nms], 
 where horses were the dominant powers. 
 — Dean Swift, Travels in Several Remote 
 A T atio7is . . . by Lemuel Gulliver (172G). 
 
 Gulna're (3 syl.), daughter of 
 Faras'che (3 syl.) whose husband was 
 king of an under-sea empire. A usurper 
 drove the king her father from bis throne, 
 and Gulnare sought safety in the Island 
 of the Moon. Here she was captured, 
 made a slave, sold to the king of Persia, 
 and became his favourite, but preserved 
 a most obstinate and speechless silence 
 for twelve months. Then the king made 
 
 her his wife, and she told him her history. 
 In due time a son was born, whom thev 
 called Beder ('" the full moon"). 
 
 Gulnare says that the under-sea folk are 
 never wetted by the water, that thev can 
 see as well as we can, that they speak 
 the language " of Solomon's seal," and 
 can transport themselves instantaneously 
 from place to place.— Arabian Nights 
 (" Beder and Giauhare "). 
 
 Gulnare (2 syl.), queen of the harem, 
 and the most beautiful of all the slaves of 
 Seyd [Seed] . She was rescued by Conrad 
 the corsair from the flames of the palace ; 
 and, when Conrad was imprisoned, she 
 went to his dungeon, confessed her love, 
 and proposed that he should murder the 
 sultan and rlee. As Conrad refused to 
 assassinate Seyd, she herself did it, and 
 then fled with Conrad to the " Pirate's 
 Isle." The rest of the tale is continued 
 in Lara, in which Gulnare assumes the 
 name of Kaled, and appears as a page. 
 —Byron, The Corsair (1814). 
 
 Gulvi'gar ("weigher of gold"), the 
 Plutus of Scandinavian mythology. He 
 introduced among men the love of gain. 
 
 Gum'midge (Mrs.), the widow of 
 Dan'el Peggotty's partner. She kept 
 house for Dan'el, who was a bachelor. 
 Old Mrs. Gummidge had a craze that she 
 was neglected and uncared for, a waif in 
 the wide world, of no use to any one. 
 She was always talking of herself as the 
 "lone lorn cre'tur'." When about to 
 sail for Australia, one of the sailors 
 asked her to marry him, when "she ups 
 with a pail of water and flings it at his 
 head." — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
 (1849). 
 
 Gundof orus, an Indian king for 
 whom the apostle Thomas built a palace 
 of sethym wood, the roof of which was 
 ebony. He made the gates of the horn 
 of the " horned snake," that no one with 
 poison might be able to pass through. 
 
 Gungnir , Odin's spear.— Scandi- 
 navian Mythology. 
 
 Gunpowder. The composition of 
 gunpowder is expressly mentioned by 
 Roger Bacon in his treatise De Nullitaie 
 Alagice, published 1216. 
 
 . . . earth and air were sadly shaken 
 By thy humane discovery, friar Bacon. 
 
 Byron, lion Juan, viii. 33 (1321). 
 
 Giinther, king of Burgundy and 
 brother of Kriemhild (2 syl.). He re- 
 solved to wed Brunhild, the martial queea 
 of Isshmd, and won her by the aid of 
 Siegfried : but the bride behaved so 
 
GUPPY. 
 
 415 
 
 GUY EARL OF WARWICK. 
 
 obstreperously that the bridegroom had 
 again to apply to his friend for assistance. 
 Siegfried contrived to get possession of 
 her ring and girdle, after which she 
 became a submissive wife. Gi'mther, 
 with ba^e ingratitude, was privy to the 
 murder of .his friend, aud was himself 
 slain in the dungeon of Etzei by his 
 sister Kriemhild. — The Nibeiwvjea Lied. 
 
 %* In history, Giinther is called 
 " Giintacher," and Eizel " Attila." 
 
 Qup'py (Mr.), clerk in the office of 
 Kenge and Carboy. A weak, common- 
 place youth, who has the conceit to 
 propose to Esther Sammerscn, the ward 
 in Chancery. — C. Dickens, bleak House 
 (1853). 
 
 Gurgus'tus, according to Drayton, 
 son of Bellnus. This is a mistake, as 
 Gurgustus, or rather Gurgustius, was son 
 of Rivallo ; and the son of Bohnus was 
 Gurgiunt Brabtruc. The names given by 
 Geoifrej', in his British History, run thu3: 
 Leir [Lear), Cunedaghis grandson, Rivallo 
 his son, Gurgustius his son, Sisillms his 
 son, Jago nephew of Gurgustius, Kinraarc 
 son of Sisillius, then Gorbogud. Here the 
 line is broken, and the new dynasty 
 begins with Molmutius of Cornwall, 
 then his son Belinus, who was succeeded 
 by his son Gurgiunt Brabtruc, whose son 
 and successor was Guithelin, called by 
 Drayton " Guynteline." — Geoffrey, British 
 History, ii., iii. (1142). 
 
 In greatness next succeeds Belinus' worthy son 
 Gurgustus, who soon left what his great father won 
 To Guynteline his heir. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, via. (1612). 
 
 Gurney (Gilbert), the hero and title 
 of a novel by Theodore Hook. This 
 novel is a spiced autobiography of the 
 author himself (1835). 
 
 G~ur?iey (Thomas), shorthand writer, 
 and author of a work on the subject, 
 ealied Brachygraphy (1705-1770). 
 
 If you would like to see the whole proceedings . . . 
 The best is that in shorthand ta'en by Gurney, 
 Who to Madrid on purpo.se made a journey. 
 
 Byron, Don Joan, L 189 (1819). 
 
 Gurth, the swine-herd and thrall 
 of Cedric of Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Gurton (Gammer), the heroine of an 
 old English comedy. The plot turns 
 upon the loss of a needle by Gammer 
 Gurton, and its subsequent discovery 
 sticking in the. breeches of her man 
 Hodge.— Mr. J. S. Master of Arts (1561). 
 
 Guse Gibbie, a half-witted lad in 
 the service of ladv Bellenden. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Gusbington (Angelina), the nam de 
 plume of lady Dufferin. 
 
 Gustavus III. used to say there were 
 two things he held in equal abhorrence — 
 the German language and tobacco. 
 
 GustaVus Vasa (1496-1560), hav- 
 ing made his escape from Denmark, 
 where he had been treacherously carried 
 captive, worked as a common labourer 
 for a time in the copper-mines of Dale- 
 carlia \_Da' .le.karl' ,ya\ ; but the tyranny 
 of Christian II. of Denmark induced the 
 Daieearlians to revolt, and Gustavus was 
 chosen their leader. The rebels made 
 themselves masters of Stockholm ; Chris- 
 tian abdicated, and Sweden henceforth 
 became an independent kingdom. — H. 
 Brooke, Gusijvus Vasa (1730). 
 
 Gus'ter, the Snagsbys' maid-of-all- 
 work. A poor, overworked drudge, 
 subject, ia fifcs.-=-C. Dickens, Bleak House 
 (1853). 
 
 Gust.O PicareSCO (" taste for rogue- 
 ry"). In romance of this school the Span- 
 iards especially excel, as don Diego de 
 Mondo'za's Lazarillo de Tonnes (1553); 
 Mateo Alcman's Guzman d'Alfarache 
 (1599); Quevedo's Gran Tacanu, etc. 
 
 Guthrie (John), one of the archers 
 of the Scottish guard in the employ of 
 Louis XL — Sir \V. Scott, Quentin Bur- 
 ward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Gutter Lane, London, a corrup- 
 tion of Guthurun Lane ; so called from a 
 Mr. Guthurun or Guthrum, who "pos- 
 sessed the chief property therein." — Stow. 
 Survey of London (1598). 
 
 Gutter Lyrist (The), Robert 
 Williams Buchanan ; so called from his 
 poems on the loves of costermongers and 
 their wenches (1841- ). 
 
 Guy (Thomas), the miser and philan- 
 thropist. He amassed an immense fortune 
 in 1720 by speculations in South Sea 
 stock, and gave £238,292 to found and 
 endow Guy's Hospital (16-44-1724). 
 
 Guy earl of Warwick, an English 
 knight. He proposed marriage to Phelis, 
 or Phillis, who refused to listen to his 
 suit till he had distinguished himself by 
 knightly deeds. He first rescued Blanch 
 daughter of the emperor of Germany, 
 then fought against the Saracens, and 
 slew the doughty Coldran, Elmage king 
 of Tyre, and the Soldan himself. Then, 
 returning to England, he was accepted by 
 Phelis and married her. In forty days he 
 returned to the Holv Land, when he 
 
GUY FAWKES. 
 
 416 
 
 GWYNEDD. 
 
 redeemed earl Jonas out of prison, slew 
 the giant Am'erant, and performed many 
 other noble exploits. Again he returned 
 to England, just in time to encounter the 
 Danish giant Colebrond (2 syl.) or Col- 
 brand, which combat is minutely de- 
 scribed by Drayton, in his Polyolbion, xii. 
 At Windsor he slew a boar "of passing 
 might." On Dunsmore Heath he slew 
 the dun cow of Dunsmore, a wild and 
 cruel monster. In Northumberland he 
 slew a winged dragon, "black as any 
 cole," with the paws of a lion, and a hide 
 which no sword could pierce (Polyolbion, 
 xiii.). After this he turned hermit, and 
 went daily to crave bread of his wife 
 Phelis, who knew him not. On his death- 
 bed he sent her a ring, and she closed his 
 dying eyes (890-958). 
 
 Guy Fawkes, the conspirator, went 
 under the name of John Johnstone, and 
 pretended to be the servant of Mr. Perev 
 (1577-1606). 
 
 Guy Mannering, the second of 
 Scott's historical novels , published in 
 1815, just seven months after Waverley. 
 The interest of the tale is well sustained ; 
 but the love scenes, female characters, 
 and Guy Mannering himself are quite 
 worthless. Not so the character of 
 Dandy Dinmont, the shrewd and witty 
 counsellor Pleydell, the desperate sea- 
 beaten villainy of Hatteraick, the uncouth 
 devotion of that gentlest of all pedants 
 poor Dcmine Sampson, and the savage 
 crazed superstition of the gipsy-dweller 
 in Derncleugh (time, George II.). 
 
 Bug Mannering was the work of six weeks about 
 Christmas-time, and marks of haste are visible both in the 
 plot ami in its development — Chambers, English Litera- 
 ture, ii. 5S6. 
 
 Guyn'teline or Guith'elin, ac- 
 cording to Geoffrey, son of Gurgiunt 
 Lr.tbiruc (British History, iii. 11, 12, 13) ; 
 but, according to Drayton, son of Gur- 
 gustus an early British king. (See 
 Gl'kgustus.) His queen was Martia, 
 who codified Avhat are called the Martian 
 Laws, translated into Anglo-Saxon by 
 king Alfred. (See Martian Laws.) 
 
 Gurgustus . . . left what his great father won 
 To Gnynteline his heir, whose quee.n . . . 
 To wise Muliuv.tius' laws her Martian first did frame. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Guyoil {Sir), the personification of 
 '•'temperance." The victory of tem- 
 {>erance over intemperance is the subject 
 of bk. ii. of Lhe Faery Queen. Sir Guyon 
 first lights on Amavia (intemperance of 
 grief), a woman who kills herself out 
 of grief for her husband ; and he takes 
 hex infant boy and commits it to the i 
 
 care of Medi'na. He next meets Brag- 
 gadoccio (intemperance of the tongue), who 
 is stripped bare of everything. He then 
 encounters Furor (intemperance of anger), 
 and delivers Phaon from his hands. In- 
 temperance of desire is discomfited in 
 the persons of Pyr'ocles and Cym'ocles ; 
 then intemperance at pleasure, or wanton- 
 ness, in the person of Phsedria. After his 
 A'ietory over wantonness, he sees Mam- 
 mon (intemperance of worldly wealth and 
 honour) ; but he rejects all his offers, and 
 Mammon is foiled. His last and great 
 achievement is the destruction of the 
 " Bower of Bliss," and the binding ia 
 chains of adamant the enchantress 
 Acrasia (or intemperance generally). 
 This enchantress was fearless against 
 Force, but Wisdom and Temperance 
 prevailed against her. — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, ii. 12 (1590). 
 
 Guyot {Bertrand), one of the archers 
 in the Scottish guard attached to Louis 
 XI. — Sir W. Scott, Qucntin Durward 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Guzman d'Alfara'che (4 syl.), 
 bero of a Spanish romance of roguery. 
 He begins by being a dupe, but soon 
 becomes a knave in the character of 
 stable-boy, beggar, swindler, pander, 
 student, merchant, and so on. — Mateo 
 Aleman (1599). 
 
 %* Probably The Life of Guzman 
 Alfarache suggested- to Lesage The Life 
 of Oil Btas. It is certain that Lesage 
 borrowed from it the incident of the para- 
 site who obtained a capital supper out of 
 the greenhorn by terming him the eighth 
 wonder. 
 
 Gwenhid'wy, a mermaid. The 
 white foamy waves are called her sheep, 
 and the ninth wave her ram. 
 
 Take shelter when you see Gwenhidwy driving her flock 
 ashore. — Welsh Proverb. 
 
 . . . they watched the great sea fall. 
 Wave after wave, each mightier than the last ; 
 Till last, a ninth one, gathering hall" the deep, 
 And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged. 
 Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame. 
 
 Tennyson, The Holy Grail 
 
 Gwent, Monmouthshire. 
 
 Not a brook of Morganv [Glamorganshire] nor Gwent 
 M. Drayton, Polyulbion. iv. (1612). 
 
 Gwineth'ia (4 syl.), North Wales. 
 
 Which thro' Gwinethia be so famous everywhere. 
 Drayton, Pulyulbion, iz. (16121. 
 
 Gwynedd or Gwyxeth, North 
 "Wales. Khodri Mawr, in 87i5, moved 
 to Aber'frow the seat of government, pre- 
 viously fixed at Dyganwy. 
 
 Among the hills of Gwyneth, and its wilds 
 And mountain glens. 
 
 South'ey, If ado t. i. 12 (1806), 
 
GWYNNE. 
 
 417 
 
 HADES. 
 
 Gwymie (Nell), one of the favourites 
 of Charles II. She was an actress, but 
 in her palmy days was noted for her 
 many works of benevolence and kindness 
 of heart. The last words of king Charles 
 were, "Don't let poor Nelly starve ! " — Sir 
 W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Gyas and Cloan'tlms, two com- 
 panions of iEne'as, generally mentioned 
 together as "fortis Gyas fortisque Cloan- 
 thus." The phrase has become prover- 
 bial for two very similar characters. — 
 Virgil, JEncid. 
 
 The "strong Gyas "and the "strong Cloanthus"are less 
 distinguished by the poet than the strong Percival and 
 the strong Osbaldistones were by outwiird appearance. — 
 Sir W. Scott 
 
 Gyges (2 syl.), one of the Titans. 
 He had fifty heads and a hundred hands. 
 
 Gyges, a king of Lydia, of whom Apollo 
 said he deemed the poor Arcadian Ag'laos 
 more happy than the king Gyges, who 
 was proverbial for his wealth. 
 
 Gyges (2 syl.), who dethroned Can- 
 daules (3 syl.) king of Lydia, and married 
 Nyssia the young widow. Herodotos 
 says that Candaules showed Gyges the 
 queen in her bath, and the queen, in- 
 dignant at this impropriety, induced 
 Gvges to kill the king and marry her 
 (bk. i. 8). He reigned B.C. 71G-678. 
 
 Gyges 1 s Ring rendered the wearer in- 
 visible. Plato says that Gyges found the 
 ring in the Hanks of a brazen horse, and 
 was enabled by this talisman to enter the 
 king's chamber unseen, and murder him. 
 
 Why did you think that you had Gyges' ring, 
 
 Or the herb \ fern seed] that gives invisibility? 
 
 Beaumontand Fletcher, Fair Maid of the Inn, i. 1 (1647). 
 
 Gynec'ium, the apartment in which 
 the Anglo-Saxon women lived. — Fos- 
 broke, Antiquities, ii. 570 (1824). 
 
 Gyneth., natural daughter of Gu en- 
 do] en and king Arthur. The king 
 promised to give her in marriage to 
 the bravest knight in a tournament in 
 which the warder was given to her to 
 drop when she pleased. The haughty 
 beauty saw twenty knights fall, among 
 whom was Vanoc, son of Merlin. Im- 
 mediately Vanoc fell, Merlin rose, put 
 an end to the jousts, and caused Gyneth 
 to fall into a trance, from which she was 
 never to wake till her hand was claimed 
 in marriage by some knight as brave as 
 those who had fallen in the tournament. 
 After the lapse of 500 years, De Vaux 
 undertook to break the spell, and had to 
 overcome four temptations, viz., fear, 
 
 avarice, pleasure, and ambition. Having 
 succeeded in these encounters, Gyneth 
 awoke and became his bride. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Bridal of Triermain (1813). 
 
 Gyp, the college servant of Blushing- 
 ton, who stole his tea and sugar, candles, 
 and so on. After Blushington came into 
 his fortune, he made Gyp his chief 
 domestic and private secretary. — W. T. 
 Moncrieff, The Bashful Man. 
 
 Gyptian (Saint), a vagrant. 
 
 Percase [perchance] sometimes St. Gyptian's pilgrynwg» 
 Did carie me a month (yea, sometimes more) 
 To brake the bowres [to reject the food provided], ■ 
 Bicause they had no better cheere in store. 
 G. Gascoigne, TJte Fruite* of War re, 100 (died 1557), 
 
 H. 
 
 H. B., the initials adopted by Mr. 
 Doyle, father of Richard Doyle, in his 
 Reform Caricatures (1830). 
 
 H. U. (hard up), an H. U. member 
 of society. 
 
 Hackburn (Simon of), a friend of 
 Hobbie Elliott, farmer at the Heugh-fcot. 
 —Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, 
 Anne). 
 
 Hackum (Captain), a thick-headed 
 bully of Alsatia, once a sergeant in 
 Flanders. He deserted his colours, fled 
 to England, took refuge in Alsatia, and 
 assumed the title of captain. — Shadwell, 
 Squire of Alsatia (1688). 
 
 Had I a Heart for Falsehood 
 Framed ! — Sheridan, The Duenna 
 (1778). 
 
 Hadad, one of the six Wise Men of 
 the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
 He left his beloved consort, fairest of the 
 daughters of Bethu'rim. At his decease 
 she shed no tear, yet was her love ex- 
 ceeding that of mortals. — Klopstock, The 
 Messiah, v. (1771). 
 
 Had'away (Jack), a former neigh- 
 bour of Nanty Ewart the smuggler- 
 captain. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Ha'des (2 syl.), the god of the un- 
 seen world ; also applied to the grave, or 
 the abode of departed spirits. 
 
 *** In the Apostles' Creed, the phrasfi 
 
HADGI. 
 
 418 
 
 HAIDEE. 
 
 IC descended into hell " is equivalent to 
 " descended into hades." 
 
 Hadgi {Abdullah el), the soldan's 
 envoy. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Hadoway {Mis.), Lovcl's landlady 
 at Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George 111.). 
 
 Hadramaut, a province containing 
 the pit where the souls of infidels dwell 
 after death. The word means " Cham- 
 bers of death." — Al Koran. 
 
 Hse'mony, a most potent counter- 
 charm, more powerful even than mO'ly 
 (7.U.). So called from Hrcmonia, i.e. 
 Thessaly, the land of magic. 
 
 ... a small, unsightly root, 
 But of divine effect . . . 
 The leaf was darkish and had prickles on it ; 
 Lut in another country 
 
 Bore a bright golden flower; but not in this soil. 
 Unknown and like esteemed, and the dull swain 
 Tiends on it (Kiily with his clouted shoon ; 
 And yet more inedVinal is it than that Moly 
 That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave. 
 He [the shepherd] called it Haemouy, and gave it me, 
 And b;ide me keep it, as of sovereign use 
 'Gainst all enchantments, mildew, blast, or damp, 
 Or ghastly furies" apparition. 
 
 Milton, Comut (1634). 
 
 Haenios, in Latin H^kmus, a chain 
 of mountains forming the northern boun- 
 dary of Thrace. Very celebrated by 
 poets as "the cool Haemus." 
 
 And Haemus' hills with snows eternal crowned. 
 
 Pope, Iliad, ii. 49 (1715). 
 
 Hafed, a gheber or fire-worshipper, in 
 love with Hinda the emir's daughter. 
 He was the leader of a band sworn to 
 free their country or die in the attempt. 
 His rendezvous was betrayed, but when 
 the Moslem came to arrest him, he threw 
 himself into the sacred fire and was 
 burnt to death. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh 
 (" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 
 
 Haf'edal, the protector of travellers, 
 one of the four gods of the Adites 
 (2 syl.). 
 
 Hafiz, the nam de plume of Mr. Stott 
 in the Morning Press. Byron calls him, 
 "grovelling Stott," and adds, "What 
 would be the sentiment of the Persian 
 Anacreon ... if he could behold his 
 name assumed by one Stott of Dromore, 
 the most impudent and execrable of 
 literary poachers?" — Enjlish Bards and 
 Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 Hafod. As big a fool as Jack Hafod. 
 Jack Hafod was a retainer of 'Mr. 
 Iiartlett of Castlemorton, Worcestershire, 
 
 and the ultimus scurrarum of Great 
 Britain. He died at the close of the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 Hagan, son of a mortal and a sea- 
 goblin, the Achilles of German romance. 
 He stabbed Siegfried while drinking from 
 a brook, and laid the body at the door of 
 Kriemhild, that she might suppose he had 
 been killed by assassins. Hagan, having 
 killed Siegfried, then seized the " Nibe- 
 lung. hoard," and buried it in the Rhine, 
 intending to appropriate it. Kriemhild, 
 after her marriage with Etzel king of the 
 Huns, invited him to the court of her 
 husband, and cut off his head. He is 
 described as " well grown, strongly built, 
 with long sinewy legs, deep broad chest, 
 hair slightly grey, of terrible visage, and 
 of lordly gait" (stanza 1789). — The 
 Nibetungen Lied (1210). 
 
 Ha'garenes (3 syl.), the descendants 
 of Hagar. The Arabs and the Spanish 
 Moors are so called. 
 
 Often he [St. James] hath been seen conquering and 
 destroying the Hagarenes. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1L 
 iv. 6 (1615). 
 
 Hagenbach (Sir Archibald von), 
 governor of La Ferctte. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Ha^ue (1 syl.). This word means 
 "meadow," and is called in the Dutch, 
 S' Gravenhagen (" the count's hague or 
 meadow"). 
 
 Haiatal'nefous (5 syl.), daughter 
 and only child of Ar'manos king of the 
 " Isle of Ebony." She and Badoura 
 were the two wives of prince Camaral'- 
 zaman, and gave birth at the same time 
 to two princes. Badoura called her son 
 Amgiad (" the most glorious "), and 
 Haiatalnefous called her's Assad ("the 
 most happy "). — Arabian Nights (" Cama- 
 ralzaman and Badoura"). 
 
 Haidee', "the beauty of the Cy~ 
 clades," was the daughter of Lambro 
 a Greek pirate, living in one of tho 
 Cyclades. Her mother was a Moorish 
 maiden of Fez, who died when Haidee 
 was a mere child. Being brought up in 
 utter loneliness, she was wholly Nature's 
 child. One day, don Juan was cast on 
 the shore, the only one saved from a 
 shipwrecked crew, tossed about for many 
 days in the long-boat. Haidee lighted 
 on the lad, and, having nursed, him in a 
 cave, fell in love with him. A report 
 being heard that Lambro was dead, don 
 Juan gave & banquet, but in the midst o* 
 
HAIMON. 
 
 419 
 
 HAKIM. 
 
 the revelry, the old pirate returned, and 
 ordered don Juan to be seized and sold 
 as a slave. Haidee broke a blood-vessel 
 from grief and fright, and, refusing to 
 take any nourishment, died. — Bvron, Don 
 Juan, ii. 118 ; iii., iv. (1819, 1821). 
 
 Lord Byron appears to have worked up no part of his 
 poem with so much beauty and life of description as that 
 Which narrates the loves of Juan and Haidee.— Sir Eger- 
 ton Bridges. 
 
 Don Juan is dashed on the shore of the Cyclades, where 
 he is found by a beautiful and innocent girl, the daughter 
 of an old Greek pirate. There is a very superior kind of 
 l>oetry in the conception of this incident : the desolate 
 isle — the utter loneliness of the maiden, who is ignorant as 
 she is innocent — the helpless condition of the youth, — 
 ever) thing conspires to render it a true romance. — liiack- 
 wood's Magazine. 
 
 Haimon {The Four Sons of), the 
 title of a minnesong in the degeneracy 
 of that poetic school, which rose in Ger- 
 nian}- with the house of Hohenstaufen, 
 and went out in the middle of the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 Hair. Every three days, when Cor'- 
 sina combed the hair of Fairstar and her 
 two brothers, "a great many valuable 
 jewels were combed out, which she sold 
 at the nearest town." — ComtesseD'Aunoy, 
 Fairy 1'alcs (" Princess Fairstar," 1.682). 
 
 "I suspected," said Corsina, "that Chery is not the 
 brother of Fairstar, for he has neither a star nor collar 
 of gold as Fairstar and her brothers have." "That's true," 
 rejoined her husband ; " hut jewels fall out o*f his hail-, as 
 we'l as out of the others'." — Princess Fairstar. 
 
 Hair. Mrs. Astley, an actress of the 
 last century, wire of " Old Astley," could 
 stand up and cover her feet with her 
 flaxen hair. 
 
 She had such luxuriant hair that she could stand upright 
 and it covered her to her feet like a veil. She was very 
 proud of these flaxen locks; and a slight accident by fire 
 having befallen them, she resolved ever after to play in a 
 wig. She used, therefore, to wind this immense quantity of 
 Lair round her head, and put over it a capacious caxon, 
 the consequence of which was that her head bore about 
 the same proportion to the rest of her figure that a whale's 
 skull does to its body.— Philip Astley (1742-1814). 
 
 Mdlle. Bois de Chene, exhibited in 
 London in 1852-3, had a most profuse 
 head of hair, and also a strong black 
 beard, large whiskers, and thick hair on 
 her arms and legs. 
 
 Charles XII. had in his army a woman 
 whose beard was a yard and a half long. 
 She was taken prisoner at the battle of 
 Pultowa, and presented to the czar in 
 1724. 
 
 Johann Mayo, the German painter, had 
 a beard which touched the ground when 
 he stood up. 
 
 Master George Killingworthe, in the 
 court of Ivan "the Terrible" of Russia, 
 had a beard five feet two inches long. It 
 was thick, broad, and of a yellowish hue. 
 — Hakluyt (1589). 
 
 Hair Cut Off. It was said by the 
 Greeks and Remans that life would not 
 quit the body of a devoted victim till a 
 lock of hair 'bad first been cut from the 
 head of the victim and given to Proser- 
 pine. Thus, when Alcestis was about to 
 die as a voluntary sacrifice for the life of 
 her husband, Than'atos first cut off a lock 
 of her hair for the queen of the infernaU. 
 When Dido immolated herself, she could 
 not die till Iris had cut off one of her 
 yellow locks for the same purpose.— Vir- 
 gil, JEneid, iv. 093-7U5. 
 
 Iris cut the yellow hair of unhappy Dido, and broke the 
 charm. — 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, 
 
 Hair Sign of Rank. 
 
 The Parthians and ancient Persians of 
 high rank wore long flowing hair. 
 
 Homer speaks of "the long-haired 
 Greeks" by wa} r of honourable distinction. 
 Subsequently the Athenian cavalry wore 
 long hair, and all Lacedaemonian soldiers 
 did the same. 
 
 The Gauls considered long hair a notable 
 honour, for which reason Julius Caesar 
 obliged them to cut off their hair in 
 token of submission. 
 
 The Franks and ancient Germans con- 
 sidered long hair a mark of noble birth. 
 Hence Clodion the Frank was called " The 
 Long-Haired," and his successors are 
 spoken of as les rois chevelurcs. 
 
 The Goths looked on long hair as a 
 mark of honour, and short hair as a mark 
 of thraldom. 
 
 For many centuries long hair was in 
 France the distinctive mark of kings and 
 nobles. 
 
 Haiz'um (3 syl.), the horse on wrncn 
 the archangel Gabriel rode when he led 
 a squadron of 3000 angels against the 
 Koreishites (3 syl.) in the famous battle 
 of Bedr, 
 
 Hakem' or Hakeem, chief of the 
 Druses, who resides at Deir-el-Kamar. 
 The first hakem was the third Fatimite 
 caliph, called B'amr-ellah, who professed 
 to be incarnate deity and the last prophet 
 who had personal communication between 
 God and man. He was slain on mount 
 Mokattam, near Cairo (Egypt). 
 
 Hakem the khalif vanished erst. 
 In what seemed death to uninstructed oyes. 
 On red Mokattani's verge. 
 Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, i. 
 
 Hakim (Adonbec el), Saladin in the 
 disguise of a physician. He visited 
 Richard Coeur de Lion in sickness ; gave 
 him a medicine in which the "talisman " 
 had been dipped, and the sick king 
 
HALCRO. 
 
 420 
 
 HAMET. 
 
 recovered from his fever. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Halcro {Claud), the old bard of 
 Magnus Troil the udaller of Zetland. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
 
 III.). 
 
 *** A udaller is one who holds his 
 land by allodial tenure. 
 
 Halcyon a Weathercock. It is 
 said that if the kingfisher or halcyon is 
 hung, it will shoAv which way the wind 
 blows by veering about. 
 
 How now stands the wind * 
 
 Into what corner peers my halcyon's bill? 
 
 Marlowe, Jew of Malta (1586). 
 Or as a halcyon with her turning brest, 
 Demonstrates wind from wind and east from west 
 Stover, Life and Death of Thorn. Wolsvy, Card. (1599). 
 
 Halden or Halfdene (2 syl.), a 
 Danish king, who with Basrig or Bagsecg, 
 another Scandinavian king, made (in 871) 
 a descent upon Wessex, and in that one 
 year nine pitched battles were fought 
 with the islanders. The first was Engle- 
 iield, in Berkshire, in which the Danes 
 were beaten ; the second was Reading, in 
 which the Danes were victorious ; the 
 third was the famous battle of /Fscesdun 
 or Ashdune, in which the Danes were 
 defeated with great loss, and king Bag- 
 secg was slain. In 909, Halfdene was 
 slain in the battle of Wodnesfield (Staf- 
 fordshire). 
 
 Reading ye regained . . . 
 
 Where .Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword. 
 Drayton, rolyolbion, xii. (1(313). 
 
 Hal'dinmnd (Sir Ewes), a friend of 
 lord Dalgarno.— Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Hales (John), called "The Ever- 
 Memorable " (1584-1656). 
 
 The works of John 11 ales were pub- 
 lished after his death, in 1G59, under the 
 title of 'The Golden Remains of the Ever- 
 Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eton 
 College (three vols.). 
 
 Halkit (Mr,), a young lawyer in the 
 introduction of sir \V. Scott's Heart of 
 Midlothian (1818). 
 
 Hall (Sir Christopher), an officer in 
 the army of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Hallara's Greek. Henry Hallam 
 reviewed, in 'The Edinburgh, Payne 
 Knight's book entitled An Analytical 
 Jw/uiry into the Principles of Taste, and 
 lashed most unmercifully some Greek 
 verses therein. It was not discovered 
 that the lines were Pindar's till it was 
 
 too late to cancel the critique. — Crabb 
 Robinson, Diary, i. 277. 
 
 Classic Hallam, much renowned for Greek. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Heviewers (1S09). 
 
 Haller (Mrs.). At the age of 16 
 Adelaide [Mrs. Haller] married the count 
 Waldbourg, from whom she eloped. The 
 count then led a roving life, and was 
 known as " the stranger." The countess, 
 repenting of her folly, assumed (for three 
 years) the. name of Mrs. Haller, and took 
 service under the countess of Wintersen, 
 whose affection she won by her amiability 
 and sweetness of temper. Baron Stein- 
 fort fell in love with her, but, hearing 
 her tale, interested himself in bringing 
 about a reconciliation between Mrs. Haller 
 and " the stranger," who happened, atth* 
 time, to be living in the same neighbour- 
 hood. They met and bade adieu, but 
 when their children were brought forth 
 they relented, and rushed into each 
 other's arms. — Benj. Thompson, The 
 Stranger(1797). Adapted from Kotzebue. 
 
 In " Mrs. Haller, " the powers of Miss O'Neill, aided by her 
 beauty, shone forth in the highest perfection, and when 
 she appeared in that character, with John Kemble sis 
 "The Stranger," a spectacle was exhibited such as no one 
 ever saw before, or will ever see again. — Sir A. Alison. 
 
 Halliday (Tom), a private in tae 
 royal army. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Hamarti'a, Sin personified, offspring 
 of the red dragon and Eve. "A foul, de- 
 formed " monster, "more foul, deformed, 
 the sun yet never saw." " A woman 
 seemed she in the upper part," but "the 
 rest was in serpent form," though out of 
 sight. Fully described in canto xii. of 
 The Purple Island (IGoo), by Phineas 
 Fletcher. (Greek, hamartia, "sin.") 
 
 Harriet, son of Mandane and Zamti 
 (a Chinese mandarin). When the infant 
 prince Zaphimri, called "the orphan of 
 China," was committed to the care of 
 Zamti, Hamet was sent to Corea, and 
 placed under the charge of Morat ; but 
 when grown to manhood, he led a band of 
 insurgents against Ti'murkan' the Tartar, 
 who had usurped the throne of China. 
 He was seized and condemned to death, 
 under the conviction that he was 
 Zaphimri the prince. Etan (who was 
 the real Zaphimri) now came forward to 
 acknowledge his rank, and Timurkan, 
 unable to ascertain which was the true 
 prince, ordered them both to execution. 
 At this juncture a party of insurgents 
 arrived, llamet and Zaphimri were set at 
 liberty, Timurkan was slain, and Zaphimri 
 
HAMET. 
 
 421 
 
 HAMPDEN. 
 
 was raised to the throne of his forefathers. 
 — Murphy, The Orphan of China. 
 
 Hamet, one of the black slaves of sir 
 Brian de Bois Guilbert preceptor of the 
 Knights Templars. — Sir W. Scott, Ivau- 
 hoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Hamet {The Cid) or The Cid Hamet 
 Benkxgel'i, the hypothetical Moorish 
 chronicler -who is fabled by Cervantes to 
 have •written the adventures of "don 
 Quixote." 
 
 O Nature's noblest gift, my gray goose quill ! . . . 
 
 Our task complete, like Hamet's. shall be free. 
 Byron, English Hards and Scotch Jleviewers (1809). 
 The shrewd Cid Hamet, addressing himself to his pen, 
 says, "And now, my slender quill, whether skilfully cut 
 or otherwise, here from this rack, suspended by a wire, 
 shalt thou peacefully live to distant times, unless the hand 
 of some rash historian disturb thy repose by taking thee 
 down and profaning thee." — Cervantes, Don (Quixote 
 (hist chap., lb'15). 
 
 Hamilton (Lady Emily), sister of 
 lord Evandale.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mor- 
 tality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Hamiltrude (3 syL), a poor French- 
 woman, the first of Charlemagne's nine 
 wives. She bore him several children. 
 
 Her neck was tinged with a delicate r< se. . . . Her 
 locks were bound ahout her temples with gold and purple 
 bands. Her dress was looped up with ruby clasps. Her 
 coronet and her purple robes gave her an air of surpassing 
 majesty. — L'Epine, Croyueiuicaine, iii. 
 
 Hamlet, prince of Denmark, a man 
 of mind but not of action ; nephew of 
 Claudius the reigning king, who had 
 married the widowed queen. hamlet 
 loved Ophelia, daughter of Polo'nius the 
 lord chamberlain ; but feeling it to be 
 his duty to revenge his father's murder, 
 he abandoned the idea of marriage, and 
 treated Ophelia so strangely, that she 
 went mad, and, gathering flowers from 
 a brook, fell into the water and A\ r as 
 drowned. While wasting his energy in 
 speculation, Hamlet accepted a challenge 
 from Laertes of a friendly contest with 
 foils ; but Laertes used a poisoned rapier, 
 with which he stabbed the young prince. 
 A scuffle ensued, in which the combatants 
 changed weapons, and Laertes being 
 stabbed, both died. — Shakespeare, Hamlet 
 (159(3). 
 
 "The whole play," says Schlegel, "is 
 intended to show that calculating con- 
 sideration which exhausts . . . the power 
 of action." Goethe is of the same opinion, 
 and says that " Hamlet is a noble nature, 
 without the strength of nerve which forms 
 a hero. He sinks beneath a burden which 
 he cannot bear, and cannot [make up his 
 mind to'] cast aside." 
 
 *,.* The best actors of "Hnmlet" have 
 been Thomas Bctterton (1635-1710), 
 
 Robert Wilks (1670-1732), Garrick 
 (1716-1779), John Henderson (1747- 
 1785), J. P. Kemble (1757-1823), and W. 
 H. Betty (1792-1874). Next to these, C. 
 Kemble (1775-1854), C. M.Young (1777- 
 1856), Edmund Kean (1787-1833), Henry 
 Irving (1840- ), etc. 
 
 *** I n the History of Hamblet, Hamlet's 
 father is called " Horvendille." 
 
 Hammer (The), Judas Asamonanis, 
 surnamed Maccabeus, "the hammer" 
 (B.C. 166-136). 
 
 Charles Martel (689-741). 
 
 On pvltend qu'on lui donna le suvnom de Martel 
 parcequ'il avait ccras6 comme avec un marteau les 
 Sarrasins qui, sous la conduite d'Abderame, avaient 
 envahi la Fiance. — Bouillet. 
 
 Hammer and Scourge of Eng- 
 land, sir William Wallace (1270-1305). 
 
 Hammer of Heretics. 
 
 1. Piekre d'Ailly, president of the 
 council which condemned John Iluss 
 (1350-1425). 
 
 2. St. Augustine, "the pillar of 
 truth and hammer of heresies" (395- 
 430).— Bakewell. 
 
 3. John Faker. So called from the 
 title of one of his works, Malleus Hereiic- 
 orum (1470-1541). 
 
 Hammer of Scotland, Edward I. 
 His son inscribed on his tomb : "Edwardus 
 Longus Scotorum Malleus hie est " (1239, 
 1272-1307). 
 
 Hammerlein (Claus), the smith, one 
 of the insurgents at Liege. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Quentin Burvcard (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Hamond, captain of the guard of 
 Eollo (" the bloody brother" of Otto, and 
 duke of Normandy). De stabs the duke, 
 and Kollo stabs the captain ; so that they 
 kill each other. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Bloody Brother (1639). 
 
 Hampden (John) was bcrn in 
 London, but after his marriage lived as a 
 country squire. He was imprisoned in 
 the gate-house for refusing to pay a tax 
 called ship-money, imposed without the 
 authority of parliament. The case was 
 tried in the Exchequer Chamber, in 1637, 
 and given against him. lie threw him- 
 self heart and soul into the business 
 of the Long Parliament, and commanded 
 a troop in the parliamentary army. In 
 1G43 he fell in an encounter with prince 
 Eupert ; but he has ever been honoured 
 as a patriot, and the defender of the rights 
 of the people (1594-1643). 
 
 \SJta)l] Hampden no more, when suffering Freedom calls, 
 Encounter Fate, and triumph as he !a!ls? 
 
 < ainpbell, Measures of Uope, i. (1799). 
 
HAMZU-BEN-AHMUD. 
 
 422 
 
 HANS. 
 
 Some villas Hampden, that with dauntless breast, 
 The little tyrant of his fields withstood. 
 
 Gray, Elegy (1749). 
 
 Hamzti-ben-Ahnmd, who, on the 
 death of hakeem B'amr-ellah (called the 
 incarnate deity and last prophet), was 
 the most zealous propagator of the new 
 faith, out of which the semi-Moham- 
 medan sect called Druses subsequently 
 arose. 
 
 N.B. — They were not called "Druses" 
 till the eleventh century, when one of their 
 " apostles," called Durzi, led them from 
 Egypt to Syria, and the sect was called 
 by his name. 
 
 Handel's Monument, in West- 
 minster Abbey, is by Roubiliac. It was 
 the last work executed by this sculptor. 
 
 Han (Sons of), the Chinese ; so called 
 from Han, the village in which Lieou- 
 pang was chief. Lieou-pang conquered 
 all who opposed him, seized the supreme 
 power, assumed the name of Kao-hoang- 
 tee, and the dynasty, which lasted 422 
 years, was "the fifth imperial dynasty, 
 or that of Han." It gave thirty emperors, 
 and the seat of government was Yn. 
 AVith this dvnasty the modern history of 
 China begins (b.c. 202 to a.d. 220). 
 
 Handsome Englishman {The). 
 The French used to call .John Churchill, 
 duke of Marlborough, Lc Bel Anjlais 
 (1650-1722). 
 
 Handsome Swordsman {The). 
 
 Joachim Murat was popularly called Le 
 Beau Sabreur (1707-1815). 
 
 Handy {Sir Abel), a great contriver 
 of inventions which would not work, and 
 of retrograde improvements. Thus "his 
 infallible axletree " gave way when it 
 was used, and the carriage was "smashed 
 to pieces." His substitute for gunpowder 
 exploded, endangered his life, and set 
 lire to the castle. His " extinguishing 
 powder" might have reduced the flames, 
 but it was not mixed, nor were his patent 
 lire-engines in workable order. He said 
 to Farmer Ashfield : 
 
 " I have obtained patents for tweezers, tooth-picks, and 
 tinder-boxes . . . and have now on hand two inventions, 
 . . . one for converting saw-dust into deal boards, and the 
 c<lv?r for cleaning rooms by steam-engines." — Act i. 1. 
 
 Lady Nelly Handy (his wife), formerly 
 a servant in the house of Farmer Ashrield. 
 She was full of affectations, overbearing, 
 and dogmatical. Lady Nelly tried to 
 " forget the dunghill whence she grew, 
 and thought herself the Lord knows who." 
 Her extravagance was so great that sir 
 Abel said Lis " best coal-pit would not 
 
 find her in white muslin, nor his India 
 bonds in shawls and otto of roses." It 
 turned out that her first husband Gerald, 
 who had been absent twenty j'ears, re- 
 appeared and claimed her. Sir Abel will- 
 ingly resigned his claim, and gave Gerald 
 £5000 to take her off his hands. 
 
 Hubert Bandy (always called Bob), son 
 of sir Abel by his first' wife. He fancied 
 he could do everything better than any 
 one else. He taught the post-boy to drive, 
 but broke the horse's knees. He taught 
 Farmer Ashfield how to box, but got 
 knocked down by him at the first blow. 
 He told Dame Ashfield he had learnt 
 lace-making at Mechlin, and that she did 
 not make it in the right way ; but he 
 spoilt her cushion in showing her how to 
 do it. He told lady Handy (his father's 
 bride) she did not know how to use the 
 fan, and showed her ; he told her she did 
 not know how to curtsey, and showed 
 her. Being pestered by this popinjay 
 beyond endurance, she implored her hus- 
 band to protect her from further insults. 
 Though light-hearted, Bob was "warm, 
 steady, and sincere." He married Susan, 
 the daughter of Farmer Ashfield. — Th. 
 Morton, Speed the Plowjh (1798). 
 
 Hanging Judge {The), sir Francis 
 Fage (1718-1741). 
 
 The earl of Norbur3 r , who was chief 
 justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland 
 from 1820 to 1827, was also stigmatized 
 with the same unenviable title. 
 
 Hannah., housekeeper to Mr. Fairford 
 the lawyer. — Sir W. Scott, Bedjauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Hanover Rat. The Jacobites used 
 to affirm that the rat was brought over by 
 the Hanoverians when they succeeded to 
 the crown. 
 
 Curse me the British vermin, the rat. — 
 I know not whether he came in the Hanover ship. 
 Tennyson, Maud, II. v. 6. 
 
 Hans, a simple-minded boy of five 
 and twenty, in love with Esther, but too 
 shy to ask her in marriage. He is a 
 "Modus" in a lower social grade ; and 
 Esther is a "cousin Helen," who laughs 
 at him, loves him, and teaches him how 
 to make love to her and Avin her. — S. 
 Knowles, The Maid of Mariendurpt 
 (1838). 
 
 Hans, the pious ferryman on the banks 
 of the Rhine. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Hans (Adrian), a Dutch merchant, 
 
HANS OF ICELAND. 
 
 423 
 
 HARDCASTLE. 
 
 killed at Boston.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
 the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Hans of Iceland, a novel by 
 Victor Hugo (1824). Hans is a stern, 
 savage, Northern monster, ghastly and 
 fascinating. 
 
 Hans von Ripoaeh [Bip pak~\, i.e. 
 Jack of Rippach. Kippach is «i village 
 near Lcipsic. This Hans von Ripuach 
 is a "Mons. Nong-tong-pas," that is, a 
 person asked for, who does not exist. 
 The "joke" is to ring a house up at 
 some unseasonable hour, and ask for 
 Herr Hans von Rippach or Mons. Nong- 
 tongpas. 
 
 Hanson {Neil), a soldier in the 
 castle of Garde Doloureuse. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Hanswurst, the " Jack Pudding " of 
 old German comedy, but almost anni- 
 hilated by Gottsched, in the middle of the 
 eighteenth century. He was clumsy, 
 huge in person, an immense gourmand, 
 and fond of vulgar practical jokes. 
 
 *** The French " Jean Potage," the 
 Italian " Macaroni," and the Dutch 
 " Pickel Herringe," were similar charac- 
 ters. 
 
 Hapmouche (2 syl.), i.e. "fly- 
 catcher," the giant who first hit upon 
 the plan of smoking pork and ncats' 
 tongues. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 1. 
 
 Happer or Hob, the miller who 
 supplies St. Mary's Convent. 
 
 Mysie Happer, the miller's daughter. 
 Afterwards, in disguise, she acts as the 
 page of sir Piercie Shafton, whom she 
 marries. — Sir "W. Scott, The Monastery 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Happuck, a magician, brother of 
 Ulin the enchantress. He was the instiga- 
 tor of rebellion, and intended to kill the 
 sultan Misnar at a review, but Misnar 
 had given orders to a body of archers to 
 shoot the man who was left standing 
 when the rest of the soldiers fell pros- 
 trate in adoration. Misnar went to the 
 review, and commanded the army to give 
 thanks to Allah for their victory, when 
 all fell prostrate except Happuck, who 
 was thus detected, and instantly de- 
 spatched. — SirC. Morell [James Ridley], 
 Tales of the Genii ("The Enchanter's 
 Tale," vi., 1751). 
 
 Have we prevailed against Ulin and Happuck, Ollo- 
 mand and Tasnar, Ahaback and Desra ; and shall we 
 fear the contrivance of a poor vizier 1— Tales of the Oenii, 
 Vii. (1751). 
 
 Happy Valley (The), in the king- 
 dom of Amhara. It was here the royal 
 princes and princesses of Abyssinia lived. 
 It was surrounded by high mountains, 
 and was accessible only by one spot 
 under a cave. This spot was concealed 
 by woods and closed by iron gates. — Dr. 
 Johnson, Basselas (1759). 
 
 Har'apha, a descendant of Anak the 
 giant of Gath. He went to mock Sam- 
 son in prison, but durst not venture 
 within his reach. — Milton, Samson 
 Agonistes (1632). 
 
 Har'bothel (Master Fabian), the 
 'squire of sir Aymer de Valence. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Hard Times, a novel by C. Dickens 
 (1854), dramatized in 1867 under the title 
 of Under the Earth or The Sons of Toil. 
 Bounderby, a street arab, raised himself 
 to banker and cotton prince. When 55 
 years of age, he proposed marriage to 
 Louisa, daughter of Thomas Gradgrind, 
 Esq., J.P., and was accepted. One night, 
 the bank was robbed of £150, and Boun- 
 derby believed Stephen Blackpool bo be 
 the thief, because he had dismissed him, 
 being obnoxious to the mill hands ; but 
 the culprit was Tom Gradgrind, the 
 banker's brother-in-law, who lay perdu 
 for a while, and then escaped out of the 
 country. In the dramatized version, the 
 bank was not robbed at all, but Tom 
 merely removed the money to another 
 drawer for safe custody. 
 
 Hardeastle (Squire), a jovial, prosy, 
 but hospitable country gentleman of the 
 old school. He loves to tell his long- 
 winded stories about prince Eugene 
 and the duke of Marlborough. He says, 
 "I love everything that's old — old 
 friends, old times, old manners, old 
 books, old wine " (act i. 1), and he might 
 have added, "old stories." 
 
 Mrs. Hardeastle, a very "genteel" 
 lady indeed. Mr. Hardeastle is her 
 second husband, and Tony Lumpkin her 
 son by her former husband. She is 
 fond of "genteel" society, and the last 
 fashions. Mrs. Hardeastle says, "There's 
 nothing in the world I love to talk of 
 so much as London and the fashions, 
 though I was never there myself" (act 
 ii. 1). Her mistaking her husband for a 
 highwayman, and imploring him on her 
 knees to take their watches, money, all 
 they have got, but to spare their lives : 
 " Here, good gentleman, whet your rage 
 upon me, take my money, my life, but 
 
HARDTE. 
 
 424 
 
 HARMON. 
 
 spare my child!" is infinitely comic 
 (act iv. 1). 
 
 The princess, like Mrs. Hardcastle, was jolted to a jelly. 
 —Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, i. 1. 
 
 Miss Hardcastle, the pretty, bright- 
 eyed, lively daughter of squire Hard- 
 castle. She is in love Avith young 
 Marlow, and "stoops" to a pardonable 
 deceit " to conquer " his bashf ulness and 
 win him. — Goldsmith, She Stoops to 
 Conquer (1773). 
 
 Har'die (Mr.), a young lawyer, in 
 the introduction of sir W. Scott's Heart 
 of Midlothian (1818). 
 
 Hardouin (2 syl.). Jean Hardouin, 
 the Jesuit, was librarian to Louis XIV. 
 He doubted the truth of all received 
 history ; denied that the JEne'id was the 
 work of Virgil, or the Odes of Horace 
 the production of that poet ; placed no 
 credence in medals and coins ; regarded 
 all councils before that of Trent as 
 chimerical ; and looked on all Jansenists 
 as infidels (164G-1729). 
 
 Hardy (Mr.), father of Letitia. A 
 worthy little fellow enough, but with the 
 unfortunate gift of " foreseeing " every- 
 thing (act v. 4). 
 
 Letitia Hardy, his daughter, the fiancee 
 of Dor'icourt. A girl of great spirit and 
 ingenuity, beautiful and clever. Dori- 
 court dislikes her without knowing her, 
 simply because he has been betrothed to 
 her by his parents ; but she wins him by 
 stratagem. She first assumes the airs 
 and manners of a raw country hoyden, 
 and disgusts the fastidious man of 
 fashion. She then appears at a masque- 
 rade, and wins him by her many attrac- 
 tions. The marriage is performed at 
 midnight, and, till the ceremony is over, 
 Doricourt has no suspicion that the fair 
 masquerader is his affiancedMiss Hardy. 
 —Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem 
 (1780). 
 
 Hare'dale (Geoffrey), brother of 
 Reuben the uncle of Emma Haredale. 
 He was a papist, and incurred the malig- 
 nant hatred of Gashford (lord George 
 Gordon's secretary) by exposing him in 
 Westminster Hall. Geoffrey ilaredale 
 killed sir John Chester in a duel, but 
 made good his escape, and ended his days 
 in a monaster)'. 
 
 lieuben Haredale (2 syl.), brother of 
 Geoffrey, and father of Emma Haredale. 
 He was murdered. 
 
 Emma Ilaredale, daughter of Reuben, 
 and niece of Geoffrev with whom she 
 
 lived at "The Warren." Edward Chester 
 entertained a tendre for Emma Haredale. 
 — C. Dickens, Barnaby Budge (1841). 
 
 Harefoot (Harold). So Harold I. 
 was called, because he was swift of foot 
 as a hare (1035-1040). 
 
 Hargrave, a man of fashion. The 
 hero and title of a novel by Mrs. Trol- 
 lope (1843). 
 
 Harley, " the man of feeling." A 
 man of the finest sensibilities and un- 
 bounded benevolence, but bashful as a 
 maiden. — Mackenzie, The Man of Feeling 
 (1771). 
 
 The principal object of Mackenzie is ... to reach 
 and sustain a tone of moral pathos by representing the 
 effect of incidents . . . upon the human mind, . . . 
 especially those which are just, honourable, and intel- 
 ligent.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Harlot (The Infamous Northern), 
 Elizabeth Petrowna empress of Russia 
 (1709-1761). 
 
 Har'lowe (Clarissa), a young lady, 
 who, to avoid a marriage to which her 
 heart cannot consent, but to which she 
 is urged by her parents, casts herself on 
 the protection of a lover, who most 
 scandalously abuses the confidence re- 
 posed in him. He afterwards proposes 
 marriage ; but she rejects his proposal, 
 and retires to a solitary dwelling, where 
 she pines to death Avith grief and shame. 
 — S. Richardson, The History of Clarissa 
 Harlovce (1749). 
 
 The dignity of Clarissa under her disgrace ... re- 
 minds us of the saying of the ancient poet, that a good 
 man struggling with the tide of adversity and surmounting 
 it, is a sight upon which the immortal gods might look 
 down with pleasure. — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The moral elevation of this heroine, the saintly purity 
 which she preserves amidst scenes of the deepest de- 
 pravity and the most seductive gaiety, and the never- 
 failing sweetness and benevolence of her temper, render 
 Clarissa one of the brightest triumphs of the whole range 
 of iniaginaUve literature.— Chambers, English Literature, 
 ii. lbl. 
 
 Harl'weston Fountains, near St. 
 
 Neot's, in Huntingdon. There are two, 
 one salt and the other fresh. The salt 
 fountain is said to cure dimness of sight, 
 and the sweet fountain to cure the itch 
 and leprosy. Drayton tells the legend 
 of these two fountains at the beginning 
 of song xxii. of his Polyolbion (1622). 
 
 Harmon (John), alias John Roke- 
 smith, Mr. Boffin's secretary. He lodged 
 with the Wilfers, and ultimately married 
 Bella Wilfer. He is described as "a 
 dark gentleman, 30 at the utmost, with 
 an expressive, one might say, a hand- 
 some face." — C. Dickens, Oar Mutual 
 Friend (1864). 
 
HARMONIA'S NECKLACE. 
 
 425 
 
 HARPAGON. 
 
 *** For explanation of the mystery, 
 see vol, I. ii. lo. 
 
 Harmo'nia's Necklace, an un- 
 lucky possession, something which brings 
 evil to its possessor. Harmonia was the 
 daughter of Mars and Venus. On the 
 day of her marriage with king Cadmos, 
 she received a necklace made by Vulcan 
 for Venus. This unlucky ornament 
 afterwards passed to Sem'ele, then to 
 Jocasta, then Eriphy'lfcj, but was equally 
 fatal in ever}' case. (See Luck.) — Ovid, 
 Metaph., iv. 5 ; Statius, Thebaid, ii. 
 
 Harmonious Blacksmith. It is 
 said that the sound of hammers on an 
 anvil suggested to Handel the "theme" 
 of the musical composition to which he 
 has given this name. — See Schoelcher, 
 Life of Handel, 65. 
 
 A similar tale is told of P}'thagoras. 
 
 Inlently considering whether it would be possible to 
 devise a certain instrumental aid to the hearing, ... he 
 one day passed near a stithy, and was struck by the 
 sound produced as the hammers beat out a piece of 
 iron on an anvil. ... He recognized in these sounds the 
 diapason, the diapente, and the diatessaron harmony. . . . 
 Going then into the stithy, he discovered that the dif- 
 ference of sound arose from the different sizes of the 
 hammers, and not from the difference of force employed 
 i:i giving the strokes nor yet from any difference in the 
 shape of the hammers. . . . From this hint he constructed 
 his musical scale. — laniblichus, Life of l'ythagoras, xxvi. 
 
 The same tale is also told of Tubal- 
 cain. 
 
 Tuball hadde greete lykynge to here the hamers sowne, 
 and he fonde proportions and acorde of meludye by 
 weyght of t'le hamers ; and so lie u-e I them moche in the 
 acoide of melodye, but he was not fynder of the Instru- 
 nientes of musyke.— Higden, Polycronycon. 
 
 (It would be more to the point, per- 
 haps, if the tale had been told of Jubal, 
 "the fynder of certain Inst'rumentes of 
 musyke.") 
 
 Harmony (Mr.), a general peace- 
 maker. When he found persons at 
 variance, he went to them separately, 
 and told them how highly the other 
 spoke and thought of him or her. If 
 it were man and wife, he would tell the 
 wife how highly her husband esteemed 
 her, and would apply the " oiled feather" 
 in a similar way to the husband. "We 
 all have our faults," he would say, "and 
 So-and-so knows it, and grieves at his 
 infirmity of temper ; but though he con- 
 tends with you, he praised you to me this 
 morning in the highest terms." By this 
 means he succeeded in smoothing many 
 a ruffled mind. — lnchbald, Every One has 
 His Fault (1794). 
 
 Harness Prize, a prize competed 
 for triennially, on some Shakespearian 
 subject. The prize consists of three 
 years' accumulated interest of £500. It 
 
 was founded by the Eev. Mr. Harness, and 
 accepted by the University of Cambridge. 
 The first prize was awarded in 1874. 
 
 Harold "the Dauntless," son of 
 Witikind the Dane. " lie was rocked 
 on a buckler, and fed from a blade." 
 Harold married Eivir, a Danish maid, 
 who had waited on him as a pao;e. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Harold the Dauntless (1817). 
 
 Harold {Child?), a man of good birth, 
 lofty bearing, and peerless intellect, who 
 has exhausted by dissipation the plea- 
 sures of youth, and travels. Sir Walter 
 Scott calls him "lord Byron in a fancy 
 dress." In canto i. the childe visits 
 Portugal and Spain (1809) ; in canto ii., 
 Turkey in Europe (1810) ; in canto iii., 
 Belgium and Switzerland (1816) ; in canto 
 iv., Venice, Rome, and Florence (1817). 
 
 *** Lord Byron was only 21 when he 
 began Childe Harold, and 28 when he 
 finished it. 
 
 Haroun-al-Raschid, caliph, of 
 the Abbasside race, contemporary with 
 Charlemagne, and, like him, a patron of 
 literature and the arts. The court of this 
 caliph Avas most splendid, and under him 
 the caliphate attained its greatest degree 
 of prosperity (765-809). 
 
 *** Many of the tales in the Arabian 
 Ni'jhts are placed in the caliphate of 
 Haroun-al-Raschid, as the histories of 
 "Am'ine," " Sindbad the Sailor," "Aboul- 
 hasson and Shemselnihar," " Noureddin," 
 " Codadad and his Brothers," " Sleeper 
 Awakened," and " Cogia Hassan." In 
 the third of these the caliph is a prin- 
 cipal actor. 
 
 Har'pagon, the miser, father of 
 Cle'ante (2 syl.) and Elise (2 syl.). Both 
 Harpagon and his son desire to marry 
 Mariane (3 syl.) ; but the father, having 
 lost a casket of money, is asked which 
 he prefers — his casket or Mariane, and 
 as the miser prefers the money, Cle'ante 
 marries the lady. Harpagon imagines 
 that every one is going to rob him, and 
 when he loses his casket, seizes his own 
 arm in the frenzy of passion. He pro- 
 poses to give his daughter in marriage 
 to an old man named Anselme, because 
 no "dot" will be required; and when 
 Valere (who is Elise's lover) urges reason 
 after reason against the unnatural alli- 
 ance, the miser makes but one reply, 
 "sans dot." "Ah," says Valere, " il 
 est vrai, cela ferme la bouche a tout, 
 sans doif." Harpagon, at another time, 
 solicits Jacques (1 syl.) to tell him what 
 folks say of him ; and when Jacaues 
 
IIABPAX. 
 
 426 
 
 HAKKOWBY. 
 
 replies he cannot do so, as it woul^ 1 make 
 him angry, the miser answers, " Point 
 de tout, au contraire, c'est me faire 
 plaiser." But when told that he is called 
 a miser and a skinflint, he towers with 
 rage, and beats Jacques in his uncon- 
 trolled passion. 
 
 ■' Le seigneur Harpagon est de tous les mimains l"humain 
 le moins humain, le mortel de tous les niortels le plus dur 
 et le plus serre " (ii. 5). Jac [ues says to him. " Jamais on 
 ne parle de vous que sons les noms d'avare, de lad re, de 
 vilain, et de fesse-Mattuiae " (iiL 5).— Moiiere, L'Avare 
 (166D. 
 
 Harpax, centurion of the " Immortal 
 Guard." — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Bufus). 
 
 Harpd (2 syl.), the cutlass with 
 which Mercury killed Argus, and with 
 which Perseus (2 s>/l.) subsequently cut 
 off the head of Medusa. 
 
 Harper, a familiar spirit of mediaeval 
 demonology. 
 
 Harper cries, " Tis time, 'tis time ! " 
 
 Shakespeare, Afacletk, act iv. sc. 1 (1606). 
 
 Harpoc'rates (4 syl), the god of 
 silence. Cupid bribed him with a rose 
 not to divulge the amours of Yeans. 
 Harpocrates is generally represented with 
 his second finger on his mouth. 
 
 He also symbolized the sun at the end 
 of winter, 'and is represented with a 
 cornucopia in one hand and a lotus in 
 the other. The lotus is dedicated to the 
 sun, because it opens at sunrise and 
 closes at sunset. 
 
 I assured my mistress she might make herself quite 
 easy on that score (i.e. my making mention of w.'uit teas 
 told me], for I was the Harpocrates of trusty valets.— 
 Lesage. Gil Blot, iv. 2 [1721). 
 
 Harriet, the elder daughter of sir 
 David and lady Dunder, of Dunder Hall. 
 She was in loVe with Scruple, whom she 
 accidentally met at Calais ; but her 
 
 fiarents arranged that she should marry 
 ord Snolts, a stumpy, " gummy" old. 
 nobleman of five and forty. To prevent 
 this hateful marriage, Harriet consented 
 to elope with Scruple ; but the flight 
 was intercepted by sir David, who, to 
 prevent a scandal, consented to the mar- 
 riage, and discovered that Scruple, both 
 in family and fortune, was a suitable 
 son-in-law. — G. Colman, Ways and Means 
 (1788). 
 
 Harriet [Mowbray] , the daughter 
 of»colonel Mowbray, an orphan without 
 fortune, without friends, without a pro- 
 tector. She marries clandestinely Charles 
 Eustace. — J. Poole, The Scapejuat. 
 
 Harriot [Edsset], the simple, 
 unsophisticated daughter of Mr. Busset. 
 
 She loves Mr. Oakly, and marries him, 
 but becomes a "jealous wife," watching 
 her husband like a lynx, to find out some 
 proof of infidelity, and distorting every 
 casnal remark as evidence thereof. Her 
 aunt, lady Freelove, tries to make her a 
 woman of fashion, but without success. 
 Ultimately, she is cured of her idiosyn- 
 erasy. — George Colman, The Jealous Wife 
 (1761). 
 
 Harris (Mrs.], a purely imaginary 
 character, existing only in the brain of 
 Mrs. Sarah Gamp, and brought forth on 
 all occasions to corroborate the opinions 
 and trumpet the praises of Mrs. Gamp 
 the monthly nurse. 
 
 " ' Mrs. Harris,' I says to her, . . . ' if I could afford to 
 buy out all my fellow-creeturs for nothink. I would gladly 
 do it : sich io the love I bears 'em.' " Again : " What ! " 
 said Mrs. Gamp. " you bate creetur ! Have I know'd Mrs. 
 Harris the and thirty year, to be told at last that there 
 an't no sich a person livin"? Have I stood her friend in 
 all her troubles, great and small, for it to come to sich a 
 end as this, with her own sweet picter hanging up afore 
 you all the time, to shame your Bragian words! Go along 
 with you ! " — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xlix. (1843). 
 
 Mrs. Harris is the " Mde. Benoiton " of French comedy. 
 — The Tinu-4. 
 
 *#* Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris have 
 Parisian sisters in Mde. Pochet and 
 Mde. Gibou, by Henri Monnier. 
 
 Harris. (See Slawkex-Bergius.) 
 
 Harrison {Dr.), the model of 
 benevolence, who nevertheless takes in 
 execution the goods and person of his 
 friend Booth, because Booth, while plead- 
 ing poverty, was buying expensive and 
 needless jewellerv. — Fielding, Amelia 
 (1751). 
 
 Har'rison {Major-General), one of the 
 parliamentary commissioners. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Harrison, the old steward of lady 
 Bellenden, of the Tower of Tillietudlem. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Har'rowby {John), of Stocks Green, 
 a homely, kind-hearted, honest Kentish 
 farmer, with whom lieutenant Worth- 
 ington and his daughter Emily take 
 lodgings. Though most desirous of 
 showing his lodger kindness, he is con- 
 stantly wounding his susceptibilities 
 from blunt honesty and want of tact. 
 
 JJame Harrovcby, wife of Farmer Har- 
 rowby. 
 
 Stephen Harrowby, son of Farmer 
 Harruwby, who has a mania for soldier- 
 ing, and calls himself "a perspiring 
 young hero." 
 
 Mary Harrovcby, daughter of Farmer 
 Harrowbv. — G. Colman, Tlie Poor Gen- 
 tleman (1802). 
 
HARRY. 
 
 427 
 
 HASSAN. 
 
 Harry (Sir), the servant of a baronet, 
 who assumed the airs and title of his 
 master, and was addressed as " Baronet," 
 or "sir Harry." He even quotes a bit 
 of Latin: "6 temporal O Moses!" — 
 Rev. James Townley, High Life Below 
 Stairs (1759). 
 
 Harry (Blind), the minstrel, friend of 
 Henry Smith.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
 of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Harry (TJie Great) or Henri Grace a 
 Dieu, a man-of-war built in the reign of 
 Henry VII. 
 
 Towered the Great Harry, crank and tall. 
 
 Lcngfelluw, The Building of the Ship. 
 
 Harry Paddington, a highway- 
 man in the gang of captain Macheath. 
 Peachum calls him " a poor, petty-lar- 
 ceny rascal, without the least genius ; " 
 and says, " even if the fellow were to live 
 six months, he would never come to the 
 gallows with credit." — Gay, The Beggar's 
 Opera (1727). 
 
 Hart'house (2 syl.), a young man 
 who begins life as a cornet of dragoons, 
 but, being bored with everything, coaches 
 himself up in statistics, and comes to 
 Coketown to study facts. He falls in 
 love with Louisa [nee Gradgrind], wife 
 of Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill- 
 owner, but, failing to induce the young 
 wife to elope with him, he leaves the 
 place. — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Hartley (Adam), afterwards Dr. 
 Hartley. Apprentice to Dr. Gray. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Hartwell (Lady), a widow, courted 
 by Fountain, Bellamore, and Harebrain. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit without 
 Money (1639). 
 
 Harut and Marut, two angels 
 sent by Allah to adminster justice upon 
 earth, because there was no righteous 
 judgment among men. They acted well 
 till Zoha'ra, a beautiful woman, applied 
 to them, and then they both fell in love 
 with her. She asked them to tell her the 
 secret name of God, and immediately she 
 uttered it, she was borne upwards into 
 heaven, where she became the planet 
 Venus. As for the two angels, they were 
 imprisoned in a cave near Babylon. — 
 Sale's Koran, ii. 
 
 Allah bade 
 That two untempted spirits should descend. 
 Judges on earth. Haruth and Maruth went, 
 The chosen sentencers. They fairly heard 
 
 The appeals of men ... At length, 
 A woman came before them ; beautiful 
 Zohara was, etc. 
 
 Southey, Tolabo, the Destroyer, ir. (1797). 
 
 Hassan, caliph of the Ottoman 
 empire, noted for his splendour and hos- 
 pitality. In his seraglio was a beautiful 
 young slave named Leila (2 syl.), who had 
 formed an attachment to "the Giaour" 
 (2 syl.). Leila is put to death by the 
 emir, and Hassan is slain near mount 
 Parnassus by the giaour [djow'.er\ . — 
 Byron, The Giaour (1313). 
 
 Hassan, the story-teller, in the retinue 
 of the Arabian physician. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Hassan (Al), the Arabian emjr of 
 Persia, father of Hinda. He won the 
 battle of Cadessia, and thus became 
 master of Persia. — T. Moore, Lalla 
 Rookh (" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 
 
 Hassan, surnamed Al Habhal ("the rope- 
 maker"), and su ,sequently Cogia (" mer- 
 chant"); his full name was then Cogia 
 Hassan Alhabbal. Two friends, named 
 Saad and Saadi, tried an experiment on 
 him. Saadi gave him 200 pieces of gold, 
 in order to see if it wotild raise him from 
 extreme poverty to affluence. Hassan 
 took ten pieces for immediate use, and 
 seAved the rest in his turban ; but a kite 
 pounced on his turban and carried it 
 away. The two friends, after a time, 
 visited Hassan again, but found him in 
 the same state of poverty ; and, having 
 heard his tale, Saadi gave him another 
 200 pieces of gold. Again he took out ten 
 pieces; and, wrapping the rest in a linen 
 rag, hid it in a jar of bran. "While Has- 
 san was at work, his wife exchanged this 
 jar of bran for fuller's earth, and again 
 the condition of the man was not bettered 
 by the gift. Saad now gave the rope- 
 maker a small piece of lead, and this 
 made his fortune thus : A fisherman 
 wanted a piece of lead for his nets, and 
 promised to give Hassan for Saad's piece 
 whatever he caught in his first draught. 
 This was a large fish, and in it the wife 
 found a splendid diamond, which was sold 
 for 100,000 pieces of gold. Hassan now 
 became very rich, and when the two friends 
 visited him again, they found him a man 
 of consequence. He asked them to stay 
 with him, and took them to his country 
 house, when one of his sons showed him 
 a curious nest, made out of a turban. 
 This was the very turban which the kite 
 had earned off, and the money was found 
 in the lining. As they returned to the 
 
HASSAN. 
 
 428 
 
 HATTERAICK. 
 
 city, they stopped and purchased a jar of 
 bran. This happened to be the very jar 
 which the wife had given in exchange, 
 and the money was discovered wrapped 
 in linen at the bottom. Hassan was 
 delighted, and gave the 180 pieces to the 
 poor. — Arabian Nights ("Cogia Hassan 
 Alhabbal"). 
 
 Hassan (Abou), the son of a rich mer- 
 chant of Bagdad, and the hero of the tale 
 called "The Sleeper Awakened " (q.v.). — 
 Arabian Nights. 
 
 Hassan Aga, an infamous renegade, 
 who reigned in Algiers, and was the 
 sovereign there when Cervantes (author 
 of Don Quixote) was taken captive by a 
 Barbary corsair in 1574. Subsequently, 
 Hassan bought the captive for 500 ducats, 
 and he remained a slave till he was re- 
 deemed by a friar for 1000 ducats. 
 
 Every day this Hassan Aga was hanging one, impaling 
 another, cutting off the ears or breaking the limbs of a 
 third . . . out of mere wantonness.— Cervantes (1605). 
 
 Hassan ben Sabah, the old man 
 
 of the mountain, founder of the sect 
 called the Assassins. 
 
 Dr. Adam Clark has supplemented 
 Rymer's Fccdera with two letters by this 
 sheik. This is not the place to point out 
 the want of judgment in these addenda. 
 
 Hastie (Robin), the smuggler and 
 publican at Annan. — Sir W. Scott, Red- 
 gauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Hastings, the friend of young 
 Marlow, who entered with him the house 
 of squire Hardcastle, which they mistook 
 for an inn. Here the two young men 
 met Miss Hardcastle and Miss Neville. 
 Marlow became the husband of the 
 former, and Hastings, by the aid of Tony 
 Lumpkin, won the latter. — O. Goldsmith, 
 She Stoops to Conquer (1773). 
 
 Hastings, one of the court of king 
 Edward IV. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Gcicrstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Haswell, the benevolent physician 
 who visited the Indian prisons, and for 
 his moderation, benevolence, and judg- 
 ment, received the sultan's signet, which 
 gave him unlimited power. — Mrs. Inch- 
 bald, Such Things Are (178G). 
 
 Hat (A White) used to be a mark of 
 radical proclivities, because orator Hunt, 
 the great demagogue, used to wear a 
 white hat during the Wellington and 
 Peel administration. 
 
 Hat worn in the Royal Pre- 
 sence. Lord Kingsale acquired the 
 
 right of wearing his hat in the presence 
 of royalty by a grant from king John. 
 Lord Forester is possessed of the same 
 right, from a grant confirmed by Henry 
 VIII. 
 
 Hats and Caps, two political 
 factions of Sweden in the eighteenth 
 century. The " Hats" were partizans in 
 the French interest, and were so called 
 because they wore French chapeaux. 
 The " Caps " were partizans in the 
 Russian interest, and were so called be- 
 cause they wore the Russian caps as a 
 badge of their party. 
 
 Hatchway (Lieutenant Jack), a 
 retired naval officer on half-pay, living 
 with commodore Trunnion as a com- 
 panion. — Smollett, The Adventures of 
 Peregrine Pickle (1751). 
 
 Who can read the calamities of Trunnion and Hatch- 
 way, when run away with by their mettled steeds . . . 
 without a good hearty burst of honest laughter ?— Sir W. 
 Scott. 
 
 Hatef (i.e. the deadlg), one of Ma- 
 homet's swords, confiscated from the 
 Jews when they were exiled from 
 Medi'na. 
 
 Hater. Dr. Johnson said, " Sir, T 
 like a good hater." This is not alto- 
 gether out of character with the words : 
 " Thou art neither cold nor hot: I would 
 thou wert cold or hot" (Rev. iii. 11). 
 (See Candid Friend.) 
 
 Rough Johnson, the great moralist, professed 
 Right honestly he " liked an honest hater." 
 
 Byfon, Don Juan, xiii. 7 (1821). 
 
 Hatim (Generous as), an Arabian 
 expression. Hatim was a Bedouin chief, 
 famous for his warlike deeds and bound- 
 less generosity. His son was contem- 
 porary with Mahomet the prophet. 
 
 Hatter. Mad as a hatter, or mad 
 as a viper. Attcr is Anglo-Saxon for 
 "adder" or "viper," so called from its 
 venomous character; dter, "poison;" 
 atter-drink or dttor-drink, "a poisonous 
 drink;" dttor-Uc, "snake-like." 
 
 Hatteraick (Dirk), alias Jans Jan- 
 son, a Dutch smuggler-captain, and 
 accomplice of lawyer Glossin in kid- 
 napping Henry Bertrand. Meg Merrilies 
 conducts young Hazlewood and others to 
 the smuggler's cave, Avhen Hatteraick 
 shoots her, is seized, and imprisoned. 
 Lawyer Glossin visits the villain in 
 prison, when a quarrel ensues, in which 
 Hatteraick strangles the lawyer, and then 
 hangs himself. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
 nerina ("time. Georsre ILL 
 
HATTO. 
 
 429 
 
 HAVISHAM. 
 
 Hatto, archbishop of Mentz, was 
 devoured by mice in the Mouse-tower, 
 situate in a little green island in the 
 midst of the Rhine, near the town of 
 Bingen. Some say he was eaten of rats, 
 and Sou they, in his ballad called God's 
 Judgment on a Wicked Bishop, has 
 adopted the latter tradition. 
 
 This Hatto, in the time of the great famine of 914, 
 when he saw the poor exceedingly oppressed by famine, 
 assembled a great company of thoni together into a barne 
 at Kaub, and burnt them . . . because he thought the 
 famine would sooner cease if those poor folks were de- 
 spatched out of the worid, for like mice they only devour 
 food, and are of no good whatsoever. . . . But God . . . 
 sent against him a plague of mice, . . . and the prelate 
 retreated to a tower in the Rhine as a sanctuary ; . . . but 
 the mice chased him continually, . . . and at last he was 
 mot miserably devoured by those sillie creatures. — Coryat, 
 Irtuiitivs, 571, 572. 
 
 %* Giraldus Cambrensis, in his Itine- 
 rary, xi. 2, says: "the larger sort of 
 mice are called rati." This may account 
 for the substitution of rats for mice in 
 the legend. 
 
 The legend of Hatto is very common, 
 as the following stories will prove : — 
 
 Widerolf, bishop of Strasburg (997), 
 was devoured by mice in the seventeenth 
 year of his episcopate, because he sup- 
 pressed the convent of Seltzen on the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Bishop Adolf, of Cologne, was devoured 
 by mice or rats in 1112. 
 
 Freiherr von Giittingen collected the 
 poor in a great barn, and burnt them to 
 death, mocking their cries of agony. 
 He, like Hatto, was invaded by mice, 
 ran to his castle of Guttingen, in the 
 lake of Constance, whither the vermin 
 pursued him, and ate him alive. The 
 Swiss legend says the castle sank in the 
 lake, and may still be seen. Freiherr 
 von Guttingen had three castles, one of 
 which was Moosburg. 
 
 Count Graaf, in order to enrich him- 
 self, bought up all the corn. One year 
 a sad famine prevailed, and the count 
 expected to reap a rich harvest by his 
 speculation ; but an army of rats, pressed 
 by hunger, invaded his bams, and, swarm- 
 ing into his Rhine tower, fell on the 
 old baron, worried him to death, and then 
 devoured him. — Legends of the Rhine. 
 
 A similar story is told by William of 
 Malmesbury, History, ii. 313 (Bohn's 
 edit.). 
 
 *** Some of the legends state that the 
 "mice" were in reality "the souls of 
 the murdered people." 
 
 Hatton {Sir Christopher), " the 
 dancing chancellor." He lirst attracted 
 the attention of queen Elizabeth by his 
 graceful dancing at a masque. He was 
 
 made by her chancellor and knight of 
 the Garter. 
 
 *** M. de Lauzun, the favourite of 
 Louis XIV., owed his fortune also to the 
 manner in which he danced in the king's 
 quadrille. 
 
 You"H know sir Christopher by his turning out his 
 toes.— famous, you know, for his dancing. — Sheiidan, l'ho 
 Critic, ii. 1 (1779). 
 
 Uautlieu (Sir Artavan de), in the 
 introduction of sir W. Scott's Count 
 Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Hautlieu (The lady Margaret de), first 
 disguised as sister Ursula, and afterwards 
 affianced to sir Malcolm Fleming. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry 
 I.). 
 
 Have'lok (2 syl.) or Hablok, the 
 
 orphan son of Birkabcgn king of Den- 
 mark, was exposed at sea through the 
 treachery of his guardians. The raft 
 drifted to the coast of Lincolnshire, 
 where it was discovered by Grim, a fisher- 
 man, who reared the young foundling as 
 his own son. It happened that some 
 twenty years later certain English nobles 
 usurped the dominions of an English 
 princess, and, to prevent her gaining any 
 access of power by a noble alliance, 
 resolved to marry her to a peasant. 
 Young Havelok was selected as the 
 bridegroom, but having discovered the 
 story of his birth, he applied to his 
 father Birkabegn for aid in recovering 
 his wife's possessions. The king afforded 
 him the aid required, and the young 
 foundling became in due time both king 
 of Denmark and king of that part of 
 England which belonged to him in right 
 of his wife. — Haveloc the Dane (by the 
 trouveurs). 
 
 Havisham (Miss), an old spinster, 
 who dressed always in her bridal dress, 
 with lace veil from head to foot, whito 
 shoes, bridal flowers in her white hair, 
 and jewels on her hands and neck. 
 She was the daughter of a rich brewer, 
 engaged to Compeyson, a young man, who 
 threw her over on the wedding morning ; 
 from which moment she became fossilized 
 (ch. xxii.). She fell into the fire, and 
 died from the shock. 
 
 Estella Havisham, the adopted child of 
 Miss Havisham, by whom she was brought 
 up. She was proud, handsome, and self- 
 possessed. Pip loved her, and probably 
 she reciprocated his love, but she married 
 Bentley Drummle, who died, leaving 
 Estella a young widow. The tale ends 
 with these words : 
 
HAVRE. 
 
 430 
 
 HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN. 
 
 I [Pip] took her hand in mine, and we went c*. of the 
 mined place. As the morning mists bad risen . . . when 
 I first left the forge, so the evening were rising now ; and 
 ... 1 saw no shadow of another parting from her. — C. 
 Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 
 
 Havre, in France, is a contraction of 
 Le havre de notre dame de Grace. 
 
 Haw'cabite (3 syl.), a street bully. 
 After the Restoration, we had a succession 
 of these disturbers of the peace : first 
 came the Muns, then followed the Tityre 
 Tus, the Hectors, the Scourers, the 
 Nickers, the Hawcabites, and after them 
 the Mohawks, the most dreaded of all. 
 
 Hawk (Sir Mulberry), the bear- 
 leader of lord Frederick Verisopht. He 
 is a most unprincipled roue, who sponges 
 on his lordship, snubs him, and despises 
 him. " Sir Mulberry was remarkable for 
 his tact in ruining young gentlemen of 
 fortune." 
 
 With all the boldness of an original genius, sir Mul- 
 berry had struck out an entirely new course of treatment, 
 quite opposed to the usual method, his custom being . . . 
 to keep down those he took in hand, and to give them 
 their own way. . . . Thus be made them bis butts in a 
 double sense, for he emptied them with good address, and 
 made them the laughing-stocks of society. — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickleby, xix. (1838). 
 
 To know a hawk from a handsaw, a 
 corruption of "from a hernshaw " (i.e. 
 a heron), meaning that one is so ignorant 
 he does not know a hawk from a heron, 
 the bird of prey from the game flown at. 
 The Latin proverb is, Lgnorat quid distent 
 cera luplnis ("he docs not know sterling 
 money from counters"). Counters used 
 in games were by the Romans called 
 " lupins." 
 
 Hawkins, boatswain of the pirate 
 vessel. — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Hawthorn, a jolly, generous old 
 fellow, of jovial spirit, and ready to do 
 any one a kindness ; consequently, every- 
 body loves him. lie is one of those rare, 
 unselfish beings, who "loves his neigh- 
 bour better than himself." — I. Bickerstaff, 
 Love in a Village. 
 
 Dignum [1765-1827], in fuch parts as " Hawthorn," was 
 superior to every actor since the days of Deard.— Diction- 
 ary of Musicians. 
 
 Hay (Colonel), in the king's army. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
 Charles I.). 
 
 Hay (John), fisherman near Ellan- 
 gowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Haydn could never compose a single 
 bar of music unless he could see on his 
 finger the diamond ring given him by 
 Frederick II. 
 
 Hayston (Frank), laird of Bucklaw 
 and afterwards of Girnington. In order 
 to retrieve a broken fortune, a marriage 
 was arranged between Hayston and Lucy 
 Ashton. Lucy, being told that her plighted 
 lover (Edgar master of Ravenswood) was 
 unfaithful, assented to the family arrange- 
 ment, but stabbed her husband on the 
 wedding night, went mad, and died. 
 Frank Hayston recovered from his wound 
 and went abroad. — Sir W. Scott, Bride 
 of Lammcrmoor (time, William III.). 
 
 *** In Donizetti's opera, Hayston is 
 called " Arturio." 
 
 Hazlewood (Sir Robert), the old 
 baronet of Hazlewood. 
 
 Charles Hazlewood, son of sir Robert. 
 In love with Lucy Bertram, whom he 
 marries. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Head'rigg (Cuddle), a ploughman in 
 lady Bellenden's service. (Cuddie = 
 Cuthbert.)— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Headstone {Bradley), a school- 
 master, of very detenu inate character 
 and violent passion. He loves Lizzie 
 Hexam with an irresistible mad love, 
 and tries to kill Eugene Wrayburn out 
 of jealousy. Grappling with Rogue 
 Riderhood on Plashwater Bridge, Rider- 
 hood fell backwards into the smooth pit, 
 and Headstone over him. Both of them 
 perished in the grasp of a death-struggle. 
 — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 
 
 Heart of England (TJie), War- 
 wickshire, the middle county. 
 
 That shire which we " The Heart of England" call. 
 Drayton, J'olyolbion, xiii. (1013). 
 
 Heart of Midlothian, the old jail 
 or tolbooth of Edinburgh, taken down in 
 1817. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott has a novel so called 
 (1818), the plot of which is as follows : — 
 Effie Deans, the daughter of a Scotch 
 cow-feeder, is seduced by George Staun- 
 ton, son of the rector of Willingham ; 
 and Jeanie is cited as a witness on the 
 trial -which ensues, by which Effie is 
 sentenced to death for child murder. 
 Jeanie promises to go to London and ask 
 the king to pardon her. half -sister, and, 
 after various perils, arrives at her desti- 
 nation. She lays her case before the duke 
 of Argyll, who takes her in his carriage to 
 Richmond, and obtains for her an inter- 
 view with the queen, who promises to 
 intercede with his majesty (George II.) 
 on her sister's behalf. In due time the 
 
HEARTALL. 
 
 431 
 
 HECTORS. 
 
 royal pardon is sent to Edinburgh, Effie 
 is released, and marries her seducer, now 
 sir George Staunton; but soon after the 
 marriage sir George is shot by a gipsy 
 boy, -who is in reality his illegitimate 
 son. On the death of her husband, lady 
 Staunton retires to a convent on the Con- 
 tinent. Jeanie marries Reuben Butler 
 the presbyterian minister. The novel 
 opens with the Porteous riots. 
 
 Heartall (Governor), an old bachelor, 
 peppery in temper, but with a generous 
 heart and unbounded benevolence. He 
 is as simple-minded as a child, and loves 
 his young nephew almost to adoration. 
 
 Frank Heartall, the governor's nephew ; 
 impulsive, free-handed, and free-hearted, 
 benevolent and frank. He falls in love 
 with the Widow Cheerly, the daughter of 
 colonel. Woodley, whom he sees first at 
 the opera. Ferret, a calumniating rascal, 
 tries to do mischief, but is utterly foiled. 
 —Cherry, The Soldiers Daughter (1804). 
 
 Heartfree (Jack), a railer against 
 women and against marriage. He falls 
 half in love with lady Fanciful, on whom 
 he rails, and marries Belinda. — Van- 
 brugh, The Provoked Wife (1G93). 
 
 Heartwell, a friend of Modely's, 
 who falls in love with Flora, a niece of 
 old Farmer Freehold. They marry, and 
 are happy. — John Philip Kemble, The 
 
 Farm-house. 
 
 Heatherblutter (John), gamekeeper 
 of the baron of Bradwardine (3 syl.) at 
 Tully Veolan. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Heaven, according to Dante, begins 
 from the top of the mountain Purgatory, 
 and rises upwards through the seven 
 planetary spheres, the sphere of the fixed 
 stars, the primum mobile, and terminates 
 with the empyreum, which is the seat of 
 God.. (See Paradise.) Milton preserves 
 the same divisions. He says, "they who 
 to be sure of paradise dying put on the 
 garb of monks : " 
 
 . . . pass the planets seven, and pass the " fixt," 
 And that crystallin sphere whose balance weighs 
 The trepidation talked, and that first moved . . . and 
 
 now 
 At foot of heaven's ascent they lift their feet, when lo I 
 A violent cross wind . . . blows them . . . awry 
 Into the devious air. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 481, etc. (1665). 
 
 Heaven-sent Minister ( The), 
 William Pitt (1759-180G). 
 
 Hebe (2 syl.), goddess of youth, and 
 cup-bearer of the immortals before 
 Ganymede superseded her. She was the 
 
 wife of Hercules, and had the power of 
 making the aged young again. (See 
 Plousina.) 
 
 Hebes are they to hand ambrosia, mix 
 The nectar. 
 
 Tennyson, Tlie Princess, 111. 
 
 Heb'ron, in the first part of Absalom 
 and Achltophel, by Dryden, stands for 
 Holland ; but in the second part, by 
 Tate, it stands for Scotland. Hebronite 
 similarly means in one case a Hollander, 
 and in the other a Scotchman. 
 
 Hec'ate (2 syl.), called in classic 
 
 mythology Bec'.a.te (3 syl.) ; a triple 
 deity, being Luna in heaven, Dian'a on 
 earth, and Proserpine (3 syl.) in hell. 
 Hecate presided over magic and enchant- 
 ments, and was generally represented as 
 having the head of a horse, dog, or boar, 
 though sometimes she is represented with 
 three bodies, and three heads looking 
 different wa}'s. Shakespeare introduces 
 her in his tragedy of Macbeth (act iii. 
 sc. 5), as queen of the witches ; but the 
 witches of Macbeth have been largely 
 borrowed from a drama called The Witch, 
 by Thorn. Middleton (died 1G26). The 
 following is a specimen of this indebted- 
 ness :— 
 
 Hecate. Black spirits and white, red spirits and grey, 
 
 Mingle, mingle, mingle, you that mingle may . . . 
 1st Witch. Here's the blood of a bat 
 Hecate. Put in that, 6b put in that 
 2nd Witch. Here's libbard's bane. 
 Hecate. Put in again, etc., etc. 
 
 Middleton, The Witch. 
 And yonder pale-faced Hecate there, the moon, 
 Doth give consent to that is done in darkness. 
 
 Thorn. Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy (1597). 
 
 Hector, one of the sons of Priam 
 king of Troy. This bravest and ablest 
 of all the Trojan chiefs was generalissimo 
 of the allied armies, and was slain in the 
 last year of the war by Achilles, who, 
 with barbarous fury, dragged the dead 
 body insultingly thrice round the tomb of 
 Patroclos and the walls of the beleagured 
 city. — Homer, Iliad. 
 
 Hector de Mares (1 syl.) or 
 Marys, a knight of the Round Table, 
 brother of sir Launcelot du Lac. 
 
 The gentle Gaw'ain's courteous love. 
 Hector de Mares, and Peilinore. 
 Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Trier main, ii. 13 (1813). 
 
 Hector of Germany, Joachim II. 
 elector of Brandenburg (1514-1571). 
 
 Hector of the Mist, an outlaw, 
 killed by Allan M'Aulay.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 "Hectors, street bullies. Since the 
 Restoration, we have had a succession of 
 street brawlers, as the Muns, the Tityre 
 
HEELTAP. 
 
 432 
 
 HELEN. 
 
 Tub, the Hectors, the Scourers, the 
 Kickers, the Hawcabites, and, lastly, the 
 Mohawks, worst of them all. 
 
 Heeltap (Crispin), a cobbler, and 
 one of the corporation of Garratfc, of 
 which Jerrv Sneak is chosen inavor. — 
 S. Foote, The Mayor of Garratt (1763). 
 
 Heep (Uri'ah), a detestable sneak, 
 who is everlastingly forcing on one's 
 attention that he is so 'umble. Uriah 
 is Mr. "Wiekfield's clerk, and, with all 
 his ostentatious 'umility, is most design- 
 ing, malignant, and intermeddling. His 
 infamy is dragged to light by Mr. 
 Micawber. 
 
 " I am well aware that I am the 'umblest person g">ing, 
 let the other be who he may. My mother is likevti.se A 
 very 'umble person. We live in a n'urnble abode. Master 
 Cepperfield, but have much to be thankful for. My 
 father's former calling was 'untitle — he was a sexton." — 
 C. Dickens, David Copper field, xvi. (1349). 
 
 Heidelberg (Mrs.), the widow of a 
 wealthy Dutch merchant, who kept her 
 brother's house (Mr. Sterling, a City 
 merchant). She was very vulgar, and, 
 " knowing the strength of her purse, 
 domineered on the credit of it." Mrs. 
 Heidelberg had most exalted notions 
 ''of the qualaty," and a "perfect con- 
 tempt for everything that did not smack 
 of high life." Her English was certainly 
 faulty, as the following specimens will 
 show : — farden, widt/ar, spurrit, pertest, 
 Swish, /livers, ffurliteness, etc. She 
 spoke of a pictur by Itaphael-Angelo, a 
 po-shay,dish-abille,pa?'fel na£ura/s[idiots] , 
 most ycnteelest, and so on. When 
 thwarted in her overbearing ways, she 
 threatened to leave the house and go to 
 Holland to live with her husband's 
 cousin, Mr. Yanderspracken. — Colman 
 and Garrick, The Clandestine Marriage 
 (17G6). 
 
 Heimdall (2 syl.), in Celtic mytho- 
 logy, was the son of nine virgin sisters. 
 He dwelt in the celestial fort Himins- 
 biorg, under the extremity of the rain- 
 bow. His ear was so acute that he could 
 hear " the wool grow on the sheep's 
 back, and the grass in the meadows." 
 Heimdall was the watch or sentinel of 
 Asgard (Olympus), and even in his sleep 
 was able to see everything that tran- 
 spired. (See Fine-ear, p. 333.) 
 
 HeimdaWs Horn. At the end of the 
 world, Heimdall will wake the gods with 
 his horn, when they Avill be attacked by 
 Muspell, Loki, the wolf Fenris, and the 
 Berpent Jormunsgandar. 
 
 And much he talked of . . . 
 And Heiindal's horn and the day of doom. 
 Longfeilow. The Wayside Inn (interlude, 1863). 
 
 Heinrich (Poor), or " Poor Henry," 
 the hero and title of a poem by Hart- 
 mann von der Aue [Oar]. Heinrich 
 was a rich nobleman, struck with leprosy, 
 and was told he would never recover till 
 some virgin of spotless purity volun- 
 teered to die on his behalf. As Heinrich 
 neither hoped nor even wished for such 
 a sacrifice, he gave the main part of his 
 possessions to the poor, and went to live 
 with a poor tenant farmer, who was one 
 of his vassals. The daughter of this 
 farmer heard by accident on what the 
 cure of the leper depended, and went to 
 Salerno to offer herself as the victim. 
 No sooner was the offer made than the 
 lord was cured, and the damsel became 
 his wife (twelfth century). 
 
 *** This tale forms the subject of 
 Longfellow's Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Heir-at-Law. Baron Duberly being 
 dead, his "heir-at-law" was Henry Mor- 
 land, supposed to be drowned at sea, and 
 the next heir was Daniel Dowlas, a 
 chandler of Gosport. Scarcely had 
 Daniel been raised to his new dignity, 
 when Henry Morland, who had been 
 cast on Cape Breton, made his appear- 
 ance, and the whole aspect of affairs was 
 changed. That Dowlas might still live 
 in comfort, suitable to his limited am- 
 bition, the heir of the barony settled on 
 him a small life annuity. — G. Colman, 
 Heir-at-Law (1797). 
 
 Hel'a, queen of the dead. She is 
 daughter of Loki and Angurbo'da (a 
 giantess). Her abode, called Helheim, 
 was a vast castle in Niflheim, in the midst 
 of eternal snow and darkness. 
 
 Down the yawning steep he rode. 
 That leads to Hela's drear abode. 
 
 Gray, Descent of Odin (1757). 
 
 Helen, wife of Menelaos of Sparta. 
 She eloped with Paris, a Trojan prince, 
 while he was the guest of the Spartan 
 king. Menelaos, to avenge this wrong, 
 induced the allied armies of Greece to 
 invest Troy ; and after a siege of ten; 
 years, the city was taken and burnt to' 
 the ground. 
 
 %* A parallel incident occurred in 
 Ireland. Dervorghal, wife of Tiernan 
 OTiuark, an Irish chief who held the 
 county of Leitrim, eloped with Dermod 
 M'Murchad prince of Leinster. Dermod 
 induced O'Connor king of Connaught to 
 avenge this wrong. So O'Connor drovo 
 Dermod from his throne. Dermod ap- 
 plied to Henry II. of England, and this 
 was the incident which brought about the 
 
HELEN. 
 
 HELENA. 
 
 conquest of Ireland (1172). — Leland, His- 
 tory of Ireland (1773). 
 
 Hel'en, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
 worth's novel of the same name. This 
 was her last and most popular tale (1834) ; 
 
 Helen, cousin of Modus the bookworm. 
 She loved her cousin, and taught mm 
 there was a better "art of love" than 
 that written by Ovid. — S. Knowles, Tlie 
 Hunchback (1831). 
 
 Miss Taylor was the original " Helen," and her per- 
 formance was universally pronounced to be exquisite and 
 unsurpassable.' On one occasion, Mr. Knowles admired a 
 cose which Miss Taylor wore in the part, and after the 
 play she sent it him. The poet, in reply, sent the lady a 
 copy of verses.— Walter Lacy. 
 
 Helen {Lady), in love with sir Edward 
 Mortimer. Her uncle insulted sir 
 Edward in a county assembly, struck 
 him down, and trampled on him. Sir 
 Edward, returning home, encountered the 
 drunken ruffian and murdered him. He 
 was tried for the crime, and acquitted 
 "without a stain upon his character ;" but 
 the knowledge of the deed preyed upon 
 'his mind, so that he could not marry the 
 niece of the murdered man. After lead- 
 ing a life of utter wretchedness, sir 
 Edward told Helen that he was the 
 murderer of her uncle, and died. — G. 
 Colman, The Iron Chest (1796). 
 
 Helen [Mowbray], in love with Wal- 
 singham. "Of all grace the pattern — 
 person, feature, mind, heart, everything, 
 as nature had essayed to frame a work 
 where none could find a flaw." Allured by 
 lord Athunree to a house of ill-fame, 
 under pretence of doing a work of charity, 
 she was seen by Walsingham as she came 
 out, and he abandoned her as a wanton. 
 She then assumed male attire, with the 
 name of Eustace. Walsingham became 
 her friend, was told that Eustace was 
 Helen's brother, and finally discovered 
 that Eustace was Helen herself. The 
 mystery being cleared up, they became 
 man and wife. — S. Knowles, Woman's 
 Wit, etc. (1838). 
 
 Helen's Fire (feu d'He'lene), a 
 comazant, called " St. Helme's" or " St. 
 Elmo's fire" by the Spaniards; the " fires 
 of St. Peter and St. Nicholas" by the 
 Italians ; and " Castor and Pollux " by 
 the ancient Romans. This electric light 
 will sometimes play about the masts of 
 ships. If only one appears, foul weather 
 may be looked for ; but if two or more 
 dames appear, the worst of the storm is 
 over. 
 
 Whene'er the sons of T-eda fhrd 
 "Hiflir star-lamps on our ves eJ's head, 
 
 19 
 
 The storm-winds cense, the troubled tpttf 
 Falls from the rocks, clouds pais away, 
 And on the bosom of the deep 
 tn peace the angry billows sleep. 
 
 Horace, Odes, L 12. 
 
 Helen of One's Troy, the ambi- 
 tion of our heart, the object for which 
 we live and die. The allusion, of course, 
 is to that Helen who eloped with Paris, 
 and thus brought about the siege and 
 destruction of Troy. 
 
 For which men all the life they here enjoy 
 
 Still fight, as for the Helens of their Troy. 
 
 Lord Brooke, Treatie of Humane Learning (1554-1628), 
 
 Hel'ena (St.), daughter of Coel duke 
 Colchester and afterwards king of 
 Britain. She married Constantius (a 
 Roman senator, who succeeded " Old 
 king Cole"), and became the mother of 
 Constantine the Great. Constantius died 
 at York (a.i>. 30G). Helena is said to have 
 discovered at Jerusalem the sepulchre 
 and cross of Jesus Christ. — Geoffrey, 
 British History, v. G (1142). 
 
 * + * This legend is told of the Col- 
 chester arms, which consist of a cross and 
 three crowns (two atop and one at the 
 foot of the cross). 
 
 At a considerable depth beneath the surface of tha»earth 
 were found three crosses, which were instantly recognized. 
 as those on which Christ and the two thieves had suffered 
 death. To ascertain which was the true cross, a female 
 corpse was placed on all three alternately; the two firsc 
 tried vrodiiced no effect, but the third instantly reani- 
 mated the body. — J. Brady, Clavit Catendaria, 181. 
 Herself in person went to seek that holy cross 
 Whereon our Saviour died, which found, as it was sought ; 
 From Salem unto Rome triumphantly she brought. 
 
 Drayton, Polyoibion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Hel'ena, only daughter of Gerard de 
 Narbon the physician. She was left 
 under the charge of the countess of 
 Rousillon, whose son Bertram she fell in 
 love with. The king sent for Bertram 
 to the palace, and Helena, hearing the 
 king was ill, obtained permission of the 
 countess to give him a prescription left 
 by her late father. The medicine cured 
 the king, and the king, in gratitude, 
 promised to make her the wife of any one 
 of his courtiers that she chose. Helena 
 selected Bertram, and they were married ; 
 but the haughty count, hating the alliance, 
 left France, to join the army of the duke 
 of Florence. Helena, in the mean time, 
 started on a pilgrimage to the shrine of 
 St. Jacques le Grand, carrying with her a 
 letter from her husband, stating that he 
 would never see her more " till she could 
 get the ring from off his finger." On her 
 wajr to the shrine, she lodged at Florence 
 with a widow, the mother of Diana, with 
 whom Bertram was wantonly in love. 
 Helena was permitted to pass herself off 
 as Diana, and receive his visits, in one of 
 
HELENA. 
 
 434 
 
 HELL KETTLES. 
 
 which they exchanged rings. Both soon 
 after this returned to the countess de 
 Rousillon, where the king was, and the 
 king, seeing on Bertram's finger the ring 
 which he gave to Helena, had him 
 arrested on suspicion of murder. Helena 
 now explained the matter, and all was 
 well, for all ended well. — Shakespeare, 
 All's Well that ends Well (1598). 
 
 Helena is a young woman seeking, a man in marriage. 
 The ordinary laws of courtship are reversed, the habitual 
 feelings are violated ; yet with such exquisite address this 
 dangerous subject is handled, that Helena's forwardness 
 loses her no honour. Delicacy dispenses with her laws in 
 her favour. — C. Lamb. 
 
 Hcl'ena, a young Athenian lady, in love 
 with Demetrius. She was the playmate 
 of Her'mia, with whom she grew up, as 
 " two cherries on one stalk." Egeus (3 
 syL), the father of Hermia, promised his 
 daughter in marriage to Demetrius ; but 
 when Demetrius saw that Hermia loved 
 Ly sander, he turned to Helena, who loved 
 him dearly, and married her. — Shake- 
 speare, Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 
 
 Hel'ice (3 syl.), the Great Bear. 
 
 Night on the earth poured darkness; on the aea 
 The wakeful sailor to Orion's star 
 AIM Helic6 turned heedful. 
 Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautic Expedition. 
 
 Kel'ieon, a mountain of Bceo'tia, 
 sacred to the Muses. 
 
 From Helicon's harmonious springs 
 
 A thousand rills their mazy progress take 
 
 Gray, Progress of Poeiy (1757). 
 
 Hel'inore {Dame), wife of Malbecco, 
 who was jealous of her, and not without 
 cause. When sir Paridel, sir Sat'yrane 
 (3 syl.), and Britomart (as the Squire of 
 Dames) took refuge in Malbecco's house, 
 Dame Helinore and sir Paridel had many 
 "false belgardes " at each other, and 
 talked love with glances which needed no 
 interpreter. Helinore, having set fire to 
 the closet where Malbecco kept his 
 treasures, eloped with Paridel, while the 
 old miser stopped to put out the fire. 
 Paridel soon tired of the dame, and cast 
 her off, leaving her to roam whither she 
 listed. She was taken up by the satyrs, 
 who made her their dairy-woman, and 
 crowned her queen of the May. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iii. 9, 10 (1590). 
 
 Heliotrope renders the bearer of it 
 invisible. Boccaccio calls it a stone, but 
 Solinus says it is the herb so called. 
 (See Invisibility). 
 
 Amid this dread exuberance of woe 
 Ran naked spirits, winged with horrid fear; 
 Nor hope had they of crevice where to hide, 
 Or heliotrope to charm them out of view. 
 
 DanW, Inferno, xxiv. (130o). 
 Heliotrope is a stone of such extraordinary virtue that 
 
 the bearer of it is effectually concealed from the o^jht of 
 all present. — Boccaccio, Decameron (day viii. 3). 
 
 Viridi colore est gemma heliotropion, non ita acuto sed 
 nubilo magis et represso, stellis punieeis superspersa. 
 Causa nominis de effectu lapidis est et potestate. Dejecta 
 in labris eeneis radios solis mutat sanguineo repercussu, 
 utraque aqua splendorem acris abjicit et avertit. Etiain 
 illnd posse dicitur, ut herba ejusdem nominis mixta et prse- 
 cantationibus legitimis consecrata, eum, a cjuocunque 
 gestafeitur, subtrahat visibus obviorum. — Solinus, Geog., xl. 
 
 Helisane de Crenne, contem- 
 porary with Paquier. She wrote her own 
 biography, including the "history of 
 her own death." — Angoisses Doloureuses 
 (Lyons, 1546). 
 
 Hel Keplein, a mantle of invisi- 
 bility, belonging to the dwarf -king Laurin. 
 (See Invisibility.) — The Heldenbuch 
 (thirteenth century). 
 
 Hell, accordingto Mohammedan belief, 
 is divided into seven compartments: (1) 
 for Mohammedans, (2) for Jews, (3) for 
 Christians, (4) for Sabians, (5) for 
 Magians, (6) for idolaters, (7) for hypo- 
 crites. All but idolaters and unbelievers 
 will be in time released from torment. 
 
 Hell, Dante says, is a vast funnel, 
 divided into eight circles, with ledges more 
 or less rugged. Each circle, of course, is 
 narrower than the one above, and the last 
 goes down to the very centre of the earth. 
 Before the circles begin, there is a neutral 
 land and a limbo. In the neutral land 
 wander those not bad enough for hell 
 nor good enough for heaven ; in the limbo, 
 those who knew no sin but were not 
 baptized Christians. Coming then to hell 
 proper, circle 1, he says, is compassed 
 by the river Acheron, and in this division 
 of inferno dwell the spirits of the heathen 
 philosophers. Circle 2 is presided over 
 by Minos, and here are the spirits of those 
 guilty of carnal and sinful love. Circle 
 3 is guarded by Cerberus, and this is the 
 region set apart for gluttons. Circle 4, 
 presided over by Plutus, is the realm 
 of the avaricious. Circle 5 contains the 
 Stygian Lake, and here flounder in deep 
 mud those who in life put no restraint on 
 their anger. Circle 6 (in the city of 
 Dis) is for those who did violence to man 
 by force or fraud. Circle 7 (in tbe city 
 of Dis) is for suicides. Circle 8 (also in 
 the city of Dis) is for blasphemers and 
 heretics. After the eight circles come 
 the ten pits or chasms of Malebolge 
 (4 syl.), the last of which is in the centre 
 of the earth, and here, he says, is the 
 frozen river of Cocy'tus. (See Inferno.) 
 
 Hell Kettles, three black pits of 
 boiling heat and sulphurous vapour, on the 
 banks of the Skern, in Northumberland. 
 
HELL PAVED, ETC. 
 
 435 
 
 HENNEBERG. 
 
 The Skern . . . spieth near her bank 
 
 Three black and horrid pits, which for their sulpherous [«'c] 
 
 sweat 
 " Hell Kettles " rightly called. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxix. (1622). 
 
 %* One of the caverns is 19 feet G 
 inches deep, another ie 14 feet deep, and 
 the third is 17 feet. These three com- 
 municate with each other. There is a 
 fourth bh feet deep, which is quite separate 
 from the other three. 
 
 Hell Paved with Good Inten- 
 tions. — A Portuguese Proverb. 
 
 . . . saying "they meant toelf." 
 Tis pity " that such meanings should pave hell." 
 Byron, Don Juan, viii. 25 (1821). 
 
 Hellebore (3 syl.), celebrated in 
 maniacal cases. 
 
 And melancholy cures by sovereign hellebore. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1013 ). 
 
 Hellespont. Leander used to swim 
 across the Hellespont to visit Hero, a 
 priestess of Sestos. Lord Byron and 
 lieutenant Ekenhead repeated the feat, 
 and accomplished it in seventy minutes, 
 the distance being four miles (allowing 
 for drifting). 
 
 He could, perhaps, have passed the Hellespont, 
 As once (a feat on which ourselves we prided) 
 Leander, Mr. Ekenhead. and I did. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ii. 105 (1S19). 
 
 Hellica'nus, the able and honest 
 minister of Per'icles, to whom he left the 
 charge of Tyre during his absence. 
 Being offered the crown, Hellicanus nobly 
 declined the offer, and remained faithful 
 to the prince throughout. — Shakespeare, 
 Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 
 
 Helmet of Invisibility. The 
 helmet of Perseus (2 syl.) rendered the 
 wearer invisible. This was in reality the 
 " Helmet of Ila'des," and after Perseus 
 had slain Medu'sa he restored it, together 
 with the winged sandals and magic 
 wallet. The "gorgon's head" he pre- 
 sented to Minerva, who placed it in the 
 middle of her jegis. (See Invisibility.) 
 
 *%* Mambrino's helmet had the same 
 magical power, though don Quixote, even 
 in hi3 midsummer madness, never thought 
 himself invisible when he donned the 
 barber's basin. 
 
 Heloise. La Nouvelle Helolse, a ro- 
 mance by Jean Jacques Rousseau (1761). 
 
 Helvet'ia, Switzerland, modernized 
 Latin for Ager Helvetiorum. 
 
 England's glory and Helvetia's charms. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 The Helvetian Mountains, the Swiss Alps. 
 
 •Twa-s sun et, and the ranz-dez-vnehes was sung. 
 And light< were o'er :h' Helvetian Mountains !lung, 
 Tuat tinged the lakes like molten gold below. 
 
 Campbell, Theodoric 
 
 He'mera, sister of prince Memnon, 
 mentioned by Dictys Cretensis. Milton, 
 in his // Penseroso, speaks of "prince 
 Memnon's sister" (1638). 
 
 Hem'junah, princess of Cassimir', 
 daughter of the sultan Zebene'zer ; 
 betrothed at the age of 13 to the prince 
 of Georgia. As Hemjunah had never 
 Been the prince, she ran away to avoid 
 a forced marriage, and was changed by 
 Ulin the enchanter into a toad. In this 
 form she became acquainted with Misnar 
 sultan of India, who had likewise been 
 transformed into a toad by Ulin. Misnar 
 was disenchanted by a dervise, and slew 
 Ulin ; whereupon the princess recovered 
 her proper shape, and returned home. A 
 rebellion broke out in Cassimir, but the 
 "angel of death" destroyed the rebel 
 army, and Zebenezer was restored to his 
 throne. His surprise was unbounded 
 when he found that the prince of Georgia 
 and the sultan of India were one and the 
 same person; and Hemjunah said, "Be 
 assured, sultan, that I shall not refuse 
 the hand of the prince of Georgia, even if 
 my father commands my obedience." — Sir 
 C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii 
 (" Princess of Cassimir," vii., 1751). 
 
 Hemlock. Socrates the Wise and 
 Phocion the Good were both by the Athe- 
 nians condemned to death by hemlot.k 
 juice, Socrates at the age of 70 (B.C. 3U9) 
 and Phocion at the age of 85 (b.c. 317). 
 
 Hempskirke (2 syl.), a captain 
 serving under Wolfort the usurper of the 
 earldom of Flanders. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Beggars' Bush (1622). 
 
 Hen and Chickens {The), the 
 Pleiades. Called in Basque Oiloa Chituekin 
 (same meaning). — Miss Frere, Old Deccan 
 Days, 27. 
 
 Henbane makes those who chance to 
 eat of it " bray like asses or neigh like 
 horses." 
 
 Hen'derson (E/ias), chaplain at 
 Lochleven Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Henneberg (Count). One day a 
 beggar-woman asked count Henneberg's 
 wife for alms. The countess twitted her 
 for carrying twins, whereupon the woman 
 cursed her, with the assurance that "her 
 ladyship should be the mother of 365 
 children." The legend says that the 
 countess bore them at one birth, but 
 none of them lived any length of time. 
 All the girls were named Elizabeth, and 
 
HENRIETTA MARIA. 
 
 43G 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 all the boys John, They are buried, we 
 are fold, at the Hague. 
 
 Henrietta Maria, widoAv of king 
 Charles I., introduced in sir W. Scott's 
 Peveril of the Peak (1823). 
 
 Henrietta Street, Cavendish 
 Square, London, is so called in compli- 
 ment to Henrietta Cavendish, daughter of 
 John Holies duke of Newcastle, and wife 
 of Edward second earl of Oxford and 
 Mortimer. From these come "Edward 
 Street," " Henrietta Street," " Cavendish 
 Square," and "Holies Street." (See 
 Portland Place.) 
 
 Henriette (3 syl.), daughter of 
 Chrysale (2 syl.) and Philaminte (3 syl.). 
 She is in love with Clitandre, and ulti- 
 mately becomes his wife. Philaminte, 
 who is a blue-stocking, wants Henriette 
 to marry Trissotin a bel esprit ; and 
 Armande the sister, also a pas bleu, 
 thinks that Henriette ought to devote 
 her life to science and philosophy ; but 
 Henriette loves woman's work far better, 
 and thinks that her natural province is 
 domestic life, with wifely and motherly 
 duties. Her father Chrysale takes the 
 same views of woman's life as his 
 daughter Henriette, but he is quite under 
 the thumb of his strong-minded wife. 
 However, love at last prevails, and 
 Henriette is given in marriage to the 
 man of her choice. The French call 
 Henriette " the type of a perfect woman," 
 i.e. a thorough woman. — Moliere, Les 
 Femmes Savantes (1672). 
 
 Henrique (Don), an uxorious lord, 
 cruel to his younger brother don Jamie. 
 Don Henrique is the father of Asca'nio, 
 and the supposed husband of Yiolan'te 
 (4 syl.). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Spanish Curate (1G22). 
 
 Henry, a soldier engaged to Louisa. 
 Some rumours of gallantry to Henry's 
 disadvantage having reached the village, 
 he is told that Louisa is about to be 
 married to another. In his despair he 
 gives himself up as a deserter, and is 
 condemned to death. Louisa now goes 
 to the king, explains to him the whole 
 matter, obtains her sweetheart's pardon, 
 and reaches the jail just as the muffled 
 drums begin to beat the death march. — 
 Dibdin, The Deserter (1770). 
 
 Henry, son of sir Philip Rlandford's 
 brother. Both the brothers loved the 
 same lady, but the younger marrying her, 
 sir Philip, in his rage, stabbed him, as 
 it was thought, mortally. In due time, 
 
 the young "widow" had a son (Henry;, a 
 very high-minded, chivalrous young man, 
 greatly beloved by every one. After 
 twenty years, his father re-appeared under 
 the name of Morrington, and Henry 
 married his cousin Emma Blandford.— 
 Thorn. Morton, Speed the Plouyh (1798). 
 
 Henry (Poor), prince of Hohencck, in 
 Bavaria. Being struck with leprosy, he 
 quitted his lordly castle, gave largely to 
 the poor, and retired to live with a small 
 cottage farmer named Gottlieb [Got.leeb], 
 one of his vassals. He was told that he 
 would never be cured till a virgin, chaste 
 and spotless, offered to die on his behalf. 
 Elsie, the farmer's daughter, offered her- 
 self, and after great resistance the prince 
 accompanied her to Salerno to complete 
 the sacrifice. WTien he arrived at the 
 city, either the exercise, the excitement, 
 or the charm of some relic, no matter 
 what, had effected an entire cure, and 
 when he took Elsie into the cathedral, 
 the only sacrifice she had to make was 
 that of her maiden name for lady Alicia, 
 wife of prince Henry of Hoheneck. — 
 Hartmann von der Aue (minnesinger), 
 Poor Henry (twelfth century). 
 
 *** This tale is the subject of Long- 
 fellow's Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Henry II., king of England, intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott both in The 
 Betrothed and in The Talisman (1825). 
 
 Henry "V"., Shakespeare's drama, 
 founded on The Famous Victories of Henry 
 V. : containing the Honourable Battle of 
 Agincourt. As it is plaide by the Queenes 
 3/agestics players, 1598. Shakespeare's 
 play appeared in print in 1G00 (quarto). 
 
 Henry VI. Shakespeare's dramas of 
 this reign are founded on The First Part 
 of the Contention betidxt the two Famous 
 Houses of Yorke and Lancaster, with the 
 Death of the Good Duke Humphrey, etc. 
 As it was sundry times acted by the Bight 
 Honourable the Earle of Pembroke his Ser- 
 vants, 1G00. 
 
 Another. The True Tragedie of Bichard 
 Duke of Yorke, and the Death of Good 
 Henrie VI., etc. As it was sundry times 
 acted ... (as above). 
 
 Henry [Lee], member for Virginia, 
 on whose motion (July 4, 1776) the 
 American congress published their decla- 
 ration of independence, and erected the 
 colonies into free and sovereign states. 
 
 Henry, the forest-born Demosthenes, 
 Whose thunder shook the Philip of the se:is[0r*at 
 Britain]. 
 
 Byron, Age of Bronze, viii. (1831). 
 
HEOROT. 
 
 437 
 
 HERCULES. 
 
 He'orot, the magnificent palace built 
 by Hrothgar king of Denmark. Here " he 
 distributed rings [treasure'] at the feast." 
 
 Then was for the sons of the Geats a bench cleared in 
 the beer hall ; there the bold spirit, free from quarrel, 
 Ment to sit. The thane observed his rank, and bore in 
 bis hand the twisted ale-cup . . . meanwhile the poet sang 
 serene in Heorot ; there was joy of heroes, no little pomp 
 of Danes and Westerns. — Kenible's translation, Beowulf 
 (Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century). 
 
 Heos'phoros, the morning star. 
 
 O my light-bearer . . , 
 Ai, ai, Heosphoros. 
 E. B. Browning, A Drama of Exile (1850) 
 
 He'par, the Liver personified, the 
 arch-city in The Purple Island, by 
 Phineas Fletcher. Fully described in 
 canto iii. (1633). 
 
 Hephaes'tos, the Greek name for 
 Vulcan. The Vulcanic period of geo- 
 logy is that unknown period before the 
 creation of man, when the molten granite 
 and buried metals were upheaved by 
 internal heat, through the overlying 
 strata, sometimes even to the very sur- 
 face of the earth. 
 
 The early dawn and dusk of Time, 
 The reign of dateless old Hephajstus. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Herbert (Sir William), friend of sir 
 Hugo de Lacy.— Sir W. Scott, The Be- 
 trothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Her'cules shot Nessus for offering 
 insult to his wife Di'-i-a-nl-ra, and the 
 dying centaur told Diianiva that if she 
 dipped in his blood her husband's shirt, 
 she would secure his love for ever. Her- 
 cules, being about to offer sacrifice, sent 
 Lichas for the shirt; but no sooner was it 
 warmed by the heat of his body than 
 it caused such excruciating agony that 
 the hero went mad, and, seizing Lichas, 
 he flung him into the sea. 
 
 Hercules Mad is the subject of a Greek 
 traged}' by Eurip'ides, and of a Latin 
 one by Sen'eca. 
 
 As when Alcides . . . felt the envenomed robe, and tore, 
 Thro' pain, up by the roots Thessalian pines. 
 And Lichas from the tup of (Eta [a mount] threw 
 Into the Euboic Sea [the Archipelago]. 
 
 Milton. Paradise Lost, ii. 542, etc. (1665). 
 
 *j* Diodorus says there were three 
 Herculeses ; Cicero recognizes six (three 
 of which were Greeks, one Egyptian, one 
 Cretan, and one Indian) ; Varro says 
 there were forty-three. 
 
 Hercules's Choice. When Hercules 
 was a young man, he was accosted by 
 two women, Pleasure and Virtue, and 
 asked to choose which he would follow. 
 Pleasure promised him all carnal delights, 
 but Virtue promised him immortality. 
 Hercules gave his hand to the latter, and 
 
 hence led a life of great toil, but was 
 ultimately received amongst the im- 
 mortals. — Xeuophon. 
 
 *** Mrs. Baubauld has borrowed this 
 allegory, but instead of Hercules has 
 substituted Melissa, " a young girl," who 
 is accosted by Dissipation and House- 
 wifery. While somewhat in doubt which 
 to follow, Dissipation's mask falls off, 
 and immediately Melissa beholds such a 
 "wan and ghastly countenance," that 
 she turns away in horror, and gives her 
 hand to the more sober of the two ladies. 
 — Eveninr/s at Home, xix. (1795). 
 
 Hercules's Horse, Arlon, given him by 
 Adrastos. It had the gift of human 
 speech, and its feet on the right side were 
 those of a man. 
 
 Hercules's Pillars, Calpe and Ab'yla, 
 one at Gibraltar and the other at Ceuta 
 (3 syl.). They were torn asunder by 
 Alcides on his route to Gades (Cadiz). 
 
 Hercules's Ports : (1) " Herculis Corsani 
 Portus" (now called Poi-to-Ercolo, in 
 Etruria) ; (2) " Herculis Liburni Portus " 
 (now called Livorno, i.e. Leghorn) ; (3) 
 "Herculis Monceci Portus" (now called 
 Monaco, near Nice). 
 
 Hercules (The Attic), Theseus (2 syl.), 
 who went about, like Hercules, destroy- 
 ing robbers, and performing most won- 
 derful exploits. 
 
 Hercules (The Cretan). All the three 
 Idxan Dactyls were so called : viz., Cel- 
 mis ("the smelter"), Damnameneus ("the 
 hammer "), and Acmon ("the anvil "). 
 
 Hercules (The Egyptian), Sesostris (fl. 
 n.c. 1500). Another was Som or Chon, 
 called by Pausanias, Maceris son of 
 Anion. 
 
 Hercules (The English), Guy earl of 
 Warwick (890-958). 
 
 Warwick . . . thou English HereulSs. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Hercules (The Farnese), a statue, the 
 work of Glykon, copied from one by 
 Lysip'pos. Called Farne'se (3 syl.) from 
 its being placed in the Farnese palace of 
 Rome, where were at one time collected 
 also the " Toro di Farnese," the " Flora di 
 Farnese," and the " Gladiatore di Far- 
 nese." The " Hercules " and "Toro" are 
 now at Naples. The " Farnese Her- 
 cules " represents the hero exhausted by 
 toil, leaning on his club ; and in his left 
 hand, which rests on his back, he holds 
 one of the apples of the Hesperldes. 
 
 *** A copy of this famous statue 
 stands in the Tuilleries gardens of Paris. 
 
HERCULES. 
 
 438 
 
 HERMES. 
 
 An excellent description of the statue is 
 given by Thomson, in his Liberty, iv. 
 
 Hercules (The Indian), Dorsanes, who 
 married Pandaea, and became the pro- 
 genitor of the Indian kings. Belus is 
 sometimes called " The Indian Hercules." 
 
 Hercules (The Jewish), Samson (died 
 B.C. 1113). 
 
 Hercules (The Russian), Rustum. 
 
 Hercules (The Swedish), StarchatSrus 
 (first Christian century). 
 
 Hercules of Music, Christoph von 
 Gliick (1714-1787). 
 
 Hercules Secundus. CommSdus, 
 the Roman emperor, gave himself this 
 title. He was a gigantic idiot, who killed 
 100 lions, and overthrew 1000 gladiators 
 in the amphitheatre (161, 180-192). 
 
 Heren-Suge (The), a seven-headed 
 hydra of Basque mythology, like the 
 Deccan cobras. 
 
 Heretics (Hammer of), Pierre d'Ailly 
 (1350-1425). 
 
 John Faber is also called "The Hammer 
 of Heretics," from the title of one of his 
 works (*-1541). 
 
 Heretics (Scientific). 
 
 Fcargal bishop of Salt/burg, an Irish- 
 man, was denounced as a heretic for assert- 
 ing the existence of antipodes (*-784). 
 
 Galileo, the astronomer, was cast into 
 prison for maintaining the " heretical 
 opinion " that the earth moved round the 
 sun (1564-1642). 
 
 Giordano Bruno was burnt alive for 
 maintaining that matter is the mother of 
 all things (1550-1600). 
 
 Her 'e ward (3 syl.), one of the 
 
 Varangian guard of Alexius Comncnus, 
 emperor of Greece. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Hereward the Wake (or Vigi- 
 lant), lord of Born, in Lincolnshire. 
 He plundered and burnt the abbey of 
 Peterborough (1070) ; established his 
 camp in the Isle of Ely, where he was 
 joined by earl Morcar (1071) ; he was 
 blockaded for three months by William I., 
 but made his escape with some of his 
 followers. This is the name and subject of 
 one of Kingsley's novels. 
 
 Her'iot (Master Georqe), goldsmith 
 to James I. ; guardian of lady Hermione. 
 — Sir YV~. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
 James I.). 
 
 Herman, a deaf and dumb boy, 
 jailer of the dungeon of the Giant'a 
 Mount. Meeting Ulrica, he tries to seize 
 her, when a flash of lightning strikes the 
 bridge on which he stands, and Herman 
 is thrown into the torrent. — E. Stirling, 
 The Prisoner of State (1847). 
 
 Herman (Sir), of Goodalricke, one of 
 the preceptors of the Knights Templars. — ■ 
 Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard 1). 
 
 Hermann, the hero of Goethe's poem 
 Hermann und Dorothea. Goethe tells us 
 that the object of this poem is to " show, 
 as in a mirror, the great movements and 
 changes of the world's stage." 
 
 Hermaph'rodite (4 syl.), son »f 
 Venus and Mercury. At the age of 
 15, he bathed in a fountain of Caria, 
 when Sal'macis, the fountain nymph, fell 
 in love with him, and prayed the gods to 
 make the two one body. Her prayers 
 being heard, the two became united into 
 one, but still preserved the double sex. 
 
 Not that bright spring where fair Hermaphrodite 
 Grew into one with wanton Salmasis . . . 
 . . . may dare compare with this. 
 
 Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, v. (1633). 
 
 Hermegild or Hermyngyld, wife 
 of the lord-constable of Northumber- 
 land. She was converted by Constance, 
 but was murdered by a knight w r hose suit 
 had been rejected by the young guest, in 
 order to bring her into trouble. The 
 villainy being discovered, the knight was 
 executed, and Constance married the king, 
 whose name was Alia. Hermegild, at 
 the bidding of Constance, restored sight 
 to a blind Briton. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales (" Man of Law's Tale," 1388). 
 
 (The word is spelt " Custaunce " 7 
 times, "Constance" 15 times, and " Con- 
 staunce " 17 times, in the tale.) 
 
 Hermegild, a friend of Oswald, in 
 love with Gartha (Oswald's sister). He 
 was a man in the middle age of life, 
 of counsel sage, and great prudence. 
 When Hubert (the brother of Oswald) 
 and Gartha wished to stir up a civil war 
 to avenge the death of Oswald, who 
 had been slain in single combat with 
 prince Gondibert, Hermegild wisely de- 
 terred them from the rash atten.pt, and 
 diverted the anger of the camp by funeral 
 obsequies of a most imposing character. 
 The tale of Gondibert being unfinished, 
 the sequel is not known. — Sir W. Dave- 
 nant, Gondibert (died 1668). 
 
 Her'mes (2 syl.), son of Maia ; patron 
 of commerce. Akenside makes Hermes 
 
HERMES. 
 
 439 
 
 HERMIONE. 
 
 Bay to the Thames, referring to the 
 merchant ships of England : 
 
 By you [*4£ps] my function and my honoured name 
 
 Do I possess; while o'er the Baltic vale. 
 
 Or thro' the towers of Memphis, or (he palms 
 
 By sacred Ganges watered, I conduct 
 
 The English merchant. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Xaiad-s (1767). 
 
 (The Baetis is the Guadalquiver, and 
 the Baltic vale Granada and Andaiucia.) 
 
 Her'mes (2 si//.), the same as Mercury, 
 and applied both to the god and to the 
 metal. Milton calls quicksilver " volatil 
 Ilermes." 
 
 So when we see the liquid metal fall. 
 Which chemists by the name of Hermes call. 
 
 Hoole's A riosto, viiL 
 
 Hermes (St.), same as St. Elmo, Suerpo 
 Santo, Castor and Pollux, etc. A coma- 
 zant or electric light, seen occasional^ on 
 ships' masts. 
 
 " They shall see the fire which saviors call St. Hermes, 
 fly uppen their shippe. and alight upon the toppe of the 
 mast." — De Loier, Treatise of Spectres, 67 (160o). 
 
 Hermes Trismegis'tus ("Hermes 
 thrice-greatest' 1 ''), the Egvptian Thoth, to 
 whom is ascribed a host of inventions : 
 as the art of writing in hieroglyhics, the 
 first Egyptian code of laws, the art of 
 harmony, the science of astrology, the 
 invention of the lute and lyre, magic, 
 etc. (twentieth century B.C.). 
 
 The school of Hermes Trismegistus, 
 Who uttered his oracles sublime 
 Before the Olympiads. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend, (1851). 
 
 Her'mesind (3 syl.), daughter of 
 Pelayo and Gaudio'sa. She was plighted 
 to Alphonso, son of lord Pedro of Can- 
 tabria. Both Alphonso and Hermesind 
 at death were buried in the cave of St. 
 Antony, in Covadonga. 
 
 Beaut)' and grace and innocence in her 
 
 In heavenly union shone. One who had held 
 
 The faith of elder Greece would sure have thought 
 
 She was some glorious n\mph of seed divine. 
 
 Oread or Dryad . . . yea, she seemed 
 
 Angel or soul beatified, from realms 
 
 Ot biiss ... to earth re-sent. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc, xvl (1814). 
 
 Her'mia, daughter of Ege'us (3 syl.) 
 of Athens, and promised by him in 
 marriage to Demetrius. As Hermia loved 
 Lysander, and refused to marry De- 
 metrius, her father summoned her before 
 the dake, and requested that the " law of 
 the land" might be carried out, which 
 was death or perpetual virginity. The 
 duke gave Hermia four days to consider 
 the subject, at the expiration of which 
 time she was either to obey her father or 
 lose her life. She now fled from Athens 
 with Lysander. Demetrius went in pur- 
 suit of her, and Helena, who doted on 
 Demetrius, followed. All four came to a 
 
 wood, and falling asleep from weariness, 
 had a dream about the fairies. When De- 
 metrius woke up, he came to his senses, 
 and seeing that Hermia loved another, 
 consented to marry Helena; and Egeus 
 gladly gave the hand of his daughter 
 to Lysander. — Shakespeare, Midsummer 1 
 Nights Dream (1592). 
 
 Herm/ion, the young wife of Damon 
 "the Pythagore'an " and senator of Syra- 
 cuse. — J. Banim, Damon and Pythias 
 (1825). 
 
 Hermi'orie (4 syl.), only daughter of 
 Menela'os and Helen. She became the 
 wife of Pyrrhos or Neoptolemos, son of 
 Achilles ; but Orestes assassinated Pyrrhos 
 and. married Hermione, who had been 
 already betrothed to him. 
 
 Hermione (4 syl.) or Harmo'nia, wife 
 of Cadmus. Leaving Thebes, Cadmus 
 and his wife went to Illyr'ia, and were 
 both changed into serpents for having 
 killed a serpent sacred to Mars. — Ovid, 
 Metamorphoses, iv. 590, etc. 
 
 Never since of serpent-kind 
 Lovelier, not those that in lllyria [were] changed— 
 Hermion£ and Cadmus. 
 
 Milton, I'urudite Lost. ix. 505, etc. (16651 
 
 Hermi'one (4 syl.), wife of Leontes 
 king of Sicily. The king, being jealous, 
 sent her to prison, where she gave birth 
 to a daughter, who, at the king's command, 
 was to be placed on a desert shore and 
 left to perish. The child was driven by 
 a storm to the "coast" of Bohemia, and 
 brought up by a shepherd who called her 
 Per'dita. Florlzel, the son of Polixenes 
 king of Bohemia, fell in love with her, 
 and they fled to Sicily to escape the 
 vengeance of the angry king. Being 
 introduced to Leontes, it was soon dis- 
 covered that Perdita was his lost daugh- 
 ter, and Polixenes gladly consented to 
 the union he had before objected to. 
 Pauli'na (a lady about the court) now 
 asked the royal party to her house to 
 inspect a statue of Hermione, which 
 turned out to be the living queen herself. 
 — Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (lc94). 
 
 Hermi'one (4 syl.), only daughter of 
 Helen and Menela/us (4 syl.) king of 
 Sparta. She was betrothed to Orestes, 
 but after the fall of Troy was promised 
 by her father in marriage to Pyrrhus- 
 king of Epirus. Orestes madly loved her, 
 but Hermione as madly loved Pyrrhus. 
 "When Pyrrhus fixed his affections on 
 Androm'ache (widow of Hector, and 
 his captive), uie pride and jealousy of 
 Hermione were roused. At this crisis, 
 
HERMIONE. 
 
 440 
 
 HERO. 
 
 an embassy led by Orestes arrived at the 
 court of Pyrrbus, to demand the death 
 of Asty'anax, the son of Andromache and 
 Hector, lest when he grew to manhood 
 be might seek to avenge his fathers 
 death. Pyrrbus declined to give up the 
 boy, and married Andromache. The 
 passion of Hermione was now goaded to 
 nadness ; and when she heard that the 
 Greek ambassadors had fallen on Pyrrbus 
 and murdered him, she stabbed herself 
 and died. — Ambrose Philips, TJie Bis- 
 tressed Mother (17P2). 
 
 This was a famous part with Mrs. 
 Porter (*-1762), and with Miss Young 
 better known as Mrs. Pope (1740-1797). 
 
 Hermi'one (4 sifl.), daughter of Dan- 
 nischemend the Persian sorcerer, men- 
 tioned in Donnerbugel's narrative. — Sir 
 "W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Hermi'one (The lady) or lady Er- 
 min'ia Pauletti, privately married to lord 
 Dalgarno. — Sir AV. Scott, Fortunes of 
 JS r i(jel (time, James I.). 
 
 Hermit, the pseudonym of the poet 
 II ay ley, the friend of Cowper. 
 
 Hermit (The English), Roger Crab, 
 who subsisted on three farthings a week, 
 bis food being bran, herbs, roots, dock 
 leaves, and mallows (*-16S0). 
 
 Hermit (Peter the), the instigator of the 
 first crusade (1050-1115). 
 
 Hermit and the Youth (The). 
 A hermit, desirous to study the ways of 
 Providence, met with a youth, who became 
 bis companion. The first night, they 
 were most hospitably entertained by a 
 nobleman, but at parting the young man 
 stole his entertainer's golden goblet. 
 Next day, they obtained with difficulty of 
 a miser shelter from a severe storm, and 
 at parting the youth gave him the golden 
 goblet. Next night, they were modestly 
 but freely welcomed by one of the middle 
 class, and at parting the youth "crept 
 to the cradle where an infant slept, and 
 wrung its neck;" it was the only child 
 of their kind host. Leaving the hospit- 
 able roof, they lost their way, and were set 
 right by a guide, whom the youth pushed 
 into a river, and he was drowned. The 
 hermit began to curse the }'outh, when 
 lo ! he turned into an angel, who thus 
 explained his acts: 
 
 " I stole the goblet from the rich lord to teach him not to 
 trust in uncertain riches. 1 gave the goblet to the miser 
 to teach him that kindness always meets its reward. I 
 Itrangled the infant because the man loved it better than 
 
 he loved God I poshed the guide into the river becausa 
 he intended at night-fell to commit a robbery." T":a 
 hermit bent bis head and cried, " The ways of the Lord! 
 are past finding out ! but He doeth all things well. Teacli 
 nve to say with faith, ' Tby will be done I ' " — Parnell 
 (1679-3717). 
 
 In the Talmud is a similar and bttter 
 allegory. Rabbi Jachanan accompanied 
 Elijah on a journey, and they came to the 
 house of a poor man, whose only treasure 
 was a cow. The man and bis wife ran 
 to meet and welcome the strangers, but 
 next morning the poor man's cow died. 
 Next night, they were coldly received by 
 a proud, rich man, who fed them only 
 with bread and water ; and next morning 
 Elijah sent for a mason to repair a wall 
 which was falling down, in return for the 
 hospitality received. Next night, they 
 entered a synagogue, and asked, "Who 
 will give a night's lodging to two tra- 
 vellers ? " but none offered to do so. At 
 parting Elijah said, " I hope you will all 
 be made presidents." The following night 
 they were lodged by the members of 
 another synagogue in the best hotel of 
 the place, and at parting Elijah said, 
 "May the Lord appoint over you but 
 one president." The rabbi, unable to 
 keep silence any longer, begged Elijah to 
 explain the meaning of his dealings with 
 men ; and Elijah replied : 
 
 "In regard to the poor man who received us so hos- 
 pitably, it was decreed that his wife was to die that night, 
 but in reward, of his kindness, God took the cow instead 
 of the wife. 1 repaired the wall of the rich miser because 
 a chest of gold was concealed near the place, and if the 
 miser had repaired the wall he would have discovered the 
 treasure. I said to the inhospitable synagogue. ' May 
 each member be president,' because no one can srrve two 
 masters. I said to the hospitable synagogue, ' May you 
 have but one president,' because with one head there can 
 be no divisions of counsel. Say not, therefore, to the 
 Lord, 'What doest Thou ?' but say in thy heart, 'Must 
 not the Lord of all the earth do right?'" — The Talmud 
 ("Trust in God"). 
 
 Hermite (Tristan V) or "Tristan of 
 the Hospital," provost-marshal of France, 
 lie was the main instrument in carrying 
 out the nefarious schemes of Louis XL, 
 who used to call him his " gessip." 
 Tristan was a stout, middle-sized man, 
 with a hang-dog visage and most re- 
 pulsive smile. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
 Duricard and Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Hero, daughter of Leonato governor 
 of Messi'na. She was of a quiet, serious 
 disposition, and formed a good contrast to 
 the gay, witty rattle-pate, called Bea- 
 trice, her cousin. Hero was about to be 
 married to lord Claudio, when don John 
 played on her a most infamous practical 
 joke out of malice. He bribed Hero's 
 waiting-woman to dress in Hero's clothes, 
 and to talk with him by moonlight from 
 
HERO. 
 
 441 
 
 HESPERIA. 
 
 (the chamber balcony ; he then induced 
 Claudio to hide himself in the garden, to 
 'overhear what was said. Claudio, think- 
 ing the person to be Hero, was furious, 
 and next day at the altar rejected the 
 bride with scorn. The priest, convinced 
 of Hero's innocence, gave out that she 
 was dead, the servant confessed the trick, 
 don John took to flight, and Hero married 
 Claudio her betrothed. — Shakespeare, 
 Much Ado about Nothing (1G00). 
 
 Hero [Sutton], niece of sir William 
 Sutton, and beloved by sir Valentine de 
 Grey. Hero "was fair as no eye ever 
 fairer saw, of noble stature, head of 
 antique mould, magnificent as far as may 
 consist with softness, features full of 
 thought and moods, wishes and fancies, 
 and limbs the paragon of symmetry." 
 Having offended her lover by waltzing 
 with lord Athunree, she assumed the garb 
 of a quakeress, called herself "Ruth," and 
 got introduced to sir Valentine, who 
 proposed marriage to her, and then dis- 
 covered that Hero was Ruth and Ruth 
 was Hero. — S. Knowles, Woman's Wit, 
 etc. (1838). 
 
 Hero and Leander (3 sgl.). 
 Hero, a priestess of Venus, fell in love 
 with Leander, who swam across the 
 Hellespont every night to visit her. One 
 night he was drowned in so doing, and 
 Hero in grief threw herself into the same 
 sea. — Musaeus, Leander and Hero. 
 
 Hero of Fable {The), the due de 
 Guise. Called bv the French VHero de 
 la Fable (1614-1664). 
 
 Hero of History (The), the due 
 d'Enghien [Barn. zjSalCn] . Called by the 
 French VHero de I'Histoire. This was 
 Le grand Conde (1621-1687). 
 
 Hero of Modern Italy, Gari- 
 baldi (1807- ). 
 
 Herod'otos of Old London, J. 
 Stow (1525-1605). 
 
 Her'on (Sir George), of Chip-chace, 
 an officer with sir John Foster. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Heros'tratos or Erostratos, the 
 Ephesian who set fire to the temple of 
 Diana at Ephesus (one of the seven won- 
 ders of the world) merely to immortalize 
 his name. The Ephesians made it penal 
 even to mention his name. 
 
 Herostratus shall prove vice governes fame, 
 Who built that church he burnt hath lost his name. 
 Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame (15o4-lt>28). 
 
 Herries (Lord), a friend of queen 
 Mary of Scotland, and attending on her 
 at Dundrennan. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Herring (Good red). 
 
 Neuters in the middle way of steering. 
 
 Are neither fish, nor flesh, nor good red berruig. 
 
 Drvdcn, Duke oi Guise ll6bl). 
 
 Herring Pond (The), the ocean 
 between the British Isles and America. 
 
 "What is your opinion, pray, on the institutions the 
 other side of the Herring Pond?"— Jennie of the Prin- 
 cess, i. 
 
 Herschel {Sir F. Wm.) discovered 
 the eighth planet, at first called the 
 Georgium sidus, in honour of George III., 
 and now called Saturn. In allusion to 
 this, Campbell says he 
 
 Gave the lyre of heaven another string. 
 
 Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Herta, now called St. Kilda, one of 
 the Heb'rides. 
 
 Hertford (TJie marquis of), in the 
 court of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Her Trippa, meant for Henry 
 Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim, phi- 
 losopher and physician. "Her" is a 
 contraction of He'ricus, and "Trippa "a 
 play on the words Agrippa and tripe. — 
 Rabelais, Pantag'rucl, iii. 25 (1545). 
 
 Herwig, king of Heligoland, be- 
 trothed to Gudrun, daughter of king 
 Hettel (Attila). She was carried off by 
 Hartmuth king of Norway, and as she 
 refused to marry him, was put to the 
 most menial work. Herwig conveyed an 
 army into Norway, utterly defeated' Harc- 
 mutb, liberated Gudrun, and married her. 
 — Gudrun, a German Epic of the thir- 
 teenth century. 
 
 Her'zog (Duke), commander-in-chief 
 of the ancient Teutons (Germans). 
 The herzog was elected by toe freemen 
 of the tribe, but in times of war and 
 danger, when several tribes united, the 
 princes selected a leader, who was also 
 called a " herzog," similar to the Gaulish 
 " brennus " or "bren," and the Celtic 
 " pendragon " or head chief. 
 
 Heskett (Ralph), landlord of the 
 village ale-house where Robin Oig and 
 Harry Wakefield fought. 
 
 Dame Heskett, Ralph's wife. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Hesper'ia. Italy was so called by 
 the Greeks, because it was to theni the 
 
HESPERIDES. 
 
 442 HICKORY. 
 
 '•Western Land." The Romans, for a 
 similar reason, transferred the name to 
 Spain. 
 
 Hesper'ides (4 syl.). The Hcsper'ian 
 Field. The Hesperides were the women 
 who guarded the golden apples which 
 Earth gave to Here at her marriage with 
 Zeus (Jove). They were assisted by the 
 dragon Ladon. The Hesperian Fields are 
 the orchards in which the golden apples 
 grew. The island is one of the Cape 
 Verd Isles, in the Atlantic. 
 
 Wilt thou fly 
 With laughing Autumn to the Atlantic isles. 
 And ransje with him th" Hesperian fields, and see 
 Where'er his fingers touch the fruitful grove, 
 Tbe branches shoot with goldT 
 
 Akeiiside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (.1744). 
 
 Hesperus, the knight called by 
 Tennyson " Evening Star ; " but called 
 in the History of Prince Arthur, "the 
 Green Knight" or sir Pertolope (3 syl.). 
 One of the four brothers who kept the 
 passages of Castle Perilous. — Tennyson, 
 Idylls ("Gareth and Lynette ") ; sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prime Arthur, i. 127 
 (1470). 
 
 *** It is a manifest blunder to call the 
 Green Knight " Hesperus the Evening 
 Star." and the Blue Knight the "Morn- 
 ing Star." The old romance makes the 
 combat with the "Greeri Knight" at daunt, 
 and with the "Blue Knight" at sunset. 
 The error has arisen from not bearing in 
 mind that our forefathers began the day 
 with the preceding eve, and ended it at 
 sunset. 
 
 Hettly {May), an old servant of 
 Davie Deans. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian ^time, George II.). 
 
 Heukbane (Mrs.), the butcher's 
 wife at Fairport, and a friend of Mrs. 
 Mnilsetter. — SirW. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Hew, son of lady Helen of "Merry- 
 laud town" (Milan), enticed by an apple 
 presented to him by a Jewish maiden, 
 who then " stabbed him with a penknife, 
 rolled the body in lead, and cast it into a 
 well." Lady Helen went in search of 
 her child, and its ghost cried out from 
 the bottom of the well : 
 
 The lead is wondrous heaw. mither ; 
 
 The well is wondrous deep : 
 A keen penknife sticks in my heart ; 
 
 A word I douuae speik. 
 
 Percy, Reliques, i. 3. 
 
 Hewit (Godfrey Bertram), natural 
 son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannenny (time. George II.) 
 
 Hiawa'tha, the prophet teacher, son 
 
 of Mudjekee'wis (the west wind) and 
 Weno'nah daughter of Noko'mis. He 
 represtnts the progress of civilization 
 among the North American Indians. 
 Hiawatha first wrestled with Monda'min 
 (maize), and, having subdued it, gave it 
 to man for food. He then taught man 
 navigation ; then he subdued Mishe 
 Nah'ma (the sturyeon), and taught the 
 Indians how to make oil therefrom for 
 winter. His next exploit was against 
 the magician Megissog'non, the author 
 of disease and death ; having slain this 
 monster, he taught man the science of 
 medicine. He then married Minneha'ha 
 (lauyhinj icater), and taught man to be 
 the husband of one wife, and the comforts 
 of domestic peace. Lastly, he taught 
 man picture-writing. When the white 
 men came with the gospel, Hiawatha 
 ascended to the kingdom of Pone'mah, 
 the land of the hereafter. — Longfellow, 
 Hiawatha. 
 
 Hiawatha's Moc'casons. When Hiawa- 
 tha put on his moccasons, he could 
 measure a mile at a single stride. 
 
 He had moccasons enchanted, 
 Magic moccasons of deerskin ; 
 When he bound them round his ankles 
 At each stride a mile he measured ! 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, iv. 
 
 Hiawatha's Great Friends, Chibia'bos 
 (the sweetest of all musicians) and 
 Kwa'sind (the strongest of all mortals). 
 — Longfellow, Hiawatha, vi. 
 
 Hiber'nia, Ireland. Perne is simply 
 a contraction of the same word. Pliny 
 says that " Irish mothers feed their in- 
 fante with swords instead of spoons." 
 
 Hie Jaeet. an epitaph, a funeral. 
 The first words on old tombstones = 
 Here lies . . . etc. 
 
 The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true 
 . . . performer. I would have that drum ... or h'.e 
 jacct [that is, die in my attempt to get it). — Shake- 
 speare. All's Well that Ends Well (151)8). 
 
 Hick'athrift (Tom or Jack), a poor 
 labourer in the time of the Conquest, of 
 such enormous strength that he killed, 
 with an axletree and cartwheel, a huge 
 giant, who lived in a marsh at Tylney, 
 in Norfolk. He was knighted, and made 
 governor of Thanet. Hickathrift is some- 
 times called Hickafric. 
 
 When a man sits down to write a history, though it be 
 but the history of Jack Kickathrift. ... he knows no 
 more than his heels what lets ... he is to meet with in 
 his wav. — Sterne. 
 
 Hiek'ory (Old), general Andrew 
 Jackson, lie was first called "Tou^h," 
 then "Tough as Hickory," and, lastly, 
 "Old Hickory." Another story is that 
 
HIERCCLES. 
 
 443 
 
 HIGHLAND MARY. 
 
 in 18 I'd, when engaged in war with the 
 Creek Indians, he fell short of supplies, 
 and fed his men on hickory nuts (17G7- 
 1845) 
 
 *** This general Andrew Jackson 
 must not be confounded with general 
 Thomas Jackson, better known as 
 " Stone-wall " Jackson (182G-18(3o). 
 
 Hi'erocles (4 syl.), the first person 
 who compiled jokes and. bon mots. After 
 a life-long labour, he got together twenty- 
 one, which he left tc the world as his 
 legacy. Hence arose the phrase, An 
 Hieroc'lean legacy, no legacy at all, a 
 legacy of empty promises, or a legacy of 
 no worth. 
 
 One of his anecdotes is that of a man 
 who wanted to sell his house, and carried 
 about a brick to show as a specimen 
 of it. 
 
 He that tries to recommend Shakespeare by select 
 
 " quotations, will succeed like the pedant in Hierocles, 
 
 who, when he offered his house for sale, carried a brick 
 
 in his pocket as a specimen. — Dr. Johnson, Preface to 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Hieron'imo, the chief character of 
 Thomas Kyd's drama in two parts, pt. i. 
 being called Hieronimo, and pt. ii. The 
 Spanish Tragedy or Hieronimo is Mad 
 Again. In the latter play, Horatio, only 
 son of Hieronimo, sitting with Belim- 
 pe'ria in an alcove, is murdered by his 
 rival Balthazar and the lady's brother 
 Lorenzo. The murderers hang the dead 
 body on a tree in the garden, and Hie- 
 ronimo, aroused by the screams of Be- 
 limperia, rushing into the garden, sees 
 the dead body of his son, and goes raving 
 mad (1588). 
 
 Higden {Mrs. Betty), an old woman 
 nearly four score, very poor, but hating 
 the union-house more than she feared 
 death. Betty Higden kept a mangle, 
 and "minded, young children" at four- 
 uence a week. A poor workhouse lad 
 named Sloppy helped her to turn the 
 mangle. Mrs. Boffin wished to adopt 
 Johnny, Betty's infant grandchild, but 
 he died in the Children's Hospital. 
 
 She was one of those old women, was Mrs. Betty 
 Higden, who, by dint of an indomitable purpose and a 
 strong constitution, fight out many years; an active old 
 woman, with a bright dark eye and a resolute face, yet 
 quite a tender creature, too.— C. Dickens, Oar Mutant 
 Friend, L 1(> (1864). 
 
 Higg, "the son of Snell," the lame 
 witness at the trial of Rebecca. — Sir \V. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 JEEiggen, Prigg, Snapp, and Fer- 
 $et, knavish beggars in The Beggars' 
 Bash, a drama by Beaumont and Flet- 
 cher (1622). 
 
 High, and Low Hsels, two fac- 
 tions in Lilliput. So called from the 
 high and low heels of their shoes, badges 
 of the two factions. The High-heel3 
 (tories and the high-church party) were 
 the most friendly to the ancient consti- 
 tution of the empire, but the emperor 
 employed the Low-heels (whigs and low- 
 churchmen) as his ministers of state. — ■ 
 Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Lilliput," 
 172G). 
 
 High Life Below Stairs, a farce 
 by the Rev. James Townley. Mr. Lovel, 
 a wealthy commoner, suspects his ser- 
 vants of "wasting his substance in 
 riotous living ; " so, pretending to go to 
 his country seat in Devonshire, he as- 
 sumes the character of a country bump- 
 kin from Essex, and places himself 
 under the charge of his own butler, to 
 learn the duties of a gentleman's 
 servant. As the master is away, 
 Philip (the butler) invites a large party 
 to supper, and supplies them with the 
 choicest wines. The servants all assume 
 their masters' titles, and address each 
 other as " Mv lord duke," " sir Harry," 
 "My lady Charlotte," "My lady Bab," 
 etc., and mimic the airs of their em- 
 ployers. In the midst of the banquet, 
 Lovel appears in his true character, 
 breaks up the part}', and dismisses his 
 household, retaining only one of the lot, 
 named Tom, to whom he entrusts the 
 charge of the silver and plate (1759). 
 
 Highgate (a suburb of London). 
 Drayton says that Highgate was so 
 called because Brute, the mythical Tro- 
 jan founder of the British empire, "ap- 
 pointed it for a gate of London ; " but 
 others tell us that it was so called from 
 a gate set up there, some 400 years 
 ago, to receive tolls for the bishpp of 
 London. 
 
 Then Highgate boasts his way which men do most fre- 
 quent, . . . 
 Appointed for a gate of London to have been. 
 When first the mighty Brute that city did begin. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi (1613). 
 
 Highland Maiy, immortalized by 
 Robert Burns, is generally thought to be 
 Mary Campbell ; but it seems more likely 
 to be Mary Morison, "one of the poet's 
 youthful loves." Probably the songs, 
 Will ye go to the Indies, my Mary ? High- 
 land Mary, Mary Morison, and To Mary 
 in Heaven, were all written on one and 
 the same Mary, although some think 
 Highland Mary and Mary in Heaven re- 
 fer to Mary Campbell, who, we ar« 
 told, was the poet's first love. 
 
HIGHWAYMEN. 
 
 444 
 
 HI Pl'O I A J A. 
 
 Highwaymen (Noted). 
 
 Claude Duval (*-1670). Introduced 
 in White Friars, by Miss Robinson. 
 
 James Whitney (1660-1694), aged 34. 
 
 Jonathan Wild of Wolverhampton 
 (1682-1725), aged 43. Hero and title of 
 a novel by Fielding (1744). 
 
 Jack Sheppakd of Spitalfields (1701- 
 1724), aged 24. Hero and title of a 
 novel bv Defoe (1724) ; and one by H. 
 Ainswofth (1839). 
 
 Dick Tukpin, executed at York 
 (1711-1739). Hero of a novel by H. 
 Ainsworth. 
 
 Galloping Dick, executed at Avles- 
 bury in 1800. 
 
 Captain Grant, the Irish highway- 
 man, executed at Maryborough, in 1816. 
 
 Samuel Greenwood, executed at Old 
 Bailey, 1822. 
 
 William Rea, executed at Old Bailey, 
 1828. 
 
 Hi'gre (2 syl.), a roaring of the 
 waters when the tide comes up the 
 Humber. 
 
 For when my Higre comes I make my either shore 
 Ken tremble with the sound that I afar do send. 
 
 Drayton, rolyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 
 
 Hilarius (Brother), refectioner at 
 St. Mary's.— Sir W. Scott, The Monas- 
 tery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Hildebrand, pope Gregory VII. 
 
 (1013, 1073-1085). He demanded for 
 the Church the right of " investiture " or 
 presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices, 
 the superiority of the ecclesiastical to the 
 temporal authority, enforced the celibacy 
 of all clergymen, resisted simony, and 
 greatly advanced the domination of the 
 popes. 
 
 We need another Hildebrand to shake 
 And purify us. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Hil'debrand (Meistcr), the Nestor of 
 German romance, a magician and cham- 
 pion. 
 
 %* Maugis, among the paladins of 
 Charlemagne, sustained a similar twofold 
 character. 
 
 Hil'debrod {Jacob duke), president 
 of the Alsatian Club.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Hii'desheim. The monk of Hilde- 
 eheim, doubtinghow a thousand years with 
 God could be "only one day," listened 
 to the melody of a bird in a green wood, 
 as he supposed, for only three minutes, 
 but found that he had in reality been 
 listening to it for a hundred years. 
 
 Hill (Dr. John), whose pseudonym 
 was "Mrs. Glaspe." Garrick said of him : 
 
 For r,hvsi<; ^j f arc es. 
 His equal there scarce is. 
 For his farces are yhysic, sud his physic a farce is. 
 
 Hillary (Tom), apprentice of Mr. 
 Lawford the town clerk. Afterwards 
 captain Hillary.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Hinch/up (Dame), a peasant, at the 
 execution of Meg Murdochson. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 
 Hin'da, daughter of Al Hassan the 
 Arabian emir of Persia. Her lover Hafed, 
 a gheber or fire-worshipper, was the 
 sworn enemy of the emir. Ai Hassan 
 sent Hinda away, but she was taken 
 captive by Hafed's party. Hafed, being 
 betrayed "to Al Hassan, burnt himself to 
 death in the sacred fire, and Hinda cast 
 herself headlong into the sea. — T. Moore, 
 Lalla Bcokh ("The Fire-Worshippers," 
 1817). 
 
 Hinges (Harmonious). The doors of 
 the harem of Fakreddin turned on har- 
 monious hinges. — W. Beckford, Vatheh 
 (1784). 
 
 Hinzelmann, the most famous 
 house-spirit or kobold of German legend. 
 He lived four years in the old castle o/ 
 Hudemuhlen, and then disappeared fear 
 ever (1588). 
 
 Hipcut HiU, famous for cowslips. 
 The rendezvous of Pigwiggen and queen 
 Mab Mas a cowslip on Hipcut Hill.— M. 
 Drayton, Nymphidia (15G3-1631). 
 
 Hip'pocrene (3 syl.), the fountain 
 of the Muses. Longfellow calls poetic 
 inspiration " a maddening draught of 
 Hippocrene." — Goblet of Life. 
 
 Hippol'ito. So Browning spells the 
 name of the son of Theseus (2 syl.) and 
 An'tiope. Hippolito rled all intercourse 
 with woman. Phasdra, his mother-in-law, 
 tried to seduce him, and when he resisted 
 her solicitations, accused him to her 
 husband of attempting to dishonour her. 
 After death he was restored to life under 
 the name of Virbius (vir-bis, " twice a 
 man"). (See Hippolytos.) 
 
 Hyppolito, a youth who never knew a woman. 
 
 Browning. 
 
 Hippol'yta, queen of the Am'azons, 
 and daughter of Mars. She was famous 
 for a girdle given her by the war-god, 
 which Hercules had to obtain possession 
 of, as one of his twelve labours. 
 
HIPPOLYTA. 
 
 445 
 
 HOB. 
 
 %* Shakespeare has introduced Hip- 
 polyta in his Midsummer Niijlifs Dream, 
 and betroths her to Theseus (2 syl.) 
 duke of Athens ; but according to classic 
 fable, it was her sister An'tiope (4 syl.) 
 who married Theseus. 
 
 Hippol'yta, a rich lady wantonly in love 
 with Arnoldo. 13y the cross purposes of 
 the plot, Leopold a sea-captain is en- 
 amoured of Hippolyta, Arnoldo is con- 
 tracted to the chaste Zeno'cia, and 
 Zenocia is dishonourably pursued by the 
 governor count Clo'dio. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Custom of the Country 
 (1G47). 
 
 Hippolytos (in Latin, Hippolytus), 
 6on of Theseus. He provoked the anger 
 of Venus by disregarding her love, and 
 Venus, in revenge, made Phaedra (his 
 mother-in-law) fall in love with him, and 
 when Hippolytos repulsed her advances, 
 she accused him to her husband of 
 seeking to dishonour her. Theseus 
 prayed Neptune to punish the young 
 man, and the sea-god, while the young 
 man was driving in his chariot, scared 
 the horses with sea-calves. Hippolytos 
 was thrown from the chariot and killed, 
 but Diana restored him to life again. (See 
 Hippolito.) 
 
 Hippolytus himself would leave Diana 
 To follow such a Venus. 
 Massinger, A Hew Way to Pay Old Debts, iii. 1 (1628). 
 
 Hippom'enes (4 syl.), a Grecian 
 prince who outstripped Atalanta in a 
 foot-race, by dropping three golden 
 apples, which she stopped to pick up. 
 By this conquest he won Atalanta to 
 wife. 
 
 E'en here, in this region of wonders, I find 
 That light-footed Fancy leaves Truth far behind ; 
 Or, at least, like Hippomenes, turns her i.stray 
 By the golduu illusions he flings in her way. 
 
 T. Moore. 
 
 Hippopot'amus, symbol of impiety 
 and ingratitude. Lear says that "in- 
 gratitude in a child is more hideous than 
 the sea monster." 
 
 The hippopotamus killeth his sire, and ravisheth his 
 dam.— Sandys, Travels (1615). 
 
 Hippot'ades (4 syl.), ESlus the 
 wind-god, son of Hippota. 
 
 [He] questioned every gust of rugged wings 
 That blows from off each beaked promontory : 
 They knew not of his story ; 
 And sage Hippotades their answer brings. 
 That not a blast was from his dungeon strayed. 
 
 Milton, Lycidas, 92, etc' (1638). 
 
 Hiren, a strumpet. From Peele's play 
 Tae Turkish Mahomet and Hyren the Fair 
 Greek (1584). 
 
 In Italian called a courtezan ; in Spaine a margarite ; 
 in French uneputaine; in English ... a punk. 
 
 " There be .^rens in the sea of the world. Syrens! 
 Hireiut, as they are .«ow called. What a number of IheSe 
 sirens [llirens\, -_»,ckatric«s ( courteghians, in plain Englisn, 
 harlots, swimrae amongst usl" — Adams, Spiritual Navi- 
 gator (1615). 
 
 Hiroux {Jean), the French "Bill 
 Sikes," with all the tragic elements 
 eliminated. 
 
 Pres. Where do you live ? Jean. Haven t got any. 
 Pres. Where were you born 1 Juan. At Galard. 
 Pres. Where is that? Jean. At Galard. 
 Pres. What department? Jean. Galard. 
 
 Henri Monnier, Popular Scenes drawn with 
 Pen and Ink (1825). 
 
 Hislop (John), the old carrier at Old 
 St. Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott. St. Iionan's 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Hispa'nia, Spain. 
 
 Histor'icus, the nom de plume of 
 the Hon. E. Vernon Harcourt, for many 
 years the most slashing writer in (be 
 Saturday Review, and a writer in the 
 Times. 
 
 History [Father of). Herod'otos, the 
 Greek historian, is so called by Cicero 
 (B.C. 484-408). 
 
 History (Father of Ecclesiastical), 
 Polygnotos of Thaos (rl. b.c. 463-435). 
 The Venerable Bede is so called some- 
 times (672-735). 
 
 History (Father of French), Andre 
 Duchesne (1584-1640). 
 
 Histrio-mastix, a tirade against 
 theatrical exhibitions, by William Prynno 
 (1632). 
 
 Ho'amen, an Indian tribe settled on 
 a south branch of the Missouri, having 
 Az'tlan for their imperial city. The 
 Az'tecas conquered the tribe, depose' 1 
 the queen, and seized their territory b> 
 right of conquest. When Madoc la'nde'd 
 on the American shore, he took the part of 
 the Hoamen, and succeeded in restoring 
 them to their rights. The Aztecas then 
 migrated to Mexico (twelfth century).— 
 Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 Hoare (1 syl.), 37, Fleet Street, 
 London. The golden bottle displayed 
 over the fanlight is the sign of James 
 Hoare, a cooper, who founded the bank. 
 The legend is that it contains the leather 
 bottle or purse of James Hoare, and the 
 half-crown with which he started busi- 
 ness in 1677. 
 
 Hob Miller of Twyford, an insur- 
 gent. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed 
 (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Hob or Happer, miller at St. 
 Mary's Convent. 
 
HOBBES'S VOYAGE. 
 
 446 
 
 HOBSON. 
 
 Music Happer, the miller's daughter. 
 She marries sir Piercie Shafton. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Hobbes's Voyage, a leap in the 
 dark. Thomas Hobbes, on the point of 
 death, said, "Now I am about. to take my 
 last vovage, a great leap in the dark " 
 (1688-1679). 
 
 'Tis enough. I'll not fail. So now I am in for 
 Hobbes's voyage — a great leap in the dark [this leap was 
 matrimony]. — Vaubrugh, The Provoked Wife, v. 3 
 U697). 
 
 Hob'bididance (4 syl), the prince 
 of dumbness, and one of the five fiends 
 that possessed "poor Tom." — Shake- 
 speare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 (1605). 
 
 *** This name is taken from Harsnett's 
 Declaration of Egregious Popish Impos- 
 tures (1561-1631). 
 
 Hobbie O'Sorbie'trees, one of the 
 huntsmen near Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Guy Manncring (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Hob'bima (TJie English), John 
 Crome of Norwich, whose last words were : 
 "O Hobbima, Hobbima, how I do love 
 
 thee!" (1769-1821). 
 
 Hob'bima (The Scotch), P. Nasmvth 
 (1831- ). 
 
 *** Minderhout Hobbima, a famous 
 landscape painter of Amsterdam (1638- 
 1709). 
 
 Hobbinol. (See Hobinoi..) 
 
 Hobbler or Clopinei,, Jehan de 
 Meung, the French poet, who was lame 
 (1260-1320). Meung was called by his 
 contemporaries Pere de /' Eloquence. 
 
 * # * Tyrtaeus, the Greek elegiac poet, 
 was called "Hobbler" because he intro- 
 duced the alternate pentameter verse, 
 which is one foot shorter than the old 
 heroic metre. 
 
 Hobbler {The Rev. Dr.), at Ellieslaw 
 Castle, one of the Jacobite conspirators 
 with tiie laird of Ellieslaw. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Hobby-de-Hoy, a lad from 14 to 
 21. 
 
 1-7. The first seven years, bring up as a child ; 
 7-14 The next to learning, for waxing too wild ; 
 14-21. The next, to keep under sir H., board de Hoy ; 
 81-28. The next, a man, and no longer a bov. 
 
 T. Tusser, Fire Hundred Points of Good, 
 Husband)//, 1. (1557). 
 
 Hobby-horse, in the morris-dance, 
 a pasteboard horse which a man carries 
 and dances about in, displaying tricks of 
 legeruemain, such as threading a needle, 
 running daggers through his cheeks, etc. 
 The horse had a ladle in its mouth for 
 
 the collection of half-pence. The colour 
 of the hobby-horse was a reddish white, 
 and the. man inside wore a doublet, red 
 on one side and yellow on the other. (See 
 Morris-Dance.) 
 
 Clo. They should be morris- dancers by their gingle, but 
 they have no napkins. 
 
 Coc. No, nor a hobby-horse. — lien Jonson, The Meta- 
 morphosed Gipsies. 
 
 Hobby-horse, a favourite pursuit, a cor- 
 ruption of hobby-hause (" hawk-tossing "), 
 a favourite diversion in the days of fal- 
 conry. The term has become confounded 
 with the wicker hobby-horse, in Avhich 
 some one, being placed, was made to take 
 part in a morris-dance. 
 
 Why can't you ride your hobby-horse without desiring 
 to place me on a pillion behind you ?— Sheridan, The 
 Critic, i. 1 (1779). 
 
 Hobby-horse (The), one of the masquers 
 at Kennaquhair Abbey. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Hobinoi or Hobbinol is Gabriel 
 Harvey, physician, LL.D., a friend and 
 college chum of Edmund Spenser the 
 poet. Spenser, in his eel. iv., makes 
 Thenot inquire, ""What gars thee to 
 weep? " and Hobinoi replies it is because 
 his friend Colin, having been flouted by 
 Rosalind (eel. i.), has broken his pipe 
 and seems heart-broken with grief. 
 Thenot then begs Hobinoi to sing to him 
 one of Colin's own songs, and Hobinoi 
 sings the lay of " Elisa queen of the 
 shepherds " (queen Elizabeth), daughter 
 of Syrinx and Pan (Anne Boleyn and 
 Henry VII I.). He says Phoebus thrust 
 out his golden head to gaze on her, and 
 was amazed to see a sun on earth brighter 
 and more dazzling than his own. The 
 Graces requested she might make a fourth 
 grace, and she was received amongst 
 them and reigned with them in heaven. 
 The shepherds then strewed floAvers to 
 the queen, and Elisa dismissed them, say- 
 ing that at the proper season she would 
 reward them with ripe damsons (eel. iv.). 
 Eel. ix. is a dialogue between Hobinoi and 
 Diggon Davie, upon Popish abuses. (See 
 Diggon Davie.) — Spenser, Shephearde's 
 Calendar (1572). 
 
 Hobnel'ia, a shepherdess, in love with 
 Lubberkin, who disregarded her. She 
 tried by spells to win his love, and after 
 every spell she said : 
 
 With my sharp bee! I three times mark the ground. 
 And turn me thrice around, around, around. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, iv. (1714). 
 
 (An imitation of Virgil's Eel., viii. 
 " Pharmaceutria.") 
 
 Hob'son (Tobias), a carrier who lived 
 
H0CHSPR1NGEN. 
 
 447 
 
 HOLDENOUGH. 
 
 At Cambridge in the seventeenth century. 
 He kept a livery stable, but obliged the 
 university students to take his hacks in 
 rotation. Hence the term HobsorCs 
 choice came to signify "this or none." 
 Milton (in 1660) wrote two humorous 
 poems on the death of the old carrier. 
 
 Hoehspring'en ( The young duke ■ 
 of), introduced in Donnerhugel's narra- 
 tive. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Hocus (Humphry), "the attorney" 
 into whose hands John Bull and his 
 friends put the law-suit they carried on 
 against Lewis Baboon (Louis XIV.). 
 Of course, Humphry Hocus is John 
 Churchill, duke of Marlborough, who 
 commanded the army employed against 
 the Grand Monarque. 
 
 Hocus was an old cunning attorney ; and though this 
 was the first considerable suit he was ever engaged in, he 
 showed himself superior in address to most of his profes- 
 sion. He always kept good clerks." He loved money, was 
 smooth-tongued, gave good words, and seldom lost his 
 temper. ... He provided plentifully for his family ; but 
 he loved himself better than them all. The neighbours 
 reported that he was hen-pecked, which was impossible by 
 such a mild-spirited woman as his wife was [his wife was 
 a desperate termagant]. — Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John 
 Ball, v. (1712). 
 
 Hodei'rah (3 syl.), husband of Zei'- 
 nab (2 syl.) and father of Thalaba. He 
 died while Thalaba was a mere lad.— 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, i. (1797). 
 
 Hodeken (i.e. little hat), a German 
 kobold or domestic fairv, noted for his 
 little felt hat. 
 
 Hd'der, the Scandinavian god of 
 darkness, typical of night. He is called 
 the blind old god. Balder is the god of 
 light, typical of day. According to fable, 
 Hbder killed Balder with an arrow made 
 of mistletoe, but the gods restored him to 
 life again. 
 
 Hoder, the blind old god, . 
 Whose feet are shod with silence. 
 
 Longfellow, Tegner's Death. 
 
 Hodge, Gammer Gurton's goodman, 
 whose breeches she was repairing when 
 she lost her needle. — Mr. S. Master of 
 Arts, Gammer Gurtoii's Needle (1551). 
 
 *** Mr. S. is said to be J. Still, after- 
 wards bishop of Bath and Wells, but in 
 1551 he was only eight years old. 
 
 Hodges (John), one of Waverley's 
 Bervants. — Sir W. Scott, Waveriey (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Hodges (Joe), landlord of Bertram, by 
 the lake near Merwyn Hall. — Sir W. 
 bcott, Guy Mannermg (time, George II.). 
 
 Hodge'son (Gaffer), a puritan.— Sir 
 
 W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Hoel (2 syl.), king of the Armorican 
 Britons, and nephew of king Arthur. 
 Hoel sent an army of 15,000 men to 
 assist his uncle against the Saxons (501). 
 In 509, being driven from his kingdom 
 by Clovis, he took refuge in England ; 
 but in 513 he recovered his throne, and 
 died in 545. 
 
 [Arthur], calling to his aid 
 His kinsman Howel, brought from Brittany the less, 
 Their armies they unite . . . [and conquer the Saxons at 
 Lincoln]. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Ho' el, son of prince Hoel and Lla'ian. 
 Prince Hoel was slain in battle by his 
 half-brother David king of North Wales, 
 and Llaian, with her son, folloAved the 
 fortunes of prince Madoc, who migrated 
 to North America. Young Hoel was 
 kidnapped by Ocell'opan, an Az'tec, and 
 carried to Az'tlan for a propitiatory 
 sacrifice to the Aztecan gods. He was 
 confined in a cavern without food ; but 
 Co'atel, a young Aztecan wife, took pity 
 on him, visited him, supplied him with 
 food, and assisted Madoc to release him. 
 —Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 Hcernescar, a German mode of 
 punishment, which consisted in carrying a 
 dog on the shoulders for a certain number 
 of miles. 
 
 Dusieurs comtes accuses de malversation, de la peine 
 humiliante du hasmescar, peine consistent a faire porter 
 un chien pendant plusieurs inilles sur les epaules du 
 condanmc. — P. W. Cocheris, L' Empire d'A llcmagne. 
 
 Ho 'garth ( William), called " The 
 Juvenal of Painters" (1695-1764). 
 
 Ho' garth (The Scottish), David Allan 
 (1744^-1796). 
 
 Hogarth of Novelists, Henry 
 Fielding (1707-1754). 
 
 Hog Lane, Whitechapel, London ; 
 afterwards called " Petticoat Lane," and 
 now " Middlesex Street." 
 
 Hohenlin'den, in Bavaria, famous 
 for the battle fought in November, 1801, 
 between the Austrians under Klenau, and 
 the French under Moreau. The French 
 remained the victors, with 10,000 pri- 
 soners. 
 
 Tis morn ; but scarce yon level sun 
 Can pierce the war-clouds rolling dun. 
 Where furious Frank and fiery Hun 
 Shout in their sulphurous canopy. 
 
 Campbell, Battle of Hohenlinden (1801). 
 
 Hold'eilOUgh (Master Kehemiah), a 
 presbyterian preacher, ejected from his 
 pulpit by a military preacher. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
HOLIDAY. 
 
 448 
 
 HOLY MAID OF KENT. 
 
 Holiday. When Anaxag'oras was 
 dying, and was asked what honour 
 should be conferred on him, he replied, 
 "Give the boys a holiday " (b.c. 500-428). 
 
 Holiday {Erasmus), schoolmaster in 
 the Vale of Whitehorse.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Holiday Phrases, set speeches, 
 high-flown phrases. So holiday manners, 
 holiday clothes, meaning the "best" or 
 those put on to make the best appear- 
 ance. Hotspur, speaking of a fop sent to 
 demand his prisoners, says to the king : 
 
 In many holiday and lady terms 
 He questioned me. 
 
 1 Henry jr. act i. sc. 3 (1597). 
 
 Holipher'nes (4 $yL), called 
 " English Henry," one of the Christian 
 knights in the allied army of Godfrey, in 
 the first crusade. He was slain by 
 Dragu'tes (3 syl.). (See Holophkrjjes.) 
 — Tassc, Jerusalem Delivered, ix. (1575). 
 
 Holland. Voltaire took leave of 
 this country of paradoxes in the allite- 
 ration following : — " Adieu ! canaux, 
 canards, canaille" (Adieu! dykes, ducks, 
 and drunkards). Lord Byron calls it : 
 
 The waterland of Dutchmen and of ditches, 
 
 Whose juniper expresses its bsst juice. 
 The poor man's sparkling substitute for riches. 
 
 Don Juan, \ 6.i (1821). 
 
 Holland, one of the three districts of Lin- 
 colnshire. Where Boston stands used to 
 be called "High Holland." The other two 
 districts are, Lindsey, the highest land ; 
 and Kcsteven, the western part, famous 
 for its heaths. Holland, the fen-lands in 
 the south-east. 
 
 And for that part of me [LincolmJ] which me " High 
 
 Holland " call. 
 Where Boston seated is, by plenteous Wytham's fall . . . 
 No other tract of land doth like abundance yield. 
 
 Drayton, PolyalbUm, XXV. (1622). 
 
 Holies Street (London). So called 
 from John Holies duke of Newcastle, 
 father of Henrietta Cavendish countess 
 of Oxford and Mortimer. (See Hex- 
 rietta Street.) 
 
 Holman (Lieutenant James), the 
 blind traveller (1787-1857). 
 
 Horopherne (Thubal), the great 
 
 sophister, who, in the course of five years 
 
 and three months, taught Gargantua to 
 
 1 say his ABC backwards. — Rabelais, 
 
 Gargantua, i. 14 (1533). 
 
 Holopher'nes (4 syL), a pedantic 
 schoolmaster, who speaks like a dic- 
 tionary. The character is meant for John 
 Florio, a teacher of Italian in London, who 
 
 published, in 1598, a dictionary called 
 A World -of Words. He provoked the 
 retort by condemning wholesale the 
 English dramas, which, he said, were 
 " neither right comedies, nor right 
 tragedies, but perverted histories without 
 decorum." The following sentence is a 
 specimen of the style in which he talked . 
 
 The deer was . . in sanguis (blood), ripe as a pome- 
 water who now hangeth like a jewel in the ear of cwto 
 (the sky, the welkin, the heaven) ; and anon falleth likea 
 crab on the face of terra (the soil, the land, the earth). — 
 Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc 2 (15S4). 
 
 *** Holophernes is an imperfect ana- 
 gram of "Joh'nes Florio," the first and 
 last letters being omitted. 
 
 Holy Bottle (The Oracle of the), 
 the object of Pantag'ruel's search. He 
 visited various lands with his friend 
 Panurge (2 syl.), the last place being 
 the island of Lantern-land, where the 
 " bottle " was kept in an alabaster fount 
 in a magnificent temple. When the 
 party arrived at the sacred spot, the 
 priestess threw something into the fount ; 
 whereupon the water began to bubble, 
 and the word " Drink " issued from the 
 " bottle." So the whole party set to 
 drinking Falernian wine, and, being 
 inspired with drunkenness, raved with 
 prophetic madness ; and so the romance 
 ends. — Rabelais, Pantagruel (1545). 
 
 Like Pantagruel and his companions in quest of the 
 " Oracle of the Bottle."— Sterne. 
 
 Holy Brotherhood (The), in 
 Spain called Santa Hermandad, was an 
 association for the suppression of high- 
 way robbery. 
 
 The thieves, . . . believing the Holy Brotherhood was 
 coming, . . . got up in a hurry, and alarmed their com- 
 panions. — Lesage, Oil Blas.i. 6 (1715). 
 
 Holy Island, Lindisfarne, in the 
 German Sea, about eight miles from 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed. It was once the 
 see of the famous St. Cuthbert, but now 
 the bishopric is that of Durham. The 
 ruins of the old cathedral are still 
 visible. 
 
 Ireland used to be so called, on account 
 of its numerous saints. 
 
 Guernsey was so called in the tenth 
 century, on account of the great number 
 of monks residing there. 
 
 Rugen was so called by the Slavonic 
 Varini. 
 
 Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth 
 Barton, who incited the Roman Catholics 
 to resist the progress of the Reformation, 
 and pretended to act under divine in- 
 spiration. She was executed in 1534 
 for "predicting" that the king (Henry 
 
HOLY MOTHER OF THE RUSSIANS. 449 
 
 HOMESPUN. 
 
 VIII.) would die a sudden death if he 
 divorced queen Katharine and married 
 Anne Boleyn. At one time she was 
 thought to be inspired with a prophetic 
 gift, and even the lord chancellor, sir 
 Thomas More, was inclined to think so. 
 
 Holy Mother of the Russians. 
 
 Moscow is so called. 
 
 Holywell Street, London. So 
 called from a spring of water " most 
 sweet, salubrious, and clear, whose runnels 
 murmur over the shining stones." 
 
 *** Other similar wells in the suburbs 
 of London were Clerkenwell and St. 
 Clement's Well. 
 
 Home, Sweet Home. The words 
 of this popular pong are by John Howard 
 Payne, an American. It is introduced 
 m his melodrama called Clari or The 
 Maid of Milan. The music is by sir 
 Henr3 r Bishop. 
 
 Homer (The British). Milton is so 
 called on Gray's monument in West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigru ; 
 
 To Britain let the nations homage pay : 
 She felt a Homer's tire in Milton's strains. 
 
 A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray 
 
 Homer {The Casket), an edition of 
 Homer corrected by Aristotle, which 
 Alexander the Great carried about with 
 him, and placed in the golden casket 
 richly studded with gems, found in the 
 tent of Darius. Alexander said there 
 was but one thing in the world worthy to 
 be kept in so precious a casket, and that 
 was Aristotle's Homer. 
 
 Homer {The Celtic), Ossian, son of 
 Fingal king of Morven. 
 
 Homer {TJie Oriental), Ferdusi, the 
 Persian poet, who Avrote the Chah Ndmeh 
 or history of the Persian kings. It con- 
 tains 120,000 verses, and was the work of 
 thirty years (940-1020). 
 
 Homer {The Prose). Henry Fielding 
 the novelist is called by Byron "The 
 Prose Homer of Human Nature" (1707- 
 1764). 
 
 Homer {The Scottish), William Wilkie, 
 author of The Epigon'iad (1721-1772). 
 
 Homer of our Dramatic Poets 
 
 (The). So Shakespeare is called bv 
 Dryden (1564-1(516). 
 
 Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dramatic 
 popts; Jonson was the Virgil. I admire rare Ben, but 
 I lore Shakespeare.— Dryden. 
 
 Homer of Ferra'ra {The). Ariosto 
 
 was called by Tasso, Omero Fer rarest 
 (1474-1563). 
 
 Homer of the Pranks {The) 
 Angilbert was so called by Charlomagnt 
 (died 814). 
 
 Homer of the French Drama 
 
 {The). Pierre Corneille was so called by 
 sir Walter Scott (1606-1684). 
 
 Homer of Philosophers (The), 
 Plato (b.c. 429-347). 
 
 Homer the Younger, Philiscos, 
 one of the seven Pleiad poets of Alex- 
 andria, in the time of Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphos. 
 
 Homer a Cure for Ague. It 
 
 is an old superstition that if the fourth 
 book of the Iliad is laid under the head 
 of a patient suffering from quartan ague, 
 it will cure him at once. Serenus Sam- 
 monicus, preceptor of Gordian, a noted 
 physician, says : 
 
 Maeoniae Iliados quartum suppone timenti. 
 
 free. 50. 
 
 Homeric Characters. 
 
 Agamemnon, haughty and imperious; 
 Achilles, brave, impatient of command, 
 and relentless ; Diomed, brave as Achil- 
 les, but obedient to authority ; Ajax the 
 Greater, a giant in stature,* fool-hardy, 
 arrogant, and conceited ; Nestor, a sage 
 old man, garrulous on the glories of his 
 youthful days ; Ulysses, wise, crafty, 
 and arrogant ; Patroclos, a gentle 
 friend ; ThersItes, a scurrilous dema- 
 gogue. 
 
 Hector, the protector and father of 
 his country, a brave soldier, an affection- 
 ate husband, a wise counsellor, and a 
 model prince; Sakpedon, the favourite 
 of the gods, gallant and generous ; 
 Paris, a gallant and a fop ; Troilus, 
 "the prince of chivalry;" Priam, a 
 broken-spirited old monarch. 
 
 Helen, a heartless beauty, faithless, 
 and fond of pleasure ; Androm'ache", a 
 fond young mother and affectionate wife ; 
 Cassandra, a querulous, croaking pro- 
 phetess ; Hecuba, an old she-bear robbed 
 of her whelps. 
 
 Homespun (Zekiel), a farmer of 
 Castleton. Being turned out of his farm, 
 he goes to London to seek his fortune. 
 Though quite illiterate, he has warm 
 affections, noble principles, and a most 
 ingenuous mind. Zekiel wins £20,000 by 
 a lottery ticket, bought by his deceased 
 father. 
 
 Cicely Homespun, sister of Zekiel, b«- 
 2 G 
 
HOMINY. 
 
 450 
 
 HONEYCOMBE. 
 
 trothed to Dick Dowlas (for a short 
 time the Hon. Dick Dowlas). When 
 Cicely went to London with her brother, 
 she took a situation with Caroline Dor- 
 mer. Miss Dormer married " the heir- 
 at-law " of baron Duberly, and Cicely 
 married Dick Dowlas. — G. Colman, The 
 Heir-at-Law (1797). 
 
 Hominy (Mrs.), pnilosopher and 
 authoress, wife of major Hominy, and 
 " mother of the modern Gracchi," as she 
 called her daughter, who lived at New 
 Thermopylae, three days this side of 
 " Eden," in America. Mrs. Hominy was 
 considered by her countrymen a "very 
 choice spirit." — C. Dickens, Martin Chuz- 
 zlevcit (1844). 
 
 Homo, man. Said to be a corruption 
 of OMO ; the two O's represent the two 
 eyes, and the M the rest of the human 
 face. Dante says the gaunt face of a 
 starved man resembles the letter " m." 
 
 Who reads the name 
 For man upon his forehead, there the M 
 Had traced most plainly. 
 
 Dante, Purgatory, xxiii. (1308). 
 
 *** The two downstrokes represent 
 the contour, and the V of the letter re- 
 presents the nose. Hence the human 
 face is l°V°|. 
 
 Honest George. General George 
 Monk, duke of Albemarle, was so called 
 by the Cromwellites (1 608-1 G70). 
 
 Honest Man. Diogenes, being asked 
 one day what he was searching for so 
 diligently that he needed the light of a 
 lantern in broad day, replied, " An honest 
 man." 
 
 Searched with lantern-light to find an honest man. 
 
 Soutliey, Roderick, etc., xxi. (1814). 
 Still will he hold his lantern up to scan 
 The face of monarchs for an honest man. 
 
 Byron, Age of Bronze, x. (1821). 
 
 Honest Thieves (The). The 
 "thieves" are Kuth and Arabella, two 
 heiresses, brought up by justice Da}', 
 trustee of the estates of Kuth and guar- 
 dian of Arabella. The two girls wish 
 to marry colonel Careless and captain 
 Manly, but do not know how to get 
 possession of their property, which is in 
 the hands of justice Day. Jt so happens 
 that Day goes to pay a visit, and the two 
 girls, finding the key of his strong box, 
 help themselves to the deeds, etc., to 
 which the}' are respectively entitled. 
 Mrs. Day, on her return, accuses them 
 of robbery; but Manly says, "Madam, 
 the_. have taken nothing but what is 
 their own. They are honest thieves, I 
 assure you." — T. Knight (a farce). 
 
 *** This is a mere rifacimento of T'i« 
 Committee (1070), by the Hon. sir R. 
 H oward. Most of the names are identical, 
 but " captain Manly" is substituted for 
 colonel Blunt. 
 
 Honesty. Timour used to boast that 
 during his reign a child might carry a 
 purse of gold from furthest east to 
 furthest west of his vast empire without 
 fear of being robbed or molested. — Gib- 
 bon, Decline and Fall, etc. (1776-88). 
 
 A similar state of things existed in 
 Ireland, brought about by the adminis- 
 tration of king Brien. A young lady 
 of great beauty, adorned with jewels, 
 undertook a journey alone from one end 
 of the kingdom to the other ; but no at- 
 tempt was made upon her honour, nor 
 was she robbed of her jewels. — Warner, 
 History of Ireland, i. 1 0. 
 
 *** Thomas Moore has made this the 
 subject of one of his Irish Melodies, i. 
 (" Rich and Kare were the Gems she 
 Wore," 1814). 
 
 Honey. Glaucus, son of Minos, was 
 smothered in a cask of honey. 
 
 Honeycomb (Will), a line gentle- 
 man, the great authority on the fashions 
 of the day. He was one of the members 
 of the imaginary club from which the 
 Spectator issued. — The Spectator (1711— 
 1713). 
 
 Sir Roger de Coverley, a country gentleman, to whom 
 reference was made when matters connected with rural 
 affairs were in question; Will Hone\conib gMve law on 
 all things concerning the gay world ; captain Sentry 
 stood up for the army ; and sir Andrew Freeport repre- 
 sented the commercial interest. — Chambers, English 
 Literature, j. (>U3. 
 
 Honeycombe (Mr.), the uxorious 
 husband of Mrs. Honeycombe, and father 
 of Polly. Self-willed, passionate, and 
 tyrannical. He thinks to bully Polly 
 out of her love-nonsense, and by locking 
 her in her chamber to keep her safe, 
 forgetting that " love laughs at lock- 
 smiths," and "where there's a will there's 
 a way." 
 
 Mrs. Honeycombe, the dram-drinking, 
 maudling, foolish wife of Mr. Honey- 
 combe, always ogling him, calling him 
 " lovey," "sweeting," or "dearie," but 
 generally muzzy, and obfuscated witk 
 cordials or other messes. 
 
 Tolly Honeycombe, the daughter of Mr. 
 and Mrs. Honeycombe ; educated by 
 novels, and as full of romance as don 
 Quixote. Mr. Ledger, a stock-broker, 
 pays his addresses to her ; but she hatea 
 him, and determines to elope with Mr. 
 Scribble, an attorney's clerk, and nephew 
 
HONEYMAN. 
 
 451 
 
 HOOD. 
 
 of her nurse. This folly, however, is 
 happily interrupted. — G. Colman the 
 elder, 'Polly Honey combe (1760). 
 
 Honeyman {Charles), a free-and- 
 easy clergyman, of social habits and 
 fluent speech. — Thackeray, The Newcomes 
 (1855). 
 
 Honeymoon {The), a comedy by 
 J. Tobin (1804). The general scheme 
 resembles that of the Taming of the Shrew, 
 viz., breaking-in an unruly colt of high 
 mettle to the harness of wifely life. The 
 duke of Aranza marries the proud, over- 
 bearing, but beautiful Juliana, eldest 
 daughter of Balthazar. After marriage, 
 he takes her to a mean hut, and pretends 
 he is only a peasant, who must work for 
 his daily bread, and that his wife must 
 do the household drudgery. He acts 
 with great gentleness and affection ; and 
 by the end of the month, Juliana, being 
 thoroughly reformed, is introduced to 
 the castle, where she finds that her hus- 
 band after all is the duke, and that she is 
 the duchess of Aranza. It is an excellent 
 and well-written comedy. 
 
 Honey-wood, " the good-natured 
 man," whose property is made the prey 
 of swindlers. His uncle, sir William 
 Honeywood, in order to rescue him from 
 sharpers, causes him to be seized for a 
 bill to which he has lent his name "to a 
 friend who absconded." By this arrest 
 the young man is taught to discriminate 
 between real friends and designing 
 knaves. Honeywood dotes on Miss Rich- 
 land, but fancies she loves Mr. Lofty, 
 and therefore forbears to avow his iove ; 
 eventually, however, all comes right. 
 Honeywood promises to " reserve his pity 
 for real distress, and his friendship for 
 true merit." 
 
 Though inclined to the right, [he] had not courage to 
 condemn the wrong. {His] charity was but injustice ; 
 [his] benevolence but weakness ; and [his] friendship but 
 credulity. — Act v. 
 
 Sir William Honeywood, uncle of Mr. 
 Honeywood " the good-natured man." 
 Sir William sees with regret the faults 
 of his nephew, and tries to correct them. 
 He is a dignified and high-minded gen- 
 tleman. — Goldsmith, The Good-natured 
 Man (1767). 
 
 Hono'ra, daughter of general Archas 
 "the loyal subject " of the great-duke of 
 Moscovia, and sister of Viola. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject 
 (1618). 
 
 Hono'ria, a fair but haughty dame, 
 
 greatly loved by Theodore of Ravenna ; 
 but the lady "hated him alone," and 
 "the more he loved the more she dis- 
 dained." One day, she saw the ghost 
 of Guido Cavalcanti hunting with two 
 mastiffs a damsel who despised his love 
 and who was doomed to suffer a year for 
 every month she had tormented him. 
 Her torture was to be hunted by dogs, 
 torn to pieces, disemboweled, and re- 
 stored to life again every Friday. This 
 vision so acted on the mind of Honoria, 
 that sho no longer resisted the love of 
 Theodore, but, " with the full consent of 
 all, she changed her state." — Dryden, 
 Theodore and Honoria (a poem). 
 
 *„.* This tale is from Boccaccio, De- 
 cameron (day v. 8). 
 
 Honour {Mrs.), the waiting gentle- 
 woman of Sophia Western. — Fielding, 
 Tom Jones (1749). 
 
 This is worse than Sophy Western and Mrs. Honour 
 about Tom Jones's broken arm.— Prof. J. Wilson. 
 
 Honour and Glory Griffiths. 
 
 Captain Griffiths, in the reign of William 
 IV., was so called, because he used to 
 address his letters to the Admiralty, to 
 "Their Honours and Glories at the 
 Admiralty." 
 
 Honour of the Spear, a tourna- 
 _nent. 
 
 He came to Runa's echoing halls, and sought the honour 
 of the spear.— Ossian, The War of Inis-Thona. 
 
 Honours {Crushed by His or Her). 
 
 Tarpeia (3 syl.), daughter of Tarpeius 
 (governor of the citadel of Rome), pro- 
 mised to open the gates to Tatius, if his 
 soldiers would give her the ornaments 
 they wore on their arms. As the soldiers 
 entered the gate, they threw on her their 
 shields, and crushed her to death, saying, 
 " These are the ornaments we Sabines 
 wear on our arms." 
 
 Draco, the Athenian legislator, was 
 crushed to death in the theatre of ^Eglna 
 by the number of caps and cloaks 
 showered on him by the audience, as a 
 mark of honour. 
 
 Elagab'alus, the Roman emperor, in- 
 vited the leading men of Rome to a 
 banquet, and, under pretence of showing 
 them honour, rained roses upon them till 
 they were smothered to death. 
 
 Hood Ulobiri), a famous English out- 
 law. Stow places him in the reign of 
 Richard I., but others make him live at 
 divers periods between Cceur de Lion and 
 Edward II. His chief haunt was Sher- 
 wood Forest, in Nottinghamsnire. Ancient 
 
HOOKEM. 
 
 452 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 ballads abound with anecdotes of his per- 
 sonal courage, his skill in archery, his 
 generosity, and great popularity. It is 
 said that he robbed the rich, but gave 
 largely to the poor, and protected women 
 and children with chivalrous magna- 
 nimity. According to tradition, he was 
 treacherously bled to death by a nun, at 
 the command of his kinsman, the prior 
 of Kirkless, in Notts. 
 
 Stukeley asserts that Robin Hood was 
 Robert Fitzooth, earl of Huntingdon ; 
 and it is probable that his name hood, 
 like capet given to the French king 
 Hugues, refers to the cape or hood which 
 he usually wore. 
 
 *** The chief incidents of his life are 
 recorded by Stow. Ritson has collected 
 a volume of songs, ballads, and anecdotes 
 called Robin Hood . . . that Celebrated 
 English Outlaw (1795). Sir W. Scott has 
 introduced him in his novel called The 
 Talisman, which makes the outlaw con- 
 temporary with Coeur de Lion. 
 
 Robin Hood's Men. The most noted of 
 his followers were Little John, whose 
 surname was Nailor ; his chaplain friar 
 Tuck ; William Scarlet, Scathelooke (2 
 syl.), or Scadlock, sometimes called two 
 brothers ; Will Stutly or Stukely ; Mutch 
 the miller's son ; and the maid Marian. 
 
 Chief, beside the butts, there stand 
 
 Bold Robin Hood and al! his band : 
 
 Friar Tuck with staff and cowl. 
 
 Old Scathelooke (2 syl.) with his surly scowl, 
 
 Maid Marian fair as ivory bone. 
 
 Scarlet, and Mutch, and Little John. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Hookem {Mr.), partner of lawyer 
 Clip,)urse at Waverley Honour. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Hop (Robin), the hop plant. 
 
 Get into thy hop-yard, for now it is time 
 
 Tc teach Robin Hop on his pole how to climb. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, xli. 17 (1557). 
 
 Hope. The name of the first woman, 
 according to Grecian mythology, was 
 Pandora, made by Hephistos ( Vulcan) 
 out of earth. She >vas called Pandora 
 ("all-gifted") because all the deities con- 
 tributed something to her charms. She 
 married Epime'theus (4 syl.), in whose 
 house was a box which no mortal might 
 open. Curiosity induced Pandora to peep 
 into it, when "out flew all the ills of 
 humanity, and she had just time to close 
 the lid to prevent the escape of Hope 
 also. 
 
 When man and nature mourned their first decay . . . 
 AU, all fwrsook the friendless, guilty mind, 
 bdt Hope— the charmer lingered still behind. 
 
 Cainpbell, Pleasures of liopc, i. (1799). 
 
 Hope (Tlie Bard of), Thomas Camp- 
 bell, who wrote The Pleasures of Hope, in 
 two parts (1777-1844). 
 
 Hope (The Cape of Good), originally 
 called " The Cape of Storms." 
 
 Similarly, the Euxine (i.e. "hos- 
 pitable ") Sea was originally called by 
 the Greeks the Axine (i.e. "the in- 
 hospitable") Sea. 
 
 *** For the "Spirit of the Cape," see 
 Adamastor. 
 
 Hope the Motive Power of 
 All. 
 
 The ambitious prince doth hope to conquer all ; 
 
 The dukes, earls, lords, and knights hope to be kings; 
 The prelates hope to push for popish pall ; 
 
 The lawyers hope to purchase wondrous things ; 
 
 The merchants hope for no less reckonings ; 
 The peasant hopes to get a ferme [farm] at least ; 
 All men are guests where Hope doth hold the feast. 
 G. Gascoigne, The Fruites of Warre, 88 (died 1577). 
 
 Hope Diamond (The), a blue 
 brilliant, weighing 44^ carats. 
 
 It is supposed that this diamond is the 
 same as the blue diamond bought by 
 Louis XIV. in 1668, of Tavernier. It 
 weighed in the rough 112^ carats, and 
 after being cut 67 1 carats. In 1792 it 
 was lost. In 1880, Mr. Daniel Eliasou 
 came into possession of a blue diamond 
 without any antecedent history ; this 
 was bought by Mr. Henry Thomas Hope, 
 and is called " The Hope Diamond." 
 
 Hope of Troy (The), Hector. 
 
 [He] stood against them, as the Hope of Trey 
 Against the Greeks. 
 
 Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI, act ii. sc. 1 (1592). 
 
 Hopeful, a companion of Christian 
 after the death of Faithful at Vanity 
 Fair. — Bunvan, The Pilgrim's Progress, 1. 
 (1678). 
 
 Hope-on-High Bomby, a puri- 
 tanical character, drawn by Beaumont 
 and Fletcher. 
 
 " Well," said Wildrake, " I think I car. make a Hope- 
 on-High Bomby as well as thou canst"— Sir W. ScotC 
 Woodstock, vii. 
 
 Hopkins (Matthew), of Manningtree, 
 in Essex, the witch-finder. In one year 
 he caused sixty persons to be hanged as 
 reputed witches. 
 
 Between three and four thousand persons suffered death 
 for witchcraft between 1643 and 1661.— Dr. Z. Grey. 
 
 Hopkins (Nicholas), a Chartreux friar, 
 who prophesied "that neither the king 
 [Henry VIII.'] nor his heirs should 
 prosper, but that the duke of Buckingham 
 should govern England." 
 
 1st Gent. That devil-monk, Hopkins, hath made this mis- 
 chief. 
 2nd Gent. That was he that fed him with his prophecies, 
 Shakespeare, Henry VIII, act ii. sc. 1 (1C01). 
 
HOP-O'-MY-THUMB. 
 
 453 
 
 HORATIUS. 
 
 Hop-o'-my-Thnmb, a character in 
 several nursery tales. Tom Thumb and 
 Hop-o'-my-thumb are not the same, 
 ilthougb they are often confounded with 
 >ach other. Tom Thumb was the son of 
 oeasants, knighted by king Arthur, and 
 ivas killed by a spider ; but Hop-o'-my- 
 humb was a nix, the same as the German 
 iaumling, the French le petit pouce, and 
 ;he Scotch Tom-a-lin or Tamlane. He 
 svas not a human dwarf, but a fay of 
 usual fairy proportions. 
 
 You Stump-o'-the-gutter, you Hop-o'-my-thumb, 
 Your husband must from Lilli,»ut come. 
 
 Kane G Hara, Midas (1778). 
 
 Horace, son of Oronte (2 sgl.) and 
 over of Agnes. He first sees Agnes in a 
 Dalcony, and takes off his hat in passing. 
 A.gnes returns his salute, "pour ne point 
 manquer a la civilite'." He again takes 
 iff his hat, and she again returns the 
 compliment. He bows a third time, and 
 she returns his "politeness " a third time. 
 "II passe, vient, repasse, et toujours me 
 fait a chaque fois reverence, et moi 
 aouvelle reverence aussi je lui rendois." 
 An intimacy is soon established, which 
 ripens into love. Oronte tells his son he 
 intends him to marry the daughter of 
 Enrique (2 syl.), which he refuses to do; 
 but it turns out that Agnes is m fact 
 Enrique's daughter, so that love and 
 obedience are easily reconciled. — Moliere, 
 L'ecole des Femmes (1662). 
 
 Horace (The English). Ben Jonson is 
 so called bv Dekker the dramatist (1574- 
 1637). 
 
 Cowley was preposterously called by 
 George duke of Buckingham" The Pindar, 
 Horace, and Virgil of England" (1618- 
 1667). 
 
 Horace (The French), Jean Macrinus or 
 Salmon (1490-1557). 
 
 Pierre Jean de Beranger is called "The 
 Horace of France," and "The French 
 Burns " (1780-1857). 
 
 Horace (The Portuguese), A. Ferreira 
 (1528-1569). 
 
 Horace (The Spanish). Both Lupercio 
 Argen'sola and his brother Bartolome are 
 so called. 
 
 Horace de Brienne (2 syl.), en- 
 gaged to Diana de Lascours ; but after the 
 discovery of Ogari'ta [alias Martha, 
 Diana's sister] , he falls in love with her, 
 and marries her with the free consent 
 of his former choice. — E. Stirling, The 
 Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 
 
 Horatia, daughter of Horatius "the 
 
 Roman father." She was engaged to 
 Caius Curiatius, whom her surviving 
 brother slew in the well-known combat 
 of the three Romans and three Albans. 
 For the pu-pose of being killed, she in- 
 sulted her brother Publius in his triumph, 
 and spoke disdainfully of his " patriotic 
 love," which he preferred to filial and 
 brotherly affection. In his anger he 
 stabbed his sister with his sword. — 
 Whitehead, The Roman Father (1741). 
 
 Hora'tio, the intimate friend of prince 
 Hamlet. — Shakespeare, Hamlet Prince of 
 Denmark (1596). 
 
 Hora'tio, the friend and brother-in-law 
 of lord Al'tamont, who discovers by 
 accident that Calista, lord Altamont's 
 bride, has been seduced by Lothario, and 
 informs lord Altamont of it. A duel 
 ensues between the bridegroom and the 
 libertine, in which Lothario is killed ; and 
 Calista stabs herself. — N. Rowe, The Fair 
 Penitent (1703). 
 
 Horatius, "the Roman father." 
 He is the father of the three Horatii 
 chosen by the Roman senate to espouse 
 the cause of Rome against the Albans. 
 He glories in the choice, preferring his 
 country to his offspring. His daughter, 
 Horatia, was espoused to one of the 
 Curiatii, and was slain by her surviving 
 brother for taunting him with murder 
 under the name of patriotism. The old 
 man now renounced his son, and would 
 have given him up to justice, but king 
 and people interposed in his behalf. 
 
 Publius Horatius, the surviving son 
 of "the Roman father." He pretended 
 flight, and as the Curiatii pursued, " but 
 not with equal speed," he slew them one 
 by one as they came up. — Whitehead, 
 The Roman Father (1741). 
 
 Horatius [Codes], captain of the 
 bridge-gate over the Tiber. When Por'- 
 sena brought his host to replace Tarquin 
 on the throne, the march on the city 
 was so sudden and rapid, that the consul 
 said, "The foe will be upon us before 
 we can cut down the bridge." Horatius 
 exclaimed, "If two men will join me, I 
 will undertake to give the enemy play 
 till the bridge is cut down." Spurius 
 Lartius and Herminius volunteered tc join 
 him in this bold enterprise. Three men 
 came against them and were cut down. 
 Three others met the same fate. Then 
 the lord of Luna came with his brand 
 " which none but ho could wield," but the 
 Tuscan was also despatched. Horatius 
 
HOREHOUND. 
 
 454 
 
 HORSE. 
 
 then ordered his two companions to make 
 good their escape, and they just crossed 
 the bridge as it fell in with a crash. The 
 bridge being down, Horatius threw him- 
 self into the Tiber and swam safe to 
 shore, amidst the applauding shouts of 
 both armies. — Lord Macaulay, Lays of 
 Ancient Rome ("Horatius," 1842). 
 
 Horehound (2 syl.) or Marru'bium 
 vulgare ("white horehound"), used in 
 •.coughs and pulmonary disorders, either in 
 the form of tea or solid candy. Black 
 horehound or Ballota nigra is recom- 
 mended in hysteria. 
 
 For comforting the spleen and liver, get for juice 
 Pale horehound. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Horn {The Cape). So named by 
 Schouten, a Dutch mariner, who first 
 rounded it. He was born at Hoorn, in 
 North Holland, and named the cape after 
 his own native town. 
 
 Horn (King), hero of a French metrical 
 romance, the original of our Childe Home 
 or The Geste of Kyng Horn. The French 
 romance is ascribed to Mestre Thomas ; 
 and Dr. Percy thinks the English romance 
 is of the twelfth century, but this is pro- 
 bably at least a century too early. 
 
 Horn of Chastity and Fidelity. 
 
 Morgan la Faye sent king Arthur a 
 drinking-horn, from which no lady could 
 drink who was not true to her husband, 
 and no knight who was not feal to his 
 liege lord. Sir Lamorake sent this horn 
 as a taunt to sir Mark king of Cornwall. — 
 Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
 ii. 34 (1470). 
 
 Ariosto's enchanted cup. 
 
 The cuckold's drinking-horn, from which 
 no "cuckold could drink without spil- 
 ling the liquor." (See Cauadoc, p. 160.) 
 
 La coupe enchante'e of Lafontaine. (See 
 Chastity.) 
 
 Home, in the proverb Til chance it, 
 as old Home did his neck, refers to Home, 
 a clergyman in Nottinghamshire, who 
 committed murder, but escaped to the 
 Continent. After several years, he de- 
 termined to return to England, and when 
 told of the danger of so doing, replied, 
 "I'll chance it." He did chance it ; but 
 being apprehended, was tiied, condemned, 
 and executed. — The Newgate Calendar. 
 
 Horner (Jack), the little boy who sat 
 in a corner to eat his Christmas pie, and 
 thought himself wondrously clever be- 
 
 cause he contrived to pull out a plum 
 with his thumb. 
 
 Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, 
 
 Eatin« his Christmas pie; 
 He put in his thumb, and pulled out a plum, 
 
 Saying, " What a good boy am 1 1 " 
 
 Nurtery Rhyme. 
 
 In Notes and Queries, xvi. 156, several 
 explanations are offered, ascribing a 
 political meaning to the words quoted — 
 Jack Horner being elevated to a king's 
 messenger or king's steward, and the 
 " plum " pulled out so cleverly being a 
 valuable deed which the messenger 
 abstracted. 
 
 Horse. The first to ride and tame a 
 horse for the use of man was Meli/yus 
 king of Thessaly. (See Mblizyus.) 
 
 Horse (The Black), the 7th Dragoon 
 Guards (not the 7th Dragoons). They 
 have" black velvet facings, and their 
 plume is black and white. At one time 
 they rode black horses. 
 
 Horse (Tlie Green), the 5th Dragoon 
 Guards. (These are called " The Princess 
 Charlotte of Wales' . . . ") Facings dark 
 green velvet, but the plume is red and 
 white. 
 
 Horse (The White), the 3rd Dragoon 
 Guards. (These are called " The Princo 
 of Wales' . . .") 
 
 *** All the Dragoon Guards have 
 velvet facings, except the 6th (or " Cara- 
 biniers "), which have white cloth facings. 
 By "facings "are meant the collar and 
 cuffs. 
 
 N.B. — " The white horse within the 
 Garter " is not the heraldic insignia of the 
 White Horse Regiment or 3rd Dragoon 
 Guards, but of the 3rd Hussars (or "The 
 King's Own "), who have also a white 
 plume. This regiment used to be called 
 " The 3rd Light Dragoons." 
 
 Horse (The Royal), the Blues. 
 
 Horse (The Wooden), a huge horse 
 constructed by Ulysses and Diomed, for 
 secreting soldiers. The Trojans were 
 told by Sinon it was an offering made 
 by the Greeks to the sea-god, to ensure 
 a safe home-voyage, adding that the 
 blessing would pass from the Greeks to 
 the Trojans if the horse were placed 
 Avithin the city walls. The credulous 
 Trojans drew the monster into the city ; 
 but at night Sinon released the soldiers 
 from the horse and opened the gates to 
 the Greek army. The sentinels were 
 slain, the city fired in several places, and 
 the inhabitants put to the sword. The 
 
HORSE. 
 
 455 
 
 HORTENSE. 
 
 tale of the "Wooden Horse "forms no part 
 of Homer's Iliad, but is told by Virgil in 
 his JEne'id. Virgil borrowed the tale from 
 Arctlnos of Miletus, one of the Cyclic 
 poets, who related the story of the 
 "Wooden Horse" and the "burning of 
 Troy." 
 
 *#* A very similar stratagem was em- 
 ployed in the seventh century a.d. by 
 Abu Obeidah in the siege of Arrestan, in 
 Syria. He obtained leave of the governor 
 to deposit in the citadel some old lumber 
 which impeded his march. Twenty boxes 
 (filled with soldiers) were accordingly 
 placed there, and Abu, like the Greeks, 
 pretended to march homewards. At night 
 the soldiers removed the sliding bottoms 
 of the boxes, killed the sentries, opened 
 the. city gates, and took the town. — 
 Ockley, History of the Saracens, i. 185. 
 
 The capture of Sark was effected by a 
 similar trick. A gentleman of the Nether- 
 lands, with one ship, asked permission of 
 the French to bury one of his crew in the 
 chapel. The request was granted, but 
 the coffin was full of arms. The pre- 
 tended mourners, being well provided 
 with arms, fell on the guards and took 
 the island by surprise. — Percy, Anecdotes, 
 249. 
 
 Horse {Merlin's Wooden), Claviltno. 
 This was the horse on which don Quixote 
 effected the disenchantment of the infanta 
 Antonomasia and others. (See Clavi- 
 
 LENO, p 194.) 
 
 Horse {The Enchanted), a wooden 
 horse with two pegs. By turning one the 
 horse rose into the air, and by turning 
 the other it descended where and when 
 the rider listed. It Avas given by an 
 Indian to the shah of Persia, as a New 
 Year's gift. (See Firouz Schah.) — 
 Arabian Nights{" The Enchanted Horse"). 
 
 Horse { The fifteen points of a good). 
 
 A good horse sholde have three propyrtees of a man, 
 three of a woman, three of a foxe, three of a haare, anil 
 three of an a-sse. Of a man, bolde, prowde, and hardye. Of 
 a woman, fayre-breasted, faire of heere, and easy to move. 
 Of a. foxe, a fair taylle, short eers, with a good trotte. Of 
 a haare, a grate eye, a dry head, and well rennynge. Of 
 ar. a-sse, a bygge ehynn. a flat legge, and a good hoof. — 
 Wynkyn de Worde (1496). 
 
 Horse-hair breeds Animals. 
 
 According to legend, if the hair of a horse 
 is dropped into corrupted water, it will 
 turn to an animal. • 
 
 A horse-hair laid in a pale-full of turbid water, will in a 
 short time stir, and become a living creature. — rfolinshea, 
 Description of England, lii. 
 
 Horse Neighing. On the death of 
 Smerdis, the several competitors for the 
 Persian crown agreed that he whose 
 
 horse neighed first should be appointed 
 king. The horse of Darius neighed first, 
 and Darius was made king. Lord Brooke 
 call* him a Scythian ; he was son of 
 Hystaspes the satrap. 
 
 The brave Scythian . 
 Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing 
 Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 
 
 Lord Brooke. 
 
 Horse Painted. Apelles of Cos 
 painted Alexander's horse so wonderfully 
 well that a real horse, seeing it, began to 
 neigh at it, supposing it to be alive. 
 
 Myro the statuary made a cow so true 
 to life that several bulls were deceived 
 by it. 
 
 Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral 
 so true to life that Felipe IV., mistaking 
 it for the man, reproved the supposed 
 officer sharply for wasting his time in a 
 painter's studio, when he ought to be with 
 his fleet. 
 
 Zeuxis painted some grapes so admir- 
 ably that birds flew at them, thinking 
 them real fruit. 
 
 Parrhasios of Ephesus painted a 
 curtain so inimitably that Zeuxis thought 
 it to be a real curtain, and bade the artist 
 draw it aside that he might see the 
 painting behind. 
 
 Quintin Matsys of Antwerp painted a 
 bee on the outstretched leg of a fallen 
 angel so naturally that when old Mandyn, 
 the artist, returned to his studio, he tried 
 to frighten it away with his pocket-hand- 
 kerchief. 
 
 Horse of Brass {Tlxe), a present 
 from the king of Araby and Ind to 
 Cambuscan' king of Tartary. A person 
 whispered in its ear where he wished to 
 go, and having mounted, turned a pin, 
 whereupon the brazen steed rose in the 
 air as high as the rider wished, and 
 within twenty-four hours landed him at 
 the end of his journey. 
 
 This steed of brass, that easily and well 
 Can, in the space of a day natural, . . . 
 Bearen your body into every place 
 To which your hearte willeth for to pace. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Squire's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Horst {Conradc), one of the in- 
 surgents at Liege. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
 Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Hortense' (2 syl.), the vinjictive 
 French maid-servant of lady Dedlock. 
 In revenge for the partiality shown by 
 lady Dedlock to Rosa the village beauty, 
 Hortense murdered Mr. Tulkinghorn, and 
 tried to throw the suspicion of the crime 
 on ladv Dedlock. — C. Dickens, Bleak 
 House (1853). 
 
HORTENSIO. 
 
 456 HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT. 
 
 Hortexi'sio, a suitor to Bianca the 
 vounger sister of Katharina "the Shrew." 
 katharina and Bianca are the daughters 
 of Baptista. — Shakespeare, Taming of the 
 Slirew (1594). 
 
 Hortensio, noted for his chivalrous love 
 and valour. — Massinger, The Bashful 
 \Lover (1636). 
 
 HorwendiUus, the court at which 
 Hamlet lived. 
 
 This is that Hamlet . . . who lived at the court of 
 HorwendiUus, 500 years before we were bom.— Hazlitt. 
 
 Hosier's Ghost (Admiral), a ballad 
 by Richard Glover (1739). Admiral Hosier 
 was sent with twenty sail to the Spanish 
 "West Indies, to block up the galleons of 
 that country. He arrived at the Basti- 
 mentos, near Portobello, but had strict 
 orders not to attack the foe. His men 
 perished by disease but not in fight, and 
 the admiral himself died of a broken 
 heart. After Vernon's victory, Hosier 
 and his 3000 men rose, "all in dreary 
 hammocks shrouded, which for winding- 
 sheets they wore," and lamented the 
 cruel orders that forbade them to attack 
 the foe, for " with twenty ships he surely 
 could have achieved what Vernon did 
 with only six." 
 
 Hospital of Compassion, the 
 
 house of correction. 
 
 A troop of alguazels carried me to the hospital of 
 compassion.— Lesage, Gil Mas, vii. 7 (1735). 
 
 Hotspur. So Harry Percy was called 
 from his fiery temper, over which he had 
 no control. — Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. 
 (1597). 
 
 William Bensley [1738-1817] had the true poetic en- 
 thusiasm. . . . None that I remember possessed even a 
 portion of that fine madness which he threw out in 
 Hotspur's fine rant about glory. His voice had the dis- 
 sonance and at times the inspiring effect of the trumpet. 
 — C. Lamb. 
 
 Hotspur of Debate {The), lord 
 Derby, called bv Macaulay " The Rupert 
 of Debate" (1799-1869). 
 
 Houd (1 syl.), a prophet sent to 
 preach repentance to the Adites (2 Syl.), 
 and to reprove their king Shedad for his 
 pride. As the Adites and their king 
 refused to hear the prophet, God sent on 
 the kingdom first a drought of three 
 years' duration, and then the Sarsar or 
 icy wind for seven days, so that all the 
 people perished. Houd is written "Hud" 
 in Sale's Koran, i. 
 
 Then stood the prophet Houd and cried, 
 •' Woe : woe to Irem ! woe to Ad • 
 Death is cone up into her palaces ! 
 Woe 1 woe ! a day of guilt and punishment 1 
 
 A day of desolation ! " 
 Southey, TilaOa tlus Dcstroyor, L »1 (1797). 
 
 Hough/ton (Sergeant), in Waverley ? 
 regiment. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Hcunslow, :>ne of a gang of thieves 
 that conspire to break into lady Bounti- 
 ful'.? house. — Farquhar, The Beaux' Strata- 
 gem (1705). 
 
 Houri, plu. Houris, the virgins of 
 paradise ; so called from their large black 
 eyes (hiir al oyun). According to Mo- 
 hammedan faith, an intercourse with these 
 lovely women is to constitute the chief 
 delight of the faithful in the "world to 
 come." — Al Koran. 
 
 House judged by a Brick. Hie- 
 rftcles, the compiler of a book of jests, 
 tells us of a pedant who carried about a 
 brick as a specimen of the house which 
 he wished to sell. 
 
 He that tries to recommend Shakespeare by select 
 quotations, will succeed like the pedant in Hierocles, 
 who, when he offered his house to sale, carried a brick in 
 his pocket as a specimen. — Dr. Johnson, Preface to 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 House of Fame, a magnificent 
 palace erected on a lofty mountain of ice, 
 and supported by rows of pillars on which 
 are inscribed! the names of illustrious 
 poets. Here the goddess of fame sits 
 on a throne, and dispenses her capricious 
 judgments to the crowd below who come 
 to seek her favours. — Chaucer, House of 
 Fame. 
 
 House that Jack Built ( The), a 
 cumulative nursery story, in which every 
 preceding statement is repeated after the 
 introduction of a new one ; thus : 
 
 1. [This is] the house that Jack built. 
 '2. [This is] the malt that lay in . . . 
 
 3. [This is] the rat that eat . . . 
 
 4. [This is] the cat that killed . . . 
 
 5. [This is] the dog that worried . . . 
 
 6. [This is] the cow with the crumpled horn, that 
 
 tossed . . . 
 
 7. [7 his is] the maiden all forlorn, that milked . . . 
 
 8. [This is] the man all tattered and torn, that kissed . . . 
 
 9. This is the priest all shaven and shorn, that married . . . 
 
 A similar accumulation occurs in 
 another nursery tale, with this difference- 
 — the several clauses are repeated twice : 
 once b} r entreaty of the old woman to 
 perform some sen-ice to get her pig to 
 cross over a bridge that she may get 
 home : and then the reverse way, when 
 each begins the task requested of them. 
 Jt begins with a statement that an old 
 woman went to market to buy a pig ; 
 they came to a bridge, which the pig 
 would not go over, so the old woman 
 called to a stick, and said : 
 
 1. [Slick, stick, beat pig, for] pig won't go over the bridge, 
 
 and I shan't get home to-night. 
 ■2. [J-'irc, fire] burn stick, stick won't beat pig . • 
 
HOUSSAIN. 
 
 4o7 
 
 HRIMFAXI. 
 
 8. [it'iSJW. cwr'er] quench fire, fire won't . . , 
 *. [Ox, «u-J drink water, water won't . . . 
 8. [Rettcliier, ktetcher) kill ox, ox won't . . . 
 
 6. [Rope, rr>pc\ hang butcher, butcher won't . . . 
 
 7. [ Rat, rat] gnaw rope, rope won't . . . 
 
 8. Cat, cat, kill rat, rat won't . . . 
 
 Then ttie cat began to kill the rat, and the rat began 
 to gnaw the rape, and the rope began . . . etc., and the 
 pig went over the bridge, and so the old woman got home 
 that night. 
 
 Dr. Doran gave the following Hebrew 
 M parable " in Notes and Queries ; — 
 
 1. [This is\ the kid that my father bought for two zuzim 
 
 3. [This is] the cat that eat . . . 
 
 5. [This is] the dog that bit . . . 
 
 4. [This is] the stick tltat beat . . . 
 
 6. [This is) the fire that burnt . . . 
 
 6. {This is) the water that quenched . . . 
 
 7. [This is] the ox that drank . . . 
 
 8. [This is) the butcher that killed . . . 
 
 9. This is the angel, the angel of death, that slew . . . 
 
 *** While correcting these proofs, a 
 native of South Africa informs me that 
 he has often heard the Kafirs tell their 
 children the same story. 
 
 Hous'sain (Prince), the elder brother 
 of prince Ahmed. He possessed a carpet 
 of such wonderful powers that if any one 
 sat upon it it would transport him in a 
 moment to any place he liked. Prince 
 Iloussain bought this carpet at Bisnagar, 
 in India. — Arabian Nights (" Ahmed and 
 Paribanou"). 
 
 The wish of the penman is to htm like prince Heussain's 
 tapestry in the Eastern fable.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 *** Solomon's carpet (?.«.) possessed 
 the same locomotive power. 
 
 Houyh.nh.nms [WJiin'.ims'], a race 
 of horses endowed with human reason, 
 and bearing rule over the race of man. — 
 Swift, Gulliver's Travels (1726). 
 
 "True, true, ay, too true," replied the Domine, his 
 houyhnhntn laugh sinking into an hysterical giggle. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Gag J/annering [IMS). 
 
 Howard, in the court of Edward IV. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geicrstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). ' 
 
 How'atson (Lnckie), midwife at 
 Ellangowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
 nering (time, George II.). 
 
 Howden (Mrs.), saleswoman. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Howe (Miss), the friend of Clarissa 
 Harlowe, to whom she presents a strong 
 ontrast. She has more worlds wisdom 
 and less abstract principle. In questions 
 of doubt, Miss Howe would suggest some 
 practical solution, while Clarissa was 
 mooning about hypothetical contingencies. 
 She is a girl of high spirit, disinterested 
 friendship, and sound common sense. — 
 Richardson, Clarissa Harhwe (1749). 
 20 
 
 Howel or Hoel, king of the "West 
 Welsh in the tenth century, surname! 
 "the Good." He is a very famous king, 
 especially for his code of laws. This is 
 not the Howel or Hoel of Arthurian 
 romance, who was duke of Armorica in 
 the sixth century. 
 
 What Mulmutian laws, or Martian, ever were 
 
 More excellent than those which our good Howel here 
 
 Ordained to govern. Wales ? 
 
 Drayton, PvlyelMan, ix. (1612). 
 
 Howie (Jamie), bailie to Malcolm 
 Bradwardine (3syl.) of Inchgrabbit. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 HoWlaglass (Master), a preacher. 
 Friend of justice Maulstatute. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Peverii of tJie Peak (time, Charles 
 II.). 
 
 Howle'glas (Father), the abbot of 
 Unreason, in the revels held at Kenna- 
 quhair Abbey.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Howleg-lass (2 syl.), a clever rascal, 
 so called from the hero of an old German 
 jest-book, popular in England in queen 
 Elizabeth's reign. — See Eulenspiegel. 
 
 Hoyden (Miss), a lively, ignorant, 
 romping, country girl. — Vanbrugh, The 
 Relapse (1697). 
 
 *** This was Mrs. Jordan's great 
 character. 
 
 Hoyden (Miss), daughter of sir Tun- 
 belly Clumsy, a green, ill-educated, 
 country girl, living near Scarborough. 
 She is promised in marriage to lord Fop- 
 pington, but as his lordship is not person- 
 ally known either by the knight or his 
 daughter, Tom Fashion, the nobleman's 
 younger brother, passes himself off as 
 lord Foppington, is admitted into the 
 family, and marries the heiress. — Sheri- 
 dan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 
 
 %* Sheridan's comedy is The ~ 
 of Vanbrugh (1G97), abridged, recast, and 
 somewhat modernized. 
 
 Hrasvelg, the giant who keeps watch 
 on the north side of the root of the Tree 
 of the World, to devour the dead. His 
 shape is that of an eagle. Winds and 
 storms are caused by the movement of 
 his wings. — Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Where the heaven's remotest bound 
 With darkness is encompassed round. 
 There Hrasvel'ger sits and swings 
 The tempest from its eagle wings, 
 
 £dda of Sxirxund toy Amos Cottle). 
 
 Hrirrifax'i, the horse of Night, from 
 whose bit fall the rime-drops that every 
 
HROTHGAR. 
 
 458 
 
 HUBERT. 
 
 morning bedew the earth. — Scandinavian 
 Mythology. 
 
 Hrothgar, king of Denmark, whom 
 Beowulf delivered from the monster 
 Grendel. Hrothgar built Heorot, a mag- 
 nificent palace, and here be distributed 
 rings (treasure), and held his feasts ; but 
 the monster Grendel, envious of his hap- 
 piness, stole into the hall after a feast, 
 and put thirty of the thanes to death in 
 their sleep. The same ravages were 
 repeated night after night, till Beowulf, 
 at the head of a mixed band of soldiers, 
 went against him and slew him. — Beo- 
 wulf (an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, sixth 
 century). 
 
 Hry'mer, pilot of the ship Nagelfar 
 (made of the "nails of the dead"). — Scan- 
 dinavian Mythology. 
 
 Hubba and Ingwar, two Danish 
 chiefs, who, in 870, conquered East Anglia 
 and wintered at Thetford, in Norfolk. 
 King Edmund, fought against them, but 
 was beaten and taken prisoner. The 
 Danish chiefs offered him his life and 
 kingdom if he would renounce Chris- 
 tianity and pay them tribute; but as he 
 refused to do so, they tied him to a tree, 
 shot at him with arrows, and then cut off: 
 his head. Edmund was therefore called 
 " St. Edmund." Alu'red fought seven 
 battles with Hubba, and slew him at 
 Abingdon, in Berkshire. 
 
 Alured . . . 
 
 in seven brave foughten fields their champion Hubba 
 
 chased, 
 And slew him in the end at Abington [sic\ 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 
 
 Hubbard (Mother). Mother Hubbard 's 
 Tale, by Edmund Spenser, is a satirical 
 fable in the style of Chaucer, supposed 
 to be told by an old woman (Mother 
 Hubbard) to relieve the weariness of the 
 poet during a time of sickness. The tale 
 is this : An ape and a fox went into 
 partnership to seek their fortunes. They 
 resolved to begin their adventures as 
 beggars, so Master Ape dressed himself 
 as a broken soldier, and Reynard pre- 
 tended to be his dog. After a time they 
 came to a farmer, who employed the ape 
 as shepherd, but when the rascals had 
 so reduced the flock that detection was 
 certain, they decamped. Next they tried 
 the Church, under advice of a priest ; 
 Reynard was appointed rector to a living, 
 and the ape was his parish clerk. From 
 this living they were obliged also to re- 
 move. Next they went to court as foreign 
 Eotentatcs, and drove a splendid business, 
 ct came to grief ere long. lastly, they 
 
 saw king Lion asleep, hia skin was lying 
 beside trim, with bis crown and sceptre. 
 Master Ape stole the regalia, dressed 
 himself as king Lion, usurped the royal 
 palace, made Reynard his chief minister, 
 and collected round him a band of 
 monsters, chiefly amphibious, as his 
 guard and court. In time, Jupiter sent 
 Mercury to rouse king Lion from his 
 lethargy ; so he awoke from sleep, broke 
 into his palace, and bit off the ape's tail, 
 with a part of its ear. 
 
 Since which, all apes but half their ears have left, 
 And of their tails are utterly bereft. 
 
 As for Reynard, he ran away at the 
 first alarm, and tried to curry favour with 
 king Lion ; but the king only exposed 
 him and let him go (1591). 
 
 Hubbard (Old Mother) went to her 
 cupboard to get a bone for her dog, 
 but, not finding one, trotted hither and 
 thither to fetch sundry articles for his 
 behoof. Every time she returned she 
 found Master Doggie performing some 
 extraordinary feat, and at last, having 
 finished all her errands, she made a grand 
 curtsey to Master Doggie. The dog, not 
 to be" outdone in politeness, made his 
 mistress a profound bow ; upon which 
 the dame said, " Your servant ! " and the 
 dog replied, " Bow, wow J " — Nursery 
 Tale. 
 
 Hubble (Mr.), wheelwright; a tough, 
 high-shouldered, stooping old man, of a 
 sawdusty fragrance, with his legs extra- 
 ordinarily wide apart. 
 
 Mrs. Hubble, a little curly, sharp- 
 edged person, who held a conventionally 
 juvenile position, because she had married 
 Mr. Hubble when she was much younger 
 than he. — C. Dickens, Great Expectation 
 (18G0). 
 
 Hubert, "the keeper" of young 
 prince Arthur. King John conspired 
 with him to murder the young prince, 
 and Hubert actually employed two 
 ruffians to burn out both the boy's eyes 
 with red-hot irons. Arthur pleaded so 
 lovingly with Hubert to spare his eyes, 
 that he relented ; however, the lad wag 
 found dead soon afterwards, either by 
 accident or foul play. — Shakespeare, 
 King John (1596). 
 
 *,* This "Hubert" was Hubert de 
 Burgh, justice of England and earl of 
 Kent. 
 
 One would think, had it been possible, that Shake 
 speare, when he made king John excuse his intention <>J 
 perpetrating the death of Arthur by his commert on 
 Hubert's face, by which he saw the assassin in his iiimd, 
 
HUBERT. 
 
 459 
 
 HUGH OF LINCOLN. 
 
 had Sandford tn idea, for he was rather deformed, and 
 had a most forbidding countenance.— C. D.bdin, Uistory 
 of the Stage. 
 
 Hubert, an honest lord, in love with 
 Jac'ulin daughter of Gerrard king of the 
 beggars. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Beggars' Bush (1622). 
 
 Hubert, brother of prince Oswald, 
 severely wounded by couut Hurgonel in 
 the combat provoked by Oswald against 
 Gondibert, his rival for the love of 
 Khodalind the heiress of Aribert king of 
 Lombardv. — Sir W. Davcnant, Gondibert 
 (died 1668). 
 
 Hubert, an archer in the service of sir 
 Philip de Malvoisin. — Sir "NV. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Hubert (St.), patron saint of huntsmen. 
 He was son of Bertrandduc d'Acquitaine, 
 and cousin of king Pepin. 
 
 Huddibras (Sir), a man " more 
 huge in strength than wise in works," 
 the suitor of Perissa (extravagance). — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 2 (1590). 
 
 Hudibras, the hero and title of a 
 rhyming political satire, by S. Butler. Sir 
 Hudibras is a Presbyterian justice in the 
 Commonwealth, who sets out with his 
 'squire Ralph (an independent) to reform 
 abuses, and enforce the observance of the 
 laws for the suppression of popular sports 
 and amusements (1663, 1664, 1678). 
 
 %* The Grub Street Journal (1731) 
 maintains that the academy figure of 
 Hudibras was colonel Rolle of Devon- 
 shire, with whom the poet lodged for 
 some time, and adds that the name is 
 derived from Hugh de Bras, the patron 
 Baint of the county. Others say that 
 sir Samuel Luke was the original, and 
 cite the following distich in proof there- 
 of:— 
 
 Tis sung, there's a' valiant Mameluke, 
 
 In foreign lands ycleped * • [Sir Luke /] 
 
 Hudiadge, a shah of Persia, suffered 
 much from sleeplessness, and commanded 
 Fitead, his porter and gardener, to tell 
 him tales to while away the weary hours. 
 Fitead declared himself wholly unable to 
 comply with this request. " Then find 
 some one who can," said Hudjadge, " or 
 suffer death for disobedience." On reach- 
 ing home, greatly dejected, he told his 
 only daughter, Moradbak, who was 
 motherless, and only 14 years old, the 
 shah's command, and she undertook 
 the task. She told the shah the stories 
 called The Oriental Tales, which not only 
 amused him, but cured him, and ho 
 
 married her. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental 
 Tales (1743). 
 
 Hudson (Sir Geoffrey), the famous 
 dwarf, formerly page to queen Henrietta 
 Maria. Sir Geoffrey tells Julian Peveril 
 how the late queen had him enclosed in a 
 pie and brought to table. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 *** Vandyke has immortalized sir 
 Geoffrey by his brush ; and some of his 
 clothes are said to be preserved in sir 
 Hans Sloane's museum. 
 
 Hudson (Tain), gamekeeper. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Hugh, blacksmith at Ringleburn ; 
 a friend of Hobbie Elliott, the Ileugh- 
 foot farmer.— Sir VV. Scott, The Black 
 Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Hugh, servant at the Maypole inn. 
 This giant in stature and ringleader in 
 the " No Popery riots," was a natural son 
 of sir John Chester and a gipsy. He 
 loved Dolly Yarden, and was very kind 
 to Barnaby Rudge the half-witted lad. 
 Hugh was executed for his participation 
 in the " Gordon riots." — C. Dickens, 
 Barnaby Budge (1841). 
 
 Hugh count of Vermandois, a 
 
 crusader. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Hugh de Brass (Mr.), in A Regular 
 Fix, by J. M. Morton. 
 
 Hugh of Lincoln, a boy eight yean 
 old, said to have been stolen, tortured 
 and crucified by Jews in 1255. Eighteet 
 of the wealthiest Jews of Lincoln wen 
 hanged for taking part in this affair, am', 
 the boy was buried in state. 
 
 *** There are several documents ii 
 Rymer's Fosdera relative to this event 
 The story is told in the Chron cles o ! 
 Matthew Paris. It is the subject of th i 
 Prioress's Tale in Chaucer, and Word; • 
 worth has a modernized version <i 
 Chaucer's tale. 
 
 A similar story is told of William ol 
 Norwich, said to have been crucified b? 
 the Jews in 1137. 
 
 Percy, in his Reliques, i. 3, has a 
 ballad about a boy named Hew, whost 
 mother was "lady Hew of Merryland " 
 (? England). He was enticed by an apple 
 given him by a Jewish damsel, who 
 "stabbed him with a penknife, rolled 
 him in lead, and cast him into a well." 
 
 Werner is another boy said to have 
 been crucified by the Jews. The place 
 of this alleged murder was Bacharach. 
 
HUGO. 
 
 4G0 
 
 HUMPHREY. 
 
 Hugo, count of Vermandois, brother 
 of Philippe I. of France, and leader of 
 the Franks in the first crusade. Hugo 
 died before Godfrey was appointed 
 general-in-chief of the allied armies (bk. 
 i.), but his spirit appeared to Godfrey 
 when the army went against the Holy 
 City (bk. xviii.). — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
 livered (1575). 
 
 Hugo, brother of Arnold ; very small 
 of stature, but brave as a lion. He was 
 slain in the faction fight stirred up by 
 prince Oswald against duke Gondibert, 
 his rival in the love of Rhodalind 
 daughter and only child of Aribert king 
 of Lombardy. 
 
 Of stature small, but was all over heart, 
 And tho' unhappy, all that heart was love. 
 Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert, i. 1 (died 1668). 
 
 Hugo, natural son of Azo chi£f of the 
 house of Este (2 syl.) and Bianca, who 
 died of a broken heart, because, although 
 a mother, she was never wed. Hugo 
 was betrothed to Parisina, but his father, 
 not knowing it, made Parisina his own 
 bride. One night Azo heard Parisina 
 in her sleep confess her love for Hugo, 
 iind the angry marquis ordered his son to 
 be beheaded. What became of Parisina 
 " none knew, and none can ever know." 
 —Byron, Parisina (1816). 
 
 Hugo Hugonet, minstrel of the 
 earl of Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Hugon (King), the great nursery 
 ogre of France. 
 
 Huguenot Pope (The). Philippe 
 de Mcrnay, the great supporter of the 
 French huguenots, is called Le Pape des 
 Huguenots (1549-1623). 
 
 * + * Of course, Philippe de Mornay 
 W'hm not one of the " popes of Korae." 
 
 Huguenots (Pes), an opera by 
 Meyerbeer (183(5). The subject of this 
 opera is the massacre of the French 
 huguenots or protestants, planned by 
 Catherine de Medicis on St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Day (August 24, 1572), during 
 the wedding festivities of her daughter 
 Margherita (Marguerite) and Henri le 
 Bearnais (afterwards Henri IV. of 
 France). 
 
 Hul'sean Lectures, certain ser- 
 mons preached at Great St. Mary's 
 Church, Cambridge, and paid for by a 
 fund, the gift of the Kev. John Hulse, 
 of Cheshire, in 1777. 
 
 %* Till the year 1860, the Ilulscan 
 
 Lecturer was called " The Christian Ad- 
 vocate." 
 
 Humber or Humbert, mythical 
 king of the Huns, who invaded England 
 during the reign of Locrin, some 1U00 
 years B.C. In his flight, he was drowned 
 in the river Abus, which has ever since 
 been called the Humber. — Geoffrey, 
 British History, ii. 2 ; Milton, History of 
 England. 
 
 The ancient Britons yet a sceptred king obeyed 
 
 Three hundred years before Koine's great foundation 
 
 laid; 
 And had a thousand years an empire strongly stood 
 Ere Cresar to her shores here stemmed the circling flood ; 
 And long before borne arms against the barbarous Hun, 
 Here landing with intent the isle to overrun ; 
 And, following them in flight, their general Humberd 
 
 drewned, 
 In that great arm of sea by his great name renowned. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (Hall) ; see also xxviii. 
 
 Humgud'geon (Grace-be-hcrc), a 
 corporal in Cromwell's troop. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Humm (Anthony), chairman of the 
 " Brick Lane Branch of the United Grand 
 Junction Ebenezer Temperance Associa- 
 tion." — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
 (1836). 
 
 Humma, a fabulous bird, of which 
 it was said that "the head over which 
 the shadow of its wings passes will 
 assuredly wear a crown." — Wilkes, South 
 of India, v. 423. 
 
 Belike he thinks 
 The huinma's happy wings have shadowed him, 
 And, therefore. Fate with royalty must crown 
 His chosen head. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiii. (1814). 
 
 Humorous Lieutenant (The), the 
 chief character and title of a comedy by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). The 
 lieutenant has no name. 
 
 Humpback (The). Andrea Sola'ri, 
 the Italian painter, was called Del Gobbo 
 (1470-1527). 
 
 Geron'imo Amelunghi was also called 
 II Gohbo di Pina (sixteenth century). 
 
 Humphrey (Master), the hypo- 
 thetical compiler of the tale entitled 
 " Barnaby Kudge " in Master Humphrey's 
 Clock, by Charles Dickens (1840). 
 
 Humphrey (Old), pseudonym of George 
 Mogridge. 
 
 %* George Mogridge has also issued 
 several books under the popular name of 
 " Peter Parley," which was first assumed 
 by S. G. Goodrich, in 1828. Several 
 publishers of high standing have con- 
 descended to palm books on the public 
 under this nom de plume, some written by 
 
HUMPHREY. 
 
 4bT 
 
 HUNDRED-HANDED. 
 
 William Martin, and others by persons 
 wholly unknown 
 
 Humphrey {The good duke), Humphrey 
 Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, youngest 
 son of Henry IV., murdered in 144G. 
 
 Humphrey {To dine with duke), to go 
 without dinner. To stay behind in St. 
 Paul's aisles, under pretence of finding 
 out the monument of duke Humphrey, 
 while others more fortunate go home to 
 dinner. 
 
 *** It was really the monument of John 
 Beauchamp that the " dinnerless " hung 
 about, and not that of duke Humphrey. 
 John Beauchamp died in 1359, and duke 
 Humphrey in 1446. 
 
 A similar phrase is, "To be the guest 
 of the cross-legged knights," meaning 
 the stone effigieS in the Round Church 
 (London). Lawyers at one time made 
 this church the rendezvous of their 
 clients, and here a host of dinnerless 
 vagabonds used to loiter about, in the 
 hope of picking up a job which would 
 furnish them with the means of getting a 
 dinner. 
 
 " To dine or sup -with sir Thomas 
 Gresham " means the same thing, the 
 Royal Exchange being at one time the 
 great lounge of idlers. 
 
 Tho' little coin thy purseless pockets line, 
 Vet with great company thou art token up ; 
 
 For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine. 
 And often with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 
 Hayman. Q'tiUlibct (epigram on a loafer, 1628). 
 
 Huncamunca {Princess), daughter 
 of king Arthur and queen Dollallolla, 
 beloved by lord Grizzle and Tom Thumb. 
 The king promises her in marriage to the 
 " pigmy giant-queller." Huncamunca 
 kills Frizaletta "tor killing her mamma." 
 But Frizaletta killed the queen for killing 
 her sweetheart Noodle, and the queen 
 killed Noodle because he -was the messen- 
 ger of ill news. — 'Tom Thumb, by Fielding 
 the novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, 
 author of Midas (1778). 
 
 Hunchback {The). Master "Walter 
 "the hunchback" was the guardian of 
 Julia, and brought her up in the country, 
 training her most strictly in knowledge 
 and goodness. When grown to woman- 
 hood, she was introduced to sir Thomas 
 Clifford, and they plighted their troth to 
 each other. Then came a change. Clifford 
 lost his title and estates, while Julia went 
 to London, became a votary of fashion 
 and pleasure, abandoned Clifford, and 
 piomised marriage to Wilford earl of 
 Rochdale. The day of espousals came. 
 The love of Julia for Clifford revived, 
 
 and she implored her guardian to break 
 off the obnoxious marriage. Master 
 Walter now showed himself to be the 
 earl of Rochdale, and the father of Julia ; 
 the marriage -with Wilford fell through, 
 and Julia became the wife of sir Thomas 
 Clifford.— S. Knowles (1831). 
 
 *,.* Similarly, Maria "the maid of the 
 Oaks " was brought up by Oldworth as 
 his ward, but was in reality his mother- 
 less child. — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of the 
 Oaks. 
 
 Hunchback {The Little), the buffoon of 
 the sultan of Casgar. Supping with a 
 tailor, the little fellow was killed by a 
 bone sticking in his throat. The tailor, 
 out of fear, carried the body to the house 
 of a physician, and the physician, stum- 
 bling against it, knocked it downstairs. 
 Thinking he had killed the man, he let 
 the body down a chimney into the store- 
 room of his neighbour, who was a pur- 
 veyor. The purveyor, supposing it to be 
 a thief, belaboured it soundly : and then, 
 thinking he had killed the little hump- 
 back, carried the body into the street, and 
 set it against a wall. A Christian mer- 
 chant, reeling home, stumbled against the 
 body, and gave it a blow with his fist. 
 Just then the patrol came up, and arrested 
 the merchant for murder. He was con- 
 demned to death ; but the purveyor came 
 forward and accused himself of being the 
 real offender. The merchant was ac- 
 cordingly released, and the purveyor 
 condemned to death ; but then the phy- 
 sician appeared, and said he had killed 
 the man by accident, having knocked 
 him downstairs. When the purveyor 
 was released, and the physician led away 
 to execution, the tailor stepped up, and 
 told his tale. All were then taken before 
 the sultan, and acquitted ; and the sultan 
 ordered the case to be enrolled in the 
 archives of his kingdom amongst the 
 causes ce'libres. — Arabian Nights (" The 
 Little Hunchback"). 
 
 Hundebert, steward to Cedric of 
 Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe. 
 
 Hundred Fights {Hero of a). Conn, 
 son of Cormac kins of Ireland. Called 
 in Irish u Conn Keadcahagh." 
 
 Arthur Wellesley lord Wellington. 
 
 For this is England's greatest son, 
 
 He who gained a hundred fights 
 
 Nor ever lost a British gun.— Tennyson'. 
 
 Admiral Horatio lord Nelson. 
 
 Hundred-Handed {The). Briar'eoa 
 (4 syl.) or iEgaeon, with his brothers 
 
HUNDWOLF. 
 
 462 
 
 HUON DE BORDEAUX. 
 
 Gyges and Kottos, were all hundred- 
 banded giants. 
 
 Homer makes Briareos 4 syl. ; but 
 Shakespeare writes it in the Latin form, 
 " Briareus," and makes it 3 syl. 
 
 Then, called by thee, the monstev Titan came, 
 Whom gods Briareos, men ^igein name. 
 
 Pope, Iliad, 1 (1715). 
 
 He is a gouty Briareus. Many hands, 
 And of no use. 
 Shakespeare, Troilus and Cresslda, act i. sc. 2 (1602). 
 
 Hundwolf, steward to the old ladv 
 of Baldringham.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Hungarian (An), one half-starved, 
 one suffering from hunger. 
 
 He is hide-hound ; he is an Hungarian. — Howell, Eng- 
 lish Proverbs (1660). 
 
 Hunia'des (4 syl.), called by the 
 Turks "The Devil." He was surnamed 
 " Corvfnus," and the family crest was a 
 crow (1400-145G). 
 
 The Turks employed the name of Huniad<?s to frighten 
 their perverse children. He was corrnpih called " Jancus 
 Lain."— Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., xii. 166 (1776-88). 
 
 Hunsdon {Lord), cousin of queen 
 Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, Kcnil worth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Hunter (Mr. and Mrs. Leo), persons 
 who court the society of any celebrity, 
 and consequently invite Mr. Pickwick 
 and his three friends to an entertainment 
 in tbeir house. Mrs. Leo Hunter wrote 
 an "Ode to an Expiring Frog," con- 
 sidered by her friends a most masterly 
 performance. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick 
 Papers (1836). 
 
 Can I view thee panting, lying 
 On thy stomach, without sighing; 
 Can 1 un'moved see thee dying 
 On a log, expiring frog '. 
 
 Say, have fiends in shape of boys. 
 With wild halloo, and brutal noise, 
 Hunted thee from marshy joys, 
 With a dog, expiring frog 1 
 
 Ch. xv. 
 
 Hunter (The Mighty), Nimrod ; so called 
 in Gen. x. 9. 
 
 Proud Nimrod first, the bloody chase [war] began, 
 A mighty hunter, and his prey was man. 
 
 Pope, Windsor Forest (1713). 
 
 Huntingdon (llobert earl of), gene- 
 rally called " Robin Hood." In 1601 
 Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle 
 produced a drama entitled The Downfall 
 of Robert Tlarl of Huntingdon (attributed 
 often to T. Hey wood). Ben Jonson 
 began a beautiful pastoral drama on the 
 subject of Robin Hood (The Sad Shepherd 
 or A Tale of Robin. Hood), but left only 
 two acts of" it when he died (1637). We 
 have also Robin Hood ami His Crew of 
 
 Souldiers, a comedy acted at Nottingham, 
 and printed 1661 ; Robin Hood, an opera 
 (1730). J. Ritson edited, in 1795, Robin 
 Hood: a Collection of Poems, Songs, and 
 Ballads relative to that Celebrated English 
 Outlaw. 
 
 Huntingdon (The earl of), in the court 
 of queen Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
 worth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Huntingdon (David earl of), prince 
 royal of Scotland. He appears first as 
 sir Kenneth knight of the Leopard, and 
 afterwards as Zohauk the Nubian slave. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
 Richard L). 
 
 Huntingdon Sturgeon and God- 
 manchester Hogs. 
 
 During a very high flood in the meadows between 
 Huntingdon and Godmanchester, something was seen 
 floating, which the Godmanchester people thought was a 
 black hog, and the Huntingdon folk declared was a 
 sturgeon. When rescued from the waters, it proved to be 
 a young donkey. — Lord Braybrooke (Pepys, Mary, May 
 22, 1667). 
 
 Huntinglen (The earl of), an old 
 Scotch nobleman. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Huntly (The marquis of), a royalist. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
 Charles I.). 
 
 Huon, a serf, secretary and tutor of . 
 the countess Catherine, with whom he 
 falls in love. He reads with music in 
 his voice, talks enchantingly, writes 
 admirably, translates " dark languages," 
 is " wise in rare philosophy," is master 
 of the hautboy, lute, and viol, " proper in 
 trunk and limb and feature;" but the 
 proud countess, though she loves him, 
 revolts from the idea of marrying a serf. 
 At length it comes to the ears of the duke 
 that his daughter loves Huon, and the 
 duke commands him, on pain of death, 
 to marry Catherine, a freed serf. He 
 refuses, till the countess interferes ; he 
 then marries, and rushes to the wars. 
 Here he greatly distinguishes himself, 
 and is created a prince, when he learns 
 that the Catherine he has wed is not 
 Catherine the freed serf, but Catherine the 
 countess. — S. Knowles, Love (18-10). 
 
 Huon de Bordeaux (Sir), who 
 
 married Esclairmond, and, when Oberon 
 went to paradise, succeeded him as "king 
 of all Faery." 
 
 In the second part, Huon visits the 
 terrestrial paradise, and encounters Cain, 
 the first murderer, in performance of hid 
 penance. — Huon de Bordeaux. 
 
 *** An abstract of this romance is in 
 
HUR AL OYUN. 
 
 463 HYDER ALI KHAN BEHAUDER. 
 
 Dunlop's Hisijry of Fiction. See also 
 Keightley's Fairy Mythology. It is also 
 tie subject of Wieland's Oberon, which 
 has been translated by Sotheby. 
 
 Hur al Oyun, the black-eyed 
 daughters of paradise, created of pure 
 inusk. They are free from all bodily 
 weakness, and are ever young. Every 
 believer will have seventy-two of these 
 girls as his household companions in 
 paradise, and those who desire children 
 will see them grow to maturity in an 
 hour. — Al Koran, Sale's notes. 
 
 Hurgonel (Count), the betrothed of 
 Orna sister of duke Gondibert. — Sir Wm. 
 Davenant, Gondibert, iii. 1 (died 1668). 
 
 Hurlo-Thriimbo, a burlesque which 
 had an extraordinary run at the Haymar- 
 ket Theatre. — Samuel Johnson (not Dr. 
 S. Johnson), Hurlo-Thrvunbo or Tlie 
 Supernatural (1730). 
 
 Consider, Uien, before, like Hurlo-Thrumbo, 
 You aim your club at any creed on earth. 
 That, by the simple accident of birth. 
 
 You might have been high priest to Mumbo-Jumbo. 
 Hood. 
 
 Hurry, servant of Oldworth of Old- 
 worth Oaks. He is always out; of breath, 
 wholly unable to keep quiet or stand 
 ssill, and proves the truth of the proverb. 
 "The more haste the worse speed." Re 
 fancies everything must go wrong if he is 
 not bustling about, and he is a constant 
 fidget. — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of tJie 
 Oaks. 
 
 Poor Weston I " Hurry " was oue of bis last parts, and 
 was taken from real life. 1 need not tell those who 
 remember this genuine representor of nature, that in 
 " Hurry" he threw the audience into loud fits of mirth 
 without discomposing a muscle of his features [1727-1776 j. 
 — T. Davies. 
 
 Hurtali, a giant who reigned in the 
 time of the Flood. 
 
 The Massorets affirm that Hurtali, being too big to get 
 Into the ark, sat astride upon it, as children stride a wooden 
 horse. — Rabelais, 1'antagruel, ii. 1. 
 
 (Minage sa}-s that the rabbins assert 
 that it was Og, not Hurtali, who thus 
 outrode the Flood. — See Le Pelletier, chap. 
 xxv. of his Noah's Ark.) 
 
 Hush'ai (2 syl.), in Dryden's satire 
 of Absalom and Achitopkel, is Hj'de earl 
 of Rochester. As Hushai was David's 
 friend and wise counsellor, so was Hyde 
 the friend and wise counsellor of Charles 
 II. As the counsel of- Hushai rendered 
 abortive that of Achitophel, and caused 
 the plot of Absalom to miscarry, so the 
 eounsel of Hyde rendered abortive that 
 of lord Shaftesbury, and caused the plot 
 of Monmouth to miscarry. 
 
 Hushai, the friend of D.ivid in distress ; 
 In public storms of manly stedfastness ; 
 By foreign treaties lie informed his youth, 
 And joined experience to his native truth. 
 Dryden, Absalom and AchitopJtel, i. (Ifi81). 
 
 Hut'cheon, the auld domestic in 
 Wandering Willie's tale. — Sir W. Scott, 
 liedgauntlct (time, George III.). 
 
 Ilut'cheon, one of Julian Avenel's re- 
 tainers. — Sir W. Scott, T/ie Monastery 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Hutin (Le), Louis X. of France ; so 
 called from his expedition against the 
 Hutins, a seditious people of Navarre and 
 Lyons (1289, 1314-1316). 
 
 Hy'acinth, son of Amyclas the 
 Spartan king. He was playing quoics 
 with Apollo, when the wind drove the 
 quoit of the sun-god against the boy's 
 head, and killed him on the spot. From 
 the blood grew the flower called hyacinth, 
 which bears on its petals the words, "ai! 
 ai ! " ("alas ! alas ! "). — Grecian Fable. 
 
 Hyacinthe (3 syl.), the daughter of 
 seigneur Ge'ronte (2 syl.), who passed in 
 Tarentum under the assumed name of 
 Pandolphe (2 syl.). When he quitted 
 Tarentum, he left behind him his wife and 
 daughter Hyacinthe. Octave (2 syl.) 
 son of Argante (2 syl.) fell in love with 
 Hyacinthe (supposing her surname to be 
 Pandclphe), and Octave's father wanted 
 him to marry the daughter of his friend 
 seigneur Ge'ronte. The young man would 
 not listen to his father, and declared thai 
 Hyacinthe, and Hyacinthe alone, should 
 be iiis wife. It was then explained to 
 him that Hyacinthe Pandolphe was the 
 same person as Hyacinthe Ge'ronte, and 
 that the choice of father and son were in 
 exact accord. — Moliere, Les Fourberies de 
 Scapin (1671). 
 
 (In The Cheats of Scapin, Otway's ver- 
 sion of this play, Hyacinthe is called 
 "Clara," her father Ge'ronte "Gripe," and 
 Octave is Anglicized into " Octavian.") 
 
 Hyacinthe (Father), Charles Loyson, a 
 celebrated pulpit orator and French 
 theologian (1827- ). 
 
 Hy Brasail, the Gaelic "Island of 
 the Blest." 
 
 That bright, peaceful world which, like Hy Brasail, was 
 to her only a dim, delicious dream. — hark Colleen, iii. 
 
 Hyder (El), chief of the Ghaut 
 Mountains ; hero and title of a melodrama 
 by Barry more. 
 
 Hyder Aii Khan Behauder, the 
 
 nawaub of Mysore (2 syl.), disguised as 
 
HYDRA. 
 
 464 
 
 HYRCAN TIGER. 
 
 the sheik Hali.— Sir W. Scott, The Sur- 
 geons Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Hydra or Dragon of the Hesperian 
 grove. The golden apples of the Hes- 
 perian field were guarded by women called 
 the Hesperldes, assisted by the hydra or 
 dragon named Ladon. 
 
 Her flowery store 
 To thee nor Tempe shall refuse, nor watch 
 Of winged hydra guard Hesperian fruit* 
 From thy free spoil. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 
 
 Hy'dromel properly means a mix- 
 ture of honey and water ; but Mrs. 
 Browning, in her Drama of Exile, speaks 
 of a "mystic hydromel," which cor- 
 responds to the classic nectar or drink of 
 the immortals. This "mystic hydromel" 
 was given to Adam and Eve, and held 
 them "immortal" as long as they lived 
 in Eden, but when they fell it was 
 poured out upon the earth. 
 
 [A nd] now our right hand liath no cup remaining . . . 
 [For] the mystic hydromel is spilt. 
 
 E. B. Browning, A J>rama of Exile (1850). 
 
 Hydropsy, personified by Thomson : 
 
 On limhs enormous, but witnal unsound, 
 Soft-swoln and wan, here lay pale Hydropsy, — 
 Unwieldy man ; with belly monstrous round, 
 Tor ever fed with watery supply. 
 For still he drank, and yet was ever dry. 
 
 Castle of Indolence, i. 75 (1748). 
 
 Hymbereourt {Baron d"), one of 
 the duke of Burgundy's officers. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Quentin Duruard (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Hymen, god of marriage ; the per- 
 sonification of the bridal song ; marriage. 
 
 Till Hymen brought his love -delighted hour. 
 There dwelt no joy in Eden's rosy bower . . . 
 The world was sad, the garden was a wild. 
 And man, the hermit, sighed — till woman smiled. 
 Campbell, J'leasures of Hope, ii. (17U9). 
 
 Hymettus, a mountain in Attica, 
 noted for honey. 
 
 And the brown bees of Hymettus 
 Make their honey not so sweet. 
 
 Mrs. Browning, Wine of Cyprus, 7. 
 
 Hyndman (Master), usher to the 
 council-chamber :it Holyrood. — Sir Wk 
 Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Hyperi'on, the sun. His parents 
 were Caelum and Teilus (heaven and earth). 
 Strictly speaking, he was the father of 
 the sun, but Homer uses the word for the 
 sun itself. 
 
 When the might 
 Of Hyperion from his n-xm-tide throne 
 Unbends their languid pinions | i.e. of the winds]. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Saiads (1767). 
 
 (Shakespeare incorrectly throws the. 
 nccent on the second syllable: "Hyper'ion 
 to a satyr" (Hamlet, act i. sc. 2). In this 
 almost all English poets have erred with 
 
 Shakespeare ; but Akenside accents th« 
 word correctly, and in Fuimus Troes we 
 have: 
 
 Blow, gentle Africus, 
 Play on our poops, when Hyperion's son 
 Shall couch in west (1R&>. 
 
 Flaeat e«$u© Persia radiis Hyperione cinctum. 
 
 Ovid, Fasti, i. 385.) 
 
 *** Keats has left the fragment of a 
 poem entitled Hyperion, of which Byron 
 says: "It seems inspired by the Titans, 
 and is as sublime as iEschylus." 
 
 Hypnos, god of sleep, brother of 
 Oneiros (dreams) and Thanatos (death). 
 
 In every creature that breathes, from the conqueror 
 resting on a field of blood, to the nest-bird cradled in ita 
 bed of leaves, Hypnos holds a sovereignty which nothing 
 mortal can long resist — Ouida, Foi.e-Farhne, iii. 11. 
 
 Hypochondria, personified by 
 Thomson : 
 
 And moping here, did Hypochondria sit, 
 Mother of spleen, in robes of various dye . . . 
 And some her frantic deemed, and some her deemed a«A 
 Castle of indolence, i. 75 (1748). 
 
 Hypocrisy is the homage which vice 
 
 renders to virtue. 
 
 l/hypocrisie est un bommage que le vice rend a la vertu. 
 
 — Rochefoucauld. 
 
 Hyp'ocrite (The), Dr. Cantwell in 
 the English comedy by Isaac BickerstafV, 
 and Tartuff'e in the French comedy by 
 Moliere. He pretends to great sanctity, 
 but makes his "religion" a mere trade 
 for getting money, advancing his worldly 
 prospects, and for the better indulgence 
 of his sensual pleasures. Dr. Cantwell is 
 made the guest of sir John Lambert (in 
 French, " Orgon"), who looks on him as a 
 saint, and promises him his daughter in 
 marriage ; but his mercenary views and 
 his love-making to lady Lambert being 
 at length exposed, sir John forbids him 
 to remain in the house, and a tipstaff 
 arrests him for a felonious fraud (1768). 
 
 Hyp'ocrites (The). Abdallah ibn 
 Obba and his partizans were so called by 
 Mahomet. 
 
 Hyp'ocrites (The prince of), Tiberius 
 Caesar (u.c. 42, 14 to a.i>. 37). 
 
 Hyppolito. (See Hippolytus.) 
 Hyrcan Tiger. Ilyrcania is in Asia 
 Minor, south-east of the Caspian Sea. 
 Bo.uillet says : " Ce pays c'tait tout entoure 
 de montagnes rem plies de tigres." 
 
 Restore thy fierce and cr. el mind 
 To Hircan tidies and to ruthless bears. 
 
 Daniel, Sonnets (1694). 
 Approach thou like the Russian bear. 
 The armed rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger ; 
 T:tke any form but that, and my firm nerves 
 Chall never tremble. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act iii. sc 6 (HiCfi). 
 
IACHIMO. 
 
 465 
 
 IDEN. 
 
 Iachimo [ Yak'. i. mo], an Italian liber- 
 tine. When Posthu'mus, the husband of 
 Imogen, was banished for marrying the 
 king's daughter, he Avent to Rome, and 
 in the house of Philarie the conversation 
 fell on the fidelity of wives. Posthumus 
 bet a diamond ring that nothing could 
 change the fidelity of Imogen, and 
 Iachimo accepted the wager. The liber- 
 tine contrived to get into a chest in 
 Imogen's chamber, made himself master 
 of certain details, and took away with 
 him a bracelet belonging to Imogen. 
 "With these vouchers, Iachimo easily per- 
 juaded Posthumus that he had won the 
 bet, and Posthumus handed over to him 
 the ring. A battle subsequently ensued, 
 in which Iachimo and other Romans, 
 with Imogen disguised as a page, were 
 made prisoners, and brought before king 
 Cymbeline. Imogen was set free, and 
 told to ask a boon. She asked that 
 Iachimo might be compelled to say how 
 he came by the ring which he had on his 
 finger, and the whole villainy was brought 
 to light. Posthumus was pardoned, and 
 all ended happily. — Shakespeare, Cymbe- 
 line (1605). 
 
 *** The tale of Cymbeline is from the 
 Decameron of Boccaccio (day ii. 9), in 
 which Iachimo is called " Ambrose," 
 Imogen is " Zineura," her husband Ber- 
 nard " Lomellin," and Cymbeline is the 
 " sultan." The assumed name of Imo- 
 gen is " Fidele," but in Boccaccio it is 
 " Sicurano da Finale." 
 
 Ia'go (2 or 3 syl.), ancient of Othello 
 commander of the Venetian army, and 
 husband of Emilia. Iago hated Othello, 
 both because Cassio (a Florentine) was 
 promoted to the lieutenancy over his head, 
 and also from a suspicion that the Moor 
 had tampered with his wife ; but he con- 
 cealed his hatred so artfully that Othello 
 felt coniident of his " love and honesty." 
 Iago strung together such a mass of 
 circumstantial evidence in proof of Des- 
 demona's love for Cassio, that the Moor 
 killed her out of jealousy. One main 
 argument was that Desdemona had given 
 Cassio the very handkerchief which 
 Othello had given her as a love-gift ; but 
 in reaiity Iago had induced his wife 
 Emilia to purloin the handkerchief. 
 "When this villainy was brought to light, 
 Othello stabbed Iago ; but his actual 
 
 death is no incident of the tragedy.— 
 Shakespeare, Othello (1611). 
 
 The coo! malignity of Iago, silent in his resentment, 
 subtle in his designs, and studious at once of his interest 
 and 'his vengeance, . . . are such proofs of Slakegfware'a 
 skill in human nature as it would be vain to seek ill any 
 modern writer. — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 *£* Byron, speaking of John P. Kem- 
 ble, says: "Was not his ' Iago' perfection 
 — particularly the last look ? I was close 
 to him, and I never saw an English coun- 
 tenance half so expressive." 
 
 Iambic Verse [The Father o/), 
 Achil'ochos of Paros (n.e. 714-676). 
 
 Ianthe (3 syl.), in The Siege of 
 Rhodes, by sir William Davenant. 
 
 Mrs. Betterton was called "Ianthe" by P?pys, in hu 
 Diary, as having performed that character to his sjreat 
 approval. The old gossip greatly admired her, and praised 
 her "sweet voice and incomparable acting." — W. C. 
 Russell, Representative Actors. 
 
 Jan'the (3 syl.), to whom lord Byron 
 dedicated his Childe Harold, was lady 
 Charlotte Iiarlev, who was only eleven 
 years old at the time (1809). 
 
 Ibe'ria'o Pilot, Christopher Co- 
 lumbus. Spain is called "Iberia" and 
 the Spaniards the " Ibe'ri." The river 
 Ebro is a corrupt form of the Latin word 
 Ibe'rus. 
 
 Launched with Iberia's pilot from the steep, 
 To worlds unknown, and isles beyond the Jeep. 
 Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (17;»). 
 
 rblis (" despair'"), called Aza'zil before 
 he was cast out of heaven. He refused 
 to pay homage to Adam, and was rejected 
 by God. — Al Koran. 
 
 " We created you. and afterwards formed you, and all 
 worshipper! except Eblis." . . . And God said unto him 
 " What hindered you from worshipping Adam, since I 
 commanded it?" He answered, "I am nu>re excellent 
 than lie. Thou hast created me of fire, but him of clay." 
 God said, "Get thee down, therefore, from paradise . . . 
 thou sbalt be one of the contemptible." — Al Koran, vii. 
 
 Ib'rahim or L'lllustre Bassa, 
 an heroic romance of Mdlle. de Scude'ri 
 (1641). 
 
 Iee'ni (3 syl.), the people of Suffolk, 
 Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Hunting- 
 donshire. Their metropolis was Venta 
 (Caistor, near Norwich). — Richard of 
 Cirencester, Chronicle, vi. 30. 
 
 The An.'les. . . . allured with . . . the fittness of the plaos 
 Where the Iceni lived, did set their kingdom down . . . 
 And the East Angles' kingdom those English did iustUe. 
 Drayton, Pol-yolbiun, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Idalia, Ycnus ; so called from 
 Idaliurn, a town in Cyprus, where she was 
 worshipped. 
 
 Iden (Alexander), a poor squire of 
 Kent, who slew Jack Cade the rebel, and 
 brought the head to king Henry YI., for 
 which service the king said to him : 
 2 H 
 
IDENSTEIN. 
 
 466 
 
 I. H. S. 
 
 Ii 
 
 Men, kneel down. Rise up a knight. 
 We give thee for reward a thousand marks ; 
 And will that thou henceforth attend on us. 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 Idenstein (Baron), nephew of gene- 
 ral Kleiner governor of Prague. He 
 marries Adolpha, who turns out to be the 
 sister of Meeta called "The Maid of 
 Mariendorpt." — S. Knowles, The Maid of 
 Mariendorpt (1838). 
 
 Idiot (The Inspired), Oliver Gold- 
 smith. So called by Horace Walpole 
 (1728-1774). 
 
 Idle Lake, the lake on which 
 Phaedria (wantonness) cruised in her 
 gondola. One had to cross this lake to 
 
 et to Wandering Island. — Spenser, 
 
 'aery Queen, ii. (1590). 
 
 Idleness {The lake of). Whoever 
 drank thereof grew instantly "faint and 
 weary." The Red Cross Knight drank of 
 it, and was readily made captive by 
 Orgoglio. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 
 (1590). 
 
 Idom'eneus [I.dom'.c.nuce], king 
 of Crete. He made a vow when he left 
 Troy, if the gods would vouchsafe him a 
 safe voyage, to sacrifice to them the first 
 living being that he encountered in his 
 own kingdom. The first living object he 
 ■let was his own son, and when the 
 father fulfilled his vow, he was banished 
 from his country as a murderer. 
 
 *** The reader will instantly call to 
 mind Jephthah's rash vow. — Judges xi. 
 
 Agamemnon vowed to Diana to offer 
 up in sacrifice to her the most beautiful 
 tiling that came into his possession within 
 the next twelve months. This was an 
 infant daughter; but Agamemnon de- 
 ferred the offering till Iphigeni'a (his 
 daughter) was full grown. The fleet, on 
 its way to Troy, being wind-bound at 
 Aulis, the prophet Kalchas told Agamem- 
 non it was because the vow had not been 
 fulfilled ; accordingly Iphigenia was laid 
 on the altar for sacrifice, but Diana inter- 
 posed, carried the victim to Tauris, and 
 substituted a hind in her place. Iphi- 
 
 g;nia in Tauris became a priestess of 
 iana. 
 
 *** Abraham, being about to sacrifice 
 his son to Jehovah, was stayed by a 
 voice from heaven, and a ram was sub- 
 stituted for the lad Isaac. — Gen. xxii. 
 
 Idwal, king of North Wales, and son 
 of Roderick the Great. (See Ludwal.) 
 
 Idy'a, the pastoral name of Britannia, 
 " the most beauteous of all the darlings 
 
 of Oceanus."— Wm. Browne, Britannia's 
 Pastorals (1613). 
 
 Ier'ne (3 syl.), Ireland. Pytheas 
 (contemporary with Aristotle) was the 
 first to call the island by this name. 
 
 The green Ierne's shore. 
 Campbell, Pleasure* of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 Iger'na, Igerne (3 syl.}, or 
 Igrayne (3 syl.), wife of Gorloi's duke 
 of Tintag'il, in Cornwall. Igerna married 
 Uther the pendragon of the Briton?, and 
 thus became the mother of prince Arthur. 
 The second marriage took place a few 
 hours after the duke's death, but was not 
 made public till thirteen days afterwards. 
 — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur (1470). 
 
 Igna'ro, foster-father of Orgoglio. 
 The old dotard walked one way and 
 looked another. To every question put 
 to him, his invariable answer was, " I 
 cannot tell." — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 
 (1590). 
 
 *** Lord Flint, chief minister of state 
 to one of the sultans of India, used to 
 reply to every disagreeable question, 
 "My people know, no doubt; but I 
 cannot recollect." — Mrs. Inchbald, Such 
 Things Are (1786). 
 
 The Italian witnesses summoned on 
 the trial of queen Charlotte, answered to 
 almost every question, " Nonmi ricordo." 
 
 *** The "Know-Nothings" of the 
 United States replied to every question 
 about their secret society, " I know 
 nothing about it." 
 
 Igna'tius (Brother), Joseph Ley- 
 cester Lyne, monk of the order of St. 
 Benedict. 
 
 Igna'tius (Father), the Hon. and Rev. 
 George Spencer, superior of the order of 
 Passionists (1799-186-1). 
 
 Ig'noge (3 syl.), daughter of Pan'- 
 drasiis of Greece, given as wife to Brute 
 mythical king of Britain. Spenser calls 
 her "Inogene" (3 syl.), and Drayton 
 " Innogen." — Geoffrey, British History, i. 
 11 (1142). 
 
 I. H. S. In German, I[esus], H Lei- 
 land], S[eligmacher], i.e. Jesus, Saoiour, 
 Sanctificr. In Greek, I[rj«™"r], 'H[m«- 
 re^o?] 2[wTn^], i.e. Jesus, Our Sanuur. 
 In Latin, I[esus], H[ominum] S[al- 
 vator], i.e. Jesus, Men's Saviour. Those 
 who would like an English equivalent may 
 adopt J[esus], H[eavenly] S[aviour]. 
 
 The Latin equivalent is attributed to 
 St. Bernardine of Sienna (1347). 
 
ILDEIITON. 
 
 467 
 
 ILIAD. 
 
 Ilderton (Miss Lucy and Miss Nancy), 
 cousins to Miss Vere. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Il'iad (3 si/L), the tale of the siege of 
 Troy, an epic poem in twenty-four books, 
 by Homer. Menelaos, king of Sparta, 
 received as a guest Paris, a son of Priam 
 king of Troy. Paris eloped with Helen, 
 his host's wife, and Menelaos induced the 
 G reeks to la}- siege to Troy, to avenge the 
 perfidy. The siege lasted ten years, when 
 Troy was taken and burnt to the ground. 
 Homer's poem is confined to the last year 
 of the siege. 
 
 Book I. opens with a pestilence in the 
 Grecian camp, sent by the sun-god to 
 avenge his priest Chryses. The case is 
 this : Chryses wished to ransom his 
 daughter, whom Agamemnon, the Greek 
 commander-in-chief, kept as a concu- 
 bine, but Agamemnon refused to give her 
 up; so the priest prayed to Apollo for 
 vengeance, and the god sent a pestilence. 
 A council being called, Achilles up- 
 braids Agamemnon as the cause of the 
 divine wrath, and Agamemnon replies he 
 will give up the priest's daughter, but 
 shall take instead Achilles's concubine. 
 On hearing this, Achilles declares he 
 will no longer fight for such an ex- 
 tortionate king, and accordingly retires 
 to his tent and sulks there. 
 
 II. Jupiter, being induced to take the 
 part of Achilles, now sends to Agamem- 
 non a lying dream, which induces him to 
 believe that he shall take the city at once ; 
 but in order to see how the soldiers are 
 affected by the retirement of Achilles, the 
 king calls them to a council of war, asks 
 them if it will not be better to give up 
 the siege and return home. He thinks 
 the soldiers will shout " no " with one 
 voice; but they rush to their ships, and 
 would set sail at once if they were not 
 restrained by those privy to the plot. 
 
 III. The soldiers, being brought back, 
 are then arrayed for battle. Paris pro- 
 poses to decide the contest by single 
 combat, and Menelaos accepts the chal- 
 lenge. Paris, being overthrown, is carried 
 off by "Venus, and Agamemnon demands 
 that the Trojans should give up Troy in 
 fulfilment of the compact. 
 
 IV. While Agamemnon is speaking, 
 Pandarus draws his bow at Menelaos and 
 wounds him, and the battle becomes 
 general. 
 
 V. Pandarus, who had violated the 
 truce, is killed by Diomed. 
 
 VI. Hector, the general of the Trojan 
 allied armies, recommends that the Tro- 
 
 jan women in a body should supplicate 
 the gods to pardon the sin of Pandarus, 
 and in the mean time he and Paris make 
 a sally from the city gate. 
 
 VII. Hector fights with Ajax in single 
 combat, but the combatants are parted by 
 the heralds, who declare it a drawn 
 battle ; so they exchange gifts and re- 
 turn to their respective tents. 
 
 VIII. The Grecian host, being discom- 
 fited, retreats ; and Hector prepares to 
 assault the enemy's camp. 
 
 IX. A deputation is sent to Achilles, 
 but the sulky hero remains obdurate. 
 
 X. A night attack is made on the Tro- 
 jans by Diomed and Ulysses ; 
 
 XI. And the three Grecian chiefs 
 (Agamemnon, Diomed, and Ulysses) are 
 all wounded. 
 
 XII. The Trojans force the gates of 
 the Grecian ramparts. 
 
 XIII. A tremendous battle ensues, in 
 which many on both sides are slain. 
 
 XIV. While Jupiter is asleep, Nep- 
 tune interferes in the quarrel in behalf of 
 the Greeks ; 
 
 XV. But Jupiter rebukes him, and 
 Apollo, taking the side of the Trojans, 
 puts the Grecians to a complete rout. 
 The Trojans, exulting in their success, 
 prepare to set fire to the Grecian camp. 
 
 XVI. In this extremity. Patroclos 
 arrays himself in Achilles's armour, and 
 leads the Myrmidons to the fight ; but he 
 is slain by Hector. 
 
 XVII. "Achilles is told of the death of 
 his friend ; 
 
 XVIII. Resolves to return to the 
 battle ; 
 
 XIX. And is reconciled to Agamemnon. 
 
 XX. A general battle ensues, in which 
 the gods are permitted to take part. 
 
 XXI. The battle rages with great fury, 
 the slaughter is frightful ; but the Tro- 
 jans, being routed, retreat into their town, 
 and close the gates. 
 
 XXII. Achilles slays Hector before he 
 is able to enter the gates, and the battle 
 is at an end. Nothing now remains but 
 
 XXIII. To burn the body of Patroclos, 
 and celebrate the funeral games. 
 
 XXIV. Old Priam, going to the tent of 
 Achilles, craves the body of his sou 
 Hector ; Achilles gives it up, and the 
 poem concludes with the funeral rites of 
 the Trojan hero. 
 
 *** Virgil continues the tale from this 
 point. Shows how the city was taken 
 and burnt, and then continues with the 
 adventures of iEne'as, who escapes from 
 the burning city, makes his way to Italy, 
 
 S 
 
ILIAD, 
 
 468 IMMORTAL FOUR OF ITALY. 
 
 marries the king's daughter, and succeeds 
 to the throne. (See ^Enkid.) 
 
 Iliad (27ie French), The Romance of 
 the Rose (q.v.). 
 
 Iliad {The German), The Nibelungen 
 Lied (q.v.). 
 
 Iliad (The Portuguese), The Lusiad 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Iliad (The Scotch), The Epigoniad, by- 
 William Wilkie (q.v.). 
 
 Iliad in a Nutshell (The). Pliny 
 tells us that the Iliad was once copied in 
 so small a hand that the whole of the 
 twenty-four books were shut up in a nut- 
 shell.— Hist., vii. 21. 
 
 Huet, bishop of Avranches, demonstrated 
 the possibility of this being the case by 
 writing eighty lines of the Iliad on the 
 space occupied by one line of this dic- 
 tionary, so that the whole Iliad might be 
 got into about two-thirds of a single 
 page. 
 
 In No. 530 of the Harleian MSS. is an 
 account of a similar performance by Peter 
 Bales, a Chancer}* clerk in the reign of 
 queen Elizabeth. He wrote out, in 1590, 
 the whole Bible, and enclosed his MS. in 
 a walnut-shell. Bales's MS. contained 
 as many leaves as an ordinary Bible, but 
 the size of the leaves was reduced, and 
 the paper wa6 as thin as possible. 
 
 I have myself seen the Ten Command- 
 ments, the Lord's Prayer, the Apostles' 
 Creed, and "God save the King!" all 
 written on a space not larger than a 
 silver threepence ; and who has not seen 
 a sheet of the Times newspaper reduced to 
 the size of a locket ? 
 
 The Iliad in a nutshell is quite outdone 
 by the web given to a prince by the 
 "White Cat. It was wrapped in a millet 
 seed, and was 400 yarJs long. What was 
 more wonderful was this : there were 
 painted on it all sorts of birds, beasts, 
 and fishes ; fruits, trees, and plants ; 
 rocks and sea-shells ; the sun, moon, stars, 
 and planets ; the likenesses of all the 
 kings and princes of the world, with their 
 wives, mistresses, and children, all dressed 
 in their proper costume. 
 
 The prince took out of a box, covered with rubies, a' 
 •walnut, which he cracked, and saw inside it a small hazel 
 liut, which he cracked also, and found inside a kernel of 
 wax. He peeled the kernel, and discovered a corn of 
 wheat, and in the wheat-corn was a grain of millet, which 
 contained a web 400 yards in length.— Comtesse D'Aunoy, 
 Fairy Tales (" The White Cat," 103-2). 
 
 Iliad of Old English Litera- 
 ture, "The Knight's Tale" of Palamon 
 
 and Arcite (2 syl.) in Chaucer's Canter- 
 bury Tales (1388). 
 
 Iliad of Woes (Latin, Ilias malo'rum), 
 a world of disasters (Cicero, Attic., viii. 
 11). Homer's Iliad is an epic of " woe " 
 from beginning to end. 
 
 Let others boast of blood, and spoils of foes, 
 Fierce rapines, murders, Iliads of woes. 
 
 W. Drumniond, Death, of Mctliades (1612). 
 
 Ilis'sus, one of the rivers on which 
 Athens was situated. Plato lays the 
 scene of many of the best conversations 
 of Socrates on the banks of this river. 
 
 . . . the thymy vale. 
 Where oft, enchanted with Socratic sounds, 
 Ilissus pure devolved his tuneful stream 
 In gentler murmurs. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 
 
 Ill Luck always attended those who 
 possessed the gold of Nibelungen, the 
 gold of Toboso, the sword of Kol called 
 Gray steel, Harmonia's necklace, etc. 
 
 ind that blows 
 
 111 Wind. 'lis an ill 
 nobody any good. 
 
 Except wind stands, as never it stoou, 
 It is an ill wind turns none to good. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hit ml red Points of Good 
 Husbandry, xiii. (1557). 
 
 Illuminated Doctor (The), Ray- 
 mond Lully (1235-1315). 
 
 John Tauler, the German mystic, is so 
 called also (1294-1361). 
 
 Ima'us (3 syl.), the Himalaya 01 
 snow-hills. 
 
 The huge incumbrance of horrific woods 
 From Asian Taurus, from Imaus stretched 
 Athwart the roving Tartar's sullen bounds. 
 
 Thomson, The Seasons [" Autumn," 17*)). 
 
 Imis, the daughter and only child of 
 an island kingl She was enamoured of 
 her cousin Philax. A fay named Pagan 
 loved her, and, seeing she rejected his 
 suit, shut up Imis and Philax in the 
 " Palace of Revenge." This palace was 
 of crystal, and contained everything the 
 heart could desire except the power of 
 leaving it. For a time, Imis and Philax 
 were happy enough, but after a few years 
 they longed as much for a separation as 
 they had once wished to be united. — ■ 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Palace 
 of Revenge," 1682). 
 
 Imlac of Groiama, near the mouth 
 of the Nile ; the son of a rich merchant. 
 Imlac was a great traveller and a poet, 
 who accompanied Rasselas in his rambles, 
 and returned with him to the "happy 
 valley." — Dr. Johnson, Rasselas (1759). 
 
 Immortal Four of Italy ( The) : 
 
 Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374), 
 
IMOGEN. 
 
 4G9 
 
 IMPOSTORS. 
 
 Ariosto (1474-1533), and Tasso (1544- 
 1595). 
 
 The poets read he o'er and o'er, 
 And most of all the Immortal Four 
 Of Italy. 
 
 Longfellow. The Wayside Inn (prelude). 
 
 Imogen, daughter of Cym'beline 
 (3 syl.) king of Britain, married clan- 
 destinely Posthumus Leonutus ; and Post- 
 humus, being banished for the offence, 
 retired to Rome. One day, in the houso 
 of Philario, the conversation turned on 
 the merits of wives, and Posthumus bet 
 his diamond ring that nothing could 
 tempt the fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo 
 accepted the wager, laid his plans, and 
 after due time induced Posthumus to 
 believe that Imogen had played false, 
 showing, by way of proof, a bracelet, 
 which he affirmed she had given him ; 
 so Posthumus handed over to him the 
 ling given him by Imogen at parting. 
 Posthumus now ordered his servant 
 Pisanio to inveigle Imogen to Milford 
 Haven, under pretence of seeing her hus- 
 band, and to murder her on the road ; 
 but Pisanio told Imogen his instructions, 
 advised her to enter the service of 
 Lucius, the Roman general in Britain, 
 as a page, and promised that he would 
 make Posthumus believe that she was 
 dead. This was done ; and not long 
 afterwards a battle ensued, in which the 
 Romans were defeated, and Lucius, 
 Iachimo, and Imogen were taken pri- 
 soners. Posthumus also took part in 
 the battle, and obtained for his services 
 the royal pardon. The captives being 
 brought before Cymbeline, Lucius en- 
 treated the king to liberate Imogen. 
 The petition was not only granted, but 
 Imogen was permitted, at the same time, 
 to ask a boon of the British king. She 
 only begged that Iachimo should inform 
 the court how he came by the ring he 
 was wearing on his finger. The whole 
 villainy was thus revealed, a concilia- 
 tion took place, and all ended happily. 
 (See Zineuka.) — Shakespeare, Cymbeline 
 (1605). 
 
 " Juliet," " Rosalind," " the lady Constance," " Portia." 
 " lady Macbeth," and the divine "Imogen" [all Shake- 
 ipeare] crowd upon our fancy ; to have seen Miss Faucit in 
 these characters is to have seen a whole world of 
 poetry revealed. — Dublin University Magazine, 1846. 
 
 Im'ogine (The Fair), the lady be- 
 trothed to Alonzo " the Brave," and who 
 said to him, when he went to the wars : " If 
 ever I marry another, may thy ghost be 
 present at the bridal feast, and bear me 
 off to the grave." Alonzo fell in battle ; 
 lmogine married another; and, at the 
 
 marriage feast, Alonzo's ghost, claiming 
 the fulfilment of the compact, carried 
 away the bride.— M. G. Lewis, Alonzo 
 the Brave and the Fair lmogine (1795). 
 
 Im'ogine (The lady), wife of St. Aldo- 
 brand. Before her marriage, she was 
 courted by count Bertram, but the at- 
 tachment fell through, because Bertram 
 was outlawed and became the leader of 
 a gang of thieves. It so happened one 
 day that Bertram, being shipwrecked off 
 the coast of Sicily, was conveyed to the 
 castle of lady lmogine, and the old at- 
 tachment revived on both sides. Bertram 
 murdered St. Aldobrand ; lmogine, going 
 mad, expired in the arms of Bertram ; and 
 Bertram killed himself. — C. Maturin, 
 Bertram (1810). 
 
 Imoin'da (3 syl.), daughter of a 
 white man, who went to the court of 
 Angola, changed his religion, and grew 
 great as commander of the forces. Hi3 
 daughter was married to prince Oroonoko. 
 Soon afterwards the young prince was 
 trapanned by captain Driver, taken to 
 Surinam, and sold for a slave. Here he 
 met his young wife, whom the lieutenant- 
 governor wanted to make his mistress, 
 and Oroonoko headed arising of the slaves. 
 The end of the story is that Imoinda 
 slew herself ; and Oroonoko, having 
 stabbed the lieutenant-governor, put an 
 end to his own life. — Thomas Southern, 
 Oroonoko (1G96). 
 
 Impertinent (TJie Curious), an 
 Italian, who, to make trial of his wife's 
 fidelity, persuades his friend to try and 
 seduce her. The friend succeeds in win- 
 ning the lady's love, and the impertinent 
 curiosity of the husband is punished by 
 the loss of his friend and wife too. — 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 5 (an 
 episode, 1G05). 
 
 Impostors (Literary). 
 
 1. Bertram (Dr. Charles Julius), pro- 
 fessorof English atCopenhagen. He gave 
 out that he had discovered, in 1747, in the 
 library of that city, a book entitled De 
 Situ Britannia;, by Richardus Corinensis. 
 He published this with two other treatises 
 (one by Gildas Badon'icus, and the other 
 by Nennius Banchorensis) in 1757. The 
 forgery was exposed by J. E. Mayor, in 
 his preface to Eicardi de Cirencestria 
 Speculum Hisioriale. 
 
 2. Chatterton (TJwmas) puolished, 
 in 1777, a volume of poems, which ho 
 professed to be from the pen of Thomaa 
 Rowley, a monk of the fifteenth century. 
 
IMPOSTORS. 
 
 470 
 
 IMPROVISATORS. 
 
 The forgery was exposed by Mason and 
 Gray. 
 
 3. Ireland (Samuel William Henry) 
 published, in 1796, a series of papers 
 which he affirmed to be by Shakespeare, 
 together with the tragedy of Lear and 
 a part of Hamlet. Dr. Parr, Dr. Valpy, 
 James Bosweli, Herbert Croft, and Pye 
 the poet-laureate, signed a document cer- 
 tifying their conviction that the collection 
 was genuine; but Ireland subsequently 
 confessed the forgery. He also wrote a 
 play entitled Vortigern and Rowena, 
 which he asserted was by Shakespeare ; 
 but Malone exposed the imposition. 
 
 4. Lauder ( William) published, in 1751, 
 false quotations from Masenius a Jesuit 
 of Cologne, Taubmann a German, Sta- 
 phorstius a learned Dutchman, and 
 others, to " prove Milton a gross plagi- 
 aiist." Dr. Douglas demonstrated that 
 the citations were incorrect, and that 
 often several lines had been foisted in to 
 make the parallels. Lauder confessed 
 the fact afterwards (1754). 
 
 5. Mextz, who lived in the ninth cen- 
 tury, published fifty-nine decretals, which 
 he ascr^ed to Isidore of Seville, Avho 
 died in the sixth century. The object 
 of thes* letters was either to exalt the 
 papacy, or to enforce some law assuming 
 such exaltation. Among them is che 
 decretal of St. Fabian, instituting the 
 rite of the chrism, with the decretals 
 of St. Anaclotus, St. Alexander, St. 
 Athacasius, and so on. They have all 
 been proved to be barefaced forgeries. 
 
 6. Pereira (Colonel), a Portuguese, 
 professed to have discovered in the con- 
 vent of St. Maria de Merinhao, nine 
 books of Sanchoni'athon, which he pub- 
 lished in 1837. It was found that the 
 paper of the MS. bore the water-mark of 
 the Osnabriick paper-mills. 
 
 7. Psalmaxazar (George), who pre- 
 tended to be a Japanese, published, in 
 1704, an Historical a?id Geographical De- 
 scription of Formosa, an Island belonging 
 to the Empire of Japan. He was an 
 Englishman, born in London, name un- 
 known (died 1763). 
 
 8. Smith (Joseph) professed that his 
 Book of Mormon, published in 1830, was 
 a direct revelation to him by the angel 
 Mormon ; but it was really the work of 
 a Rev. Solomon Spalding. Smith was 
 murdered in Carthage jail in 1844. 
 
 9. Surtees (Robert) sent sir Walter 
 Scott several ballads, which were inserted 
 in good faith in the Border Minstrelsy, 
 but were in fact forgeries. For example, 
 
 a ballad on A Feud between the Jtidleys 
 and the Featherstones, said to be taken 
 down from the mouth of an old woman 
 on Alston Moor (1806) ; Lord Ewne, 
 said to be taken down from the mouth of 
 Rosa Smith of Bishop Middleham, a:t. 9i 
 (1807) ; and Barthram's Dirge (1809). 
 
 The Koran was said by Mahomet to 
 be revealed to him by theangel Gabriel, 
 but it was in reality the work of a Persian 
 Jew, a Jacobite and a Nestorian. The 
 detached parts of the Koran were col- 
 lected into a volume by Abu Bekr in 634. 
 Mahomet died in 632. 
 
 Improvisators. 
 
 Accolti (Bernardo), of Aiezzo, called 
 the Unico Areti'no (1465-1535). 
 
 Aquilaxo (Serafino), bom at Aruila 
 (1466-1500). 
 
 Baxdettixi (Teresa), (1756-*). Ma- 
 rone, Quercio, and Silvio Axtoniaxo 
 (eighteenth century). 
 
 Beroxicius (P. J.), who could con- 
 vert extempore into Latin or Greek verse, 
 a Dutch newspaper or anything else 
 which he heard (died 1676). 
 
 Corilla (Maria Magdalena), of Pistoia. 
 Mde. de Stael has borrowed her Corrinne 
 from this improvisatrix. Crowned at 
 Rome in 1776 (1740-1800). 
 
 Gianni (Francis), an Italian, made 
 imperial poet by Napoleon, whose victories 
 he celebrated in verse (1759-1823). 
 
 Jehax (Niir), of Bengal, during the 
 sultanship of Jehanger. She was the 
 inventor of the otto of roses (died 1645). 
 
 Karscii (Anna Louisa), of Germany. 
 
 Mazzei (Signora), the most talented 
 of all improvisators. 
 
 Metastasio (P. A. D. B.), of Assisi, 
 who developed at the age of ten a 
 wonderful talent for extemporizing in 
 verse (1698-1782). 
 
 Pkrfetti (Bernardino), of Sienna, who 
 received a laurel crown in the capitol, an 
 honour conferred only on Petrarch and 
 Tasso (1681-1747). 
 
 Petrarch (Francesco), who introduced 
 the amusement of improvisation (1304- 
 1374). 
 
 Rossi, beheaded at Naples in 1799. 
 
 Serafino d'Aquiea. (See above, 
 " Aquilano.'*) 
 
 Sekio, beheaded at Naples in 1799. 
 
 Sgricci (Pommaso), of Tuscany 
 (1788-1832). His Death of Charles /., 
 Death of Mary Queen of Scots, and Fall of 
 Missolonqhi are very celebrated. 
 
 Taddei (Rosa), (1801- ). 
 
 Zucco (Marc Antonio), of Verona 
 (*-1704). 
 
INCHCAPE ROCK. 
 
 471 
 
 INEZ DE CASTRO. 
 
 To these add Cicconi, Bindocci, Sestini ; 
 the brothers Clercq of Holland, Wolf of 
 Altona, Langenschwarz of Germany, 
 Eugene de Pradel of France, and our 
 own Thomas Hood (1798-1845). 
 
 Inchcape Rock (TJie), east of the 
 Isle of May, twelve miles from all land, 
 in the German Sea. Here a warning bell 
 was floated on a buoy by the forethought 
 of an abbot of Aberbrothok. Southey 
 says that Ralph the Rover, in a mischievous 
 joke, cut the bell from the buoy, and it 
 fell into the sea ; but on his return voyage 
 his boat ran on the rock, and Ralph was 
 drowned. 
 
 In old times upon the saide rock there was a bell fixed 
 upon a timber, which rang continually, being moved by 
 the sea, giving notice to saylers of the danger. This bell 
 was put there and maintained by the abbot of Aberbro- 
 thok, but being taken down by a sea-pirate, a yeare 
 thereafter he perished upon the same rocke. with ship and 
 goodes, in the righteous judgement of God. — Stoddart, 
 liemarks on Scotland. 
 
 A similar atory is told of St Goven's 
 bell, in Pembrokeshire. The silver bell 
 was stolen one night from the chapel by 
 pirates ; but no sooner had their boat put 
 out to sea than all the crew were wrecked. 
 The silver bell was carried by sea-nymphs 
 to a well, and whenever the stone of that 
 well is struck the bell is heard to moan. 
 
 Inconstant (The), a comedy by G. 
 Farquhar (1702). "The inconstant" is 
 young Mirabel, who shilly-shallies with 
 Oria'na till she saves him from being 
 murdered by four bravoes in the. house of 
 Lamorce (2 syl.). 
 
 This comedy is a rechauffe of the Wild- 
 goose Chase, by Beaumont and Fletcher 
 ( 1652). 
 
 Incorruptible (The). Maximilien 
 Robespierre was so called by his friends 
 in the Revolution (1756-1794). 
 
 "William Shippen," says Horace Wal- 
 pole, "is the only man proof against a 
 bribe." 
 
 %.* Fabricius, the Roman hero, could 
 not be corrupted by bribes, nor influenced 
 by threats. Pyrrhus declared it would be 
 as easy to divert the sun from its course 
 as Fabricius from the path of duty. — 
 Roman Story, 
 
 In'cubus, a spirit half human and 
 half angeiic, living in mid-air between 
 the moon and our earth. — Geoffrey, Bri- 
 tish History, vi. 18 (1142). 
 
 Indian File, one by one. The 
 American Indians, when they go on an 
 attack, march one by one. The one 
 behind carefully steps in the foot-marks 
 oi th« one before, and the last of the • file 
 
 obliterates the foot-prints. By this 
 means their direction and number are not 
 detected. 
 
 Each man followed his leader in Indian file. — Captain 
 Burnaby, On horseback through Asia Minor (1877). 
 
 Indra, god of the elements. His 
 palace is described by Southey in The 
 Curse of Eehama, vii. 10 (1809). 
 
 Inesilla de Cantarilla, daughter 
 of a Spanish lute-maker. She had the 
 unusual power of charming the male sex 
 during the whole course of her life, which 
 exceeded 75 years. Idolized by the noble- 
 men of the old court, she saw herself 
 adored by those of the new. Even in 
 her old age she had a noble air, an en- 
 chanting wit, and graces peculiar to her- 
 self suited to her years. — Lesage, Gil 
 Bias, viii. 1 (1735). 
 
 I'nez of Cadiz, addressed in Childe 
 Harold, i. (after stanza 84). Nothing 
 known of her. 
 
 I'nez (Donna), mother of don Juan. 
 She trained her son according to pre- 
 scribed rules with the strictest propriety, 
 and designed to make him a model of all 
 virtues. Her husband was don Jose', 
 whom she worried to death by her prudery 
 and want of sympathy. Donna Inez 
 was a "blue-stocking," learned in all 
 the sciences, her favourite one being 
 " the mathematical." She knew every 
 European language, "a little Latin and 
 less Greek." In a word, she was " per- 
 fect as perfect is," according to the 
 standard of Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Trim- 
 mer, and Hannah More, but had "a 
 great opinion of her own good qualities." 
 Liko Tennyson's "Maud," this paragon 
 of women was, to those who did not look 
 too narrowly, "faultily faultless, icily 
 regular, splendidlv null."-^-Byron, Don 
 Juan, i. 10-30 (1819). 
 
 Inez de Castro, crowned six years 
 after her death. The tale is this : Don 
 Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portugal, 
 privately married, in 1345, the "beauty of 
 Castile," and Alfonso was so indignant 
 that he commanded her to be put to deathi 
 (1355). Two years afterwards, don Pedro : 
 succeeded to the crown, and in 1361 had 
 the body of Inez exhumed and crowned. 
 
 Camoens, the Portuguese poet, has 
 introduced this story in his Lusiad. A. 
 Ferreira, another Portuguese poet, has a 
 tragedy called Inez dc Castro (1554) ; 
 Lamotte produced a tragedy with the 
 same title (1723) ; and Guiraud another 
 in 1826. (See next art.) 
 
INEZ DE CASTRO. 
 
 472 
 
 INFERNO. 
 
 Inez de Castro, the bride of prince 
 Pedro of Portugal, to -whom she was 
 clandestinely married. The king Alfonso 
 and his minister Gonzalez, not knowing 
 of this marriage, arranged a marriage for 
 the young prince with a Spanish princess, 
 and when the prince refused his consent, 
 Gonzalez ferreted out the cause, and 
 induced Inez to drink poison. He then 
 put the young prince under arrest, but as 
 he was being led away, the announce- 
 ment came that Alfonso was dead and 
 don Pedro was his successor. The tables 
 were now turned, for Pedro was instantly 
 released, and Gonzalez led to execution. 
 ■ — Ross Neil, Inez de Castro or The Bride 
 of Portwjal. (See previous art.) 
 
 Infant Endowed with Speech. 
 The imam Abzenderoud excited the 
 envy of his confraternity by his superior 
 virtue and piety, so they suborned a 
 woman to father a child upon him. The 
 imam prayed to Mahomet to reveal the 
 truth, whereupon the new-born infant 
 told in good Arabic who his father was, 
 and Abzenderoud was acquitted with 
 honour. — T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales 
 (" Imam Abzenderoud," 1723). 
 
 Infant of Lubeck, Christian Henry 
 Heinecken. At one year old he knew the 
 chief events of the Pentateuch ! ! at thir- 
 teen months he knew the history of the 
 Old Testament ! ! at fourteen months he 
 knew the history of the New Testament! ! 
 at two and a half years he could answer 
 any ordinary question of history or geo- 
 graphy ! ! and at three 3 r ears old he 
 knew "German, French, and Latin ! ! 
 
 Inferno (The), in thirty-four cantos, 
 by Dante [Alighieri] (1300). "While wan- 
 dering through a wood (this life), the 
 poet conies to a mountain (fame), and 
 begins to climb it, but first a panther 
 (pleasure), then a lion {ambition), and 
 then a she-wolf (avarice) stand in his 
 path to stay him. The appearance of 
 Virgil (human wisdom), however, en- 
 courages him (canto i.), and the Mantuan 
 tells him he is sent by three ladies 
 [Beatrice (J'aith), Lucia (grace), and 
 Mercy] to conduct him through the 
 realms of hell (canto ii.). On they pro- 
 ceed together till they come to a portal 
 bearing this inscription: all hope 
 
 ABANDON YE WHO ENTER HERE ; they 
 
 pass through, and come to that neutral 
 realm, where dwell the spirits of those 
 not good enough for heaven nor bad 
 enough fcr hell, "the praiselcss and the 
 blameless dead." Passing through this 
 
 border-land, they command old Charon 
 to ferry them across the Acheron to 
 Limbo (canto iii.), and here they behold 
 the ghosts of the unbaptized, "blameless 
 of sin " but not members of the Christian 
 Church. Homer is here, Horace, Ovid, 
 aud Lucan, who enroll Dante " sixth of 
 the sacred band." On leaving Limbo, our 
 adventurer follows his guide through the 
 seven gates which lead to the inferno, an 
 enormous funnel-shaped pit, divided into 
 stages. The outer, or first "circle," is 
 a vast meadow, in which roam Electra 
 (mother of Dardilnus the founder of 
 Troy), Hector, /Ene'as, and Julius Caesar; 
 Camilla and Penthesile'a ; Latlnus and 
 Junius Brutus ; Lucretia, Marcia (Cato's 
 wife), Julia (Pompey's wife), and Cor- 
 nelia; and here "apart retired," they 
 see Saladin, the rival of Richard the 
 Lion-heart. Linos is here and Orpheus; 
 Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato ; Demo- 
 critos who ascribed creation to blind 
 chance, Diogenes the cynic, HeraclFtos, 
 Emped'ocles, Anaxag'oras, Thales, Dios- 
 cor'ides, and Zeno ; Cicero and SenCca, 
 Euclid and Ptolemy, Hippocrates and 
 Galen, Avicen, and AverroC-s the Arabian 
 translator and commentator of Aristotle 
 (canto i\\). From the first stage they 
 descend to the second, Avhere Minos sits 
 in judgment on the ghosts brought before 
 him. He indicates what circle a ghost is 
 to occupy by twisting his tail round his 
 body : two twists signify that the ghost 
 is to be banished to the second circle ; 
 three twists, that it is to be consigned to 
 the third circle, and so on. Here, says 
 the poet, "light was silent all," but 
 shrieks and groans and blasphemies 
 were terrible to hear. This circle is 
 the hell of carnal and sinful love, Avhere 
 Dante recognizes Semiramis, Dido, Cleo- 
 patra, and Helen; Achilles and Paris; 
 Tristan, the lover of his uncle's wife 
 Isolde; Lancelot, the lover of queen Guin- 
 evcr ; and Francesca, the lover of Paolo 
 her brother-in-law (canto v.). The third 
 circle is a place of deeper woe. Here 
 fall in ceaseless showers, hail, black rain, 
 and sleety flaw ; the air is cold and dun ; 
 and a foul stench rises from the soil. 
 Cerberus keeps watch here, and this part 
 of the inferno is set apart for gluttons, 
 like Ciacco (2 syl.). From this stage the 
 two poets pass on to the "fourth steep 
 ledge," presided over by Plutus (canto vi.), 
 a realm which " hems in all the woe of 
 all the universe." Here are gathered the 
 souls of the avaricious, who wasted their 
 talents, and made no right use of their 
 
INFERNO. 
 
 473 
 
 INI. 
 
 wealth. Crossing this region, they come 
 to the " fifth steep," and see the Stygian 
 Lake of inky hue. This circle is a huge 
 bog in which "the miry tribe " flounder, 
 and "gulp the muddy lees." It is the 
 abode of those who put no restraint upon 
 their anger (canto vii.). Next comes the 
 city of Dis, where the souls of heretics 
 are " interred in vaults" (cantos viii.,ix.). 
 Here Dante recognizes Farina'ta (a leader 
 of the Ghibelline faction), and is in- 
 formed that the emperor Frederick II. 
 and cardinal Ubaldini are amongst the 
 number (canto x.). The city of Dis con- 
 tains the next three circles (canto xi.), 
 through which Nessus conducts them ; 
 and here they see the Minotaur and the 
 Centaurs, as Chiron who nursed Achilles 
 and Pholus the passionate. The first 
 circle of Dis (the sixth) is for those who 
 by force or fraud have done violence 
 to man, as Alexander the Great, Dio- 
 nysius of Syracuse, Attila, Sextus, and 
 Pyrrhus (canto xii.). The next (the 
 seventh circle) is for those who have done 
 violence to themselves, as suicides ; here 
 are the Harpies, and here the souls are 
 transformed to trees (canto xiii.). The 
 eighth circle is for the souls of those 
 ■who have done violence to God, as blas- 
 phemers and heretics ; it is a hell of burn- 
 ing, where it snows flakes of fire. Here 
 is Cap'aneus (3 syl.) (canto xiv.), and 
 here Dante held converse with Brunetto, 
 his old schoolmaster (canto xv.). Hav- 
 ing reached the confines of the realm 
 of Dis, Ger'yon carries Dante into the 
 region of Malebolge (4 syl.), a horrible 
 hell, containing ten pits or chasms (canto 
 xvii.) : In the first is Jason ; the second 
 is for harlots (canto xviii.) ; in the third 
 is Simon Magus, "who prostituted the 
 tilings of God for gold ; " in the fourth, 
 pope Nicholas III. (canto xix.) ; in the 
 fifth, the ghosts had their heads "re- 
 versed at the neck-bone," and here are 
 Amphiaraos, Tiresias who was first a 
 woman and then a man, Michael Scott 
 the magician, with all witches and 
 diviners (canto xx.) ; in the sixth, Cai'a- 
 piias and Annas his father-in-law (canto 
 xxiii.) ; in the seventh, robbers of 
 churches, as Yanni Fucci, who robbed the 
 sacristy of St. James's, in Pistoia, and 
 charged Yanni della Nona with the crime, 
 for which she suffered death (canto 
 xxiv.) ; in the eighth, Ulysses and Dio- 
 nied, who were punished for the strata- 
 gem of the Wooden Horse (cantos xxvi., 
 xxvii.) ; in the ninth. Mahomet and Ali, 
 "horribly mangled" (canto xxviii.) ; in 
 
 the tenth, alchemists (canto xxix.), 
 coiners and forgers, Potiphar's wife, 
 Sinon the Greek who deluded the Tro- 
 jans (canto xxx.), Nimrod, Ephialtes, 
 and Antieus, with other giants (canto 
 xxxi.). Antaeus carries the two visitors 
 into the nethermost gulf, Avhere Judas 
 and Lucifc r are confined. It is a 
 region of thick-ribbed ice, and here they 
 see the frozen river of Cocy'tus (canto 
 xxxii.). The last persons the poet sees 
 are Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of 
 Julius Caesar (canto xxxiv.). DantA 
 and his conductor Yirgil then make 
 their exit on the " southern hemi- 
 sphere," where once was Eden, and where 
 the " moon rises when here evening sets." 
 This is done that the poet may visit 
 Purgatory, which is situate in mid-ocean, 
 somewhere near the antipodes of Judea. 
 
 *** Canto xvi. opens with a description 
 of Fraud, canto xxxiii. contains the talc 
 of Ugoli'no, and canto xxxiv. the de- 
 scription of Lucifer. 
 
 Ingelram (Abbot), formerly superioi 
 of St. Mary's Convent. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Inglewood (Squire), a magistrate 
 near Osbaldistone Hall. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Hob Hoy (time, George I.). 
 
 Inglis (Corporal), in the royal army 
 under the leadership of the duke of Mon- 
 mouth. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 IrLgoldsby (Thomas), the Rev. 
 Richard Harris Barham, author of In- 
 gotdsby Legends (1788-1845). 
 
 Ini, Ine, or Ina, king of Wessex ; 
 his wife was /Ethelburh ; both were of the 
 royal line of Cerdic. After a grand ban- 
 quet, king Ini set forth to sojourn in 
 another of his palaces, and his queen 
 privately instructed his steward to "fill 
 the house they quitted with rubbish and 
 offal, to put a sow and litter of pigs in 
 the royal bed, and entirely dismantle the 
 room." When the king and queen had 
 gone about a mile or so, the queen en- 
 treated her husband to return to the house 
 they _ had quitted, and great was his 
 astonishment to behold the change. 
 Ethelburh then said, "Behold what 
 vanity of vanities is all earthly greatness ! 
 "Where now are the good things you saw 
 here but a few hours ago ? See how foul 
 a beast occupies the royal bed. So will 
 it be Avith you, unless you leave earthly 
 things for heavenly." So the king a)>di- 
 cated his kingdom, went to Rome, and 
 
INIS-THONA. 
 
 474 
 
 INVULNERABILITY. 
 
 dwelt there as a pilgrim for the rest of 
 his life. 
 
 ... in fame great Ina might pretend 
 With any king since first the Saxons came to shore. 
 Drayton, 1'olyolbion, xi. (1613). 
 
 Inis-Thona, an island of Scandi- 
 navia. — Ossian. 
 
 In'istore, the Orkney Islands. 
 
 Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow [Norway], bound 
 on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore. — Ossian, Finyal, i. 
 
 Inkle and Yar'ico, hero and 
 heroine of a story by sir Richard Steele, 
 :n the Spectator (No. 11). Inkle is a 
 young Englishman who is lost in the 
 Spanish main. He falls in love with 
 Yarico, an Indian maiden, with whom he 
 consorts ; but no sooner does a vessel 
 arrive to take him to Barbadoes than he 
 sells Yarico as a slave. 
 
 George Colman has dramatized this 
 tale (1787). 
 
 Innisfail or Inisfail, an ancient 
 name, of Ireland (isle of destiny). 
 
 Oh, once the harp of Innisfail 
 
 Was strung full high to notes of gladness ; 
 But yet it often told a tale 
 Of more prevailing sadness. 
 
 Campbell, O'Connor's Child, i. 
 I raised my sails, and rushing into the bay of Croma, 
 Into Croma's sounding bay in lovely Inisfail. — Ossian, 
 Cruina. 
 
 Innocents (The), the babes of 
 Bethlehem cut off by Herod the Great. 
 
 * :|c * John Baptist Marino, an Italian 
 poet, has a poem on The Massacre of the 
 Innocents (1569-1625). 
 
 Innogen or Inogene (3 syl.), wife 
 of Brute (1 syl.) mythical king of 
 Britain. She was daughter of Pan'- 
 drasos of Greece. 
 
 Thus Brute this realme unto his rule subdewd. . . 
 And left three sons, his famous progeny, 
 Born of fayre Inogene of Italy. 
 
 Spenser. Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 
 And for a lasting league of amity and peace, 
 Bright Innogen, his child, for wife to Brutus gave. 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 
 
 Insane Root (The), hemlock. It is 
 said that those who eat hemlock can see 
 objects otherwise invisible. Thus when 
 Banquo had encountered the witches, who 
 vanished as mysteriously as they ap- 
 peared, he says to Macbeth, " Were such 
 things [rar%] here ... or have we 
 eaten [hemlock] the insane root, that 
 takes the reason prisoner," so that our 
 eyes see things that are not? — Macbeth, 
 act i. sc. 3 (1606). 
 
 Insu'bri, the district of Lombardy, 
 which contained Milan, Como, Pa'via, 
 Lodi, Nova'ra, and Vercelli. 
 
 Interpreter (Mr.), in Bunyan's 
 
 Pilgrim's Progress, means the Holy 
 Ghost as it operates on the heart of a 
 believer. He is lord of a house a. little 
 beyond the Wicket Gate.— Pt. i. (1678). 
 
 Inveraschal'loch, one of the High- 
 landers at the Clachan of Aberfoyle. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.) 
 
 Invin'cible Doctor (The), William 
 of Occam ; also called Doctor Singuldris 
 (1270-1347). 
 
 Invisible Knight (The), sir Gar- 
 Ion, brother of king Pellam (nigh of kin 
 to Joseph of Arimathy). 
 
 "He is sir Garlon," said the knight, "he with the 
 black face, he is the marvellest knight living, for he goeta 
 invisible."— Sir T. Malory, History of I'rinee A.thur, i. 
 39 (1470). 
 
 Invisibility is obtained by amulets, 
 dress, herbs, rings, and stones. 
 
 Amulets : as the capon-stone called 
 "Alectoria," which rendered those in- 
 visible who carried it about their person. 
 — Mirror of Stones. 
 
 Dress : as Alberich's cloak called 
 " Tarnkappe" (2 nyl.) which Siegfried got 
 possession of (The Nibelungen Lied) ; 
 the mantle of Hel Keplein (q.v.) ; and 
 Jack the Giant-killer had a cloak of in- 
 visibility as well as a cap of knowledge. 
 The helmet of Perseus or Hades (Greek 
 Fable) and Mambrino's helmet rendered 
 the wearers invisible. The moros mus- 
 phonon was a girdle of invisibility (Mrs. 
 Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for a Wife). 
 
 Herbs : as fern seed, mentioned by 
 Shakespeare, and Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Rings : as Gyges's ring, taken from the 
 flanks of a brazen horse. When the 
 stone was turned inwards, the wearer was 
 invisible (Plato). The ring of Otwit 
 king of Lombardy, according to The 
 Heldenbuch, possessed a similar virtue. 
 Reynard's wonderful ring had three 
 colours, one of which (the green) caused 
 the wearer to be invisible (Reynard the 
 Fox, 1498) ; this was the gem called 
 heliotrope. 
 
 Stones : as heliotrope, mentioned by 
 Boccaccio in his Decameron (day viii. 3). 
 It is of a green hue. Sollnus attri- 
 butes this power to the herb heliotrope : 
 " Herba ejusdem nominis . . . eum, a 
 quocumque gestabitur, subtrahit visibus 
 obviorum." — Geog., xl. 
 
 Invulnerability. Stones taken 
 from the cassan plant, which grows in 
 Panten, will render the possessor invul- 
 nerable. — Odoricus In Hakluyt. 
 
 A dip in the river Styx rendered 
 Achilles invulnerable. 
 
ION. 
 
 475 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Medea rendered Jason proof against 
 wounds and fire by anointing him with 
 the Promethe'an unguent. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Siegfried was rendered invulnerable by 
 bathing his body in dragon's blood. — 
 Niebelungen Lied. 
 
 Ion, the title and hero of a tragedy by 
 T. N. Talfourd (1835). The oracle of 
 Delphi had declared that the pestilence 
 which raged in Argos was sent by way of 
 punishment for the misrule of the race 
 of Argos, and that the vengeance of the 
 gods could be averted only by the extir- 
 pition of the guilty race. Ion, the son 
 of the king, offered himself a willing 
 sacrifice, and as he was dying, Irus entered 
 and announced that " the pestilence was 
 abating." 
 
 Io'na, an island of Scotland south of 
 Staffa, noted for its Culdee institutions, 
 established by St. Columb in 563. It is 
 noAv called " Icolm-kill," and in Macbeth, 
 act ii. sc. 4, " Colmes-kill " {kill means 
 " burying-ground"). 
 
 Unscathed they left Iona's strand 
 
 When the opal morn first flushed the sky. 
 
 Campbell, Jieullura. 
 
 lo'na's Saint, St. Columb, seen on 
 the top of the church spires, on certain 
 evenings every year, counting the sur- 
 rounding islands, to see that none of them 
 have been sunk by the power of witchcraft. 
 
 As Iona's saint, a giant form. 
 Throned on his towers conversing with the storm . . . 
 Counts every wave-worn isle and mountain hoar 
 From Kilda to the green Ierne's shore l/rom the Hebridct 
 to Ireland]. 
 
 Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 I-pal-ne-mo'-ani (i.e. He by whom 
 we live), an epithet of God used by the 
 ancient Mexicans. 
 
 " We know him," they reply, 
 The great ' Forever-One,' the God of gods, 
 IpalnemoanL" 
 
 Southey, Modoc, i. 8 (1805). 
 
 Ipnigeni'a, daughter of Agamem- 
 non king of Argos. Agamemnon vowed 
 to offer up to Artemis the best possession 
 t-hat came into his hands during the 
 ensuing twelve months. This happened 
 to be an infant daughter, to whom he 
 gave the name of Iphigenia, but he for- 
 bore to fulfil his vow. When he went on 
 his voyage to Troy, the fleet was wind- 
 bound at Aulis, and Kalchas the priest 
 said it was because Agamemnon had not 
 carried out his vow ; so Iphigenia, then 
 in the pride of womanhood, was bound 
 to the altar. Artemis, being satisfied, 
 carried the maiden off to Tauris where 
 she became a priestess, and substituted a 
 hind in her place. 
 
 For parallel instances, such as Abra- 
 ham and Isaac, Jephthah and his daughter, 
 Idomeneus and his son, etc., see Ido- 
 meneus. 
 
 When, a new Iphigene, she went to Tauris. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, x. 49 (1821). * 
 
 Cary, in his translation of Dante, 
 accents the name incorrectly on the third 
 syllable. 
 
 Whence, on the altar Iphige'nia mourned 
 Her virgin beauty. 
 
 DantS, Paradise, r. (1311). 
 
 Iphis, the woman who was changed 
 to a man. The tale is this : Iphis was 
 the daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa 
 of Crete. Lygdus gave orders that if the 
 child about to be born was a girl, it was 
 to be put to death. It happened to be a 
 girl ; but the mother, to save it, brought it 
 up as a boy. In due time, the father 
 betrothed Iphis to Ianthe, and the mother, 
 in terror, prayed to Isis for help. Hei 
 prayer was. heard, for Isis changed Iphis 
 into a man on the day of espousals. — ■ 
 Ovid, Metaph., ix. 12 ; xiv. 61)9. 
 
 *** C«neus [Se.nuce] was born of the 
 female sex, but Neptune changed her 
 into a man. JCneas found her in hades 
 changed back again. 
 
 Tiresias, the Theban prophet, was con- 
 verted into a girl for striking two ser- 
 pents, and married. He afterwards 
 recovered his sex, and declared that the 
 pleasures of a woman were tenfold greater 
 than those of a man. 
 
 I'ran, the empire of Persia. 
 
 Iras, a female attendant on Cleopatra. 
 When Cleopatra had arrayed herself with 
 robe and crown, prior to applying the 
 asps, she said to her two female attend- 
 ants, " Come, take the last warmth of my 
 lips. Farewell, kind Charmian! Iras, fare- 
 well ! " And having kissed them, Iras fell 
 down dead, either broken-hearted, or else 
 because she had already applied an asp to 
 her arm, as Charmian did a little later. 
 — Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra 
 (1608). 
 
 Ireby {Mr.), a country squire. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Two Drovers (time, George III.). 
 
 Ireland {S. W. H.), a literary forger. 
 His chief forgery is Miscellaneous 
 Papers and Instruments, under the hand 
 and, seal of William Shakespeare, in- 
 cluding the 'tragedy of King Lear, and a 
 small fragment of Hamlet, from the 
 original, 1796, folio, £4 4s. (1795). 
 
 His most impudent forgery was the 
 production of a new play, which he tried 
 
IRELAND. 
 
 476 
 
 IROLDO. 
 
 to palm off as Shakespeare's. It was 
 called Vortigern and Powena, and was 
 actually represented at Drury Lane 
 Theatre in 1796. 
 
 Weeps o'er false Shakesperian lore 
 Which spring from Mnisterre Ireland's store, 
 Whose impudence deserves the rod 
 For having aped the Muse's god. 
 
 Chalcographomania. 
 
 Ireland {The Fair Maid of), the ignis 
 fatuus. 
 
 He had read . . . of . . . the ignis fatuus, ... by 
 some called " Will-with-the-whisp," or " Jack-with-the- 
 lantern," and likewise. . . " The Fair Maid of Ireland." 
 — K. Johnson, The Seven Championsof Christendom, i. 7. 
 U617). 
 
 Ireland's Scholarships {Dean), 
 four scholarships of £30 a year, in the 
 University of Oxford, founded by Dr. 
 Ireland, dean of Westminster, in 1825. 
 
 Ireland's Three Saints. The 
 
 three great saints of Ireland are St. 
 Patrick, St. Columb, and St. Bridget. 
 
 Ireland's Three Tragedies: (1) 
 
 The Death of the Children of Touran ; 
 
 (2) The Death of the Children of Lir ; and 
 
 (3) The Death of the Children of Usnach. 
 ■ — O 1 Flanagan, transactions of the Gaelic 
 Society of Dublin, i. 
 
 Irem {The Garden of), mentioned in 
 the Koran, lxxxix. It was the most 
 beautiful of all earthly paradises, laid out 
 for Shedad' king of Ad ; but no sooner 
 was it finished, than it was struck with 
 the lightning-wand of the death-angel, 
 and was never after visible to the eye of 
 
 The paradise of Irem this . . . 
 A garden more surpassing fair 
 Thar, that before whose gate 
 The lighting of the cherub's fiery sword 
 Waves wide, to bar access. 
 Southey, Taluba the J)estroyer, i. 22 (1797). 
 
 Ire'na, Ireland personified. Her in- 
 heritance was withheld by Grantorto 
 {rebellion), and sir Artegal was sent by 
 the queen of Faery-land to succour her. 
 Grantorto being slain, Irena was restored, 
 in 1580, to her inheritance. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, v. (1596). 
 
 Ire'ne (3 syl.), daughter of II crush 
 Barbarossa the Greek renegade and cor- 
 sair-king of Algiers. She was rescued in 
 the siege of Algiers by Selim, son of'the 
 Moorish king, who fell in love with her. 
 When she heard of the conspiracy to kill 
 Barbarossa, shewarned her father; but it 
 was too late : the insurgents succeeded, 
 Barbarossa was slain by Othman, and 
 Selim married Irene. — J. Brown, Bar- 
 barossa (1742). 
 
 Ire'ne (3 syl.), wife of Alexius Com- 
 
 ne'nas emperor of Greece. — Sir W. Scott, 
 
 Count Eobert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Ire'nus, Peaceableness personified. 
 (Greek, eirene, "peace.") — Phineas Flet- 
 cher, The Purple Island, x. (1633). 
 
 I'ris, a messenger, a go-between. Iris 
 was the messenger of Juno. 
 
 Wheresoe'er thou art in this world's globe, 
 I'll have an Iris that shall find thee out. 
 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2 (15S1). 
 
 Iris and the Dying. One of the 
 duties of Iris was to cut off a lock of hair 
 (claimed by Proserpine) from those 
 devoted to death, and till this was done, 
 Death refused to accept the victim. Thus, 
 when Dido mounted the funeral pile, she 
 lingered in suffering till Iris was sent by 
 Juno to cut off a lock of her hair as an 
 offering to the black queen, but immedi- 
 ately this was done her spirit left the 
 body. Than'atos did the same office to 
 Alcestis when she gave her life for that of 
 her husband. In all sacrifices, a forelock 
 was first cut from the head of the victim 
 as an offering to Proserpine. — See Eu- 
 ripides, Alcesiis ; Virgil, JEneid, iv. 
 
 " Hunc ego Diti 
 Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo." 
 Sic ait, et dextra criuem secat . . . atque in ventos vita 
 recessit. 
 
 Virgil, .■Eneid, iv. 702-705. 
 
 Irish Whiskey ^Drinker {The), 
 John Sheehan, a barrister, who, with 
 " Everard Give of Tipperary Hall," wrote 
 a series of pasquinades in verse, which 
 were published in Bentleifs Miscellany, in 
 1846, and attracted considerable attention. 
 
 Irish Widow {The), a farce by 
 Garrick (1757). Martha Brady, a bloom- 
 ing young widow of 23, is in love with 
 William Whittle, the nephew of old 
 Thomas Whittle, a man 63 years of 
 age. It so happens that William cannot 
 touch his property without his uncle's 
 consent, so the lovers scheme together to 
 obtain it. The widow pretends to be in 
 love with the old man, who proposes to 
 her and is accepted ; but she now comes 
 out in a new character, as a loud, vulgar, 
 rollicking, extravagant low Irishwoman. 
 Old Whittle is thoroughly frightened, and 
 not only gets his nephew to take the lady 
 off his hands, but gives him £5000 for 
 doing so. 
 
 Irol'do, the friend of Trasildo of 
 Babylon. Prasildo fa'ls in love with 
 Tisbi'na, his friend's wife, and, to escape 
 infamy, IroldoandTisbina take "poison." 
 Prasiido, hearing from the apothecary 
 
IROLITA. 
 
 IRREFRAGABLE DOCTOR. 
 
 that the supposed poison is innocuous, 
 goes and tells them so, whereupon Iroldo 
 is so struck with his friend's generosity, 
 that he quits Babylon, leaving Tisbina to 
 i'rasildo. Subsequently Iroldo's life is 
 in peril, and Prasildo saves his friend at 
 the hazard of his own life. — Bojardo, 
 Orlando Innamorato (1495). 
 
 Irolit/a, a princess in love with prince 
 Parcinus, her cousin. The fairy Dan'amo 
 wanted Parcinus to marry her daughter 
 Az'ira, and therefore used all her endea- 
 vours to marry Irolita to Brutus ; but all 
 her plans were thwarted, for Parcinus 
 married Irolita, and Brutus married 
 Azira. 
 
 The beauty of Irolita was worthy the world's admira- 
 tion. She was about 14 years old, her hair was brown, 
 her complexion blooming as the spring, her mouth deli- 
 cate, her teeth white and even, her smile bewitching, her 
 eyes a hazel colour and very piercing, and her looks were 
 darts of love.— Comtesse D Auuoy, Fairy Tales (" Perfect 
 Love," 16S2). 
 
 Iron Arm. Captain Francois de 
 Lanoue, a huguenot, was called Bras de 
 Fer. He died at the siege of Lamballe 
 (1531-1591). 
 
 Iron Chest (TJie), a drama by G. 
 Colman, based on W. Godwin's novel of 
 Caleb Williams. Sir Edward Mortimer 
 kept in an iron chest certain documents 
 relating to a murder for which he had 
 been tried and honourably acquitted. His 
 secretary "Wilford, out of curiosity, was 
 prying into this box, when sir Edward 
 entered and threatened to shoot him ; 
 but on reflection he spared the young 
 man's life, told him all about the murder, 
 and swore him to secrecy. Wilford, 
 unable to endure the watchful and sus- 
 picious eye of his master, ran away ; 
 but sir Edward dogged him like a blood- 
 hound, and at length accused him of 
 robbery. The charge could not be sub- 
 stantiated, so Wilford was acquitted. 
 Sir Edward confessed himself a murderer, 
 and died (1796). 
 
 Iron Duke (The), the duke of Wel- 
 lington (1769-1852). 
 
 Iron Emperor (TJie), Nicholas of 
 Russia (1796, 1826-1855). 
 
 Iron Gates or Deniir Kara, a cele- 
 brated pass of the Teuthras, through 
 which all caravans between Smyrna and 
 Brusa must needs pass. 
 
 Iron Hand, Goetz von Berlichingen, 
 who replaced his right hand, which he 
 lost at the siege of Landshut, by an iron 
 one (sixteenth century). 
 
 *** Goethe has made this the subject of 
 an historical drama. 
 
 Iron Mask (The Man in the). This 
 mysterious man went by the name of 
 Lestang, but who he was is as much in - 
 nubibus as the author of the Letters of 
 Junius. The most general opinion is that 
 he was count Er'colo Antonio Matthioli, 
 a senator of Mantua and private agent of 
 Ferdinand Charles duke of Mantua ; and 
 that his long imprisonment of twenty -four 
 years was for having deceived Louis XIV. 
 in a secret treaty for the purchase of the 
 fortress of Casale. M. Loiseleur utterly 
 denies this solution of the mvsterv. — See 
 Temple Bar, 182-4, May, 1872. 
 
 *** The tragedies of Zschokke in 
 German (1795), and Fournier in French, are 
 based on the supposition that the man in 
 the mask was marechal Richelieu, a twin- 
 brother of the Grand Monarque, and this 
 is the solution given by the abbe Soulavie. 
 
 Ironside (Sir), called "The Red 
 Knight of the Red Lands." Sir Gareth, 
 after fighting with him from dawn to 
 dewy eve, subdued him. Tennyson calls 
 him Death, and says that Gareth won the 
 victory with a single stroke. Sir Ironside 
 was the knight who kopt the lady Liones 
 (called by Tennyson ' ' Lyonors ") captive in 
 Castle Perilous" — Sir T. Malorv, History 
 of Prince Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470). 
 
 *** Tennyson seems very greatly to 
 have misconceived the exquisite allegory 
 of Gareth and Linet. (See Gareth, pp. 
 364-5.) 
 
 Ironside. Edmund II. king of the 
 Anglo-Saxons was so called from his 
 iro.i armour (989, 1016-1017). 
 
 Sir Richard Steele signed himself 
 "Nestor Ironside" in the Guardian 
 (1671-1729). 
 
 Ironsides. So were the soldiers of 
 Cromwell called, especially after the 
 battle of Marston Moor, where they dis- 
 played their iron resolution (1644). 
 
 Ironsides (Captain), uncle of Belfield 
 (Brothers), and an old friend of sir Ben- 
 jamin Dove. He is captain of a privateer, 
 and a fine specimen of an English naval 
 officer. 
 
 He's true English oak to the heart of hira, and a fine 
 old seaman-like figure he is. —Cumberland, Tk" brother!, 
 L 1 (176y). 
 
 Iron Tooth, Frederick II. elector of 
 Brandenburg (Dent de Fer), (1U57, 1688- 
 1713). 
 
 Irrefragable Doctor (The), Alax- 
 
IRTISH, 
 
 478 
 
 ISABELLA. 
 
 ander Hales, founder of the Scholastic 
 theology (*-1245). 
 
 Irtish (To cross the ferry of the), to 
 be " laid on the shelf." 'The ferry of the 
 Irtish is crossed by those who are exiled 
 to Siberia. It is regarded in Russia as 
 the ferry of political death. 
 
 I'rus, the beggar of Ithaca, who ran 
 errands for Penelope's suitors. When 
 Ulysses returned home dressed as a 
 beggar, Irus withstood him, and Ulysses 
 broke his jaw with a blow. So poor was 
 Irus that he gave birth to the. proverbs, 
 "As poor as Irus," and "Poorer than 
 Irus " (in French, Plus pauvre qu 1 Irus). 
 
 Without respect esteeming equally 
 King Cresus' ponipe and Irus' povertie. 
 
 T. Sackville, A Mirrour for Magistraytes 
 (Induction, 1587). 
 Irus grows rich, and Cresus must wax poor. 
 Lord Brooke, Treatie of IVarrcs (1554-1628). 
 
 Irwin (Mr.), the husband of lady 
 Eleanor daughter of lord Norland. His 
 lordship discarded her for marrying 
 against his will, and Irwin was reduced 
 to the verge of starvation. In his des- 
 peration Irwin robbed his father-in-law 
 on the high road, but relented and re- 
 turned the money. At length the iron 
 heart of lord Norland was softened, and 
 he relieved the necessities of his son-in- 
 law. 
 
 Lady Eleanor Irwin, wife of Mr. Irwin. 
 She retains her love for lord Norland, 
 even through all his relentlessness, and 
 when she hears that he has adopted a 
 son, exclaims, "May the young man 
 deserve his love better than I have done ! 
 May he be a comfort to his declining 
 years, and never disobey him!" — Inch- 
 bald, Every One has His Fault (1794). 
 
 Incin (Hannah), former confidante of 
 Clara Mowbray.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
 Italian's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Isaac [Mendoza] , a rich Portuguese 
 Jew, sh^rt in stature, with a snub nose, 
 swarthy skin, and huge beard ; very con- 
 ceited, priding himself upon his cunning, 
 loving to dupe others, but woefully duped 
 himself, lie chuckles to himself, "I'm 
 cunning, I fancy ; a very cunning dog, 
 ain't I ? a sly little villain, eh ? a bit 
 roguish ; he must be very wide awake 
 who can take Isaac in." This conceited 
 piece of goods is always duped by every 
 one he encounters. He meets Louisa, I 
 whom he intends to make his wife, but I 
 nhc makes him believe she is Clara Guz- I 
 man. He meets his rival Antonio, whom [ 
 he sends to the supposed Clara, and | 
 
 he marries her. He mistakes Louisa's 
 duenna for Louisa, and elopes with her. 
 So all his wit is outwitted. — Sheridan, 
 The Duenna (1775). 
 
 Quick's great parts were "Isaac," "Tony Limpkin" 
 [She Stoops to Conquer, Goldsmith 1, " Spado " \ Castle of 
 Andalusia, O'Keefel and " sir Christopher Curry," in 
 Inkle and Tarico, by Colman [1748-1831 J.— Records of a 
 Stage Veteran, 
 
 Isaac of York, the father of Re- 
 becca. When imprisoned in the dungeon 
 of Front de Bceuf 's castle, Front de Bocuf 
 comes to extort money from him, and 
 orders two slaves to chain him to the 
 bars of a slow fire, but the party is dis- 
 turbed by the sound of a bugle. Ulti- 
 mately, both the Jew and his daughter 
 leave England and go to live abroad. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Jvanhoe (time, Richard 1.). 
 
 Isabel, called the "She-wolf of 
 France," the adulterous queen of Edward 
 II., was daughter of Philippe IV. (le Bel) 
 of France. According to one tradition, 
 Isabel murdered her royal husband by 
 thrusting a hot iron into his bowels, and 
 tearing them from his body. 
 
 She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs, 
 That tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate. 
 
 Gray, The Bard (1757). 
 
 Isabell, sister of lady Hartwell, in 
 the comedy of Wit without Money, by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). 
 
 Isabella or Isabella, a pale brown 
 colour or buff, similar to that of a hare. 
 It is so called from the princess Isabella 
 of Austria, daughter of Philip II. The 
 tale is, that while besieging Ostend, the 
 princess took an oath that she would not 
 change her body-linen before the town 
 was taken. The siege, however, lasted 
 three years, and her linen was so stained 
 that it gave name to the colour referred 
 to (1601-1604). 
 
 The same story is related of Isabella of 
 Castile at the siege of Grena'da (1483). 
 
 The horse that Brightsun was mounted on was as black 
 as jet, that of Felix was grey, Chery's w'as as white ai 
 milk, and that of the princess Fairstar an Isabella. — 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, fairy Tales ("Princess Fairstar," 
 1682). 
 
 Isabella, daughter of the king of Ga- 
 licia, in love with Zerbi'no, but Zerbino 
 could not marry her because she was a 
 pagan. Her lament at the death of Zer- 
 bino is one of the best parts of the whole 
 poem (bk. xii.). Isabella retires to a 
 chapel to bury her lover, and is there 
 slain by Rodcmont. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (1516). 
 
 Isabella, sister of Claudio, insulted by 
 the base passion of An'gelo deputy of 
 Vienna in the absence of duke Vin**ntio. 
 
ISABELLA. 
 
 479 
 
 ISABINDA. 
 
 Isabella is delivered by the duke himself, 
 and the deputy is made to marry Mariana, 
 to whom he was already betrothed. — 
 Shakespeare, Measure for Measure 
 (1603). 
 
 Isabella, wife of Hieronimo, in The 
 Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd (1588). 
 
 Isabella, mother of Ludov'ico Sforza 
 duke of Milan. — Massinger, The Duke of 
 Milan (1622). 
 
 Isabella, a nun who marries Biron 
 eldest son of count BaldAvin, who disin- 
 herits him for this marriage. Biron 
 enters the army, and is sent to the 
 siege of Candy, Avhere he falls, and (it is 
 supposed) dies. For seven years Isabella 
 mourns her loss, and is then reduced 
 to the utmost want. In her distress she 
 begs assistance of her father-in-law, but 
 he drives her from the house as a dog. 
 Villeroy (2 syl.) offers her marriage, and 
 she accepts him ; but the day after her 
 espousals Biron returns. Carlos, hearing 
 of his brother's return, employs ruffians 
 to murder him, and then charges Villeroy 
 with the crime ; but one of the ruffians 
 impeaches, and Carlos is apprehended. 
 Isabella goes mad, and murders herself 
 in her distraction. — Thomas Southern, 
 The Fatal Marriage (1692). 
 
 The part of "Isabella" affords scope for a tragic actress 
 scarcely infprior in pathos to " Belvidera." — R. Chambers, 
 English Literature, i. 588. 
 
 (Mrs. E. Barry, says T. Campbell, was 
 unrivalled in this part, 1682-1733.) 
 
 *** Wm. Hamilton painted Mrs. 
 Siddons as "Isabella," and the picture 
 belongs to the nation. 
 
 Isabella, the coadjutor of Zanga in his 
 scheme of revenge against don Alonzo. — 
 Young, The Revenge (1721). 
 
 Isabella, princess of Sicily, in love 
 with Roberto il Diavolo, but promised in 
 marriage to the prince of Grana'da, who 
 challenges Roberto to mortal combat, 
 from which he is allured by Bertram his 
 fterd-father. Alice tells him that Isabella 
 is waiting for him at the altar, when a 
 struggle ensues between Bertram and 
 Alice, one trying to drag him into hell, 
 and the other trying to reclaim him to 
 the ways of virtue. Alice at length pre- 
 vails, but we are not told whether Roberto 
 marries the princess. — Meyerbeer, Jiobcrto 
 il Diavolo (1831). 
 
 Isabella {Donna), daughter of don Pedro 
 a Portuguese nobleman, who designed to 
 marry her to don Guzman, a geutle- 
 ma' 1 of large fortune. To avoid this 
 
 hateful marriage, she jumps from a 
 window, with a view of escaping from 
 the house, and is caught by a colonel 
 Briton, an English officer, who conducts 
 her to the house of her friend donna 
 Yiolante. Here the colonel calls upon 
 her, and don Felix, supposing Yiolante 
 to be the object of his visits, becomea 
 furiously jealous. After a considerable 
 embroglio, the mystery is cleared up, and 
 a double marriage takes place. — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, The Wonder (1714). 
 
 Middle-sized, a lovely brown, a fine pouting lip, eyes 
 that roll and languish, and seem to speak the exquisite 
 pleasure she could give. — Act v. 1. 
 
 Isabella {The countess), wife of Roberto. 
 After a long series of crimes of infidelity 
 to her husband, and of murder, she is 
 brought to execution. — John Marston, 
 The Wonder of Women or Sophonisba 
 (1605). 
 
 Isabella {The lady), a beautiful } r oung 
 girl, who accompanied her father on a 
 cha.se. Her step-mother requested her 
 to return, and tell the cook to prepare the 
 milk-white doe for dinner. Lady Isabella 
 did as she was told, and the cook replied, 
 " Thou art the doe that I must dress." 
 The scullion-boy exclaimed, "Oh save the 
 lady's life, and make thy pies of me ! "' 
 But the cook heeded him not. "When the 
 lord returned and asked for his daughter, 
 the scullion-boy made answer, "If my 
 lord would see his daughter, let him cut 
 the pasty before him." The father, 
 horrified at the whole affair, adjudged 
 the step-mother to be burnt alive, and 
 the cook to stand in boiling lead, but the 
 scullion-boy he made his heir. — Percy, 
 Beliques, iii. 2. 
 
 Isabelle, sister of Le'onor, an orphan ; 
 brought up by Sganarelle according to 
 his own notions of training a girl to make 
 him a good wife. She was to dress in 
 serge, to keep to the house, to occupy 
 herself in domestic affairs, to sew, knit, 
 and look after the linen, to hear no 
 flattery, attend no places of public 
 amusement, never to be left to her own 
 devices, but to run in harness like a 
 mill-horse. The result was that she 
 duped Sganarelle and married Yalere. 
 (See Leoxor.) — Moliere, L'eoole des 
 Maris (1661). 
 
 Isabinda, daughter of sir Jealous 
 Traffick a merchant. Her father is re- 
 solved she shall marry don Diego Bar- 
 binetto, but she is in love with Charles 
 Gripe ; and Charles, in the dress of fi 
 Spaniard, passing himself off as the 
 
ISENBRAS. 
 
 480 
 
 ISLE OF LANTERNS. 
 
 Spanish don, marries her. — Mrs. Cent- 
 livre, The Busy Body (1709). 
 
 Isenbras (Sir), a hero of mediaeval 
 romance. Sir Isenbras was at first proud 
 and presumptuous, but adversity made 
 him humble and penitent. In this stage 
 he carried two children of a poor wood- 
 cutter across a ford on his horse. 
 
 *** Millais has taken sir Isenbras carry- 
 ing the children across the ferry, as the 
 subject of one of his pictures. 
 
 I warne you first at the begynninge 
 
 That I will make no vain carpinge [prate] . . . 
 
 Of Octoriane atid lsembrase. 
 
 William of Xassington. 
 
 I'sengrin (Sir) or Sir Isengrim, 
 the wolf, afterwards created earl of 
 Pitwood, in the beast-epic of Reynard the 
 Fox. Sir Isengrin typifies the barons, 
 and Reynard the Church. The gist of 
 the tale is to show how Reynard over- 
 reaches his uncle Wolf (1498). 
 
 Ishah, the name of Eve before the 
 Fall; so called because she was taken out 
 of ish, i.e. "man" (Gen. ii. 23); but 
 after the expulsion from paradise Adam 
 called his wife Eve or Havah, i.e. "the 
 mother of all living" (Gen. iii. 20). 
 
 Ishban, meant for sir Robert Clayton. 
 There is no such name in the Bible as 
 Ishban; but Tate speaks of "extorting 
 Ishban" pursued by "bankrupt heirs." 
 He says he had occupied himself long in 
 cheating, but then undertook to "reform 
 the state." 
 
 Ishban of conscience suited to his trade, 
 
 As good a saint as usurer e'er made ... 
 
 Could David . . . scandalize our peerage with his name . . . 
 
 He'd e'en turn loval to be made a peer. 
 
 Tate, Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682). 
 
 Ish. r bosheth, in Dryden's satire of 
 Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for 
 Richard Cromwell, whose father Oliver 
 is called " Saul." As Ishbosheth was 
 the only surviving son of Saul, so Richard 
 was the only surviving son of Cromwell. 
 As Ishbosheth was accepted king on the 
 death of his father by all except the tribe 
 of Judah, so Richard was acknowledged 
 "protector" by all except the royalists. 
 As Ishbosheth reigned only a few months, 
 so Richard, after a few months, retired 
 into private life. 
 
 They who, when Saul was dead, without a blow 
 Made foolish Ishbosheth the crown forego. 
 
 Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (16S1). 
 
 Ieh'monie (3 syl.), the petrified city 
 in Upper Egypt, full of inhabitants all 
 turned to stone. — Perry, View of the Le- 
 vant. 
 
 %* Captain Marryatt has borrowed 
 this idea in his Pacha of Many Tales. 
 
 I'sidore (3 syl.), a Greek slave, the 
 concubine of don Pedre a Sicilian noble- 
 man. This slave is beloved by Adraste 
 (2 syl.) a French gentleman, who plots to 
 allure her away. He first gets introduced 
 as a portrait-painter, and reveals his love. 
 Isidore listens with pleasure, and promises 
 to elope with him. He then sends his 
 slave Za'ide to complain to don Pedre of 
 ill-treatment, and to crave protection. 
 Don Pedre promises to stand her friend, 
 and at this moment Adraste appears and 
 demands that she be given up to the 
 punishment she deserves. Pedre inter- 
 cedes ; Adraste seems to relent ; and the 
 Sicilian calls to the young slave to 
 appear. Instead of Za'ide, Isidore comes 
 forth in Zai'de's veil. " There," says 
 Pedre, " I have arranged everything. 
 Take her, and use her well." " I will 
 do so," says the Frenchman, and lead3 
 off the Greek slave. — Moliere, Le Sicilien 
 ou V Amour Feindre (1G67). 
 
 Isis, the moon. The sun is Osi'ris. — • 
 Egyptian Mythology. 
 
 They [the priests] wore rich mitres shaped like the moon, 
 To show that Isis doth the moon portend, 
 Like as Osiris signifies the sun. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 7 (1596). 
 
 Iskander "Beg= Alexander the Great, 
 George Castriot (1414-14G7). (See Skan- 
 
 DERBEG.) 
 
 Iskander with the Two Horns, 
 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 This Friday is the 18th day of the moon of Safar. in the 
 year t>5:J | i.e. of the heg'ira, or A.D. 1255 1 since the retreat 
 of the great prophet from Mecca to Medi'na; and in the 
 year 7320 of the epoch of the great Iskander with the two 
 horns.— A rabian NiylUs ("The Tailor's Story "). 
 
 Island of the Seven Cities, a 
 kind of Dixie's land, where seven bishops, 
 who quitted Spain during the dominion of 
 the Moors, founded seven cities. The 
 legend says that many have visited the 
 island, but no one has ever quitted it. 
 
 Islands of the Blest, called by the 
 Greeks " Happy Islands," and by the 
 Latins " Fortunate Islands ; " imaginary 
 islands somewhere in the West, where the 
 favourites of the gods are conveyed at 
 death, and dwell in everlasting joy. 
 
 Their place of birth alone is mute 
 To sounds that echo further west 
 Than your sire's Islands of the Blest. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Isle of Lanterns, an imaginary 
 country, inhabited by pretenders to know- 
 ledge, called " Lanternois." — Rabeiais, 
 Fantag'rucl, v. 32, 33 (lo45). 
 
ISLE OF MIST. 
 
 481 
 
 ISOND. 
 
 %* Lucian has a similar conceit, called 
 The City of Lanterns ; and dean Swift, in 
 his Gulliver's Travels, makes his hero visit 
 Laputa, which is an empire of quacks, 
 false projectors, and pretenders to science. 
 
 Isle of Mist, the Isle of Sky, whose 
 high hills are almost always shrouded in 
 mist. 
 
 Nor sleep thy hand by thy side, chief of the Isle of Mist. 
 — Ossian, tXiigal, i. 
 
 Islington (The marquis of), one of 
 the companions of Billy Barlow the noted 
 archer. Henry VIII. jocosely created 
 Barlow " duke of Shoreditch," and his 
 two companions " earl of Pancras " and 
 M marquis of Islington." 
 
 Ismael "the Infidel," one of the 
 Immortal Guard. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Isme'ne and Isme'nias, a love 
 story in Greek by Eustathius, in the twelfth 
 century. It is puerile in its delineation 
 of character, and full of plagiarisms ; but 
 many of its details have been copied 
 by D'lJrfe, Montenwyor, and others. 
 Ismcne is the " dear and near and true " 
 lady of Isme'nias. 
 
 *** Through the translation by God- 
 frey of Viterbo, the tale of Ismcne and 
 Ismcnias forms the basis of Gower's 
 Confessio Amantis, and Shakespeare's 
 Pericles Prince of Tyre. 
 
 Isme'no, a magician, once a Christian, 
 but afterwards a renegade to Islam. He 
 was killed by a stone burled from an 
 engine. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xviii. 
 (1575). 
 
 Isoc'rates {The French), Esprit 
 Flechier, bishop of Nismes (1632-1710). 
 
 Isoline (3 syl.), the high-minded and 
 heroic daughter of the French governor of 
 Messi'na, and bride of Fernando (son of 
 John of Procida). Isoline was true to 
 her husband, and true to her father, who 
 had opposite interests in Sicily. Both 
 fell victims to the butchery called the 
 " Sicilian A r espers " (March 30, 1282), and 
 Isoline died of a broken heart. — S. 
 Knowles, John of Procida (1840). 
 
 Isolt. There are two ladies connected 
 with Arthurian romance of this name : 
 one, Isolt " the Fair," daughter of Anguish 
 king of Ireland ; and the other Isolt " of 
 the White Hands," daughter of Howell 
 king of Brittany. Isolt tlte Fair was the 
 wife of sir Mark king of Cornwall, but 
 Isolt of the White Hands was the wife of 
 sir Tr strain. Sir Tristram loved Isolt 
 21 
 
 tke Fair ; and Isolt hated sir Mark, her 
 husband, with the same measure that she 
 loved sir Tristram, her nephew-in-law. 
 Tennyson's tale of the death of sir Tris- 
 tram is so at variance with the romar*ce, 
 that it must be given separately. He 
 says that sir Tristram was one day 
 dallying with Isolt the Fair, and put a 
 ruby carcanet round her neck. Then, 
 as he kissed her throat : 
 
 Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched. 
 Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek — 
 " Mark's way ! " said Mark, and clove him thro' the braiu. 
 Tennyson, The Last Tournament. (See ISO>'D.) 
 
 Isond, called La BealeLsond, i.e. La 
 Belle Isond, daughter of Anguish king of 
 Ireland. When sir Tristram vanquished 
 sir Marhaus, he went to Ireland to be 
 cured of his wounds. La Beale Isond 
 was his leech, and fell in love with him ; 
 but she married sir Mark the dastard 
 king of Cornwall. This marriage was 
 very unhappy, for Isond hated Mark as 
 much as she loved sir Tristram, with 
 whom she eloped and lived in Joyous 
 Guard Castle, but was in time restored to 
 her husband, and Tristram married Isond 
 the Fair-handed. In the process of time, 
 Tristram, being severely wounded, sent for 
 La Beale Isond, who alone could cure him, 
 and if the lady consented to come the 
 vessel was to hoist a w r hite flag. The 
 ship hove in sight, and Tristram's wife, out 
 of jealousy, told him it carried a black flag 
 at the mast-head. On hearing this, sir 
 Tristram fell back on his bed, and died. 
 When La Beale Isond landed, and heard 
 that sir Tristram was dead, she flung 
 herself on the body, and died also. The 
 two were buried in one grave, on which 
 a rose and vine were planted, which grew 
 up and so intermingled their branches 
 that no man could separate them. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ix. 
 (1470). 
 
 %* Sir Palimcdes the Saracen (i.e. 
 unbaptized) also loved La Beale Isond, 
 but met with no encouragement. Sir 
 Kay Hedius died for love of her. — History 
 of Prince Arthur, ii. 172. 
 
 Isond le Blanch Mains, daughter of 
 Howell king of Britain (i.e. Brittany). 
 Sir Tristram fell in love with her for her 
 name's sake ; but, though he married her, 
 his love for La Beale Isond, wife of his 
 uncle Mark, grew stronger and stronger. 
 When sir Tristram was dying and sent 
 for his uncle's w ife, it was Isond le Blanch 
 Mains who told him the ship was in sight, 
 but carried a black flag at tbe mast-head, 
 on hearing which sir Tristram bowed h>s 
 2 I 
 
ISRAEL. 
 
 482 
 
 ITHURIEL. 
 
 head and died.— Sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, ii. 35, etc. (1470). 
 
 Is'rael, in Dryden's Absalom and 
 Achitophel, means England. As David 
 was king of Israel, so Charles II. was 
 king of England. Of his son, the duke 
 of Monmouth, the poet says : 
 
 Early in foreign fields he won renown 
 
 With kings and states allied to Israel's crown. 
 
 Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (16S1). 
 
 Israelites (3 syl.), Jewish money- 
 lenders. 
 
 ... all the Israelites are Jit to mob its 
 Next owner, for their . . . post-obits. 
 
 Byron, Bon Juan, i. 125 (1819). 
 
 Is'rafil, the angel who will sound 
 the " Resurrection blast." Then Gabriel 
 and Michael will call together the " dry 
 bones" to judgment. "When Israfil puts 
 the trumpet to his mouth, the souls of the 
 dead will be cast into the trumpet, and 
 when he blows, out will they fly like bees, 
 and fill the whole space between earth and 
 heaven. Then will they enter their 
 respective bodies, Mahomet leading the 
 way. — Sale, Koran (Preliminary dis- 
 course, iv.). 
 
 *** Israfil, the angel of melody in 
 paradise. It is said that his ravishing 
 songs, accompanied by the daughters of 
 paradise and the clanging of bells, will 
 give delight to the faithful. 
 
 Is'sachar, in Dryden's Absalom and 
 Achitophel, is meant for Thomas Thynne 
 of Longleate Hall, a friend to the duke of 
 Monmouth. There seems to be a very 
 slight analogy between Thomas Thynne 
 and Issachar son of Jacob. If the tribe 
 (compared to an ass overburdened) is 
 alluded to, the poet could hardly have 
 oalled the rich commoner " wise Issachar." 
 
 Mr. Thynne and count Koningsmark 
 both wished to marry the widow of Henry 
 Cavendish earl of Ogle. Her friends 
 contracted her to the rich commoner, but 
 before the marriage was consummated, he 
 ■was murdered. Three months afterwards, 
 the widow married the duke of Somerset. 
 
 Hospitable treats did most commend 
 Wise Issachar, his wealthy western friend. 
 
 Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 
 
 lssland, the kingdom of Brunhild. — 
 Tlie Nibelungen Lied. 
 
 Istakhar, in Fars (Persia), upon a 
 rock. (The word means "the throne of 
 Jemshid.") It is also called " Chil'- 
 Minar'," or the forty pillars. The Greeks 
 called it Persep'olis. Istakhar was the 
 cemetery of the Persian kings, and a 
 royal treasury. 
 
 She was fired with impatience to behold the superb 
 tombs ef Istakhar, and the palace of forty columns.— W. 
 Beckford, Vathek (1786). 
 
 Isumbras (Sir) or Ysumbras. (S»e 
 
 ISKNBKAS.) 
 
 Itadaeli (Colman), surnamed "The 
 Thirsty." In consequence of his rigid 
 observance of the rule of St. Patrick, he 
 refused to drink one single drop of water ; 
 but his thirst in the harvest-time was so 
 great that it caused his death. 
 
 Item, a money-broker. He was a 
 thorough villain, who could " bully, 
 cajole, curse, fawn, flatter, and filch." 
 Mr. Item always advised his clients not 
 to sign away their money, but at the 
 same time stated to them the imperative 
 i necessity of so doing. " I would advise 
 you strongly not to put your hand to that 
 paper, though Heaven knows how else 
 you can satisfy these duns and escape 
 imprisonment." — Holcroft, The Deserted 
 Daughter (altered into The Steward). 
 
 Ith'acan Suitors. During the 
 absence of Ulysses king of Ithaca in 
 the Trojan war, his wife Pencl'ope was 
 pestered by numerous suitors, who as- 
 sumed that Ulysses, from his long absence, 
 must be dead. Penelope put them oil 
 by saying she would finish a certain 
 robe which she was making for Laertes, 
 her father-in-law, before she gave her 
 final answer to any of them ; but at 
 night she undid all the work she had 
 woven during the day. At length, 
 Ulysses returned, and reiieved her of her 
 perplexity. 
 
 All the ladies, each at each, 
 Like the Ithaceusian suitors in old time, 
 Stared with great eyes and laughed with alien lipa. 
 Tennyson, The Princei), ir. 
 
 Ith'ocles (3 syl.), in love with 
 Calantha princess of Sparta. Ithocles 
 induces his sister Penthea to break the 
 matter to the princess, and in time she 
 not only becomes reconciled to his love 
 but also requites it, and her father con- 
 sents to the marriage. During a court 
 festival, Calantha is informed by a mes- 
 senger that her father has suddenly died, 
 by a second that Penthea has starved 
 herself to death, and by a third that 
 Ithocles has been murdered. The mur- 
 derer was Or'gilus, who killed him out of 
 revenge. — John Ford, The Broken Hca)t 
 (1G33). 
 
 Itliu'riel (4 syl.), a cherub sent by 
 Gabriel to find out Satan. He finds him 
 squatting like a toad beside Eve as she 
 lay asleep, and brings him before Gabriel. 
 
ITHURIEL. 
 
 48.: 
 
 IVY LANE. 
 
 (The word means " God's discovery.") — 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 788 (1G05). 
 
 IthurieVs Spear, the spear of the angel 
 Ithuriel, whose slightest touch exposed 
 deceit. Hence, when Satan squatted like 
 a toad " close to the ear of Eve," 
 Ithuriel only touched the creature with 
 his spear, and it resumed the form of 
 Satan. 
 
 ... for no falsehood can endure 
 Touch of celestial temper, but returns 
 Of force to its own likeness. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. (1665). 
 
 Ithu'riel, the guardian angel of Judas 
 Iscariot. After Satan entered into the 
 heart of the traitor, Ithuriel was given to 
 Simon Peter as his second angel. — Klop- 
 stock, The Messiah, iii. and iv. (1748, 
 1771). 
 
 Ivan the Terrible, Ivan IV. of 
 Russia, a man of great energy, but in- 
 famous for his cruelties. It was he who 
 first adopted the title of czar (1529, 
 1533-1584). 
 
 IVanhoe (3 syl.), a novel by sir W. 
 Scott (1820). The most brilliant and 
 splendid of romances in any language. 
 Rebecca, the Jewess, Avas Scott's favourite 
 character. The scene is laid in England 
 in the reign of Richard I., and we are 
 introduced to Robin Hood in Sherwood 
 Forest, banquets in Saxon halls, tourna- 
 ments, and all the pomp of ancient 
 chivalry. Rowena, the heroine, is quite 
 thrown into the shade by the gentle, 
 meek, yet high-souled Rebecca. 
 
 Ivanhoe (Sir Wilfred knight of), the 
 favourite of Richard I., and the disin- 
 herited son of Cedric of Rotherwood. 
 Disguised as a palmer, he goes to Rother- 
 wood, and meets there Rowe'nahis father's 
 ward, with whom he falls in love ; but 
 we hear little more of him except as the 
 friend of Rebecca and her father Isaac of 
 York, to both of whom he shows repeated 
 acts of kindness, and completely wins 
 the affections of the beautiful Jewess. 
 In the grand tournament, Ivanhoe 
 [T .van. ho] appears as the "Desdichado " 
 or the " Disinherited Knight," and over- 
 throws all comers. King Richard pleads 
 for him to Cedric, reconciles the father to 
 his son, and the young knight marries 
 Rowena. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Ivan'ovitch. (son of Ivan or John), 
 the popular name of a Russian. Similar 
 in construction to our "John-son," the 
 Danish "Jan-sen," and the Scotch " Mac- 
 Ina." 
 
 *** The popular name of the English 
 as a people is John Bull ; of the Germans, 
 Cousin Michael ; of the French, Jean 
 Crapaud ; of the Chinese, John China- 
 man ; of the Americans, Brother Jon- 
 athan ; of the Welsh, Taffy ; of the Scotch, 
 Sandy; of the Swiss, Colin Tampon; of 
 the Russians, Ivanovitch, etc. 
 
 Iverach (Allan), or steward of Invera- 
 schalloch with Gallraith, at the Clachan 
 of Aberfoyle.— Sir W. Scott, Mob Boy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Ives (St.), originally called Slepe. 
 Its name was changed in honour of St. 
 lve, a Persian missionary. 
 
 From Persia, led by zeal, St. Ive this island sought. 
 And near our eastern fens a fit place finding, taught 
 The faith ; which place from him alone the name derives, 
 And of that sainted man has since been railed St- Ives. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Ivory Gate of Dreams. Dreams 
 which delude pass through the ivory gate, 
 but those which come true through the 
 horn gate. This whim depends upon two 
 puns : Ivory, in Greek, is elephas, and the 
 verb elephairo means "to cheat;" horn, 
 in Greek, is keras, and the verb karanoo 
 means "to accomplish." 
 
 Sunt geminse somni ponae, quarum altera fertur 
 Cornea, qua verts facilis datur exitus umbris ; 
 Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto, 
 Sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes. 
 
 Virgil, .Eneid, vi. 893-6. 
 
 From gate of horn or ivory, dreams are sent ; 
 
 These to deceive, and those for warning meant. 
 
 Ivory Shoulder. Demeter ate the 
 shoulder of Pelops, served up by Tan'- 
 talos ; so when the gods restored the 
 body to life, Demeter supplied the lack- 
 ing shoulder by one made of ivory. 
 
 Pythag'oras had a golden thigh, which 
 he showed to Ab'aris the Hyperbor^au 
 priest. 
 
 Not Pelops' shoulder whiter than her hands. 
 Nor snowy swans that jet on Isca's sands. 
 Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 3 (1513). 
 
 Ivory Tube of prince Ali s a 
 
 sort of telescope, which showed the per- 
 son who looked through it whatever he 
 wished most to see. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Ahmed and Pari-Banou"). 
 
 Ivry, in France, famous for the battle 
 won by Henry of Navarre over the 
 League (1590). 
 
 Hurrah 1 hurrah 1 a single field 
 Hath turned the chance of war. 
 
 Hurrah ! hurrah ! for Ivry, 
 And Henry of Navarre. 
 
 Lord Macaulay, Lays (" Ivry." 1842). 
 
 Ivy Lane, London ; so called from 
 the houses of the prebendaries of St. 
 Paul, overgrown with ivy, which once 
 stood there. 
 
IWEIN. 
 
 481 
 
 JACK AMEND-ALL. 
 
 I'wein, a knight of the Round Table. 
 He slays the possessor of an enchanted 
 fountain, and marries the widow, whose 
 name is Laudine. Gaw'ein or Gawain 
 urges him to new exploits, so he quits 
 his wife for a year in quest of adventures, 
 and as he does net return at the stated 
 time, Laudine loses all love for him. On 
 his return, he goes mad, and wanders in 
 the woods, where he is cured by three 
 sorcerers. He now helps a lion fighting 
 against a dragon, and the lion becomes his 
 faithful companion. He goes to the 
 enchanted fountain, and there finds 
 Lunet' prisoner. "While struggling with 
 the enchanted fountain, Lunet aids him 
 with her ring, and he in turn saves her 
 life. By the help of his lion, Iwein kills 
 several giants, delivers three hundred 
 virgins, and, on his return to king 
 Arthur's court, marries Lunet. — Hartmann 
 von der Aue (thirteenth century). 
 
 Ixi'on, king of the Lap'ithre, at- 
 tempted to win the love of Here {Juno) ; 
 but Zeus substituted a cloud for the 
 goddess, and a centaur was born. 
 
 %* K. Browning calls the name in- 
 correctly Ix'ion, as : 
 
 Joys prove cloudlets ; 
 Men are the merest Ixlons. 
 Robert Browning, Dramatic Lyrics ("The Glove"). 
 
 J. (in Punch), the signature of Douglas 
 Jerrold, who first contributed to No. 9 of 
 the serial (1803-1858). 
 
 Jaafer, who carried the sacred banner 
 of the prophet at tb<* battle of Muta. 
 "When one hanu was lopped off, he 
 clutched the banner with the other ; this 
 hand being also lost, he held it with his 
 two stumps. When, at length, his head 
 was cleft from his body, he contrived so 
 to fall as to detain the banner till it was 
 seized by Abdallah, and handed to Kha- 
 led. 
 
 Cyx^egekos, in the battle of Mara- 
 thon, seized one of the Persian ships with 
 his right hand. When this was lopped off, 
 be laid hold of it with his left ; and when 
 tlis was also cut oif, he seized it with 
 his teeth, and held on till he lost hL 
 head. 
 
 Admiral Benbow, in an engagement 
 with the French near St. Martha, in 1701, 
 was carried on deck on a wooden frame 
 after both his legs and thighs wera 
 shivered into splinters by chain-shot. 
 
 Almeyda, the Portuguese governor of 
 India, had himself propped against the 
 mainmast after both his legs were shot 
 off. 
 
 Jabos {Jock), postilion at the Golden 
 Arms inn, Kippletringan. of which Mrs. 
 M'Candlish was landlady.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Manneriny (time, George II.). 
 
 Ja'chin, the parish clerk, who pur- 
 loined the sacramental money, and died 
 disgraced. — Crabbe, Borough (1810). 
 
 Jacinta, a first-rate cook, "who de- 
 served to be housekeeper to the patriarch 
 of the Indies," but was only cook to the 
 licentiate Sedillo of Valladolid. — Ch. ii. 1. 
 
 The cook, who was no less dexterous than Dame 
 Jacinta, whs assisted by the coachman in dressing the 
 victuals.— Lepage, Oil Bias, hi. 10(1715). 
 
 Jacin'tha, the supposed wife of 
 Octa'vio, and formerly contracted to don 
 Henrique (2 syl.) an uxorious Spanish 
 nobleman. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Spanish Curate (1622). 
 
 Jacin'tha, the wealthy ward of Mr. 
 Strickland ; in love with Bellamy. Ja- 
 cintha is staid but resolute, and though 
 "she elopes down a ladder of ropes" in 
 boy's costume, has plenty of good sense 
 and female modesty. — Dr. Hoadly, The 
 Suspicious Husband (1747). 
 
 Jack {Colonel), the hero of Defoe's 
 novel entitled The History of the Must 
 Remarkable Life and Extraordinary Ad- 
 ventures of the truly Hon. Colonel Jacque, 
 vulgarly called Colonel Jack. The colonel 
 (born a gentleman and bred a pick- 
 pocket) goes to Virginia, and passes 
 through all the stages of colonial life, 
 from that of " slavie " to that of an 
 owner of slaves and plantations. 
 
 The transition from Uieir refined Oron'datfis and 
 Stati'ras to the society of captain [sic] Jack and Moll 
 Flanders ... is (to use a phrase of Sterne) like turning 
 from Alexander the Great to Alexander the coppersmitii. 
 — Encyc. Uric, Art. "Romance." 
 
 Jack Amend-all, a nickname given 
 to Jack Cade the rebel, who promised to 
 remedy all abuses (*-1450). As a speci- 
 men of his reforms, take the following 
 examples: — 
 
 I. your captain, am brave, and vow reformation. There 
 shall be in England seven half-penny leaves sold for a 
 penny ; the three-hooped pot shall have ten hoops; and I 
 will make it felony to drink snia'l beer. . . . When I am 
 king, there shall be no money ; all shall cat and drink on 
 niv score ; and I will apparel all in one livery.— Shake- 
 | speare, 2 Entry VI. act iv. sc. 3 (15M). 
 
JACK AND JILL. 
 
 485 
 
 JACK-WITH-A-LANTERN. 
 
 Jack and Jill, said to be the Saxon 
 and Norman stocks united. 
 
 Jack and Jill went up the hill. 
 
 To fetch a pail of water ; 
 Jack fell down and cracked his crown, 
 
 And Jill came tumbling alter. 
 
 Eumery Rfutme. 
 
 Or thus : 
 
 Twas not on Alpine ice or snow, 
 
 But homely English soil ; 
 " Excelsior I " their motto was ; 
 
 They spared nor time nor toil ; 
 They did not go for fame or wealth, 
 
 But went at duty's call ; 
 And tho' united in their aim, 
 
 Were severed in their falL 
 
 Jack and the Bean-Stalk. Jack 
 was a very poor lad, sent by his mother 
 to sell a cow, which he parted with to a 
 butcher for a few beans. His mother, in 
 her rage, threw the beans away ; but one 
 of them grew during the night as high 
 as the heavens. Jack climbed the stalk, 
 and, by the direction of a fairy, came to 
 a giant's castle, Avhere he begged food and 
 rest. This he did thrice, and in his three 
 visits stole the giant's red hen which laid 
 golden eggs, his money-bags, and his 
 harp. As he ran off with the last trea- 
 sure, the harp cried out, "Master! 
 master ! " which woke the giant, who 
 ran after Jack ; but the nimble lad cut 
 the bean-stalk with an axe, and the giant 
 was killed in his fall. 
 
 * + * This is said to be an allegory of 
 the Teutonic Al-fader: the "red hen" 
 representing the all-producing sun, the 
 "money-bags" the fertilizing rain, and 
 the " harp " the winds. 
 
 Jack-in-the- Green, one of the 
 
 May-day mummers. 
 
 *** Dr. Owen Pugh says that Jack-in- 
 the-Green represents Melvas king of 
 Somersetshire, disguised in green boughs 
 and lying in ambush for queen Guenever 
 the wife of king Arthur, as she was 
 returning from a hunting expedition. 
 
 Jack-o'-Lent, a kind of aunt Sally 
 set up during Lent to be pitched at; hence 
 a puppet, a sheepish booby, a boy-page, 
 a scarecrow. Mrs. Page says to Robin, 
 Falstaff's page : 
 
 You little Jack-a-Lent. have you been true to us? — 
 Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act. iii. sc 3 
 (1603). 
 
 Jack of Newbury, John Winch- 
 comb, the greatest clothier of the world 
 in *j.g reign of Henry VIII. He kept a 
 hundred looms in his own house at New- 
 burr, and equipped at his own expense 
 a hundred of his men to aid the king 
 against the Scotch in Flodden Field 
 
 Jack Robinson. This famous 
 comic song is by Hudson, tobacconist, 
 No. 98, Shoe Lane, London, in the early 
 part of the nineteenth century. The last 
 line is, "And he was off before you could 
 say 'Jack Robinson.' " The tune to which 
 the words are sung is the Sailors' Horn- 
 pipe. Halliwell quotes these two lines 
 from an " old play : " 
 
 A warke it ys as easie to be doone 
 As 'tys to saye, Jacke ! robys on. 
 
 Archaic Dictionary. 
 
 Jack Sprat, of nursery rhymes. 
 
 Jack Sprat could eat no fat, 
 His wife could eat no lean ; 
 
 And so betwixt 'em both. 
 They licked the platter clean. 
 
 Jack the Giant-Killer, a series of 
 nursery tales to show the mastery of skill 
 and wit over brute strength. Jack en- 
 counters various giants, but outwits them 
 all. The following Avould illustrate the 
 sort of combat : Suppose they came to a 
 thick iron door, the giant would belabour 
 it with his club hour after hour without 
 effect ; but Jack would apply a delicate 
 key, and the door would open at once. 
 This is not one of the stories, but will 
 serve to illustrate the sundry contests. 
 Jack was a "valiant Cornishman," and 
 his first exploit was to kill the giant 
 Cormoran, by digging a deep pit which 
 he filmed over with grass, etc. The giant 
 fell into the pit, and Jack knocked him 
 on the head with a hatchet. Jack after- 
 wards obtained a coat of invisibility, a 
 cap of knowledge, a resistless sword, and 
 shoes of swiftness ; and, thus armed, he 
 almost rid Wales of its giants. 
 
 Our Jack the Giant-killer is clearly the last modern 
 transmutation of the old British legend tcld by Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth, of Corineus the Trojan, the companion 
 of the Trojan Brutus when he first seitied in Britain. — 
 Masson. 
 
 Jack-with-a-Lantern. This me- 
 teoric phenomenon, when seen on the 
 ground or a little above it, is called by 
 sundry names, as Brenning-drake, Burn- 
 ing candle, Corpse candles, Dank Will, 
 Death-fires, Dick-a-Tuesday, Elf- tire, the 
 Fair maid of Ireland, Friar's lantern, 
 Gillion-a-burnt-tail, Gyl Burnt-tail, Ignis 
 fatuus, Jack-o'-lantern, Jack-with-a-lan- 
 tern, Kit-o'-the-canstick, Kitty-wi'-a- 
 wisp, Mad Crisp, Peg-a -lantern, Puck, 
 Robin Goodfellow, Shot stars, Spittle of 
 the stars, Star jelly, a Sylham lamp, a 
 Walking fire, Wandering tiros, Wandering 
 wild-tire, Will-Avith-a-wisp. 
 
 Those led astray by these " fool-fires " 
 are said to be Elf -led, Mab-led, or Puck- 
 led. 
 
JACK'S. 
 
 486 
 
 JAGGERS. 
 
 "When seen on the tips of the fingers, the 
 hair of the head, mast-tops, and so on, 
 the phenomenon is called Castor and 
 Pollux (if double), Cuerpo Santo 
 (Spanish), Corpusanse, Dipsas, St. Elmo 
 or Fires of St. Elmo (Spanish), St. 
 Ermyn, Feu d'Helene (French), Fire- 
 drakes, Fuole or Looke Fuole, Haggs, 
 Helen (if single), St. Hel'ena, St. Helme's 
 fires, Leda's twins, St. Peter and St. 
 Nicholas (Italian) or Fires of St. Peter 
 and St. Nicholas. 
 
 The superstitions connected with these 
 "fool-fires" are: That they are souls 
 broken out from purgatory, come to earth 
 to obtain prayers and masses for their de- 
 liverance ; that they are the mucus sneezed 
 from the nostrils of rheumatic planets ; 
 that they are ominous of death ; that 
 they indicate hid treasures. 
 
 Jack's, a noted coffee-house, where 
 London and country millers used to 
 assemble to examine their purchases 
 after the market was closed. It stood 
 in the rear of old 'Change, London. 
 
 Jacks (The Two Genial), Jack Munden 
 and Jack Dowton. Planche' says : " They 
 were never called anything else." The 
 former was Joseph Munden (1758-1832), 
 and the latter, William Dowton (1764- 
 1851). — Planche', Recollections, etc., i. 28. 
 
 Jacob the Scourge of Gram- 
 mar, Giles Jacob, master of Romsey, in 
 Souttamptonshire, brought up fox an 
 attorney. Author of a Law dictionary, 
 Lives and Characters of English Poets, 
 etc. (1686-1744). 
 
 Jacob's Ladder, a meteoric appear- 
 ance resembling broad beams of light 
 from heaven to earth. A somewhat 
 similar phenomenon may be seen when 
 the sun shines through the chink or hole 
 of a closed shutter. The allusion is, of 
 course, to the ladder which Jacob dreamt 
 about {Gen. xxviii. 12). 
 
 Jacob's Staff, a mathematical in- 
 strument for taking heights and distances. 
 
 Reach, then, a soaring quill, that I may write 
 As with a Jacob's Start' to take her height. 
 Cleveland, The llccatomb to Hit Mutren (1641). 
 
 Jac'omo, an irascible captain and a 
 woman-hater. Frank (the sister of Fre- 
 derick) is in love with him. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Captain (1613). 
 
 Jacques (1 syl.), one of the domestic 
 men-servants of the duke of Aranza. 
 The duke, in order to tame down the 
 overbearing spirit of his bride, pretends 
 to be a peasant, and deputes Jacques to 
 
 represent the duke for the nonce. 
 Juliana, the duke's bride, lays her 
 grievance before " duke " Jacques, but 
 of course receives no redress, although 
 she learns that if a Jacques is "duke," 
 the " peasant" Aranza is the better man. 
 —J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 
 
 Jacques (Pauvre), the absent sweet- 
 heart of a love-lorn maiden. Marie 
 Antoinette sent to SAvitzerland for a lass 
 to attend the dairy of her " Swiss village " 
 in miniature, which she arranged in the 
 Little Trianon (Paris). The lass was 
 heard sighing f or pauvre Jacques, and this 
 was made a capital sentimental amuse- 
 ment for the court idlers. The swain was 
 sent for, and the marriage consummated. 
 
 Pauvre Jacques, quand j'etais pros de loi 
 
 Je ne sentais pas ma misere ; 
 Mais a present que tu vis loin de moi 
 
 Je manque de tout sur la terre. 
 
 Marquise de Travanet, Pauvre Jacques. 
 
 Jacques. (See Jaques.) 
 
 Jac'ulin, daughter of Gerrard king 
 of the beggars, beloved by lord Hubert. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars 
 Push (1622). 
 
 Jaffier, a young man befriended by 
 Priuli, a proud Venetian senator. Jaffier 
 rescued the senator's daughter Belvidera 
 from shipwreck, and afterwards married 
 her clandestinely. The old man now 
 discarded both, and Pierre induced Jaffier 
 to join a junto for the murder of the 
 senators. Jaffier revealed the conspiracy 
 to his wife, and Belvidera, in order to 
 save her father, induced her husband to 
 disclose it to Priuli, under promise of free 
 pardon to the conspirators. The pardon, 
 however, was limited to Jaffier, and the 
 rest were ordered to torture and death. 
 Jaffier noAv sought out his friend Pierre, 
 and, as he was led to execution, stabbed 
 him to prevent his being broken on the 
 wheel, and then killed himself. Belvi- 
 dera went mad and died. — T. Otway, 
 Venice Preserved (1682). 
 
 T. Betterton (1635-1710), Robert Wilks 
 (1670-1732), Spranger Barry (1719-1777), 
 C. M. Young (1777-1856), and W. C. 
 Macready (1793-1873), are celebrated for 
 this character. 
 
 Jaga-naut, the seven-headed idol of 
 the Hindus, described by Southey in the 
 Curse of Kehama, xiv. (1809). 
 
 Jaggers, a lawyer of Little Britain, 
 London. He was a burly man, of an ex- 
 ceedingly dark complexion, with a larga 
 head and large hand. He had bushy black 
 eyebrows that stood up bristling, sharp 
 
JAIRUS'S DAUGHTER. 
 
 487 
 
 JAQUES. 
 
 suspicious eyes set very deep in his head, 
 and strong black dots where his beard 
 and whiskers would have been if he bad 
 let them. His hands smelt strongly of 
 scented soap, he wore a very large watch- 
 chain, was in the constant habit of biting 
 his fore-finger, and when he spoke to any 
 one, he threw his fore-finger at him 
 pointedly. A hard, logical man was Mr. 
 Jaggers, who required an answer to be 
 " yes " or " no," allowed no one to express 
 an opinion, but only to state facts in the 
 fewest possible words. Magwitch ap- 
 pointed him Pip's guardian, and he was . 
 Miss Havisham's man of business. — C. 
 Dickens, Great Expectations (18(30). 
 
 Jairus's Daughter, restored to 
 life by Jesus, is called by Klopstock Cidli. 
 — Klopstock, The Messiah, iv. (1771). 
 
 Jalut, the Arabic name for Goliath. — 
 Sale, Al Koran, xvii. 
 
 James {Prince), } r oungest son of king 
 Robert III. of Scotland, introduced by sir 
 W. Scott in The Fair Maid of Perth 
 (1828). 
 
 James I. of England, introduced by 
 sir W. Scott in T/ie Fortunes of Nigel 
 (1822). 
 
 Ja'mie (Don), younger brother of don 
 Henrique (2 syl.), by whom he is cruelly 
 treated. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Spanish Curate (1622). 
 
 Jamie Duffs. Weepers are so called, 
 from a noted Scotchman of the eighteenth 
 century, whose craze was to follow funerals 
 in deep mourning costume. — Kay, Ori- 
 ginal Portraits, i. 7 ; ii. 9, 17, 95. 
 
 Ja'mieson {Bet), nurse at Dr. Gray's, 
 surgeon at Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Jainshid, king of the genii, famous 
 for a golden cup filled with the elixir of 
 life. The cup was hidden by the genii, 
 but found when digging the foundations 
 of Persep'olis. 
 
 I know, too, where the genii hid 
 The jewelled cup of their king Jamshid, 
 With life's elixir sparkling high. 
 T. Moore, Lalla liookh (" Paradise and the Peri," 1817). 
 
 Jane Eyre, heroine of a novel so 
 called by Currer Bell. 
 
 Jan'et, the Scotch laundress of David 
 Jiamsay the watchmaker. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Jan'et of Tomahourich (Muhme), 
 runt of Kobin Oii; - M'Combich a Highland 
 
 drover.— Sir W. Scott, The Two Drovers 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Jannekin {Little), apprentice of 
 Henry Smith the armourer. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Jaimie Duff, with her little sister 
 and brother, were sent to gather broom, 
 and were lost in the bush (Australia). 
 The parents called in the aid of the 
 native blacks to find them, and on 
 the ninth day they were discovered. 
 "Father," cried the little boy, "why 
 didn't you come before ? We cooed quite 
 loud, but you never came." The sister 
 only said, "Cold ! " and sank in stupor. 
 Jannie had stripped herself to cover little 
 Frank, and had spread her frock over her 
 sister to keep her warm, and there all 
 three were found almost dead, lying 
 under a bush. 
 
 Janot [Zha.no'], a simpleton, one who 
 exercises silly ingenuity or says vapid 
 and silly things. 
 
 Without being a Janot. who has not sometimes in con- 
 versation committed a Janotism ? — Ourry, Train. 
 
 January and May. January is an 
 old Lombard baron, some 60 j r ears of age, 
 who marries a girl nam -A May. This 
 young wife loves Damyan, a young 
 squire. One da}', the old baron found 
 them in close embrace ; but May persuaded 
 her husband that his eyes were so dim he 
 had made a mistake, and the old baron, 
 too willing to believe, allowed himself to 
 give credit to the tale. — Chaucer, Canter- 
 burg Tales (" The Merchant's Tale," 1388). 
 
 *** Modernized by Ogle (1741). 
 
 Jaquemart, the automata of a clock, 
 consisting of a man and woman who 
 strike the hours on a bell. So called 
 from Jean Jaquemart of Dijon, a clock- 
 maker, who devised this piece of mechan- 
 ism. Menage erroneously derives the 
 word from jaccomarchiardus ("a coat of 
 mail "), "because watchmen watched the 
 clock of Dijon fitted with a jaquemart." 
 
 Jaquenetta, a country wench courted 
 by don Adriano de Armado. — Shake- 
 speare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Jaques (1 syl.), one of the lords at- 
 tendant on the banished duke in the 
 forest of Arden. A philosophic idler, 
 cynical, sullen, contemplative, and mo- 
 ralizing. He could "suck melancholy 
 out of a song, as a w easel sucks eggs." 
 Jaques resents Orlando's passion for 
 Rosalind, and quits the duke as soon as 
 
JAQUES. 
 
 488 
 
 JASPER PACKLEMERTON. 
 
 he is restored to his dukedom. — Shake- 
 speare, As You Like It (1598). 
 
 Sometimes Shakesper.re makes one 
 syllable, and sometimes two syllables of 
 the word. Sir W. Scott makes one syl- 
 lable of it, bat Charles Lamb two. Eor 
 example : 
 
 Whom h»morons Jaques with envy viewed (1 gyl.). 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Where Jaques fed his solitary Tein (2 syl.).— C. Lamb. 
 
 The "Jaques" of [Charles M. rott«<7, 1777-18561, is in- 
 deed most musical, most melancholy, attuned to the very 
 vood-walks among which he muses.— Sew Monthly 
 Magazine (1822). 
 
 Jaques (1 syl.), the miser in a comedy 
 by Ben Jonson, entitled The Case is 
 Altered (1574-1637). 
 
 Jaques (1 syl.), sen-ant to Sulpit'ia a 
 bawd. (See Jacques.) — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Custom of the Country 
 (1647). 
 
 Jarley {Mrs.), a kind-hearted woman, 
 mistress of a travelling wax-work ex- 
 hibition, containing "one hundred figures 
 the size of life;" tl.e "only stupendous 
 collection of real wax-work in the 
 world ; " " the delight of the nobility and 
 gentry, the royal family, and crowned 
 heads of Europe." Mrs. Jarley was kind 
 to little Nell, and employed her as a 
 decoy-duck to " Jarley's unrivalled col- 
 lection." 
 
 If I know'd a donkey wot wouldn't go 
 To see Mrs. Jarley's wax-work show ; 
 Do jou think I'd acknowledge him 1 Oh, no, no ! 
 Then run to Jarley. 
 C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, xxvii. (1840). 
 
 Jarnac {Coup de), a cut which severs 
 the ham-string. So called from a cut 
 given by Jarnac to La Chateigneraie in 
 a duel fought in the presence of Henri II., 
 in 1547. 
 
 Jarn'dyce ». Jarn'dyce (2 syl.), 
 a Chancery suit "never ending, still be- 
 ginning," which had dragged its slow 
 length along over so many years that it 
 had blighted the prospects and ruined 
 the health of all persons interested in its 
 settlement. — C. Dickens, Bleak House 
 (1853). 
 
 Jarn'dyce {Mr.), client in the great 
 Chancery suit of " Jarndyce v. Jarndyce," 
 and guardian of Esther Summerson. He 
 concealed the tenderest heart under a 
 flimsy churlishness of demeanour, and 
 could never endure to be thanked for 
 any of his numberless acts of kindness 
 and charity. If anything went wrong 
 with him, or his heart was moved to 
 uniting, he would say, "I am sure the 
 
 wind is in the east." — C. Dickens, +Bleak 
 House (1853). 
 
 Jarvie {Bailie Nicol), a magistrate 
 at Glasgow, and kinsman of Rob Roy. 
 He is petulant, conceited, purse-prond, 
 without tact, and intensely prejudiced, 
 but kind-hearted and sincere. Jarvie 
 marries his maid. The novel of Bob Boy 
 has been dramatized by J. Poeock, and 
 Charles Mackay was the first to appear 
 in the character of " Bailie Nicol Jarvie." 
 Talfourd says (1820) : " Other actors are 
 sophisticate, but Mackay is the thing 
 itself."— Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, 
 George I.). 
 
 The character of Bailie Nicol Jarvie is one of the 
 author's happiest conceptions, and the idea of carrying 
 him to the wild nigged mountains, among outlaws ami 
 desperadoes— at the same time that he retained a keen 
 relish of the comforts of the Saltmarket of Glasgow, and 
 a due sense of his dignity as a magistrate — complete the 
 ludicrous effect of the picture. — Chambers, English 
 Literature, ii. 587. 
 
 tTarvis, a faithful old servant, who 
 tries to save his master, Beverley, from 
 his fatal passion of gambling. — Edward 
 Moore, The Gamester (1753). 
 
 Jaspar was poor, heartless, and 
 wicked ; he lived by highway robbery, 
 and robbery led to murder. One day, he 
 induced a pooi neighbour to waylay his 
 landlord ; but the neighbour relented, 
 and said, "Though dark the night, there 
 is One above who sees in darkness." 
 " Never fear ! " said Jaspar ; "for no eye 
 above or below can pierce this darkness." 
 As he spoke, an unnatural light gleamed 
 on him, and he became a confirmed 
 maniac. — R. South ey, Jaspar (a ballad). 
 
 Jasper {Old), a ploughman at Glen- 
 dearg Tower. — Sir AV. Scott, The Mo- 
 nastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Jasper {Sir), father of Charlotte. He 
 wants her to marry a Mr. Dapper; but 
 she loves Leander, and, to avoid a mar- 
 riage she dislikes, pretends to be dumb. 
 A mock doctor is called in, who discovers 
 the facts of the case, and employs Leander 
 as his apothecary. Leander soon cures 
 the lady with "pills matrimoniac." In 
 Moliere's Le Me'decin Malgre' Lui (from 
 which this play is taken), sir Jasper is 
 called "Gcronte" (2 syl.). — H. Fielding, 
 The Mock Doctor. 
 
 Jasper Packlemerton, of atro- 
 cious memory, one of the chief figures ir. 
 Mrs. Jarleys wax-work exhibition. 
 
 " Jasper courted and married fourteen wives, and de- 
 Btroyed them all by tickling the soles t>f their feet when 
 they wpre a-leep. On being brought to the scaffold and 
 asked if he was sorry for what he had done, he ropUed h« 
 was only sorry for having let them off so easy. Let this.' 
 said Mrs. Jarley, " be a warning to all young ladiea to bo 
 
JAUP. 
 
 489 
 
 JEDBURGH JUSTICE. 
 
 particular in the character of the gentleman of their 
 dunce. Observe, his ringers are curled, as it in the act 
 of tickling, and there i< a wink in his eyes." — C. Dickens, 
 The Old Curiosity Shop, xxviii. (1840). 
 
 Jaup (Alison), an old woman at 
 Middleman village. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Surgeon's Davujhter (time, George I J.). 
 
 Jaup (Saunders), a farmer at Old St. 
 Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronaris Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Javan lost his father on the day of his 
 birth, and was brought up in the " patri- 
 arch's glen " by his mother, till she also 
 died. He then sojourned for ten years 
 with the race of Cain, and became the 
 disciple of Jubal the great musician. 
 He then returned to the glen, and fell in 
 love with Zillah ; but the glen being 
 invaded by giants, Zillah and Javan, 
 with many others, were taken captives. 
 Er.och reproved the giants; and, as he 
 ascended up to heaven, his mantle fell 
 on Javan, who released the captives, and 
 conducted them back to the glen. The 
 giants were panic-struck by a tempest, 
 and their king was killed by some un- 
 known hand. — James Montgomery, The 
 World before the Flood (1812). 
 
 Ja'van's Issue, the Ionians and 
 Greeks generally (Gen. x. 2). Milton 
 uses the expression in Paradise Lost, i. 
 608. 
 
 * # * In Isaiah lxvi. 19, and in Ezek. 
 xxvii. 13, the word is used for Greeks 
 collectively. 
 
 Javert, an officer of police, the im- 
 personation of inexorable law. — Victor 
 Hugo, Les Miserables. 
 
 Ja'zer, a city of Gad, personified by 
 Isaiah. "Moab shall howl for Moab, 
 every one shall howl. ... I will be- 
 wail, with the weeping of Jazer, the vine 
 of Sibmah ; I will water thee with my 
 tears, Ileshbon." — Isaiah xvi. 7-9. 
 
 It did not content the congregation to weep all of 
 them ; but they howled with a loud voice, weeping with 
 the weeping of Jazer. — Kirkton, 150. 
 
 Jealous Trafnck (Sir), a rich mer- 
 chant, who fancies everything Spanish is 
 better than English, and intends his 
 daughter Isabinda to marry don Diego 
 Barbinetto, who is expected to arrive 
 forthwith. Isabinda is in love with 
 Charles [Gripe], who dresses in a Spanish 
 costume, passes himself off as don Diego 
 Barbinetto, and is married to Isabinda. 
 Sir Jealous is irritable, headstrong, pre- 
 judiced, and wise in his own conceit. — 
 Mrs. Centlivre. The Busy Body (1709). 
 
 Jealous Wife (The), a comedy by 
 
 George Colman (1761). Harriot Russet 
 marries Mr. Oakly, and becomes "the 
 jealous wife ; " but is ultimately cured 
 by the interposition of major Oakly, her 
 brother-in-law. 
 
 %* This comedy is founded on Field- 
 ing's Tom Jones. 
 
 Jeames de la Pluche, a flunky. 
 Jeames means the same thing. — Thacke- 
 ray, Jeames's Diary (1849). 
 
 Jean des Vignes, a French expres- 
 sion for a drunken blockhead, a good- 
 for-nothing. The name Jean is often 
 used in France as synonymous with 
 clown or fool, and etre dans les vignes is 
 a popular euphuism meaning " to be 
 drunk." A more fanciful explanation of 
 the term refers its origin to the battle of 
 Poictiers, fought by king John among 
 the vines. Unmariage de. Jean des Vignes 
 means an illicit marriage, or, in the Eng- 
 lish equivalent, " a hedge marriage." 
 
 Jean Folle Farine, a merry An- 
 drew, a poor fool, a Tom ^Noodle. So 
 called because he comes on the stage like 
 a great loutish boy, dressed all in white, 
 with his face, hair, and hands thickly 
 covered with flour. Scaramouch is a 
 sort of Jean Folle Farine. 
 
 Ouida has a novel called Folle Farine, 
 but she uses the phrase in quite another 
 sense. 
 
 Jean Jacques. So J. J. Rousseau 
 is often called (1712-1778). 
 
 That is almost the only maxim of Jean Jacques to 
 which I can . . . subscribe. — Lord Lytton. 
 
 Jean Paul. J. P. Friedrich Richter 
 is generally so called (17G8-1825). 
 
 Jeanne of Alsace, a giil ruined by 
 Dubosc the highwayman. She gives him 
 up to justice, in order to do a good turn 
 to Julie Lesurques (2 syl.), who had be- 
 friended her. — E. Stirling, The Courier 
 of Lyons (1852). 
 
 Jedburgh, Jedda.rt, or Jedwood 
 Justice, hang first and try afterwards. 
 The custom rose from the summary "vvay 
 of dealing with border marauders. 
 
 %* Jeddart and Jedwood are merelv 
 corruptions of Jedburgh. 
 
 Cupar Justice is the same thing. 
 
 Abingdon Law, the same as " Jedburgh 
 Justice." In the Commonwealth, major- 
 general Brown, of Abingdon, first hanged 
 his prisoners and then tried them. 
 
 Lynch Law, mob law. So called from 
 James Lynch of Piedmont, in Virginia. 
 
JEDDLER. 
 
 490 
 
 JENKIN. 
 
 It is a summary way of dealing with ma- 
 rauders, etc. Called in Scotland, Burlaw 
 or Byrlaw. 
 
 Jeddler (Dr.), "a great philosopher." 
 The heart and mystery of his philosophy 
 was to look upon the world as a gigantic 
 practical joke ; something too absurd to 
 be considered seriously by any rational 
 man. A kind and generous man by nature 
 was Dr. Jeddler, and though he had taught 
 himself the art of turning good to dross 
 and sunshine into shade, he had not 
 taught himself to forget his warm bene- 
 volence and active love. He wore a 
 pigtail, and had a streaked face like 
 a winter pippin, with here and there a 
 dimple "to express the peckings of the 
 birds;" but the pippin was a tempting 
 apple, a rosy, healthy apple after all. 
 
 Grace and Marion Jeddler, daughters of 
 the doctor, beautiful, graceful, and affec- 
 tionate. Thev both fell in love with 
 Alfred Heath field ; but Alfred loved the 
 younger daughter. Marion, knowing 
 the love of Grace, left hur home clandes- 
 tinely one Christmas Day, and all sup- 
 posed she had eloped with Michael 
 "Warden. In due time, Alfred married 
 Grace, and then Marion made it known 
 to her sister that she had given up Alfred 
 out of love to her, and had been living 
 in concealment with her aunt Martha. 
 Report says she subsequently married 
 Michael Warden, and became the pride 
 and honour of his countrv mansion. — C. 
 Dickens, The Battle of Life (1846). 
 
 Jed'ida and Benjamin, two of 
 
 the children that Jesus took into His arms 
 and blessed. 
 
 "Well I remember," said Benjamin, "when we were 
 on eartii, with what loving fondness He folded us ill His 
 arms; how tenderly He pressed us to His heart. A tear 
 w;is oil His cheek, and I kissed it away. I see it still, and 
 shall ever see it." "And I, too," answered Jedida, "re- 
 member when His arms were clasped around me, how 
 He said to our mothers, ' Unless ye become as little 
 children, ye cannot enter the kingdom of hoaven."' — 
 Klopstock, The J/essiah, i. (1748). 
 
 Jehoi'achim, the servant of Joshua 
 Geddes the quaker. — Sir W. Scott, Bed- 
 gauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Je'hu, a coachman, one who drives at 
 a rattling pace. 
 
 The driving is like the driving of Jehu the son of 
 Niiiishi ; for he driveth furiously. — 2 Kings ix. £0. 
 
 Jehu ( Companions of). The ' ' Chouans " 
 were so called, from a fanciful analogy 
 between their self-imposed task and that 
 appointed to Jehu ou his being set over 
 the kingdom of Israel. As Jehu was to 
 cut off Ahab and Jezebel, with all their 
 huuae; so the Chouans were to cut off 
 
 Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette, and all the 
 Bourbons. 
 
 Jel'licot (Old Goody), servant at the 
 under-keepcr's hut, Woodstock Forest. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Common- 
 wealth). 
 
 Jel'lyby (Mrs.), a sham philan- 
 thropist, who spends her time, money, 
 and energy on foreign missions, to the 
 neglect of her family and home duties. 
 Untidy in dress, living in a perfect litter, 
 she has a habit of looking "a long way 
 off," as if she could see nothing nearer to 
 her than Africa. Mrs. Jellyby is quite 
 overwhelmed with business correspon- 
 dence relative to the affairs of Borrioboola 
 Gha. — C. Dickens, Bleak House, iv. 
 (1852). 
 
 Jemliklia, the favourite Greek slave 
 of Dakianos of Ephesus. Nature had 
 endowed him with every charm, "his 
 words were sweeter than the honey of 
 Arabia, and his wit sparkled like a dia- 
 mond." One day, Dakianos was greatly 
 annoyed by a fly, which persisted in tor- 
 menting the king, whereupon Jemlikha 
 said to himself, "If Dakianos cannot rule 
 a fly, how can he be the creator of heaven 
 and earth ?" This doubt he communicated 
 to his fellow-slaves, and they all resolved 
 to quit Ephesus, and seek some power 
 superior to that of the arrogator of divine 
 honours. — Comte Caylus, Oriental Tales 
 ("Dakianos and the Seven Sleepers," 
 1743). 
 
 Jemmie Duffs, weepers. (SeeJAMiK 
 Duffs.) 
 
 Jemmies, sheeps' heads, and also a 
 house-breaker's instrument. 
 
 Mr. Sikes made many pleasant witticisms on " jemmies," 
 a cant name for sheeps' heads, and also for an ingenious 
 implement much used in his profession. — C. Dickens, 
 Vliver TwUt (1837). 
 
 Jemmy. This name, found on en- 
 gravings of the eighteenth century, means 
 James Worsdale (died 1767). 
 
 Jemmy Twiteher, a cunning and 
 treacherous highwayman. — Gay, The Beg- 
 gar's Opera (1727)/ 
 
 * + * Lord Sandwich, member of the 
 Kit-Kat Club, was called "Jemmy 
 Twiteher " (1765). 
 
 Jenkin, the servant of George-a- 
 Green. He says a fellow ordered him to 
 hold his horse, and see that it took no 
 cold. " No, no," quoth Jenkin, " I'll lay 
 my cloak under him." He did so, but 
 "mark you," he adds, "I cut four holes in 
 my cloak rirst, and made his horse stand 
 
JENKIN. 
 
 491 
 
 JEPHTITAH'S DAUGHTER. 
 
 on the bare ground." — Robert Greene, 
 Georqe-a-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield 
 (1584). 
 
 Jenkin, one of the retainers of Julian 
 Avenel (2 syl.) of Avenel Castle.— Sir 
 W. Scott, the Monastery (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Jenkins (Mrs. Winifred), Miss 
 Tabitha Bramble's maid, noted for her 
 bad spelling, misapplication of words, 
 and ludicrous misnomers. Mrs. Winifred 
 Jenkins is the original of Mrs. Malaprop. 
 — Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry 
 Clinker (1771). 
 
 Jenkins, a vulgar lick-spittle of the 
 aristocracy, who retails their praises and 
 witticisms, records their movements and 
 deeds, give3 flaming accounts of their 
 dresses and parties, either viva voce or in 
 newspaper paragraphs : " Lord and lady 
 Dash attended divine service last Sunday, 
 and were very attentive to the sermon" 
 (wonderful !). " Lord and lady Dash took 
 a drive or walk last Monday in their 
 magnificent park of Snobdoodleham. 
 Lady Dash wore a mantle of rich silk, 
 a bonnet with ostrich feathers, and shoes 
 with rosettes." The name is said to 
 have been first given by Punch to. a 
 writer in the Morning Post. 
 
 Jenkinson {Ephraim), a green old 
 swindler, whom Dr. Primrose met in a 
 public tavern. Imposed on by his vener- 
 able appearance, apparent devoutness, 
 learned talk about "cosmogony," and 
 still more so by his flattery of the doctor's 
 ■work on the subject of monogamy, Dr. 
 Primrose sold the swindler his horse, 
 Old Blackberry, for a draft upon Farmer 
 Flamborough. When the draft was pre- 
 sented for payment, the farmer told the 
 vicar that Ephraim Jenkinson " was the 
 greatest rascal under heaven," and that 
 he was the very rogue who had sold 
 Moses Primrose the spectacles. Subse- 
 quently the vicar found him in the county 
 jail, where he showed the vicargreat kind- 
 ness, did him valuable service, became a 
 reformed character, and probably married 
 one of the daughters of Farmer Flam- 
 borough. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield 
 (1765). 
 
 For our own part, we must admit that we have never 
 been able to treat with due gravity any allusion to the 
 learned speculations af Man'etho, Bero'sius, or Sanchoni- 
 athon. from their indissoluble connection in our mind 
 with the finished cosmogony of Jenkinson. — Encyc. Brit., 
 Art. "Romance." 
 
 3 ennie, housekeeper to the old laird 
 of Dumbiedikes. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Jenny [Diver]. Captain Macheath 
 says, " What, my pretty Jenny ! as prim 
 and demure as ever? There's not a prude, 
 though ever so high bred, hath a more 
 sanctified look, with a more mischievous 
 heart." She pretends to love Macheath, 
 but craftily secures one of his pistols, that 
 his other " pals " may the more easily be- 
 tray him into the hands of the constables 
 (act ii. 1). — -J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera 
 (1727). 
 
 Jenny l'Ouvriere ? the type of a 
 hard-working Parisian' needlewoman. 
 She is contented with a few window- 
 flowers which she terms "her garden," a 
 caged bird which she calls ' ' her songster ; " 
 and when she gives the fragments of her 
 food to some one poorer than herself, she 
 calls it "her delight." 
 
 Entendez-vous un oiseau familier? 
 C'est le chanteur de Jenny l'Ouvriere. 
 
 Au coeur content, content de peu 
 Elle pourrait €tre riche, et prefere 
 
 Ce qui vieiit de Dieu. 
 
 Emilc Barateau (1S47). 
 
 Jeph'thah's Daughter. When 
 Jephthah went forth against the Am- 
 monites, he vowed that if he returned 
 victorious he would sacrifice, as a burnt 
 offering, whatever first met him on his 
 entrance into his native city. He gained 
 a splendid victory, and at the news 
 thereof his only daughter came forth 
 dancing to give him welcome. The 
 miserable father rent his clothes in agony, 
 but the noble-spirited maiden would not 
 hear of his violating the vow. She 
 demanded a short respite, to bewail upon 
 the mountains her blighted hope of be- 
 coming a mother, and then submitted to 
 her fate. — Judges xi. 
 
 An almost identical tale is told of 
 Idom'eneus king of Crete. On his return 
 from the Trojan war, he made a vow in a 
 tempest that, if he escaped, he would offer 
 to Neptune the first living creature that 
 presented itself to his eye on the Cretan 
 shore. His own son was there to welcome 
 him home, and Idomeneus offered him up 
 a sacrifice to the sea-god, according to his 
 vow. Fe'nelon has introduced this legend 
 in his Te'le'maque, v. 
 
 Agamemnon vowed to Diana, if he 
 m ight be blessed wi th a child , that he would 
 sacrifice to her the dearest of all his pos- 
 sessions. IphigenTa, his infant daughter, 
 was, of course, his "dearest possession ;' 
 but he refused to sacrifice her, and thus 
 incurred the wrath of the goddess, which 
 resulted in the detention of the Trojan 
 fleet at Aulis. Iphigenia being offered in 
 sacrifice, the offended deity was satisfied, 
 
jepsOn. 
 
 and interposed at the critical moment, by I 
 carrying the princess to Tauris and sub- 
 stituting a stag in her stead. 
 
 The latter part of this tale cannot fail 
 to call to mind the offering of Abraham. 
 As he was about to take the life of Isaac, 
 Jehovah interposed, and a ram was sub- 
 stituted for the human victim. — Gen. xxii. 
 
 [lie] not bent as Jephthah once, 
 Blindly to execute a rash resolve ; 
 Whom" better it had suited to exclaim, 
 " I have done ill I " than to redeem his pledge 
 By doing worse. Not unlike to him 
 In folly that great leader of the Greeks— 
 Whence, on the.altar Iphigenia mourned 
 Her virgin beauty. 
 
 Dant£, Paradise, v. (1311). 
 
 %* Iphigenia, in Greek l^iyeveia, is 
 accented incorrectly in this translation bv 
 Gary. 
 
 *** Jephthah's daughter has often been 
 dramatized. Thus we have in English 
 J aphtha his Daughter, by Plessie Morney ; 
 Jephtha (1546), by Christopherson ; 
 Jcphtha, by Buchanan ; and Jephthah (an 
 opera, 1752), by Handel. 
 
 Jepson (Old), a smuggler. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Itcdgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Jeremi'ah. [The British), Gildas, 
 author of De Exiclio Britannia:, a book of 
 lameutations over the destruction of 
 Britain. He is so called by Gibbon (516- 
 570). 
 
 Jer'emy (Master), head domestic of 
 lord Saville.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Jeremy Diddler, an adept at rais- 
 ing money on false pretences. — Kenney, 
 liaising the Wind. 
 
 Jericho, the manor of Blackmore, 
 near Chelmsford. Here Henry VII L had 
 one of his houses of pleasure, and when 
 he was absent on some affair of gallantry, 
 the expression in vogue Avas, " He's gone 
 to Jericho." 
 
 Jerningham (Master TJiomas), the 
 duke of Buckingham's gentleman. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Jerome (Don), father of don Fer- 
 dinand and Louisa ; pig-headed, pas- 
 sionate, and mercenary, but very fond of 
 his daughter. He insists on her marrying 
 Isaac Mendoza, a rich Portuguese Jew ; 
 buc Louisa, being in love with don An- 
 tonio, positively refuses to do so. She is 
 turned out of the house by mistake, and 
 her duenna is locked up, under the belief 
 tuat she is Louisa. Isaac, being intro- 
 duced to the duenna, elopes with her, sup- 
 
 492 JERUSALEM DELIVERED. 
 
 posing her to be don Jerome's daughter ; 
 and Louisa, taking refuge in a convent, 
 gets married to don Antonio. Ferdinauu, 
 at the same time, marries Clara the 
 daughter of don Guzman. The old man 
 is well content, and promises to be the 
 friend of his children, who, he acknow- 
 ledges, have cbosen better for themselves 
 than he had done for them. — Sheridan, 
 The Duenna (1775). 
 
 Jerome (Father), abbot at St. Bride's 
 Convent. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
 (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Jeron'imo, the principal character in 
 The Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd 
 (1597). On finding his application to the 
 king ill-timed, he says to himself, "Go 
 by ! Jeronimo ; " which so tickled the 
 fancy of the audience that it became a 
 common street jest. 
 
 Jerry, manager of a troupe of dancing 
 dogs. He was a tall, black-whiskered 
 man, in a velveteen coat. — C. Dickens, 
 The Old Curiosity Shop, xviii. (1840). 
 
 Jerry Sneak, a hen-pecked husband. 
 — Foote, Mayor of Garrat (1763). 
 
 Jerrymandering, so dividing a 
 state or local district as to give one part 
 of it a political advantage over the other. 
 The word is a corruption of " Gerryman- 
 dering ; " so called from Elbridge Gerry, 
 governor of Massachusetts, member of 
 congress from 1776 to 1784, and vice- 
 president of the United States in 1812. 
 Elbridge Gerry died in 1814. 
 
 Jem'salem, in Dryden's Absalom and 
 Achitophel, means London ; " David " is 
 Charles II., and "Absalom " the duke of 
 Monmouth, etc. 
 
 Jerusalem. Henry IV. was told "he 
 should not die but in Jerusalem." Being 
 in Westminster Abbey, he inquired what 
 the chapter-house was called, and when 
 he was told it was called the "Jerusalem 
 Chamber," he felt sure that he Avould die 
 there " according to the prophecy," and 
 so he did. 
 
 Pope Sylvester II. was told the same 
 thing, and died as he was saying mass in 
 a church so called at Rome. — Brown, 
 Fasciculus. 
 
 Cambys£s, son of Cyrus, was told that 
 he should die in Ecbat'ana, which he sup- 
 posed meant the capital of Media ; but he 
 died of his wounds in a place so called in 
 Syria. 
 
 Jerusalem Delivered, an epic 
 
JERVIS. 
 
 493 
 
 JEW. 
 
 poem in twenty books, by Torquato Tasso 
 (1575). 
 
 The crusaders, having encamped on the 
 plains of Torto'sa, choose Godfrey for 
 their chief. The overtures of Argantes 
 being declined, war is declared by him in 
 the name of the king of Egypt. The 
 Christian army reaches Jerusalem, but it 
 is found that the city cannot be taken 
 "without the aid of Kinaldo, who had with- 
 drawn from the army because Godfrey 
 had cited him for the death of Girnando, 
 whom he had slain in a duel. Godfrey 
 sends to the enchanted island of Armi'da 
 to invite the hero back, and on his return 
 Jerusalem is assailed in a night attack. 
 The poem concludes with the triumphant 
 entry of the Christians into the Holy 
 City, and their adoration at the Redeemer's 
 tomb. 
 
 ' The two chief episodes are the loves of 
 Olindo and Sophronia, and of Tancred 
 and Corinda. 
 
 Jervis (Mrs.), the virtuous house- 
 keeper of young squire B. Mrs. Jervis 
 protects Pam'ela when her young master 
 assails her. — Richardson, Pamela or 
 Virtue Rewarded (1740). 
 
 Jessamy, the son of colonel Oldboy. 
 He changed his name in compliment to 
 lord Jessamy, who adopted him and left 
 him his heir. Jessamy is an affected, 
 conceited prig, who dresses as a fop, 
 carries a mutf to keep his hands warm, 
 and likes old china better than a pretty 
 girl. This popinjay proposes to Clarissa 
 Flowerdale ; but she despises him, much 
 to his indignation and astonishment. — 
 Bickerstaff, Lionel and Clarissa (1735- 
 1790). 
 
 He's a coxcomb, a fop, a dainty milksop, 
 Who essenceU and dizened from bottom to top, 
 And looked like a doll from a milliner's shop . . . 
 He shrugsand takes snutf, and carries a mutf, 
 A lninickin, finicking, French powdered putf. 
 
 Act i. 1. 
 
 Jessamy Bride (T/ie), Mary Hor- 
 neck, with whom Goldsmith fell in love 
 in 1769. 
 
 Jes'sica, daughter of Shylock the 
 Jew. She elopes with Lorenzo. — Shake- 
 speare, Merchant of Venice (1597). 
 
 Jessica cannot be called a sketch, or, if a sketch, she is 
 dashed off in glowing colours from the rainbow palette of 
 a Rubens. She has a rich tint of Orientalism shed over 
 her. — Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Jesters. (See Fools.) 
 
 Jests (The Father of), Joseph or Joe 
 Miller, an English comic actor, whose 
 name has become a household word for a 
 stale joke (1681-1738). The book of 
 
 jests which goes by his name was com- 
 piled by Mr. Mottley the dramatist 
 (1739). Joe Miller himself never uttered 
 a jest in his life, and it is a lucus a non 
 lucendo to father them on such a taciturn, 
 commonplace dullard. 
 
 Jesus Christ and the Clay 
 Bird. The Koran says : " O Jesus, son 
 of Mary, remember . . . Avhen thou didst 
 create of clay the figure of a bird . . . 
 and did breathe thereon, and it became a 
 bird ! "— Ch. v. 
 
 The allusion is to a legend that Jesus wa3 
 playing with other children who amused 
 themselves with making clay birds,- but 
 when the child Jesus breathed on the one 
 He had made, it instantly received life 
 and flew away. — Hone, Apocryphal New 
 Testament (1820). 
 
 Jew (The), a comedy by R. Cumber- 
 land (1776), written to disabuse the 
 public mind of unjust prejudices against 
 a people who have been long " scattered 
 and peeled." The Jew is Sheva, who 
 was rescued at Cadiz from an auto da fe 
 by don Carlos, and from a howling Lon- 
 don mob by the son of don Carlos, called 
 Charles Ratcliffe. His whole life is spent 
 in unostentatious benevolence, but his 
 modesty is equal to his philanthropy. 
 He gives £10,000 as a marriage portion 
 to Ratcliffe's sister, who marries Fre- 
 derick Bertram, and he makes Charles tha 
 heir of all his property. 
 
 Jew (The). 
 
 This is the Jew 
 
 That Shakespeare drew. 
 
 This couplet was written by Pope, and 
 refers to the "Shylock" of Charles 
 Macklin (1690-1797). 
 
 Jew (The Wandering). 
 
 1. Of Greek tradition. Aris'teas, a 
 poet, who continued to appear and dis- 
 appear alternately for above 400 years, 
 and who visited all the mythical nations 
 of the earth. 
 
 2. Of Jewish story. Tradition say*» 
 that Cartaph'ilos, the door-keeper "of 
 the judgment hall in the service of Pon- 
 tius Pilate, struck our Lord as he led Him 
 forth, saying, "Get on ! Faster, Jesus! " 
 Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied, 
 " I am going ; but tarry thou till 1 come 
 [again]." This man afterwards became 
 a Christian, and was baptized by Ananias 
 under the name of Joseph. Every hun- 
 dred years he falls into a trance, out of 
 which he rises again at the age of 30. 
 
 *** The earliest account of the Wan- 
 dering Jew is in thr. Book of the Chroniciee 
 
JEW. 
 
 494 
 
 JINGO. 
 
 of the Abbey of St. Albarts, copied and 
 continued by Matthew Paris (1228). In 
 1242 Philip Mouskes, afterwards bishop 
 of Tournay, wrote the "rhymed 
 chronicle." 
 
 Another legend is that Jesus, pressed 
 down by the weight of His cross, stopped 
 to rest at the door of a cobbler, named 
 Aiiasue'kus, who pushed Him away, 
 saying, " Get off ! Away with you ! 
 
 iway 
 
 Our Lord replied, "Truly, 
 
 go away, and that quickly; but tarry 
 thou till I come." 
 
 *** This is the legend given by Paul 
 von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig, in 1547. 
 ■ — Greve, Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen 
 (1744). 
 
 A third legend says that it was the 
 cobbler Ahasue'rus who haled Jesus to 
 the judgment seat ; and that as the Man 
 of Sorrows stayed to rest awhile on a 
 stone, he pushed Him, saying, " Qet on, 
 Jesus ! Here j'ou shall not stay ! " Jesus 
 replied, " I truly go away, and go to 
 rest ; but thou shalt go away and never 
 rest till I come." 
 
 3. In German legend, the Wandering 
 Jew is associated with John Buttaimius, 
 seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, again in the fifteenth, and again in 
 the sixteenth centuries. His last ap- 
 pearance was in 1774, at Brussels. 
 
 * + * Leonard Doldius, of Niirnberg, in 
 his Praxis Alchymia: (1604), says that 
 the Jew Ahasue'rus is sometimes called 
 " Buttadaeus." 
 
 Signor Gualpi, who had been dead 130 
 years, appeared in the latter half of the 
 eighteenth century, and had his likeness 
 taken by Titian. One day he disap- 
 peared as mysteriously as he had come. — 
 Turkish Spy, ii. (1682). 
 
 4. The French legend. The French call 
 the Wandering Jew Isaac Lake'pion or 
 Laquedem. — Mitternacht, Dissertatio in 
 Johan., xxi. 19. 
 
 5. Of Dr. Croly'' s novel. The name 
 given to the Wandering Jew by Dr. 
 Croly is Sa lathi el ben Sadi, who ap- 
 peared and disappeared towards the close 
 of the sixteenth century at Venice, in so 
 sudden a manner as to attract the atten- 
 tion of all Europe. 
 
 *** Dr. Croly, in his novel called 
 Salathiel (1827), traces the course of the 
 Wandering Jew ; so does Eugene Sue, in 
 Ze J uif Errant (1845) ; but in these novels 
 the Jew makes no figure of importance. 
 
 G. Dore, in 18G1, illustrated the legend 
 of the Wandering Jew in folio wood 
 engraviugs. 
 
 6. It is said in legend that Gipsies are 
 doomed to be everlasting wanderers, be- 
 cause they refused the Virgin and Child 
 hospitality in their flight into Egypt.— 
 A ventinus, Annalium Boiorum, libri septem, 
 vii. (1554). 
 
 The legend of the Wild Huntsman, 
 called by Shakespeare "Heme the 
 Hunter," "and by Father Matthieu " St. 
 Hubert," is said to be a Jew who would 
 not suffer Jesus to drink from a horse- 
 trough, but pointed out to Him some 
 water in a hoof-print, and bade Him go 
 there and drink. — Kuhn von Schwarz, 
 Nordd. Sagen, 499. 
 
 Jews (The), in Dryden's Absalom and 
 Achitophel, means those English who 
 were loyal to Charles II. called "David" 
 in the satire (1681-2). 
 
 Jewkes (Mrs.), a detestable character 
 in Richardson's Pamela (1740). 
 
 Jez'ebel (A Painted), a flaunting 
 woman, of brazen face but loose morals. 
 So called from Jezebel, the wife of Ahab 
 king of Israel. 
 
 Jim, the boy of Reginald Lowestoffe 
 the young Templar. — Sir W. Scott, For- 
 tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Jim Crow, the name of a popular 
 comic nigger song, brought out in 1836 at 
 the Adelphi Theatre, and popularized by 
 T. D. Rice. The burden of the song is : 
 
 Wheel about, and turn about, and do just so ; 
 And every time you wheel about, jump Jim Crtw. 
 
 Jin Vin, i.e. Jenkin Vincent, one of 
 Ramsay's apprentices, in love with Mar- 
 garet Ramsay.— Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Jin'gle (Alfred), a strolling actor, 
 who, by his powers of amusing and sharp- 
 wittedness, imposes for a time on the 
 members of the Pickwick Club, and ia 
 admitted to their intimacy ; but being 
 found to be an impostor, he is dropped by 
 them. The generosity of Mr. Pickwick 
 in rescuing Jingle from the Fleet, re- 
 claims him, and be quits England. Alfred 
 Jingle talks most rapidly and flippantly, 
 but not without much native shrewdness ; 
 and he knows a "hawk from a hand- 
 saw." — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
 (1836). 
 
 Jingo, a corruption of Jainko, the 
 Basque Supreme Being. "By Jingo!" 
 or " By the living Jingo ! " is an appeal 
 to deity. Edward I. had Basque moun- 
 taineers conveyed to England to take 
 
JINGOES. 
 
 495 
 
 JOBLING. 
 
 part in his Welsh wars, and the Plan- 
 tagenets held the Basque provinces in 
 possession. This Basque oath is a land- 
 mark of these facts. 
 
 Jingoes (The), the anti-Russians in 
 the war between Russia and Turke} r ; 
 hence the English war party. The term 
 arose (L87S) from a popular music-hall 
 song, beginning thus : 
 
 We don't want to fight ; but by Jingo if we do, 
 We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the 
 money too. 
 
 (This song has also furnished the 
 words jingoism (bragging war spirit, 
 Bobadilism) and the adjective jingo.) 
 
 Jiniwin (Mrs.), a widow, the mother 
 of Mrs. Quilp. A shrewd, ill-tempered 
 old woman, who lived with her son-in- 
 law in Tower Street. — C. Dickens, The 
 
 Old Curiosity Sho}) (1840). 
 
 .Tinker (Lieutenant Jamie), horse- 
 dealer at Doune. — SirW. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Jinn, plu. of Jinnee, a sort of fairy 
 in Arabian mythology, the offspring of 
 fire. The jinn propagate their species like 
 human beings, and are governed by kings 
 called suleymans. Their chief abode is 
 the mountain Kaf, and they appear to 
 men under the forms of serpents, dogs, 
 cats, etc., which become invisible at 
 pleasure. Evil jinn are hideously ugly, 
 but good jinn are exquisitely beautiful. 
 
 %* Jinnistan means the country of 
 the jinn. The connection of Solomon 
 with the jinn is a mere blunder, arising 
 from the similarity of suleyman and 
 Solomon. 
 
 J. J., in Hogarth's "Gin Line," 
 written on a gibbet, is sir Joseph Jekyll, 
 obnoxious for his bill for increasing the 
 duty on gin. 
 
 * + * Jean Jacques [Rousseau] was 
 often referred to by these initials in the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 Jo, a poor little outcast, living in one 
 of the back slums of London, called 
 " Tom All-alone's." The little human 
 waif is hounded about from place to place, 
 till he dies of want. — 0. Dickens, Bleak 
 House (1853). 
 
 Joan. Cromwell's wife was always 
 called Joan by the cavaliers, although 
 her real name was Elizabeth. 
 
 Joan, princess of France, affianced to 
 the duke of Orleans. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Qucntin Duncard (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Joan of Arc, surnamed La Pucelle, 
 born in a village upon the marches of 
 Barre, called Domremy, near Vaucouleurs. 
 Her father was James of Arc, and her 
 mother Isabel, poor country-folk, who 
 brought up their child to keep their 
 cattle. Joan professed to be inspired to 
 liberate France from the English, and 
 actually raised the siege of Orleans, after 
 which Charles II. was crowned (1402- 
 1431). 
 
 A young wench of an eighteene years old ; of favour tm 
 she counted likesome, of person stronglie made andmanlie, 
 of courage great, hardie and stout withall . . . she had 
 great semblance of chastitie both of body and behaviour. 
 — Holinshed, Chronicles, 600 (1577). 
 
 . . . there was no bloom of youth 
 Upon her cheek ; yet had the loveliest hues 
 Of health, with lesser fascination, fixed 
 The gazer's eve ; for wan the maiden was, 
 Of saintly paleness, and there seemed to dwell, 
 In the strong beauties of her countenance. 
 Something that was not earthly. 
 
 Southey, Joan of A re (1795). 
 
 *** Schiller has a tragedy on the sub- 
 ject, Jungfrau von Orleans (1801) ; Soumet 
 another, Jeanne d'Arc (1825). Besides 
 Southey's epic, we have one by Francais 
 Czaneaux ; another by Chapelain, called 
 La Pucelle (1656)", on which he laboured 
 for thirty years. Cassimir Delavigne 
 has an admirable elegy on The Maid 
 (1816), and Voltaire a burlesque. 
 
 Joanna, the "deserted daughter" of 
 Mr. Mordent. Her father abandoned her 
 in order to marry lady Anne, and his 
 money-broker placed her under the 
 charge of Mrs. Enfield, who kept a house 
 of intrigue. Cheveril fell in love with 
 Joanna, and described her as having 
 "blue eyes, auburn hair, aquiline nose, 
 ivory teeth, carnation lips, a ravishing 
 mouth, enchanting neck, a form divine, 
 and the face of an angel." — Holcroft, The 
 Deserted Daughter (altered into The 
 Steward). 
 
 Job and Elspat, father and mother 
 of sergeant Houghton. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Job's Wife. Some call her Rahmat, 
 daughter of Ephraim son of Joseph ; and 
 others call her Makhir, daughter of Ma- 
 nasses. — Sale, Koran, xxi. note. 
 
 Joblillies (The), the small gentry 
 of a village, the squire being the Grand 
 Panjandrum. 
 
 There were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, 
 and the Garyulies, and the Grand Panjandrum himself.— 
 S. Foote. The Quarterly Reoicio, xcv. 516-7. 
 
 Jobling, medical offi cer to the ' ' Angl o- 
 Bengalee Company." Mr. Jobling was a 
 portentous and most carefully dressed 
 
JOBSON. 
 
 49fi 
 
 JOHN. 
 
 gentleman, fond of a good dinner, and 
 said by all to be "full of anecdote." He 
 was far too shrewd to be concerned with 
 the Anglo-Bengalee bubble company, 
 except as a paid functionary. — C. 
 Dickens," Martin Ckuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Jobson (Joseph), clerk to squire 
 Inglewood the magistrate. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Eob Boy (time, George I.). 
 
 Jobson (Zekel), a very masterful cobbler, 
 who ruled his wife with a rod of iron. 
 
 Neil Jobson, wife of Zekel, a patient, 
 meek, sweet-tempered woman. — C.Coffev, 
 The Devil to Pay (died 1745). 
 
 Jock o' Dawston Cleugh, the 
 quarrelsome neighbour of Dandie Din- 
 mont, of Charlie's Hope. 
 
 Jock Jabos, postilion to Mrs. M'Cand- 
 lish the landlady of the Golden Arms 
 inn, Kippletringan. 
 
 Slounging Jock, one of the men of 
 M'Guft'og the jailer. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Manner ing (time, George II.). 
 
 Jock o' Hazeldean, the young 
 man beloved by a " ladyefair." The lady's 
 father wanted her to marry Frank, " the 
 chief of Errington and laird of Lang- 
 ley Dale," rich, brave, and gallant ; but 
 "aye she let the tears down fa' for 
 Jock of Hazeldean." At length the wed- 
 ding morn arrived, the kirk was gaily 
 decked, the priest and bridegroom, with 
 dame and knight were duly assembled ; 
 but no bride could be seen : she had crossed 
 the border and given her hand to Jock of 
 Hazeldean. 
 
 This ballad, by sir W. Scott, is a 
 modernized version of an ancient ballad 
 entitled Jock o' Hazelgreen. 
 
 Jockey of Norfolk, sir John 
 Howard, a firm adherent of Richard 111. 
 On the night before the battle of Bos- 
 worth Field, he found in his tent this 
 warning couplet : 
 
 Jockey of Norfolk, be not too hold. 
 
 For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold. 
 
 Jcdelet, valet of Du Croisy. In 
 order to reform two silly girls, whose 
 heads have been turned by novels, Du 
 Croisy and his friend La Grange get their 
 lackeys introduced to them, as the "vis- 
 count of Jodelet " and the "marquis of 
 Masearille." The girls are delighted with 
 *■ t^eir "aristocratic visitors;" but when 
 the game has gone far enough, the 
 nuisters step in and unmask the trick. 
 Tne two girl? arc taught a most useful 
 U-sson, but are saved from serious ill 
 
 consequences. — Moliere, Les Pr&ieuscs 
 Ridicules (1G59). 
 
 Joe, "the fat boy," page in the 
 family of Mr. Wardle. He has an un- 
 limited capacity for eating and sleeping. 
 —C.Dickens, tlie Pickwick Papers (183o). 
 
 Joe G-argery, a smith. He was a fair 
 man, with curls of flaxen hair on each 
 side of his smooth face, and with eyes of 
 "such very undecided blue, that they 
 seemed to have got mixed with their own 
 whites. He was a mild, good-natured, 
 sweet-tempered, easy-going,- foolish, dear 
 fellow. A Hercules in strength, and in 
 weakness also." He lived in terror of his 
 wife; but loved Pip, whom he brought 
 up. His great word was " meantersay." 
 Thus: " What 1 meantersay, if you come 
 a-badgering me, come out. Which I 
 meantersay as sech, if you're a man, come 
 on. Which I meantersay that what I say I 
 meantersay and stand to it" (ch. xviii.). 
 His first wife was a shrew ; but soon 
 after her death he married Biddy, a young 
 woman wholly suited to him. 
 
 Mrs. Joe Gargery, the smith's first wife ; 
 a "rampageous woman," always "on 
 the ram-page." By no means good-look- 
 ing was Mrs. Joe, with her black bair, 
 and fierce eyes, and prevailing redness of 
 skin, looking as if " she scrubbed herself 
 with a nutmeg-grater instead of soap and 
 flannel." She "was tall and bony, and 
 wore a coarse apron fastened over her 
 figure behind with two loops, and having 
 a square bib in front, stuck full of 
 needles and pins." She brought up Pip, 
 but made his home as wretched as she 
 could, always keeping a rod called "Tick- 
 ler " ready for immediate use. Mrs. 
 Joe was a very clean woman, and cleanli- 
 ness is next to godliness ; but Mrs. Joe 
 had the art of making her cleanliness as 
 disagreeable to every one as manj' people 
 do their godliness. She died after a long 
 illness. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations 
 (18G0). 
 
 John, a proverbially unhappy name 
 for royalty. — See Dictionary of Phrase 
 and Fable, 461. 
 
 We shall see. however, that this poor king(Robert II. ] 
 remained as unfortunate as if his name had still been 
 John [lie changed it from John to Jiolert]. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Tales of a Orandjather, i. 17. 
 
 John, a Franciscan friar. — Shakespeare, 
 Romeo and Juliet (1598). 
 
 John, the bastard brother of don Pedro. 
 — Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothinj 
 (1600). 
 
JOHN. 
 
 •197 
 
 JOHN. 
 
 John, the driver of the Queen's Ferry- 
 diligence.— Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 John (Don), brother of Leonato governor 
 of Messina, whom he hates. In order 
 to torment the governor, don John tries 
 to mar the happiness of his daughter 
 Hero, who is about to be married to 
 lord Claudio. Don John tells Claudio 
 that his fiancee has promised him a ren- 
 dezvous by moonlight, and if Claudio 
 Avill hide in the garden he may witness it. 
 The villain had bribed the waiting-woman 
 of Hero to dress up in her mistress's 
 clothes and to give him this interview. 
 Claudio believes the woman to be Hero, 
 and when the bride appears at the altar 
 next morning he rejects her with scorn. 
 The truth, however, comes to light ; don 
 John takes himself to flight ; and Hero 
 is married to lord Claudio, the man of her 
 choice. — Shakespeare, Much Ado about 
 Nothing (1G00). 
 
 I hare seen the great Henderson [1747-1783]. . . . His 
 "don John" is a comic "Cato," and his "Hamlet" 
 a mixture of tragedy, comedy, pastoral, farce, and non- 
 sense. — David Garrick (1775). 
 
 John (Friar), a tall, lean, wide-mouthed, 
 long-nosed friar of Seville, who despatched 
 his matins and vigils quicker than any of 
 his fraternity. He swore like a trooper, 
 and fought like a Trojan. When the 
 army from Lerne pillaged the convent 
 vineyard, friar John seized the staff of a 
 cross and pummelled the rogues without 
 mercy, beating out brains, smashing 
 limbs, cracking ribs, gashing faces, 
 breaking jaws, dislocating joints, in the 
 most approved Christian fashion, and 
 never was corn so mauled by the flail as 
 were these pillagers by " the baton of the 
 cross." — Kabelais, Gargantua, i. 27 (1533). 
 
 *** Of course, this is a satire of what 
 are called Christian or religious wars. 
 
 John (King), a tragedy by Shakespeare 
 (1508). This drama is founded on The 
 First and Second Farts of the Trouble- 
 some liaigne of John King of England, etc. 
 As they were sundry times publickly acted 
 by the Queenes Majesties players in the 
 JJonourable Cdie of London (1591). 
 
 In "Macbeth." "Hamlet," " Wolsey," " Coriolanns," 
 and "king John," he [Edmund Kean, 1787-1 &«] never 
 approached within any measurable distance of the learned, 
 philosophical, and majestic Kemble. — Quarterly ReoUru 
 (1S*>). 
 
 VT . C. Macready [17!»-1873], in the scene where he 
 suggests to " Hubert " the murder of " Arthur," was 
 masterly, and his representation of death by poison was 
 true, forcible, and terrific— Talfourd. 
 
 *** Kynge Johan, a drama of the 
 transition state between the moralities and 
 
 tragedy. Of the historical persons intro- 
 duced we have king John, pope Innocent, 
 cardinal Pandulphus, Stephen Langton, 
 etc. ; and of allegorical personages we have 
 "Widowed Britannia, Imperial Majesty, 
 Nobility, Clergy, Civil Order, Treason, 
 Verity, and Sedition. This play was 
 published in 1838 by the Camden Society, 
 under the care- of Mr. Collier (about 
 1550). 
 
 John (Little), one of the companions of 
 Robin Hood.— Sir W. Scott, The Talis- 
 man (time, Richard I.). 
 
 John (Prester). According to Mande- 
 ville, Prester John was a lineal descendant 
 of Ogi er the Dane. This Ogier penetrated 
 into the north of India with fifteen barons of 
 his own country, among whom he divided 
 the land. John was made sovereign of 
 Teneduc, and was called Prester because 
 he converted the natives. 
 
 Another tradition says he had seventy 
 kings for his vassals, and was seen by his 
 subjects only three times a }*ear. 
 
 Marco Polo says that Prester John was 
 the khan Ung, who was siain in battle by 
 Jenghiz Khan, in 1202. He was converted 
 by the Nestorians, and his baptismal name 
 was John. Gregory Bar-Hebneus, says 
 that God forsook him because he had 
 taken to himself a wife of the Zinish 
 nation, called Quarakhata. 
 
 Otto of Freisingen is the first author 
 who makes mention of Prester John. 
 His chronicle is brought down to the 
 year 1156, and in it we are assured that 
 this most mysterious personage was of 
 the family of the Magi, and ruled over the 
 country of these Wise Men. " He used" 
 (according to Otto) "a sceptre made of 
 emeralds." 
 
 Bishop Jordanus, in his description of 
 the world, sets down Abyssinia as the 
 kingdom of Prester John. At one time 
 Abyssinia went by the name of Middle 
 India. 
 
 Maimonides mentions Prester John, 
 and calls him Preste-Cuan. The date of 
 Maimonides is 1135-1204. 
 
 *** Before 1241 a letter was addressed 
 by Prester John to Manuel Comne'nus, 
 emperor of Constantinople. It is to be 
 found in the Chronicle of Albericus Triiim 
 Fontium, who gives the date as 11G5. 
 
 In Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, xvii., 
 Prester John is called Sena'pus king of 
 Ethiopia. He was blind. Though the 
 richest monarch of the world, he pined 
 "in plenty with endless famine," because 
 harpies carried off his food whenever th« 
 2 K 
 
JOHN. 
 
 498 
 
 JOHNNY CRAPAUD. 
 
 table was spread ; but this plague was to 
 cease "when a stranger came to his 
 kingdom on a flying horse." Astolpho 
 came on a flying griffin, and with his 
 magic horn chased the harpies into 
 Coc\-'tus. 
 
 John {Prince), son of Henry II., intro- 
 duced by sir W. Scott in The Betrothed 
 (1825). 
 
 John {Prince), brother of Richard I., 
 introduced* by sir W. Scott in The 
 Talisman (1825). 
 
 John and the abbot of Canter- 
 bury. King John, being jealous of the 
 state kept by the abbot of Canterbury, 
 declared he should be put to death unless 
 he answered these three questions: (1) 
 " How much am I worth? (2) bow long 
 would it take me to ride round the world '? 
 and (3) what are my thoughts ? " The 
 king gave the abbot three weeks for his 
 answers. A shepherd undertook to dis- 
 guise himself as the abbot, and to answer 
 the questions. To the first he said, " The 
 king's worth is twenty-nine pence, for 
 the Saviour Himself was sold for thirty 
 pence, and his majesty is mayhap a 
 penny worse than He." To the second 
 question he answered, "If you rise with 
 the sun and ride with the sun, you will 
 get round the world in twenty-four 
 hours." To the third question he re- 
 plied, "Your majesty thinks me to be 
 the abbot, but 1 am only his servant." 
 ■ — Percy, Reliques, II. iii. G. 
 
 John Blunt, a person who prides 
 himself on his brusqucness, and in speak- 
 ing unpleasant truths in the rudest manner 
 possible. He not only calls a spade a 
 spade, but he does it in an offensive tone 
 and manner. 
 
 John Bull, the national name for 
 an Euglishman. (See Bull.) 
 
 John Chinaman, a Chinese. 
 
 John Company, the old East India 
 Company. 
 
 In old times, John Company employed nearly 4000 men 
 in warehouses. — Old ami Jfeu London, ii. 185. 
 
 John Grueby, the honest, faithful 
 servant of lord George Gordon, who 
 wished "the blessed old creetur, named 
 Bloody Mary, had never been born." He 
 had the habit of looking "a long way 
 off." John loved his master, but hated 
 his religious craze. 
 
 *• Between Bloody Marys, and blue cockades, and glo- 
 rious ,|ueen Besses, and no poperys, and protestant asso- 
 ciations," said Grueby to himself, " 1 believe my lord's 
 half off Lis bead." — Dickens, Barnaby Rwlge, xxxvL 
 
 John of Bruges (I syl.), John van 
 Eyck, the Flemish painter (1370-1441). 
 
 John o' Groat, a Dutchman, who 
 settled in the most northerly part of 
 Scotland in the reign of James IV. He 
 is immortalized by the way he settled an 
 open dispute among his nine sons re- 
 specting precedency. He had nine doors 
 made to his cottage, one for each son, 
 and they sat at a round table. 
 
 From John o' Groat's house to t7ic Land's 
 End, from furthest north to furthest south 
 of the island, i.e. through its entire 
 length. 
 
 John of Hexham, Johannes Hagus- 
 taldensis, a chronicler (twelfth century). 
 
 John of Leyden, John Bockhold or 
 Boccold, a fanatic (1510-1536). 
 
 In the opera, he is called " the prophet." 
 Being about to marry Bertha, three 
 anabaptists meet him, and observe in 
 him a strong likeness to a picture of 
 David in Munster Cathedral. Having 
 induced him to join the rebels, they take 
 Munster, and crown him " Ruler of 
 Westphalia." His mother meets him 
 while he is going in p.ocession, but he 
 disowns her ; 'subsequently, however, he 
 visits her in prison, and is forgiven. 
 When the emperor arrives, the ana- 
 baptists fall off, and John, setting fire to 
 the banquet-room of the palace, perishes 
 with his mother in the flames. — Meyer- 
 beer, Le Prophete (1849). 
 
 John -with the Leaden Sword. 
 
 The duke of Bedford, who acted as regent 
 for Henry VI. in France, was so called 
 by earl Douglas (surnamed Tine-man). 
 
 Johnny, the infant son of Mrs. Betty 
 Higden's "daughter's daughter." Mrs. 
 Boffin wished to adopt the child, and to 
 call him John Harmon, but it died. 
 During its illness, Bella Wilfer went to 
 see it, and the child murmured, " Who is 
 the boofer lady ? " The sick child was 
 placed in the Children's Hospital, and, 
 just at the moment of death, gave his 
 toys to a little boy with a broken leg in 
 an adjoining bed, and sent "a kiss to the 
 boofer ladv." — C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
 Friend (1864). 
 
 Johnny Crapaud. A Frenchman 
 was so called by English sailers in the 
 time of Napoleon I. The Flemings 
 called the French "Crapaud Franchos." 
 The allusion is to che toads borne in th« 
 ancient arms of France. 
 
JOHNSON. 
 
 499 
 
 JORDAN. 
 
 Johnson (Dr. Samuel), lexico- 
 grapher, essayist, and poet (1709-1784). 
 
 I own I like not Johnson's turgid style, 
 That gives an inch th' importance of a mile : 
 Casts of manure a waggon-load around, 
 To raise a simple daisy from the ground ; 
 Uplifts the c'.ub of Hercules— for what ? 
 To crush a butterfly or brain a gnat ; 
 Creates a whirlwind from the earth, to draw 
 A goose's feather or exalt a straw ; 
 Bids ocean labour with tremendous roar, 
 To heave a cockle-shell upon the shore. 
 Alike in every' theme his pompous art. 
 Heaven's awful thunder or a rumbling cart. 
 
 Peter Pindar [Dr. John VVolcot] (1S16). 
 
 Johnstone (Auld Willie), an old 
 fisherman, father to Peggy the laundry- 
 maid at Woodburne. 
 
 Young Johnstove^ his son. — Sir W. 
 Scott, u-uy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Johnstone's Tippet (St.), a halter. 
 
 Jolifle (2 syl.), footman to lady Pen- 
 feather.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Juliffe (Joceline), under-keeper of 
 Woodstock Forest.— Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Joliquet (Bibo), the gar con of the 
 White Lion inn, held by Jerome Le- 
 surques (2 syl.). — Edward Stirling, The 
 Courier of Lyons (1852). 
 
 Jollup (Sir Jacob), father of Mrs. 
 Jerry Sneak and Mrs. Bruin. Jollup 
 is the vulgar pomposo landlord of Gar- 
 ratt, who insists on being always ad- 
 dressed as " sir Jacob." 
 
 Reg. A nan, sir. 
 
 Sir J. " Sir ! " sirrah ? and why not ' ' sir Jacob," you 
 rascal? Is that all your manners? Has his majesty 
 dubbed me knight, for you to make me a mister? — S. 
 Foote, Th* Mayor of Oarratt, i. 1 (1763). 
 
 Jolter. In the agony of terror, on 
 hearing the direction given to put on the 
 head-lights in a storm off Calais, Smol- 
 lett tells us that Jolter went through the 
 steps of a mathematical proposition with 
 great fervour instead of a prayer. 
 
 Jonas, the name given, in Absalom and 
 Achitophel, to sir William Jones, judge 
 of the Irish court of Common Picas under 
 James I. It is apun on the name.— Dry- 
 den, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 
 
 Jonathan, a sleek old widower. He 
 was a parish orphan, whom sir Benjamin 
 Dove apprenticed, and then took into his 
 family. When Jonathan married, the 
 knight gave him a farm rent free and 
 well stocked. On the death of his wife, 
 he gave up the farm, and entered the 
 knight's service as butler. Under the 
 evil influence of lady Dove, this old 
 servant was inclined to neglect his kind 
 master ; but sir Benjamin soon showed 
 him that, although the lady was allowed 
 
 to peck him. the servants were not. — R. 
 Cumberland, The Brothers (1769). 
 
 Jon'athan, one of the servants of 
 general Harrison. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Jon'athan, an attendant on lord Saville. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles H.). 
 
 Jonathan (Brother), a national nick- 
 name for an American of the United 
 States. In the Revolutionary war, 
 Washington used to consult his friend 
 Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Con- 
 necticut, in all his difficulties. " We 
 must ask brother Jonathan," was so often 
 on his lips, that the phrase became sy- 
 nqnymous with the good genius of the 
 States, and was subsequently applied to 
 the North Americans generally. 
 
 Jonathan's, a noted coffee-house in 
 'Change Alley, described in The Tatler 
 as the " general mart for stock-jobbers." 
 What is now termed "The Royal Stock 
 Exchange " was at one time called 
 "Jonathan's." 
 
 Yesterday the brokers and others . . . came to a reso- 
 lution that [the new building], instead of being called 
 "New Jonathan's," should be called "The Stock Ex- 
 change." The brokers then collected sixpence each, and 
 christened the house. — Newspaper paragraph (July 15, 
 
 Jones (Tom), the hero of a novel by 
 Fielding, called The History of Tom Jones, 
 a Foundling (1749). Tom Jones is a 
 model of generosity, openness, and manly 
 spirit, mingled with thoughtless dissipa- 
 tion. With all this, he is not to be 
 admired ; his reputation is flawed, he 
 sponges for a guinea, he cannot pay his 
 landlady, and he lets out his honour to 
 hire. 
 
 The romance of Tom Jones, that exquisite picture of 
 human manners, will outlive the palace of the Escurial 
 and the imperial eagle of Austria.— Gibbon. 
 
 To Tom S-mes is added the charm of a plot of un- 
 rivalled skill, in which the complex threads of interest 
 are all brought to hear upon the catastrophe in a maimer 
 equally unexpected and simple.— Eneyc. Brit., Art. 
 " Romance." 
 
 Jones (Mrs.), the waiting-woman of 
 lady Penfeather. — Sir W. Scott, St. 
 Bonan's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Jonson (Ben), the poet, introduced 
 by sir Walter Scott in his Woodstock. 
 Shakespeare is introduced in the same 
 novel. 
 
 Jopsoil (Jacob), farmer at the village 
 near Clifton. 
 
 Cicely Jopson, Jacob's daughter. She 
 marries Ned Williams. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Jordan (Mrs.), the actress, who lived 
 
JORKINS. 
 
 500 
 
 JOSSE. 
 
 with the duke of Clarence, was Miss 
 Dorothea Bland. She called herself 
 Dora, first appeared in York as Miss 
 Francis, and changed her name at the 
 request of an aunt who left her a little 
 property. When the change of name 
 was debated between her and the man- 
 ager, Tate suggested "Mrs. Jordan," 
 and gave this very pertinent reason : 
 
 *' You have crossed the water," said Tate, " so I'll call 
 you "Jordan."' 
 
 Jorkins, the partner of Mr. Spenlow, 
 in Doctors' Commons. Mr. Jorkins is 
 really a retiring, soft-bearted man, but 
 to clients he is referred to by Spenlow 
 as the stern martinet, whose consent 
 will be most difficult to obtain. — C. 
 Dickens, David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Jorworth - ap - Jevan, envoy of 
 Gwenwyn prince of Powys-land. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Josaphat, a young Indian prince, of 
 whom it bad been predicted that he 
 would embrace Christianity and become 
 a devotee. His father tried to seclude 
 him from all knowledge of misery and 
 evil, and to attach him only to pleasur- 
 able pursuits. At length the young 
 prince took three drives, in one of which 
 he saw Old Age, in another Sickness, 
 and in the third Death. This had such 
 an effect upon him that he became a 
 hermit, and at death was canonized both 
 by the Eastern and Western Churches. — 
 Johannes Damascenus, Balaam and Josa- 
 phat (eighth century). 
 
 Josceline (Sir), an English knight 
 and crusader in the army of Richard I. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Jose (Bon), father of don Juan, 
 and husband of donna Inez. He was 
 hen-pecked and worried to death by 
 his wife's " proprieties." To the world 
 they were "models of respectability," 
 but at home they were "cat and dog." 
 Donna Inez tried to prove him mad, in 
 order to obtain a divorce, and "kept a 
 journal where all his faults were noted." 
 "She witnessed his agonies with great 
 magnanimity ;" but, while seeking a 
 divorce, don Jose' died. — Bvron, Bon 
 loan, i. 26, 33 (1819). 
 
 Joseph, the old gardener at Shaw's 
 Castle.— Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Joseph, a Jew of the noblest type ; 
 with unbounded benevolence and most 
 excellent charity. He sets a splendid 
 
 example of " Christian ethics " to those 
 who despised him for not believing the 
 "Christian creed." Joseph the Jew was 
 the good friend of the Christian minister 
 of Mariendorpt. — S. Knowles, The Maid 
 of Mariendorpt (1838). 
 
 Joseph (A), a young man not to be 
 seduced from his continency by any 
 temptation. The reference is to Joseph 
 in Potiphar's house (Gen. xxxix.). 
 
 Joseph (St.) of Arimathe'a, said to 
 have brought to Glastonbury in a mystic 
 vessel some of the blood which trickled 
 from the wounds of Christ at the Cruci- 
 fixion, and some of the wine left at the 
 Last Supper. This vessel plays a very 
 prominent part in the Arthurian legends. 
 
 Next holy Joseph came . . . 
 
 The Saviour of mankind in sepulchre that laid ; 
 
 That to the Britons was til' apostle. In his aid 
 
 St. Duvian, and with him St. Fagau, both which were 
 
 His scholars. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 * + * He also brought with him the 
 spear of LongTnus, the Roman soldier 
 who pierced the side of Jesus. — Sir T. 
 Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, i. 40 
 (1470). 
 
 %* The "mystic vessel" brought by 
 Joseph is sometimes called the San Graal ; 
 but by referring to the word Graal, it 
 will be seen that the usual meaning of 
 the term in Arthurian romance is very 
 different. 
 
 Jos'ephine (3 syl.), wife of Werner, 
 and mother of UTric. Josephine was the 
 daughter of a decayed Italian exile of 
 noble blood. — Byron*, Werner (1822). 
 
 Jos'ian, daughter of the king of Ar- 
 menia, and wife of sir Bevis of South- 
 ampton. It was Josian Avho gave the 
 hero his sword "Morglay " and his steed 
 "Arundel." — Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 
 (1612). 
 
 Josse (1 syl.), a jeweller. Lucinde 
 (2 syl.), the daughter of Sganarelle, pined 
 and fell away, and the anxious father 
 asked his neighbours what they would 
 advise him to do. Mon. Josse replied : 
 
 " Pour inoi, je tiens que la braverie, que Tajustenieiit 
 est la chose qui rcjouit le plus les filles : et si j'etoit que 
 de vous. je lui achcterois dos aujourd' hui une belle gar- 
 niture de diamaiits, ou de rubis, ou d*emeruudes," 
 
 Sgnarelle made answer: 
 
 "Vous 6tes orftvTe, Monsieur Josse; et votre consell 
 sent son hoimne qui a envie de se del'aire de sa n.archaii- 
 dke."— Molkre, li Amour ilidecin. i. 1 (16B5). 
 
 Vous etes orfevrc, Mon. Josse ("You 
 are a jeweller, Mon. Josse, and are not 
 disinterested in your advice"). (See 
 above.) 
 
JOTHAM. 
 
 501 
 
 JUAN. 
 
 Jo'tham, the person who uttered the 
 parable of " The Trees choosing a King," 
 when the men of Shechem made Abime- 
 lech king. In Dryden's Absalom and 
 Achdophel, it stands for George Saville, 
 marquis of Halifax. 
 
 Jotham of piercing wit and pregnant thought, 
 Et.ctued liy naMire, and by learning taught 
 To move assemblies . . . turned the balance too; 
 So much the weight of one brave man can do. 
 
 Dryden, Absalom and Aekitophel, I. (1681). 
 
 Jour des Morts (All Souls' Day). A 
 Dieppoise legend explains the phrase thus : 
 
 Le guetteur de la jetce voit au milieu de la Huit arriver 
 on bateau a le hole, il s'emp'esse de lui jeter le grelin ; 
 mais a ce moment meme le bateau disparait ; on entend 
 des cris plaintifs qui font frissonner, car on les reconnait 
 cost la v.>ix des marins qui out niufragd dans 1'annee. — 
 Chapus, Dieppe et sen Environs ('853). 
 
 Jour king of Mambrant, the 
 
 person who carried off Jos'ian the wife of 
 sir Bevis of Southampton, his sword 
 "Morglay," and his steed "Ar'undel." 
 Sir Bevis, disguised as a pilgrim, re- 
 covered all three. — Drayton, Polyolbion, 
 ii. (1612). 
 
 Jourdaill (Mons.), an elderly trades- 
 man, who has suddenly fallen into a large 
 fortune, and wish-;a to educate himself up 
 to his new position in society. He em- 
 ploys masters of dancing, fencing, philo- 
 logy, and so on ; and the fun of the 
 drama turns on the ridiculous remarks 
 that he makes, and the awkward figure 
 he cuts as the pupil of these professors. 
 One remark is especially noted : he says 
 he had been talking prose all his life, and 
 never knew it till his professor told him. 
 — Moliere, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme 
 (1670). 
 
 Journalists. Napoleon I. said : 
 
 A journalist is a grumbler, a censurer, a giver of advice, 
 a regent of sovereigns, a tutor of nations. Four hostile 
 newspapers are more formidable than a thousand 
 bayonets. 
 
 Jovian, emperor of Rome, was bath- 
 ing one day, when a person stole his 
 clothes and passed himself off as ike 
 emperor. Jovian, naked and ashained, 
 went to a knight, said he was emperor, 
 and begged the loan of a few garments 
 for the nonce ; but the knight called him 
 an impostor, and had him scourged from 
 the gate. He next went to a duke, who 
 was his chief minister ; but the duke had 
 him confined, and fed on bread and water 
 as a vagrant and a madman. He then 
 applied at the palace, but no one recog- 
 nized him there. Lastly, he went to his 
 confessor, and humbled himself, confess- 
 ing his sins. The priest took him to the 
 palace, and the sham emperor proved to 
 be an angel sent to reform the proud 
 monarch. The story says that Jovian 
 
 thenceforth reigned with mercy and jus- 
 tice, till he died. — Evenings with the Old 
 Story-tellers. 
 
 Joyeuse (2 syl), Charlemagne's 
 sword, which bore the inscription : Decern 
 prcrceptorum custts Carolus. It wag 
 buried with the king, as Tizo'na (the 
 Cid's sword) was buried with the Cid. 
 
 Joyeuse- Garde or G-arde-Jo- 
 
 yeuse, the estate given by king Arthur 
 to sir Launcelot du Lac for defending 
 the queen's honour against sir Mador. 
 Here sir Launcelot was buried. 
 
 Joyous Isle, the place to which sir 
 Launcelot retired during his fit of mad- 
 ness, which lasted two years. 
 
 Juan {Don), a hero of the sixteenth 
 century, a natural son of Charles-quint, 
 born at Ratisbonne, in 1545. He con- 
 quered the Moors of Grana'da, won a 
 great naval victory over the Turks at 
 Lepanto, made 'himself master of Tunis, 
 and put down the insurgents of the 
 Netherlands (1545-1578). 
 
 This is the don Juan of C. Delavigne's 
 drama entitled Don Juan d'Autriche 
 (1835). 
 
 Juan (Dov.), son of don Louis Tenorio, 
 of Sicily, a heartless roue'. His valet 
 says of him : 
 
 " Tu vois en don Juan le plus grand sceferat que la terra 
 ait jamais portc, un enrage, un chien, un demon, un 
 Turc, un bcretique qui ne t.oit ni ciel, ni enter, ni diable 
 qui passe cette vie en veritable bete brute, un pnurceau 
 d'Epicure, un vrai Sardanapaie; qui ferine l'oreilie a tou.:es 
 le? remontrances qu' on lui pent faire, et traite de bille- 
 vesees tout ce que nous croyons." — Moliere, Don Juan, 
 i. 1 (1665). 
 
 Juan (Don), a native of Seville, son of 
 don Jose and donna Inez (a blue-stock- 
 ing). When Juan was 16 years old, he 
 got into trouble with donna Julia, and 
 was sent by his mother (then a widow) 
 on his travels. His adventures form the 
 story of a poem so called ; but the tale is 
 left incomplete. — Lord Byron, Don Juan 
 (1819-21). 
 
 Juan (Don), or don Giovanni, the prince 
 of libertines. The original of this cha- 
 racter was don Juan Tenorio, of Seville, 
 who attempted the seduction of the 
 governor's daughter; and the father, 
 forcing the libertine to a duel, fell. A 
 statue of the murdered father was erected 
 in the family vault ; and one day, Avhen 
 don Juan forced his way into the vault, 
 he invited the statue to a banquet. The 
 statue accordingly placed itself at the 
 board, to the amazement of the host, and, 
 compelling the libertine to follow, de- 
 
JUAN FERNANDEZ. 
 
 502 
 
 JUEL. 
 
 livered him over to devils, who carried 
 him off triumphant. 
 
 Dramatized first bv Gabriel Tellez 
 (1626). Moliere (1665) and Thomas 
 Corneille, in Le Festin de Pierre, both 
 imitated from the Spanish (1673), have 
 made it the subject of French comedies ; 
 Goldoni (1765), of an Italian comedy ; 
 Gliick, of a musical ballet (1765) ; Mozart, 
 of an opera called Bon Giovanni (1787), a 
 princely work. 
 
 Juan Fernandez, a rocky island in 
 the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of 
 Chili. Here Alexander Selkirk, a buc- 
 caneer, resided in solitude for four years. 
 Defoe is supposed to have based his tale 
 of Robinson Crusoe on the history of 
 Alexander Selkirk. 
 
 * + * Defoe places the island of his hero 
 " on the cast coast of South America," 
 somewhere near Dutch Guiana. 
 
 Juba, prince of Numidia, warmly 
 attached to Cato while he lived at Utica 
 (in Africa), and passionately in love with 
 Marcia, Cato's daughter. Sempro'nius, 
 having disguised himself as Juba, was 
 mistaken for the Numidian prince by 
 Marcia ; and being slain, she gave free 
 vent to her grief, thus betraying the state 
 of her affection. Juba overheard her, and 
 as it would have been mere prudery to 
 deny her love after this display, she 
 freely confessed it, and Juba took her as 
 his betrothed and future wife. — J. Addi- 
 son, Cato (1713). 
 
 Jubal, son of Lamech and Adah. 
 The inventor of the lyre and flute. — 
 Gen. iv. 19-21. 
 
 Then when he [Javari] heard the voice of Jubal's lyre, 
 Instinctive genius caught the ethereal fire. 
 3. Montgomery, The World before the Flood, i. (1812). 
 
 Judas, in pt. ii.of Absalom and Achi- 
 tophel, most of which was written by Tate, 
 is meant for Mr. Furgueson, a noncon- 
 formist, who joined the duke of Mon- 
 mouth, and afterwards betrayed him. 
 
 Shall that false Hebronite escape our curse — 
 Judas, that keeps the rebels' pension-purse ; 
 Judas, that pays the treason-writer's fee ; 
 Judas, that well deserves his namesake's tree? 
 
 Absalom and Aehitophel, ii. (1682). 
 
 Judas Colour. In the old mys- 
 tery-plays, Judas had hair and beard of a 
 fiery ied colour. 
 
 Let the : r beards be Judas's own colour. 
 
 Tltf mas Kyd, The Spinish Tragedy (1597). 
 
 Judas Iscariot. Klopstock says 
 that Judas Iscariot had a heart formed 
 for every virtue, and was in youth un- 
 polluted by crime, insomuch that the 
 
 Messiah thought him worthy of being 
 one of the twelve. He, however, was 
 jealous of John, because Jesus loved him 
 more than He loved the rest of the 
 apostles ; and this hatred towards tha 
 beloved disciple made him hate the lover 
 of "the beloved." Judas also feared 
 (says Klopstock) that John would have 
 a higher post than himself in the king- 
 dom, and perhaps be made treasurer. 
 The poet tells us that Judas betrayed 
 Jesus under the expectation that it would 
 drive Him to establish His kingdom at 
 once, and rouse Him into action. — Klop- 
 stock, The Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Judas Tree, a gallows. 
 
 *** The garden shrub called the Judas 
 tree is a mere blunder for kuamos tree, 
 i.e. the bean tree ; but the corrupt name 
 has given rise to the legend that Judas 
 hanged himself on one of these trees. 
 
 Judi (Al), the mountain on which 
 the ark rested. The word is a corruption 
 of Al Kurdu, so called because it was 
 inhabited by the Kurds. The Greeks 
 corrupted the name into Gordyjei, and 
 the mountain Avas often called the Gor- 
 dyaean. 
 
 The ark rested on the mountain Al Judi.— Al Koran, 
 xi. 
 
 Judith, a beautiful Jewess of Bethn'- 
 lia, who assassinated Holofernes, the 
 general of Nebuchadnezzar, to save her 
 native town. When Judith showed the 
 head of the general to her countrymen, 
 they rushed on the invading army, and 
 put it to a complete rout. — Judith vii., 
 x.-xv. 
 
 Judith (Aunt), sister to Master George 
 Heriot the king's goldsmith. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Judy, the wife of Punch. Master 
 Punch, annoyed by the cries of the baby, 
 gives it a knock, which kills it, and, to 
 conceal his crime from his wife, throws 
 the dead body out of the window. Judy 
 comes to inquire about the child, and, 
 hearing of its death, upbraids her lord 
 stoutly, and tries on him the " reproof of 
 blows." This leads to a quarrel, in which 
 Judy is killed. The officers of justice, 
 coming to arrest the domestic tyrant, 
 meet the same fate as his child and wife ; 
 but at last the devil outwits him, he is 
 hanged, and carried off to the place of all 
 evil-doers. 
 
 Juel (Nils), a celebrated Danish 
 admiral, who received his training under 
 
JULETTA. 
 
 503 
 
 JULIE. 
 
 Tromp and De Ruyter. He defeated the 
 Swedes in 1677 in several engagements. 
 
 Nils Juel give heed to the tempest's roar . . . 
 " Of Denmark's Juel who can defy 
 The power?" 
 
 Longfellow, King Christian [r.]. 
 
 Julet'ta, the witty, sprightly attend- 
 . ant of Alinda. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Pilgrim (1621). 
 
 Julia, a lady beloved by Protheus. 
 Her waiting-woman i3 Lucetta. — Shake- 
 speare, Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 
 
 Julia, the "ward" of Master "Walter 
 " the hunchback." She was brought up 
 by him most carefully in the country, 
 and at a marriageable age was betrothed 
 to sir Thomas Clifford. Being brought to 
 London, she was carried away in the 
 vortex of fashion, and became the votary 
 of pleasure and dissipation, abandoned 
 Clifford, and promised to marry the earl 
 of Rochdale. As the wedding day drew 
 nigh, her love for Clifford returned, and 
 she implored her guardian to break off 
 her promise of marriage to the earl. 
 Walter now showed himself to be the 
 real earl of Rochdale, and father of Julia. 
 Her nupt'als with the supposed earl fell 
 to the ground, and she became the wife of 
 sir Thomas Clifford. — S. Knowles, The 
 Hunchback (1831). 
 
 Ju'lia (Donna), a lady of Sev'ille, 
 of Moorish origin, a married woman, 
 "charming, chaste, and twenty-three." 
 Her eye was large and dark, her hair 
 glossy, her brow smooth, her cheek " all 
 purple with the beam of youth," her 
 husband 50, and his name Alfonso. Donna 
 Julia loved a lad of 16, named don Juan, 
 " not wisely but too well," for which she 
 was confined in a convent. — Byron, Don 
 Juan, i. 59-188 (1819). 
 
 Tender and impassioned, but possessing neither infor- 
 mation to occupy her mind, nor good principles to 
 regulate her conduct, donna Julia is an illustration cf the 
 women of Seville, " whose minds have but one idea, and 
 whose life business is intrigue." The slave of every 
 Impulse . . . she now prostrates herself before the altar of 
 the Virgin, making the noblest efforts " for honour, 
 pride, religion, virtue's sake," and then, "in the full 
 security of innocence," she seeks temptation, and finds 
 retreat impossible. — Finden, Byron Beauties. 
 
 Julia Melville, award of sir Anthony 
 Absolute; in love with Faulkland, who 
 saved her life when she was thrown into 
 the water by the upsetting of a boat. — 
 Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 
 
 Julian (Count), a powerful lord of 
 the Spanish Goths. When his daughter 
 Florinda was violated by king Roderick, 
 the count was so indignant that he 
 invited over the Moors to come and push 
 Roderick from the throne, and even 
 
 turned renegade the better to effect his 
 purpose. The Moors succeeded, but 
 condemned count Julian to death, "to 
 punish treachery, and prevent worse ill." 
 Julian, before he died, sent for "father 
 Maccabee," and said : 
 
 I would fain 
 Die In the faith wherein my fathers died. 
 I feel that I have sinned, and from my sou! 
 Renounce the Impostor's faith, which in my K>ul 
 No place obtained. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiv. (J814). 
 
 Julian (St.), patron saint of hospit- 
 ality. An epicure, a man of hospitality. 
 
 An househalder and that a gret was he ; 
 Seint Julian he was in his countre. 
 Chaucer, Introduction to Canterbury Tales (1389). 
 
 Julian St. Pierre, the brother of 
 Mariana (q.v.).S. Knowles, The Wife 
 (1833). 
 
 Juliana, eldest daughter of Bal- 
 thaza. A proud, arrogant, overbearing 
 "Katharine," who marries the duke of 
 Aranza, and intends to be lady para- 
 mount. The duke takes her to a poor 
 hut, which he calls his home, gives her 
 the household duties to perform, and 
 pretends to be a day labourer. She 
 chafes for ?. time ; but his manliness, 
 affection, and firmness get the mastery ; 
 and when he sees that she loves him for 
 himself, he announces the fact that after 
 all he is the duke and she the duchess of 
 Aranza. — J. Tobin, Hie Honeymoon (1804). 
 
 Ju'liance, a giant.— Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 98 (1470). 
 
 Julie (2 syl.), the heroine of Moliere'8 
 comedy entitled Mons. de Pourceaugnac 
 (1669). 
 
 Ju'lie (2 syl.), the heroine of J. J. 
 Rousseau's novel entitled Julie ou la 
 Nouvclle He'loise (1760). The prototype 
 was the comtesse d'Houdetot. Julie had 
 a pale complesion, a graceful figure, a 
 profusion of light brown hair, and her 
 near-sightedness gave her "a charming 
 mixture of gaucherie and grace." Ros- 
 seau went every morning to meet her, 
 that he might receive from her that single 
 kiss with which Frenchwomen salute a 
 friend. One day, when Rousseau told her 
 that she might innocently love others 
 besides her husband, she naively replied, 
 "Je pourrais done aimer mon pauvre 
 St. Lambert." Lord Byron has made her 
 familiar to English readers. 
 
 His love was passion's essence . . . 
 This breathed itself to life it Julie ; this 
 Invested her with all that's wild and sweet; 
 This hallowed, too, the memorable kiss 
 Which every morn his fevered lip would greet 
 From her's, who but with friendship his would meet. 
 Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 79 (181»). 
 
JULIE DE MORTEMAR. 
 
 504 
 
 JUST. 
 
 Julie de Mortemar, an orphan, 
 ward of Richelieu, and loved by king Louis 
 XIII., count Baradas, and Adrien de 
 Mauprat, the last of whom she married. 
 After many hair-breadth escapes and 
 many a heart-ache, the king allowed the 
 union and blessed the happy pair. — Lord 
 Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 
 
 Juliet, daughter of lady Cap'ulet of 
 Verona, in love with Ro'meo son of 
 Mon'tague (3 syl.), a rival house. As 
 the parents could not be brought to 
 sanction the alliance, the whole intercourse 
 was clandestine. In order that Juliet 
 might get from the house and meet 
 Romeo at the cell of friar Laurence, she 
 took a sleeping draught, and was carried 
 to the family vault. The intention was 
 that on waking she should repnir to the 
 cell and get married ; but Romeo, seeing 
 her in the vault, killed himself from 
 grief ; and when Juliet woke and found 
 Romeo dead, she killed herself also. — 
 Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598). 
 
 C. H. Wilson says of Mrs. Baddeley 
 (1742-1780) that her "'Juliet' was never 
 surpassed." W. Donaldson, in his Recol- 
 lections, says that " Miss O'Neill made her 
 first appearance in Covent Garden Theatre 
 in 1815 as ' Juliet,' and never was such 
 an impression made before by any actress 
 ■whatsoever." Miss Fanny Kemble and 
 Miss Helen Faucit were both excellent in 
 the same character. The youngest Juliet 
 was Miss Rosa Kcnney (under 18), who 
 made her debut in this character at Drury 
 Lane in 1879. 
 
 The floating fondness and silly peevishness of the nurse 
 tends \nc\ to relieve the soft and affectionate character of 
 "Juliet," and to place her before the audience in a point 
 of view which those who have seen Miss O'Neill perform 
 "Juliet" know how to appreciate.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Drama. 
 
 Juliet, the lady beloved by Claudio 
 brother of Isabella. — Shakespeare, Mea- 
 sure for Measure (1603). 
 
 Ju'lio, a noble gentleman, in love with 
 Lelia a wanton widow. — Beaumont and 
 Fletchur, The Captain (1613). 
 
 Julio of Harancour, "the deaf 
 and dumb " boy, ward of Darlemont, 
 who gets possession of Julio's inherit- 
 ance, and abandons him in the streets of 
 Paris. Julio is rescued by the abbe De 
 l'Kpe'e, who brings him up, and gives him 
 the name of Theodore. Julio grows up 
 a noble-minded and intelligent young 
 man, is recognized by the Franval 
 family, and Darlemont confesses that 
 "the deaf and dumb" boy is the count 
 of Harancour.— Th. Holcfoft, The Deaf 
 and Dumb (1785). 
 
 Julius (St.), a British martyr of 
 Caerleon or the City of Legions (Nev:port % 
 in South Wales). He was torn limb 
 from limb by Maximia'nus Herculius, 
 general of the army of Diocle'tian in 
 Britain. Two churches were founded in 
 the City of Legions, one in honour of St. 
 Julius, and one in honour of St. Aaron 
 his fellow-martyr. 
 
 . . . two other . . . sealed their doctrine with their blood ; 
 St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room 
 At Carleon, suffering death by Diocletian's doom. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbi-un, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 Jumps (Jemmy), in The Farmer. 
 One of the famous parts of Jos. S. Mun- 
 den (1753-1832). 
 
 June ( The Glorious First of) was June, 
 1794, when lord Howe gained a great 
 victory over the French. 
 
 Junkerthum, German squirearchy. 
 (From junker, "a young nobleman;" our 
 
 younher.) 
 
 Juno's Birds. Juno is represented 
 in works of art as drawn through fields 
 of air by a pair of peacocks harnessed to 
 her chariot. 
 
 Jupe (Signor), clown in Sleary's 
 circus, passionately attached to his daugh- 
 ter Cecilia. Signor Jupe leaves the circus 
 suddenly, because he is hissed, and is 
 never heard of more. 
 
 Cecilia Jupe, daughter of the clown. 
 After the mysterious disappearance of 
 her father, she is adopted and educated 
 by Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., M.P. — C. 
 Dicken3, Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Just (The). 
 
 Akisti'dSs, the Athenian (died b.c. 
 468). 
 
 Ba'iiaram, called Shah endeb ("the 
 just king"). He was the fifth of the 
 Sassan'ides (276-296). 
 
 Cassimik II. of Poland (1117, 1177- 
 1194). 
 
 Ferdinand I. of Aragon (1373, 1412- 
 1416). 
 
 Haroux-al-Raschid ("the just"), the 
 greatest of the Abbasside caliphs (765, 
 786-808). 
 
 James II. of Aragon (1261, 1285- 
 1327). 
 
 KiiosrO or Chosroes I., called by the 
 Arabs Molkal Adel ("the just king "). He 
 was the twenty-first of the SassanidSs 
 (*, 531-579). 
 
 Mo ran, counsellor of Fercdach an 
 earlv king of Ireland. 
 
 Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357- 
 1367). 
 
JUSTINIAN. 
 
 505 
 
 KALED. 
 
 Justin'ian {The English), Edward I. 
 (1239, 1272-1307). 
 
 Ju' venal {The English), John Old- 
 ham (1653-1683). 
 
 Jn' venal {The Young). [Dr.] Thomas 
 Lodge is so called by Robert Green (1555- 
 1625). — A Groat' sworth of Wit, bought 
 with a Million of Repentance. 
 
 Ju'venal of Painters {The), 
 William Hogarth (1697-1794). 
 
 J'y suis et j'y reste ("Here am 
 I placed, and here I mean to remain"). 
 This was said by marshal de MacMahon, 
 and shows the character of the marshal- 
 president of the French better than a 
 volume (1877). But he resigned in 1879. 
 
 Kadr {Al), the night on which the 
 Koran was sent down to Mahomet. Al 
 Kadr is supposed to be the seventh of the 
 last ten nights of Ramadan, or the night 
 between the 23rd and 24th days of the 
 month. 
 
 Verily we sent down the Koran on the night of Al 
 Kudr ; and what can make thee comprehend how ex- 
 cellent the night of Al Kadr is i— Al Koran, xcvii. 
 
 Kaf {Mount), a mountain encircling 
 the whole earth, said to be a huge table- 
 land which walls in the earth as a ring 
 encircles one's linger. It is the home of 
 giants and fairies, jinn, peris, and deevs, 
 and rests on the sacred stone called Sakh- 
 rat. It is fully described in the romance 
 of Hatim Tai, the hero of which often 
 visited the region. The romance has 
 been translated into English by Duncan 
 Forbes. — Mohammedan Mythology. 
 
 The mountain of Kaf surrounds the whole world. It Is 
 composed of one entire emerald. Beyond it there are 
 forty other worlds, entirely different to this ; each of the 
 forty worlds h;is 400,000 cities, and each city 400,000 gates. 
 The inhabitants of these cities are entirely exempt from 
 all the sufferings of the race of man ; the day there has no 
 uigut. the earth is gold, and the inhabitants angels, who 
 sing without ceasing the praises of Allah and his prophet. 
 
 The mountain Kaf is placed between the horns of a 
 white ox, named Kirnit. The head of this ox touches the 
 east, and his hind parts the west, and the distance between 
 these horns could not be traversed in 100,000 years. — 
 Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales ("History of Abdal 
 Mot-Uleb," 1743). 
 
 The mountain of Kaf may set bounds to the world, but 
 not to the wishes of the ambitious.— Com te de Cnylus, Oj-j- 
 ental Tales (" Dakianos and the Seven Sleepers,'' 1743). 
 
 From Kaf to Kaf, from one extremity 
 of the earth to the other. The sun was 
 22 
 
 supposed to rise from one of its eminences 
 and to set on the opposite. 
 
 The mountain of Kaf may tremble, but the power of 
 A-'lah remaineth. fast for ever and ever.— W. Beckford, 
 Vathelc (1784). 
 
 Kaf, a fountain, the waters of which 
 confer immortality on the drinker. 
 
 Sure his lips 
 Have drank of Kafs dark fountain, and he ccmes 
 Strong in his immortalitr. 
 
 Southey, 'Roderick, etc., xxv. (1814). 
 
 Kail, a prince of Ad, sent to Mecca to 
 pray for rain. Three clouds appeared, 
 a white one, a red one, and a black one, 
 and Kail was bidden to make his choice. 
 He chose the last, but when the cloud 
 burst, instead of rain it cast out lightning, 
 which killed him. — Sale, Al Koran, vli. 
 note. 
 
 Kail'yal (2 syl.), the lovely and holy 
 daughter of Ladur'lad, persecuted re- 
 lentlessly by Ar'valan ; but virtue and 
 chastity, in the person of Kailyal, always 
 triumphed over sin and lust. When 
 Arvalan "in the flesh" attempted to 
 dishonour Kailyal, he was slain by La- 
 durlad ; but he then continued his attacks, 
 " out of the flesh." Thus, when Kailyal 
 was taken to the Bower of Bliss by a 
 benevolent spirit, Arvalan borrowed the 
 dragon-car of the witch Lor'rimite (3 
 syl.) to drag him thence ; the dragons, 
 however, unable to mount to paradise, 
 landed him in a region of thick-ribbed 
 ice. Again, Kailyal, being obliged to 
 quit the Bower, was made the bride of 
 Jaga-naut, and when Arvalan presented 
 himself before her again, she set fire 
 to the pagoda, and was carried from the 
 flames by her father, who was charmed 
 from fire as well as water. Lastly, while 
 waiting for her father's return from the 
 submerged city, whither he had gone 
 to release Ereen'ia (3 syl.), Arvalan once 
 more appeared, but was seized by Baly, 
 the governor of hell, and cast into the 
 bottomless pit. Having descended to hell, 
 Kailyal quaffed the water of immortality, 
 and was taken by Ereenia to his Bower 
 of Bliss, to dwell with him for ever in 
 endless joy. — Southev, Curse of Kehama 
 (1809). 
 
 Kaimes {Lord), one of the two judges 
 in Peter Peebles's lawsuit. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Kalas'rade (3 syl.), tho virtuous 
 wife of Sadak, persecuted by the sultan 
 Am'urath. (See Sadak..) — Ridley, Tales 
 of the Genii, xi. (1751). 
 
 Kaled, Guluare (2 syl.) disguised as 
 
KALEMBERG. 
 
 50G 
 
 KATMIR. 
 
 a page, in the service of Lara. After 
 Lara is shot, she haunts the spot of his 
 death as a crazed woman, and dies at 
 length ©f a broken heart. 
 
 Light was his form, and darkly delicate 
 That brow whereon his native sun had sate . . . 
 And the wild sparkle of his eye seemed caught 
 From high, and lightened with electric thought ; 
 Tbo' its black orb those King low lashes' fringe 
 Had tempered with a melancholy tinge. 
 
 Byron, /-ara (1814). 
 
 Kalemberg (The cure of), a recueil 
 of facetia;. The escapades of a young 
 student made a chaplain in the Austrian 
 court. He sets at defiance and torments 
 every one he encounters, and ends in 
 being court fool to Otho the Gay, grand- 
 son of Rudolf of Hapsburg. — German 
 Poem (fifteenth century). 
 
 Kalyb, "the Lady of the WooJs," 
 who stole St. George from his nurse, 
 brought him up as her own child, and 
 endowed him with gifts. St. George 
 enclosed her in a rock, where she was 
 torn to pieces by spirits. — Johnson, Seven 
 Champions of Christendom, i. (1617). 
 
 Ka'ma, the Huudu god of love. He 
 rides on a sparrow, the symbol of lust ; 
 holds in his hand a bow of sugar-cane 
 strung with bees ; and has five arrows, 
 one for each of the five senses. 
 
 Karun, son of Yeshar or Izhar, uncle 
 of Moses, the most beautiful and wealthy 
 of all the Israelites. 
 
 Riches of Karun, an Arabic and Jewish 
 proverb. The Jews say that Karun had 
 a large palace, the doors of which were of 
 solid gold. — Sale's Koran, xxviii. 
 
 *** This Karun is the Korah of the 
 pentateuch. 
 
 Kashan (Scorpions of). Kashan, in 
 Persia, is noted for its scorpions, which 
 are both large and venomous. A common 
 curse in Persia is, May you be stung by a 
 scorpion of Kashan ! 
 
 Kate [Plowdkn], niece of colonel 
 Howard of New York, in love with 
 lieutenant Barnstable of the British 
 navy, but promised by the colonel in 
 marriage to captain Boroughcliff, a 
 Tulgar, conceited Yankee. Ultimately, 
 it is discovered that Barnstable is the 
 colonel's son, and the marriage is 
 arranged amicablv between Barnstable 
 and Kate.— E. Fitzball, The Pilot. 
 
 Kathari'na, the elder daughter of 
 Baptista of Padua. She was of such an 
 ungovernable spirit and fiery temper, 
 that she was nicknamed" The Shrew." As 
 
 it was very unlikely any gentleman wonld 
 select such a spitfire for his wife, Baptists 
 made a vow that his younger daughter 
 Bianca should not be allowed to marry 
 before her sister. Petruchio married 
 Katharina and tamed her into a most 
 submissive wife, insomuch that when 
 she visited her father a bet was made by 
 Petruchio and two other bridegrooms on 
 their three brides. First Lucentio sent a 
 servant to Bianca to desire her to come 
 into the room ; but Bianca sent word that 
 she was busy. Tlortensio next sent tho 
 servant " to entreat " his bride to come to 
 him ; but she replied that Hortensio had 
 better come to her if he wanted her. 
 Petruchio said to the servant, " Tell your 
 mistress I command her to come to me 
 at once ; " she came at once, and Petru- 
 chio won the bet. — Shakespeare, Taming 
 of the Shrew (1594). 
 
 Katharine, a lady in attendance on 
 the princess of France. Duniain, a young 
 lord in the suite of Ferdinand king of 
 Navarre, asks her hand in marriage, and 
 she replies : 
 
 A twelvemonth and a day 
 111 mark no words that smooth-faced wooers say. 
 Come then . . . 
 And if I have much love, I'll give you some. 
 
 Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Katharine (Queen), the divorced wife 
 of Henry VIII. — Shakespeare, Henri; 
 VIII. (1601). 
 
 The following actresses are celebrated 
 for their impersonations of this character : 
 —Mrs. Pritchard (1711-1768) ; Margaret 
 TPeg] Wofnngton (1718-1760); Mis. 
 Siddons (1755-1831) ; Mrs. Barley (1785- 
 1850). 
 
 Katherine de Medici of China, 
 Voo-chee, widow of king Tae-tsong. 
 She was most imperious and cruel, but 
 her energy was irresistible (684-705). 
 
 Katin'ka, a Georgian, "white and 
 red, with great blue eyes, a lovely hand 
 and arm, and feet so small they scarce 
 seemed made to tread, but rather skim 
 the earth." She was one of the three 
 beauties of the harem, into which don 
 Juan was admitted in female disguise. 
 The other two were Lolah and Dudii.— 
 Byron, Don Juan, yi. 40, 41 (1824). 
 
 Katrcur', the dog of the seven 
 sleepers. It spoke with a human voice, 
 and said to the young men who wanted 
 to drive it out of the cave, " I love those 
 who love God. Go to sleep, masters, and 
 I will keep guard." The dog kept guard 
 over them for 309 years, and neither 
 
KAY. 
 
 507 
 
 KENG1 
 
 slept nor ate. At death it was taken up 
 into paradise. — Sale, Al Koran, xviii. 
 notes. 
 
 %* Katmir, in the Oriental Tales, is 
 called " Catnier." 
 
 The shepherd had a little dog named Qatnier [$>c\ that 
 followed tliem. They threw a stone at him to drive him 
 back ; the stone broke his left leg, but the dog still fol- 
 lowed them, limping. They then threw another stone at 
 the dog, and broke his right fore leg. It now followed 
 them on its two hind legs, and a third stone having 
 broken one of these, the poor creature could no longer 
 stand. God now gave it the gift of speech. ... at which 
 they were so astonished that they carried it with them by 
 turns. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales (" Dakianos and 
 the Seven Sleepers," 1743). 
 
 He wouldn't give a bone to Katmir, or 
 He wouldn't throw a bone to the dog of the 
 seven sleepers, an Arabic proverb, applied 
 to a very niggardly man. 
 
 Kay (Sir), son of sir Ector, and foster- 
 brother of prince Arthur, who made him 
 his seneschal or steward. Sir Kay was 
 ill-tempered, mean-spirited, boastful, and 
 overbearing. He had not strength of 
 mind enough to be a villain like Hagen, 
 nor strength of passion enough to be a 
 tiaitor like Ganelon and Mordred ; but he 
 could detract and calumniate, could be 
 envious and spiteful, could annoy and 
 irritate. His wit consisted in giving 
 nicknames : Thus he called young Garyth 
 " Big Hands " (Beaumains), " because his 
 hands were the largest that ever any one 
 had seen." He called sirBrewnor "The 
 Shocking Bad Coat"(Za Cote Male-tai/e'), 
 because his doublet fitted him so badly, 
 and was full of sword-cuts. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 3, 4, 
 1.20, etc. (1470). (See Key.) 
 
 Kayward, the name of the hare in 
 the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Keblah., the point towards which 
 Mohammedans turn their faces in prayer. 
 
 Kecksey, a wheezy old wittol, who 
 pretends to like a termagant wife who 
 can flirt with other men — ugh, ugh ! — he 
 loves high spirits — ugh, ugh ! — and to see 
 his wife — ugh, ugh ! — happy and scamper- 
 ing about — ugh, ugh ! — to theatres and 
 balls — ugh, ugh ! — he likes to hear her 
 laugh — ugh, ugh ! — and enjoy herself — 
 ugh, ugh ! Oh! this troublesome cough ! 
 — ugh, ugh ! — Garrick, The Irish Widow 
 (1757). 
 
 Ke'derli, the St. George of Moham- 
 medan mythology. Like St. George, he 
 slew a monstrous dragon to save a damsel 
 exposed to its fury, and, having drunk of 
 the water of life, rode through the world 
 to aid those who were oppressed. 
 
 Keelavine (Mr.), painter at the Spa 
 hotel.— Sir W. Scott, St. fionan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Keene (Abel), a village schoolmaster, 
 afterwards a merchant's clerk. Being Jed 
 astray, he lost his place and hanged 
 himself. — Crabbe, Boi^ough, xxi. (1810). 
 
 Keepers, of Piers Plowman's visions, 
 the Malvern Hills. Piers Plowman (W. 
 or R. Langland, 1362) supposes himself 
 fallen asleep on the Malvern Hills, and 
 in his dream he sees various visions of 
 an allegorical character pass before him. 
 These "visions" he put into poetry, the 
 whole containing 15,000 veises, divided 
 into twenty parts, each part being called 
 a passus or separate vision. 
 
 Keepers of Piers Plowman's vision, thro' the sunshine and 
 the snow. 
 
 Mrs. Browning, The Lost Bower. 
 
 Keha'ma, the almighty rajah of 
 earth, and all-powerful in Swerga or 
 heaven. After a long tyranny, he went 
 to Pan'dalon (hell) to claim domination 
 there also. Kehama demanded why the 
 throne of Yam en (or Pluto) was supported 
 by only three persons, and was told that 
 he himself must be the fourth. He paid 
 no heed to this prophecy, but commanded 
 the amreeta-cup or draught of immortality 
 to be brought to him, that he might quaif 
 it and reign for ever. Now there are two 
 immortalities : the immortality of life for 
 the good, and the immortality of death 
 for the wicked. When Kehama drank 
 the amreeta, he drank immortal death, 
 and was forced to bend his proud neck 
 beneath the throne of Yamen, to become 
 the fourth supporter. — Southey, Curse of 
 Kehama (1809). 
 
 *** Ladurlad was the person subjected 
 to the " curse of Kehama," and under 
 that name the story will be found. 
 
 Kela, now called Calabar. 
 
 Sailing with a fair wind, we reached Kela in six days, 
 and landed. Here we found lead-mines, some Indian 
 canes, and excellent camphor.— Arabian XUjhu ("Sind- 
 bad," fourth voyage). 
 
 Keltie (Old), innkeeper at Kinross. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Kempfer-Hausen, Robert Pearce 
 Gillies, one of the speakers in the " NoctGs 
 Ambrosiame." — Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Keildah., an Arabian tribe, which 
 used to bury alive their female children 
 as soon as they were born. The Koran 
 refers to them in ch. vi. 
 
 Kenge (1 syl.), of the firm of Kenge 
 
KENELM. 
 
 508 
 
 KENT. 
 
 and Carboy, Lincoln's Inn, generally 
 called "Conversation Keuge," loving 
 above all things to hear "the dulcet 
 tones of his own voice." The firm is 
 engaged on the side of Mr. Jarudyce in 
 the great Chancery suit of "Jarndyee «. 
 Jarndvce." — C. Dickens, Bleak House 
 (1853). 
 
 Kenelm (St.) vras murdered at 
 Clente-in-Cowbage, near Winchelcumb, 
 in Gloucestershire ; but the murder " was 
 miraculously notified at Rome by a white 
 dove," which alighted on the altar of St. 
 Peter's, bearing in its beak a scroll with 
 these words : 
 
 Indent cow-paiture, ucder a thorn. 
 Of head bereft, lies Kenelm king-born. 
 Roger de Wenilover, Chronicles (died 1237). 
 
 Kenilworth, a novel by sir W. 
 Scott (1821). This is very superior to 
 The Abbot and The Monastery. For 
 interest it comes next to Ivanhoe, and 
 the portrait of queen Elizabeth is life- 
 like and correct. That of queen Mary 
 is given in The Abbot. The novel is fuil 
 of courtly gaieties and splendour, but 
 contains the unhappy tale of the beautiful 
 Amy Robsart, which cannot fail to excite 
 our sympathy and pity. 
 
 Kenna, daughter of king Oberon, 
 who fell in love with Albion son of the 
 island king. Oberon drove the prince 
 from his empire, and when Albion made 
 war on the fairy king, he was slain. 
 Kenna then poured the juice of moly 
 over him, and the dead body was con- 
 verted into a snowdrop. According to 
 this fable, " Kensington Gardens " is a 
 corruption of Kenna's-town-garden. — 
 Tickell, Kensington Garden (died jl740). 
 
 Ksnna htwnar ( ' ' I know not where ") , 
 the capital of Noman's-land, 91° north 
 lat. 181° west long. 
 
 A chronicler of Kennahlwbar of literary' mystery, 
 The Conquest of Granada left in manuscript for history. 
 The Queen (" Double Acrostic," 1878). 
 
 %* This chronicler was "Fray Antonio 
 Agapida," the hypothetical author of The 
 Conquest of Granada, by Washington 
 Irving. 
 
 Kenna-quhair (Scotch, "/ don't 
 know where "), an hypothetical locality. 
 
 Melrose may in general pass for Kennaquhair.— Sir W. 
 
 Bcott 
 
 Kennedy (Frank), an excise officer, 
 who shows Mr. G. Godfrey Bertram the 
 laird of Ellangowan (magistrate) the 
 smuggler's vessel chased by a war sloop. 
 Th» smugglers afterwards murder him. 
 
 — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Kenneth (Sir), "Knight of the 
 Leopard," a disguise, assumed by David 
 earl of Huntingdon, prince royal of 
 Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Kenrick (Felix), the old foster- 
 father of Caroline Dormer. His wife 
 Judith was her nurse. Kenrick, an 
 Irishman, clings to his mistress in all 
 her misfortunes, and proves nimself a 
 most attached, disinterested, and faithful 
 old servant. — G. Colman, TJie Heir-at- 
 Law (1797). 
 
 Kensington, according to Tickell's 
 fable, is so called from the fairy Kenna, 
 daughter of king Oberon. The tale is 
 that prince Albion was stolen by Milkah, 
 the fairy, and carried to Kensington. 
 When 19 years old, he fell in love with 
 Kenna ; but Oberon was so angry at this 
 engagement, that he drove Albion out of 
 the garden, and compelled Kenna to 
 marry Azuriel, a fairy from Holland 
 Park. Albion laid his complaint before 
 Neptune, who sent Oriel with a fairy 
 army against Oberon. In this battle 
 Albion was slain, and Neptune, in 
 revenge, utterly destroyed the whole 
 empire. The fairies, being dispersed, 
 betook themselves to the hills and dales, 
 the caves and mines. Kenna poured 
 juice of the herb moly over the dead 
 body of Albion, and the unhappy prince 
 was changed thus into a snowdrop. — - 
 Tickell, Kensington Garden (died 1740). 
 
 Kent. According to fable, Kent is so 
 called from Can'ute, one of the com- 
 panions of Brute the Trojan wanderer, 
 who, according to Geoffrey's British 
 History, settled in England, and founded 
 a dynasty of kings. Canute had that 
 part of the island assigned to him which, 
 was called Canutium, contracted into 
 Can'tium, and again into Cant or Kent. 
 
 But Canute had his portion from the rest, 
 The which he called Canutium, for his hire, 
 Now Cantiuni, which Kent we commonly inquire. 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, II. x. 12 (1590). 
 
 Kent (Earl of), under the assumed 
 name of Caius. attended upon the old king 
 Lear, when his two elder daughters re- 
 fused to entertain him with his suite. 
 He afterwards took him to Dover Castle. 
 When the old king was dying, he could 
 not be made to understand how Caius and 
 Kent could be the same person. — Shake- 
 speare, King Lear (1605). 
 
KENT. 
 
 509 
 
 KEYS OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Kerd (The Fair Maid of), Joan, only- 
 daughter of Edmund Plantagenet earl of 
 Kent. She married thrice : (1) William 
 de Montacute earl of Salisbury, from 
 •whom she was divorced ; (2) sir Thomas 
 Holland ; and (3) her second cousin, 
 Edward the Black Prince, by whom she 
 became the mother of Richard II. 
 
 Ken wigs {Mr.), a turner in ivory, 
 and "a monstrous genteel man." He 
 toadies Mr. Lillyvick, his wife's uncle, 
 from whom he has "expectations." 
 
 Mrs. Kenwigs, wife of the above, con- 
 sidered " quite a lady," as she has an 
 uncle who collects- the water-rates, and 
 sends her daughter Moleena to a day 
 school. 
 
 The Misses Kenwigs, pupils of Nicholas 
 Nickleby, remarkable for wearing their 
 hair in long braided tails down their 
 backs, the ends being tied with bright 
 ribbons. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
 (1838). 
 
 Kera Khan, a gallant and generous 
 Tartar chief in a war between the Poles 
 and the Tartars. — J. P. Kemble, Lodoiska 
 (a melodrame). 
 
 Kerns, light-armed Irish foot-soldiers. 
 The word (Kigheyren) means " a hell 
 shower ; " so called because they were hell- 
 rakes or the " devil's black-guard." (See 
 Gallowg lasses.) — Stanihurst, Descrip- 
 tion of Ireland, viii. 28. 
 
 Kesche'tiouch, the shepherd who 
 joined the six Greek slaves of Ephesus, 
 and was one of the "seven sleepers." 
 
 Keschetiouch's Dog, Catnier, called by 
 Sale, in his notes to the Koran, " Kat- 
 mir." — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales 
 ("History of Dakianos," 1748). 
 
 Kes'teven. Lincolnshire is divided 
 into Lindsey, the highest lands ; Kesteven, 
 the heaths (west) ; and Holland, the fens. 
 
 Quoth Kesteven . . . how I hato 
 Thus of her foggy fens to hear rude Holland prate ! 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. (1622). 
 
 Kettle of Pish (A Pretty), a pretty 
 muddle, a bad job. A corruption of 
 Kiddle of fish. A kiddle is a basket set 
 in the opening of a wear for catching fish. 
 (French, quideau.) 
 
 Kettle-drum, a corruption of Kiddle- 
 drum, a drr.m in the shape of a kiddle or 
 basket employed for catching fish. (Sec 
 above.) 
 
 Kettledrummle (Gabriel), a cove- 
 nanter preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Keuser, one of the rivers of Ma- 
 homet's paradise, the waters whereof are 
 sweeter than new milk. 
 
 He who has seen the garden of thy beauty, adorable 
 princess, would not change his ravishment lor a draught 
 of tlie water of Keuser. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tale* 
 ("The Basket," 1743). 
 
 Kevin (St.), a young man who went 
 to live on a solitary rock at Glendaiough, 
 in Wicklow. This he did to flee from 
 Kath'leen, who loved him, and whose eyes 
 he feared his heart wov Id not be able to 
 resist. Kathleen tracked him, and 
 while he slept " bent over him ; " but, 
 starting from his sleep, the " holy man " 
 cast the girl from the rock into the sea, 
 which her ghost haunted amidst the 
 sounds of sweet music. — T. Moore, Irish 
 Melodies, iv. (" By that Lake . . ." 1814). 
 
 Key (Sir), son of sir Ector the 
 foster-father of prince Arthur. He was 
 Arthur's seneschal, and is represented as 
 rude and boastful. Sir Gaw'ain is the 
 type of courtesy, sir Launcelot of chivalry, 
 sir Mordred of treachery, sir Galahad of 
 chastity, sir Mark of cowardice. (See 
 Kay.) 
 
 Key and Bible, used for the detec- 
 tion of thieves. A key is placed over an 
 open Bible at the words, " Whither thou 
 goest, I will go " (Ruth i. 16) ; and, the 
 ringers of the person being held so as to 
 form a cross, the text is repeated. The 
 names of suspected persons are then pro- 
 nounced in succession, and when the name 
 of the thief is uttered, the key jumps and 
 dances about. An instance of this method 
 of thief-rinding was brought before the 
 magistrates at the borough petty sessions 
 at Ludlow, in January, 1879. 
 
 A married woman, named Mary Ann Collier, waa 
 charged with using abusive and insulting language to her 
 neighbour, Eliza Oliver ; and the complainant, in her 
 statement to the magistrates, said that on December 27 
 she was engaged in carrying water, when Mrs. Collier 
 stopped her, and stated that another neighbour had had 
 a sheet stolen, and had "'turned the key on the Bible 
 near several houses ; that when it came to her (Oliver's) 
 house, the key moved of itself, and that when com- 
 plainant's name was mentioned the key and the Book 
 turned completely round, and fell out of their hands." 
 She also stated that the owner of the sheet then inquired 
 from the key and the Book whether the theft was com- 
 mitted at dark or daylight, and the reply was "daylight." 
 
 Defendant then called complainant "A daylight 
 
 thief," and charged her with stealing the sheet— Jfewt- 
 paper paragraph (January, 1879). 
 
 Key of Russia, Smolensk, on the 
 Dnieper. Famous for its resistance to 
 Napoleon I. in 1812. 
 
 Key of the Mediterranean, the 
 
 fortress of Gibraltar, which commands 
 the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea, 
 
 Keys of Knowledge. Five things 
 
KEYNE. 
 
 >10 
 
 KILDARE. 
 
 are known to God alone : (1) The time of 
 the day of judgment; (2) the time of 
 rain ; (3) the sex of an animal before 
 birth ; (4) what will happen on the 
 morrow $ (5) where any one will die. 
 These the Arabs call the five keys of secret 
 knowledge. — Sale, Al Koran, xxxi. note. 
 *** The five senses are called " The 
 five doors of knowledge." 
 
 Keyne [Keen] or St. Keyna, daughter 
 of Braga'uus prince of Garthmatrin or 
 Brecon, called " Keyna the Virgin." 
 Her sister Melaria was the mother of St. 
 David. Many . nobles sought her in 
 marriage, but she refused them all, being 
 resolved to live and die a virgin. She 
 retired to a spot near the Severn, which 
 aboundeu with serpents, but at her prayer 
 they were all turned into Ammonites, 
 and " abide to this day." Subsequently 
 she removed to Mount St. Michael, and 
 by her prayer a spring of healing waters 
 burst out of the earth, and whoever 
 drinks first of this w r ater after marriage 
 will become the dominant house-power. 
 "Now," says Southey, "a Cornishman 
 took his bride to church, and the moment 
 the ring was on ran up the mount to 
 drink of the mystic water. Down he 
 came in full glee to tell his bride ; but the 
 bride said, ' M3 r good man, I brought a 
 bottle of the water to church with me, 
 and drank of it before you started.' " — 
 Southey, The Well of St. Keyne (1798). 
 
 Khadijah, daughter of Khowailed ; 
 Mahomet's first wife, and one of the four 
 perfect women. The other three are 
 Fatima, the prophet's daughter ; Mary, 
 daughter of Imran ; and Asia, wife of 
 the Pharaoh who was drowned in the lied 
 Sea. 
 
 Khawla, one of the sorceresses in 
 the caves of Dom-Daniel, " undev the 
 roots of the ocean." She is called " the 
 woman-fiend," " fiercest of the enchanter 
 brood." She had heard that one of the 
 race of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) would be their 
 destruction, so Okba was sent forth to 
 cut off the whole race. He succeeded in 
 killing eight, but one named Thal'aba 
 escaped. Abdaldar was chosen to hunt 
 him up and kill him. He found the boy 
 in an Arab's tent, and raised the dagger, 
 but ere the blow fell, the murderer him- 
 self was killed by the death-angel. — 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer (1797). 
 
 Khid'ir or Chidder, the tutelary god 
 of voyagers ; his brother Elias is the tute- 
 lary god of travellers. The two brothers 
 
 meet once a year at Mina, near Mecca. — 
 Mouradgea d'Ohsson, History of the Otto- 
 man .Empire (1821). 
 
 Khorassan (The Veiled Prophet of), 
 Mokanna, a prophet-chief, who wore a 
 veil under pretence of shading the 
 dazzling light of his countenance. The 
 truth is, he had lost an eye, and his face 
 was otherwise disfigured in battle. Mo- 
 kanna assumed to be a god, and main- 
 tained that he had been Adam, Noeh, 
 and other representative men. When the 
 sultan Mahadi environed him so that 
 escape was impossible, the prophet poi- 
 soned all his followers at a banquet, and 
 then threw himself into a burning acid, 
 which wholly consumed his body. — T. 
 Moore, Lalla Rookh (" The Veiled 
 Prophet, etc.," 1817). 
 
 Kidney. A man of another kidney, 
 a man of a different sort of character. 
 The Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc., sup- 
 posed the kidneys to be the seat of Ike 
 affections, and therefore to determine the 
 charaoter. 
 
 Kifri, a giant and enchanter, Urn 
 impersonation of atheism and blasphemy. 
 After some frightful blasphemies, he hurls 
 into the air a huge rock, which falls on 
 himself and kills him, "for self-murderers 
 are generally infidels or atheists." — Sir 
 C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii 
 (" The Enchanter's lale," vi., 1751) 
 
 Kil, in the names of places, means a 
 "cell, cloister, or chapel." 
 
 Kilbarchan (Scotland), Kil-bara-cin, 
 the kill on the hill-top. 
 
 Kilcrin (Ireland), the little kil. 
 
 Kildare is Kil-dara, the "kil of the 
 oak." St. Bridget built her first cell 
 under a large oak. 
 
 Kilham (Yorkshire), the chapel close. 
 
 Kilkenny, the kill or cloister of St. 
 Kenny or Canice. 
 
 Kilmore (Ireland), the big kil. 
 
 Kilsyth (Ireland), the great kil 
 (" sythe," great). 
 
 Icolmkill (Scotland), is I-columb-kil, 
 i.e. the "island of St. Columb's cell." 
 The Culdee institutions of St. Columb 
 were established in 563, for the purpose of 
 converting the Picts to Christianity. 
 
 Kildare (2 syl.), famous for the fire 
 of St. Bridget, which was never allowed 
 to go out. St. Bridget returns every 
 twentieth year to tend to the fire herself. 
 Part of the chapel of Sfc Bridget still 
 remains, and is called "The Fire-house " 
 
KILDERKIN. 
 
 511 
 
 KING. 
 
 Like the bright lamp that shone in Kildare's holy fane, 
 And burned through long ages of darkness and storm. 
 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies, ui ("Eria, Erin 1 " 1814). 
 Apud KildarUiu oecun-it ignis Sane tie Brigida; quem 
 
 tnextingiiebilem vocant. — Giraldus Cambrensis, Hibernia, 
 
 ii. 34U187). 
 
 Kilderkin (Ned), keeper of an 
 eating-house at Greenwich. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Kilian (St.), an Irish missionary who 
 Buffered martyrdom at Wiirzburg, in 689. 
 A cathedral was erected to his memory in 
 the eighth century. 
 
 Kilian of Kersberg, the 'squire of 
 sir Archibald von Hagenbach. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Anne of Geiersiein (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Killed by Kindness. It is said 
 that the ape not unfrequently strangles 
 its young ones by hugging them too hard. 
 
 The Athenians, wishing to show honour 
 to Draco the law-giver, showered on him 
 their caps and cloaks, and he was 
 smothered to death by the pile thus 
 heaped upon him. 
 
 Killing no Murder. Carpentier 
 de Marigny, the enemy of Mazarin, 
 issued, in 1658, a tract entitled Tuer un 
 Tyran rCest par un Crime. 
 
 Sexby wrote a tract entitled Killing no 
 Murder, generally thought to have been 
 the production of William Allan. The 
 object of the book was to show that it 
 would be no crime to murder Cromwell. 
 
 Kilmansegg (31iss), an heiress with 
 great expectations, and an artificial leg 
 of solid gold. — Thomas Hood, A Golden 
 Legend (1828). 
 
 King, a title of sovereignty or 
 honour At one time, crown tenants were 
 called kings or dukes, at the option of the 
 sovereign ; thus, Frederick Barbaross i 
 made one of his brothers a king-vassal, 
 and another a duke-vassal, simply by the 
 investiture of a sword. In English his- 
 tory, the lord of Man was styled " king ; " 
 so was the lord of the Isle of Wight, and 
 the lord of Connaught, as clearly appears 
 in the giants of John and Henry III. 
 Several examples might be quoted of 
 (earls conferring the title of " king "on their 
 vassals. — See Selden's Titles of Honour, 
 iii. (1614). 
 
 King (Like a). When Poms, the 
 • Indian prince, was taken prisoner, Alex- 
 ander asked him how he expected, to be 
 treated. " Like a king," he replied ; and 
 Alexander made him his friend. 
 
 King (The Factory), Richard Oastler 
 
 of Bradford, the successful advocate of 
 the " Ten Hours Bill " (1789-1861). 
 
 King (The Railway), George Hudson; 
 so called by the Rev. Sydney Smith 
 (1800-1871). 
 
 King (The Red) the king of Persia; 
 so called from his red turban. 
 
 Credo ut Persam nuuc propter rubea tegumenta capitis 
 Rubeum Ca.jmt vocant. ita reges Moscovise, propter alba 
 tegumenta Albos Reges appellari.— Sigisruund. 
 
 King (The Snow), Gustavus Adolphus 
 of Sweden, killed in the " Thirty Years' 
 War " at the battle of Ltitzen, 1682. 
 
 At Vienna he was called "The Snow King'' in derision. 
 Like a snow-ball, he was kept together by the' cold, hut as 
 he approached a warmer soil lie melted away and disap- 
 peared.— Dr. Crichton, Scandinavia, ii. 61 11838). 
 
 *** Sweden and Norway are each 
 called " The Snow Kingdom." 
 
 Let no vessel of the kingdom of snowi[NbrvHtj/], bound 
 on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore [t/ie Orkneys].— 
 Ossian, Pingal, i. 
 
 King (The Wiite). The ancient kings 
 of Muscovy were so called from the white 
 robe which they used to wear. Solomon 
 wore a white robe ; hence our Lord, speak- 
 ing of the lilies of the field, says that. 
 "Solomon in all his glory was not 
 arrayed like one of these " (Luke xii. 27). 
 
 Principem Moscoviaa Album Regent nuncupant. . . . 
 Credo lit Persara nunc propter rubea tegumenta capitis 
 Rubeum Caput vocant, ita reges Moscovise, propter alba 
 tegumenta Albos Reges appellari.— Sigismund. 
 
 *** Another explanation may be sug- 
 gested : Muscovy was called " White 
 Russia," as Poland was called "Black 
 Russia." 
 
 King (Tom), "the choice spirit of the 
 day for a quiz, a hoax, a joke, a jest, a 
 song, a dance, a race, or a row. A jolly 
 dog, a rare blood, prime buck, rum soul, 
 and funny fellow." He drives M. Mor- 
 bleu, a French barber, living in the 
 Seven Dials, London, almost out of his 
 senses by inquiring over and over ajxam 
 for Mr. Thompson. — Moncrieif, Mon. 
 Tonson. 
 
 (There is a Hon. Tonson by Taylor, 
 1767.) 
 
 King (surnamed the Affable), Charles 
 VIII. of France (1470, 1483-1498). 
 
 King (surnamed the Amorous), Philippe 
 
 I. of France (1052, 1060-1108). 
 
 King (surnamed Augustus), Philippe 
 
 II. of France. So called because he was 
 born in August (1165, 1180-1223). 
 
 Sigismund II. of Poland; born in the 
 month of August (1520, 1548-1572). 
 
 King (surnamed the Avenger), Alphonso 
 
KING. 
 
 512 
 
 KING. 
 
 XI. of Leon and Castile (1310, 1327- 
 1350). 
 
 King (surnamed the Bad), Charles II. 
 of Navarre (1332, 1349-1387). 
 
 William I. of the Two Sicilies 
 (*, 1154-1166). 
 
 King (surnamed the Bald), Charles I. 
 le Chauve of France (823, 875-877). 
 
 Kirt/) (surnamed Barbarossa or lied 
 Beard), Frederick II. of Germany (1121, 
 1152-1190). 
 
 King (surnamed the Battler), Alphonso 
 
 I. of Aragon (*, 1104-1135). 
 
 King (surnamed the Bearded), Baldwin 
 IV. earl of Flanders, The Handsome 
 Beard (1160-1186). 
 
 Constantine IV., Pogonatus, emperor 
 of Rome (648, 668-685). 
 
 King (surnamed Beauclerk), Henry I. 
 of England (1068, 1100-1135). 
 
 King (surnamed the Bellicose), Henri 
 
 II. le Belliqueux (1519, 1547-1559). 
 
 King (surnamed the Black), Heinrich 
 HI. of Germany (1017, 1046-1056). 
 
 King (surnamed the Bold), Boleslaus 
 II. of Poland (1042, 1058-1090). 
 
 King (surnamed Bomba), Ferdinand 
 II. of the Two Sicilies (1751, 1759-1825). 
 Francis II. Bombalino (1860). 
 
 King (surnamed the Brave), Alphonso 
 VI. of Leon and Castile (1030, 1065- 
 1109). 
 
 Alphonso IV. of Portugal (1290, 1324- 
 1357). 
 
 King (surnamed the Cqtholic), Alphonso 
 
 I. cf Asturias (693, 739-757). 
 Ferdinand II. of Aragon (1452, 1474- 
 
 1516). 
 
 Isabella queen of Castile (1450, 1474- 
 15C4). 
 
 King (surnamed the Ceremonious) , 
 Peter IV. of Aragon (L>1 7, 1336-1387). 
 
 King (surnamed the Chaste), Alphonso 
 
 II. of Leon, etc. (758, 791-842). 
 
 King (surnamed the Confessor), Ed- 
 ward the Confessor, of England (1004, 
 1042-1066). 
 
 King (surnamed the Conqueror), Alex- 
 ander the Great, Conqueror of the World 
 (b.c. 356, 336-323). 
 
 Alfonso of Portugal (1094, 1137-1185). 
 
 Aurungzebe the Great, Alemgir, the 
 Great Mogul (1618, 1659-1707). 
 
 Francisco Pizarro Conquistador, of Peru 
 (1475-1541). 
 
 James I. of Aragon (1206, 1213-1276). 
 
 Othman or Osman I. of Turkey (1259, 
 1299-1326). 
 
 William I. of England (1027, 1066- 
 1087). 
 
 King (surnamed the Cruel), Pedro of 
 Castile (1334, 1350-1369). 
 
 Pedro of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367). 
 
 King (surnamed the Desired), Louis 
 XVIII. of France (1755, 1814-1824). 
 
 King (surnamed the Fair), Charles IV. 
 (1294," 1322-1328). 
 
 Philippe IV. le Bel, of France (1268, 
 1285-1314). 
 
 King (surnamed the Fat), Alphonso II. 
 of Portugal (1185, 1212-1223). 
 
 Charles III. of France (832, 884-888). 
 
 Louis VI. le Gros, of France (1078, 
 1108-1137). 
 
 Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 
 
 King (surnamed the Father of Letter?), 
 Francois I. of France (1494, 1515-1547). 
 
 King (surnamed the Father of His 
 People), Louis XII. of France (1462, 
 1498-1515). 
 
 Christian III. of Denmark (1502, 
 1534-1559). 
 
 King (surnamed the Fea?*less), John 
 duke of Burgundy, Sanspeur (1371-1419). 
 
 Richard I., Sanspeur, duke of Nor- 
 mandy (932, 942-996). 
 
 King (surnamed the Fierce), Alexander 
 I. of Scotland '(*, 1107-1124). 
 
 King (surnamed the Gallant), in Italian 
 Be' Galantuomo, Victor Emmanuel of 
 Italy (1820, 1849-1878). 
 
 King (surnamed the Good), Alphonso 
 VIII. of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158- 
 1214). 
 
 John II. of France, le Bon (1319, 
 1350-1364). 
 
 John III. dike of Brittany (1286, 
 1312-1341). 
 
 John V. duke of Brittany (1389, 1399- 
 1442). 
 
 Philippe III. le Bon, duke of Bur- 
 gundy (1396, 1419, 1467). 
 
 Rene titular king of Naples (1409- 
 1452). 
 
 Richard II. duke of Normandy 
 (*j 996-1026). 
 
KING. 
 
 513 
 
 KING. 
 
 William II. of the Two Sicilies 
 (*, 1166-1189). 
 
 King (surnamed the Great), Abbas I. 
 of Persia (1557, 1585-1628). 
 
 Alexander of Macedon (b.c. 356, 340- 
 323). 
 
 Alfred of England (849, 871-901). 
 
 Alphonso III. of Asturias, etc. (848, 
 866-912). 
 
 Alphonso V. count of Savoy (1249, 
 1285-1323). 
 
 Boleslaus I. of Poland (*, 992-1025). 
 
 Canute of England (995, 1014-1035). 
 
 Casimir III. of Poland (1309, 1333- 
 1370). 
 
 Charlemagne (742, 768-814). 
 
 Charles III. duke of Lorraine (1543, 
 1547-1608). 
 
 Charles Emmanuel I. duke of Savoy 
 (1562, 1580-1630). 
 
 Constantine I. emperor of Rome (272, 
 306-337). 
 
 Cosmo de' Medici grand-duke of Tus- 
 cany (1519, 1537-1574). 
 
 Ferdinand I. of Castile, etc. (*, 1034- 
 1065). 
 
 Frederick II. of Prussia (1712, 1740- 
 1786). 
 
 Frederick William the Great Elector 
 (1620, 1640-1688). 
 
 Gregorv I. pope (544, 590-604). 
 
 Henri IV. of France (1553, 1589-1610). 
 
 Herod I. of the Jews (b.c. 73, 47-4). 
 
 Herod Agrippa I. the tetrarch 
 (*, *-44). 
 
 Hiao-wen-tee of China (b.c. 206, 179- 
 157). 
 
 John II. of Portugal (1455, 1481- 
 1495). 
 
 Justinian I. emperor of the East (483, 
 527-565). 
 
 Khosrou or Chosroes I. of Persia 
 (*, 531-579). 
 
 Leo I. pope (390, 440-461). 
 
 Louis XIV. of France (1638, 1643- 
 1715). 
 
 Ludwig of Hungary (1326, 1342-1381). 
 
 Mahomet II. of Turkey (1430, 1451- 
 1481). 
 
 Matteo Visconti lord of- Milan (1250, 
 1295-1322). 
 
 Maximilian duke of Bavaria (1573- 
 1651). 
 
 Napoleon I. of France (1769, 1804- 
 1814, died 1821). 
 
 Nicholas I. pope (*, 858-867). 
 
 Otto I. of German v (912, 936-973). 
 
 Pedro III. of Aragon (1239, 1276- 
 1285). 
 
 Peter I. of Ptussia (1672, 1689-1725). 
 
 Sapor II. of Persia (310, 308-380). 
 
 Sigismund I. of Poland (1466, 1506- 
 1548). 
 
 Theoderic of the Ostrogoths (454, 
 475-526). 
 
 Theodosius I. emperor (346, 378-395). 
 
 Vladimir grand-duke of Russia 
 (*, 973-1014). 
 
 Waldemar I. of Denmark (1131, 1157- 
 1181). 
 
 King (surnamed the Illustrious), Albert 
 V. emperor of Austria (1398, 1404-1439). 
 
 Jam-sheid of Persia (b.c. 840-800). 
 
 Kien-long of China (1736-1796). 
 
 Nicomedes II., Epiphanes, of Bithynia 
 (*, 149-191). 
 
 Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, of Egvpt 
 (b.c. 210, 205-181). 
 
 King (surnamed the Infant), Ludwig 
 IV. of German v (893, 900-911). 
 
 Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002). 
 
 King (surnamed Ironside), Edmund II. 
 of England (989, 1016-1017). 
 
 Frederick II. elector of Brandenburg 
 was called " Iron Tooth " (1657, 1688- 
 1713). 
 
 Nicholas of Russia was called " The 
 Iron Emperor" (1796, 1826-1852). 
 
 King (surnamed the Just), Baharam of 
 Persia (276-296). 
 
 Casimir II. of Poland (1117, 1177- 
 1194). 
 
 Ferdinand I. of Aragon (1373, 1412- 
 1416). 
 
 Haroun-al-Raschid (765, 786-808). 
 
 James II. of Aragon (1261, 1285- 
 1327). 
 
 Khosrou or Chosroes I. of Persia 
 (*, 531-579). 
 
 Louis XIII. of France (1601, 1610- 
 1643). 
 
 Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357- 
 1367). 
 
 King (surnamed the lame), Agesi- 
 laos of Sparta (b.c. 444, 398-361). 
 
 Albert II. of Austria (1289, 1330-1358), 
 duke of Austria. 
 
 Charles II. of Naples (1248, 1289-1309). 
 
 Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002- 
 1024). 
 
 King (surnamed the Lion), Alep Ars- 
 lan (the Valiant Lion), son of Togrul Beg, 
 the Perso-Turkish monarch (*, 1003- 
 1072). 
 
 Arioch, called "The Lion King of 
 Assyria" (b.c. 1927-1897). 
 
 Damelowiez prince of Haliez, wbo 
 founded Lemberg ("the lion city") in 
 1259. 
 
 2 i. 
 
KING. 
 
 514 
 
 KING. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, called "The Lion 
 of the North " (1594, 1611-163,2). 
 
 Heinrich duke of Bavaria and Saxony 
 (1129-1195). 
 
 Louis VIII. of France (1187, 1223- 
 122G). 
 
 Richard I. of England, Carnr de Lion 
 (1157, 1189-1199). 
 
 William of Scotland ; so called be- 
 cause he chose for his cognizance a red 
 lion rampant (*, 1165-1214). 
 
 Kinq (surnamed the Little), Charles 
 III. of Naples (1345, 1381-138(3). 
 
 Kinq (surnamed the Long-legged), Ed- 
 ward I., Longshanks, of England (1239, 
 1272-1307). 
 
 Philippe V. le Long, of France (1294, 
 1317-1322). 
 
 King (surnamed the Magnanimous), 
 Alphonso V. of Aragon and Naples (1385, 
 141G-1458). 
 
 Khosrou or Chosroes of Persia, Nou- 
 shirwan (*, 531-579). 
 
 King (surnamed the Magnificent), Soli- 
 man I. sultan (1493, 1520-1566). 
 
 King (surnamed the Martyr), Charles 
 I. of England (1600, 1625-1649). 
 
 Edward the Marti/r, of England (961, 
 975-979). 
 
 Louis XVI. of France (1754, 1774- 
 1793). 
 
 Martin I. pope (*, 649-655). 
 
 King (surnamed the Minion), Henri 
 
 III. of France (1551, 1574-1589). 
 
 King (surnamed the Noble), Alphonso 
 VIII. of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158- 
 1214). 
 
 Charles III. of Navarre (*, 1387-1425). 
 
 Soliman, called Tchelibi, Turkish prince 
 at Adrianople (died 1410). 
 
 Kinq (surnamed the Pacific), Amadeus 
 V1I1. count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1449). 
 
 Frederick III. of Germany (1415, 1440- 
 1493). 
 
 Glaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093). 
 
 King (surnamed the Patient), Albert 
 
 IV. duke of Austria (1377, 1395-1404). 
 
 King (surnamed the Philosopher), Fre- 
 derick the Great, called " The Philosopher 
 of Sans Souci" (1712, 1740-1786). 
 
 Leo VI. emperor of the East (866, 886- 
 911). 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus of Rome 
 (121, 161-180). 
 
 King (surnamed the Pious), Edward VI. 
 tf England (1537, 1547-1553). 
 
 Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 
 
 Ernst I. founder of the house of Gotha 
 (1601-1674). 
 
 Robert le Pieux, of France (971, 996- 
 1031). 
 
 King (surnamed the Prodiaal), Albert 
 
 VI. of Austria (1418, 1439-1463). 
 
 King (surnamed the Bash), Charles le 
 Temeraire, of Burgundy (1433, 1467-1477), 
 duke. 
 
 King (surnamed the Red), Amadeus 
 
 VII. count of Savov (1360, 1383-1391). 
 Otto II. of Germany (955, 973-983). 
 William II., Rufus, of England (1057, 
 
 1087-1100). 
 
 King (surnamed Red Beard), Frederick 
 I. kaiser of Germanv, called Rarbarossa 
 (1121, 1152-1190). 
 
 Horush or Horuc sultan of Algiers 
 (1474, 1516-1518). 
 
 Khair Eddin sultan of Algiers 
 (*, 1518-1546). 
 
 King (surnamed the Saint), Boniface I. 
 pope (*, 418-422). 
 
 Boniface IV. pope (*, 607-615). 
 
 Celestine I. pope (*, 422-432). 
 
 Celestine V. pope (1215, 1294-1296). 
 
 Charles the Good, count of Flanders 
 (*, 1119-1127). 
 
 David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153). 
 
 Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1160). 
 
 Ethelred I. of Wessex (*, 866-871). 
 
 Eugenius I. pope (*, 654-657). 
 
 Felix I. pope (*, 269-274). 
 
 Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon 
 (1200, 1217-1252). 
 
 Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002- 
 1024). 
 
 Julius I. pope (*, 337-352). 
 
 Kang-he of China (*, 1661-1722). 
 
 Ladislaus I. of Hungary (1041, 1077- 
 1095). 
 
 Leo IX. pope (1002, 1049-1054). 
 
 Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270). 
 
 Martin I. pope (*, 649-655). 
 
 Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 
 
 Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038). 
 
 King (surnamed the Salic), Conrad II. 
 of Germany (*, 1024-1039). 
 
 King (surnamed the Severe), Peter I. 
 of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367). 
 
 King (surnamed the Silent), Anasta- 
 sius 1. emperor of the East (430, 491- 
 518). 
 
 William I. Stadtholder (1533, 1544- 
 
 1584). 
 
KING. 
 
 515 
 
 KING AND THE LOCUSTS. 
 
 King (surnamed the Simple), Charles 
 III. of France (879, 893-929). 
 
 King (surnamed the Stammerer), Louis 
 II. le Be'gue, of France (846, 877-879). 
 
 Michael II. emperor of the East 
 (*, 820-829). 
 
 *Kinq (surnamed the Terrible), Ivan II. 
 of Russia (1529, 1533-1584). 
 
 lung (surnamed the Thunderbolt). Pto- 
 lemy king of Macedon, eldest son of 
 Ptolemy Soter I., was so called from his 
 great impetuosity (u.c. *, 285-279). 
 
 King (surnamed tlie Thunderer), 
 Stephen II. of Hungary (1100, 1114- 
 1131). 
 
 King (surnamed the Unready), Ethelred 
 IL-of England (*, 978-1016). Unready, 
 in this case, does not mean unprepared, 
 but unwise, lacking rede ("wisdom or 
 counsel"). 
 
 King (surnamed the Valiant), John IV. 
 duke of Brittany (1338, 1364-1399). 
 
 King (surnamed the Victorious), 
 Charles VII. of France (1403, 1422-1461). 
 
 King (surnamed the Well-beloved), 
 
 Charles VI. of France (1368, 1380-1422). 
 
 Louis XV. of France (1710, 1715-1774). 
 
 King (surnamed the Wise), Albert II. 
 duke of Austria (1289, 1330-1358). 
 
 Alphonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 
 1252-1284). 
 
 Charles V. of France, le Sage (1337, 
 1364-1380). 
 
 Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295). 
 
 Frederick elector of Saxony (1463, 
 1544-1554). 
 
 James I., Solomon, of England (1566, 
 1603-1625). 
 
 John V. duke of Brittany (1389, 1399- 
 1442). 
 
 King (surnamed the Wonder of the 
 World), Frederick II. of Germany (1194, 
 1215-1250). 
 
 Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002). 
 
 King (surnamed the Young), Dagobert 
 II. of France (652, 656-679). 
 
 Leo II. pope (470, 474-474). 
 
 Louis VII. le Jeune, of France (1120, 
 1137-1180). 
 
 Ludwig II. of Germany (822, 855-875). 
 
 Eomanus II. emperor of the East (939, 
 959-963). 
 
 King Franco'ni, Joachim Mura ^ so 
 called becausehis dress was so exceedingly 
 
 showy that he reminded one of the fine 
 dresses of Franconi the mountebank 
 (1767-1815). 
 
 King Log, a rot 'faineant, an allusion 
 to iEsop's fable of tbe Frogs ashing for a 
 King. Jupiter threw a log into the pond 
 for their first king, and a stork for their 
 second. The one was too passive, the 
 other was a "devourer of his people." 
 
 King Maker {Tlie), Richard Neville, 
 earl of Warwick, who fell in the battle of 
 Barnet (1420-1471). So called because 
 when he espoused the Yorkists, Edward 
 IV. was set up king ; and when he 
 espoused the Lancastrian side, Henry VI. 
 was restored. 
 
 Thus fortune to his end the mighty Warwick brings. 
 This puissant setter-up and plucker-down of kings. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii. (1622). 
 
 King Petaud, a king whose subjects 
 are all his equals. The court of king Petaud 
 is a board where no one pays any attention 
 to the chairman ; a meeting of all talkers 
 and no hearers. The king of the beggars 
 is called king Pe'taud, from the Latin, pe to, 
 " I beg." 
 
 King Stork, a tyrant who devours 
 his subjects and makes them submissive 
 from fear. The allusion is to iEsop's fable 
 of the Frogs ashing for a King. Jupiter 
 first sent them a log, but they despised 
 the passive thing ; he then sent them a 
 stork, who devoured them. 
 
 King and the Locusts. A king 
 made a proclamation that, if any man 
 would tell him a story which should last 
 for ever, he would make him his heir and 
 son-in-law ; but if any one undertook to 
 do so and failed, he should lose his head. 
 After many failures, came one, and said, 
 " A certain king seized all the corn of 
 his kingdom, and stored it in a huge 
 granary ; but a swarm of locusts came, 
 and a small cranny was descried, through 
 which one locust could contrive to creep. 
 So one locust went in, and carried off 
 one grain of corn ; and then another 
 locust went in, and carried off another 
 grain of corn ; and then another locust 
 went in," etc. ; and so the man went on. 
 day after day, and week after week, "and 
 so another locust went in, and carried off 
 another grain of corn." A month passed ; 
 a year passed. , In six months more, the 
 king said, "How much longer will the 
 locusts be? " " Oh, your majesty," said 
 the story-teller, "they have cleared at 
 present only a cubit, and there are many 
 
KING AND THE BEGGAR. 
 
 516 KING SHOULD DIE STANDING. 
 
 thousand cubits in the granary." " Man, 
 man ! " cried the king ; " you will drive 
 me mad. Take my daughter, take my 
 kingdom, take everything I have ; only 
 let me bear no more of these intolerable 
 locusts ! " — Letters from an Officer in India 
 (edited by the Rev. S. A. Pears). 
 
 King and the Beggar. It is said 
 that king Copethua or Cophetua of Africa 
 fell in love with a beggar-girl, and 
 married her. The girl's name was Penel'- 
 ophon ; called by Shakespeare Zenel'- 
 ophon {Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. 1, 
 1594). 
 
 King and the Cobbler. The 
 
 interview between Henry VIII. and a 
 merry London cobbler is tbe subject of 
 one of the many popular tales in which 
 Bluff Hal is represented as visiting an 
 humble subject in disguise. 
 
 King of Bark, Christopher III. of 
 Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. So 
 called because, in a time of scarcity, he 
 had the bark of birchwood mixed with 
 meal for food (died 1448). 
 
 King of Bath, Beau Nash, who was 
 for fifteen years master of the ceremonies 
 of the bath-rooms in that city, and con- 
 ducted the balls with great splendour and 
 judgment (1674-1761). 
 
 King of England. This title wa3 
 first assumed by Egbert in 828. 
 
 King of Exeter 'Change, Thomas 
 Clark, friend of the famous Abraham 
 Newland (1737-1817). 
 
 King of France. This title was 
 first assumed by Louis VII. (1171). It 
 was changed into " king of the French" 
 by the National Assembly in 1789. 
 Louis XVIII. resumed the title "king of 
 France" in 1814; and Louis Philippe 
 again resumed the more republican title, 
 "king of the French" (1830). 
 
 King of France. Edward III. of Eng- 
 land assumed the title in 1337 ; but in 
 1801 it was relinquished by proclamation 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 King of Ireland. This title was 
 first assumed by Henry VIII. in 1542. 
 The title previously assumed by the kings 
 of England Avas "lord of Ireland." 
 
 King of Painters, a title assumed 
 by Parrhaslos. Plutarch says he wore a 
 purple robe and a golden crown (fl. g.c. 
 400). 
 
 King of Preachers, Louis Bour- 
 daloue, a French clergyman (1632-1704). 
 
 King of Rome, a title conferred by 
 Napoleon I. on his son the very day he 
 was born ; but he was generally called the 
 duke of Reichstadt. 
 
 It is thought that this title was given 
 in imitation of Charlemagne, If so, 4t 
 was a blunder ; Charlemagne was never 
 11 king of Rome,'' but he was "patriciau 
 of Rome." In the German empire, the 
 heir-apparent was " king of the Romans," 
 not "king of Rome." This latter title 
 Avas expressly conferred on the German 
 kings, and sometimes on their heirs, by 
 a coronation at Milan. The German title 
 equivalent to "dauphin," or "prince of 
 Wales," was " king of the Romans." 
 
 King of Ships, Carausius, wjio 
 assumed the purple in a.d. 287, and, 
 seizing on Britain, defeated the emperor 
 Maximian Herculius in several naval 
 engagements (250, 287-293). . 
 
 King of Yvetot [Ev-to], a king of 
 name only ; a mockery king ; one who 
 assumes mighty honours without the 
 AvhereAvithal to support them. Yvetot, 
 near Rouen, was a seigneurie, on the 
 possessor of Avhich Clotaire I. conferred 
 the title of king in 534, and the title 
 continued till the fourteenth century. 
 
 II ctait un roi d'Yvetot, 
 Peu coiinu dans l'histoire ; 
 Se levant tard, se couchant tdt. 
 Dormant fort bien sansgloire. 
 
 Beranger. 
 
 King of the Beggars, Bampfylde 
 Moore CarcAv (1693-1770). He succeeded 
 Clause Patch, who died 1730, and was 
 therefore king of the beggars for forty 
 years (1730-1770). 
 
 King of the "World, the Roman 
 emperor. 
 
 King- Sat on the Rocky Brow 
 
 (A). The reference is to Xerxes viewing 
 the battle of Salamis from one of the 
 declivities of mount ^Egal'eos. 
 
 A king sat on the rocky brow 
 
 Which looks o'er sea-born Salamis; 
 And ships, by thousands, lay below. 
 Byron. Don Juan, iii. ("The Isles of Greece," 1820). 
 
 ("Ships by thousands" is a gross 
 exaggeration. The original fleet was 
 only 1200 sail, and 400 were wrecked ofE 
 the coast of Sepias before the sea-fight of 
 Salamis commenced, thus reducing the 
 number to 800 at most.) 
 
 King should Die Standing (A) 
 Vespasian said so, and Louis XVI II. of 
 
KING'S CAVE. 
 
 517 
 
 KINGS OP ENGLAND. 
 
 Fmnce repeated the same conceit. Both 
 died standing. 
 
 King's Cave (The), opposite to 
 Campbeltown (Argyllshire) ; so called 
 because king Robert Bruce with his 
 retinue lodged in it. — Statistical Account 
 of Scotland, v. 167. 
 
 King's Chair, the hands of two 
 persons so crossed as to form a seat. On 
 Candlemas Day (February 2), it was at one 
 time customary for Scotch children to 
 carry offerings to their schoolmaster, and 
 the boy and girl who brought the richest 
 gift were elected king and queen for the 
 nonce. "When school was dismissed, each 
 of these two children was carried in a 
 king's chair, by way of triumph. 
 
 Kings. Many lines of kings have 
 taken the name of some famous forefather 
 or some founder of a dynasty as a titular 
 name. — See Seldcn, Titles of Honour, v. 
 
 Alban kings, called Silvius. 
 
 Amalekite kings, Agag. 
 
 Bithynian kings, Nicomedes. 
 
 Constantino politan kings, Constantine. 
 
 Egyptian kings (ancient), Pharaoh. 
 „ ,, (mediaeval), Ptolemy. 
 
 Indian kings, called Palibothri (from the 
 city of Palibothra). 
 
 Parthian kings, Ar'saces. 
 
 Roman emperors, Ceesar. 
 
 Servian kings, Lazar, i.e. Eleazar Bulk 
 or Bulk-ogar, sons of Bulk. 
 
 Upsala kings, called Drott. 
 
 Royal patronymics. — Athenian, Cecrop'- 
 idie, from Cecrops. 
 
 Danish, Skiold-ungs, from Skiold. 
 
 Persian, Achmen'-idas, from Achmenes. 
 
 Thessalian, Aleva-dae, from Alevas ; 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Kings of Cologne {The Three), 
 the three Magi who came from the East to 
 offergifts to the infant Jesus. Their names 
 are Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar. 
 The first offered gold, symbolic of king- 
 ship ; the second, frankincense, symbolic 
 of divinity ; the third, myrrh, symbolic of 
 death, myrrh being used in embalming 
 the dead. (See Cologne, p. 204.) 
 
 Kings of England. Since the 
 Conquest, not more than three successive 
 sovereigns have reigned without a crisis : 
 
 William I., William II., Henry I. 
 
 Stephen usurper. 
 
 Henry II., Richard I., John. 
 
 The pope gives the crown to the dauphin. 
 
 Henry III., Edward I., Edward II. 
 
 Edward II. uiurdered. 
 
 Edward III., Richard II. 
 
 Richard II. deposed. 
 
 Henry IV., V., VI. 
 
 Lancaster changed to York. 
 
 Edward IV.. V., Richard III. 
 
 Dynasty changed. 
 
 Henry VII., VIII., Edward VI. 
 
 Lady Jane Grey, 
 
 Mary, Elizabeth. 
 
 Dynasty changed. 
 
 James I., Charles I. 
 
 Charles I. beheaded. 
 
 Charles II., James II. 
 
 James II. dethroned, 
 
 William III., Anne. 
 
 Dynasty changed. 
 
 George I., II., III. 
 
 Regency. 
 George IV., William IV., Victoria 
 (indirect successions). 
 
 Kings of England. Except in one in- 
 stance (that of John), we have never had 
 a great-grandchild sovereign in direct 
 descent. The exception is not creditable, 
 for in John's reign the kingdom was 
 given away twice ; his son Henry III. 
 was imprisoned by Leicester ; and his 
 great-grandson Edward II. was mur- 
 dered. In two other instances a grand- 
 child has succeeded, viz., Henry VI., 
 whose reign was a continued civil war ; 
 and Edward VI., the sickly son of Jane 
 Seymour. Stephen was a grandchild of 
 William I., but a usurper ; Richard II. 
 was a grandchild of Edward III., and 
 George III. was grandson of George II. ; 
 but their fathers did not succeed to the 
 throne. 
 
 William I. ; his sons, William II., 
 Henry I. 
 
 Stephen (a usurper). 
 
 Henry II. ; his sons, Richard I., John 
 (discrowned). 
 
 From John, in regular succession, we 
 have Henry III. (imprisoned), Edward 
 I., Edward II. (murdered), Edward III. 
 
 Richard II., son of the Black Prince, 
 and without offspring. 
 
 Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI. 
 (civil Avars). 
 
 Edward IV., Edward V. 
 
 Richard III. (no offspring). 
 
 Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI. 
 
 Mary, Elizabeth (daughters of Henry 
 VIII.). 
 
 James I., Charles I. 
 
 Cromwell (called lord protector). 
 
 Charles II., Jame3 II. (two brother*). 
 
 William III. 
 
KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 518 
 
 KINGSALE. 
 
 . Anne. 
 
 George I., George II. 
 
 George III. (great-grandson of George 
 1., but not in direct descent), George IV. 
 
 William IV. (brother of George IV.). 
 
 Victoria (che niece of William IV. and 
 George IV.). 
 
 Kings of England. Three seems to be. 
 a kind of ruling number in our English 
 sovereigns. Besides the coincidences 
 mentioned above connected with the 
 number, may be added the following : — 
 (1) That of the four kings who married 
 French princesses, three of them suffered 
 violent deaths, viz., Edward II., Richard 
 II., and Charles I. (2) The three longest 
 reigns have been three threes, viz., Henry- 
 Ill., Edward III., and George III. (3) 
 We have no instance, as in France, of 
 three brothers succeeding each other. 
 
 Kings of France. The French 
 have been singularly unfortunate in their 
 choice of royal surnames, when designed 
 to express anything except some personal 
 quality, as handsome, fat, of which we 
 cannot judge the truth. Thus, Louis 
 VIII., a very feeble man in mind and 
 body, was surnamed the Lion ; Philippe 
 II., whose whole conduct was over- 
 reaching and selfish, was the Magnani- 
 mous; Philippe III., the tool of Labrosse, 
 was the Daring ; Philippe VI., the most 
 unfortunate of all the kings of France, 
 was surnamed the Lucky ; Jean, one of 
 the worst of all the kings, was called 
 the Good: Charles VI. an idiot, and 
 Louis XV. a scandalous debauchee, were 
 surnamed the Well-beloved ; Henri II., a 
 man of pleasure, wholly under the thumb 
 of Diane de Poitiers, was called the 
 Warlike; Louis XIII. , most unjust in 
 domestic life, where alone he had any 
 freedom of action, was called the Just ; 
 Louis XIV., a man of mere ceremony 
 and posture, who lost battle after battle, 
 and brought the nation to absolute 
 bankruptcy, was surnamed the Great 
 King. (He was little in stature, little in 
 mind, little in all moral and physical 
 faculties ; and great only in such little- 
 nesses as posturing, dressing, ceremony, 
 and gormandizing.) And Louis XVIII., 
 forced on the nation by conquerors quite 
 against the general will, was called the 
 Desired. 
 
 Kings of France. The succession of 
 three brothers has been singularly fatal 
 in French monarchism. The Capetian 
 dynasty terminated with three brothers, 
 
 sons of Philippe le Bel (viz., Louis X., 
 Philippe V., and Charles IV.). The 
 Valois dynasty came to an end by the 
 succession of the three brothers, sons of 
 Henri II. (viz., Francois II., Charles IX., 
 and Henri III.). The next or Bourbon 
 dynasty terminated in the same manner 
 (Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and Charles 
 X.). 
 
 After Charles IV. (the third brother of 
 the Capetian dynasty), came Philippe de 
 Valois, a collateral descendant ; after 
 Henri III. (the third brother of tho 
 Valois dynasty), came Henry de Bour- 
 bon, a collateral descendant ; and after 
 Charles X. (the third brother of the 
 Bourbon dynasty), came Louis Philippe, 
 a collateral descendant. With the third 
 of the third the monarchy ended. 
 
 Kings Playing with their 
 Children. 
 
 The fine painting of Bonington repre- 
 sents Henri IV. (of France) carrying his 
 children pickaback, to the herror of the 
 Spanish ambassador. 
 
 Plutarch tells us that Agesiliios was 
 one day discovered riding cock-horse on 
 a walking-stick, to please and amuse hi3 
 children. 
 
 George III. was on one occasion dis- 
 covered on all fours, with one of his 
 children riding astride his back. He is 
 also well remembered by the painting of 
 " George III. Playing at Ball with the 
 Princess Amelia." 
 
 Kingdom of Snow, Norway. 
 Sweden also is so called. When these 
 kingdoms had each a separate king, 
 either of them Avas called "The Snow 
 King." (See King, Snow.) 
 
 Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow, bound on the 
 dark-rolling waves of lnistore {the Orkneys j.— Ossian, 
 Fingal, I 
 
 Kingsale (Lord), allowed to wear 
 his hat in the presence of royalty. In 
 1203, Hugh de Lacie treacherously seized 
 sir John de Courcy lord of Kingsale, and 
 king John condemned him to perpetual 
 imprisonment in the Tower. W'hen he 
 had been there about a year, king John 
 and Philippe Auguste of France agreed to 
 determine certain claims by combat. It 
 was then that John applied to De Courcy 
 to be his champion ; and as soon as the 
 giant knight entered the lists, the French 
 champion ran away panic-struck. John 
 now asked his champion what reward he 
 could give him for his service. " Titles 
 and estates I have enow," said De Courcy ; 
 and then requested that, after having paid 
 
KINGSHIP. 
 
 519 
 
 KITE. 
 
 obeisance, he and his heirs might stand 
 covered in the presence of the king and 
 his successors. 
 
 Lord Forester had the same right 
 confirmed to him by Henry VIII. 
 
 John Pakington, ancestor of lord 
 Hampton, bad a grant made him in the 
 20th Henry VIII. "of full liberty during 
 his life to Avear his hat in the royal 
 presence." 
 
 Kingship {Disqualifications for). Any 
 personal blemish disqualified a person 
 from being king during the semi-bar- 
 barous stage of society ; thus putting out 
 the eyes of a prince, to disqualify him 
 from reigning, was by no means uncom- 
 mon. It will be remembered that Hubert 
 designed to put out the eyes of prince 
 Arthur, with this object. Witi'za the 
 Visigoth put out the eyes of Theodo- 
 fred, " inhabilitandole para la monarchia," 
 says Ferraras. When Alboquerque took 
 possession of Ormuz, he deposed fifteen 
 kings of Portugal, and, instead of killing 
 tbeni, put out their eyes. 
 
 Yorwerth, son of Owen Gwynedh, was 
 set aside from the Welsh throne because 
 he had a broken nose. 
 
 Count Oiiba of Barcelona was set aside 
 because he could not speak till he had 
 stamped thrice with his foot, like a goat. 
 
 The son of Henry V. was to be received 
 as king of France, only on condition that 
 his body was without defect, and was not 
 stunted. — Monstrelet, Chroniques, v. 190 
 (1512). 
 
 Un Conde de Gallicia que fuera valiado, 
 Pelayo avie nombre, ome fo desforzado, 
 Perdio la vision, andaba embargado, 
 Ca ome que non vede, non debie seer nado. 
 Gonzalez de Berceo, S. Bom., 383 (died 1266). 
 
 Kinmont "Willie, William Arm- 
 strong of Kinmonth. This notorious 
 freebooter, who lived in the latter part of 
 the sixteenth century, is the hero of a 
 famous Scotch ballad. 
 
 Kinoce'tus, a precious stone, which 
 will enable the possessor to cast out 
 devils. — Mirror of Stones. 
 
 Kirk (Mr. John), foreman of the jury 
 on Effie Deans's trial. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Kirkcaldy (Scotland), a corruption 
 of Kirk-Culdee, one of the churches 
 founded in 563 by St. Columb and his 
 twelve brethren, when they established 
 the Culdee institutions. The doctrines, 
 discipline, and government of the Culdees 
 resembled presbyterianism. 
 
 Kirkrapine (3 syl.), a sturdy Uiief, 
 
 "wont to rob churches of their ornaments 
 and poor men's boxes." All he could 
 lay hands on he brought to the hut of 
 Abessa, daughter of Corce'ca. While 
 Una was in the hut, Kirkrapine knocked 
 at the door, and as it was not immediately 
 opened, knocked it down ; whereupon 
 the lion sprang on him, "under his 
 lordly foot did him suppress," and then 
 " rent him in thousand pieces small." 
 
 The meaning is that popery was re- 
 formed by the British lion, which slew 
 Kirkrapine, or put a stop to the traffic in 
 spiritual matters. Una represents truth 
 or the Reformed Church. — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, i. 3 (1590). 
 
 Kiss the Scavenger's Daughter 
 (To), to be put to the torture. Strictly 
 speaking, " the scavenger's daughter " 
 was an instrument of torture invented 
 by William Skevington, lieutenant of the 
 Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 Skevington became corrupted into sca- 
 venger, and the invention was termed his 
 daughter or offspring. 
 
 Kit [Nubbles], the lad employed to 
 wait on little Nell, and do all sorts of 
 odd jobs at the " curiosity shop " for her 
 grandfather. He generally begins his sen- 
 tences with "Why then." Thus, "'Twas 
 a long waj', wasn't it, Kit?" "Why 
 then, it was a goodish stretch," returned 
 Kit. " Did you find the house easily ? " 
 "Why then, not over and above," said 
 Kit. " Of course you have come back 
 hungry?" "Why then, I do think I am 
 rather so." Y\ 7 hen the " curiosity shop " 
 was broken up by Quilp, Kit took service 
 under Mr. Garland, Abel Cottage, Finch- 
 ley. 
 
 Kit was a shock-headed, shambling, awkward lad, with 
 an uncommonly wide mouth, very red cheeks, a turned- 
 up nose, and a most comical expression of face. He 
 stopped short at the door on seeing a stranger, twirled in 
 his hand an old round hat without a vestige of brim, rest- 
 ing himself now on one leg, and now on the other, and 
 looking with a most extraordinary leer. He was evidently 
 the comedy of little Nell's life.— C. .Dickens, The Old 
 Curiosity Shop, i. (1840). 
 
 Kite (Sergeant), the "recruiting 
 officer." He describes his own character 
 thus : 
 
 " I was born a gipsy, and bred among that crew till I 
 was 10 years old ; there I le:\rnt canting and lying. I 
 was bought from my mother by a certain nobleman for 
 three pistoles, who . . . made me his page ; there I learnt 
 impudence and jumping. Being turned off for wearing 
 my lord's linen, and drinking my lady's ratafia, I turned 
 bailiffs follower ; there I learnt bullying and swearing. 
 I at last got into the army, and there I learnt . . . drinking. 
 So that . . . the whole sum is : canting, lying, impudence, 
 pimping, bullying, swearing, drinking, and a halberd,'' 
 — G. Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer, iii. 1 (1705). 
 
 Sergeant Kite is an original picture of low life and 
 humour, rarely surpassed, — R. Chambers, A'nglisli Litera- 
 ture, L 59a. 
 
KITELY. 
 
 520 
 
 KLAUS. 
 
 The original "sergeant Kite "was R. 
 Eastcourt (1668-1713). 
 
 Kitely (2 syl.), a rich City merchant, 
 extremely jealous of his -wife. — Ben Jon- 
 Bon, Every Man in His Humour (1598). 
 
 Kit-Kat Club, held in Shire Lane, 
 now called Lower Serle's Place (London). 
 The members were whig " patriots," who, 
 at the end of William III.'s reign, met to 
 secure the protestant succession. Joseph 
 Addison, Steele, Congreve, Garth, Yan- 
 brugh, Mainwaring, Walpole, Pulteney, 
 etc., were members. 
 
 Kit-Kat Pictures, forty-two por- 
 traits, painted by sir Godfrey Kneller, 
 three-quarter size, to suit the walls of 
 Tonson's villa at Earn Elms, where, in 
 its latter days, the Kit-Kat Club was 
 held. 
 
 * + * "Kit-Kat "derives its name from 
 Christopher Katt, a pastry-cook, who 
 served the club with mutton pies. 
 
 Kitt Henshaw, boatman of sir 
 Patrick Charteris of Kinfauns, provost 
 of Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Kittleeourt {Sir Thomas), M.P., 
 neighbour of the laird of Ellangowan. — 
 Sir. W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Kitty, one of the servants of Mr. 
 Peregrine Lovel. She spoke French 
 like a native, because she was once "a 
 half-boarder at Chelsea." Being asked 
 if she had read Shakespeare : " Shikspur, 
 Skikspur!" she replied. "Who wrote it? 
 Nc, I never read that book ; but I promise 
 to read it over one afternoon or other." — 
 Rev. James Townley, High Life Below 
 Stairs (1759). 
 
 Kitty, younger daughter of sir David 
 and lady Dunder of Dunder Hall, near 
 Dover. She is young, wild, and of ex- 
 uberant spirits, "her mind full of fun, 
 her eyes full of fire, her head full of 
 novels, and her heart full of love." 
 Kitty fell in love with Random at Calais, 
 and agreed to elope with him, but the 
 fugitives Avere detected by sir David 
 during their preparations for flight, and, 
 to prevent scandal, the marriage was 
 * sanctioned by the parents, and duly 
 solemnized at Dunder Hall. — G. Colman, 
 Ways and Means (1788). 
 
 Kitty Pry, the waiting-maid of 
 Melissa. Yery impertinent, very in- 
 quiflitive, and very free in her tongue. 
 
 She has a partiality to Timothy Sharp 
 " the lving valet."— Garrick, llie Lying 
 Valet (1741). 
 
 Kitty "Willis, a " soiled dove," em- 
 ployed by Saville to attend a masquerade 
 in the same costume as lady Francis, in 
 order to dupe Courtall. — Mrs. Cowley, 
 The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 
 
 Klabot'ermann, a ship-kobold of 
 the Baltic, sometimes heard, but rarely 
 Been. Those who have seen him say he 
 sits on the bowsprit of a phantom ship 
 called Carmi/han, dressed in yellow, wear- 
 ing a night-cap, and smoking a cutty pipe. 
 
 Klas (Kaiser), a nickname given to 
 Napoleon I. (1769, 1804-1814, 1821). 
 
 Hort mil lUd, en bitgen still, 
 Hort wat ick vertellen will, 
 Van den grijten kaiser Klas, 
 Dat war inal en fi.ven Biis, 
 Ded von Korsika her ten 
 Wall de welt mal recht besehn. 
 
 • • • 
 
 Helena de Jumfer is 
 Nu sin Ertit. sin Paradis; 
 Klas geit mil crop de Jagd 
 DriJint nicta mehr von krieg un Schlacht, 
 Un net lie mal Langewil 
 Schleit he Rotten d'dt mil'n Bil. 
 
 Kaiser Kl&$. 
 
 Klaus (Doctor), hero and title of a 
 comedy by Herr Adolph l'Arronge (1878j. 
 Dr. Klaus is a gruff, but noble-minded 
 and kind-hearted man, whose niece (a 
 rich jeweller's daughter) has married a 
 poor nobleman of such extravagant 
 notions that the wife's property is soon 
 dissipated ; but the young spendthrift is 
 reformed. The doctor has a coachman, 
 who invades his masters province, and 
 undertakes to cure a sick peasant. 
 
 Klaus (Peter), the prototype of Rip 
 van Winkle. Klaus [Klous] is a goat- 
 herd of Sittendorf, who was one day 
 accosted by a young man, who beckoned 
 him to follow. Peter obeyed, and wag 
 led into a deep dell, where he found twelve 
 knights playing skittles, no one of whom 
 uttered a word. Gazing around, he 
 noticed a can of wine, and, drinking somtj 
 of its contents, was overpowered with 
 sleep. When he awoke, he was amazed 
 at the height of the grass, and when he 
 entered the village everything seemed 
 strange to him. One or two companions 
 encountered him, but those whom he 
 knew as boys were grown middle-aged 
 men, and those whom he knew as middle- 
 aged were grey-beards. After much 
 perplexity, he discovered he had been 
 asleep for twenty years. (See Sleepers.) 
 
 Your Epimenides, your somnolent Peter Klaus, sines 
 named " Rip van Winkle."— T. Carlyle, 
 
KLEINER. 
 
 521 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE SWAN. 
 
 Kleiner (General), governor of 
 Prague, brave as a lion, but tender- 
 hearted as a girl. It was Kleiner who 
 rescued the infant daughter of Mahldenau 
 at the siege of Magdeburg. A soldier 
 seized the infant's nurse, but Kleiner 
 smote him down, saved the child, and 
 brought it up as his own daughter. 
 Mahldenau being imprisoned in Prague 
 as a spy, Meeta his daughter came to 
 Prague to beg for his pardon, and it then 
 came to light that the governor's adopted 
 daughter was Meeta's sister. — S. Knowles, 
 The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 
 
 Knag (Miss), forewoman of Mde. 
 Mantaliiri, milliner, near Cavendish 
 Square, London. After doting on Kate 
 Nickleby for three whole days, this spite- 
 ful creature makes up her mind to hate 
 her for ever. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
 Nickleby, xviii. (1838). 
 
 Knickerbocker (Diedrich), nom de 
 plume of Washington Irving, in his 
 History of New York (1809). 
 
 Knight of Arts and Industry, 
 
 the hero of Thomson's Castle of Indolence 
 (canto ii. 7-13, 1748). 
 
 Knight of La Mancha, don 
 
 Quixote de la Mancha, the hero of 
 Cerrantes's novel called Don Quixote, 
 etc. (1605, 1615). 
 
 Knight of the Blade, a bully ; so 
 called because when swords were worn, a 
 bully was for ever asserting his opinions 
 by an appeal to his sword. 
 
 Knight of the Ebon Spear, Bri- 
 tSniart. In the great tournament she 
 " sends sir Artegal over his horse's tail," 
 then disposes of Cambel, Tri'amond, 
 Blan'damour, and several others in the 
 same summary way, for " no man could 
 bide her enchanted spear." — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iv. 4 (1596). 
 
 Knight of the Fatal Sword, 
 
 Emedoras of Grana'da. Known for his 
 love to the incomparable Alzay'da. 
 
 " Sir," said the lady, " your name is so celebrated in the 
 world, that 1 am persuaded nothing is impossible for your 
 arm to execute."— Comtek D'Auuoy, Fairy Talci ("The 
 Knights-Errant," 1632). 
 
 Knight of the Invincible Sword. 
 So Am'adis d« Gaul styled himself. — 
 Vasco de Lobeira, Amadis de Gaul (four- 
 teenth century). 
 
 Knight of the Leopard. David 
 earl of Huntingdon, prince royal of Scot- 
 land, assumed the name and disguise of 
 
 sir Kenneth, "Knight of the Leopard," 
 in the crusade.— Sir W. Scott, The Talis- 
 man (time, Kichard I.). 
 
 Knight of the Lions, the appella- 
 tion assumed by don Quixote after his 
 attack upon the van containing two lions 
 sent by the general of Oran as a present 
 to the" king of Spain. — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, II. i. 17 (1615). 
 
 Knight of the Pestle, an apothe- 
 cary or druggist. 
 
 Knight of the Post, one who 
 
 haunted the purlieus of the courts, read;* 
 to be hired to swear anything. So called 
 because these mercenaries hung about the 
 posts to which the sheriffs affixed their 
 announcements. 
 
 I'll be no knight of the post, to sell my soul for a bribe ; 
 Tho' all my fortunes be crossed, yet I scorn the cheater's 
 tribe. 
 
 llagged and Torn and True (a ballad). 
 
 Also a man in the pillory, or one that 
 has been publicly tied to a post and 
 whipped. 
 
 Knight of the Rainbow, a foot- 
 man ; so called from his gorgeous rai- 
 ment. 
 
 Knight of the Roads, a foot-pad 
 or highwayman ; so termed by a pun on 
 the military order entitled "The Knights 
 of Khodes." 
 
 Knight of the Rueful Counten- 
 ance. Don Quixote de la Mancha, the 
 hero of Cervantes's novel, is so called by 
 Sancho Panza his 'squire. 
 
 Knight of the Shears, a tailor. 
 Shires (counties), pronounced shears, gives 
 birth to the pun. 
 
 Knight of the Sun, Almanzor 
 prince cf Tunis. So called because the 
 sun was the device he bore on his shield. 
 — Comtesse D' Annoy, Fairy Tales ("Prin- 
 cess Zamea," 1682). 
 
 Knight of the Swan, Lohengrin, 
 son of Parzival. He went to Brabant 
 in a ship drawn by a swan. Here he 
 liberated the princess Elsen, who was a 
 captive, and then married her, but de- 
 clined to tell his name. After a time, he 
 joined an expedition against the Hun- 
 garians, and after performing miracles of 
 valour, returned to Brabant covered with 
 glory. Some of Elsen's friends laughed 
 at her for not knowing her husband's 
 name, so she implored him to tell her of 
 his family ; but no sooner was the ques- 
 tion asked than the white swan re -ap- 
 peared and conveyed him away. — 
 
KNIGHT OF THE TOMB. 
 
 522 KNIGHTS OF OUR LADY, ETC. 
 
 Wolfram von Eschenbach (a minnesinger), 
 Lohengrin (thirteeenth century). (See 
 Knights of the Swan.) 
 
 Knight of the Tomb (The), sir 
 James Douglas, usually called. " The 
 Black Douglas."— Sir W. Scott, Castle 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Knight of the "Whip, a coach- 
 man . 
 
 Knight of the "White Moon, 
 
 the title assumed by Samson Carrasco, 
 when he tilted with don Quixote, on the 
 condition that if the don were worsted in 
 the encounter he should quit knight- 
 errantry and live peaceably at home for 
 twelve months. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 II. iv. 12-14 (1615). 
 
 Knight of the Woeful Coun- 
 tenance, don Quixote de la Mancha. 
 
 Knight with Two Swords, 
 
 sir Balin le Savage, brother of sir Balan. 
 —Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 27, 33 '(1470). 
 
 Knights. The three bravest of 
 king Arthur's knights were sir Launcelot 
 du Lac, sir Tristram de Liones or 
 Lyonfrs, and sir Lamorake de Galis (i.e. 
 Wales). — Sir T. Malorv, History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 132 (1470). 
 
 %* The complement of the knights of 
 the Round Table was 150 (ditto, i. 120). 
 But in Lancelot of the Lake, ii. 81, they 
 are said to have amounted to 250. 
 
 Knights ('Prentice), a secret society 
 established to avenge the wrongs of ap- 
 prentices on their " tyrant masters." Mr. 
 Sim Tappertit was captain of this " noble 
 association," and their meetings were held 
 in a cellar in Stagg's house, in the Bar- 
 bican. The name was afterwards changed 
 into "The United Bull-dogs," and the 
 members joined the anti-popery rout of 
 lord George Gordon. — C. Dickens, Barnaby 
 Pudge, viii. (1841). 
 
 Knights of Alcan'tara, a mili- 
 tary order of Spain, which took its name 
 from the city of Alcantara, in Estrema- 
 dura. These knights were previously 
 called "Knights of the Pear Tree," and 
 Bubsequently " Knights of St. Julian." 
 The order was founded in 1156 for the 
 defence of Estremadura against the 
 Moors. In 1197 pope Celestine III. 
 raised it to the rank of a religious order 
 of knighthood. 
 
 Knights of Calatra'va, a mili- 
 tary order of Spain, instituted by Sancho 
 
 III. of Castile. When Sancho took the 
 strong fort of Calatrava from the Moors, 
 he gave it to the. Knights Templars, who, 
 wanting courage to defend it, returned it 
 to the king again. Then don Keymond 
 of the Cistercian order, with several 
 cavelleros of quality, volunteered to 
 defend the fort, whereupon the king 
 constituted them " Knights of Cala- 
 trava." 
 
 Knights of Christian Charity, 
 instituted by Henri III. of France, for 
 the benefit of poor military officers and 
 maimed soldiers. This order was founded 
 at the same time as that of the " Holy 
 Ghost," which was meant for princes and 
 men of distinction. The order was com- 
 pleted by Henri IV., and resembled our 
 " Poor Knights of Windsor," now called 
 11 The Military Knights of Windsor." 
 
 Knights of Malta, otherwise called 
 " Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem," 
 a religious military order, whose residence 
 was in the island of Malta. Some time 
 before the journey of Godfrey of Bouil- 
 lon into the Holy Land, some Neapolitan 
 merchants built a house for those of their 
 countrymen who came thither on pil- 
 grimage. Afterwards they built a 
 church to St. John, and an hospital for 
 the sick, whence they took the name of 
 "Hospitallers." In 1104 the order became 
 military, and changed the term " Hos- 
 pitallers " into that of " Knights Hos- 
 pitallers." In 1310 they took Rhodes, and 
 the order was then called "The Knights 
 of Rhodes." In 1523 they were expelled 
 from Rhodes by the Turks, and took up 
 their residence in Malta. 
 
 Knights of Montesa, a Spanish 
 order of knighthood, instituted by James 
 II. of Aragon in 1317. 
 
 Knights of Nova Scotia, in the 
 West Indies, created by James I. of 
 Great Britain. These knights wore a 
 ribbon of an orange tawny colour. 
 
 Knights of Our Lady of 
 Mount Carmel (Chevaliers de I'Ordre 
 de Notre Dame du Mont Carmel), insti- 
 tuted by Henri IV. of France in 1607, 
 and consisting of a hundred French 
 gentlemen. 
 
 N.B. — These knights must not be con- 
 founded with the Carmelites or VOrdre 
 des Cannes, founded by Bertholde count 
 of Limoges in 1156 ; said by legend to have 
 been founded by the prophet Elijah, and 
 to have been revived by the Virgin Mary, 
 
KNIGHTS OF RHODES. 
 
 523 KNIGHTS OF THE BROOM, ETC. 
 
 The religious house of Carmelwas founded 
 in 400 by John patriarch of Jerusalem, 
 in honour of Elijah, and this gave rise to 
 the legend. 
 
 Knights of Rhodes. The "Knights 
 of Malta" were so called between lolO 
 and 1523. (See Kxights of Malta.) 
 
 Knights of St. Andrew, insti- 
 tuted by Peter the Great of Moscovy, in 
 1698. Their badge is a gold medal, 
 having St. Andrew's cross on one side, 
 with these words, Cazar Pierre monarque 
 de tout le Russie. 
 
 Knights of St. G-enette {Cheva- 
 liers deVOrdre de St. Genette), the most 
 ancient order of knighthood in France, 
 instituted by Charles Martel, after his 
 victory over the Saracens in 782, where a 
 vast number of gennets, like Spanish cats 
 (civet cats), were found in the enemy's 
 camp. 
 
 Knights of St. George. There 
 are several orders so called : 
 
 1. St. George of Alfama, founded by 
 the kings of Aragon. 
 
 2. St. George of Austria and Corinthia, 
 instituted by the emperor Frederick III. 
 first archduke of Austria. 
 
 3. Another founded by the same em- 
 peror in 1470, to guard "the frontiers of 
 Bohemia and Hungary against the 
 Turks. 
 
 4. St. George, generally called ' ' Knights 
 of the Garter" (q.v.). 
 
 5. An ordor in the old republic of 
 Genoa. 
 
 6. The Teutonic knights were originally 
 called " Knights of St. George." 
 
 Knights of St. Jago, a Spanish 
 order, instituted under pope Alexander 
 III., the grand-master of which is next 
 in rank to the sovereign. St. Jago or 
 James (the Greater) is the patron saint 
 of Spain. 
 
 Knights of St. John at Jeru- 
 salem, instituted in 1120. This order 
 took its name from John patriarch of 
 Alexandria, and from the place of their 
 abode (Jerusalem). These knights sub- 
 sequently resided at Rhodes (between 
 1310 and 1523). Being driven out by the 
 Turks in 1523, they took up their abode 
 in Malta, and were called " Knights of 
 Malta." 
 
 Knights of St. Lazare (2 sijl.), 
 a religious and military order of Knights 
 Hospitallers, established in the twelfth 
 century s and. confirmed by the pope in 
 
 1255. Their special mission was to take 
 care of lepers. The name is derived 
 from Lazarus the beggar who lay at the 
 gate of Dives. The order was intro- 
 duced into France under Louis TIL, and 
 was abolished in the first Revolution. 
 
 Knights of St. Magdalene (3 
 syl.), a French order, instituted by St. 
 Louis (IX.), to suppress duels. 
 
 Knights of St. Maria de Mer- 
 cede (3 syl.), a Spanish order, for the 
 redemption of captives. 
 
 Knights of St. Michael the 
 Archangel (Chevaliers de VOrdre de St. 
 Michel), a French order, instituted by 
 Louis XL in 1469. The king was at the 
 head of the order. M. Bouillet says : 
 "St. Michel est regarde comme le pro- 
 tecteur et l'ange tutelaire de la France." 
 
 Knights of St. Patrick, instituted 
 in 1783. The ruling sovereign of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, and the lord-lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland, are ex-officio members 
 of this order. The order is named after 
 St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. 
 
 Knights of St. Salvador, in 
 Aragon, instituted bv Alphonso I. in 
 1118. 
 
 Knights of Windsor, formerly 
 called "Poor Knights of Windsor," but 
 now entitled " The Military Knights of 
 Windsor," a body of military pensioners, 
 who have their residence within the pre- 
 cincts of Windsor Castle. 
 
 Knights of the Bath, an order of 
 knighthood derived from the ancient 
 Franks, and so termed because the mem- 
 bers originally "bathed" before they 
 performed their vigils. The last knights 
 created in this ancient form were at the 
 coronation of Charles II. in 1661. 
 
 G.C.B. stands for Grand Cross of the 
 Bath (the first class) ; K.C.B. for Knight 
 Commander of the Bath (the second 
 class) ; and C.B. for Companion of the 
 Bath (the third class). 
 
 Knights of the Blood of Our 
 Saviour, an order of knighthood in 
 Mantua, instituted by duke A'incent 
 Goncaga in 1608, on his marriage. It 
 consisted of twenty Mantuan dukes. The 
 name originated in the belief that in St. 
 Andrew's Church, Mantua, certain drops 
 of our Saviour's blood are preserved as a 
 relic. 
 
 Knights of the Broom Flower 
 
 (Chevaliers de VOrdre de la Geneste), insti- 
 
KNIGHTS OF THE CARPET. 524 KNIGHTS OF THE PORCUPINE. 
 
 tuted by St. Louis (IX.) of France on 
 bis marriage. The collar was decorated 
 with broom flowers, intermixed with 
 fleurs de lys in gold. The motto was 
 Exaltat humlles. 
 
 Knights of the Carpet or Carpet 
 Knights, i.e. non-military or civil 
 knights, such as mayors, lawyers, authors, 
 artists, physicians, and so on, who receive 
 their knighthood kneeling on a carpet, 
 and not in the tented field. 
 
 Knights of the Chamber or 
 Chamber Knights, knights bachelors 
 made in times of peace in the presence 
 chamber, and not in the camp. These are 
 always military men, and therefore differ 
 from " Carpet Knights," who are always 
 civilians. 
 
 Knights of the Cock and Dog, 
 founded by Philippe I., Auguste, of 
 France. 
 
 Knights of the Crescent, a mili- 
 tary order, instituted by Renatus of Anj ou, 
 king of Sicily, etc., in 1448. So called 
 from the badge, which is a crescent of 
 gold enamelled. What gave rise to this 
 institution was that Renatus took for his 
 device a crescent, with the word loz 
 (" praise"), which, in the style of rebus, 
 makes loz in crescent, i.e. " by advancing 
 in virtue one merits praise." 
 
 Knights of the Dove, a Spanish 
 order, instituted in 1379 by John I. of 
 Castile. 
 
 Knights of the Dragon, created 
 by the emperor Sigismond in 1417, upon 
 the condemnation of Huss and Jerome of 
 Prague "the heretics." 
 
 Knights of the Ermine (Cheva- 
 liers de r Ordre de VEpic), instituted in 1450 
 by Francois I. due de Bretagne. The 
 collar was of gold, composed of ears of 
 corn in saltier, at the end of which hung 
 an ermine, with the legend a ma vie. The 
 order expired when the dukedom was 
 annexed to the crown of France. 
 
 Knights of the Garter, insti- 
 tuted by Edward III. of England in 1344. 
 According to Selden, "it exceeds in 
 majesty, honour, and fame, all chivalrous 
 orders in the world." The story is that 
 Joan countess of Salisbury, while danc- 
 ing with the king, let fail her garter, and 
 the gallant Edward, perceiving a smile 
 on the face of the courtiers, picked it up, 
 bound it round his own knee, and ex- 
 claimed, "Honi soit qui mal y pense." 
 
 The blue garter and the motto of the order 
 are thus accounted for. 
 
 Knights of the Golden Fleece, 
 a military order of knighthood, insti- 
 tuted by Philippe le Bon of Burgundy 
 in 1429. It took its name from a repre- 
 sentation of the golden fleece on the 
 collar of the order. The king of Spain 
 is grand-master, and the motto is Ante 
 feret qicam flamma micet. 
 
 Knights of the Golden Shield, 
 
 an order instituted by Louis II. of France, 
 for the defence of the country. The 
 motto is Allons (i.e. " Let us go in defence 
 of our country "). 
 
 Knights of the Hare, an order of 
 twelve knights, instituted by Edward III. 
 while he was in France. The French 
 raised a tremendous shout, and Edward 
 thought it was the cry of battle, but it 
 was occasioned by a hare running be- 
 tween the two armies. From this in- 
 cident the knights created on the field 
 after this battle were termed " Knights of 
 the Order of the Hare." 
 
 Knights of the Holy Ghost 
 
 (Chevaliers de V Ordre du Saint Esprit), in- 
 stituted by Henri III. of France on his 
 return from Poland. Henri III. was both 
 born and crowned on Whit-Sunday, and 
 hence the origin of the order. 
 
 Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, 
 
 an order of knighthood founded by St. 
 Hcl'ena, when she visited Jerusalem at 
 the age of 80, and found (as it is said) 
 the cross on which Christ was crucified in 
 a cavern under the temple of Venus, a.d. 
 328. This order was confirmed by pope 
 Pascal II. in 1114. 
 
 Knights of the Lily, an order of 
 knighthood in Navarre, founded by 
 Garcia in 1048. 
 
 Knights of the Order of Fools, 
 
 established November, 1381, and con- 
 tinued to the beginning of the sixteenth 
 century. The insignia was a jester or 
 fool embroidered on the left side of their 
 mantles, cap and bells, yellow stockings, 
 a cup of fruit in the right hand, and a 
 gold key in the left. It resembled the 
 " Oddfellows " of more modern times. 
 
 Knights of the Porcupine 
 
 (Chevaliers de V Ordre du Porcepic), a 
 French order of knighthood. The ori- 
 ginal motto was Cominus et eminus, 
 changed by Louis XII. into Vitus avos 
 Trojoe. 
 
KNIGHTS OF THE RED STAFF. 525 
 
 KOH-I-NOOR. 
 
 Knights of the Red Staff, an 
 order instituted by Alfonso XI. of Cas- 
 tile and Leon in 1330. 
 
 Knights of the Round Table. 
 
 King Arthur's knights were so called, 
 because they sat with him at a round 
 table made by Merlin for king Leode- 
 graunce. This king gave it to Arthur on 
 his marriage with Guinever, his daughter. 
 It contained seats for 150 knights, 100 of 
 which king Leodegraunce furnished when 
 he sent the table. 
 
 Knights of the Shell. The argo- 
 nauts of St. Nicholas were so called from 
 the shells worked on the collar of the 
 order. 
 
 Knights of the Ship, an order of 
 knighthood founded by St. Louis (IX.) 
 of France in his expedition to Egypt. 
 
 Knights of the Star {Chevaliers 
 de VOrdre de VEtoile), an ancient order of 
 knighthood in France. The motto of the 
 order was Monstrant regibus astra viam. 
 
 Knights of the Swan (Chevaliers 
 de VOrdre du Cygne), an order of knight- 
 hood founded in 1443 by the elector 
 Frederick II. of Brandenburg, and re- 
 stored in 1843 by Frederick William IV. 
 of Prussia. Its object is the relief of dis- 
 tress generally. The king of Prussia is 
 grand-master. The motto is Gott mit 
 uns (" God be with you ") ; and the collar 
 is of gold. The white swan is the badge 
 of the house of Cleves (Westphalia). 
 
 Lord Berners has a novel called The 
 Knight of the Swan (sixteenth century). 
 
 Knights of the Thistle, said to 
 be founded by Archaicus king of the Scots 
 in 809 ; revived in 1540 by James V. of 
 Scotland ; again in 1687 by James II. of 
 Great Britain ; and again by queen Anne, 
 who placed the order on a permanent 
 footing. The decoration consists of a 
 collar of enamelled gold, composed of 
 sixteen thistles interlaced with sprigs of 
 rue, and a small golden image of St. 
 Andrew within a circle. The motto is 
 Nemo me impune lacessit. The members 
 are sometimes called " Knights of St. 
 Andrew." 
 
 The rue mixed with the thistles is 
 a pun on the word " Andrew," thistles 
 And-rue. 
 
 *** There was at one time a French 
 " Order of the Thistle " in the house of 
 Bourbon, with the same decoration and 
 motto. 
 
 Knights of the Virgin's Look- 
 
 ing-glass, an order instituted in 1410 
 by Ferdinand of Castile. 
 
 Knights Teutonic, originally called 
 " Knights of St. George." then " Knights 
 of the Virgin Mary," and lastly "Teutonic 
 Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary the 
 Virgin." This order was instituted by 
 Henry king of Jerusalem, in compliment 
 to the German volunteers who accom- 
 panied Frederick Barbarossa on his cru- 
 sade. The knights were soon afterwards 
 placed under the tutelage of the Virgin, 
 to whom a hospital had been dedicated 
 for the relief of German pilgrims ; and 
 in 1191 pope Celestine III. confirmed the 
 privileges, and changed the name of the 
 order into the "Teutonic Knights," etc. ' 
 Abolished by Napoleon in 1809. 
 
 Knighton, groom of the duke of 
 Buckingham. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
 Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Knockwinnock (Sybil), wife of sir 
 Richard of the Redhand, and mother of 
 Malcolm Misbegot.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Know. Not to know me argues your- 
 selves unknown. The words of Satan to 
 Zephon and Ithu'rie'l, when they dis- 
 covered him lurking in the garden of 
 Eden. — Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 830 
 (1665). 
 
 Kochla'ni, a race of Arabian horses, 
 whose genealogy for 2000 3-ears has been 
 most strictly preserved. They are derived 
 from Solomon's studs. This race of horses 
 can bear the greatest fatigue, can pass days 
 without food, show undaunted courage 
 in battle, and when their riders are slain 
 will carry them from the field to a place 
 of safety. — Niebuhr. 
 
 (The Kadischi is another celebrated race 
 of horses, but not equal to the Kochlani.) 
 
 Koh-i-noor (" mountain of light' 1 ''), a 
 diamond once called " The Great Mogul." 
 Held in the fourteenth century by the 
 rajah of Malwa. Later it fell into the 
 hands of the sultans of Delhi, after their 
 conquest of Malwa. It belonged in the 
 seventeenth century to Aurungzebe the 
 Great. The schah Jihan sent it to 
 Hortensio Borgio to be cut, but the 
 Venetian lapidary reduced it from 793 1 
 carats to 186, and left it dull and lustre- 
 less. It next passed into the hands of 
 Aurungzebe's great-grandson, who hid it 
 in his turban. Nadir Schah invited the 
 possessor to a feast, and insisted on 
 changing turbans, " to cement their love,'' 
 
KOHLHAAS. 
 
 526 
 
 KUDRUN. 
 
 and thus it fell into Nadir's hands, who 
 gave it the name of" Koh-i-noor." Itnext 
 passed into the hands of Ahmed Shah, 
 founder of the Cabul dynasty ; was ex- 
 torted from shah Shuja by Eunjet Singh, 
 who wore it set in a bracelet. After the 
 murder of Shu Singh, it was deposited in 
 the Lahore treasury, and after the annex- 
 ation of the Punjaub was presented to 
 queen Victoria in 1 850. It has been re- 
 cut, and, though reduced to 106 carats, is 
 supposed to be worth £140,000. 
 
 *** There is another diamond of the 
 same name belonging to the shah of 
 Persia. 
 
 Koh.lh.aas (Michael), an excellent 
 historical novel of the Lutheran period, 
 by Henry Kleist, a German (1776-1811). 
 
 Kolao, the wild man of Misamichis. 
 He had a son who died in early youth, and 
 he went to Pat-Koot-Parout to crave his 
 son's restoration to life. Pat-Koot-Parout 
 put the soul of the dead body in a leather 
 bag, which he fastened with packthread, 
 and hung round the neck of Kolao, telling 
 him to lay the body in a new hut, put the 
 bag near the mouth, and so let the soul 
 return to it, but on no account to open 
 the bag before everything was ready. 
 Kolao placed the bag in his wife's hands 
 while he built the hut, strictly enjoining 
 her not to open it; but curiosity led her 
 to open the bag, and out flew the soul to 
 the country of Pat-Koot-Parout again. — 
 T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales (" Kolao, 
 the Wild Man," 1723). 
 
 * # * Orpheus, having lost his wife 
 Eurydlce by the bite of a serpent, 
 obtained permission of Pluto for her 
 restoration, provided lie looked not back 
 till he reached the upper world. He had 
 got to the end of his journey when he 
 {urned round to see if Pluto had kept 
 his word. As he turned he just caught 
 sight of Eurydice, who was instantly 
 caught back again to the infernal regions. 
 
 Koppenberg, the mountain of West- 
 phalia to which the pied piper (Bunting) 
 led the children, when the people of 
 Htimelin refused to pay him for killing 
 their rats. 
 
 %* The Old Man of the Mountain led 
 the children of Lorch into the Tannenberg, 
 for a similar offence. 
 
 KorigailS or Kerrigans, nine fays of 
 Brittany, who can predict future events, 
 assume any shape, and move from place 
 to place as quick as thought. They do 
 not exceed two feet in height, sing like 
 
 syrens, and comb their long hair like 
 mermaids. They haunt fountains, flee 
 at the sound of bells, and their breath is 
 deadly. — Breton Mythology. 
 
 Kosciusko (Thaddceits), the Polish 
 general, who contended against the allied 
 army of Russia under the command of 
 Suwarrow, in 1794. He was taken 
 prisoner and sent to Russia, but in 1796 
 was set at liberty by the czar. 
 
 Hope for a season bade the world farewell. 
 And Freedom shrieked— as Koschiusko fell. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Krakamal, the Danish death-song. 
 
 Kriemhild [Iireem.hild], daughter of 
 Dancrat, and sister of Gunther king of 
 Burgundy. She first married Siegfried 
 king of the Netherlanders, who was mur- 
 dered by Hagan. Thirteen years after- 
 wards, she married Etzel (Attila) king of 
 the Huns. Some time after her marriage, 
 she invited Gunther, Hagan, and others to 
 visit her, and Hagan slew Etzcl's young 
 son. Kriemhild now became a perfect 
 fury, and cutoff the head of both Gunther 
 and Hagan with her own hand, but was 
 herself slain by Hildebrand. Till the 
 death of Siegfried, Kriemhild was gentle, 
 modest, and lovable, but afterwards she 
 became vindictive, bold, and hateful. — 
 The Nibelungen Lied (by the German 
 minnesingers, 1210). 
 
 Krook, proprietor of a rag and bone 
 warehouse, where everything seems to be 
 bought and nothing sold. He is a 
 grasping drunkard, who eventually dies 
 of spontaneous combustion. Krook is 
 always attended by a large cat, which he 
 calls " Lady Jane," as uncanny as her 
 master. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1852). 
 
 Kruitz'ner, or the " German's Tale," 
 in Miss H. Lee's Canterbury Tales. Lord 
 Byron founded his tragedy of Werner on 
 this tale. 
 
 The drama [of Werner] is taken entirely from the 
 " German's Tale " [Kruitzner], published in Lee's Canter- 
 bury Tales, written by two sisters ... I have adopted 
 the characters, plan, and even the language of many parts 
 of the story. — Lord Byron, Preface to Werner (18:22). 
 
 Kubla Khan. Coleridge says that 
 he composed the poem in a dream im- 
 mediately after reading in Purchases 
 Pilgrimage a description of the Khan 
 Kubla's palace, and he wrote it down on 
 awaking in its present fragmentary state. 
 
 Kudrun, called the German Cdyssey 
 (thirteenth century) ; divided into three 
 parts called Hagen, Hilde (2 syl.), and 
 Kudrun — same as Gudrun (q. v.). 
 
KWASIND. 
 
 527 
 
 LACKITT. 
 
 Hagen is the son of Siegebrand king of 
 Irland, and is carried oft by a griffin to 
 a distant island, where three princesses 
 take charge of him. In due time a ship 
 touches on the island, takes all the four 
 to Irland, and Hagen marries Hilda, the 
 youngest of the three sisters. 
 
 Hilda. In due time Hilda has a 
 daughter, who is called by the same name, 
 and at a marriageable age she becomes 
 the wife of Hedel king of Friesland. 
 
 Kudrun. Hilda has two children, 
 Otwein [Ot.vinc] a son, and Kudrun a 
 daughter. Kudrun is affianced to Her- 
 wig, but, while preparing the wedding 
 dresses, is carried oft by Hartmut, son of 
 Ludwig king of Normandy. Her father 
 goes in pursuit, but is slain by Ludwig. 
 On reaching Normandy, Gerlinde (3 syL), 
 the queen-mother, treats Kudrun with the 
 greatest cruelty, and puts her to the most 
 menial work, because she refuses to marry 
 her son. At length, succour is at hand. 
 Her lover and brother arrive and slay 
 Ludwig. Gerlinde is just about to put 
 Kudrun to death, when Watt Long-beard 
 rushes in, slays the queen, and rescues 
 Kudrun, who is forthwith married to 
 Her.vig her affianced lover. — Author 
 unknown (some of the minnesingers). 
 
 Kwa'sind, the strongest man that 
 ever lived, the Hercules of the North 
 American Indians. He could pull up 
 cedars and pines by the roots, and toss 
 huge rocks about like playthings. His 
 wondrous strength was "seated in his 
 crown," and there of course lay his point 
 of weakness, but the only weapon which 
 could injure him was the "blue cone of 
 the fir tree," a secret known only to the 
 pygmies or Little-folk. This mischievous 
 race, out of jealousy, determined to kill 
 the strong man, and one day, finding him 
 asleep in a boat, pelted him with fir 
 cones till he died ; and now, whenever the 
 tempest rages through the forests, and the 
 branches of the trees creak and groan and 
 split, they say " Kwasind is gathering in 
 his fire-wood." 
 
 Dear, too^nnto Hiawatha 
 
 Was the very strong man Kwasind ; 
 
 He the strongest of all mortals. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, ri. and rviii. 
 
 Kyrie Elyson. de Montalbari 
 
 (Don) or "don Quirieleyson de Mon- 
 talvan," brother of Thomas de Montalban, 
 in the romance, called Tirante Ic Blanc, 
 author unknown. 
 
 *** Dr. Warburton, in his essay on the 
 old romances, falls into the strange error 
 of calling this character an " e&xly 
 
 romance of chivalry." As well might he 
 call Claudius king of Denmark a play of 
 Shakespeare's, instead of a character in 
 the tragedy of Hamlet. 
 
 A large quarto dropped at the barber's feet ... it 
 was the history of that famous knight Tirante Ic B7anc. 
 "Pray let me look at that book," said the priest; "we 
 shall find in it a fund of amusement. Here shall we find 
 the famous knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, and 
 his brother Thomas. . . . This is one of the most 
 amusinc books ever written." — Cervantes, Don Quixote. 
 I. i. 6 (1605). 
 
 If. 
 
 Lab'arum, the imperial standard 
 carried before the Roman emperors in 
 war. Constantine, having seen a luminous 
 cross in the sky the night before the 
 battle of Saxa Rubra, added the sacred 
 monogram XP ( Christos). — Gibbon, Decline 
 and Fall, etc., xx. note (1788). 
 
 R. Browning erroneously calls the word 
 laba'rum. 
 
 . . . stars would write his will in heaven, 
 As once when a labarum was not deemed 
 Too much for the old founder of these walls {Constanti- 
 nople}. 
 
 R. Browning, Paracelsus, ii. 
 
 Labe (2 syl.), the sorceress-queen of 
 the Island of Enchantments. She tried 
 to change Beder, the young king of Per- 
 sia, into a halting, one-eyed hack ; but 
 Beder was forewarned, and changed Labe 
 herself into a mare. — Arabian Night$ 
 (" Beder and Giauhare "). 
 
 Labe'rius, a Roman writer of panto- 
 mimes, contemporary with Julius Caesar. 
 
 Laberius would be always sure of more followers than 
 Sophocles. — J. Macpherson, Dissertation on Ossitn. 
 
 La Creevy (Miss), a little talka- 
 tive, bustling, cheery miniature-painter. 
 Simple-minded, kind-hearted, and bright 
 as a lark. She marries Tim Linkinwater, 
 the old clerk of the brothers Cheeryble. — 
 C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Lackitt (Widow), the widow of an 
 Indian planter. This rich vulgar widow 
 falls in love with Charlotte Weldon, who 
 assumes the dress of a young man and 
 calls herself Sir. Weldon. Charlotte 
 even marries the widow, but then informs 
 her that she is a girl in male apparel, 
 engaged to Mr. Stanmore. The widow 
 consoles herself by marrying Jack Stan- 
 more. — Thomas Southern, Oroonoko 
 (1696). 
 
LACY. 
 
 528 
 
 LADY OF LYONS. 
 
 Lacy (Sir Hugo de), constable of 
 Chester, a crusader. 
 
 Sir Damian de Lacy, nephew of sir 
 Hugo. He marries lady Eveline. 
 
 Randal de Lacy, sir Hugo's cousin, 
 •ntroduced in several disguises, as a 
 merchant, a hawk-seller, and a robber- 
 captain. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed 
 (time, Henry II.). 
 
 La'das, Alexander's messenger, noted 
 for his swiftness of foot. 
 
 Ladislaus, a cynic, whose humour is 
 health v and amusing. — Massinger, The 
 Picture (1629). 
 
 Ladon, the dragon or hydra that 
 asssisted the Hesperides in keeping 
 watch over the golden apples of the 
 Hesperian grove. 
 
 So oft th' unamiahle drason hath slept. 
 
 That the garden's imperfectly watched after all. 
 
 T. Moore, Irith Melodies (1814). 
 
 Ladrone Islands, i.e. "thieves' 
 islands ; " so called by Magellan in 1519, 
 from the thievish disposition of the 
 natives. 
 
 Ladur'lad, the father of Kail'yal (2 
 syl.). He killed ArValan for attempting 
 to dishonour his daughter, and thereby in- 
 curred the " curse of Keha'nm "(Arvalan's 
 father). The curse was that water should 
 not wet him nor fire consume him, that 
 sleep should not visit him nor death 
 release him, etc. After enduring a time 
 of agony, these curses turned to blessings. 
 Thus, when his daughter was exposed to 
 the fire of the burning pagoda, he was 
 enabled to rescue her, because he was 
 " charmed from fire." When her lover 
 was carried by the witch Lorrimite (3 
 syl.) to the city of Baly under the 
 ocean, he was able to deliver the captive, 
 because he was "charmed from water, 
 the serpent's tooth, and all beasts of 
 blood." He could even descend to the 
 infernal regions to crave vengeance 
 against Kehama, because "he was 
 charmed against death." When Kehama 
 drank the cup of "immortal death," 
 Ladurlad was taken to paradise. — 
 Southey, Tlxe Curse of Kehama (1809). 
 
 Lady (.4), authoress of A New Sys- 
 tem of Domestic Cookery (1808), is Mrs. 
 Rundell. 
 
 Lady (A), authoress of TJie Diary of 
 an Ennuye'e (182G), is Mrs. Anna Jame- 
 son. 
 
 Several other authoresses have adopted 
 the same signature, as Miss Gunn of 
 Christchurch, Conversations on Church 
 
 Polity (1833) ; Mrs. Palmer, A Dialogue 
 in the Devonshire Dialect (1837) ; Miss S. 
 Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours (1854) ; 
 Julia Ward, Passion-flowers, etc. (1854) ; 
 Miss E. M. Sewell, Amy Herbert (18(35) ; 
 etc. 
 
 Lady Bountiful (A). The benevo- 
 lent lady of a village is so called, from 
 "lady Bountiful" in theBeaux' Stratagem, 
 by Farquhar. (See Bountiful, p. 125.) 
 
 Lady Freemason, the Hon. Miss 
 Elizabeth St. Leger, daughter of lord 
 Doneraile. The tale is that, in order to 
 witness the proceedings of a Freemason's 
 lodge, she hid herself in an empty clock- 
 case when the lodge was held in her 
 father's house ; but, being discovered, site 
 ♦vas compelled to submit to initiation as 
 a member of the craft. 
 
 Lady Magistrate, lady Berkley, 
 made justice of the peace for Gloucester- 
 shire by queen Mar}'. She sat on the 
 bench at assizes and sessions girt with a 
 sword. 
 
 Lady Margaret, mother of Henry 
 VII. She founded a professorship of 
 divinity in the University of Cambridge, 
 1502 ; and a preachership in both uni- 
 versities. 
 
 Lady in the Sacque. The appa- 
 rition of this hag forms the story of the 
 Tapestried Chamber, by sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lady of England, Maud, daughter 
 of Henry I. The title of Domina Anglo- 
 rum was conferred upon her by the 
 council of Winchester, held April 7, 
 1141.— See Rymer's Foedera, i. (1703). 
 
 Lady of Lyons {The), Pauline 
 Deschappelles, daughter of a Lyonese 
 merchant. She rejected the suits of 
 Beauseant, Glavis, and Claude Melnotte, 
 who therefore combined on vengeance. 
 To this end, Claude, who was a gar- 
 dener's son, aided by the other two, 
 passed himself off as prince Como, 
 married Pauline, and brought her home 
 to his mother's cottage. The proud 
 beauty was very indignant, and Claude 
 left her to join the French army. In 
 two years and a half he became a colonel, 
 and returned to Lyons. He found his 
 father-in-law on the eve of bankruptcy, 
 and that Beauseant had promised to 
 satisfy the creditors if Pauline would con- 
 sent to marry him. Pauline was heart- 
 broken ; Claude revealed himself, paid 
 the money required, and carried home 
 
LADY OF MERCY 
 
 529 
 
 LADIES' ROCK 
 
 Pauline as his loving and true-hearted 
 vrife. — Lord L. B. Lytton, Lady of Lyons 
 (1838). 
 
 Lady of Mercy (Our), an order of 
 knighthood in Spain, instituted in 1218 
 by James L of Aragon, for the deliver- 
 ance of Christian captives amongst the 
 Moors. As many as 400 captives were 
 rescued in six years by these knights. 
 
 Lady of Shalott, a maiden who 
 died for love of sir Lancelot of the Lake. 
 Tennyson has a poem so entitled. 
 
 * + * The story of Elaine, " the lily 
 maid of Astolat," in Tennyson's Idylls 
 of the King, is substantially the same. 
 
 Lady of the Bleeding Heart, 
 
 Ellen Douglas. The cognizance of the 
 Douglas familv is a "bleeding heart." — 
 Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake (1810). 
 
 Lady of the Lake (A), a harlot. 
 (Anglo-Saxon, lac, "a present.") A 
 "guinea-fowl" or "guinea-hen" is a 
 similar term. 
 
 But for the difference marriage makes 
 'Twixt wives and "ladies of the lake." 
 
 S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 1 (1678). 
 
 Lady of the Lake {The), Nimue [sic], 
 one of the damsels of the lake, that king 
 Pellinore took to his court. Merlin, in 
 his dotage, fell in love with her, when 
 she wheedled him out of all his secrets, 
 and enclosed him in a rock, where he 
 died (pt. i. 60). Subsequently, Nimue 
 married sir Pelleas (pt. i. 81, 82). (See 
 next art.) 
 
 So upon a time it happened that Merlin shewed 
 Nimue in a rock whereas was a great wonder, and 
 wrought by enchantment, which went under a stone. 
 So, \>y her subtle craft and working, she made Merlin 
 go under that stone . . . and so wrought that he never 
 came out again. So she departed, and left Merlin. — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, L 60 (1470). 
 
 %* Tennyson, in his Idylls of the King 
 ("Merlin and Vivien"), makes Vivien 
 the enchantress who wheedled old Merlin 
 out of his secrets; and then, "in a hollow 
 oak," she shut him fast, and there "he 
 lay as dead, and lost to life, and use, and 
 name, and fame." 
 
 This seems to be an error. At any rate, 
 it is not in accordance with the Morb 
 a" Arthur of Caxton renown. 
 
 Lady of the Lake {The), Nineve. It is 
 not evident from the narrative whether 
 Nineve is not the same person as Nimue, 
 and that one of the two (probably the 
 lacter) is not a typographical error. 
 
 Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly 
 unto king Arthur, understood by her subtle crafts that 
 king Arthur was like to have been destroyed ; and there- 
 fore this Lady of the Lake, that hight Nintve, came into 
 
 23 
 
 the forest to seek sir Launcelot du Lake. — Sir T. Malory. 
 
 History of Priiice Arthur, ii. 57 (1470). 
 
 The feasts that underground the faery did him [Arthur] 
 
 make, 
 And there how he enjoyed the Lady of the Lake. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Lady of the Lake {The). Vivienne (3 
 syl.) is called La Dame da Lac, and 
 dwelt en la marche de la petite Bretaigne. 
 She stole Lancelot in his infancy, and 
 plunged with him into her home lake ; 
 hence was Lancelot called da Lac. When 
 her prote'ge was grown to manhood, she 
 presented him to king Arthur. 
 
 Lady of the Lake {The), Ellen Douglas, 
 once a favourite of king James ; but 
 when her father fell into disgrace, she 
 retired with him into the vicinity of 
 Loch Katrine. — Sir W. Scott, Lady of 
 the Lake (1810). 
 
 Lady of the Lake and Arthur's 
 Sword. The Lady of the Lake gave to 
 king Arthur the sword " Excalibur." 
 " Well," said she, " go into yonder barge 
 and row yourself to the sword, and take 
 it." So Arthur and Merlin came to the 
 sword that a hand held up, and took it 
 by the handles, and the arm and hand 
 went under the lake again (pt. i. 23). 
 
 This Lady of the Lake asked in re- 
 compense the head of sir Balin, because 
 he had slain her brother; but the king 
 refused the request. Then said Balin, 
 " Evil be ye found ! Ye would have my ! 
 head ; therefore ye shall lose thine owd." 
 So saying, with his sword he smote off. 
 her head in the presence of king Arthur. 
 — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 28 (147*0). 
 
 Lady of the Mercians, iEthelfLned 
 or El'rlida, daughter of king Alfred. 
 She married iEthelred chief of that por- 
 tion of Mercia not claimed by the Danes. 
 
 Lady of the Sun, Alice Perrers 
 (or Pierce), a mistress of Edward III. of 
 England. She was a married woman, 
 and had been lady of the bed-chamber 
 to queen Philippa. Edward lavished on ' 
 her both riches and honours ; but when 
 the king was dying, she stole his jewels, 
 and even the rings from his fingers. 
 
 Lady with a Lamp, Florence 
 Nightingale (1820- ). 
 
 On England's annals . . . 
 
 A Lady with a Lamp shall stand . . . 
 
 A noble type of good. 
 
 Heroic womanhood. 
 
 Longfellow, Santa Filomina 
 
 Ladies' Rock, Stirling (Scotland) 
 
 In the castle hill is a hollow called " The Valley," com- 
 prehending about an acre, ... for justings ai.nl tourn». 
 meats. . . . Closely adjoining ... is a small rocky . . , 
 2 M 
 
LAERTES. 
 
 530 
 
 LAKE POETS. 
 
 mount called " The Ladies' Hill," where the fair ones of 
 the court took their station to behold these feats.— 
 Nimmo, History of Stirlingshire, 282. 
 
 Laer'tes (3 syl), son of Polonius 
 lord chamberlain of Denmark, and 
 brother of Ophelia. He is induced by 
 the king to challenge Hamlet to a 
 "friendly" duel, but poisons his own 
 rapier. He wounds Hamlet ; and in the 
 scuffle which ensues, the combatants 
 change swords, and Hamlet wounds 
 Laertes, so that both die. — Shakespeare, 
 Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Laer'tes (3 syl.), a Dane, whose life 
 Gustavus Vasa had spared in battle. He 
 becomes the trusty attendant of Chris- 
 ti'na, daughter of the king of Sweden, 
 and never proves ungrateful to the noble 
 Swede. — H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa 
 (1730). 
 
 Laer'tes's Son, Ulysses. 
 
 But when his strings with mournful magic tell 
 What dire distress Laertes' son befell, 
 The streams, meandering thro' the maze of woe, 
 Bid sacred sympathy the heart o'erflow. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 1 (1756). 
 
 Lafeu, an old French lord, sent to 
 conduct Bertram count of Rousillon to 
 the king of France, by whom he was 
 invited to the roval court. — Shakespeare, 
 AWs Well that Ends Well (1598). 
 
 Lafontaine (The Danish), Hans 
 Christian Andersen (1805-1875). 
 
 Lafontaine of the Vaudeville. 
 So C. F. Panard is called (1691-1765). 
 
 Lag'ado, capital of Balnibarbi, cele- 
 brated for its grand school of projectors, 
 where the scholars have a technical edu- 
 cation, being taught to make pincushions 
 from softened granite, to extract from 
 cucumbers the sunbeams which ripened 
 them, and to convert ice into gunpowder. 
 — Swift, Gulliver s Travels (" Voyage to 
 Lapu'ta," 1726). 
 
 La Grange and his friend Du 
 Croisy pay their addresses to two young 
 ladies whose heads have been turned 
 by novels. The girls think their man- 
 ners too natural to be aristocratic, so the 
 gentlemen send to them their lackeys, as 
 "the marquis of Mascarille" and "the 
 viscount of Jodelet." The girls are de- 
 lighted with their "aristocratic visitors ;" 
 but when the game has been played far 
 enough, the masters enter and unmask 
 the whole trick. By this means the girls 
 are taught a most useful lesson, without 
 Buffering any serious ill consequences. — 
 Moliere, Los Pre'cieuses Ridicules (1659). 
 
 Laider (Donald), one of the prisoners 
 at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
 ncring (time, George II.). 
 
 Laila (2 syl.), a Moorish maiden, of 
 great beauty and purity, who loved 
 Manuel, a youth worthy of her. The 
 father disapproved of the match ; and 
 they eloped, were pursued, and overtaken 
 near a precipice on the Guadalhorce (4 
 syl.). They climbed to the top of the 
 precipice, and the father bade his fol- 
 lowers discharge their arrows at them. 
 Laila and Manuel, seeing death to be 
 inevitable, threw themselves from the 
 precipice, and perished in the fall. It is 
 from this incident that the rock was 
 called "The Lovers' Leap." 
 
 And every Moorish maid can tell 
 Where Laila lies who loved so well ; 
 And every youth who passes there, 
 Says for Manuel's soul a prayer. 
 Southey, The Lovers' Rock (a ballad, 1798, taken from 
 Mariana, De la I'eTia de los JCnamorados. 
 
 Laila, daughter of Okba the sorcerer. It 
 was decreed that either Laila or Talaba 
 must die. Talaba refused to redeem 
 his own life by killing Laila; and Okba 
 exultingly cried, "As thou hast disobeyed 
 the voice of Allah, God hath abandoned 
 thee, and this hour is mine." So saying, 
 he rushed on the youth ; but Laila, inter- 
 vening to protect him, received the blow, 
 and was killed. Talaba lived on, and 
 the spirit of Laila, in the form of a green 
 bird, conducted him to the simorg (q.v.), 
 which he sought, that he might be directed 
 to Dom-Daniel, the cavern " under the 
 roots of the ocean."- Southey, Thalabathe 
 Destroyer, x. (1797). 
 
 La'is (2 syl.), a generic name for a 
 courtezan. Lais was a Greek hetsera, 
 who sold her favours for £200 English 
 money. When Demosthenes was told 
 the amount of the fee, he said he had 
 "no mind to buy repentance at such a 
 price." One of her great admirers was 
 Diog'enes the cynic. 
 
 Tliis is the cause 
 That Lais leads a lady's life aloft. 
 G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Lake Poets (The), Wordsworth, 
 Southey, and Coleridge, who lived about 
 the lakes of Cumberland. According to 
 Mr. Jeffrey, the conductor of the Edin- 
 burgh Review, they combined the senti- 
 mentality of Rousseau with the simplicity 
 of Kotzebue and the homeliness of Cow- 
 per. Of the same school were Lamb, 
 Lloyd, and Wilson. Also called "Lakers'' 
 and " Lakists." 
 
LAKEDJON. 
 
 531 
 
 LAMIRA. 
 
 IJaked'ion (Isaac) , the name given 
 in France to the Wandering Jew {q.v.). 
 
 Lalla Rookh, the supposed daughter 
 of Aurungzebe emperor of Delhi. She 
 was betrothed to Allris sultan of Lesser 
 Bucharia. On her journey from Delhi 
 to Cashmere, she was entertained by 
 Fer'amorz, a young Persian poet, with 
 whom she fell in love, and unbounded 
 was her delight when she discovered that 
 the young poet was the sultan to whom 
 she was betrothed. — T. Moore, Lalla 
 Rookh (1817). 
 
 Lambert {General), parliamentary 
 leader. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
 Commonwealth). 
 
 Lambert (Sir John), the dupe of Dr. 
 Cantwell "the hypocrite." He entertains 
 him as his guest, settles on him £400 a 
 year, and tries to make his daughter 
 Charlotte marry him, although he is 59 
 and she is under 20. His eyes are opened 
 at length by the mercenary and licentious 
 conduct of the doctor. Lady Lambert 
 assists in exposing him, but old lady 
 Lambert remains to the last a believer 
 in the '* saint." In Moliere's comedy, 
 "Orgon" takes the place of Lambert, 
 "Mde. Parnelle" of the old ladv, and 
 11 Tartuffe " of Dr. Cantwell. 
 
 Lady Lambert, the gentle, loving wife 
 of sir John. By a stratagem, she convinces 
 her husband of Dr. Cantw ell's true cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Colonel Lambert, son of sir John and 
 lady Lambert. He assists in unmasking 
 " the hypocrite." 
 
 Charlotte Lambert, daughter of sir John 
 and lady Lambert. A pretty, bright girl, 
 somewhat giddy and fond of teasing her 
 sweetheart Darnley (see act i. 1). — I. 
 Bickerstaff, The Hypocrite (1769). 
 
 Lambourne (Michael), a retainer of 
 the earl of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Lambro, a Greek pirate, father of 
 Haide'e (q.v.). — Byron, Don Juan, iii. 26, 
 etc. (1820). 
 
 We confess that our sympathy is most excited by the 
 dlent, wolf-like suffering of Lambro, when he experiences 
 " the solitude of passing his own door without a welcome," 
 and finds "the innocence of that sweet child " polluted. — 
 Findeu, Byron Beauties. 
 
 *** The original of this character was 
 major Lambro, who was captain (1791) 
 of a Russian piratical squadron, which 
 plundered the islands of the Greek 
 Archipelago, and did great damage. "When 
 his squadron was attacked by seven 
 Algerine corsairs, major Lambro was 
 
 wounded, but escaped. The incidents 
 referred to in canto vi., etc., are historical. 
 
 Lamderg and Gelehossa. Gel- 
 chossa was beloved by Lamderg and 
 Ullin son of Cairbar. The rivals fought, 
 and Ullin fell. Lamderg, all bleeding 
 with wounds, just reached Gelehossa to 
 announce the death of his rival, and ex- 
 pired also. "Three days Gelehossa 
 mourned, and then the hunters found her 
 cold," and all three Avere buried in one 
 grave. — Ossian, Fingal, ii. 
 
 Lame (The). 
 
 Jehan de Meung, called "Clopinel," 
 because he was lame and hobbled. 
 
 Tyrtseus, the Greek poet, was called tho 
 lame or hobbling poet, because he intro- 
 duced the pentameter verse alternately 
 with the hexameter. Thus his distich 
 consisted of one line with six feet and 
 one line with only five. 
 
 The J^ame Kin], Charles II. of Naples, 
 Boiteux (1248, 1289-1309). 
 
 Lamech's Song. "Ye wives of 
 Lamech, hearken unto my speech : for I 
 have slain a man to my wounding, and a 
 young man to my hurt! If Cain shall be 
 avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy 
 and sevenfold." — Gen. iv. 23, 24. 
 
 As Lemech grew old, his eyes became dim, and finally 
 all sight was taken from them, and Tubal-cain, his son, 
 led him by the hand when he walked abroad. And it 
 came to pass . . . that he led his father into the fields to 
 hunt, and said to his father : " Lo ! yonder is a beast of 
 prey ; shoot thine arrow in that direction." Lemech did 
 as his son hnd spoken, and the arrow struck Cain, who 
 •was walking afar off, and killed him. . . . Now wheu 
 Lemech . . . saw [sic] that he had killed Cain, he 
 trembled exceedingly, . . . and being blind, he saw not 
 his son, hut struck the lad's head between his hands, and 
 killed him. . . . And he cried to his wives. Ada and 
 Zillah, "Listen to my voice, ye wives of Lemech. ... I 
 have slain a man to my hurt, and a child to my wound- 
 ing ! " — The Talmud, L 
 
 Lamin'ak, Basque fairies, little 
 folk, who live under ground, and some- 
 times come into houses down the chimney, 
 in order to change a fairy child for a 
 human one. They bring good luck with 
 them, but insist on great cleanliness, and 
 always give their orders in words tho 
 very opposite of their intention. They 
 hate church bells. Every Basque Lamihak 
 is named Guillen (William). (See Say 
 and Mean.) 
 
 Lamington, a follower of sir Geoffrey 
 Peveril. — SirYV. Scott, Peveril of the Teak 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Lami'ra, wife of Champernel, and 
 daughter of Yertaigne' (2 sijl.) a noble- 
 man and a judge — Beaumont and Flet- 
 cher, T/ie Little Iremh Lawyer (1647). 
 
LAMK.IN. 
 
 532 
 
 LANCELOT. 
 
 Larrikin (Mrs. Alice), companion to 
 Mrs. Bethune Baliol.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Highland Widow (time, George II.). 
 
 Lammas. At latter Lammas, never ; 
 equivalent to SuetoniuVs" Greek kalends." 
 
 Lammikin, a blood-thirsty builder, 
 who built and baptized his castle with 
 blood. He was long a nursery ogre, like 
 Lunsford. — Scotch Ballad. 
 
 Lammle (Alfred), a " mature young 
 gentleman, with too much nose on his 
 face, too much ginger in his whiskers, 
 too much torso in his waistcoat, too much 
 sparkle in his studs, his eyes, his buttons, 
 his talk, his teeth." He married Miss 
 Akershem, thinking she had money, and 
 she married him under the same de- 
 lusion ; and the two kept up a fine 
 appearance on nothing at all. Alfred 
 Lammle had many schemes for making 
 money : one was to oust Kokesmith from 
 his post of secretary to Mr. Boffin, and 
 get his wife adopted by Mrs. Boffin in the 
 place of Bella Wilfer; but Mr. Boffin 
 saw through the scheme, and Lammle, 
 with his wife, retired to live on the Con- 
 tinent. In public they appeared very 
 loving and amiable to each other, but led 
 at home a cat-and-dog life. 
 
 Sojihronia Lammle, wife of Alfred 
 Lammle. " A mature young lady, with 
 raven locks, and complexion that lit up 
 well when well powdered." — C. Dickens, 
 Our Mutual Friend (1864). 
 
 Lamoracke (Sir), Lamerocke, La- 
 mokake, Lamorock, or Lamarkcke, 
 one of the knights of the Round Table, and 
 one of the three most noted for deeds of 
 prowess. The other two were sir Launcelot 
 and sir Tristram. Sir Lamoracke's father 
 w tie king Pellinore of Wales, who slew king 
 Lot. His brothers were sir Agiavale and 
 sir i'ercival ; sir Tor, whosse mother was 
 the wife of Aries the cowherd, was his 
 half-brother (pt. ii. 108). Sir Lamoracke 
 was detected by the sons of king Lot in 
 adultery with their mother, and they 
 conspired his death. 
 
 Sir Gawain and his three brethren, sir Agrawatn, sir 
 Gaheris, and sir Modred, met hint [sir Lamoracke] in a 
 privy place, and there they slew his horse; then they 
 fought with him on foot for more than three hours, both 
 before him and behind his back, and all-to hewed him in 
 pieces.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 144 
 (1470). 
 
 Roger Ascham says : " The whole pleasure of Im. Morte 
 d' Arthur standeth in two special poyntes : in open man- 
 slaughter and bold bawdve. in which booke they are 
 counted the noblest knight's that doe kill most men with- 
 out any quarrell, and commit foulest adulteries by surlest 
 rtiiftes : as sir Launcelote with the wife of king Arthur his 
 sir Tristram with the wife of king Maike his 
 
 uncle, and sir Lamerocke with the wife of king Luca 
 that was his aunt."— Works, 254 (fourth edit.). 
 
 Lamorce' (2 syl.), a woman of bad 
 reputation, who inveigles young Mirabel 
 into her house, where he would have been 
 murdered by four bravoes, if Oriana, 
 dressed as a page, had not been by.- - 
 G. Farquhar, The Inconstant (1702). 
 
 Lamourette's Kiss (^4), a kiss of 
 peace when there is no peace ; a kiss of 
 apparent reconciliation, but with secret 
 hostility. On July 7, 1792, the abbe' 
 Lamourette induced the different factions 
 of the Legislative Assembly of France to 
 lay aside their differences ; so the deputies 
 of the Royalists, Constitutionalists, 
 Girondists, jacobins, and Orleanists, 
 rushed into each others' arms, and the 
 king was sent for, that he might see 
 ' ' how these Christians loved one another ;" 
 but the reconciliation was hardly made 
 when the old animosities burst forth more 
 furiously than ever. 
 
 Lampad'ion, a lively, petulant 
 courtezan. A name common in the later 
 Greek comedy 
 
 Lam'pedo, of Laced;emon. She was 
 daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a 
 king. Agrippina was granddaughter, 
 wife, sister, and mother of a king. — 
 Tacitus, Annalcs, xii. 22, 37. 
 
 *** The wife of Raymond Ber'esger 
 (count of Provence) was grandmother of 
 four kings, for her four daughters 
 married four kings : Margaret married 
 Louis IX. king of France ; Eleanor 
 married Henry III. king of England ; 
 Sancha married Richard king of the 
 Romans ; and Beatrice married Charles I. 
 king of Naples and cily. 
 
 Lam'pedo, a country apothecary-sur- 
 geon, without practice ; so poor and ill- 
 fed that he was but " the sketch and 
 outline of a man." He says of himself : 
 
 Altho' to cure men be beyond my skill, 
 'Tis hard, indeed, it" I can't keep them ill. 
 
 i. Tobin, The Honeymoon, iii. 3 (1804). 
 
 Lamplugh (Will), a smuggler. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Medgauntlet (time, George 
 
 Lance (1 syl.), falconer and ancient 
 servant to the father of Valentine the 
 gallant who would not be persuaded to 
 keep his estate. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 Wit without Money (1G22). 
 
 Lancelot or Launcelot Gobbo, 
 
 servant of Shy lock, famous for his soli- 
 loquy whether or not he should run away 
 
LANCELOT DU LAC. 
 
 533 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 from his master. — Shakespeare, Merchant 
 of Venice (1598). 
 
 Tarleton [1530-15881 was Inimitable in such parts as 
 " Laimcelot," and " Touchstone" in As You Like It. In 
 clowns' parts he neyer had his equal, and never will. — 
 Riker, Chronicles. 
 
 Lancelot du Lac, by Ulrich of 
 Zazikoven, the most ancient poem of the 
 Arthurian series. It is the adventures 
 of a young knight, gay and joyous "with 
 animal spirits and light-heartedness. 
 (See -Launcelot.) — One of the minne- 
 songs of Germany (twelfth century). 
 
 Lancelot du Lac and Tarquin. 
 
 Sir Lancelot, seeking adventures, met 
 with a lady who prayed him to deliver 
 certain knights of the Round Table from 
 the power of Tarquin. Coming to a 
 river, he saw a copper basin hung on a 
 tree for gong, and he struck it so hard that 
 it broke. This brought out Tarquin, and 
 a furious combat ensued, in which Tarquin 
 was slain. Sir Lancelot then liberated 
 three score and four knights, who had 
 been made captives by Tarquin. (See 
 Launcelot.) — Percy, Reliques, I. ii. 9. 
 
 Lancelot of the Laik, a Scotch 
 metrical romance, taken from the French 
 Launcelot du Lac. Galiot, a neighbour- 
 ing king, invaded Arthur's territories, and 
 captured the castle of lady Melyhalt 
 among others. When sir Lancelot went 
 to chastise Galiot, he saw queen Guine- 
 vere, and fell in love Avith her. The 
 French romance makes Galiot submit to 
 king Arthur ; but the Scotch tale termi- 
 nates with his capture. (See Launce- 
 lot.) 
 
 Land of Beulah, land of rest, re- 
 presenting that peace of mind which some 
 true Christians experience prior to death 
 (Lsaiah Ixii. 4). — Bunyan, Pilgrim' 1 s Pro- 
 gress, i. (1G78). 
 
 Land of Joy. Worms, in Germany, 
 was so called by the minnesingers, from 
 its excellent wine. 
 
 Landey'da (''the desolation of the 
 country "), the miraculous banner of the 
 ancient Danes, on which was wrought a 
 raven by the daughters of Kegner Lod- 
 brok. It was under this banner that 
 Hardrada and Tostig attacked Harold at 
 the battle of Stamford Bridge, a little 
 before the battle of Senlac (Hastings^. 
 
 Landi (The Fete of the) Charle- 
 magne showed to pilgrims once a year 
 the relics of the chapel in Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 Charles le Chauve removed the relics to 
 Pari 9, and exhibited them once a year in 
 
 a large field near the boulevard St. Denis 
 \P*nee~\. A procession was subsequently 
 formed, and a fair held the first Mondav 
 after St. Barnabas's Day. 
 
 Le mot Latin indictum siguifie un jour et an lieu 
 indbjuis pour quelcjue assemble du peuple. L'i, chang6 
 d'abord en e, le flit definitivement en a. On dit done 
 successivement, au lieu & indictum; Yindict', Yendi't. 
 I'unUit, et enfin landi. — A Dumas, L'Horosccpe, i. 
 
 Landois (Peter), the favourite minis- 
 ter of the due de Bretagne. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Landscape Gardening (Father 
 of), Lenotre (1613-1700). 
 
 Lane (Jane), daughter of Thomas, 
 and sister of colonel John Lane. To save 
 king Charles II. after the battle of 
 Worcester, she rode behind him from 
 Bentley, in Staffordshire, to the house 
 of her cousin Mrs. Norton, near Bristol. 
 For this act of loyalty, the king granted 
 the family the following armorial device: 
 A strawberry horse saliant (couped at the 
 flank), bridled, bitted, and garnished, 
 supporting between its feet a royal crown 
 proper. Motto : Garde le roy. 
 
 Lane (The), Drury Lane. 
 
 There were married actresses in his company when ha 
 managed the Garden and afterwards the Lane. — Temple 
 liar (W. C. Macready). 76 (1875). 
 
 Laneham (Master Robert), clerk of 
 the council-chamber door. 
 
 Sybil Laneham, his wife, one of the 
 revellers at Kenilworth Castle. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Langcale (The laird of), a leader in 
 the covenanters' army. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Langley (Sir Frederick), a suitor to 
 Miss Yere, and one of the Jacobite con- 
 spirators Avith the laird of Ellieslaw. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Langosta (Duke of), the Spanish 
 nickname of Aosta the elected king of 
 Spain. Tbe word means "a locust" or 
 " plunderer." 
 
 Language (The Primeval). 
 
 Psametichus, an Egyptian king, AA-ish- 
 ing to ascertain Avhat language Nature 
 gave to man, shut up tAvo infants Avhere 
 no Avord Avas ever uttered in their hear- 
 ing. When brought before the king, they 
 said, bekos ("toast"). — Herodotos, ii. 2. 
 
 Frederick II. of SAveden tried the same 
 experiment. 
 
 James IV. of Scotland, 'in the fifteenth 
 century, shut up Iavo infants in the Isle 
 of Inchkeith, with only a dumb attendant 
 
LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS. 534 
 
 LAPUTA. 
 
 to wait ou them, with the same object in 
 view. 
 
 Language Characteristics. 
 
 Charles Quint used to say, " I speak 
 German to my horses, Spanish to my 
 household, French to my friends, and 
 Italian to my mistress." 
 
 The Persians say, the serpent in paradise 
 spoke Arabic (the most suasive of all 
 languages) ; Adam and Eve spoke Per- 
 sian (the most poetic of all languages) ; 
 and the angel Gabriel spoke Turkish (the 
 most menacing of all languages). — Char- 
 din, Travels (1680). 
 
 Language given to Man to 
 
 Conceal His Thoughts. Said by 
 
 Montrond, but generally ascribed to 
 Talleyrand. (See Talleyrand.) 
 
 Languish (Lydia), a romantic young 
 lady, who is for ever reading sensational 
 novels, ,and moulding her behaviour on 
 the characters which she reads of in these 
 books of fiction. Hence she is a very 
 female Quixote in romantic notions of a 
 sentimental tvpe (see act i. 2). — Sheri- 
 dan. The Rivals (1775). 
 
 Miss Mellon [1775-1837] called on Sheridan, and was 
 requested to read the scenes of Lydia Languish and 
 Mrs. Malaprop from The Rivals. She felt frightened, 
 and answered, with the naive, unaffected manner which 
 she retained through life, " I dare not, sir; I would rather 
 read to all England. But suppose, sir, you do me the 
 honour of reading them to me?" There was something 
 so unassuming and childlike in the request, that the 
 manager entered into the oddity of it, and read to her 
 nearly the whole play. — Boaden. 
 
 Lan'o, a Scandinavian lake, which 
 emitted in autumn noxious vapours. 
 
 He dwells hy the waters of Lano, which sends forth the 
 vapour of death. — Os?ian, The War of InU-Thomi. 
 
 Lanternize (To) is to spend one's 
 time in literary trifles, to Avrite books, 
 to waste time in " brown studies," etc. — 
 Rabelais, Pantagruel, v. 33 (1545). 
 
 Lantern-Land, the land of authors, 
 whose works are their lanterns. The in- 
 habitants, called "Lanterners" (Lanter- 
 tiois), are bachelors and masters of arts, 
 doctors, and professors, prelates and 
 divines of the council of Trent, and all 
 other wise ones of the earth. Here are the 
 lanterns of Aristotle, Epicuros, and Aris- 
 tophanes ; the dark earthen lantern of 
 Epictetos, the duplex lantern of Martial, 
 and many others. The sovereign was a 
 queen when Pantag'ruel visited the realm 
 to make inquiry about the " Oracle of 
 the Holv Bottle." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, 
 v. 32, 33 (1545% 
 
 Lanternois, pretenders to science, 
 quacks of all sorts, and authors generally. 
 
 They are the inhabitants of Lantern- 
 land, and their literary productions are 
 "lanterns." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, v. 32, 
 33 (1545). 
 
 Laocoon [La.ok'.o.on], a Trojan 
 priest, who, with his two sons, was 
 crushed to death by serpents. Thomson, 
 in his Liberty, iv., has described the 
 group, which represents these three in 
 their death agony. It was discovered in 
 1506, in the baths of Titus, and is now 
 in the Vatican. This exquisite group 
 was sculptured at the command of Titus 
 by Agesander, Polydorus, and Atheno- 
 dorus, in the fifth century B.C. — Virgil, 
 JEneid, ii. 201-227. 
 
 Laodami'a, wife of Protesila'os who 
 was slain at the siege of Troy. She 
 prayed that she might be allowed to 
 converse with her dead husband for three 
 hours, and her request was granted ; but 
 when her husband returned to hades, she 
 accompanied him thither. 
 
 *** Wordsworth has a poem on this 
 subject, entitled Laodamia. 
 
 Laodice'a, now Lataki'a, noted for 
 its tobacco and sponge. — See Rev. iii. 
 14-18. 
 
 Lapet (Mons.), a model of pol- 
 troonery, the very "Ercles' Vein" of 
 fanatical cowardice. M. Lapet would 
 fancy the world out of joint if no one 
 gave him a tweak of the nose or lug of 
 the ear. He was the author of a book on 
 the "punctilios of duelling." — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, Nice Valour or The Pas- 
 sionate Madman (1647). 
 
 Lappet, the "glory of all chamber- 
 maids."— H. Fielding, The Miser. 
 
 Lapraick (Laurie), friend of Steenie 
 Steenson, in Wandering Willie's tale. — ' 
 Sir W. Scott, Redjauntlet (time, George 
 
 Laprel, the rabbit, in the beast-epic 
 entitled Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Lapu'ta, the flying island, inhabited 
 by scientific quacks. This is the " Lan- 
 tern-land " of Rabelais, where wise ones 
 lanternized, and were so absorbed in 
 thought, that certain attendants, called 
 " Flappers," were appointed to flap them 
 on the month and ears with blown 
 bladders, when their attention to mun- 
 dane matters was required. — Swift, 
 Gulliver's Travels (" Voyage to Laputa," 
 1726). 
 
LARA. 
 
 535 
 
 LAST MAX. 
 
 Lara, the name assumed by Conrad 
 the corsair after the death of Medo'ra. 
 On his return to his native country, he 
 was recognized by sir Ezzeliu at the 
 table of lord Otho, and charged Itome by 
 him. Lara arranged a duel for the day 
 following, but sir Ezzelin disappeared 
 mysteriously. Subsequently, Lara headed 
 a rebellion, and was shot by Otho. — 
 Byrcn, Lara (1814). 
 
 Lara {The Seven Sons of), sons of 
 Gonzalez Gustios de Lara, a Castilian 
 hero, brother of Ferdinand Gonzalez 
 count of Castile. A quarrel having arisen 
 between Gustios and Rodrigo Velasquez 
 his brother-in-law, Rodrigo caused him 
 to be imprisoned in Cor'dova, and then 
 allured his seven nephews into a ravine, 
 where they were all slain by an ambus- 
 cade, after performing prodigies of valour. 
 While in prison, Zai'da, daughter of 
 Almanzor the Moorish prince, fell in love 
 with Gustios, and became the mother of 
 Mudarra, who avenged the death of his 
 seven brothers (a.d. 993). 
 
 *** Lope de Vega has made this the 
 subject of a Spanish drama, which has 
 several imitations, one by Mallefille, in 
 1836. — See Ferd. Denis, Chroniques Clwva- 
 leresques d'Espagne (1839). 
 
 Larder {The DGujlas), the flour, 
 meal, wheat, and malt of Douglas Castle, 
 emptied on the floor by good lord James 
 Douglas, in 1307, when he took the 
 castle from the English garrison. Hav- 
 ing staved in all the barrels of food, he 
 next emptied all the wine and ale, and 
 then, having slain the garrison, threw the 
 dead bodies into this disgusting mess, 
 " to eat, drink, and be merry." — Sir W. 
 Scott, Tales of a Grandfather,, ix. 
 
 Wallace's Larder is a similar mess. 
 Tt consisted of the dead bodies of the 
 garrison of Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, cast 
 into the dungeon keep. The castle was 
 surprised by him in the reign of Edward I. 
 
 Lardoon {Lady Bab), a caricature of 
 fine life, the " princess of dissipation," 
 and the " greatest gamester of the times." 
 She becomes engaged to sir Charles 
 Dupely, and says, "to follow fashion 
 where we feel shame, is the strongest of 
 all hypocrisy, and from this moment I 
 renounce it." — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of 
 the Oaks. 
 
 Ita Roche, a Swiss pastor, travelling 
 through France with his daughter 
 Margaret, was taken ill, and like to die. 
 There was only a -.rayside inn in the 
 
 place, but Hume the philosopher heard 
 of the circumstance, and removed tke 
 sick man to his own house. Here, with 
 good nursing, La Roche recovered, and a 
 strong friendship sprang up between the 
 two. Hume even accompanied La Roche 
 to his manse in Berne. After the lapse of 
 three years, Hume was informed that 
 Mademoiselle was about to be married 
 to a young Swiss officer, and hastened to 
 Berne to be present at the wedding. On 
 reaching the neighbourhood, he observed 
 some men filling up a grave, and found 
 on inquiry that Mademoiselle had just 
 died of a broken heart. In fact, her 
 lover had been shot in a duel, and the 
 shock was too much for her. The old 
 pastor bore up heroically, and Hume 
 admired the faith which could sustain a 
 man in such an affliction. — H. Mackenzie, 
 11 Story of La Roche " (in The Mirror). 
 
 Lars, the emperor or over-king of the 
 ancient Etruscans. A khedive, satrap, 
 or under-king, was called lucumo. Thus 
 the king of Prussia, as emperor of 
 Germany, is lars, but the king of Bavaria 
 is a lucu/no. 
 
 There be thirty chosen prophets, 
 
 The wisest of the land. 
 Who alway by Lars Por'sena, 
 Both morn and evening staid. 
 
 'Lord Macaulay, Lays of A ncUnt Rome 
 «' Horatius," ix., 1842). 
 
 Larthmor, petty sing of Ber'rathon, 
 one of the Scandinavian islands. He 
 was dethroned by his son Uthal, but 
 Fingal sent Ossian and Toscar to his aid. 
 Uthal was slain in single combat, and 
 Larthmor Avas restored to his throne. — 
 Ossian, Berrathon. 
 
 Larthon, the leader of the Fir-bolg 
 or Belgie of Britain who settled in the 
 southern parts of Ireland. 
 
 Larthon. the first of Bolga's race who travelled in the 
 winds. White-bosomed spread the sails of the kiim 
 towards streamy Inisfail [Ireland]. Dun night was 
 rolled before him, with its skirts of mist. Unconstant 
 blew the winds and rolled him from wave to wave.— 
 Ossian, Temora, vii. 
 
 Lascaris, a citizen. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Las-Ca'sas, a noble old Spaniard 
 who vainly attempted to put a stop to 
 the barbarities of his countrymen, and 
 even denounced them (act i. 1). — Sheri- 
 dan, Pizarro (1799, altered from Kotze- 
 bue). 
 
 Lascelles {Lady Caroline) , supposed 
 to be Miss M. E. Braddon. — Athenceunu 
 2073, p. 82 (C. R. Jackson). 
 
 Last Man {Tlie), Charles I.; S c 
 
LAST OF THE FATHERS. 
 
 536 
 
 LATONA. 
 
 called by the parliamentarians, meaning 
 the last man who would wear a crown in 
 Great Britain. Charles II. was called 
 " The Son of the Last Man." 
 
 Last of tlie Fathers, St. Bernard 
 abbot of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 
 
 Last of the Goths, Roderick, the 
 thirty-fourth and last of the Visigothic 
 line of kings jn Spain (414—711). He was 
 dethioned by the African Moors. 
 
 * + * Southey has an historical tale in 
 blank verse, entitled Roderick, the Last of 
 the Goths. 
 
 Last of the Greeks (The), Philo- 
 pcemen of Arcadia (b.c. 253-183). 
 
 Last of the Knights, Maximilian 
 I. the Penniless, emperor of Germany 
 (1459, 1493-1519). 
 
 Last of the Mo'hicans. Uncas 
 the Indian chief is so called by F. 
 Cooper in his novel of that title. 
 
 %* The word ought to be pronounced 
 Mo.hec'.kanz, but custom has ruled it 
 otherwise. 
 
 Last of the Romans, Marcus 
 Junius Brutus, one of the assassins of 
 Caesar (is.c. 85-42). 
 
 Caius Cassius Longlnus is so called by 
 Brutus (b.c. *-42). 
 
 Aetius, a general who defended the 
 Gauls against the Franks, and defeated 
 Attila in 451, is so called by Proc</pius. 
 
 Congreve is called by Pope, Ultimus 
 Romanus (1670-1729). 
 
 Horace Walpole is called Ultimus 
 Romanorum (1717-1797). 
 
 Francois Joseph Terrasse Desbillons 
 was called Ultimus Romanus, from his 
 elegant and pure Latinity (1751-1789). 
 
 Last of the Tribunes, Cola di 
 Eienzi (1313-1354). 
 
 *** Lord Lvtton has a novel so 
 entitled (1835). 
 
 Last of the Troubadours, 
 
 Jacques Jasmin of Gascony (1798-1864). 
 
 Last who Spoke Cornish (The), 
 Doll Pentreath (1686-1777). 
 
 Last Word.3. (See Dying Say- 
 ings.) 
 
 Lath'eruin, the barber at the Black 
 Bear inn, at Darlington. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Hob Hoy (time, George I.). 
 
 Latbmon, son of Nuath a British 
 prince. He invades Morven while Fingal 
 is in Ireland with his army ; but Fingal 
 
 returns unexpectedly. At dead of night, 
 Ossian (Fingal's son) and his friend Gaul 
 the son of Morni go to the enemy's camp, 
 and " strike the shield " to arouse the 
 sleepers ; then rush on, and a great 
 slaughter ensues in the panic. Lathmon 
 sees the two opponents moving ofr', and 
 sends a challenge to Ossian ; so Ossian 
 returns, and the duel begins. Lathmon 
 flings down his sword, and submits ; and 
 Fingal, coming up, conducts Lathmon to 
 his " feast of shells." After passing the 
 night in banquet and song, Fingal dis- 
 misses his guest next morning, saying, 
 *' Lathmon, retire to thy place ; turn thy 
 battles to ^ther lands. The race of Mor- 
 ven are ren .wned, and their foes are the 
 sons of the unhappy." — Ossian, Lathmon. 
 *** In Oithona he is again introduced, 
 and Oithona is called Lathmon's brother. 
 
 • [Dunrommath] feared the returning lathmon, tbo 
 brother of unhappy Oithona. — Ossian, Oithona. 
 
 Lat'imer (Mr. Ralph), the supposed 
 father of Darsie Latimer, alias sir Arthur 
 Darsie Redgauntlet. 
 
 Darsie Latimer, alias sir Arthur Darsie 
 Redgauntlet, supposed to be the son of 
 Ralph Latimer, but really the son of sir 
 Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, and grandson 
 of sir Redwald Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Latin Church (Fathers of the) : 
 Lactantius, Hilary, Ambrose of Milan, 
 Jer'ome, Augustin of Hippo, and St.' 
 Bernard " Last of the Fathers." 
 
 Lati'nus, king of the Laurentians, 
 who first opposed TEne'as, but after- 
 wards formed an alliance with him, and 
 gave him his daughter Lavinia in mar- 
 riage. — Virgil, uEncid. 
 
 Lati'nus, an Italian, who went with 
 his five sons to the siege of Jerusalem. 
 His eldest son was slain by Solyman ; 
 the second son, Aramantes, running to 
 his brother's aid, was next slain ; then 
 the third son, Sabi'nus ; and lastly Pious 
 and Laurentes, who were twins. The 
 father, having lost his live sons, rushed 
 madly on the soldan, and was slain also. 
 In one hour fell the father and his live 
 sons. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Latmian Swain (The), Endym'ion. 
 So called because it was on mount Lat- 
 mos, in Caria,- that Cinthia (the moon) 
 descended to hold converse with him. 
 
 Thou didst not, Cinthia, scorn the Latmian swain. 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, ilL 
 
 Lato'na, mother of Apollo (the sun) 
 and Diana (the moon). Some Lycian 
 
LATORCH. 
 
 637 
 
 LAUNCELOT. 
 
 hinds jeered at her as she knelt hy a 
 fountain in Delos to drink, and were 
 changed into frogs. 
 
 As when those hinds that were transformed to frogs, 
 Railed at Latona's twin-horn progeny, 
 
 Which after held 
 
 : sun and moon in fee. 
 
 Milton, Sonnets. 
 
 Latorch, duke Rollo's "earwig," in 
 the tragedy called The Blood;/ Brother, 
 by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). 
 
 Latro {Marcus Fortius), a Roman 
 rhetorician in the reign of Augustus ; a 
 Spaniard by birth. 
 
 I became as mad as the disciples of Porcius Latro, 
 who, when they had made themselves as pale as their 
 master by drinking decoctions of cumin, imagined them- 
 •elves as learned. — Lepage, Oil Bias, vii. S (1735). 
 
 Laud (Archbishop). One day, when 
 the archbishop was ^bout to say grace 
 before dinner, Archie Armstrong, the 
 royal jester, begged permission of Charles 
 I. to perform the office instead. The re- 
 quest being granted, the wise fool said, 
 " All pi-aise to God, and little Laud to 
 the devil ! " the point of which is much 
 increased by the fact that the archbishop 
 was a very small man. 
 
 Lauderdale {The duke of), president 
 of the privy council. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Laugh (Jupiter's). Jupiter, we are 
 told, laughed incessantly for seven days 
 after he was born. — Ptol. Hephsestion, 
 Nov. Hist., vii. 
 
 Laugh where you Must, be 
 Candid where you Can.— J. Bur- 
 goyne, The Maid of the Oaks, i. 2. 
 
 Laughing Philosopher (The), 
 Democ'ritos of Abde'ra (b.c. 460-357). 
 
 *** He laughed or jeered at the feeble 
 powers of man so wholly in the hands 
 of fate, that nothing he did or said was 
 uncontrolled. The "Crying Philosopher" 
 was Heraclitos. 
 
 Dr. Jeddler, the philosopher, who 
 locked upon the world as a "great prac- 
 tical joke, something too absurd to be 
 considered seriously by any rational 
 man." — C. Dickens, The Battle of Life 
 (1846). J J 
 
 Laughter is situated in the midriff. 
 
 Here sportful laughter dwells, here, ever sitting. 
 Defies all lumpish griefs and wrinkled care. 
 
 Ph. Fletcher, Tne Purple Island (1633). 
 
 Laughter (Death from). A fellow iu 
 rags told Chalchas the soothsayer that he 
 would never drink the wine of the grapes 
 growing in his vineyard ; and added, 
 " If these words do not come true, you 
 Siay claim me for your slave." When 
 
 the wine was made, Chalchas made a feast", 
 and sent for the fellow to see how hia 
 prediction had failed ; and when he ap- 
 peared, the soothsayer laughed so im- 
 moderately at the would-be prophet that 
 he died. — Lord Lytton, Talcs of Miletus, 
 iv. 
 
 Somewhat similar is the tale of An- 
 caeos. This king of the Leleges, in 
 Samos, planted a vineyard, but was 
 warned by one of his slaves that he 
 would never live to taste the wine there- 
 of. Wine was made from the grapes, 
 and the king sent for his slave, and said, 
 " What do you think of your prophecy 
 noAV ? " The slave made answer, 
 "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and 
 the lip;" and the words were scarcely 
 uttered, when the king rushed from table 
 to drive out of his vineyard a boar 
 which was laying waste the vines, but 
 was killed in" the encounter. — Pausanias. 
 
 Crassus died from laughter on seeing 
 an ass eat thistles. Margutte the giant 
 died of laughter on seeing an ape trying 
 to pull on his boots. Philemon or Phi- 
 lomenes died of laughter on seeing an 
 ass eat the figs provided for his own 
 dinner (Lucian, i. 2). Zeuxis died of 
 laughter at sight of a hag which he had 
 just depicted. 
 
 Laun.ay (Vicomte dc), pseudonym of 
 Mde. Emile de Girardin (ne'e Delphine 
 Gay). 
 
 Launce, the clownish servant of 
 Protheus one of the two "gentlemen 
 of Verona." He is in love with Julia. 
 Launce is especially famous for solilo- 
 quies to his dog Crab, " the sourest- 
 natured dog that lives." Speed is the 
 serving-man of Valentine the other 
 "gentleman." — Shakespeare, The Ticc 
 Gentlemen of Verona (15 ( J4). 
 
 Launcelot, bard to the countess 
 Brenhilda's father. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Launcelot (Sir), originally called Gala- 
 had, was the son of Ban king of Ben- 
 wick (Bi^ittany) and his wife Elein (pt. i. 
 60). He was stolen in infancy by 
 Vivienne the Lady of the Lake, who 
 brought him up till he was presented to 
 king Arthur and knighted. In conse- 
 quence, he is usually called sir Launcelot 
 du Lac. He was in " the eighth degree 
 [or generation] of our Saviour " (pt. iii. 
 35) ; was uncle to sir Bors de Ganis 
 ! (pt. iii. 4) ; his brother was sir Ector de 
 I Maris (pt. ii. 127) ; and hia son, by 
 
LAUNCELOT. 
 
 538 
 
 LAUNCELOT. 
 
 Elaine daughter of king Pelles, was sir 
 Galahad, the chastest of the 150 knights 
 of the Round Table, and therefore al- 
 lotted to the "Siege Perilous" and the 
 quest of the holy graal, which he 
 achieved. Sir Launcelot had from time 
 to time a glimpse of the holy graal ; but 
 in consequence of his amours with queen 
 Guenever, was never allowed more than 
 a distant And fleeting glance of it (pt. iii. 
 18, 22, 45). 
 
 Sir Launcelot was the strongest and 
 bravest of the 150 knights of the Round 
 Table; the two next were sir Tristram 
 and sir Lamoracke. His adultery with 
 queen Guenever was directly or indirectly 
 the cause of the death of king Arthur, 
 the breaking up of the Round Table, and 
 the death of most of the knights. The 
 tale runs thus : Mordred and Agravain 
 hated sir Launcelot, told the king he was 
 too familiar with the queen, and, in order 
 to make good their charge, persuaded 
 Arthur to go a-hunting. While absent in 
 the chase, the queen sent for sir Launce- 
 lot to her private chamber, when Mor- 
 dred, Agravain, and twelve other knights 
 beset the door, and commanded him to 
 come forth. In coming forth he slew 
 sir Agravain and the twelve knights ; 
 but Mordred escaped, and told the king, 
 who condemned Guenever to be burnt to 
 death. She was brought to the stake, 
 but rescued by sir Launcelot, who carried 
 her off to Joyous Guard, near Carlisle. 
 The king besieged the castle, but received 
 a bull from the pope, commanding him to 
 take back the queen. This he did, but 
 refused to be reconciled to sir Launcelot, 
 who accordingly left the realm and went 
 to Benwick. Arthur crossed over with an 
 army to besiege Benwick, leaving Mor- 
 dred regent. The traitor Mordred usurped 
 the crown, and tried to make the queen 
 marry him ; but she rejected his pro- 
 posal with contempt. When Arthur 
 heard thereof, he returned, and fought 
 three battles with his nephew, in the 
 last of which Mordred was slain, and 
 the king received from his nephew his 
 death-wound. The queen now retired to 
 the convent of Almesbury, where she 
 was visited by sir Launcelot ; but as she 
 refused to leave the convent, sir Launce- 
 lot turned monk, died ,s in the odour of 
 sanctity," and^ was buried in Joyous 
 Guard (pt. iii. 143-175). 
 
 '* Ah ! sir Launcelot," said sir Ector ; " thou were [«c] 
 head of all Christian knights." " I dare say,"saidsir Bors, 
 '• that sir Launcelot there thou liest, thou were never 
 matched of none earthly knight's hand ; and thou were 
 the couneoust knight that ever bare shield ; and thou were 
 
 the truest friend to thy lover that ever bestrode horse ; 
 and thou were the truest lover of sinfull man that ev*jr 
 loved woman ; and tbou were the kindest man that tver 
 struck with sword ; and thou were the goodliest person 
 that cer came among press of knights; and thou were 
 the meekest man and the gentlest that ever eat in hall 
 among ladies ; and thou were the sternest knight to thy 
 mortal foe that ever put spear in rest.""— Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, iii. 176 (1470). 
 
 N.B. — The Elaine above referred to is 
 not the Elaine of Astolat, the heroine of 
 Tennyson's Idyll. Sir Ector de Maris is 
 not sir Ector the foster-father of king 
 Arthur ; and sir Bors de Ganis must be 
 kept distinct from sir Bors of Gaul, and 
 also from sir Borre or sir Bors a natural 
 son of king Arthur by Lyonors daughter 
 of the earl Sanam (pt. i. 15). 
 
 Sir Launcelot and Elaine. The Elaine 
 of Tennyson's Idyll, called the "fair 
 maid of Astolat," was the daughter of 
 sir Bernard lord of Astolat, and her two 
 brothers were sir Tirre (not sir Torre, as 
 Tennyson writes the word) and Lavaine 
 (pt. iii. 122). The whole tale, and the 
 beautiful picture of Elaine propelled by 
 the old dumb servitor down the river to 
 the king's palace, is all borrowed from 
 sir T. Malory's compilation. "The fair 
 maid of Astolat " asked sir Launcelot to 
 marry her, but the knight replied, " Fair 
 damsel, I thank you, but certainly cast 
 me never to be married ; " and when the 
 maid asked if she might be ever with 
 him without being wed, he made answer, 
 " Mercy defend me, no ! " " Them" 
 said Elaine, " I needs must die for love of 
 you ; " and Avhen sir Launcelot quitted 
 Astolat, she drooped and died. But before 
 she died she called her brother, sir Tirre 
 (not sir Lavaine, as Tennyson says, be- 
 cause sir Lavaine went with sir Launcelot 
 as his 'squire), and dictated the letter 
 that her brother was to write, and spake 
 thus : 
 
 " While my body is whole, let this letter be put into my 
 right hand, and my hand bound fast with the lecter until 
 that I be cold, and let me be put in a fair bed, with all 
 my richest clothes . . . and be laid in a chariot to the 
 next place, whereas the Thames is, and there let me be 
 put in a barge, and but one man with me ... to steer 
 me thither, and that my barge be covered with black 
 samite." ... So her father granted . . . that all this 
 should be done, . . . and she died. And so. when she 
 was dead, the corpse and the bed . . . were put in a 
 barge, . . and the man steered the barge to Westmin- 
 ster.— Pt. iii. 123. 
 
 The narrative then goes on to say that 
 king Arthur had the letter read, and 
 commanded the corpse to be buried right 
 royally, and all the knights then present 
 made offerings over her grave. Not only 
 the tale, but much of the verbiage has 
 been appropriated by the laureate. — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
 (1470). 
 
LAUNCELOT. 
 
 539 
 
 LAURA. 
 
 Launcelot and Guenever. Sir Launce- 
 lot was chosen by king Arthur to conduct 
 Guenever (his bride) to court ; and then 
 began that dislo} r alty between them 
 which lasted to the end. Gottfried, the 
 German minnesinger (twelfth century), 
 who wrote the tale of sir Tristan [our 
 Tristram], makes king Mark send Tris- 
 tan to Ireland, to conduct Yseult to 
 Cornwall, and then commenced that dis- 
 loyalty between sir Tristram and his 
 uncle's wife, which also lasted to the end, 
 and was the death of both. 
 
 Launcelot Mad. Sir Launcelot, having 
 offended the queen, was so vexed, that he 
 went mad for two years, half raving and 
 half melancholy. Being partly cured by 
 a vision of the holy graal, he settled 
 for a time in Joyous Isle, under the 
 assumed name of Le Chevalier Mal-Fet. 
 His deeds of prowess soon got blazed 
 abroad, and brought about him certain 
 knights of the Round Table, who pre- 
 vailed on him to return to court. Then 
 followed the famous quest of the holy 
 graal. The quest of the graal is the 
 subject of a minnesong by Wolfram 
 (thirteenth century), entitled Parzival. 
 (In the History of Prince Arthur, com- 
 piled by sir T. Malory, it is Galahad son 
 of sir Launcelot, not Percival, who ac- 
 complished the quest.) 
 
 %* The madness of Orlando, by 
 Ariosto, resembles that of sir Launcelot. 
 
 Launcelot a Monk. When sir Launcelot 
 discovered that Guenever was resolved to 
 remain a nun, he himself retired to a 
 monastery, and was consecrated a hermit 
 by the bishop of Canterbury. After 
 twelve months, he was miraculously 
 summoned to Almesbury, to remove to 
 Glastonbury the queen, who was at the 
 point of death. Guenever died half an 
 hour before sir Launcelot arrived, and 
 he himself died soon afterwards (pt. iii. 
 174). The bishop in attendance on the 
 dying knight affirmed that, "lie saw 
 angels heave sir Launcelot up to heaven, 
 and the gates of paradise open to receive 
 him " (pt. iii. 175). Sir Bors, his nephew, 
 discovered the dead body in the cell, and 
 had it buried with all honours at Joyous 
 Guard (pt. iii. 175). — Sir. T. Malory, 
 Mister y of Prince Arthur (1470), and also 
 Walter Mapes. 
 
 When sir Bors and his fellows came to his (sir Launce- 
 lot's) bed, they found him stark dead, and he lay as he 
 had smiled, and the sweetest savour about him that ever 
 they snielled.— -Sir T. Malory, History of Vriuce Arthur. 
 UL 175 (1479). 
 
 N.B. — Sir Launcelot intended, when 
 he quitted the court of Arthur and re- 
 
 tired to Benwick, to found religious 
 houses every ten miles between Sand- 
 wich and Carlisle, and to visit every one 
 of them barefoot ; but king Arthur made 
 war upon him, and put an end to this 
 intention. 
 
 *** Other particulars of sir Launcelot. 
 The tale of sir Launcelot was first com- 
 posed in monkish Latin, and was trans- 
 lated by Walter Mapes (about 1180). 
 Robert de Borron wrote a French version, 
 and sir T. Malory took his History of 
 Prince Arthur from the French, the third 
 part being chiefly confined to the adven- 
 tures and death of this favourite knight. 
 There is a metrical romance called La 
 Charretle, begun by Chrestiens de Troyea 
 (twelfth century), and finished by Geof- 
 frey de Ligny. 
 
 Laun'celot, the man of Mons. Thomas. 
 (See Lancelot.)— Beaumontand Fletcher. 
 Mons. Thomas (1619). 
 
 Launfal (Sir), steward of king 
 Arthur. Detesting queen Gwennere, he 
 retired to Carlyoun, and fell in love with 
 a lady named Tryamour. She gave him 
 an unfailing purse, and told him if he 
 ever wished to see her, all he had to do 
 was to retire into a private room, and she 
 would be instantly with him. Sir Launfal 
 now returned to court, and excited much 
 attention by his great wealth. Gwen- 
 nere made advances to him, but he told 
 her she was not worthy to kiss the feet 
 of the lady to whom he was devoted. 
 At this repulse, the angry queen com- 
 plained to the king, and declared to him 
 that she had been most grossly insulted 
 by his steward. Arthur bade sir Launfal 
 produce this paragon of women. On 
 her arrival, sir Launfal was allowed to 
 accompany her to the isle of Ole'ron ; 
 and no one ever saw him afterwards. — 
 Thomas Chestre, Sir Launfal (a metrical 
 romance, time, Henry VI.). 
 
 *** James Russell Lowell has a poem 
 entitled The Vision of Sir Launfal. 
 
 Laura, niece of duke Gondibert, 
 loved by two brothers, Arnold and Hugo, 
 the latter dwarfed in stature. Laura 
 herself loved Arnold ; but both brothers 
 were slain in the faction fight stirred up 
 by prince Oswald against duke Gondi- 
 bert, his rival in the love of Rhodaiind 
 only child of Aribert king of Lombardy. 
 On the death of Arnold and Hugo, Laura 
 became attached to Tybalt. As the talo 
 was never finished, we have no key to 
 the poet's intention respecting Laura and 
 
LAURA. 
 
 540 
 
 LAVINIA. 
 
 Tvbalt. — Sir Wm. Davenant, Gondibert 
 (died 1668). 
 
 Laura, a Venetian • lady, who married 
 Beppo. Beppo, being taken captive, 
 turned Turk, joined a band of pirates, 
 and grew rich. He then returned to his 
 wife, made himself known to her, and 
 "had his claim allowed." Laura is 
 represented as a frivolous mixture of 
 millinery and religion. She admires her 
 husband's turban, and dreads his new 
 religion. "Are you really, truly now a 
 Turk?" she says. "Well, that's the 
 prettiest shawl ! Will you give it me ? 
 They say you eat no pork. Bless me ! 
 Did I ever? No, I never saw a man 
 grown so yellow ! How's your liver ? " 
 and so she rattles on. — Byron, Beppo 
 (1820). 
 
 We never read of Laura without being reminded of 
 Addison's Dissection of a Coquette 't Heart, in the endless 
 intricacies of which nothing could be distinctly made out 
 but the image of a flame-coloured hood. — linden, liyron 
 Beauties. 
 
 Laura and Petrarch. Some say 
 La belle Laure was only an hypothetical 
 name used by the poet to hang the inci- 
 dents of his life and love on. If a real 
 person, it was Laura de Nuvcs, the wife 
 of Hugues de Sade of Avignon, and she 
 died of the plague in 1348. 
 
 Think you. if Laura had been Petrarch's wife, 
 He would have written sonnets all his life! 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 8 (1820). 
 
 Laurana, the lady-love of prince 
 Parismus of Bohemia. — Emanuel Foord, 
 The History of Parismus (1598). 
 
 Laureate of the Gentle Craft, 
 
 Hans Sachs, the cobbier-poet of Nurem- 
 berg. (See Twelve Wise Masters.) 
 
 Laurence (Friar), the good friar 
 who promises to marry Romeo and 
 Juliet. He supplies Juliet with the 
 sleeping draught, to enable her to quit 
 her home without arousing scandal or 
 suspicion. (See Lawrence.) — Shake- 
 speare, Borneo and Juliet (1597). 
 
 Laurringtons (The), a novel by 
 Mrd. Trollope, a satire on " superior 
 people," the bustling Bothebys of so- 
 ciety (1843). 
 
 Lauzun (The duke de), a courtier in 
 the court of Louis XIV. Licentious, 
 iight-hearted, unprincipled, and extrava- 
 gant. In order to make a market, he 
 supplanted La Valliere by Mde. de 
 Montespan in the king's favour. Montes- 
 pan thought he loved her ; but when he 
 proposed to La Valliere the discarded 
 tavourite, Montespan kicked him over. 
 
 The duke, in revenge, persuaded the 
 king to banish the lady, and when La 
 Valliere took the veil, the king sent Mde. 
 de Montespan this cutting epistle : 
 
 We do not blame you ; blame belongs to love, 
 And love had nought with you. 
 The duke de Lauzun, of these lines the bearer, 
 Confirms their purport. From our royal court 
 We do excuse your jiresence. 
 
 Lord E. L. B. Lytton, The Duchess de la 
 YaUiere, v. 5 (1836). 
 
 Lavaine (Sir), brother of Elaine, and 
 son of the lord of As'tolat. Young, brave, 
 and knightly. He accompanied sir 
 Lancelot when he went to tilt for the 
 ninth diamond. — Tennyson, Idylls of the 
 King (" Elaine"). 
 
 Lavalette (3 syl.), condemned to 
 death for sending to Napoleon secret 
 intelligence of Government despatches. 
 He was set at liberty by his wife, who 
 took his place in prison, but became a 
 confirmed lunatic. 
 
 Lord Nithsdale escaped in a similar 
 manner from the Tower of London. His 
 Avife disguised him as her maid, and he 
 passed the sentries without being de- 
 tected. 
 
 La Valliere (Louise duchess de), 
 betrothed to the marquis de Bragelone 
 (4 syl.), but in love with Louis XIV., 
 whose mistress she became. Conscience 
 accused her, and she fled to a convent ; 
 but the king took her out, and brought 
 her to Versailles. He soon forsook her 
 for Mde. de Montespan, and advised 
 her to marry. This message almost 
 broke her heart, and she said, " I will 
 choose a bridegroom without delay." 
 Accordingly she took the veil of a Car- 
 melite nun, and discovered that Brage- 
 lone was a monk. Mde. de Montespan 
 was banished from the court by the 
 capricious monarch. — Lord E. L. B. 
 Lytton, The Duchess de la Valliere (1836). 
 
 Lavender's Blue 
 
 " Lavender's blue, little finger, rosemary's green. 
 When 1 am king, little finger, you shall be queen." 
 " Who told you so, thumby? Thumby, who told you so?" 
 " "Twas my own heart, little finger, that told me so.' 
 
 " When you are dead, little finger, as it may hap. 
 You shall be buried, little finger, under the tap." 
 "For why? for why, thumby? Thumby, for why?" 
 " That you may drink, little finger, when you are dry." 
 An Old Nursery Ditty. 
 
 Lavin'ia, daughter of Latlnus, be- 
 trothed to Turnus king of the Rutuli. When 
 iEne'as landed in Italy, Latinus made an 
 alliance with him, and promised to give 
 him Lavinia to wife. This brought on a 
 war between Turnus and /Eneas, that was 
 decided by single combat, in Avbich iEneaa 
 was the victor. — Virgil, JEneid. 
 
LAVINIA. 
 
 541 
 
 LAW'S TALE. 
 
 Lavir'ia, daughter of Titus Andron'- 
 icus a Roman general employed against 
 the Goths. She was betrothed" to Bassia'- 
 nus, brother of Saturnius emperor of 
 Rome. Being defiled by the sons of 
 Tam'ora queen of the Goths, her hands 
 were cut off and her tongue plucked out. 
 At length her father Titus killed her, 
 saying, "lam as woeful as Virginius was, 
 and have a thousand times more cause 
 than he to do this outrage." — (?) Shake- 
 speare, Titus Andron'icus (1593). 
 
 In the play, Andronicus is always 
 called An.dron'.i.kus, but in classic 
 authors it is An.dro.ni'.kus. 
 
 Lavin'ia, sister of lord Al'tamont, and 
 wife of Horatio. — N. Rowe, The Fair 
 Penitent (1703). 
 
 Lavinia and Pale'mon. Lavinia 
 was the daughter of Acasto patron of 
 Palemon, from whom his "liberal fortune 
 took its rise." Acasto lost his property, 
 and dying, left a widow and daughter in 
 very indigent circumstances. Palemon 
 often sought them out, but could never 
 find them. One day, a lovely modest 
 maiden came to glean in Palemon's 
 fields. The young squire was greatly 
 struck with her exceeding beauty and 
 modesty, but did not dare ally himself 
 with a pauper, Upon inquiry, he found 
 that the beautiful gleaner was the daugh- 
 ter of Acasto ; he proposed marriage, and 
 Lavinia " blushed assent." — Thomson, 
 Seasons ("Autumn," 1730). 
 
 *** The resemblance between this tale 
 and the Bible story of Ruth and Boaz 
 must be obvious to* every one. 
 
 Lavinian Shore (The), Italy. La- 
 vinium was a town of Latium, founded 
 by iEne'as in honour of his wife Lavinia. 
 
 From the rich Lavinian shore, 
 I your market come to store. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Law of Athens (The). By Athe- 
 nian law, a father could dispose of his 
 daughter in marriage as he liked. Egeus 
 pleaded this law, and demanded that his 
 daughter Hermia should marry Demetrius 
 or suffer the penalty of the law ; if she 
 will not 
 
 Consent to marry with Demetrius, 
 I beg the ancient privilege of Athens ; 
 As she is mine, I may dispose of her : 
 Which shall be either to this gentleman, 
 Or to her death ; according to our law. 
 
 Shakespeare, Midsummer Sight's Dream, 
 act i. "sc. 1 (1592). 
 
 Law of Flanders (The). Charles 
 " the Good," earl of Flanders made a law 
 that a serf, unless legally emancipated, was 
 
 always a serf, and that whoever married 
 a serf became a serf. S. Knowles has 
 founded his tragedy called The' Provost of 
 Bruges on this law (183G). 
 
 Law of Lombardy (Tlie). 
 
 We have a law peculiar to this realm, 
 
 That subjects to a mortal penalty 
 
 All women nobly born . . . who, to the shamfl 
 
 Of chastity, o'erleap its thorny bounds, 
 
 To wanton in the flowery patn of pleasure. 
 
 Act !L 2. 
 
 On this law Robert Jephson has founded 
 the following tragedy : The duke Bire'no, 
 heir to the crown, falsely charges the 
 princess Sophia of incontinence. The 
 villainy of the duke being discovered, he 
 is slain in combat by a Briton named 
 Paladore, and the victor marries the 
 princess (1779). 
 
 Law's Bubble, the famous Missis- 
 sippi scheme, devised by John Law 
 (1716-1720). 
 
 Law's Tale (The Man of), the tale 
 about Custance, daughter of the emperor 
 of Rome, affianced to the sultan of Syria. 
 On the wedding night the sultan's mother 
 murdered all the bridal party for apos- 
 tacy, except Custance, whom she turned 
 adrift in a ship. The ship stranded on 
 the shores of Britain, where Custance was 
 rescued by the lord-constable of North- 
 umberland, whose wife, Hermegild, ber 
 came much attached to her. A young 
 knight wished to marry Custance, but 
 she declined his suit ; whereupon he 
 murdered Hermegild, and then laid the 
 knife beside Custance, to make it appear 
 that she had committed the deed. King 
 Alia, who tried the case, soon discovered 
 the truth, executed the knight, and 
 married Custance. Now was repeated 
 the same infamy as occurred to her in 
 Syria : the queen-mother Donegild dis- 
 approved of the match, and, during the 
 absence of her son in Scotland, embarked 
 Custance and her infant son in the same 
 ship, which she turned adrift. After 
 floating about for five years, it was taken 
 in tow by the Roman fleet on its return 
 from Syria, and Custance was put under 
 the charge of a Roman senator. It so 
 happened that Alia was at Rome at the 
 very time on a pilgrimage, met his wife, 
 and they returned to Northumberland 
 together. 
 
 This story is found in Gower, who 
 probably took it from the French chro- 
 nicle of Nicholas Trivet. 
 
 A similar story forms the outline of 
 Eniare (3 syl.), a romance in Ritbon'a 
 collection. 
 
LAWFORD. 
 
 542 
 
 LEA. 
 
 The knight murdering Hermegild, etc., 
 resembles an incident in the French Ro- 
 man de la Violette, the English metrical 
 romance of Le Bone Florence of Rome (in 
 Ritson), and also a tale in the Gesta 
 Romanorum, G9. 
 
 Lawford (Mr.), the town clerk of 
 Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Lawrence (Friar), a Franciscan who 
 undertakes to marry Romeo and Juliet. 
 (See Laurence.) 
 
 Lawrence (Tom), alias " Tyburn Tom" 
 or Tuck, a highwayman. (See Lau- 
 kkvce.)— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
 lothian (time, George II.). 
 
 La "Writ, a little wrangling French 
 advocate. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie 
 Little French Lawyer (1(547). 
 
 Lawson (Sandie), landlord of the 
 Spa hotel. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Lawyers' Bags. In the Common 
 Law bar, barristers' bags are either red or 
 dark blue. "Red bags" are reserved for 
 queen's counsel and Serjeants, but a stuff- 
 gownsman may carry one "if presented 
 with it by a ' silk.' " Only red bags may 
 be taken into Common Law courts, blue 
 ones must be carried no further than the 
 robing-room. In Chancery courts the 
 etiquette is not so strict. 
 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel. 
 Ladye Margaret [Scott] of Branksome 
 Hall, the "flower of Teviot," was beloved 
 by baron Henry of Cranstown, but a 
 deadly feud existed between the two 
 families. One day, an elfin page allured 
 ladye Margaret's brother (the heir of 
 Branksome Hall) into a wood, where he 
 fell into the hands of the Southerners. 
 At the same time an army of 3000 
 English marched to Branksome Hall to 
 take it, but hearing that Douglas, with 
 10,000 men, was on the march against 
 them, the two chiefs agreed to decide the 
 contest by single combat. The English 
 champion was sir Richard Musgrave, the 
 Scotch champion called himself sir 
 William Deloraine. Victory fell to the 
 Scotch, when it was discovered that "sir 
 William Deloraine ' was in reality lord 
 Cranstown, who then claimed and re- 
 ceived the hand of ladye Margaret as his 
 reward. — Sir W. Scott, Lay of the Last 
 Minstrel (1805). 
 
 Layers-over for Meddlers, 
 
 nothing that concerns you. Said to 
 children when they want to know some- 
 thing which the person asked does not 
 think proper to explain to them. A 
 layer-over means "a whip," and a, layer- 
 over for meddlers means a "rod for the 
 meddlesome." 
 
 Lazarillo, a humoursome varlet, who 
 serves two masters, "don Felix" and 
 Octavio. Lazarillo makes the usual 
 quota of mistakes, such as giving letters 
 and money to the wrong master ; but it 
 turns out that don Felix is donna Clara, 
 the fiancee of Octavio, and so all comes 
 right. — Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow 
 (1792). 
 
 Joseph Munden [1758-1832] was the original " Lazarillo " 
 —Memoir of J. S. Munden (1832). 
 
 Lazarillo de Tormes, the hero of a 
 romance of roguery by don Diego de 
 Mendo'za(1553). Lazarillo is a compound 
 of poverty and pride, full of stratagems 
 and devices. The "hidalgo" walks the 
 streets (as he says) " like the duke of 
 Arcos," but is occupied at home "to pro- 
 cure a crust of dry bread, and, having 
 munched it, he is equally puzzled how to 
 appear in public with due decorum. He 
 fits out a ruffle so as to suggest the idea 
 of a shirt, and so adjusts a cloak as to 
 look as if there were clothes under it." 
 We find him begging bread, " not for 
 food," but simply for experiments. He 
 eats it to see "if it is digestible and 
 wholesome ; " yet is he gay withal and 
 always rakish. 
 
 Lazarus and Dives. Lazarus was 
 a blotched beggar, wh<t implored the aid of 
 Dives. At death, Lazarus went to heaven, 
 and Dives to hell, where he implored that 
 the beggar might be suffered to bring 
 him a drop of water to cool his lips withal. 
 — Luke xvi. 19-31. 
 
 *** Lazarus is the only proper name 
 given in any of the New Testament 
 parables. 
 
 Lazy Lawrence of Lubber- 
 Land, the hero of a popular tale. He 
 served the schoolmaster, the squire's cook, 
 the farmer, and his own wife, all which 
 was accounted treason in Lubber-land. 
 
 Lea, one of the "daughters of men," 
 beloved by one of the " sons of God." 
 The angel who loved her ranked with the 
 least of the spirits of light, whose post 
 around the throne was in the outermost 
 circle. Sent to earth on a message, he 
 saw Lea bathing, and fell in leve with 
 her ; but Lea was so heavenly minded 
 
LEAD APES IN HELL. 
 
 543 LEAGUE OF PUBLIC WEAL. 
 
 that her only wish was to "dwell in 
 jurity and serve God in singleness of 
 heart." Her angel lover, in the madness 
 of his passion, told Lea the spell-word 
 that gave him admittance into heaven. 
 The moment Lea uttered it. her body 
 became spiritual, rose through the air, 
 and vanished from sight. On the other 
 •hand, the angel lost his ethereal nature, 
 and became altogether earthly, like a 
 child of clav. — T. Moore, Loves of the 
 Angels, i. (1822). 
 
 Lead Apes in Hell, i.e. die an old 
 maid. 
 
 And now Tatlanthe, thou art all my care . . . 
 J'ity that you. who've served so long and well, 
 Should die a virgin, and lead apes in hell. 
 Choose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round ; 
 Your portion is twelve hundred thousand pound. 
 
 Carey, Chrononhotontkologos. 
 
 League (TJie), a league formed at 
 Peronne in 1576, to prevent the accession 
 of Henri IV. to the throne of France, 
 because he was of the reformed religion. 
 This league was mainly due to the Guises. 
 It is occasionally called "The Holy 
 League;" but the "Holy League" 
 strictly so called is quite another thing, 
 and it is better not to confound different 
 events by giving them the same name. 
 (See League, Holy.). 
 
 League (The Achaean), B.C. 281-146. 
 The old league consisted of the twelve 
 Ach«an cities confederated for self- 
 defence from the remotest times. The 
 league properly so called was formed 
 against the Macedonians. 
 
 League (The JEtolian), formed some 
 three centuries n.c, when it became a 
 formidable rival to the Macedonian mon- 
 archs and the Achaean League. 
 
 League (The Grey), 1424, called Lia 
 Grischa or Grauhund, from the grey 
 homespun dress of the confederate 
 peasants, the Grisons, in Switzerland. 
 This league combined with the League 
 Caddee (1401) and the League of the Ten 
 Jurisdictions (1436), in a perpetual 
 alliance in 1471. The object of these 
 leagues was to resist domestic tyranny. 
 
 League ( The Hanse or Hanscatic), 1241- 
 1630, a great commercial confederation of 
 German towns, to protect their merchan- 
 dise against the Baltic pirates, and defend 
 their rights against the German barons 
 and princes. It began with Hamburg 
 and Lubeck, and was j oined by Bremen, 
 Bruges, Bergoa. Novogorod, London, 
 Cologne, Brunswick, Danzig; and, after- 
 wards by Dunkerque, Anrers, Ostend 
 
 Dordrecht, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, etc. ; 
 still later by Calais, Rouen, St. Malo, 
 Bordeaux, Bayonne, Marseilles, Barce- 
 lona, Seville, Cadiz, and Lisbon ; and 
 lastly by Messina, Naples, etc. ; in all 
 eighty cities. 
 
 League (The Holy). Several leagues 
 are so denominated, but that emphatically 
 so called is the league of 1511 against 
 Louis XII., formed by pope Julius II., 
 Ferdinand " the Catholic," Henry VIII., 
 the Venetians, and the Swiss. Gaston de 
 Foix obtained a victory over the league 
 at Ravenna in 1512, but died in the midst 
 of his triumph. 
 
 League (The Solemn), 1638, formed in 
 Scotland against the episcopal govern- 
 ment of the Church. 
 
 League Caddee (Tlie) or Ligue d* 
 la Maison de Dieu (1401), a confederation 
 of the Grisons for the purpose of resisting 
 domestic tyranny. (See League, Grey.) 
 
 League of Augsburg (1686), a 
 confederation of the house of Austria 
 with Sweden, Saxony, Bavaria, the 
 circles of Swabia and Franconia, etc., 
 against Louis XIV. This league was 
 the beginning of that war which termi- 
 nated in the peace of Ryswick (1698). 
 
 League of Cambray (1508), formed 
 by the emperor Maximilian I., Louis XII. 
 of France, Ferdinand " the Catholic " and 
 pope Julius II., against the republic of 
 Venice. 
 
 League of Ratisbonne (1524), by 
 the catholic powers of Germany against 
 the progress of the Reformation. 
 
 League of Smalkalde (December 
 31, 1530), the protestant states of Ger- 
 many leagued against Charles Quint. It 
 was almost broken up by the victory 
 obtained over it at Miihlberg in 1547. 
 
 League of Wurtzburg (1610), 
 formed by the catholic states of Germany 
 against the " Protestant Union" of Hail. 
 Maximilian I. of Bavaria was at its head. 
 
 League of the Beggars (1560), a 
 combination formed against the Inquisi- 
 tion in Flanders. 
 
 League of the Cities of Lom- 
 bardy (1167), under the patronage of 
 pope Alexander III., against Frederick 
 Barbarossa emperor of Germany. In 
 1225, the cities combined against Fre- 
 derick II. of Germany. 
 
 League of the Public "Weal 
 
LEANDER. 
 
 644 
 
 LEAR. 
 
 (Ligue dit Bien Public), 1464, a league 
 between the dukes of Burgundy, Brit- 
 tany, Bourbon, and other princes, against 
 Louis XI. of France. 
 
 Lean/der (3 syl.),, a young man of 
 Aby'dos, who swam nightly across the 
 Hellespont to visit his lady-love, Hero 
 a priestess of Sestos. One night he was 
 drowned in his attempt, and Hero leaped 
 into the Hellespont and died also. 
 
 The story is told by Musaeus in his 
 poem called 'Hero and Leander. Schiller 
 has made it the subject of a ballad. 
 
 *** Lord Byron and lieutenant Eken- 
 head repeated the feat of Leander, and 
 accomplisbed it in 1 hr. 10 min. ; the 
 distance (allowing for drifting) would be 
 about four miles. 
 
 A young native of St. Croix, in 1817, 
 swam across the Sound in 2 hr. 40 min., 
 the distance being six miles. 
 
 Captain Webb, August 24, 1875, swam 
 from Dover to Calais in 22 hr. 40 min., 
 the distance being thirty miles, including 
 drifting. 
 
 Lean'der, a young Spanish scholar, 
 smitten with Leonora, a maiden under 
 the charge of don Diego, and whom tbe 
 don wished to make his wife. The 
 young scholar disguised himself as a 
 minstrel to amuse Mungo the slave, and 
 with a little flattery and a few gold pieces 
 lulled the vigilance of Ursula the duenna, 
 and gained admittance to the lady. As 
 the lovers were about to elope, don Diego 
 unexpectedly returned ; but being a man 
 of 60. and, what is more, a man of 
 sense, he at once perceived that Leander 
 was a more suitable husband for Leonora 
 than himself, and accordingly sanctioned 
 their union and gave the bride a hand- 
 some dowry. — I. Bickerstaff, The Pad- 
 lock. 
 
 Leandra, daughter of an opulent 
 Spanish farmer, who eloped with Vincent 
 de la Rosa, a heartless adventurer, who 
 robbed her of all her money, jewels, and 
 ot'ie' valuables, and then left her to make 
 he' /ay home as best she could. Leandra 
 was placed in a convent till the scandal 
 had blown over. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 I. iv. 20 ("The Goat-herd's Story," 1605). 
 
 Leandre (2 syl.), son of Geronte 
 (2 syl.). During the absence of his father, 
 he fell in love with Zerbinette, whom he 
 supposed to be a young gipsy, but who 
 was in reality the daughter of Argante 
 (2 syl,) his father's friend. Some gipsies 
 had stolen the child when only four 
 
 years old, and required £1500 for b<jt 
 ransom — a sum of money which Scapin 
 contrived to obtain from Le'andre's father 
 under false pretences. When Ge'ronte 
 discovered that his son's bride -was the 
 daughter of his friend Argante, he was 
 quite willing to excuse Scapin for the 
 deceit practised on him. — Moliere, Les 
 Fourberies de Scapin (1671). 
 
 (In Otway's version of this comedy, 
 called The Cheats of Scapin, Leandre ia 
 Anglicized into "Leander;" Geronte is 
 called " Gripe ; " Zerbinette is " Lucia ; " 
 Argante is "Thrifty;" and the sum of 
 money is £200.) 
 
 Leandre, the lover of Lucinde daugh- 
 ter of Ge'ronte (2 syl.). Being forbidden 
 the house, Lucinde pretended to be dumb, 
 and Le'andre, being introduced in the guise 
 of an apothecary, effects a cure by " pills 
 matrimoniac." — Moliere, Le Me'decin 
 Malgre' Lui (166G). 
 
 Lean'dro, a gentleman who wantonly 
 loves Amaranta (the wife of Bar'tolus 
 a covetous lawyer). — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622). 
 
 Lean'dro the Fair {The Exploits 
 and Adventures of), part of the series 
 called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining 
 to "Am'adis of Gaul." This part Avas 
 added by Pedro de Lujan. 
 
 Lear, mythical king of Britain, son 
 of Bladud. He had three daughters, and 
 when four score years old, wishing to re- 
 tire from the active duties of sovereignty, 
 resolved to divide his kingdom between 
 them in proportion to their love. The 
 two elder said they loved him more than 
 their tongue could express, but Cordelia 
 the youngest said she loved him as it 
 became a daughter to love her father. 
 The old king, displeased with her answer, 
 disinherited Cordelia, and divided his 
 kingdom between the other two, with the 
 condition that each alternately, month by 
 month, should give him a home, with a 
 suite of a hundred knights. He spent the 
 first month with his eldest daughter, who 
 showed him scant hospitality. Then going 
 to the second, she refused to entertain so 
 large a suite; whereupon the old man 
 would not enter her house, but spent the 
 night abroad in a storm. When Ccrdelia, 
 who had married the king of France, 
 heard of this, she brought an army over to 
 dethrone her sisters, but was taken prisoner 
 and died in jail. In the mean time, the 
 elder sister (Goneril) first poisoned her 
 ycunger sister from jealousy, and after- 
 
LEAR. 
 
 545 
 
 LEGEND. 
 
 wards put an end to her own life. Lear 
 also died. — Shakespeare, King Lear 
 (1605). 
 
 (The hest performers of "king Lear" 
 were David Garrick (1716-1779) and W. 
 C. Macready (1793-1873). The stage Lear 
 is a corrupt version by Nahum Tate (Tate 
 and Brady) ; as the stage Richard III. 
 is Colley Cibber's travesty.) 
 
 %* Percy, in his Reliques of Ancient 
 English Poetry, has a ballad about " King 
 Leir and His Three Daughters " (series I. 
 ii.). 
 
 The story is given by Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth, in his British History. Spenser 
 has introduced the tale in his Faery 
 Queen (ii. 10). 
 
 Camden tells a similar story of Ina 
 the king of the West Saxons {Remains, 
 306). 
 
 Lear (King), Shakespeare's drama, 
 first printed in quarto (1608), is founded 
 on The True Chronicle History of King 
 Leir and His Three Daughters, Gonorill, 
 Ragan, and Cordelia (1605). 
 
 Learned (The), Coloman king of 
 Hungary (*, 1095-1114). 
 
 Learned Blacksmith (The), Elihu 
 Burritt, the linguist (1811-1879). 
 
 Learned Painter (Tlie), Charles 
 Lebrun, noted for the accuracy of his 
 costumes (1619-1690). 
 
 Learned Tailor (The), Henry 
 Wild of Norwich, , who mastered, while 
 he worked at his trade, Greek, Latin, 
 Hebrew, Chaldaic, Svriac, Persian, and 
 Arabic (1684-1734). 
 
 Learned Theban (A), a guesser of 
 riddles or dark sayings ; in allusion to 
 (Edipos king of Thebes, who solved the 
 fiddle of the Sphinx. 
 
 I'll talk a word with this same learned Theban. 
 
 Shakespeare, King Lear, act iii. sc. 4 (1605). 
 
 Leather-stockings, the nickname 
 of Natty Bumppo, a half-savage and 
 half-Christian chevalier of American 
 wild-life. He appears in five of J. F. 
 Cooper's novels, hence called the Leath- 
 er-stocking Tales. — See Bumppo. 
 
 Leather-stockings stands half-way between savage and 
 •ivilized life. He has the freshness of nature aiid the 
 first-fruits of Christianity ; the seed dropped into vigorous 
 soil. These are the elements of one of the most original 
 characters in fiction. — Duyckinck. 
 
 Le Castre, the indulgent father of 
 Mirabel "the wild goose." — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
 (1652). 
 
 L'Eclair (Philippe), orderly of cap- 
 tain Florian. L'Eclair is a great boaster, 
 who masks his brag under the guise of 
 modesty. He pays his court to Rosa- 
 belle, the lady's-maid of lady Geraldine. 
 — W. Dimond, The Foundling cf the 
 Forest. 
 
 Led Captain (^4), an obsequious 
 person, who styles himself "Captain;" 
 and, out of cupboard love, dances attend- 
 ance on the master and mistress of a 
 house. 
 
 Mr. Wagg, the celebrated wit, and a led captain and 
 trencherman of my lord Steyne. was caused by the ladies 
 to make the assault.— Thackeray, Vanity Fair, li. (1848). 
 
 Lee (Sir Henry), an officer in attend- 
 ance at Greenwich Palace. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Lee (Sir Henry), an old royalist, and 
 head-ranger of Woodstock Forest. 
 
 Alice Lee, daughter of the old knight. 
 She marries Markham Everard. 
 
 Colonel Albert Lee, her brother, the 
 friend of Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Leek, worn on St. David's Day. The 
 general tale is that king Cadwallader, in 
 640, gained a complete victory over the 
 Saxons b)- the special interposition of 
 St. David, who ordered the Britons to 
 wear leeks in their caps, that they might 
 recognize each other. The Saxons, for 
 want of some common cognizance, often 
 mistook friends for foes. Drayton gives 
 another version : He says the saint lived 
 in the valley Ewias (2 syl.), situate be- 
 tween the Hatterill Hills, in Monmouth- 
 shire. It was here " that reverend British 
 saint to contemplation lived," 
 
 . . . and did so truly fast. 
 As he did only drink what crystal Hodney yields. 
 And fed upon the leeks he gathered in trie fields. 
 In memory of whom, in each revolving year, 
 The Welshmen, on his day [March 1J, that sacred herb do 
 wear. 
 
 Polyolbion, iv. (1610). 
 
 Lefevre (Lieutenant), a poor officer 
 dying from want and sickness. His 
 pathetic story is told by Sterne, in a novel 
 called The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
 Shandy (1759). 
 
 " Mr. Fulmer, I have borrowed a book from your shop. 
 'Tis the sixth volume of my deceased friend, Tristram . . . 
 The divine story of Lefevre, which makes part of this book, 
 . . . does honour, not to its author pnly, but to human 
 nature." — Cumberland, The West Indian, ii. L 
 
 Legend (Sir Sampson), a foolish, 
 testy, prejudiced, and obstinate old man, 
 between 50 and 60. His favourite oath 
 is " Odd ! " He tries to disinherit hia 
 elder son Valentine, for his favourite son 
 Ben, a sailor; and he fancies Angelica 
 2 N 
 
LEGEND. 
 
 546 
 
 LEUE. 
 
 is in love with him. when she only intends 
 to fool him. 
 
 He says : " I know the length of the emperor of China's 
 foot, have kissed the Great Mogul's slipper, and have rid 
 a-hunting upon an elephant with the chain of Tartary."— 
 W. Congreve, Love for Love, ii. (14)95). 
 
 "Sir Sampson Legend" is such another lying, over- 
 bearing character, but he does not come up to " sir 
 Epicure Mammon" [Ben Jonson, The Alchemist].— C. 
 lamb. 
 
 Legend (The Golden), a semi-dramatic 
 poem by Longfellow, taken from an old 
 German tale bv Hartmann von der Aue 
 [Our], called Poor Hsnry (1851). Hart- 
 mann was one of the minnesingers, and 
 lived in the twelfth century. (See 
 Henry, Poor.) 
 
 Legend of Montrose, a novel by 
 sir W. Scott (1819). This brief, im- 
 perfect story contains one of Scott's best 
 characters, the redoubted Rittmaster, 
 Dugald Dalgetty, a combination of sol- 
 dado and pedantic student of Mareschal 
 College, Aberdeen. 
 
 Legends [Golden), a collection of 
 monkish legends, in Latin, by Jacob de 
 Voragine or Varagine, born at Varaggio, 
 in Genoa. He wrote Legenda Sancta, 
 which was so popular that it %vas called 
 " Legenda Aurea " (1230-1298). 
 
 Legion of Honour, an order of 
 merit, instituted by Napoleon I. when 
 "first consul," in 1802. The undress 
 badges are, for : 
 
 Chevaliers, a bow of red ribbon in the 
 button-hole of their coat, to which a 
 medal is attached. 
 
 Officers, a rosette of red ribbon, etc., 
 with medal. 
 
 Commanders, a collar-ribbon. 
 
 Grand-officers, a broad ribbon under 
 the waistcoat. 
 
 Grand-cross, a broad ribbon, with a 
 star on the breast, and a jewel-cross 
 pendent. 
 
 *** Napoleon III. instituted a lower 
 degree than Chevalier, called Me'daille 
 Militaire, distinguished by a yellow rib- 
 bon. 
 
 Legree, a slave-dealer and hideous 
 villain, brutalized by slave-dealing and 
 slave - driving. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe, 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853). 
 
 Leicester (The earl of), in the court 
 cf queen Elizabeth. 
 
 The countess of Leicester (born Amy 
 Robsart), but previously betrothed to 
 Edmund Tressilian.— Sir W. Scott, 
 ^enihoorth (time, Elizabeth). . 
 
 Leigh (Aurora), the heroine and title 
 
 of a poem by Mrs. Browning. The 
 design of this poem is to show the noble 
 aim of true art. 
 
 Leila, the young Turkish child rescued 
 by don Juan at the siege of Ismail (canto 
 viii. 93-102). She went with him to St. 
 Peter-burg, and then he brought her to 
 England. As Don Juan was never com- 
 pleted, the future history of Leila has no 
 sequel. 
 
 ... at his side 
 Sat little Leila, who survived the parries 
 He made 'gainst Cossack sabres, in the wida 
 Slaughter of Ismail. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, x. 51 (1824). 
 
 Lei' la (2 syl.), the beautiful slave of 
 the caliph Hassan. She falls in love 
 with "the Giaour" [djow'.er], flees from 
 the seraglio, is overtaken, and cast into 
 the sea. 
 
 Her eyes' dark charm 'twere vain to tell ; 
 But gaze on that of the gazelle- 
 It will assist thy fancy well. 
 
 Byroa, The Giaour (1813). 
 
 Leilah, the Oriental type of female 
 loveliness, chastity, and impassioned 
 affection. Her love for Mejnoun, in Mo- 
 hammedan romance, is held in much the 
 same light as that of the bride for the 
 bridegroom in Solomon's song, or Cupid 
 and Psyche among the Greeks. 
 
 When he sang the loves of Megn6un and Leileh [tic] 
 . . . tears insensibly overflowed the cheeks of his auditors. 
 — W. Beckford, Vathek (1786). 
 
 Leipsic. So-and-so was my Leipsic, my 
 fall, my irrevocable disaster, my ruin ; re- 
 ferring to the battle of Leipsic (October, 
 1813), in which Napoleon I. was defeated 
 and compelled to retreat. This was the 
 " beginning of his end." 
 
 Juan was my Moscow [turning-point], and Faliero (3 tyl.) 
 My Leipsic. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xi. 56 (1824). 
 
 L. E. L., initialism of Letitia Eliza- 
 beth Landon (afterwards Mrs. Maclean), 
 poetess (1802-1838). 
 
 Lela Marien, the Virgin Mary. 
 
 In my childhood, my father kept a slave, who, in my 
 own tongue [Arabic], instructed me in the Christian 
 worship, and informed me of many things of Lela 
 Marien. —Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 10 (1605). 
 
 Le'Ha, a cunning, wanton widow, 
 with whom Julio is in love. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Captain (1G13). 
 
 Lelie (2 syl.), a young man engaged 
 to Ce'lie daughter of Gorgibus ; but 
 Gorgibus insists that his daughter shall 
 give up Le'lie for Valere, a much richer 
 man. Celie faints on hearing this, and 
 drops the miniature of Li ; lie, whiph is 
 picked up by Sganqrelle's wife. Sgana- 
 reile finds it, and, supposing it to be a 
 
LELIE. 
 
 547 
 
 LEON. 
 
 lover of his wife, takes possession of it, 
 and recognizes Lelie as the living ori- 
 ginal. Lelie asks how he came by it, 
 is told he took it from his wife, and con- 
 cludes that he means Ce'lie. He accuses 
 her of infidelity in the presence of Sgana- 
 relle, and the whole mystery is cleared 
 up.— Moliere, Sganarelle (1660). 
 
 Lelie, an inconsequential, light-headed, 
 but gentlemanly coxcomb. — Moliere, 
 VEtourdi (1653). 
 
 Le'man (Lake), the lake of Geneva ; 
 called in Latin Lemannus. 
 
 Lake Leman woos me with its crystal face, 
 The mirror where the stars and mountains view 
 The stillness of their aspect in each trace 
 Iks clear depth yields of their far height and hue. 
 
 Byron, Childc Harold, iii. 68 (1816). 
 
 Lenmian Deed (4), one of un- 
 paralleled cruelty and barbarity. This 
 Greek phrase owes its origin to the 
 legend that the Lemnian women rose 
 one night, and put to death every man 
 and male child in the island. 
 
 On another occasion they slew all the 
 men and all the children born of Athenian 
 parents. 
 
 Lenore, a name which Edgar Poe 
 has introduced in two of his poems ; one 
 called The Raven, and the other called 
 Lenore (1811-1849). 
 
 Lenore, the heroine of Burger's ballad 
 of that name, in which a spectral lover 
 appears to his mistress after death, 
 and carries her on horseback behind him 
 to the graveyard, where their marriage is 
 celebrated amid a crew of howling gob- 
 lins. 
 
 *.;:;* The Suffolk Miracle is an old 
 English ballad of like character. 
 
 Lenormand {Mdlle. ),&Umou& tireuse 
 de cartes. She was a squat, fussy, little 
 '.old woman, with a gnarled and knotted 
 visage, and an imperturbable eye. She 
 Yfore her hair cut short and parted on one 
 'side, like that of a man ; dressed in an 
 odd-looking casaquin, embroidered and 
 frogged like the jacket of an hussar ; 
 and snuffed continually. This was the 
 little old woman whom Napoleon I. 
 regularly consulted before setting out on 
 a campaign. Mdlle. Lenormand foretold 
 to Josephine her divorce ; and when 
 Murat king of Naples visited her in 
 disguise, she gave him the cards to cut, 
 and he cut four times in succession le 
 grand pendu (king of diamonds) ; where- 
 upon Mdlle. rose and said, " La seance 
 est termine'e ; c'est dix louis pour les 
 
 rois ; " pocketed the fee, and left the 
 room taking snuff. 
 
 (In cartomancy, le grand pendu signifies 
 that the person to which it is dealt, or 
 who cuts it, will die by the hands of the 
 executioner. See Graxd Pendu.) 
 
 Lent (Galeazzo's), a form of torture 
 devised by Galeazzo Yisconti, calculated 
 to prolong the victim's life for forty 
 days. 
 
 Len'ville (2 syl.), first tragedian at 
 the Portsmouth Theatre. "When Nicholas 
 Nickleby joined the company, Mr. Len- 
 ville was jealous, and attempted to pull 
 his nose ; but Nicholas pulled the nose 
 of Mr. Lenville instead. — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Leodegraunce or Leodograx, king 
 of Camelyard, father of Guenever (king 
 Arthur's wife). Uther the pendragon 
 gave him the famous Round Table, which 
 would seat 150 knights (pt. i. 45) ; and 
 when Arthur married Guenever, Leode- 
 graunce gave him the table and 100 
 knights as a wedding gift (pt. i. 45). 
 The table was made by Merlin, and each 
 seat had on it the name of the knight to 
 whom it belonged. One of the seats was 
 called ihe "Siege Perilous," because no 
 one could sit on it without " peril of his 
 life " except sir Galahad the virtuous 
 and chaste, who accomplished the quest 
 of the holy graal. — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur (1470). 
 
 Leodogran, the king of Cameliard [sic], 
 Had one fair daughter and none other child ; 
 And she was fairest of all flesh on earth, 
 Guinevere, and in her his one delight. 
 
 Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. 
 
 Le'oline (3 syl.), one of the male 
 attendants of Dionys'ia wife of Cleon 
 governor of Tarsus, and employed by his 
 mistress to murder Mari'na. the orphan 
 daughter of prince Pericles, who had 
 been committed to her charge to bring 
 up. Leoline took Marina to the shore 
 with this view, when some pirates seized 
 her, and sold her at Metali'ne for a slave. 
 Leoline told his mistress that the orphan 
 was dead, and Dionysia raised a splendid 
 sepulchre to her rnemorv. — Shakespeare, 
 Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 
 
 Leon, son of Constantine the Greek 
 emperor. Amon and Beatrice, the parents 
 of Bradamant, promise to him their 
 daughter Bradamant in marriage ; but 
 the lady is in love with Eoge'ro. When 
 Leon discovers this attachment, he 
 withdraws his suit, and Bradamant mar- 
 
LEON. 
 
 548 
 
 LEONORA. 
 
 ries Rogero. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Lean, the hero who rules Margaritta 
 his wife wisely, and wins her esteem and 
 wifely obedience. Margaritta is a wealthy 
 Spanish heiress, who married in order to 
 indulge in wanton intrigues more f reely. 
 She selected Leon because he was sup- 
 posed to be a milksop whom she could 
 bend to her will ; but no sooner is she 
 married than Leon acts with manly firm- 
 ness and determination, but with great 
 affection also. He wins the esteem of every 
 one, and Margaritta becomes a loving, 
 devoted, virtuous, and obedient wife. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife 
 and Have a Wife (1G40). 
 
 Edward Kynaston [1619-1687] executed the part of 
 "Leon " with a determined manliness, well worth the best 
 actor's imitation. He had a piercing eye, and a quick, 
 imperious vivacity of voice. — Colley Gibber. 
 
 Leonard, a real scholar, forced for 
 daily bread to keep a common school. — 
 Crabbe, Borough, xxiv. (1810). 
 
 Leonardo [Gonzaga], duke of 
 Mantua. Travelling in Switzerland, an 
 avalanche fell on him, and he was nursed 
 through a severe illness by Mariana the 
 daughter of a Swiss burgher, and they 
 fell in love with each other. On his re- 
 turn home, he was entrapped by brigands, 
 and kept prisoner for two years. Mariana, 
 seeking him, went to Mantua, where 
 count Florio fell in love with her, and 
 obtained her guardian's consent to their 
 union; but Mariana refused to comply. 
 The case was referred to the duke (Fer- 
 rardo), who gave judgment in favour of 
 the count. Leonardo happened to be 
 present, and, throwing off his disguise, 
 assumed his rank as duke, and married 
 Mariana ; but, being called away to the 
 camp, left Ferrardo regent. Ferrardo 
 laid a most villainous scheme to prove 
 Mariana guilty of adultery with Julian 
 St. Pierre ; but Leonardo refused to 
 credit her guilt. Julian turned out to 
 be her brother, exposed the whole plot, 
 and amply vindicated Mariana of the 
 slightest indiscretion. — S. Knowles, The 
 Wife (1833). 
 
 Leona'to, governor of Messina, 
 father of Hero, and uncle of Beatrice. — 
 Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
 (1600). 
 
 Leonesse (3 syl.), Leoxxesse, 
 Leoxxais, Leones, Leonnoys, Lyox- 
 koys, etc., a m) thical country belonging 
 to Cornwall, supposed to have been sunk 
 
 under the sea since the time of king 
 Arthur. It is very frequently mentioned 
 in the Arthurian romances. 
 
 Leonidas of Modern Greece, 
 
 Marco Bozzaris, a Greek patriot, who, 
 with 1200 men, put to rout 4000 Turco- 
 Albanians, at Kerpenisi, but was killed 
 in the attack (1823). He was buried at 
 Mesolonghi. 
 
 Le'onine (3 syl.), servant to Dio- 
 nvza. — Shakespeare, Pencles Prince of 
 Tyre (1608). 
 
 Leonine Verse. So called from 
 Leonius, a canon of the church of St. 
 Victor, in Paris, in the twelfth century, 
 who first composed them. It is a verse 
 with a rhyme in the middle, as : 
 
 Pepper is black, though it hath a good smack. 
 Est avis in dextra melior quam quatuor extra. 
 
 Leonnoys or Leonesse (q.v.), a 
 country once joining Cornwall, but now 
 sunk in the sea full forty fathoms deep. 
 Sir Tristram was born in Leones or Leon- 
 noys, and is always called a Cornish 
 knight. 
 
 *** Tennyson calls the word " Lyon- 
 nesse," but sir T. Malory " Leones." 
 
 Leo'no's Head (or Liond's Head), 
 Porto Leono, the ancient Pirams. So 
 called from a huge lion of white marble, 
 removed by the Venetians to their 
 arsenal. 
 
 The wandering stranger near the port descries 
 A milk-white lion of stupendous size, 
 Of antique marble,— hence the haven's name, 
 Unknown to modern natives whence it came. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. :i (1756). 
 
 Leonor, sister of Isabelle, an orphan ; 
 brought up by Ariste (2 syl.) according 
 to his notions of training a girl to make 
 him a good wife. He put her on her 
 honour, tried to win her confidence and 
 love, gave her all the liberty consistent 
 with propriety and social etiquette, and 
 found that she loved him, and made him 
 a fond and faithful wife. (See Isa- 
 belle.) — Moliere, Lecole des Maris 
 (1661). 
 
 Leono'ra, the usurping queen of 
 Aragon, betrothed to Bertran a prince 
 of the blood-royal, but in love with 
 Torrismond general of the forces. It 
 turns out that Torrismond is son and 
 heir of Sancho the deposed king. Sun- 
 cho is restored, and Torrismond marries 
 Leonora. — Dryden, The Spanish Fryar 
 (1680). 
 
 Leono'ra, betrothed to don Carlos, but 
 don Carlos resigned her to don Alonzo, 
 
LEONORA. 
 
 549 
 
 LEONTES 
 
 to whom she proved a very tender and 
 loving wife. Zanga the Moor, out of 
 revenge, poisoned the mind of Alonzo 
 against his wife, by insinuating her 
 criminal love for don Carlos. Out of 
 jealousy, Alonzo had his friend put to 
 death, and Leonora, knowing herself sus- 
 pected, put an end to her life. — Edward 
 Young, The Revenge (1721). 
 
 Leono'ra, the daughter of poor parents, 
 who struck the fancy of don Diego. The 
 don made a compact with her parents to 
 take her home with him and place her 
 under a duenna for three months, to ascer- 
 tain if her temper was as sweet as her 
 face was pretty, and at the expiration of 
 that time, either to return her spotless or 
 to make her his wife. At the end of 
 three months, don Diego (a man of 60) 
 goes to arrange for the marriage, lock- 
 ing his house and garden, as he sup- 
 poses, securely ; but Leander, a young 
 student, smitten with Leonora, makes his 
 way into the house, and is about to elope 
 with her when the don returns. Like a man 
 of sense, don Diego at once sees the suit- 
 ability of the match, consents to the union 
 of the young people, and even settles a 
 marriage portion on Leonora, his ward 
 if not his wife. — I. Bickerstaff, The 
 Padlock. 
 
 Leonora, betrothed to Ferdinand a 
 fiery young Spaniard (jealous of donna 
 Clara, who has assumed boy's clothes for 
 a time). Ferdinand despises the "am- 
 phibious coxcomb," and calls his rival 
 "a vile compound of fringe, lace, and 
 powder." — Jephson, Two Strings to your 
 Bow (1792). 
 
 Leono'ra, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
 worth's novel of the same name. The 
 object of the tale is to make the. reader 
 feel what is good, and desirous of being 
 bo (180G). 
 
 Leonora, wife of Fernando Florestan 
 a State prisoner in Seville. In order to 
 effect her husband's release, she assumed 
 the attire of a man, and the name 
 of Fideho. In this disguise she entered 
 the service of Rocco the jailer, and 
 Marcellina the jailer's daughter fell in 
 love with her. Pizarro, the governor of 
 the prison, resolving to assassinate Fer- 
 nando Florestan, sent Rocco and Fidelio 
 to dig his grave in the prison-cell. When 
 Pizarro descended to perpetrate the deed 
 of blood, Fidelio drew a pistol on him ; 
 and the minister of state, arriving at this 
 crisis, ordered the prisoner to be released. 
 
 Leonora (Fidelio) was allowed to un- 
 lock her husband's chains, and Pizarro's 
 revenge came to naught. — Beethoven, 
 Fidelio (an opera, 1791). 
 
 Leono'ra, a princess, who falls in love 
 with Manri'co, the supposed son of 
 Azuce'na a gipsy, but in reality the son 
 of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). 
 The conte di Luna entertains a base 
 passion for the princess, and, getting 
 Manrico into his power, is about to kill 
 him, when Leonora intercedes, and pro- 
 mises to give herself to the count if he 
 will spare his nephew's life. The count 
 consents ; but while he goes to release 
 Manrico, Leonora kills herself by suck- 
 ing poison from a ring, and Manrico 
 dies also. — Verdi, II Trovato're (an opera, 
 1853). 
 
 Leonora (The History of), an episode 
 in the novel of Joseph Andrews, by 
 Fielding (1742). 
 
 Leono'ra [d'Este] (2 syl.), sister of 
 Alfonso II. reigning duke of Ferrara. 
 The poet Tasso conceived a violent 
 passion for this princess, but " she knew 
 it not or viewed it with disdain." 
 Leonora never married, but lived with 
 her eldest sister, Lauretta duchess of 
 Urbino, who was separated from her 
 husband. The episode of Sophronia and 
 Olindo (Jerusalem Delivered, ii.) is based 
 on this love incident. The description of 
 Sophronia is that of Leonora, and her 
 ignorance of Olindo's love points to the 
 poet's unregarded devotion. 
 
 But thou . . . sbalt have 
 
 One-half the laurel which o'ershaiies my grave . . . 
 
 Yes, Leonora, it shall be our fate 
 
 To be entwined for ever,— but too late. 
 
 B.>ron, The Lament of Tasso (1817). 
 
 Leonora de Guzman, the 
 "favourite" of Alfonzo XI. of Castile. 
 Ferdinando, not knowing that she was the 
 king's mistress, fell in love with her; 
 and Alfonzo, to reward Ferdinando's ser- 
 vices, gave her to him in marriage. No 
 sooner was this done, than the bride- 
 groom learned the character of his bride, 
 rejected her with scorn, and became a 
 monk. Leonora became a noviciate . in 
 the same convent, obtained her husband's 
 forgiveness, and died. — Donizetti, La 
 Favor ita (an opera, 1842). 
 
 Leon'tes (3 syi.), king of Sicily. 
 He invited his old friend Polixentja 
 king of Bohemia to come and stay with 
 him, but became so jealous of him that 
 he commanded Camillo to poison him. 
 Instead of doing so, Camillo warned 
 
LEONTIUS. 
 
 550 
 
 LETHE. 
 
 Polixenes of his danger, and fled with 
 him to Bohemia. The rage of Leontes 
 was now unbounded, and he cast his wife 
 Hermione into prison, where she gave 
 birth to a daughter. The king ordered 
 the infant to be cast out on a desert 
 shore, and then brought his wife to a 
 public trial. Hermione fainted in court, 
 the king had her removed, and Paulina 
 soon came to announce that the queen 
 was dead. Ultimately, the infant daugh- 
 ter was discovered under the name of 
 Perdlta, and was married to Florizel the 
 son of Polixenes. Hermione was also 
 discovered to the king in a tableau vivant, 
 and the joy of Leontes was complete. — 
 Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Leon'tius, a brave but merry old 
 soldier. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Humorous Lieutenant (1G47). 
 
 Le'opold, a sea-captain, enamoured 
 of Hippol'yta, a rich lady wantonly in 
 love with Arnoldo. Arnoldo, however, is 
 contracted to the chaste Zeno'cia, who is 
 basely pursued by the governor count 
 Clodio. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Custom of the Country (1G47). 
 
 Leopold, archduke of Austria, a 
 crusader who arrested Richard I. on his 
 way home from the Holy Land. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Leopold, nicknamed Pcu-h-peu by 
 George IV. Stein, speaking of Leopold's 
 vacillating conduct in reference to the 
 Greek throne, says of him : "He has no 
 colour," i.e. no fixed plan of his OAvn, but 
 only reflects the colour of those around 
 him ; in other wcrds, he is " blown about 
 by every wind." 
 
 Lepol'emo {The Exploits and Ad- 
 ventures of), part of the series called Le 
 Roman des Romans, pertaining to " Amadis 
 of Gaul." This part was added by Pedro 
 de Lujan. 
 
 Leporello, in The Libertine, by 
 Shadwell (1676). 
 
 The following advertisement from 
 Liston appeared in June, 1817 : — 
 
 " My benefit takes place this evening at Covent Garden 
 Theatre, and I doubt not will be splendidly attended. . . . 
 I shall perforin ' Fogrun ' in The Slave, and ■ Leporello ' 
 in The Libertine. In the delineation of these arduous 
 characters I shall display much feeling and discrimination, 
 together with great taste in my dresses and elegance of 
 manner. The audiences will be delighted, and will testify 
 their approbation by rapturous applause. When, in 
 addition to my professional merits, regard is had to the 
 loveliness of my person and the fascination of my face, 
 . . . there can be no doubt that this announcement will 
 receive the attention it deserves."— J. Liston. 
 
 Leporello, the valet of don Giovanni. 
 — Mozart, Don Giovanni (an opera, 1787). 
 
 Lermites and Martafax, two 
 
 rats that conspired against the White 
 Cat. — Comtesse D'Aunoy. Fairy Tales 
 ("The White Cat," 1682).' 
 
 Lesbia, the poetic name given by the 
 poet Catullus to his favourite lady Clodia. 
 
 Lesbian Kiss (.4), an immodest 
 kiss. The ancient Lesbians were noted 
 for their licentiousness, and hence to 
 " Lesbianize " became synonymous with 
 licentious sexual indulgence, and "Les- 
 bia " meant a hailot. 
 
 Lesbian Poets {The), Terpander, 
 Alcaeus, Ari'on, and the poetess Sappho. 
 
 Lesbian Rule, squaring the rule 
 from the act, and not the act from the 
 rule ; like correcting a sun-dial by a clock, 
 and not the clock by the sun-dial. A 
 Jesuit excuse for doing or not doing as 
 inclination dictates. 
 
 Lesley {Captain), a friend of captain 
 M'Intyre. — Sir W. Scott. The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Leslie {Genei~al), a parliamentary 
 leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
 rose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Lesly {Ludovic), surnamed Le Ba- 
 lafre', an old archer in the Scotch guard 
 of Louis XL of France. Uncle of Quen- 
 tin Durward. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
 Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Lesurques {Jerome), a solicitor, who, 
 being in greatly reduced circumstances, 
 holds the White Lion inn, unknown to 
 his son (act i. 2). 
 
 Joseph Lesurques (2 syl.), son of the 
 solicitor, and father of Julie. He is so 
 like Dubosc the highwayman, that he is 
 accused of robbing the night-mail from 
 Lyons,' and murdering the courier. 
 
 Julie Lesurques, daughter of Joseph 
 Lesurques, in love with Didier. Wheu 
 her father is imprisoned, she offers to 
 release Didier from his engagement ; but 
 he remains loyal throughout. — Edward 
 Stirling, The Courier of Lyons (1852). 
 
 Le'the (2 syl.), one of the five rivers 
 of hell. The word means "forgetfulness." 
 The other rivers are Styx, Ach'eron, 
 Cocy'tus, and Phleg'ethon. Dante makes 
 Lethe the boundary between purgatory 
 and paradise. 
 
 Far off from these [four] a slow and silent stream, 
 Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls 
 Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks 
 Forthwith his former state and being forgets — 
 Forgets both joy and .griff, pleasure and pain. 
 
 Milton, Furadise Lost, il 583, etc. (1666). 
 
LETHEAN DEWS. 
 
 551 
 
 LEWIS. 
 
 Lethe'an Dews, that -which pro- 
 duces a dreamy langour and obliviousness 
 of the troubles of life. Lethe personified 
 oblivion in Grecian mythology, and the 
 Boul, at the death of the body, drank of 
 the river Lethe that it might carry into 
 the world of shadows no remembrance of 
 earth and its concerns. 
 
 The soul with tender luxury you [the Muses] fill, 
 And o'er the sense Lethean dews distill. 
 
 Falconer, T?m Shipwreck, iii. 4 (1756). 
 
 Letters {Greek). Cadmus, the Phoeni- 
 cian, introduced sixteen ; Simonides and 
 Epicharmos (the poets) introduced six or 
 eight others ; but there is the greatest 
 diversity upon what letters, or how many, 
 arc to be attributed to them. Aristotle 
 says Epicharmos introduced 0, x ; others 
 ascribe to him f, n, -4>, <o. Dr. Smith, in 
 his Classical Dictionary, tells us Simoni- 
 des introduced "the long vowels and 
 double letters" (n, «>, #> x. <P> $). Lempriere, 
 under "Cadmus," ascribes to him 0, £, <p, 
 x; and under " Simoxides," n, <a» ?> *■ 
 Others maintain that the Simonides' 
 letters are n. u>, C» ^. 
 
 Letters (Father of), Francois I. of 
 France, Pcre des Lettres (1494, 1515- 
 1547). Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Mag- 
 nificent " (1448-1492). 
 
 Letters of the Sepulchre, the 
 
 laws made by Godfrey and the patriarchs 
 of the court of Jerusalem. There were 
 two codes, one respecting the privileges 
 of the nobles, and the other respecting 
 the rights and duties of burghers. These 
 codes were laid up in a coffer with the 
 treasures of the Church of the Holy 
 Sepulchre. 
 
 Leuea'dia's Rock, a promontory, 
 the south extremity of the island Leucas 
 or Leucadia, in the Ionian Sea. Sappho 
 leapt from this rock when she found 
 her love for Pha'on unrequited. At the 
 annual festival of Apollo, a criminal was 
 hurled from Leucadia's Rock into the sea ; 
 but birds of various sorts were attached to 
 him, in order to break his fall, and if he 
 was not killed he was set free. The leap 
 from this rock is called " The Lovers' 
 Leap." 
 
 All those may leap who rather would be neuter 
 (Leucadia's Kock still overlooks the wave). 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ii 205 (1319) 
 
 Leucip'pe (3 syl.), wife of Menippus ; 
 a bawd who caters for king Antig'onus, 
 who, although an old man, indulges in 
 the amorous follies of a youth. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The llumorous Lieu- 
 tenant (1647). 
 
 Leucoth'ea, once called "Ino." Ath'-- 
 amas son of ^Eolus had by her two sons, 
 one of whom was named Melicer'tes. 
 Athamas being driven mad, Ino and 
 Melicertes threw themselves into the sea ; 
 Ino became Leucothea, and Melicertes 
 became Palsemon or Portumnus the god 
 of ports or strands. Leucothea means 
 the "white goddess," and is used for 
 "Matuta" or the dawn, which precedes 
 sunrise, i.e. Aurora. 
 
 By Leucothea's lovely hands, 
 
 And her son that rules the strands. 
 
 Milton. Comus, 875 (1634). 
 To resalute the world with >acred light, 
 Leucothea waked, and with fresh dewg embalmed 
 The earth. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, xi. 135 (1665). 
 
 Lev'ant "Wind (The), the east wind, 
 from levant ("the sunrise"). Ponent ia 
 the west wind, or wind from the sunset. 
 
 Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 704 (1665). 
 
 Leveil (The earl of), a parliamentary 
 leader. — SirW. Scott, Legend of Montrose 
 (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Leviathan of Literature (The), 
 Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 
 
 Levites (The), in Dryden's Absalom 
 and Achitophel, means the nonconformist 
 ministers expelled by the Act of Con- 
 formity (1681-2). 
 
 Levitt (Frank), a highwayman. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Lewis (Don), brother of Antonio, and 
 uncle of Carlos the bookworm, of whom 
 he is dotingly fond. Don Lewis is no 
 scholar himself, but he adores scholar- 
 ship. He is headstrong and testy, simple- 
 hearted and kind. 
 
 John Quick's great parts were "don Lewis," "Tony 
 Lumpkin," and ".Bob Acres" [1748-1331J.— liecords of 
 a Stage Veteran. 
 
 *** " Tony Lumpkin " in She Stoops to 
 Conquer (Goldsmith); "Bob Acres" in 
 The Rivals (Sheridan). 
 
 Lew'is (Lord), father of Angeli'na. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Elder 
 Brother (1687). 
 
 Lewis (Matthew Gregory), generally 
 called "Monk Lewis," from his romance 
 The Monk (1794). His best-known verses 
 axe the ballads of Alonzo the Brave and 
 Bill Jones. He also wrote a drama en- 
 titled Timour the Tartar (1775-1818). 
 
 Oh ! wor.der- working Lewis ! Monk or *>ard, 
 Who fain would make Parnassus a chuichyard I 
 Lo ! wreaths of yew, not laurel, bind thy brow; 
 Thy Muse a sprite, Apollo's sexton thou. 
 Byron, £nglish Jiards and Scotch P.crievtrt (18.9). 
 
LEWIS BABOON. 
 
 552 
 
 LIBERTY HALL. 
 
 Lewis Baboon. Louis XIV. of 
 France is so called by Dr. Arbuthnot in 
 his History of John Bull. Baboon is a 
 pun on the word Bourbon, specially appro- 
 priate to this royal "posture-master" 
 (1712). 
 
 Lewkner'8 Lane (London), now- 
 called Charles Street, Drury Lane; always 
 noted for its " soiled doves." 
 
 The nymphs of chaste Diana's train. 
 The same with those in Lewkner's Lane. 
 
 S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 1 (1678). 
 
 Lew'some (2 syl.), a young surgeon 
 and general practitioner. He forms the 
 acquaintance of Jonas Chuzzlewit, and 
 supplies him with the poison which he 
 employs. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 
 (1844). 
 
 Lewson, a noble, honest character. 
 He is in love with Charlotte Beverley, 
 and marries her, although her brother has 
 gambled away all her "fortune. — Edward 
 Moore, The Gamester (1753). 
 
 Leycippes and Clitophonta, a 
 romance in Greek, by Achilles Tatius, in 
 the fifth century ; borrowed largely from 
 the Theag'enes and Chariclea of Heliu- 
 dorus bishop of Trikka. 
 
 Liar (The), a farce by Samuel Footc 
 (1761). John Wilding, a young gentle- 
 man fresh from Oxford, has an extra- 
 ordinary propensity for romancing. He 
 invents the most marvellous tales, utterly 
 regardless of truth, and thereby involves 
 both himself and others in endless per- 
 plexities. He pretends to fall in love 
 with a Miss Grantam, whom he acci- 
 dentally meets, and, wishing to know 
 her name, is told it is Godfrey, and that 
 she is an heiress. Now it so happens 
 that his father wants him to marry the 
 real Miss Grantam, and, in order to 
 avoid so doing, he says he is already 
 married to a Miss Sibthorpe. He after- 
 wards tells his father he invented this 
 tale because he really wished to marry 
 Miss Godfrey. When Miss Godfrey is 
 introduced, he does not know her, and 
 while in this perplexity a woman enters, 
 who declares she is his wife, and that her 
 maiden name was Sibthorpe. Again he 
 is dumfounded, declares he never saw her 
 in his life, and rushes out, exclaiming, 
 "All the world is gone mad, and is in 
 league against me ! " 
 
 *** The plot of this farce is from the 
 Spanish. It had been already taken by 
 Corneille in Le Mentcur (1G42), and by 
 Steele in his Lying Lover (1704). 
 
 Liar (The), Al As wad ; also called 
 "The Impostor,'] and "The Weather- 
 cock." He set himself up as a prophet 
 against Mahomet ; but frequently changed 
 his creed. 
 
 Moseilma was also called " The Liar." 
 He wrote a letter to Mahomet, which 
 began thus : " From Moseilma prophet of 
 Allah, to Mahomet prophet of Allah ; " 
 and received an answer beginning thus : 
 " From Mahomet the prophet of Allah, to 
 Moseilma the Liar." 
 
 Liars (The Prince of), Ferdinand Men- 
 dez Pinto, a Portuguese traveller, whose 
 narratives deal so much in the marvellous 
 that Cervantes dubbed him "The Prince 
 of Liars." He is alluded to in the Tatler 
 as a man " of infinite adventure and un- 
 bounded imagination." 
 
 Sir John Mandeville is called "The 
 Lying Traveller" (1300-1872). 
 
 Liban'iel (4 syl.), the guardian angel 
 of Philip the apostle. — Klopstock, The 
 Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Libec'ehio, the ventus Lyb'icus or 
 south-west wind ; called in Latin A'fer. 
 The word occurs in Paradise Lost, x. 706 
 (1665). 
 
 Liberator (The). Daniel O'Connell 
 was so called because he was the leader 
 of the Irish party, which sought to sever 
 Ireland from England. Also called "The 
 Irish Agitator" (1776-1847). 
 
 Simon Bolivar, who established the 
 independence of Peru, is so called by the 
 Peruvians (1785-1831). 
 
 Liberator of the !N"ew World 
 (The), Dr. Franklin (1706-1790). 
 
 Liberty (Goddess of). On December 
 20, 1793, the French installed the wor- 
 ship of reason for the worship of God, 
 and M. Chaumette induced Mdlle. Mal- 
 liard, an actress, to personify the "god- 
 dess of Liberty." She was borne in a 
 palanquin, dressed with buskins, a Phry- 
 gian cap, and a blue chlamys over a 
 white tunic. Being brought to Notre 
 Dame, she was placed on the high altar, 
 and a huge candle was placed behind her. 
 Mdlle. Malliard lighted the candle, to 
 signify that liberty frees the mind from 
 darkness, and is the "light of the world ;" 
 then M. Chaumette fell on his knees to 
 her and offered incense as to a god. 
 
 Liberty ( The goddess of). The statue so 
 called, placed over the entrance of the 
 Palais Royal, represented Mde. Tallien. 
 
 Liberty Hall. Squire Hardcastle 
 
LIB1TINA. 
 
 553 
 
 LIGHT OF THE AGE. 
 
 says to young Marlow and Hastings, when 
 they mistake his house for an " inn," 
 and give themselves airs, " This is 
 Liberty Hall, gentlemen ; you may do 
 just as you please here." — Goldsmith, She 
 Stoops to Conquer, i. 2 (1773). 
 
 Libiti'na, the goddess who presides 
 over funerals, and hence in Latin an un- 
 dertaker is called libitina'rius. 
 
 He brought two physicians to visit me, who, by their 
 appsarance, seemed zealous ministers of the goddess Libi- 
 tina.— Lesage, Gil Bias, ix. 8 (1735). 
 
 Library (SU Victor's), in Paris. 
 Joseph Scaliger says "it had absolutely 
 nothing in it but trash and rubbish." 
 Rabelais gives a long list of its books, 
 amongst which may be mentioned the 
 Tumbril of Salvation, the Pomegranate of 
 Vice, the Henbane of Bishops, the Mus- 
 tard-pot of Penance, the Crucible of Con- 
 templation, the Goad of Wine, the Spur 
 of Cheese, the Cobbled- Shoe of Humility, 
 the Trivet of Thought, the Cure's Bap on 
 the Knuckles, the Pilgrims' Spectacles, the 
 Prelates' Bagpipes, the Lawyers' Furred 
 Cat, the Cardinals' 1 Rasp, etc. — Rabelais, 
 Pantagruel, ii. 7 (1533). 
 
 Lichas, servant of Hercules, who 
 brought to him from Dejani'ra the 
 poisoned shirt of Nessus. He was thrown 
 by Hercules from the top of mount Etna 
 into the sea. Seneca says (Hercules) that 
 Lichas was tossed aloft into the air, and 
 sprinkled the clouds Avith his blood. 
 Ovid says: " He congealed, like hail, in 
 mid-air, and turned to stone; then, falling 
 into the Euboic Sea, became a rock, which 
 still bears his name and retains the 
 human form " (Met., ix.). 
 
 Let me lodge Lichas on the horns of the moon. 
 Shakespeare, A itfony and Cleopatra, act iv. sc. 10 (1608). 
 
 Licked into Shape. According to 
 legend, the 3 r oung bear is born a shapeless 
 mass, and the dam licks her cub into its 
 proper shape. 
 
 The she-bear licks her cubs into a sort 
 Of shape. 
 Byron, The Deformed Transformed, L 1 (1821). 
 
 Lickitup (The laird of), friend of 
 Neil Blanc the town piper. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Lie. The four P's disputed as to 
 wnich could tell the greatest lie. The 
 Palmer asserted that he had never seen a 
 woman out of patience ; the other three 
 P's (a Pardoner, a Poticary, and a Pedlar) 
 were so taken aback by this assertion that 
 they instantly gave up the contest, saying 
 that it was certainly the greatest false- 
 
 hood they had ever heard. — John Hey- 
 wood, The Four P's (1520). 
 
 Lie. Tennyson says : 
 
 A lie which is half a truth is'ever the blackest of lies. 
 A Ue which is all a lie may be met and fought with oat- 
 right; 
 But a lie which is part a truth is a harder matter to fight. 
 The Grandmother. 
 
 Liebenstein and Sternfels, two 
 ruined castles on the Rhine. Leoline the 
 orphan was the sole surviving child o_ 
 the lord of Liebenstein, and two brothers 
 (Warbeck and Otto) were the only sur- 
 viving children of the lord of Sternfels. 
 Both these brothers fell in love with Leo- 
 line, but as the lady gave Otto the pre- 
 ference, Warbeck joined the crusades. 
 Otto followed his brother to Palestine, 
 but the war was over, and Otto brought 
 back with him a Greek girl, whom he 
 had made his bride. Warbeck now sent 
 a challenge to his brother for this insult 
 to Leoline, but Leoline interposed to stop 
 the fight. Soon after this the Greek wife 
 eloped, and Otto died childless. Leoline 
 retired to the adjacent convent of Born- 
 hofen, which was attacked by robbers, 
 and Warbeck, in repelling them, received 
 his death-wound, and died in the lap of 
 Leoline. — Traditions of the Rhine. 
 
 Life (The Battle of), a Christmas 
 story, by C. Dickens (1846). It is the 
 story of Grace and Marion, the two 
 daughters of Dr. Jeddler, both of whom 
 loved Alfred Heathfield, their father's 
 ward. Alfred loved the younger daugh- 
 ter ; but Marion, knowing of her sister's 
 love, left her home clandestinely, and all 
 thought she had eloped with Michael 
 Warden. Alfred then married Grace, 
 and in due time Marion made it known 
 to her sister that she had given up Alfred 
 to her, and had gone to live with her aunt 
 Martha till they were married. It is 
 said that Marion subsequently married 
 Michael Warden, and found with him a 
 happy home. 
 
 Lige'a, one of the three syrens. Mil- 
 ton gives the classic syrens combs ; but 
 this is mixing Greek syrens with Scandi- 
 navian mermaids. (Ligea or Largeia 
 means "shrill," or "sweet-voiced.") 
 
 [By] fair Ligea's golden conib, 
 Wherewith she sits on diahiond rocks, 
 Sleeking her soft alluring locks. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 880 (1634). 
 
 (The three syrens were Parthen'ope, 
 Ligea, and Leucos'ia, not Leucothea, q.v.) 
 
 Light of the Age, Maimon'ides or 
 Rabbi Moses ben Maimon of Gor'dova 
 (1135-1204). 
 
LIGHT OP THE HARAM. 
 
 554 
 
 LILIS. 
 
 Light of the Haram [sic], the 
 sultana Nour'mahal', afterwards called 
 Nourjeham (" light of the world "). She 
 was the bride of Selim son of Acbar. — T. 
 Moore, Lalla Rookh (1817). 
 
 Light o' Heel {Janet) , mother of 
 Godfrey Bertram Hewit. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Lightbody {Luckie), alias " Marian 
 Loup-the-Dyke," mother of Jean Girder 
 the cooper's wife. — Sir W. Scott, Bride 
 of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 
 
 Lightborn, the murderer who assas- 
 sinated Edward II. — 0. Marlowe, Ed- 
 ward II. (1592). 
 
 Lightfoot, one of the seven attend- 
 ants of Fortunio. So swift was he of 
 foot, that he was obliged to tie his legs 
 when he went hunting, or else he always 
 outran the game, and so lost it. — Com- 
 tesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
 1682). 
 
 Lightning. Benjamin Franklin in- 
 vented lightning conductors ; hence 
 Campbell says it is allotted to man, with 
 Newton to mark the speed of light, with 
 Herschel to discover planets, and 
 
 With Franklin grasp the lightning's fiery wing. 
 
 Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Lightning {Lovers killed by). (See under 
 Lovers.) 
 
 Lightning Protectors. Jupiter 
 chose the eagle as the most approved 
 preservative against lightning, Augustus 
 Caesar the sea-calf, and Tiberius the 
 laurel. — Collumella, x. ; Suetonius, In 
 Vit. Aug., xc. ; Suetonius, In Vita Tib., 
 lxix. 
 
 Houseleek, called "Jupiter's Beard," is 
 a defence against lightning and evil spirits ; 
 hence Charlemagne's edict : 
 
 Et habeat quisque supra domum suum Jovis barbam. 
 
 Lightwood {Mortimer), a solicitor, 
 who conducts the "Harmon murder" 
 case. He is the great friend of Eugene 
 Wrayburn, barrister-at-law, and it is the 
 great ambition of his heart to imitate the 
 nonchalance of his friend. At one time 
 Mortimer Lightwood admired Bella 
 Wilfer. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend 
 (1864). 
 
 Ligurian Republic {The), Ye- 
 netia, Genoa, and part of Sardinia, 
 formed by Napoleon I. in 1797. 
 
 Ligurian Sage {The), Aulus Per- 
 sius Flaccus, the satirist (84-62). 
 
 Likeness. Strabo (father of Pom- 
 pey) and his cook were exactly alike. 
 
 Sura (pro-consul of Sicily) aod a fisher- 
 man were so much alike that Sura asked 
 the fisherman if his mother had ever 
 been in Rome. "No," said the man, 
 " but my father has." 
 
 Walter de Hempsham abbot of Canter- 
 bury and his shepherd were so alike that 
 when the shepherd was dressed in the 
 abbot's gown, even king John was deluded 
 by the resemblance. — Percy, Reliques 
 (" King John and the Abbot of Canter- 
 bury"). 
 
 *** The brothers Antipholus, the 
 brothers Dromio, the brothers Menaech- 
 mus (called by Plautus, Sosicles and 
 Menaechmus), etc. 
 
 Lik'strond, the abode, after death, 
 of perjurers, assassins, and seducers. 
 The word means " strand of corpses." 
 Nestrond is the strand or shore of the 
 dead. — Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Lilburn {John), a contentious leveller 
 in the Commonwealth, of whom it was 
 said, If no one else were alive, John would 
 quarrel with Lilburn. The epigrammatic 
 epitaph of John Lilburn is as follows : — 
 
 Is John departed, and is Lilburn gone ? 
 Farewell to both, to Lilburn and to John ! 
 Yet being gone, take this advice from me : 
 Let them not both in one grave buried be. 
 Here lay ye John ; lay Lilburn thereabout ; 
 For if they both should meet, they would fall out 
 
 Lili, immortalized by Goethe, was 
 Anna Elizabeth Schonemann, daughter 
 of a Frankfort banker. She was 16 when 
 Goethe first knew her. 
 
 Lilies {City of), Florence. 
 
 Lil'inau, a woman wooed by a phan- 
 tom that lived in her father's pines. At 
 night-fall the phantom whispered love, 
 and won the fair Lilinau, who followed 
 his green waving plume through the 
 forest, but never more was seen. — Ameri- 
 can-Indian Legend. 
 
 Told she the tale of the fair Lilinau, who was wooed by a 
 
 phantom 
 That through the pines o'er her father's lodge, in the hush 
 
 of the twilight. 
 Breathed like the evening wind, and whispered love to the 
 
 maiden ; 
 Till she followed his green and waving plume thro' the 
 
 forest. 
 And never more returned, nor was seen ag*in by her 
 
 people. 
 
 Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 4 (1849). 
 
 Lilis or Lilith, Adam's wife before 
 Eve was created. Lilis refused to submit 
 to Adam, and was turned out of paradise ; 
 but she still haunts the air, and is 
 especially hostile to new-born children. 
 
 %* Goethe has introduced her in his 
 Faust (1790). 
 
LILLTA-BIANCA. 
 
 555 
 
 LIMBO. 
 
 Lil'lia-Bianca, the bright airy 
 daughter of Nantolet, beloved by Pinac 
 the fellow-traveller of Mirabel "the 
 wild goose." — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 
 
 Lilliput, the country of the Lilli- 
 putians, a race of pygmies of very di- 
 minutive size, to whom Gulliver appeared 
 a monstrous giant. — Swift, Gulliver's 
 Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 1726). 
 
 *** The voj T age to Lilliput is a satire 
 on the manners and habits of George I. 
 
 Lilly, the wife of Andrew. Andrew is 
 the servant of Charles Brisac a scholar. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Elder Brother 
 (1637). 
 
 Lilly ( William), an English astrologer, 
 who was employed during the Civil Wars 
 by both parties ; and even Charles I. 
 consulted him about his projected escape 
 from Carisbrooke Castle (1602-1681). 
 
 He talks of Raymond Lully [q.v.] and the ghost of Lilly. 
 — W. Congreve, Love for Love, iii. (16H5). 
 
 Lillyvick, the collector of water- 
 rates, and uncle to Mrs. Kenwigs. He 
 considered himself far superior in a social 
 point of view to Mr. Kenwigs, who Was 
 only an ivory turner ; but he deigned to 
 acknowledge the relative, and confessed 
 him to be "an honest, well-behaved, 
 respectable sort of a man." Mr. Lilly- 
 vick looked on himself as one of the 
 elite of society. "If ever an old gentle- 
 man made a point of appearing in public 
 shaved close and clean, that old gentle- 
 man was Mr. Lillyvick. If ever a col- 
 lector had borne himself like a collector, 
 and assumed a solemn and portentous 
 dignity, as if he had the whole world on 
 his books, that collector was Mr. Lilly- 
 vick." Mr. Kenwigs thought the collec- 
 tor, who was a bachelor, would leave 
 each of the Kenwigses £100 ; but he "had 
 the baseness " to marry Miss Petowker 
 of the Theatre Royal, and " swindle the 
 Kenwigses of their golden expecta- 
 tions." — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nicklebg 
 (1838). 
 
 Lily (The), the French king for the 
 time being. So called from the lilies, 
 which, from the time of Clovis, formed 
 the royal device of France. Tasso 
 (Jerusalem Delivered) calls them giyli 
 (Tore ("golden lilies") ; but lord Lytton 
 calls them " silver lilies : " 
 
 Lord of the silver lilies, canst thou tell 
 If the same fate await not thy descendant ? 
 lord E. L. B. Lytton. The Duchess de la V oilier e (1836). 
 
 Lily Maid of Astolat, Elaine (q.v.), 
 (See also Launcelot and Elaine.) 
 
 Lily of Medicine (The), a treatise 
 written by Bernard Gordon, called Lilium 
 Medicines (1480). (See Gordombs.) 
 
 Limberham, a tame, foolish keeper. 
 Supposed to be meant for the duke of 
 Lauderdale. — Dry den, Limberham or The 
 Kind Keeper. 
 
 Limbo (Latin, limbus, "an edge"), 
 a sort of neutral land on the confines of 
 paradise, for those who are not good 
 enough for heaven and not bad enough 
 for hell, or rather for those who cannot 
 (according to the Church " system ") be 
 admitted into paradise, either because 
 they have never heard the gospel or else 
 have never been baptized. 
 
 These of sin 
 Were blameless ; and if aught they merited, 
 It profits not, since baptism was not theirs. 
 ... If they before 
 
 The gospel lived, they served not God aright. 
 . . . For these defects 
 And for no other evil, we are lost. 
 
 Dante, Inferno, iv. (1300). 
 
 Limbo of the Moon. Ariosto, in his Or- 
 lando Furioso, xxxiv. 70, says, in the moon 
 are treasured up the precious time misspent 
 in play, all vain efforts, all vows never 
 paid, all counsel thrown away, all desires 
 that lead to nothing, the vanity of titles, 
 flattery, great men's promises, court 
 services, and death-bed alms. Pope 
 says : 
 
 There heroes' wits are kept in ponderous vases, 
 And beaus' in snuff-boxes and tweczer-cases ; 
 There broken vows and death-bed alms are found, 
 And lovers' hearts with ends of ribbon bound ; 
 The courtier's promises, and sick man's prayers, 
 The smiles of harlots, and the tears of heirs; 
 Cages for gnats, and chains to yoke a flea. 
 Dried butterflies, and tomes of casuistry. 
 
 Rape of the Lock, v. (171S). 
 
 Limbo Fatuorum or the " Fools' Para- 
 dise,' for idiots, madmen, and othors 
 who are not responsible for their s:ns, 
 but yet have done nothing worthy of 
 salvation. Milton says, from the eiith 
 fly to the Paradise of Fools 
 
 All things transitory and vain . . . the fruits 
 
 Of painful superstition and blind zeal . . . 
 
 All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand, 
 
 Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mixed . . . 
 
 The builders here of Babel . . . 
 
 Others come single. He who to be deemed 
 
 A god, leaped fondly into Etna's flames, 
 
 Empedocles ; and he who to enjoy 
 
 Plato's elysium, leaped into the sea . . . 
 
 Embryos and idiots, eremites and friars. 
 
 Paradise Lost, iii 448 (166?). 
 
 Limbo Patrum, that half-way house 
 between purgatory and paradise, where 
 patriarchs and prophets, saints, mar- 
 tyrs, and confessors, await the " second 
 coming." This, according to some, is the 
 
LIMISSO. 
 
 556 
 
 LINET. 
 
 hades or "hell" into which Christ de- 
 scended when " He preached to the 
 spirits in prison." Dante places Limbo 
 on the confines of hell, but tells us those 
 doomed to dwell there are " only sO far 
 afflicted as that they live without hope " 
 {Inferno, iv.). 
 
 I have some of them in Umbo Patrum, and there they 
 are like to dance these three days. — Shakespeare, Henry 
 VIII. act v. sc. 3 (1601). 
 
 Limbo Puerorum or "Child's Paradise," 
 for unbaptized infants too young to com- 
 mit actual sin but not eligible for heaven 
 because they have not been baptized. 
 
 *** According to Daute, Limbo is 
 between hell and that border-land where 
 dwell "the praiseless and the blameless 
 dead." (See Inferno, p. 472.) 
 
 Limisso, the city of Cyprus called 
 Caria by Ptolemy. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 l<urioso (151G). 
 
 Lincius. (See Lynceus.) 
 
 Lincoln (The bishop of), in the court 
 of queen Elizabeth, lie was Thomas Cow- 
 per. — Sir W. Scott, Kcnilworth (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Lincoln Green. Lincoln at one 
 time dyed the best green of all England, 
 and Coventry the best blue. 
 
 . . . and girls in Lincoln green. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. (1622). 
 
 %* Kendal was also at one time noted 
 for its green. Hence Falstaff speaks of 
 "three misbegotten knaves in Kendal 
 green." — Shakespeare, I Henry IV. act 
 ii. sc. 4 (1597). 
 
 Here be a sort of ragged knaves come in, 
 Clothed all in Kendale greene. 
 
 I'laye of Robyn Hood. 
 
 Lincolnshire Grazier (A). The 
 Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home published 
 The Complete Grazier under this pseu- 
 donym (1805). 
 
 Linco'ya (3 syl.), husband of Co'atel, 
 and a captive of the Az'tecas. " Once, 
 when a chief was feasting Madoc, a 
 captive served the food." Madoc says, 
 " I marked the youth, for he had features 
 of a gentler race ; and oftentimes his eye 
 was fixed on me with looks of more than 
 wonder." This young man, " the flower 
 of all his nation," was to be immolated 
 to the god Tezcalipo'ca; but on the eve of 
 sacrifice he made his escape, and flew to 
 Madoc for protection. The fugitive 
 proved both useful and faithful, but 
 when he heard of the death of Coatel, he 
 was quite heart-broken. Ayaya'ca, to 
 
 divert him, told him about the spirit- 
 land ; and Lincoya asked, "Is the way 
 thither long ? " 
 
 The old man replied, " A way of many moons. 
 " I know a shorter path," exclaimed the youth ; 
 And up he sprang, and from the precipice 
 Darted. A moment ; and Ayaya'ca heard 
 Hia body fall upon the rocks below. 
 
 Southey, Madoc, ii. 22 (1305). 
 
 Lindab'rides (4 syl.), a euphemism 
 for a female of no repute, a courtezan. 
 Lindabrides is the heroine of the romance 
 entitled The Mirror of Knighthood, one of 
 the books in don Quixote's library (pt. I. 
 i. 6), and the name became a household 
 word for a mistress. It occurs in two of 
 sir W. Scott's novels, Kenilworth and 
 Woodstock. 
 
 Lindesay, an archer in the Scotch 
 guard of Louis XL of France. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Lindesay (Lord), one of the embassy to 
 queen Mary of Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Lindor, a poetic swain or lover en 
 bergere. 
 
 Do not, for Heaven's sake, bring down Corydon and 
 Lindor upon us.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lindsay (Margaret), the heroine of a 
 novel by professor John Wilson, entitled 
 Trials of Margaret Lindsay, a very 
 pathetic story (i 785- 1854). 
 
 Lisiet', daughter of sir Persaunt, and 
 sister of Liones of Castle Perilous 
 (ch. 131). Her sister was held captive 
 by sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the 
 Red Lauds. Linet went to king Arthur to 
 entreat that one of his knights might be 
 sent to liberate her ; but as she refused to 
 give up the name of her sister, the king 
 said no knight of the Round Table could 
 undertake the adventure. At this, a young 
 man nicknamed " Beaumains" (Gareth), 
 who had been serving in the kitchen foi 
 twelve months, entreated that he might be 
 allowed the quest, which the king granted. 
 Linet, however, treated him with the ut- 
 most contumely, calling him dish-washer, 
 kitchen knave, and lout ; but he over- 
 threw all the knights opposed to him, 
 delivered the lady Liones, and married 
 her. (See Lynette.) — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153 
 (1470). 
 
 * + * Some men nicknamed her "The 
 Savage" (cb. 151). Tennyson, in his 
 Gareth and Lynette, makes Gareth marry 
 Lynette, which spoils the allegory. 
 (See p. 365.) 
 
LINGO. 
 
 LION ATTENDING ON MAN. 
 
 Lingo, in O'Keefe's comedy Agreeable 
 Surprise (1798). 
 
 Linkinwater (Tim), confidential 
 clerk to the brothers Cheeryble. A kind- 
 hearted old bachelor, fossilized in ideas, 
 but most kind-hearted, and devoted to 
 his masters almost to idolatry. He is 
 much attached to a blind blackbird called 
 "Dick," which he keeps in a large cage. 
 The bird has lost its voice from old age ; 
 but, in Tim's opinion, there is no equal 
 to it in the whole world. The old clerk 
 marries Miss La Creevy, a miniature- 
 painter. 
 
 Punctual as the counting-house dial, ... he performed 
 the minutest actions, and arranged the minutest articles 
 of his little room in a precise and regular order. Paper, 
 pens, ink, ruler, sealing-wax, wafers, . . . Tim's hat, Tim's 
 scrupulously folded gloves, Tim's other coat, ... all had 
 their accustomed inches of space. . . . There was not a 
 more accurate instrument in existence than Tim Linkin- 
 water.— C. Dickens, Nicholas Aickleby, xxxvii. (1838). 
 
 Linklater (Laurie), yeoman of the 
 king's kitchen. A friend to Ritchie 
 Moniplies. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
 Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Linne (The Heir of), a great spend- 
 thrift, who sold his estates to John-o'-the- 
 Scales, his steward, reserving for himself 
 only a "poor and lonesome lodge in a 
 lonely glen." Here he found a rope, with 
 a running noose, and put it round his 
 neck, with the intention of hanging him- 
 self. The weight of his body broke 
 the rope, and he fell to the ground. He 
 now found two chests of gold and one of 
 silver, with this inscription : " Once 
 more, my son, I set thee clear. Amend 
 thy life, or a rope must end it." The heir 
 of Linne now went to the steward for the 
 loan of forty pence, which was denied 
 him. One of the guests said, " Why, 
 John, you ought to lend it, for }'ou had 
 the estates cheap enough." "Cheap! 
 say you. Why, he shall have them back 
 for a hundred marks less than the money 
 I gave for them." " Done ! " said the 
 heir of Linne ; and counted out the 
 money. Thus lie recovered his estates, 
 and made the kind guest his forester. — 
 Percy, Reliques, II. ii. 5. 
 
 Lion (A), emblem of the tribe of 
 Judah. In the old church at Totnes is a 
 stone pulpit divided into compartments 
 containing shields, decorated with the 
 several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
 which this is one. 
 
 Judah is a lion's whelp • . . . he couched as a lion, 
 and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up 5— Gen. 
 xlix. 9. 
 
 Lion (The), symbol of ambition. When 
 Dante began the ascent of fame, he was 
 
 met first by a panther (pleasure), and then 
 by a lion (ambition), which tried to stop 
 his further progress. 
 
 A lion came 
 With head erect, and hunger mad. 
 
 Dante, Hell, i. (13i>0). 
 
 Lion (TJw), Henry duke of Bavaria 
 and Saxonv, son of Henry " the Proud " 
 (1129-1195), 
 
 Louis VIII. of France, born under the 
 sign Leo (1187, 1223-1226). 
 
 William of Scotland, who chose a 
 red lion rampant for his cognizance 
 (*,* 1165-1214). 
 
 Lion (TJie Golden), emblem of ancient 
 Assyria. The bear was that of ancient 
 Persia. 
 
 Where is th* Assyrian lion's golden hide, 
 That all the East once grasped in lordly paw? 
 
 Where that great Persian bear, whose swelling pride 
 The lion's self tore out with rav'nousjawf 
 
 Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 
 
 Lion (The Valiant), Alep Arslan, son 
 of Togrul Beg the Perso-Turkish mon- 
 arch (*, 1063-1072). 
 
 Lion Attending on Man. 
 
 Una was attended by a lion. Spenser 
 says that Una was seeking St. George, 
 and as she sat to rest herself, a lion 
 rushed suddenly out of a thicket, with 
 gaping mouth and lashing tail ; but as it 
 drew near, it was awe-struck, licked her 
 feet and hands, and followed her like a 
 dog. Sanslov slew the faithful beast. — 
 Faery Queen, I. iii. 42 (1590). 
 
 *** This is an allegory of the Refor- 
 mation. The "lion" means England, 
 and " Una " means truth or the reformed 
 religion. England (the lion) waited on 
 truth or the Reformation. "Sanslov" 
 means queen Mary or false faith, which 
 killed the lion, or separated England 
 from truth (or the true faith). It might 
 seem to some that Sansfoy should have 
 been substituted for Sanslov ; but this 
 could not be, because Sansfoy had been 
 slain already. 
 
 Sir Eviain de Gall is or Twain de Galles 
 was attended by a lion, which, in grati- 
 tude to the knight, who had delivered it 
 from a serpent, ever after became his 
 faithful servant, approaching the knight 
 with tears, and rising on its hind feet. 
 
 Sir Geoffrey de Latour was aided by 
 a lion against the Saracens ; but the 
 faithful brute was drowned in attempting 
 to follow the vessel in which the knight 
 had embarked on his departure from the 
 Holy Land. 
 
 St. Jerome is represented as attended 
 by a lion. (See Axdroclus, p. 37.) 
 
LION OF GOD. 
 
 558 
 
 LIE. 
 
 Lion of Gocl {The), AH, son-in-law 
 of Mahomet. He was called at birth 
 " The Rugged Lion " (al Haidara) (602, 
 655-661). 
 
 Hamza, called "The Lion of God and 
 of His Prophet." So Gabriel told Ma- 
 homet his uncle was registered in heaven. 
 
 Lion of Janina, Ali Pasha, over- 
 thrown in 1822 by Ibrahim Pasha (1741, 
 1788-1822). 
 
 Lion of the North (TJie), Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus (1594, 1611-1632). 
 
 Lion-Heart. Richard I. was called 
 Occur de Lion because he plucked out a 
 lion's heart, to which beast he had been 
 exposed by the duke of Austria, for 
 having slain his son. 
 
 It is sayd tbat a lyon was put to kynge Richarde, beying 
 In prison, ... to devour him ; and when the lyon was 
 gap.iiige, he put his urine in his mouth, and pulled the 
 lyon by the harte so hard that he slewe the lyon ; and 
 therefore ... ho is called Richarde Cure de Lyon.— 
 Rastal. Chronicle (1532). 
 
 Lion King of Assyria, Arioch al 
 Asser (e.c. 1927-1897). 
 
 Lion Rouge (Le), marshal Ney, 
 who had red hair and red whiskers 
 (1769-1815). 
 
 Lion-Tamer. One of the most re- 
 markable was Ellen Bright, who ex- 
 hibited in Wombwell's menagerie. She 
 was killed by a tiger in 1850, aged J 7 
 years. 
 
 Lions ( White and Red). Prester 
 John, in his letter to Manuel Comnenus 
 emperor of Constantinople, says his land 
 is the "home of white and red lions" 
 (1165). 
 
 Lion's Provider {The), the jackal, 
 which often starts prey that the lion 
 appropriates. 
 
 ... the poor jackals are less foul 
 (As being the brave lion's keen providers) 
 Than human insects catering for spiders. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ix. 27 (1824). 
 
 Lionel and Clarissa, an opera by 
 Bickerstaff. Sir John Flowerdale has a 
 daughter named Clarissa, whose tutor is 
 Lionel, an Oxford graduate. Colonel 
 Oldboy, his neighbour, has a son named 
 Jessamy, a noodle and a fop ; and a 
 daughter, Diana. A proposal is made 
 for Clarissa Flowerdale to marry Jessamy ; 
 but she despises the prig, and loves Lionel. 
 After a little embroglio, sir John gives his 
 consent to this match. Now for Diana : 
 Harman, a guest of Oldboy's, tells him 
 he is in love, but that the father of the 
 lady will not consent to his marriage. 
 Oldboy advises him to elope, lends his 
 
 carriage and horses, and writes a letter 
 for Harman, Avhich he is to send to the 
 girl's father. Harman follows this advice, 
 and elopes with Diana ; but Diana repents, 
 returns home unmarried, and craves her 
 father's forgiveness. The old colonel 
 yields, the lovers are united, and Oldboy 
 says he likes Harman the better for his 
 pluck and manliness. 
 
 Lionell (Sir), brother of sir Launce- 
 lot, son of Ban king of Benwick 
 (Brittany). 
 
 Liones (3 syl.), daughter of sir Per- 
 saunt of Castle Perilous, where she was 
 held captive by sir Ironside, the Red 
 Knight of the Red Lands. Her sister 
 Linet' went to the court of king Arthur 
 to request that some knight would under- 
 take to deliver her from her oppressor ; 
 but as she refused to give up the name of 
 the lady, the king said no knight of the 
 Round Table could undertake the quest. 
 On this, a stranger, nicknamed " Beau- 
 mains " from the unusual size of his hands, 
 and who had served in the kitchen for 
 twelve months, begged to be sent, and 
 his request was granted. He was very 
 scornfully treated by Linet ; but suc- 
 ceeded in overthrowing every knight who 
 opposed him, and, after combating from 
 dawn to sunset with sir Ironside, made 
 him also do homage. The lady, being 
 now free, married the "kitchen knight," 
 who was, in fact, sir Gareth, son of Lot 
 king of Orkney, and Linet married his 
 brother Ga'heris. (See Lyoxors of 
 Castle Perilous.) — Sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153 (1470). 
 
 Li'onesse (3 syl.), Lyoncsse, or 
 Liones, a tract of land between Land's 
 End and the Scilly Isles, now submerged 
 "full forty fathoms under water." It 
 formed a part of Cornwall. Thus sir 
 Tristram de Liones is always called a 
 Cornish knight. When asked his name, 
 he tells sir Kay that he is sir Tristram 
 de Liones ; to which the seneschal answers, 
 "Yet heard I never in no place that any 
 good knight came out of Cornwall." — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 
 56 (1470). (See Leoxesse, p. 548.) 
 
 * + * Respecting the knights of Corn- 
 wall, sir Mark the king of Cornwall had 
 thrown the whole district into bad odour. 
 He was false, cowardly, mean, and most 
 unknightly. 
 
 Lir. The Death of the Children of Lir. 
 This is one of the three tragic stories of 
 the ancient Irish. The other two are The 
 
LIRIS. 
 
 559 
 
 LITTLE CORPORAL. 
 
 Death of tJie Children of Touran and The 
 Death of the Children of Usnach. (See 
 Fionnuala.) — O' Flanagan, Transactions 
 of the Gaelic Society, i. 
 
 %* Lir (King) father of Fionnuala. 
 On the death of Fingula (the mother of 
 his daughter), he married the wicked 
 Aoife, who, through spite, transformed' 
 the children of Lir into swans, doomed 
 to float on the water for centuries, till 
 they hear the first mass-bell ring. Tom 
 Moore has versified this legend. 
 
 Silent, O Moyle, be the roar of thy water ; 
 
 Break not, ye breezes, your chain of repose — 
 While murmuring mournfully Lir's lonely daughter 
 
 Tells to the night-star her tale of woes. 
 Moore, Irish Melodies ("Song of Fionnuala," 1814). 
 
 Liris, a proud but lovely daughter of 
 the race of man, beloved by Rubi, first 
 of the angel host. Her passion was the 
 love of knowledge, and she was capti- 
 vated by all her angel lover told her of 
 heaven and the works of God. At last 
 she requested Rubi to appear before her 
 in all his glory, and, as she fell into his 
 embrace, was burnt to ashes by the rays 
 which issued from him. — T. Moore, Loves 
 of the Angels, ii. (1822). 
 
 Lisa, an innkeeper's daughter, who 
 wishes to marry Elvi'no a wealth} 1 - far- 
 mer ; but Elvino is in love with Ami'na. 
 Suspicious circumstances make Elvino 
 renounce his true love and promise 
 marriage to Lisa; but the suspicion is 
 shown to be causeless, and Lisa is dis- 
 covered to be the paramour of another. 
 So Elvino returns to his first love, and Lisa 
 is left to Alessio, with whom she had been 
 living previously. — Bellini's opera, La 
 Sonnambula (1831). 
 
 Lis'boa or Lisbo'a, Lisbon. 
 
 Lisette. Les Infidelite's de Lisctte and 
 Zc? Gucux are the two songs which, in 
 1813, gained for Be'ranger admission to 
 the "Caveau,"a club of Paris, established 
 in 1729 and broken up in 1749, but re- 
 established in 1806 and finally closed in 
 1817. 
 
 IjCS Lnfidelite's supposes that Be'ranger 
 loved Lisette, who bestowed her favours 
 on sundry admirers ; and Be'ranger, at 
 each new proof of infidelity, "drowned 
 his sorrow in the bowl." 
 
 Lisette, ma Lisette, 
 Tu m'as trompe toujours ; 
 Mais vive la grisette ! 
 Je veux, Lisette, 
 Boire a nos amours. 
 
 Les InfidSUUs de Lisette. 
 
 Lismalia'go (Captain), a super- 
 annuated officer on half-pay, who marries 
 iTiss Tabitha Bramble for the sake of 
 
 her £4000. He is a hard-featured, for- 
 bidding Scotchman, singular in dress, 
 eccentric in manners, self-conceited, 
 pedantic, disputatious, and rude. Though 
 most tenacious in argument, he can yield 
 to Miss Tabitha, whom he wishes to con- 
 ciliate. Lismahago reminds one of don 
 Quixote, but is sufficiently unlike to be 
 original. — T. Smollett, The Expedition of 
 Humphry Clinker (1771). 
 
 Lissardo, valet to don Felix. He 
 is a conceited high-life-below-stairs fop, 
 who makes love to Inis and Flora. — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, The Wonder (1713). 
 
 Lee Lewes [1740-1803] played " Lissardo " in the style of 
 his great master [ Woodward], and most divertingly. — 
 Boaden, Life of Mrs. Siddons. 
 
 Lis'uarte (Tlie Exploits and Adven- 
 tures of), part of the series of Le Roman 
 des Romans, or that pertaining to 
 " Am'adis of Gaul." This part was 
 added by Juan Diaz. 
 
 Literary Forgers. (See Forgers.) 
 
 Literature (Father of Modem French), 
 Claude de Seyssel (1450-1520). 
 
 Literature (Father of German), Gott- 
 hold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). 
 
 Littimer, the painfully irreproach- 
 able valet of Steerforth ; in whose 
 presence David Copperfield feels always 
 most uncomfortably small. Though as 
 a valet he is propriety in Sunday best, he 
 is nevertheless cunning and deceitful. 
 Steerforth, tired of "Little Em'ly," 
 wishes to marry her to Littimer ; but 
 from this lot she is rescued, and migrates 
 to Australia. — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
 field (1849). 
 
 Little ( Tlwmas). Thomas Moore pub- 
 lished, in 1808, a volume of amatory 
 poems under this nom de plume. The 
 preface is signed J. H. H. H. 
 
 'Tis Little !— young Catullus of his day, 
 As sweet but as immoral as his lay. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers {1809). 
 
 Little Britain, Brittany ; also called 
 Armor'ica, and in Arthurian romance 
 Benwicke or Benwick. 
 
 *** There is a part of London called 
 "Little Britain." It lies between Christ's 
 Hospital (the Blue-coat School) and 
 Aldersgate Street. It was here tbat Mr. 
 Jaggers had his chambers. (See Jag- 
 gers, p. 486.) 
 
 Little Corporal (The). General 
 Bonaparte was so called after the battle 
 of Lodi in 1796, from his youthful age 
 and low stature. 
 
LITTLE DORRIT. 
 
 560 LITTLE RED RIDING-HOOD. 
 
 Little Dorrit, the heroine and title 
 of a novel by C. Dickens (1857). Little 
 Dorrit "was horn and brought up in the 
 Marshalsea prison, Bermondsey, where 
 her father -was confined for debt ; and 
 when about 14 years of age she used to 
 do needlework, to earn a subsistence for 
 herself and her father. The child had a 
 pale, transparent face ; quick in expres- 
 sion, though not beautiful in feature. Her 
 eyes were a soft hazel, and her figure 
 slight. The little dove of the prison was 
 idolized by the prisoners, and when she 
 walked out, every man in Bermondsey 
 who passed her, touched or took off his 
 hat out of respect to her good works and 
 active benevolence. Her father, coming 
 into a property, was set free at length, 
 and Little Dorrit married Arthur Clen- 
 nam, the marriage service being celebrated 
 in the Marshalsea, by the prison chaplain. 
 
 Little-Endians and Big-En- 
 
 dians, two religious factions, which 
 waged incessant war with each other on 
 the right interpretation of the fifty-fourth 
 chapter of the Blun'decral : "All true 
 believers break their eggs at the con- 
 venient end." The godfather of Calin 
 Defi'ar Plune, the reigning emperor of 
 Lilliput, happened to cut his finger while 
 breaking his egg at the big end, and 
 therefore commanded all faithful Lilli- 
 putians to break their eggs in future at 
 the small end. The Blefuscudians called 
 this decree rank heresy, and determined 
 to exterminate the believers of such an 
 abominable practice from the face of the 
 earth. Hundreds of treatises were pub- 
 lished on both sides, but each empire 
 put all those books opposed to its own 
 views into the Index Expurgatorius, and 
 not a few of the more zealous sort died 
 as martyrs for daring to follow their 
 private judgment in the matter. — Swift, 
 Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 
 1726). 
 
 Little French Lawyer (The), a 
 comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 
 The person so called is La Writ, a 
 wrangling French advocate. 
 
 Little Gentleman in Velvet 
 (To the), a favourite Jacobite toast in the 
 reign of queen Anne. The reference is to 
 the mole that raised the hill against which 
 the horse of William III. stumbled while 
 riding in the park of Hampton Court. By 
 this accident the king broke his collar- 
 bone, a severe illness ensued, and he died 
 early in 1702. 
 
 Little John (whose surname was 
 
 bailor), the fidus Achates of Robin Hood. 
 He could shoot an arrow a measured 
 mile and somewhat more. So could 
 Robin Hood ; but no other man ever 
 lived who could perform the same feat. 
 In one of the Robin Hood ballads we are 
 told that the name of this free-shooter 
 was John Little, and that William Stutely, 
 in merry mood, reversed the names. 
 
 " O, here is my hand," the stranger rer>]yed; 
 
 "111 serve you with all my whole heart. 
 My name is John Little, a man of good mettle ; 
 
 Ne'er doubt me, for 111 play my part." 
 He was, I must tell you, full seven foot high. 
 
 And maybe an ell in the waste . . . 
 Brave Stutely said then . . . 
 " This infant was called John Little," quoth he; 
 
 " Which name shall be changed anon : 
 The words we'll transpose, so wherever he goes 
 
 His name shall be called Little John." 
 Kitson, JfoMn Hood Ilallad», ii. 21 (before 3683). 
 
 *** A bow (says Ritson) which be- 
 longed to Little John, with the name 
 Naijlor on it, is now in the possession of 
 a gentleman in the west riding of York- 
 shire. Scott has introduced Little John 
 in The Talisman (time, Richard I.) 
 
 Little John (Ilwjh). John Hugh Lock- 
 hart, grandson of sir W. Scott, is so called 
 by sir Walter in his Tales of a Grand- 
 father, written for his grandson. 
 
 Little Marlborough, count von 
 Schwerin, a Prussian field-marshal and 
 a companion of the duke of Marlborough 
 (1C84-1757). 
 
 Little Nell, a child distinguished 
 for her purity of character, though living 
 in the midst of selfishness, impurity, and 
 crime. She was brought up by her 
 grandfather, who was in his d>>tage, and 
 having lost his property, tried to eke out 
 a narrow living by selling lumber or 
 curiosities. At length, through terror of 
 Quilp, the old man and his grandchild 
 stole away, and led a vagrant life, the 
 one idea of both being to get as far as 
 possible from the reach of Quilp. They 
 finally settled down in a cottage overlook- 
 ing a country churchyard, where Nell 
 died. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
 Shop (1840). 
 
 Little Peddlington, an imaginary 
 place, the village of quackery and cant, 
 egotism and humbug, affectation and 
 flattery. — John Poole, Little Peddlington. 
 
 Little Queen, Isabella of Valois, 
 who was married at the age of eight years 
 to Richard II. of England, and was a 
 widow at 13 years of age (1387-1410). 
 
 Little Red Riding-Hood (Le 
 
 Petit Chaperon Rouge), from Les Contecol 
 
LITTLEJOHN. 
 
 561 LOCAL DESIGNATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Charles Perrault (1697). Ludwig Tieck 
 reproduced the same tale in his Volks- 
 marchen (Popular Stories), in 1795, under 
 the German title Lebcn %tnd Tod dcs 
 Kleinen Eothkappchen. A little girl 
 takes a present to her grandmother ; but 
 i a wolf has assumed the place of the old 
 i woman, and, when the child gets into bed. 
 j devours her. The brothers Grimm have 
 j reproduced this tale in German. In the 
 Swedish version, Red Riding-Hood is a 
 young woman, who takes refuge in a 
 tree, the wolf gnaws the tree, and the 
 lover arrives just in time to see his 
 mistress devoured by the monster. 
 
 Littlejohn (Bailie), a magistrate at 
 Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Live to Please . . . Dr. Johnson, in 
 the prologue spoken by Garrick at the 
 opening of Drury Lane in 1747, says : 
 
 The drama's laws the drama's patrons give, 
 For we that live to please, must please to live. 
 
 Livy (TJie Russian), Nicholas Mi- 
 chaelovitch Karamzin (1765-1826). 
 
 Livy of France, Juan de Mariana 
 (1537-1624). 
 
 Livy of Portugal, Joao de Barros 
 (1496-1570). 
 
 Lizard Islands, fabulous islands, 
 where damsels, outcast from the rest of 
 the world, find a home and welcome. — 
 Torquemada, Garden of Flowers. 
 
 Lizard Point (Cornwall), a corrup- 
 tion of Lazar's Point, being a place of 
 retirement for lazars or lepers. 
 
 Lla'ian, the unwed mother of prince 
 Hoel. His father was prince Hoel, the 
 illegitimate son of .king Owen of North 
 "Wales. Hoel the father was slain in battle 
 by his half-brother David, successor to 
 the throne ; and Llaian, with her young 
 son. also called Hoel, accompanied prince 
 Madoc to America. — Southey, Madoc 
 (1805). 
 
 Llewellyn, son of Yorwerth, and 
 grandson of Owen king of North Wales, 
 yorwerth was the eldest son, but was 
 set aside because he had a blemish in the 
 face, and his half-brother David was 
 king. David began his reign by killing 
 or banishing all the family of his father 
 who might disturb his succession. 
 Amongst those he killed was Yorwerth, 
 in consequence of which Llewellyn re- 
 solved to avenge his father's death ; and 
 bis hatred against his uncle was un- 
 bounded.— -Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 Lloyd with an " L." 
 
 One morning, a Welsh coach-maker came with his hill 
 to my lord [the carl of Brentford]. "You called, 1 
 think, Mr. Lloyd?" "At your lordship's service, my 
 lord." " What ! Lloyd with an ' L "I " It was with an "L." 
 " In your part of the world I have heard that Lloyd and 
 Flloyd are synonymous ; is it so?" inquired his lordship. 
 "Very often, indeed, my lord," was the reply. "You 
 say that you spell your name with an ' L ' ? " " Always, my 
 lord." "That, my Lloyd, is a little unlucky; for I am 
 paying my debts alphabetically, and in four or five years 
 you might have come in with the ' FV ; but I am afraid 
 I can give you no hopes for your * L.* Good morning."— 
 S. Foote, The Lame Lover. 
 
 Lloyd's Books, two enormous 
 ledger-looking volumes, raised on desks 
 at right and left of the entrance to Lloyd's 
 Rooms. These books give the principal 
 arrivals, and all losses by wreck, fire, or 
 other accident at sea. The entries are 
 written in a fine, bold, Roman hand, 
 legible to all readers. 
 
 *** Lloyd's List is a London periodical, 
 in which the shipping news received at 
 Lloyd's Rooms is regularly published. 
 
 L. M". R., initialism of Mrs. Ranyard, 
 authoress of The Book and Lts Story, The 
 Missing Link, etc. Died 1879. 
 
 Loathly Lady (The), a hideous 
 creature, whom sir Gaw'ain marries, and 
 who immediately becomes a most beau- 
 tiful woman. — The Marriage of Sir 
 Gawain (a ballad). 
 
 The walls . . . were clothed with grim old tapestry, 
 representing the memorable story of sir Gawain's wedding 
 . . . with the Loathly Lady.— Sir W. Scott 
 
 Loba'ba, one of the sorcerers in 
 the caverns of Dom-Daniel, "under the 
 roots of the ocean." These spirits were 
 destined to be destroyed by one of the race 
 of Hodeirah, and, therefore, they perse- 
 cuted the whole of that race even to death. 
 Tal'aba, however, escaped (heir malice, 
 and became their destroyer. Okba tried 
 to kill him, but failed. Abdaldar was 
 next sent against him, and would have 
 struck the lad in prayer, but was himself 
 killed by a simoom. Lobaba was the 
 third envoy sent to compass his death. 
 He assumed the guise of an old merchant, 
 and beguiled the young man into the 
 wilderness, where he roused up a furious 
 whirlwind ; but Talaba was saved, and 
 Lobaba himself fell a victim to the storm 
 which he had raised. -Southey, Tlialaba 
 the Destroyer (1797). 
 
 Local Designations and Lan- 
 cashire Manufactures, etc. 
 
 ASH'X [Ashton-under-Lyne], fellows. 
 
 Bgwton [Bolton], Billy or trotters. 
 
 Bowden [Bolton J, downs [i.e. potatoes). 
 
 BURY, mvffers. 
 
 BURT, eymblins. 
 
 Cheadle, swingers [a peculiar coat). 
 
 2o 
 
LOCH AW. 
 
 5G2 
 
 LODBROG. 
 
 CONGLETON, points. 
 ECCXKS, cake3. 
 Evehton, toffeys. 
 Glasgow, ca/'ons. 
 Gorton, bull-dogs. 
 Liverpool, gentlemen. 
 London, genu. 
 Manchester, men. 
 Manchester, cottons. 
 
 MlDDLETON, moones. 
 Or.MSKIRK, gingerbread. 
 OWUAN [Oldham], chaps. 
 PaIsi.EV, bodies. 
 KADCLIFFE. napers. 
 Rochdale, guwbies. 
 Stretford, black-puddings. 
 Warrington, ale. 
 
 Manchester Guardian. 
 
 Lochaw. It's a far cry to Lochaw, 
 i.e. his lands are very extensive. Lochaw 
 was the original seat of the Campbells ; 
 find so extensive were their possessions, 
 that no cry or challenge could reach from 
 one end of them to the other. 
 
 TjOChiel' (2 syl.). Sir Evan Cameron, 
 lord of Lochiel, surnamed "The Black" 
 and " The Ulysses of the Highlands," 
 died 1719. His son, called " The 
 Gentle Lochiel," is the one referred to 
 by Thomas Campbell in Lochiel's Warn- 
 ing. He fought in the battle of Cullo'den 
 for prince Charles, the Young Pretender 
 (1746). 
 
 Lochiel, Lochiel, beware of the day 
 When the Lowlands shall meet thee in battle array 1 
 For a field of the dead rushes red on my sight. 
 And the clans of Cullo'den are scattered in fight. 
 
 Campbell, Lochiel's Warning. 
 And Cameron, in the shock of steel, 
 Die like the offspring of LochieL 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Field of Waterloo. 
 
 Lochinvar', a young Highlander, 
 in love with a lady at Netherby Hall 
 (condemned to many a "laggard in 
 love and a dastard in war"). Her 
 young chevalier induced the too-willing 
 lassie to be his partner in a dance ; and 
 while the guests were intent on their 
 amusements, swung her into his saddle 
 and made off with her before the bride- 
 groom could recover from his amaze- 
 ment.— Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 
 
 LocllleveTi (The lady of), mother of 
 the regent Murray. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Lochiill, the Gaelic name for Scan- 
 dinavia. It generally means Denmark. 
 — Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Loekit, the jailer in Gay's Beggar's 
 Optra. He was an inhuman brute, who 
 refused to allow captain Macheath any 
 more candles in his cell, and threatened to 
 clap on e::tra fetters, unless he supplied 
 him with more " garnish " (Jail fees). 
 Loekit loaded his prisoners with fetters 
 
 in inverse proportion to the fees which 
 they paid, ranging "from one guinea to 
 ten." (See Lucy.) — J. Gav, The Beggar's 
 Opera (1727). 
 
 The quarrel between Peachum and Loekit was an 
 allusion to a personal collision between Walpole and his 
 colleague lord Townsend.— R. Chambers, English Litera- 
 ture, i. 57L 
 
 Locksley, in Nottinghamshire, the 
 birthplace of Robin Hood. 
 
 In Locksly town, in merry Nottinghamshire, 
 
 In merry, sweet Locksly town. 
 There bold Robin Hood was born and was bred, 
 
 Bold Robin of famous renown. 
 
 Ritson, Robin Hood, ii. 1 (17S5). 
 
 Locksley, alias " Robin Hood," an 
 archer at the tournament (ch. xiii.). 
 Said to have been the name of the village 
 where the outlaw was born. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Locksley Hall, a poem by Tenny- 
 son, in -which the hero, the lord of 
 Locksley Hall, having been jilted by his 
 cousin Amy for a rich boor, pours forth 
 his feelings in a flood of vehement scorn 
 and indignation. The poem is under- 
 stood to have been occasioned by a sim- 
 ilar incident'in the poet's own life. 
 
 Locrine (2 syl.), father of Sabri'na, 
 and eldest son of the mythical Brutus 
 king of ancient Britain. On the death 
 of his father, Locrine became king of 
 Loe'gria (England). 
 
 LiOCUSta, a by-Avord of infamy. She 
 lived in the early part of the Roman 
 empire. Locusta poisoned Claudius and 
 Britannicus, and attempted to destroy 
 Nero, but, being found out, was put to 
 death. 
 
 Loda or Cruth-Loda, a Scandi- 
 navian god, which dwelt " on the misty 
 top of U-thorno . . . the house of the 
 spirits of men." Fingal did not worship 
 at the " stone of this power," but looked 
 on it as hostile to himself and friendly 
 to his foes. - Hence, when Loda appeared 
 to him on one occasion, Fingal knew it 
 was with no friendly intent, and with his 
 sword he cleft the intrenchant spirit in 
 twain. Whereupon it uttered a terrible 
 shriek, which made the island tremble ; 
 and, "rolling itself up, rose upon the 
 wings of the wind," and departed. (See 
 Ma us Wounded.) — Ossian, Carric- 
 Tiiura. 
 
 (In Oina-Morul, " Loda" seems to be a 
 place : 
 
 They stretcli their handt to the shells in Loda.) 
 
 Lodbrog., king of Denmark (eighth 
 
LODGING. 
 
 563 
 
 LOHENGRIN. 
 
 century), famous for his wars and vic- 
 tories. He was also an excellent scald 
 or bard, like Ossian. Falling into the 
 hands of his enemies, he was cast into 
 jail, and devoured by serpents. 
 
 Lodging. "My lodging is on the 
 cold ground." — W. B. Rhodes, Bombastcs 
 Furioso (1790). 
 
 Lodois'ka (4 syl.), a beautiful Polish 
 princess, in love with count Floreski. 
 She is the daughter of prince Lupauski, 
 who places her under the protection of a 
 friend (baron Lovinski) during a war be- 
 tween the Poles and Tartars. Here her 
 lover finds her a prisoner at large ; but 
 the baron seeks to poison him. At this 
 crisis, the Tartars arrive and invade the 
 castle. The baron is killed, the lady 
 released, and all ends happily. — J. P. 
 Kenible, Lodoiska (a melodrame). 
 
 Lodc'na, a nymph, fond of the 
 chase. One day, Pan saw her, and tried 
 to catch her ; but she fled, and implored 
 Cynthia to save her. Her prayer was 
 heard, and she was instantly converted 
 into " a silver stream, which ever keeps 
 its virgin coolness." Lodona is an af- 
 fluent of the Thames. — Pope, Windsor 
 Forest (1713). 
 
 Lodore (2 syl.), a cataract of the 
 Tarn, in France, rendered famous for 
 Southev's piece of word-painting called 
 The Cataract of Lodore (1820). This 
 and Edgar Poe's Bells are the best pieces 
 of word-painting in the language, at least 
 of a similar length. 
 
 Lodovi'co, kinsman to Brabantio 
 the father of Desdemona. — Shakespeare, 
 Othello (1611). 
 
 Lodovieo and Piso, two cowardly 
 gulls. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Captain (1613). 
 
 Lodowick, the name assumed by the 
 duke of Vienna, when he retired for a 
 while from State affairs, and dressed as 
 a friar, to watch the carrying out of a 
 law recently enforced against prostitu- 
 tion. — Shakespeare, Measure for Measure 
 (1603). 
 
 Loe'gria (4 syl.), England, the king- 
 dom of Logris or Locrine, eldest son of 
 Brute the mythical king of_ Britain. 
 
 Thus Cambria [Walet] to her right that would herself 
 
 restore, 
 And rather than to lose Loesria, looks for more. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 II est &rit qu'il est une heure 
 Oil tout le royautne de Logres, 
 Qui jadis fut la terre es ogres 
 
 Sera dctruit par cette lance. 
 
 Chretien de Troyes, Parzival (1170). 
 
 Lofty, a detestable prig, always 
 boasting of his intimacy with people of 
 quality. — Goldsmith, The Good-natured 
 Man (1767). 
 
 Lofty (Sir Tliomas), a caricature of lord 
 Melcombe. Sir Thomas is a man utterly 
 destitute of all capacity, yet sets himself 
 up for a Mecasnas, and is well sponged 
 by needy scribblers, who ply him with 
 fulsome dedications. — Samuel Foote, The 
 Patron. 
 
 Log (King), a roi faineant. The frogs 
 prayed to Jove to send them a king, and 
 the god threw a log into the pool, tho 
 splash of which terribly alarmed them 
 for a time ; but they soon learnt to de- 
 spise a monarch who allowed them to 
 jump upon its back, and never resented 
 their familiarities. The croakers com- 
 plained to Jove for sending them so 
 worthless a king, and prayed him to 
 send one more active and imperious ; so 
 he sent them a stork, which devoured 
 them. — JEsop's Fables. 
 
 Logistil'la, a good fairy, sister of 
 Aici'na the sorceress. She taught Rug- 
 gie'ro (3 syl.) to manage the hippogriff, 
 and gave Astolpho a magic book and horn. 
 Logistilla is human reason personified. — •■ 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Logothete (The), or chai.oellor of 
 the Grecian empire. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Fobert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Logres (2 syl.). England is so called 
 from Logris or Locrine, eldest bon of the 
 mythical king Brute. 
 
 . . . le royaume de Logres, 
 Qui jadis fut la terre es ogres. 
 
 Chretien de Troyes, Parzival (1170). 
 
 Logria, England. (See Logkes.) 
 
 Logris or Loeris, same as Locrin or 
 Locrine, eldest son of Brute the mythical 
 king of Britain. 
 
 Logris, England. 
 
 I am banished out of the country of logris for ever; 
 that is to say. out of the country of England.— Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 19 (1470). 
 
 Lohengrin, "Knight of the Swan," 
 son of Parzival. He came to Brabante 
 in a ship drawn by a swan, and having 
 liberated the duchess Elsen, who was a 
 captive, he married her, but declined to 
 reveal his name. Not' long after hia 
 marriage, he went against the Huns 
 
L'OISELEUR. 
 
 564 
 
 LONGEVITY. 
 
 and Saracens, performed marvels of 
 hra\ery, and returned to Germany covered 
 with glory. Elsen, being laughed at by 
 her friends for not knowing the name of 
 her husband, resolved to ask him of his 
 family ; but no sooner had she done so 
 than the white swan re-appeared and 
 carried him away. — Wolfram von Eschen- 
 bach (a minnesinger, thirteenth century). 
 L'Oiseleur (" the bird-catcher"), the 
 person who plays the magic flute. — Mo- 
 zart, Die Zauberflote (1791). 
 
 Loki, the god of strife and spirit of 
 all evil. His wife is Angerbode (4 syl.), 
 i.e. " messenger of wrath," and his three 
 sons are Fenris, Midgard, and Hela. 
 Loki gave the blind god Hoder an arrow 
 of mistletoe, and told him to try it ; so the 
 blind Hoder discharged the arrow and 
 slew Baldr (the Scandinavian Apollo). 
 This calamity was so grievous to the 
 gods, that they unanimously agreed to 
 restore him to life again. — Scandinavian 
 Mythology. 
 
 Lolah, one of the three beauties of 
 the harem, into which don Juan in female 
 disguise was admitted. She "was dusk as 
 India and as warm." The other two were 
 Katin'ka and Dudii. — Byron, Don Juan, 
 vi. 40, 41 (1824). 
 
 Lol'lius, an author often referred to 
 by writers of the Middle Ages, but pro- 
 bably a "Mrs. Harris" of Kennotwhere. 
 
 Lollius, if a writer of that name existed at all, was a 
 somewhat somewhere. — Coleridge. 
 
 London Antiquary (^1). John 
 Camden Hotten published his Dictionary 
 of Modern Slang, etc., under this pseu- 
 donym. 
 
 London Bridge is Euilt on 
 Woolpaeks. In the reign of Henry 
 II., Pious Peter, a chaplain of St. Mary 
 Colechurch, in the Poultry, built a stone 
 bridge in lieu of the wooden one which 
 had been destroyed by fire. The king 
 helped him by a tax on wool, and hence 
 the saying referred to above. 
 
 Long (Tom), the hero of an old 
 popular tale entitled The Merry Conceits 
 of Tom Long the Carrier, etc. 
 
 Long Peter, Peter Aartsen, the 
 Flemish painter. He was so called from 
 his extraordinary height (1507-1573). 
 
 Long-Sword {Richard), son of the 
 "fair Rosamond" and Henry II. His 
 brother was Geoffrey archbishop of York. 
 
 Long-sword, the brave son of beauteous Rosamond. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 
 
 Long-Sword, William I. of Normandy, 
 
 son of Rollo, assassinated by the count of 
 Flanders (920-943). 
 
 Long Tom. Coffin, a sailor of 
 heroic character and most amiable dis- 
 position, introduced by Fenimore Coopei 
 of New York in his novel called The Pilot. 
 Fitzball has dramatized the story. 
 
 Longaville (3 syl.), a young lord 
 attending on Ferdinand king of Navarre. 
 He promises to spend three years in study 
 with the king, during which time no 
 woman is to approach the court ; but 
 no sooner has he signed the compact than 
 he falls in love with Maria. When he 
 proposes to her, she defers his suit for 
 twelve months, and she promises to 
 change her " black gown for a faithful 
 friend " if he then remains of the samo 
 mind. 
 
 A man of sovereign parts he is esteemed ; 
 Well fitted in arts, glorious in arms : 
 Nothing becomes him ill, that he would well 
 The only soil of his fair virtue's gloss . . . 
 Is a sharp wit matched with too blunt a will ; 
 Whose edge . . . none spares that come within his power. 
 Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. sc. 1 (1594). 
 
 Longchamp, bishop of Ely, high 
 justiciary of England during the absence 
 of king Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir W. 
 Scott, TJie Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Longevity. The following have 
 exceeded a hundred years : — 
 
 Thomas Cam (207 ! !), according to 
 the parish register of St. Leonard's 
 Church, Shorediteh, died January 22, 
 1588, aged 207 vears. If so, he was bora 
 1381, in 4th Richard II., and died 13th 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Thomas Parr (152), born 1483, died 
 1635. 
 
 Henry Jenkins (169), born 1591, 
 died 1760. 
 
 Catharine countess of Desmond 
 (140), fifteenth century. 
 
 Henry Hastings (102), forester to 
 Charles I. (1537-1639). 
 
 Henry Evans (129), a Welshman 
 (1642-1771). 
 
 Jane Scrimshaw (127) lived in the 
 reigns of eight sovereigns (1584-1711). 
 
 Alice of Philadelphia (116), born 
 1686, died 1802. 
 
 Thomas Laugher of Marklcy, Wor- 
 cestershire (107), born 1700, died 1807. 
 His mother died at the age of 108. 
 
 Margaret Patten or Batten of 
 Glasgow (136). She was born in the 
 reign of Elizabeth (1603), and died 
 1739. She was buried at Margaret's, 
 Westminster, and a portrait of her is in 
 St. Margaret's workhouse. 
 
LONGIUS. 
 
 565 
 
 LOREDANO. 
 
 In Shiffnal (SaloD) St. Andrew's 
 Church are these tablets : 
 
 William Wakley (124), baptized at 
 Idsall, othenvise Shiffnal, May 1, 1590 ; 
 and was buried at Adbaston, November 28, 
 1714. He lived in the reign of eight 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Mary Yates (127). wife of Joseph 
 Yates of Lizard Common, Shiffnal, was 
 born 1649, and buried August 7, 1776. 
 She walked to London just after the fire 
 in 1666, was hearty and strong at 120 
 years, and married, at 92 years of age, 
 her third husband. 
 
 Longius, the name of the Roman 
 soldier who pierced the crucified Saviour 
 with a spear. The spear came into the 
 possession of Joseph of Arimathea. — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 41 
 (1470). 
 
 Longomonta'nus (Christian), of 
 Jutland, a Danish astronomer (1562- 
 1647). 
 
 What did your Cardan [an Italian astronomer], and 
 your Ptolemy, your Messahalab, and your Longomontanus, 
 your harnwny of chiromancy with astrology? — W. Con- 
 greve. Love for Love, iv. (18.95). 
 
 Lonna, that is, Colonna, the most 
 southern point of Attica, called " Su- 
 nium's marbled steep." Here once stood 
 a temple to Minerva, called by Falconer, 
 in The Shipwreck, " Tritonia's sacred 
 fane." The ship Britannia struck 
 against "the cape's projecting verge," 
 and was wrecked. 
 
 Yes, at the dead of night, by Lonna's steep. 
 The seaman's cry was heard along the deep. 
 
 Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope, it (1799). 
 
 Loose-Coat Field. The battle of 
 Stamford (1470) was so called, because the 
 men led by lord Wells, being attacked by 
 the Yorkists, threw off their coats, that 
 thej r might flee the faster. 
 
 Cast off their country's coats, to haste their speed away. 
 Which "Loose-Coat Field'' is called e'en to this day. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii. (16:22). 
 
 Lo'pe de Vega (Felix), a Spanish 
 poet, born at Madrid. He was one of 
 those who came in the famous " Armada " 
 to invade England. Lope (2 syl.) wrote 
 altogether 1800 tragedies, comedies, 
 dramas, or religious pieces called autos 
 sacramentales (1562-1635). 
 
 Her memory was a mine. She knew by heart 
 All Calderon and greater part of Lope. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 11 (1819). 
 
 Lopez, the " Spanish curate." — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
 Curate (1622). 
 
 Lopez (Dun), a Portuguese nobleman, 
 the father of don Felix and donna 
 
 Isabella. — Mrs. Centlivre, The Wonder 
 (1714). 
 
 Lorbrul'grud, the capital of Brob- 
 dingnag. The word is humorously said 
 to mean " Pride of the Universe." — 
 Swift, Gulliver's Travels (" Voyage to 
 Brobdingnag," 1726). 
 
 Lord, a hunchback. (Greek, lordos, 
 " crooked.") 
 
 Lord Peter. The pope is so called in 
 Dr. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. 
 Swift, in his Tale of a Tub, introduces the 
 three brothers Peter, John, and Martin, 
 meaning the pope, Calvin, and Luther. 
 
 Lord Strutt. Charles II. of Spain 
 is so called by Dr. Arbuthnot, in his 
 History of John Bull (1712). 
 
 Every one must remember the paroxysm of rage into 
 which poor lord Strutt fell, on hearing that his runaway 
 servant Nic. Frog, his clothier John Bull, and his old 
 enemy Lewis Baboon, had come with quadrants, poles, 
 and ink-horns, to survey his estate, and to draw his will 
 for him.— Macaulay. 
 
 Lord Thomas and Annet had 
 a lovers' quarrel ; whereupon, lord 
 Thomas, in his temper, went and offered 
 marriage to the nut-brown maid who had 
 houses and lands. On the wedding day, 
 Annet went to the church, and lord 
 Thomas gave her a rose, but the nut- 
 brown maid killed her with a "bodkin 
 from her head-gear." Lord Thomas, see- 
 ing Annet fall, plunged his dagger into 
 the heart of the murderess, and then 
 stabbed himself. Over the graves of lord 
 Thomas and the fair Annet grew "a 
 bonny briar, and by this ye may ken that 
 they were lovers dear." In some ver- 
 sions of this story Annet is called 
 "Elinor." — Percy, Jieliques, etc., III. iii. 
 
 Lord of Crazy Castle, John Hall 
 Stevenson, author of Crazy Tales (in 
 verse). J. H. Stevenson lived at Skelton 
 Castle, which was nicknamed "Crazy 
 Castle" (1718-1783). 
 
 Lord of the Isles, Donald of Islay, 
 who in 1346 reduced the Hebrides under 
 his sway. The title of "lord of the 
 Isles" had been borne by others for 
 centuries before, was borne by Steven- 
 son's successors,, and is now one of the 
 titles of the prince of Wales. 
 
 Sir AY. Scott has a metrical romance 
 entitled The Lord of the Isles (1815). 
 
 Loredani (Giacomo), interpreter of 
 king Richard I.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Loreda'no (James), a Venetian 
 patrician, and one of the Council of 
 
LORENZO. 
 
 566 
 
 LOT. 
 
 Ten. Loredano -was the personal enemy 
 of the Fos'cari. — Byron, The Two Foscari 
 (1820). 
 
 Loren'zo, a young man with whom 
 Jes'sica, the daughter of the Jew Shy- 
 lock, elopes. — Shakespeare, The Merchant 
 of Venice (1698). 
 
 Lorenzo, an atheist and reprobate, 
 whose remorse ends in despair. — Dr. 
 Young, Night Thoughts (1742-6). 
 
 * + * Some affirm that Lorenzo is meant 
 for the poet's own son. 
 
 Lorenzo (Colonel), a young libertine in 
 Drvden's drama, The Spanish Fryar 
 (16*80). 
 
 Loretto (The House of). The Santa 
 Casa is the reputed house of the virgin 
 Mary at Nazareth. It was miraculously 
 translated to Fiume, in Dalmatia, in 
 1291, thence to Recana'ti in 1294, and 
 finally to Macera'ta, in Italy, to a plot of 
 land belonging to the lady Loretto. 
 
 Our house may have travelled through the air, like the 
 house of Loretto, for aught I care. — Goldsmith, The Good- 
 natured Man, iv. 1 (1768). 
 
 Loretto of Austria, Mariazel 
 ("Man' in the cell ''), in Styria. So called 
 from the miracle-working image of the 
 Virgin. The image is old and very ugly. 
 Two pilgrimages are made to it yearly. 
 
 Loretto of Switzerland. Ein- 
 siedlen, a village containing a shrine of 
 the " Black Lady of Switzerland." The 
 church is of black marble, and the image 
 of ebony. 
 
 Lorimer, one of the guard at Arden- 
 vohr Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of 
 Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Loriot, " the confidante and ser- 
 vante " of Louis XV. Loriot was the 
 inventor of lifts, by which tables de- 
 scended, and rose again covered with 
 viands and wines. 
 
 The shifting sideboard plays its humble part, 
 Beyond the triumphs of a Loriot's art 
 
 S. Rogers, Epistle to a Friend (1798). 
 
 Lorrna, wife of Erragon king of 
 Sora, in Scandinavia.- She fell in love 
 with Aldo, a Caledonian officer in the 
 king's army. The guilty pair escaped to 
 Morven, which Erragon forthwith in- 
 vaded. Erragon encountered Aldo in 
 single combat, and slew him ; was him- 
 self slain in battle by Gaul son of 
 Morni ; and Lorma died of grief. — Ossian, 
 The Battle of Lor a. 
 
 Lorn (M'Dougal of), a Highland 
 cLief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
 
 Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 
 
 Lorrequer (Harry), the hero and 
 title of a military novel by Charles 
 Lever. 
 
 Lor'rimite (3 syl.), a malignant 
 witch, who abetted and aided Ar'valan 
 in his persecutions of Kail'yal the beau- 
 tiful and holy daughter of Ladur'lad. — ■ 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, xi. (1809). 
 
 Lorry (Jarvis), one of the firm in 
 Tellson's bank, Temple Bar, and a 
 friend of Dr. Manette. Jarvis Lorry was 
 orderly, precise, and methodical, but 
 tender-hearted and affectionate. 
 
 He had a good leg, and was a little vain of it . . . and 
 his little sleek, crisp, flaxen wig looked as if it was spun silk. 
 . . . His face, habitually suppressed and quiet, was lighted 
 up by a pair of moist bright eyes. — C. Dickens, A Tale of 
 Two Cities, I 4 (1859). 
 
 Losberne (2 syl.), the medical man 
 called in by Mrs. May lie to attend Oliver 
 Twist, after the attempted burglary by 
 Bill Sikes and his associates. — C. Dickens, 
 Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Lost Island. Cephalo'nia is so 
 called, because "it was only by chance 
 that those who visited it could find it 
 again." It is sometimes called "The 
 Hidden Island." 
 
 Lot, consul of Londonesia, and after- 
 wards king of Norway. He was brother 
 of Urian and Augusel, and married Anne 
 (own sister of king Arthur), by whom he 
 had two sons, Walgan and Modred. — 
 Geoffrey, British History, viii. 21 ; ix. 9, 
 10 (1142). 
 
 * # * This account differs so widely 
 from that of Arthurian romance, that it 
 is not possible to reconcile them. In the 
 History of Prince Arthur, Lot king of 
 Orkney marries Margawse the " sister of 
 king Arthur" (pt. i. 2). Tennyson, in 
 his Gareth and Lynctte, says that Lot's 
 wife was Bellicent. Again, the sons of Lot 
 are called, in the History, Gaw'ain, Agra- 
 vain, Ga'heris, and Gareth ; Mordred is 
 their haif-brother, being the son of king 
 Arthur and the same mother. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 2, 35, 
 36 (1470). 
 
 Lot, king of Orkney. According to the 
 Morte d Arthur, king Lot's wife was 
 Margawse or Morgawse, sister of king 
 Arthur, and their sons were sir Gaw'ain, 
 sir Ag'ravain, sir Ga'heris, and sir 
 Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 36 (1470). 
 
 Once or twice Elain is called the wife 
 
LOT. 
 
 567 
 
 LOUIS IX. 
 
 of Lot, but this is a mistake. Elain was 
 Arthur's sister by the same mother, and 
 •was the wife of sir Nentres of Carlot. 
 Mordred was the sou of Morgawse by 
 her brother Arthur, and consequently 
 Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, and Gareth 
 were his half-brothers. 
 
 Lot, king of Orkney. According to 
 Tennyson, king Lot's wife was Bellicent, 
 daughter of Gorloi's lord of Tintag'il 
 Castle, in Cornwall, and Lot was the father 
 of Gaw'ain (2 syl.) and Modred. This 
 account differs entirely from the History 
 of Prince Arthur, by sir T. Malory. 
 There the wife of Lot is called Margawse 
 or Morgawse (Arthur's sister). Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth, on the other hand, calls 
 her Anne (Arthur's sister). The sons of 
 Lot, according to the History, were 
 Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, and Gareth ; 
 Modred or Mordred being the offspring of 
 Morgawse and Arthur. This ignoble 
 birth the History assigns as the reason of 
 Mordred's hatred to king Arthur, his adul- 
 terous father and uncle. Lot was sub- 
 dued by king Arthur, fighting on behalf 
 of Leodogran or Leodogrance king of 
 Cam'jeliard. — See Tennyson, Coming of 
 Artlmr. 
 
 Lot's Wife, Wahela, who was con- 
 federate with the men of Sodom, and 
 gave them notice when any stranger came 
 to lodge in the house. Her sign was 
 smoke by day and fire by night. Lot's 
 wife was turned into a pillar of salt. — 
 Jallalo'ddin, Al Zamakh. 
 
 Lotha'rio, a noble cavalier of Flo- 
 rence, the friend of Anselmo. Anselmo 
 induced him to put the fidelity of his 
 wife Camilla to the test, that he might 
 rejoice in her incorruptible virtue; but 
 Camilla was not trial-proof, and eloped 
 with Lothario. Anselmo then died of 
 grief, Lothario was slain in battle, and 
 Camilla died in a convent. — Cervantes, 
 Don Quixote, I. iv. 5, 6 ("Fatal Curiosity," 
 1G05). 
 
 Lothario, a young Genoese nobleman, 
 " haughty, gallant, gay, and perfidious." 
 He seduced Calista, daughter of Sciol'to 
 (3 syl.) a Genoese nobleman, and was 
 killed in a duel by Altamont the husband. 
 This is the "gay Lothario," which has 
 become a household word for a libertine 
 and male coquette. — N. Rowe, The Fair 
 Penitent (1703). 
 
 Is this the haughty, gallant, gay Lothario? 
 
 Rowe, The Fair Penitent. 
 
 *** The Fair Penitent is taken from 
 
 Massinger's Fatal Dowry, in which Lo- 
 thario is called "Novall, Junior." 
 
 Lothian (Scotland). So named from 
 Llew, second son of Arthur ; also called 
 Lotus and Lothus. Arthur's eldest son 
 was Urian, and his youngest Arawn. 
 
 *** In some legends, Lothian is made 
 the father of Modred or Medraut, leader 
 of the rebellious army which fought at 
 Camlan, a.d. 537, in which Arthur re- 
 ceived his death-wound ; but in Malory's 
 collection, called The History of Prince 
 Arthur, Modred is called the son of 
 Arthur by his own sister the wife of king 
 Lot. 
 
 Lotte (2 syl.), a 3 r oung woman of 
 strong affection and domestic winning 
 ways, the wife of Albert a young German 
 farmer. Werther loved Lotte when she 
 was only betrothed to Albert, and con- 
 tinued to love her after she became a 
 young wife. His mewling and puling 
 after this "forbidden fruit," which ter- 
 minates in suicide, make up the sum and 
 substance of the tale, which is told in 
 the form of letters addressed to divers 
 persons. — Goethe, Sorrows of Werther 
 (1774). 
 
 "Lotte" was Charlotte Buff, who 
 married Kestner, Goethe's friend, the 
 "Albert" of the novel. Goethe was in 
 love with Charlotte Buff, and her mar- 
 riage with Kestner soured the temper of 
 his over-sensitive mind. 
 
 Lotus-Eaters or Lotoph'agi, a people 
 who ate of the lotus tree, the effect, of 
 which was to make them forget *hcir 
 friends and homes, and to lose all desire 
 of returning to their native land. The 
 lotus-eater only cares to live in ease, 
 luxury, and {idleness. — Homer, Odyssey, 
 xi. 
 
 *** Tennyson has a poem called The 
 Lotos-Eaters, a set of islanders who live 
 in a dreamy idleness, weary of life, and 
 regardless of all its stirring events. 
 
 Louis, due d'Orle'ans. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Louis de Bourbon, the prince- 
 bishop of Liege [Le.age']. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Louis IX. The sum of the figures 
 which designate the birth-date of this 
 king will give his titular number. Thus, 
 he was born in 1215, the sum of which 
 figures is 9. This is true of several other 
 kings. The discovery might form an 
 occasional diversion on a dull evening. 
 (See Louis XIV. and XVIII.) 
 
LOUIS XI. 
 
 568 
 
 LOUISE. 
 
 Louis XI. of France, introduced by 
 sir W. Scott in two novels, Quentin Dur- 
 vard and Anne of Geierstein (time, Ed- 
 ward IV.). 
 
 %* In Quentin Durward he appears 
 first disguised as Maitre Pierre, a merchant. 
 
 .Louis XIII. of France, "infirm in 
 health, in mind more feeble, and Riche- 
 lieu's plaything." — Lord Lytton, Richelieu 
 (1839). 
 
 Louis XIV. It is rather remarkable 
 that the number 14 is obtained by adding 
 together the figures of his age at death, 
 the figures which make the date of his 
 coronation, and the figures of the date 
 of his death. For example : 
 
 Age 77, which added together=14. 
 
 Crowned lt>43, which add«d together = 14. 
 
 Died 1715, which added togcther=14. 
 
 Louis XIV. and La Valliere. Louis 
 XIV. fell in love with La Valliere, a 
 young lady in the queen's train. He 
 overheard the ladies chatting. One 
 said, ''How handsome looks the duke 
 de Guiche to-night ! " Another said, 
 " Well, to my taste, the graceful Gram- 
 mont bears the bell from all." A third 
 remarked, " But, then, that charming 
 Lauzun has so much wit." But La 
 Valliere said, " I scarcely marked them. 
 When the king is by, who can have eyes, 
 or ears, or thought for others ? " and when 
 the others chaffed her, she replied : 
 
 Who spoke of love? 
 The sunflower, gazing on the lord of henven, 
 Ajks but its sun to shine. Who spoke of love f 
 And who would wish the bright and lofty Louis 
 To stoop from glory f 
 
 Act i. 5. 
 
 Louis degraded this ethereal spirit into a 
 "soiled dove," and when she fled to aeon- 
 vent to quiet remorse, he fetched her out 
 and took her to Versailles. 'Wholly un- 
 able to appreciate such love as that "of La 
 Valliere, he discarded her for Mde. de 
 Montespan, and bade La Valliere marry 
 someone. She obeyed the selfish mon- 
 arch in word, by taking the veil of a Car- 
 melite nun. — Lord Lytton, The Duchess de 
 la Valliere (1836). 
 
 Louis XIV. and his Coach. It was 
 lord Stair and not the duke of Chester- 
 field whom the Grand Monarque com- 
 mended for his tact in entering the royal 
 carriage before his majesty, when politely 
 * bidden by him so to do. 
 
 Louis XVIII., nicknamed Des-hui- 
 tres, because he was a great feeder, like 
 all the Bourbons, and especially fond of 
 oysters. Of course the pun is on dixhuit 
 (18). 
 
 As in the case of Louis IX. (q.v.)-, the 
 sum of the figures which designate the 
 birth-date of Louis XVIII. give his 
 titular number. Thus, he was born 1755, 
 which added together equal 18. 
 
 Louis Philippe of France. It is 
 somewhat curious that the year of his 
 birth, or the year of the queen's birth, or 
 the 3 r ear of his flight, added to the year of 
 his coronation, will give the year 1848, 
 the date of his abdication. He was born 
 1773, his queen was born 1782, his flight 
 was in 1809 ; whence we get : 
 
 1830 1830 1830 year of coronation. 
 
 7 ihirth 7 V < ' ueen ' s 8 1 
 
 flight 
 
 1848 1848 1848 year of abdication. 
 
 (See Napoleon III. for a somewhat 
 similar coincidence.) 
 
 Louisa, daughter of don Jerome of 
 Seville, in love with don Antonio. Her 
 father insists on her marrying Isaac 
 Mendoza, a Portuguese Jew, and, as she 
 refuses to obey him, he determines to 
 lock her up in her chamber. In his blind 
 rage, he makes a great mistake, for he 
 locks up the duenna, and turns* his 
 daughter out of doors. Isaac arrives, is 
 introduced to the locked-up lady, elopes 
 with her, and marries her. Louisa takes 
 refuge in St Catherine's Convent, and 
 writes to her father for his consent to her 
 marriage with the man of her choice. As 
 don Jerome takes it for granted she 
 means Isaac the Jew, he gives his consent 
 freely. At breakfast-time it is dis- 
 covered by the old man that Isaac has 
 married the duenna, and Louisa dou 
 Antonio ; but don Jerome is well pleased 
 and fully satisfied. — Sheridan, The Duenna 
 (1775). 
 
 Mrs. Mattocks (1745-1826) was the 
 first "Louisa." 
 
 Louisa, daughter of Russet bailiff to 
 the duchess. She was engaged to Henry, 
 a private in the king's army. Hearing a 
 rumour of gallantry to the disadvantage 
 of her lover, she consented to put his 
 love to the test by pretending that she 
 was about to marry Simkin. When 
 Henry heard thereof, he gave himself up 
 as a deserter, and was condemned to 
 death. Louisa then went to the king to 
 explain the whole matter, and returned 
 with the young man's pardon just as the 
 muffled drums bes;an the death march. — 
 Dibdin, The Deserter (1770). 
 
 Louise (2 syl.), the glee-maiden.— 
 
LOUISE. 
 
 569 
 
 LOVE-CHASE. 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 Iiouise [de Lascours], wife of 
 
 Ralph captain of the Uran'ia, and mo- 
 ther of Martha (afterwards called Or- 
 gari'ta). Louise de Lascours sailed with 
 her infant daughter and her husband in 
 the Urania. Louise and the captain 
 were droAvned by the breaking up of an 
 iceberg ; but Martha was rescued by some 
 wild Indians, who brought her up, and 
 called her name Orgarita ("withered 
 wheat "). — E. Stirling, Orphan of the 
 Frozen Sea (1856). 
 
 Loupgarou, leader of the army of 
 giants in alliance with the Dipsodes 
 (2 syl.). As he threatened to make 
 mincemeat of Pantag'ruel, the prince 
 gave him a kick which overthrew him, 
 then, lifting him up by his ankles, he 
 u«ed him as a quarter-staff. Having 
 killed all the giants in the hostile army, 
 Pantagruel flung the body of Loungarou 
 on the ground, and, by so doing, crushed 
 a tom-cat, a tabby, a duck, and a 
 brindled goose. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
 29 (1533). 
 
 Louponheight {TJie young laird of), 
 at the trail at Middlemas.— Sir W. Scott, 
 The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George 
 
 Lourdis, an idiotic scholar of Sor- 
 bonne. 
 
 De la Sorbonne un Docteur amoureux 
 
 Disoit ung jour a sa dame rebelle : 
 
 " Je ne puis rien meriter de vous, belle" . . 
 
 Arsuio sic : " Si magister Lourdis 
 
 be sa I'atin meriter ne peut rien ; 
 
 Ergo ne peut meriter paradis, 
 
 Car, pour le nioins, paradis la vaut bien." 
 
 Marot, Epigram. 
 When Doctor Lourdis cried, in humble spirit, 
 The band of Kath'rine he could never merit, 
 " Then heaven to thee," said Kate, "can ne'er be given, 
 For less my worth, you must allow, than heaven," 
 
 Lourie {Tarn), the innkeeper at 
 Marchthorn. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ponan's 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Louvre {The), a corruption of lupara, 
 as it is called in old title-deeds. Pa- 
 gobert built here a hunting-box, the 
 nucleus of the present pile of buildings. 
 
 Louvre of St. Petersburg {The), 
 the Hermitage, an imperial museum. 
 
 Love, a drama by S. Knowles (1840). 
 The countess Catherine is taught by a 
 serf named ITuon who is her secretary, 
 and falls in love with him ; but her pride 
 struggles against such an unequal match. 
 The duke, her father, hearing of his 
 daughter's love, commands Iluon, on pain 
 
 of death, to marry Catherine a freed serf. 
 He refuses ; but the countess herself bids 
 him obey. He plights his troth to Ca- 
 therine, supposing it to be Catherine the 
 quondam serf, rushes to the wars, obtains 
 great honours, becomes a prince, and then 
 learns that the Catherine he has wed is the 
 duke's daughter. 
 
 Love, or rather affection, according to 
 Plato, is disposed in the liver. 
 
 Within, some say, Love hath his habitation ; 
 
 Not Cupid's self, but Cupid's better brother ; 
 For Cupid's self dwells with a lower nation. 
 
 But this, more sure, much chaster than the other. 
 Ph. Fletcher, The Purple Island (1633). 
 
 Love. " Man's love is of man's life 
 a thing apart ; 'tis woman's whole exist- 
 ence."- — Byron, Don Juan, i. 194 (1819). 
 
 Love. 
 
 It is better to have loved and lost, 
 Than never to have loved at all. 
 
 Tennyson, In Memoriam, xxvii. 
 
 Thomas Moore, in his Irish Melodies, 
 expresses an opposite opinion : 
 
 Better far to be 
 
 In endless darkness lying, 
 Than be in light and see 
 
 That light for ever flying. 
 
 A 11 that's Bright must Fad 
 
 Love. All for Love or the World Well 
 Lost, a tragedy by Dryden, on the same 
 subject as Shakespeare's Antony and 
 Cleopatra (1G79). 
 
 Love a-la-Mode, by C. Macklin 
 (1779). The " love a-la-mode" is that of 
 fortune-hunters. Charlotte Goodchild is 
 courted by a Scotchman "of ponderous 
 descent," an Italian Jew broker of great 
 fortune, and an Irishman in the Prussian 
 army. It is given out that Charlotte has 
 lost her money through the bankruptcy 
 of sir Theodore Goodchild, her guardian. 
 Upon this, the a-la-mode suitors with- 
 draw, and leave sir Callaghan O'Bral- 
 laghan, the true lover, master of the 
 situation. The tale about the bankruptcy 
 is of course a mere myth. 
 
 Love cannot Die. 
 
 They sin who tell us Love can die. 
 With life all other passions fly . . . 
 They perish where they have their birth • 
 
 But Love is indestructible. 
 Its hoiy flame for ever burnetii ; 
 From heaven it came, to heaven returneth . . ■ 
 
 It soweth here in toil and care; 
 But the harvest-time of Love is there. 
 
 Southey, Curse of Kelvima, x. 10 (lSOy). 
 
 Love-Chase {The), a drama by S. 
 Knowles (1837). Three lovers chased 
 three beloved ones with a view to mar- 
 riage. (1) Waller loves Lydia, lady's- 
 maid to Widow Green, but in reality the 
 sister of Trueworth. She quitted hom6 
 
LOVE DOCTOR. 
 
 570 
 
 LOVE-PRODUCERS. 
 
 W> avoid a hateful marriage, and took 
 •ervice for the nonce with Widow Green. 
 (2) Wildrake loves Constance, daughter 
 of sir William Fondlove. (3) Sir Wil- 
 liam Fondlove, aged 60, loves Widow 
 Green, aged 40. The difficulties to be 
 overcome were these : The social position 
 of Lydia galled the aristocratic pride of 
 Waller, but love won the day. Wild- 
 rake and Constance sparred with each 
 other, and hardly knew they loved till 
 it dawned upon them that each might 
 prefer some other, and then they felt 
 that the loss would be irreparable. 
 Widow Green set her heart on marrying 
 W T aller ; but as Waller preferred Lydia, 
 she accepted sir William for better or 
 worse. 
 
 Love Doctor {The), IS Amour Me- 
 decin, a comedy by Moliere (1665). 
 Lucinde, the daughter of Sganarelle, is 
 in love, and the father calls in four 
 doctors to consult upon the nature of 
 her malady. They see the patient, and 
 retire to consult together, but talk about 
 Paris, about their visits, about the topics 
 of the day ; and when the father enters 
 to know what opinion they have formed, 
 they all prescribe different remedies, and 
 pronounce different opinions. Lisette 
 then calls in a " quack " doctor (Cii- 
 tandre, the lover), who says that he must 
 act on the imagination, and proposes a 
 seeming marriage, to which Sganarelle 
 assents, saying, " Voila un grand me'de- 
 cin." The assistant being a notary, 
 Clitandre and Lucinde are formally mar- 
 ried. 
 
 *** This comedy is the basis of the 
 Quack Doctor, by Foote and Bickerstaff, 
 only in the English version Mr. Ailwood 
 is the patient. 
 
 Love in a Village, an opera by 
 Isaac Bickerstaff. It contains two plots : 
 the loves of Rosetta and young Meadows, 
 and the loves of Lucinda and Jack 
 Eustace. The entanglement is this : 
 Rosetta's father wanted her to marry 
 young Meadows, and sir William Meadows 
 wanted his son to marry Rosetta ; but as 
 the young people had never seen each 
 other, they turned restive and ran away. 
 It so happened that both took service 
 with justice Woodcock — Rosetta as 
 chamber-maid, and Meadows as gardener. 
 Here <hey fell in love with each other, 
 and ultimately married, to the delight of 
 all concerned. The other part of the 
 plot is this : 
 
 Lucinda was the daughter of justice 
 
 Woodcock, and fell in love with Jack 
 Eustace while nursing her sick mother, 
 who died. The justice had never seen 
 the young man, but resolutely forbade 
 the connection ; whereupon Jack Eustace 
 entered the house as a music-master, 
 and, by the kind offices of friends, all 
 came right at last. 
 
 Love Makes a Man, a comedy 
 concocted by Colley Cibber by welding 
 together two of the comedies of Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, viz., the Elder Brother and 
 the Custom of the Country. Carlos, a 
 young student (son of Antonio), sees 
 Angelina, the daughter of Charino, and 
 falls in love with her. His character 
 instantly changes, and the modest, diffi- 
 dent bookworm becomes energetic, manly, 
 and resolute. Angelina is promised by 
 her father to Clodio a coxcomb, the 
 younger brother of Carlos ; but the 
 student elopes with her. They are taken 
 captives, but meet after several adven- 
 tures, and become duly engaged. Clodio, 
 who goes in search of the fugitives, meets 
 with Elvira, to whom he engages himself, 
 and thus leaves the field open to his 
 brother Carlos. 
 
 Love-Producers. 
 
 It is a Basque superstition that yellow 
 hair in a man is irresistible with women ; 
 hence every woman who set eyes on 
 Ezkabi Fidel, the golden-haired, fell in 
 love with him. 
 
 It is a West Highland superstition that 
 a beauty spot cannot be resisted ; hence 
 Diarmaid inspired masterless love by a 
 beauty spot. 
 
 In Greek fable, a cestus worn by a 
 woman inspired love ; hence Aphrodite 
 was irresistible on account of her cestus. 
 
 In the Middle Ages, love-powders were 
 advertised for sale ; and a wise senator 
 of Venice was not ashamed to urge on 
 his reverend brethren, as a fact, that 
 Othello had won the love of Desdemona 
 "by foul charms," drugs, minerals, 
 spells, potions of mountebanks, or some 
 dram "powerful o'er the blood" to 
 awaken love. 
 
 Theocritos and Virgil have both intro- 
 duced in their pastorals women using 
 charms and incantations to inspire or 
 recover the affection of the opposite sex. 
 
 Gay, in the Shepherd's Week, makes 
 the mistress of Lubberkin spend all her 
 money in buying a love-powder. Frois- 
 sart says that Gaston, son of the count 
 de Foix, received a bag of powder from 
 his uncle (Charles the Bad) for restoring 
 
LOVE'S LABOUR'S LOST. 
 
 571 
 
 LOVEL. 
 
 the love of his father to his mother. 
 The love of Tristram and Ysold is at- 
 tributed to their drinking on their 
 journey a love-potion designed for king 
 Mark, the intended husband of the fair 
 princess. 
 
 An Irish superstition is that if a lover 
 will run a hair of the object beloved 
 through the fleshy part of a dead man's 
 leg, the person from whom the hair was 
 taken will go mad with love. 
 
 We are told that Charlemagne was be- 
 witched by a ring, and that he followed 
 any one who possessed this ring as a 
 needle follows a loadstone (see p. 177). 
 
 %* To do justice to this subject would 
 require several pages, and all that can be 
 done here is to give a few brief hints and 
 examples. 
 
 Love's Labcmr's Lost. Ferdinand 
 king of Navarre, with three lords named 
 Biron, Dumain, and Longaville, agreed to 
 spend three years in study, during which 
 time no woman was to approach *the 
 court. Scarcely had they signed the 
 compact, when the princess of France, 
 attended by Rosaline, Maria, and Katha- 
 rine, besought an interview respecting 
 certain debts said to be due from the 
 king of France to the king of Navarre. 
 The four gentlemen fell in love with the 
 four ladies : the king with the princess, 
 Biron with Rosaline, Longaville with 
 Maria, and Dumain with Katharine. In 
 order to carry their suits, the four gentle- 
 men, disguised as Muscovites, presented 
 themselves before the ladies ; but the 
 ladies, being warned of the masquerade, 
 disguised themselves also, so that the 
 gentlemen in every case addressed the 
 wrong lady. However, it was at length 
 arranged that the suits should be de- 
 ferred for twelve months and a day ; and 
 if, at the expiration of that time, they 
 remained of the same mind, the matter 
 should be taken into serious considera- 
 tion. — Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost 
 (1594). 
 
 Loves of the Angels, the stories 
 of three angels, in verse, by T. Moore 
 (1822). The stories are founded on the 
 Eastern tale of Harut and Marut, and the 
 rabbinical fictions of the loves of Uzziel 
 and SkamchazaL 
 
 1. The first angel fell in love with Lea, 
 whom he saw bathing. She returned love 
 for love, but his love was carnal, hers 
 heavenly. He loved the woman, she 
 loved the angel. One day, the angel told 
 her the spell-word which opens the gates 
 
 of heaven. She pronounced it, and rose 
 through the air into paradise, while the 
 angel became imbruted, being no longer 
 an angel of light, but "of the earthj 
 earthy." 
 
 2. The second angel was Rubi, one of 
 the seraphs. He fell in love with Liris, 
 who asked him to come in all his celestial 
 glory. He did so ; and she, rushing into 
 his arms, was burnt to death ; but the 
 kiss she gave him became a brand on his 
 face for ever. 
 
 3. The third angel was Zaraph, who 
 loved Nama. It was Nama's desire to 
 love without control, and to love holily ; 
 but as she fixed her love on a creature, 
 and not on the Creator, both she and 
 Zaraph were doomed to live among the 
 things that perish, till this mortal is 
 swallowed up of immortality, when Nama 
 and Zaraph will be admitted into the 
 realms of everlasting love. 
 
 Love's White Star, the planet 
 Venus, which is silvery white. 
 
 Till every daisy slept, and Love's white star 
 Beamed thro' the thickened cedar in the dusk. 
 
 Tennyson, The Gardener's Daughter. 
 
 Loved. Who ever loved that loved 
 not at first sight? — Marlowe, Hero and 
 Leander (1637). 
 
 Lovegold, the miser, an old man of 
 60, who wants to marry Mariana, his 
 son's sweetheart. In order to divert him 
 from this folly, Mariana pretends to be 
 very extravagant, and orders a necklace 
 and ear-rings for £3000, a petticoat and 
 gown from a fabric £12 a yard, and besets 
 the house with duns. Lovegold gives 
 £2000 to be let off the bargain, and 
 Mariana marries the son. — A. Fielding, 
 The Miser (a rechauffe' of L'Avare, by 
 Molicre). 
 
 John Emery [3777-1822] made his first appearance at 
 Covent Garden Theatre in the year 17H8, in very opposite 
 characters, "Frank Oakland" in A Cure for the Heart- 
 ache [by Morton |, and in "Lovegold." In both which 
 parts he obtained great applause. — Memoir (1822). 
 
 Love'good (2 s///.), uncle to Valen- 
 tine the gallant who will not be per- 
 suaded to keep his estate. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, Wit without Honey (1G39). 
 
 Lovel, once the page of lord Beau- 
 fort, in love with lady Frances ; but he 
 concealed his love because young Beau- 
 fort "cast his affections first upon the 
 lady." — Murphy, The Citizen (1757). 
 
 Lovel (Lord), the bridegroom who lost 
 his bride on the wedding day from play- 
 ing hide-and-seek. The lady hid in an 
 old oak chest, the lid of which fell on 
 her and closed with a spring-lock. Many 
 
LOVEL. 
 
 LOVELY OBSCURE. 
 
 years afterwards the chest was sold, and 
 the skeleton of the maiden revealed the 
 mystery of her disappearance. — T, H. 
 Bayley, The Mistletoe Bough. 
 
 Samuel Ropers has introduced this 
 story in his Italy (pt. i. 18, 1822). He 
 says the hride was Ginevra, only child of 
 Orsini " an indulgent father;" and that 
 the bridegroom was Francesco Doria, "her 
 playmate from birth, and her first love." 
 The cheat, he says, was an heirloom, 
 " richly carved by Antony of Trent, with 
 Scripture stories from the life of Christ." 
 It came from Venice, and had "held the 
 ducal robes of some old ancestor." After 
 the accident, Francesco, weary of life, 
 flew to Venice, and "flung his life away 
 in battle with the Turk ; " Orsini went 
 deranged, and spent the life-long day 
 "wandering in quest of something he 
 could not find." It was fifty years after- 
 wards that the skeleton was discovered in 
 the chest. 
 
 Collet, in his Relics of Literature, gives 
 a similai story. 
 
 In the Causes Ce'lebres is another ex- 
 ample. 
 
 A similar story is attached to Harwell 
 Old Hall, once the residence of the Sey- 
 mours, and subsequently of the Dacre 
 familv, and "the very chest is now the 
 property of the Rev. J. Haygarth, rector 
 of Upham." — Post-Office Directory . 
 
 The same tale is told of a chest in 
 Bramshall, Hampshire ; and also of a 
 chest in the great house at Malsanger, 
 near Basingstoke. 
 
 Lovel (Lord), in Clara Reeve's tale 
 called The Old English Baron, appears as 
 a ghost in the obscurity of a dim religious 
 light (1777). 
 
 Lovel (Peregrine), a wealthy commoner, 
 who suspects his servants of wasting his 
 Bubstance in riotous living ; so, giving out 
 that he is going down to his country seat 
 in Devonshire, he returns in the disguise 
 of an Essex bumpkin, and places himself 
 under the care of Philip, the butler, to be 
 taught the duties of a .gentleman's ser- 
 vant. Lovel finds that Philip has invited 
 a large party to supper, that the servants 
 assembled assume the titles and airs of 
 their masters and mistresses, and that the 
 best wines of the cellar are set before 
 them. In the midst of the banquet, he 
 appears before the party in his real cha- 
 ractei, breaks up the revel, and dismisses 
 all the household except Tom, whom he 
 places in charge of the cellar and plate. — 
 
 Rev. J. Townley, High Life Below Stairs 
 (1759). 
 
 Lovel (William), the hero of a German 
 novel so called, by Ludwig Tieck (1773- 
 185o). (See Lovell.) 
 
 Lovelace (2 syl.), the chief male cha- 
 racter in Richardson's novel of Clarissa 
 Harlowe. He is rich, proud, and crafty ; 
 handsome, brave, and gay ; the most un- 
 scrupulous but finished libertine ; always 
 self-possessed, insinuating, and polished 
 (1749). 
 
 " Lovelace " is as great an improvement on " Lothario," 
 from which it was drawn, as Kowe's hero fin the Fair 
 Penitent] had been on the vulgar rake of Massinger.— 
 £ncyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 
 
 Lovelace (2 syL), a young aristocrat, 
 who angles with flattery for the daughter 
 of Mr. Drugget, a rich London trades- 
 man. He fools the vulgar tradesman to 
 the top of his bent, and stands well with 
 him ; but, being too confident of his in- 
 fluence, demurs to the suggestion of the 
 old man to cut two fine yew trees at the 
 head of the carriage drive into a Gog and 
 Magog. Drugget is intensely angry, 
 throws off the young man, and gives his 
 daughter to a Mr. Woodley. — A. Murphy, 
 Three Weeks after Marriage. 
 
 Loveless (The Elder), suitor to "The 
 Scornful Lady " (no name given). 
 
 The Younger Loveless, a prodigai. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Scornful 
 Lady (1616). 
 
 Loveless (Edward), husband of Amanda. 
 He pays undue attention to Berinthia, 
 a handsome young widow, his wife's 
 cousin ; but, seeing the folly of his con- 
 duct, he resolves in future to devote him- 
 self to his wife with more fidelity. — 
 . Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 
 
 Lovell (Benjamin), a banker, proud 
 of his ancestry, but with a weakness for 
 gambling. 
 
 Elsie Lovell, his daughter, in love with 
 Victor Orme the poor gentleman. — 
 Wybert Reeve, Parted. 
 
 Lovell (Lord). Sir Giles Overreach 
 fully expected that his lordship would 
 marry his daughter Margaret ; but he 
 married lady Allworth, and assisted Mar- 
 garet in marrying Tom Allworth, the man 
 of her choice. (See Lovel.) — Massinger, 
 A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1628). 
 
 Lovely Obscure ( The), Am'adis of 
 Gaul. Same as Belten'ebros. 
 
 The great Am&dis, when he assumed the name of " Ttie 
 Lovely Obscure," dwelt either eight years or eight months, 
 I forget which, upon a naked rock, doing penaiict tv 
 
LOVEMORE. 
 
 573 
 
 LOVERS, ETC. 
 
 some unklndness shown him hy the lady Oria'na. [The 
 rock is culled " The Pocr Jiock."}— Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, I. ill 1 (1605). 
 
 Love'more (2 syl.), a man fond of 
 gaiety and pleasure, who sincerely loves 
 his wife ; but, rinding his home dull, and 
 that his wife makes no effort to relieve 
 its monotony, seeks pleasure abroad, and 
 treats his wife Avith cold civility and 
 formal politeness. He is driven to in- 
 trigue, but, being brought to see its folly, 
 acknowledges his faults, and his wife re- 
 solves "to try to keep him" by making 
 his home more livelj r and agreeable. 
 
 Mrs. Lovemore (2 syl.), wife of Mr. 
 Lovemore, who finds if " she would keep 
 her husband " to herself, it is not enough 
 to " be a prudent manager, careless of her 
 own comforts, not much given to plea- 
 sure ; grave, retired, and domestic ; to 
 govern her household, pay the trades- 
 men's bills, and love her husband ; " but 
 to these must be added some effort to 
 please and amuse him, and to make his 
 home bright and agreeable to him. — A. 
 Murphy, The Way to Keep Him (17G0). 
 
 Lovers (Romantic). The favourites 
 of distinguished men : 
 
 Aristotle and Hepyllis. 
 
 Boccaccio and Fiammetta [Maria 
 daughter of Robert of Naples] . 
 
 Burns and Highland Mary [either 
 Mary Campbell or Mary Robinson] . 
 
 Byron and Teresa [Guiccioli] . 
 
 Catullus and the lady Clodia called 
 " Lesbia." 
 
 Charles II. of England and Barbara 
 Villiers [duchess of Cleveland] ; Louise 
 Rene'e de Kerouaille [duchess of Ports- 
 mouth] ; and Nell Gwynne. 
 
 Charles VII. of France and Agnes 
 Sorel. 
 
 Cid ( The) and the fair Ximena, after- 
 wards his wife. 
 
 Dante and Beatrice [Portinari], 
 
 Epicurus and Leontium. 
 
 Francois I. and la duchesse d'Etampes 
 [JMfe. # Hetty]. 
 
 George I. and the duchess of Kendal 
 [Erangard Melrose de Schulemberg] . 
 
 George II. and Mary Howard duchess 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 George III. and the fair quakeress 
 [Hannah Lightfoot], 
 
 George IV. and Mrs. Marv Darby 
 Robinson called "Perdiita" (1758-1800) ; 
 Mrs. Fitzherbert, to whom he was pri- 
 vatety married in 1785 ; and the countess 
 of Jersey. 
 
 Goethe and the frau von Stein. 
 
 Hatjington, the poet, and Castara 
 
 [Liccy Herbert, daughter of lord Powis], 
 afterwards his wife. 
 
 Hazlitt and Sarah Walker. 
 
 Henri II. and Diane de Poitiers. 
 
 Henri IV. and La Belle Gabrielle 
 [d'Estre'es]. 
 
 Henry II. and the fair Rosamond 
 [Jane Clifford']. 
 
 Horace and Lesbia. 
 
 Johnson (Dr.) and Mrs. Thrale. 
 
 Lamartine and Elvire the Creole girl. 
 
 Louis XIV. and Mdlle. de la Valliere ; 
 Mde. de Montespan ; Mdlle. de Fontage. 
 
 Lovelace and the divine Althea, also 
 called Lucasta [Lucy Sacheverell], 
 
 Mirabeau and Mde. Nehra. 
 
 Nelson and lady Hamilton. 
 
 Pericles and Aspasia. 
 
 Petrarch and Laura [wife of Hugues 
 de Sade]. 
 
 Plato and Archianassa. 
 
 Prior and Chloe or Cloe the cobbler's 
 wife of Linden Grove. 
 
 Raphael, and La Fornarina the ba- 
 ker's daughter. 
 
 Rousseau and Julie [la comtcsse 
 (THoudctot] . 
 
 Scarron and Mde. Maintenon, after- 
 wards his wife. 
 
 Sidney and Stella [Penelope Devereux], 
 
 Spenser and Rosalind [Rose Lynde, 
 of Kent] . 
 
 Sterne (in his old age) and Eliza [Mrs, 
 Draper] . 
 
 Stesechoros and Himera. 
 
 Surrey (Henry Howard, earl of) and 
 Geraldine, who married the earl of Lin- 
 coln. (See Geraldine.) 
 
 Swift and (1) Stella [Hester Johnson]] 
 (2) Vanessa [Esther Vanhomrigh]. 
 
 Tasso and Leonora or Eleanora 
 [d'Este], 
 
 Theocritos and Myrto. 
 
 Waller and Sacharissa [lady Dorothea 
 Sidney] . 
 
 William IV. as duke of Clarence 
 and Mrs. Jordan [Dora Bland], 
 
 Wolsey and Mistress Winter. 
 
 Wyat and Anna [Anne Boleyn] , purely 
 platonic. 
 
 Lovers Struck by Lightning, 
 John Hewit and Sarah Drew of Stanton 
 Harcourt, near Oxford (July 31, 1718). 
 Gay gives a full description of the inci- 
 dent in one of his letters. On the morn- 
 ing that they obtained the consent of 
 their parents to the match, they went 
 together into a field to gather wild 
 flowers, when a thunderstorm overtook 
 them and both were killed. Pope wrote 
 their epitaph. 
 
LOVERS' LEAP. 
 
 574 
 
 LUBAR. 
 
 *** Probably Thomson had this in- 
 cident in view in his tale of Celadon and 
 Amelia. — See Seasons ("Summer," 1727). 
 
 Lovers' Leap. The leap from the 
 Leuca'dian promontory into the sea. This 
 promontory is in the island of Leucas or 
 Leucadia, in the Ionian Sea. Sappho 
 threw herself therefrom when she found 
 her love for Phaon was not requited. 
 
 A precipice on the Guadalhorce (4 syl.), 
 from which Manuel and Laila cast them- 
 selves, is also called " The Lovers' Leap." 
 (See Laila.) 
 
 Lovers' Vows, altered from Kotze- 
 bue's drama by Mrs. Inchbald (1800). 
 Baron Wildenhaim, in his youth, seduced 
 Agatha Friburg, and then forsook her. 
 She had a son Frederick, who in due 
 time became a soldier. While on fur-* 
 lough, he came to spend his time with 
 his mother, and found her reduced to 
 abject poverty and almost starved to 
 death. A poor cottager took her in, 
 while Frederick, who had no money, 
 went to beg charity. Count Wildenhaim 
 was out with his gun, and Frederick 
 asked alms of him. The count gave him 
 a shilling; Frederick demanded more, 
 and, being refused, seized the baron by 
 the throat. The keepers soon came up, 
 collared him, and put him in the castle 
 dungeon. Here he was visited by the 
 chaplain, and it came out that the count 
 was his father. The chaplain being ap- 
 pealed to, told the count the only repara- 
 tion he could make would be to marry 
 Agatha and acknowledge the young soldier 
 to be his son. This advice he followed, 
 and Agatha Friburg, the beggar, became 
 the baroness Wildenhaim of Wildenhaim 
 Castle. 
 
 Love'rule (Sir John), a very pleasant 
 gentleman, but wholly incapable of ruling 
 his wife, who led him a miserable dance. 
 
 Lady Loverule, a violent termagant, 
 who beat her servants, scolded her hus- 
 band, and kept her house in constant hot 
 water, but was reformed by Zakel Jobson 
 the cobbler. (See Devil to Pay.) — C. 
 Coffey, The Devil to Fay (died 1745). 
 
 Love'well, the husband of Fanny 
 Sterling, to whom he has been clandes- 
 tinely married for four months. — Colman 
 and Gar rick, The Clandestine Marriage 
 (1766). 
 
 Loving-Land, a place where Neptune 
 held his " nymphall " or feast given to 
 the sea-nymphs. 
 
 [ffe] hia Tritons made proclaim, a nympliall to be held 
 In honour of himself in Loving-land, where he 
 The most selected nymphs appointed had to be. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xx. (1622). 
 
 Lovinski (Baron), the friend of 
 prince Lupauski, under whose charge the 
 princess Lodois'ka (4 syl.) is placed during 
 a war between the Poles and the Tartars. 
 Lovinski betrays his trust by keeping 
 the princess a virtual prisoner because 
 she will not accept him as a lover. The 
 count Floreski makes his way into the 
 castle, and the baron seeks to poison him, 
 but at this crisis the Tartars invade the 
 castle, the baron is slain, and Floreski 
 marries the princess. — J. P. Kemble, 
 Lodoiska (a melodrame). 
 
 Low-Heels and High-Heels, 
 
 two factions in Lilliput. The High-heels 
 were opposed to the emperor, who wore 
 low heels and employed Low-heels in 
 his cabinet. Of course the Low-heels 
 are the whigs and low-church party, and 
 the lligh-heels the tories and high-church 
 party. (See Big-endians.) — Swift, 
 Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 
 1727). 
 
 Lowestoffe (Reginald), a young 
 Templar. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
 Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Lowther (Jack), a smuggler. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
 
 Loyal Subject ('The), Archas 
 general of the Muscovites, and the father 
 of colonel Theodore. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 
 
 Loyale Epee (La), "the honest 
 soldier," marshal de MacMahon (1808, 
 president of France from 1873 to 1879, 
 died ). 
 
 Loys de Dreux, a young Breton 
 nobleman, who joined the Druses, and 
 was appointed their prefect. 
 
 Loys (2 syl.) the boy stood on the leading prow, 
 Conspicuous in his gay attire. 
 
 Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, I. 
 
 Luath (2 syl.), Cuthullin's "swift- 
 footed hound." — Ossian, Fingal, ii. 
 
 Fingal had a dog called "Luath" and 
 another called "Bran." 
 
 In Robert Burns's poem, called The Tvca 
 Dogs, the poor man's dog which repre- 
 sents the peasantry is called " Luath," 
 and the gentleman's dog is " Caesar." 
 
 Lubar, a river of Ulster, which flows 
 between the two mountains Cromleach 
 and Crommal. — Ossian. 
 
LUBBER-LAND. 
 
 575 
 
 LUCINDA. 
 
 Lubber-Land or Cockagne (2 syL), 
 London. 
 
 The golden age was represented In the same ridiculous 
 . . mode of description as the Pays de la Cocaine of the 
 French minstrels, or the popular ideas of " Lubber-land" 
 In England.— Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Lucan (Sir), sometimes called " sir 
 Lucas," butler of king Arthur, and a 
 knight of the Round Table.— Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur (" Lu- 
 can," ii. ICO ; " Lucas," ii. 78 ; 1470). 
 
 Lucasta, whom Richard Lovelace 
 celebrates, was Lucy Sacheverell. (Lucy- 
 casta or Lux casta, " chaste light.") 
 
 Lucentio, son of Vicentio of Pisa. 
 He marries Bianca sister of Katharina 
 " the Shrew " of Padua. — Shakespeare, 
 Taming of the Shrew (1594). 
 
 Lucetta, waiting- woman of Julia the 
 lady-love of Protheus (one of the heroes 
 of the play). — Shakespeare, The Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 
 
 Lu'eia, daughter of Lucius (one of 
 the friends of Cato at Utica, and a mem- 
 ber of the mimic senate). Lucia was 
 loved by both the sons of Cato, but she 
 preferred the more temperate Porcius to 
 the vehement Marcus. Marcus being slain, 
 left the field open to the elder brother. — 
 Addison, Cato (1713). 
 
 Lu'eia, in The Cheats of Scapin, Otway's 
 version of Les Fourberies de Scapin, by 
 Moliere. Lucia, in Moliere's comedy, is 
 called " Zerbinette ; " her father Thrifty 
 is called "Argante;" her brother Octa- 
 vian is " Octave ; " and her sweetheart 
 Leander son of Gripe is called by 
 Moliere " Leandre son of Ge'ronte " (2 
 syL). 
 
 Lucia (St.). Struck on St. Lucia's 
 thorn, on the rack, in torment, much 
 perplexed and annoj'ed. St. Lucia was 
 a virgin martyr, put to death at Syracuse 
 in 304. Her fete-day is December 13. 
 The "thorn " referred to is in reality the 
 point of a sword, shown in all paintings 
 of the saint, protruding through the neck. 
 
 If I don't recruit ... I shall be struck upon St. Lucia's 
 thorn.— Cervantes, Bon Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615). 
 
 Lucia di Lammermoor, called 
 by sir W. Scott " Lucy Ashton," sister of 
 lord Henry Ashton of Lammermoor. In 
 order to retrieve the broken fortune of 
 the family, lord Henry arranged a mar- 
 riage between his sister and lord Arthur 
 Bucklaw, alias Frank Hayston laird of 
 Bucklaw. Unknown to the brother, 
 Edgardo (Edgar) master of Ravenswood 
 (wh)se family had long had a feud with 
 
 the Lammermoors) was betrothed to 
 Lucy. While Edgardo was absent in 
 France, Lucia (Lucy) is made to believe 
 that he is unfaithful to her, and in her 
 temper she consents to marry the laird of 
 Bucklaw, but on the wedding night she 
 stabs him, goes mad, and dies. — Donizetti, 
 Lucia di Lammermoor (an opera, 1835) ; 
 sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Lueia'na, sister of Adrian 'a. She 
 marries Antipholus of Syracuse. — Shake- 
 speare, Comedy of Errors (1593). 
 
 Lu'cida, the lady-love of sir Ferra- 
 mont. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 5 
 (1596). 
 
 Lucifer is described by Dante as a 
 huge giant, with three faces : one red, 
 indicative of anger ; one yellow, indicative 
 of envy ; and one black, indicative of 
 melancholy. Between his shoulders, the 
 poet says, there shot forth two enormous 
 wings, without plumage, " in texture 
 like a bat's." With these "he flapped 
 i' the air," and " Cocy'tus to its depth 
 was frozen." "At six eyes he wept," 
 and at every mouth he champed a sinner. 
 —Dante, Hell, xxxiv. (1301). 
 
 Lucif'era (Pride), daughter of Pluto 
 and Proser'pma. Her usher was Vanity. 
 Her chariot was drawn by six different 
 beasts, on each of which was seated 
 one of the queen's counsellors. The 
 foremost beast was an ass, ridden by 
 Idleness who resembled a monk ; paired 
 with the ass was a swine, on which rode 
 Gluttony clad in vine leaves. Next 
 came a goat, ridden by Lechery arrayed 
 in green ; paired with the goat was a 
 camel, on which rode Avarice in thread- 
 bare coat and cobbled shoes. The next 
 beast was a wolf, bestrid by Envy 
 arrayed in a kirtle full of eyes ; and 
 paired with the wolf was a lion, bestrid 
 by Wrath in a robe all blood-stained. 
 The coachman of the team was Satan. 
 
 Lo ! underneath her scornful feet was lain 
 A dreadful dragon, with a hideous train ; 
 And in her hand she held a mirror bright. 
 Wherein her face she often viewed fain. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590). 
 
 Lucinda, the daughter of opulent 
 parents, engaged in marriage to Car- 
 denio, a young gentleman of similar rank 
 and equal opulence. Lucinda was, how- 
 ever, promised by her father in marriage 
 to don Fernando, youngest son of the 
 duke Ricardo. When the wedding day 
 arrived, the young lady fell into a swoon, 
 and a letter informed don Fernando that 
 
LUCINDA. 
 
 576 
 
 LUCIUS TIBERIUS. 
 
 the bride was married already to Car- 
 denio. Next day, she left the house 
 privately, and took refuge in a convent, 
 whence she was forcibly abducted by don 
 Fernando. Stopping at an inn, the party 
 found there Dorothea the wife of don 
 Fernando, and Cardenio the husband of 
 Lucinda, and all things arranged them- 
 selves satisfactorily to the parties con- 
 cerned. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 
 (1605). 
 
 Lucin'da, the bosom friend of Rosetta ; 
 merry, coquettish, and fit for any fun. 
 She is the daughter of justice Woodcock, 
 and falls in love with Jack Eustace, 
 against her father's desire. Jack, who is 
 unknown to the justice, introduces him- 
 self into the house as a music-master ; 
 and sir William Meadows induces the 
 old man to consent to the marriage of 
 the young people. — I. Bickerstaff, Love 
 in a Village. 
 
 Lucinda, referred to by the poet Thom- 
 son in his Spring, was Lucy Fortescue, 
 daughter of Hugh Fortescue of Devon- 
 shire, and wife of lord George Lyttelton. 
 
 O Lyttelton . . . 
 
 Courting the Muse, thro" Hagley Park thou strayst . . . 
 
 Perhaps thy loved Lucinda shares thy walk, 
 
 With soul to thine attuned. 
 
 Thomson, The Seasons (" Spring," 1728). 
 
 Lucinde (2 syL), daughter of Sgana- 
 relle. As she has lost her spirit and 
 appetite, her father sends for four physi- 
 cians, who all differ as to the nature of 
 the malady and the remedy to be applied. 
 Lisette (her waiting-woman) sends in the 
 mean time for Clitandre, the lover of 
 Lucinde, who comes under the guise of a 
 mock doctor. He tells Sganarelle the 
 disease of the young lady must be reached 
 through the imagination, and prescribes 
 the semblance of a marriage. As his 
 assistant is in reality a notary, the mock 
 marriage turns out to be a real one. — 
 Moliere, V Amour Mc'deoin (1665). 
 
 Lucinde (2 syL), daughter of Ge'ronte 
 (2 syL). Her father wanted her to marry 
 Horace ; but as she was in love with 
 Le'andrc, she pretended to have lost 
 the power of articulate speech, to avoid a 
 marriage which she abhorred. Sgana- 
 relle, the faggot-maker, was introduced 
 as a famous dumb doctor, and soon saw 
 the state of affairs ; so he took with him 
 Leandre as an apothecary, and the young 
 lady received a perfect cure from " pills 
 matrimoniac." — Moliere, Le Me'decin 
 Malgre'Lui (1666). 
 
 IiU'cio, a fantastic, not absolutely 
 
 bad, but vicious and dissolute. He is 
 unstable, " like a wave of the sea, driven 
 by the wind and tossed," and has- no 
 restraining principle. — Shakespeare, Mea- 
 sure for Measure (1603). 
 
 Lucip'pe (3 syt.), a woman attached 
 to the suite of the princess Calis (sister of 
 Astorax king of Paphos). — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1618). 
 
 Lu'cius, son of Coillus ; a mythical 
 king of Britain. Geoffrey says he sent a 
 letter to pope Eleutherius (177-193) de- 
 siring to be instructed in the Christian 
 religion, whereupon the pope sent over 
 Dr. Faganus and Dr. Duvanus for the 
 purpose. Lucius was baptized, and 
 "people from all countries" with him. 
 The pagan temples in Britain were con- 
 verted into churches, the archflamens into 
 archbishops, and the flamens into bishops. 
 So there were twenty-eight bishops and 
 three archbishops. — British History, iv. 
 19 (1470). 
 
 He oui flamens' seats who turned to bishops' sees, 
 Great Lucius, that good king to whom we chiefly owe 
 This happiness we have — Christ crucified to know. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viiL (1612). 
 
 Nennius says that king Lucius was 
 baptized in 167 by Evaristus; but this is 
 a blunder, as Evaristus lived a century 
 before the date mentioned. 
 
 The archflamens were those of London, 
 York, and Newport (the City of Legions 
 or Caerleon-on-Usk). 
 
 Drayton calls the two legates " Fugatius 
 and St. Damian." 
 
 Those goodly Romans . . . who . . . 
 
 Won good "king Lucius first to embrace the Christian 
 
 faith : 
 Fugatius and his friend St. Damian . . . 
 . . . have their remembrance here. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 After baptism, St. Lucius abdicated, 
 and became a missionary in Switzerland, 
 where he died a martyr's death. 
 
 Lucius (Caius), general of the Roman 
 forces in Britain in the reign of king 
 Cym'beline (3 syl.). — Shakespeare, Cyrn- 
 beline (1605). 
 
 Lucius Tiberius, general of the 
 Roman army, who wrote to king Arthur, 
 commanding him to appear at Rome to 
 make satisfaction for the conquests he 
 had made, and to -eceive such punish- 
 ment as the senate might think proper to 
 pass on him. This letter induced Arthur 
 to declare war with Rome. So, com- 
 mitting the care of government to his 
 nephew Modred, he marched to Lyonaise 
 (in Gaul), where he won a complet 
 victory, and left Lucius dead on the field. 
 
LUCRETIA. 
 
 5?7 
 
 LUCY. 
 
 He now started for Rome ; but being told 
 that Modred had usurped the crown, he 
 hastened back to Britain, and fought the 
 great battle of the West, where he re- 
 ceived his death-wound from the hand of 
 Modred.— Geoffrey, British History, ix. 
 15-20 ; x. (1142). 
 
 Great Arthur did advance 
 To meet, with his allies, that puissant force in France 
 By Lucius thither led. 
 
 Drayton, Pvlyollnon, iv. (1612). 
 
 IiUCre'tia, daughter of Spurius Lu- 
 cretius prefect of Rome, and wife of 
 Tarquinius Collati'nus. She was dis- 
 honoured by Sextus, the son of Tar- 
 quinius Superbus. Having avowed her 
 dishonour in the presence of her father, 
 her husband, Junius Brutus, and some 
 others, she stabbed herself. 
 
 This subject has been dramatized in 
 French by Ant. Vincent Arnault, in a 
 tragedy called Lucrece (1792) ; and by 
 Francois Ponsard in 1843. In English, 
 by Thomas Heywood, in a tragedy en- 
 titled The Rape of Lucrece (1630) ; by 
 Nathaniel Lee, entitled Lucius Junius 
 Brutus (seventeenth century) ; and by 
 John H. Payne, entitled Brutus or The 
 Fall of Tarquin (1820). Shakespeare 
 selected the same subject for his poem 
 entitled The Rape of Lucrece (1594). 
 
 Lucrezia di Borgia, daughter of 
 pope Alexander VI. She was thrice 
 married, her last' husband being Alfonso 
 duke of Ferra'ra. Before this marriage, 
 she had a natural son named Genna'ro, 
 who was brought up by a Neapolitan 
 fisherman. When grown to manhood, 
 Gennaro had a commission given him in 
 the army, and in the battle of Rim'ini he 
 saved the life of Orsini. In Venice he 
 declaimed freely against the vices of 
 Lucrezia di Borgia, and on one occa- 
 sion he mutilated the escutcheon of the 
 duke b} r knocking off the B, thus con- 
 verting Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia 
 insisted that the perpetrator of this insult 
 should suffer death by poison ; but when 
 she discovered that the offender was her 
 own son, she gave him an antidote, and 
 released him from jail. Scarcely, how- 
 ever, was he liberated, than he was 
 poisoned at a banquet given by the 
 princess Neg'roni. Lucrezia now told 
 Gennaro that he was her own son, and 
 died as her son expired. — Donizetti, 
 Lucrezia di Borgia (an opera, 1834). 
 
 *** Victor Hugo has a drama entitled 
 Lucrece Borgia. 
 
 Lucullus, a wealthy Roman, noted 
 for his banquets and self-indulgence. On 
 25 
 
 one occasion, when a superb supper had 
 been prepared, being asked who were to 
 be his guests, he replied, " Lucullus will 
 sup to-night with Lucullus" (b.c. 
 110-57). 
 
 Ne'er Falernian threw a richer 
 Light upon Lucullus' tables. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Song. 
 
 Luc'umo, a satrap, chieftain, or 
 khedive among the ancient Etruscans. 
 The over-king was called lars. Servius 
 the grammarian says : " Luciimo rex 
 sonat lingua Etrusca ; " but it was such a 
 king as that of Bavaria in the empire of 
 Germany, where the king of Prussia is 
 the lars. 
 
 And plainly and more plainly 
 
 Now might the burghers know. 
 By port and vest, by horse and crest. 
 Each warlike lucumo. 
 
 Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome 
 ("Horatius," xxiii., 1S42). 
 
 Lucy, a dowerless girl betrothed to 
 Amidas. Being forsaken by hiin for 
 the wealthy Philtra, she threw herself 
 into the sea, but was saved by clinging to 
 a chest. Both being drifted ashore, it 
 was found that the chest contained great 
 treasures, which Lucy gave to Bracidas, 
 the brother of Amidas, who married her. 
 In this marriage, Bracidas found "two 
 goodly portions, and the better she." — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 4 (1596). 
 
 Lucy, daughter of Mr. Richard 
 Wealthy, a rich London merchant. Her 
 father wanted her to marry a wealthy 
 tradesman, and as she refused to do so, 
 he turned her out of doors. Being intro- 
 duced as a file de joie to sir George 
 Wealthy " the minor," he soon perceived 
 her to be a modest girl who had been 
 entrapped, and he proposed marriage. 
 When the facts of the case were known, 
 Mr. Wealthy and the sir William (the 
 father of the young man) were delighted 
 at the happy termination of what might 
 have proved a most untoward affair. — 
 S. Foote, The Minor (1760). 
 
 Lucy [Goodwill], a S lT ^ °f 16, 
 and a child of nature, reared by her 
 father who was a Avidower. "She has 
 seen nothing," he says ; "she knows 
 nothing, and, therefore, has no will of 
 her own." Old GoodAvill wished her to 
 marry one of her relations, that his money 
 might be kept in the family ; but Lucy 
 had " will" enough of her own to see 
 that her relations were boobies, and 
 selected for her husband a big, burly 
 footman named Thomas. — Fielding, The 
 Virgin Unmasked. 
 
 Lucy [Lockit], daughter of Lockit the 
 2 p 
 
LUCY AND COLIN. 
 
 578 
 
 LUKE. 
 
 jailer. A foolish young woman, who, 
 decoyed by captain Macheath under the 
 specious promise of marriage, effected his 
 escape from jail. The captain, however, 
 was recaptured, and condemned to death ; 
 but being reprieved, confessed himself 
 married to Polly Peachum, and Lucy 
 was left to seek another mate. 
 
 How happy could I be with either [Lucy or Polly], 
 Were t'other dear charmer away ! 
 
 J. Gay, The Beggars Opera, ii. 2 (1727). 
 
 Miss Fenton (duchess of Bolton) was 
 the original "Lucy Lockit " (1708-1760). 
 
 Lucy and Colin. Colin was be- 
 trothed to Lucy, but forsook her for a 
 bride "thrice as rich as she." Lucy 
 drooped, but was present at the wedding ; 
 and when Colin saw her, "the damps of 
 death bedewed his brow, and he died." 
 Both were buried in one tomb, and many 
 a hind and plighted maid resorted thither, 
 "to deck it with garlands and true-love 
 knots." — T. Tickell, Lucy and Colin. 
 
 *„.* Yincent Bourne has translated 
 this ballad into Latin verse. 
 
 Through all Tickell's works there is a strain of ballad- 
 thinking. ... In this ballad [Lucy and Colin] he seems 
 to have surpassed himself. It is, perhaps, the best in our 
 language.— Goldsmith, Beauties of English Poetry (1767). 
 
 Lucyl'ius (b.c. 148-103), the father 
 of Roman satire. 
 
 I have presumed, my lord for to present 
 
 With this poore Glasse, which is of trustie Steele [satire], 
 
 And came to me by wil and testament 
 
 Of one that was a Glassmaker [satirist] indeed© : 
 
 Lucylius this worthy man was namde. 
 
 G. Gascuigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Lud, son of Heli, who succeeded his 
 father as king of Britain. " Lud rebuilt 
 the Avails of Trinovantum, and surrounded 
 the city with innumerable towers ... 
 for which reason it was called Kaer-lud, 
 Anglicized into Lud-ton, and softened 
 into London. . . . When dead, his body 
 was buried by the gate . . . Parth- 
 lud, called in Saxon Ludes-gate." — 
 Geoffrej'', British History, iii. 20 (1142). 
 
 . . . that mighty Lud, in whose eternal name 
 Great London still shall live (by him rebuilded). 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 ("Parth-lud," in Latin Forta-Lud.) 
 
 Lud (General), the leader of distressed 
 and riotous artisans in the manufacturing 
 districts of England, who, in 1811, en- 
 deavoured to prevent the use of power- 
 looms. 
 
 Luddites (2 s///.), the riotous artisans 
 who followed the leader called general 
 Lud. 
 
 Above thirty years before this time, an imbecile named 
 Ked Lud, living in a village in Leicestershire, being 
 tormented by some boys, . . . pursued one of them into 
 a house, and . • • broke two stocking-frames. His name 
 
 was taken by thos8 who broke power-looms. — H. Sir. 
 
 tineau. 
 
 Lud's Town, London, as if a cor- 
 ruption of Lud-ton. Similarly, Ludgate 
 is said to be Lud's-gate ; and Ludgate 
 prison is called "Lud's Bulwark." Of 
 course, the etymologies are only suitable 
 for fable. 
 
 King Lud, repairing the city, called it after his name, 
 "Lud's town;" the strong gate which he built in the 
 west part he named "Lud-gate." In 1260, the gate was 
 beautified with images of Lud and other kings. Those 
 images, in the reign of Edward VI., had their heads 
 smitten off. . . . Queen Mary did set new heads upon 
 their old bodies again. The 28th of queen Elizabeth, the 
 gate was newly beautified with images of Lud and other*, 
 as before.— Stow, Survey of London (1598). 
 
 Ludov'ico, chief minister of Naples. 
 He heads a conspiracy to murder the 
 king and seize the crown. Ludovico is 
 the craftiest of villains, but, being caught 
 in his own guile, he is killed. — Sheil, 
 Evadne or The Statue (1820). 
 
 Ludwal or Idwal, son of Roderick 
 the Great, of North Wales. lie refused 
 to pay Edgar king of England the tribute 
 which had been levied ever since the 
 time of iKthelstan. William of Malmcs- 
 bury tells us that Edgar commuted the 
 tribute for 300 wolves' heads yearly ; 
 the wolf -tribute was paid for three 
 years, and then discontinued, because 
 there were no more wolves to be found. 
 
 O Edgar ! who compelledst our Ludwal hence to pay 
 Three hundred wolves a year for tribute unto tiee. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 
 
 Lufra, Douglas's dog, "the fleetest 
 hound in all the North." — Sir W. Scott, 
 Lady of the Lake (1810). 
 
 Ellen, the while, with bursting heart, 
 Remained in lordly bower apart . . . 
 While Lufra, crouching at her side. 
 Her station claimed with jealous pride. 
 Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, vl 23 (1810). 
 
 Luggnagg, an island where the in- 
 habitants never die. Swift shows some 
 of the evils which would result from 
 such a destiny, unless accompanied with 
 eternal youth and freshness. — Swift, 
 Gulliver's Travels (1726). 
 
 Lu'gier, the rough, confident tutor of 
 Oriana, etc., and chief engine whereby 
 "the wild goose" Mirabel is entrapped 
 into marriage Avith her. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1G52). 
 
 Luke, brother-in-law of "the City 
 madam." He was raised from a state 
 of indigence into enormous wealth by 
 a deed of gift of the estates of his 
 brother, sir John Frugal, a retired mer- 
 chant. While dependent on his brother, 
 lady Frugal ("the City lady") treated 
 Luke with great scorn and rudeness ; but 
 
LUKE. 
 
 579 
 
 LUMPKIN. 
 
 when she and her daughter became de- 
 pendent on him, he cut down the super- 
 fluities of the fine lady to the measure of 
 her original state — as daughter of Good- 
 man Humble, farmer. — Massinger, The 
 City Madam (1639). 
 
 Massinger's best characters are the hypocritical «■ Luke " 
 and the heroic " Marullo."— W. Spalding. 
 
 Luke, patriarch's nuncio, and bishop of 
 the Druses. He terms the Druses 
 
 . . . the docile crew 
 My bezants went lo make me bishop of. 
 Robert browning. The Return of the Drusen, r. 
 
 Luke (Sir) or Sir Luke Limp, a tuft- 
 hunter, a devotee to the bottle, and a 
 hanger-on of great men for no other 
 reason than mere snobbism. Sir Luke 
 will "cling to sir John till the baronet 
 is superseded by my lord ; quitting the 
 puny peer for an earl, and sacrificing all 
 three to a duke." — S. Foote, The Lame 
 Lover. 
 
 Luke's Bird (St.), the ox. 
 
 Luke's Iron Crown. George and 
 Luke Dosa headed an unsuccessful revolt 
 against the Hungarian nobles in the six- 
 teenth century. Luke was put to death 
 by a red-hot iron croAvn, in mockery of 
 his having been proclaimed king. 
 
 This was not an unusual punishment 
 for those who sought regal honours in 
 the Middle Ages. Thus, when Tancred 
 usurped the crown of Sicily, kaiser 
 Heinrich VI. of Germany set him on a 
 red-hot iron throne, and crowned him 
 with a red-hot iron crown (twelfth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 *** The " iron crown of Lombardy " 
 must not be mistaken for an iron crown 
 of punishment. The former is one of 
 the nails used in the Crucifixion, beaten 
 out into a thin rim of iron, magnificently 
 set in gold, and adorned with jewels. 
 Charlemagne and Napoleon I. were both 
 crowned with it. 
 
 Luke's Summer (St.), or L'ettf de 
 S. Martin, a few weeks of fine summerly 
 weather, which occur between St. Luke's 
 Day (October 18) and St. Martin's Day 
 (November 11). 
 
 In such St Luke's short summer lived these men, 
 Nearing the goal of three score years and ten. 
 
 W. Morris, The Earthly Paradise (" March"). 
 
 Lully (Raymond), an alchemist who 
 searched for the philosopher's stone by 
 distillation, and made some useful chemi- 
 cal discoveries. Lully was also a magi- 
 cian and a philosophic dreamer. He is 
 generally called Doctor Lllumindtus (1235- 
 1315). 
 
 He talks of Raymond Lully and the ehost of Lilly C<7-t».J 
 W. Congreve, Lone for Love, iii. (1695). 
 
 Lumbereourt (Lord), a voluptuary, 
 greatly in debt, who consented, for a good 
 money consideration, to give his daughter 
 to Egerton McSycophant. Egerton, 
 however, had no fancy for the lady, but 
 married Constantia, the girl of his choice. 
 His lordship was in alarm lest this con- 
 tretemps should be his ruin ; but sir 
 Pertinax told him the bargain should 
 still remain good if Egerton's- younger 
 brother, Sandy, were accepted by his 
 lordship instead. To this his lordship 
 readily agreed. 
 
 Lady liodolpha Lumbereourt, daughter 
 of lord Lumbereourt, who, for a con- 
 sideration, consented to marry Egerfon 
 McSj'cophant ; but as Egerton had no 
 fancy for the lady, she agreed to marry 
 Egerton's brother Sandj- on the same 
 terms. 
 
 " As I ha' nae reason to have the least affection till my 
 cousin Egerton, and as my intended marriage with him 
 was entirely an act of obedience till my grandmother, 
 provided my cousin Sandy will be as agreeable tilt her 
 ladyship as my cousin Charles here would have been, I 
 have nae the least obeition till the change. Ay, ay, ona 
 brother is as good to Kodolpha as another." — C. Macklin, 
 The Man of the World, v. 11764). 
 
 Lumbey (Dr.), a stout, bluff -looking 
 gentleman, with no shirt-collar, and a 
 beard that had been growing since yester- 
 day morning ; for the doctor was very 
 popular, and the neighbourhood prolific. 
 — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nichleby (1838). 
 
 Lumley (Captain), in the royal army 
 under the duke of Montrose. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Lumon, a hill in Inis-Huna, near the 
 residence of Sulmalla. Sulmalla was the 
 daughter of Conmor (king of Inis-Huna) 
 and his wife Clun'-galo. — Ossian, Temora. 
 
 Where art thou, beam of light? Hunters from the 
 mossy rock, saw you the blue-eyed fair? Are her steps on 
 grassy Lumon, near the bed of roses? Ah me ! I beheld 
 her bow in the hall. Where art thou, beam of light? 
 
 Bishop has selected these words from 
 Temora for a glee of four voices. 
 
 Lumpkin (Tony), the rough, good- 
 natured booby son of Mrs. Hardcastle 
 by her first husband. Tony dearly loved 
 a practical joke, and was fond of low 
 society, where he could air his conceit 
 and self-importance. He is described as 
 " an awkward booby, reared up and 
 spoiled at his mother's apron-string" (act 
 i. 2) ; and " if burning the footman'3 
 shoes, frighting [sic] the maids, and worry- 
 ing the kittens, be humorous," then Tony 
 was humorous to a degree (act i. 1). — 
 
LUN. 
 
 580 
 
 LUTHER. 
 
 0. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer 
 (1773). 
 
 I feel as Tony Lumpkin felt, who never bad the least 
 difficulty in reading the outside of his letters, but who 
 found it very hard work to decipher the inside. — A. K. H. 
 Boyd. 
 
 Quirk's great parts were " Isaac," "Tony Lumpkin," 
 "Spado," and "sir Christopher Curry."— Jiecurds of a 
 Stage Veteran. 
 
 Quick [1748-1831] was the original " Tony Lumpkin," 
 "Acres," and " Isaac Mendoza." — Memoir of John Quick 
 (1832). 
 
 *** "Isaac "in The Duenna, by Sheri- 
 dan ; " Spado" in IVie Castle of Andalusia, 
 by O'Keefe ; " sir C. Curry " in Inkle and 
 Yarico, by Colman. 
 
 Lun. So John Rich called himself 
 ■when he performed " harlequin." It was 
 John Rich who introduced pantomime 
 (1681-17G1). 
 
 On one side Folly sits, by some called Fun ; 
 And on the other his archpatron Luu. 
 
 Churchill. 
 
 Luna (H conte di), uncle of Manri'co. 
 He entertains a base passion for the prin- 
 cess Leonora, who is in love with Man- 
 rico ; and, in order to rid himself of his 
 rival, is about to put him to death, when 
 Leonora promises to give herself to him if 
 he will spare her lover. The count con- 
 sents ; but while he goes to release his 
 captive, Leonora poisons herself. — Verdi, 
 II IVovato're (an opera, 1853). 
 
 Lundin (Dr. Luke), the chamberlain 
 at Kinross.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Lundin (The Rev. sir Louis), town 
 clerk of Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
 of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Lunsford (Sir Thomas), governor of 
 the Tower. A man of such vindictive 
 temper that the name was used as a terror 
 to children. 
 
 Made children with your tones to run for't, 
 As bad as Bloodv-bones or Lunsford. 
 
 S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 2, line 1112 (1678). 
 From Fielding and from Vavasour, 
 
 Both ill-affected men ; 
 From Lunsford eke deliver us, 
 That eateth childeren. 
 
 Lupauski (Prince), father of prin- 
 cess Lodois'ka (4 syl.). — J. P. Kemble, 
 Lodoisha (a melodrame). 
 
 Tm'pin (Mrs.), hostess of the Blue 
 Dragon. A buxom, kind-hearted woman, 
 ever ready to help any one over a diffi- 
 culty. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 
 (1844). 
 
 Lu'ria, a noble Moor, single-minded, 
 warm-hearted, faithful, and most gene- 
 rous ; employed by the Florentines to 
 lead their army against the Pisans 
 (fifteenth century). Luria was entirely 
 
 successful ; but the Florentines, to lessen 
 their obligation to the conqueror, hunted 
 up every item of scandal they could find 
 against him ; and, while he was winning 
 their battles, he was informed that he 
 was to be brought to trial to answer these 
 floating censures. Luria was so disgusted 
 at this, that he took poison, to relieve the 
 state by his death of a debt of gratitude 
 which the republic felt too heavy to be 
 borne. — Robert Browning, Luria. 
 
 Lu'siad, the adventures of the Lu- 
 sians (Portuguese), under Vasquez da 
 Gama, in their discovery of India.' 
 Bacchus was the guardian power of the 
 Mohammedans, and Venus or Divine 
 Love of the Lusians. The fleet first sailed 
 to Mozambique, then to Quil'oa, then to 
 Melinda (in Africa), where the adven- 
 turers were hospitably received and 
 provided with a pilot to conduct them to 
 India. In the Indian Ocean, Bacchus 
 tried to destroy the fleet ; but the " silver 
 star of Divine Love" calmed the sea, and 
 Gama arrived at India in safety. Having 
 accomplished his object, he returned to 
 Lisbon. — Camocns, The Lusiad, in ten 
 books (1572). 
 
 *** Vasquez da Gama sailed thrice to 
 India : (1) In 1497, with four vessels. 
 This expedition lasted two years and two 
 months. (2) In 1502, with twenty ships. 
 In this expedition he was attacked by 
 Zamorin king of Calicut, whom he de- 
 feated, and returned to Lisbon the year 
 following. (3) When John III. appointed 
 him viceroy of India. He established 
 his government at Cochin, where he died 
 in 1525. The story of The Lusiad is the 
 first of these expeditions. 
 
 Lusignan [d'Outremer], king of 
 Jerusalem, taken captive by the Saracens, 
 and confined in a dungeon for twenty 
 years. When 80 years old, he was set 
 free by Osman the sultan of the East, 
 but died Avithin a few days. — A. Hill, 
 Zara (adapted from Voltaire's tragedy). 
 
 Lusita'nia, the ancient name of 
 Portugal ; so called from Lusus, the 
 companion of Bacchus in his travels. 
 This Lusus colonized the country, and 
 called it " Lusitania," and the colonists 
 " Lusians." — Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 
 iii. 1. 
 
 Lute'tia (4 syl.), ancient Latin name 
 of Paris (Lutetia Parisiorum, "the mud- 
 town of the Parisii"). 
 
 Luther (The Danish), Hans Tausen. 
 There is a stone in Viborg called "Tau- 
 
LUT1N. 
 
 5S1 
 
 LYDIA LANGUISH. 
 
 sensminde," with this inscription: "Upon 
 this stone, in 1528, Hans Tan sen first 
 preached Luther's doctrine in Yiborg." 
 
 Lutin, the gipsy page of lord Dal- 
 garno. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel 
 (time, James I.). 
 
 Lux Mundi, Johann Wessel ; also 
 called Magister Contradtctionum, for his 
 opposition to the Scholastic philosophy. 
 He was the predecessor of Luther (1419- 
 1489). 
 
 Luz, a bone which the Jews affirm 
 remains uncorrupted till the last day, 
 when it will form the nucleus of the new 
 body. This bone Mahomet called Al 
 Ajb or the rump-bone. 
 
 Eben Ezra and Manasseh ben Israil 
 Bay this bone is in the rump. 
 
 The learned rabbins of the Jews 
 
 Write, there's a bone, which they call luez (1 syl.) 
 
 1" the rump of man. 
 
 S. Butler, Uudibras, iii. 2 (1678). 
 
 Lyaeus ("spleen-melter"), one of the 
 names of Bacchus. 
 
 He perchance the gifts 
 Of young Lyaus, and the dread exploits. 
 May sing. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 
 
 Lyb'ms (Sir), a very young knight, 
 who undertook to rescue the lady of 
 Sinadone. After overcoming sundry 
 knights, giants, and enchanters, he en- 
 tered the palace, when the whole edifice 
 fell to pieces, and a hornole serpent 
 coiled about his neck and kissed him. 
 The spell being broken, the serpent turned 
 into the lady of Sinadone, who became 
 sir Lybius's bride. — Libeaux (a romance). 
 
 Lyca'on, king of Arcadia, instituted 
 human sacrifices, and was metamorphosed 
 into a wolf. Some say all his sons were 
 also changed into wolves, except one 
 named Nictimus. Oh that 
 
 Of Arcady the beares 
 Might plucke awaye thine ears ; 
 The wilde wolfe, Licaon', 
 Bite asondre thy backe-bone ! 
 J. Skelton, Philip Sparow (time, Henry VIII.). 
 For proof, when with Lyea'on's tyranny 
 Man durst not deal, then did Jove . . . 
 Him fitly to the greedy wolf transform. 
 Lord Brooke, Declination of Monarchy (1633). 
 
 Lyce'um, a gymnasium on the banks 
 of the llissus, in Attica, where Aristotle 
 taught philosophy as he paced the walks. 
 
 Guide my way 
 Through fair Lyceum's walks. 
 JAkenside, Pleasures of Imayination, i. 715 (1744). 
 
 Lychor'ida, nurse of Mari'na who 
 was born at sea. Marina was the daugh- 
 ter of Pericles prince of Tyre and his 
 wife Thais'a. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
 Prince of Tyre (1608). 
 
 Lye'idas, the name under which 
 Milton celebrates the untimely death of 
 Edward King, Fellow of Christ's College, 
 Cambridge. Edward King was drowned 
 in the passage from Chester to Ireland, 
 August 10, 1637. He Avas the son of sir 
 John King, secretary for Ireland. 
 
 *** Lycldas is the name of a shepherd 
 in Virgil's Eclogue, iii. 
 
 Lycome'des (4 syl.), king of Scyros, 
 to whose court Achilles was sent, dis- 
 guised as a maiden, by his mother Thetis, 
 Avho was anxious to prevent his going to 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Lycore'a {He has slept on Lycored), 
 one of the two chief summits of mount 
 Parnassus. Whoever slept there became 
 either inspired or mad. 
 
 Lydford Law. " First hang and 
 draw, then hear the cause by Lydford 
 law." Lydford, in the county of Devon. 
 
 I oft have heard of Lydford law, 
 How in the morn they hang and draw, 
 And sit in judgment afrer. 
 
 A Devonshire poet (anon.). 
 
 Jedburgh Justice, Cupar Justice, and 
 Abingdon Law, mean the same thing. 
 
 Lynch Law, Burlaw, Mob Law, and 
 Club Law, mean summary justice dealt to 
 an offender by a self-constituted judge. 
 
 Lydia, daughter of the king of Lydia, 
 was sought in marriage by Alcestes a 
 Thracian knight. His suit being rejected, 
 he repaired to the king of Armenia, who 
 gave him an army, with which he be- 
 sieged Lydia. He was persuaded to 
 raise the siege, and the lady tested the 
 sincerity of his love by a series of tasks, 
 all of Avhich he accomplished. Lastly, 
 she set him to put to death his allies, 
 and, being powerless, mocked him. Al- 
 cestes pined and died, and Lydia was 
 doomed to endless torment in hell. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, xvii. (1516). 
 
 Lydia, lady's-maid to Widow Green. 
 She was the sister of Trueworth, ran 
 away from home to avoid a hateful 
 marriage, took service for the nonce, and 
 ultimately married Waller. She was "a 
 miracle of virtue, as well as beauty," 
 warm-hearted, and wholly without arti- 
 fice. — S. Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 
 
 Lydia Languish., niece and ward 
 of Mrs. Malaprop. She had a' fortune of 
 £30,000, but, if she married without her 
 aunt's consent, forfeited the larger part 
 thereof. She was a great novel reader, 
 and was courted by two rival lovers- 
 Bob Acres, and captain Absolute whom 
 
LYDIAN POET. 
 
 >82 
 
 LYONORS. 
 
 she knew only as ensign Beverley. Her 
 aunt insisted that she should throw over 
 the ensign and marry the son of sir 
 Anthony Absolute, and great was her joy 
 to find that the man of her own choice 
 was that of her aunt's nomine mutato. 
 Bob Acres resigned all claim on the lady 
 to his rival. — Sheridan, The Rivals (111b). 
 
 Lydian Poet (The), Alcman of 
 Lydia (£1. B.C. G70). 
 
 Lygo'nes, father of Spaco'nia. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, A King or Ko 
 King (1611). 
 
 Lying Traveller (The), sir John 
 Mandeville (1300-1372). 
 
 Lying Valet (The), Timothy Sharp, 
 the lying valet of Charles Gayless. He 
 is the Mercury between his master and 
 Melissa, to whom Gayless is about to be 
 married. The object of his lying is to 
 make his master, who has not a sixpence 
 in the world, pass for a man of fortune. 
 — D. Garrick, The Lying Valet (11*11). 
 
 Lyle (Annot), daughter of sir Duncan 
 Campbell the knight of Ardenvohr. 
 She was brought up by the M'Aulays, 
 and was beloved by Allan M'Aulay ; but 
 she married the earl of Menteith. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
 Charles I.). 
 
 Lyn'eeus, one of the Argonauts ; so 
 sharp-sighted that he could discern ob- 
 jects at a distance of 130 miles. Yarro 
 says he could "see through rocks and 
 trees ; " and Pliny, that he could see 
 " the infernal regions through the earth." 
 
 Strange tale to tel : all officers be blvnde. 
 And jet their one eye, sharpe as Lin'ceus sisht 
 G. Gascoigne, Tlte Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Lynch. (Governor) was a great name 
 in Galway (Ireland). It is said that he 
 hanged his only son out of the window 
 of his own house (1520). The very 
 window from which the boy was hung is 
 carefully preserved, and still pointed out 
 to travellers. — Annals of Galicay. 
 
 Lynch Law, law administered by 
 a self-constituted judge. "Webster says 
 James Lynch, a farmer of Piedmont, in 
 Virginia, was selected by his neighbours 
 (in 1(388) to try offences on the frontier 
 summarily, because there were no law 
 courts within seven miles of them. 
 
 Lynchno'Toians. lantern-sellers, that 
 is, booksellers and publishers. Rabelais 
 savs thev inhabit a little hamlet near 
 
 Lantern-land. — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, v. 
 33 (1545). 
 
 Lyndon (Barry), an Irish sharper, 
 whose adventures are told by Thackeray. 
 The story is full of spirit, variety, and 
 humour, reminding one of Gil Bias. It 
 first came out in Fraser's Magazine. 
 
 Lynette, sister of lady Lyonors of 
 Castle Perilous. She goes to king Arthur, 
 and prays him to send sir Lancelot to 
 deliver her sister from certain knights. 
 The king assigns the quest to Beaumains 
 (the nickname given by sir Kay to 
 Gareth), who had served for twelve 
 months in Arthur's kitchen. Lynette is 
 exceedingly indignant, and treats her 
 champion with the utmost contumely; 
 but, after each victory, softens towards 
 him, and at length marries him. — Tenny- 
 son, Idylls of the King ("Gareth and 
 Lynette"). 
 
 *** This version of the tale differs 
 from that of the History of Prince Arthur 
 (sir T. Malory, 1470) in many respects. 
 (See Lixet, p. 550.) 
 
 Lyonnesse (3 syl.), west of Camelot. 
 The battle of Lyonnesse was the "last 
 great, battle of the West," and the scene 
 of the final conflict between Arthur and 
 sir Modred. The land of Lyonnesse is 
 where Arthur came from, and it is now 
 submerged full "forty fathoms under 
 water." 
 
 Until king Arthur's table [Knights], man by man, 
 Had fallen iu Lyonnesse ai>oiit their lord. 
 
 Tennyson, Morte d'Artnut. 
 
 Lyonors, daughter of earl Sanam. 
 She came to pay homage to king Arthur, 
 and by him became the mother of sir 
 Borre "(1 syl.), one of the kn:«ghts of the 
 Round Table. — Sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, i. 15 (1470)." 
 
 *** Liones, daughter of sir Persaunt, 
 and sister of Linet of Castle Perilous, 
 married sir Gareth? Tennyson calls this 
 lady "Lyonors,' - and makes Gareth marry 
 her sister, who, we are told in the -History, 
 was married to sir Gaheris (Gareth 'a 
 brother). 
 
 Lyonors, the lady of Castle Perilous, 
 where she was held captive by several 
 knights called Morm.ng Star or Phos- 
 phorus, Noonday Sun or Merid'ies, Even- 
 ing Star or Hesperus, and Night or Nox. 
 Her sister Lynette went to king Arthur, 
 to crave that sir Lancelot might be sent 
 to deliver Lyonors from her oppressor. The 
 king gave the quest to Gareth, who was 
 knighted, and accompanied Lynette, who 
 
LYRISTS. 
 
 583 
 
 M. 
 
 used him very scornfully at first ; but at 
 every victory which he gained she abated 
 somewhat of her contempt ; and married 
 him after he had succeeded in delivering 
 Lyonors. The lot of Lyonors is not told. 
 (See Liones.} — Tennyson, Idylls of the 
 King ("Gareth and Lynette"). 
 
 * + * According to the collection of 
 tales edited by sir T. Malory, the lady 
 Lyonors was quite another person. She 
 was daughter of earl Sanam, and mother 
 of sir Borre by king Arthur (pt. i. 15). 
 It was Liones who was the sister of Linet, 
 and whose father was sir Persaunt of Castle 
 Perilous (pt. i. 153). The History sa\s 
 that Liones married Gareth, and Linet 
 married his brother, sir Gaheris. (See 
 Gareth, p. 3G4.) 
 
 Lyrists {Prince of), Franz Schubert 
 (1797-1828). 
 
 Ly sander, a young Athenian, in love 
 with Hermia daughter of Egeus (3 syl.). 
 Egeus had promised her in marriage to 
 Demetrius, and insisted that she should 
 either many him or suffer death "ac- 
 cording to the Athenian law." In this 
 dilemma, Hermia fled from Athens with 
 Lj T sander. Demetrius went in pursuit, 
 and was followed by Helena, who doted 
 on him. All four fell asleep, and 
 "dreamed a dream" about the fairies. 
 When Demetrius awoke, he became more 
 reasonable, for, seeing that Hermia dis- 
 liked him and Helena loved him sin- 
 cerely, he consented to forego the former 
 and wed the latter. Egeus, being in- 
 formed thereof, now readity agreed to 
 give his daughter to Lysander, and all 
 •went merry as a marriage bell. — Shake- 
 epeare, Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 
 
 Lysim'achus, governor of Metali'ne, 
 who marries Mari'na the daughter of 
 Per'icles prince of Tyre and his wife 
 Thais'a. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of 
 Tyre (1608). 
 
 Lysimachus, the artist, a citizen. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
 Rufus). 
 
 -Lyttelton, addressed by Thomson in 
 " Spring," was lord George Lyttelton of 
 Hagley Park, Worcestershire, who pro- 
 cured for the poet a pension of £100 a 
 year. He was a poet and historian 
 (1709-1773). 
 
 O Lyttelton . . . from these, distracted, oft 
 You wander thro' the philosophic world ; . . . 
 And oft, conducted by historic truth. 
 You tread the long extent of backward time : . . . 
 Or, turning thence thy view, these graver thoughts 
 The Muses charm. 
 
 Thomson, The Seasons ("Spring," 1728). 
 
 M. 
 
 M/said to represent the human face 
 without the two eyes. By adding these, 
 Ave get O m 0, the Latin Aomo, "man." 
 Dante, speaking of faces gaunt with star- 
 vation, says : 
 
 Who reads the name 
 For man upon his forehead, there the M 
 Had traced most plainly. 
 
 Dant6, Purgatory, xxiii. (1308). 
 
 *** The two downstrokes stand for 
 the contour, and the V of the letter for 
 the nose. Thus: l°Y°| 
 
 M. This letter is very curiously 
 coupled with Napoleon I. and. III. 
 1. Napoleon I. : 
 
 (a) Mack {General) capitulated at Ulm (October 19, 
 1805). 
 
 Maitland (Captain), of the BeUerophon, was the 
 person to whom he surrendered (1814). 
 
 Malet conspired against him il5l'-'). 
 
 Mallieu was oue of»his ministers, with Maret and 
 Montalivet. 
 
 Marbeuf was the first to recognize his genius at the 
 military college (1/ 79). 
 
 Marchand was his valet ; accompanied him to St. 
 Helena; and assisted Montholon in his Menoirvs. 
 
 Maeet duke-of Bassano was his most trusty coun- 
 sellor (1804-1814). 
 
 Makie Louise was his wife, the mother of his son, 
 and shared his highest fortunes. His son was born 
 in March ; so was the son of Napoleon III. 
 
 Marjiont was the second to desert him ; Murat the 
 first (both in 1814). 
 6 Marshals and 26 generals-cf-division had M for their 
 initial letter. 
 
 Massena was the general who gained the victory of 
 Kivoli (1797), and Napoleon gave him the sobri- 
 quet of V Enfant Cberi de la Victoire. 
 
 Melas was the Austrian general conquered at Maren- 
 go, and forced back to the Mincio (June 14, 18UU). 
 
 MEXOU lost him Egypt (1801). 
 
 Metternich vanquished him in diplomacy. 
 
 Miollis was employed by him to take Pius VII. 
 prisoner (1809). 
 
 Montalivet was one of his ministers, with Maret 
 and Mallieu. 
 
 Montbel wrote the life of his son, " the king of 
 Rome" (1833). 
 
 Montesquieu was his first chamberlain. 
 
 Montholon was his companion at St. Helena, and, 
 in conjunction with Marehand, wrote ins U6nwn ■«.■*. 
 
 MORE a u betrayed him U813). 
 
 Mortier was one of his best generals. 
 
 Mourad Bev was the general he vanquished in thtj 
 battle of the Pyramids (July 23, 1798). 
 
 MURAT was his brother-in-law. He was the first 
 martyr in his cause, and was the first to desert 
 him ; then Marmont. 
 
 Murat was made by him king of Naples (1808). 
 (6) Madrid capitulaied to him (December 4, 1808). 
 
 Mac.liani was one of his famous victories (April 15, 
 1796). 
 
 Malmaison was his last halting-place in France. 
 Here the empress Josephine lived after her divorce, 
 and here she died (1814). 
 
 Malta taken (June 11, 1797), and while there he 
 abolished the order called "The Knights of Malta" 
 (1798). 
 
 Mantua was surrendered to him by Wurmser, in 
 1797. 
 
 Marengo was his first great victory (June 14. 1800). 
 
 Marseilles is the place he retired to when pro- 
 scribed by Paoli (1,92). Here, too, was his first 
 exploit, when captain, m reducing the "federal- 
 ists" (1793). 
 
M. 
 
 584 
 
 MACABER. 
 
 Mert was a battle gained bj him (February 22, 
 
 1814). 
 Milan was the first enemy's capital (1802), and 
 
 Moscow the last, into which he walked victorious 
 
 (1812). 
 It was at Milan he was crowned "king of Italy" 
 
 (May 26. 1805). 
 MlLLESIMO, a battle won by him (April 14, 1796). 
 MondoVI, a battle won by him (April 22, 1796). 
 Montexotte was his first battle 11796), and Mont St. 
 
 Jean his last (1815). 
 Moxtereau, a liattle won hy him (February 18, 1814). 
 Montmartre was stormed by him (March 23, 1814). 
 Moxt.mIRAIL, a battle won by him (February 11, 1814). 
 Mont St. Jean (Waterloo), his last battle (June 18, 
 
 1815). 
 Mont Thabor was where he vanquished 20.000 
 
 Turks with an army not exceeding 2000 men (July 
 
 25, 1799). 
 MORAVIA was the site of a victory (July 11, 1809). 
 Moscow was his pitfall. (See " Milan.") 
 Mat. In this month he quitted Corsica, married 
 
 Josephine, took command of the army of Italy, 
 
 crossed the Alps, assumed the title of emperor, and 
 
 was crowned at Milan. In the same month be was 
 
 defeated at Aspem, he arrived at Elba, and died at 
 
 St. Helena. 
 March. In this month he was proclaimed king of 
 
 Italy, made his brother Joseph king of the Two 
 
 Sicilies, married Marie Loui-e by proxy, his son 
 
 was born, and he arrived at Paris after quitting 
 
 Elba. 
 Mav 2, 1813, battle of Liiteen. 
 
 3, 1793, he quits Corsica. 
 
 4, 1814, he arrives at Elba. 
 
 5, 1821, he dies at St. Helena. 
 
 6, 1800, he takes command of the army of Italy. 
 
 9. 1796, he marries Josephine. 
 10, 1796, battle of Lodi. 
 13, 1809, he enters Vienna. 
 
 15, 1796, he enters Milan. 
 
 16, 1797, he defeats the arch-duke Charles. 
 
 17, 1800, he begins his passage across the Alps. 
 
 17, 1809, he annexes the States of the Church. 
 
 18, 1804, he assumes the title of emperor. 
 19, 1798, he starts for Egypt. 
 
 19, 1809, he crosses the Danube. 
 
 20, 1800, he finishes his passage across the Alps. 
 
 21, 1813, battle of Bautzen. 
 
 22, 1803, he declares war against England. 
 £2, 1809, he was defeated at Aspern. 
 
 26, 1805, he was crowned at Milan. 
 
 30. 1805, he annexes Lisbon. 
 
 31, 1803. b.e seizes Hanover. 
 
 March 1, 1815, he lands on French sofl after quitting 
 Elba. 
 
 3, 1806. he makes his brother Joseph Ling of 
 the Two Sicilies. 
 
 4, 1799, he invests Jaffa. 
 6, 1799, he takes Jaffa. 
 
 11, 1810, he marries by proxy Marie Louise. 
 Id, 1805, he is proclaimed king of Italy. 
 16, 1799, he invests Acre. 
 20. 1812. birth of his son. 
 
 20, 1815, he reaches Paris after quitting Elba. 
 
 21, 1804, he shoots the due d Enghien. 
 25, 1802, peace of Amiens. 
 
 31, 1814, Paris entered by the allies. 
 
 Napoleon III. : 
 
 MacMahon duke of Magenta, his most distinguished 
 
 marshal, and. after a few months, succeeded him as 
 
 ruler of France (1873-1879). 
 Malakoff {Puke of), next to MacMahon his most 
 
 distinguished marshal. 
 Maria of Portugal was the lady his friends wanted 
 
 him to marry, but he refused to do so. 
 Maximilian and Mexico, his evil stars (1864-1867). 
 Mensciiikoff was the Russian general defeated at 
 
 the battle of the Alma (September 20. 1854). 
 MlCHAUD, MlGXET, MlCHELET, and MERIMEE 
 
 were distinguished historians in the reign of Napo- 
 leon III. 
 
 Molki was his destiny. 
 
 Moxtholon was one of his companions in the esca- 
 pade at Boulogne, and was condemned to im- 
 prisonment for twenty years. 
 
 Montijo (Countess of), his wife. Her name is Marie 
 
 Eugenie, and his son was born in March; so w*» 
 
 the son of Napoleon I. 
 MoRXV, his greatest friend. 
 [b) Magexta, a victory won by him (June 4, 1859). 
 
 Malakoff. Taking the Malakoff tower and the 
 
 Mamelon-vert were the great exploits of the 
 
 Crimean war (September 8. 1855). 
 Mamelox-TERT. (See above.) 
 MANTUA. He turned back before the walls of 
 
 Mantua after the battle of the Mincio. 
 MARENGO. Here he planned his first battle of the 
 
 Italian campaign, but it was not fought till after 
 
 those of Montebeilo and Magenta. 
 Marignano. He drove the Au.-trians out of this 
 
 place. 
 Metz, the "maiden fortress," was one of the most 
 
 important sieges and losses to him in the Franco- 
 Prussian war. 
 Mexico and Maximilian, his evil stars. 
 Milan. He made his entrance into Milan, and drove 
 
 the Austrians out of Marignano. 
 Mixcio (The battle of the), called also Solferino, a 
 
 great victory. Having won this, he turned back at 
 
 the walls of Mantua (June 24, 1859). 
 MOXTEBELJU), a victory won by him (June, 1859). 
 ^V The mitrailleuse was to win him Prussia, but 
 
 it lost him France, 
 (c) March. In this month his son was born, he was 
 
 deposed by the National Assembly, and was set at 
 
 liberty by the Prussians. The treaty of Paris was 
 
 March 30, 1856. Savoy and Nice were annexed in 
 
 March, 1860. 
 Mav. In this month he made his escape from Ham. 
 
 The great French Exhibition was opened in May, 
 
 1855. 
 By far his best publication is his Manual of A rtillery. 
 
 Mab, queen of the fairies, according 
 to the mythology of the English poets of 
 the fifteenth century. Shakespeare's 
 description is in Romeo and Juliet, act i. 
 sc. 4 (1598). 
 
 Queen Mob's Maids of Honour. They 
 were Hop and Mop, Drap, Pip, Trip, and 
 Skip. Her train of waiting-maids were 
 Fib and Tib, Pinck and Pin, Tick and 
 Quick, Jill and Jin, Tit and Kit, Wap 
 and Win. — M. Drayton, Nymphidia 
 (1563-1631). 
 
 Queen Mab, the Fairies' Midwife, that is, 
 the midwife of men's dreams, employed 
 by the fairies. Thus, the queen's or 
 king's judges do not judge the sovereign, 
 but are employed by the sovereign to 
 judge others. 
 
 Mabinogion. A series of Welsh 
 tales, chiefly relating to Arthur and the 
 Round Table. A MS. volume of some 
 700 pages is preserved in the library of 
 Jesus College, Oxford, and is known 
 as the Bed Book of Hergest, from the 
 place where it was discovered. Lady 
 Charlotte Guest published an edition in 
 Welsh and English, with notes, three 
 vols. (1838-49). The word is the Welsh 
 mabinogi, u juvenile instruction" (mabin, 
 "juvenile;" mab, "a boy;" and ogi, 
 " to use the harrow "). 
 
 Does he [Tennyson] make no use of the Mabinogion in 
 his Arthurian series 'l—Xotes and Queries, November 23, 
 
 1878. 
 
 Maca'ber (The Dance) or the 
 " Dance of Death " (Arabic, makabir, "a 
 
MACAIRE. 
 
 5S5 
 
 MACBETH. 
 
 churchyard"). The dance of death was 
 a favourite subject in the Middle Ages 
 for wall-paintings in cemeteries and 
 churches, especially in Germany. Death 
 is represented as presiding over a round 
 of dancers, consisting of rich and poor, 
 old and young, male and female. A 
 work descriptive of this dance, originally 
 in German, has been translated into most 
 European languages, and the painting of 
 Holbein, in the Dominican convent at 
 Basle, has a world-wide reputation. 
 Others are at Minden, Lucerne, Lubeck, 
 Dresden, and the north side of old St. 
 Paul's. 
 
 Elsie. What are these paintings on the walls around us? 
 Prince. "The Dance Macaber" . . . "The Dance of 
 Death." 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Macaire (Le Clxevalier Richard), a 
 French knight, who, aided by lieutenant 
 Landry, murdered Aubry de Montdidier 
 in the forest of Bondy, in 1371. Mont- 
 didier's dog, named Dragon, showed such 
 an aversion to Macaire, that suspicion was 
 aroused, and the man and dog were pitted 
 to single combat. The result was fatal 
 to the man, who died confessing his 
 guilt. 
 
 There are two French plays on the 
 subject, one entitled Le Chien de Mont- 
 argis, and the other Le Chien d 'Aubry. 
 The former of these has been adapted ito 
 the English stage. Dragon was called 
 Chien de Montargis, because the assassi- 
 nation took place near this castle, and was 
 depicted in the great hall over the 
 chimney-piece. 
 
 In the English drama, the sash of the 
 murdered man is found in the possession 
 of lieutenant Macaire, and is recognized 
 by Ursula, who Avorked the sword-knot, 
 and gave it to captain Aubri, who was 
 her sweetheart. Macaire then confessed 
 the crime. His accomplice, lieutenant 
 Landry, trying to escape, was seized by 
 the dog Dragon, and bitten to death. 
 
 Macaire {Robert), a cant name for a 
 Frenchman. 
 
 Mac Alpine (Jeanie), landlady of the 
 Clachan of Aberfoyle. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Rob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Macamut, a sultan of Cambaya, who 
 lived so much upon poison that his very 
 breath and touch Avere fatal. — Purchas, 
 Pilgrimage (1613). 
 
 MacAnaleister (Eachin), a follower 
 of Rob Roy.— Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Macare (2 syl.), the impersonation 
 of good temper. — Voltaire, Theleme and 
 Macare (an allegory). 
 
 Macaulay (Angus), a Highland chief, 
 in the army of the earl of Montrose. 
 
 Allan Macaulay or "Allan of the Red 
 Hand," brother of Angus. Allan is "a 
 seer," and is in love with Annot Lyle. 
 He stabs the earl of Menteith on the eve 
 of his marriage, out of jealousy, but the 
 earl recovers and marries Annot Lyle. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
 Charles I.). 
 
 Macbeth', son of Sinel thane of 
 Glamis, and grandson of Malcolm II. 
 by his second daughter ; the elder 
 daughter married Crynin, father of Dun- 
 can who succeeded his grandfather on 
 the throne. Hence king Duncan and 
 Macbeth were cousins. Duncan, staying 
 as a guest with Macbeth at the castle of 
 Inverness (1040), was murdered by his 
 host, who then usurped the crown. The 
 battle which Macbeth had just won was 
 this : — Sueno king of Norway had landed 
 with an army in Fife, for the purpose of 
 invading Scotland ; Macbeth and Banquo 
 were sent against him, and defeated him 
 with such loss, that only ten men of all 
 his army escaped alive. Macbeth was 
 promised by the witches (1) that none of 
 woman born should kill him, and (2) 
 that he should not die till Burham Wood 
 removed to Dunsinane. He was slain in 
 battle by Macduff, who was "from his 
 mother's Avomb untimely ripped ;" and as 
 for the moving Avood, the soldiers of 
 Macduff, in their march to Dunsinane, 
 Avere commanded to carry boughs of the 
 forest before them, to conceal their 
 numbers. 
 
 Lady Macbeth, wife of Macbeth, a 
 Avoman of great ambition and inexorable 
 will. When her husband told her that 
 the Avitches prophesied he should be king, 
 she induced him to murder Duncan, Avho 
 A\ r as at the time their guest. She A\ r ould 
 herself haA*e done it, but "he looked in 
 sleep so like her father that she could 
 not." HoAveA'er, when Macbeth had mur- 
 dered the king, she felt no scruple in 
 murdering the tAvo grooms that slept Avith 
 him, and throAving the guilt on them. After 
 her husband Avas croAvned, she Avas greatly 
 troubled by dreams, and used to Avalk in 
 her sleep, trying to rub from her hands 
 imaginary stains of blood. She died, 
 probablv, by her OAvn hand. — Shake- 
 speare, Macbeth (1606). 
 
 She is a terrible impersonation of evil passions and 
 mighty powers, never so far removed from our own nature 
 
MACBRIAR. 
 
 586 
 
 MACFIN. 
 
 as to be cast beyond the pale of our sympathy ; for she 
 remains a woman to the last, and is always linked with 
 her sex and with humanity. — Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 "It is related of Mrs. Betterton," savs 
 C. Dibdin, "that though 'lady Macbeth' 
 had been frequently well performed, no 
 actress, not even Mrs. Barry, could in 
 the smallest degree be compared to her." 
 Mrs. Siddons calls Mrs. Pritchard "the 
 greatest of all the 'lady Macbeths;'" 
 but Mrs. Siddons herself was so great in 
 this character, that in the sleep-walking 
 scene, in her farewell performance, the 
 whole audience stood on the benches, and 
 demanded that the performance should 
 end with that scene. Since then, Helen 
 Faucit has been the best ' ' lady Mac- 
 beth." Mrs. Betterton (died 1712) ; Mrs. 
 Barry (1882-1733) ; Mrs. Pritchard (1711- 
 1768) ; Mrs. Siddons (1755- 1831) ; Helen 
 Faucit (born 1820). 
 
 * + * Dr. Lardner says that the name of 
 lady Macbeth was Graoch, and that she 
 was the daughter of Kenneth IV. 
 
 MacBriar {Ephraim), an enthusiast 
 and a preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mor- 
 tality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Mac'eabee {Father), the name as- 
 sumed by king Roderick after his de- 
 thronement. — Southey, Roderick, the Last 
 of the Goths (1814). 
 
 MacCallum {Dougal), the auld butler 
 of sir Robert Rcdgauntlet, introduced in 
 Wandering Willie's story. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 MaeCandlish. {Mrs.), landlady of 
 the Gordon Arms inn at Kippletringan. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 MacCasquil {Mr.), of Drumquag, a 
 relation of Mrs. Margaret Bertram. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George 
 
 MacChoak'umchild, schoolmaster 
 at Coketown. A man crammed with 
 facts. " He and some 140 other school- 
 masters had been lately turned at the 
 same time, in the same factory, on the 
 same principles, like so many pianoforte 
 legs." — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 
 
 MacCombich {Evan Dhu), foster- 
 brother of Fergus M'lvor, both of whom 
 were sentenced to death at Carlisle. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
 
 MacCombich {Robin Oig) or M'Gregor, 
 a Highland drover, who stabs Harry 
 Wakefield, and is found guilty at Car- 
 
 lisle.— Sir W. Scott, The Two Drovers 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 MacCrosskie {Deacon), of Creoch- 
 stone, a neighbour of the laird of Ellan- 
 gowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 MaeDonald's Breed {Lord), ver- 
 min or human parasites. Lord Mac- 
 Donald, son of the " Lord of the Isles" 
 once made a raid on the mainland. He 
 and his followers dressed themselves in 
 the clothes of the plundered party, but 
 their own rags were so full of vermin 
 that no one was poor enough to covet 
 them. 
 
 MacDougal of Lorn, a Highland 
 chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 
 I.). 
 
 Macduff, thane of Fife in the time 
 of Edward the Con'fessor. One of the 
 Avitches told Macbeth to ^'beware of the 
 thane of Fife," but another added that 
 " none of woman born should have power 
 to harm him." Macduff was at this 
 moment in England, raising an army to 
 dethrone Macbeth, and place Malcolm (son 
 of Duncan) on the throne. Macbeth did 
 not know of his absence, but with a view 
 of cutting him off, attacked his castle, 
 and slew lady Macduff with all her 
 children. Having raised an army, Mac- 
 duff led it to Dunsinane, where a furious 
 battle ensued. Macduff encountered 
 Macbeth, and being told by the king 
 that "none of woman born could prevail 
 against him," replied that he (Macduff) 
 was not born of a woman, but was taken 
 from his mother's womb by the Caesarian 
 operation. Whereupon they fought, and 
 Macbeth fell. — Shakespeare, Macbeth 
 (1606). 
 
 MacEagh {Ranald), one of the 
 " Children of the Mist," and an outlaw. 
 Ranald is the fpe of Allan Macaulay. 
 
 Kenneth 31'Eagh, grandson of Ranald 
 M'Eagh. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
 rose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Macedonieus, iEmilius Paulus, 
 conqueror of Perseus (b.c. 230-160). 
 
 Macfie, the laird of Gudgeonford, a 
 neighbour of the laird of Ellangowan. — • 
 Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Macfin {Miles), the cadie in the 
 Canongate, Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
MACFITTOCH. 
 
 587 
 
 MACILDUY. 
 
 MacFittocll {Mr.), the dancing- 
 master at Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Surgeon' s Daughter (time, GeorgelL). 
 
 MacFleck'noe, in Dryden's satire so 
 called, is meant for Thomas Shadwell, 
 who was promoted to the office of poet- 
 laureate. The design of Dryden's poem 
 is to represent the inauguration of one 
 dullard as successor of another in the 
 monarchy of nonsense. R. Flecknoe was 
 an Irish priest and hackney poet of no 
 leputatioh, and Mac in Celtic being son, 
 '"MacFlecknoe" means the son of the 
 poetaster so named. Flecknoe, seeking 
 for a successor to his own dulness, selects 
 Shadwell to bear his mantle. 
 
 Shadwell alone my perfect image bears, 
 
 Mature in dulness from his tender years; . . . 
 
 The rost to some faint meaning make «*"-r*cr.~». 
 
 But Shadwell never deviates into sense. 
 
 Dryden, MacFlecknoe (a satire. 1682). 
 An ordinary reader would scarcely suppose that Shad- 
 well, who is here meant by MacFlecknoe. was worth 
 being chastised; and that Dryden, descending to sui-b. 
 game, was like an eagle stooping to catch flies. But the 
 truth is, that Shadwell at one time held divided reputa- 
 tion with this great poet. Every age produces its fashion- 
 able dunces, who . . . supply talkative ignorance with 
 materials for conversation. — Goldsmith, Beauties of 
 English Poets (1767). 
 
 MaeGr airier (Master), a dissenting 
 minister at Kippletringan. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 MacGregor (Rob Roy) or Robert 
 Campbell, the outlaw. He was a 
 Highland freebooter. 
 
 Helen McGregor, Rob Roy's wife. 
 
 Hamish and Robert Oig, the sons of 
 Rob Roy.— Sir W. Scott, 'Rob Roy (time, 
 George !.). 
 
 MacGregor, or Robin Oig M'Combich, 
 a Highland drover, who stabbed Harry 
 Wakefield at an ale-house. Being tried 
 at Carlisle for the murder, he was found 
 guilty and condemned. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 
 
 MacGru.th.er (Sandie), a beggar 
 imprisoned by Mr. Godfrey Bertram 
 laird of Ellangowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 MacGuflbg (David), keeper of Por- 
 tanferry prison. 
 
 Mrs. M'Guffog, David's wife.— Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Macham (Robert), the discoverer of 
 Madeira Island, to which he was driven 
 while eloping with his lady-love (a.d. 
 13J-1). The lady soon died, and the 
 mariners made off with the ship. Mac- 
 ham, after his mourning was over, made 
 a rude boat out of a tree, and, with two or 
 
 three men, putting forth to sea, landed on 
 the shores of Africa. The Rev. W. L. 
 Bowles has made the marvellous adven- 
 tures of Robert Macham the subject of 
 a poem ; and Drayton, in his Polyolbion, 
 xix., has devoted twenty-two lines to the 
 same subject. 
 
 Maclieath. (Captain), captain of a 
 gang of highwaymen ; a fine, bold-faced 
 ruffian, " game " to the very last. He is 
 married to Polly Peachum, but finds 
 himself dreadfully embarrassed between 
 Polly his wife, and Lucy to whom^he has 
 promised marriage. Being betrayed by 
 eight women at a drinking bout, the 
 captain is lodged in Newgate, but Lucy 
 effects his escape. He is recaptured, 
 tried, and condemned to death ; but 
 being reprieved, acknowledges Polly to 
 be his wife, and promises to remain 
 constant to her for the future. — J. Gay, 
 The Beggar's Opera (1727). 
 
 Men will not become highwaymen because Macheath is 
 acquitted on the stage. — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 T. Walker was the original "Mac- 
 heath," but Charles Hulet (1701-1736) 
 was allowed to excel him. O'Keefe 
 says West Digges (1720-1786) was the 
 best " Macheath " he ever saw in person, 
 song, and manners. Incledon (1764- 
 1826) performed the part well, and in 
 1821 Miss Blake delighted play-goers by 
 her pretty imitation of the highwayman. 
 
 MachiaveUi (Niccolo del), of Flo- 
 rence, author of a book called The 
 Prince, the object of which is to show 
 that all is fair in diplomacy, as well as in 
 " love and war " (1469-1527). 
 
 *** Machiavellism, political cunning 
 and duplicity, the art of tricking and 
 overreaching by diplomacy. 
 
 Tiberius, the Roman emperor, is called 
 "The Imperial MachiaveUi" (b.c. 42 
 to a.d. 37). 
 
 Maelaii (Gilchrist), father of Ian 
 Eachin MTan. 
 
 Jan Eachin (or Hector) M'lan, called 
 Conachar, chief of the clan Quhele. son of 
 Gilchrist MTan. Hector is old Glover's 
 Highland apprentice, and casts himself 
 down a precipice, because Catharine 
 Glover loves Henry Smith better than 
 himself. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Macllduy, or Mhich Connel Dhu, a 
 Highland chief in the army of Montrose. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose 
 (time, Charles I.). 
 
MACINTYRE. 
 
 bS6 
 
 MACROBII. 
 
 Maclntyre (Maria), niece of Mr. 
 Jonathan Oldbuck "the antiquary." 
 
 Captain Hector M l Jntyre, nephew of 
 Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck, and brother of 
 Maria M'Intyre.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Maclvor (Fergus), or " Yich Ian 
 Vohr," chief of Glennaquoich. He is 
 executed. 
 
 Flora M'lvor, sister of Fergus, and the 
 heroine of Waver ley. —'Six W. Scott, 
 Wavcrley (time, George II.). 
 
 Mackitchinson, landlord at the 
 Queen's" Ferry inn.— Sir W. Scott, The' 
 Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 M acklin. Th e real n am e of thi s g reat 
 actor was Charles MacLaughlin ; but he 
 dropped the middle syllable when lie 
 came to England (1G90-1797). 
 
 Macklin (Sir), a priest who preached 
 to Tom and Bob and Billy, on the 
 sinfulness of walking on Sundays. At 
 his "sixthly" he said, "Ha, ha, I see 
 you raise your hands in agony ! " They 
 certainly had raised their hands, for they 
 were yawning. At his " twenty-firstly " 
 lie cried, " Ho, ho, I see you bow your 
 heads in heartfelt sorrow!" Truly they 
 bowed their heads, for they were sleeping. 
 Still on he preached and thumped his hat, 
 when the bishop passing by, cried , ' ' Bosh ! " 
 and walked him off. — W. S. Gilbert, The 
 Bab Ballads (" Sir Macklin "). 
 
 Maclean (Sir Hector), a Highland 
 chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 
 
 Macleary (Widow), landlady of the 
 Tully Veolan village ale-house. — Sir W. 
 ocott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 MacLeish (Donald), postilion to Mrs. 
 Beth une Baliol. — Sir W. Scott, Highland 
 Widow (time, George II.). 
 
 Maeleod' (Colin or Cawdie), a Scotch- 
 man, one of the house-servants of lord 
 Abberville, entrusted with the financial 
 department of his lordship's household. 
 Most strictly honest and economical, 
 Colin Maeleod is hated by his fellow- 
 servants, and, having been in the service 
 <>f the family for many years, tries to 
 check his young master in his road to 
 ruin. 
 
 *** The object of the author in this 
 character is " to weed out the unmanly 
 prejudice of Englishmen against the 
 Scotch," as the object of The Jew 
 
 (another drama), was to weed out the 
 prej udice of Christians against that much- 
 maligned people. — Cumberland, The 
 
 Fashionable Lover (1780). 
 
 Macleuchar (Mrs.), book-keeper at 
 the coach-office in Edinburgh. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 MacIiOUis, captain of the king's 
 guard. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
 (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Maclure (Elizabeth), an old widow 
 and a covenanter. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 MacMorlan (Mr.), deputy-sheriff, 
 and guardian to Luc3 r Bertram. 
 
 Mrs. M'Morlan, his wife. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 MacMurrough, "Nan Fonn," the 
 family bard at Glennaquoich to Fergus 
 M'lvor. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Ma'coma', a good and wise genius, 
 who protects the prudent and pious 
 against the wiles of all evil genii. — Sir 
 C. Morell [J. Ridley] , Talcs of the Genii 
 ("The Enchanter's Tale," vi., 1751). 
 
 Macon, same as Mahoun, that is, 
 Mahomet. Mecca, the birthplace of Ma- 
 homet, is sometimes called Macon in 
 poetry. 
 
 " Praised," quoth he, " be Macon, whom we serve." 
 Fairfax. 
 
 MacPhadraick (Miles), a Highland 
 officer under Barcaldine or captain Camp- 
 bell.— Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Macraw (Francie), an old domestic 
 at the earl of Glenallan's. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Macready (Pate), a pedlar, the friend 
 of Andrew Fairservice gardener at Osbal- 
 distone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Mac'reons, the British. Great 
 Britain is the "Island of the Macreons." 
 The word is a Greek compound, meaning 
 "long-lived," "because no one is put to 
 death there for his religious opinions." 
 Rabelais says the island "is full of 
 antique ruins and relics of popery and 
 ancient superstitions."— Rabelais, Pan~ 
 tag'ruel (1545). 
 
 *** Rabelais describes the persecutions 
 which the Reformers met with as a storm 
 at sea, in which Rantagruel and his fleet 
 were tempest-tossed. 
 
 Macro'bii (" the long-lived"), an 
 
MACROTHUMUS. 
 
 681) 
 
 MAD. 
 
 Ethiopian race, said to live to 120 years 
 and upwards. They are the handsomest 
 and tallest of all men, as well as the 
 longest-lived. 
 
 Maeroth'umus, Long-suffering per- 
 sonified. Fully described in canto x. 
 (Greek, makrothitinia, "long-suffering.") 
 — Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island 
 (1633). 
 
 MacSarcasm (Sir Archy), in Love a- 
 ia-mode, by C. Macklin (177U). Boaden 
 says: "To Covent Garden, G. F. Cooke 
 [174G-1812] -was a great acquisition, as he 
 was a 'Shylock,' an 'Iago,' a 'Kitely,' 
 a 'sir Archy,' and a ' sir Pertinax ' [MeSy- 
 cophant]." Leigh Hunt says that G. F. 
 Cooke was a new kind of Macklin, and, 
 like him, excelled in " Shylock " and 
 " sir Archy M'Sarcasm." 
 
 %* "Shylock" in the Merchant of 
 Venice (Shakespeare) ; " Iago" in Othello 
 (Shakespeare) ; " Kitely" in Every Man 
 vi Ills Humour (B. Jonson) ; "sir Archy " 
 that is, "M'Sarcasm"; "sir Pertinax 
 McSvcophant" in The Man of the World 
 (Macklin). 
 
 MacSillergrip, a Scotch pawn- 
 broker, in search of Robin Scrawkey, his 
 runaway apprentice, whom he pursues 
 upstairs and assails with blows. 
 
 Mrs. M l Stllergrip, the pawnbroker's 
 wife, always in terror lest the manager 
 should pay her indecorous attentions. — 
 Charles Mathews (At home, in Multiple). 
 
 The skill with which Mathews [1775-1835] carried on a 
 conversation between these three persons produced a 
 most astonishing effect. — Contemporary Paper. 
 
 MacStin'ger (Mrs.), a widow who 
 kept lodgings at No. 9, Brig Place, on 
 the brink of a canal near the India Docks. 
 Captain Cuttle lodged there. Mrs. Mac- 
 Stinger was a termagant, and rendered 
 the captain's life miserable. He was 
 afraid of her, and, although her lodger, 
 was her slave. When her son Alexander 
 was refractory, Mrs. Mac Stinger used to 
 seat him on a cold paving-stone. She 
 contrived to make captain Bunsby her 
 second husband. — C. Dickens, Doinbey 
 and Son (1B46). 
 
 MacSyc'oph.ant (Sir Pertinax), the 
 hot-headed, ambitious father of Charles 
 Egerton. His love for Scotland is very 
 great, and he is continually quarrelling 
 with his family because they do not hold 
 his country in sufficient reverence. 
 
 I raised it [my fortune] by booing ... I never could 
 stand straight in the presence of a great mon.but always 
 booed, and booed, and booed, as it were by instinct. — Act 
 HLi, 
 
 Charles Egerton IPSycophant, son of 
 sir Pertinax. Egerton was the mother's 
 name. Charles Egerton marries Con- 
 stantia. — C. Macklin, The Man of the 
 World (1764). 
 
 Mactab {The Hon. Miss Lucretia), 
 sister of lord Lofty, and sister-in-law of 
 lieutenant Worthington "the poor gentle- 
 man." Miss Lucretia was an old maid, 
 "stiff as a ramrod." Being very poor, 
 she allowed the jieutenant "the honour 
 of maintaining her," for which " she 
 handsomely gave i im her countenance ; " 
 but when the lieutenant was obliged to 
 discontinue his hospitality, she resolved 
 to "countenance a tobacconist of Glas- 
 gow, who was her sixteenth cousin." — G. 
 Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802). 
 
 MacTavish Mhor or Hamish 
 M'Tavish, a Highland outlaw. 
 
 Elspat M'Tavish, or "The Woman of 
 the Tree," widow of M'Tavish Mhor ; 
 "the Highland widow." She prevents 
 her son from joining his regiment, in 
 consequence of which he is shot as a 
 deserter, and Elspat goes mad. 
 
 Hamish Bean M'Tavish, son of Elspat 
 M'Tavish. He joins a Highland regi- 
 ment, and goes to visit his mother, who 
 gives him a sleeping draught to detain 
 him. As he does not join his regiment in 
 time, he is arrested for desertion, tried, 
 and shot at Dunbarton Castle. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Highland Widow (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 MacTurk (Captain Mungo or Hector), 
 "the man of peace," in the managing 
 committee of the Spa hotel. — Sir W. 
 Scott, St. Bo-nail's Well (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 MacVittie (Ephraim), a Glasgow 
 merchant, one of Osbaldistone's creditors. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, George 
 I.). 
 
 Mae W heebie (Duncan), bailie at 
 Tully Yeolan to the baron of Bradwar- 
 dine. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Mad. The Bedlam of Belgium is 
 Gheel, where madmen reside in the houses 
 of the inhabitants, generally one in each 
 family. 
 
 Dymphna was a woman of rank, mur- 
 dered by her father for resisting his 
 incestuous passion, and became the 
 tutelar saint of those stricken in spirit. 
 A shrine in time rose in her honour, which 
 for ten centuries has been consecrated to 
 
MAD CAVALIER. 
 
 390 
 
 MADOC. 
 
 the relief of mental diseases. This was 
 the origin of the insane colony of Gheel. 
 
 Mad Cavalier (The), prince Rupert 
 of Bavaria, nephew of Charles I. lie 
 was noted for his rash courage and im- 
 petuosity (1619-1682). 
 
 Mad Lover (The), a drama hy 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (before 1('>18). 
 The name of the "mad lover" is Mem- 
 non, -who is general of Astorax king of 
 Paphos. 
 
 Mad Poet (The), Nathaniel Lee 
 (1657-1690). 
 
 Madasi'ma (Queen), an important 
 character in the old romance called Am'- 
 adis de Gaul ; her constant attendant was 
 Elis'abat, a famous surgeon, with whom 
 she roamed in solitary retreats. 
 
 Mad'elon, cousin of Cathos, and 
 daughter of Gor'gibus a plain citizen of 
 the middle rank of life. These two silly 
 girls have had their heads turned by 
 novels, and, thinking their names com- 
 monplace, Madelon calls herself Po- 
 lixena, and Cathos calls herself Aminta. 
 Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but 
 the girls fancy their manners are too 
 easy to be " stylish ; " so the gentlemen 
 send their valets to them, as the " marquis 
 of Mascarille" and the "viscount of 
 Jodelet." The girls are delighted with 
 these "real gentlemen;" but when the 
 farce has been carried far enough, the 
 masters enter and unmask the trick. 
 The girls are thus taught a useful lesson, 
 but are not subjected to any serious ill 
 consequences. — Moliere, Les Precieuses 
 Ridicules (1659). 
 
 Mademoiselle. What is understood 
 by this word when it stands alone is 
 Mdlle. de Montpensier, daughter of Gas- 
 ton due d'Orleans, and cousin of Louis 
 XIV. 
 
 Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, duchesse de Montpensier, 
 connue sous le nom de Mademoiselle, nee a Paris, 1627 ; 
 m. l(!y:i; etait fille de Gaston d'Orleans frcre de Louis 
 XIII.— Bouillet. 
 
 Mademoiselle, the French lady's-maid 
 waiting on lady Fanciful ; full of the 
 grossest flattery, and advising her lady- 
 ship to the most unwarrantable intrigues. 
 Lady Fanciful says, "The French are 
 certainly the prettiest and most obliging 
 people. They say the most acceptable, 
 well-mannered things, and never Hatter." 
 When induced to do what her conscience 
 and education revolted at, she would 
 playfully rebuke Mdlle. with, "Ah! la 
 me'ehante Francoise ! " to which Mdlle. 
 
 would respond. "Ah! la belle Anglaise!" 
 — Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife (1697). 
 
 Madge "Wildfire, the insane daugh- 
 ter of old Meg Murdochson the gipsy 
 thief. Madge was a beautiful but giddy 
 girl, whose brain was crazed by seduction 
 and the murder of her infant. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 
 Madman (Macedonia's), Alexander 
 the Great (b.c. 356, 336-323). 
 
 Heroes are much the same, the point's agreed, 
 From Macedonia's Madman to the Swede [Charles XII.]. 
 Pope, £ssay on Man, iv. 219 (1733). 
 How vain, how worse than vain, at length appear 
 The madman's wish, the Macedonian tear ! 
 He wept for worlds to conquer ; half the earth 
 Knows not his name, or but his death and birth. 
 
 Byron, Age of Bronze (1?19). 
 
 Madman (The Brilliant), Charles XII. 
 of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 
 
 Madman of the North, Charles 
 XII. of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 
 
 Madmen (The Worst of). 
 
 For Virtue's self may too much zeal be had ; 
 The worst of madmen is a saint run mad. 
 
 Pope, Jynitations of Horace, vi. (1730). 
 
 Ma'doc, youngest son of Owain 
 Gwvnedd king of North Wales (who 
 died 1169). He is called "The Perfect 
 Prince," " The Lord of Ocean," and is the 
 very beau-ideal of a hero. Invincible, 
 courageous, strong, and daring, but 
 amiable, merciful, and tender-hearted ; 
 most pious, but without bigotry ; most 
 wise, but without dogmatism ; most 
 provident and far-seeing. He left his 
 native country in 1170, and ventured 
 on the ocean to discover a new Avorld ; 
 his vessels reached America, and he 
 founded a settlement near the Missouri. 
 Having made an alliance with the 
 Az'tecas, he returned to Wales for a fresh 
 supply of colonists, and conducted six 
 ships in safety to the new settlement, 
 called Caer-Madoc. War soon broke out 
 between the natives and the strangers ; 
 but the white men proving the con- 
 querors, the Az'tecas migrated to Mexico. 
 On one occasion, being set upon from 
 ambush, Madoc was chained by one foot 
 to " the stone of sacrifice," and consigned 
 to fight with six volunteers. His first 
 opponent was Ocell'opan, whom he slew ; 
 his next was Tlalfda "the tiger," but 
 during this contest Cadwallon came to 
 the rescue. — Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 . . . Madoc 
 Put forth his well-risgcd fleet to seek him foreign ground. 
 And sailed west so long until that world he found . . . 
 Long ere Columbus lived. 
 
 Drayton, PolyolMon, ix. (1612). 
 
MADOK. 
 
 591 
 
 MAGIC GARTERS. 
 
 Mador (Sir), a Scotch knight, who 
 accused queen Guinever of having poisoned 
 his brother. Sir Launcelot du Lac chal- 
 lenged hirn to single combat, and over- 
 threw him ; for which service king Arthur 
 gave the queen's champion La Joyeuse 
 Garde as a residence. 
 
 Maece'nas (Caius Cilnius), a wealthy- 
 Roman nobleman, a friend of Augustus, 
 and liberal patron of Virgil, Horace, 
 Propertius, and other men of genius. 
 His name has become proverbial for a 
 "munificent friend of literature" (died 
 
 B.C. 8). 
 
 Are you not called a theatrical quidnunc and a mock 
 Maecenas to second-hand authors ?— Sheridan, The Critic, 
 L 1 (1779). 
 
 Mse'nad, a Bacchant, plu. Maenads 
 or Mae'nades (3 syl.). So called from 
 the Greek, mainomai (" to be furious"), 
 because they acted like mad women in 
 their " religious " festivals. 
 
 Among the boughs did swelling Bacchus ride. 
 Whom wild-grown Mronads bore, 
 thin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 
 
 Mseon'ides (4 syl.). Homer is so 
 called, either because he was son of 
 Maeon, or because he was a native of 
 Mseon'ia (Lydia). He is also called 
 Mcp.onius Senex, and his poems Mceonian 
 Lays. 
 
 When great Masonides, in rapid song, 
 The thundering tide of battle rolls along, 
 Each ravished bosom feels the high alarms, 
 And all the burning pulses beat to arms. 
 
 Falconer, The Shiimreck, iii. 1 (1756). 
 
 Mseviad, a satire by Gifford, on the 
 Delia Cruscan school of poetry (pub- 
 lished 1796). The word is from Virgil's 
 Eclogue. 
 
 Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Msevi, 
 Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. 
 
 Virgil, Eel., iii. \i0, 9L 
 
 Who hates not Bavins, or on Msevius dotes. 
 Should plough with foxes, or should milk he-goats. 
 
 Masvius, any vile poet. (See Ba- 
 vius.) 
 
 But if fond Bavius vent his clouted song. 
 Or Msevius chant ids thoughts in brothel charm, 
 
 The witless vulgar, in a numerous throng, 
 
 Like summer flies about the dunghill swarm . . . 
 
 Who hates not one may he the other love. 
 
 Phineas Fletcher. The ruriAe Isla>id, i. (1633). 
 
 Magalo'na {The Fair), daughter of 
 the king of Naples. She is the heroine of 
 an old romance of chivalry, originally 
 written in French, but translated into 
 Spanish in the fifteenth century. Cer- 
 vantes alludes to this romance in Don 
 Quixote. The main incident of the story 
 turns on a flying horse made by Merlin, 
 which came "into the possession of Peter 
 of Provence. — The History of the Fair 
 
 Magalona and Peter Son of the Count of 
 Provence. 
 
 *#* Tieck has reproduced the history 
 of Magalona in German (1773-1853). 
 
 Mage !N"egro King, Gaspar king of 
 Tarshish, a black Ethiop, and tallest 
 of the three Magi. His offering was 
 myrrh, indicative of death. 
 
 As the Mage negro king to Christ the babe. 
 
 Robert Browning, Luria, i. 
 
 Maggots of the Brains. Swift 
 says it was the opinion of certain virtuosi 
 that the brain is filled with little mag- 
 gots, and that thought is produced by 
 their biting the nerves. 
 
 To tickle the maggot born in an empty head. 
 
 Tennyson, Maud, II. v. 3. 
 
 Maggy, the half-witted grand- 
 daughter of Little Dorrit's nurse. She 
 had had a fever at the age of ten, from 
 ill-treatment, and her mind and intellect 
 never went beyond that period. Thus, if 
 asked her age, she always replied, "Ten;" 
 and she always repeated the last two or 
 three words of what was said to her. 
 She called Amy Dorrit " Little Mother." 
 
 She was about eight and twenty, with large bones, 
 large features, large feet and hands, large eyes, and no 
 hair. Her large eyes were limpid and almost colourless ; 
 they seemed to be very little affected by light, and to 
 stand unnaturally still. There was also that attentive 
 listening expression in her face, which is seen in the faces 
 of the blind ; but she was not blind, having one tolerably 
 serviceable eye. Her face was not exceedingly ug'.y, being 
 re leenied by a smile. . . . A great white cap, with a quan- 
 tity of opaque frilling . . . apologized for Maggy's bald- 
 ness, and made it so difficult for her old black-bonnet to 
 retain its place upon her head, that it held on round her 
 neck like a gipsy' s baby. . . . The rest of her dress 
 resembled sea-weed, with here and there a gigantic tea- 
 leaf. Her shawl looked like a huge tea-leaf after long 
 infusion.— C. Dickens, Little Dorrit, ix. (1857). 
 
 Magi or Three kings of Cologne, the 
 "wise men from the East," who followed 
 the guiding-star to the manger in Beth- 
 lehem with offerings. Melchior king of 
 Nubia, the shortest of the three, offered 
 gold, indicative of royalty ; Balthazar 
 king of Chaldea offered frankincense, in- 
 dicative of divinity ; and Gaspar king 
 of Tarshish, a black Ethiop, the tallest 
 of the three, offered myrrh, symbolic of 
 death. 
 
 Melchior means " king of light ; " Bal- 
 thazar, " lord of treasures ; " and Gaspar 
 or Caspar, " the white one." 
 
 *** Klopstock, in his Messiah, makes 
 the Magi six in numher, and gives the 
 names as Haclad, Selima, Zimri, Mirja, 
 Beled, and Sunith.— Bk. v. (1771). 
 
 Magic Garters. No horse can keep 
 up a\ ith a man furnished with these gar- 
 ters. They are made thus : Strips of the 
 skin of a young hare are cut two inches 
 
MAGIC RINGS. 
 
 592 
 
 MAGOG. 
 
 wide, and some motherwort, gathered in 
 the first degree of the sign Capricorn and 
 partially dried, is sewn into these strips, 
 which are then folded in two. The 
 garters are to he worn as other garters. — 
 Les Secrets Merveilleux du Petit Albert. 
 
 Were it not for my magic garters, . . . 
 I should not continne the business long. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851;. 
 
 Magic Ring's, like that which Gyges, 
 minister to king Candaules of Lydia, 
 found in the flanks of a brazen horse. 
 By means of this ring, which made its 
 wearer invisible, Gyges first dishonored 
 the queen, and then, with her assistance, 
 assassinated the king and usurped his 
 throne. Plato's Republic; Cicero's Offices. 
 
 Magic Staff {The). This staff would 
 guarantee the bearer from all the perils 
 ami mishaps incidental to travellers. No 
 robber nor wild beast, no mad dog, 
 venomous animal, nor accident, could 
 hurt its possessor. The staff consisted 
 of a willow branch, gathered on the eve of 
 All Saints' Day ; the pith being removed, 
 two eyes of a young wolf, the tongue 
 and heart of a dog, three green lizards, 
 the hearts of three swallows, seven leaves 
 of vervain gathered on the eve of John 
 the Baptist's Day, and a stone taken 
 from a lapwing's nest, were inserted in 
 the place of the pith. The toe of the 
 staff was furnished Avith an iron ferrule ; 
 and the handle was of box, or any other 
 material, according to fancy. — Les Secrets 
 Merveilleux de Petit Albert, 130. 
 
 Were it not for my magic . . . staff, 
 I should not continue the business long. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Magic Wands. The hermit gave 
 Charles the Dane and Ubaldo a wand, 
 which, being shaken, infused terror into 
 all who saw it. — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
 livered (1575). 
 
 The palmer who accompanied sir 
 Guy on had a wand of like virtue. It 
 was made of the same wood as Mercury's 
 caduceus. — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 
 (1590). 
 
 Magician of the North (The), 
 sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). 
 
 How beautifully ha- the Magician of the North de- 
 scribed "The Field of Waterloo 1 "—Lord W. P. Lennox, 
 Celebrities, etc., i. 16 
 
 *** Johann Georg Hamann of Prussia 
 called himself "The Magician of the 
 North" (1730-1788). 
 
 Magliabechi, the greatest book- 
 worm that ever lived. He devoured 
 books, and never forgot anything he had 
 read. He had also so exact a memory, 
 
 that he could tell the precise place and 
 shelf of a book, as well as the volume and 
 page of any passage required. He was 
 the librarian of the great-duke Cosmo 
 III. His usual dinner was three hard- 
 boiled eggs and a draught of water (1633- 
 1714). 
 
 Magmu, the coquette of Astracan. 
 
 Though naturally handsome, she used every art to set 
 off her beauty. Not a w mJ pr ceeded from her mouth 
 that was not studied. To counterfeit a violent passion, to 
 sigh d propos, to make an attractive gesture, to trifle 
 agreeably, and collect the various graces of dumb eloquence 
 into a smile, were the arts in which she excelled. She 
 spent hours before her glass in deciding how a curl might 
 be made to hang loose upon her neck to the greatest 
 advantage; how to open and shut her lips so as best to 
 show her teeth without affectation — to turn her face full 
 or otherwise, as occasion might require. She looked on 
 herself with ceaseless admiration, and always admired 
 most the works of her own hand in improving on the 
 beauty which nature had bestowed on her.— T. S. Gueu- 
 lette, Chinese Tales (" Maginu," 17 - -'3). 
 
 Magnanimous (The), Alfonso of 
 Aragon (1385, 1416-1458). 
 
 Khosru or Chosrocs, the twenty-first of 
 the SassanTdes, was surnamed Noushir- 
 wan ("Magnanimous") (*, 531-579). 
 
 Magnano, one of the leaders of the 
 rabble that attacked Hudibras at a bear- 
 baiting. The character is designed for 
 Simeon Wait, a tinker, as famous an 
 independent preacher as Burroughs. He 
 used to style Cromwell "the archangel 
 who did battle with the devil." — S. But- 
 ler, Hudibras, i. 2 (1663). 
 
 Magnetic Mountain (The). This 
 mountain drew out all the nails and iron 
 bolts of any ship which approached it, 
 thus causing it to fall to pieces. 
 
 This mountain is very steep, and on the summit is a 
 large dome made of fine bronze, which is supported upon 
 columns of the same metal. On the top of the dome 
 there is a bronze horse with the figure of a man upon it. 
 . . . There is a tradition that this statue is the principal 
 cause of the loss of so many vessels and men, and that it 
 will never cease from being destructive . . . till it he over- 
 thrown.— Arabian Ifights (" The Third Calender "). 
 
 Magnificent (The), Khosru or Chos- 
 roes I. of Persia (*, 531-579). 
 
 Lorenzo de Medici (1448-1492). 
 
 Robert due de Normandie ; called La 
 Liable also (*, 1028-1035). 
 
 Soliman I., greatest of the Turkish 
 sultans (1493, 1520-1566). 
 
 Magog, according to Ezek. xxxviii., 
 xxxix., was a country or people over 
 whom Gog was prince. Some say the 
 Goths are meant, others the Persians, 
 others the Scythians or the northern 
 nations of Europe generally. 
 
 Sale says that Magog is the tribe called 
 by Ptolemy " Gilan," and by Strain) 
 "Geli" or " Gehe." — Al Koran, xxviii. 
 note. (See Gog.) 
 
MAGOG. 
 
 593 
 
 MAHOMET. 
 
 Ma'gog, one of the princes of Satan, 
 whose ambition is to destroy hell. 
 
 Magounca (2 syl.), Arundel Castle. 
 
 She drew southward unto the sea-side, till, by fortune, 
 she came to a castle called Magounce, and now is called 
 Aruudell, in Southsex.— Sir T. Malory, UUtory of Prince 
 Arthur, ii. 118 (14: 0). 
 
 Magrieio, the champion of Isabella 
 of Portugal, who refused to pay truage to 
 France. He vanquished the French 
 champion, and thus liberated his country 
 from tribute. 
 
 Magwiteh {Abel), a convict for life, 
 the unknown father of Estella, who was 
 adopted from infancy by Miss Havisham, 
 the daughter of a rich banker. The 
 convict, having made his escape to Aus- 
 tralia, became a successful sheep farmer, 
 and sent money secretly to Mr. Jaggers, 
 a London lawyer, to educate Pip :s a 
 gentleman. When Pip was 23 years old, 
 Magwiteh returned to England, under the 
 assumed name of Provis, and made him- 
 self known to Pip. He was tracked by 
 Orlick and Compeyson, arrested, con- 
 demned to death, and died in jail. All 
 his money was confiscated. — C. Dickens, 
 Great Expectations (1860). 
 
 Mahmut, the " Turkish Spy," who 
 remained undiscovered in Paris for forty- 
 five years, revealing to his Government 
 •all the intrigues of the Christian courts 
 (1637-1682). 
 
 Mahomet or Mohammed, the titular 
 name taken by Halabi, founder of Islam 
 (570-632). 
 
 Adopted Son : Usma, son of Zaid his freedman. (See 
 below, " Zainab.") 
 
 Angel who revealed the Kordn to Mahomet : Gabriel. 
 
 Banner: Sanjak-sherif, kept in the Eyab mosque at 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Birthplace: Mecca, a.d. 570. 
 
 Bow: Al Catu.ni ("the strong"), confiscated from the 
 Jews. In his first battle he drew it with such force that 
 it snapped in two. 
 
 Camel : Al Adha (" the slit-eared "), the swiftest of his 
 camels. One of the ten dumb animals admitted into 
 paradise. 
 
 Concubines : Mariyeh, mother of Ibrahim his son, 
 was bis favourite ; but he had fourteen others. 
 
 Cousins: Ali, his best friend; Aba Sofi&n ebn al 
 Hareth. 
 
 Cuirass : Al Fadha. It was of silver, and was confis- 
 cated from the Jews. 
 
 Daughters by Kadijah : Zainab, Rukaijah, Umm 
 Kulthum, and Faliina his favourite (called one of the 
 " three perfect women "). 
 
 Defeat : At Ohud, where it was reported that he was 
 slain (A.D. 623). 
 
 Died at Medina, on the lap of Ayishah, his favourite 
 wife, 11 Hedjrah (June 8, 632). 
 
 Father: Abdallah, of the family of Hashim and tribe 
 of Koreish. Abdallah was a small merchant, who died 
 when his son was five years old. At the death of his 
 father, his grandfather took charge of him ; but he also 
 died within two years. He then lived with his uncle Abu. 
 Taleb (from the age of seven to 14). (See Zesbet.) 
 
 Father-in-law : Abu Bekr, father of his favourite 
 wife Ayishah. 
 t Flight : Hedjrah or Heg'ira, July 1C, 622. 
 
 Followers : called Moslem or Mussulmans. 
 
 Grandson : Abd-el-Motulleb. 
 
 Horse: Al Borak ("the lightning"), brought to him 
 by Gabriel to carry him to the seventh heaven. It had 
 the wings of an eagle, the face of a man, with the cheeks 
 of a horse, and spoke Arabic. 
 
 Journey to Heaven {The), on Al Borak, is called I ra. 
 
 Mother: Amina or Aminta, of the family of Zuhra 
 and tribe of Koreish. (See Zesbet.) 
 
 Nickname in Boyhood: El Amin ("the safe man"). 
 
 Personal Appearance : Middle height, rather lean, 
 broad shoulders, strongly built, abundance of black curly 
 hair, coal-black eyes with thick lashes, nose large and 
 slightly bent, beard long. He had between his shoulders 
 a black mole, " the seal of prophecy." 
 
 Poisoned by Zainab. a Jewess, who placed before him 
 poisoned meat, in 624. He tasted it, and ever after 
 suffered from its effects, but survived eight years. 
 
 SCRIPTURE : Al KorAn {" the reading"). It is divided 
 into 114 chapters. 
 
 Sons by Kadijah: Al Kasim and Abd Manaf; both 
 died in childhood. By Mariyeh (Mary) his concubine : 
 Ibrahim, who died when 15 months old. Adopted son : 
 Usma, the child of his freedman Zaid. iSee " Zainab.") 
 
 Standard: Bajura. 
 
 Successor: Aba Bekr, his father-in-law (father of 
 Ayishah). 
 
 Swords: Dhu'l Fakar ("the trenchant") ; Al Batter 
 ("the striker"); Hatel ("the deadly"); Medham (" the 
 keen "). 
 
 Tribe : that of the Koraichites or Koraich or Koreisb, 
 on both sides. 
 
 Uncles : Abft Taleb, a prince of Mecca, but poor ; he 
 took charge of the boy between the ages of seven and 14, 
 and was always his friend. Abu Laheb, who called him 
 "a fool," and was always his bitter enemy; in the 
 Kordn, cxi., "IL» prophet " denounces liim. Hamza, a 
 third head of Islam. 
 
 Victories : Bedr (624) ; Muta (629); Taif (630) ; Honein 
 (630 or 8 Hedjrah). 
 
 White Mule: Fadda. 
 
 Wives: Ten, and fifteen concubines. 
 
 (1) Kadijah, a rich widow of his own tribe. She had 
 been twice married, and was 40 years of age (Mahomet 
 being 15). Kadi, ah was his sole wife for twenty-five years, 
 and brought him tw > sons and four daughters. (Fatima 
 was her youngest child.) 
 
 (2) Souda, widow of Sokran, nurse of his daughter 
 Fatima. He married her in 621, soon after the death of 
 his first wife. The following were simultaneous with 
 Souda. 
 
 (3) Ayishah, daughter of Abu Bekr. She was only nine 
 years old on her wedding day. This was his favourite 
 wife, on whose lap he died. He called her one of the 
 " three perfect women." 
 
 (4) Hend, a widow, 28 years old. She had a son when 
 she married. Her father was Omeya. 
 
 (5) Zainab, d.vorced wife of Zaid his freed slave. 
 Married 627 (5 Hedjrah). 
 
 (6) Barra, a captive, widow of a young Arab chief slain 
 in battle. 
 
 (7) Rehana, a Jewish captive. Her father was Simeon. 
 
 (8) Safiya, the espoused wife of Kenana. This wife 
 outlived the prophet for forty years. Mahomet put 
 Kenana to death in order to marry her. 
 
 (9) Umm Habiba (mother of Habiba). widow of AbO. 
 Sofian. 
 
 (10) Maimuna, who was 51 when he married her, and a 
 widow. She survived all hia ten wives. 
 
 *«• It will be observed that most of Mahomet's wives 
 were widows. 
 
 Mahomet. Voltaire- wrote a drama 
 so entitled in 1738 ; and James Miller, in 
 1740, produced an English version of the 
 same, called Mahomet the Impostor. The 
 scheme of the play is this : Mahomet is 
 laying siege to Mecca, and has in his 
 camp Zaphna and Palmira, taken captives 
 in childhood and brought up by him. 
 They are really the children of A lean or 
 the chief of Mecca, but know it not, and 
 love each other. Mahomet is in lo^e 
 with Palmira, and sets Zaphna to murder 
 2 Q 
 
MAHOMET'S COFFIN. 
 
 594 
 
 MAID OF BATH. 
 
 Alcanor, pretending that it is God's will. 
 Zaphna obeys the behest, is told that 
 Alcanor is his father, and is poisoned. 
 Mahomet asks Palmira in marriage, and 
 she stabs herself. 
 
 J. Bannister [1760-1836] began his stage career in 
 tragedy, and played " Mahomet." Garrick . . . asked hiin 
 what character he wished to play next. "Why," said 
 Bannister, " ' Oroonoko. ' " " Eh, eh ! " said David, staring 
 at Bannister, who was very thin ; " Eh, eh ! you will look as 
 much like ' Oroonoko ' as a chimney-sweeper in consump- 
 tion."— T. Campbell. 
 
 Mahomet's Coffin is said to be 
 suspended in mid-air. The wise ones 
 affirm that the coffin is of iron, and is 
 suspended by the means of loadstones. 
 The faithful assert it is held up by four 
 angels. Burckhardt says it is not sus- 
 pended at all. A marabout told Labat : 
 
 Que le tombeau de Mahomet dtoit ports' en l'air par le 
 moyen de certains Anges qui se relayent d'heure en heures 
 pour soutenir ce fardeau. — Labat, Afriqae Occidentals 
 ii. 143 (1728). 
 
 The balance always would hang even. 
 
 Like Mah'met's tomb 'twixt earth and heaven. 
 
 Prior, Alma, ii. 199 (1717). 
 
 Mahomet's Dove, a dove which 
 Mahomet taught to pick seed placed in 
 his ear. The bird would perch on the 
 prophet's shoulder and thrust its bill into 
 his ear to find its food ; but Mahomet 
 gave out that it was the Holy Ghost, in 
 the form of a dove, sent to impart to him 
 the counsels of God. — Dr. Prideaux, Life 
 of Mahomet (1697) ; sir W. Raleigh, His- 
 tory of the World, I. i. 6 (1614). 
 
 Instance proud Mahomet . . . 
 The sacred dove whispering into his ear, 
 That what his will imposed, the world must fear. 
 Lord Brooke, Declination of Monarchic, etc. (15^4-16:28). 
 Was Mahomet inspired with a dove? 
 Thou with an eagle art inspired [Joan of Arc}. 
 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 3 (1589). 
 
 Mahomet's Knowledge of 
 Events. Mahomet in his coffin is in- 
 formed by an angel of every event which 
 occurs respecting the faithful. 
 
 II est vivant dans son tombeau. II fait la priere dans 
 re tombeau k chaque fois que le crieur en fait la proclama- 
 tion, et au menie terns qu'on la recite. II y a un ange 
 post6 sur son tombeau qui a le soin de lui donner avis des 
 pridres que les fiddles font pour lui.— Gagnier, Vie de Ma- 
 homet, vii. 18 (1723). 
 
 Mahomet of the North, Odin, 
 both legislator and supreme deity. 
 
 Mahoud, son of a rich jeweller of 
 Delhi, who ran through a large fortune 
 in riotous living, and then bound himself 
 in service to Bennaskar, who proved to 
 be a magician. Mahoud impeached Ben- 
 naskar to the cadi, who sent officers to 
 seize him ; but, lo ! Mahoud had been 
 metamorphosed into the likeness of Ben- 
 naskar, and was condemned to be burnt 
 alive. When the pile was set on fire, 
 Mahoud became a toad, and in this form 
 
 met the sultan Misnar, his vizier Horam, 
 and the princess Hemju'nah of Cassimir, 
 who had been changed into toads also. — 
 Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the 
 Genii (" The Enchanter's lale," vi., 1751). 
 
 Mahound or Mahoun, a name of 
 contempt for Mahomet or any pagan god. 
 Hence Ariosto makes Ferrau "blaspheme 
 his Mahoun and Termagant" (Orlando 
 Furioso, xii. 59). 
 
 Fitter for a turban for Mahound or Termagant, than a 
 head-gear of a reasonable creature.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Mahu, the fiend-prince that urges to 
 theft. 
 
 Five fiends have been in poor Tom at once : of lust, as 
 Phidicut: Hobididance. prince of dumbness; Mahu, of 
 stealing ; Modo, of murder ; and Flibbertigibbet, of mop- 
 pins and mowing.— Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 
 (1605). 
 
 Maid Ma'rian, a name assumed by 
 Matilda, daughter of Robert lord Fitz- 
 walter, while Robin Hood remained in a 
 state of outlawry. She was poisoned 
 with a poached egg at Dunmow Priory, 
 by a messenger of king John sent for the 
 purpose. This was because Marian was 
 loved by the king, but rejected him. 
 Drayton has written her legend. 
 
 He to his mistress dear, his lovSd Marian, 
 
 Was ever constant known ; which wheresoe'er she came, 
 
 Was sovereign of the woods, chief lady of the game. 
 
 Her clothes tucked to the knee, and dainty braided hair. 
 
 With bow and quiver armed, she wandered here and there 
 
 Amongst the forest wild. Diana never knew 
 
 Such pleasures, nor such harts as Mariana slew. 
 
 Polyolbion, xxvi. (1622). 
 
 Maid Marian, introduced into the May- 
 day morris-dance, was a boy dressed in 
 girl's clothes. She was queen of the May, 
 and used to wear a tinsel crown, and 
 carry in her left hand a flower. Her coif 
 was purple, her surcoat blue, her cuffs 
 white, the skirts of her robe yellow, the 
 sleeves carnation, and the stomacher red 
 with yelloAV cross bars. (See Morkis- 
 Dancje.) 
 
 Maid of Athens, There'sa Macri, 
 rendered famous by Byron's song, "Maid 
 of Athens, fare thee well ! " Twenty-four 
 years after this song was written, an 
 Englishman sought out "the Athenian 
 maid," and found a beggar without a 
 single vestige of beauty. She was mar- 
 ried and had a large family ; but the 
 struggle of her life was to find bread 
 to keep herself and family from positive 
 starvation. 
 
 Maid of Bath (The), Miss Linley, 
 who married R. B. Sheridan. Samuel 
 Foote wrote a farce entitled The Maid of 
 Bath, in which he gibbets Mr. Walter 
 Lone; under the name of " Flint." 
 
MAID OF HONOUR. 
 
 595 
 
 MAIDEN. 
 
 Maid of Honour (The), by P. Mas- 
 singer (1637). Cami'ola, a very wealthy, 
 high-minded lady, was in love with prince 
 Bertoldo, brother of Roberto king of the 
 Two Sicilies ; but Bertoldo, being a knight 
 of Malta, could not marry without a 
 dispensation from the pope. While 
 matters were in this state, Bertoldo led 
 an army against Aurelia duchess of 
 Sienna, and was taken prisoner. Camiola 
 paid his ransom, and Aurelia commanded 
 the prisoner to be brought before her. 
 Bertoldo came ; the duchess fell in love 
 with him and offered marriage, and Ber- 
 toldo, forgetful of Camiola, accepted the 
 offer. The betrothed then presented 
 themselves to the king, when Camiola 
 exposed the conduct of Bertoldo. The 
 king was indignant at the baseness, 
 Aurelia rejected Bertoldo with scorn, and 
 Camiola took the veil. 
 
 Maid of Mariendorpt (TJie), a 
 drama by S. Knowles, based on Miss 
 Porter's novel of The Village of Marien- 
 dorpt (1838). The "maid" is Meeta, 
 daughter of Mahldenau minister of 
 Mariendorpt, and betrothed to major 
 Rupert Roselheim. The plot is this : 
 Mahldenau starts for Prague in search of 
 Meeta's sister, who fell into some soldiers' 
 hands in infancy during the siege of Mag- 
 deburg. On entering Prague, he is seized 
 as a spy, and condemned to death. Meeta, 
 hearing of his capture, walks to Prague 
 to plead for his life, and finds that the 
 governor's " daughter " is her lost sister. 
 Rupert' storms the prison and releases 
 Mahldenau. 
 
 Maid of Norway, Margaret, daugh- 
 ter of Eric II. and Margaret of Norway. 
 She was betrothed to Edward, son of 
 Edward I. of England, but died on her 
 passage (1290). 
 
 Maid of Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc, 
 famous for having raised the siege of 
 Orleans, held by the English. The general 
 tradition is that she was burnt alive as a 
 witch, but this is doubted (1412-1431). 
 
 Maid of Perth. (Fair), Catharine 
 Glover, daughter of Simon Glover, the 
 old glover of Perth. She kisses Henry 
 Smith while asleep on St. Valentine's 
 morning, and ultimately marries him. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 Maid of Saragoza, Augustina, 
 noted for her heroism at the siege of 
 Saragoza, 1808-9.— See Southey's His- 
 iory of the Peninsular War. 
 
 Her lover sinks— she sheds no ill-timed tear ; 
 
 Her chief is slain — she fills his fatal post ; 
 Her fellows flee — she checks their base career ; 
 
 The foe retires— she heads the sallying host. 
 . . . the flying Gaul, 
 Foiled by a woman's hand befoie a battered walL 
 
 Byron, Childe Harold, L 56 (iS09). 
 
 Maid of the Mill (The), an opera 
 by Isaac Bickerstaff. Patty, the daugh- 
 ter of Fairfield the miller, was brought 
 up by lord Aim worth's mother. At the 
 death of lady Aimworth, Patty returned 
 to the mill, and her father promised her 
 in marriage to Farmer Giles ; but Patty 
 refused to marry him. Lord Aimworth 
 about the same time betrothed himself to 
 Theodosia, the daughter of sir Harry 
 Sycamore ; but the young lady loved Mr. 
 Mervin. When lord Aimworth knew of 
 this attachment, he readily yielded up his 
 betrothed to the man of her choice, and 
 selected for his bride Patty " the maid of 
 the mill" (1765). 
 
 Maid of the Oaks (The), a two-act 
 drama by J. Burgoyne. Maria " the 
 maid of the Oaks" is brought up by Old- 
 worth of Oldworth Oaks as his ward, but 
 is informed on the eve of her marriage 
 with sir Harry Groveby that she is Old- 
 worth's daughter. The under-plot is 
 between sir Charles Dupely and lady Bab 
 Lardoon. Dupely professed to despise 
 all women, and lady Lardoon was "the 
 princess of dissipation;" but after they 
 fell in with each other, Dupely confessed 
 that he would abjure his creed, and lady 
 Lardoon avowed that henceforth she 
 renounced the world of fashion and its 
 follies. 
 
 Maid's Tragedy (The). The "maid" 
 is Aspa'tia the troth-plight wife of Amin- 
 tor, who, at the king's command, is made 
 to marry Evad'ne (3 syl.). Her death 
 forms the tragical event which gives name 
 to the drama. — Beaumont and. Fletcher 
 (1610). 
 
 (The scene between Antony and Ven- 
 tidius, in Dryden's tragedy of All for 
 Love, is copied from The Maid's Tragedy, 
 where "Melantius" answers to Venti- 
 dius.) 
 
 Maiden (The), a kind of guillotine, 
 introduced into Scotland by the regent 
 Morton, who was afterwards beheaded by 
 it. The "maiden" resembled in form 
 a painter's easel about ten feet high. 
 The victim placed his head on a cross- 
 bar some four feet from the bottom, kept 
 in its place by another bar. In the inner 
 edges of the frame were grooves, in which 
 slid & sharp axe weighted with lead and 
 
MAIDEN KING. 
 
 596 
 
 MALADE IMAGINAIRE. 
 
 supported by a long cord. When all was 
 ready, the cord was cut and down fell the 
 axe with a thud. — Pennant, Tour in Scot- 
 land, iii. 365 (1771). 
 
 The unfortunate earl [Argyll] was appointed to be 
 beheaded by the " maiden."— Sir W. Scott, Tales of a 
 Grandfather, ii. 53. 
 
 The Italian instrument of ^ execution 'was called the 
 mannata. The apparatus was erected on a scaffold ; the 
 axe was placed between two perpendiculars. ... In Scot- 
 land the instrument of execution was an inferior variety 
 of the manna'ia. — Meinoirs of the Sansons, L 257. 
 
 It seems pretty clear that the " maiden" ... is merely 
 a corruption of the Italian mtxnna'ia. — A. G. Reid. 
 
 Maiden King (The), Malcolm IV. 
 of Scotland (1141, 1153-1165). 
 
 Malcolm, ... son of the brave and generous prince 
 Henry, . . . was so kind and gentle in his disposition, 
 that lie was usually called Malcolm " the Maiden." — Sir W. 
 Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, iv. 
 
 Maiden Queen {The), Elizabeth of 
 England (1533, 1558-1603). 
 
 Maiden of the Mist (The), Anne 
 of Geierstein, daughter of count Albert 
 of Geierstein. She is the baroness of 
 Arnheim. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Maidens' Castle (The), on the 
 Severn. It was taken from a duke by 
 seven knights, and held by them till sir 
 Galahad expelled them. It was called 
 "The Maidens' Castle" because these 
 knights made a vow that every maiden 
 who passed it should be made a captive. 
 This is an allegoiy. 
 
 The Castle of Maidens betokens the good souls that were 
 in prison afore the incarnation of Christ. And the seven 
 knights betoken the seven deadly sins which reigned in 
 the world. . . . And the good knight sir Galahad may 
 be likened to the Son of the High Father, that Light 
 within a maiden which brought all souls out of thraldom. 
 —Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 44 (1470). 
 
 Mailsetter (Mrs.), keeper of the 
 Fairport post-office. 
 
 Davie Mailsetter, her son. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Maimou'ne (3 syl.), a fairy, daughter 
 of Damriat "king of a legion of genii." 
 When the princess Badoura, in her sleep, 
 was carried to the bed of prince Camaral'- 
 zaman to be shown to him, Maimoune 
 changed herself into a flea, and bit the 
 prince's neck to wake him. Whereupon 
 he sees the sleeping princess by his side, 
 falls in love with her, and afterwards 
 marries her. — Arabian Nights ("Cama- 
 ralzaman and Badoura"). 
 
 Mai'muna or Maimu'na, one of 
 
 the sorceresses of Dom-Daniel, who re- 
 pents and turns to Allah. Thal'aba first 
 encounters her, disguised as an old 
 woman spinning the finest thread. He 
 greatly marvels at its extreme fineness, 
 but she tells him he cannot snap it; 
 
 whereupon he winds it round his twc 
 wrists, and becomes powerless. Maimuna, 
 with her sister-sorceress Khwala, then 
 carry him to the island of Moha'reb, 
 where he is held in durance ; but Mai- 
 muna releases him, repents, and dies. — 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, ix. 
 (1797)/ 
 
 Mainote (2 syl.), a pirate who infests 
 the coast of Attica. 
 
 . . . boit 
 Of island-pirate or Mainote. 
 
 Byron, The Giaour (1813). 
 
 Mainy (Richard), out of whom the 
 Jesuits cast the seven deadly sins, each 
 in the form of some representative ani- 
 mal. As each devil came forth, Mainy 
 indicated the special sin by some trick or 
 gesture. Thus, for pride he pretended to 
 curl his hair, for gluttony to vomit, for 
 sloth to gape, and so on. — Bishop Hars- 
 nett, Declaration of Popish Impostures, 
 279, 280. 
 
 Maitland (Thomas), the pseudonym 
 of Robert Buchanan in The Contemporary 
 Review, when he attacked the "Fleshly 
 school." 
 
 Malachi, the canting, preaching 
 assistant of Thomas Turnbull a smug- 
 gler and schoolmaster. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Malacoda, the fiend sent as an envoy 
 to Virgil, when he conducted Dante 
 through hell.— Dante, Hell, xxi. (1300). 
 
 Malade Imaginaire (Le), Mons. 
 Argan, who took seven mixtures and 
 twelve lavements in one month instead 
 of twelve mixtures with twenty lave- 
 ments, as he had hitherto done. " No 
 wonder," he says, "he is not so well." 
 He fancies his* wife loves him dearly, 
 and that bis daughter is undutiful, be- 
 cause she declines to marry a young 
 medical prig instead of Cle'ante (2 syl.) 
 whom she loves. His brother persuades 
 "the malade" to counterfeit death, in 
 order to test the sincerity of his wife and 
 daughter. The wife rejoices greatly at 
 his death, and proceeds to filch his pro- 
 pert)*, when Argan starts up and puts an 
 end to her pillage. Next comes the 
 daughter's turn. When she hears of her 
 father's death, she bewails him with great 
 grief, says she has lost her best friend, 
 and that she will devote her whole life 
 in prayer for the repose of his soul. 
 Argan is delighted, starts up in a frenzy 
 of joy, declares she is a darling, and 
 shall marry the man ff her choice freely. 
 
MALAGIGI. 
 
 597 
 
 MALBROUGH. 
 
 imd receive a father's blessing. — Moliere, 
 Le Malade Imaginaire (1673). 
 
 Malagi'gi, son of Buovo, brother of 
 Aldiger and Vivian (of Clarmont's race), 
 one of Charlemagne's paladins, and cousin 
 of Kinaldo. Being brought up by the 
 fairy Orianda, he became a great en- 
 chanter. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Malagri'da {Gabriel), an Italian 
 Jesuit and missionary to Brazil, who 
 was accused of conspiring against the 
 king of Portugal (1689-1761). 
 
 Lord Shelburne was nicknamed "Mala- 
 grida." He was a zealous oppositionist 
 during lord North's administration (1737- 
 1805). 
 
 " Do you know," said Goldsmith to his lordship, "that 
 I never could conceive why they call you - Malagrida,' for 
 Malagridawas a very good sort of a man." . . . He meant 
 to tay, as MalagrUa was a "good sort of a man," he could 
 not conceive how it became a word of reproach. — W. 
 Irving. 
 
 Malagrowtker (Sir Mungo), a 
 crabbed old courtier, soured by misfor- 
 tune, and peevish from infirmities. He 
 tries to make every one as sour and dis- 
 contented as himself. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Malagrowther (Malachi), sir Walter 
 Scott, "On the proposed change of 
 currency, etc. " (1826). 
 
 Lockhart says that these " diatribes pro- 
 duced in Scotland a sensation not inferior 
 to that of the Drapier's letters in Ire- 
 land." They came out in the Edinburgh 
 Weekly Journal. 
 
 Malambru'no, a giant, first cousin 
 to queen Maguncia of Candaya. " Ex- 
 clusive of his natural barbarity, Malam- 
 bruno was also a wizard," who enchanted 
 don Clavijo and the princess Anton o- 
 masia — the former into a crocodile of 
 some unknown metal, and the latter into 
 a monkey of brass. The giant sent don 
 Quixote the wooden horse, and was ap- 
 peased "by the simple attempt of the 
 knight to disenchant the victims of his 
 displeasure." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 
 
 Malaprop (Mrs.), aunt and guardian 
 to Lydia Languish the heiress. Mrs. 
 Malaprop sets her cap at sir Lucius 
 O'Trigger, "a tall Irish baronet," and 
 corresponds with him under the name of 
 Delia. Sir Lucius fancies it is the niece, 
 and, when he discovers his mistake, de- 
 clines the honour of marriage with the 
 aunt. Mrs. Malaprop is a synonym for 
 those who misapply words without mis- 
 pronouncing them. Thus Mrs. Malaprop 
 
 talks of a Derbyshire putrefaction, ar 
 allegory of the Nile, a barbarous Vandyke, 
 she requests that no delusions to the past 
 be made, talks of flying with the utmost 
 felicity, and would say precipitate one 
 down the prejudice instead of " precipice." 
 —Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 
 
 Mrs. Malaprop's mistakes in what she calls "ortho- 
 doxy," have often been objected to as improbable from a 
 woman of her rank of life, but . . the luckiness of her 
 simile, "as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the 
 Nile," will be acknowledged as [inimitable].— T. Moore. 
 
 Malbecco, "a cankered, crabbed 
 carl," very wealthy and very miserly, 
 husband of a young wife named Hel'i- 
 nore (3 syl.), of whom he is very jealous, 
 and not without cause. Helinore, falling 
 in love with sir 1'aridel her guest, sets 
 fire to the closet where her husband keej s 
 his treasures, and elopes with Paridcl, 
 while Malbecco stops to put out the 
 flames. This done, Malbecco starts in 
 pursuit, and finds that Paridel has tired 
 of the dame, who has become the satyrs' 
 dairy-maid. He soon finds her out, but 
 she declines to return with him ; and he, 
 in desperation, throws himself from a 
 rock, but receives no injury. Malbecco 
 then creeps into a cave, feeds on toads 
 and frogs, and lives in terror lest the 
 rock should crush him or the sea over- 
 whelm him. " Dj'ing, he lives on, and 
 can never die," for he is no longer Mal- 
 becco, "but Jealousy is hight."— 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 9, 10 (1590). 
 
 Malbrough', corrupted in English 
 into Marlbrook, the hero of a popular 
 French song. Generally thought to refer 
 to John Churchill duke of Marlborough, 
 so famous for his victories over the French 
 in the reign of Louis XIV. ; but no inci- 
 dent of the one corresponds with the life 
 of the other. The Malbrough of the 
 song was evidently a crusader or ancient 
 baron, who died in battle ; and his lady, 
 climbing the castle tower and looking 
 out for her lord, reminds one of the 
 mother of Sisera, who " looked out at a 
 window, and cried through the lattice. 
 Why is his chariot so long in coming / 
 Why tarry the wheels of his chariots ? 
 . . . Have they not sped ? Have thev not 
 divided the spoil?" (Judges v. 28-30)'. The 
 following are the words of the song : — 
 
 " Malbrough is gone to the wars. Ah ! when will he 
 return?" "He will come back by Easter, lady, or at 
 latest by Trinity." "No, not Easter is past, and 
 Trinity is past ; but Malbrough has not returned." Then 
 did she climb the castle tower, to look out for his coming. 
 She saw his page, but he was clad in black. "My page, 
 my bonnie page," cried the lady, "what tidings bring 
 you — what tidings of my lord '! " "The news I bring," said 
 the page, " is very sad, and will make you weep. Lay 
 aside your gay attire, lady, your ornaments of gold and 
 
MALBROUK. 
 
 598 
 
 MALFORT. 
 
 eilver, for my lord is dead. He is dead, lady, and laid in 
 earth. I saw him borne to his last home by four officers : 
 one carried his cuirass, one his shield, one his sword, and 
 the fourth walked beside the bier but bore nothing. 
 They laid him in earth. I saw his spirit rise through the 
 laurels. They planted bis grave with rosemary. The 
 nightingale sang his dirge. The mourners fell to the 
 earth ; and when they rose up again, they chanted his 
 victories. Then retired they all to rest." 
 
 This song used to be sung as a lullaby 
 to the infant son of Louis XVI. ; and 
 Napoleon I. never mounted his charger 
 for battle without humming the air of 
 Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre. Mon. de 
 Las Casas says he heard him hum the 
 same air a little before his death. 
 
 Malbrouk, of Basque legend, is a 
 child brought up by his godfather of the 
 same name. At the age of seven he is 
 a tall, full-grown man, and, like Proteus, 
 can assume any form by simply naming 
 the form he wishes to assume. Thus, by 
 saying "Jesus, ant," he becomes an ant ; 
 and "Jesus, pigeon," he becomes a 
 pigeon. After performing most wonder- 
 ful prodigies, and releasing the king's 
 three daughters who had been stolen 
 by his godfather, he marries the youngest 
 of the princesses, and succeeds the king 
 on his throne. 
 
 *** The name Malbrouk occurs in the 
 Chanson de Gestes, and in the Basque 
 Pastorales. (See above, Malbrough.) 
 
 Malcolm, surnamed "Can More" 
 ("great head"), eldest son of Duncan "the 
 Meek " king of Scotland. He, with his 
 father and younger brother, was a guest 
 of Macbeth at Inverness Castle, when 
 Duncan was murdered. The two young 
 princes fled — Malcolm to the English 
 court, and his brother Donalbain to Ire- 
 land. When Macduff slew Macbeth in 
 the battle of Dunsin'ane, the son of Dun- 
 can was set on the throne of Scotland, 
 under the name and title of Malcolm III. 
 —Shakespeare, Macbeth (1606). 
 
 Malebolge (4 syl.), the eighth circle 
 of Dante's inferno. It was divided into 
 ten bolgi or pits. 
 
 There is a place within the depths of hell, 
 Called Malebolge\ 
 
 Dante, Hell, xviii. (1300). 
 
 Mal'ecasta, the mistress of Castle 
 Joyous, and the impersonation of lust. 
 Britomart (the heroine of chastity) en- 
 tered her bower, after overthrowing four 
 of the six knights who guarded it ; and 
 Malecasta sought to win the stranger to 
 wantonness, not knowing her sex. Of 
 course, Britomart resisted all her wiles, 
 and left the castle next morning. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 1 (1590). 
 
 Maledisaunt, a damsel who threw 
 discredit on her knightly lover to pre- 
 vent his encountering the danger of the 
 battle-field. Sir Launcelot condoned her 
 offence, and gave her the name of Bien- 
 pensaunt. 
 
 The Cape of Good Hope was called the 
 "Cape of Storms" (Cabo Tvrmentoso) 
 by BartholomeAV Diaz, when discovered 
 in 1493 ; but the king of Portugal (John 
 II.) changed the name to " Good Hope." 
 
 So the Euxine (that is, " the hospit- 
 able") Sea was originally called "The 
 Axine" (or "the inhospitable") Sea. 
 
 MalefFort, seneschal of lady Bria'na ; 
 a man of " mickle might," slain by sir 
 Calidore. — Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. 1 
 (1596). 
 
 Male'ger (3 syl.), captain of the host 
 which besieged Body Castle, of which 
 Alma was queen. Prince Arthur found 
 that his sword was powerless to wound 
 him, so he took him up in his arms and 
 tried to crush him, but without effect. 
 At length the prince remembered that 
 the earth was the carl's mother, and sup- 
 plied him with new strength and vigour 
 as often as he went to her for it ; so he 
 carried the body, and flung it into a lake. 
 (See Ant^kos.) — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 ii. 11 (1590). 
 
 Malen'gin, Guile personified. When 
 attacked by Talus, he changed himself 
 into a fox, a bush, a bird, a hedgehog, 
 and a snake; but Talus, with his iron 
 flail, beat him to powder, and so "deceit 
 did the deceiver fail." On his back 
 Malengin carried a net " to catch fools " 
 with. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 9 (1596). 
 
 Malepardus, the castle of Master 
 Reynard the fox, in the beast-epic of 
 
 Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Males and Females. The pro- 
 portion in England is 104*5 males to 100 
 females; in Russia it is 108*9; and the 
 Jews in Livonia give the ratio of 120 
 males born to every 100 females. The 
 mortality of males in infancy exceeds that 
 of females, and war greatly disturbs the 
 balance. 
 
 Mal-Fet (T7ie chevalier), the name 
 assumed by sir Launcelot in Joyous Isle, 
 during his fit of madness, which lasted 
 two years. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur, iii. (1470). 
 
 Malfort {Mr.), a young man who has 
 ruined himself by speculation. 
 
 Mrs. Malfort, the wife of the specula- 
 
MALFY. 
 
 599 
 
 MALVOLIO. 
 
 tor, "houseless, friendless, defenceless, 
 and forlorn." The wants of Malfort are 
 temporarily relieved by the bounty of 
 Frank Heartall and the kindness of Mrs. 
 Cheerly "the soldier's daughter." The 
 return of Malfort, senior, from India, 
 restores his son to ease and affluence. — 
 Cherry, The Soldier's Daughter (1804). 
 
 Malfy {Duchess of), twin-sister of 
 Ferdinand duke of Calabria. She fell 
 in love with Antonio, her steward, and 
 gave thereby mortal offence to her twin- 
 brother Ferdinand, and to her brother 
 the cardinal, who employed Bosola to 
 strangle her. — John Webster, Duchess of 
 Malfy (1618). 
 
 MalgO, a mythical king of Britain, 
 noted for nis beauty and his vices, his 
 munificence and his strength. Malgo 
 added Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, the 
 Orkneys, Norwa)', and Dacia to his 
 dominions. — Geoffrey, British History, 
 xi. 7 (1142). 
 
 Next Malgo . . . first Orkney overran, 
 Proud Denmark then subdued, and spacious Norway wan, . 
 Seized Iceland for his own, and Gothland to each shore. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 
 
 Malherbe (2 syl.). If any one asked 
 Malherbe his opinion about any French 
 words, he always sent him to the street 
 porters at the Port au Foin, saying that 
 they were his "masters in language." — 
 Racan, Vie de Malherbe (1630). 
 
 It is said that Shakespeare read his 
 plays to an oyster-woman when he Avished 
 to know if they would suit the popular 
 taste. 
 
 Mal'inal, brother of Yuhid'thiton. 
 When the Az'tecas declared war against 
 Madoc and his colony, Malinal cast in 
 his lot with the White strangers. He 
 was a noble youth, who received two 
 arrow-wounds in his leg while defending 
 the white women ; and being unable to 
 stand, fought in their defence on his 
 knees. When Malinal was disabled, 
 Amal'ahta caught up the princess, and 
 ran off with her; but Mervyn the "young 
 page " (in fact, a girl) struck him on the 
 hamstrings with a bill-hook, and Malinal, 
 crawling to the spot, thrust his sword in 
 the villain's groin and killed him. — 
 Southey, Madoc, ii. 16 (1805). 
 
 Mal'iom. Mahomet is so called in 
 some of the old romances. 
 
 " Send five, send six against me 1 By Maliom 1 I swear 
 111 take them all."-- Fierabras. 
 
 Malkin. The Maid Marian of the 
 
 morris-dance is so called Dy Beaumont 
 and Fletcher : 
 
 Put on the shape of order and humanity, 
 Or you must marry Malkin the May-Lady. 
 
 Monsieur Thomas (1619). 
 
 Mall Cutpurse, Mary Frith, a 
 thief and receiver of stolen goods. John 
 Day, in 1610, wrote "a booke called The 
 Madde Prancks of Merry Mall of the 
 Bankside, with her Walks in Marts 
 Apparel, and to what Purpose." It is 
 said that she was an androgyne (1584- 
 1659). 
 
 Last Sunday, Mall Cutpurse, a notorious baggage, that 
 used to go about in man's apparel, and challenged the field 
 of diverse gallants, was brought to [St. Paul's Cross}, 
 where she wept bitterly, and seemed very penitent ; but 
 it is since doubted she was maudlin drunk, being dis- 
 covered to have tippeled of three quarts of sack befora 
 she came to her penance.— John Chamberlain (1611). 
 
 Mal-Orchol, king of Fuar'fed (an 
 island of Scandinavia). Being asked by 
 Ton-Thormod to give him his daughter in 
 marriage, he refused, and the rejected 
 suitor made war on him. Fingal sent his 
 son Ossian to assist Mal-Orchol, and on 
 the very day of his arrival he took Ton- 
 Thormod prisoner. Mal-Orchol, in grati- 
 tude, now offered Ossian his daughter in 
 marriage ; but Ossian pleaded for Ton- 
 Thormod, and the marriage of the lady 
 with her original suitor was duly solem- 
 nized. (The daughter's name was Oina- 
 Morul.) — Ossian, Oina-Morul. 
 
 Maltworm, a tippler. Similarly, 
 bookworm means a student. 
 
 Gadshill. I am joined with no foot-land-rakers [foot- 
 pads], no long-staff sixpenny strikers [common pri-'jgers, 
 ■who strike small coins from the hands of children] ; none 
 of these . . . purple-hued maltworms ; but with nobility. 
 — Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 1 (1597). 
 
 Mal'venu, Lucif 'era's porter. — Spen- 
 ser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590). 
 
 Malvi'na, daughter of Toscar. She 
 was betrothed to Oscar son of Ossian ; 
 but he was slain in Ulster by Cairbar 
 before the day of marriage arrived. — 
 Temora, i. 
 
 was a lovely tree in thy presence, Oscar, with a^l my 
 branches round me ; but thy death came like a blast from 
 the desert, and laid my green head low. The spring 
 returned with its showers ; no leaf of mine arose. . . 
 The tear was in the cheek of Malvina. — Ossian, Crorna. 
 
 Malvoisin (Sir Albert de), a pre- 
 ceptor of the Knights Templars. 
 
 Sir Philip de Malvoisin, one of the 
 knights challengers at the tournament. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Malvo'lio, Olivia's steward. When 
 he reproves sir Toby Belch for riotous 
 living, the knight says to him, "Dost 
 thou think, because thou art virtuous, 
 there shall b* no more cakes and ale?" 
 
MAMAMOUCHI. 
 
 600 
 
 MAMMOUN. 
 
 Sir Toby and sir Andrew Ague-cheek 
 join Maria in a trick against the steward. 
 Maria forges a letter in the handwriting 
 of Olivia, leading Malvolio to suppose 
 that his mistress is in love with him, 
 telling him to dress in yellow stockings, 
 and to smile on the lady. Malvolio falls 
 into the trap ; and when Olivia shows 
 astonishment at his absurd conduct, he 
 keeps quoting parts of the letter he has 
 received, and is shut up in a dark room 
 as a lunatic. — Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 
 (1G14). 
 
 Clearing bis voice with a preliminary "Hem!" he 
 addressed his kinsman, checking, as Malvolio proposed 
 to do when seated in his state, his familiar smile with an 
 austere regard of control. — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bensley's "Malvolio" was simply perfection. His legs 
 in yellow stockings most villainously cross-gartered, with 
 a horrible laugh of ugly conceit to top the whole, ren- 
 dered him Shakespeare's "Malvolio "at all points [1738- 
 lSl/j — Boaden, Life of Jordan. 
 
 Mamamouchi, an imaginary order 
 of knighthood. M. Jourdain, the par- 
 venu, is persuaded that the grand seignior 
 of the order has made him a member, 
 and he submits to the ceremony of a 
 mock installation. — Moliere, Le Bourgeois 
 Ge/Uilhotnme (1G70). 
 
 All the women most devoutly swear, 
 Each would be rather a poor actress here 
 Than to be made a Mamamouchi there. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Mambrino's Helmet, a helmet of 
 pure gold, which rendered the wearer 
 invisible. It was taken possession of by 
 Kinaldo, and stolen by Scaripante. 
 
 Cervantes tells us of a barber who was 
 caught in a shower of rain, and who, to 
 protect his hat, clapped his brazen basin 
 on his head. Don Quixote insisted that 
 this basin was the helmet of the Moorish 
 king ; and, taking possession of it, wore 
 it as such. 
 
 *** When the knight set the gallej r - 
 slaves free, the rascals "snatched the 
 basin from his head, and broke it, to pieces" 
 (pt. I. iii. 8) ; but we find it sound and 
 complete in the next book (ch. 15), when 
 the gentlemen at the inn sit in judgment 
 on it, to decide whether it is really a 
 " helmet or a basin." The judges, of 
 course, humour the don, and declare the 
 basin to be an undoubted helmet. — 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605). 
 
 " I will lead the life I have mentioned, till, by the force 
 and terror of my arm, I take a helmet from the head of 
 some other knight." . . . The same thing happened about 
 Mambrino's helmet, which cost Scaripante so dear. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote, I. ii. 2 (1005). 
 
 Mamillius, a young prince of Sicilia. 
 — Shakespeare, Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Mammon, the personification of 
 earthly ambition, be it wealth, honours, 
 
 sensuality, or what not. "Ye cannot* 
 serve God and mammon" (Matt. vi. 24). 
 Milton makes Mammon one of the re- 
 bellious angels : 
 
 Mammon, the least-erected spirit that fell 
 
 From heaven ; for e'en in heaven his looks and thoughts 
 
 Were always downward bent, admiring more 
 
 The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold, 
 
 Than aught, divine or holy, else enjoyed. 
 
 Paradise Lost, i. 679, etc. (1665). 
 
 Mammon tells sir Guyon if he will serve 
 him, he shall be the richest man in the 
 world ; but the knight replies that money 
 has no charm in his sight. The god then 
 takes him into his smithy, and tells him 
 to give any order he likes ; but sir Guyon 
 declines the invitation. Mammon next 
 offers to give the knight Philotine to 
 wife ; but sir Guyon still declines. 
 Lastly, the knight is led to Proserpine's 
 bower, and told, to pluck some of the 
 golden fruit, and to rest him awhile on 
 the silver stool ; but sir Guyon resists the 
 temptation. After three days' sojourn 
 in the infernal regions, the knight is led 
 back to earth, and swoons. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, ii. 7 (1590). 
 
 Mammon (Sir Epicure), the rich dupe 
 who supplies Subtle "the alchemist" 
 with money to carry on his artifices, 
 under pretence of transmuting base metals 
 into gold. Sir Epicure believes in the 
 possibility, and glories in the mighty 
 things he will do when the secret is 
 discovered. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist 
 (1610). 
 
 [Sir] Epicure Mammon has the whole "matter and 
 copy of the father — eye, nose, lip, the trick of his frown." 
 It is just such a swaggerer as contemporaries have described 
 Ben to be. . . . He is arrogance personified. . . . What 
 a "towering bravery" there is in his sensuality 1 He 
 affects no pleasure under a sultan.— C. Lamb. 
 
 Mammoth (The) or big buffalo is 
 an emblem of terror and destruction 
 among the American Indians. Hence, 
 when Brandt, at the head of a party of 
 Mohawks and other savages, was laying 
 waste Pennsylvania, and approached 
 Wyo'ming, Outalissi exclaims : 
 
 The mammoth comes— the foe— the monster Brandt, 
 With all his howling, desolating band . . . 
 Red is the cup they drink, but not of wine I 
 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, iii. 16 (1809). 
 
 Mammoth Cave (The), in Edmond- 
 son County, Kentucky. It is the largest 
 in the world. 
 
 Mammoth Grove (The), in Cali- 
 fornia. Some of the trees grow to the 
 height of from 200 to 300 feet, and have 
 a girth of from 100 to 200 feet. 
 
 Mammoun, eldest of the four sons 
 of Corcud. One day, he showed kind- 
 ness to a mutilated serpent, which proved 
 
MAN. 
 
 601 
 
 MAN OF BRASS. 
 
 to be the fairy Gialout, who gave him for 
 his humanity the power of joining and 
 mending whatever was broken. He 
 mended a pie's egg which was smashed 
 into twenty pieces, and so perfectly that 
 the egg was hatched. He also mended 
 in a moment a ship which had been 
 wrecked and broken in a violent storm. — 
 T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales (" Corcud 
 and His Four Sons," 1723). 
 
 Man. His descent according to the 
 Darwinian theory : (1) The larvaj of 
 ascidians, a marine mollusc ; (2) fish 
 lowly organized, as the lancelet ; (3) 
 ganoids, lepidosiren, and other fish ; (4) 
 amphibians ; (5) birds and reptiles ; (6) 
 from reptiles we get the monotremata, 
 which connects reptiles with the mam- 
 malia ; (7) the marsupials ; (8) placental 
 mammals ; ('J) lemuridse ; (10) simiadae ; 
 (U) the New World monkeys called 
 platyrhines, and the Old World monkeys 
 called catarrhines ; (12) between the catarr- 
 hines and the race of man the " missing 
 link " is placed by some ; but others 
 think between the highest organized ape 
 and the lowest organized man the grada- 
 tion is simple and easy. 
 
 Man (Isle o/), a corruption of main-au 
 (" little island") ', Latinized into Menav- 
 ia. Caesar calls it "Mon-a," the Scotch 
 pronunciation of main-au ; and hence 
 comes " Monabia " for Menavia. 
 
 Man (Races of). According to the 
 Bible, the whole human race sprang 
 from one individual, Adam. Virey 
 affirms there were two original pairs. 
 Jacquinot and Latham divide the race 
 into three primordial stocks ; Kant into 
 four ; Blumenbach into five ; Buffon into 
 six ; Hunter into seven ; Agassiz into 
 eight ; Pickering into eleven ; Bory St. 
 Vincent into fourteen ; Desmoulins into 
 sixteen ; Morton into twenty-two ; Craw- 
 furd into sixty ; and Burke into sixty- 
 three. 
 
 Man in Black (The), said to be 
 meant for Goldsmith's father. A true 
 oddity, with the tongue of a Timon and 
 the heart of an uncle Toby. He declaims 
 against beggars, but relieves every one 
 he meets ; he ridicules generosity, but 
 would share his last cloak with the 
 needv. — Goldsmith, Citizen of the World 
 (1759). 
 
 * * T 
 
 * ' 
 
 The Man in Black. 
 
 Man in the Moon (The). Some 
 «ay it is the man who picked up a bundle 
 26 
 
 of sticks on the sabbath day (Numb. xv. 
 32-36). Dante says it is Cain, and that 
 the " bush of thorns " is an emblem of 
 the curse pronounced on the earth : 
 "Thorns also and thistles shall it bring 
 forth to thee" (Gen. iii. 18). Some say 
 it is Endymion, taken there by Diana. 
 
 The curse pronounced on the "man" 
 was this : "As you regarded not 'Sun- 
 day ' on earth, you shall keep a perpetual 
 ' Moon-day ' in heaven." This, of course, 
 is a Teutonic tradition. 
 
 The bask of thorns, in the Schaumbuxg- 
 lippe version, is to indicate that the man 
 strewed thorns in the church path, to 
 hinder people from attending mass on 
 Sundays. 
 
 Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine 
 On either hemisphere, touching the wave 
 Beneath the towers of Seville, Yesternight 
 The moon was round. 
 
 Dante, Inferno, xx. (1300). 
 Her gite way gray and full of spottis black. 
 And on her brest a chorle painted fill even, 
 Bering a hush of thornis on his back. 
 Which for his theft might clime so ner the heven. 
 Chaucer. 
 
 A North Frisian version gives cabbages 
 . instead of a faggot of wood. 
 
 *** There are other traditions, among 
 which may be mentioned " Ihe Story of 
 the Hare and the Elephant." In this 
 story "the man in the moon" is a hare. 
 ■ — Pantschatantra (a collection of San- 
 skrit fables). 
 
 Man in the 3foon, a man who visits the 
 " inland parts of Africa." — W. Thomson, 
 Mammuth or Human Nature Displayed on 
 a Grand Scale (1789). 
 
 Man in the Moon, the man who, by the 
 aid of a magical glass, show^s Charles 
 Fox (the man of the people) various 
 eminent contemporaries. — W. Thomson, 
 The Man in the Moon or Travels into the 
 Lunar Regions (1783). 
 
 Man of Blood. Charles I. was so 
 called by the puritans, because he made 
 war on his parliament. The allusion is 
 to 2 Sam. xvi. 7. 
 
 Man of Brass, Talos, the work of 
 Hephajstos (Vidcan). He traversed the 
 Isle of Crete thrice a year. Apollo'nius 
 (Argonautica, iv.) says he threw rocks at 
 the Argonauts, to prevent their landing. 
 It is also said that when a stranger was 
 discovered on the island, Talos made him- 
 self red hot, and embraced the intruder to 
 death. 
 
 That portentous Man of Brass 
 Bephrestus made in days of yore. 
 Who stalked about the Cretan shore, 
 And saw" the ships appear and pass. 
 And threw stones at the Argonauts. 
 
 Longfellow, The Haj/side Inn (1865). 
 
MAN OF DECEMBER. 
 
 G02 
 
 MANCHESTER POET. 
 
 Man of December, Napoleon III. 
 So called because lie was made president 
 December 11, 1848; made the conp 
 d'etat, December 2, 1851 ; and was made 
 emperor, December 2, 1852. 
 
 (Born in the Rue Lafitte, Paris (not in 
 the Tuilcnes), April 20, 1808 ; reigned 
 1852-1870; died at Chiselhurst, Kent, 
 January 9, 1873.) 
 
 Man of Destiny, Napoleon I., who 
 always looked on himself as an instru- 
 ment in the hands of destiny, and that 
 all his acts were predestined. 
 
 The Man of Destiny . . . had power for a time "to 
 bind kings with chains, and nobles with fetters of iron." 
 —Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Man of Feeling (The), Harley, a 
 sensitive, bashful, kind-hearted, senti- 
 mental sort of a hero. — H. Mackenzie, 
 The Man of Feeling (1771). 
 
 *,,.* Sometimes Henry Mackenzie is 
 himself called "The Man of Feeling." 
 
 Man of Ross, John Kyrle, of Ross, 
 in Herefordshire, distinguished for his 
 benevolence and public spirit. " Richer 
 than miser, nobler than king or king- 
 polluted lord." — Pope, Epistle, iii. ("On 
 the Use of Riches," 1709). 
 
 Man of Salt (A), a man like iEne'as, 
 always melting into tears called "drops 
 of salt." 
 
 This would make a man, a man of salt, 
 To use his eyes for garden water-pots. 
 Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 6 (1605). 
 
 Man of Sedan, Napoleon III. So 
 called because he surrendered his sword 
 to William king of Prussia after the 
 battle of Sedan in September, 1870. 
 
 (Born in the Rue Lafitte, 1808 ; reigned 
 1852-1870 ; died at Chiselhurst, 1873.) 
 
 Man of Sin (The), mentioned in 
 2 Thess. ii. 3. 
 
 Whitby says the " Man of sin " means 
 the Jews as a people. 
 
 Grotius says it means Caius Caesar or 
 else Caligula. 
 
 Wetstein says it is Titus. 
 
 Olshausen thinks it is typical of some 
 one yet to come. 
 
 Roman Catholics say it means Anti- 
 christ. 
 
 Protestants think it refers to the pope. 
 
 The Fifth-Monarchy men applied it to 
 CromAvell. 
 
 Man of the Hill, a tedious "her- 
 mit of the vale," introduced by Fielding 
 into his novel of Tom Jones (1749). 
 
 Man of the Mountain (Old). 
 (See Kopi'ENBEKG, p. 526.) 
 
 Man of the People, Charles James 
 Fox (1749-1806). 
 
 Man of the Ssa {The Old), the man 
 who got upon the shoulders of Sindbad 
 the sailor, and would not get off again, 
 but clung therewith obstinate pertinacity 
 till Sindbad made him drunk, when he 
 was easily shaken off. Sindbad then 
 crushed him to death with a large stone. 
 
 "You had fallen," said they, "into the hands of the 
 Old Man of the Sea, and you are the first whom lie has not 
 strangled." — Arabian Sights (" Sindbad," fifth voyage). 
 
 Man of the World (The), sir Per- 
 tinax McSycophant, who acquires a for- 
 tune by "booing" and fawning on the 
 great and rich. He wants his son Eger- 
 ton to marry the daughter of lord Lum- 
 bercourt, but Egerton, to the disgust of 
 his father, marries Constantia the pro- 
 tegee of lady McSycophant. Sir Pertinax 
 had promised his lordship a good round 
 sum of money if the marriage was 
 effected ; and when this contretemps 
 occurs, his lordship laments the loss of 
 money, "which will prove his ruin." 
 Sir Pertinax tells lord Lumbercourt that 
 his younger son Sandy will prove more 
 pliable ; and it is agreed that the bar- 
 gain shall stand good if Sandy will 
 marry the young ladv. — C. Macklin, The 
 Man of the World (1764). 
 
 *** This comedy is based on Voltaire's 
 Nanine (1749). 
 
 Man without a Skin. Richard 
 Cumberland the dramatist was so called 
 by Garrick, because he was so extremely 
 sensitive that he could not bear "to be 
 touched " by the ringer of criticism 
 (1732-1811). 
 
 Managarm, the most gigantic and 
 formidable of the race of hags. He 
 dwells m the Iron-wood, Jamvid. Mana- 
 garm will first fill himself with the blood 
 of man, and then will he swallow up tho 
 moon. This gigantic hag symbolizes 
 War, and the "Iron-wood" in which he 
 dwells is the wood of spears. — Prose 
 Edda. 
 
 Manchester (American), Lowell, in 
 Massachusetts. So called from its cotton- 
 
 Manchester of Belgium, Ghent. 
 
 Mancnester of Prussia, Elber- 
 feld. The speciality of Prussian Man- 
 chester is its " Turkey red." Krupp is 
 the chief manufacturer there cf steel. 
 
 Manchester Poet (The), CharW 
 Swain, born 1803. 
 
MANCIPLE'S TALE. 
 
 603 
 
 MANETTE. 
 
 Manciple's Tale. Phoebus had a 
 crow which he taught to speak ; it was 
 white as down, and as big as a swan. 
 He had also a wife, whom lie dearly 
 loved. One day when he came home, 
 the crow cried, "Cuckoo, cuckoo, 
 cuckoo ! " and Ph;ebus asked the bird 
 what ,it meant ; whereupon it told the 
 god that his wife was unfaithful to him. 
 Phaebus, in his wrath, seized his bow, 
 and shot his wife through the heart ; but 
 to the bird he said, "Curse on thy tell- 
 tale tongue ! never more shall it brew 
 mischief." So he deprived it of the 
 power of speech, and changed its plum- 
 age from white to black. Moral — Be no 
 tale-bearer, but keep well thy tongue, and 
 think upon the crow. 
 
 My sone, bewar, and be noon auctour newe, 
 Of tydyngs, whether they ben fals or trewe ; 
 Whcrso thou coniest, amongst high or lowe, 
 Kep wel thy tonge, and think upon the crowe. 
 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 17/291-4 (1388). 
 
 *** This is Ovid's tale of "Coronis" 
 in the Metamorphoses, ii. 543, etc. 
 
 Manda'ne (3 si/l.), wife of Zamti the 
 Chinese mandarin, and mother of Hamet. 
 Hamet was sent to Corea to be brought 
 up by Morat, while Mandane brought up 
 Zaphimri (under the name of Etan), the 
 orphan prince and only surviving repre- 
 sentative of the royal race of China. 
 Hamet led a party of insurgents against 
 Ti'murkan', was seized, and ordered to 
 be put to death as the supposed prince. 
 Mandane tried to save him, confessed he 
 was not the prince ; and P^tan came for- 
 ward as the real "orphan of China." 
 Timurkan, unable to solve the mystery, 
 ordered both to death, and Mandane 
 with her husband to the torture ; but 
 Mandane stabbed herself. — Murphy, The 
 Orphan of China (1759). 
 
 Mandane (2syL), the heroine of Mdlle. 
 Scud'eri's romance called Cyrus the Great 
 (1650). 
 
 Manda'ne and Stati'ra, stock 
 names of melodramatic romance. When 
 n romance writer hangs the world on the 
 caprice of a woman, he chooses a Mandane 
 or Statira for his heroine. Mandane of 
 classic story was the daughter of king 
 Astyages, wife of Cambyses, and mother 
 of Cyrus the Great. Statira was daugh- 
 ter of Darius the Persian, and wife of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Man'dans, an Indian tribe of Dacota, 
 in the United States, noted for their skill 
 in horsemanship. 
 
 Marks not the buffalo's track, nor the Mandans' dexterous 
 horse-race. 
 
 Longfellow, Evangeline (1349). 
 
 Mandeville, any one who draws 
 the long-bow; a flam. Sir .John Man- 
 deville [Man'.de.vil], an English travel- 
 ler, published a narrative of his voyages, 
 which abounds in the most extravagant 
 fictions (1300-1372). 
 
 Oh ! he is a modern Mandeville. At Oxford he was 
 always distinguished by the facetious appellation of " Tn» 
 Bouncer."— Samuel Foote, The liar, ii. 1 (1761). 
 
 Mandeville (Bernard de), a licentious, 
 deistical writer, author of The Viri/in 
 
 Unmasked (1709), Free Thoughts on Re- 
 lation (1712), Fableof the Bees (1714), etc. 
 
 (1670-1733). 
 
 Man'drabul's Offering:, one that 
 decreases at every repetition. Mandrabul 
 of Samos, having discovered a gold-mine, 
 offered a golden ram to Juno for the dis- 
 covery. Next }-ear he offered a silver 
 one, the third year a brazen one, and the 
 fourth year nothing. 
 
 Mandrag'ora, a narcotic and Iovp- 
 philter. 
 
 Nor poppy, nor mandragora, 
 . Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world. 
 Can ever nied'ciiie thee to that sweet sleep 
 Which thou owed<t yesterdav. 
 
 Shakespeare, Othe.'io, act iii. so. 3 (1611) 
 Have the pygmies made you drunken, 
 Bathing in mandragora V 
 
 Mrs. Browning, Dead Pan, ii. 
 
 Mandricardo, king of Tartary, son 
 of Agrican. Mandricardo wore Hector's 
 cuirass, married Doralis, and was slain 
 by Koge'ro in single combat. — Bojardo, 
 Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; Ariosto, Or- 
 lando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Mandriccardo, a knight whose 
 adventures are recorded by Barahona 
 (Mandriccardo, etc., i. 70, 71). 
 
 Manduce (2 syl.), the idol Gluttony, 
 venerated by the Gastrol'aters, a people 
 whose god was their belly. 
 
 It is a monstrous figure ; ... its eyes are bigger than 
 its belly, and its head larger than all the rest of its body, 
 . . . having a goodly pair of wide jaws lined with two 
 rows of teeth, which, by the magic of twine, are made to 
 clash, chatter, and rattle one against the other, as the 
 jaws of St. Clement's dragon on St. Mark's procession at 
 Metz.— Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 59 (1545). 
 
 Manette (Dr.), of Beauvais. He 
 had been imprisoned eighteen years, and 
 had gradually lost his memory. After 
 his release he somewhat recovered it, 
 but any train of thought connected with 
 his prison life produced a relapse. While 
 in prison, the doctor made shoes, and, 
 whenever the relapse occurred, his desire 
 for cobbling returned. 
 
 Lucie Manette, the loving, golden- 
 haired, blue-eyed daughter of Dr. Ma- 
 nette. She marries Charles Darnay. 
 
 Lucie Manette had a forehead with the singular capacity 
 
MANEY. 
 
 604 
 
 MANLY. 
 
 of lifting and knitting Itself iuto an expression that wm 
 Mot quite one of perplexity, or wonder, or alarm, or 
 merely of bright fixed attention, though it included all 
 the four expressions.— C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, 
 L 4 859). 
 
 Maney or Maxxy (Sir Walter), a 
 native of Belgium, who came to England 
 as page to Philippa queen of Edward II I. 
 When he first began his career of arms, 
 he and some young companions of his 
 own age put a black patch over their left 
 eye, and vowed never to remove it till 
 they had performed some memorable act 
 in the French wars (died 1372). 
 
 With whom our Maney here deservedly doth stand, 
 Which first inventor was of that courageous band 
 Who closed their left eyes up, as never to lie freed 
 Till there they had achieved some high adventurous deed. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 
 
 ManTred {Count), son of Sig'is- 
 mund. He sells himself to the prince 
 of darkness, and received from him seven 
 spirits to do his bidding. They were the 
 spirits of "earth, ocean, air, night, 
 mountains, winds, and the star of his 
 own destiny." "Wholly without human 
 sympathies, the count dwelt in splendid 
 solitude among the Alpine Mountains. 
 He once loved the beautiful As'tarte (2 
 syl.), and, after her murder, went to the 
 hall of Arima'nes to see her. The spirit 
 of Astarte informed him that he would 
 die the following day ; and when asked 
 if she loved him, she sighed " Manfred," 
 and vanished. — Byron, Manfred (1817). 
 
 *i* Byron sometimes makes Astarte 
 two syllables and sometimes three. The 
 usual pronunciation is As.tar-te. 
 
 Mangerton (The laird of), John 
 Armstrong, an old warrior who witnesses 
 the national combat in Liddesdale valley 
 between his own son (the Scotch cham- 
 pion) and Foster (the English champion). 
 The laird's son is vanquished.— Sir W. 
 Scott, The Laird 's Jock (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Maniche'an (4 syl.), a disciple of 
 ManOs or Manachee the Persian here- 
 siarch. The Manicheans believe in two 
 opposing principles — one of good and the 
 other of evil. Theodora, wishing to ex- 
 tirpate these heretics, put 100,000 of them 
 to the sword. 
 
 Yet would she make full many a Manichean. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, vi. 3 (1824). 
 
 Manicon, a species of nightshade, 
 eupposed to produce madness. 
 
 Man'ito or Mani'tou, the Great 
 Spirit of the North American Indians. 
 These Indians acknowledge two supreme 
 spirits — a spirit of good and a spirit of 
 evil. The former they call Gitchf-- 
 idanlto, and the latter Mitche-Manitu. 
 
 The good spirit is symbolized by an egg, 
 and the evil one by a serpent. — Long- 
 fellow, Hiawatha, xiv. 
 
 As when the evil Manitou that driea 
 Th' Ohio woods, consumes them in bis Ire. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 17 (1809). 
 
 Manlius, surnamed Torqudtus, the 
 Roman consul. In the Latin war, he 
 gave orders that no Roman, on pain of 
 death, should engage in single combat. 
 One of the Latins having provoked 
 young Manlius by repeated insults, he 
 slew him ; but when the young man took 
 the spoils to his father, Manlius ordered 
 him to be put to death for violating the 
 commands of his superior officer. — Roman 
 Story. 
 
 Man'lius Capitoli'ims, consul of 
 Rome B.C. 392, then militarv tribune. 
 After the battle of A Ilia (390), seeing 
 Rome in the power of the Gauls, he 
 threw himself into the capitol with 1000 
 men, surprised the Gauls, and put them 
 to the sword. It was for this achieve- 
 ment he was called Capitolinus. Sub- 
 sequently he was charged with aiming 
 at sovereignty, and Avas hurled to death 
 from the Tarpeian Rock. 
 
 *** Lafosse (1G98) has a tragedy called 
 Manlius Capitolinus, and "Manlius" was 
 one of the favourite characters of Talma 
 the French actor. Lafosse's drama is an 
 imitation of Otway's tragedy of Venice 
 Preserved (1682). 
 
 Manly, the lover of lady Grace 
 Townly sister-in-law of lord Townly. 
 Manly is the cousin of sir Francis 
 Wronghead, whom he saves from utter 
 ruin. He is noble, judicious, upright, 
 and sets all things right that are going 
 wrong. — Vanbrugh and Cibber, The Pro- 
 voked Husband (1728). 
 
 The address and manner of Dennis Delane [1700-1753] 
 were easy and polite ; and he excelled in the well-bred 
 man, such as " Manly."— T. Davies. 
 
 Manly, " the plain dealer." An honest, 
 surly sea-captain, who thinks every one 
 a rascal, and believes himself to be no 
 better. Manly forms a good contrast to 
 Olivia, who is a consummate hypocrite 
 of most unblushing effrontery. 
 
 "Counterfeit honours," says Manly, "will not b« 
 current with me. I weigh the man, not his titles. 'Tis 
 not the king's stamp car. make the metal better or 
 heavier." — Wycherly, The riain Dealer, i. 1 (1677). 
 
 *** Manly, the plain dealer, is a copy 
 of Moliere's "Misanthrope," the prototype 
 of which was the due de Montausier, 
 
 Manly (Captain), the fiance' of Ara- 
 bella ward of justice Day and an 
 heiress. 
 
MANLY. 
 
 G05 
 
 MANSFIELD. 
 
 Arabella. I like him much— he seems plain and honest. 
 Ruth. Plain enough, in all conscience. 
 
 T. Knight, The Honest Thieves. 
 
 Manly (Colonel), a bluff, honest soldier, 
 to whom honour is dearer than life. 
 The hero of the drama. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
 The Beau's Duel (1703). 
 
 Mann (Mrs.), a dishonest, grasping 
 woman, who kept a branch workhouse, 
 where children were farmed. Oliver 
 Twist was sent to her child-farm. Mrs. 
 Mann systematically starved the children 
 placed under her charge. — C. Dickens, 
 Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Mannaia, goddess of retribution. 
 The word in Italian means "an axe." 
 
 All in a terrible moment came the blow 
 That beat down Paolo's 'fence, ended the play 
 O' the foil, and brought Mannaia on the stage. 
 R. Browning, The Ring and the Book, iii. (date 
 of the story, 1487). 
 
 Mannering (Guy) or colonel Man- 
 nering. 
 
 Mrs. Mannering (ne'e Sophia Well- 
 wood), wife of Guy Mannering. 
 
 Julia Mannering, daughter of Guy. 
 She marries captain Bertram. "Rather 
 a hare-brained girl, but well deserving the 
 kindest regards " (act i. 2 of the drama- 
 tized version). 
 
 Sir Paul Mannering, uncle to Guy 
 Mannering. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
 ing (time, George II.). 
 
 *** Scott's tale of Guy Mannering has 
 been dramatized by Daniel Terry. 
 
 Mano'a, the fabulous capital of El 
 Dora'do, the houses of which city were 
 roofed with gold. El Dorado was said 
 to be situated on the west shore of lake 
 Parime, at the mouth of a large river. 
 
 Manon FEscaut, the heroine of a 
 French novel entitled Ilistoire de Chevalier 
 Desgricux et de Manon Lescot, by A. F. 
 Pre'vost (1733). Manon is the "fair mis- 
 chief " of the story. Her charms seduce 
 and ruin the chevalier des Grieux, who 
 marries her. After marriage, the selfish 
 mistress becomes converted into the faith- 
 ful wife, who follows her husband into 
 disgrace and banishment, and dies by his 
 side in the wilds of America. 
 
 *** The object of this novel, like that 
 of La Dame aux Came lias, by Dumas Jils 
 (1848), is to show how true-hearted, how 
 self-sacrificing, how attractive, a fille de 
 joie may be. 
 
 Manri'co, the supposed son of Azu- 
 ee'na the gipsy, but iu reality the son 
 of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). 
 Leono'ra is in love with him, but the 
 
 count entertains a base passion for her, 
 and, getting Manrico into his power, con- 
 demns him to death. Leonora promises 
 the count to give herself to him if he 
 will spare the life of Manrico. He con- 
 sents, but while he goes to release his 
 "nephew," Leonora sucks poison from a 
 ring and dies. Manrico, on perceiving 
 this, dies also. — Verdi, // Trovato're (an 
 opera, 1853). 
 
 Man's, a fashionable coffee-house in 
 the reign of Charles II. 
 
 Mans (TJie count of), Roland, nephc.v 
 of Charlemagne. He is also called the 
 " knight of Blaives." 
 
 Mansel (Sir Edward), lieutenant of 
 the Tower of London. 
 
 Lady Mansel, wife of sir Edward. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
 I.). 
 
 Mansfield (The Miller of), a hu- 
 morous, good-natured countryman, who 
 offered Henry VIII. hospitality when he 
 had lost himself in a hunting expedition. 
 The miller gave the king half a bed with 
 his son Richard. Next morning, the 
 courtiers were brought to the cottage t>y 
 under-keepers, and Henry, in merry pin, 
 knighted his host, who thus became sir 
 John Cockle. He then made him "over- 
 seer of Sherwood Forest," with a salary 
 of 1000 marks a year. — K. Dodsley, The 
 Jung and the Miller of Mansfield (1737). 
 
 *** In the ballad called The King and 
 the Miller of Mansfield, the king is Henry 
 II., and there are several other points of 
 difference between the ballad and the 
 play. In the play, Cockle hears a gun 
 tired, and goes out to look for poachers, 
 when he lays hold of the king, but, being 
 satisfied that he is no poacher, he takes 
 him home. In the ballad, the king out- 
 rides his lords, gets lost, and, meeting the 
 miller, asks of him a night's lodging. 
 When the miller feels satisfied with the 
 face and bearing of the stranger, he 
 entertains him right hospitably. He 
 gives him for supper a venison pasty, 
 but tells him on no account to tell the 
 king " that they made free with his deer." 
 Another point of difference is this : In 
 the play, the courtiers are seized by the 
 under-keepers, and brought to Cockle'3 
 house ; but in the ballad they track the 
 king and appear before him next morning. 
 In the play, the king settles on sir John 
 Cockle 1000 marks ; in the ballad, £3U0 a 
 year. — Percy, Reliques, III. ii. 20. 
 
 (Of course, as Dodsley introduced the 
 "firing of a gun," he was obliged to 
 
MANSUR. 
 
 606 
 
 MARCELLA. 
 
 bring down his date to more modern 
 tunes, and none of the Henrys between 
 Henry II. and Henry VIII. would be the 
 least likely to indulge in such a prank.) 
 
 Maiisur (Elijah), a warrior, prophet, 
 and priest, who taught a more tolerant 
 form of Islam, but not being an orthodox 
 Moslem, he was condemned to impri- 
 sonment in the bowels of a mountain. 
 Mansur is to re-appear and wave his 
 conquering sword, to the terror of the 
 Muscovite. — Milner, Gallery of Geo- 
 graphy, 781. (See Bakbakossa.) 
 
 Mantacci'ni, a charlatan, who pro- 
 fessed to restore the dead to life. 
 
 Mantali'ni (Madame), a fashionable 
 milliner near Cavendish Square, London. 
 She dotes upon her husband, and supports 
 him in idleness. 
 
 Mr. Mantalini, the husband of madame ; 
 be is a man-doll and cockney fop, noted 
 for his white teeth, his minced oaths, 
 and his gorgeous morning gown. This 
 "exquisite" lives on his wife's earnings, 
 and thinks he confers a favour on her by 
 lavishing her money on his seltish in- 
 dulgences. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
 (1838). 
 
 Mantle ( The Boy and the). One day, 
 a little boy presented himself before king 
 Arthur, and showed him a curious mantle 
 " which would become no wife that was 
 not leal" to her true lord. The queen 
 tried it on, but it changed its colour and 
 fell into shreds ; sir Kay's lady tried it 
 on, but with no belter success ; others 
 followed, but only sir Cradoek's wife 
 could wear it. — Percy, licli'jues. 
 
 Mantuan (The), that is, Baptista 
 Spag'nolus, surnamed Mantna'nus, from 
 the place of his birth. He wrote poems 
 and eclogues in Latin. His works were 
 translated into English bv George Tuber- 
 viile in 1567. He lived 144&-1516. 
 
 Ah. s:ood old Mantuan 1 I may speak of thee as the 
 traveller lioth of Venice : 
 
 Vinegia, Vinegia, 
 Chi niim te vede. ei non te pregia. 
 Shakespeare. Love's Labour's Lout, act iv. sc. '2 (159-1). 
 
 Mantuan Swan (The), Virgil, a 
 native of Mantua (B.C. 70-l!>). 
 
 Mantua me genuit; Galabri rapuere; tenet nunc 
 l*aithenope ; cecini pa^cua. rura. duces. 
 
 On Virgil's Tomb (composed by himself). 
 Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp apjienred ; 
 And ages ere the Mautaan Swan was heard. 
 
 Cowner. 
 
 Ma'nucodia'ta, a bird resembling a 
 swallow, found in the Molucca Islands. 
 "It has no feet, and though the body is 
 not bi^er tha:i that of a swallow, the 
 
 span of its wings is equal to that of im\ 
 eagle. These birds never approach the 
 earth, but the female lays her eggs on 
 the back of the male, and hatches them 
 in her own breast. They live on the dew 
 of heaven, and eat neither animal nor 
 vegetable food." — Cardan, De Serum 
 Yarictatc (1557). 
 
 Less pire the footless fowl of heaven, that never 
 Kest upon earth, hut on the wing for ever. 
 Hovering o'er flowers, their I'merant food iuhala. 
 Drink the descending dew upon the way. 
 And sleep aloft while floating on the gale. 
 
 Southey, Curse of liehama, xxi. 6 (1S09). 
 
 Manuel du Sosa, governor of 
 Lisbon, and brother of Guiomar (mother 
 of the vainglorious Duarte, 3 syl.). — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of 
 the Country (1647). 
 
 Mapp (Mrs.), bone-setter. She was 
 born at Epsom, and at one time was very 
 rich, but she died in great poverty at her 
 lodgings in Seven Dials, 1737. 
 
 *** Hogarth has introduced her in his 
 heraldic picture, "The Undertakers' 
 Arms." She is the middle of the three 
 figures at the top, the other two being 
 Dr. Ward on the right hand of the 
 spectator, and Dr. Taylor on the left. 
 
 Maqueda, the queen of the South, 
 who visited Solomon, and had by him a 
 son named Melech. — Zaga Zabo, Ap. 
 Damian a Goes. 
 
 *** Maqueda is generally called Balkis 
 queen of Saba or Zaba. 
 
 Marcassin (Prince). This nursery 
 tale is from the Niyhts, of Straporola, an 
 Italian (sixteenth century). Translated 
 into Erench in 1585. 
 
 Marce'lia, the "Desdemona" of 
 Massinger's Duke of Milan. Sforza 
 "the More" doted on his young bride, 
 and Marcelia returned his love. During 
 Sforza' s absence at the camp, Francesco, 
 "the lord protector," tried to seduce the 
 young bride from her fidelity, and, fail- 
 ing in his purpose, accused her to the duke 
 of wishing to play the wanton. " I 
 laboured to divert her . . . urged your 
 much love . . . but hourly she pursued 
 me." The duke, in a paroxysm of jea- 
 lousv, flew on Marcelia and slew her. — 
 Massinger, The Duke of Milan (1622>. 
 
 Marcelia, daughter of "William a 
 farmer. Her father and mother died 
 while she was young, leaving her in 
 charge of an uncle. She was " the 
 most beautiful creature ever sent into the 
 world," and every bachelor who saw her 
 fell madly in love with her, but she de- 
 clined their suits. One of her lovers was 
 
MARCELLIN DE PEYRAS. 
 
 G07 
 
 MARDI-GRAS. 
 
 Chrysostom, the favourite of the village, 
 who died of disappointed hope, and the 
 shepherds wrote on his tombstone : 
 " From Chrysostom's fate, learn to abhor 
 Marcella, that common enemy of man, 
 whose beauty and cruelty are both in 
 the extreme!" — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 I. ii. 4, 5 (1605). 
 
 Marcellin de Peyras. The cheva- 
 lier to whom the baron de Peyras gave 
 up hie estates when he retired to Grenoble. 
 De Peyras eloped with lady Ernestine, 
 but soon tired of her, and fell in love with 
 his cousin Margaret, the baron's daugh- 
 ter.— E. Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Tlie 
 Miller of Grenoble (1854). 
 
 Mareelli'na, daughter of Rocco 
 jailer of the State prison of Seville. She 
 fell in love with Fidelio, her father's 
 servant ; but this Fidelio turned out to be 
 Leonora, wife of the State prisoner Fer- 
 nando Florestan. — Beethoven, Fidelio (an 
 opera, 1791). 
 
 Marcello, in Meyerbeer's opera of 
 Les Huguenots, unites in marriage Valen- 
 ti'na and Raoul (1836). 
 
 Marcello, the pseudonym of the duchess 
 of Castiglione Colonna, widow of the 
 due Charles de Castiglione Aldiovandi. 
 The best works of this noted sculptor 
 are " The Gorgon," " Marie Antoinette," 
 "Hecate," and the "Pythia" in bronze. 
 Born 1837. 
 
 Marcellus (M. Claudius), called 
 " The Sword of Rome." Fabius " Cunc- 
 tator" was " The Shield of Rome." 
 
 Marcel'las, an officer of Denmark, to 
 whom the ghost of the murdered king ap- 
 peared before it presented itself to prince 
 Hamlet. — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Marcliioness ( The), the half -starved 
 girl-of -all-work, in the service of Samp- 
 son Brass and his sister Sally. She was 
 so lonesome and dull, that it afforded her 
 relief to peep at Mr. Swiveller even 
 through the keyhole of his door. Though 
 so dirty and ill cared for, "the mar- 
 chioness " was sharp-witted and cunning. 
 It was Mr. Swiveller who called her 
 the " marchioness," when she played 
 cards with him, "because it seemed 
 more real and pleasant " to pla}' with a 
 marchioness than with a domestic slavy 
 (ch. Ivii.). When Dick Swiveller was 
 turned away and fell sick, the "mar- 
 chioness " nursed him carefully, and he 
 afterwards married her. — C. Dickens, The 
 Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 
 
 Marclimont (Miss Matilda), the con- 
 fidante of Julia Mannering. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Mareian, armourer to count Robert 
 of Paris.— Sir W. Scott,- Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Marck. (William de la), a French 
 nobleman, called " The "Wild Boar of 
 Ardennes" (Sanglier des Ardennes). — Sir 
 \V. Scott, Quentin Duricard (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Marcliffa (Theophilus), pseudonym 
 of William Godwin (author of Caleb 
 Williams, 1756-1836). 
 
 Mareomanic War, a Avar carried 
 on by the Marcomanni, under the leader- 
 ship of Maroboduus, who made himself 
 master of Bohemia, etc. Maroboduus 
 was defeated by Arminius, and his con- 
 federation broken up (a.d. 20). In the 
 second Christian century a new war broke 
 out between the Marcomanni and the 
 Romans, which lasted thirteen years. In 
 a.d. 180 peace was purchased by the 
 Romans, and the war for a time ceased. 
 
 Marcos de Obregon, the hero of a 
 Spanish romance, from which Lesage has 
 borrowed very freely in his Gil Bias. — 
 Vicente Espinel, Yida del Escudero Marcos 
 de Obregon (1618). 
 
 Marculf, in the comie poem of Salo- 
 mon and Marculf, a fool who outwits the 
 Sage of Israel by knavery and cunning. 
 The earliest version of the poem extant 
 is a German one of the twelfth century. 
 
 Marcus, son of Cato of Utlca, a 
 warm-hearted, impulsive young man, 
 passionately in love with Lucia daughter 
 of Lucius ; but Lucia loved the more 
 temperate brother, Fortius. Marcus was 
 slain by Caesar's soldiers when they in- 
 vaded Utica. 
 
 Marcus is furious, wild in his complaints; 
 
 I hear with a secret kind of dread. 
 
 And tremble at his vehemence of temper. 
 
 Addison, Cato, i. 1 (1713). 
 
 Mardi-Gras (Le), the last day of the 
 carnival, noted in Paris for the travestie 
 of a Roman procession marching to offer 
 an ox in sacrifice to the gods. The ox, 
 which is always the "prize" beast of the 
 season, is decorated with gilt horns and 
 fillet round its head, mock priests with 
 axes, etc., march beside it, a band with 
 all sorts of tin instruments or instruments 
 of thin brass follow, and lictors, etc., rill 
 up the procession. 
 
 Tous les aiis on vient de la > ille 
 Les marchands dans uos car.tons. 
 
MARDONIUS. 
 
 608 
 
 MARGARET CATCH POLE. 
 
 Poor les mener aux Tuiierfes, 
 
 Al Mardi-Gras, devant le roi 
 
 Et puis les vendre aux boucheries. 
 Valine Jeanne ma femme, eh, ba ! j'aimerais mSeurt 
 La voir mourir que toot monrir mes b«mfs. 
 
 Pierre Dupont. Let Bxu*». 
 
 MardonillS (Captain), in Beaumont 
 and Fletcher's drama called A King or 
 No King (1619). 
 
 Maresehal of Maresehal Wells 
 (Young), one of the Jacobite conspirators, 
 under the leadership of Mr. Richard Vere 
 laird of Ellieslaw.— Sir W\ Scott, Tlxe 
 Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Marfi'sa, an Indian queen. — Bojardo, 
 Orlando Innamorato (1495), and Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Marforio's Statue. This statue 
 • lies on the ground in Rome, and was at one 
 time used for libels, lampoons, and jests, 
 but was never so much used as Pasquin's. 
 
 Margar'elon (4 syl.), a Trojan hero 
 of modern fable, who performed deeds of 
 marvellous bravery. Lydgate, in his Bo/w 
 of Troy (1518), calls him a son of Priam. 
 According to this authority, Margarelon 
 attacked Achilles, and fell by his hand. 
 
 Margaret, only child and heiress of 
 sir Giles Overreach. Her father set his 
 heart on her marrying lord Lovel, for the 
 summit of his ambition was to see her a 
 peeress. But Margaret was modest, and 
 could see no happiness in ill-assorted 
 marriages ; so she remained faithful to 
 Tom Ailworth, the man of her choice. 
 — Massinger, A New Way to Bay Old 
 Debts (16-28). 
 
 Margaret, wife of Vandunke (2 syl.) 
 the drunken burgomaster of Bruges. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars' 
 Bush (1622). 
 
 Margaret (Ladye), " the flower of 
 Teviot," daughter of the duchess Mar- 
 garet and lord Walter Scott of Branksome 
 Hall. The ladye Margaret was beloved 
 by Henry of Cranstown, whose family 
 had a deadly feud with that of Scott. 
 One day, the elfin page of lord Cranstown 
 cnveigled the heir of Branksome Hall 
 (then a lad) into the woods, Avhere the 
 boy fell into the hands of the Southerners. 
 The captors then marched with 3000 men 
 against the castle of the widowed duchess, 
 but being told by a spy that Douglas, 
 with 10,000 men, was coming to the 
 rescue, an arrangement was made to 
 decide by single combat whether the boy 
 should become king Edward's page, or be 
 delivered up into the hands of his mother. 
 The English champion (sir Richard Mus- 
 grave) fell by the hand of sir William 
 
 Deloraine, and the boy was delivered to 
 his mother. It was then discovered that 
 sir William was in reality lord Cranstown, 
 who elaimed and received the hand of the 
 fair Margaret as hi3 reward. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805). 
 
 Mar'garct, the heroine of Goethe's Faust. 
 Faust iirst encounters her on her return 
 from church, falls in love with her, and 
 seduces her. Overcome with shame, she 
 destroys the infant to which she gives 
 birth, and is condemned to death. Faust 
 attempts to save her, and, gaining ad- 
 mission to her cell, finds her huddled up 
 on a bed of straw, singing, like Ophelia, 
 wild snatches of ancient ballads, her 
 reason faded, and her death at hand. 
 Faust tries to persuade the mad girl to 
 flee with him, but in vain. At last the 
 day of execution arrives, and with it 
 Mepbistoph'eles, passionless and grim. 
 Faust is hurried off, and Margaret is left 
 to her fate. Margaret is often called by 
 the pet diminutive " Gretchen," and in 
 the opera "Margheri'ta" (q.v.). — Goethe, 
 Faust (1790). 
 
 Shakespeare has drawn no such portrait as that of Mar- 
 garet ; no such peculiar union of passion, simplicity, 
 homeliness, and witchery. The poi erty and inferior social 
 position of Marttaret are never lost sight of — she never be- 
 comes an abstraction. It is love alone which exalts her 
 above her station.— Lewes. 
 
 Margaret Catehpole, a Suffolk 
 celebrity, bom at Nacton, in that county, 
 in 1778 ; the title and heroine of a tale by 
 the Rev. R. Cobbold. She falls in love 
 with a smuggler named Will Laud, and 
 in 1797, in order to reach him, steals a 
 horse from Mr. J. Cobbold, brewer, of 
 Ipswich, in whose service she had lived 
 much respected. She dresses herself 
 in the groom's clothes, and makes her 
 way to London, where she is detected 
 while selling the horse, and is put in 
 prison. She is sentenced to death at the 
 Suffolk assizes — a sentence afterwards 
 commuted to one of seven years' transpor- 
 tation. Owing to a difficulty in sending 
 prisoners to New South Wales, she is 
 confined in Ipswich jail ; but from here 
 she makes her escape, joins Laud, who 
 is shot in her defence. Margaret is re- 
 captured, and again sentenced to death, 
 which is for the second time commuted 
 to transportation, this time for life, and 
 she arrives at Port Jackson in 1801. 
 Here, by her good behaviour, shcobtains 
 a free pardon, and ultimately marries a 
 former lover named John Barry, who had 
 emigrated and risen to a high position in 
 the colony. She died, much respected, 
 in the year 1841. 
 
MARGARET FINCH. 
 
 609 
 
 MARGHERITA DI YALOIS. 
 
 Margaret Finch, queen of the 
 gipsies. She was born at Sutton, in 
 Kent ( 1 <>3 1 ) , and finally settled in Nor- 
 way. From a constant habit of sitting 
 on "the ground, with her chin on her knees, 
 she was unable to stand, and when dead 
 was buried in a square box ; 1740, aged 
 109 years. 
 
 Margaret Gibson, afterwards 
 called Fatten, a famous Scotch cook, 
 who was employed in the palace of James 
 I, She was born in the reign of queen 
 Elizabeth, and died June 26, 1739, either 
 J 36 or 141 years of age. 
 
 Margaret Lamburn, one of the 
 servants of Mary queen of Scots, who 
 undertook to avenge the death of her 
 royal mistress. For this end, she dressed 
 in man's clothes and carried two pistols — 
 one to shoot queen Elizabeth and the 
 other herself. She had reached the 
 garden where the queen was walking, 
 when she accidentally dropped one of the 
 pistols, was seized, carried before the 
 queen, and frantically told her tale. 
 "When the queen asked how she expected 
 to be treated, Margaret replied, " A judge 
 would condemn me to death, but it would 
 be more royal to grant me pardon." The 
 queen did so, and Ave hear no more of 
 this fanatic. 
 
 _ Margaret Simon, daughter of Mar- 
 tin Simon the miller of Grenoble ; a 
 brave, beautiful, and noble girl. — E. 
 Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
 Grenoble (1854). 
 
 Margaret Street, Portman Square, 
 London. So called from Margaret, 
 only child of Edward second earl 
 of Oxford and Mortimer. (See Bex- 
 tick.) 
 
 Margaret of Anjou, widow of king 
 Henry VI. of England. She presents 
 herself, disguised as a mendicant, in 
 Strasburg Cathedral, to Philipson {i.e. 
 the earl of Oxford). — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
 of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Margaret's Ghost, a ballad by 
 David Mallet (1724). William courted 
 the fair Margaret, but jilted her ; he 
 promised love, but broke his promise ; 
 said her face was fair, her lips sweet, and 
 her eyes bright, but left the face to pale, 
 the eyes to weep, and the maid to 
 languish and die. Her ghost appeared 
 to him at night to rebuke his beartless- 
 ness ; and next morning, William left his 
 bed raving mad, hied him to Margaret's 
 
 grave, thrice called her by name, "and 
 never word spake more." 
 
 We shall have ballads made of it within two months, 
 setting forth how a young squire became a serving-man of 
 low degree, and ft will be stuck up with Margaret! 
 Uhost against the walls of every cottage in the Country. 
 —I. Bickerstaff, Love in a Village (USA). 
 
 Margaretta, a maiden attached to 
 Robin. Her father wanted her to marry 
 "a stupid old man, because ht was rich ;" 
 so she ran away from home and lived as 
 a ballad-singer. liobin emigrated for 
 three years, and made his fortune. He 
 was wrecked on the coast of Cornwall on 
 his return, and met Margaretta at the 
 house of Farmer Crop his brother-in-law, 
 when the acquaintance was renewed. 
 (See No Soxg, etc.) — Hoare, No Song 
 no Supper (1754-1834). 
 
 Margarit'ta (Donna), a Spanish 
 heiress, "fair, young, and wealthy," 
 who resolves to marry that she may 
 the more freely indulge her wantonness. 
 She selects Leon for her husband, because 
 she thinks him a milksop, whom she 
 can twist round her thumb at pleasure; 
 but no sooner is Leon married than he 
 shows himself the master. By ruling 
 with great firmness and affection, he wins 
 the esteem of every one, and the wanton 
 coquette becomes a modest, devoted, and 
 obedient wife. — Beaumont ai,d Fletcher, 
 Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (1640). 
 
 Margery (Dame), the old nurse of 
 lady Eveline Beren<?er "the betrothed." 
 —Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
 Henry II.). 
 
 Margheri'ta, a simple, uncultured 
 girl, of great fascination, seduced by 
 Faust. Margherita killed the infant of 
 her shame, and was sent to jail for so 
 doing. In jail she lost her reason, and 
 was condemned to death. When Faust 
 visited her in prison, and tried to per- 
 suade her to flee with him, she refused. 
 Faust was carried off by demons, and 
 Margherita was borne by angels up to 
 heaven ; the intended moral being, that 
 the repentant sinner is triumphant. — 
 Gounod, Faust e Margherita (1859). 
 
 Margheri'ta di Valois, daughter 
 of Catherine de Medicis and Henri II. of 
 France. She married Henri le Bearnais 
 (afterwards Henri IV. of France). It was 
 during the wedding solemnities of Mar- 
 gherita and Henri that Catherine de 
 Medicis carried out the massacre of the 
 French huguenots. The bride was at a 
 ball during this horrible slaughter.- -■ 
 2b 
 
MARGIANA. 
 
 010 
 
 MARIA. 
 
 Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots or Gli (Z/onotti 
 (1830). 
 
 %* Francois T. used to call her La 
 Marguerite des Marguerites ("The Pearl 
 of Pearls"). 
 
 Margia'na (Quern), a mussulman, 
 and mortal enemy of the fire-worshippers. 
 Prince Assad became her slave, but, being 
 stolen by the crew of Behram, was 
 carried off. The queen gave chase to the 
 ship ; Assad was thrown overboard, and 
 swam to shore. The queen with an army 
 demanded back her slave, discovered that 
 Assad was a prince, and that his half- 
 brother was king of the city to which 
 6he had come ; whereupon she married 
 him, and carried him home to her own 
 dominions. — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad 
 and Assad "). 
 
 Margutte (3 sgl.), a low-minded, 
 vulgar giant, ten feet high, with enor- 
 mous appetite and of the grossest sen- 
 suality. He died of laughter on seeing a 
 monkey pulling on his boots. — Pulci, 
 Morgante Maggiore (1488). 
 
 Chalehas, the Homeric soothsayer, died 
 of laughter. (See Laughter.) 
 
 Marhaus (Sir), a knight of the 
 Round Table, a king's son, and brother 
 of the queen of Ireland. When sir 
 Mark king of Cornwall refused to pay 
 truage to Anguish king of Ireland, sir 
 Marhaus was sent to defy sir Mark and 
 all his knights to single combat. No one 
 durst go against him ; but Tristram said, 
 if Mark would knight him, he would 
 defend his cause. In the combat, sir 
 Tristram was victorious. AVith his 
 sword he cut through his adversary's 
 helmet and brain-pan, and his sword 
 stuck so last in the bone that he had to 
 pull thrice before he could extricate it. 
 Sir Marhaus contrived to get back to 
 Ireland, but soon died. — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, ii. 7, 8 (1470). 
 
 %* Sir Marhaus carried a white shield ; 
 but as he hated women, twelve damsels 
 spat thereon, to show how they dis- 
 honoured him. — Ditto, pt. i. 75. 
 
 Maria, a lad) in attendance on the 
 
 f>rincess of France. Longaville, a young 
 ord >n the suite of Ferdinand king of 
 Navarre, asks her to marry him, but she 
 defers her answer for twelve months. 
 To this Longaville replies, " I'll stay 
 with patience, but the. time is long;" and 
 Maria makes answer, " The liker you ; 
 few taller are so young." — Shakespeare, 
 l.oi-cs Labour's Lout (1504). 
 
 Maria, the waiting-woman of the 
 countess Olivia. — Shakespeare, Twelfth 
 Night (1614). 
 
 Maria', wife of Frederick the un- 
 natural and licentious brother of Ai- 
 phonso king of Naples. She is a virtuous 
 lady, and appears in strong contrast to 
 her infamous husband. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1G24). 
 
 Maria, daughter aod only child ot 
 Thorowgood a wealthy London merchant. 
 She is in love with George Barnwell, her 
 father's apprentice ; but George is exe- 
 cuted for robbery and murder. — George 
 Lillo, George Barnwell (1732). 
 
 A dying man sent for David Ross the actor fl7-8-1790], 
 and addressed liim thus : " Some forty years ago, like 
 • George Barnwell,' I wronged my master to supply the 
 unbounded extravagance of a ' Millwood.' 1 took her to 
 see your performance, which so shocked me that 1 vowed 
 to break the connection and return to the path of virtue. 
 I kept my resolution, replaced the money I had stolen, 
 and found a ' Maria' in my master's daughter. ... I 
 have now left £1000 affixed to your name in my will and 
 testament." — 1'elham, Chronicles of Crime, 
 
 Maria, the ward of sir Peter Teazle. 
 She is in love with Charles Surface, 
 whom she ultimately marries. — Sheridan, 
 School for Scandal (1777). 
 
 Maria, " the maid of the Oaks," 
 brought up as the ward of Oldworth of 
 Oldworth Oaks, but is in reality his 
 daughter and heiress. Maria is engaged 
 to sir Harry Groveby, and Hurry says, 
 " She is the most charmingest, sweetest, 
 delightfulest, mildest, beautifulest, mo- 
 destest, genteelest young creature in the 
 world." — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of the 
 Oaks. 
 
 Maria, a maiden whose banns were 
 forbidden "by the curate of the parish 
 who published tbem ;" in consequence of 
 which, Maria lost her wits, and used 
 to sit on the roadside near Moulines 
 (2 sgl.), playing on a pipe vesper hymns 
 to the Virgin. She led by a ribbon a 
 little dog named Silvio, of which she 
 was very jealous, for at one time she had 
 a favourite goat, that forsook her. — 
 Sterne, Sentimental Journey (11 '08). 
 
 Maria, a foundling, discovered by 
 Sulpizio a sergeant of the 11th regi- 
 ment of Napoleon's Grand Army, and 
 adopted by the regiment as their daugh- 
 ter. Tonio, a Tyrolese, saved her life 
 and fell in love with her, but just as they 
 were about to be married the marchioness 
 of Berkenfield claimed the foundling as 
 her own daughter, and the suttler-girl 
 had to quit the regiment for the castle. 
 After a time, the castle was taken by the 
 
MARIA. 
 
 611 
 
 MARIANA. 
 
 French, and although the marchioness 
 had promised Maria in marriage to 
 another, she consented to her union with 
 Tonio, who had risen to the rank of a 
 field-officer. — Donizetti, La Figlia del 
 JReggimento (an opera, 1840). 
 
 Maria [Delaval]., daughter of colonel 
 Delaval. Plighted to Mr. Versatile, but 
 just previous to the marriage Mr. Versa- 
 tile, by the death of his father, came 
 into a large fortune and baronetcy. The 
 marriage was deferred ; Mr. (now sir 
 George) Versatile went abroad, and became 
 a man cf fashion. They met, the attach- 
 ment was renewed, and the marriage 
 consummated. 
 
 Sweetness and smiles played upon her countenance. 
 She was the delight of her friends, the admiration of the 
 world, and the coveted of every eye. Lovers of fortune and 
 fashion contended for her hand, but she had bestowed her 
 heart.— Holcroft, He's Much to Blame, v. 2 (1790) . 
 
 Maria [Wilding], daughter of sir 
 Jasper Wilding. She is in love with 
 Beaufort; and being promised in marriage 
 against her will to George Phil pot, dis- 
 gusts him purposely by her silliness. 
 George refuses to marry her, and she 
 gives hei hand to Beaufort. — Murphv, 
 The Citizen (1757). 
 
 Maria Theresa Panza, wife of 
 Sancho Panza. She is sometimes called 
 Maria, and sometimes Theresa. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote (1605). m 
 
 Mariage Force (Le). Sganarelle, 
 a rich man of 04, promises marriage to 
 Dorimene (3 syL), a girl under 20, but, 
 having scruples about the matter, consults 
 his friend, two philosophers, and the 
 gipsies, from none of whom can he obtain 
 any practicable advice. At length, he 
 overhears Dorimene telling a young lover 
 that she only marries the old man for his 
 money, and that he cannot live above a 
 few months ; so the old man goes to the 
 father, and declines the alliance. On this, 
 the father sends his son to Sganarelle. 
 The young man takes with him two 
 swords, and with the utmost politeness 
 and sang-froid requests Mons. to choose 
 one. When the old man declines to do 
 so, the young man gives him a thorough 
 drubbing, and again with the utmost 
 politeness requests the old man to make 
 his choice. On his again declining to do 
 so, he is again beaten, and at last con- 
 gents to ratify the marriage. — Moliere, Le 
 Marwge Force' (1664). 
 
 Mariamne (4 syL), a Jewish princess, 
 daughter of Alexander and wife of 
 Herod "the Great," Mariamne was the 
 
 mother of Alexander and Aristobu'lua, 
 both of whom Herod put to death in a 
 fit of jealousy, and then fell into a state 
 of morbid madness, in which he fancied 
 he saw Mariamne and heard her asking 
 for her sons. 
 
 * # * This has been made the subject 
 of several tragedies : e.g. A. Hardy, 
 Mariamne (1623); Pierre Tristan FE'r- 
 mite, Mariamne (1640) ; Voltaire, 
 Mariamne (1724). 
 
 Marian, " the Muses 1 only darling," 
 is Margaret countess of Cumberland, 
 sister of Anne countess of Warwick. 
 
 Fair Marian, the Muses' only darling. 
 Whose beauty shineth as the morning clear, 
 With silver dew upon the roses pearling. 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (15951. 
 
 Marian, " the parson's maid," in love 
 with Colin Clout who loves Cicely. 
 Marian sings a ditty of dole, in which 
 she laments for Colin, and says how he 
 gave her once a knife, but " Woe is me ! 
 for knives, they tell me, always sever 
 love." — Gay, Pastorals, ii. (1714). 
 
 Marian, "the daughter" of Robert a 
 Avrecker, and betrothed to Edward a 
 young sailor. She was fair in person, 
 loving, and holy. During the absence of 
 Edward at sea, a storm arose, and Robert 
 went to the coast to look for plunder. 
 Marian followed him, and in the dusk 
 saw some one stab another. She thought 
 it was her father, but it was Black 
 Norris. Her father being taken up, 
 Marian gave evidence against him, and 
 the old man was condemned to death. 
 Norris now told Marian he would save 
 her father if she would become his wife. 
 She made the promise, but was saved 
 the misery of the marriage by the arrest 
 of Norris for murder. — S. Knowles, The 
 Laughter (1836). 
 
 Marian'a, a lovely and lovable lady, 
 betrothed to Angelo, who, during the 
 absence of Vincentio the duke of Vienna, 
 acted as his lord deputy. Her pleadings 
 to the duke for Angelo are wholly un- 
 rivalled. — Shakespeare, Measure for Mea- 
 sure (1603). 
 
 Timid and shrinking before, she does not now wait to 
 be encouraged in her suit. She is instant and impor- 
 tunate. She does not reason with the duke ; she begs, 
 she implores.— R. G. White 
 
 Mariana, sister of Ludovi'co Sforza 
 duke of Milan, and wife of Francesco 
 his chief minister of state. — Massinger, 
 The Luke of Milan (1622). 
 
 Mariana, daughter of lord Charney ; 
 taken prisoner by the English, and in 
 
MARIANA. 
 
 612 
 
 MARIDUNUM. 
 
 love with Arnold (friend of the Black 
 Prince). Just before the battle of Poi- 
 tiers, thinking the English cause hope- 
 less, Mariana induces Arnold to desert ; 
 but lord Charney will not receive him. 
 Arnold returns to the English camp, and 
 dies in the battle. Lord Charney is also 
 slain, and Mariana dies distracted. — 
 Shirley, Edward the Black Prince (IG40). 
 
 Mariana, the young lady that Lovegold 
 the miser wished to marry. As Mariana 
 was in love with the miser's son Frede- 
 rick, she pretended to be extravagant and 
 deeply in debt, which so affected the old 
 hunks, that he gave her £2000 to be let 
 off the bargain. Of coure she assented, 
 and married Frederick. — H. Fielding, 
 The Miser, 
 
 Mariana, the daughter of a Swiss 
 burgher, "the most beautiful of women." 
 "Her gentleness a smile without a smile, 
 a sweetness of look, speech, act." Leo- 
 nardo being crushed by an avalanche, 
 she nursed him through his illness, and 
 they fell in love with each other. He 
 started for Mantua, but was detained for 
 two years captive by a gang of thieves ; 
 and Mariana followed him, being unable 
 to support life where he was not. In 
 Mantua count Florio fell in love with 
 her, and obtained her guardian's consent 
 to their union ; but Mariana refused, was 
 summoned before the duke (Ferrardo), 
 and judgment was given against her. 
 Leonardo, being present at the trial, now 
 threw off his disguise, and was acknow- 
 ledged to be the real duke. He assumed 
 his rank, married Mariana ; but being 
 called to the camp, left Ferrardo regent. 
 Ferrardo, being a villain, laid a cunning 
 scheme to prove Mariana guilty of adul- 
 tery with Julian St. Pierre, a country- 
 man ; but Leonardo refused to believe 
 the charge. Julian, who turned out to 
 be Mariana's brother, exposed the whole 
 plot of Ferrardo, and amply cleared his 
 sister of the slightest taint or thought of 
 a revolt. — S. Knowles, The Wife (1833). 
 
 Mariana, daughter of the king of 
 Thessaly. She was beloved by sir Alex- 
 ander, one of the three sons of St. George 
 the patron saint of England. Sir Alex- 
 ander married her, and became king of 
 Thessaly. — R. Johnson, The Seven Cham- 
 pions of Christendom, iii. 2, 3, 11 (1617). 
 
 Mariana in tha Moated Grange, 
 a young damsel who sits in the moated 
 grange, looking out for her lover, who 
 never comes ; and the burden of her life- 
 
 song is, "My life is dreary, for he 
 cometh not ; I am aweary, and would that 
 I were dead ! " 
 
 The sequel is called Mariana in the 
 South, in which the love-lorn maiden 
 looks forward to her death, "when she 
 will cease to be alone, to live forgotten, 
 and to love forlorn." — Tennyson, Mariana 
 (in two parts). 
 
 *** Mariana, the lady betrothed to 
 Angelo, passed her sorrowful hours "ai; 
 the Moated Grange." Thus the duke says 
 to 1 sabella : 
 
 Haste you speedily to Angelo ... I will presently to St. 
 Luke's. There, at the moated grange, resides the dejected 
 Mariana. — Shakespeare, Measure for Jlemure, act iii. sc.-l 
 (1603). 
 
 Marianne (3 syl.), a statuette to 
 which the red republicans of France pay 
 homage. It symbolizes the republic, and 
 is arrayed in a red Phrygian cap. This 
 statuette is sold at earthenware shops, 
 and in republican clubs, enthroned in 
 glory, and sometimes it is carried in 
 procession to the tune of the Marseillaise. 
 (See Maky Annk.) 
 
 The reason seems to be this: Ravaillac, 
 the assassin of Henri IV. (the Harmodiu3 
 or Aristoglton of France), was honoured 
 by the red republicans as " patriot., de- 
 liverer, and martyr." This regicide was 
 incited to his deed of blood by reading 
 the celebrated treatise De Pcge ct Pegio 
 Institutiotie, by Mariana the Jesuit, pub- 
 lished 1599 (about ten years previously). 
 As Mariana inspired Ravaillac "to deliver 
 Fiance from her tyrant" (Henri IV.), 
 the name was attached to the statuette of 
 libertv, and the republican party gene- 
 rally." 
 
 The association of the name with the 
 guillotine favours this suggestion. 
 
 Marianne (3 syl.), the heroine of a 
 French novel so called by Marivaux 
 (1688-1763). 
 
 (This novel terminates abruptly, with 
 a conclusion like that of Zadig, " where 
 nothing is concluded.") 
 
 Marianne [Franval], sister of 
 Franval the advocate. She is a beautiful, 
 loving, gentle creature, full of the deeds 
 of kindness, and brimming over with 
 charity. Marianne loves captain St. 
 Alme, a merchant's son, and though her 
 mother opposes the match as beneath the 
 rank of the family, the advocate pleads 
 fur his sister, and the lovers are duly 
 betrothed to each other. — T. Holcroit, 
 The Deaf and Dumb (1785). 
 
 Maridu'num, i.e. Cacr-Merdin (now 
 
MARIE. 
 
 613 
 
 MARINI. 
 
 Caermarthen). — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iii. 8 (1590). 
 
 Marie {Countess), the mother of Ul'- 
 rica (a love-daughter), the father of 
 Ulrica being: Ernest de Fridberg, "the 
 prisoner of State." Marie married count 
 D'Osborn, on condition of his obtaining 
 the acquittal of her lover Ernest de Frid- 
 berg ; but the count broke his promise, 
 and even attempted to get the prisoner 
 smothered in his dungeon. His villainy 
 being made known, the king ordered him 
 to be executed, and Ernest, being set at 
 liberty, duly married the countess Marie. 
 — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of State 
 (1847). 
 
 Marie de Brabant, daughter of 
 Henri III. due de Brabant. She married 
 Philippe le Hardi, king of France, and 
 was accused by Labrosse of having poi- 
 soned Philippe's son by his former wife. 
 Jean de Brabant defended the queen's 
 innocence by combat, and being the 
 victor, Labrosse was hung (1260-1321). 
 
 Ancelot has made this the subject of 
 an historical poem called Marie de Brabant, 
 in six chants (1825). 
 
 Marie Kirikitoun, a witch, Avho 
 promised to do a certain task for a lassie, 
 in order that she might win a husband, 
 provided the lassie either remembered the 
 witch's name for a year and a_day, or 
 submitted to any punishment she might 
 choose to inflict. The lassie was married, 
 and forgot the witch's name ; but the fay 
 was heard singing, "Houpa, houpa, Marie 
 Kirikitoun ! Nobody will remember my 
 name." The lassie, being able to tell the 
 witch's name, was no more troubled. — 
 Basque Legend. 
 
 Grimm has a similar tale, but the name 
 is Kumpel-stilzchen, and the song was : 
 
 Little dreams my dainty dame, 
 ltumpelstilzchen is my name. 
 
 Mari'na, daughter of Per'icles prince 
 of Tyre, born at sea, where her mother 
 Thais'a, as it was supposed, died in 
 giving her birth. Prince Pericles en- 
 trusted the infant to Cleon (governor of 
 Tarsus) and his wife Dionys'ia, who 
 brought her up excellently well, and she 
 became most highly accomplished ; but 
 when grown to budding womanhood, 
 Dionysia, out of jealousy, employed 
 Le'onine (3 syl.) to murder her. Leonine 
 took Marina to the coast with this intent, 
 but the outcast was seized by pirates, and 
 sold at Metali'ne as a slave.* Here Peri- 
 cles landed on his voyage from Tarsus to 
 Tyre, and Marina was introduced to burn. 
 
 to chase away his melancholy. She told 
 him the story of her life, and he perceived 
 at once that she was his daughter. 
 Marina was now betrothed to Lysimachus 
 governor of Metaline ; but, before the 
 espousals, went to visit the shrine of 
 Diana of Ephesus, to return thanks to the 
 goddess, and the priestess was discovered 
 to be Thaisa the mother of Marina. — 
 Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyre 
 (1608). 
 
 Mari'na, Avife of Jacopo Fos'cari the 
 doge's son. — Byron, The Two Foscari 
 (1820). 
 
 Marinda or Maridah, the fair con- 
 cubine of Haroun-al-Kaschid. 
 
 Marine {The Female), Hannah Snell 
 of Worcester. She was present at the 
 attack of Pondicherry. Ultimately she 
 left the service, and opened a public- 
 house in Wapping (London), but still 
 retained her male attire (born 1723). 
 
 Mar'inel, the beloved of Florimel 
 "the Fair." Marinel was the son of 
 black-browed Cym'oent (daughter of Ne- 
 reus and Dumarin), and allowed no one 
 to pass by the rocky cave Avhere he lived 
 without doing battle with him. When 
 Marinel forbade Britomart to pass, she 
 replied, " I mean not thee entreat to 
 pass ; " and with her spear knocked him 
 " grovelling on the ground." His mother, 
 with the sea-nymphs, came to him ; and 
 the "lily-handed Liagore," who knew 
 leechcraft, feeling his pulse, said life 
 was not extinct. So he was carried to 
 his mother's bower, "deep in the bottom 
 of the sea," where Tryphon (the sea-gods' 
 physician) soon restored him to perfect 
 health. One day, Proteus asked Marinel 
 and his mother to a banquet, and while 
 the young man Avas sauntering about, he 
 heard a female voice lamenting her hard 
 lot, and saying her hardships were brought 
 about for her love to Marinel. The young 
 man discovered that the person was 
 Florimel, who had been shut up in a 
 dungeon by Proteus for rejecting his 
 suit ; so he got a warrant of release from 
 Neptune, and married her. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iii. 8; iv. 11, 12 (1590, 
 1590). 
 
 Mari'ni (J. B.), called Le 'cavalier 
 Marin, born at Naples. He was a poet, 
 and is known by his poem called Adonis 
 or L'Adone, in twenty cantos (1623). The 
 poem is noted for its description of the 
 " Garden of Venus." 
 If the reader will . . . read over Ariosio's 
 
MARINO FALIERO. 
 
 614 
 
 MARKSMAN. 
 
 the garden of paradise. Tasso's garden of Armi'da, and 
 Mariiii's garden of Venus, he will be persuaded that 
 Milton imitates their manner, but . . . excels the 
 originals. — Thyer. 
 
 Mari/no Falie'ro, the forty-ninth 
 doge of Venice, elected 1354. A patrician 
 named Michel Steno, having behaved in- 
 decently to some of the ladies at a great 
 civic banquet given by the doge, was turned 
 out of the house by order of the duke. 
 In revenge, the young man wrote a scur- 
 rilous libel against the dogaressa, which 
 he fastened to the doge's chair of state. 
 The insult being referred to "the Forty," 
 Steno was condemned to imprisonment 
 for a month. This punishment was thought 
 by the doge to be so inadequate to the 
 offence, that he joined a conspiracy to 
 overthrow the republic. The conspiracy 
 was betrayed by Bertram, one of the 
 members, and the doge was beheaded on 
 the "Giant's Staircase." — Byron, Marino 
 Faliero (1819). 
 
 *,.* Casimir Delavigne, in 1829, brought 
 out a tragedy on the same subject, and 
 with the same title. 
 
 Marion cie Lorme, in whose house 
 the conspirators met. She betrayed all 
 their movements and designs to Richelieu. 
 — Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 
 
 Maritor'nes (4 syl.), an Asturian 
 chamber-maid at the Crescent Moon tavern, 
 to which don Quixote was taken by his 
 'squire after their drubbing by the goat- 
 herds. The crazy knight insisted that 
 the tavern was a castle, and that Mari- 
 tornes, " the lord's daughter," was in 
 love with him. 
 
 She was broad-faced, flat-nosed, blind of one eye, and 
 had a most delightful squint with the other ; the peculiar 
 gentiiity of her shape, however, compensated for every 
 defect, she being about three feet in height, and remark- 
 ably hunchbacked. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1. iii. 2 
 (1605). 
 
 Marius (Cuius), the Roman general, 
 tribune of the people B.C. 119; the rival 
 of Sylla. 
 
 Antony Vincent Arnault wrote a tragedy 
 in French entitled Marius a Minturnes 
 (1791). Thomas Lodge, M.D., in 1594, 
 wrote a drama called Wounds of Civil 
 War, lively set forth in the True Tragedies 
 of Marius and 'Sylla. 
 
 Mar'ivaux (Pierre de Chamblain de), 
 a French writer of comedies and ro- 
 mances. (1078-1 7G3). 
 
 S. Richardson is called "The English 
 Marivaux" (1689-1761). 
 
 Marjory of Douglas, daughter of 
 Archibald carl ol Douglas, and duchess 
 of Kothfay. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Mark (Sir), king of Cornwall, who 
 held his court at Tintag'il. He was a 
 wily, treacherous coward, hated and 
 despised by all true knights. One day, 
 sir Dinadan, in jest, told him that sir 
 Launcelot might be recognized by "his 
 shield, Avhich was silver with a black 
 rim." This was, in fact, the cognizance 
 of sirMordred ; but, to carry out the joke, 
 sir Mordred lent it to Dagonet, king 
 Arthur's fool. Then, mounting the jester 
 on a large horse, and placing a huge spear 
 in his hand, the knights sent him to 
 offer battle to king Mark. When Da- 
 gonet beheld the coward king, he cried 
 aloud, " Keep thee, sir knight, for I will 
 slay thee ! " King Mark, thinking it to be 
 sir Launcelot, spurred his horse to flight. 
 The fool gave chase, rating king Mark "as 
 a wood man \madmari\." All the knights 
 who beheld it roared at the jest, told 
 king Arthur, and the forest rang with 
 their laughter. The wife of king Mark 
 was Isond (Ysolde) the Fair of Ireland, 
 whose love for sir Tristram was a public 
 scandal. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur, ii. 96, 97 (1470). 
 
 Mark Tapley, a serving companion 
 of Martin Chuzzlewit, who goes out with 
 him to Eden, in North America. Mark 
 Tapley thinks there is no credit in being 
 jolly in easy circumstances; but when in 
 Eden he found every discomfort, lost all 
 his money, was swindled by ever)' one, 
 and was almost killed by fevers, then 
 indeed he felt it would be a real credit " to 
 be jolly under the circumstances." — C. 
 Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). 
 
 Markham, a gentleman in the train 
 of the earl of Sussex.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Iienil worth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Markham (Mrs.), pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Perrose (born Elizabeth Cart- 
 wright), authoress of History of England, 
 etc. 
 
 Markleham (Mrs.), the mother of 
 Annie. Devoted to pleasure, she always 
 maintained that she indulged in it for 
 "Annie's sake." Mrs. Markleham is 
 generally referred to as " the old soldier." 
 — C. Dickens, PJaoid Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Marksman, one of Fortunio's seven 
 attendants. He saw so clearly and to 
 such a distance, that he generally ban- 
 daged his eyes in order to temper tho 
 great keenness of his 6ight. — Comtcsse 
 D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
 1682). 
 
MARLBOROUGH. 
 
 615 
 
 MARPHISA. 
 
 Marlborough (The duke of), John 
 Churchill. He was called by marshal 
 Turenne, Le Bel Anglais (1650-1722). 
 
 (See Malbrougii, p. 597.) 
 
 Marlow (Sir Charles), the kind- 
 hearted old friend of squire Ilardcastle. 
 
 Young Marlow, son of sir Charles. 
 " Among women of reputation and virtue 
 he is the modestest man alive ; but his 
 acquaintances give him a very different 
 character among women of another 
 stamp" (act i. 1). Having mistaken 
 Hardcastle's house for an inn, and Miss 
 Ilardcastle for the barmaid, he is quite 
 at his ease, and makes love freely. 
 When fairly caught, he discovers that 
 the supposed "inn" is a private house, 
 •and the supposed barmaid is the squire's 
 daughter ; but the ice of his slyness 
 being broken, he has no longer any 
 difficulty in loving according to his 
 station. — Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer 
 (1773). 
 
 When Goldsmith was between 1G and 
 17, he set out for Edgworthstown, and 
 finding night coming on, asked a man 
 which was the " best house " in the town — 
 meaning the best inn. The man pointed 
 to the house of sir Ralph Fetherstone (or 
 Mr. Fetherstone), and Oliver, entering the 
 parlour, found the master of the mansion 
 sitting at a good fire. Oliver told him he 
 desired to pass the night there, and 
 ordered him to bring in supper. "Sir 
 Ralph " knowing his customer, humoured 
 the joke, which Oliver did not discover 
 till next day, when he called for his bill. 
 (We are told in Notes and Queries that 
 Ralph Fetherstone was only Mr., but his 
 grandson was sir Thomas.) 
 
 Marmion. Lord Marmion was be- 
 trothed to Constance de Rcverly, but he 
 jilted her for lady Clare an heiress, who 
 Avas in love with Ralph de Wilton. The 
 lady Clare rejected lord Marmion's suit, 
 and" took refuge from him in the convent 
 of St. Hilda, in Whitby. Constance took 
 the veil in the convent of St. Cuthbert, 
 in Holy Isle, but after a time left the 
 convent clandestinely, was captured, 
 taken back, and buried alive in the walls 
 of a deep cell. In the mean time, lord 
 Marmion, being sent by Henry VIII. on 
 an embassy to James IV. of Scotland, 
 stopped at the hali of sir Hugh de Heron, 
 who sent a palmer as his guide. On his 
 return, lord Marmion -commanded the 
 abbess of St. Hilda to release the lady 
 Clare, and place her under the charge of 
 her kinsman, FiLsclare of Tantallon Hall. 
 
 Here she met the palmer, who was Ralph 
 de Wilton, and as lord Marmion was slain 
 in the battle of Flodden Field, she was free 
 to marry the man she loved. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Marmion (1808). 
 
 Marmion (Lord), a aescendant of 
 Robert de Marmion, who obtained from 
 William the Conqueror the manor of 
 Scrivelby, in Lincolnshire. This Robert 
 de Marmion was the first royal champion 
 of England, and the office remained in 
 the family till the reign of Edward I., 
 when in default of male issue it passed to 
 John Dymoke, son-in-law of Philip Mar- 
 mion, in whose family it remains still. 
 
 Ma'ro, Virgil, whose full name was 
 Publius Virgilius Maro (b.c. 70-19). 
 
 Oh. were it mine with sacred Maro's art 
 
 To wake to sympathy the feeling heart, 
 
 Like him the smooth and mournful verse to dress 
 
 In all the pomp of exquisite distress . . . 
 
 Then might I . . . 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 5 (1750). 
 
 Mar'onitss (3 syl.), a religious 
 semi-Catholic sect of Syria, constantly 
 at war with their near neighbours the 
 Druses, a semi-Mohammedan sect. Both 
 are now tributaries of the sultan, but 
 enjoy their own laws. The Marouites 
 number about 400,000, and the Druses 
 about half that number. The Maronites 
 owe their name to J. Maron. their founder ; 
 the Druses to Durzi, who led them out of 
 Egypt into Syria. The patriarch of the 
 Maronites resides at Kanobin ; the hakem 
 of the Druses at Deir-el-kamar. The 
 Maronites or "Catholics of Lebanon" 
 diifer from the Roman Catholics in 
 several points, and have a pope or patri- 
 arch of their own. In I860 the Diuses 
 made on them a horrible onslaught, 
 which called forth the intervention of 
 Europe. 
 
 Marotte (2 syl.), footman of Gor- 
 gibus ; a plain bourgeois, who hates affec- 
 tation. When the fine ladies of the house 
 try to convert him into a fashionable 
 flunky, and teach him a little grand- 
 eloquence, he bluntly tells them he does 
 not understand Latin. 
 
 Marotte. Voila un lnquais qui demande si vous 6tes au 
 logis, et dit que son niaitre, vous venir voir. 
 
 Madelon. Apprenez, sotte, a vous 6noncer moins 
 rulgaiiuent. Dites : Voila un nece<saire qui demande si 
 vous stes en commodity d'etre visibles. 
 
 Marotte. Je n'entends point le Latin. — Molieie. Let 
 Piicieusu Ruiicules, vii (1659). 
 
 Marphi sa, sister of Roge'ro, and a 
 female knight of amazing prowess. She 
 was brought up by a magician, but being 
 stolen at the age of seven, was sold to 
 the king of Persia. AVhen she was 18, 
 her royal master assailed her honour; 
 
MARPHURIUS. 
 
 616 
 
 MARS WOUNDED. 
 
 but she slew him, and usurped the crown. 
 Marphisa went to Gaul to join the army 
 of Agramant, but subsequently entered 
 the camp of Charlemagne, and was 
 baptized. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (151G). 
 
 Marphu'rius, a doctor of the Pyr- 
 rhonian school. Sganarelle consults him 
 about his marriage ; but the philosopher 
 replies, " Perhaps ; it is possible ; it may 
 be so ; everything is doubtful ; " till at 
 last Sganarelle beats him, and Marphurius 
 says he shall bring an action against him 
 for battery. " Perhaps," replies Sgana- 
 relle ; " it is possible ; it may be so," etc., 
 using the very words of the philosopher 
 (sc. ix.). — Moliere, Le Mariage Force 
 (1GG4). 
 
 Marplot, " the busy body." A 
 blundering, good-natured, meddlesome 
 young man, very inquisitive, too officious 
 by half, and always bungling whatever 
 he interferes in. Marplot is introduced 
 by Mrs. Centlivre in two comedies, The 
 Busy Body and Marplot in Lisbon. 
 
 That unlucky Jog Marplot. . . is ever doing mischief, 
 and yet (to givv him liis due) he never designs it. This is 
 some blundering adventure, wherein lie thought to show 
 his friendship, as Ue calls it. — Mrs. Centlivre, The Ituty 
 body, iii. 5 (1709). 
 
 *** This was Henry Woodward's great 
 part (1717-1777). His unappeasable 
 curiosity, his slow comprehension, his 
 annihilation under the sense of his 
 dilemmas, were so diverting, that even 
 Garrick confessed him the decided "Mar-' 
 plot " of the stage. — Boadcn, Life of Sid- 
 dons. 
 
 N,P». — William Cavendish duke of New- 
 castle brought out a free translation of 
 Moliere's LEtourdi, which he entitled 
 Marplot. 
 
 Marquis de Basqueville, being 
 one night at the opera, was told by a 
 messenger that his mansion was on fire. 
 "Eh bien," he said to the messenger, 
 " adressez-vous a Mine, la marquise qui 
 est en face dans cette loge ; car e'est 
 affaire de menage." — Cliapus, Dieppe ct 
 ses Environs (1853). 
 
 Marrall (Jack), a mean-spirited, 
 revengeful time-server. He is the clerk 
 and tool of sir Giles Overreach. When 
 Marrall thinks Wellborn penniless, he 
 treats him like a dog ; but immediately 
 he fancies he is about to marry the 
 wealthy dowager lady Allworth, he is 
 most servile, and oilers to lend him 
 money. Marrall now plays the traitor to 
 his master, sir Giles, and reveals to 
 
 Wellborn the scurvy tricks by which he 
 has been cheated of his estates. When, 
 hoAvever, he asks Wellborn to take him 
 into his service, Wellborn replies, '"He 
 who is false to one master will betray 
 another ; " and will have nothing to say 
 to him. — Massinger, A New Way to Fay 
 Old Debts (1G28). 
 
 Married Men of Genius. The 
 number of men of genius unhappy in 
 their wives is very large. The following 
 are notorious examples : — Socrates and 
 Xantippe ; Sadi the Persian poet ; Dante 
 and Gemma Donati ; Milton with both 
 his wives ; Marlborough and Sarah Jen- 
 nings ; Gustavus Adolphus and his flighty 
 queen ; Byron and Miss Milbanke ; 
 Dickens and Miss Hogarth ; etc. Every 
 reader will be able to add to the list. 
 
 Mars, divine Fortitude personified. 
 Bacchus is the tutelary demon of the 
 Mohammedans, and Mars the guardian 
 potentate of the Christians. — Camoens, 
 Tlic Lusiad (1569). 
 
 That Young Mars of Men, Edward the 
 Black Prince, who with 8000 men de- 
 feated, at Poitiers, the French king John, 
 whose army amounted to GO, 000 — some 
 say even more (a.d. 135G). 
 
 The Mars of Men, Henry Plantagenct 
 earl of Derby, third son of Henry carl of 
 Lancaster, and near kinsman of Edward 
 III. (See Derby.) 
 
 Mars of Portugal {The), Alfonso 
 de Alboquerque, viceroy of India (1452- 
 1515). 
 
 Mars "Wounded. A very remark- 
 able parallel to the encounter of Diomed 
 and Mars in the Fiad, v., occurs in Ossian. 
 Homer says that Diomed hurled his spear 
 against Mars, which, piercing the belt, 
 wounded the Avar-god in the bowels : 
 " Loud bellowed Mars, nine thousand 
 men, ten thousand, scarce so loud joining 
 fierce battle." Then Mars ascending, 
 wrapped in clouds^ was borne upwards 
 to Olympus. 
 
 Ossian, in Carrie- Thura, says that 
 Loda, the god of his foes, came like "a 
 blast from the mountain. He came in 
 his terror, and shook his dusky spear. 
 His eyes were flames, and his voice like 
 distant thunder. ' Son of night,' said 
 Fingal, ' retire. Do I fear thy gloomy 
 form, spirit of dismal Loda ? Weak is 
 thy shield of cloud, feeble thy meteor 
 sword.' " Then cleft he the gloomy 
 shadow with his sword. It fell like a 
 column of smoke. It shrieked. Then, 
 
MAR'S YEAR. 
 
 617 
 
 MARTHA. 
 
 rolling itself up, the wounded spirit rose 
 on the -wind, and the island shook to its 
 foundation. 
 
 Mar's Year, the year 1715, in 
 which occurred the rebellion of the earl 
 nf Mar. 
 
 Auld uncle John wha wedlock's joys 
 Sin Mar's year did desire. 
 
 R. Bums, Halloween, 27. 
 
 Marseilles' Good Bishop, Henri 
 Francois Xavier de Belsunce (1671-1775). 
 Immortalized by his philanthropic dili- 
 gence in the plague at Marseilles (1720- 
 1722). 
 
 Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Milan 
 a century previously (1576), was equally 
 diligent and self-sacrificing in the plague 
 of Milan (1538-1584). 
 
 Sir John Lawrence, lord mayor of 
 London during the great plague, sup- 
 ported 40,000 dismissed servants, and 
 deserves immortal honour. 
 
 Darwin refers to Belsunce and Law- 
 rence in his Loves of the Hants, ii. 433. 
 
 Marshal Forwards, Blucher ; so 
 called for his dash in battle, and rapidity 
 of his movements, in the campaign of 
 1813 (1742-1819). 
 
 Marsi, a part of the Sahellian race, 
 noted for magic, and said to have been 
 descended from Circe. 
 
 Marsis vi quadam genitali datum, ut serpentium vlra- 
 lentorum domitores sin-t, et incantationibus herbarumque 
 succis faciant medelarum mira. — Oellius, xvi 11. 
 
 Marsig'lio, a Saracen king, who 
 plotted the attack upon Roland, " under 
 the tree on which Judas hanged himself." 
 With a force of 600,000 men, divided 
 into three companies, Marsiglio attacked 
 the paladin in Roncesvalles, and over- 
 threw him ; but Charlemagne, coming up, 
 routed the Saracen, and hanged him on 
 the very tree under which he planned the 
 attack. — Turpin, Chronicle (1122). 
 
 Marsilia, "who bears up great 
 Cynthia's train," is the marchioness of 
 Northampton, to whom Spenser dedicated 
 his Daphnaida. This lady was Helena, 
 daughter of Wolfgangus Swavenburgh, a 
 Swede. 
 
 Ne less praiseworthy is Marsilia, 
 
 Best known by bearing up great Cynthia's train. 
 
 She is the pattern of true womanhead . . . 
 
 Worthy next after Cynthia [queen Elizabeth] to tread, 
 
 As she is next her in nobility. 
 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Borne Again (1595). 
 
 Mar'syas, the Phrygian flute-player. 
 He challenged Apollo to a contest of 
 skill, but being beaten by the god, was 
 flayed alive for his presumption. 
 
 Mar'tafax and Ler'mites (3 
 
 syl.), two famous rats brought up before 
 the White Cat for treason, but acquitted. 
 — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The 
 White Cat," 1682). 
 
 Marta'no, a great coward, who stole 
 the armour of Gryphon, and presented 
 himself in it before king Norandi'no. 
 Having received the honours due to the 
 owner, Martano quitted Damascus with 
 Origilla ; but Aquilant unmasked the 
 villain, and he was hanged (bks. viii., 
 ix.). — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Marteau des Heretiqu.es, 
 
 Pierre d'Ailly ; also called L'Aigle de la 
 France (1350-1420). 
 
 Martel {Charles), Charles, natural 
 son of Pepin d'He'ristal. 
 
 M. Collin de Plancy says that this 
 " palace mayor" of France was not called 
 "Martel" because he martele ("ham- 
 mered ") the Saracens under Abd-el- 
 Rahman in 732, but because his patron 
 saint was Martellus (or St. Martin), — 
 Blbliotheque des Le'jendes. 
 
 Thomas Delf, in his translation of 
 Chevereul's Principles of Harmony, etc., 
 of Colours (1847), signs himself " Charles 
 Martel." 
 
 Martext (Sir Oliver), a vicar in 
 Shakespeare's comedy of As You Like It 
 (1600). 
 
 Martha, sister to " The Scornful 
 Lady " (no name given). — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Scornful Lady (1616). 
 
 Martha, the servant-girl at Shaw's 
 Castle.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Martha, the old housekeeper at Osbal- 
 distone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Martha, daughter of Ralph and Louise 
 de Lascours, and sister of Diana de'Las- 
 cours. When the crew of the Urania 
 rebelled, Martha, with Ralph de Lascours 
 (the captain), Louise de Lascours, and 
 Barabas, were put adrift in a boat, and 
 cast on an iceberg in "the Frozen Sea." 
 The iceberg broke, Ralph and Louise 
 were drowned, Barabas was picked up by 
 a vessel, and Martha fell into the hands 
 of an Indian tribe, who gave her the 
 name of Orgari'ta (" withered corn"). 
 She married Carlos, but as he married 
 under a false name, the marriage was 
 illegal, and when Carlos was given up to 
 
MARTHA. 
 
 G18 MARTINMAS WILL COME, ETC. 
 
 the hands of justice, Orgarita was placed 
 under the charge of her grandmother 
 Mde. de Theringe, and [probably] es- 
 poused Horace de Brienne. — E. Stirling, 
 The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (185G). 
 
 Martha, a friend of Margaret. She 
 makes love to Mephistopheles with great 
 worldly shrewdness. — Goethe, Faust 
 (1798). 
 
 Martha, alias Ulrica, mother of 
 Bertha who is betrothed to Hereward 
 and marries him. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Hubert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Martha (The abbess), abbess of Elcho 
 Nunnery. She is a kinswoman of the 
 Glover family. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
 of Perth (time, Henr} r IV.). 
 
 Martha (Dame), housekeeper to major 
 Bi-idgenorth.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
 the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Marthe, a young orphan, in love with 
 Fre'derie Auvray, a young artist, who 
 loves her in return, but leaves her, goes 
 to Rome, and falls in love with another 
 lady, Elena, sister of the duke Strozzi. 
 Marthe leaves the Swiss pastor, who is 
 her guardian, and travels in midwinter 
 to Rome, dressed as a boy, and under the 
 name of Piccolino. She tells her tale to 
 Elena, who abandons the fickle false one, 
 and Fr de'ric forbids the Swiss wanderer 
 ever again to approach him. Marthe, in 
 despair, throws herself into the Tiber, but 
 is rescued. Fre'derie repents, is recon- 
 ciled, and marries the forlorn maiden. — 
 Moris. Guiraud, Piccolino (an opera, 1875). 
 
 Marthon, an old cook at Arnheim 
 Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Marthon, alias Rizpati, a Bohemian 
 woman, attendant on the countess Hame- 
 line of Croyc. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
 bur ward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Martian Laws (not Mercian, as 
 Wharton gives it in his Law Dictionary) 
 are the laws collected by Martia, the 
 wife of Guithelin great-grandson uf 
 Mulmutius who established in Britain 
 the "Mulmutian Laws" (q.v.). Alfred 
 translated both these codes into Saxon- 
 English, and called the Martian code Pa 
 Marchitle La-<,e. These laws have no 
 connection with the kingdom of Mercia. 
 —Geoffrey, British History, iii. 13 (1142). 
 
 Guynteline, . . . whose queen, ... to show her upright 
 
 mind, 
 To rise Mulmutius' laws her Martian first did frame. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Martigny (Mark la comptesse de), 
 wife of the earl of Etherington. — Sir W. 
 Scott, St. Ronarts Well (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Martin, in Swift's Tale of the Tub, 
 is Martin Luther; "John" is Calvin; 
 and "Peter" the pope of Rome (1704). 
 
 In Dry den's Hind and Panther, "Mar- 
 tin " means the Lutheran party (1687). 
 
 Martin, the old verdurer near sir 
 Henry Lee's lodge. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Martin, the old shepherd, in the sen-ice 
 of the lady of Avenel.— Sir W. Scott, 
 The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Martin, the ape, in the beast-epic of 
 Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Martin (Dame), partner of Darsie 
 Latimer at the fishers' dance. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redtjauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Martin (Sarah), the prison reformer of 
 Great Yarmouth. This young woman, 
 though but a poor dressmaker, conceived 
 a device for the reformation of prisoners 
 in her native town, and continued for 
 twenty-four years her earnest and useful 
 labour of love, acting as schoolmistress, 
 chaplain, and industrial superintendent. 
 In 1835, captain Williams, inspector of 
 prisons, brought her plans before the 
 Government, under the conviction that the 
 nation at large might be benefited by 
 their practical good sense (1791-1843). 
 
 Martin Weldeck, the mircer. His 
 storv is read by Lovel to a pic-nic party 
 at St. Ruth's ruins.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Martine (3 syl.), wife of Sganarelle. 
 She has a furious quarrel with her hus- 
 band, who beats her, and she screams. 
 M. Robert, a neighbour, interferes, says 
 to Sganarelle, " Quelle infamie ! Peste 
 soit le coquin, de battre ainsie sa femme." 
 The woman snubs him for his imperti- 
 nence, and says, " Je veux qu'il me battre, 
 moi;" and Sganarelle beats him soundly 
 for meddling with what does not concern 
 him. — Moliere, Le Me'decin Malyre Lui 
 (1006). 
 
 Martinmas will Come in Due 
 Time, or, give a rogue rope enough, and 
 he'll hang himself ; every evil-doer will 
 meet his reward. Martinma? used to be 
 the time for killing hogs for winter store, 
 and the Spanish proverb paraphrased is 
 this: "As the time will certainly come 
 when hogs will be slain, so the time will 
 
MARTIN'S SUMMER. 
 
 619 
 
 MARY GRAHAM. 
 
 Certainly come when thy sins or faults 
 will be chastised." 
 
 Martin's Summer (St.), halcyon 
 days ; a time of prosperity ; fine weather. 
 L'e'te de S. Martin, from October 9 to 
 November 11. At the close of autumn 
 we generally have a month of magnificent 
 summer weather. 
 
 Assigned am I [ Jo m of Arc] to be the English scourge. .. 
 Expect St. Martin's summer, halcyon (lays, 
 6ince I have entered into these wars. 
 
 Shakespeare. 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 3 (1589). 
 
 %* Also called " St. Luke's Summer." 
 
 Martival (Stephen de), a steward of 
 the field at the tournament. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Martivalle (Martius Galeotti), astro- 
 loger to Louis XI. of France. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Martyr King (The), Henry VI., 
 buried at Windsor beside Edward IV. 
 
 Here o'er the Martyr King [Henry FY.] the marble weeps, 
 And fast beside him once-feared Edward | / 1\] sleeps ; 
 The grave unites where e'en the grave rinds rest, 
 And mingled lie the oppressor and th' opprest. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Martyr King (The), Charles I. of 
 England (1600, 1625-1049). 
 
 Louis XVI. of France is also called 
 Louis "the Martyr" (1754, 1774-1793). 
 
 Martyrs to Science. 
 
 Claude Louis count Berthollet, who 
 tested on himself the effects of carbonic 
 acid on the human frame, and died under 
 the experiment (1748-1822). 
 
 Giordano Bruno, who was burnt alive 
 for maintaining that matter is the mother 
 of all things (1550-1600). 
 
 Galileo, who was imprisoned twice by 
 the Inquisition for maintaining that the 
 earth moved round the sun and not the 
 Bun round the eartb (1564-1642). 
 
 And scores of others. 
 
 Marvellous Boy (The), Thomas 
 Chatterton (1752-1770). 
 
 I thought of Chatterton. the marvellous boy, 
 The sleepless soul that perished in his pride. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Marwood (Alice), daughter of an 
 old woman who called herself Mrs. Brown. 
 "When a mere girl, she was concerned in a 
 burglary and was transported. Carker, 
 manager in the firm of Dombey and Son, 
 seduced her, and both she and her mother 
 determined on revenge. Alice bore a 
 striking resemblance to Edith (Mr. Dom- 
 bey's second wife), and in fact they were 
 cousins, for Mrs. Brown was "wife" of 
 the brother-in-law of the Hon. Mrs. 
 
 Skewton (Edith's mother). — C. Dickens, 
 Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Marwood (Mistress), jilted by Fainall 
 and soured against the whole male sex. 
 She says, " 1 have done hating those 
 vipers — men, and am now come to despise 
 them ; " but she thinks of marrying, to 
 keep her husband "on the rack of fear 
 and jealousy." — W. Congreve, The Way 
 of the World (1700). 
 
 Mary, the pretty housemaid of the 
 worshipful the mayor of Ipswich (Nup- 
 rins). When Arabella ALen marries Mr. 
 Winkle, Mary enters her service ; but 
 eventually marries Sam Weller, and lives 
 at Dulwich as Mr. Pickwick's house- 
 keeper. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
 (1836). 
 
 Mary, niece of Valentine and his sister 
 Alice. In love with Mons. Thomas. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas 
 (1619). 
 
 Mary. The queen's Marys, four young 
 ladies of quality, of the same age as 
 Mary afterwards " queen of Scots." 
 They embarked with her in 1548, on 
 board the French galleys, and were des- 
 tined to be her playmates in childhood, 
 and her companions when she grew up. 
 Their names were Mary Beaton (or 
 Bethune), Mary Livingston (or Leuison), 
 Mary Fleming (or Flemyny), and Mary 
 Seaton (Seton or Seyton). 
 
 * + * Mary Carmichael has no place in 
 authentic history, although an old ballad 
 says : 
 
 Yestrien the queen had four Marys ; 
 
 This night she'il hae but three : 
 There w;is Mary Beaton, and Mary Seaton, 
 
 And Mary Carmichael, and me. 
 
 *** One of Whyte Melville's novels is 
 called The Queen's Marys. 
 
 Mary Anne, a slang name for the 
 guillotine ; also called L'abbaye de monte- 
 a-regret ("the mountain of mournful 
 ascent"). (See Marianne.) 
 
 Mary Anne, a generic name for a secret 
 republican society in France. (See Ma- 
 rianne.) — B. Disraeli, Lothair. 
 
 Mary Anne was the red-name for the republic years 
 ago, and there always was a sort of myth that tl>esf» 
 secret societies had been I mnded by a woman. 
 
 The Mary-Anne associations, which are essentially 
 republic, are scattered about all the provinces of Fraucb. 
 — Lothair. 
 
 Mary Graham, an orphan adopted 
 by old Martin Chuzzlewit. She eventu- 
 ally married Martin Chuzzlewit the 
 grandson, and hero of the tale. 
 
 "The young girl." said the old man, "is an orphan 
 child, whom ... I have bred and educated, or, if you 
 
MARY STUART. 
 
 620 
 
 MASANIELLO. 
 
 prefer the word, adopted. For a year or two she has 
 been my companion, and she is my only one. I have 
 taken a solemu oath not to leave her a sixpence when I 
 die ; but while I live, I make her an animal allowance, 
 not extravagant in its amount, and yet not stinted."— 
 C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlevnt, iii. (1843). 
 
 Mary Stuart, an historical tragedy 
 by J. Haynes (1840). The subject is 
 the death of David Rizzio. 
 
 *** Schiller has taken Mary Stuart 
 for the subject of a tragedy. P. Lebrun 
 turned the German drama into a French 
 play. Sir W. Scott, in The Abbot, has 
 taken for his subject the flight of Mary 
 to England. 
 
 Mary Tudor. Victor Hugo has a 
 tragedy so called (1833), and Tennyson, in 
 1878, issued a play entitled Queen Mar;/, 
 an epitome of the reign of the Tudor 
 Man-. 
 
 Mary and Byron. The " Mary " of 
 lord Byron was Miss Chaworth. Both 
 were under the guardiauship of Mr. 
 White. Miss Chaworth married John 
 Musters, and lord Byron married Mis9 
 Milbanke ; both equally unfortunate. 
 Lord Byron, in The Dream, refers to his 
 love-affair with Mary .Chaworth. (See 
 p. 145.) 
 
 Mary in Heaven ( To) and Highland 
 Mary, lyrics addressed by Robert Burns 
 to Mary Campbell, between whom and 
 the poet there existed a strong attach- 
 ment previous to the latter's departure 
 from Ayrshire to Nithsdale. Mary Mori- 
 son, a youthful effusion, was written to 
 the object of a prior passion. The lines 
 in the latter 
 
 Those smiles and glances let me see, 
 That make the miser's treasure poor, 
 
 resemble those in Highland Mary — 
 
 Still o'er those scenes my mem'rv wakes, 
 And fondly broods with miser care. 
 
 Mary of Mode'na, the second wife 
 of James II. of England, and mother of 
 " The Pretender." 
 
 Mamma was to assume the character and stately way of 
 the royal "Mary of Modena." — Percy Fitzgerald, The 
 J'arvenu Family, iii. £o!>. 
 
 Mary queen of Scots was con- 
 fined first at Carlisle ; she was removed 
 in 1568 to Bolton ; in 1560 she was con- 
 fined at Tutbury, Wingfield, Tutbury, 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and Coventry ; in 
 1570 she was removed to Tutbury, Chats- 
 worth, and Sheffield ; in 1577 to Chats- 
 worth ; in 1578 to Sheffield ; in 1584 to 
 Wingfield ; in 1585 to Tutbury, Chartley, 
 Tixhall, and Chartley ; in 1586 (Septem- 
 ber 25) to Fotheringay. 
 
 *** She is introduced by sir W. Scott 
 in his novel entitled The Abbot. 
 
 Schiller has taken Mary Stuart for the 
 subject of his best tragedy, and P. Lebrun 
 brought out in France a French version 
 thereof (1720-1807). 
 
 Mary queen of Scots. The most elegant 
 and poetical compliment ever paid to 
 woman was paid to Mary queen of Scot*, 
 by Shakespeare, in Midsummer Night's 
 Dream. Remember, the mermaid is 
 "queen Mary;" the dolphin means the 
 "dauphin of France," whom Mary mar- 
 ried ; the rude sea means the " Scotch 
 rebels ; " and the stars that shot from their 
 spheres means "the princes who sprang 
 from their allegiance to queen Elizabeth.'' 
 
 Thou remember'st 
 Since once I sat upon a promontory. 
 And heard a mermaid, on a dolphins back. 
 Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath, 
 That the rude sea grew civil at her song ; 
 And certain stars shot madly from tlieir spheres, 
 To hear the sea-maid's music. 
 
 Act ii. sc. 1 (1592). 
 
 These " stars" were the earl of North- 
 umberland, the earl of Westmoreland, and 
 the duke of Norfolk. 
 
 Mary the Maid of the Inn, the 
 
 delight and sunshine of the parish, about 
 to be married to Kichard, an idle, worth- 
 less fellow. One autumn night, two 
 guests were drinking at the inn, and one 
 remarked he should not much like to go 
 to the abbey on such a night. " I'll 
 wager that Mary will go," said the other, 
 and the bet was accepted. Mary went, 
 and, hearing footsteps, stepped into a place 
 of concealment, when presently passed 
 her two men carrying a young woman 
 they had just murdered. The hat of one 
 blew off, and fell at Mary's feet. She 
 picked it up, flew to the inn, told her 
 stor) r , and then, producing the hat, found 
 it was Richard's. Her senses gave way, 
 and she became a confirmed maniac for 
 life.— R. Southey, Mary the Maid of the 
 Inn (from Dr. Plot's History of Stafford- 
 shire, 1686). 
 
 Mar'zavan, foster-brother of the 
 princess Badou'ra. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 
 
 Masaniello, a corruption of [Tom]- 
 mas Aniello, a Neapolitan fisherman, who 
 headed an insurrection in 1647 against 
 the duke of Arcos ; and he resolved to 
 kill the duke's son for having seduced 
 Fenella his sister, who was deaf and 
 dumb. The insurrection succeeded, and 
 Masaniello was elected by his rabble 
 "chief magistrate of Portiei ; " but he 
 became intoxicated with his greatness, 
 so the mob shot him, and filing his dead 
 body into a ditch. Next day, however, 
 
MASCARILLE. 
 
 621 
 
 MATABRUNE. 
 
 it was taken out and interred with much 
 ceremony and pomp. When Fenella 
 heard of her brother's death, she threw 
 herself into the crater of Vesuvius. 
 
 %* Auber has an opera on the subject 
 (1831), the libretto by Scribe. Caraffa 
 had chosen the same subject for an opera 
 previously. 
 
 Mascarille (3 syl.), the valet of La 
 Grange. In order to reform two silly, 
 romantic girls, La Grange and Du Croisy 
 introduce to them their valets, as the 
 " marquis of Mascarille" and the " viscount 
 of Jodelet." The girls are taken with their 
 M aristocratic visitors ; " but when the 
 game has gone far enough, the masters 
 euter and unmask the trick. By this 
 means the girls are taught a most useful 
 lesson, and are saved from any serious 
 ill consequences. — Moliere, Les 1're'cieuses 
 litdicules (1659). 
 
 *** Moliere had already introduced 
 the same name in two other of his 
 comedies, L ' Etourdi (1653) and Le Depit 
 Ainoureux (1654). 
 
 Masetto, a rustic engaged to Zerllna; 
 but don Giovanni intervenes before the 
 wedding, and deludes the foolish girl 
 into believing that he means to make her 
 a great lady and his wife. — Mozart, Don 
 Giovanni (libretto by L. da Ponte, 1787). 
 
 Mask'well, the "double dealer." 
 He pretends to love lady Touchwood, 
 but it is only to make her a tool for 
 breaking the attachment between Melle- 
 font (2 syl.) and Cynthia. Maskwell 
 pretends friendship for Mellefont merely 
 to throw dust in his eyes respecting his 
 designs to carry oft Cynthia, to whom 
 Mellefont is betrothed. Cunning and 
 hypocrisy are Maskwell's substitutes for 
 wisdom and honesty. — W. Congreve, The 
 Double Dealer (1700). 
 
 Mason {William). The medallion to 
 this poet in Westminster Abbey was by 
 Bacon. 
 
 Mast {The Tallest). The mainmast 
 of the Merry Dun of Dover was so tall 
 u that the boy who climbed it would be 
 grey with extreme age before he could 
 reach deck again."' — Scandinavian My- 
 thology. 
 
 Master (The). Goethe is called Der 
 Master (1749-1832). 
 
 I beseech you, Mr. Tickler, not to be so sarcastic on 
 " The Master."— A'octes Ambrosiuim. 
 
 Master Adam, Adam Billaut, the 
 French poet (1602-1662). 
 
 Master Humphrey, the narrator 
 of the story called "The Old Curiosity 
 Shop." — C. Dickens, Master Humphrey's 
 Clock (1840). 
 
 Master Leonard, grand-master of 
 the nocturnal orgies of the demons. He 
 presided at these meetings in the form of 
 a three-horned goat with a black human 
 face. — Middle Aye Demonology. 
 
 Master, like Man (Like). 
 
 Such mistress, such Nan ; 
 Such master, such man. 
 
 Tusser, xxxviil. ~J. 
 
 Again : 
 
 Such master, such man ; and such mistress, such maid ; 
 Such husband and huswife ; such houses arraid. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, rxxix. 22 (1557). 
 
 Master Matthew, a to/.-n gull.— 
 Ben Jonson, Every Man in His Humour 
 (1598). 
 
 We have the cheating humour in the character of " Nym," 
 the bragging humour in " Pistol," the melancholy humour 
 in '''Master Stephen," and the quarre.ling humour in 
 " M;L3ter Matthew." — Edinburgh Review. 
 
 Master Stephen, a country gull of 
 melancholy humour. (See Master M.\i- 
 thew.) — Ben Jonson, Every Man in J/is 
 Humour (1598). 
 
 Master of Sentences, Pierre Lom- 
 bard, author of a book called Sentences 
 (1100-1164). 
 
 Masters {Doctor), physician to queen 
 Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, Keniltcorth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Masters (The Four): (1) Michael 
 O'Clerighe (or Clery), who died 1643; 
 (2) Cucoirighe O'Clerighe ; (3) Maurice 
 Conry ; (4) Fearfeafa Conry ; authors of 
 Annals of Donegal. 
 
 Mat Mizen, mate of H.M. ship 
 Tiger. The type of a daring, reckless, 
 dare-devil English sailor. His adven- 
 tures with Harry Clifton in Delhi form 
 the main incidents of Barrymore's melo- 
 drama, El Hyder, Chief "of the Ghaut 
 Mountains. 
 
 Mat-o'-the-Mint, a highwayman 
 in captain Macheath's gang. Peach urn 
 says, " He is a promising, sturdy fellow, 
 and diligent in his way. Somewhat too 
 bold and hasty ; one that may raise good 
 contributions on the public, if he does 
 not cut himself short by murder." — Gay, 
 The Beggar's Opera, i. (1727). 
 
 -Matabrune (3 syl.), wife of king 
 Pierron of the Strong Island, and mother 
 of prince Oriant one of the ancestors of 
 Godfrey of Bouillon. — Mediarval Romance 
 of Chivalry. 
 
MATHEMATICAL CALCULATORS. 622 
 
 MATTHIAS DE SILVA. 
 
 Mathematical Calculators. 
 
 George Parkes Bidder, president of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers (1800- ). 
 
 Jedediah Buxton of Elmeton, in Derby- 
 shire. He would tell how many letters 
 were in any one of his father's sermons, 
 after hearing it from the pulpit. He 
 went to hear Garrick, in Richard III., and 
 told how many words each actor uttered 
 1705-1775). 
 
 Zerah Colburn of Vermont, U.S., came 
 to London in 1812, when he was eight 
 years old. The duke of Gloucester set 
 him to multiply five figures by three, and 
 he gave the answer instantly. He would 
 extract the cube root of nine figures in a 
 few seconds (1804- ). 
 
 Vito Mangiamele, son of a Sicilian shep- 
 herd. In 1839 MM. Arago, Lacroix, Libri, 
 and Sturm, examined the boy, then 11 
 years old, and in half a minute he told 
 them the cube root of seven figures, and 
 in three seconds of nine figures (1818- ). 
 
 Alf ragan, the Arabian astronomer (died 
 820). 
 
 Matliilde (2 syl.), heroine of a tale 
 so called bv Sophie Ristaud, Dame Cottin 
 (1773-1807"). 
 
 Mathil'de (3 syl.), sister of Gessler the 
 tyrannical governor of Switzerland, in 
 love with Arnoldo a Swiss, who saved 
 her life when it was imperilled by an 
 avalanche. After the death of Gessler, 
 6he married the bold Swiss. — Rossini, 
 Gugliclmo 2 ell (an opera, 1829). 
 
 Mathis, a German miller, greatly in 
 debt. One Christmas Eve a Polish Jew 
 came to his house in a sledge, and, after 
 rest and refreshment, started for Nantzig, 
 "four leagues off." Mathis followed 
 him, killed him with an axe, and burnt 
 the body in a lime-kiln. He then paid 
 his debts, greatly prospered, and became 
 a highly respected burgomaster. On the 
 wedding night of his only child, Annette, 
 he died of apoplexy, of which he had 
 previous warning by the constant sound 
 of sledge-bells in his ears. In his dream 
 he supposed himself put into a mesmeric 
 sleep in open court, when he confessed 
 everything, and was executed. — J. R. 
 Ware, The Polish Jcvj. 
 
 *** This is the character which first 
 introduced H. Irving to public notice. 
 
 Math'isen, one of the three ana- 
 baptists who induced John of Leyden to 
 join their rebellion ; but no sooner was 
 John proclaimed "the prophet-king" 
 than the three rebels betrayed him to the 
 
 emperor. When the villains entered the 
 banquet-hall to arrest their dupe, they ail 
 perished in the flames of the burning 
 palace. — Meyerbeer, Le Frophete (an 
 opera, 1849). 
 
 Matil'da, sister of Rollo and Otto 
 dukes of Normandy, and daughter of 
 Sophia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Ihe 
 Bloody Brother (1639). 
 
 Matilda, daughter of lord Robert Fitz- 
 walter. 
 
 *** Michael Drayton has a poem of 
 some G50 lines so called. 
 
 Matilda, daughter of Rokeby, and niece 
 of Mortham. Matilda Avas "beloved by 
 Wilfred, son of Oswald ; but she herself 
 loved Redmond, her father's page, who 
 turned out to be Mortham's son. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Rokeby (1812). 
 
 Matsys {Quintin), a blacksmith of 
 Antwerp. He fell in love with Liza the 
 daughter of Johann Mandyn, the artist. 
 The father declared that none but an 
 artist should have her to wife ; so Matsys 
 relinquished his trade, and devoted him- 
 self to painting. After a while, he went 
 into the studio of Mandyn to see his 
 picture of the fallen angels ; and on the 
 outstretched leg of one of the figures 
 painted a bee. This was so life-like 
 that, when the old man returned, lie 
 proceeded to frighten it off with his 
 handkerchief. When he discovered the 
 deception, and found out it was done 
 by Matsys, he was so delighted that he 
 at once gave Liza to him for wife. 
 
 Matthew Merrygreek, the ser- 
 vant of Ralph Roister Doister. He is a 
 flesh-and-blood representative of "vice" 
 in the old moralitv-plays. — Nicholas 
 Udall, Ralph Roister Doister (the first 
 English comedy, 1634). 
 
 Matthias de Moncada, a mer- 
 cnant. He is the father of Mrs. Wither- 
 ington, wife of general Witherington.— 
 Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Matthias de Silva (Don), a Span- 
 ish beau. This exquisite one day re- 
 ceived a challenge for defamation soon 
 after he had retired to bed, and said to 
 his valet, "I would not get up before 
 noon to make one in the best party of 
 pleasure that was ever projected. Judge, 
 tli en, if I shall rise at six o'clock in the 
 morning to get mv throat cut." — Lesagc, 
 Gil Bins, iii. 8 (1715). 
 
 (This reply was borrowed from the 
 
MATTIE. 
 
 623 
 
 MAURI-GASIMA. 
 
 romance of Espinel, entitled Vida del 
 Escudero Marcos de Obregon, 1618.) 
 
 Mattie, maidservant of Bailie Nicol 
 Jarvic, and afterwards his wife. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Rob. Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Maud, a young lady, described as : 
 
 Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null. 
 Tennyson, Maud, I. iL 
 
 Maude (1 syl.), wife of Peter Prate- 
 fast, " who loved cleanliness." 
 
 She kepe her dishes from all foulenes ; 
 And when she lacked clowtes withoutcn fayle, 
 She wyped her dishes with her doages tayll. 
 Stephen Hawes, The Passe-tymc of Plesurc, xxix. (1515). 
 
 Maugis, the Nestor of French ro- 
 mance. He was one of Charlemagne's 
 paladins, a magician and champion. 
 
 *** In Italian romance he is called 
 "Malagigi" {q.v.). 
 
 Maugis d'Aygremont, son of 
 duke Bevis d'Aygremont, stolen in in- 
 fancy by a female slave. As the slave 
 rested under a white-thorn, a lion and 
 a leopard devoured her, and then killed 
 each other in disputing over the infant. 
 Oriande la fee, attracted to the spot by 
 the crying of the child, exclaimed, "By 
 the powers above, the child is mal gist 
 (' badly nursed ') ! " and ever after it was 
 called Mal-gist or Mau-gis'. When grown 
 to manhood, he obtained the enchanted 
 horse Bayard, and took from Anthenor 
 (the Saracen) the sword Flamberge. Sub- 
 sequently, he gave both to his cousin 
 Kenaud '(Renaldo). — Romance of Maugis 
 d'Aygremont. et de Vivian son Frere. 
 
 %* In tbe Italian romance, Maugis is 
 called "Malagigi," Bevis is " Buovo," 
 Bayard is "Bayardo," Flamberge is 
 11 Fusberta," and Renaud is "Renaldo." 
 
 Maugrabin (Zamct), a Bohemian 
 hung near Plessis le's Tours. 
 
 llayraddin Maugrabin, the "Zingaro," 
 brother of Zamet Maugrabin. He as- 
 sumes the disguise of Rouge Sanglier, 
 and pretends to be a herald from Liege 
 \_Le.aje']. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Mau'graby, son of Hal-il-Mau- 
 gruby and his wife Yandar. Hal-il- 
 Maugraby founded Dom-Daniel "under 
 the roots of the ocean " near the coast 
 of Tunis, and his son completed it. 
 He and his son were the greatest 
 magicians that ever lived. Maugraby 
 was killed by prince Habed-il-Rouman, 
 son of the caliph of Syria, and with his 
 death X>om-Daniel ceased to exist.— 
 
 Continuation of Arabian Nights (" His- 
 tory of Maugraby "). 
 
 Did they not say to us every da? that if we were 
 naughty, the Maugraby would take us ? — Continuation of 
 Arabian yights, iv. 74. 
 
 Maugys, a giant who kept the bridge 
 leading to a castle in which a lady was 
 besieged. Sir Lybius, one of the knights 
 of the Round Table, did battle with him, 
 slew him, and liberated the lad} r . — ■ 
 Libeaux (a romance). 
 
 Maul, a giant who used to spoil 
 young pilgrims with sophistry. He at- 
 tacked Mr. Greatheart with a club ; but 
 Greatheart pierced him under the fifth 
 rib, and then cut off his head. — Banyan, 
 Pilgrim's Progress, ii. (1684). 
 
 Maul of Monks, Thomas Crom- 
 well, visitor-general of English monas- 
 teries, which he summarily suppressed 
 (1490-1540). 
 
 Maulstatute (Master), a magistrate. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Mauu'drel, a wearisome gossip, a 
 chattering woman. 
 
 " Haud your tongue, Maundrel," cried the surgeon, 
 throwing the cobweb on the floor and applying a dressing. 
 — Saxon and Gael, iii. 31. 
 
 Maundrels, vagaries, especially those of 
 a person in delirium, or the disjointed 
 gabble of a sleeper. 
 
 *** The word is said to be a corrup- 
 tion of Mandeville (sir John), who pub- 
 lished a book of travels, full of idle tales 
 and maundering gossip. 
 
 Mauprat (Adrien de), colonel and 
 chevalier in the king's army; "the 
 wildest gallant and bravest knight of 
 France." He married Julie ; but the 
 king accused him of treason for so doing, 
 and sent him to the Bastille. Being 
 released by the cardinal Richelieu, he 
 was forgiven, and made happy with the 
 blessing of the king. — Lord Lytton, 
 Richelieu (1839). 
 
 Maurice Beevor (Sir), a miser, 
 and (failing the children of the countess) 
 heir to the Arundel estates. The countess 
 having two sons (Arthur and Percy), sir 
 Maurice hired assassins to murder them ; 
 but his plots were frustrated, and the 
 miser went to his grave " a sordid, 
 spat-upon, revengeless, worthless, and 
 rascally poor cousin." — Lord Lytton, Tha 
 Sea-Captain (1839). 
 
 Mauri- G-asima, an island near 
 Formosa, said to have been sunk in the 
 
MAUSE. 
 
 624 
 
 MAXIMUS. 
 
 sm in consequence of the great crimes of 
 its inhabitants. — Koenipfer, Japan. 
 
 The cities of the plain, we are told in 
 the Bible, were sank under the waters of 
 the Dead Sea for a similar reason. 
 
 Mau.se (Old), mother of Cuddie 
 Headrigir, and a covenanter. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Mausb'lus, king of Caria, to whom 
 his wife Artemisia erected a sepulchre 
 which was one of the " Seven Wonders 
 of the World" (b.c. 353). 
 
 The chief mausoleums besides this are 
 those of Augustus ; Hadrian (now called 
 the castle of St. Angelo) at Rome ; Henri 
 II., erected by Catherine de Medicis ; St. 
 Peter the Martyr in the church of St. 
 Eustatius, by G. Balduceio ; that to the 
 memory ©fJLoufs XVI. ; and the tomb of 
 Napoleon in Les Invalides, Paris. The 
 one erected by queen Victoria to prince 
 Albert may also be mentioned. 
 
 Mauthe Dog, a black spectre 
 spaniel that haunted the guard-room of 
 Peeltown in the Isle of Man. One day, 
 a drunken trooper entered the guard- 
 room while the dog was there, but lost 
 his speech, and died within three days. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel, 
 vi. 26 (1805). 
 
 Mauxalin'da, in love with Moore of 
 Moore Hall ; but the valiant combatant 
 of the dragon deserts her for Margery, 
 daughter of Gubbins, of Rnth'ram Green. 
 — H. Carey, Dragon of Wantlet/ (1G96- 
 1743). 
 
 Mavortian, a soldier or son of 
 Mavors (Mars). 
 
 Hew dreadfull Mavortian the poor price of a dinner. — 
 Sxicluird Bronie, Plays (1653). 
 
 Mavournin, Irish for " darling." 
 Erin mavournin (" Ireland, my darling "). 
 
 Land of my forefathers I Erin go bragh ! 
 Buried and cold„ when my heart stills her motion ; 
 Green be thy fields, sweetest isle of the ocean ; 
 And thy harp-striking bards sing aloud with devotion, 
 
 Erin mavourniii ! Erin go bragh ! 
 
 Campbell, Exile of Erin. 
 
 * + * Bragh = braw, to rhyme with 
 "draw," "Erin go bragh!" i.e. "Ire- 
 land for ever ! " 
 
 Mawworm, a vulgar copy of Dr. 
 Can tw ell " the hypocrite." He is a most 
 gross abuser of his mother tongue, but 
 believes he has a call to preach. He tells 
 old lady Lambert that he has made 
 several sermons already, but "always 
 does 'em extrumpcry " because he could 
 not write. He finds his " religious voca- 
 tion " more profitable than selling 
 
 "grocery, tea, small beer, charcoal, 
 butter, brickdust, and other spices," and 
 so comes to the conclusion that it " is 
 sinful to keep shop." He is a convert of 
 Dr. Cantwell, and believes in him to the 
 last. 
 
 Do de-pise me; I'm the prouder for it. I like to bo 
 despised.— I. Bickerstaff, Tfi* Hypocrite, ii. 1 (1703). 
 
 Max, a huntsman, and the best 
 marksman in Germany. He was plighted 
 to Agatha, who was to be his wife, if he 
 won the prize in the annual match. Cas- 
 par induced Max to go to the wolf's glen 
 at midnight and obtain seven charmed 
 balls from Samiel the Black Huntsman. 
 On the day of contest, while Max was 
 shooting, he killed Caspar who was con- 
 cealed in a tree, and the king in conse- 
 quence abolished this annual fete.- — 
 Weber, Dcr Freischutz (an opera, 1822). 
 
 Maximo (2 syl.), an officer of the 
 prefect Almachius. He was ordered to 
 put to death Valirian and Tibur'ce, be- 
 cause they refused to worship the image 
 of Jupiter ; but he took pity on them, 
 took them to his house, became con- 
 verted, and was baptized. When Valirian 
 and Tiburco were afterwards martyred, 
 Maxime said he saw angels come and 
 carry them to heaven, whereupon Alma- 
 chius caused him to be beaten with rods 
 "til he his lif gan lete." — Chaucer, Can- 
 terbury Tales (" Second Nun's Tale," 
 1388)." 
 
 * + * This is based on the story of 
 "Cecilia" in the Lcgcnda Aurea ; and 
 both are imitations of the story of Paul 
 and the jailer of Philippi (Acts xvi. 
 19-34). 
 
 Maximil'ian (son of Frederick III.), 
 the hero of the Tcucrdank, the Orlando 
 Furioso of the Germans, by Melchior 
 Pfinzing. 
 
 . . . [here] in old heroic days. 
 Sat the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian's prais*. 
 Longfellow, Nuremberg. 
 
 Maximin,a Roman tyrant. — Dryden, 
 Tyrannic Love or The Royal Martyr, 
 
 Maximus (called by Geoffrey, " Max- 
 imian"), a Roman senator, who, in 381, 
 was invited to become king of Britain. 
 He conquered Armorica (Bretagne), and 
 "published a decree for the assembling 
 together there of 100,000 of the con.aion 
 people of Britain, to colonize the land, 
 and 30,000 soldiers to defend the colony." 
 Hence Armorica was called, "The other 
 Britain" or " Little Britain."— Geoflrev, 
 British History, v. 14 (1142). 
 
MAXWELL, 
 
 625 
 
 MAYLIE, 
 
 Got Maximus at length the victory in Gaul, 
 . . . where, after Gratian's fall, 
 Armorica to them the valiant victor gave . . . 
 Which colony ... is "Little Britain" called. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 
 
 Maxwell, deputy chamberlain at 
 Whitehall. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
 Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Maxwell {Mr. Pate), laird of Summer- 
 trees, called " Pate in Peril ; " one of the 
 papist conspirators with Redgauntlet. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Maxwell {The Bight Eon. William), 
 lord Evandale, an officer in the king's 
 army. — SirW. Scott, Old Mortality (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 May, a girl who married January, a 
 Lombard baron 60 years old. She loved 
 Dam van, a young squire ; and one day 
 the baron caught Damyan and May fond- 
 ling each other, but the young wife told 
 her" husband his eyes were so defective 
 that they could not be trusted. The 
 old man accepted the solution — for what 
 is better than ' ' a fruitful wife and a 
 confiding spouse ? " — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales ("The Merchant's Tale," 1388). 
 
 May unlucky for Brides. Mary 
 queen of Scotland married Bothwell, the 
 murderer of her husband lord Darnley, 
 on May 12. 
 
 Mense malum Maio nubere vulgus ait. 
 
 Ovid, Fastorum, y. 
 
 May-Day {Evil), May 1, 1517, when 
 the London apprentices rose up against 
 the foreign residents and did incalculable 
 mischief. This riot began May 1, and 
 lasted till May 22. 
 
 May Queen {The), a poem in three 
 parts by Tennyson (1842). Alice, a 
 bright-eyed, merry child, was chosen 
 May queen, and, being afraid she might 
 oversleep herself, told her mother to be 
 sure to call her early. 
 
 I sleep so sound all night, mother, that I shall never 
 
 ■wake. 
 If you do not call me loud when the day begins to break : 
 But I must gather knots of flowers, and buds and garlands 
 
 cay. 
 For I'm to be queen o' the May, mother, I'm to be queen 
 
 o' the May. 
 
 The old year passed away, and the black- 
 eyed, rustic maiden was dying. She 
 hoped to greet the new year before her 
 eyes, closed in death, and bade her mother 
 once again to be sure to call her early ; 
 but it was not now because she slept so 
 soundly. Alas ! no. 
 
 Good night, sweet mother : call me before the day is 
 
 born. 
 All night I lie awake, but I fall asleep at morn ; 
 
 27 
 
 But I would see the sun rise upon tho glad New Year, 
 So, if you're waking, call me, call me early, mother dear. 
 
 The day rose and passed away, but 
 Alice lingered on till March. The snow- 
 drops had gone before her, and the 
 violets were in bloom. Robin had dearly 
 loved the child, but the thoughtless 
 village beauty, in her joyous girlhood, 
 tossed her head at him, and never thought 
 of love ; but now that she was going to 
 the land of shadows, her dying words 
 were: 
 
 And say to Robin a kind word, and tell him not to fret ; 
 There's many worthier than I, would make him happy 
 
 yet. 
 If I had lived— I cannot tell— I might have been his wife ; 
 But all these things hare ceased to be, with my desire of 
 
 life. 
 
 Maye {The), that subtile and ab- 
 struse sense which the goddess Maya 
 inspires. Plato, Epicharmos, and some 
 other ancient philosophers refer it to the 
 presence of divinity. " It is the divinity 
 which stirs within us." In poetry ft 
 gives an inner sense to the outward word, 
 and in common minds it degenerates into 
 delusion or second sight. Maya is an 
 Indian deity, and personates the "power 
 of creation." 
 
 Hartmann poss6de la Maye, . . . il laisse pen^tre dans 
 ses Merits les sentiments, et les pensces dont son (line est 
 remplie, et cherche sans cesse a resoudre les antitheses. — 
 G. Weber, Hist, de la Litterature Allemande. 
 
 Mayeux, a stock name in France for 
 a man deformed, vain, and licentious, but 
 witty and brave. It occurs in a large 
 number of French romances and cari- 
 catures. 
 
 Mayflower, a ship of 180 tons, 
 which, in December, 1620, started from 
 Plymouth, and conveyed to Massachusetts, 
 in North America, 102 puritans, called the 
 " Pilgrim Fathers," who named their 
 settlement New Plymouth. 
 
 . . . the Mayflower sailed from the harbour [Plymouth!, 
 Took the wind on her quarter, and stood for the open 
 
 Atlantic, 
 Borne on the sand of the sea, and the swelling hearts of 
 
 the pilgrims. 
 
 Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standish, x. (1S58). 
 
 Men of the Mayflower, the Pilgrim 
 Fathers, who went out in the Mayflower 
 to North America in 1620. 
 
 Mayflower {Phahe), servant at sir 
 Henry Lee's lodge. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Maylie {Mrs.), the lady of the house 
 attacked burglariously by Bill Sikes and 
 others. Mrs. Maylie is mother of Harry 
 Maylie, and aunt of Rose Fleming who 
 lives with her. 
 
 She was well advanced in years, but the high-backed 
 oaken chair in which she sat w;is not more upright than 
 
MAYOR OF GAKRATT. 
 
 626 
 
 MEAGLES. 
 
 she. Dressed with the utmost nicety and precision in a 
 quuint mixture of bygone costume, with some sligl «t con- 
 cessions to the prevailing taste, which rather served to 
 point the old style pleasantly than to impair its effect, she 
 sat in a stately manner, with her hands" folded before her. 
 — Ch. xxix. 
 
 Harry Maylie, Mrs. Maylie's son. He 
 marries his cousin Rose Fleming. — C. 
 Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Mayor of Garratt {The). Garratt 
 is between Wandsworth and Tooting. 
 The first mayor of this village was 
 elected towards the close of the eigh- 
 teenth century, and the election came 
 about thus : Garratt Common had often 
 been encroached on, and in 1780 the in- 
 habitants associated themselves together 
 to defend their rights. The chairman 
 was called Mayor, and as it happened to 
 be the time of a general election, the 
 society made it a law that a new 
 " mayor " should be elected at every 
 general election. The addresses of these 
 mayors, written by Foote, Garrick, 
 "VViiks, and others, are satires and politi- 
 cal squibs. The first mayor of Garratt 
 was "sir" John Harper, a retailer of 
 brickdust ; and the last was " sir" Harry 
 Dimsdale, a muffin-seller (1796). In 
 Foote's farce so called, Jerry Sneak is 
 chosen mayor, son-in-law of the land- 
 lord (1763). 
 
 Mayors (Lord) who have founded 
 noble houses : 
 
 Lord Mayor. 
 
 Aveland (Lord), from sir Gilbert Heathcote - 1711 
 
 Baoon (Lord), from sir Thomas Cooke, draper 1557 
 
 Bath (Marquis of), from sir Rowland Hey- 
 ward, cloth-worker 1570 
 
 Braybrookb (Lord), from sir John Gresham, 
 grocer 1547 
 
 Brooke (Lord), from sir Samuel Dashwood, 
 vintner 1702 
 
 Buckingham (Duke of), from sir John Gre- 
 sham, grocer 1547 
 
 Compton (Lord), from sir Wolston Dixie, 
 skinner 1585 
 
 Cranbourne (Viscount), from sir Christopher 
 Guscoigne - - 1753 
 
 Denbigh (Earl of), from sir Godfrey Fielding, 
 mercer * - 1452 
 
 Donne (Viscount), from sir Gilbert Heathcote 1711 
 
 VjtzwilliaM (Earl of), from sir Thomas 
 Cooke, draper 1557 
 
 Palmerston (Lord), from sir John Houblon, 
 grocer 1695 
 
 Salisbury (Marquis of), from sir Thomas 
 Cooke, draper 1557 
 
 Warwick (Earl of), from sir Samuel Dash- 
 wood, vintner 1702 
 
 WILTSHIRE (Earl of), from sir Godfrey Boleine 1457 
 (queen Elizabeth was his granddaughter). 
 
 Maypole (The), the nickname given 
 to Erangard Melosine de Schulemberg, 
 duchess of Kendal, the mistress of 
 George I., on account of her leanness and 
 height (1719, died 1743). 
 
 Mazagran, in Algeria. Ever since 
 the capture of this town by the French, 
 
 black coffee diluted with cold water for n 
 beverage has been called un Mazagran. 
 
 Mazarin of Letters (The), 
 D'Alembert (1717-1783). 
 
 Mazarine (A), a common council- 
 man of London ; so called from the 
 mazarine-blue silk gown worn by this 
 civil functionary. 
 
 Mazeppa (Jan), a hetman of the 
 Cossacks, born of a noble Polish family 
 in Podolia. He was a page in the court 
 of Jan Casimir king of Poland, and while 
 in this capacity intrigued with Theresia 
 the young wife of a Podolian count, who 
 discovered the amour, and had the young 
 page lashed to a wild horse, and turned 
 adrift. The horse rushed in mad fury, 
 and dropped down dead in tho Ukraine, 
 where Mazeppa was released by a Cos- 
 sack, Avho nursed him carefully in his 
 own hut. In time the young page 
 became a prince of the Ukraine, but 
 fought against Russia in the battle of 
 Pultowa. Lord Byron (1819) makes 
 Mazeppa tell his tale to Charles XI 1. 
 after the battle (1640-1709). 
 
 "Muster Richardson " had a fine appreciation of genius, 
 and left the original •'Mazeppa" at Astley's a handsome 
 legacy [1766-1836] —Mark Lemon. 
 
 M. B. "Waistcoat, a clerical waist- 
 coat. M. B. means "Mark [of the'] 
 Beast ; " so called because, when these 
 waistcoats were first worn by protestant 
 clergymen (about 1830), they were stig- 
 matized as indicating a popish tendency. 
 
 He smiled at the folly which stigmatized an M. B. 
 waistcoat. — Mrs. Oliphant, Phoebe, Jun., ii, L 
 
 Meadows (Sir William), a kind 
 country gentleman, the friend of Jack 
 Eustace and father of young Meadows. 
 
 Young Meadows left his father's home 
 because the old gentleman wanted him to 
 marry Rosetta, whom he had never seen. 
 He called himself Thomas, and entered 
 the service of justice Woodcock as gar- 
 dener. Here he fell in love with the 
 supposed chamber-maid, who proved to 
 be Rosetta, and their marriage fulfilled the 
 desire of all the parties interested. — I. 
 Bickerstaff, Love in a Village. 
 
 Charles Dignum made his dibut. at Drury lane, in 1784, 
 in the character of " Young Meadows." His voice was so 
 clear and full-toned, and his manner of singing so judi- 
 cious, that he was received with the warmest applause.— 
 Dictionary of Musicians. 
 
 Meagles (Mr.), an eminently "prac- 
 tical man," who, being well off, travelled 
 over the world for pleasure. His party 
 consisted of himself, his daughter Pet, 
 
MEAL-TUB PLOT. 
 
 627 
 
 MEDECIX MALGEE LUI. 
 
 and his daughter's servant called Tatty- 
 coram. A jolly man was Mr. Meagles ; 
 but clear-headed, shrewd, and perse- 
 vering. 
 
 Mrs. Meagles, wife of the " practical 
 man," and mother of Pet. — C. Dickens, 
 Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Meal-Tub Plot, a fictitious con- 
 spiracy concocted by Dangertield for the 
 purpose of cutting off those who opposed 
 the succession of James duke of York, 
 afterwards Janies II. The scheme was 
 concealed in a meal-tub in the house of 
 Mrs. Cellier (1685). 
 
 Measure for Measure. There 
 was a law in Vienna that made it death 
 for a man to live Avith a woman not his 
 wife ; but the law was so little enforced 
 that the mothers of Vienna complained to 
 the duke of its neglect. So the duke 
 deputed Angelo to enforce it ; and, as- 
 suming the dress of a friar, absented 
 himself awhile, to watch the result. 
 Scarcely was the duke gone, when Claudio 
 was sentenced to death for violating the 
 law. His sister Isabel went to intercede 
 on his behalf, and Angelo told her he 
 would spare her brother if she would 
 become his Phryne. Isabel told her 
 brother he must prepare to die, as the 
 conditions proposed by Angelo were out 
 of the question. The duke, disguised as 
 a friar, heard the whole story, and per- 
 suaded Isabel to ''assent in words," but 
 to send Mariana (the divorced wife of 
 Angelo) to take her place. This was 
 done ; but Angelo sent the provost to 
 behead Claudio, a crime which "the 
 friar " contrived to avert. Next day, the 
 duke returned to the city, and Isabel told 
 bor tale. The end was, the duke married 
 Isabel, Angelo took back his wife, and 
 Claudio married Juliet whom he had 
 seduced. — Shakespeare, Measure for Mea- 
 sure (1603). 
 
 %* This story is from Whetstone's 
 Ifeptanieron (1578). A similar story is 
 given also in Giraldi Cinthio's third 
 decade of stories. 
 
 Medam'othi, the island at which the 
 fleet of Pantag'ruel landed on the fourth 
 day of their voyage._ Here many choice 
 curiosities were bought, such as " the 
 picture of a man's voice," an "echo 
 draAvn to life," " Plato's ideas," some of 
 "Epicuros's atoms," a sample of " Phi- 
 lomela's needlework," and other objects 
 of virtu to be obtained nowhere else. — 
 Kabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 3 (1545). 
 
 *** Medamothi is a compound Greek 
 word, meaning "never in any place." 
 So Utopia is a Greek compound, meaning 
 " no place ; " Kennaquhdir is a Scotch 
 compound, meaning "I know not where ; " 
 and Kennahtwhar is Anglo-Saxon for the 
 same. All these places are in 91° north 
 hit. and 180° 1' west long., in the NiltalA 
 Ocean. 
 
 Medea, a famous sorceress of Colchis, 
 who married Jason the leader of the Argo- 
 nauts, and aided him in getting possession 
 of the golden fleece. After being married 
 ten years, Jason repudiated her for Glauce ; 
 and Medea, in revenge, sent the bride a 
 poisoned robe, which killed both Glauce 
 and her father. Medea then tore to pieces 
 her two sons, and fled to Athens in a 
 chariot drawn by dragons. 
 
 The story has been dramatized in Greek, 
 by Euripides ; in Latin, by Seneca and 
 by Ovid ; in French, by Corneille (Mc'de'e, 
 1635), Longepierre (1695), and Le^ouve 
 (1849) ; in English, by Glover (1761). 
 
 Mrs. Yates was a superb "Medea."— Thomas Campbell. 
 
 Mede'a and Absyr'tus. When 
 Medea fled with Jason from Colchis (in 
 Asia), she murdered her brother Absyr- 
 tus, and, cutting the body into several 
 pieces, strewed the fragments about, that 
 the father might be delayed in picking 
 them up, and thus be unable to overtake 
 the fugitives. 
 
 Meet I an infant of the duke of York, 
 Into as many gobbets will I cut it 
 As wild Medea young Absyrtus did. 
 Shakespeare, 2 llenry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 
 
 Mede'a's Kettle. Medea the sor- 
 ceress cut to pieces an old ram, threw the 
 parts into her caldron, and by her incan- 
 tations changed the old ram into a young 
 lamb. The daughters of Pelias thought 
 they would have their father restored to 
 youth, as /Eson had been. So they 
 killed him, and put the body in Medea's 
 caldron ; but Medea refused to utter the 
 needful incantation, and so the old man 
 was not restored to life. 
 
 Change the shape, and shake off asre. Get thee Medea ■ 
 kettle, and be boiled anew. — W. Congreve, Love for Lote. 
 iv. (1605). 
 
 Medecin Malgre Lui (Ze), a 
 comedy by Moliere (1666). The "enforced 
 doctor" is Sganarelle, a faggot-maker, 
 who is called in by Ge'ronte to cure his 
 daughter of dumbness. Sganarelle soon 
 perceives that the malady is assumed in 
 order to prevent a hateful marriage, and 
 introduces her lover as an apothecary. 
 The dumb spirit is at once exorcised, and 
 
MEDHAM. 
 
 628 
 
 MEGISSOGWON. 
 
 the lovers made happy with " pills matri- 
 moniac." 
 
 Iq 1733 Fielding produced a farce 
 called The Mock Doctor, which was based 
 on this comedy. The doctor he calls 
 "Gregory," and Ge'ronte "sir Jasper." 
 Lucinde, the dumb girl, he calls "Char- 
 lotte," and Anglicizes her lover Leandre 
 into " Leander." 
 
 Medham ("the keen"), one of 
 Mahomet's swords. 
 
 Medicine. So the alchemists called 
 the matter (whatever it might bo) by 
 which they performed their transforma- 
 tions: as, for example, the "philosopher's 
 stone," which was to transmute whatever 
 it touched into gold ; " the elixir of 
 life," which was to renew old age to 
 youth. 
 
 How much unlike art thou, Mark Antony ! 
 Yet, coming from him, that great medicine hath 
 With his tinct gilded thee. 
 Shakespeare, Antony and Cleojxitr-a, act i. sc. 5 (160S). 
 
 Medicine (The Father of), Aretasos of 
 Cappadocia (second and third centuries). 
 
 * if * Also Hippoc'rates of Cos (b.c. 
 460-357). 
 
 Medi'na, the Golden Mean personi- 
 fied. Step-sister of Elissa (parsimony) 
 and Perissa (extravagance). The three 
 sisters could never agree on any subject. 
 — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. (1590). 
 
 Mediterranean Sea (The Key of 
 the), the fortress of Gibraltar. 
 
 Medley (Matthew), the factotum of 
 sir Walter "Waring. He marries Doll}*, 
 daughter of Goodman Fairlop the wood- 
 man. — Sir H. P. Dudlev, The Woodman 
 (1771). 
 
 Medo'ra, the beloved wife of Conrad 
 the corsair. When Conrad was taken 
 captive by the pacha Seyd, Medora sat 
 day after day expecting his return, and 
 feeling the heart-anguish of hope deferred. 
 Still he returned not, and Medora died. 
 In the mean time, Gulnare, the favourite 
 concubine of Seyd, murdered the pacha, 
 liberated Conrad, and sailed with him to 
 the corsair's island home. When, however, 
 Conrad found his wife dead, he quitted 
 the island, and went no one knew whither. 
 The sequel of the story forms the poem 
 called Lara. — Byron, the Corsair (181-1). 
 
 Medo'ro, a Moorish youth of extra- 
 ordinary beauty, but of humble race ; 
 page to Agramante. Being wounded, 
 Angelica dressed his wounds, fell in love 
 with him, married him, and retired with 
 him to Cathay, where, in right of his 
 
 wife, he became king. This was the 
 cause of Orlando's madness. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 When don Roldan [Orlando] discovered In a fountain 
 proofs of Angelica's dishonourable conduct with Medoro, 
 It distracted him to such a degree that he tore up huge 
 trees by the roots, sullied the purest streams, destroyed 
 flocks, slew shepherds, fired their huts, pulled houses' to 
 the ground, and committed a thousand other most furious 
 exploits worthy of being reported in fame's register.— 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 11 (1605). 
 
 Medulla Theologiae, a contro- 
 versial treatise by William Ames (1623). 
 
 Medulla Theologica, a theological 
 work by Louis Abelli bishop of Rhodes 
 (1604-1691). It is alluded to by Boileau, 
 in the Lutrin, iv. (1683). 
 
 Medu'sa (The . Soft), Mary Stuart 
 queen of Scots (1542-1587). 
 
 Rise from thy bloody grave, 
 
 Thou soft Medusa of the "Fated Line,'* 
 Whose evil beauty looked to death the brave ! 
 
 Lord Lytton, Ode, i. (1839). 
 
 Meeta, the "maid of Mariendorpt," 
 a true woman and a true heroine. She is 
 the daughter of Mahldenau, minister of 
 Mariendorpt, whom she loves almost to 
 idolatry. Her betrothed is major Rupert 
 Roselheim. Hearing of her father's 
 captivity at Prague, she goes thither on 
 foot to crave his pardon. — S. Knowles, 
 The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 
 
 Meg, a pretty, bright, dutiful girl, 
 daughter of Toby Veck, and engaged to 
 Richard, whom she marries on New 
 Year's Day. — C. Dickens, The Chimes 
 (1844). 
 
 Meg Dods, the old landlady at St. 
 Ronan's Well.— Sir W. Scott, St.Eonan's 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Meg Merrilies, a half-crazy sibyl 
 or gipsy woman. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Meg Murdochson, an old gipsy 
 thief, mother of Madge Wildfire. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Megid'don, the tutelar angel of 
 Simon the Canaanite. This Simon, 
 "once a shepherd, was called by Jesu3 
 from the field, and feasted Him in his 
 hut with a lamb." — Klopstock, The 
 Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Megingjard, the belt of Thor, 
 whereby his strength was doubled. 
 
 Megissog'won ("the qreat pearU 
 feather "), a magician, and the Manlto of 
 wealth. It was MegissogAvon who sent 
 the fiery fever on man, the white fog, 
 and death. Hiawatha slew him, and 
 
MEGNOUN. 
 
 629 
 
 MELESIGENES. 
 
 taught man the science of medicine. 
 This great Pearl-Feather slew the father 
 of Niko'mis (the grandmother of Hia- 
 watha). Hiawatha all day long fought 
 with the magician without effect ; at night- 
 fall the woodpecker told him to strike at 
 the tuft of hair on the magician's head, 
 the only vulnerable place ; accordingly, 
 Hiawatha discharged his three remaining 
 arrows at the hair tuft, and Megissogwon 
 died. 
 
 " Honour be to Hiawatha 1 
 He hath slain the great Pearl -Feather ; 
 Slaiu the mightiest of magicians — 
 Him that sent the fiery- fever, . . . 
 Sent disease and death among us." 
 
 Longfellow, Iliawatha, ix. (1855). 
 
 Megnoun. (See Mejxoun.) 
 
 Meg'ra, a lascivious lady in the 
 drama called PMaster or Love Lies a- 
 bleeding, by Beaumont and Fletcher 
 (1608)'. 
 
 Meigle, in Strathmore, the place 
 where Guinever, Arthur's queen, was 
 buried. 
 
 Meikleh.ose (Isaac), one of the 
 elders of Roseneath parish. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Meiklewham (Mr. Saunders), "the 
 man of law," in the managing committee 
 of the Spa hotel.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
 Eonan's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Meister (Wilhelm), the hero and title 
 of a novel by Goethe. The object is to 
 show that man, despite his errors and 
 shortcomings, is led by a guiding hand, 
 and reaches some higher aim at last 
 (1821). 
 
 Meistersingers, or minstrel trades- 
 men of Germany. An association of 
 master tradesmen, to revive the national 
 minstrelsy, which had fallen into decay 
 with the decline of the minnesingers or 
 love-minstrels (1350-1523). Their sub- 
 jects were chiefly moral or religious, and 
 constructed according to rigid rules. 
 The three chief were Hans Rosenbliit 
 (armorial painter, born 1450), Hans 
 Folz (surgeon, born 1479), and Hans 
 Sachs (cobbler, 1494-1574). The next 
 best were Heinrich von Mueglen, Konrad 
 Harder, Master Altschwert, Master Bar- 
 thel Kegentogen (the blacksmith), Mus- 
 cabliit (the tailor), and Hans Blotz (the 
 barber). 
 
 Mej'noun and Leilah (2 syl.), 
 a Persian love tale, the Romeo and 
 Juliet of Eastern romance. They are the 
 most beautiful, chaste, and impassionate 
 
 of lovers; the models of what lovers 
 would be if human nature were perfect. 
 
 When he sang the loves of Megn6un and Leileh . . . 
 tears insensibly overflowed the cheeks of his auditors. — W. 
 Beckford, Yathek (1786). 
 
 Melan'chates (4 syl.), the hound 
 that killed Ackeon, and was changed 
 into a hart. 
 
 Melancbates, that hound 
 That plucked Acteon to the grounde, 
 Gaue him his mortal wound, . . . 
 Was chaunged to a harte. 
 J. Skelton, Philip Sparow (time, Henry VIII.) 
 
 Melantius, a rough, honest soldier, 
 who believes every one is true till con- 
 victed of crime, and then is he a relentless 
 punisher. Melantius and Diph'ilus are 
 brothers of Evadne. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy (1610). 
 
 *** The master scene between Antony 
 and Ventidius in Hryden's Alt for Love is 
 copied from The Maid's Tragedy. "Ven- 
 tidius " is in the place of Melantius. 
 
 Melchior, one of the three kings of 
 Cologne. He was the " Wise Man of the 
 East" who offered to the infant Jesus 
 gold, the emblem of royalty. The other 
 two were Gas par and Balthazar. Mel- 
 chior means "king of light." 
 
 Melchior, a monk attending the black 
 priest of St. Paul's. — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
 of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Melchior (i.e. Melchior Pfinzing), a 
 German poet who wrote the Teuerdank, 
 an epic poem which has the kaiser Maxi- 
 milian (son of Frederick III.) for its 
 hero. This poem was the Orlando 
 Furioso of the Germans. 
 
 Sat the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian's praiaa. 
 Longfellow, Nuremberg. 
 
 Melea'ger, son of Althaea, who was 
 doomed to live while a certain log re- 
 mained unconsumed. Althaea kept the 
 log for several years, but being one day 
 angry with her son, she cast it on the fire, 
 where it was consumed. Her son died at 
 the same moment. — Ovid, Metam., viii. 4. 
 
 Sir John Davies uses this to illustrate 
 the immortality of the soul. He says 
 that the life of the soul does not depend 
 on the body as Meleager's life depended 
 on the fatal brand. 
 
 Again, if by the body's prop she stand— 
 If on the body's life her life depend. 
 
 As Meleager's on the fatal brand ; 
 The body's good she only would intend. 
 
 Reason, iii. (1622). 
 
 Melesig'enes (5 syl.). Homer is so 
 called from the river Meles (2 syl.), in 
 Asia Minor, on the banks of which soma 
 say he was born. 
 
MELT. 
 
 630 
 
 MELITUS. 
 
 . . . various-measured verse, 
 JEolian charms and Dorian lyric odes, 
 "And his who gave them breath, but higher sung, 
 Blind Melesiggngs, theme Homer called. 
 Whose poem Pbaebus challenged for his own. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Regained (1671). 
 
 Me'li (Giovanni), a Sicilian, born at 
 Palermo; immortalized by his eclogues 
 and id3 r lls. Meli is called' " The Sicilian 
 Theocritus " (1740-1815). 
 
 Much it pleased him to peruse 
 The songs of the Sicilian Muse- 
 Bucolic «>ngs by Meli sung. 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 
 
 Meliadus, father of sir Tristan ; 
 prince of Lyonnesse, and one of the 
 heroes of Arthurian romance. — Tristan de 
 Leonois (1489). 
 
 *** Tristan, in the History of Prince 
 Arthur, compiled by sir T. Malory (1470), 
 is called "Tristram;" but the old minne- 
 singers of Germany (twelfth century) 
 called the name " Tristan." 
 
 Mel'ibe (3 syl.)\ a rich young man 
 married to Prudens. One day, when 
 Melibe was in the fields, some enemies 
 broke into his house, beat his wife, and 
 wounded his daughter Sophie in her feet, 
 hands, ears, nose, and mouth. Melibe 
 was furious and vowed vengeance, but 
 Prudens persuaded him "to forgive his 
 enemies, and to do good to those who 
 despitefully used him." So he called 
 together his enemies, and forgave them, 
 to the end that " God of His endeles 
 mercie wole at the tyme of oure deyinge 
 forgive us oure giltes that we have 
 trespased to Him in this wreeched world." 
 —Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (13S8). 
 
 * + * This prose tale is a literal trans- 
 lation of a French story. — See MS. Reg., 
 xix. 7 ; and MS. Hey., xix. 11, British 
 Museum. 
 
 Melibee, a shepherd, and the re- 
 puted father of Pastorella. Pastorella 
 married sir Calidore.— Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, vi. 9 (1596). 
 
 " Melibee" is sir Francis Walsingham. 
 In the Ruins of Time, Spenser calls him 
 "Melibee." Sir Philip Sidney (the "sir 
 Calidore" of the Faery Queen) married 
 his daughter Frances. Sir Francis Wal- 
 singham died in 1590, so poor that he did 
 not leave enough to defray his funeral 
 expenses. 
 
 Melibce'an Dye, a rich purple. So 
 called because Meiibcea of Thessaly was 
 famous for the ostium, a fish used in 
 dying purple. 
 
 A military vest, of purple flowed, 
 Livelier than Meiibican. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, xi. 242 (1665). 
 
 Melibceus, one of the shepherds in 
 Eclogue, i. of Virgil. 
 
 Spenser, in the Ruins of Time (1591), 
 calls sir Francis Walsingham " the good 
 Melibee ; " and in the last book of the 
 Faery Queen he calls him " Melibee." 
 
 Melin'da, cousin of Sylvia. She 
 loves Worthy, whom she pretends to 
 dislike, and coquets with him for twelve 
 months. Having driven her modest 
 lover to the verge of distraction, she 
 relents, and consents to marry him. — G. 
 Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer (1705). 
 
 Mel'ior, a lovely fairy, who carried 
 off in her magic bark, Parthen'opex of 
 Blois to her secret island. — Parthenopex 
 de Blois (a French romance, twelfth 
 century). 
 
 Melisen'dra (TJie princess), natural 
 daughter of Marsilio, and the "sup- 
 posed daughter of Charlemagne." She 
 eloped with don Gayferos. The king 
 Marsilio sent his troops in pursuit of the 
 fugitives. Having made Melisendra his 
 wife, don Gayferos delivered her up 
 captive to the Moors at Saragossa. This 
 was the story of the puppet-show of 
 Master Peter, exhibited to don Quixote 
 and his 'squire at "the inn beyond the 
 hermitage." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
 ii. 7 (1GT5). 
 
 Melissa, a prophetess who lived in 
 Merlin's cave. Bradamant gave her the 
 enchanted ring to take to Roge'ro ; so, 
 under the form of Atlantes, she went to 
 Alclna's isle, delivered Rogero, and dis- 
 enchanted all the captives in the island. 
 
 In bk. xix. Melissa, under the form of 
 RodQmont, persuaded Agramant to break 
 the league which was to settle the contest 
 by single combat, and a general battle 
 ensued. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (151G). 
 
 *** This incident of bk. xix. is 
 similar to that in Homer's Iliad, iii., iv., 
 where Paris and Menelaos agree to settle 
 the contest by single combat ; but Minerva 
 persuades Pandaros to break the truce, 
 and a general battle ensues. 
 
 MeTita (now Malta). The point to 
 which the vessel that carried St. Paul 
 was driven was the "Porto de San Paolo," 
 and according to tradition the cathedral 
 of Citta Vecchia stands on the site of the 
 house of Publius the Roman governor. 
 St. Paul's grotto,, a cave in the vicinity, 
 is so named in honour of the great 
 apostle. 
 
 Meli'tus, a gentleman of Cyprus, in 
 
MELIZYUS. 
 
 631 
 
 MELV1L. 
 
 the drama called The Laws of Candy, by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (16-17). 
 
 Melizyus, king of Thessaly, in the 
 golden era of Saturn. He was the first 
 to tame horses for the use of man. 
 
 In whose time reigned also in Thessayle (2 syl.), 
 A parte of Grece, the kyiig Melizyus, 
 
 That was right strong and fierce in battaile ; 
 By whose lalx>ure, as the storye sheweth us, 
 
 He brake first horses, wilde and rigorous, 
 
 Teaching his men on them right wel to ryde; 
 
 And he himselfe did first the horse bestride. 
 Stephen Hawes, Tlie Passe-tyme of Plesurc, i. (1515). 
 
 Meliz'yus (King) held his court in the 
 Tower of Chivalry, and there knighted 
 Graunde Amoure, after giving him the 
 following advice : — 
 
 And first Good Hope his Iegge harneyes should be ; 
 His hajbergion, of Perfect Ilyijhteousnet, 
 Gird first with the girdle of Chastitie ; 
 His rich placarde should be good busines, 
 Brodred with Alms . . . 
 
 The helmet Mekenes. and the shelde Good Fayeth, 
 His swerde God's Word, as St. Paule sayeth. 
 Stephen Hawes, The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxviii. (1515). 
 
 Mell {Mr.), the poor, down-trodden 
 second master at Salem House, the school 
 of Mr. Creakles. Mr. Mell played the 
 flute. His mother lived in an almshouse, 
 and Steerforth used to taunt Mell with 
 this "degradation," and indeed caused 
 him to be discharged. Mell emigrated 
 to Australia, and succeeded well in the 
 new country. — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
 field (1849). 
 
 MeHe'font (2 syl.), in love with 
 Cynthia daughter of sir Paul Pliant. 
 His aunt, lady Touchwood, had a criminal 
 fondness for him, and because he re- 
 pelled her advances she vowed his ruin. 
 After passing several hair-breadth escapes 
 from the "double dealing" of his aunt 
 and his "friend" Maskwell, he succeeded 
 in winning and marrying the lady of his 
 attachment. — W. Congreve, The Double 
 Dealer (1700). 
 
 Mellifluous Doctor (The), St. 
 Bernard, whose writings were called " a 
 river of paradise" (1091-1153). 
 
 Melnotte (Claude), a gardener's son, 
 in love with Pauline "the Beauty of 
 Lyons," but treated by her with contempt. 
 Beauseant and Glavis, two other rejected 
 suitors, conspired with him to humble 
 the proud fair one. To this end, Claude 
 assumed to be the prince of Como, and 
 Pauline married him, but was indignant 
 when she discovered how she had been 
 duped. Claude left her to join the French 
 army, and, under the name of Morier, 
 rose in two years and a half to the rank 
 of colonel. He then returned to Lyons, 
 and found his father-in-law on the eve 
 
 of bankruptcy, and Pauline about to be 
 sold to Beauseant to pay the creditors. 
 Claude paid the money required, and 
 claimed Pauline as his loving and truthful 
 wife. — Lord L. B. Lytton, Lady of Lyons 
 (1838). 
 
 Melo (Juan de), born at Castile in the 
 fifteenth century. A dispute having 
 arisen at Esalo'na upon the question 
 whether Achilles or Hector were the 
 braver warrior, the marquis de Ville'na 
 called out, "Let us see if the advocates 
 of Achilles can fight as well as prate." 
 At the word, there appeared in the 
 assembly a gigantic fire-breathing mon- 
 ster, which repeated the same challenge. 
 Every one shrank back except Juan de 
 Melo, who drew his sword and placed 
 himself before king Juan II. to protect 
 him, "tide life, tide death." The king 
 appointed him alcayde of Alcala la Real, 
 in Grana'da, for his loyalty. — Chronica 
 de Don Alvaro de Luna. 
 
 Melrose (Violet), an heiress, who 
 marries Charles Middlewick. This was 
 against the consent of his father, because 
 Violet had the bad taste to snub the 
 retired tradesman, and considered vul- 
 garity as the " unpardonable sin." 
 
 Mary Melrose, Violet's cousin, but with- 
 out a penny. She marries Talbot Champ-- 
 neys ; but his father, sir Geoffry, wanted 
 him to mam' Violet the heiress. — H. J. 
 Byron, Our Boys (a comedy, 1875). 
 
 Melusi'na, the most famous of th<» 
 fees of France. Having enclosed her 
 father in a mountain for offending he?' 
 mother, she was condemned to becom* 
 a serpent every Saturday. When she 
 married the count of Lusignan, she made 
 her husband vow never to visit her on 
 that day, but the jealousy of the count 
 made him break his vow. Melusina was, 
 in consequence, obliged to leave her 
 mortal husband, and roam about the 
 world as a ghost till the day of doom. 
 Some say the count immured her in the 
 dungeon wall of his castle. — Jean d' Arras 
 (fourteenth century). 
 
 %* The cry of despair given by the fee 
 when she discovered the indiscreet visit of 
 her husband, is the origin of the phrase, 
 Uri cri de Me'lusine ("A shriek of de- 
 spair "). 
 
 Melvil (Sir John), a young baronet, 
 engaged to be married to Miss Sterling, 
 the elder daughter of a City merchant, 
 who promises to settle on her £80,000. 
 
MELVILLE. 
 
 632 
 
 MENALCAS. 
 
 A little before the marriage, sir John 
 finds that he has no regard for Miss 
 Sterling, but a great love for her younger 
 sister Fanny, to whom he makes a pro- 
 posal of marriage. His proposal is re- 
 jected ; and it is soon brought to light 
 that Miss Fanny has been clandestinely 
 married to Lovewell for four months. — 
 Colman and Garrick, The Clandestine 
 Marriage (1766). 
 
 Melville (Major), a magistrate at 
 Cairn vreckan village. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Melville (Sir Robert), one of the em- 
 bassy from the privy council to Mary 
 queen of Scots. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Melville, the father of Constantia. — C. 
 Macklin, The Man of the World (1764). 
 
 Melville (Julia), a truly noble girl, in 
 love with Faulkland, who is always 
 jealous of her without a shadow of cause. 
 She receives his innuendos without resent- 
 ment, and treats him with sincerity and 
 forbearance (see act i. 2). — Sheridan, 
 The Rivals (1775). 
 
 Melyhalt (TJie lady), a powerful 
 subject of king Arthur, whose domains 
 sir Galiot invaded; notwithstanding 
 which the lady chose sir Galiot as her 
 fancy knight and chevalier. 
 
 Memnon, king of the Ethiopians. 
 He went to the assistance of his uncle 
 Priam, and was slain by Achilles. His 
 mother Eos, inconsolable at his death, 
 weeps for him every morning, and her 
 tears constitute what Ave call dew. 
 
 Memnon, the black statue of king Amen'- 
 ophis III. at Thebes, in Egypt, which, 
 being struck with the rays of the morning 
 sun, gives out musical sounds. Kircher 
 says these sounds are due to a sort of 
 clavecin or iEolian harp enclosed in the 
 statue, the cords of which are acted upon 
 by the warmth of the sun. Cambyses, 
 resolved to learn the secret, cleft the 
 statue from head to waist ; but it con- 
 tinued to utter its morning melody not- 
 withstanding. 
 
 ... old Memnon's image, long renowned 
 By fabling Nilus ; to the quivering touch 
 Of Titan's ray, with each repulsive string 
 Consenting, sounded thro' the warbling air 
 Unbidden strains. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 
 
 Mem'non, "the mad lover," general of 
 As'torax king of Paphos. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1617). 
 
 Mem'non, the title of a novel by Vol- 
 
 taire, the object of which is to show the 
 folly of aspiring to too much wisdom. 
 
 Memnon's Sister, He'mera, men- 
 tioned by Dictys Cretensis. 
 
 Black, but such as in esteem 
 
 Prince Memnon's sister might btseem. 
 
 Milton, Jl Penseroso (1638). 
 
 Memorable (The Ever-), John Hales 
 of Eton (1584-1656). 
 
 Memory. The persons most noted 
 for their memory are : 
 
 Magliabechi of Florence, called "The 
 Universal Index and Living Cyclopaedia " 
 (1633-1714). 
 
 P. J. Beronicius, the Greek and Latin 
 improvisator, who knew by heart Horace, 
 Virgil, Cicero, Juvenal, both the Plinys, 
 Homer, and Aristophanes. He died at 
 Middleburgh, in 1676. 
 
 Andrew Fuller, after hearing 500 lines 
 twice, could repeat them without a mis- 
 take. He could also repeat verbatim a 
 sermon or speech ; could tell either back- 
 wards or forwards every shop sign from 
 the Temple to the extreme end of Cheap- 
 side, and the articles displayed in each of 
 the shops. 
 
 "Memory" "Woodfall could carry in 
 his head a debate, and repeat it a fort- 
 night afterwards. 
 
 "Memory" Thompson could repeat 
 the names, trades, and particulars of 
 everv shop from Ludgate Hill to Picca- 
 dilly. 
 
 William Radcliff, the husband of the 
 novelist, could repeat a debate the next 
 morning. 
 
 Memory (The Bard of), Samuel Rogers, 
 author of the Pleasures of Memory (1762- 
 1855). 
 
 Men are but Children of a 
 Larger Growth.— Dryden, All for 
 Love, etc., iv. 1 (1678). 
 
 Men of Pr ester John's Country. 
 Prester John, in his letter to Manuel Com- 
 n€nus, says his land is the home of men 
 with horns ; of one-eyed men (the eye 
 being in some cases before the head, and 
 in some cases behind it) ; of giants forty 
 ells in height (i.e. 120 feet) ; of the 
 phoenix, etc. ; and of ghouls who feed on 
 premature children. He gives the names 
 of fifteen different tributary states, 
 amongst which are those of Gog and 
 Magog (now shut in behind lofty moun- 
 tains) ; but at the end of the world these 
 fifteen states will overrun the whole earth. 
 
 Menalcas, any shepherd or rustic. 
 The namo occurs in the Idylls of Theoc'- 
 
MENCIA OF MOSQUERA. 
 
 633 
 
 MEPHISTOPHELES. 
 
 ritos, the Eclogues of Virgil, and the 
 Shepheardes Calendar of Spenser. 
 
 Men'cia of Mosquera {Donna) 
 married don Alvaro de Mello. A few 
 days after the marriage, Alvaro hap- 
 pened to quarrel with don An'drea de 
 Baesa and kill him. He was obliged to 
 flee from Spain, leaving his bride behind, 
 and his property was confiscated. For 
 seven years she received no intelligence of 
 his whereabouts (for he was a slave most of 
 thetime),butwhen seven years had elapsed 
 the report of his death in Fez reached 
 her. The young widow now married the 
 marquis of Guardia, who lived in a grand 
 castle near Burgos, but walking in the 
 grounds one morning she was struck with 
 the earnestness with which one of the 
 under-gardeners looked at her. This man 
 proved to be her first husband don Alvaro, 
 with whom she now fled from the castle ; 
 but on the road a gang of robbers fell 
 upon them. Alvaro was killed, and the 
 lady taken to the robbers' cave, where 
 Gil Bias saw her and heard her sad tale. 
 The lady was soon released, and sent to 
 the castle of the marquis of Guardia. 
 She found the marquis dying from grief, 
 and indeed he died the day following, 
 and Mencia retired to a convent. — Lesage, 
 Gil Bias, i. 11-14 (1715). 
 
 Mendo'za, a Jew prize-fighter, who 
 held the belt at the close of the last 
 century, and in 1791 opened the Lyceum 
 in the Strand, to teach "the noble art of 
 self-defence." 
 
 I would have dealt the fellow that abused you such a 
 recompense in the fifth button, that my friend Mendoza 
 should not have placed it better.— K. Cumberland, Shiva 
 the Jew. iv. 2 (1776). 
 
 There is a print often seen in old picture shops, of 
 Humphreys and Mendoza sparring, and a queer angular 
 exhibition it is. What that is to the modern art of boxing, 
 Quick's style of acting was to Dowton's. — Records of a 
 Stage Veteran. 
 
 Mendoza (Isaac), a rich Jew, who 
 thinks himself monstrously wise, but is 
 duped by every one. (See under Isaac.) 
 — Sheridan, The Duenna (1775). 
 
 John Kenible [1757-1823] once designed to play "Mac- 
 heath " [lleygar's Opera, by Gay], a part about as much 
 suited to trim as " Isaac Mendoza." It is notorious that 
 he persisted in playing " Charles Surface " in the School 
 for Scandal (Sheridan], till some wag said to him, " Mr. 
 Kemble, you have often given us ' Charles's martyrdom,' 
 when shall we have his restoration?" — W. C. Kutsell, 
 Jiepresentative Actors, 243. 
 
 Menecn'mians, persons exactly 
 like each other, as the brothers Dromio. 
 So called from the Menoochmi of Plautus. 
 
 Menec'rates (4 syl.), a physician of 
 Syracuse, of unbounded vanity and arro- 
 gance. He assumed to himself the titl« 
 
 of Jupiter, and in a letter to Fhilip king 
 of Macedon began thus : " Menecrate* 
 Jupiter to king Philip greeting." Being 
 asked by Philip to a banquet, the phy- 
 sician was served only with frankincense, 
 like the gods ; but Menecrates was greatly 
 offended, and hurried home. 
 
 Such was Menecrates of little worth, 
 Who Jove, the saviour, to be called presumed, 
 To whom of incense Philip made a feast, 
 And gave pride, scorn, and hunger to digest. 
 Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1628). 
 
 Mene'via, St. David's, in Wales. A 
 corruption of Hencmenew, its old British 
 name. 
 
 Mengs (John), the surly innkeeper at 
 Kirchhoff village. — Sir \V*. Scott, Anne 
 of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Menippee (Satyre), a famous 
 political satire, written during the time 
 of what is called in French history the 
 Holy League, the objects of which'were 
 to exterminate the huguenots, to confine 
 the king (Henri III.) in a monastery, 
 and to crown the due de Guise. The 
 satire is partly in verse, and partly in 
 prose, and its object is to expose the 
 perfidious intentions of Philip of Spain 
 and the culpable ambition of the Guises. 
 
 It is divided into two parts, the first of 
 which is entitled Catholicon d'Espagne, 
 by Pierre Leroy (1593), exposing those 
 who had been corrupted by the gold of 
 Spain ; the second part is entitled Abre'ge 
 des Etats de la Ligue, by Gillot, Pithou, 
 Bapin, and Passerat, published 1594. 
 
 %* Menippus was a cynic philosopher 
 and poet of Gadara, in Phoenicia, who 
 wrote twelve books of satires in prose 
 and verse. 
 
 Varro wrote in Latin a work called 
 The Satires of Menippus (Satyrai Menip- 
 pea). 
 
 Mennibojou, a North American 
 Indian deity. 
 
 Menteith ( The earl of), a kinsman 
 of the earl of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Mentor, a wise and faithful adviser 
 or guide. So called from Mentor, a 
 friend of Ulysses, whose form Minerva 
 assumed when she accompanied Tele- 
 machos in his search for his father. — ■ 
 Fe'nelon, Te'le'maque (1700). 
 
 Mephistoph'eles (5 syl.), the 
 sneering, jeering, leering attendant 
 demon of Faust in Goethe's drama of 
 Eaust, and Gounod's opera of the same 
 name. Marlowe calls the name "Mephos- 
 
MEPHOSTOPHILTS. 
 
 634 
 
 MERCUTIO OF ACTORS. 
 
 tophilis" in his drama entitled Dr. Faustus. 
 Shakespeare, in his Merry Wives of Wind- 
 sor, writes the name "Mephostophilus;" 
 and in the opera he is called " Meiistofele " 
 (5 syl.). In the old demonology, Mephis- 
 topheles was one of the seven chief 
 devils, and second of the fallen arch- 
 angels. 
 
 Mepliostopliilis, the attendant 
 demon of Faustus, in Marlowe's tragedy 
 of Dr. Faustus (1589). 
 
 There is an awful melancholy about Marlowe's " Me- 
 pbostophilis." perhaps more expressive than the malig- 
 nant mirth of tliat fiend in the renowned work of Goethe. 
 — Hallam. 
 
 Mephostophilus, the spirit or 
 familiar of sir John Faustus or [Dr.] 
 John Faust (Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
 Windsor, 159G). Subsequently it became 
 a term of reproach, about equal to " imp 
 of the devil." 
 
 Mercer {Major), at the presidency of 
 Madras. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Merchant of Venice (The), An- 
 thonio, who borrowed 8000 ducats for 
 three months of Shy lock a Jew. The 
 money was borrowed to lend to a friend 
 named Bassanio, and the Jew, "in merry 
 sport," instead of interest, agreed to lend 
 the money on these conditions : If An- 
 thonio paid it within three months, he 
 should pay only the principal ; if he did 
 not pay it back within that time, the 
 merchant should forfeit a pound of his 
 own flesh, from any part of his body the 
 Jew might choose to cut it off. As 
 Anthonio's ships were delayed by con- 
 trary winds, he could not pay the money, 
 and the Jew demanded the forfeiture. 
 On the trial which ensued, Portia, in the 
 dress of a law doctor, conducted the case, 
 and when the Jew was going to take the 
 forfeiture, stopped him by saying that the 
 bond stated "a pound of flesh," and that 
 therefore he Avas to shed no drop of blood, 
 and he must cut neither more nor less 
 than an exact pound, on forfeit of his 
 life. As these conditions were practically 
 impossible, the Jew was nonsuited and 
 lined for seeking the life of a citizen. — ■ 
 Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice (1598). 
 
 The story is in the Gesta Eomanorum, 
 the tale of the bond being ch. xlviii., and 
 that of the caskets ch. xcix. ; but Shake- 
 speare took his plot from a Florentine 
 novelette called II Pecorone, written in 
 the fourteenth century, but not published 
 till the sixteenth. 
 
 There is a ballad on the subject, the 
 
 date of which has not been determined. 
 The bargain runs thus : 
 
 " No penny for the loan of it. 
 
 For one year shall you pay— 
 You may do me a good turn 
 
 Before my dying day ; 
 But we will have a merry jest, 
 
 For to be talked long : 
 You shall make me a bond," quoth he, 
 
 "That shall be large or strong." 
 
 Merchant's Tale {The), in Chaucer, 
 is substantially the same as the first Latin 
 metrical tale of Adolphus, and is not 
 unlike a Latin prose tale given in the 
 appendix of T. Wright's edition of 
 iEsop's fables. The tale is this : 
 
 A girl named May married January, an 
 old Lombard baron 60 years of age, but 
 entertained the love of Damyan, a young 
 squire. She was detected in familiar 
 intercourse with Damyan, but persuaded 
 her husband that his eyes had deceived 
 him, and he believed her. — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales (1388). 
 
 Mercian Laws. (See Martian.) 
 
 Mercilla, a " maiden queen of great 
 power and majesty, famous through all 
 the world, and honoured far and nigh." 
 Her kingdom was disturbed by a soldan, 
 her powerful neighbour, stirred up by 
 his wife Adicia. The "maiden queen" 
 is Elizabeth; the "soldan," Philip of 
 Spain; and "Adicia" is injustice, pre- 
 sumption, or the bigotry of popery. — 
 Spenser, Fabry Queen, v. (1596). 
 
 Mercurial Finger (The), the little 
 finger. 
 
 The thumb, in chiromancy, we give Venus ; 
 The forefinger to Jove ; the midst to Saturn ; 
 The ring to Sol ; the least to Mercury. 
 
 Ben Jonson, The A /chemist, i. 2 (1610). 
 
 Mercu'tio, kinsman of prince Es- 
 calus, and Romeo's friend. An airy, 
 sprightly, elegant young nobleman, so 
 full of wit and fancy that Dryden says 
 Shakespeare was obliged to kill him in 
 the third act, lest the poet himself should 
 have been killed by Mercutio. — Shake- 
 speare, Borneo and Juliet (1598). 
 
 Mercutio's wit, gaiety, and courage will always procure 
 him friends that wish him a longer life ; but his death is 
 not precipitated— he has lived out the time allotted him in 
 the construction of the play.— Dr. Johnson. 
 
 The light and fanciful humour of Mercutio serves to 
 enhance and illustrate the romantic and passionate 
 character of Romeo.— Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 
 
 William Lewis [1748-1811] was the " Mercutio'' of the age, 
 iu every sense of the word mercurial His airy, breathless 
 voice, thrown to the audience before he appeared, was 
 the signal of his winged animal spirits ; and when he 
 gave a glance of his eye, or touched with his finger at 
 another's ribs, it was the very punctum salient of playful- 
 ness and innuendo. — Leigh Hunt, The Town (1848). 
 
 Mercutio of Actors (The), "William 
 Lewis (17-18-1811). 
 
MERCY. 
 
 635 
 
 MERLIN. 
 
 Mr. Lewis displayed in acting il combination rarely to 
 be found— that of the fop and the reai gentleman. With 
 a voice, a manner, and a, person, all equally graceful and 
 airy, and features at once whimsical and genteel, he' 
 played on the top of his profession like a plume. — Leigh 
 Hunt, The Town [1843). 
 
 Mercy, a young pilgrim, who ac- 
 companied Christiana in her walk to Zion. 
 When Mercy got to the Wicket Gate, she 
 swooned from fear of being refused ad- 
 mittance. Mr. Brisk proposed to her, 
 but being told that she was poor, left 
 her, and she was afterwards married to 
 Matthew, the eldest son of Christian. — 
 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. (1G84). 
 
 Merdle (Mr.), banker, a skit on the 
 directors of the Royal British Bank, and 
 on Mr. Hudson "the railway king." Mr. 
 Merdle, of Harley Street, was called 
 the " Master Mind of the Age." He 
 became insolvent, and committed suicide. 
 Mr. Merdle was a heavily made man, 
 with an obtuse head, and coarse, mean, 
 common features. His chief butler said 
 of him, " Mr. Merdle never was a gentle- 
 man, and no ungentlemanly act on Mr. 
 Merdle's part would surprise me." The 
 great banker was "the greatest forger 
 and greatest thief that ever cheated the 
 gallows." 
 
 Lord Decimus [Barnacle] began waving Mr. Merdle 
 about ... as Gigantic Enterprise, The Wealth of Eng- 
 land, Credit, Capital, Prosperity, and all manner of 
 blessings. — Bk. ii. 24. 
 
 Mrs. Merdle, wife of the bank swindler. 
 After the death of her husband, society 
 decreed that Mrs. Merdle should still be 
 admitted among the sacred few ; so Mrs. 
 Merdle was still received and patted on 
 the back bv the upper ten. — C. Dickens, 
 Little Dorr it (1857). 
 
 Meredith (Mr.), one of the con- 
 spirators with Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Meredith (Mr. Michael), "the man of 
 mirth," in the managing committee of the 
 Spa hotel. — Sir W. Scott, St. Panaris 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Meredith (Sir), a Welsh knight. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry 
 I.). 
 
 Meredith (Owen), pseudonym of the 
 Hon. Edward Robert Bulwer Lytton 
 (lord Lytton), author of The Wanderer 
 (1859), etc. This son of lord Bulwer 
 Lytton, poet and novelist, succeeded to 
 the peerage in 1873. 
 
 Me'rida (Marchioness), betrothed to 
 count Yalantia. — Mrs. Iuchbald, Child of 
 Nature. 
 
 Meridarpax, the pride cf mice. 
 
 Now nobly towering o'er the rest, appears 
 A gallant prince that far transcends his years ; 
 Pride of his sire, and glory of his house, 
 And more a Mars in combat than a mouse ; 
 His action bold, robust his ample frame, 
 And Meridarpax his resounding name. 
 
 Parnell, The Battle of the Frogs and 
 Mice, iri. (about 1712). 
 
 Merid'ies or " Noonday Sun," one of 
 the four brothers who kept the passages 
 of Castle Perilous. So Tennyson has 
 named him ; but in the History of Prince 
 Arthur, he is called "sir Permones, the 
 Red Knight." — Tennyson, /c/y//s("Gareth 
 and Lvnette") ; sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, i. 129 (1470). 
 
 Merlin (Ambrose), prince of enchan- 
 ters. His mother was Matilda, a nun, 
 who was seduced by a " guileful sprite" 
 or incubus, "half angel and half man, 
 dwelling in mid-air betwixt the earth 
 and moon." Some say his mother was 
 the daughter of Pubidius lord of Math- 
 traval, in Wales ; and others make her a 
 princess, daughter of Demetius king of 
 Demet'ia. Blaise baptized the infant, 
 and thus rescued it from the powers cf 
 darkness. 
 
 Merlin died spell-bound, but the author 
 and manner of his death are given 
 differently by different authorities. Thus, 
 in the History of Prince Arthur (sir T. 
 Malory, 1470), we are told that the en- 
 chantress Nimue or Ninive enveigled the 
 old man, and " covered him with a stone 
 under a rock." In the Morte d Arthur it 
 is said "he sleeps and sighs in an old 
 tree, spell-bound by Vivien." Tennyson, 
 in his Idylls ("Vivien"), says that 
 Vivien induced Merlin to take shelter 
 from a storm in a hollow oak tree, and 
 left him spell-bound. Others say he was 
 spell-bound in a hawthorn bush, but this 
 is evidently a blunder. (See Merlix 
 the Wild.) 
 
 * + * Merlin made "the fountain of 
 love," mentioned by Bojardo in Orlando 
 Innamorato, 1. 3. 
 
 Ariosto, in Orlando Furioso, says he 
 made "one of the four fountains" (ch. 
 xxvi.). 
 
 He also made the Round Table at Car- 
 duel for 150 knights, which came into 
 the possession of king Arthur on his 
 marriage with queen Guinever ; and 
 brought from Ireland the stones of 
 Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. 
 
 Allusion is made to him in the Faery 
 Queen ; in Ellis's Specimens of Early 
 F.nylish Metrical Romances ; in Dray ten's 
 Volyolbion; in KeniUcorth, by sir W. 
 
MERLIN. 
 
 636 
 
 MERVINIA. 
 
 Scott, etc. T. Heywood has attempted 
 to show the fulfilment of Merlin's 
 prophecies. 
 
 Of Merlin and his skill what region doth not hear? . . . 
 Who of a British mymph was gotten, whilst she played 
 With a r-educing sprite . . . 
 But all Demefia thro' there was not found her peer. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, v. (1612). 
 
 Merlin {The English), W. Lilly, the 
 astrologer, who assumed the nom de plume 
 of "MerTinus Anglicus" (1602-1G8I). 
 
 Merlin the Wild, a native of Cale- 
 donia, who lived in the sixteenth century, 
 about a century after the great Ambrose 
 Merlin the sorcerer. Fordun, in his 
 Scotichronicon, gives particulars about 
 him. It was predicted that he would die 
 by earth, wood, and water, which pre- 
 diction was fulfilled thus : A mob of 
 rustics hounded him, and he jumped from 
 a rock into the Tweed, and was impaled 
 on a stake fixed in the river bed. His 
 grave is still shown beneath an aged 
 hawthorn bush at Drummelzier, a village 
 on the Tweed. 
 
 Merlin's Cave, in Dyncvor, near 
 Carmarthen, noted for its ghastly noises 
 of rattling iron chains, brazen caldrons, 
 groans, strokes of hammers, and ringing 
 of anvils. The cause is this : Merlin set 
 his spirits to fabricate a brazen wall to 
 encompass the city of Carmarthen, and, 
 as he had to call on the Lady of the Lake, 
 bade them not slacken their labour till he 
 returned ; but he never did return, for 
 Vivian by craft got him under the en- 
 chanted stone, and kept him there. 
 Tennyson says he was spell-bound by 
 Vivien in a hollow oak tree, but the 
 History of Prince Arthur (sir T. Malory) 
 gives the other version. — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iii. 3 (1590). 
 
 Merop's Son, a nobody, a terrce 
 plius, who thinks himself somebody. 
 Thus Phaeton (Merop's son), forgetting 
 that his mother was an earthborn woman, 
 thought he could drive the horses of the 
 sun, but not being able to guide them, 
 nearly set the earth .on fire. Many pre- 
 sume, like him, and think themselves 
 capable or worthy of great things, for- 
 getting all the while that they are only 
 "Merop's son." 
 
 Why, Phaeton (for thou art Merop's son). 
 Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car, 
 And with thy daring folly burn the world i 
 
 Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, 
 act iii. sc. 1 (1594). 
 
 Merrilies {Meg), a half -crazy woman, 
 part sibyl and part gipsy. She is the 
 ruler and terror of the gipsy race. Meg 
 Merrilies was the nurse of Harry Ber- 
 
 tram. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manncring 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 In the dramatized version of Scott's novel, Miss Chnsh. 
 man ("1845-9J made "Meg Merrilies" her own. Sh« 
 showed therein indisputably the attributes of genius. 
 Such was her power over the intention and feeling of tha 
 part, that the mere words were quite a secondary matter. 
 It was the figure, the gait, the look, the gesture, the tone, 
 by which she put beauty and passion into language tha 
 most indifferent.— Henry Morley. 
 
 Merry. 
 
 'Tis merry in hall. 
 Where beards wag all. 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, xlvi. 26 (1557). 
 It's good to be merry and wise. 
 Burns, Here's a Health to Them that's A wa'. 
 
 Merry Andrew, Andrew Borde, 
 physician to Henry VIII. (1500-1549). 
 *** Prior has a poem on Merry Andrew. 
 
 Merry Monarch {The), Charles IT. 
 of England (1630, 1660-1685). 
 
 Mer'rylegs, a highly trained per- 
 forming dog, belonging to Signor Jupe, 
 clown in Sleary's circus. This dog leaves 
 the circus when his master disappears, 
 but several years afterwards finds its way 
 back and dies. — C. Dickens, Hard Times 
 (1854). 
 
 Merse (1 syl.), Berwick, the mere or 
 frontier of England and Scotland. 
 
 Merthyr Tydvil, a corruption of 
 Martyr St. Tidjil, a Welsh princess who 
 suffered martyrdom. 
 
 Merton {Tommy), one of the chief 
 characters in Sandford and Merton, a tale 
 for boj-s, by Thomas Day (1783-9). 
 
 Merton {Tristram). Thomas Babing- 
 ton lord Macaulay so signs the ballads 
 and sketches which he inserted in Knight's 
 Quarterly Magazine. 
 
 Mertoun {Basil), alias Vaughan, 
 formerly a pirate. 
 
 Mordaunt Mertoun, son of Basil Mer- 
 toun. He marries Brenda Troil. — SirW. 
 Scott, The Pirate (time, AVilliam III.). 
 
 Merveilleuse [Mair.vay'.uze], the 
 sword of Doolin of Mayence. It was so 
 Sharp that, if placed edge downwards on 
 a block of wood, it would cut through it 
 of itself. 
 
 Mervett {Gustavus de), in Charles 
 XI L, an historical drama by J. R. 
 Blanche (1826). 
 
 Mervinia, Merionethshire. On the 
 Mervin Hills the British found security 
 when driven by the Saxons out of Eng- 
 land. Here the AVelsh laws were re- 
 tained the longest. This part of Walea 
 
MERVYN. 
 
 637 
 
 METOPHIS. 
 
 is peculiarly rich in mountains, meres, 
 and springs. 
 
 Mervtnia for her hills . . . especial audience craves. 
 Drayton, I'olyolbion, lx. (1612). 
 
 Mervyn (Mr. Arthur), guardian of 
 Julia Mannering. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Mesopota'mia or Cubitopolis, the 
 district about Warwick and Eccleston 
 Squares, in London, mainlv built by 
 C bit. 
 
 Messali'na, wife of the emperor 
 Claudius of Rome. Her name is a by- 
 word for incontinency (a.d. *— 18). 
 
 She it not one of those Messalinas who, belying the 
 priile of birth, humble their affections even to the dust, 
 and dishonour themselves without a blush. — Lesage, Oil 
 Blot, Iv. 1 (1724). 
 
 Oh thou epitom6 of thy virtuous sex. Madam Messallna 
 II.. retire to thy apartment !— Dry den, TheSpanUli tYyar, 
 liL 1 (1680). 
 
 When I meet a Messalina, tired and unsated In her 
 foul desires, — a Clyteinnestria, bathed in her husband's 
 blood, — an impious Tullia, whirling her chariot over her 
 father's breathless body, horror invades my faculties.— C. 
 Cibber, Love Make* a Man (1700). 
 
 Messalina (The Modern), Catherine II. 
 of Russia (1729-1796). 
 
 Messalina of Germany, Barbary 
 of Cilley, second wife of kaiser Sigismund 
 of Germany (fifteenth century). 
 
 Messiah (The), an epic poem in 
 fifteen books, by F. G. Klopstock. The 
 first three were published in 1748, and 
 the last in 1773. The subject is the last 
 days of Jesus, His crucifixion and resur- 
 rection. Bk. i. Jesus ascends the Mount 
 of Olives, to spend the night in prayer. 
 Rk. ii. John the Beloved, failing to 
 exorcise a demoniac, Jesus goes to his 
 assistance ; and Satan, rebuked, returns 
 to hell, where he tells the fallen angels 
 his version of the birth and ministry of 
 Christ, whose death he resolves on. Bk. 
 iii. Messiah sleeps for the last time on the 
 Mount of Olives ; the tutelar angels of 
 the twelve apostles, and a description of 
 the apostles are given. Satan gives Judas 
 a dream, and then enters the heart of 
 Caiaphas. Bk. iv. The council in the 
 palace of Caiaphas decree that Jesus must 
 die ; Jesus sends Peter and John to prepare 
 the Passover, and eats His Last Supper 
 with His apostles. Bk. v. The three 
 hours of agony in the garden. Bk. vi. 
 Jesus, bound, is taken before Annas, and 
 then before Caiaphas. Peter denies his 
 Master. Bk. vii. Christ i3 brought before 
 Pilate ; Judas hangs himself ; Pilate 
 sends Jesus to Herod, but Herod sends 
 Uiin again to Pilate, who delivers Him to 
 
 the Jews. Bk. viii. Christ nailed to th« 
 cross. Bk. ix. Christ on the cross. 
 Bk. x. The death of Christ. Bk. xi. 
 The vail of the Temple rent, and the re- 
 surrection of many from their graves. 
 Bk. xii. The burial of the body, and death 
 of Mary the sister of Lazarus. Bk. xiii. 
 The resurrection and suicide of Philo. 
 Bk. xiv. Jesus shows Himself to His dis- 
 ciples. Bk. xv. Many of those who had 
 risen from their graves show themselves 
 to others. Conclusion. 
 
 Messiah, an oratorio bv Handel (1749). 
 The libretto was by Charles Jennens, 
 nicknamed " Soliman the Magnificent." 
 
 Metanoi'a, Repentance personified, 
 by William Browne in Britannia's Pas- 
 torals, v. (Greek, mStanoia, "repentance.") 
 
 Faire Metanola is attending 
 To croune thee with those joys that know no ending. 
 i'attorali, t. 1 (1613). 
 
 Metasta'sio. The real name of this 
 Italian poet was Trapassi (death). He 
 was brought up bv Gravina, who Grecized 
 the name (1698-1782). 
 
 * # * So "Melancthon" is the Greek 
 form of Schwarzerde ("black earth"); 
 " (Ecolampadius " is the Greek form of 
 the German name JIausschein ; " De- 
 siderius Erasmus " is Oheraerd Gheraerd 
 (the first " Gheraerd " is Latinized into 
 Desiderius, and the latter is Grecized into 
 Erasmus). 
 
 Meteoric Stones. In the museum 
 of Carlton (Melbourne) is preserved a 
 huge meteoric stone twenty-five tons in 
 weight. It fell on a large plain between 
 Melbourne and Kilmore in 1860, with 
 such force that it sank six feet in the 
 ground. Some said it nwist have been 
 shot from a crater of the moon. 
 
 %* The largest in the world is in Brazil, 
 and exceeds thirty tons. There is another 
 in the Imperial Museum at St. Petersburg, 
 of unusual dimensions ; and one is pre- 
 served in Paris. 
 
 Meth'os, Drunkenness personified. 
 He is twin-brother of Gluttony, their 
 mother being Caro (fleshly lust). In the 
 battle of Mansoul, Methos is slain by 
 Agnei'a (wifely chastity) spouse of Eu- 
 cra'tes (temperance), and sister of Par- 
 then'ia (maiden chastity). (Greek, methe 
 or methus is "drunkenness.") — Phineas 
 Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii., xi. 
 (1633). 
 
 Met'ophis, the corrupt chief miniiUr 
 of Sesostns. 
 
MEXITLT. 
 
 638 MICHAEL THE STAMMERER. 
 
 II avait Tame aussi corrumpue et aussi artificieuse que 
 Besostris etait sincere et genereux.— Fenelon, Tilimaque 
 U700). 
 
 Mexit'li, chief god and idol of the 
 Az'tecas. He leaped full-grown into life, 
 and with a spear slew those who mocked 
 his mother Coatlan'tona (4 syl.). 
 
 Already at [his mother's breast] tlie blow was aimed, 
 When forth Mcxitli leapt, and in Lis hand 
 The angry spear. 
 
 Southey, Madoc, ii. 21 (1805). 
 
 %* Of course, it will be remembered 
 that Minerva, like Mexitli, was born full- 
 grown and fully armed. 
 
 Mezen'tius, king of the Tyrrhenians, 
 who put criminals to death by "tying them 
 face to face with dead bodies. — Virgil, 
 JEnevtl) viii. 485. 
 
 Thi? is like Mezentius in VirgiL . . . Such critics are like 
 dtiid coals; they m.iy blacken but cannot burn. — Broome, 
 I'reface to Poems U730). 
 
 Mezzora'mia, an earthly paradise 
 in Africa, accessible by only one road. 
 Gaudentio di Lucca discovered the road, 
 and lived at Mezzor-aniia for twenty-five 
 years. — Simon Berington, Gaudentio di 
 Lucca. 
 
 M. F. H., Master [of the] Fox- 
 hounds. 
 
 " He can't stand long before 'em at this pace," said the 
 M. F. H., cowing up with his huntsman. — Whyte Mel- 
 ville, Uncle John. 
 
 Micaw'bsr (Mr. Wilkins), a most 
 unpractical, half-clever man, a great 
 speechiiier, letter- writer, projector of 
 bubble schemes, and, though confident of 
 success, never succeeding. Having failed 
 in everything in the old country, he 
 migrated to Australia, and became a 
 magistrate at Middlcbay. — C. Dickens, 
 David Copper field (1849). 
 
 *** This truly amiable, erratic genius 
 is a portrait of Dickens's own father, 
 "David Copperfield" being Dickens, and 
 " Mrs. Nickleby " (one can hardly believe 
 it) is said to be Dickens's mother. 
 
 Mi'chael (2 syl.), the special pro- 
 tector and guardian of the Jews. This 
 archangel is messenger of peace and 
 plenty. — Sale's Koran, ii. notes. 
 
 * # * That Michael was really the pro- 
 tector and guardian angel of the Jews we 
 know from Dan. x. 13, 21 ; xii. 1. 
 
 Milton makes Michael the leader of the 
 heavenly host in the war in heaven. The 
 word means "God's power." Gabriel 
 was next in command to the archangel 
 Michael. 
 
 Go Michael, of celestial armies prince. 
 
 Paradise Lost, vi. 44 OfifiS) 
 
 * # * Longfellow, in his Golden Legend, 
 says that Michael is the presiding spirit 
 of the planet Mercury, and brings to man 
 the gift of prudence (" The Miracle- 
 Play," iii., 1851). 
 
 Michael, the "trencher favourite" of 
 Arden of Feversham, in love with Maria 
 sister of Mosby. A weak man, who both 
 loves and honours Arden, but is inveigled 
 by Mosby to admit ruffians into Arden's 
 house to murder him. — Geo. Lillo, Arden 
 of Feversham (1592). 
 
 Michael god of Wind (St.). At 
 the promontory of Malea is a chapel built 
 to St. Michael, and the sailors say when 
 the wind blows from that quarter, it is 
 occasioned by the violent motion of St. 
 Michael's wings. Whenever they sail by 
 that promontory, they pray St. Michael 
 to keep his wings still. 
 
 St. MichaeVs Chair. It is said that any 
 woman who has sat on Michael's chair (on 
 St. Michael's Mount, in Cornwall), will 
 rule her husband ever after. (See Keyne, 
 St.) 
 
 Michael Angelo of Battle- 
 Scenes ( The), Michael Angelo Cerquozzi 
 of Rome (1G00-1660). 
 
 Michael Angelo of France ( The), 
 Jean Cousin (1500-1590). 
 
 Michael Angelo des Kermesses, 
 Peter van Laar, called Le Bamboche, born 
 at Laaren (1613-1G73). 
 
 Or Michel- Anye des Bamboches. 
 
 Michael Angelo of Music (The), 
 Johann Christoph von Gliick (1714-1787). 
 
 Michael Angelo of Sculptors 
 
 (The), Pierre Puget (1G23-1694). 
 
 Rene' Michael Slodtz is also called the 
 same (1705-1764). 
 
 Michael Angelo Titmarsh, one 
 
 of the pseudonyms under which Thackeray 
 contributed to Fraser's Magazine (1811- 
 18G3). 
 
 Michael Armstrong, "the factory 
 boy." The hero and title of a novel by 
 Mrs. Trollope (1839). The object of this 
 novel is to expose what the authoress 
 considered to be the evils of the factory 
 system. 
 
 Michael Perez, the copper captain. 
 (See Perez.) 
 
 Michael the Stammerer, bom at 
 Armorium, in Phrygia, mounted the 
 throne as emperor of Greece in a.d. 820, 
 
MICHAL. 
 
 639 
 
 MIDLOTHIAN. 
 
 He used all his efforts to introduce the 
 Jewish sabbath and sacrifice. 
 
 I think I have proved . . . 
 The error of all those doctrines so vicious . . . 
 That are making such terrible work In the Churches 
 By Michel the Stammerer. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1S51). 
 
 Michal, in the satire of Absalom and 
 Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is meant 
 for Catharine the wife of Charles 11. — Pt. 
 ii. (1682). 
 
 Michelot, an unprincipled, cowardly, 
 greed}' man, who tries to discover the 
 secret of "the gold-mine." Being 
 procurator of the president of Lyon3, his 
 office was "to capture and arrest" those 
 charged with civil or criminal offences. — 
 E. Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
 Grenoble (1854). 
 
 Micom/icon, the pretended kingdom 
 of Dorothea (daughter of Cleonardo of 
 Andalusi'a), a hundred days' journey from 
 Meo'tis, and a nine years' voyage from 
 Carthagena. 
 
 Micomico'na, the pretended queen 
 of Micomicon. Don Quixote's adventure 
 to Micomiconnia comes to nothing, for he 
 was taken home in a cage, almost as soon 
 as he was told of the wonderful enchant- 
 ments. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 2 
 (1605). 
 
 Mic'romeg'as {"the little-great"), 
 Voltaire's imitation of Gulliver's Travels. 
 
 Mi'das (Justice), appointed to adjudge 
 a musical contest between Pol and Pan. 
 He decides in favour of Pan, whereupon 
 Pol throws off his disguise, appears as 
 the god Apollo, and, being indignant at 
 the decision, gives Midas " the ears of an 
 ass." — Kane O'Hara, Midas (1764). 
 
 Edward Shuter (1728-1776) was pro- 
 nounced by Garrick "the greatest comic 
 actor;" and C. Dibdin says: "Nothing 
 on earth could have been superior to his 
 ' Midas.' " 
 
 Midas's Ears. The sen-ant who used 
 to cut the king's hair, discovering the 
 deformity, was afraid to whisper the 
 secret to any one, but, being unable to 
 contain himself, he dug a hole in the 
 earth, and, putting his mouth into it, 
 cried out, "King Midas has ass's ears !" 
 He then filled up the hole, and felt 
 relieved. 
 
 Tennyson makes the barber a woman : 
 
 No livelier than the dame 
 That whispered "Asses' ears " [sic] among the sedge. 
 Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 
 
 Middle India, Abyssinia, the 
 country of Prester John.— Bishop Jor- 
 danus. 
 
 Middleburgh (Mr. James), an 
 Edinburgh magistrate. — Sir AV. Scott, 
 Heart of Midlothian {time, George II.). 
 
 Middlemas [Mr. Matthew), a name 
 assumed by general Witherington. 
 
 Mrs. Middlemas, wife of the general 
 (born Zelia de Mon^ada). 
 
 Richard Middlemas, alias Richard Tre- 
 sham, a foundling, apprenticed to Dr. 
 Gray. He discovers that he is the son of 
 general Witherington, and goes to India, 
 where he assumes the character of Sadoc, 
 a black slave in the service of Mde. 
 Montreville. He delivers Menie Gray by 
 treachery to Tippoo Saib, and Hyder Ali 
 gives him up to be crushed to death by 
 an elephant. — SirW. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Middle wick (Mr. Perky n), a re- 
 tired butterman, the neighbour of sir 
 Geoffry Cbampneys, and the father of 
 Charles. The butterman is innately 
 vulgar, drops his lis and inserts them 
 out of place, makes the greatest geo- 
 graphical and historical blunders, has a 
 tyrannical temper, but a tender heart. He 
 turns his son adrift for marrying Violet 
 Melrose an heiress, who snubbed the 
 plebeian father. "When reduced to great 
 distress, the old butterman goes to his 
 son's squalid lodgings and relents. So 
 all ends happily. 
 
 Charles Middlewick, son of the retired 
 butterman, well educated and a gentle- 
 man. His father wanted him to marry 
 Mary Melrose, a g^irl without a pennv, 
 but he preferred Violet an heiress. — H. 
 J. Byron, Our Boys (1875). 
 
 Midge, the miller's son, one of the 
 companions of Robin Hood. (See Much.) 
 
 Then stepped forth brave Little John 
 And Midge the miller's son. 
 
 Robin Bood and Allin-a-Dale. 
 
 Midian Mara, the Celtic mermaid. 
 
 They whispered to each other that they could hear the 
 song of Midian Mara. — The Dark Colleen, i. 2. 
 
 Midlo'thian (The Heart of), a tale 
 of the Porteous riot, in which the inci- 
 dents of Effie and Jeanie Deans are of 
 absorbing interest. Effie was seduced 
 by Geordie Robertson (alias George 
 Staunton), while in the service of Mrs. 
 Saddletree. She murdered her infant, 
 and was condemned to death ; but her 
 half-sister Jeanie went to London, pleaded 
 her cause before the queen, and obtained 
 her pardon. Jeanie, on her return to 
 Scotland, married Reuben Butler; and 
 Geordie Robertson (then sir George 
 Staunton) married Effie. Sir George 
 
MIDSUMMER MOON. 
 
 640 
 
 MILAN DECREE. 
 
 being shot by a gipsy boy, Effie (i.e. lady 
 Staunton) retired to a convent on the 
 Continent. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
 lothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Midsummer Moon. Dogs suffer 
 from hydrophobia during the heat of 
 midsummer; hence the term "Mid- 
 summer moon " means madness. It will 
 be found amongst Ray's proverbs, and 
 Olivia (in Twelfth Niijht) says to Mal- 
 volio, " Why, this is very midsummer 
 madness ! " 
 
 What's this midsummer moon ? Is all the world gone 
 a-madding? — Dryden, Amphitryon, iv. 1 (16i)0). 
 
 Midsummer Night's Dream. 
 Shakespeare says there was a law in 
 Athens, that if a daughter refused to 
 marry the husband selected for her by 
 her father, she might be put to death. 
 Egeus (3 si/L), an Athenian, promised to 
 give his daughter Hermia in marriage 
 to Demetrius ; but as the lady loved 
 Lysander, she refused to marry the man 
 selected by her father, and fled from 
 Athens with her lover. Demetrius went 
 in pursuit of her, followed by Helena, 
 who doted on him. All four came to a 
 forest, and fell asleep. In their dreams 
 a vision of fairies passed before them, 
 and on awaking, Demetrius resolved to 
 forego Hermia who disliked him, and to 
 take to wife Helena who sincerely loved 
 him. When Egeus was informed thereof, 
 he readily agreed to give his daughter to 
 Lysander, and the force of the law was 
 not called into action (1592). 
 
 *** Several of the incidents of this 
 comedy are borrowed from the Diana of 
 Montemayor, a Spaniard (sixteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Mid-wife of Men's Thoughts. 
 
 So Socrates termed himself (b.c. 468- 
 399). 
 
 No other man ever struck out of others so many sparks 
 to set light to original thought.— Grote, History of Greece 
 (181G-56). 
 
 Miggs (Miss), the handmaiden and 
 "comforter" of Mrs. Varden. A tall, 
 gaunt young woman, addicted to pattens ; 
 slender and shrewish, of a sharp and acid 
 visage. She held the male sex in utter 
 contempt, but had a secret exception in 
 favour of Sim Tappertit, who irreverently 
 called her " scraggy." Miss Miggs 
 always sided with madam against master, 
 and made out that she was a suffering 
 martyr, and he an inhuman Nero. She 
 called ma'am "mini;" said her sister 
 lived at " twenty-sivin ; " Simon she 
 called " Simmun." She said Mrs. Var- 
 
 den was "the mildest, amiablest, for- 
 givingest-sperited, longest-sufferingest 
 female in existence." Baffled in all her 
 matrimonial hopes, she was at last ap- 
 pointed female turnkey to a county Bride- 
 well, which office she held for thirty 
 vears, when she died. — C. Dickens, 
 Barnaby Budge (1841). 
 
 Miss Miggs, baffled in all her schemes . . . and cast 
 upon a thankless, undeserving world, turned very sharp 
 and sour . . . but the justices of the peace for Middlesex 
 . . . selecte.l her from 124 competitors to the office of 
 turnkey for a county Bridewell, which she held till her 
 decease, more than thirty years afterwards, remaining 
 single all that time. — Last ehapt. 
 
 Mign'on, a beautiful, dwarfish, 
 fairy-like Italian girl, in love with 
 Wilhelm her protector. She glides 
 before us in the mazy dance, or whirls 
 her tambourine like an Ariel. Full of 
 fervour, full of love, full of rapture, sh« 
 is overwhelmed with the torrent of des- 
 pair at finding her love is not returned, 
 becomes insane, and dies. — Goethe, Wil- 
 helm Meister' s Apprenticeship (1794-6). 
 
 Sir W. Scott drew his " Fenella," in 
 Peveril of the Peak, from this character ; 
 and Victor Hugo has reproduced her in his 
 Notre Dame, under the name of " Esme- 
 ralda." 
 
 Migonnet, a fairy king, who wished 
 to marry the princess brought up by 
 Violenta the fairy mother. 
 
 Of all dwarfs he was the smallest. His feet were like an 
 eagle's and close to the knees, for legs he had none. His 
 royal robes were not above half a yard long, and trailed 
 one-third part upon the ground. His head was as big as 
 a peck, and his nose long enough for twelve birds to perch 
 on. His beard was bushy enough for a canary's nest, and 
 his ears reached a foot above his head. — Comtosse D'Aunoy, 
 fairy Tales (" The White Cat." 1682). 
 
 Mika'do of Japan, the spiritual 
 supreme or chief pontiff. The temporal 
 supreme is called the koubo, segoon, or 
 tycoon. 
 
 But thou, Micado, thou hast spoken 
 The word at which all locks are broken. 
 
 St. Paul's (January, 1873). 
 
 Mil'an (The duke of), an Italian 
 prince, an ally of the Lancastrians. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Milan Decree, a decree of Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte, dated Milan, December 
 27, 1807, declaring "the whole British 
 empire to be in a state of blockade, and 
 prohibiting all countries from trading 
 with Great Britain or using any article 
 made therein." 
 
 *** As Britain was the best customer 
 of the very nations forbidden to deal 
 with her, this very absurd decree was ■» 
 two-edged sword, cutting both ways. 
 
MILDENDO. 
 
 641 
 
 MILLER. 
 
 Mildendo, the metropolis of Lilli- 
 put, the wall of which was two feet and 
 a half high and eleven inches thick. The 
 city was an exact square, and divided 
 into four quarters. The emperor's palace, 
 called Belfab'orac, stood in the centre 
 of the city. — Swift, Gulliver's Travels 
 (" Lilliput,"" iv., 1726). 
 
 Mile'sian Fables (Milesice Fabidce), 
 very wanton and ludicrous tales. Sir 
 Edward Bulwer Lytton (lord Lytton) 
 published six of the Lost Tales of 
 Miletus in rhymeless verse. He says he 
 borrowed them from the scattered rem- 
 nants preserved by Apollodo'rus and 
 Conon, contained in the pages of Pausa'- 
 nias and Athenseus, or dispersed through- 
 out the Scholiasts. The Milesian tales 
 were, for the most part, in prose ; but 
 Ovid tells us that Aristi'des rendered 
 some of them into verse, and Sisenna 
 into Latin. 
 
 Junxit Aristides Milesia carmina secum 
 Pulsus Aristides nee tanien urba sua est. 
 
 The original tales by Antonius Diog'- 
 «mes are described by Photius. It ap- 
 pears that they were great favourites 
 with the luxurious Sybarites. A com- 
 pilation was made by Aristides, by whom 
 (according to Ovid) some were versified 
 also. The Latin translation by Sisenna 
 Avas made about the time of the civil 
 Avars of Ma'rius and Sylla. Parthen'ius 
 Nice'nus, who taught Virgil Greek, bor- 
 rowed thirty-six of the tales, which he 
 dedicated to Cornelius Gallus, and en- 
 titled Erotikon Fathematon ("love 
 stories "). 
 
 Milesia Crimina, amatory offences. 
 Venus was worshipped at Miletus, and 
 hence the loose amatory tales of Antonius 
 Diogenes were entitled Milesioe Fabula;. 
 
 Mile'sians, the "ancient" Irish. 
 The legend is that Ireland was once 
 peopled by the Fir-bolg or Belga? from 
 Britain, who were subdued by Milesians 
 from Asia Minor, called the Gaels of 
 Ireland. 
 
 My family, by my father's side, are all the true ould 
 Milesians, and related to the O'Flahertys, and O'Shaugh- 
 nesses, and the M'Lauchlins, the O'Dannaghans, O'Calla- 
 ghans, O'Geogaghans, and all the tick blood of the 
 nation ; and I mjself am an O'Cralhtghan, which is the 
 ouldest of them all.— C. Macklin, Love d-la-mode (1779). 
 Pat's Milesian blood being roused. 
 
 Very Far West Indeed. 
 
 Milford (Colonel), a friend of sir 
 Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, Feveril 
 of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Milford (Jack), a natural son of Widow 
 Warren's late husband. He was the 
 
 crony of Harry Dornton, with whom 
 he ran "the road to ruin." Jack had a 
 fortune left him, but he soon scattered 
 it by his extravagant living, and was 
 imprisoned for debt. Harry then pro- 
 mised to marry Widow Warren if she 
 would advance him £6000 to pay oft his 
 friend's debts with. When Harry's father 
 heard of this bargain, he was so moved 
 that he advanced the money himself ; 
 and Harry, being set free from his bar- 
 gain, married the widow's daughter in- 
 stead of the widow. Thus all were 
 rescued from "the road to ruin." — Hol- 
 croft, The Boad to Ruin (1792). 
 
 Milk -Pail (TJie), which was to gain 
 a fortune. (See Pierrette.) 
 
 Milk Street (London), the old Milk- 
 market. Here sir Thomas More was 
 born. 
 
 Mill am ant, the pre'tendue of Edward 
 Mirabell. She is a most brilliant girl, 
 who says she "loves to give pain be- 
 cause cruelty is a proof of power ; and 
 when one parts with one's cruelty, one 
 parts with one's power." Millamant is " 
 far gone in poetry, and her heart is not 
 in her own keeping. Sir Wilful Wit- 
 would makes love to her, but she detests 
 "the superannuated lubber." — W. Con- 
 greve, The Way of the World (1700). 
 
 There never was a more perfect representation of 
 feminine vivacity than Miss M. Tree's " Millamant " or 
 "lady Townly" — a vivacity flowing from the l.ght-heart- 
 edness of an intelligent and gentle girl.— Talfourd (1S21). 
 
 Miller (James), the "tiger" of the 
 Hon. Mr. Flammer. James was brought 
 up in the stable, educated on the turf and 
 pave', polished and completed in the fives- 
 court. He Avas engaged to Mary Chintz, 
 the maid of Miss Bloomfield. — C. Selby, 
 The Unfinished Gentleman. 
 
 Miller (Joe), James Ballantyne, author 
 of Old Joe Miller, by the Editor of New 
 J.M., three vols. (1801). 
 
 *#* Mottley compiled a jest-book in 
 the reign of James II., entitled Joe 
 Miller's Jests. The phrase, "That's a 
 Joe Miller," means "that's a stale jest " 
 or " that's a jest from Mottley's book." 
 
 Miller (Maximilian Christopher), the 
 Saxon giant ; height, eight feet. His 
 hand measured a foot ; his second finger 
 Avas nine inches long ; his head unusually 
 large. He Avore a rich Hungarian jacket 
 and a huge plumed cap. This giant was 
 exhibited in London in the year 1783. 
 He died aged 60 ; was born at Leipsic 
 (1674-1734). 
 
 2 <r 
 
MILLER OF MANSFIELD. 
 
 642 
 
 MINAGROBIS. 
 
 Miller of Mansfield (The), John 
 Cockle, a miller and keeper of Sherwood 
 Forest. Hearing the report of a gun, 
 John Cockle went into the forest at night 
 to find poachers, and came upon the king 
 (Henry VIII.), who had been hunting, 
 and had got separated from his courtiers. 
 The miller collared him ; but, being told 
 he was a wayfarer, who had lost himself 
 in the forest, he took him home with him 
 for the night. Next day, the courtiers 
 were brought to the same house, having 
 been seized as poachers by the under- 
 keepers. It was then discovered that the 
 miller's guest was the king, who knighted 
 the miller, and settled on him 1000 marks 
 a year. — K. Dodsley, The King and the 
 Miller of Mansfield (1737). 
 
 Miller of Trompington {The), 
 Simon Simkin, an arrant thief. Two 
 scholars undertook to see that a sack of 
 corn was ground for " Solar Hall Col- 
 lege" without being tampered with; so 
 one stood at the hopper, and the other at 
 the trough below. In the mean time, 
 Simon Simkin let loose the scholars' 
 horse ; and while they went to catch it 
 he purloined half a bushel of the flour, 
 which was made into cakes, and sub- 
 stituted meal in its stead. But the 
 young men had their revenge ; they not 
 only made off with the flour, meal, and 
 cfikes without paj-ment, but left the 
 miller well trounced also. — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales (" The Reeve's Tale," 
 1888). 
 
 A trick something like that played off on the Miller of 
 Trunipington. — Review of Kirkton, xix. 253. 
 
 Miller on the Dee. " There was a 
 Jolly Miller once lived on the River Dee," 
 is a song by Isaac Bickerstaff', introduced 
 in Love in a Village, i. 1 (1763). 
 
 Mills (Miss), the bosom friend of 
 Dora. Supposed to have been blighted 
 in early life in some love affair, and 
 hence she looks on the happiness of 
 others with a calm, supercilious benignity, 
 and talks of herself as being "in the 
 desert of Sahara." — C. Dickens, David 
 Copper field (1849). 
 
 Millwood (Sarah), the courtezan 
 who enticed George Barnwell to rob his 
 master and murder his uncle. Sarah 
 Millwood spent all the money that 
 George Barnwell obtained by these 
 crimes, then turned him out of doors, 
 and impeached against him. Both were 
 hanged — George Lillo, George Barnwell 
 (1732). 
 
 David Ross [1728-1790] was OHCe sent for to see a dying 
 man, who said to him, " Mr. Ross, some forty years ago, 
 like ' George Barnwell,' I wronged my master to supply the 
 extravagance of a ' Millwood.' I took her to see your 
 performance of 'George Barnwell,' which so shocked me 
 that I vowed to break off the connection and return to 
 the path of virtue. I kept my resolution, replaced the 
 money I had stolen, and found a ' Maria ' in my master's 
 daughter. ... 1 have bequeathed you £1000. Would it 
 were a larger sum 1 Farewell 1 " — Peiham, Chronicles of 
 Crime. 
 
 Milly, the wife of William Swidger. 
 She is the good angel of the tale. — C. 
 Dickens, The Haunted Man (1848). 
 
 Milo, an athlete of Croto'na, noted 
 for his amazing strength. He could 
 carry on his shoulders a four-year-old 
 heifer. When old, Milo attempted to 
 tear in twain an oak tree, but the parts, 
 closing on his hands, held him fast, till 
 he was devoured by wolves. 
 
 Milo (The English), Thomas Topham 
 of London (1710-1752). 
 
 Milton, introduced by sir Walter 
 
 Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
 wealth). 
 
 Milton of Germany, Frederick 
 Gottlieb Klopstock, author of The Mes- 
 siah, an epic poem (1724-1803). 
 
 A very German Milton indeed. 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Milton's Monument, in West- 
 minster Abbey, was by Rysbrack. 
 
 Milvey (The Rev. Frank), a "young 
 man expensively educated and wretch- 
 edly paid, with quite a young wife and 
 half a dozen young children. He was 
 under the necessity of teaching ... to 
 eke out his scanty means, yet was gene- 
 rally expected to have more time to 
 spare than the idlest person in the parish, 
 and more money than the richest." 
 
 Mrs. Milvey (Margaretta), a pretty, 
 bright little woman, emphatic and im- 
 pulsive, but " something worn by an- 
 xiety. She had repressed many pretty 
 tastes and bright fancies, and substituted 
 instead schools, soup, flannel, coals, and 
 all the week-day cares and Sunday 
 coughs of a large population, young and 
 old." — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Iriend 
 (1864). 
 
 Minagro'bis, admiral of the cats in 
 the great sea-fight of the cats and rats. 
 Minagrobis won the victory by devouring 
 the admiral of the rats, who had made 
 three voyages round the world in very 
 excellent ships, in which he was neither 
 one of the officers nor one of the crew, 
 but a kind of interloper. — Comtesse 
 D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("The White Cat," 
 1682). 
 
MINCING. 
 
 643 
 
 MINOTTI. 
 
 Min'cing, lady's-maid to Millamant. 
 She says mem for ma'am, fit for fought, 
 la' ship fox ladvship, etc. — W. Congreve, 
 The Way of the World (1700). 
 
 Mincing Lane (London), a corrup- 
 tion of Minicen Lane. So called from 
 the Minicens or nuns of St. Helen, who 
 had tenements in Bishopsgate Street. 
 
 Min'cius, a Venetian river which 
 falls into the Po. Virgil was born at 
 Andes, on the banks of this river. 
 
 Thou honoured flood, 
 Smooth-sliding Mincius, crowned with vocal reeds. 
 Milton, Lycidas, 85 (1638). 
 
 Minikin (Lord), married to a cousin 
 of sir John Trotley, but, according to bon 
 ton, he flirts with Miss Tittup ; and Miss 
 Tittup, who is engaged to colonel Tivy, 
 flirts with a married man. 
 
 Lady Minikin, wife of lord Minikin. 
 According to bon ton, she hates her 
 husband, and flirts with colonel Tivy ; 
 and colonel Tivy, who is engaged to Miss 
 Tittup, flirts with a married woman. It 
 is bon ton to do so. — Garrick, Bon Ton 
 (17G0). 
 
 Minjekah'wun, Hiawatha's mittens, 
 made of deer-skin. When Hiawatha had 
 his mittens on, he could smite the hardest 
 rocks asunder. 
 
 He [Hiawatha] had mittens, Minjekahwun, 
 Magic mittens made of deer-skin ; 
 When upon his hands he wore them, 
 He could smite the rocks asunder. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, iv. (1855). 
 
 Minna and Brenda, two beautiful 
 girls, the daughters of Magnus Troil the 
 old udaller of Zetland. Minna was 
 stately in form, with dark eyes and raven 
 locks ; credulous and rain, but not 
 giddy ; enthusiastic, talented, and warm- 
 hearted. She loved captain Clement 
 Cleveland ; but Cleveland was killed in 
 an encounter on the Spanish main. 
 Brenda had golden hair, a bloom on her 
 cheeks, a fairy form, and a serene, 
 cheerful disposition. She was less the 
 heroine than her sister, but more the 
 loving and confiding woman. She mar- 
 ried Mordaunt Mertoun (ch. iii.). — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Minneha'ha ("the laughing water"), 
 daughter of the arrow-maker of Daco'tah, 
 and wife of Hiawatha. She was called 
 Minnehaha from the waterfall of that 
 name between St. Anthony and Fort 
 Snelling. 
 
 From the waterfall, he named her 
 Minnehaha, Laughing Water. 
 
 Longrellow, Hiawatha, !v. (1855). 
 
 Minnesingers, the Troubadours of 
 Germany during the Hohenstaufen pe- 
 riod (113S-1294), minstrels who com- 
 posed and sung short lyrical poems — usu- 
 ally in praise of women or in celebration 
 of the beauties of nature — called Minne, or 
 love, songs. The names of nearly three 
 hundred of these poets have come down 
 to us, including all classes of society, 
 the most famous being Dietmar von Aist, 
 Ulrich von Lichtenstein, Heinrich von 
 Frauenlob, and above all Walther von 
 der Vogelweide (1168-1230). Wolfram 
 von Eschenbach, Gottfried von Stras- 
 burg, and Hartmann von der Aue are 
 also classed among the Minnesingers, 
 but their principal fame was won in the 
 field of metrical romance. 
 
 Mino'na, " the soft-blushing daugh- 
 ter of Torman," a Gaelic bard in the 
 Songs of Selma, one of the most famous 
 portions of Macpherson's Oeeian. 
 
 Minor (The), a comedy by Samuel 
 Foote (1760). Sir George Wealthy, "the 
 minor," was the son of sir William 
 Wealthy, a retired merchant. He was 
 educated at a public school, sent to col- 
 lege, and finished his training in Paris. 
 His father, hearing of his extravagant 
 habits, pretended to be dead, and, 
 assuming the guise of a German baron, 
 employed several persons to dodge the 
 lad, some to be winners in his gambling, 
 some to lend money, some to cater to 
 other follies, till he was apparently on the 
 brink of ruin. His uncle, Mr. Richard 
 Wealthy, a City merchant, wanted his 
 daughter Lucy to marry a wealthy 
 trader, and as she refused to do so, 
 he turned her out of doors. This young 
 lady was brought to sir George as a file 
 dejoie, but she touched his heart by her 
 manifest innocence, and he not only 
 relieved her present necessities, but 
 removed her to an asylum where her 
 " innocent beauty would be guarded from 
 temptation, and her deluded innocence 
 would be rescued from infamy." The 
 whole scheme now burst as a bubble. 
 Sir George's father, proud of his son, told 
 him he was his father, and that his losses 
 were only fictitious ; and the uncle 
 melted into a better mood, gave his 
 daughter to his nephew, and blessed the 
 boy for rescuing his discarded child. 
 
 Minotti, governor of Corinth, then 
 under the power of the doge. In 1715, 
 the city was stormed by the Turks ; and 
 during the siege one of the magazines in 
 
MINSTREL. 
 
 644 
 
 MIRABELLA. 
 
 the Turkish camp blew up, killing GOO 
 men. Byron says it was Minotti himself 
 who fired the train, and that he perished 
 in the explosion. — Byron, Siege of Corinth 
 (1816). 
 
 Minstrel {The), an unfinished poem, 
 in Spenserian metre, by James Beatie. 
 Its design was to trace the progress of a 
 poetic genius, born in a rude age, from 
 the first dawn of fancy to the fulness of 
 poetic rapture. The first canto is de- 
 scriptive of Edwin the minstrel ; canto ii. 
 is dull philosophy, and there, happily, 
 the poem ends. It is a pity it did not 
 end with the first canto (1773-4). 
 
 And yet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy. 
 
 Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye. 
 Dainties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy, 
 
 Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy ; 
 
 Silent when sad, affectionate, tho' shy ; 
 And now his look was most demurely sad ; 
 
 And now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why. 
 
 The neighbours stared and sighed, yet blessed the lad ; 
 
 Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed him 
 
 mad. 
 
 Canto i. 16. 
 
 Minstrel (Lay of the Last). Ladye 
 Margaret, "the flower of Teviot," was 
 the daughter of lord Walter Scott, of 
 Branksome Hall. She loved baron Henry 
 of Cranstown ; but between the two 
 families a deadly feud existed. One day, 
 the elfin page of lord Cranstown enveigled 
 the heir of Branksome Hall (then a lad) 
 into the woods, where he fell into the 
 hands of the English, who marched with 
 30U0 men to. Branksome Hall ; but being 
 told that Douglas was coming to the 
 rescue with 10,000 men, the two armies 
 agreed to settle by single combat whether 
 the lad should be given up to the mother 
 or be made king Edward's page. The 
 two champions were sir Richard Mus- 
 grave (English) and sir William Deloraine 
 (Scotch). The Scotch champion slew sir 
 Richard, and the boy was delivered to 
 the mother. It now turned out that sir 
 William Deloraine was lord Cranstown, 
 who claimed and received the hand of 
 ladve Margaret as his reward. — Sir W. 
 Scott (1805). 
 
 Minstrel of the Border, sir W. 
 
 Scott; also called "The Border Minstrel" 
 (1771-1832). 
 
 My steps the Border Minstrel led. 
 
 Wordsworth, Yarrow Revitited. 
 Great Minstrel of the Border. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Minstrel of the English Stage 
 (The Last), James Shirley, last of the 
 Shakespeare school (1594-1666). 
 
 * # * Then followed the licentious French 
 (school, headed by John Dry den. 
 
 Minstrels (Royal Domestic). 
 
 Of William I., Berdic, called Regis 
 Jocula'tor. 
 
 Of Henry I., Galfrid and Royer or 
 Raher. 
 
 Of Richard L, Blondel. 
 
 Miol'ner (3 syl.), Thor's hammer. 
 
 This is my hammer, Miblner the mighty ; 
 Giants and sorcerers cannot withstand it. 
 
 Sajmund Sigfusson, Edda (1130). 
 
 Miquelets (Les), soldiers of the 
 Pyrenees, sent to co-operate with the 
 dragoons of the Grand Monarque against 
 the Camisards of the Cevennes. 
 
 Mir'abel, the "wild goose," a tra- 
 velled Monsieur, who loves women in a 
 loose way, but abhors matrimony, and 
 especially dislikes Oria'na ; but Oriana 
 "chases" the "wild goose" with her 
 woman's wiles, and catches him. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
 (1652). 
 
 Mirabel (Old). He adores his son, and 
 wishes him to marry Oria'na. As the 
 young man shilly-shallies, the father 
 enters into several schemes to entrap him 
 into a declaration of love ; but all his 
 schemes are abortive. 
 
 Young Mirabel, the son, called "the 
 inconstant." A handsome, dashing 
 young rake, who loves Oriana, but does 
 not wish to marry. Whenever Oriana 
 seems lost to him, the ardour of his love 
 revives ; but immediately his path is 
 made plain, he holds off. However, he 
 ultimately marries her. — G. Farquhar, 
 The Inconstant (1702). 
 
 Mirabel! (Edward), in love witn 
 Millamant. He liked her, "with all her 
 faults ; nay, liked her for her faults, . . . 
 which were so natural that (in his opinion) 
 they became her." — W. Congreve, The 
 Way of the World (1700). 
 
 Not all that Drury Lane affords 
 
 Can paint the rakish "Charles" so well, 
 
 Or give such life to " Mirabell " 
 
 [As Montague Talbot, 1778-1831]. 
 
 Crofton Croker. 
 
 Mirabella, " a maiden fair, clad in 
 mourning weeds, upon a mangy jade, 
 unmeetly set with a lewd fool called 
 Disdain" (canto 6). Timias and Serena, 
 after quitting the hermit's cell, met her. 
 Though so sorely clad and mounted, the 
 maiden was " a lady of great dignity and 
 honour, but scornful and proud." Many 
 a wretch did languish for her through a 
 long life. Being summoned to Cupid's 
 judgment hall, the sentence passed on 
 
MIRAMONT. 
 
 645 
 
 MIRROR 
 
 her was that she should "ride on a mangy- 
 jade, accompanied by a fool, till she had 
 saved as many lovers as she had slain " 
 (canto 7). Mirabella -was also doomed to 
 carry a leaky bottle -which she was to fill 
 •with tears, and a torn "wallet which she 
 was to 6*11 with repentance ; but her tears 
 and her repentance dropped out as fast as 
 they were put in, and were trampled 
 under foot bv Scorn (canto 8). — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen] vi. 6-8 (1596). 
 
 * + * " Mirabella" is supposed tobe meant 
 for Rosalind, who jilted Spenser, and 
 who is called by the poet " a widow's 
 daughter of the glen, and poor." 
 
 Mir'amont, brother of justice Brisac, 
 and uncle of the two brothers Charles 
 (the scholar) and Eustace (the courtier). 
 Miramont is an ignorant, testy old man, 
 but a great admirer of learning and 
 scholars. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie 
 Elder Brother (1637). 
 
 Miran/da, daughter of Prospero the 
 exiled duke of Milan, and niece of An- 
 thonio the usurping duke. She is brought 
 up on a desert island, with Ariel the fairy 
 spirit, and Cal'iban the monster, as her 
 only companions. Ferdinand, son of the 
 king of Naples, being shipwrecked on 
 the island, falls in love with her, and 
 marries her. — Shakespeare, The Tempest 
 (1609). 
 
 Identifying herself with the simple yet noble-minded 
 Miranda in the isle of wonder and enchantment — Sir \V. 
 Scott. 
 
 Miranda, an heiress, the ward of sir 
 Francis Gripe. As she must obtain his 
 consent to her marriage before she could 
 obtain possession of her fortune, she 
 pretended to love him, although he was 
 64 years old ; and the old fool believed it. 
 "When, therefore, Miranda asked his con- 
 sent to marry, he readily gave it, thinking 
 himself to be the man of her choice ; 
 but the sly little hussy laughed at her 
 old guardian, and plighted her troth to 
 sir George Airy, a man of 24. — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, Tlie Busy Body (1709). 
 
 Mir'ja, one of the six Wise Men of 
 the East, led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
 Mirja had five sons, who folio-wed his 
 holv life. — Klopstock, The Messiah, v. 
 (1771). 
 
 Mirror (Alasnam' s), a mirror which 
 showed Alasnam if " a beautiful girl 
 was also chaste and virtuous." The 
 mirror was called. "the touchstone of 
 virtue." — Arabian Nights ("Prince Zeyn 
 Alasnam"). 
 
 Mirror (Cambuscan's), a mirror sent 
 to Cambuscan 1 ' king of Tartary by the 
 king of Araby and Ind. It shoAved 
 those who consulted it if any adversity 
 was about to befall them ; if any in- 
 dividual they were interested in was 
 friend or foe ; and if a person returned 
 love for love or not. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales (" The Squire's Tale," 1388). 
 
 *** Sometimes called " Canacfi's 
 Mirror," but incorrectly so. 
 
 Mirror (Kelly's), Dr. Dee's speculum. 
 Kelly was the doctor's speculator or seer. 
 The speculum resembled a "piece of 
 polished cannel coal." 
 
 Kelly" did all his feats upon 
 
 The devil's looking-glass, a stone. 
 
 S. Butler, Hudibrns (1663-78). 
 
 Mirror (Lao's), a looking-glass which 
 reflected the mind as well as the outward 
 form. — Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, 
 xlv. (1759). 
 
 Mirror (Merlin's Magic) or Tenus'3 
 looking-glass, fabricated in South 
 Wales, in the days of king Ryence. It 
 would show to those that looked therein 
 anything which pertained to them, any- 
 thing that a friend or foe was doing. It 
 was round like a sphere, a,nd was given 
 by Merlin to king Ryence. 
 
 That never foes his kingdom might invade 
 But he it knew at home before he heard 
 Tidings thereof. 
 
 Britomart, who was king Rj'ence's 
 daughter and heiress, saw in the mirror her 
 future husband, and also his name, which 
 was sir Artegal. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 iii. 2 (1590). 
 
 Mirror (Prester John's), a mirror which 
 possessed similar virtues to that made by 
 Merlin. Prester John could see therein 
 whatever was taking place in anj r part of 
 his dominions. 
 
 *** Dr. Dee's speculum was also 
 spherical, and possessed a similar reputed 
 virtue. 
 
 Mirror (Reynard's Wonderful). This 
 mirror existed only in the brain of 
 Master Fox. He told the queen lion that, 
 whoever looked therein could . see what 
 was being done a mile off. The wood of 
 the frame was part of the same block 
 out of which Cram part's magic horse was 
 made. — Reynard the Fox, xii. (149S). 
 
 Mirror (Venus' s), generally called 
 " Yenus's looking-glass," the same as 
 Merlin's magic mirror (q.v.). 
 
 Mirror (Vulcan's). Yulcan made a 
 
MIRROR OF HUMAN SALVATION. 646 
 
 MISHE-MOKWA. 
 
 mirror which showed those who looked 
 into it the past, present, and future. 
 Sir John Davies saj T s that Cupid handed 
 this mirror to Antin'ous when he was 
 in the court of Ulysses, and Antinous 
 gave it to Penel'ope, who beheld therein 
 the court of queen Elizabeth and all its 
 grandeur. 
 
 Vulcan, the king of fire, that mirror wrought . . . 
 As there did represent in lively show 
 Our glorious English court's divine image 
 As it should be in this our golden age. 
 
 Sir John Davies, Orchestra (1615). 
 
 Mirror of Human Salvation 
 
 {Speculum Humance Salvationis), a picture 
 Bible, with the subjects of the pictures 
 explained in rhymes. 
 
 Mirror of king Ryence, a 
 mirror made by Merlin. It showed those 
 who looked into it whatever they Avished 
 to see. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 
 (1590). 
 
 Mirror of Knighthood, a ro- 
 mance of chivalry. It was one of the 
 books in don Quixote's library, and the 
 cure said to the barber : 
 
 " In this same Mirror of Knighthood we meet with 
 Rinaldo de Montalban and his companions, with the 
 twelve peers of France, and Turpin the historian. These 
 gentlemen we will condemn only to perpetual exile, as 
 they contain something of the famous Bojardo's inven- 
 tion, whence the Christian poet Ariosto borrowed the 
 groundwork of his ingenious compositions ; to whom 
 I should pay little regard if he had not written in his own 
 language {Italian]."— Cervantes, Bon Qu.ixo.te, I. L 6 
 (1605). 
 
 Mirror of all Martial Men, 
 Thomas earl of Salisbury (died 1428). 
 
 Mirrour for Magistraytes, be- 
 gun by Thomas Sackville, and intended 
 to be a poetical biography of remarkable 
 Englishmen. Sackville wrote the " In- 
 duction," and furnished one of the 
 sketches, that of Henry Stafford duke of 
 Buckingham (the tool of Richard III.). 
 Bald wynne, Ferrers, Churchyard, Phair, 
 etc., added others. Subsequently, John 
 Higgins, Richard Nichols, Thomas 
 Blenerhasset, etc., supplied additional 
 characters ; but Sackville alone stands 
 out pre-eminent in merit. In the "In- 
 duction," Sackville tells us he was con- 
 ducted by Sorrowe into the infernal 
 regions. At the porch sat Remorse and 
 Dread, and within the porch were 
 Revenge, Miserie, Care, and Slepe. 
 Passing on, he beheld Old Age, 
 Maladie, Famine, and Warre. Sorrowe 
 then took him to Acheron, and ordered 
 Charon to ferry them across. They 
 passed the three-headed Cerbgrus and 
 came to Pluto, where the poet saw 
 
 several ghosts, the last of all being the 
 duke of Buckingham, whose " com- 
 plaint " finishes the part written by 
 Thomas Sackville (1557). (See Buck- 
 ingham.) 
 
 *** Henry Stafford duke of Bucking- 
 ham must not be mistaken for George 
 Villiers duke of Buckingham 150 years 
 later. 
 
 Mirza {The Vision of). Mirza, being 
 at Grand Cairo on the fifth day of the 
 moon, which he always kept holy, 
 ascended a high hill, and, falling into a 
 trance, beheld a vision of human life. 
 First, he saw a prodigious tide of water 
 rolling through a valley with a thick 
 mist at each end — this was the river of 
 time. Over the river were several 
 bridges, some broken, and some contain- 
 ing three score and ten arches, over 
 which men were passing. The arches 
 represented the number of years the 
 traveller lived before he tumbled into 
 the river. Lastly, he saw the happy 
 valley, but when he asked to see the 
 secrets hidden under the dark clouds on 
 the other side, the vision was ended, and 
 he only beheld the valley of Bagdad, 
 with its oxen, sheep, and camels grazing 
 on its sides. — Addison, Vision of Mirza 
 {Spectator, 159). 
 
 Misbegot {Malcolm), natural son of 
 Sybil Knockwinnock, and an ancestor 
 of sir Arthur Wardour. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Miser {The), a comedy by H. Field- 
 ing, a rechauffe of Moliere's comedy 
 L'Avare. Lovegold is "Harpagon," 
 Frederick is "Cle'ante," Mariana is 
 "Mariane," and Ramilie is " La Fle'che. 
 Lovegold a man of 60, and his son 
 Frederick, both wish to marry Mariana, 
 and in order to divert the old miser from 
 his foolish passion, Mariana pretends to 
 be most extravagant. She orders a 
 necklace and ear-rings of the value of 
 £3000, a petticoat and gown from a fabric 
 which is £12 a 3 r ard, and besets the house 
 with duns. Lovegold gives £2000 to 
 break off the bargain, and Frederick 
 becomes the bridegroom of Mariana. 
 
 Misers. — See Dictionary of Phrase 
 and Fable, 579. 
 
 Misere're {The) sung on Good 
 Fridays in Catholic churches, is the com- 
 position of Gregorio Allegri, who died in 
 1640. 
 
 Mishe-Mok'wa, the groat bear slam 
 
MISHE-NAHMA. 
 
 647 
 
 M1TA. 
 
 bv Mudjekeewis. — Longfellow, Hiawatha, 
 ii'. (1855). 
 
 Mishe-Nah'ma, the great sturgeon, 
 " king of fishes," subdued by Hiawatha. 
 With this labour, the "great teacher" 
 taught the Indians how to make oil for 
 winter. When Hiawatha threw his line 
 for the sturgeon, that king of fishes first 
 persuaded a pike to swallow the bait and 
 try to break the line, but Hiawatha 
 threw it back into the water. Next, a 
 sun-fish was persuaded to try the bait, 
 with the same result. Then the sturgeon, 
 in anger, swallowed Hiawatha and canoe 
 also; but Hiawatha smote the heart of 
 the sturgeon with his fist, and the king 
 of fishes swam to the shore and died. 
 Then the sea-gulls opened a rift in the 
 dead body, out of which Hiawatha made 
 his escape. 
 
 " I have slain the Mishe-Nahma, 
 Slain the king of fishes," said he. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, viiL (1855). 
 
 Misnar, sultan of India, transformed 
 by Ulin into a toad. "He was disen- 
 chanted by the dervise Shemshel'nar, the 
 most " pious worshipper of Alia amongst 
 all the sons of Asia." By prudence and 
 piety, Misnar and his vizier Horam de- 
 stroyed all the enchanters which filled 
 India with rebellion, and having secured 
 peace, married Hem'junah, daughter of 
 Zebenezer sultan of Cassimir, to whom 
 he had been betrothed when he was 
 known only as the prince of Georgia. — 
 Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the 
 Genii, vi., vii. (1751). 
 
 Misog'onus, by Thomas Rychardes, 
 the third English comedy (1560). It is 
 written in rhyming quatrains, and not in 
 couplets like Ralph Bolster Bolster and 
 Gammer Gurton's Needle. 
 
 Misquote. 
 
 With just enough of learning to misquote. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Jieviewers (1809). 
 
 Miss in Her Teens, a farce by David 
 Garrick (1753). Miss Biddy Bellair is in 
 love with captain Loveit, who is known 
 to her only by the name of Rhodophil ; 
 but she coquets with captain Flash and 
 Mr. Fribble, while her aunt wants her to 
 marry an elderly man by the name of 
 Stephen Loveit, whom she detests. When 
 the captain returns from the wars, she 
 sets captain Flash and Mr. Fribble to- 
 gether by the ears ; and while they stand 
 fronting each other but afraid to fight, 
 captain Loveit enters, recognizes Flash 
 as a deserter, takes away his sword, and 
 dismisses Fribble as beneath contempt. 
 
 Mississippi Bubble, the " South 
 Sea scheme" of France, projected by 
 John Law, a Scotchman. So called be- 
 cause the projector was to have the 
 exclusive trade of Lousiana, on the banks 
 of the Mississippi, on condition of his 
 taking on himself the National Debt 
 (incorporated 1717, failed 1720). 
 
 The debt was 208 millions sterling. 
 Law made himself sole creditor of this 
 debt, and was allowed to issue ten times 
 the amount in paper money, and to 
 open "the Royal Bank of France" em- 
 powered to issue this paper currency. 
 So long as a 20-franc note was worth 
 20 francs, the scheme was a prodigious 
 success, but immediately the paper 
 money was at a discount, a run on the 
 bank set in, and the whole scheme 
 burst. 
 
 Mistletoe Bough (The). The 
 song so called is by Thomas Haynes 
 Bay ley, who died 1839. The tale is this : 
 Lord Lovel married a young lady, a 
 baron's daughter, and on the wedding 
 night the bride proposed that the guests 
 should play " hide-and-seek." The bride 
 hid in an old oak chest, and the lid, 
 falling down, shut her in, for it went 
 with a spring-lock. Lord Lovel sought 
 her that night and sought her next day, 
 and so on for a week, but nowhere could 
 he find her. Some years after, the old 
 oak chest was sold, which, on being 
 opened, was found to contain the skeleton 
 of the bride. 
 
 Rogers, in his Italy, gives the same 
 story, and calls the lady " Ginevra " of 
 Modeha. 
 
 Collet, in his Relics of Literature, has a 
 similar story. 
 
 Another is inserted in the Causes Ce'le- 
 bres. 
 
 Marwell Old Hall (near Winchester), 
 once the residence of the Seymours, and 
 afterwards of the Dacre family, has a 
 similar tradition attached to it, and 
 (according to the Post-0 ffice Directory) 
 "the very chest is now the property of 
 the Rev. J. Hay garth, rector of Upham " 
 (which joins Marwell). 
 
 Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar 
 tale and chest. 
 
 The great house at Malsanger, near 
 Basingstoke, also in Hampshire, has a 
 similar tradition connected with it. 
 
 _ Mi'ta, sister of Aude. She married 
 sir Miton de Rennes, and became the 
 mother of Mitaine. (See next art.) — 
 Croquemitaine, xv. 
 
MITAINE. 
 
 648 
 
 MOCK DOCTOR. 
 
 Mitaine, daughter of Mita and 
 Miton, and godchild of Charlemagne. 
 She Avent in search of Fear Fortress, and 
 found that it existed only in the imagi- 
 nation, for as she boldly advanced 
 towards it, the castle gradually faded 
 into thin air. Charlemagne made Mi- 
 taine, for this achievement, Roland's 
 'squire, and she fell with him in the 
 memorable attack at Roncesvalles. (See 
 previous art.) — Croquemitaine, iii. 
 
 Mite (Sir Matthew), a returned East 
 Indian merchant, dissolute, dogmatical, 
 ashamed of his former acquaintances, 
 hating the aristocracy, yet longing to be 
 acknowledged by them. He squanders 
 his wealth on toadies, dresses his livery 
 servants most gorgeously, and gives his 
 chairmen the most costly exotics to wear 
 in their coats. Sir Matthew is for ever 
 astonishing weak minds with his talk 
 about rupees, lacs, jagkires, and so on. — 
 S. Foote, The Nabob. 
 
 Sir John Malcolm gives us a letter worthy of sir 
 Matthew Mite, in which Clive orders '*200 shirts, the 
 best and finest that can be got lor love or money." — 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Mithra or Mithras, a supreme 
 divinity of the ancient Persians, con- 
 founded by the Greeks and Romans with 
 the sun. He is the personification of 
 Oruiuzd, representing fecundity and per- 
 petual renovation. Mithra is represented 
 as a young man with a Phrygian cap, 
 a tunic, a mantle on his left shoulder, 
 and lunging a sword into the neck of a 
 bull, Scaliger says the word means 
 "greatest" or "supreme." Mithra is 
 the middle of the triplasian deity : the 
 Mediator, Eternal Intellect, and Archi- 
 tect of the world. 
 
 Her towers, where Mithra once had burned. 
 To Moslem shrines — oh, shame ! — were turned ; 
 Where slaves, converted by the sword, 
 Their mean apostate worship poured, 
 And cursed the faith their sires adored. 
 Moore, lalla Itookh ("The Fire-Worshippers," 1817). 
 
 Mith/ridate (3 syl.), a medicinal 
 confection, invented by Damoc'rates, 
 physician to Mithrida'tes king of Pontus, 
 and supposed to be an antidote to all 
 poisons and contagion. It contained 
 seventy-two ingredients. Any panacea 
 is called a " mithridate." 
 
 Their kinsman garlic bring, the poor man's mithridate. 
 Draytou. Polyolbion, xx. (16'22). 
 
 Mith'ridate (3 syl.), a tragedy by Racine 
 (1073). " Monime" (2 syl.), in this drama, 
 was one of Mdlle. Rachel's great charac- 
 ters. 
 
 Mithrida'tes (4 syl.), surnamed 
 •'the Great." Being conquered by the 
 
 Romans, he tried to poison himself, but 
 poison had no effect on him, and he was 
 slain by a Gaul. Mithridates was active, 
 intrepid, indefatigable, and fruitful in 
 resources ; but he had to oppose such 
 generals as Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey. 
 His ferocity was unbounded, his perfidy 
 was even grand. 
 
 *** Racine has written a French 
 tragedy on the subject, called Mithridate 
 (1673); and " N. Lee brought out his 
 Mithridates in English about the same 
 time, 
 
 Mixit (Dr.), the apothecary at the 
 Black Bear inn at Darlington. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Hob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 M. M. Sketch (An), a memoran- 
 dum sketch. 
 
 "Stay just a minute," said Kelly, who was making an 
 M. M. sketch of the group.— B. H. Buxton, Jennie of 
 tiie Prince's, i. 156. 
 
 Mne'me (2 syl.), a well-spring of 
 Bceo'tia, which quickens the memory. 
 The other well-spring in the same vicinity, 
 called Le'the, has the opposite effect, 
 causing blank forgetfulness. — Pliny. 
 
 Dante calls this river Eu'noe. It had 
 the power of calling to the memory all 
 the good acts done, all the graces be- 
 stowed, all the mercies received, but *no 
 evil. — Dante, Purgatory, xxxiii. (1308). 
 
 Mo'ath, a well-to-do Bedouin, father 
 of Onei'za (3 syl.) the beloved of Thal'- 
 aba. Oneiza, having married Thalaba, 
 died on the bridal night, and Moath 
 arrived just in time to witness the mad 
 grief of his son-in-law. — Southey, Thal~ 
 aba the Destroyer, ii., viii. (1797). 
 
 Mocc'asins, an Indian buskin. 
 
 He laced his mocasins [sic] in act to go. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 24 (1S09). 
 
 Mochingo, an ignorant servant of 
 the princess Ero'ta. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Laws of Candy (1647). 
 
 Mock Doctor (The), a farce by 
 H. Fielding (1733), epitomized from Le 
 Me'decin Malgre' Lui, of Moliere (1666). 
 Sir Jasper wants to make his daughter 
 marry a Mr. Dapper ; but she is in love 
 with Leander, and pretends to be dumb. 
 Sir Jasper hears of a dumb doctor, and 
 sends his two flunkies to fetch him. They 
 ask one Dorcas to direct them to him, 
 and she points them to her husband 
 Gregory, a faggot-maker ; but tells them 
 he is very eccentric, and must be well 
 beaten, or he will deny being a physician. 
 The faggot-maker is accordingly beaten 
 
MOCKING-BIRD. 
 
 649 
 
 MODRED. 
 
 into compliance, and taken to the patient. 
 He soon learns the facts of the case, and 
 employs Leander as apothecary. Lean- 
 der makes the lady speak, and completes 
 his cure with "pills matrimoniac." Sir 
 Jasper takes the joke in good part, and 
 becomes reconciled to the alliance. 
 
 Mocking-Bird. " During the space 
 of a minute, I have heard it imitate the 
 woodlark, chaffinch, blackbird, thrush, 
 and sparrow. . . . Their few natural 
 notes resemble those of the nightingale, 
 but their song is of greater compass and 
 more varied." — Ashe. Travels in America, 
 ii. 73. 
 
 Moclas, a famous Arabian robber, 
 whose name is synonymous with "thief." 
 (See Almaxzor, the caliph, p. 24.) 
 
 Mode (Sir William), in Mrs. Cent- 
 livre's drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 
 
 Mode'love (Sir Philip), one of the 
 four guardians of Anne Lovely the 
 heiress. Sir Philip is an " old beau, that 
 has May in his fancy and dress, but 
 December in his face and his heels. He 
 admires all new fashions . . . loves 
 operas, balls, and masquerades" (act i. 1). 
 Colonel Freemau personates a French 
 fop, and obtains his consent to marry his 
 ward, the heiress. — Mrs. Centlivre, A 
 Bold Stroke for a Wife (1717). 
 
 Modely, a man of the world, gay, 
 fashionable, and a libertine. He had 
 scores of "lovers," but never loved till 
 he saw the little rustic lass named Aura 
 Freehold, a farmer's daughter, to whom 
 he proposed matrimony. — John Philip 
 Kemble, The Farm-house. 
 
 Modish (Lady Betty), really in love 
 with lord Morelove, but treats him with 
 assumed scorn or indifference, because 
 her pride prefers " power to ease." 
 Hence she coquets with lord Foppington 
 (a married man), to mortify Morelove 
 and arouse his jealousy. By the advice 
 of sir Charles Easy, lord Morelove pays 
 her out in her own coin, by flirting with 
 lady Graveairs, and assuming an air of 
 indifference. Ultimatelj', lady Betty is 
 reduced to common sense, and. gives her 
 heart and hand to lord Morelove. — Coiley 
 Cibber, The Careless Husband (1704). 
 
 Mrs. Oldfield excellently acted " lady 
 Betty Modish " (says Walpole) ; and 
 T. Davies says of Mrs. Pritchard (1711- 
 1768) : " She conceived accurately and 
 acted pleasantly 'lady Townly,' ' lady 
 Betty Modish,' and ' Maria ' in The Non- 
 28 
 
 juror."'' Mrs. Blofield is called "lady 
 Betty Modish" in Tlxe Tatler, No. x. 
 
 Modo, the fiend that urges to murder, 
 and one of the five that possessed "poor 
 Tom." — Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. 
 sc. 1 (1605). 
 
 Modred, son of Lot king of Norway 
 and Anne own sister of king Arthur 
 (pt. viii. 21 ; ix. 9). He is always called 
 "the traitor." While king Arthur was 
 absent, warring with the Romans, Mo- 
 dred was left regent, but usurped the 
 crown, and married his aunt the queen 
 (pt. x. 13). When Arthur heard thereof, he 
 returned, and attacked the usurper, who 
 fled to Winchester (pt. xi. 1). The king 
 followed him, and Modred drew up his 
 army at Cambula, in Cornwall, where 
 another battle was fought. In this engage- 
 ment Modred was slain, and Arthur also 
 received his death-wound (pt. xi. 2). The 
 queen, called Guanhuma'ra (but better 
 known as Guen'ever), retired to a convent 
 in the City of Legions, and entered the 
 order of Julius the Martyr (pt. xi. 1). — 
 Geoffrey, British Histor y\ll42). 
 
 *** This is so very different to the 
 accounts given in Arthurian romance of 
 Mordred, that it is better to give the 
 two names as if they were different 
 individuals. 
 
 Modred (Sir), nephew of king 
 Arthur. He hated sir Lancelot, and 
 sowed discord among the knights of the 
 Round Table. Tennyson says that 
 Modred " tampered with the lords of 
 the White Horse," the brood that Hen- 
 gist left. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, 
 he made a league with Cheldric the 
 Saxon leader in Germany, and promised 
 to give him all that part of England 
 which lies between the Humber and 
 Scotland, together with all that Hengist 
 and Horsa held in Kent, if he would aid 
 him against king Arthur. Accordingly, 
 Cheldric came over with 800 ships, filled 
 "with pagan soldiers" (British History, 
 xi. 1). 
 
 When the king was in Brittany, whither 
 he had gone to chastise sir Lancelot for 
 adultery with the queen, he left sir 
 Modred regent, and sir Modred raised a 
 revolt. The king returned, drew up his 
 army against the traitor, and in this 
 " great battle of the West" Modred was 
 slain, and Arthur received his death- 
 wound. — Tennyson, Ldylls of the King 
 (" Guinevere," 1858). 
 
 *** This version is in accordance 
 neither with Geoffrey of Monmouth (see 
 
MOJbU. 
 
 650 
 
 MOHUN. 
 
 previous art.), nor with Arthurian romance 
 (see MoRDRED), and is, therefore, given 
 separately. 
 
 Modu, the prince of all devils that 
 take possession of a human being. 
 
 ilaho was the chief devil that had possession of Sarah 
 ■Williams ; but . . . Richard Mainy was molested by a 
 still more considerable fiend called Modu, . . . the 
 prince of all other devils. — Harsnett, Declaration of 
 Popish Impostures, 268. 
 
 Modus, cousin of Helen ; a "musty 
 library, who loved Greek and Latin ; " 
 but cousin Helen loved the bookworm, 
 and taught him how to love far better 
 than Ovid could with his Art of Love. 
 Having so good a teacher, Modus became 
 an apt scholar, and eloped with cousin 
 Helen.— S.Knowles, TheHunchback (1831). 
 
 Mce'chus, Adultery personified ; one 
 of the four sons of Caro {fleshly lust). 
 His brothers were Pornei'us (fornication), 
 Acath'arus, and Asel'ges (lasciviousness). 
 In the battle of Mansoul, Mcechus is slain 
 by Agnei'a (wifely chastity), the spouse 
 of Encra'tes (temperance) and sister of 
 Parthen'ia (maidenly chastity). (Greek, 
 moichos, " an adulterer.") — Phineas Flet- 
 cher, The Purple Island, xi. (1633). 
 
 Moeli'ades (4 syl.). Under this name 
 William Drummond signalized Henry 
 prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., 
 in the monody entitled Tears on the Death 
 of Mceliades. The word is an anagram 
 of Miles a Deo. The prince, in his mas- 
 querades and martial sports, used to call 
 himself " Moeliades of the Isles." 
 
 Mceliades, bright day-star of the West 
 W. Drummond, Tears on the Death of Mediates (1612). 
 
 The burden of the monody is : 
 
 Mceliades sweet courtly nymphs deplore, 
 Prom Thule to Hydaspgs' pearly shore. 
 
 Moffat (Mabel), domestic of Edward 
 Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Moha'di (Mahommed), the twelfth 
 imaum, whom the Orientals believe is 
 not dead, but is destined to return and 
 combat Antichrist before the consum- 
 mation of all things. 
 
 *** Prince Arthur, Merlin, Charle- 
 magne, Barbarossa, dom Sebastian, 
 Charles V., Elijah Mansur, Desmond of 
 Kilmallock, etc., are traditionally not 
 dead, but only sleeping till the fulness 
 of time, when each will awake and effect 
 most wondrous restorations. 
 
 Mohair (The Men of), the citizens of 
 France. 
 
 The men of mohair, as 
 Asylum Christi, viii. 
 
 citizens were called.— 
 
 Moha'reb, one of the evil spirits of 
 Dom-Daniel, a cave "under the roots of 
 the ocean." It was given out that these 
 spirits would be extirpated by one of 
 the family of Hodei'rah (3 syl.), so they 
 leagued against the whole race. First, 
 Okba was sent against the obnoxious 
 race, and succeeded in killing eight of 
 them, Thal'aba alone having escaped 
 alive. Next, Abdaldar was sent against 
 Thalaba, but was killed by a simoom. 
 Then LobaHba was sent to cut him off, 
 but perished in a whirlwind. Lastly, 
 Mohareb undertook to destroy him. He 
 assumed the guise of a warrior, and suc- 
 ceeded in alluring the youth to the very 
 "mouth of hell;" but Thalaba, being 
 alive to the deceit, flung Mohareb into 
 the abyss. — Southey, TJialaba the De- 
 stroyer, v. (1797). 
 
 Mobicans (Last of the), Uncas the 
 Indian chief, son of Chingachook, and 
 called " Deerfoot."— J. F. Cooper, The 
 Last of the Mohicans (a novel, 1826). 
 
 The word ought to be pronounced 
 Mo.heh'.hanz, but is usually called Mo'.- 
 hS.kanz. 
 
 Mohocks, a class of ruffians who at 
 one time infested the streets of London. 
 So called from the Indian Mohocks. At 
 the Restoration, the street bullies were 
 called Muns and Tityre Tus ; they were 
 next called Hectors and Scourers ; later 
 still, Nickers and Hawcabites ; and lastly, 
 Mohocks. 
 
 Now is the time that rakes their revels keep, 
 Kindlers of riot, enemies of sleep : 
 His scattered pence the flying Nicker flings, 
 And with the copper shower the casement rings; 
 Who has not heard the Scowerer's midnight fame? 
 Who has not trembled at the Mohock's name ? 
 
 Gay, Trivia, iii. 321, etc. (1712). 
 
 Mohun (Lord), the person who 
 joined captain Hill in a dastardly attack 
 on the actor Mountford on his way to 
 Mrs. Bracegirdle's house, in Howard 
 Street. Captain Hill was jealous of 
 Mountford, and induced lord Mohun to 
 join him in this "valiant exploit." 
 Mountford died next day, captain Hill 
 fled from the country, and Mohun was 
 tried but acquitted. 
 
 The general features of this cowardly 
 attack are very like that of the count 
 Koningsmark on Thomas Thynne of 
 Lingleate Hill. Count Koningsmark was 
 in love with Elizabeth Percy (widow of 
 the earl of Ogle), who was contracted to 
 Mr. Thynne ; but before the wedding 
 day arrived, the count, with some hired 
 ruffians, assassinated his rival in his 
 
MOIDART. 
 
 651 
 
 MOLOCH. 
 
 carriage as it was passing down Pall 
 Mall. 
 
 * + * Elizabeth Percy, within three 
 months of the murder, married the duke 
 of Somerset. 
 
 Moidart {John of), captain of the 
 clan Ronald, and a chief in the army of 
 Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of 
 Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Moi/na (2 syl.), daughter of Reutha'- 
 mir the principal man of Balclu'tha, a 
 town on the Clyde, belonging to the 
 Britons. Moina married Clessammor 
 (the maternal uncle of Fingal), and died 
 in childbirth of her son Carthon, during 
 the absence of her husband. — Ossian, 
 Carthon. 
 
 Mokanna, the name given to Hakem 
 ben Haschem, from a silver gauze 
 veil As-orn by him "to dim the lustre of 
 his face," or rather to hide its extreme 
 ugliness. The history of this impostor 
 is given bv D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque 
 Orientate (1697). 
 
 *** Mokanna forms the first storv of 
 Lalla Rookh ("The Veiled Prophet of 
 Khorassan"), by Thomas Moore (1817). 
 
 Mokattam {Mount), near Cairo 
 (Egypt), noted for the massacre of the 
 caliph Hakem B'amr-ellah, who was 
 given out to be incarnate deity and the 
 last prophet who communicated between 
 God and man (eleventh century). Here, 
 also, fell in the same massacre his chief 
 prophet, and many of his followers. In 
 consequence of this persecution, Durzi, 
 one of the "prophet's" chief apostles, 
 led the survivors into Syria, where they 
 settled between the Libanus and Anti- 
 Libanus, and took the name of Durzis 
 corrupted into Druses. 
 
 As the khalif vanished erst, 
 In what seemed death to uninstructed eyes, 
 On red Mokattam's verge. 
 Robert Browning, The Return of the J)ruset, i. 
 
 Molay {Jacques), grand-master of 
 the Knights Templars, as he was led to 
 the stake, summoned the pope (Clement 
 V.) within forty days, and the king 
 (Philippe IV.) within forty weeks, to 
 appear before the throne of God to answer 
 for his death. They both died within 
 the stated periods. (See Summons to 
 Death.) 
 
 Moliere {TJie Italian), Charlo Gol- 
 doni (1707-1793). 
 
 Moliere {Hie Spanish), Leandro Fer- 
 nandez Moratin (1760-1828). 
 
 Moll Cutpurse, Mary Frith } who 
 
 once attacked general Fairfax on Hourw- 
 low Heath. 
 
 Moll Flanders, a woman of great 
 beauty, born in the Old Bailey. She 
 was twelve years a courtezan, five years 
 a wife, twelve years a thief, eight years a 
 convict in Virginia ; but ultimately grew 
 rich, and died a penitent in the reign of 
 Charles II. 
 
 *** Daniel Defoe wrote her life and 
 adventures, which he called The Fortunes 
 of Moll Flanders (1722). 
 
 Molly, Jaggers's housekeeper. A 
 mysterious, scared-looking woman, with 
 a deep scar across one of her wrists. 
 Her antecedents were full of mystery, 
 and Pip suspected her of being Estella's 
 mother. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations 
 (1860). 
 
 Molly Maggs, a pert young house- 
 maid, in love with Robin. She hates 
 Polyglot the tutor of " Master Charles," 
 but is very fond of Charles. Molly tries 
 to get "the tuterer Poly pot" into a 
 scrape, but finds, to her "consternation, 
 that Master Charles is in reality the 
 party to be blamed. — J. Poole," The 
 Scapegoat. 
 
 Molly Maguires, stout, active 
 young men dressed up in women's 
 clothes, with faces blackened, or other- 
 wise disguised. This secret society was 
 organized in 1843, to terrify the officials 
 employed by Irish landlords to distrain 
 for rent, either by grippers {humbailiffs), 
 process-servers, keepers, or drivers {per- 
 sons who impound cattle till the rent is 
 paid).—\Y. S. Trench, Realities of Irish 
 Life, 82. 
 
 Molly Mog, an innkeeper's daughter 
 at Oakingham, Berks. Molly Mog was 
 the toast of all the gay sparks in the 
 former half of the eighteenth century ; 
 but died a spinster at the age of 67 
 (1699-1766). 
 
 *** Gay has a ballad on this Fair Maid 
 of the Inn. Mr. Standen of Arborfield, 
 the "enamoured swain," died in 1730. 
 Molly's sister was quite as beautiful as 
 "the fair maid" herself. A portrait of 
 Gay still hangs in Oakingham inn. 
 
 Molmu'tius. (See Mulmutius.) 
 
 MoToch {ch — k), the third in rank 
 of the Satanic hierarchy, Satan being first, 
 and Beelzebub second. The word meaus 
 "king." The rabbins say the idol was 
 of brass, with the head of a calf. 
 
MOLY. 
 
 652 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Moloch was the god of the Am'monites 
 (3 syl.), and was worshipped in Rabba, 
 their chief city. 
 
 First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood 
 Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears, 
 Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud, 
 Their children's cries unheard, that passed thro' fire 
 To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite 
 Worshipped in Rabba. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 392, etc. (1665). 
 
 Mo'ly (Greek, mdlu), mentioned in 
 Homer's Odyssey. A herb with a black 
 root and white blossom, given by Hermes 
 to Ulysses, to counteract the spells of 
 Circe. (See Hjkmont.) 
 
 . . . that Moly 
 That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave. 
 
 Milton, Comus (1634). 
 The root was black, 
 Milk-white the blossom ; Mdly is its name 
 In heaven. 
 
 Homer, Odyssey, x. (Cowper's trans.). 
 
 Mommur, the capital of the empire 
 of Oberon king of the fairies. It is 
 here he held his court. 
 
 Momua's Lattice. Momus, son of 
 Nox, blamed Vulcan, because, in making 
 the human form, he had not placed a 
 window in the breast for the discerning 
 of secret thoughts. 
 
 Were Momus' lattire in our breasts, 
 
 My 30ul might brook to open it more widely 
 
 Than theirs [i.e. the nobles]. 
 
 Byron, Werner, iii. 1 (1822). 
 
 Mon or Mona, Anglesea, the resi- 
 dence of the druids. Suetonius Paulmus, 
 who had the command of Britain in the 
 reign of Nero (from a.d. 59 to 62), attacked 
 Mona, because it gave succour to the 
 rebellious. The frantic inhabitants ran 
 about with fire-brands, their long hair 
 streaming to the wind, and the druids 
 invoked vengeance on the Roman army. 
 —See Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 *** "Mona" is the Latinized form of 
 the British word mon-au ("remote isle"). 
 The "Isle of Man" is Mon-au or mona 
 (" remote isle") corrupted by misconcep- 
 tion of the meaning of the word. 
 
 Mon'aco (The king of), noted because 
 whatever he did was never right in the 
 opinion of his people, especially in that 
 of Rabagas the demagogue : If he went 
 out, he was "given to pleasure;" if he 
 stayed at home, he was "given to idle- 
 ness ; " if he declared war, he was 
 "wasteful of the public money;" if he 
 did not, he was " pusillanimous ; " if he 
 ate, he was " self-indulgent ; " if he ab- 
 stained, he was " priest-ridden."— M. 
 Sardon, Rabagas (1872). 
 
 Monaco. Proud as a Moncgasque. A 
 French phrase. The tradition is that 
 
 Charles Quint ennobled every one of the 
 inhabitants of Monaco. 
 
 Monarch of Mont Blanc, Albert 
 Smith ; so called because for many years 
 he amused a large London audience, night 
 after night, by relating "his ascent up 
 Mont Blanc" (1816-1860). 
 
 Monarque (Le Grand), Louis XIV. 
 of France (1638, 1643-1715). 
 
 Monastery (The), a novel by sir W. 
 Scott (1820). The Abbot appeared the 
 same year. These two stories are tame 
 and very defective in plot ; but the cha- 
 racter of Mary queen of Scots, in The 
 Abbot, is a correct and beautiful historical 
 portrait. The portrait of queen Elizabeth 
 is in Kenilworth. 
 
 Moncada (Matthias de), a merchant, 
 stern and relentless. He arrests his 
 daughter the day after her confinement 
 of a natural son. 
 
 Z'dia de Moncada, daughter of Matthias', 
 and wife of general Wither! ngton. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Moncaster. Newcastle, in Northum- 
 berland, was so called from the number of 
 monks settled there in Saxon times. The 
 name was changed, in 1080, to New-castle, 
 from the castle built by Robert (son of 
 the Conqueror), to defend the borderland 
 from the Scotch. 
 
 Monda'min, maize or Indian corn 
 (mon-da-min, "the Spirit's grain"). 
 
 Sing the mysteries of mondamin, 
 Sing the blessing of the corn-fields. 
 
 Longfellow, Iliawatha, xiii. (1855). 
 
 Mone'ses (3 syL), a Greek prince, 
 betrothed to Arpasia, whom for the 
 nonce he called his sister. Both were 
 taken captive by Baj'azet. Bajazet fell 
 in love with Arpasia, and gave Moneses 
 a command in his army. When Tamer- 
 lane overthrew Bajazet, Moneses ex- 
 plained to the Tartar king how it was 
 that he was found in arms against him, 
 and said his best wish was to serve 
 Tamerlane. Bajazet now hated the 
 Greek ; and, as Arpasia proved obdurate, 
 thought to frighten her into compliance 
 by having Moneses bow-strung in her 
 presence ; but the sight was so terrible 
 that it killed her. — N. Rowe, Tamerlane 
 (1702). 
 
 Money, a drama, by lord E. L. B. 
 Lytton (1840). Alfred Evelyn, a poor 
 scholar, was secretary and factotum of 
 sir John Vesey, but received no wage?. 
 
MONEYTRAP. 
 
 653 
 
 MONKBARNS. 
 
 He loved Clara Douglas, a poor de- 
 pendent of ladj' Franklin, proposed to her, 
 but was not accepted, "because both 
 were too poor to keep house." A large 
 fortune being left to the poor scholar, he 
 proposed to Georgina, the daughter of sir 
 John Vesey ; but Georgina loved sir 
 Frederick Blount, and married him. 
 Evelyn, who loved Clara, pretended to 
 have lost his fortune, and, being satisfied 
 that she really loved him, proposed a 
 second time, and was accepted. 
 
 Moneytrap, husband of Araminta, 
 but with a tendre for Clarissa the wife of 
 his friend Gripe. — Sir John Vanbrugh, 
 The Confederacy (1695). 
 
 None who ever saw Parsons [1736-1795] . . . can forget 
 his effective mode of exclaiming, while representing the 
 character of the amorous old "Moneytrap," "Eh! how 
 long will it be, Flippanta t "— C. Dibdin. 
 
 Monflathers (Miss), mistress of a 
 boarding and day establishment, to whom 
 Mrs. Jarley sent little Nell, to ask her to 
 patronize the wax-work collection. Miss 
 Monflathers received the child with frigid 
 virtue, and said to her, "Don't you think 
 you must be very wicked to be a wax- 
 work child ? Don't you know it is very 
 naughty to be a wax child when you 
 might have the proud consciousness of 
 assisting, to the extent of your infant 
 powers, the noble manufactures of your 
 country V " One of the teachers here 
 
 chimed in with "How doth the little ;" 
 
 but Miss Monflathers remarked, with an 
 indignant frown, that "the little busy 
 bee" applied only to genteel children, and 
 the "works of labour and of skill" to 
 painting and embroidery, not to vulgar 
 children and wax-work shows. — Charles 
 Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, xxxi. 
 (1840). 
 
 Monford, the lover of Charlotte 
 Whimsey. He plans various devices to 
 hoodwink her old father, in order to elope 
 with the daughter. — James Cobb, The 
 First Floor (1756-1818). 
 
 Monime (2 syl.), in Racine's tragedy 
 of Mithridate. This was one of Mdlle. 
 Rachel's great characters, first performed 
 by her in 1838. 
 
 Monim'ia, "the orphan," sister of 
 Chamont and ward of lord Acasto. 
 Monimia was in love with Acasto's son 
 Castalio, and privately married him. 
 Polydore (the brother of Castalio) also 
 loved her, but his love was dishonourable 
 love. By treachery, Polydore obtained 
 admission to Monimia's chamber, and 
 passed the bridal night with her, Monimia 
 
 supposing him to be her husband ; but 
 when next day she discovered the deceit, 
 she poisoned herself ; and Polydore, being 
 apprised that Monimia was his brother's 
 wife, provoked a quarrel with him, ran 
 on his brother's sword, and died. — Otwav, 
 The Orphan (1680). 
 
 More tears have been shed for the sorrows of " Be!vi- 
 dera" and "Monimia," than for those of " Juliet " and 
 " Desdemona." — Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Monim'ia, in Smollett's novel of Count 
 Fathom (1754). 
 
 Moniplies (Richie), the honest, self- 
 willed Scotch servant of lord Nigel Cli- 
 faunt of Glenvarloch. — Sir AV. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Monk (General), introduced by sir 
 Walter Scott in Woodstock (time, Com- 
 monwealth). 
 
 Monk (The Bird Singing to a). The 
 monk is Felix, who listened to a bird for 
 a hundred years, and thought the time 
 only an hour. — Longfellow, The Golden 
 Legend, ii. (1851). 
 
 Monk (The), a novel, by Matthew G. 
 Lewis (1794). 
 
 Monk Lewis, Matthew Gregory 
 Lewis ; so called from his novel (1773- 
 1818). 
 
 Monk of Bury, John Lydgate, poet, 
 who wrote the Siege of Troy, the Story of 
 Thebes, and the Fall of Princes (1375- 
 1460). 
 
 Nothynge I am experte in poetry, 
 A_i the monke of Bury, floure of eloquence. 
 Stephen Hawes, The Passe-iy me of l'lesure (1515). 
 
 Monk of "Westminster, Richard 
 of Cirencester, the chronicler (fourteenth 
 century). 
 
 This chronicle, On the Ancient State of 
 Britain, was first brought to light in 
 1747, by Dr. Charles Julius Bertram, 
 professor of English at Copenhagen ; but 
 the original being no better known than 
 that of Thomas Rowley's poems, pub- 
 lished by Chatterton, grave suspicions 
 exist that Dr. Bertram was himself the 
 author of the chronicle. 
 
 Monks (The Father of), Ethelwold of 
 Winchester (*-984). 
 
 Monks, alias Edward Leeford, a violent 
 man, subject to fits. Edward Leeford, 
 though half-brother to Oliver Twist, was 
 in collusion Avith Bill Sikes to ruin him. 
 Failing in this, he retired to America, 
 and died in jail. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
 Txist (1837). 
 
 Monkbarns (Laird of), Mr. Jonathan 
 
MONKER AND NAKIR. 
 
 654 
 
 MONT ROGNON. 
 
 Oldbuck, the antiquary. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Mon'ker and UNTakir [Na.keer'], 
 the two examiners of the dead, who put 
 questions to departed spirits respecting 
 their belief in God and Mahomet, and 
 award their state in after-life according 
 to their answers. — Al Koran. 
 
 " Do you not see those spectres that are stirring the 
 burning coals? Are they Monkir and Nakir come to 
 throw us into them?"— W. Beckford, Vathek (1786). 
 
 Monmouth, the surname of Henry 
 V. of England, who was born in that 
 town (1388, 1413-1422). 
 
 *** Mon-mouth is the mouth of the 
 Monnow. 
 
 Monmouth (TJie duke of), commander- 
 in-chief of the roval arm v. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Old Mortal it;/ (time, Charles II.). 
 
 *** The duke of Monmouth was nick- 
 named "The Little Duke," because he 
 was diminutive in size. Having no name 
 of his own, he took that of his wife, 
 " Scott," countess of Buccleuch. Pepys 
 says : " It is reported that the king will 
 be tempted to set the crown on the Little 
 Duke" (Diary, seventeenth century). 
 
 Monmouth Caps. "The best caps" 
 (says Fuller, in his Worthies of Wales, 
 50) " were formerly made at Monmouth, 
 where the Cappen's Chapel doth still 
 remain." 
 
 The soldiers that the Monmouth wear, 
 On castle top their ensigns rear. 
 
 Keed, The Caps (1661). 
 
 Monmouth Street (London), called 
 after the duke of Monmouth, natural son 
 of Charles II., executed for rebellion in 
 1685. It is now called Dudley Street. 
 
 Mon'nema, wife of Quia'ra, the only 
 persons of the whole of the Guarani race 
 who escaped the small-pox plague which 
 ravaged that part of Paraguay. They 
 left the fatal spot, and settled in the 
 Mondai woods. Here they had one son 
 Yeriiti, and one daughter Mooma, but 
 Quiara was killed by a jaguar before the 
 latter was born. Monnema left the 
 Mondai woods, and went to live at St. 
 Joachin, in Paraguay, but soon died from 
 the effects of a house and city life. — 
 Southey, A Tale of Paraguay (1814). 
 
 Monomot'apa, an empire of South 
 Africa, joining Mozambique. 
 
 Ah, sir, you never saw the Ganges ; 
 There dwell the nation of Quidnunkis 
 (So Monomotapa calls monkeys). 
 
 Gay. The Quidnunkis. 
 
 Mononia, Munster, in Ireland. 
 
 Mononia, when nature embellished the tint 
 
 Of thy fields and thy mountains so fair. 
 Did she ever intend that a tyrant should print 
 The footstep of slavery there? 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies, i. ("War Song," 1814). 
 
 Monsieur, Philippe due d'Orle'ans, 
 brother of Louis XIV. (1674-1723). 
 
 * # * Other gentlemen were Mons. A o» 
 Mons. B, but the regent was Mons. with- 
 out any adjunct. 
 
 Similarly, the daughter of the due de 
 Chartres (the regent's grandson) was 
 Mademoiselle. 
 
 Monsieur le Coadjuteur, Paul 
 de Gondi, afterwards cardinal de Retz 
 (1614-1679). 
 
 Monsieur le due, Louis Henri de 
 Bourbon, eldest son of the prince de 
 Conde (1692-1740). 
 
 Monsieur Thomas, a drama by 
 Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). 
 
 Monsieur Tonson, a farce by 
 Moncrieff. Jack Ardourly falls in love 
 with Adolphine de Courcy in the street, 
 and gets Tom King to assist in ferreting 
 her out. Tom King discovers that his 
 sweeting lives in the house of a French 
 refugee, a barber, named Mon. Morbleu ; 
 but not knowing the name of the young 
 lady, he inquires for Mr. Thompson, 
 hoping to pick up information. Mon. 
 Morbleu says no Mon. Tonson lives in 
 the house, but only Mde. Bellegarde and 
 Mdlle. Adolphine de Courcy. The old 
 Frenchman is driven almost crazy by 
 different persons inquiring for Mon. Ton- 
 son ; but ultimately Jack Ardourly marries 
 Adolphine, whose mother is Mrs. Thomp- 
 son after all. 
 
 Tavlor wrote a drama of the same title 
 in 1767. 
 
 Monster (The), Renwick Williams, 
 a wretch who used to prowl about London 
 by night, armed with a double-edged 
 knife, with which he mutilated women. 
 He was condemned July 8, 1790. 
 
 Mont Dieu, a solitary mound close 
 to Dumfermline, owes its origin, accord- 
 ing to story, to some unfortunate monks 
 who, by way of penance, carried the sand 
 in baskets from the sea-shora at Inver- 
 ness. 
 
 At Linton is a fine conical hill attri- 
 buted to two sisters, nuns, who were 
 compelled to pass the whole of the sand 
 through a sieve, by way of penance, to 
 obtain pardon for some crime committed 
 by their brother. 
 
 Mont Rognon (Baron of), a giant 
 
MONT ST. JEAN. 
 
 G55 
 
 MONTESINOS. 
 
 of enormous strength and insatiable appe- 
 tite. He was bandy-legged, had an 
 elastic stomach, and four rows of teeth. 
 He was a paladin of Charlemagne, and 
 one of the four sent in search of Croque- 
 mitaine and Fear Fortress. — Croquemi- 
 taine. 
 
 Mont St. Jean or Waterloo. So- 
 and-so teas my Mont St. Jean, means it 
 was my coup de grace, my final blow, the 
 end of the end. 
 
 Juan was my Moscow [turning-point], and Faliero 
 
 [Fa.lee'.ro] 
 M> Leipsic [downfall], and my Mont St. Jean seems 
 
 Cain. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, 3d. 56 (1824). 
 
 Mont St. Michel, in Normandy. 
 Here nine druidesses used to sell arrows 
 to sailors to charm away storms. The 
 arrows had to be discharged by a young 
 man 25 years of age. 
 
 The Laplanders drove a profitable trade 
 bj' selling winds to sailors. Even so late 
 as 1814, Bessie Millie, of Pomona (Ork- 
 ney Islands), helped to eke out a liveli- 
 hood by selling winds for sixpence. 
 
 Eric king of Sweden could make the 
 winds blow from any quarter he liked by 
 a turn of his cap. Hence he was nick- 
 named " Windy Cap." 
 
 Mont Tresor, in France ; so called 
 by Gontran "the Good," king of Bur- 
 gundy (sixteenth century). One day, 
 weary with the chase, Gontran laid him- 
 self down near a small river, and fell 
 asleep. The 'squire, who watched his 
 master, saw a little animal come from the 
 king's mouth, and walk to the stream, 
 over which the 'squire laid his sword, and 
 the animal, running across, entered a hole 
 in the mountain. When Gontran was 
 told of this incident, he said he had 
 dreamt that he crossed a bridge of steel, 
 and, having entered a cave at the foot of 
 a mountain, entered a palace of gold. 
 Gontran employed men to undermine the 
 hill, and found there vast treasures, which 
 he employed in works of charity and re- 
 ligion. In order to commemorate this 
 event, he called the hill Mont Tresor. — 
 Claud Paradin, Symbola Heroica. 
 
 *.,.* This story has been ascribed to 
 numerous persons. 
 
 Mon'tague (3 syl.), head of a noble 
 house in Verona, at feudal enmity with 
 the house of Capulet. Komeo belonged 
 to the former, and Juliet to the latter 
 house. 
 
 Lady Montague, wife of lord Montague, 
 and mother of Romeo. — Shakespeare, 
 Romeo and Juliet (1598). 
 
 Montalban. 
 
 Don Kyrie Elyson de Montalban, a hero 
 of romance, in the History of Tirante the 
 White. 
 
 Thomas de Montalban, brother of don 
 Kyrie Elyson, in the same romance of 
 chivalry. 
 
 Rinaldo de Montalban, ahero of romance, 
 in the Mirror of Knighthood, from which 
 work both Bojardo and Ariosto have 
 largely borrowed. 
 
 Mon'talban' , now called Montauban (a 
 contraction of Mons Alba'nus), in France, 
 in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne. 
 
 Jousted in Aspramont or Mon'talban'. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 533 (1665). 
 
 MontaVban {The count), in love with 
 Volante (3 syl.) daughter of Balthazar. 
 In order to sound her, the count disguised 
 himself as a father confessor ; but Vo- 
 lante detected the triek instantly, and 
 said to him, "Come, come, count, pull off 
 your lion's hide, and confess yourself an 
 ass." However, as Volante really loved 
 him, all came right at last. — J. Tobin, 
 The Honeymoon (1804). 
 
 Montanto (Signor), a master of fence 
 and a great braggart. — Ben Jonson, Every 
 Man in His Humour (1598). 
 
 Montargjs {The Dog of), named 
 Dragon. It belonged to captain Aubri 
 de Montdidier, and is especially noted for 
 his fight with the chevalier Richard 
 Macaire. The dog was called Montargis, 
 because the encounter was depicted over 
 the chimney of the great hall in the 
 castle of Montargis. It was in the forest 
 of Bondi, close by this castle, that Aubri 
 was assassinated. 
 
 Montenay (Sir Philip de), an old 
 English knight.— rSir W. Scott, Castle 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Montenegro. The natives say: 
 " When God was distributing stones over 
 the earth, the bag that held them burst 
 over Montenegro," which accounts for 
 the stoniness of the land. 
 
 Montesi'nos, a legendary hero, who 
 received some affront at the French 
 court, and retired to La Mancha, in 
 Spain. Here he lived in a cavern, some 
 sixty feet deep, called "The Cavern of 
 Montesinos." Don Quixote descended 
 part of the way down this cavern, and 
 fell into a trance, in which he saw Mon- 
 tesinos himself, Durandarte and Belerma 
 under the speil of Merlin, Dulcin'ea del 
 Toboso enchanted into a country wench, 
 
MONTESPAN. 
 
 656 
 
 MONTROSE. 
 
 find other visions, which he more than 
 half believed to be realities. — Cervantes, 
 Don Quixote, II. ii. 5, 6 (1615). 
 
 *** This Durandarte was the cousin 
 of Montesinos, and Belerma the lady he 
 served for seven years. When he fell at 
 Roncesvalles, he prayed his cousin to 
 carry his heart to Belerma. 
 
 Montespan (The marquis de), a 
 conceited court fop, silly and heartless. 
 When Louis XIV. took Mde. de Montes- 
 pan for his concubine, he banished the 
 marquis, saying: 
 
 Your strange and countless follies — 
 The scenes you make — your loud domestic broils- 
 Bring scandal on our court. Decorum needs 
 Your banishment. . . . Go ! 
 And for your separate household, which entails 
 A double cost, our treasure shall accord you 
 A hundred thousand crowns. 
 
 Act iv. 1. 
 
 The foolish old marquis says, in his self- 
 conceit : 
 
 A hundred thousand crowns for being civil 
 To one another ! Well now, that's a thing 
 That happens but to marquises. It shows 
 My value in the state. The king esteems 
 My comfort of such consequence to France, 
 He pays me down a hundred thousand crowns, 
 Rather than let my wife disturb my temper ! 
 
 Act r. 2. 
 
 Madame de Montespan, wife of the 
 marquis. She supplanted La Valliere in 
 the base love of Louis XIV. La Valliere 
 loved the man, Montespan the king. She 
 had wit to warm but not to burn, energy 
 which passed for feeling, a head to check 
 her heart, and not too much principle for 
 a French court. Mde. de Montespan 
 Avas the prote'ye'e of the duke de Lauzun, 
 who used her as a stepping-stone to 
 wealth ; but when in favour, she kicked 
 down the ladder by which she had 
 climbed to power. However, Lauzun 
 had his revenge ; and Avhen La Valliere 
 took the veil, Mde. de Montespan was 
 banished from the court. — Lord E. L. B. 
 Lytton, The Duchess de la Valliere 
 (1836). 
 
 Montfaucon (The lady Calista of), 
 attendant of 'queen Berengaria. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The T'alisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Mont-Fitchet (S'& Conrade), a pre- 
 ceptor of the Knights Templars. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Montfort (De), the hero and title of 
 a tragedy, intended to depict the passion 
 of hate," by Joanna Baillie (1798). The 
 object of I)e Montfort's hatred is Rezen- 
 velt, and his passion drives him on to 
 murder. 
 
 * # * De Montfort was probably the 
 
 suggestive inspiration of Byron's Man- 
 fred (1817). 
 
 Montgomery (Mr.), lord Godol- 
 phin, lord high treasurer of England in 
 the reign of queen Anne. The queen 
 called herself "Mrs. Morley," and Sarah 
 Jennings duchess of Marlborough was 
 " Mrs. Freeman." 
 
 Monthermer (Guy), a nobleman, 
 and the pursuivant of king Henry II. — ■ 
 Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
 Henry II.). 
 
 Months (Symbols of the), frequently 
 carved on church portals, misericords (as 
 at Worcester), ceilings (as at Salisbury), 
 
 etc. 
 
 1. Pocula Janus amat. 
 
 2. Et Februus algeo clamat 
 
 3. Martius arva fodit. 
 
 4. Aprilis Jlorida nutrit. 
 
 5. Jius etjios nemorum Maio sunt fomes amorum. 
 
 6. Dat Junius fena. 
 
 7. Julio resecatur arena. 
 
 8. Augustus spicas. 
 
 9. September content uvea. 
 
 10. Seminat October. 
 
 11. i>]x>7UU virrjulta November. 
 
 12. Querit habere cibum porcurn mq^ctnndo December. 
 
 Utrecht Missal 11515), and the 
 Breviary of at. A loan's. 
 
 Montjoie, chief herald of France. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Montorio, the hero of a novel, who 
 persuades his " brother's sons " to murder 
 their father by working on their fears, 
 and urging on them the doctrines of 
 fatalism. When the deed was com- 
 mitted, Montorio discovered that the 
 young murderers were not his nephews, 
 but his own sons. — Rev. C. R. Maturin, 
 Fatal Revenye (1807). 
 
 Montreal d'Albano, called " Fra 
 Moriale," knight of St. John of Jerusalem, 
 and captain of the Grand Company in the 
 fourteenth century, when sentenced to 
 death by Rienzi, summoned his judge to 
 follow him within the month. Rienzi 
 was killed by the fickle mob within the 
 stated period. (See Summons to 
 Death.) 
 
 Montreville (Mde. Adcla), or the 
 Begum Mootee Mahul, called "the queen 
 of Sheba." — Sir W. Scott, The Suryeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Montrose (The duke of), com- 
 mander-in-chief of the king's army.— Sir 
 W. Scott, Rob Roy, xxxii. (time, George I.). 
 
 Montrose (The marquis of). — Sir W. 
 Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonweal th). 
 
 Montrose (James Grahame, carl of), the 
 king's lieutenant in Scotland. He ap- 
 
MONTSERRAT. 
 
 657 
 
 MOON-DROP. 
 
 pears first disguised as Anderson, servant 
 of the earl of Menteith. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Montserrat (Conrade marquis of), 
 a crusader. — Sir TV. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Moody (John), the guardian of Peggy- 
 Thrift an heiress, whom he brings up 
 in the country, wholly without society. 
 John Moody is morose, suspicious, and 
 unsocial. When 50 years of age, and 
 Peggy 19, he wants to marry her, but 
 is outwitted by "the country girl," who 
 prefers Belville, a young man of more 
 suitable age. 
 
 Alithea Moody, sister of John. She 
 jilts Sparkish a conceited fop, and mar- 
 ries Harcourt. — The Country Girl (Gar- 
 rick, altered from Wycherly). 
 
 Mooma, younger sister of Yeriiti. 
 Their father and mother were the only 
 persons of the whole Guarani race who 
 escaped a small-pox plague which 
 ravished that part of Paraguay. They 
 left the fatal spot and lived in the Mondai 
 woods, where both their children were 
 born. Before the birth of Mooma, her 
 father was eaten by a jaguar, and the 
 three survivors lived in the woods alone. 
 When grown to a youthful age, a Jesuit 
 priest persuaded them to come and live at 
 St. Joachin (3 syl.) ; so they left the wild 
 woods for a city life. Here the mother 
 soon flagged and died. Mooma lost her 
 spirits, was haunted with thick-coming 
 fancies of good and bad angels, and died. 
 Yeruti begged to be baptized, received 
 the rite, cried, " Ye are come for me ! I 
 am readv ; " and died also. — Southey, A 
 Tale of Paraguay (1814). 
 
 Moon {The) increases with horns 
 towards the east, but wanes with horns 
 towards the west. 
 
 The Moon. Dante makes the moon the 
 first planetary heaven, "the tardiest 
 sphere of all the ten," and assigned to 
 those whose vows "were in some part 
 neglected and made void" (canto iii.). 
 
 It seemed to me as if a cloud had covered us, 
 Translucent, solid, firm, and polished bright 
 LiKe adamant which the sun's beam had smit. 
 Within itself the ever-during pearl [the moon] 
 Received us, as the wave a ray of light 
 Receives, and rests unbroken 
 
 Dante, Paradise, ii. (1311). 
 
 Moon (Blue) " Once in a blue moon," 
 very occasionally, once in a while. 
 Similar to " Greek kalends." 
 
 "Does he often come of an evening?" asks Jennie. 
 "Oh, just once in a blue moon, and then always with a 
 friend."— B. H. Buxton, Jennie of the Prince's, ii. 140. 
 
 Moon (Man in the), said to be Cain, 
 with a bundle of thorns. 
 
 Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine 
 On either hemisphere, touching the wave 
 Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight 
 The moon was round. 
 
 Dante, Bell, xx. (1300). 
 
 Moon (Spots in the), Dante makes 
 Beatrice say that these spots are not due 
 to diversity of density or rarity, for, if 
 so, in eclipses of the sun, the sun would 
 be seen through the rare portions of the 
 moon more or less distinctly. She says 
 the spots are wholly due to the different 
 essences of the "planet," which reflect 
 in different ways the effluence of the 
 heaven, "which peace divine inhabits." 
 
 From hence proceeds that which from light to light 
 Seems different, and not from dense to rare. 
 
 Dante, Paradise, ii. (1311). 
 
 Milton makes Raphael tell Adam that 
 the spots on the moon are due to clouds 
 and vapours "not yet into the moon's 
 substance turned," that is, undigested 
 aliment. 
 
 For know whatever was created, needs 
 
 To be sustained and fed. Of elements. 
 
 The grosser feeds the purer, — earth the sea — 
 
 Earth and the sea feed air — the air those fires 
 
 Ethereal — and as lowest, first the moon ; 
 
 Whence, in her visage round, those spots,— unpurged 
 
 Vapours not yet into her substance turned. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, v. 415, etc. ; see also 
 viii. 143, etc. (1665). 
 
 Moon (Minions of the), thieves or high- 
 waymen. (See Moon's Men.) 
 
 Moon and Mahomet. Mahomet 
 made the moon perform seven circuits 
 round Caaba or the holy shrine of Mecca, 
 then enter the right sleeve of his mantle 
 and go out at the left. At its exit, 
 it split into two pieces, which re-united 
 in the centre of the firmament. This 
 miracle was performed for the conversion 
 of Hahab the Wise. 
 
 Moon-Calf, an inanimate, shapeless 
 human mass, said by Pliny to be en- 
 gendered of woman only. — Nat. Hist., x. 
 64. 
 
 Moon Depository. Astolpho found 
 the moon to be the great depository of 
 misspent time, wasted wealth, broken 
 vows, unanswered prayers, fruitless tears, 
 abortive attempts, unfulfilled desires and 
 intentions, etc. Bribes, he tells us, were 
 hung on gold and silver hooks ; princes' 
 favours Avertf kept in bellows ; wasted 
 talent was stored away in urns ; but 
 every article was duly labelled. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso, xviii. (1516). 
 
 Moon-Drop (in Latin virus lunare), 
 a vaporous drop supposed to be shed by 
 2 U 
 
MOON OF BRIGHT NIGHTS. 
 
 G58 
 
 MORAT. 
 
 the moon on certain herbs and other 
 objects, when powerfully influenced by 
 incantations. Lucan says, Erictho used 
 it : Virus large lunare ministrat. 
 
 Hecate. Upon the corner of the moon 
 There hangs a vaporous drop, profound ; 
 I'll catch it ere it come to ground. 
 
 Shakespeare. Macbeth, act iii. sc. 5 (1606). 
 
 Moon of Bright Nights, a sy- 
 nonym for April ; the moon of leaves, a 
 synmym for May ; the moon of straw- 
 berries is June ; the moon of falling 
 leaves is September ; and the moon of 
 snow-shoes is the synonym fur November. 
 ■ — Longfellow, Hiawatha (1855). 
 
 Moon's Men, thieves or highway- 
 men, who ply their vocation by night. 
 
 The fortune of us that are but moon's men doth ebb 
 and flow like the sea. — Shakespeare, 1 Uenry IV. act i. 
 sc. 2 (1597). 
 
 Moonshine (Saunders), a smuggler. 
 • — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
 (time, William III.). 
 
 Moore (Mr. John), of the Pestle and 
 Mortar, Abchurch Lane, immortalized by 
 his "worm-powder," and called the 
 " Worm Doctor." 
 
 O learned friend of Abchurch Lane, 
 
 Who set'st our entrails free I 
 Vain is thy art, thy powder vain, 
 
 Since worms shall eat e'en thee. 
 
 Pope. To Mr. John Moore J1733). 
 
 Moorfields. Here stood Bethlehem 
 Hospital or Bedlam at one time. 
 
 Subtle. Remember the feigned madness I have taught 
 thee. . . . 
 
 Trvcktey. Fear not, he shall think me fresh slipped 
 from the regions of Moorfields.— Ben Jonson, The 
 Alchemist, i. (1610). 
 
 Moors. The Moors of Aragon are 
 called Tangarins ; those of Granada are 
 Mudajares ; and those of Fez are called 
 Elches. They are the best soldiers 
 of the Spanish dominions. In the 
 Middle Ages all Mohammedans were 
 called Moors; and hence Camoens, in the 
 Jjusiad, viii., calls the Indians so. 
 
 Mopes (Mr.), the hermit who lived 
 on Tom Tiddler's Ground. He was dirty, 
 vain, and nasty, " like all hermits," but 
 had landed property, and was said to be 
 rich and learned. He dressed in a 
 blanket and skewer, and, by steeping 
 himself in soot and grease, soon acquired 
 immense fame. Rumour said he mur- 
 dered his beautiful 3'oung wife, and aban- 
 doned the world. Be this a* it may, he 
 certainly lived a nasty life. Mr. Traveller 
 tried to bring him back into society, but 
 a tinker said to him, " Take my word for 
 it, when iron is thoroughly rotten, you 
 can never botch it, do what you may." 
 
 — C. Dickens, A Christmas Number 
 (1861). 
 
 Mopsus, a shepherd, who, with 
 Menalcas, celebrates the funeral eulogy 
 of Daphnis. — Virgil, Eclogue, v. 
 
 Mora, a hill in Ulster, on the borders 
 of a heath called Moi-lena. — Ossian, 
 Temora. 
 
 *** Near Upsa'la is what is called 
 "The Mora Stone," where the Swedes 
 used of old to elect their kings. 
 
 Mora, the betrothed of Oscar who 
 mysteriously disappears on his bridal 
 eve, and is mourned for as dead. His 
 younger brother Allan, hoping to secure 
 the lands and fortune of Mora, proposes 
 marriage, and is accepted. At the wed- 
 ding banquet, a stranger demands "a 
 pledge to the lost Oscar," and all accept 
 it except Allan, who is there and then 
 denounced as the murderer of his brother. 
 Oscar then vanishes, and Allan dies.— 
 Byron, Oscar of Alva. 
 
 Moradbak, daughter of Fitead a 
 widower. Hudjadge king of Persia 
 could not sleep, and commanded Fitead, 
 his porter and jailer, under pain of death, 
 to rind some one to tell him tales. 
 Fitead's daughter, who was only 14, 
 undertook to amuse the king with tales, 
 and was assisted in private by the sage 
 Abou'melek. After a perfect success, 
 Hudjadge married Moradbak, and at her 
 recommendation, Aboumelek was ap- 
 pointed overseer of the whole empire. — 
 Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales (1743). 
 
 Morakan'abad, grand vizier of 
 the caliph Vathek. — Beckford, Vathek 
 (1784). 
 
 Moral Philosophy (The Father 
 of), Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 
 
 Moran Son of Fithil, one of the 
 
 scouts in the army of Swaran king of 
 Lochlin (Denmark). — Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Moran's Collar, a collar for magis- 
 trates, which had the supernatural power 
 of pressing the neck of the wearer if his 
 judgments deviated from strict justice, 
 and even of causing strangulation if he 
 persevered in wrong doing. Moran, 
 surnamed " the Just," was the wise coun- 
 sellor of Feredach an early king of 
 Ireland. 
 
 Morat, in Aurungzebe, a drama by 
 Dryden (1675). 
 
 Edward Kynaston [1619-1687] shone with uncommon 
 lustre in " Morat " and " Muley Moloch." In both *hese 
 
MORAT. 
 
 659 
 
 MORDURE. 
 
 r<arts he had a fierce, lion-like majesty in his port and 
 utterance, that gave the spectators a kind of trembling 
 admiration.— Culley Cibber. 
 
 Morat, in Switzerland, famous for the 
 battle fought there in 1476, in which 
 the Swiss defeated Charles le Te'me'raire, 
 of Burgundy. 
 
 Morat ami Marathon twin names shall stand. 
 
 Byron, Childc Harold, iii. 64 (1816). 
 
 Morbleu ! This French oath is a 
 corrupt ccntraction of Mau'graby ; thus, 
 maugre bleu, mail 1 bleu. Maugraby was 
 the great Arabian enchanter, and the 
 word means "barbarous," hence a bar- 
 barous man or a barbarian. The oath is 
 common in Provence, Languedoc, and 
 Gascoigne. I have often heard it used 
 by the medical students at Paris. 
 
 Probably it is a punning corruption of 
 Mort de Dieu. 
 
 Mordaunt, the secretary at Aix ;>f 
 queen Margaret the widow of Henry VI. 
 of England. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Mor'decai (Beau), a rich Italian 
 Jew, one of the suitors of Charlotte 
 Goodchild, but, supposing the report to 
 be true that she has lost her fortune, he 
 calls off and retires. — C. Macklin, Love 
 a-la-mode (1759). 
 
 The part that first brought John Quick [1748-1831] into 
 notice was " Beau Mordecai," in which he appeared as far 
 back as 1770. — Records of a Stage Veteran. 
 
 Mordent, father of Joanna by a 
 former wife. In orderto marry lady Anne, 
 he "deserts" Joanna and leaves her to be 
 brought up by strangers. Joanna is 
 placed under Mrs. Enfield, a crimp, and 
 Mordent consents to a proposal of 
 Lennox to run off with her. Mordent is 
 a spirit embittered with the world — a bad 
 man, with a goading conscience. He sins 
 and suffers the anguish of remorse ; does 
 wrong, and blames Providence because 
 when he " sows the storm he reaps the 
 whirlwind." 
 
 Lady Anne, the wife of Mordent, 
 daughter of the earl of Oldcrest, sister 
 of a viscount, niece of lady Mary, and 
 one of her uncles is a bishop. She is 
 wholly neglected by her husband, but, like 
 Grisilda (q.v.), bears it without complaint. 
 — Holcroft, The Deserted Dauj liter (1784, 
 altered into The Steward). 
 
 Mordred [Sir), son of Margawse 
 (sister of king Arthur) and Arthur her 
 brother, while she was the wife of Lot 
 king of Orkney (pt. i. 2, 35, 3G). The 
 eons of Lot himself and his wife were 
 Gaw'ain, Agravain, Ga'heris, and Gareth, 
 
 all knights of the Round Table. Out of 
 hatred to sir Launcelot, Mordred and 
 Agravain accuse him to the king of too 
 great familiarity with queen Guenever, 
 and induce the king to spend a day in 
 hunting. During his absence, the queen 
 sends for sir Launcelot to her private 
 chamber, and Mordred and Agravain, with 
 twelve other knights, putting the worst 
 construction on the interview, clamorously 
 assail the chamber, and call on sir Launce- 
 lot to come out. This he does, and kills 
 Agravain with the twelve knights, but 
 Mordred makes his escape and tells the 
 king, who orders the queen to be burnt 
 alive. She is brought to the stake, but is 
 rescued by sir Launcelot, who carries her 
 off to. Joyous Guard, near Carlisle, which 
 the king besieges. While lying before the 
 castle, king Arthur receives a bull from 
 the pope, commanding him to take back 
 his queen. This he does, but as he 
 refuses to be reconciled to sir Launcelot, 
 the knight betakes himself to Benwick, 
 in Brittany. The king lays siege to 
 Benwick, and during his absence leaves 
 Mordred regent. Mordred usurps the 
 crown, and tries, but in vain, to induce 
 the queen to marry him. When the king 
 hears thereof, he raises the siege of 
 Benwick, and returns to England. He 
 defeats Mordred at Dover, and at Baron- 
 down, but at Salisbury (Camlan) Mor- 
 dred is slain fighting with the king, and 
 Arthur receives his death-wound. The 
 queen then retires to a convent at Almes- 
 bury, is visited by sir Launcelot, declines 
 to many him, and dies. — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, iii. 143-174 
 (1470). 
 
 *** The wife of Lot is called " Anne " 
 by Geoffrey of Monmouth (British His- 
 tory, viii. 20, 21) ; and " Bellicent " by 
 Tennyson, in Gareth and Lynette. 
 
 This tale is so very different to those 
 of Geoffrey of Monmouth and Tennyson, 
 that all three are given (see Modred). 
 
 Mor'dure (2 syl.), son of the em- 
 peror of Germany. He was guilty of 
 illicit love with the mother of sir Bevis 
 of Southampton, who murdered her 
 husband and then married sir Mordure. 
 Sir Bevis, when a mere lad, reproved his 
 mother for the murder of his father, 
 and she employed Saber to kill him ; 
 but the murder was not committed, and 
 young Bevis was brought up as a shep- 
 herd. One day, entering the hall where 
 Mordure sat with his bride, Bevis struck 
 at him with his axe. Mordure slipped 
 
MORDURE. 
 
 660 
 
 MORGANTE. 
 
 aside, and the chair was " split to 
 shivers." Bevis was then sold to an 
 Armenian, and was presented to the king, 
 who knighted him and gave him his 
 daughter Josian in marriage. — M. Dray- 
 ton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 
 
 Mor'dure (2 syL), Arthur's sword, made 
 by Merlin. No enchantment had power 
 over it, no stone or steel was proof 
 against it, and it would neither break 
 nor bend. (The word means "hard 
 biter.") — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 8 
 (1590). 
 
 More (Margareta), the heroine and 
 feigned authoress of Household of Sir 
 Thomas More, by Miss Manning (1851). 
 
 More of More Hall, a legendary 
 hero, who armed himself with armour 
 full of spikes, and, concealing himself in 
 the cave where the dragon of AVantley 
 dwelt, slew the monster by kicking it in 
 the mouth, where alone it was mortal. 
 
 * ;!c * In the burlesque of H. Carey, en- 
 titled The Dragon of Wanttey, the hero 
 is called "Moore of Moore Hall," and 
 he is made to be in love with Gubbins's 
 daughter, Margery of Roth'ram Green 
 (1696-1743). 
 
 Morecraft, at first a miser, but 
 after losing most of his money he became 
 a spendthrift. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Scornfid Lady (1616). 
 
 *** "Luke,"inMassinger's City Madam, 
 is the exact opposite. He was at first a 
 poor spendthrift, but coming into a for- 
 tune he turned miser. 
 
 Morell (Sir Charles), the pseudonym 
 of the Rev. James Ridley, affixed to some 
 of the early editions of Tlie Tales of the 
 Genii, from 1764. 
 
 More'love {Lord), in love with lady 
 Bettj 7 " Modish, who torments him almost 
 to madness by an assumed indifference, 
 and rouses his jealousy by coquetting 
 with lord Foppiugton. By the advice 
 of sir Charles Easy, lord Morelove pays 
 the lady in her own coin, assumes an 
 indifference to her, and flirts with lady 
 Grave'airs. This brings lady Betty to 
 her senses, and all ends happily. — Colley 
 Cibber, The Careless Husband (1704). 
 
 More'no {Don Antonio), a gentleman 
 of Barcelona, who entertained don Quixote 
 with mock-heroic hospitality. — Cervantes, 
 Don Quixote, II. iv. 10 (1615). 
 
 Morfin (Mr.), a cheerful bachelor in 
 the off.ee of Mr. Dombey, merchant. 
 
 He calls himself "a creature of habit," 
 has a great respect for the head of the 
 house, and befriends John Carker when 
 he falls into disgrace by robbing his em- 
 ployer. Mr. Morfin is a musical amateur, 
 and finds in his violoncello a solace for 
 all cares and worries. He marries Har- 
 riet Carker, the sister of John and James. 
 — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Morgan le Fay, one of the sisters 
 of king Arthur (pt. i. 18) ; the others 
 were Margawse, Elain, and Anne (Belli- 
 cent was his half-sister). Morgan calls 
 herself " queen of the land of Gore " 
 (pt. i. 103). She was the wife of king 
 Vrience (pt. i. 63), the mother of sir 
 Ew'ain (pt. i. 73), and lived in the castle 
 of La Belle Regard (pt. ii. 122). 
 
 On one occasion, Morgan le Fay stole 
 her brother's sword "Excalibur," with its 
 scabbard, and sent them to sir Accolon of 
 Gaul, her paramour, that he might kill her 
 brother Arthur in mortal combat. If this 
 villainy had succeeded, Morgan intended 
 to murder her husband, marry sir Acco- 
 lon, and "devise to make him king of 
 Britain ; " but sir Accolon, during the 
 combat, dropped the sword, and Arthur, 
 snatching it up, would have slain him 
 had he not craved mercy and confessed 
 the treasonable design (pt. i. 70). After 
 this, Morgan stole the scabbard, and threw 
 it into the lake (pt. i. 73). Lastly, she 
 tried to murder her brother by means of 
 a poisoned robe ; but Arthur told the mes- 
 senger to try it on, that he might see it, 
 and when he did so he dropped down 
 dead, "being burnt to a coal" (pt. i. 75). 
 — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
 (1470). 
 
 W. Morris, in his Earthly Paradise 
 ("August"), makes Morgan la Fee the 
 bride of Ogier the Dane, after his earthly 
 career was ended. 
 
 Morgan, a feigned name adopted by 
 Belarius a banished lord. — Shakespeare, 
 Cymbeline (1605). 
 
 Morgan, one of the soldiers of prince 
 Gwenwyn of Powys-land. — Sir AV. Scott, 
 The Betrothed (tiiiie, Henry II.). 
 
 Morgane (2 syl.), a fay, to whose 
 charge Zephyr committed young Passe- 
 lyon and his cousin Bennucq. Passelyon 
 fell in love with the fay's daughter, and 
 the adventures of these 3 T oung lovers are 
 related in the romance of Perceforest, 
 iii. 
 
 Morgante (3 syl.), a ferocious giant, 
 
MORGANY. 
 
 661 
 
 MORNA. 
 
 converted to Christianity by Orlando. 
 After performing the most Avonderful 
 feats, he died at last from the bite of a 
 crab. — Pulci, Morgante Maggiore (1488). 
 
 He \don Quixote'] spoke favourably of Morgante, who, | 
 though of gigantic race, was most geiKle iu his manners. 
 —Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. L 1 (1605). 
 
 Morgany, Glamorgan. 
 
 Not a brook of Morgany. 
 
 Drayton, Polyoibion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Morgause or Margawse, wife of 
 king Lot. Their four sons were Gaw'ain, 
 Agravain, Ga'heris, and Gareth (ch. 36) ; 
 but Morgause had another son by prince 
 Arthur, named Mordred. Her son Ga- 
 heris, having caught his mother in adul- 
 tery with sir Lamorake, cut off her head. 
 
 King Lot had wedded king Arthur's sister, but king 
 Arthur had ... by her Mordred, therefore kisg Lot held 
 against king Arthur (ch. 35). — Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur, I 35, 36 (1470). 
 
 Morgia'na, the female slave, first 
 of Cassim, and then of Ali Baba, 
 "crafty, cunning, and fruitful in in- 
 ventions." When the thief marked the 
 door of her master's house with white 
 chalk in order to recognize it, Morgiana 
 marked several other doors in the same 
 manner ; next day, she observed a red 
 mark on the door, and made a similar 
 one on others, as before. A few nights 
 afterwards, a merchant with thirty-eight 
 oil-jars begged a night's lodging ; and as 
 Morgiana wanted oil for a lamp, she went 
 to get some from one of the leather jars. 
 " Is it time?" asked a voice. "Not yet," 
 replied Morgiana, and going to the others, 
 she discovered that a man was concealed 
 in thirty-seven of the jars. From the 
 last jar she took oil, which she made 
 boiling hot, and with it killed the 
 thirty-seven thieves. When the captain 
 discovered that all his men were dead, 
 he decamped without a moment's delay. 
 Soon afterwards, he settled in the city as 
 a merchant, and got invited by Ali Baba 
 to supper, but refused to eat salt. This 
 excited the suspicion of Morgiana, who 
 detected in the pretended merchant the 
 captain of the forty thieves. She danced 
 awhile for his amusement, playfully 
 sported with his dagger, and suddenly 
 plunged it into his heart. When Ali 
 Baba knew who it was that she had slain, 
 he not only gave the damsel her liberty, 
 but also married her to his own son. — ■ 
 Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba or the Forty 
 Thieves"). 
 
 " Morgiana," said Ali Baba, " these two packets contain 
 the body of your master [Cassim], and we must endeavour 
 to bury him as if he died a natural death. Let me speak 
 to your mistress."— "Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves." 
 
 Morglay, the sword of sir Bevis of 
 Hamptoun, i.e. Southampton, given to 
 him by his wife Josian, daughter of the 
 king of Armenia. — Drayton, Poli/olbion, 
 ii. (1612). 
 
 You talk of Morglay, Excalibur [Arthur's sword], and 
 Durindana [Orlando's sword], or so. Tut! I lend no 
 credit to that is fabled of 'em. — Ben Jonson, Every Man 
 in I/is Humour, iii. 1 (1598). 
 
 Morgue la Faye, a fee who watched 
 over the birth of Ogier the Dane, and, 
 after he had finished his earthly career, 
 restored him to perpetual youth, and took 
 him to live with her in everlasting love in 
 the isle and castle of Av'alon. — Ogier le 
 Danois (a romance). 
 
 Mor'ice (Gil or Child), the natural 
 son of lady Barnard, "brought forth in 
 her father's house wi' mickle sin and 
 shame." One day, Gil Morice sent Willie 
 to the baron's hall, with a request that 
 lady Barnard would go at once to Green- 
 Avood to Fee the child. Lord Barnard, 
 fancying the "child" to be some par- 
 amour, forbade his wife to leave the hall, 
 and went himself to Greenwood, where 
 he slew Gil Morice, and sent his head to 
 lady Barnard. On his return, the lady told 
 her lord he had slain her son, and added, 
 "Wi' that same spear, oh, pierce my 
 heart, and put me out o' pain ! " But the 
 baron repented of his hasty deed, and 
 cried, " I'll ay lament for Gil Morice, as 
 s^in he were mine ain." — Percy, Reliqucs. 
 etc., III. i. 
 
 *** This tale suggested to Home the 
 plot of his tragedy called Douglas. 
 
 Morisco, a Moorish dance, a kind of 
 hornpipe. 
 
 Faciem plerumque inficiunt fuligine, et peregrinum 
 vestium cultum assumunt, qui ludicris talibus indulgent, 
 aut Mauri esse videantur, aut e longius rernotA patrii 
 credantur advolasse. — Junius. 
 
 Mor'land, in Lend Me Five Shillings, 
 by J. M. Morton (1838). 
 
 Iforland (Henry), "the heir-at-law" 
 of baron Duberly. It was generally 
 supposed that he had perished at sea ; 
 but he was cast on cape Breton, and 
 afterwards returned to England, and mar- 
 ried Caroline Dormer an orphan. — G. 
 Colman, The Heir-at-Law (1797). 
 
 Mr. Beverley behaved like a father to me [B. Webster\ 
 and engaged me as a walking gentleman for his London 
 theatre, where I made my first appearance as " Henry 
 Morland," in The Heir-at-Law, which, to avoid legal 
 proceedings, he called The Lord's Warming-pan. — Peter 
 Paterson. 
 
 Morley (Mrs.), the name under which 
 queen Anne corresponded with Mrs. Free- 
 man (the duchess of Marlborough). 
 
 Moma, daughter of Cormac king of 
 
MORNA. 
 
 602 
 
 MORREL. 
 
 Ireland. She was in love with Cathba, 
 youngest son of Torman. Duchomar, 
 out of jealousy, slew his iival, and then 
 asked Morna to be his bride. Sbe replied, 
 "Thou art dark to me, O Duchomar, and 
 cruel is thine arm to Morna." She then 
 begged him for his sword, and when " he 
 gave it to her she thrust it into his heart." 
 Duchomar fell, and begged the maid to 
 pull out the sword that he might die, but 
 when she did so he seized it from her and 
 plunged it into her side. Whereupon 
 Cuthullin said : 
 
 "Peace to the souls of the heroes! Their deeds were 
 great in fight. Let them ride around me in clouds. Let 
 them show their features in war. My soul shall then be 
 firm in danger, mine arm like the thunder of heaven. 
 But be thou on a moonbeam, O Morna, near the window 
 of my rest, when my thoughts are at peace, when the 
 din of war is past." — Ossian, Fingal, i. 
 
 Morna, wife of Comhal and mother 
 of Fingal. Her father was Thaddu, and 
 her brother Clessammor. — Ossian. 
 
 Mornay, the old seneschal at earl 
 Herbert's tower at Peronne. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Morning Star of the Refor- 
 mation, John Wycliffe (1324-1384). 
 
 Wycliffe will ever be remembered as a good and great 
 man. . . . May he not be justly styled, " The Morning 
 Btar of the Reformation " ? — Eadie. 
 
 Morocco or Maroccus, the perform- 
 ing horse, generally called "Bankes's 
 Horse." Among other exploits, we are 
 told that " it went up to the top of St. 
 Paul's." Both horse and man were burnt 
 alive at Rome, by order of the pope, as 
 magicians. — Don Zara del Eogo, 114 
 (16(J0). 
 
 *** Among the entries at Stationers' 
 Hall is the following :— Nov. 14, 1595 : 
 A Ballad showing the Strange Qualities of 
 a Young Nagg called Morocco. 
 
 In 1595 was published the pamphlet 
 Maroccus Extaticus or Bankes's Horse in 
 a Trance. 
 
 Morocco Men, agents of lottery 
 assurances. In 179G, the great State 
 lottery employed 7500 morocco men. 
 Their business was to go from house to 
 house among the customers of the as- 
 surances, or to attend in the back parlours 
 of public-houses, where the customers 
 came to meet them. 
 
 Morolt (Dennis), the old 'squire of sir 
 Raymond Berenger.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Morose (2 syl.), a miserly old hunks, 
 who hates to hear any voice but his own. 
 His nephew, sir Dauphine, wants to wring 
 
 out of him a third of his property, and 
 proceeds thus : He gets a lad to personate 
 " a silent woman," and the phenomenon 
 so delights the old man, that he consents 
 to a marriage. No sooner is the ceremony 
 over, than the boy-wife assumes the cha- 
 racter of a virago of loud and ceaseless 
 tongue. Morose is half mad, and pro- 
 mises to give his nephew a third of his 
 income if he will take this intolerable 
 plague off his hand*. The trick being re- 
 vealed, Morose retires into private life, 
 and leaves his nephew master of the situ- 
 ation. — Ben Jonson, The Silent Woman 
 (1609). 
 
 Benjamin Johnson [1665-1742] seemed to be proud to 
 wear the poet's double name, and was particularly great 
 in all that author's plays that were usually performed, 
 viz., "Wasp," " Corbaccio," " Morose," and "Ananias." 
 — Chetwood. 
 
 (" Wasp" in Bartholomew Fair, " Cor- 
 baccio" in The Fox, and "Ananias "in 
 
 The Alchemist. ) 
 
 Moroug, the monkey mistaken for 
 the devil. A woman of Canibalu died, and 
 Moroug, wishing to imitate her, slipped 
 into her bed, and dressed himself in her 
 night-clothes, while the body was carried 
 to the cemetery. When the funeral party 
 returned, and began the usual lamenta- 
 tions for the dead, pug stretched his 
 night-capped head out of the bed and 
 began moaning and grimacing most hide- 
 ously. All the mourners thought it was 
 the devil, and scampered out as fast as 
 they could run. The priests assembled, 
 and resolved to exorcise Satan ; but pug, 
 noting their terror, flew on the chief of 
 the bonzes, and bit his nose and ears 
 most viciously. All the others fled in 
 disorder ; and when pug had satisfied his 
 humour, he escaped out of the window. 
 After a while, the bonzes returned, with 
 a goodly company well armed, when the 
 chief bonze told them how he had fought 
 with Satan, and prevailed against him. So 
 he was canonized, and made a saint in 
 the calendar for ever. — T. S. (Jueulette, 
 Chinese Tales (" The Ape Moroug," 1723). 
 
 Morrel or Morell, a goat-herd -who 
 invites Thomalin, a shepherd, to come to 
 the higher grounds, and leave the low- 
 lying lands. He tells Thomalin that many 
 hills have been canonized, as St. Michael's 
 Mount, St. Bridget's Bower in Kent, and 
 so on ; then there was mount Sinah and 
 mount Parnass, where the Muses dwelt. 
 Thomalin replies, "The lowlands are safer, 
 and hills are not for shepherds." He then 
 illustrates his remark by the tale of shep- 
 herd Algrind, who sat like Morrel on a 
 
MORRIS. 
 
 CG3 
 
 MORTE D' ARTHUR. 
 
 hill, when an eagle, taking his white head 
 for a stone, let on it a shell-fish in order 
 to break it, and all-to cracked his skull. 
 [JLschylus was killed by a tortoise 
 dropped on his head by an eagle.] — 
 Spenser, Skepheardes Calendar, vii. 
 
 (This is an allegory of the high and 
 low church parties. Morel is an anagram 
 of Elmer or Aylmer bishop of London, 
 who " sat on a hill," and was the leader 
 of the high-church party. Algrind is 
 Grindal archbishop of Canterbury, head 
 of the low-church party, who in 1578 
 was sequestrated for writing a letter to 
 the queen on the subject of puritanism. 
 Thomalin represents the puritans. This 
 could not have been written before 1578, 
 unless the reference to Algrind was added 
 in some later edition.) 
 
 Morris, a domestic of the earl of 
 Derby. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Morris (Mr.), the timid fellow-traveller 
 of Frank Osbaldistone, who carried the 
 portmanteau. Osbaldistone saj~s, con- 
 cerning him, " Of all the propensities 
 which teach mankind to torment them- 
 selves, that of causeless fear is the most 
 irritating, busy, painful, and pitiable/' — 
 Sir W. Scott, Rob Boy (time, George I.). 
 
 Morris {Peter), the pseudonym of John 
 G. Lockhart, in Peter's Letters to Bis 
 Kinsfolk (1819). 
 
 Morris-Dance, a comic representa- 
 tion of every grade of society. The 
 characters were dressed partly in Spanish 
 and partly in English costume. Thus, 
 the huge sleeves were Spanish, but the 
 laced stomacher English. Hobby-horse 
 represented the king and all the knightly 
 order ; Maid Marian, the queen ; the 
 friar, the clergy generally ; the fool, the 
 court jester. The other characters repre- 
 sented a franklin or private gentleman, 
 a churl or farmer, and the lower grades 
 were represented by a clown. The Span- 
 ish costume is to show the origin of the 
 dance. 
 
 A representation of a morris-dance 
 may still be seen at Betle}', in Stafford- 
 shire, in a window placed in the house of 
 George Toilet, Esq., in about 1620. 
 
 Morrison (Hugh), a Lowland drover, 
 the friend of Robin Oig. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 
 
 Mortality {Old), a religious itine- 
 rant, who frequented country church- 
 yards and the graves of the covenanters. 
 
 He was first discovered in the burial- 
 ground at Gandercleugh, clearing the 
 moss from the grey tombstones, renewing 
 with his chisel the half-defaced inscrip- 
 tions, and repairing the decorations of 
 the tombs. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 %* "Old Mortality" is said to be 
 meant for Robert Patterson. 
 
 Morta'ra, the boy who died from 
 being covered all over with gold-leaf ty 
 Leo XII., to adorn a pageant. 
 
 Mortcloks [Mr.), the undertaker at 
 the funeral of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
 Singleside. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Morte d' Arthur, a compilation of 
 Arthurian tales, called on the title-page 
 The History of Prince Arthur, compiled 
 from the French by sir Thomas Malory, 
 and printed by William Caxton in 1470. 
 It is divided into three parts. The first 
 part contains the birth of king Arthur, 
 the establishment of the Round Table, 
 the romance of Balin and Balan, and the 
 beautiful allegory of Gareth and Linet'. 
 The second part is mainly the romance 
 of sir Tristram. The third part is the 
 romance of sir Launcelot, the quest of 
 the holy graal, and the death of Arthur, 
 Guenever, Tristram, Lamorake, and 
 Launcelot. 
 
 *** The difference of style in the third 
 part is very striking. The end of ch. 44, 
 pt. i. is manifestly the close of a romance. 
 It is a pity that each romance is not 
 marked by some formal indication, 
 thus, pt. i. bk. 1, etc. ; and each book 
 might be subdivided into chapters. 
 
 This book was finished the ninth year of the reign 
 of king Edward IV. by sir Thomas Malory, knight. Thus 
 endeth this noble and joyous book, entitled La Morte 
 a" Arthur, notwithstanding it treateth of the birU), life, 
 and acts of the said king Arthur, and of his noble knights 
 of the Round Table . . . and the achieving of the holy 
 Sancgreall, and in the end the dolorous death and de- 
 parting out of the world of them all. — Concluding para- 
 graph. 
 
 Morte d" 1 Arthur, by Tennyson. The 
 poet supposes Arthur (wounded in the 
 great battle of the West) to be borne off 
 the field by sir Bedivere. The wounded 
 monarch directed sir Bedivere to cast Ex- 
 calibur into the mere. Twice the knight 
 disobeyed the command, intending to save 
 the sword ; but the dying king detected 
 the fraud, and insisted on being obeyed. 
 So sir Bedivere cast the sword into the 
 mere, and "an arm, clothed in white 
 samite, caught it by the hilt, brandished 
 it three times, and drew it into the mere.'' 
 
MORTEMAR. 
 
 664 
 
 MORVEN. 
 
 Sir Bedivere then carried the dying king 
 to a barge, in which were three queens, 
 who conveyed him to the island-valley 
 of Avil'ion, "where falls not hail, or 
 rain, or any snow, nor ever wind blows 
 loudly." Here was he taken to be healed 
 of his grievous wound ; but whether he 
 lived or died we are not told. 
 
 The idyll called The Passing of Arthur 
 is verbatim, like the Morte (T Arthur, with 
 an introduction tacked on ; but from 
 " So all day long . . ." (twelfth para- 
 graph) to the line, "So on the mere the 
 wailing died away" (about 270 lines), the 
 two are identical. 
 
 %* This idyll is merely chs. 167, 168 
 (pt. iii.) of the History of Prince Arthur, 
 compiled by sir T. Malory, put into 
 metre, much being a verbatim rendering. 
 
 See Notes and Queries, July 13, 1878, 
 where the parallels are shown paragraph 
 by paragraph. 
 
 Mortemar (Alberick of), an exiled 
 nobleman, alias Theodorick the hermit of 
 Engaddi, the enthusiast. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Mor'timer {Mr.), executor of lord 
 Abberville, and uncle of Frances Tyrrell. 
 " He sheathed a soft heart in a rough 
 case." Externally, Mr. Mortimer seemed 
 unsympathetic, brusque, and rugged ; but 
 in reality he was most benevolent, deli- 
 cate, and tender-hearted. " He did a 
 thousand noble acts without the credit of 
 a single one." In fact, his tongue belied 
 his heart, and his heart his tongue. — 
 Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover 
 (1780). 
 
 Mortimer (Sir Edward), a most bene- 
 volent man, oppressed with some secret 
 sorrow. In fact, he knew himself to be 
 a murderer. The case was this : Being 
 in a county assembly, the uncle of lady 
 Helen insulted him, struck him down, 
 and kicked him. Sir Edward rode home 
 to send a challenge to the ruffian ; but 
 meeting him on the road drunk, he mur- 
 dered him, was tried for the crime, 
 but was honourably acquitted. He wrote 
 a statement of the case, and kept the 
 papers connected with it in an iron chest. 
 One day, Wilford, his secretary, whose 
 curiosity had been aroused, saw the chest 
 unlocked, and was just about to take out 
 the documents Avhen sir Edward entered, 
 and threatened to shoot him ; but he 
 relented, made Wilford swear secrecy, 
 and then told him the whole story. The 
 young man, unable to live under the 
 jealous eye of sir Edward, ran away ; 
 
 but sir Edward dogged him, and at 
 length arrested him on the charge of 
 robbery. The charge broke down, Wil- 
 ford was acquitted, sir Edward confessed 
 himself a murderer, and died. — G. Col- 
 man, The Iron Chest (1796). 
 
 Mortimer Lightwood, solicitor, 
 employed in the "Harmon murder " case. 
 He was the great friend of Eugene Wray- 
 burn, barrister-at-law, and it was the 
 ambition of his life to imitate the non- 
 chalance and other eccentricities of his 
 friend. At one time he was a great ad- 
 mirer of Bella Wilfer. Mr. Veneering 
 called him "one of his oldest friends ; " 
 but Mortimer was never in the merchant's 
 house but once in his life, and resolved 
 never to enter it again. — C. Dickens, Our 
 Mutual Friend (1864). 
 
 Mortimer Street (London) ; so 
 called from Harley, earl of Oxford and 
 Mortimer, and baron of Wigmore, in 
 Herefordshire. 
 
 Morton, a retainer of the earl of 
 Northumberland. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry 
 IV. (1598). 
 
 Morton (Henry), a leader in the 
 covenanters' army with Balfour. While 
 abroad, he is major-general Melville. 
 Henry Morton marries Miss Eden Bel- 
 lenden. 
 
 Old Ralph Morton of Milnwood, uncle 
 of Henry Morton. 
 
 Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood, 
 father of Henry Morton. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Morton (The earl of), in the service 
 of Mary queen of Scots, and a member 
 of the privy council of Scotland. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Monastery and The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Morton (The Pev. Mr.), the presby- 
 terian pastor of Cairnvreckan village. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Mortsheugh (Johnie), the old 
 sexton of Wolf's Hope village. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Morven ("a ridge of high hills"), all 
 the north-west of Scotland ; called in 
 Ossian "windy Morven," "resounding 
 Morven," "echoing Morven," "rocky 
 Morven." Fingal is called indifferently 
 " king of Selma " and " king of 
 Morven." Selma was the capital of 
 Morven. Probably it was Argyllshire 
 extended north and east. 
 
MORVIDUS. 
 
 665 
 
 MOSES SLOW OF SPEECH. 
 
 Morvi'dus, son of Danius by his 
 concubim Tangustela. In his reign, 
 there " came from the Irish coasts a most 
 cruel monster, which devoured the people 
 continually, but as soon as Morvidus 
 heard thereof, he ventured to encounter it 
 alone. Whfn all his darts were spent, 
 the monster rushed upon him, and 
 swallowed him up like a small fish." — 
 Geoffrev of Monmouth, British History, 
 iii. 15 (1142). 
 
 . . . that valiant bastard . . . 
 Morvidus (Danius' son), who with that monster fought, 
 His subjects that devoured. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1632). 
 
 (Morvidus is erroneously printed 
 "Morindus" in Drayton, but has been 
 corrected in the qiiotation given above.) 
 
 Mosby, an unmitigated villain. He 
 seduced Alicia, the wife of Arden of 
 Feversham. Thrice he tried to murder 
 Arden, but was baffled, and then fright- 
 ened Alicia into conniving at a most 
 villainous scheme of murder. Pretending 
 friendship, Mosby hired two ruffians to 
 murder Arden while he was playing a 
 game of draughts. The villains, who 
 were concealed in an adjacent room, were 
 to rush on their victim when Mosby 
 said, " Now I take you." The whole 
 gang was apprehended and executed. — 
 Arden of Feversham (1592), altered by 
 George Lillo (1739). 
 
 Mosca, the knavish confederate of 
 Tol'pone (2 syl.) the rich Venetian 
 "fox." — Ben Jonson, Yolpone or The 
 Fox (1605). 
 
 If your mother, in hopes to ruin me, should consent to 
 marry my pretended uncle, he might, like "Mosca "in 
 The Fox, stand upon terms. — W. Congreve, The Way of 
 the World, ii. 1 tl7'Ju). 
 
 Mosce'ra, a most stately convent 
 built by the abbot Rodulfo, on the ruins 
 of a dilapidated fabric. On the day of 
 opening, an immense crowd assembled, 
 and the abbot felt proud of his noble 
 edifice. Amongst others came St. Gual- 
 ber'to (3 syl.), who, when the abbot 
 showed him the pile and the beauty 
 thereof, said in prayer, " If this convent 
 is built for God's glory, may it abide to 
 the end of time ; but if it is a monument 
 of man's pride, may that little brook 
 which flows hard by overwhelm it with 
 its waters." At the word, the brook 
 ceased to flow, the waters piled up 
 mountain high, then dashing on the 
 convent overthrew it, nor left one stone 
 upon another, so complete was the ruin. 
 — Southey, St. Gualberto. 
 
 Moscow. So-and-so was my Moscow, 
 
 that is, the turning-point of my good 
 fortune, leading to future " shoals and 
 misery." The reference is to Napoleon 
 Bonaparte's disastrous Russian expe- 
 dition, when his star hastened to its 
 " set." 
 
 Juan was my Moscow [the ruin of my reputation and 
 fame], 
 
 Byron. Don Juan, xi. 56 (1824). 
 
 Mo'ses, the Jew money-lender in 
 Sheridan's comedy Hie School for 
 Scandal (1777). 
 
 Moses' Clothes. The Koran says : 
 "God cleared Moses from the scandal 
 which was rumoured against him" (ch. 
 xxxiii.). The scandal was that his 
 bod}' was not properly formed, and 
 tnerefore he would never bathe in the 
 presence of others. One day, he went to 
 bathe, and laid his clothes on a stone, but 
 the stone ran away with them into the 
 camp. Moses went after it as fast as he 
 could run. but the Israelites saw his 
 naked body, and perceived the untruth- 
 fulness of the common scandal. — Sal?, 
 Al Koran, xxxiii. notes. 
 
 Moses 5 Horns. The Vulgate gives 
 quod cornuta esset fades sua, for what 
 our version has translated "he wist not 
 that the skin of his face shone." The 
 Hebrew word used means both a "horn" 
 and an "irradiation." Michael Angelo 
 followed the Vulgate. 
 
 Moses' Rod. 
 
 While Moses was living with Ke'uel [Jithro] the 
 Midianite, he noticed a staff in the garden, and he took 
 it to be his walking-stick. This staff was Joseph's, and 
 Re'uel carried it away when he fled from Egypt. This 
 same staff Adam carried with him out of Eden. Noah 
 inherited it, and gave it to Shem. It passed into the 
 hands of Abraham, and Abraham left it to Isaac ; ami 
 when Jacob fled from his brother's anger into Mesopo- 
 tamia, he carried it in his hand, and gave it at death 
 to his son Joseph. — The Talmud, vL 
 
 Moses Slow of Speech. The 
 
 tradition is this : One day, Pharaoh was 
 carrying Moses in his arms, when the 
 child plucked the royal beard so roughly 
 that the king, in a passion, ordered him 
 to be put to death. Queen Asia said to 
 her husband, the child was only a babe, 
 and was so young he could not dis- 
 cern between a ruby and a live coal. 
 Pharaoh put it to the test, and the 
 child clapped into his mouth the burn- 
 ing coal, thinking it something good 
 to eat. Pharaoh's anger was appeased, 
 but the child burnt its tongue so severely 
 that ever after it was " sIoav of speech." 
 — Shalshel, Hakkabala, 11. 
 
 Moses Slow of Speech. The account 
 given in the Talmud is somewhat different. 
 
MOST CHRISTIAN KING. 
 
 66Q 
 
 MOTHER HUBBARD. 
 
 It is therein stated that Pharaoh was sitting 
 one day with Moses on his lap, when the 
 child took the crown from the kings head 
 and placed it on his own. The "wise 
 men " of Egypt persuaded Pharaoh that 
 this act was treasonable, and that the child 
 should be put to death. Jithro [sic~] the 
 priest of Midian said it was the act of a 
 child who knew no better. " Let two 
 plates," said he, " be set before the child, 
 one containing gold and the other live 
 coals, and you will presently see that he 
 will choose the coals in preference to the 
 gold." The advice of Jithro being fol- 
 lowed, the boy Moses snatched at the 
 coals, and putting one of them into his 
 mouth, burnt his tongue so severely that 
 ever after he was " heavy of speech." — 
 The Talmud, vi. 
 
 Most Christian King (Le Boy 
 
 Tres-Christien). The king of France is so 
 called by others, either with or without 
 his proper name ; but he never styles 
 himself so in any letter, grant, or re- 
 script. 
 
 In St. Rcmigius or Remy's Testament, 
 king Clovis is called Christianissimus 
 Ludovicus. — Flodoard, Historia Bemcnsis, 
 i. 18 (a.d. 940). 
 
 Motallab (Abdal), one of the four 
 husbands of Zesbet the mother of Ma- 
 homet. He was not to know her as a 
 wife till he had seen Mahomet in his 
 pre-existing state. Mahomet appeared 
 to him as an old man, and told him he 
 had chosen Zesbet for her virtue and 
 beauty to be his mother. — Comte de 
 Cavlus, Oriental Tales (" History of 
 Abdal Motallab," 1743). 
 
 Mo'tar ("one doomed or devoted to 
 sacrifice"). So prince Assad was called, 
 when he fell into the hands of the old 
 fire-worshipper, and was destined by him 
 to be sacrificed on the fiery mountain. — 
 Arabian Nights (" Amgiad and Assad"). 
 
 Moth, page to don Adrinno de 
 Arma'do the fantastical Spaniard. He 
 is cunning and versatile, facetious and 
 plavful. — Shakespeare, Love's Labour's 
 Lost (1594). 
 
 Moth, one of the fairies. — Shakespeare, 
 Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 
 
 Moths and Candles. The moths 
 fell in love with the night-fly ; and the 
 night-fly, to get rid of their importunity, 
 maliciously bade them to go and fetch 
 fire for her adornment. The blind lovers 
 %ew to the first flame to obtain the love- 
 
 token, and few escaped injury or death. 
 — Koempfer, Account of Japan, vii. (1727). 
 
 Mother Ann, Ann Lee, the 
 "spiritual mother" of the shakers 
 (1734-1784). 
 
 *** Mother Ann i9 regarded as the 
 female form, and Jesus as the male form, 
 of the Messiah. 
 
 Mother Bunch, a celebrated ale- 
 wife in Dekker's Satiromaster (1602). 
 
 *** In 1604 was published Basquil's 
 Jests, mixed with Mother Bunch's Merri- 
 ments. In 1760 was published, in two 
 parts, Mother Bunch's Closet newly Broke 
 Open, etc., by a "Lover of Mirth and 
 Hater of Treason." 
 
 Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales are known 
 in every nursery. 
 
 Mother Carey's Chickens. The 
 fish-fags of Paris in the first Great 
 Revolution were so called, because, like 
 the "stormy petrel," whenever they 
 appeared in force in the streets of Paris, 
 they alwaj's foreboded a tumult or poli- 
 tical storm. 
 
 Mother Carey's Goose, the great 
 black petrel or gigantic fulmar of the 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Mother Douglas, a noted crimp, 
 who lived at the north-east corner of 
 Covent Garden. Her house was superbly 
 furnished. She died 1761. 
 
 *** Foote introduces her in The Minor, 
 as "Mrs. Cole" (1760) ; and Hogarth in 
 his picture called " The March to Finch- 
 ley." 
 
 Mother G-oose, in French Contes de 
 Ma Mere I'Oye, by Charles Perrault 
 (1697). 
 
 *** There are ten stories in this book, 
 seven of which are from the Penta- 
 
 Mother Goose, a native of Boston, 
 in Massachusetts, authoress of nursery 
 rhymes. Mother Goose used to sing her 
 rhymes to her grandson, and Thomas 
 Fleet, her brother-in-law, printed and 
 published the first edition of her nursery 
 rhymes, entitled Songs for the Nursery or 
 Mother Goose's Melodies, in 1719. 
 
 *** Dibdin wrote a pantomime, entitled 
 Mother Goose. 
 
 Mother Hubbard, an old lady 
 whose whole time and attention were 
 taken up by her dog, who Avas most 
 wilful ; but the dame never lost her tem- 
 per, nor forgot her politeness. After 
 
MOTHER HUBBERD. 
 
 667 
 
 MOUNTAIN. 
 
 running about all day to supply Master 
 Doggie, 
 
 The dame made a curtsey, the dog made a bow ; 
 The dame said, "Your servant!" the dog said, "Bow, 
 wow ! " 
 
 A A'ursery Tale in Rhyme. 
 
 Mother Hubberd, the supposed 
 narrator of a tale called The Fox and 
 the Ape, related to the poet Spenser to 
 beguile the weary hours of sickness. 
 Several persons told him tales, but 
 
 Amongst the rest a good old woman was 
 
 Hight Mother Hubberd. who did far surpass 
 
 The rest in honest mirth that seemed her well ; 
 
 She, when her turn was come her tale to tell, 
 
 Told of a strange adventure that betided 
 
 Betwixt a fox and ape by him misguided ; 
 
 The which, for that my sense it greatly pleased, . . . 
 
 I'H write it as she the same did say. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 Mother Hubberd's Tale. A fox 
 
 and an ape determined to travel about the 
 •world as chevaliers de V Industrie. First, 
 Ape dressed as a broken-down soldier, and 
 Fox as his servant. A farmer agreed to 
 take them for his shepherds ; but they 
 devoured all his lambs and then decamped. 
 They next " went in for holy orders." 
 Reynard contrived to get a living given 
 him, and appointed the ape as his clerk ; 
 but they soon made the parish too hot to 
 hold them, and again sheered off. They 
 next tried their 'fortune at court ; the 
 ape set himself up as a foreigner of dis- 
 tinction, with Fox for his groom. They 
 played the part of rakes, but being found 
 to be desperate rogues, had to flee with 
 all despatch, and seek another field of 
 action. As they journeyed on, they saw 
 a lion sleeping, and Master Fox persuaded 
 his companion to steal the crown, sceptre, 
 and royal robes. The ape, arrayed in 
 these, assumed to be king, and Fox was 
 his prime minister ; but so ill did they 
 govern that Jupiter interfered, the lion 
 was restored, and the ape was docked of 
 his tail and had his ears cropt. 
 
 Since which, all apes but half their ears have left, 
 
 And of their tails are utterly bereft. 
 
 So Mother Hubberd her discourse did end. 
 
 Spenser, Mother Hubberd's Tale. 
 
 Mother Shipton, T. Evan Preece, 
 of South Wales, a prophetess, Avhose pre- 
 dictions (generally in rhymes) were at 
 one time in everybody's mouth in South 
 Wales, especially in Glamorganshire. 
 
 *** She predicted the death of Wolsey, 
 lord Percy, and others. Her prophecies 
 are still extant, and contain the announce- 
 ment that "the end of the world shall 
 comein eighteen hundred and eighty-one." 
 
 Mother of the People (The), Mar- 
 guerite of France, la Mere des Peuples, 
 daughter of Francois I. (1523-1574). 
 
 Mother's Three Joys (A). "The 
 three holydays allowed to the fond mo- 
 ther's heart," passing by the ecstasy of 
 the birth of her child, are : 
 
 1. When first the white blossoms of his teeth appear, 
 breaking the crimson buds that did encase them ; that is 
 a dny of joy. 
 
 2. Next, when from his father's arms he runs without 
 support, and clings, laughing and delighted, to his mo- 
 ther's knee ; that is the mother's heart's next holyday. 
 
 3. And sweeter still the third, whenever his little 
 stammering tongue shall utter the grateful sound of 
 "father," "mother;" oh, that is the dearest joy of all 1 
 — Sheridan, Pizarro (altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 
 
 Mould (Mr.), undertaker. His face 
 had a queer attempt at melancholy, sadly 
 at variance with a smirk of satisfaction 
 which might be read between the lines. 
 Though his calling was not a lively one, 
 it did not depress his spirits, as in the 
 bosom of his family he was the most 
 cheery of men, and to him the "tap, tap" 
 of coffin-making was as sweet and exhila- 
 rating as the tapping of a woodpecker. — 
 C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Mouldy (Ralph), " a good-limbed 
 fellow, j'oung, strong, and of goodfriends." 
 Ralph was pricked for a recruit in sir 
 John Falstaff's regiment. He promised 
 Bardolph forty shillings "to stand his 
 friend." Sir John, being told this, sent 
 Mouldy home, and when justice Shallow 
 remonstrated, saying that Ralph " was 
 the likeliest man of the lot," Falstaff 
 replied, "Will you tell me, Master Shal- 
 low, how to choose a man ? Care I for the 
 limb, the thews, the stature, bulk, and big 
 assemblance of a man ? Give me the 
 spirit, Master ShalloAv." — Shakespeare, 2 
 Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2 (1598). 
 
 Moullahs, Mohammedan lawyers, 
 from which are selected the judges. 
 
 Mountain (The), a name given in 
 the French Revolution to a faction which 
 sat on the benches most elevated in the 
 Hall of Assembly. The Girondins sat 
 in the centre or lowest part of the hall, 
 and were nicknamed the "plain." The 
 "mountain" for a long time was the 
 dominant part; it utterly overthrew the 
 "plain" on August 81, 1793, but was in 
 turn overthrown at the fall of Robespierre 
 (9 Thermidor ii. or July 27, 1794). 
 
 Mountain (The Old Man of the), 
 the imaum Hassan ben Sabbah el Homairi. 
 The sheik Al Jebal was so called. He 
 was the prince of the Assassins. 
 
 %* In Rymer's Fcedera (vol. i.), Dr. 
 Clarke, the editor, has added two letters 
 of this sheik ; but the doctor must be 
 responsible for their genuineness. 
 
MOUNTAIN BRUTUS. 
 
 668 
 
 MOWIS. 
 
 Mountain Brutus {The), William 
 Tfcli (1282-1350). 
 
 Mountain-Monarch, of Europe, 
 mont Blanc. 
 
 Mountain of Flowers, the site of 
 the palace of Violenta, the mother faity 
 who brought up the young princess after- 
 wards metamorphosed into " The White 
 Cat." — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
 ("The White Cat," 1682). 
 
 Mountain of Miseries. Jupiter 
 gave permission for all men to bring their 
 grievances to a certain plain, and to ex- 
 change them with any others that had been 
 cast off. Fancy helped them ; but though 
 the heap was so enormous, not one single 
 vice was to be found amongst the rubbish. 
 Old women threw away their wrinkles, 
 and young ones their mole-spots ; some 
 cast on the heap poverty ; many their red 
 noses and bad teeth ; but no one his 
 crimes. Now came the choice. A galley- 
 slave picked up gout, poverty picked up 
 sickness, care picked up pain, snub noses 
 picked up long ones, and so on. Soon 
 all were bewailing the change they had 
 made ; and Jupiter sent Patience to tell 
 them they might, if they liked, resume their 
 OAvn grievances again. Every one gladly 
 accepted the permission, and Patience 
 helped them to take up their own bundle, 
 and bear it without murmuring. — Addi- 
 son, The Spectator (1711, 1712, 1714). 
 
 Mountains (Prince of German), 
 Schneekoppe (5235 feet), in Eastern 
 Prussia. 
 
 Mourning. In Colman's Heir-at-Law 
 (1797), every character is in mourning : 
 the Dowlases as relatives of the deceased 
 lord DuberPy ; Henry Morland as heir 
 of lord Duberly ; Steadfast as the chief 
 friend of the family ; Dr. Pangloss as 
 a clergyman ; Caroline Dormer for her 
 father recently buried ; Zekiel and Cicely 
 Homespun for the same reason ; Kenrick 
 for his deceased master. — James Smith, 
 Memoirs (1840). 
 
 Mourning Bride (The), a drama 
 by W. Congreve (1697). "The mourn- 
 ing bride" is Alme'ria daughter of Manuel 
 king of Grana'da, and her husband was 
 Alphonso prince of Valentia. On the day 
 of their espousals they were shipwrecked, 
 and each thought the other had perished ; 
 but they met together in the court of 
 Granada, where Alphonso was taken cap- 
 tive under the assumed name of Osmyn. 
 Osrnvn, having effected his escape, 
 
 marched to Granada at the head of an 
 army, found the king dead, and "the 
 mourning bride " became his joyful wife. 
 
 Mouse-Tower (The), on the Rhine. 
 It was here that bishop Hatto was de- 
 voured by mice. (See Hatto, p. 429.) 
 
 %* Mauth is a toll or custom house, 
 and the mauth or toll-house for collecting 
 duty on corn being very unpopular, gave 
 rise to the tradition. 
 
 Moussa, Moses. 
 
 Mowbray (Mr. John), lord of the 
 manor of St. Ronan's. 
 
 Clara Mowbray, sister of John Mow- 
 bray. She was betrothed to Frank 
 Tyrrel, but married A T alentine Bulmer. — 
 Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Mowbray (Sir Miles), a dogmatical, 
 self-opinionated old man, who fancied he 
 could read character, and had a natural 
 instinct for doing the right thing ; but he 
 would have been much wiser if he had 
 paid more heed to the proverb, " Mind 
 your own business and not another's." 
 
 Frederick Mowbray, his eldest son, a 
 young man of fine principle, and greatly 
 liked. His " first love" was Clara Mid- 
 dleton, who, being poor, married the rich 
 lord Ruby. His lordship soon died, leav- 
 ing all his substance to his widow, who 
 bestowed it with herself on Frederick 
 Mowbray, her first and only love. 
 
 David Mowbray, younger brother of 
 Frederick. He was in the navy, and 
 was a fine open-hearted, frank, and honest 
 British tar. 
 
 Lydia Mowbray, sister of Frederick and 
 David, and the wife of Mr. Wrangle. — 
 R. Cumberland, First Love (1796). 
 
 Mow'cher (Miss), a benevolent little 
 dwarf, patronized by Steerforth. She is 
 full of humour and comic vulgarity. 
 Her chief occupation is that of hair- 
 dressing. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
 (1849). 
 
 Mo wis, the bridegroom of snow, who 
 wooed and won a beautiful bride, but at 
 dawn melted in the sun. The bride 
 hunted for him night and day, but never 
 saw him more. — American-Indian Legend. 
 
 Mowis, the bridegroom of snow, who won and wedded a 
 maiden, 
 
 But when the morning came, arose and passed from the 
 wigwam, 
 
 Fading and melting away, and dissolving into the sun- 
 shine, 
 
 Till she beheld him no more, tho' she followed far into 
 the forest. 
 
 Long'ellow, Ev.ingeline, ii. 4 (1849). 
 
MOZAIDE. 
 
 669 
 
 MUDJEKEEWIS. 
 
 Mozaide (2 s;/L), the Moor who be- 
 friended Vasco de Gama when he first 
 landed on the Indian continent. 
 
 The Moor attends, Mozaide, whose zealous care 
 To Gama's eyes revealed each treacherous snare. 
 
 Cainoens, Liuiad, ix. (1569). 
 
 Mozart {Tlie English), sir Henry 
 Bishop (1780-1855). 
 
 Mozart (The Italian), Cherubini of 
 Florence (1760-1842). 
 
 Much, the miller's son, the bailiff or 
 "acater" of Robin Hood. (See Midgk.) 
 
 Robyn stode in Bernysdale, 
 
 And lened hym to a tree ; 
 And by hym stode Lytell Johan, 
 
 A good yeman was he ; 
 And also dyde good Scathelock, 
 
 And Much the miller's sone. 
 Ritson, Robin Hood Ballads, i. 1 (1594). 
 
 Much, the miller's son, in the morris- 
 dance. His feat was to bang, with an 
 inflated bladder, the heads of gaping 
 spectators. He represented the fool or 
 jester. 
 
 Much Ado about Nothing, a 
 
 comedy by Shakespeare (1600). Hero, 
 the daughter of Leonato, is engaged to be 
 married to Claudio of Aragon ; but don 
 John, out of hatred to his brother Leonato, 
 determines to mar the happiness of the 
 lovers. Accordingly, he bribes the wait- 
 ing-maid of Hero to dress in her mistress's 
 clothes, and to talk with him by moon- 
 light from the chamber balcony. The 
 villain tells Claudio that Hero has made 
 an assignation with him, and invites him 
 to witness it. Claudio is fully persuaded 
 that the woman he sees is Hero, and 
 when next day she presents herself at 
 the altar, he rejects her with scorn. The 
 priest feels assured there is some mistake, 
 so he takes Hero apart, and gives out that 
 she is dead. Then don John takes to 
 flight, the waiting-woman confesses, 
 Claudio repents, and by Avay of amend- 
 ment (as Hero is dead) promises to 
 marry her cousin, but this cousin turns 
 out to be Hero herself. 
 
 %* A similar tale is told by Ariosto in 
 his Orlando Furioso, v. (1516). 
 
 Another occurs in the Faery Queen, by 
 Spenser, bk. ii. 4, 38, etc. (1590). 
 
 George Turbervil's Geneura (1576) is still 
 more like Shakespeare's tale. Belleforest 
 and Bandello have also similar tales (see 
 Hist., xviii.). 
 
 Mucklebacket (Saunders), the old 
 fisherman at Musselcrag. 
 
 Old Elspeth Mucklebacket, mother of 
 Saunders, and formerly servant to lady 
 Glenallan. 
 
 Maggie Mucklebacket, wife of Saunders - 
 Steenie Mucklebacket, eldest son of 
 
 Saunders. He is drowned. 
 
 Little Jennie Mucklebacket, Saunders's 
 
 child. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Mucklethrift (Bailie), ironmonger 
 and brazier of Kippletringan, in Scotland. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Mucklewrath (Habukkuk), a fanatic 
 preacher.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Mucklewrath (John), smith at Cairn- 
 vreckan village. 
 
 Dame Mucklewrath, wife of John. A 
 terrible virago. — Sir W. Scott, Waver ley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Muckworm (Sir Penurious), the 
 miserly old uncle and guardian of Ar- 
 bella. He wants her to marry squire 
 Sapskull, a raAV Yorkshire tike ; but she 
 loves Gay love, a young barrister, and, of 
 course, Muckworm is outwitted. — Carey, 
 The Honest Yorkshireman (1736). 
 
 Mudarra, son of Goncalo Bustos de 
 Salas de Lara, who murdered his uncle 
 Rodri'go while hunting, to avenge the 
 death of his seven half-brothers. The 
 tale is, that Eodrigo Yelasquez invited 
 his seven nephews to a feast, Avhen a fray 
 took place in which a Moor was slain ; 
 the aunt, who was a Moorish lady, de- 
 manded vengeance, whereupon the seven 
 boys were allured into a ravine and 
 cruelly murdered. Mudarra was the son 
 of the same father as " the seven sons 
 of Lara," but not of the same mother. 
 — Romance of the Eleventh Century. 
 
 Muddle, the carpenter under captain 
 Savage and lieutenant O'Brien. — Captain 
 Marryat, Peter Simple (1833). 
 
 Muddlewick (Triptolemus), in 
 Charles XII. , an historical drama by 
 J. E. Planche (1826). 
 
 Mudjekee'wis, the father of Hia- 
 watha, and subsequently potentate of the 
 winds. He gave all the winds but one 
 to his children to rule ; the one he re- 
 served was the west wind, which he him- 
 self ruled over. The dominion of the 
 winds was given to Mudjekeewis because 
 he slew the great bear called the Mishe- 
 Mokwa. 
 
 Thus was slain the Mishd-Mokwa . . 
 "Honour he to Mudjekeewis! 
 Henceforth he shall be the west wind. 
 
MUG. 
 
 670 
 
 MULMUT1US. 
 
 And hereafter, e'en for ever. 
 Shall he hold supreme dominion. 
 Over all the winds of heaven." 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, ii. (1855). 
 
 Mug {Matthew), a caricature of the 
 duke of Newcastle. — S. Foote, The Mayor 
 of Garratt (1763). 
 
 Mugello, the giant slain by Averardo 
 de Medici, a commander under Charle- 
 magne. This giant wielded a mace from 
 which hung three balls, which the Medici 
 adopted as their device. 
 
 *** They have been adopted by pawn- 
 brokers as a symbol of their trade. 
 
 Muggins {Dr.), a sapient physician, 
 who had the art "to suit his physic to 
 his patients' taste ; " so when king Artax- 
 aminous felt a little seedy after a night's 
 debauch, the doctor prescribed to his 
 majesty " to take a morning whet." — W. 
 13. Rhodes, L'ombastes Furioso (1790). 
 
 Muh.ld.enau, the minister of Marien- 
 dorpt, and father of Meeta and Adolpha. 
 When Adolpha was an infant, she was 
 lost in the siege of Magdeburg ; and 
 Muhldenau, having reason to suppose that 
 the child was not killed, went to Prague 
 in search of her. Here Muhldenau was 
 seized as a spy, and condemned to death. 
 Meeta, hearing of his capture, walked to 
 Prague to beg him off, and was introduced 
 to the governor's supposed daughter, who, 
 in reality, was Meeta's sister Adolpha. 
 Rupert Roselheim, who was betrothed to 
 Meeta, stormed the prison and released 
 Muhldenau. — S. Knowles, The Maid of 
 Mariendorpt (1838). 
 
 Mulatto, a half-caste. Strictly speak- 
 ing, Zambo is the issue of an Indian and 
 a Negress ; Mulatto, of a Whiteman and a 
 Negress ; Terzeron, of a Whiteman and a 
 Mulatto woman ; Quadroon, of a Terzeron 
 and a White. 
 
 Mul'ciber, Vulcan, who was black- 
 smith, architect, and god of fire. 
 
 In Ausonian land 
 Men called him Mulcilier; and how he fell 
 From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove 
 Sheer o'er the crystal battlements ; from morn 
 To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, 
 A summer's day ; and with the setting sun 
 Dropt from the zenith like a falling star, 
 On Lemnos, the ^Bgean ile. 
 
 Milton, J'aradise Lost, 739, etc. (1C65). 
 
 Muley Bugentuf, king of Morocco, 
 a blood-and-thunder hero. He is the 
 chief character of a tragedy of the same 
 name, by Thomas de la Fuenta. 
 
 In the first act, the king of Morocco, by way of re- 
 creation, shot a hundred Moorish slaves witli arrows ; in 
 the second, lie beheaded thirty Portuguese officers, 
 prisoners of war; and in the third and last act, Muley, 
 mad with his wives, set fire with his own hand to a 
 detached palace, in which they were shut up, and reduced 
 
 them all to ashes. . . . This conflagration, accompanied 
 with a thousand shrieks, closed the piece in a very divert- 
 ing manner. — Lesage, Oil Bias, ii. S) (1715). 
 
 Mull Sack. John Cottington, in the 
 time of the Commonwealth, was so called, 
 from his favourite beverage. John 
 Cottington emptied the pockets of Oliver 
 Cromwell when lord protector ; stripped 
 Charles II. of £1500 ; and stole a watch 
 and chain from lady Fairfax. 
 
 *** Mull sack is spiced sherry negus. 
 
 Mulla's Bard, Spenser, author of 
 the Faery Queen. The Mulla, a tributary 
 of the Blackwater, in Ireland, flowed close 
 by the spot where the poet's house stood. 
 He was born and died in London (1553- 
 1599). 
 
 ... it irks me while I write, 
 As erst the bard of Mulla's silver stream, 
 Oft as he told of deadly dolorous plight 
 Sighed as he sung, and did in tears indite. 
 
 Shenstone, The Schoolmistress (1758). 
 
 Mulla. Thomas Campbell, in his poem 
 on the Spanish Parrot, calls the island of 
 Mull "Mulla's Shore." 
 
 Mullet {Professor), the "most re- 
 markable man" of North America. He 
 denounced his own father for voting on 
 the wrong side at an election for presi- 
 dent, and wrote thunderbolts, in the form 
 of pamphlets, under the signature of 
 " Suturb " or Brutus reversed. — C. 
 Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Mul'mutine Laws, the code of 
 Dunvallo Mulmutius, sixteenth king of the 
 Britons (about B.C. 400). This code was 
 translated by Gildas from British into 
 Latin, and by Alfred into English. The 
 Mulmutine laws obtained in this country 
 till the Conquest. — Holinshed, History of 
 England, etc., iii. 1 (1577). 
 
 Mulmutius mnde our laws, 
 Who was the first of Britain which did put 
 His brows within a golden crown, and call'd 
 Himself a king. 
 
 Shakespeare, Cymbeline, act iii. sc. 1 (1605) 
 
 Mulmutius {Dunu-allo), son of 
 Cloten king of Corn Avail. "He excelled 
 all the kings of Britain in valour and 
 gracefulness of person." In a battle 
 fought against the allied Welsh and 
 Scotch armies, Mulmutius tried the very 
 scheme which Virgil {JEneid, ii.) says 
 was attempted by iEneas and his com- 
 panions — that is, they dressed in the 
 clothes and bore the arms of the enemy 
 slain, and thus disguised committed very 
 great slaughter. Mulmutius, in his dis- 
 guise, killed both the Cambrian and 
 Albanian kings, and put the allied army 
 to thorough rout. — Geoffrey, British His- 
 tory, ii. 17, 
 
 
MULTON. 
 
 671 
 
 MUSCAROL. 
 
 Mnlniutius this land in such estate maintained 
 As his great belsire Brute. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Mlllton (Sir Thomas de), of Gilsland. 
 He is lord de Vaux, a crusader, and 
 master of the horse to king Richard 
 I. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Mumblazen (Master Michael), the 
 old herald, a dependent of sir Hugh 
 Robsart. — Sir W. Scott, Kenil worth (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Mumbo Jumbo, an African bogie, 
 hideous and malignant, the terror of 
 women and children. 
 
 Mumps (Tib), keeper of the 
 "Mumps' Ha 1 ale-hous'," on the road to 
 Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Manner ing (time, George II.). 
 
 Munchau'sen (TJie baron), a hero 
 of most marvellous adventures. — Rudolf 
 Erich Raspe (a German, but storekeeper 
 of the Dolcoath mines, in Cornwall, 1792). 
 
 *** The name is said to refer to 
 Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Munch- 
 hausen, a German officer in the Russian 
 army, noted for his marvellous stories 
 (1720-1797). It is also supposed to be an 
 implied satire on the travellers' tales of 
 baron de Tott in his Memoir es sur les 
 lures et Tartares (1784), and those of 
 James Bruce "The African Traveller" 
 in his Travels to Discover the Sources of 
 the Nile (1790). 
 
 Munchausen (TJie baron). The French 
 baron Munchausen is represented by M. 
 de Crac, the hero of a French operetta. 
 
 Mu'nera, daughter of Pollente the 
 Saracen, to whom he gave all the spoils 
 he could lay his hands on. Munera was 
 beautiful and rich exceedingly ; but Talus, 
 having chopped off her golden hands and 
 silver feet, tossed her into the moat. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 2 (1596). 
 
 Mungo, a black slave of don Diego. 
 
 Dear heart, what a terrible life am I led ! 
 
 A dog has a better dat's sheltered and fed . . . 
 
 Mungo here, Mungo dere,. 
 
 Mungo everywhere . . . 
 Me wish to de Lord me was dead. 
 
 p. Bickerstatf, The Padlock (1768). 
 
 Murat (The Russian), Michael Milo- 
 radowitch (1770-1820). 
 
 Murdstone (Edward), the second 
 husband of Mrs. Copperfield. His cha- 
 racter was "firmness," that is, an un- 
 bending self-will, which rendered the 
 young life of David intolerably wretched. 
 
 Jane Murdstone, sister of Edward, as 
 hard and heartless as her brother. Jane 
 
 Murdstone became the companion of Dora 
 Spenlow, and told Mr. Spenlow of David's 
 love for Dora, hoping to annoy David. 
 At the death of Mr. Spenlow, Jane re- 
 turned to live with her brother. — Dickens, 
 David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Murray or Moray ( TJie bonnie earl 
 of), James Stuart, the "Good Regent," 
 a natural son of James V. of Scotland by 
 Margaret daughter of John lord Erskine. 
 He joined the reform party in 1556, and 
 went to France in 1561 to invite Mary 
 queen of Scots to come and reside in 
 her kingdom. He Avas an accomplice in 
 the murder of Rizzio, and during the 
 queen's imprisonment was appointed 
 regent. According to an ancient ballad, 
 this bonny earl "was the queen's love," 
 i.e. queen Anne of Denmark, daughter of 
 Frederick II., and wife of James I. of Eng- 
 land. It is said that James, being jealous 
 of the handsome earl, instigated the earl 
 of Huntly to murder him (1531-1570). 
 
 Introduced by sir W. Scott in The 
 Monastery and The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Murray (John), of Broughton, secre- 
 tary to Charles Edward, the Young Pre- 
 tender. He turned king's evidence, and 
 revealed to Government all the circum- 
 stances which gave rise to the rebellion, 
 and the persons most active in its organi- 
 zation. 
 
 If crimes like these hereafter are forgiven, 
 Judas and Murray both may go to heaven. 
 
 Jacobite Helios, ii. 374. 
 
 Musaeus, the poet (b.c. 1410), author 
 of the elegant tale of Leander and Hero. 
 Virgil places him in the Elysian fields, 
 attended by a vast multitude of ghosts, 
 Musjeus being taller by a head than any 
 of them (JEneid, vi. 677). 
 
 Swarm ... as the infernal spirits 
 
 On sweet Musreus when he came to hell. 
 
 C. Marlowe, Dr. Famstus (1590). 
 
 Muscadins of Paris, Paris exqui- 
 sites, who aped the London cockneys in the 
 first French Revolution. Their dress was 
 top-boots with thick soles, knee-breeches, 
 a dress-coat with long tails and high stiff 
 collar, and a thick cudgel called a con- 
 stitution. It was thought John Bull-like 
 to assume a huskiness of voice, a dis- 
 courtesy of manners, and a swaggering 
 vulgarity of speech and behaviour. 
 
 Cockneys of London ! Muscadins of Paris ! 
 
 Byron, Bon Juan, viii. 124 (1824). 
 
 Mus'carol, king of flies, and father 
 of Clarion the most beautiful of the race. 
 
 — Spenser, Muiopotmos or The Butterfly's 
 Fate (1590). 
 
MUSE. 
 
 672 
 
 MUSIDORA. 
 
 Muse (TJie Tenth), Marie Lejars de 
 Gournay, a French writer (1586-1645). 
 
 Antoinette Deshoulieres ; also called 
 "The French Calliope." Her best work 
 is an allegory called Les Moutons (1633- 
 1694). 
 
 Mdlle. Scude'ri was preposterously so 
 called (1607-1701). 
 
 Also Delphine Gay, afterwards Mde. 
 Emile de Girardin. Her nbm de plume 
 was " viconte de Launay." Be'ranger 
 sang of " the beauty of her shoulders," 
 and Chateaubriand of "the charms of 
 her smile" (1804-1855). 
 
 Muse-Mother, Mnemos'yne, god- 
 dess of memory and mother of the Muses. 
 
 Memory, 
 That sweet Muse-mother. 
 E. B. Browning, Prometheus Bound (1850). 
 
 Muses {Symbols of the). 
 
 Cal'liope [Ka/'.'ly.o.py], the epic 
 Muse: a tablet and stylus, sometimes a 
 scroll. 
 
 Ceio, Muse of history : a scroll, or 
 open chest of books. 
 
 Er'ato, Muse of love ditties : a lyre. 
 
 Euter'pS, Muse of lvric poetry: a 
 flute. 
 
 Melpom'ene, Muse of tragedy: a 
 tragic mask, the club of Hercules, or a 
 sword. She wears the cothurnus, and 
 her head is wreathed with vine leaves. 
 
 Pol'yhym'xia, Muse of sacred poetry : 
 sits pensive, but has no attribute, because 
 deity is not to be represented by any 
 visible symbol. 
 
 Terpsic'hore [Terp.sick'.o.ry], Muse 
 of choral song and dance : a lyre and the 
 plectrum. 
 
 Thali'a, Muse of comedy and idyllic 
 poetry : a comic mask, a shepherd's staff, 
 or a wreath of ivy. 
 
 Uran'ia, Muse of astronomy : carries 
 a staff pointing to a globe. 
 
 Museum (A Walking), Longlnus, 
 author of a work on The Sublime (213- 
 273). 
 
 Musgrave (Sir Richard), the English 
 champion who fought with sir William 
 Deloraine the Scotch champion, to de- 
 cide by combat whether young Scott, the 
 heir of Branksome Hall, should become 
 the page of kin£ Edward or be delivered 
 up to his mother. In the combat, sir 
 Richard was slain, and the boy was 
 delivered over to his mother. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805). 
 
 Musgrave (Sir Miles), an officer in the 
 king's service under the earl of Mont- 
 
 rose. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose 
 (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Music. Amphion is said to have 
 built the walls of Thebes by the music 
 of his lyre. Ilium and the capital of 
 Arthur's kingdom were also built to 
 divine music. The city of Jericho was 
 destroyed by music (Joshua vi. 20). 
 
 They were building still, seeing the city was built 
 To music. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Music and Men of Genius. Hume, Dr. 
 Johnson, sir W. Scott, Robert Peel, and 
 lord Byron had no ear for music, and 
 neither vocal nor instrumental music 
 gave them the slightest pleasure. To the 
 poet Rogers it gave actual discomfort. 
 Even the harmonious Pope preferred the 
 harsh dissonance of a street organ to 
 Handel's oratorios. 
 
 Music (Father of), Giovanni Battista 
 Pietro Aloisio da Palestri'na (1529-1594). 
 
 Music (Father of Greek), Terpander (fl. 
 B.C. 676). 
 
 Music and Madness. Persons 
 bitten by the tarantula are said to be 
 cured bv music. — See Burton, Anatomy 
 of Melancholy, ii. 2 (1624). 
 
 Music's First Martyr. Menaphon 
 says that when he was in Thessaly he saw 
 a youth challenge the birds in music ; 
 and a nightingale took up the challenge. 
 For a time the contest was uncertain ; 
 but then the youth," in a rapture," played 
 so cunningly, that the bird, despairing, 
 " down dropped upon his lute, and brake 
 her heart." 
 
 *** This beautiful tale by Strada (in 
 Latin) has been translated in rhyme 
 by R. Crashaw. Versions have been 
 given by Ambrose Philips, and others ; 
 but none can compare with the exquisite 
 relation of John Ford, in his drama 
 entitled The Lover's Melancholy (1628). 
 
 Music hath Charms to soothe 
 the stubborn breast. — Congreve, T/ic 
 Mourning Bride, i. 1 (1697). 
 
 If Music be the Food of Love, play on ; 
 Give me excess of it. 
 Shakespeare, Twelfth. A'ight, act i. sc. 1 (1614). 
 
 Musical Small-Coal Man, Thos. 
 Britton, who used to sell small coals, 
 and keep a musical club (1654-1714). 
 
 Musicians (Prince of), Giovanni 
 Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestri'na 
 (1529-1594). 
 
 Musidora, the dame du coeur of 
 Damon. Damon thought her coyness 
 was scorn ; but one day he caught her 
 
MUSIDORUS. 
 
 673 
 
 MY LITTLE ALL. 
 
 bathing, and his delicacy on the occasion 
 bo enchanted her that she at once ac- 
 cepted his proffered love. — Thomson, 
 Seasons ("Summer," 1727), 
 
 Musido'rus, a hero whose exploits 
 are told bv sir Philip Sidney, in his 
 Arcadia (1581), 
 
 Musketeer, a soldier armed with a 
 musket, but specially applied to a com- 
 pany of gentlemen A\ r ho were a mounted 
 guard in the service of the king of 
 France from 1661. 
 
 They formed two companies, the grey 
 and the black ; so called from the colour 
 of their hair. Both were clad in scarlet, 
 and hence their quarters were called the 
 liaison rouge. In peace they followed 
 the king in the chase to protect him ; in 
 war they fought either on foot or horse- 
 back. They were suppressed in 1791 ; 
 restored in 1814, but only for a few 
 months ; and after the restoration of 
 Louis XVIII. , we hear no more of them. 
 Many Scotch gentlemen enrolled them- 
 selves among these dandy soldiers, who 
 went to war with curled hair, white 
 gloves, and perfumed like milliners. 
 
 *** A. Dumas has a novel called The 
 Three Musketeers (1844), the first of a 
 series ; the second is Twenty Years After- 
 wards; and the third, Viconte de Br.agc- 
 hnne. 
 
 Muslin, the talkative, impertinent, 
 intriguing suivante of Mrs. Lovemore. 
 Mistress Muslin is sweet upon William 
 the footman ; and loves cards. — A. Mur- 
 phy, The Way to Keep Him (1760). 
 
 Mussel, a fountain near the waterless 
 sea, which purges from transgression. 
 So called because it is contained in a 
 hollow stone like a mussel-shell. It is 
 mentioned by Prester John, in his letter 
 to Manuel Comnenus emperor of Con- 
 stantinople. Those who test it enter the 
 water, and, if they are true men, it rises 
 till it covers their heads three times. 
 
 Mus'tafa, a poor tailor of China, 
 father of Aladdin, killed by illness 
 brought on by the idle vagabondism of 
 his son. — Arabian Nights ("Aladdin and 
 the "Wonderful 'Lamp "). 
 
 Mutton, a courtezan, sometimes 
 called a "laced mutton." "Mutton 
 Lane," in Clerkenwell, was so called 
 because it was a suburra or quarter for 
 harlots. The courtezan was called a 
 "Mutton" even in the reign of Henry 
 III., for Bracton speaks of them as oves. 
 — Be Legibus, etc., ii. (1569). 
 
 29 
 
 Mutton ( Who Stole the) ? This was a 
 common street jeer flung on policemen 
 when the force was first organized, and rose 
 thus : The first case the force had to deal 
 with was the thief of a leg of muttony 
 but they wholly failed to detect the thief, 
 and the laugh turned against them. 
 
 Mutton - Eating King {The), 
 Charles II. of England (1680, 1659- 
 1685). 
 
 Here lies oar mutton-eating king, 
 Whose word no man relies on ; 
 
 He never said a foolish thing, 
 And never did a wise on'. 
 
 Earl of Rochester. 
 
 Mutual Friend {Our), a novel bv 
 Charles Dickens (18G4). The "mutual 
 friend " is Mr. Boffin " the golden dust- 
 man," who was the mutual friend of 
 John Harmon and of Bella Wilfer. The 
 tale is this : John Harmon was supposed 
 to have been murdered by Julius Hand- 
 ford ; but it was Ratford, who was 
 murdered by Eogue Riderhood, and the 
 mistake arose from a resemblance be- 
 tween the two persons. By his father's 
 will, John Harmon was to marry Bella 
 Wilfer ; but John Harmon knew not the 
 person destined by his father for his 
 wife, and made up his mind to dislike 
 her. After his supposed murder, he 
 assumed the name of John Rokesmith, 
 and became the secretary of Mr. Boffin 
 " the golden dustman," residuary legatee 
 of old John Harmon, by which he became 
 possessor of £100,000. Boffin knew 
 Rokesmith, but concealed his knowledge 
 for a time. At Boffin's house, John Har- 
 mon (as Rokesmith) met Bella Wilier. 
 and fell in love with her. Mr. Boffin, in 
 order to test Bella's love, pretended to 
 be angry with Rokesmith for presuming 
 to love Bella ; and as Bella married him, 
 he cast them both off " f or a time," to 
 live on John's earnings. A babe was 
 born, and then the husband took the 
 young mother to a beautiful house, and 
 told her he was John Harmon, that the 
 house was their house, that he was 
 the possessor of £100,000 through the 
 disinterested conduct of their " mutual 
 friend" Mr. Boffin; and the young couple 
 live happily with Mr. and Mrs. Boffin, in 
 wealth and luxury. 
 
 My-Book (Dr.). Dr. John Aber- 
 ne'thy (1765-1830) was so called, because 
 he used to say to his patients, " Read my 
 book" (On Surgical Observations). 
 
 My Little All. 
 
 I was twice burnt out, and lost my J'.ttle all both timwy. 
 —Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1 (1778). 
 
MYREBEAU. 
 
 674 
 
 NADGETT. 
 
 Myrebeau [Le sieure de), one of the 
 committee of the states of Burgundy. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Myro, a statuary of Eleu'therse, who 
 carved a cow so true to nature that even 
 bulls mistook it for a living animal. (See 
 Horse Painted.) 
 
 F.'en Myro's statues, which for art surpass 
 All others, once were but a shapeless mass. 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 
 
 Myrob'alan Comfits (Greek, muron 
 lalanon, "myrrh fruit"), dried fruits of 
 •various kinds, sometimes used as pur- 
 gatives. The citrins resemble the French 
 " prunes de Mirabelle ; " the bclerins have 
 a noyau flavour ; the indis are acidulated. 
 There are several other varieties. 
 
 She is sweeter to me than the myrabolan [eic] comfit. 
 W. Beckford, Yathclc (1786). 
 
 Myrra, an Ionian slave, and the be- 
 loved concubine of Sardanapa'lus the 
 Assyrian king. She roused him from his 
 indolence to resist Arba'ces the Mede, 
 who aspired to his throne, and when she 
 found his cause hopeless, induced him to 
 mount a funeral pile, which she fired with 
 her own hand, and then springing into 
 the flames she perished with the tyrant. — 
 Byron, Sardanapalus (1819). 
 
 At once brave and tender, enamoured of her lord, yet 
 yearning to be free; worshipping at once her distant 
 land and the soft barbarian. . . . The heroism of this 
 fair Ionian is never above nature, yet always on the 
 highest verge. The proud melancholy that mingles with 
 her character, recalling her fatherland ; her warm and 
 generous love, without one tinge of self ; her passionate 
 desire to elevate the nature of Sardanapalus,— are the 
 result of the purest sentiment and the noblest art. — Ed- 
 ward Lyttou Bulwer (lord Lytton). 
 
 Mysie, the female attendant of lady 
 Margaret Bellenden of the Tower of Til- 
 lietudlem. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Mysie, the old housekeeper at Wolf's 
 Crag Tower. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of 
 Lammermoor (time, William III.). 
 
 Mysis, the scolding wife of Sile'no, 
 and mother of Daph'ne and Nysa. It is 
 to Mysis that Apollo sings that popular 
 song, "Pray, Goody, please to moderate 
 the rancour of your tongue " (act i. 3). 
 --Kane O'Hara, Midas (1764). 
 
 Mysterious Husband (The), a 
 tragedy by Cumberland (1788). Lord 
 Davenant was a bigamist. His first wife 
 was Marianne Dormer, whom he forsook 
 m three months to marry Louisa Travers. 
 Marianne, supposing her husband to be 
 dead, married lord Davenant's son ; and 
 Miss Dormer's brother was the betrothed of 
 the second lady Davenant before her mar- 
 
 riage with his lordship, but was told that 
 he had proved faithless and had married 
 another. The report of lord Davenant's 
 death and the marriage of captain Dormer 
 were both false. When the villainy of 
 lord Davenant could be concealed no 
 longer, he destroyed himself. 
 
 N. 
 
 !N"ab, the fairy that addressed Orpheus 
 in the infernal regions, and offered him 
 for food a roasted ant, a flea's thigh, 
 butterflies' brains, some sucking mites, a 
 rainbow tart, etc., to be washed down with 
 dew-drops and beer made from seven 
 barleycorns — a very heady liquor. — King, 
 Orpheus and Eurydice (1730-1805). 
 
 Nab-man {The), a sheriff's officer. 
 
 Old Dornton has sent the nab-man after him at last. 
 — Guy Mannering, ii. 3. 
 
 *** This is the dramatized version of 
 sir W. Scott's novel, by Terry (1816). 
 
 !N"acien, the holy hermit who intro- 
 duced Galahad to the " Siege Perilous," 
 the only vacant seat in the Pound Table. 
 This seat was reserved for the knight who 
 was destined to achieve the quest of the 
 holy graal. Nacien told the king and 
 his knights that no one but a virgin 
 knight could achieve that quest. — Sir T. 
 Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 
 (1470). 
 
 Nadab, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel, is meant for lord 
 Howard, a profligate, who laid claim to 
 great piety. As Nadab offered incense 
 with strange fire and was slain, so lord 
 Howard, it is said, mixed the consecrated 
 wafer with some roast apples and sugar. 
 — Pt. i. (1681). 
 
 !NTa'dalet, a peculiar peal rung at 
 Christmas-time by the church bells of 
 Languedoc. 
 
 Christmas is come ... a coming which is announced on 
 all sides of us ... by our charming nadalet.— CornMll 
 Magazine (Eugenie de Guerin, 1863). 
 
 !N"adgett, a man employed by Mon- 
 tague Tigg (manager of the "Anglo- 
 Bengalee Company") to make private 
 inquiries. He was a dried-up, shrivelled 
 old man. Where he lived and how he 
 lived, nobody knew ; but he was always 
 
NAG'S HEAD CONSECRATION. 675 
 
 NAMES OF TERROR. 
 
 to be seen waiting for some one who never 
 appeared ; and he would glide along ap- 
 parently taking no notice of any one. — 
 C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlevsit (1844). 
 
 Wag's Head Consecration, a 
 scandal perpetuated by Pennant on the 
 dogma of "apostolic succession." The 
 " high-church clergy " assert that the 
 ceremony called holy orders has been 
 transmitted without interruption from 
 the apostles. Thus, the apostles laid 
 hands on certain persons, who (say they) 
 became ministers of the gospel ; these 
 persons "ordained" others in the same 
 manner ; and the succession has never 
 been broken. Pennant says, at the Re- 
 formation the bishops came to a fix. 
 There was only one bishop, viz., Anthony 
 Kitchen of Llandaff, and Bonner would, 
 not allow him to perform the ceremony. 
 In this predicament, the fourteen candi- 
 dates for episcopal ordination rummaged 
 up Story, a deposed bishop, and got him 
 to " lay hands " on Parker, as archbishop 
 of Canterbury. As it would have been 
 profanation for Story to do this in a 
 cathedral or church, the ceremony was 
 performed in a tavern called the Nag's 
 Head, corner of Friday Street, Cheapside. 
 Strype refutes this scandalous tale in his 
 Life of Archbishop Parker, and so does 
 Dr. Hook ; but it will never be stamped 
 out. 
 
 Naggleton {Mr. and Mrs.), types of 
 a nagging husband and wife. They are 
 for ever jangling at trifles and wilful 
 misunderstandings. — Punch (1864—5). 
 
 Naked Bear (The). Hush ! the naked 
 bear will hear you! a threat and reproof to 
 unruly children in North America. The 
 naked bear, says the legend, was larger 
 and more ferocious than any of the species. 
 It was quite naked, save and except one 
 spot on its back, where was a tuft of 
 white hair. — Heckewelder, Transactions 
 cf the American Phil. Soc, iv. 260. 
 
 Thus the wrinkled old Nokomis 
 
 Xursed the little Hiawatha, 
 
 Rocked him in his linden cradle, 
 
 Stilled his fretful wail by saying, 
 
 " Hush ! the naked bear will get thee ! " 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, iii. (1855). 
 
 *** Even to the present hour the threat, 
 " I'll see your naked nose ! " is used 
 occasionally in England to quiet fretful 
 and unruly children. I have myself 
 heard it scores of times. 
 
 Nakir', Nekir, or Nakeer. (See 
 
 MOXKER AND NAKIR.) 
 
 Nala, a legendary king of India, 
 
 noted for his love of Damayant.i, and his 
 subsequent misfortunes. This legendary 
 king has been the subject of numerous 
 poems. 
 
 *** Dean Milman has translated into 
 English the episode from the Mahabha rata, 
 and W. Yates has translated the Nalodaya 
 of the great Sanskrit poem. 
 
 Nama, a daughter of man, beloved 
 by the angel Zaraph. Her wish was to 
 love intensely and to love holily, but as 
 she fixed her love on a seraph, and not 
 on God, she was doomed to abide on 
 earth, "unchanged in heart and frame," 
 so long as the earth endureth ; but at the 
 great consummation both Nama and her 
 seraph will be received into those courts 
 of love, where " love never dieth." — 
 Moore, 'Loves of the Angels, ii. (1822). 
 
 Namancos, Numantia, a town of 
 Old Castile, in Spain. Milton says the 
 "guarded mount looks towards Kaman- 
 cos," that is, the fortified mount called 
 St. Michael, at the Land's End, faces Old 
 Castile.— Milton, Lycidas, 161 (1638). 
 
 Namby (Major), a retired officer 
 living in the suburbs of London. He 
 had been twice married ; his first wife 
 had four children, and his second wife 
 three. Major Namby, though he lived 
 in a row, always transacted his domestic 
 affairs by bawling out his orders from 
 the front garden, to the annoyance of hi3 
 neighbours. He used to stalk half-way 
 down the garden path, with his head high 
 in the air, his chest stuck out, and flour- 
 ishing his military cane. Suddenly he 
 would stop, stamp with one foot, knock 
 up the hinder brim of his hat, begin to 
 scratch the nape of his neck, wait a 
 moment, then wheel round, look at the 
 first-floor window, and roar out, "Ma- 
 tilda ! " (the name of his wife) " don't do 
 so-and-so ;" or " Matilda! do so-and-so." 
 Then would he bellow to the servants to 
 buy this, or not to let the children eat 
 that, and so on. — Wilkie Collins, Pray 
 Employ Major Namby (a sketch). 
 
 Name. To tell one's name to an enemy 
 about to challenge you to combat, was 
 deemed by the ancient Scotch heroes a 
 mark of cowardice ; because, if the pre- 
 decessors of the combatants had shown 
 hospitality, no combat could ensue. Hence 
 "to tell one's name to an enemy" was an 
 ignominious synonym of craven or coward. 
 
 "I have been renowned in battle," said Cless'ammor, 
 " but I never told my name to a foe." — Ossian, Carthon. 
 
 Names of Terror. The following, 
 
NAMES OF TERROR. 
 
 676 
 
 NANCY OF THE VALE. 
 
 amongst others, have been emplo3 r ed as 
 bogie-names to frighten children with :— 
 
 Attila was a bogie-name to the latter 
 Romans. 
 
 Bo or Boir, son of Odin, was a fierce 
 Gothic captain. His name was used by 
 his soldiers when they would fight or 
 surprise the enemy. — Sir William Temple. 
 
 *** Warton tells us that the Dutch 
 scared their children with the name of 
 Boh. 
 
 Bonaparte, at the close of the 
 eighteenth and beginning of the nine- 
 teenth centuries, was a name of terror in 
 Europe. 
 
 Corvi'nus (Mathias), the Hungarian, 
 vras a scare-name to the Turks. 
 
 Lilis or Lilith was a bogie-name used 
 by the ancient Jews to unruly children. 
 The rabbinical writers tell us that Lilith 
 was Adam's wife before the creation of 
 Eve. She refused to submit to him, and 
 became a horrible night-spectre, especi- 
 ally hostile to young children. 
 
 Lunsfokd, a name employed to frighten 
 children in England. Sir Thomas Luns- 
 ford, governor of the Tower, was a man 
 of most vindictive temper, and the dread 
 of every one. 
 
 Marie children with your tones to rim for't, 
 As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford. 
 
 S. BuUer, Hudibras, iii. 2, line 1112 (1678). 
 
 Narses (2 syl.) was the name used by 
 Assyrian mothers to scare their children 
 with. 
 
 The name of Narses was the formidable sound with 
 which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify 
 their infants. — Giblxm, Decline and Fall of the Roman 
 Empire, viii. 219 (1776-88). 
 
 Rawhead and Bloody-rones were 
 at one time bogie-names to children. 
 
 Servants awe children and keep them in subjection by 
 telling them of Rawhead and Bloody-bones.— Locke. 
 
 Richard I., " Coeur de Lion." This 
 name, saj r s Camden {Remains), was em- 
 ployed by the Saracens as a "name of 
 dread and terror." 
 
 His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian 
 mothers to silence their infants ; and if a horse suddenly 
 started from the way, bis rider was wont to exclaim, 
 
 Dost thou think king Richard is in the bush ?"— Gibbon, 
 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, xL 146 (1776-88). 
 
 Sebastian (Dom), a name of terror 
 once used by the Moors. 
 
 Nor shall Sebastian"s formidable name 
 Be longer used to still the crying babe. 
 
 Dryden, Don Sebastian (1690). 
 
 Talbot (John), a name used in France 
 mi terrorem to unruly children. 
 
 They in France to feare their young children crye, " The 
 Ifelbot commeth 1 "—Hall, Chronicles (1545). 
 
 Here (said they) is the terror of the French, 
 The scarecrow that affrights our children so. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 4 (15S9). 
 
 Is this the Talbot so much feared abroad, 
 That with his name the mothers still their bnbes? 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 5 (l&ai)). 
 
 Tamerlane, a name used by the Per- 
 sians in terrorem. 
 
 Tarquin, a name of terror in Roman 
 nurseries. 
 
 The nurse, to still her child, will tell my story, 
 And fright her crying babe with Tarquin's name. 
 
 Shakespeare, Rape of Lucrece (1594). 
 
 (See also Naked Bear.) 
 
 Namo, duke of Bavaria, and one of 
 Charlemagne's twelve paladins. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Ifamou'na, an enchantress. Though 
 first of created beings, she is still as 
 young and beautiful as ever. — Persian 
 Mythology. 
 
 Namous, the envoy of Mahomet in 
 paradise. 
 
 Nancy, servant to Mrs. Pattypan. A 
 pretty little flirt, who coquets with Tim 
 Tartlet and young Whimsey, and helps 
 Charlotte Whimsey in her "love affairs." 
 —James Cobb, The First Floor (1756- 
 1818). 
 
 Nancy, a poor misguided girl, who 
 really loved the villain Bill Sikes (1 syl.). 
 In spite of her surroundings, she had 
 still some good feelings, and tried to 
 prevent a burglary planned by Fagin and 
 his associates. Bill Sikes, in a fit of 
 passion, struck her twice upon the face 
 with the butt-end of a pistol, and she fell 
 dead at his feet. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
 Twist (1837). 
 
 Nancy, the sailor's fancy. At half- 
 past four he parted from her ; at eight 
 next morn he bade her adieu. Next day 
 a storm arose, and when it lulled the 
 enemy appeared ; but when the fight was 
 hottest, the jolly tar "put up a prayer 
 for Nancy." — Dibdin, Sea Songs ("Twas 
 post meridian half-past four," 1790). 
 
 Nancy (3fiss), Mrs. Anna Oldfield, a 
 celebrated actress, buried in Westminster 
 Abbey. She died in 1730, and lay in 
 state, attended by two noblemen. Mrs. 
 Oldfield was buried in a "very fine 
 Brussels lace head-dress, a new pair of 
 kid gloves, and a robe with lace ruffles 
 and a lace collar." (See Narcissa.) 
 
 Nancy Dawson, a famous actress, 
 who took London by storm. Her father 
 was a poster in Clare Market (1728-1767). 
 
 Her easy mien, her shape so neat. 
 She foot£ she trips, she looks so sweet; 
 I die for Nancy Dawson. 
 
 Nancy of the Vale, a village 
 
NANNIE. 
 
 C77 NAPOLEON AND TALLEYRAND. 
 
 maiden, who preferred Strephon to the 
 gay lordlings who sought her hand in 
 marriage. — Shenstone, A Ballad (1554). 
 
 Nannie, Miss Fleming, daughter of 
 a fanner in the parish of Tarbolton, in 
 Ayrshire. Immortalized by R. Burns. 
 
 Nan'tolet, father of Rosalura and 
 Lillia-Bianca. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 
 
 Napoleon I., called by the Germans 
 " kaiser Klas" (7. p.). 
 
 "M" is curiously coupled with the 
 history of Napoleon I. and III. (See 
 SI., p. 583.) 
 
 The following is a curious play on the 
 word Napoleon : — 
 
 Napoleon apoledn poleon oleon leon eon 
 
 Napoleon Apollj/on title* destroying a-lion going-about 
 on. 
 being. That is : 
 Napoleon-Apollyon [being] Is a lion going about destroy- 
 ing cities. 
 
 Chauvinism, Napoleon idolatry. Chau- 
 vin is a blind idolater of Napoleon I., in 
 Scribe's drama entitled Soldat Laboureur. 
 
 The picture of Napoleon galloping up 
 the Alps on a rampant war-charger, is by 
 David. The war-horse is a poetical 
 representation of a patient mule trudging 
 wearily up the steep ascent. The cocked 
 hat and cut-away coat, which the emperor 
 wore on gala days, are poetical repre- 
 sentations of the fur cap pulled over his 
 ears, and the thick great coat, " close- 
 buttoned to the chin," during his passage 
 over the mountains. 
 
 Napoleon III. His Nicknames. 
 
 Ahenenrerg (Cointe W). So he called hunself after 
 his escape from the fortress of Ham. 
 
 Badingiet, the name of the man he shot in his 
 Boulogne escapade. 
 
 Boistkaha, a compound of BoiiHogiie]. Strasbourg], 
 and Pa[risL tlie places of his noted escapades. 
 
 Grosbec. So called from Uie rather unusual size of 
 his nose. 
 
 Man op December. So called because December wis 
 his month of glory. Thus, he was elected president 
 December 11, 1S43 ; made his coup d'etat December 2, 
 18oi : and was created emperor December 2, 1852. 
 
 Max op Sedan. So called because at Sedan he sur- 
 rendered his sword to the king of Prussia (September, 
 1870). 
 
 UatIPOLE. same as the West of England Raxtipole, 
 • harum-scarum, half idiot, half madcap. I myself in 
 1856 saw a man forbidden to remain a single night In 
 Paris, because he addressed his dog as " Ratipole." We 
 were dining at the same lal>le. 
 
 Thk Little. Victor Hugo gave him this title; but 
 the hatred of Hugo to Napoleon was a monomania. 
 
 Vkruurl, the name of his supposed father. 
 
 Number 2. The second of the month 
 was Louis Napoleon's day. It was also 
 one of the days of his uncle, the other 
 being the fifteenth. 
 
 The coup d'e'tat was December 2 ; he 
 was made emperor December 2, 1852 ; 
 
 the Franco-Prussian war opened at Saar- 
 briick, August 2, 1870 ; he surrendered 
 his sword to William fcf Prussia, Septem- 
 ber 2, 1870. 
 
 Napoleon I. was crowned December 2, 
 1 804 ; and the victor}- of Austerlitz was 
 December 2, 1805. 
 
 Numerical Curiosities. 1. 1869, the 
 last year of Napoleon's glory ; the next 
 year was that of his downfall. As a 
 matter of curiosity, it may be observed that 
 if the day of his birth, or the day of the 
 empress's birth, or the date of the capi- 
 tulation of Paris, be added to that, of the 
 coronation of Napoleon III., the result 
 always points to 1869. Thus, he was 
 crowned 1852; he was born 1808; the 
 empress Euge'nie was born 1826 ; the 
 capitulation of Paris was 1871. Whence: 
 
 1852 1852 1852 coronaUon. 
 
 x ) l } ^ 
 
 8 I birth of S I birth of 8 1 capitulation 
 
 ( Napoleon. 2 (Eugenie. 7 ( of Paris. 
 
 SJ 6) l) 
 
 2. 1870, the year of his downfall. By 
 adding the numerical values of the birth- 
 date either of Napoleon or Eugenie to the 
 date of the marriage, we get their fatal 
 vear of 1870. Thus, Napoleon was born 
 1808; Eugenie, 1826 ; married, 1853. 
 
 1853 1S53 year of marriage. 
 
 8 ( birth of 8 (, birth of 
 
 /"Napoleon. 2 l Eugenie. 
 
 8; 6) 
 
 1870 1870 
 
 3. Empereur. The votes for the presi- 
 dent to be emperor were 7,119,791 ; those 
 against him were 1,119,000. If, now, 
 the numbers 711979 riTI9 be written on a 
 piece of paper, and held up to the light, 
 the reverse side will show the word 
 empereur. (The dash is the dividing 
 mark, and forms the long stroke of the 
 "P.") 
 
 Napoleon and Talleyrand. Na- 
 poleon I. one day entered a roadside inn, 
 and called for * breakfast. There was 
 nothing in the house but eggs and cider 
 (which Napoleon detested). " What 
 shall we do ? " said the emperor to 
 Talleyrand. In answer to this, the 
 grand chambellan improvised the rhyme9 
 following : — 
 
 Le bon rol Dagobert 
 Aimait le bon via au dessert. 
 
 Le grand St. Eloi 
 
 Lui dit, "O mon roi, 
 
 Le droit reuni 
 
 L'a bieu renchdri.'* 
 - Eh bleu I " lui dit le roi . . . 
 
 But he could get no further. Whereupon 
 
NAPOLEON OF THE DRAMA. 67! 
 
 NATIONAL CONVENTION. 
 
 Napoleon himself instantly capped the 
 line thus : 
 
 " Je boirai d^i cidre avec toi." 
 
 Chapus, Dieppe, etc. (1853). 
 Our royal master Dagobert 
 Good wine loved at his dessert. 
 
 But St. Elci 
 
 Once s;iid, " Mon roi, 
 
 We here prepare 
 
 No dainty fare." 
 " Well," cried the king, " so let it be, 
 Cider to-day we'll drink with thee." 
 
 .Napoleon of the Drama. Alfred 
 Bunn, lessee of Drury Lane Theatre 
 (1819-1826) was so called ; and so was 
 Robert William Elliston, his predecessor 
 (1774-1826, died 1831). 
 
 Napoleon of Mexico, the emperor 
 Augusto Iturbide (1784-1824). 
 
 Napoleon of Oratory, W. E. 
 
 Gladstone (1809- ). 
 
 Napoleon of Peace, Louis Phil- 
 lippe of France (1773, reigned 1830-1848, 
 died 1850). 
 
 Narcissa, meant for Elizabeth Lee, 
 the step-daughter of Dr. Young. In 
 Night ii. the poet says she was clan- 
 destinely buried at Montpellier, because 
 she was a protestant. — Dr. Young, Night 
 Thoughts (1742-6). 
 
 Narcissa, Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, 
 who insisted on being rouged and dressed 
 in Brussels lace when she was "laid out." 
 (See Nancy.) 
 
 " Odious ! In woollen ? 'Twould a saint provoke 1 " 
 Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. 
 " No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace 
 Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face ; 
 One would not, sure, be frightful when one's deadl 
 And, Betty, give this cheek a litt'e red." 
 
 Pope, Moral Essays, i. (1731). 
 
 Narcissus, a flower. According to 
 Grecian fable, Narcissus fell in love with 
 his own reflection in a fountain, and, 
 having pined away because he could not 
 kiss it, Avas changed into the flower which 
 bears his name. — Ovid, Metamorphoses, 
 iii. 346, etc. 
 
 Echo was in love with Narcissus, and 
 died of grief because he would not return 
 her love. 
 
 Narcissus fair. 
 As o'er the fabled fountain hanging still. 
 
 Thomson, Seasons (" Spring," 1728). 
 
 %* GlUck, in 1779, produced an opera 
 called Echo et Narcisse. 
 
 Narren-Schiff (" the ship of fools "), 
 a satirical poem in German, by Brandt 
 (1491), lashing the follies and vices of 
 the period. Brandt makes knowledge 
 of one's self the beginning of Avisdom ; 
 maintains the equality of man ; and speaks 
 of life as a brief passage only. The 
 
 book at one time enjoyed unbounded 
 popularity. 
 
 Narses (2 syl.), a Roman general 
 against the Goths ; the terror of children. 
 
 The name of Narses was the formidable sound with 
 which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify 
 their infants.— Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman 
 Empire, viii. 219 (1776-88). 
 
 Narses, a domestic slave of Alexiu3 
 Comnenus emperor of Greece. — Sir \V. 
 Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
 Rutus). 
 
 Naso, Ovid, the Roman poet, whose ! 
 full name was Publius Ovidius Naso. ^ 
 (Naso means "nose.") Hence the pun 
 of Holofernes : 
 
 And why Naso, but for smelling out the odoriferous 
 flowers of fancy J— Shakespeare, love's Labour's Lost, act 
 iv. sc. 2 (1594). 
 
 Nathaniel (Sir), the grotesque curate 
 of Holofernes. — Shakespeare, Love's 
 Labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Nathos, one of the three sons of 
 Usnoth lord of Etha (in Argyllshire), 
 made commander of the Irish army at 
 the death of Cuthullin. For a time he 
 propped up the fortune of the youthful 
 Cormac, but the rebel Cairbar increased 
 in strength and found means to murder 
 the young king. The army under Nathos 
 then deserted to the usurper, and Nathos 
 with his two brothers was obliged to 
 quit Ireland. Dar'-Thula, the daughter 
 of Colla, went with them to avoid Cairbar, 
 who persisted in offering her his love. 
 The wind drove the vessel back to Ulster, 
 where Cairbar lay encamped, and the 
 three young men, being overpowered, were 
 slain. As for Dar-Thula, she was pierced 
 with an arrow, and died also. — Ossian, 
 Dar-Thula. 
 
 Nation of Gentlemen. The 
 Scotch were so called by George IV., 
 when he visited Scotland in 1822. 
 
 Nation of Shopkeepers. The 
 English were so called by Napoleon I. 
 
 National Assembly. (1) The 
 French deputies which met in the year 
 1789. The states-general was convened, 
 but the clergy and nobles refused to sit in 
 the same chamber with the commons, so 
 the commons or deputies of the tiers e'tat 
 withdrew', constituted themselves into a 
 deliberative bod} r , and assumed the name 
 of the Assembled Nationale. (2) The 
 democratic French parliament of 1848, 
 consisting of 900 members elected by 
 manhood suffrage, was so called also. 
 
 National Convention, the French 
 
NATTY BUMPPO. 
 
 679 
 
 NEGUS. 
 
 parliament of 1792. It consisted of 721 
 members, but was reduced first to 500, 
 then to bliO. It succeeded the National 
 Assembly. 
 
 Natty Bumppo, called " Leather- 
 stockings." He appears in five of F. 
 Cooper's novels: (1) The Deerslayer ; 
 (2) The Pathfinder; (3) "The Hawk- 
 eye," in The Last of the Mohicans ; (4) 
 " Natty Bumppo," in The Pioneers; and 
 (5) "The Trapper," in T/ie Prairie, in 
 which he dies. 
 
 Nature Abhors a Vacuum. 
 
 This was an axiom of the peripatetic 
 philosophy, and was repeated by Galileo, 
 as an explanation of the rise of water 
 for about thirty-two feet in wells, etc. 
 
 Nausic'aa (4 syL), daughter of 
 Alcinous king of the Phoea'cians, who 
 conducted Ulysses to the court of her 
 father when he was shipwrecked on the 
 coast. 
 
 Nausicaa, as she had gone down through the orchards 
 and the olive gardens to the sea, holding the golden cruse 
 of oil in one hand, with her feet hare so that she might 
 wade in the waves, and in her eyes the great soft wonder 
 that must have come there when Odysseus awoke. — Ouida, 
 Ariadne, L 10. 
 
 Navigation. (The Father of), don 
 Henrique duke of Viseo, the greatest 
 man that Portugal has produced (1394- 
 1460). 
 
 Navigation (The Father of British In- 
 land), Francis Egerton, duke of Bridge- 
 water (1736-1803). 
 
 Naviget Anticyram (Horace, Sat., 
 ii. 3, 166), Anticyra, in Thessaly, famous 
 for hellebore, a remedy for madness ; 
 hence, when a person acted foolishly, he 
 was told to go to Anticyra, as we should 
 say, "to get his simples cut." 
 
 Naxian Groves. Naxos (now 
 Naxia), an island of the iEgean Sea or 
 the Archipelago, was noted for its wines. 
 
 . . . fair Baccantes, 
 Wild from Naxian groves. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Song. 
 
 Nesera, a fancy name used by Horace, 
 Virgil, and Tibullus, as a synonym of 
 sweetheart. 
 
 To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. 
 Or with the tangles of Nesera's hair. 
 
 Milton, Li/cidas (1638). 
 
 Neal'liny (4 syl.), a suttee, the young 
 widow of Ar'valan son of Keha'ma.— 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, i. 11 (1809). 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar [Ne-boch-ad-ne- 
 Tzar], in Russian, means "there is no 
 God but the czar." — M. D., Notes and 
 Queries (21st July, 1877). 
 
 Necessity. Longfellow, in The Way- 
 side Inn (1863), says the student : 
 
 Quoted Horace, where he sings 
 The dire Necessity of things, 
 That drives into the roof sublime 
 Of new-built houses of the great. 
 The adamantine nails of Fate. 
 
 He refers to : 
 
 Si figit adamantinos 
 
 Summis verticibus dira Necessitas 
 
 Clavos. 
 
 Odes, iii. 24. 
 
 Neck. Calig'ula the Roman emperor 
 used to say, "Oh that the Roman people 
 had but one neck, that I might cut it off 
 at a blow ! " 
 
 I love the sex, and sometimes would reverse 
 The tyrant's wish, that "mankind only had 
 One neck, which he with one fell stroke might pierce." 
 Byron, Don Jaan, vi. 27 (1824). 
 
 Neck or Nothing, a farce by Gar- 
 rick (1766). Mr. Stockwell promises to 
 give his daughter in marriage to the son 
 of sir Harry Harlowe of Dorsetshire, 
 with a dot of £10,000 ; but it so happens 
 that the young man is privately married. 
 The two servants of Mr. Belford and sir 
 Harry Harlowe try to get possession of 
 the money, by passing off Martin (Bel- 
 ford's servant) as sir Harry's son ; but it 
 so happens that Belford is in love with 
 Miss Stockwell, and hearing of the plot 
 through Jenny, the young lady's-maid, 
 arrests the two servants as vagabonds, 
 and old Stockwell gladly consents to his 
 marriage with Nancy, and thinks himself 
 well out of a terrible scrape. 
 
 Nectaba'nus, the dwarf at the cell 
 of the hermit of Engaddi. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Nectar, the beverage of the gods. 
 It was white as cream, for when Hebe 
 spilt some of it, the white arch of heaven, 
 called the Milky Way, was made. The 
 food of the gods was ambrosia. 
 
 Ned (Lying), "the chimney-sweeper 
 of Savoy," that is, the duke of Savoy, 
 who joined the allied army against France 
 in the war of the Spanish Succession. — ■ 
 Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John Bull 
 (1712). 
 
 Negro'ni, a princess, the friend of 
 Lucrezia di Borgia. She invited the 
 notables Avho had insulted the Borgia to 
 a banquet, and killed them with poisoned 
 wine. — Donizetti, Lucrezia di Borgia 
 (an opera, 1834). 
 
 Ne'gUS, sovereign of Abyssinia. 
 Erco'co or Erquico on the Red Sea marks 
 the north-east boundary of this empire. 
 
NEHEMIAH HOLDENOUGH. 
 
 680 
 
 NEPENTHE. 
 
 The empire of Negus to his utmost port, 
 Ercoco. 
 
 Milton, Paradis* Lost, xi. 397 (1665). 
 
 Nehemiah HoldeDcmgh, a pres- 
 byterian preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 dock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Neilson (Mr. Christoplie*^, a surgeon 
 at Glasgow.— Sir W. Scott, Mob Roy 
 (time, George L). 
 
 "N"p.inVriP.iri (2 syl.) emp^yed four 
 architects to build him a palace in 
 ] reland ; and, that the} 7 might ret build 
 another like it or superior to it for some 
 other monarch, had them all pecretly 
 :uurdered. — O'Hallorari, History if Ire- 
 land. 
 
 *** A similar story is told of Nnman- 
 al-A6uar king of Hirah, who employed 
 .Senna'mar to build him a palace. When 
 finished, he cast tbe architect headlong 
 from the highest tower, to prevent his 
 building anotber to rival it. — D'Herbelct, 
 Bibliotheque Orientate (1G97). 
 
 Nekayah, sister of Rasselas prince 
 of Abyssinia. Sbe escapes with her 
 brotber from tbe "happy valley," and 
 wandets about with him to find what 
 condition or rank of life is the most 
 happy. After roaming for a time, and 
 finding no condition of life free from its 
 drawbacks, tbe brother and sister resolve 
 to return to the "happy valley." — Dr. 
 Johnson, Rasselas (1759). 
 
 Nell, tbe meek and obedient wife of 
 Jobson ; taught b} r the strap to know 
 who was lord and master. Lady Love- 
 rule was tbe imperious, headstrong bride 
 of sir John Loverule. The two women, 
 by a magical hocus-pocus, were changed 
 for a time, without any of the four know- 
 ing it. Lady Loverule was placed with 
 Jobson, who soon brought down her tur- 
 bulent temper with the strap, and when 
 be was reduced to submission, the two 
 women were restored again to their re- 
 spective husbands. — C. Coffey, The Devil 
 to Pay (1731). 
 
 The merit of Mis. Clive [1711-1785] as an actres? first 
 showed itself in " Nell " the cobbler's wife. — T. Davies. 
 
 Nell {Little) or Nelly Trent, a 
 sweet, innocent, loving child of 14 sum- 
 mers, brought up by her old miserly 
 grandfather, who gambled away all his 
 money. Her days were monotonous and 
 without youthful companionship, her 
 evenings gloomy and solitary ; there were 
 no child-sympathies iri her dreary home, 
 but dejection, despondence akin to mad- 
 ness, watchfulness, suspicion, and im- 
 becility. The grandfather being wholly 
 
 ruined by gaming, the two went forth as 
 beggars, and ultimately settled down in 
 a cottage adjoining a country churchyard. 
 Here Nelly died, and the old grandfather 
 soon afterwards was found dead upon her 
 grave. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
 Shop (1840). 
 
 *** The solution of the grandfather's 
 story is given in ch. lxix. 
 
 Nelly, the servant-girl of Mrs. Din- 
 mont. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Nelson's Ship, the Victory. 
 
 Now from the fleet of the foemen past 
 
 Ahead of the Victory, 
 A four-decked ship, with a flagless mast. 
 
 An Anak of the sea. 
 His gaze on the ship lord Nelson cast ; 
 
 " Oh, oh ! my old friend ! " quoth he. 
 "Since again we have met, we must all be glad 
 To pay our respeets to the Trinidad,'' 
 So, full on the bow of the giant foe. 
 
 Our gallant Victory runs ; 
 Thro' the dark'ning smoke the thunder broke 
 
 O'er her deck from a hundred guns. 
 
 Lord Lytton, Ode, iii. 9 (1839). 
 
 Nern'ean Lion, a lion of ArgSlis, 
 elain by Hercules. 
 
 In this word Shakespeare has pre- 
 served the correct accent : "As hardy as 
 the Nem'ean lion's nerve " (Hamlet, act i. 
 sc. 5) ; but Spenser incorrectly throws 
 the accent on the second syllable, which 
 H e short : " Into tbe great Neme'an 
 lion's giove " (Faery Queen, v. 1). 
 
 Ere NtmSa's boast resigned his shaggy spoils. 
 
 Statius, The Thebaid, L 
 
 Nem'e^is, the Greek personification 
 of retribution, or that punishment for 
 sin which sooner or later overtakes the 
 offender. 
 
 . . . *<nd some great Nemesis 
 Break fiTHn a d:\ikened future. 
 
 l'fciinjson, The Princess, vi (1847). 
 
 Ne'mo, the name by which captain 
 Hawdon was known at Krook's. He had 
 once won the love of the future lady 
 Dedlock, by whom be had a child called 
 Esther Sunimerson ; but he was compelled 
 to copy law-writings for daily bread, and 
 died a miserable death from an overdose 
 of opium. — C. Dickens, Bleak Jlvtttc 
 (1852). 
 
 Nepen'the (3 syl*) or Nepenthes, a 
 
 care-dispelling drug, which Polydamna, 
 wife of Tho'nis king of Egypt gave to 
 Helen (daughter of Jove and Leda). A 
 drink containing this drug 4< changed 
 grief to mirth, melancholy to joyfulness, 
 and hatred to love." The water of Ar- 
 denne had the opposite effects. Homer 
 mentions the drug nepenthe in his 
 Odyssey, iv. 228. 
 
NEPHELO-COCCYGIA. 
 
 681 
 
 NESTOE, ETC. 
 
 That nepenthes which the wife of Thone 
 
 In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 675 (1634). 
 Nepenthe is a drink of sovereign grace, 
 
 Devised by the gods for to assuage 
 Heart's grief, and bitter gall away to chase 
 
 Which stirs up anger and contentious rage ; 
 
 Instead thereof sweet peace and quietage 
 It doth establish in the troubled mind . . . 
 And such as drink, eternal happiness do find. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 2 (1596). 
 
 Neph'elo-Coccyg'ia, the cloud- 
 land of air castles. The word means 
 " cuckoo cloudland." The city of Nephe- 
 lo-Coccygia was built by cuckoos and 
 gulls, and was so fortified by clouds 
 that the gods could not meddle with the 
 affairs of its inhabitants. — Aristophanes, 
 The Birds. 
 
 *** The name occurs also in Lucian's 
 Verce Historice. 
 
 Without flying to Nephelo-Coccygia, or to the court of 
 queen Mab, we can meet with sharpers, bullies, . . . 
 impudent debauchees, and women worthy of such par- 
 amours. — Macaulay. 
 
 Nep'omuk or Nep'omuck (St. 
 John), canon of Prague. He was thrown 
 from a bridge in 1381, and drowned by 
 order of king Wenceslaus, because he 
 refused to betray the secrets confided to 
 him by the queen in the hoby rite of con- 
 fession. The spot whence he was cast 
 into the Moldau is still marked by a 
 cross with five stars on the parapet, in- 
 dicative of the miraculous flames seen 
 flickering over the dead body for three 
 days. Nepomuk was canonized in 1729, 
 and became the patron saint of bridges. 
 His statue in stone usually occupies a 
 similar position on bridges as it does at 
 Prague. 
 
 Like St. John Nep'omuck in stone. 
 Looking down into the stream. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 *%* The word is often accented on 
 the second syllable. 
 
 Neptune (Old Father), the ocean or 
 sea-god. 
 
 Nerestan, son of Gui Lusignan 
 D'Outremer king of Jerusalem, and 
 brother of Zara. Nerestan was sent on 
 his parole to France, to obtain ransom for 
 certain Christians who had fallen into 
 the hands of the Saracens. When Osman, 
 the sultan, was informed of his relation- 
 ship to Zara, he ordered all Christian 
 captives to be at once liberated " without 
 money and without price." — A. Hill, 
 Zara (adapted from Voltaire's tragedy). 
 
 Ne'reus (2 syl.), father of the water- 
 nymphs. A very old prophetic god of 
 great kindliness. The scalp, chin, and 
 breast of Nereus were covered with sea- 
 weed instead of hair. 
 
 By hoary NSreus' wrinkled look. 
 
 Milton, Comm, 871 (1634). 
 
 Neri'ne, Doto, and Nyse, the 
 three nereids who guarded the fleet of 
 Yasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
 pilot had run Yasco's ship upon a sunken 
 rock, these three sea-nymphs lif.^d up 
 the prow and turned it round. 
 
 The lovely Nyse and Nerine spring 
 
 With all the vehemence and speeJ of wing. 
 
 Camoens, Lusiad, ii. (1569). 
 
 Nerissa, the clever confidential wait- 
 ing-woman of Portia the Yenetian heiress. 
 Nerissa is the counterfeit of her mistress, 
 with a fair share of the lady's elegance 
 and wit. She marries Gratiano a friend 
 of the merchant Anthonio. — Shakespeare, 
 The Merchant of Venice (1698). 
 
 Nero of the North, Christian II. 
 of Denmark (1480, reigned 1534-1558, 
 died 1559). 
 
 Nesle (Blondel de), the favourite 
 minstrel of Eichard Cceur de Lion 
 [Nesle = NecP}.— SirW. Scott, The Talis- 
 man (time, Eichard I.). 
 
 Nessus's Shirt. Nessos (in Latin 
 Nessus), the centaur, carried the wife of 
 Hercules over a river, and, attempting to 
 run away with her, was shot by Hercules. 
 As the centaur was dying, he told Dei- 
 ani'ra (5 syl.) that if she steeped in his 
 blood her husband's shirt, she would secure 
 his love for ever. This she did, but 
 when Hercules put the shirt on, his body 
 suffered such agony, that he rushed to 
 mount (Eta, collected together, a pile of 
 wood, set it on fire, and, rushing into the 
 midst of the flames, was burnt to death. 
 
 "When Creusa (3 syl.), the daughter of 
 king Creon, was about to be married to 
 Jason, Medea sent her a splendid wedding 
 robe ; but when Creusa put it on, she was 
 burnt to death by it in excruciating pain. 
 
 Morgan le Fay, hoping to kill king 
 Arthur, sent him a superb royal robe. 
 Arthur told the messenger to try it on, 
 that he might see its effect ; but no 
 sooner had the messenger done so, than 
 he dropped down dead, " burnt to mere 
 coal." — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 75 (1470). 
 
 Eros, ho ! the shirt of Nessus is upon me [i.e. I am m 
 
 agony). 
 Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act iv. sc. 10 (16C8). 
 
 Nestor (A), a wise old man. Nestor 
 of Pylos was the oldest and most ex- 
 perienced of all the Greek chieftains who 
 went to the siege of Troy. — Homer, Iliad. 
 
 Nestor of the Chemical Hevo- 
 
NESTOR OF EUROPE. 
 
 682 
 
 NEW WAY, ETC. 
 
 lution. Dr. Black is so called by 
 Lavoisier (1728-1799). 
 
 Nestor of Europe, Leopold king 
 of Belgium (1790, 1831-1865). 
 
 Neu'ha, a native of Toobouai, one of 
 the Society Islands. It was at Too- 
 bouai that the mutineers of the Bounty 
 landed, and Torquil married Neuha. 
 When a vessel was sent to capture the 
 mutineers, Neuha conducted Torquil to a 
 secret cave, where they lay perdu till all 
 danger was over, when they returned to 
 their island home. — Byron, The Island. 
 (The character of Neuha is given in canto 
 ii. 7.) 
 
 Never. 
 
 On the Greek Kalends. (There are no 
 Greek Kalends.) When the Spanish am- 
 bassador announced in Latin the terms 
 on which queen Elizabeth might hope to 
 avert the threatened invasion, her majesty 
 replied : 
 
 Ad Graecas. hone rex, fient mandata calendas. 
 
 On St. Tibs's Eve. (There is no such 
 saint as 276s.) 
 
 On the 31st of June, 1879 (or any other 
 impossible date). 
 
 At latter Lammas. (There is no such 
 time.) Fuller thus renders the speech of 
 the Spanish ambassador : 
 
 These to you are our commands: 
 Send no help to th' Netherlands ; 
 Of the treasure ta'en by Drake 
 Restitution you must make ; 
 And those abbeys build anew 
 Which your father overthrew. 
 
 The queen's reply : 
 
 Worthy king, know this : Your will 
 At latter Lammas we'll fulfil. 
 
 On the year of the coronation of 
 Napoleon III. 
 
 In the reign of queen Dick. 
 
 Once in a blue moon. 
 
 When two Sundays meet. 
 
 When the Yellow River runs clear 
 (Chinese). 
 
 In that memorable week which had 
 three Thursdays. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, 
 ii. 1. 
 
 The year when the middle of August 
 was in May. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 1. 
 
 The year of the great medlars, three of 
 which would fill a bushel. — Rabelais, 
 Pantagruel, ii. 1. 
 
 At the coming of the Cocklicranes 
 (3 syl.). — Rabelais, Gargantua, 49. 
 
 Nevers (Comtede), to whom Valen- 
 ti'na (daughter of the governor of the 
 Louvre) was affianced, and whom she 
 
 married in a fit of jealousy. The count 
 having been shot in the Bartholomew 
 slaughter, Yalentina married Raoul [Pawl] 
 her first love, but both were killed by a 
 party of musketeers commanded by the 
 governor of the Louvre. — Meyerbeer, 
 lyes Huguenots (opera, 1836). 
 
 *** The duke [not count] de Nevers, 
 being asked by the governor of the 
 Louvre to join in the Bartholomew Mas- 
 sacre, replied that his family con- 
 tained a long list of warriors, but not one 
 assassin. 
 
 Neville (Major), an assumed name 
 of lord Geraldin, son of the earl of 
 Geraldin. He first appears as Mr. 
 William Lovell. 
 
 Mr. Geraldin Neville, uncle to lord 
 Geraldin. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Neville (Miss), the friend and confidante 
 of Miss Hardcastle. A handsome co- 
 quettish girl, destined by Mrs. Hard- 
 castle for her son Tony Lumpkin, but 
 Tony did not care for her, and she 
 dearly loved Mr. Hastings ; so Hastings 
 and Tony plotted together to outwit 
 madam, and of course won the day. — 0. 
 Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer (1773). 
 
 Neville (Sir Henry), chamberlain of 
 Richard Cceur de Lion. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 New Atlantis (T/ie), an imaginary 
 island in the middle of the Atlantic. 
 Bacon, in his allegorical fiction so called, 
 supposes himself wrecked on this island, 
 where he finds an association for the cul- 
 tivation of natural science and the pro- 
 motion of arts. — Lord Bacon, The New 
 Atlantis (1626). 
 
 *** Called the New Atlantis to dis- 
 tinguish it from Plato's Atlantis, an 
 imaginary island of fabulous charms. 
 
 New Inn (The) or The Light 
 Heart, a comedy by Ben Jonson 
 (1628). 
 
 New Way to Pay Old Debts, a 
 
 drama by ■ Philip Massinger (1625). 
 AVellborn, the nephew of sir Giles Over- 
 reach, having run through his fortune 
 and got into debt, induces lady Allworth, 
 out of respect and gratitude to his father, 
 to give him countenance. This induces 
 sir Giles to suppose that his nephew was 
 about to marry the wealthy dowager. 
 Feeling convinced that he will then be 
 able to swindle him of all the dowager's 
 property, as he had ousted him out of 
 
NEW ZEALANDER. 
 
 683 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 his paternal estates, sir Giles pays his 
 nephew's debts, and supplies him liberally 
 with ready money, to bring about the 
 marriage as soon as possible. Having 
 paid Wellborn's debts, the overreach- 
 ing old man' is compelled, through the 
 treachery of his clerk, to restore the 
 estates also, for the deeds of conveyance 
 are found to be only blank sheets of 
 parchment, the -writing having been 
 erased by some chemical acids. 
 
 New Zealander. It waa Macaulay 
 who said the time might come when 
 some " New Zealand artist shall, in the 
 midst of a vast solitude, take his stand on 
 a broken arch of London bridge to sketch 
 the ruins of St. Paul's." 
 
 *#* Shelley was before Macaulay in 
 the same conceit. — See Dedication of Peter 
 Bell the Third. 
 
 Newcastle {The duchess of), in the 
 court of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Newcastle {The marquis of), a roj T alist 
 in the service of Charles I. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Newcastle Apothecary {The), Mr. 
 Bolus of Newcastle used to write his pre- 
 scriptions in rhyme. A bottle bearing the 
 couplet, " When taken to be well shaken," 
 was sent to a patient, and when Bolus called 
 next day to inquire about its effect, John 
 told the apothecary his master was dead. 
 The fact is, John had shaken the sick man 
 instead of the bottle, and had shaken the 
 life out of him. — G. Colman, junior. 
 
 Newcome {Clemency), about 30 
 3'ears old, with a plump and cheerful face, 
 but twisted into a tightness that made 
 it comical. Her gait was very homely, 
 her limbs seemed all odd ones ; her shoes 
 were so self-willed that they never 
 wanted to go where her feet went. She 
 wore blue stockings, a printed gown of 
 hideous pattern and many colours, and a 
 white apron. Her sleeves were short, 
 her elbows always grazed, her cap any- 
 where but in the right place ; but she 
 was scrupulously clean, and "maintained 
 a kind of dislocated tidiness." She 
 carried in her pocket "a handkerchief, 
 a piece of wax-candle, an apple, an 
 orange, a lucky penny, a cramp-bone, 
 a padlock, a pair of scissors, a handful 
 of loose beads, several balls of worsted 
 and cotton, a needle-case, a collection of 
 curl-paper«, a biscuit, a thimble, a 
 nutmeg-grater, and a few miscellaneous 
 
 articles." Clemency Newcome married 
 Benjamin Britain, her fellow-servant at 
 Dr. Jeddler's, and opened a country 
 inn called the Nutmeg-Grater, a cozj', 
 well-to-do place as any one could wish to 
 see, and there were few married people so 
 Avell assorted as Clemency and Ben 
 Britain. — C. Dickens, The Battle of Life 
 (1846). 
 
 Newcome {Colonel), a widower, dis- 
 tinguished for the moral beauty of his 
 life. He loses his money and enters the 
 Charter House. 
 
 Clive Newcome, his son. He is in love 
 with Ethel Newcome, his cousin, whom 
 he marries as his second wife. — Thacke- 
 ray, The Newcomes (1855). 
 
 Newcome {Johnny), any raw youth 
 when he first enters the army or navy. 
 
 Newgate Fashion {To March), 
 two and two, as the prisoners were at one 
 time convej-ed to Newgate two and two 
 together. 
 
 Falstaff. Must we all march ? 
 
 Bardolph. Yea, two and two, Newgate fashion. 
 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry I V. act iii. sc. 3 (1597). 
 
 Newgate Fringe, a beard worn only 
 under the chin, as the hangman's rope is 
 fastened round the neck of those about to 
 be hanged. Sometimes called the New- 
 gate Frill, and sometimes the Tyburn 
 Collar. 
 
 The Newgate Knocker, a lock of hair 
 worn especially by costermongers, twisted 
 towards the ear. It is supposed to re- 
 mind one of the knocker on the prison 
 door of Newgate. The cow-lick is a curl 
 worn on the temples. 
 
 Newland {Abraham), one of the 
 governors of the Bank of England, to 
 whom, in the early part of the nineteenth 
 century, all Bank of England notes were 
 made payable. A bank-note was called 
 an "Abraham Newland ; " and hence the 
 popularsong, " I've of ten heard say, sham 
 Ab'ram you may, but must not sham 
 Abraham Newland." 
 
 Trees are notes issued from the bank of nature, and as 
 current as those payable to Abraham Newland.— G. Col- 
 man, The Poor Gentleman, i. 2 (1802). 
 
 Newspapers {The Oldest). 
 
 Stamford Mercury, 1695. The editor 
 says that No. 6833, July 7, 1826, means 
 that the paper had arrived at the 6833rd 
 week of issue, or the 131st year of its 
 existence. 
 
 Nottingham Journal, 1710. 
 
 Northampton Mercury, 1720. 
 
 Gloucester Journal, 1722. 
 
 %* Chalmers says that the first 
 
NEWTON. 
 
 684 
 
 NIBELUNGEN NOT. 
 
 English newspaper was called the 
 English Mercury, 1588 ; but Mr. Watts 
 has proved that the papers so called, 
 now in the British Museum, are forgeries, 
 because they bear the paper-mark of 
 George I. The English Mercuries consist 
 of seven distinct articles, three printed, 
 and four in MS. 
 Newton. 
 
 Newton . . . declared, with all his grand discoveries recent. 
 That he himself felt only "like a youth 
 1'icking up shells by the great ocean, truth." 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, vii. 5 (1824). 
 
 Newton discovered the prismatic 
 
 colours of light, and explained the 
 phenomenon by the emission theory. 
 
 Nature and Nature's laws l»y hid in night. 
 God said, "Let Newton be , " and all was light. 
 Pope, Epitaph, intended for Newton's Monument in 
 Westminster Abbey (1727). 
 
 Newton is called by Campbell "The 
 Priest of Nature." — Pleasures of Hope, i. 
 (1799). 
 
 Newton and the Apple. It is 
 
 said that Newton was standing in the 
 garden of Mrs. Conduitt of Woolsthorpe, 
 in the year 1G65, when an apple fell from 
 a tree and set him thinking. From this 
 incident he ultimately developed his 
 theory of gravitation. 
 
 When Newton saw an apple fall, lie found. 
 In that slight startle from his contemplation. . . . 
 A mode of proving that the earth turned round. 
 In a most natural whirl called gravitation. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, x. 1 (1824). 
 
 Nibelung, a mythical king of Nibe- 
 lungenland {Norway). He had twelve 
 paladins, all giants. Siegfried [Sege.- 
 j'reed], prince of the Netherlands, slew 
 the giants, and made Nibelungenland 
 tributary. — Nibelungen Lied', iii. (1210). 
 
 Nibelungen Hoard, a mythical 
 mass of gold and precious stones, which 
 Siegfried [Sege. freed], prince of the 
 Netherlands, took from Nibelungenland 
 and gave to his wife as a dowry. The 
 hoard filled thirty-six waggons. After 
 1 lie murder of Siegfried, Hagan seized 
 the hoard, and, for concealment, sank it 
 in the "Khine at Lockham," intending 
 to recover it at a future period, but 
 T lagan was assassinated, and the hoard 
 was lost for ever. — Nibelungen Lied, xix. 
 
 Nibelungen Lied [Ne.by-lung.'n 
 Iced], the German Iliad (1210). It is 
 divided into two parts, and thirty-two 
 lieds or cantos. The first part ends with 
 the death of Siegfried, and the second 
 part with the death of Kriemhild. 
 
 Siegfried, the youngest of the kings 
 of the Netherlands, went to Worms, 
 to crave the hand of Kriemhild in 
 
 marriage. While he was staying with 
 Giinther king of Burgundy (the lady's 
 brother), he assisted him to obtain in 
 marriage Brunhild queen of Issland, 
 who announced publicly that he only 
 should be her husband who could beat 
 her in hurling a spear, throwing a huge 
 stone, and in leaping. Siegfried, who 
 possessed a cloak of invisibility, aided 
 Giinther in these three contests, and 
 Brunhild became his wife. In return for 
 these services, Giinther gave Siegfried his 
 sister Kriemhild in marriage. After a 
 time, the bride and bridegroom went to 
 visit Giinther, when the two ladies dis- 
 puted about the relative merits of their 
 respective husbands, and Kriemhild, to 
 exalt Siegfried, boasted that Giinther 
 owed to him his victories and his wife. 
 Brunhild, in great anger, now employed 
 Hagan to murder Siegfried, and this he 
 did by stabbing him in the back while 
 he was drinking from a brook. 
 
 Thirteen years elapsed, and the widow 
 married Et/.el king of the Huns. After 
 a time, she invited Brunhild and Hagan 
 to a visit. Hagan, in this visit, killed 
 Etzel's young son, and Kriemhild was 
 like a fury. A battle ensued, in which 
 Giinther and Hagan were made prisoners, 
 and Kriemhild cut off both their heads 
 with her own hand. Hildebrand. hor- 
 rified at this act of blood, slew Kriemhild ; 
 and so the poem ends. — Authors un- 
 known (but the story was pieced together 
 by the minnesingers). 
 
 *** The Yblsunga Saga is the Icelandic 
 version of the Nibelungen Lied. This 
 saga has been translated into English by 
 William Morris. 
 
 The Nibelungen Lied has been ascribed 
 to Heinrich von Ofterdingen, a minne- 
 singer ; but it certainly existed before 
 that epoch, if not as a complete whole, 
 in separate lays, and all that Heinrich 
 von Ofterdingen could have done was to 
 collect the floating lays, connect them, 
 and form them into a complete story. 
 
 F. A. Wolf, in 1795, wrote a learned 
 book to prove that Homer did for the 
 Iliad and Odyssey what Ofterdingen did 
 for the Nibelungenlied. 
 
 Richard Wagner composed, in 1850, an 
 opera called Die Niebclungen. 
 
 Nibelungen Not, the second part 
 of the Nibelungen Lied, containing the 
 marriage of Kriemhild with Etzel, the 
 visit of the Burgundians to the court of 
 the Hun, and the death of^ Giinther, 
 Hagan, Kriemhild, and others. * This part 
 contains eighty-three four-line stanzas 
 
NIBELUNGERS. 
 
 685 
 
 NICKLEBY. 
 
 more than the first part. The number of 
 lines in the two parts is 9836 ; so that 
 the poem is almost as long as Milton's 
 Paradise Lost. 
 
 Nibelungers, whoever possessed 
 the Nibeiungen hoard. When it was in 
 Norway, the Norwegians were so called : 
 when Siegfried [Sege.freed] got the pos- 
 session of it, the Netherlander were so 
 called ; and when the hoard was removed 
 to Burgundy, the Burgundians were the 
 Nibelungers. 
 
 Nic. Frog, the Dutch, as a nation ; 
 as the English are called John Bull. — Dr. 
 Arbuthnot, History of John Bull (1712). 
 
 Nica'nor, "the Protospathaire," a 
 Greek general. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Nice {Sir Courtly), the chief character 
 and title of a drama by Croune (1685). 
 
 Nicholas, a poor scholar, who boarded 
 with John, a rich old miserly carpenter. 
 The poor scholar fell in love with Alison, 
 his landlord's young wife, who joined 
 him in duping "the foolish old carpenter. 
 Nicholas told John that such a rain 
 would fall on the ensuing Monday as 
 would drown every one in "less than 
 an hour;" and he persuaded the old 
 fool to provide three large tubs, one for 
 himself, one for his wife, and the other for 
 his lodger. In these tubs, said Nicholas, 
 they would be saved ; and when the flood 
 abated, they would then be lords and 
 masters of the whole earth. A few hours 
 before the time of the "flood," the old 
 carpenter went to the top chamber of his 
 house to repeat his pater nosters. He fell 
 asleep over his prayers, and was roused 
 by the cry of "Water! water! Help! 
 help ! " Supposing the rain had come, 
 he jumped into his tub, and was let down 
 by Nicholas and Alison into the street. 
 A crowd soon assembled, were delighted 
 at the joke, and pronounced the old man 
 an idiot and fool. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales ("The Miller's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Nicholas, the barber of the village in 
 which don Quixote lived. — Cervantes, 
 Don Quixote, I. (1605). 
 
 Nicholas {Brother), a monk at St. 
 Mary's Convent. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Nicholas (St.), patron saint of boys, 
 parish clerks, sailors, thieves, and of 
 Aberdeen, Russia, etc. 
 
 Nicholas (St.). The legend is, that an 
 
 angel told him a father was so poor he 
 was about to raise money by the prostitu- 
 tion of his three daughters. On hearing 
 this, St. Nicholas threw in at the cottage 
 window three bags of money, sufficient 
 to portion each of the three damsels. 
 
 The gift 
 Of Nicholas, which on the maidens he 
 Bounteous bestowed, to save their jouthful prime 
 Unblemished. 
 
 DantS, Purgatory, xx. (1308). 
 
 Nicholas of the Tower (The), 
 the duke of Exeter, constable of the 
 Tower. 
 
 He was encountered with a shippe of warre apper- 
 teinyng to the duke of Exeter, the constable of the Towre 
 of London, called The Nicholas of the Towre.— HalL 
 Chronicle (1542). 
 
 Nicholas's Clerks, highwaymen ; 
 so called by a pun on the phrase Old 
 Nick and St. Nicholas who presided over 
 scholars. 
 
 I think yonder come, prancing down the hill from 
 Kingston, a couple of St. Nicholas's clerks.— Kowley, 
 Match at Midnight (1633). 
 
 St. Nicholas's Clerks, scholars ; so called 
 because St. Nicholas was the patron of 
 scholars. The statutes of Paul's School 
 require the scholars to attend divine 
 service on St. Nicholas's Day. — Knight, 
 Life of Bean Colet, 362 (1726). 
 
 Nickleby (Nicholas), the chief cha- 
 racter and title of a novel by C. Dickens 
 (1838). He is the son of a poor country 
 gentleman, and has to make his own way 
 in the world. He first goes as usher to 
 Mr. Squeers, schoolmaster at Dotheboys 
 Hall, in Yorkshire ; but leaves in dis- 
 gust with the tyranny of Squeers and 
 his wife, especially to a poor boy named 
 Smike. Smike runs away from the school 
 to follow Nicholas, and remains his 
 humble follower till death. At Ports- 
 mouth, Nicholas joins the theatrical 
 company of Mr. Crummies, but leaves 
 the profession for other adventures. He 
 falls in with the brothers Cherryble, who 
 make him their clerk ; and in this post 
 he rises to become a merchant, and ulti- 
 mately marries Madeline Bray. 
 
 Mrs. Nickleby, mother of Nicholas, and 
 a widow. She is an enormous talker, 
 fond of telling long stories with no con- 
 nection. Mrs. Nickleby is a weak, vain 
 woman, who imagines an idiot neighbour 
 is in love with her because he tosses 
 cabbages and other articles over the gar- 
 den wall. In conversation, Mrs. Nickleby 
 rides olf from the main point at every 
 word suggestive of some new idea. As 
 a specimen of her sequence of ideas, 
 take the following example : — "The name 
 began with ' B ' and ended with ' g,' I 
 
NICNEVEN. 
 
 686 
 
 NIMUE. 
 
 am sure. Perhaps it was Waters " (p. 
 198). 
 
 *** "The original of 'Mrs. Nickleby,'" 
 says John Foster, "was the mother of 
 Charles Dickens." — Life of Dickens, iii. 8. 
 
 Kate Nickleby, sister of Nicholas ; 
 beautiful, pure-minded, and loving. Kate 
 works hard to assist in the expenses of 
 housekeeping, but shuns every attempt 
 of Ralph and others to allure her from 
 the path of virgin innocence. She ulti- 
 mately marries Frank, the nephew of the 
 Cheeryble brothers. 
 
 Ralph Nickleby, of Golden Square 
 (London), uncle to Nicholas and Kate. 
 A hard, grasping money-broker, with 
 no ambition but the love of saving, no 
 spirit beyond the thirst of gold, and no 
 principle except that of fleecing every 
 one who comes into his power. This 
 villain is the father of Smike, and ulti- 
 mately hangs himself, because he loses 
 money, and sees his schemes one after 
 another burst into thin air. — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Nicneven, a gigantic malignant hag 
 of Scotch superstition. 
 
 *** Dunbar, the Scotch poet, describes 
 her in his Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy 
 (1508). 
 
 Nicode'mus, one of the servants of 
 general Harrison. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Nicole (2 syl.), a female servant of 
 M. Jourdain, who sees the folly of her 
 master, and exposes it in a natural and 
 amusing manner. — Mdliere, Le Bourgeois 
 Gentilhomme (1670). 
 
 Night or Nox. So Tennyson calls 
 sir Peread, the Black Knight of the Black 
 Lands, one of the four brothers who kept 
 the passages to Castle Perilous. — Tenn} 1- - 
 son, Idylls of the King (" Gareth and 
 Lvnette ") ; sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470). 
 
 Nightingale {The), unknown in 
 Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. It does 
 not visit Cornwall, nor even the west of 
 Devon, nor does it cross the Trent. 
 
 Nightingale {The Arcadian), an ass. 
 
 Nightingale {The Cambridgeshire), the 
 edible frog, once common in the fen 
 district; also called the "Whaddon 
 organ." 
 
 Nightingale {The Fen), the edible frog. 
 
 Nightingale {The Italian), Angelica 
 Catala'ni ■ also called "The Queen of 
 Song" (1782-1849). 
 
 Nightingale {The Liege), the edible frog. 
 
 Nightingale {The Swedish), Jenny Lind, 
 afterwards Mde. Goldschmidt. She ap- 
 peared in London 1847, and retired 1851 
 (born 1821- ). 
 
 Nightingale and the Lutist. 
 
 The tale is, that a lute-master challenged 
 a nightingale in song. The bird, after 
 sustaining the contest for some time, 
 feeling itself outdone, fell on the lute, and 
 died broken-hearted. 
 
 *** This tale is from the Latin of 
 Strada, translated by Richard Crashaw, 
 and called Music's Duel (1650). It is 
 most beautifully told by John Ford, in 
 his drama entitled The Lover's Melan- 
 choly, where Men'aphon is supposed to 
 tell it to Ame'thus (1628). 
 
 Nightingale and the Thorn. 
 
 As it fell upon a day 
 In the merry month of May, 
 Sitting in a pleasant shade 
 Which a grove of myrtles made — 
 Beasts did leap, and birds did sing. 
 Trees did grow, and plants did spring. 
 Everything did banish moan. 
 Save the nightingale alone ; 
 She, poor bird, as all forlorn, 
 Leaned her breast up-till a thorn. 
 Richard Barnfield, Address to the Nightingale (1594). 
 So Philomel, perched on an aspen sprig, 
 Weeps all the night her lost virginity, 
 And sings her sad tale to the merry twig. 
 That dunces at such joyful mysery. 
 Ne ever lets sweet rest invade her eye ; 
 But leaning on a thorn her dainty chest. 
 For fear soft sleep should steal into her breast, 
 Expresses in her song grief not to be expressed. 
 Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death (1610). 
 The nightingale that sings with the deep thorn. 
 Which fable places in [He] her breast. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, vi. 87 (1824). 
 
 Nightmare of Europe (The), 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769, reigned 1804- 
 1814, died 1821). 
 
 Nightshade {Deadly). We are told 
 that the berries of this plant so intoxi- 
 cated the soldiers of Sweno the Danish 
 king, that they became an easy prey to 
 the Scotch, who cut them to pieces. 
 
 %* Called " deadly," not from its 
 poisonous qualities, but because it was 
 used at one time for blackening the eyes 
 in mourning. 
 
 Nimrod, pseudonym of Charles James 
 Apperlev, author of The Chase, The Hoad, 
 The Turf (1852), etc. 
 
 Nim/ue, a " damsel of the lake," who 
 cajoled Merlin in his dotage to tell her 
 the secret "whereby he could be rendered 
 powerless ; " and then, like Delilah, she 
 overpowered him, by " confining him 
 under a stone." 
 
 Then after these quests, Merlin fell in a dotage on . . . 
 one of the damsels of the lake, hight Nimue, and Merlin 
 
NINA-THOMA. 
 
 G87 
 
 NINON DE LENCLOS. 
 
 would let her have no rest, but always he would be with 
 her in every place. And she made him good cheer till 
 she had learned of him what she desired. . . . And Mer- 
 lin shewed to her in a rock, whereas was a great won- 
 der . . . which went under a stone. So by her subtle 
 craft, she made Merlin go under that stone . . . and he 
 never came out, for all the craft that he could do. — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 60 (1470). 
 
 It is not unlikely that this name is a 
 clerical error for Nineve or Ninive. It 
 occurs only once in the three volumes. 
 (See Nineve.) 
 
 *** Tennyson makes Vivien the seduc- 
 tive betrayer of Merlin, and says she 
 enclosed him " in the four walls of a 
 hollow tower ; " but the History says 
 " Nimue put him under the stone " (pt. i. 
 GO). 
 
 Nina-Thoma, daughter of Tor- 
 Thoma (chief of one of the Scandinavian 
 islands). She eloped with Uthal (son of 
 Larthmor a petty king of Berrathon, a 
 neighbouring island) ; but Uthal soon 
 tired of her, and, having fixed his affec- 
 tions on another, confined her in a desert 
 island. Uthal, who had also dethroned 
 his father, was slain in single combat by 
 Ossian, who had come to restore the 
 deposed monarch to his throne. When 
 Nina-Thoma heard of her husband's 
 death, she languished and died, "for 
 though mo3t cruelly entreated, her love for 
 Uthal was not abated." — Ossian, Berra- 
 thon. 
 
 Nine. "It is by nines that Eastern 
 presents are given, when they would ex- 
 tend their magnificence to the highest 
 degree." Thus, when Dakianos wished to 
 ingratiate himself with the shah, 
 
 He caused himself to be preceded by nine superb camels. 
 The first was loaded with nine suits of gold adorned with 
 jewels ; the second bore nine sabres, the hilts and scab- 
 bards of which were adorned with diamonds ; upon the 
 third camel were nine suits of armour ; the fourth had 
 nine suits of horse furniture ; the fifth had nine cases full 
 of sapphires ; the sixth had nine cases full of rubies ; the 
 seventh nine cases full of emeralds ; the eighth had nine 
 cases full of amethysts ; and the ninth had nine cases full 
 of diamonds. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales ("Dakia- 
 nos and the Seven Sleepers," 1743). 
 
 Nine Gods {The) of the Etruscans: 
 Juno, Minerva, and Tin'ia {the three chief). 
 The other six were Vulcan, Mars, Saturn, 
 Hercules, Summa'nus, and Vedius. (See 
 Novensixes.) 
 
 Lars Por'sSna of Clusium, 
 
 By the nine gods he swore 
 That the great house of Tarquin 
 Should suffer wrong no more. 
 By the nine gods he swore it, 
 And named a tiysting day . . . 
 To summon his array. 
 
 Lord Macaulay. Lays of Ancient Rome 
 ("Horatius,'' i., 184:!). 
 
 Nine Orders of Angels ( TJie) : 
 (1) Seraphim, (2) Cherubim {in the first 
 circle) \ (3) Thrones, (4) Dominions (in 
 
 the second circle) ; (5) Virtues, (6) Powers, 
 (7) Principalities, (8) Archangels, (9) 
 Angels {in the third circle). 
 
 In heaven above 
 
 The effulgent bands in triple circles move. 
 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xi. 13 (1575). 
 Novem vero angelorum ordines dicimus ; . . . scimus 
 (1) Angelos, (2) Archangelos, (3) Virtutes, (4) Potestates, 
 (5) Principatus, (6) Dominationes, (7) Thronos, (8) Cheru- 
 bim, (9) Seraphim.— Gregory, Homily, 34 (a.d. 381). 
 
 Nine Planets {Tlie) : Mercury, 
 Venus, the Earth, Mars, the Planetoids, 
 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 
 
 *#* According to the Ptolemaic system, 
 there are only seven planets, or more 
 strictly speaking, "planetary heavens," 
 viz., the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, 
 Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Beyond these 
 were three other spheres, that of the fixed 
 stars, the primum mobile, and the em- 
 pyrean. This is the system Dante follows 
 in his Paradise. 
 
 Nine "Worthies {The). Three Avere 
 pagans : Hector, Alexander, and Julius 
 Caesar. Three were Jews : Joshua, David, 
 and Judas Maccabaeus. Three were 
 Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, and 
 Godfrey of Bouillon. 
 
 Nine Worthies (privy councillors to 
 William III.). Four were Whigs: 
 Devonshire, Dorset, Monmouth, and 
 Edward Bussell. Five were Tories : 
 Caermarthen, Pembroke, Nottingham, 
 Marlborough, and Lowther. 
 
 Nine Worthies of London (The) : 
 sir William Walworth, sir Henry Prit- 
 chard, sir William Sevenoke, sir Thomas 
 White, sir John TSonham, Christopher 
 Croker, sir John HawkAvood, sir Hugh 
 Caverley, and sir Henry Maieverer. 
 
 *** The chronicles of these nine 
 Avorthies are Avritten in prose and verse, 
 by Kichard Johnson (1592), author of 
 The Seven Champions of Christendom. 
 
 Nineve (2 syl.), the Lady of the Lake, 
 in Arthurian romance. 
 
 Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly unto 
 king Arthur, understood by her subtle crafts that he was 
 like to have been destroyed ; and so the Lady of the Lake, 
 that hight Nineve, came into the forest to seek sir 
 Launcelot du Lake. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, ii. 57 (1470). 
 
 *#* This name occurs three times in 
 the Morte cf Arthur — once as " Nimue," 
 once as "Nineve," and once as "Ninive." 
 Probably "Nimue" {q.v.) is a clerical 
 error. 
 
 Ninon de Lenclos, a beautiful 
 Parisian, rich, spirituelle, and an atheist, 
 Avho abandoned herself to epicurean in- 
 dulgence, and preserved her charms to a 
 
NIOBE. 
 
 G88 
 
 NO SONG NO SUPPER. 
 
 very advanced age. Ninon de Lenclos 
 renounced marriage, and had numberless 
 lovers. Her house was the rendezvous 
 of all the most illustrious persons of the 
 period, as Moliere, St. Evreniont, Fonte- 
 nelle, Voltaire, and so on (1615-1705). 
 
 Some never grow 
 Ugly ; for instance, N inon de Lenclos. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, v. 98 (1820). 
 
 Niobe [Ne'.o.by], the beau-ideal of 
 grief. After losing her twelve children, 
 she was changed into a stone, from which 
 ran water. 
 
 *** The group of " Niobe and her 
 Children" in Florence, discovered at 
 Rome in 1583, was the work either of 
 Praxit'eles or Scopas. 
 
 She followed my poor father's body, 
 Like N iobe, all tears. 
 
 Shakespeare, Hamlet, act. i. sc. 2 (1596). 
 
 Niobe of Nations {The). Rome is 
 so called by Byron. — Childe Harold, iv. 
 79 (1817). 
 
 Nipha'tes (3 syL), a mountain on the 
 borders of Mesopotamia. It was on this 
 mountain that Satan lighted, when he 
 came from the sun to visit our earth. 
 
 . . . toward the coast of earth beneath, 
 Down from the ecliptic, sped with hoped success . . . 
 Nor stayed till on Niphates' top he lights. 
 
 Milton, Paradise lost, iii. 739, etc. (1665), 
 
 Nipper (Susan), generally called 
 " Spitfire, "from her snappish disposition. 
 She was the nurse of Florence Dombey, 
 to whom she was much attached. Susan 
 Nipper married Mr. Toots (after he had 
 got over his infatuation for Florence). 
 
 Susan Nipper says, "I may wish to take a voyage to 
 Chaney, but 1 mayn't know "how to leave the Loudon 
 Docks." — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Nippotate (4 syL), "a live lion 
 stuffed with straw," exhibited in a raree- 
 show. So called from the body of a tame 
 hedgehog exhibited by Old Harry, a 
 notorious character in London at the 
 beginning of the eighteenth centurv (died 
 1710). 
 
 Of monsters stranger than can be expressed, 
 There's Nippotate lies amongst the rest. 
 
 Sutton XicJioJJs. 
 
 Niquee [Ne'.kay], the sister of Anas- 
 lerax, with whom she lived in incest. 
 The fairy Zorphee was her godmother, 
 and enchanted her, in order to break off 
 this connection. — Vasco de Lobeira, 
 Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth century). 
 
 Nisroch [Niz'.ro/i], "of principalities 
 the prince." A god of the Assyrians. 
 In the book of Kings the " Seventy" call 
 him " Meserach," and in Isaiah "Nasa- 
 rach." Josephus calls him "Araskes." 
 One of the rebel angels in Milton's 
 Paradise Lost. He says : 
 
 Sense of pleasure we may well 
 Spare out of life, perhaps, and not repine. 
 But live content, which is the calmest life ; 
 But pain is perfect misery, the worst 
 Of evils, and, excessive, overturns 
 All patience. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 459, etc. (1665). 
 
 Nit, one of the attendants of queen 
 Mab. 
 
 Hop, and Mop, and Drap so clear, 
 Pip, and Trip, and Skip, that were 
 To Mab their sovereign dear — 
 
 Her special maids of honour. 
 Fib. and Tib. and Pinck, and Pin, 
 Tick, and Quick, and Jill, and Jin, 
 Tit, and Nit, and Wap, and Win— 
 
 The train that wait upon her. 
 
 Drayton, Nymphidia (1568-1631). 
 
 Nixon (Christal), agent to Mr. 
 Edward Redgauntlet the Jacobite. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Nixon (Martha), the old nurse of the 
 earl of Oxford.— Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 No One {Caesar or). Julius Ca?sa> 
 said, "Aut Cassar ant nullus." And 
 again, " I would sooner be first in a 
 village than second at Rome." 
 
 Milton makes Satan say, "Better to 
 reign in hell than serve in heaven." 
 
 Jonathan Wild used to say, " I'd rather 
 stand on the top of a dunghill than at the 
 bottom of a hill in paradise." 
 
 Tennyson savs, "All in all or not at 
 all."— Idylls (""Vivien"). 
 
 " Six thrice or three dice" (aces were 
 called dice, and did not count). 
 
 No Song no Supper, a musical 
 drama by Prince Hoare, F.S.A. (1790). 
 Crop the farmer has married a second 
 wife called Dorothy, Avho has an amiable 
 weakness for a rascally lawyer named 
 Endless. During the absence of her 
 husband, Dorothy provides a supper for 
 Endless, consisting of roast lamb and a 
 cake; but just as the lawyer sits down 
 to it, Crop, with Margaretta, knocks at 
 the door. Endless is concealed in a sack, 
 and the supper is carried away. Pre- 
 sently, Robin the sweetheart of Margaretta 
 arrives, and Crop regrets there is nothing 
 but bread and cheese to offer him. Mar- 
 garetta now volunteers a song, the first 
 verse of which tells Crop there is roast 
 lamb in the house, which is accordingly 
 produced ; the second verse tells him 
 there is a cake, which is produced also ; 
 and the third verse tells him that Endless 
 is concealed in a sack. Had there been 
 no song there Avould have been no supper, 
 but the song produced the roast lamb and 
 new cake. 
 
NOAH'S WIFE. 
 
 689 
 
 NORLAND. 
 
 Noali's Wife, Waila (3 syl.), who 
 endeavoured to persuade the people that 
 her husband was distraught. 
 
 The wife of Noah [IKrtSto] and the wife of Lot 
 [Walu-hi] were both unbelievers . . . and deceived thair 
 husbands . . . and it shall be said to them at the last day, 
 " Enter ye into hell fire."— Sale, Al Kordn, Ixvi. 
 
 Nobbs, the horse of "Dr. Dove of 
 Doncaster." — Southey, The Doctor (1834) . 
 
 Noble {The), Charles III. of Navarre 
 (1361, 1387-1425). 
 
 Soli man, Tchelibi, the Turk (died 
 1410). 
 
 *** Khosrou or Chosroes I. was called 
 "The Noble Soul " (*, 531-579). 
 
 !N"odel, the lion, in the beast-epic 
 called Reynard the Fox. Nodel, the lion , 
 represents the regal element of Germany; 
 Isengrin, the wolf , represents the baronial 
 element ; and Rejmard, the fox, the 
 Church element (1498). 
 
 Noel (Eusebe), schoolmaster of Bout 
 du Monde. " His clothes are old and 
 worn, and his manner vacant " (act i. 2). 
 — E. Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
 Grenoble (1854). 
 
 NoggS (Newman), Ealph Nickleby's 
 clerk. A tall man, of middle age, with 
 two goggle eyes (one of which was 
 fixed), a rubicund nose, a cadaverous 
 face, and a suit of clothes decidedly the 
 worse for wear. He had the gift of dis- 
 torting and cracking his finger-joints. 
 This kind-hearted, dilapidated fellow 
 " kept his hunter and hounds once," but 
 ran through his fortune. He discovered 
 a plot of old Ealph, which he confided to 
 the Cheeryble brothers, who frustrated it 
 and then provided for Newman. — C. 
 Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Noko'mis, mother of Weno'nah, and 
 grandmother of Hiawatha. Nikomis 
 was the daughter of the Moon. While 
 she was swinging one da}', some of her 
 companions, out of jealousy, cut the ropes, 
 and she fell to earth in a meadow. The 
 same night her first child, a daughter, 
 was born, and was named Wenonah. 
 
 There among the ferns and mosses . . . 
 Fair Nokomis bore a daughter, 
 And she called her name Wenonah. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, iii. (1855). 
 
 Non Mi Bicordo, the usual 
 answer of the Italian courier and other 
 Italian witnesses when on examination at 
 the trial of queen Charlotte (the wife of 
 George IV.), in 1820. 
 
 The Italian witnesses often created amusement, when 
 under examination, by the frequent answer, " Non mi 
 ricordo." — Cassell's History of England, VII. iv. 16 
 (1*83). 
 
 "Lord Flint," in Such Things Are, by 
 Mrs. Inchbald (1786), when asked a 
 question he wished to evade, used to 
 reply, "My people know, no doubt, but 
 I cannot recollect." 
 
 " Fierre Choppard," in The Courier of 
 Lyons, by Edward Stirling (1852), when 
 asked an ugly question, always answered, 
 " I'll ask my wife, my memory's so 
 slippery." 
 
 The North American society called the 
 " Know Nothings," founded in 1853, used 
 to reply to every question about them- 
 selves, "I know nothing about it." 
 
 Nona'cris' Stream, the river 
 Styx, in Arcadia. Cassander says he 
 has in a phial some of this "horrid 
 spring," one drop of which, mixed with 
 wine, would act as a deadly poison. To 
 this Polyperchon replies : 
 
 I know its power, for I have seen it tried. 
 Pains of all sorts thro' every nerve and artery 
 At once it scatters, — burns at once and freezes,— 
 Till, by extremity of torture forced, 
 The soul consents to leave her joyless home. 
 
 N. Lee, Alexander the Great, iv. 1 (1678). 
 
 Nonentity (Dr.), a metaphysician, 
 and thought by most people to be a pro- 
 found scholar. He generally spreads 
 himself before the fire, sucks his pipe, 
 talks little, drinks much, and is reckoned 
 verv good company. You may know him 
 by his long grey wig, and the blue hand- 
 kerchief round his neck. 
 
 Dr. Nonentity, I am told, writes indexes to perfection, 
 makes essays, and reviews any work with a single day's 
 warning. — Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, xxlx. 
 (1759). 
 
 Hones and Ides (each 1 syl.). 
 
 On March the 7th, June, July, 
 
 October, too, the Nones you spy ; 
 
 Except in these, those Nones appear 
 
 On the 5th day of all the year. 
 
 If to the Nones you add an 8, 
 
 Of all the Ides you'll find the date. 
 
 Hence we have the 15th for the Ides of. 
 March, June, July, and October; and the 
 loth for every other month. 
 
 Norbert (Father), Fierre Parisot Nor- 
 bert, the French missionary (1697-1769). 
 
 Norfolk Street (Strand), with 
 Arundel, Surrey, and Howard Streets, 
 occupy the site of the house and grounds 
 of the Howards (earls of Arundel and 
 Surrey). 
 
 Norland (Lord), father of lady 
 Eleanor Irwin, and guardian of lady 
 Ramble (Miss Maria Wooburn). He 
 disinherited his daughter for marrying 
 against his will, and left her to starve, 
 but subsequently relented, and relieved 
 her wants and those of her young hus" 
 2 x 
 
NORMA. 
 
 G90 
 
 NORTHERN WAGGONER. 
 
 band. — Inchbali, Every One has His 
 Fault (1794). 
 
 Norma, a vestal -who had been 
 seduced, and discovers her paramour 
 trying to seduce a sister vestal. In 
 despair, she contemplates the murder of 
 her base-born children. — Bellini, Norma 
 (1831) ; libretto by Romani. 
 
 Norman, forester of sir William 
 Ashton lord-keeper of Scotland. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Norman, a " sea-captain," in love 
 with Violet the -ward of lady Arundel. 
 It turns out that this Norman is her 
 ladyship's son by her first husband, and 
 heir to the title and estates ; but lady 
 Arundel, having married a second hus- 
 band, had a son named Percy, -whom she 
 -wished to make her heir. Norman's 
 father was murdered, and Norman, -who 
 was born three days afterwards, was 
 brought up by Onslow, a village priest. 
 At the age of 14 he went to sea, and 
 became captain of a man-of-war. Ten 
 years later, he returned to Arundel, and 
 though at first his mother ignored him, 
 and Percy flouted him, his noble and 
 generous conduct disarmed hostility, and 
 he not only reconciled his half-brother, 
 but Avon his mother's affection, and 
 married Violet, his heart's " sweet sweet- 
 ing." — Lord Lvtton, The Sea-Captain 
 (1S39). 
 
 Norinan-nan-Ord or Norman of 
 the Hammer, one of the eight sons of 
 lorquil of the Oak. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Normandy (The Gem of), Emma, 
 daughter of Richard I. (died 1052). 
 
 Noma of the Fitful Head, 
 " The Reimkennar." Her real name was 
 Ulla Troil, but after her seduction by 
 Basil Mertoun (Vaughan), and the birth 
 of a son named Clement Cleveland (the 
 future pirate), she changed her name. 
 Towards the end of the novel, Noma 
 gradually recovered her senses. She was 
 the aunt of Minna and Brenda Troil. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
 111.;. 
 
 [0ite\ cannot fail to trace in Xorna— the victim of re- 
 morse and insanity, and the dupe of her own imposture, 
 her mind too flooded with all the wild literature and 
 extravagant superstitions of the north — something distinct 
 from the Dumfriesshire gipsy, whose pretensions to super- 
 natural powers are not beyond those of a Norwood 
 prophetess.— The Pirate (introduction, 1821). 
 
 Norris, a family to whom Martin 
 
 Chuzzlewit was introduced while he was 
 in America. They were friends of Mr. 
 Bevan, rabid abolitionists, and yet 
 hankering after titles as the gilt of the 
 gingerbread of life. — C. Dickens, Martin 
 Chuzzleuit (1844). 
 
 Norris (Black), a dark, surly man 
 and a wrecker. He wanted to marry 
 Marian, ''the daughter" of Robert (also 
 a wrecker) ; but Marian was betrothed to 
 Edward, a young sailor. Robert, being 
 taken up for murder, was condemned to 
 death ; but Norris told Marian he would 
 save his life if she would promise to 
 marry him. Marian consented, but was 
 saved by the arrest of Black Norris for 
 murder. — S. Knowles, The Daujlder 
 (1S36). 
 
 North (Christopher), pseudonym of 
 John Wilson, professor of moral philo- 
 sophy, Edinburgh, editor of Blackwood's 
 Magazine, in which appeared the "Noctes 
 Ambrosianae" (1805-1861). 
 
 North (Lord), one of the judges in the 
 State trial of Geoffrey Peveril, Julian, 
 and the dwarf, for being concerned in the 
 popish plot. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 North. Britain, Scotland. 
 
 North Britain (The), a radical periodi- 
 cal, conducted by John Wilkes. The 
 celebrated number of this serial was No. 
 45, in Avhich the ministers are charged 
 "with putting a lie in the king's mouth." 
 
 Northampton, a contraction of 
 North-Avon-tovrn (Xorthavonton), the 
 town on the north of the Avon (Xen). 
 As Drayton says, " Nen was Avon 
 called."— Polyolbion, xxiii. (1622). 
 
 Northamptonshire Poet (The), 
 John Clare (1793-1864). 
 
 Northern Harlot (The), Elizabeth 
 Petrowna, empress of Russia ; also called 
 " The Infamous " (1709-1761). 
 
 Northern Waggoner, Ursa major 
 or Charles's waggon, a corruption of the 
 churl's waggon. It contains seven large 
 stars, designated by the Greek letters, 
 a, /3, 7, <5, e,\, r}. The first four form the 
 waggon and the rest the pole or shaft. 
 The driver of the team is Bootes. 
 
 By this the northern wagoner has set 
 
 His sevenfold team behind the ? teadt'ast star [the pole-star. 
 
 That was in ocean waves yet never wet. 
 
 But firm is fixed, and sendeth light from far 
 
 To all that on the wide deep wandering are. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, I. ii. 1 (1/W). 
 
NORUMBEGA. 
 
 691 
 
 NOTTINGHAM. 
 
 Norumbe'ga, a province of North 
 America. 
 
 Now from the north 
 Of Norumbega and the Samoed shore . . . 
 Boreas and Caecias, and Argestes loud, 
 And Thrascias rend the woods. -and seas upturn. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 695 (1665). 
 
 *** "Samoed shore," 'the shore con- 
 tiguous to the frozen ocean; "Boreas," 
 north wind ; " Caecias," north-west wind; 
 "Argestes," north-east wind; "Thras- 
 cias," wind from Thrace. 
 
 Norval (Old), a shepherd, who brings 
 up lady Randolph's son (Douglas) as his 
 own. He was hidden at birth in a basket, 
 because sir Malcolm (her father) hated 
 Douglas, whom she had privately mar- 
 ried. The child being found by old 
 Norval, was brought up as his own, but 
 the old man discovered that the foundling 
 was "sir Malcolm's heir and Douglas's 
 son." When 18 years old, the foster-son 
 saved the life of lord Randolph. Lady 
 Randolph took great interest in the young 
 man, and when old Norval told her his 
 tale, she instantly perceived that the 
 young hero was in fact her own son. 
 
 Pathos rendered the voice of William Bensley [1738- 
 1817J in "Old Norval" rugged as well as repulsive; and 
 he never, as to his feet, either stood or walked with the 
 oharacter of age. His helpless action had a character of 
 restrained vigour; he implored pity in the noisy shout 
 of defiance. — Boaden. 
 
 Young Norval, the infant exposed, and 
 brought up by the old shepherd as his 
 own son. He turned out to be sir Mal- 
 colm's heir. His mother was lady Ran- 
 dolph, and his father lord Douglas, her 
 first husband. Young Norval, having 
 saved the life of lord Randolph, was 
 given by him a commission in the army. 
 Glenalvon, the heir-presumptive of lord 
 Randolph, hated the new favourite, and 
 persuaded his lordship that the young 
 man was too familiar with lady Randolph. 
 Being waylaid, Norval was attacked, slew 
 Glenalvon, but was in turn slain b} r lord 
 Randolph. After the death of Norval. 
 lord Randolph discovered that he had 
 killed the son of his wife by a former 
 marriage. The mother, in her distrac- 
 tion, threw herself headlong from a lofty 
 precipice, and lord Randolph went to the 
 Avar then raging between Denmark and 
 Scotland. — J. Home, Douglas (1757). 
 
 (This was a favourite character with 
 John Kemble, 1757-1823.) 
 
 Henry Johnston selected "Young Norval" for his 
 maiden part. His youthful form and handsome expres- 
 sive countenance won for him universal approbation. 
 Previously the young shepherd had been dressed in the 
 trews and Scotch jacket ; but when Johnston appeared in 
 full Highland costume, kilt, breastplate, shield, claymore, 
 and bonnet, the whole house rose en masse, and such a 
 reception was never witnessed within the walls of a 
 provincial theatre before.— W. Donaldson, Recollection*. 
 
 Norway (The Fair Maid of), Mar- 
 garet, granddaughter of Alexander III. 
 of Scotland. She died (1290) of sea- 
 sickness on her passage from Norway to 
 Scotland. Her father was Eric II. king 
 of Norway, and her mother was Margaret 
 only daughter of Alexander III. 
 
 Nose (Golden), Tycho Brahe, the 
 Danish astronomer. Having lost his nose 
 in a duel with one Passberg, he adopted 
 a golden one, and attached it to his face 
 by a cement which he carried about with 
 him. 
 
 That eminent man who had a golden nose, Tycho 
 Brahe, lost his nose in a duel, and a golden one was 
 supplied, which gave him the appearance of a wizard.— 
 Marryat, Jutland and the Danish Jslts, 305. 
 
 Nosebag (Mrs.), wife of a lieutenant 
 in the dragoons. She is the inquisitive 
 travelling companion of Waverley when 
 he travels by stage to London, — Sir AY". 
 Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Nosey (Play up) ! This exclamation 
 was common in our theatres in the days 
 of Macklin, etc. M. Nozay was the 
 leader of the orchestra in Covent Garden 
 Theatre. 
 
 *** Some persons affirm that " Old 
 Nose}-" was Cervetto, the violoncello 
 player at Drury Lane (1753), and say 
 that he was so called from his long nose. 
 
 Napoleon III. was nicknamed Grosbec 
 ("Nosey"). 
 
 Nosnot-Bocai [Bo'.ky], prince of 
 purgatory. 
 
 Sir, I last night received command 
 To see you out of Fairy-land 
 Into the realm of Nosnot-Bocai. 
 
 King, Orpheus and Eurydice. 
 
 Nostrada'mus (Michael), an as- 
 trologer of the sixteenth century, who 
 published an annual Almanac and a Re- 
 cueil of Prophecies, in verse (1503-1566). 
 
 Nostrada'mus of Portugal, Gon- 
 calo Annes Bandarra, a poet-cobbler, 
 whose career was stopped, in 1556, by the 
 Inquisition. 
 
 Nottingham (TJie countess of), a 
 quondam sweetheart of the earl of Essex, 
 and his worst enemy when she heard that 
 he had married the countess of Rutland. 
 The queen sent her to the Tower to ask 
 Essex if he had no petition to make, and 
 the earl requested her to take back a ring, 
 which the queen had given him as a pledge 
 of mercy in time of need. As the coun- 
 tess out of jealousy forbore to deliver it, 
 the earl Avas executed. — Henry Jones, 
 The Earl of Essex (1745). 
 
NOTTINGHAM LAMBS. 
 
 69: 
 
 NOURONIHAR. 
 
 Nottingham Lambs (The), the 
 Nottingham roughs. 
 
 Nottingham Poet (The), Philip 
 James Bailey, the author of Festus, etc. 
 (1816- ). 
 
 No'tllS, the south wind ; Afer is the 
 south-west wind. 
 
 Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 702 (1665). 
 
 Noukhail, the angel of day and 
 night. 
 
 The day and night are trusted to my care. I hold the 
 day in my right hand, and the night in my left ; and I 
 maintain the just equilibrium between them, for if either 
 ■were to overbalance the other, the universe would either 
 be consumed by the heat of the sun, or would perish with 
 the cold of darkness. — Comte ile Cay) us, Oriental, Tales 
 (" History of Abdal Motallab," 1743J. 
 
 Nouman (Sidl), an Arab who married 
 Amine, a very beautiful woman, who ate 
 her rice with a bodkin. Sidi, wishing to 
 know how his wife could support life and 
 health without more food tban she par- 
 took of in his presence, watched her 
 narrowly, and discovered that she was a 
 ghoul, who went by stealth every night 
 and feasted on the fresh-buried dead. 
 "When Sidi made this* discovery, Amine 
 changed him into a dog. After he was 
 restored to his normal shape, he changed 
 Amine into a mare, which every day he 
 rode almost to death. — Arabian Nights 
 ("History of Sidi Nouman"). 
 
 Your majesty knows that ghouls of either sex are 
 demons which wander about the fields. They commonly 
 inhabit ruinous buildings, whence they issue suddenly on 
 unwary travellers, whom I hey kill and devour. If they 
 fail to meet with travellers, they go by night into burving- 
 grounds, and dig up dead bodies, on which they feed. — 
 " History of Sidi Nouman." 
 
 Noureddin, son of Khacan (vizier 
 of Zinebi king of Balsora). He got 
 possession of the "beautiful Persian" 
 purchased for the king. At his father's 
 death he soon squandered away his patri- 
 mony in the wildest extravagance, and 
 fled with his beautiful slave to Bagdad. 
 Here he encountered Haroun Alraschid 
 in disguise, and so pleased the caliph, 
 that he was placed in the number of 
 those courtiers most intimate with his 
 majesty, who also bestowed on him so 
 plentiful a fortune, that he lived with the 
 " beautiful Persian " in affluence all the 
 rest of his life. — Arabian Nights ("Nou- 
 reddin and the Beautiful Persian"). 
 
 Nour'eddin' Ali, younger son of 
 the vizier of Egypt. " He was possessed 
 of as much merit as can fall to the lot of 
 man." Having quarrelled with his elder 
 brother, he travelled to Baso'ra, where he 
 married the vizier's daughter, and suc- 
 ceeded his father-in-law in office. A son 
 
 was born to him in due time, and on the 
 very same daj- the wife of his elder 
 brother had a daughter. Noureddin 
 died when his son was barely twenty and 
 unmarried. — Arabian Nights ("Noureddin 
 Ali," etc.). 
 
 Nourgehan's Bracelet. Nourge- 
 han emperor of the Moguls had a brace- 
 let which had the property of discovering 
 poison, even at a considerable distance. 
 When poison was anywhere near the 
 wearer, the stones of the bracelet seemed 
 agitated, and the agitation increased as 
 the poison approached them.— Comte de 
 Caylus, Oriental Tales ("The Four Talis- 
 mans," 1743). 
 
 Nour'jahad, a sleeper, like Rip 
 van Winkle, Epimen'ides, etc. (See 
 Sleepers.) 
 
 Nourjeham (" light of the world"). 
 So the sultana Nourmahal was subse- 
 quently called. — T. Moore, Lalla liookh 
 ("The Light of the Harare," 1817). 
 
 Nourmahal' (The sultana), i.e. 
 " Light of the Haram," afterwards called 
 Nourjehan ("light of the world"). She 
 was for a season estranged from the sul- 
 tan, till he gave a grand banquet, at which 
 she appeared in disguise as a lute-player 
 and singer. The sultan was so enchanted 
 with her performance, that he exclaimed, 
 "If Nourmahal had so played and sung, 
 I could forgive her all ; " whereupon the 
 sultana threw off her mask, and Selim 
 "caught her to his heart." — T. Moore, 
 Lalla Aookh ("The Light of the Haram," 
 1817). 
 
 Nouron'ihar, daughter of the emu 
 Fakreddin ; a laughing, beautiful girl, 
 full of fun and pretty mischief, dotingly 
 fond of Gulchenrouz, her cousin, a boy of 
 13. She married the caliph Yathek, with 
 whom she descended into the abyss of 
 Eblis, whence she never after returned to 
 the light of day. 
 
 The trick she played Bababalouk was 
 this : Vathek the caliph was on a visit to 
 Fakreddin the emir', and Bababalouk his 
 chief eunuch intruded into the bath-room, 
 where Nouronihar and her damsels were 
 bathing. Nouronihar induced the old 
 eunuch to rest himself awhile on the 
 swing, when the girls set it going with 
 all their might. The cords broke, the 
 eunuch fell into the bath, the girls made 
 off with their lamps, and left the meddle- 
 some old fool to flounder about till 
 
NOUROUNNIHAR. 
 
 693 
 
 NUMBER NIP. 
 
 before he was half dead. — W. Beckford, 
 Vathek (1784). 
 
 Nouroun'nihar, niece of a sultan 
 of India, who had three sons all in love 
 with her. The sultan said he would give 
 her to him who, in twelve months, gave 
 him the most valuable present. The 
 three princes met in a certain inn at the 
 expiration of the time, when one prince 
 looked through a tube, which showed 
 Nourounnihar at the point of death ; 
 another of the brothers transported all 
 three instantaneously on a magic carpet to 
 the princess's chamber ; and the third 
 brother gave her an apple to smell of, 
 which effected an instant cure. It was 
 impossible to decide which of these 
 presents was the most valuable ; so the 
 sultan said he should have her who shot 
 an arrow to the greatest distance. The 
 eldest (Houssain) shot first ; Ali overshot 
 the arrow of his elder brother ; but that 
 of the youngest brother (Ahmed) could 
 nowhere be found. So the award was 
 given to Ali. — Arabian Nights ("Ahmed 
 and Pari-Banou"). 
 
 Novel {Father of the English) . Henry 
 Fielding is so called by sir W. Scott 
 (1707-1754). 
 
 November or Blot-monath, i.e. 
 "blood month," meaning the month in 
 which oxen, sheep, and swine were 
 slaughtered, and afterwards salted down 
 for winter use. Some idea may be formed 
 of the enormous stores provided, from 
 the fact that the elder Spencer, in 1327, 
 when the season was over, had a surplus, 
 in May, of "80 salted beeves, 500 bacons, 
 and 600 muttons." In Chichester the 
 October fair is called " Slo-fair," i.e. 
 the fair when beasts were sold for the 
 slaughter of Blot-month (Old English, 
 sle'an sloh, "to slaughter"). 
 
 Noveii'dial Ashes, the ashes of 
 the dead just consigned, or about to be 
 consigned, to the grave. The Romans 
 kept the body seven days, burnt it on the 
 eighth, and buried the ashes on the 
 ninth. 
 
 A Noven'dial holiday, nine days set 
 apart by the Romans, in expiation of a 
 shower of stones. 
 
 Noven'siles (4 syl.), the nine Sabine 
 
 gods : viz., Hercules, Romulus, Escu- 
 
 lapius, Bacchus, ^Eneas, Yesta, Santa, 
 
 i Fortuna, and Fides or Faith. (See Nine 
 
 Gods of the Etruscans.) 
 
 Novit {Mr. Nichil) the lawyer of the 
 
 old laird of Dumbiedikes. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Novius, the usurer, famous for the 
 loudness of his voice. 
 
 ... at hie si plaustra ducenta 
 Concurrantque foro tria .'unera magna sonabit 
 Cornua quod vincatque tubas. 
 
 Horace, Satires, L 6. 
 These people seem to be of the race of Novius, that 
 Roman banker, whose voice exceeded the noise of carmen. 
 — Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. 13 (1735). 
 
 Now-now {Old Anthony), an itine- 
 rant fiddler. The character is a skit on 
 Anthony Munday, the dramatist.— Chettie, 
 Kindhearfs Dream (1592). 
 
 Nuath (2 syl.), father of Lathmon 
 and Oith'ona {q.v.). — Ossian, Oithona. 
 
 Nubbles {Mrs.), a poor widow woman, 
 who was much given to going to Little 
 Bethel. 
 
 Christopher or Kit Nubbles, her son, the 
 servant in attendance on little Nell, 
 whom he adored. After the death of 
 little Nell, Kit married Barbara, a fellow- 
 servant. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
 Shop (1840). 
 
 Nudio'si, small stones, which pre- 
 vent the sight of those who carry them 
 about their person from waxing dim. 
 They will even restore the sight after it 
 is lost or impaired. The more these 
 stones are gazed on, the keener will be 
 the gazer's vision. Prester John, in his 
 letter to Manuel Comne'nus emperor of 
 Constantinople, says they are found in 
 his country. 
 
 Nugget. The largest ever found : 
 
 1. The Sarah Sands nugget, found at 
 Ballarat. It weighed 130 lbs. troy or 
 1560 oz. This, at £4 per ounce, would 
 be worth £6240. 
 
 2. The Blanche Barkly nugget, dug up 
 at Kingower. It weighed 145 lbs., and 
 was worth £6960. 
 
 3. The Welcome nugget, found at Bal- 
 larat. It weighed 184 lbs., and was sold 
 for £10,000. This was the largest ever 
 found. 
 
 *** The first nugget was discovered in 
 New South Wales, in 1851 ; the next in 
 Victoria, in 1852. The former of these 
 two weighed a hundredweight, and was 
 purchased of a shepherd for £10. 
 
 Nulla Fides Fronti. 
 
 There is no art 
 To find the mind's construction in the face. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 4 (MJ06). 
 
 Number Nip, the name of tho 
 gnome king of the Giant Mountains.— 
 Musasus, Popular Tales (1782). 
 
NUMBERS. 
 
 694 
 
 NUTSHELL. 
 
 * # * Musaeus was a German, uncle of 
 Kotzebue (died 1788). 
 
 Numbers. The symbolism of the 
 first thirteen numbers : 
 
 1 symbolizes the unity of the Godhead. 
 
 2 symbolizes the hypostatic union of Christ 
 
 3 symbolizes the Trinity. 
 
 4 symbolizes the Evangelists. 
 
 5 symbolizes the five wounds (two in the hands, two in 
 
 the feet, and one in the side). 
 
 6 is the number of sin. 
 
 7 is that of the gifts of the Spirit {Rev. i. 12). Seven 
 
 times Christ spoke on the cross. 
 
 8 is the number of the beatitudes (Matt. v. 3-11). 
 
 9 is the number of the orders of angels (q.v.). 
 
 10 is the number of the commandments. 
 
 11 apostles after the loss of Judas. 
 
 12 the original apostolic college. 
 
 13 the complete apostolic college, after the call of St. 
 
 Paul. 
 
 Nun, the fish on which the faithful 
 feed in paradise. The lobes of its liver 
 will suffice for 70,000 men. The ox 
 provided for them is called lialam. 
 
 Nun's Tale {The), the tale of the 
 cock and the fox. One day, dan Russell, 
 the fox, came into the poultry-yard, and 
 told Master Chanteclere he could not 
 resist the pleasure of hearing him sing, 
 for his voice was so divinely ravishing. 
 The cock, pleased with this flattery, shut 
 his eyes, and began to crow most lustily ; 
 whereupon dan Russell seized him by the 
 throat, and ran off with him. When 
 they got to the wood, the cock said to 
 the fox, " I would recommend you to eat 
 me at once, for I think I can hear your 
 pursuers." " I am going to do so," said 
 the fox ; but when he opened his mouth 
 to reply, off flew the cock into a tree, 
 and while the fox was deliberating how 
 he might regain his prey, up came the 
 farmer and his men with scythes, flails, 
 and pitchforks, with which they de- 
 spatched the fox without mercy. — Chau- 
 cer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 
 
 *** This fable is one of those by Marie 
 of France, called Don Coc and Don 
 Werpil. 
 
 Nun's Tale (The Second). This is the 
 tale about Maxime and the martyrs 
 Valirian and Tiburce. The prefect or- 
 dered Maxime (2 syl.) to put Valirian 
 and Tiburce to death, because the}' 
 refused to worship the image of Jupiter ; 
 but Maxime showed kindness to the two 
 Christians, took them home, became con- 
 verted, and was baptized. When Valirian 
 and Tiburce were put to death, Maxime 
 declared that he saw angels come and 
 carry them up to heaven, whereupon the 
 prefect caused him to be beaten to death 
 with whips of lead. — Chaucer, Canter- 
 bury Tales (1388). 
 
 %* This tale is very similar to that 
 
 of St. Cecilia in the Legenda Aurea. See 
 also Acts xvi. 25-34. 
 
 Nupkins, mayor of Ipswich, a man 
 who has a most excellent opinion of 
 himself, but who, in all magisterial 
 matters, really depends almost entirely 
 on Jinks, his half-starved clerk. — C. 
 Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Nush'ka {i.e. "look!"), the cry of 
 young men and maidens of North Ameri- 
 can Indian tribes when they find a red 
 ear of maize, the symbol of wedlock. 
 
 And whene'er some lucky maiden 
 Found a red ear in the husking, . . . 
 " Nushka ! " cried they altogether ; 
 " Nushka I you shall have a sweetheart, 
 You shall have a handsome husband ! " 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, xiii. (1855). 
 
 Nut-Brown Maid. {The), the maid 
 wooed by the "banished man." The 
 "banished man" describes to her the 
 hardships she would have to undergo if 
 she married him ; but finding that she 
 accounted these hardships as nothing 
 compared with his love, he revealed 
 himself to be an earl's son, with large 
 hereditary estates in Westmoreland, and 
 married her. — Percy, Beliques, II. 
 
 This ballad is based on the legendarv 
 history of lord Henry Clifford, called "The 
 Shepherd Lord." It was modernized by 
 Prior, who called his version of the story 
 Henry and Emma. The oldest form of 
 the ballad extant is contained in Arnolde's 
 Chronicle (1502). 
 
 Nutshell (The Iliad in a). George 
 P. Marsh tells us he had seen the whole 
 Koran in Arabic inscribed on a piece of 
 parchment four inches wide and half an 
 inch in diameter. In any photographer's 
 shop may be seen a page of the Tmcs 
 newspaper reduced to about an inch long, 
 and three-quarters of an inch in breadth, 
 or even to smaller dimensions. Charles 
 Toppan, of New York, engraved on a 
 plate one-eighth of an inch square 12,000 
 letters. The Iliad contains 501,930 letters, 
 and would, therefore, require forty-two 
 such plates, both sides being used. Huet, 
 bishop of Avranches, wrote eighty verses 
 of the Iliad on a space equal to that occu- 
 pied by a single line of this dictionary. 
 Thus written, 2000 lines more than the 
 entire Iliad might be contained in one 
 page. The Toppan engraving would re- 
 quire only one of these columns for tho 
 entire Iliad. 
 
 So that when Pliny (Natural History, 
 vii. 21) says the whole Iliad was written 
 on a parchment which might be put into 
 a nutshell, we can credit the possibility, 
 
NYM. 
 
 695 
 
 OATHS. 
 
 as, by the Toppan process, the entire Iliad 
 mi.^ht be engraved on less than half a 
 column of this dictionary, provided both 
 sides were used. (See Iliad, p. 468.) 
 
 Nym, corporal in the army under 
 captain sir John Falstaff, introduced in 
 The Merry Wives of Windsor and in 
 Henry V., but not in Henry IV. It 
 seems that lieutenant Peto had died, and 
 given a step to the officers under him. 
 Thus ensign Pistol becomes lieutenant, 
 corporal Bardolph becomes ensign, and 
 Nym takes the place of Bardolph. He 
 is an arrant rogue, and both he and 
 Bardolph are hanged {Henry V.). The 
 word means to " pilfer." 
 
 It would be difficult to give any other reply save that of 
 corporal Nym — it was the author's humour or caprice.— 
 Sir W. Scott 
 
 Nynipliid'ia, a mock-heroic by 
 Drayton. The fairy Pigwiggen is so 
 gallant to queen Mab as to arouse the 
 jealousy of king Oberon. One day, 
 coming home and finding his queen 
 absent, Oberon vows vengeance on the 
 gallant, and sends Puck to ascertain the 
 whereabouts of Mab and Pigwiggen. In 
 the mean time, Kymphidia gives the 
 queen warning, and the queen, with all 
 her maids of honour, creep into a hollow 
 nut for concealment. Puck, coming up, 
 sets foot in the enchanted circle which 
 Kymphidia had charmed, and, after 
 stumbling about for a time, tumbles into 
 a ditch. Pigwiggen seconded by Tomalin, 
 encounters Oberon seconded by Tom 
 Thum, and the fight is "both fast and 
 furious." Queen Mab, in alarm, craves 
 the interference of Proserpine, who first 
 envelopes the combatants in a thick 
 smoke, which compels them to desist ; 
 and then gives them a draught "to as- 
 suage their thirst." The draught was 
 from the river Lethe ; and immediately 
 the combatants had tasted it, they forgot 
 not only the cause of the quarrel, but 
 even that they had quarrelled at all. — M. 
 Drayton, Nymphidia (1593). 
 
 ISTysa, daughter of Sileno and Mys'is, 
 and sister of Daphne. Justice Mi'das is 
 in love with her ; but she loves Apollo, 
 her father's guest. — Kane O'Hara, Midas 
 (1764). 
 
 Wyse, Doto, and Neri'ne, the 
 three nereids who went before the fleet 
 of Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
 pilot steered the ship of Vasco towards a 
 sunken rock, these three sea-nymphs 
 lifted up the prow and turned it round. — 
 Camoens, Lusiad, ii. (1569). 
 
 O {Our Lady of). The Virgin Mary 
 is so called in some old Koman rituals, 
 from the ejaculation at the beginning of 
 the seven anthems preceding the Mag- 
 nificat, as : "0 when will the day ar- 
 rive . . . ?" "Owhen shall I see . . . ?" 
 " when . . . ? " and so on. 
 
 Oak. The Romans gave a crown of 
 oak leaves to him who saved the life of a 
 citizen. 
 
 To a cruel war I sent him ; from whence he returned, 
 his brows bound with oak. — Shakespeare, Coriolanus, 
 act i. sc. 3 (1609). 
 
 Oakly {Major), brother to Mr. Oakly, 
 and uncle to Charles. He assists his 
 brother in curing his "jealous wife." 
 
 Mr. Oakly, husband of the "jealous 
 wife." A very amiable man, but de- 
 ficient in that strength of mind which 
 is needed to cure the idiosyncrasy of 
 his wife ; so he obtains the assistance 
 of his brother, the major. 
 
 Mrs. Oakly, " the jealous wife " of Mr. 
 Oakly. A woman of such suspicious 
 temper, that every remark of her husband 
 is distorted into a proof of his infidelity. 
 Sbe watches him like a tiger, and makes 
 both her own and her husband's Lfe 
 utterly wretched. 
 
 Charles Oakly, nephew of the majrr. 
 A fine, noble-spirited young fellow, who 
 would never stand by and see a womttn 
 insulted ; but a desperate debauchee and 
 drunkard. He aspires to the love of 
 Harriot Russet, whose influence over him 
 is sufficiently powerful to reclaim him. — 
 George Colman, The Jealous Wife (1761). 
 
 Oates {Dr. Titus), the champion of 
 the popish plot. — Sir W. Scott, Pevcril 
 of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Forth came the notorious Dr. Oates, rustling in the full 
 silken canonicals of priesthood, for . . . he affected no 
 small dignity of exterior decoration and deportment. . . . 
 His exterior was portentous. A fleece of white periwig 
 showed a most uncouth visage, of great length, having the 
 mouth . . . placed in the very centre of the countenance, 
 and exhibiting to the astonished spectator as much chin 
 below as there was nose and brow above it. His pronun- 
 ciation was after a conceited fashion of his own, in whicU 
 he accented the vowels in a manner altogether peculiar 
 to himself.— Ch. xli. 
 
 Oaths. 
 
 John Perrot, a natural son of Henry 
 VIII., was the first to employ the pro- 
 fane oath of God's Wounds, which queen 
 Elizabeth adopted, but the ladies of he' 
 court minced and softened it into zounds 
 and zoutcrkins. 
 
OBADDON. 
 
 696 
 
 OBERTHAL. 
 
 William the Conqueror swore by 
 the Splendour of God. 
 
 William Rufus, by St. Luke's face. 
 
 King John, by God's Tooth. 
 
 Henry VIII., by God's Wounds. 
 
 Charles II., by Odsfish [God's Flesh], 
 
 Louis XI. of France,* by God's Easter. 
 
 Charles VIII. of France, by God's 
 Light. 
 
 Louis XII., by Hie Detil take me 
 (Viable m'cmporte) . 
 
 The chevalier Bayard, by Gods Holy- 
 dcy. 
 
 Francois I. used for asseveration, On 
 the word' of a gentleman. 
 
 Henry III. of England, when he con- 
 firmed " Magna Charta," used the ex- 
 pression, On the word of a gentleman, a 
 king, and a knight. 
 
 Earl of Angus (reign of queen Mary), 
 when incensed, used to say, By the might 
 of God, but at other times his oath was 
 By St. Bride of Douglas. — Godscroft, 
 275. 
 
 St. Winfred or Boni'face used to 
 swear by St. Peter's tomb. 
 
 In the reign of Charles II. fancy oaths 
 were the fashion. (For specimens, see 
 Foitington, p. 346.) 
 
 The most common oath of the ancient 
 Romans was By Hercules ! for men ; and 
 By Castor ! for women. 
 
 Viri per Ucrculem, mulieres per Castorem, utrique per 
 I'ollucem jurare soliti. — Gellius, Nodes Atlicoe, ii. 6. 
 
 Obad'don, the angel of death. This 
 is not the same angel as Abbad'ona, one 
 of the fallen angels and once the friend 
 of Ab'diel (bk. vi.). 
 
 My name is Ephod Obaddon or Sevenfold Revenge. I 
 am an angel of destruction. It was I who destroyed the 
 first-born of Egypt. It was I who slew the army of Sen- 
 nacherib.— Klopstock, The Messiah, xiii. (1771). 
 
 Obadi'ah, " the foolish fat scullion" 
 in Sterne's novel of Tristram Shandy 
 (1759). 
 
 Obadi'ah, clerk to justice Day. A nin- 
 compoop, fond of drinking, but with just 
 a shade more brains than Abel Day, who 
 is "a thorough ass" (act i. 1). — T. 
 Knight, The Honest Thieves (died 1820). 
 
 This farce is a mere rechauffe' of The 
 Committee (1670), a comedy by the Hon. 
 sir R. Howard, the names and much of 
 the conversation being identical. Colonel 
 Blunt is called in the farce " captain 
 Manl}'." 
 
 Every play-goer must have seen Munden [1758-1832] in 
 "Obadiah," in The Committee or Honest Thieves; if not, 
 they are to be pitied.— Mrs. C. Mathews, Tea-Table Talk. 
 
 Munden was one night playing "Obadiah," and Jack 
 lohnstone, as " Tengue," was plying him with liquor from 
 a black bottle. The grimaces of Munden were so irre- 
 ilstibly comical, that not only did the house shriek with 
 
 laughter, but Johnstone himself was too convulsed to 
 proceed. When "Obadiah" was borne off, he shouted, 
 " Where's the villain that filled that bottle ? Lamp oil I 
 lamp oil ! every drop of it ! " The fact is, the property- 
 man had given the bottle of lamp oil instead of tbe bottle 
 filled with sherry and water. Johnstone asked Munden 
 why he had not given him a hint of the mistake, and 
 Munden replied, " There was such a glorious roar at the 
 faces I made, that I had not the heart to spoil it." — 
 Theatrical A necdotes. 
 
 Obadiah. Prim, a canting, knavish 
 hypocrite ; one of the four guardians of 
 Anne Lovely the heiress. Colonel Feign- 
 well personates Simon Pure, and obtains 
 the quaker's consent to his marriage with 
 Anne Lovelv. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold 
 Stroke for a Wife (17 17). 
 
 Obermann, .the impersonation of 
 high moral worth without talent, and 
 the tortures endured by the consciousness 
 of this defect. — Etienne Pivert de Sen'- 
 ancour, Obermann (1804). 
 
 Oberon, king of the fairies, quarrelled 
 with his wife Titania about a "change- 
 ling" which Oberon wanted for a page, 
 but Titania refused to give up. Oberon, 
 in revenge, anointed her eyes in sleep 
 with the extract of "Love in Idleness," 
 the effect of which was to make the 
 sleeper in love with the first object 
 beheld on waking. Titania happened 
 to see a country bumpkin, whom Puck 
 had dressed up with an ass's head. 
 Oberon came upon her while she was 
 fondling the clown, sprinkled on her an 
 antidote, and she was so ashamed of her 
 folly that she readily consented to give 
 up the boy to her spouse for his page. — 
 Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream 
 (1592). 
 
 Oberon the Fay, king of Mommur, 
 a humpty dwarf, three feet high, of 
 angelic face. He told sir Huon that 
 the Lady of the Hidden Isle (Cephalonia) 
 married Neptanebus king of Egypt, by 
 whom she had a son named Alexander 
 "the Great." Seven hundred years later 
 she had another son, Oberon, by Julius 
 Cassar, who stopped in Cephalonia on 
 his way to Thessaly. At the birth of 
 Oberon, the fairies bestowed their gifts 
 on him. One was insight into men's 
 thoughts, and another was the power of 
 transporting himself instantaneously to 
 any place. At death, he made Huon his 
 successor, and was borne to paradise. — 
 Huon de Bordeaux (a romance). 
 
 Oberthal {Count), lord of Dordrecht, 
 near the Meuse. When Bertha, one of 
 bis vassals, asked permission to marry 
 John of Leyden, the count withheld his 
 consent, as he designed to make Bertha 
 
OBI. 
 
 697 
 
 OCTAVIAN. 
 
 his mistress. This drove John into re- 
 bellion, and he joined the anabaptists. 
 The count was taken prisoner by Gio'na, 
 a discarded servant, but was liberated by 
 John. When John was crowned prophet- 
 king, the count entered the banquet-hall 
 to arrest him, and perished with him in 
 the flames of the burning palace. — Meyer- 
 beer, Le Prophete (opera, 1849). 
 
 Obi. Among the negroes of the West 
 Indies, " Obi" is the name of a magical 
 power, supposed to affect men with all 
 the curses of an " evil eye." 
 
 Obi-Woman (An), an African sor- 
 ceress, a worshipper of Mumbo Jumbo. 
 
 Obi'dah, a young man who meets 
 with various adventures and misfortunes 
 allegorical of human life. — Dr. Johnson, 
 The Rambler (1750-2). 
 
 Obid'icut, the fiend of lust, and one 
 of the five which possessed " poor Tom." 
 — Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 
 (1605). 
 
 O'Brallaghan (Sir Callaghan), "a 
 wild Irish soldier in the Prussian army. 
 His military humour makes one fancy he 
 was not only born in a siege, but that 
 Bellona had been his nurse, Mars his 
 schoolmaster, and the Furies his play- 
 fellows " (act i. 1). He is the successful 
 suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. — Macklin, 
 Love a-la-mode (1759). 
 
 O'Brien, the Irish lieutenant under 
 captain Savage. — Captain Marryat, Peter 
 Simple (1833). 
 
 Observant Friars, those friars 
 who observe the rule of St. Francis : to 
 abjure books, land, house, and chapel, 
 to live on alms, dress in rags, feed on 
 scraps, and sleep anywhere. 
 
 Obsid'ian Stone, the lapis Obsidia'- 
 nus of Pliny (Ifat. Hist., xxxvi. 67 and 
 xxxvii. 76). A black diaphanous stone, 
 discovered by Obsidius in Ethiopia. 
 
 For with Obsidian stone 'twas chiefly lined. 
 Sir W. Davenant, Gundibert, ii. 6 (died 1688). 
 
 Obstinate, an inhabitant of the City 
 of Destruction, who advised Christian to 
 return to his family, and not run on a 
 wild-goose chase. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's 
 Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 Obstinate as a Breton, a French 
 proverbial phrase. 
 
 Occasion, the mother of Furor ; an 
 
 ugly, wrinkled old hag, lame of one foot. 
 
 Her head was bald behind, but in front 
 
 she had a few hoary locks. Sir Guyon 
 
 SO 
 
 seized her, gagged her, and bound her.— 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 4 (1590). 
 
 Oce'ana, an ideal republic, on the 
 plan of Plato's Atlantis. It represents 
 the author's notion of a model com- 
 monwealth. — James Harrington, Oceana 
 (1656). 
 
 Ochiltree (OldEdie), a king's bedes- 
 man or blue-gown. Edie is a garrulous, 
 kind-hearted, wandering beggar, who 
 assures Mr. Lovel that the supposed ruins 
 of a Roman camp is no such thing. The 
 old bedesman delighted "to daunder 
 down the burnsides and green shaws." 
 He is a well-drawn character. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Ocnus ( TJie Rope of), profitless labour. 
 Ocnus is represented as twisting with 
 unwearied diligence a rope, which an ass 
 eats as fast as it is made. The allegory 
 signifies that Ocnus worked hard to earn 
 money, which his wife spent by her ex- 
 travagance. 
 
 Octa, a mountain from which the 
 Latin poets say the sun rises. 
 
 Oatave (2 syl.), the son of Argante 
 (2 syl.). During the absence of his 
 father, Octave fell in love with Hya- 
 cinthe daughter of Ge'ronte, and married 
 her, supposing her to be the daughter 
 of signior Pandolphe of Tarentum. His 
 father wanted him to marry the daughter 
 of his friend Ge'ronte, but" Octave would 
 not listen to it. It turned out, however, 
 that the daughter of Pandolphe and the 
 daughter of Geronte were one and the 
 same person, for Ge'ronte had assumed 
 the name of Pandolphe while he lived in 
 Tarentum, and his wife and daughter 
 stayed behind after the father went to 
 live at Naples. — Moliere, Les Fourberies 
 de Scapin (1671). 
 
 *** In the English version, called The 
 Cheats of Scapin, by Thomas Otway, 
 Octave is called "Octavian," Argante 
 is called " Thrifty," Hyacinthe is called 
 " Clara," and Ge'ronte is " Gripe." 
 
 Octavian, the lover of Floranthe. 
 He goes mad because he fancies that 
 Floranthe loves another ; but Roque, a 
 blunt, kind-hearted old man, assures him. 
 that dona Floranthe is true to him, and 
 induces him to return home. — Colman 
 the younger, The Mountaineers (1793). 
 
 Octavian, the English form of "Octave" 
 (2 syl.), in Otway's Cheats of Scvpin, 
 (See Octave.) 
 
OCTAVIO. 
 
 ODYSSEY. 
 
 Octa'vio, the supposed husband of 
 Jacintha. This Jacintha was at one time 
 contracted to don Henrique, but Violante 
 (4 syl.) passed for don Henrique's wife. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
 Curate (1622). 
 
 Octavio, the betrothed of donna Clara. 
 — Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow 
 (1792). 
 
 Octer, a sea-captain in the reign of 
 king Alfred, who traversed the Norwegian 
 mountains, and sailed to the Dwina in 
 the north of Russia. 
 
 The Saxon swaying all, in Alfred's powerful reign, 
 Our English Octer put a fleet to sea again. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 
 
 O'Cutter (Captain), a ridiculous 
 Irish captain, befriended by lady Free- 
 love and lord Trinket. He speaks with 
 a great brogue, and interlards his speech 
 with sea terms. — George Colman, The 
 Jealous Wife (1761). 
 
 Oc'ypus, son of Podalirius and 
 Astasia, noted for his strength, agility, 
 and beauty. Ocypus used to jeer at the 
 gout, and the goddess of that disease 
 caused him to suffer from it for ever. — 
 Lucian. 
 
 Oda, the dormitory of the sultan's 
 seraglio. 
 
 It was a spacious chamber (Oda is 
 
 The Turkish title), and ranged round the wall 
 
 Were couches. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, vi. 51 (1824). 
 
 Odalisque, in Turkey, one of the 
 female slaves in the sultan's harem 
 (odalik, Arabic, "a chamber companion," 
 oda, "a chamber"). 
 
 He went forth with the lovely odalisques. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, vi. 29 (1824). 
 
 Odd Numbers. Among the 
 Chinese, heaven is odd, earth is even ; 
 heaven is round, earth is square. The 
 numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, belong to yang 
 ("heaven"); but 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, belong 
 to yin ("earth"). — Rev. Mr. Edkins. 
 
 Ode (Prince of the), Pierre de Ron sard 
 (1524-1585). 
 
 Odoar, the venerable abbot of St. 
 Felix, who sheltered king Roderick after 
 his dethronement. — Southej r , Roderick, 
 Last of the Goths, iv. (1814). 
 
 *** Southey sometimes makes the 
 word Odoar' [O'.dur'], and sometimes 
 O'doar (3 syl.), e.g. : 
 
 Odoar', the venerable abbot, sat (2 syl.). . . . 
 Odoar' and Urban eyed him while he spake. . . . 
 The lady Adosinda, Odoar cried (3 syl.). . . . 
 lell him in O'doar's name the hour to cornel 
 
 O'Doh'erty (Sir Morgan) , a pseu- 
 donvm of W. Maginn, LL.D., in Black" 
 J wood's Magazine (1819-1842). 
 
 O'Donohue's White Horses. 
 
 The boatmen of Killarney so call those 
 waves which, on a windy day, come 
 crested with foam. The spirit of 
 O'Donohue is supposed to glide over the 
 lake of Killarney every May-day on his 
 favourite white horse, to the sound of 
 unearthly music. 
 
 Odori'eo, a Biscayan, to whom Zer- 
 bi'no commits Isabella. He proves a 
 traitor, and tries to defile her, but is 
 interrupted in his base endeavour. 
 Almonio defies him to single combat, 
 and he is delivered bound to Zerbino, 
 who condemns him, in punishment, to 
 attend on Gabrina for twelve months, as 
 her 'squire. He accepts the charge, but 
 hangs Gabrina on an elm, and is himself 
 hung by Almonio to the same tree. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Odour of Sanctity. To die "in 
 
 the odour of sanctity " did not mean 
 simply in " good repute." It was a 
 prevalent notion that the dead body of 
 a saint positively emitted a sweet- 
 smelling savour, and the dead body of 
 the unbaptized an offensive smell. 
 
 Then he smote off his head ; and therewithal! came a 
 stench out of the body when the soul departed, so that 
 there might nobody abide the savour. So was the corpse 
 had away and buried in a wood, because he was a panim. 
 . . . Then the haughty prince said unto sir Palimedes, 
 " Here have ye seen this day a great miracle by sir Corsa- 
 biin, what savour there was when the soul departed from 
 the body, therefore we require you for to take the holy 
 baptism upon you [that when you die, you may die in the 
 odour of sanctity, and not, like sir Corsabrin, in the dis. 
 odour of the unbaptized]." — Sir T. Malory, Bistory of 
 Prince Arthur, Si. 133 (1470). 
 
 When sir Bors and his fellows came to sir Launcelot's 
 bed, they found him stark dead, . . . and the sweetest 
 savour about him that ever they smelled. [This was the 
 odour of sanctity.} — History of Prince Arthur, iii. 175. 
 
 Odours for Food. Plutarch, 
 Pliny, and divers other ancients tell us 
 of a nation in India that lived only upon 
 pleasing odours. Democ'ritos lived for 
 several days together on the mere effluvia 
 of hot bread.— Dr. John Wilkins (1614- 
 1672). 
 
 O'Dowd (Cornelius), the pseudonym 
 of Charles James Lever, in Blackwood's 
 Magazine (1809-1872). 
 
 Odyssey. Homer's epic, recording 
 the adventures of Odysseus ( Ulysses) in 
 his voyage home from Troy. 
 
 Book I. The poem opens in the island 
 of Calypso, with a complaint against 
 Neptune and Calypso for preventing the 
 return of Od} T sseus (3 syl.) to Ithaca. 
 
ODYSSEY. 
 
 699 
 
 OFFA'S DYKE. 
 
 II. Telemachos, the son of Odysseus, 
 starts in search of his father, accom- 
 panied by Pallas in the guise of Mentor. 
 
 III. Goes to Pylos, to consult old 
 Nestor, and 
 
 IV. Is sent by him to Sparta ; where 
 he is told by Menelaos that Odysseus is 
 detained in the island of Calypso. 
 
 V. In the mean time, Odysseus leaves 
 the island, and, being shipwrecked, is cast 
 on the shore of Phaeacia, 
 
 VI. Where Nausicaa, the king's 
 daughter, finds him asleep, and 
 
 VII. Takes him to the court of her 
 father Alcinoos, who 
 
 VIII. Entertains him hospitably. 
 
 IX. At a banquet, Odysseus relates his 
 adventures since he started from Troy. 
 Tells about the Lotus-eaters and the 
 Cyclops, with his adventures in the "cave 
 of Polyphemos. He tells how 
 
 X. The wind-god gave him the winds 
 in a bag. In the island of Circe, he says, 
 his crew were changed to swine, but 
 Mercury gave him a herb called Moly, 
 which disenchanted them. 
 
 XI. He tells the king how he de- 
 scended into hades ; 
 
 XII. Gives an account of the syrens ; of 
 Scylla and Chary bdis ; and of his being 
 cast on the island of Calypso. 
 
 XIII. Alcinoos gives "Odysseus a ship 
 which conveys him to Ithaca, where he 
 assumes the disguise of a beggar, 
 
 XIV. And is lodged in the house of 
 Eumceos, a faithful old domestic. 
 
 XV. Telemachos, having returned to 
 Ithaca, is lodged in the same house, 
 
 XVI. And becomes known to his 
 father. 
 
 XVII. Odysseus goes to his palace, is 
 recognized by his dog Argos ; but 
 
 XVIII. The beggar Iros insults him, 
 and Odysseus breaks his jaw-bone. 
 
 XIX. While bathing, the returned mon- 
 arch is recognized by a scar on his leg ; 
 
 XX. And when he enters his palace, 
 becomes an eye-witness to the disorders 
 of the court, and to the way in which 
 
 XXI. Penelope is pestered by suitors. 
 To excuse herself, Penelope tells her 
 suitors he only shall be her husband who 
 can bend Odysseus's bow. None can do 
 so but the stranger, who bends it with 
 ease. Concealment is no longer possible 
 or desirable ; 
 
 XXII. He falls on the suitors hip and 
 thigh ; 
 
 XXIII. Is recognized by his wife ; 
 
 XXIV. Visits his old father Laertes ; 
 ».ad the poem ends. 
 
 GEJa'grian Harpist {The), Or- 
 pheus son of (Ea'gros and Cal'liSpe. 
 
 . . . can no lesse 
 Tame the fierce walkers of the wildernesse, 
 Than that (Eagrian harpist, for whose lay 
 Tigers with hunger i.ined mid left their prey. 
 Wni. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, v. (1613). 
 
 CE'dipos (in Latin (Edipus), son of 
 Lai'us and Jocasta. The most mournful 
 tale of classic story. 
 
 *** This tale has furnished the subject 
 matter of several tragedies. In Greek 
 we have (Edipus Tyrannies and (Edipus at 
 Colonus, by Soph'ocles. In French, 
 (Edipe, by Corneille (1659); (Edipe-, by 
 Voltaire (1718) ; (Edipe cliez Admete, by 
 J. F. Ducis (1778) ; (Edipe Hoi and (Edipe 
 a Colone, by Che'nier ; etc. In English, 
 (Edipus, by Dryden and Lee. 
 
 GEno'ne (3 syl.), a nymph of mount 
 Ida, who had the gift of prophecy, and 
 told her husband, Paris, that his voyage 
 to Greece would involve him and his 
 country (Troy) in ruin. When the dead 
 body of old Priam's son was laid at hei 
 feet, she stabbed herself. 
 
 Hither came at noon 
 Mournful CEnonS, wandering forlorn 
 Of Paris, once her playmate on the hills [Ida\ 
 
 Tennyson, (Enone. 
 
 *** Kalkbrenner, in 1804, made this 
 the subject of an opera. 
 
 CEno'pian, father of Mer'ope, to 
 whom the giant Orion made advances. 
 CEnopian, unwilling to give his daughter 
 to him, put out the giant's eyes in a 
 drunken fit. 
 
 Orion . . . 
 Reeled as of yore beside the sea, 
 When blinded by O-Iiopion. 
 
 Longfellow, The Occultation of Orion. 
 
 (Ete'an Knight {The). Her'culSs is 
 so called, because he burnt himself to 
 death on mount GZta or OEtoea, in Thessaly. 
 
 So also did that great ffitean knight 
 For his love's sake his lion's skin undight. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 8 (1596). 
 
 Offa, king of Mercia, was the son of 
 Thingferth, and the eleventh in descent 
 from Woden. Thus : Woden, (1) his son 
 Wihtkeg, (2) his son Wserniund, (8) Offa 
 I., (4) Angeltheow, (5) Eomaer, (6) Icel, 
 (7) Pybba, (8) Osmod, (9) Enwulf, (10) 
 Thingferth, (11) Offa, whose son was 
 Egfert who died within a year of his 
 father. His daughter, Eadburga, married 
 Bertric king of the West Saxons ; and 
 after the death of. her husband, she went 
 to the court of king Charlemagne. Offa 
 reigned thirty-nine years (755-794). 
 
 Offa's Dyke, a dyke from Beachley 
 to Flintshire, repaired by Offa king of 
 
O'FLAHERTY, 
 
 700 
 
 OINA-MORUL. 
 
 Mercia, and used as a rough boundary of 
 his territory, Asser, however, says : 
 
 There was in Mercia (A.D. 855) a certain valiant king 
 who was feared by all the kings and neighbouring states 
 around. His name was Oflfa. He it Was who had the great 
 rampart made from sea to sea between Britain and Mercia, 
 —Life of Alfred (ninth century). 
 
 Offa. ... to keep the Britons back, 
 . Cast up that mighty mound of eighty miles in length, 
 
 Athwart from sea to sea. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, tx. (1612). 
 
 O'Flalierty {Dennis), called "major 
 O'Flaherty." A soldier, says he, is "no 
 livery for a knave," and Ireland is "not 
 the county of dishonour." The major 
 pays court to old lady Rusport, but when 
 he detects her dishonest purposes in brib- 
 ing her lawyer to make away with sir 
 Oliver's will, and cheating Charles Dudley 
 of his fortune, he not only abandons his 
 suit, but exposes her dishonesty. — Cum- 
 berland, The West Indian (1771). 
 
 Og, king of Basan. Thus saith the 
 rabbis : * 
 
 The height of his stature was 23,033 cubits [nearly six 
 mile*]. He used to drink water from the clouds, and 
 toast fish by holding them before the orb of the sun. He 
 nsked Noah to take him into the ark, but Noah would 
 not. When the Hood was at its deepest, it did not reach 
 to the knees of this giant. Og lived 3000 years, and then 
 was he slain by the hand of Moses. 
 
 Moses was himself ten cubits in stature [fifteen feet], 
 and he took a spear ten i-ubits long, and threw it ten 
 cubits high, and yet it only reached the heel of Og. . . . 
 When dead, his body reached as far as the river Nile, in 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Og's mother was Enac, a daughter of Adam. Her fingers 
 Were two cubits long [one yard], and on each finger she 
 had two sharp nails. She was devoured by wild beasts. — 
 Maracci. 
 
 In the satire of Absalom and Achitophel, 
 by Dryden and Tate, Thomas Shadwell, 
 who was a very large man, is called 
 "Og." 
 
 O'gier the Dane, one of the pala- 
 dins of the Charlemagne epoch. When 
 100 years old, Morgue the fay took 
 him to the island of Av'alon, "hard by 
 the terrestrial paradise ;" gave him a 
 ring which restored him to ripe manhood, 
 a crown which made him forget his past 
 life, and introduced him to king Arthur. 
 Two hundred years afterwards, she sent 
 him to defend France from the paynims, 
 who had invaded it ; and having routed 
 the invaders, he returned to Avalon again. 
 — Ogicr ie Danois (a romance). 
 
 In a pack of French cards, Ogier the 
 Dane is knave of spades. His exploits 
 are related in the Chansons de Geste ; he is 
 introduced by Ariosto in Orlando Furioso, 
 and by Morris in his Earthly Paradise 
 ("August"). 
 
 Ogier's Swords, Curtana ("the cutter") 
 and Sauvagine. 
 
 Outer's J/orsc, Papillon. 
 
 Ogle (Miss), friend of Mrs. Racket ; 
 she is very jealous of young girls, and 
 even of Mrs. Racket, because she was 
 some six vears her junior. — Mrs. Cowlev, 
 The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 
 
 O'gleby {Lord), an old fop, vain to 
 excess, but good-natured withal, and 
 quite the slave of the fair sex, were they 
 but J'oung and fair. At the age of 70, 
 his lordship fancied himself an Adonis, 
 notwithstanding his qualms and his rheu- 
 matism. He required a great deal of 
 " brushing, oiling, screwing, and winding 
 up before he appeared in public," but, .* 
 when fully made up, was game for the 
 part of "lover, rake, or fine gentleman." 
 Lord Ogleby made his bow to Fanny 
 Sterling, and promised to make her a 
 countess ; but the young lady had been 
 privately married to Lovewell for four , 
 months. — Colman and Garrick, The Clan- 
 destine Marriage (1766). 
 
 No one could deliver such a dialogue as is found in 
 "lord Ogleby" and in "sir Peter Teazle" [School for 
 Scandal, Sheridan] with such point as Thomas King 
 [1730-1805].— Life of Sheridan. 
 
 O'gri, giants Avho fed on human flesh. 
 
 O'Groat (John), with his two brothers, 
 Malcolm and Gavin, settled in Caithness . 
 in the reign of James IV. The families 
 lived together in harmony for a time, and 
 met once a year at John's house. On one , 
 occasion a dispute arose about precedency 
 — who was to take the head of the table, 
 and who was to go out first. The old 
 man said he would settle the question at 
 the next annual muster ; accordingly he 
 made as many doors to his house as there 
 were families, and placed his guests at a 
 round table. 
 
 *** The legend is sometimes told some- 
 what differently (see p. 498). 
 
 Oig M'Combich (Bobin) or M'Gre- 
 gor, a Highland drover, who quarrels 
 with Harry Wakefield an English drover, 
 about a pasture-field, and stabs him. 
 Being tried at Carlisle for murder, Robin 
 is condemned to death. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 
 
 Oina-Morul, daughter of Mal- 
 Orchol king of.Fuarfed (a Scandinavian 
 island). Ton-Thormod asked her in mar- 
 riage, and being refused by the father, 
 made war upon him. Fingal sent his son 
 Ossian to the aid of Mal-Orchol, and he 
 took Ton-Thormod prisoner. The king 
 now offered Ossian his daughter to wife, ' 
 but the warrior-bard discovered that the 
 lady had given her heart to Ton-Thormod ; 
 whereupon he resigned his claim, and 
 
OITHONA. 
 
 rOl 
 
 OLD GLORY. 
 
 brought about a happy reconciliation. — 
 Ossian, Oina-Morul. 
 
 Oith/ona, daughter of Nuath, be- 
 trothed to Gaul son of Morni, and the 
 day of their marriage -was fixed ; but 
 before the time arrived, Fingal sent for 
 Gaul to aid him in an expedition against 
 the Britons. Gaul promised Oithona, if 
 he survived, to return by a certain day. 
 Lathmon, the brother of Oithona, was 
 called away from home at the same time, 
 to attend his father on an expedition ; so 
 the damsel was left alone in Dunlathmon. 
 It was now that Dunrommath lord of 
 Uthal (one of the Orkneys) came and 
 carried her off by force to Trom'athon, a 
 desert island, where he concealed her in 
 a cave. Gaul returned on the day ap- 
 pointed, heard of the rape, sailed for 
 Trom'athon, and found the lady, who 
 told him her tale of woe ; but scarcely 
 had she ended when Dunrommath entered 
 the cave with his followers. Gaul in- 
 stantly fell on him, and slew him. While 
 the battle was raging, Oithona, arrayed 
 as a warrior, rushed into the thickest of 
 the fight, and was slain. When Gaul had 
 cut off the head of Dunrommath, he saw 
 what he thought a youth dying of a 
 wound, and taking off the helmet, per- 
 ceived it was Oithona. She died, and 
 Gaul returned disconsolate to Dunlath- 
 mon. — Ossian, Oithona. 
 
 O. K., all correct. 
 
 "You are quite safe now, and we shall be off in a 
 minute," savs Harry. "The door is locked, and the guard 
 O. K."— B. H. Buxton, Jennie of the Princes, iii. 30i 
 
 Okba, one of the sorcerers in the cares 
 of Dom-Daniel "under the roots of the 
 ocean." It was decreed by fate that one 
 of the race of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) would 
 be fatal to the sorcerers ; so Okba was 
 sent forth to kill the whole race both 
 root and branch. He succeeded in cutting 
 off eight of them, but Thal'aba contrived 
 to escape. Abdaldar was sent to hunt 
 down the survivor, but was himself killed 
 by a simoom. 
 
 "Curse on thee, Okba ! " Khawla cried. . . . 
 " Okba, wert thou weak of heart? 
 Okba, wert thou b'.ind of eye '/ 
 Thy fate and ours were on the lot . . . 
 Thou hast let slip the reins of Destiny. 
 Curse thee, curse thee, Okba ! " 
 
 Southey, Tluilaba. the Destroyer, ii. 7 (1797). 
 
 O'Kean (Lieutenant), a quondam 
 admirer of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
 Siugleside. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
 inj (time, George II.). 
 
 Olave, brother of Norna, and grand- 
 father of Minna and Brenda Troil. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Old Age restored to Youth. 
 
 The following means are efficacious : — 
 
 The fontaine de jouvence, " cui fit rajo- 
 venir la gent ; " the fountain of Bi'mini ; 
 the river of juvescence at the foot of 
 Olympus ; the dancing water, presented 
 by prince Chery to Fairstar 5 the broth of 
 Medea, etc. 
 
 We are also told of grinding old men 
 into young. Ogier, at 100 years old, was 
 restored to the vigour of manhood by a 
 ring given him by Morgue the fay. And 
 Hebe had the power of restoring youth 
 and beauty to whom she chose. 
 
 Old Bags. John Scott, lord Eldon ; 
 so called because he carried home with 
 him in sundry bags the cases pending his 
 judgment (1751-1838). 
 
 Old Bona Fide (2 syL), Louis XIV. 
 (1638, 1643-1715). 
 
 Old Curiosity Shop (The), a tale 
 by C. Dickens (1840). An old man, 
 having run through his fortune, opened 
 a curiosity shop in order to earn a living, 
 and brought up a granddaughter, named 
 Nell [Trent], 14 years of age. The child 
 was the darling of the old man, but 
 deluding himself with the hope of making 
 a fortune by gaming, he lost everything, 
 and went forth, with the child, a beggar. 
 Their wanderings and adventures are 
 recounted till they reach a quiet country 
 village, where the old clergyman gives 
 them a cottage to live in. Here Nell soon 
 dies, and the grandfather is found dead 
 upon her grave. The main character 
 next to Nell is that of a lad named Kit 
 [Nubbles], employed in the curiosity 
 shop, who adored Nell as "an angel.*'' 
 This boy gets in the service of Mr. Gar- 
 land, a genial, benevolent, well-to-do 
 man, in the suburbs of London ; but 
 Quilp hates the lad, and induces Brass, a 
 solicitor of Bevis Marks, to put a £5 
 bank-note in the boy's hat, and then 
 accuse him of theft. Kit is tried, and 
 condemned to transportation, but the 
 villainy being exposed by a girl-of-all- 
 work nicknamed "The Marchioness," 
 Kit is liberated and restored to his place, 
 and Quilp drowns himself. 
 
 Old Cutty Soames (1 syl.), the 
 fairy of the mine. 
 
 Old Fox (The), marshal Souit ; so 
 called from his strategic abilities ami 
 never-failing resources (1769-1851). 
 
 Old Gib., Gibraltar Kock. 
 
 Old Glory, sir Francis Burdett ; na 
 
OLD GIB. 
 
 702 
 
 OLD MORTALITY. 
 
 called by the radicals, because at one 
 time he was their leader. In his latter 
 vears sir Francis joined the tories (1770- 
 1844). 
 
 Old Grog, admiral Edward Vernon ; 
 so called from his wearing a grogram 
 coat in foul weather (1684-1757). 
 
 Old Harry, the devil. The Hebrew 
 seirim ( ' ' hairy ones") is translated " devils" 
 in Lev. xvii. 7, probably meaning "he- 
 
 g©#.is." 
 
 Old Hickory. General Andrew 
 Johnson was so called in 1813. He was 
 first called " Tough," then " Tough as 
 Hickory," then "Hickory," and lastly 
 " Old Hickory." 
 
 Old Humphrey, the pseudonym 
 of George Mogridge of London (died 
 1854). 
 
 Old Maid (The), a farce by Murphy 
 (17G1). Miss Harlow is the "old maid," 
 aged 45, living with her brother and his 
 bride a beautiful young woman of 23. 
 A young man of fortune, having seen 
 them at Ranelagh, falls in love with the 
 younger lady; and, inquiring their names, 
 is told they are "Mrs. and Miss Harlow." 
 He takes it for granted that the elder 
 lady is the mother, and the younger the 
 daughter; so asks permission to pay his 
 addresses to "Miss Harlow." The re- 
 quest is granted, but it turns out that the 
 young man meant Mrs. Harlow, and the 
 worst of the matter is, that the elder 
 spinster was engaged to be married to 
 captain Cape, but turned him oft' for the 
 younger man ; and, when the mistake 
 was discovered, was left like the last rose 
 of summer to "pine on the stem," for 
 neither felt inclined to pluck and wear 
 the flower. 
 
 Old Maids, a comedy by S. Knowles 
 (1841). The "old maids" are lady 
 Blanche and lady Anne, two young ladies 
 who resolve to die old maids. Their 
 resolutions, however, are but ropes of 
 sand, for lady Blanche falls in love with 
 colonel Blount, and lady Anne with sir 
 Philip Brilliant. 
 
 Old Man (An), sir Francis Bond 
 Head, bart., who published his Bubbles 
 from the Brunnen of Nassau under this 
 signature (1793- ). 
 
 Old Man Eloquent (The), Isoc'- 
 rates the orator. The defeat of the 
 Athenians at Cheronaj'a had such an effect 
 on his spirits, that he languished and 
 died Avithin four days, in the 99th year 
 of his aire. 
 
 . . . that dishonest victory 
 At Cheronaea, fatal to liberty, 
 Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent. 
 
 Milton, Sonnet, ix. 
 
 Old Man of Hoy (The), a tall pillar 
 of old red conglomerate in the island of 
 Hoy. The softer parts have been washed 
 away by the action of the waves. 
 
 Old Man of the Mountains, 
 Hassan-ben -Sabah, sheik al Jebal ; also 
 called subah of Nishapour, the founder 
 of the band (1090). Two letters are 
 inserted in Rymer's Feeder a by Dr. Adam 
 Clarke, the editor, said to be written by 
 this sheik. 
 
 Aloaddin, "prince of the Assassins" 
 (thirteenth century). 
 
 Old Man of the Sea (The), a mon- 
 ster which contrived to get on the back of 
 Sindbad the sailor, and refused to dis- 
 mount. Sindbad at length made him 
 drunk, and then shook him off. — Arabian 
 Nights ("Sindbad the Sailor," fifth 
 voyage). 
 
 Old Man of the Sea (The), Phorcus. 
 He had three daughters, with only one 
 eye and one tooth between 'em. — Greek 
 Mythology. 
 
 Old Manor-House (The), a novel 
 by Charlotte Smith. Mrs. Rayland is the 
 lady of the manor (1793). 
 
 Old Moll, the beautiful daughter of 
 John Overie or Audery (contracted into 
 Overs) a miserly ferryman. "Old 
 Moll " is a standing toast with the parish 
 officers of St. Mary Overs'. 
 
 Old Mortality, the best of Scott's 
 historical novels (1816). Morton is the 
 best of his young heroes, and serves as 
 an excellent foil to the fanatical and 
 gloomy Burley. The two classes of 
 actors, viz., the brave and dissolute 
 cavaliers, and the resolute oppressed 
 covenanters, are drawn in bold relief. 
 The most striking incidents are the 
 terrible encounter with Burley in his 
 rocky fastness ; the dejection and anxiety 
 of Morton on his return from Holland ; 
 and the rural comfort of Cuddie Head- 
 rigg's cottage on the banks of the Clyde, 
 with its thin blue smoke among the 
 trees, "showing that the evening meal 
 Avas being made ready." 
 
 OH Mortality always appeared to me the " Marmion " 
 of Scott's novels. — Chambers, Enylish Literature, ii. 587. 
 
 Old Mortality, an itinerant antiquarj', 
 whose craze is to clean the moss from 
 gravestones, and keep their letters and 
 effigies in good condition. — Sir W. Sco*t, 
 Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
OLD NOLL. 
 
 r03 
 
 OLINDO. 
 
 *** The prototype of 
 was Robert Patterson. 
 
 Old Mortality " 
 
 Old Noll, Oliver Cromwell (1599- 
 
 1658). 
 
 Old NoWs Fiddler, sir Roger Lestrange, 
 who played the bass-viol at the musical 
 parties held at John Hingston's house, 
 where Oliver Cromwell was a constant 
 guest. 
 
 Old Rowley, Charles II. ; so called 
 from his favourite race-horse (1630, 
 1660-1685). 
 
 *#* A portion of Newmarket race- 
 course is still called " Rowley mile." 
 
 Old Stone, Henry Stone, statuary 
 and painter (died 1653). 
 
 Old Tom, cordial gin. So called 
 from Tom Chamberlain (one of the firm 
 of Messrs. Hodges' gin distillery), who 
 first concocted it. 
 
 Oldboy {Colonel), a manly retired 
 officer, fond of his glass, and not averse 
 to a little spice of the Lothario spirit. 
 
 Lady Mary Oldboy, daughter of lord 
 Jessamy and wife of the colonel. A 
 sickly nonentity, " ever complaining, ever 
 having something the matter with her 
 head, back, or legs." Afraid of the 
 slightest breath of wind, jarred by a loud 
 voice, and incapable of the least ex- 
 ertion. 
 
 Diana Oldboy, daughter of the colonel. 
 She marries Harman. 
 
 Jessamy, son of the colonel and lady 
 Mary. An insufferable prig. — Bicker- 
 staff, Lionel and Clarissa. 
 
 Oldbuck (Jonathan), the antiquary, 
 devoted to the study and accumulation 
 of old coins and medals, etc. He is 
 sarcastic, irritable, and a woman-hater ; 
 but kind-hearted, faithful to his friends, 
 and a humorist. — Sir W. Scott, Tlie 
 Antiquary (time George III.). 
 
 An excellent temper, with a slight degree of subacid 
 humour; learning, wit, and drollery, the more poignant 
 that they were a little marked by the peculiarities of an 
 old bachelor ; a soundness of thought, rendered more 
 forcible by an occasional quaintness of expression. — these 
 were the qualities in which the creature of my imagina- 
 tion resembled my benevolent and excellent old friend. 
 —Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The merit of The Antiquary as a novel rests on the 
 inimitable delineation of Oldbuck, that model of black- 
 letter and Roman-camp antiquaries, whose oddities and 
 conversation are rich and racy as any of the old crusted 
 jjort tluit John of the Giruel might have held in his 
 monastic cellars. — Chambers, English Literature, ii. 586. 
 
 Oldeastle (Sir John), a drama by 
 Anthony Munday (1600). This play 
 appeared with the name of Shakespeare 
 on the title-page. 
 
 Oldworth, of Oldworth Oaks, a 
 
 wealthy squire, liberally educated, very 
 hospitable, benevolent, humorous, and 
 whimsical. He brings up Maria "the 
 maid of the Oaks " as his ward, but she 
 is his daughter and heiress. — J. Burgoyne, 
 The Maid of the Oaks (1779). 
 
 Olifaiit, the horn of Roland or 
 Orlando. This horn and the sword 
 " Durinda'na " were buried with the 
 hero. Turpin tells us in his Chronicle 
 that Charlemagne heard the blare of this 
 horn at the distance of eight miles. 
 
 Olifant (Basil), a kinsman of lady 
 Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower of 
 Tillietudlem.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mor- 
 tality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Olifaunt (Lord Nigel), of Glenvar- 
 loch. On going to court to present 
 a petition to James I., he aroused the 
 dislike of the duke of Buckingham. 
 Lord Dalgarno gave him the cut direct, 
 and Nigel struck him, but was obliged to 
 seek refuge in Alsatia. After various 
 adventures, he married Margaret Ramsay, 
 the watchmaker's daughter, and obtained 
 the title-deeds of his estates. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
 
 Olim'pia, the wife of Bireno, uncom- 
 promising in love, and relentless in hate. 
 — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Olim'pia, a proud Roman lady of high 
 rank. When Rome was sacked by Bour- 
 bon, she flew for refuge to the high altar 
 of St. Peter's, where she clung to a golden 
 cross. On the advance of certain soldiers 
 in the army of Bourbon to seize her, she 
 cast the huge cross from its stand, and as 
 it fell it crushed to death the foremost 
 soldier. Others then attempted to seize 
 her, when Arnold dispersed them and 
 rescued the lady ; but the proud beauty 
 would not allow the foe of her country to 
 touch her, and flung herself from the high 
 altar on the pavement. Apparently life- 
 less, she was borne off ; but whether she 
 recovered or not we are not informed, as 
 the drama was never finished. — Byron, 
 The Deformed Transformed (1821). 
 
 Olindo, the lover of Sophronia. Ala- 
 dine king of Jerusalem, at the advice 
 of his magicians, stole an image of the 
 Virgin, and set it up as a palladium in 
 the chief mosque. During the night it was 
 carried off, and the king, unable to dis- 
 cover the thief, ordered all his Christian 
 subjects to be put to death. To prevent 
 this massacre, Sophronia delivered up her- 
 
OLIPHANT. 
 
 ro4 
 
 OLIVIA. 
 
 self as the perpetrator of the deed, and 
 Olindo, hearing thereof, went to the king 
 and declared Sophronia innocent, as he 
 himself had stolen the image. The king 
 commanded both to be put to death, but 
 by the intercession of Clorinda they were 
 both set free. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, 
 ii. (1575). 
 
 Oliphant or Ollyphant, the tAvin- 
 brother of Argan'te the giantess. Their 
 father was Typhseus, and their mother 
 Earth. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7, 11 
 (1590). 
 
 Olive, emblem of peace. In Greece 
 and Rome, those who desired peace used 
 to carry an olive branch in their hand 
 (see Gen. viii. 11). 
 
 Peace sitting under her olive, and slurring the days gone 
 
 by. 
 
 Tennyson, Maud, I. i. 9 (1855). 
 
 Olive Tree (The). emblem of Athens, 
 in memory of the famous dispute between 
 Minerva (the patron goddess of Athens) 
 and Neptune. Both deities wished to 
 found a city on the same spot ; and 
 referring the matter to Jove, the king of 
 gods and men decreed that the privilege 
 should be granted to whichever would 
 bestow the most useful gift on the future 
 inhabitants. Neptune struck the earth 
 with his trident, and forth came a war- 
 horse ; Minerva produced an olive tree, 
 emblem of peace ; and Jove gave the ver- 
 dict in favour of Minerva. 
 
 Oliver, the elder son of sir Rowland 
 de Boys [Bwor], left in charge of his 
 younger brother Orlando, whom he hated 
 and tried indirectly to murder. Orlando, 
 finding it impossible to live in his 
 brother's house, fled to the forest of 
 Arden, where he joined the society of 
 the banished duke. One morning, he 
 saw a man sleeping, and a serpent and 
 lioness bent on making him their prey. 
 He slew both the serpent and the lioness, 
 and then found that the sleeper was his 
 brother Oliver. Oliver's disposition from 
 this moment underwent a complete 
 change, and he loved his brother as much 
 as he had before hated him. In the 
 forest, the two brothers met Rosalind 
 and Celia. The former, who was the 
 daughter of the banished duke, married 
 Orlando ; and the latter, who was the 
 daughter of the usurping duke, married 
 Oliver. — Shakespeare, As You Like It 
 (1598). 
 
 Oliver and Rowland, the two 
 
 chief paladins of Charlemagne. Shake- 
 speare makes the duke of Alencon say : 
 
 Froissart, a countryman of ours, records, 
 England all Olivers and Rowlands bred 
 During the time Edward the Third did reign. 
 
 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 
 
 Oliver's Horse, Ferrant d'Espagne. 
 Oliver's Sword, Haute-claire. 
 
 Oliver le Dain or Oliver le Diable, 
 court barber, and favourite minister of 
 Louis XI. Introduced by sir W. Scott 
 in Quentin Durvoard and Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Oliv'ia, a rich countess, whose love 
 was sought by Orsino duke of Illyria ; 
 but having lost her brother, Olivia lived 
 for a time in entire seclusion, and in no 
 wise reciprocated the duke's love ; in 
 consequence of which Viola nicknamed 
 her " Fair Cruelty." Strange as it may 
 seem, Olivia fell "desperately in love with 
 Viola, who was dressed as the duke's 
 page, and sent her a ring. Mistaking 
 Sebastian (Viola's brother) for Viola, she 
 married him out of hand. — Shakespeare, 
 Twelfth Night (1614). 
 
 Never were Shakespeare's words more finely given than 
 by Miss M. Tree U802-18C2] in the speech to " Olivia," be- 
 ginning, " Make me a willow cabin at thy gate."— Talfourd 
 (1821). 
 
 Olivia, a female Tartuffe (2 syl.), and 
 consummate hypocrite of most unblushing 
 effrontery. — Wycherly, The Plain Dealer 
 (1G77). 
 
 The due de Montausier was the proto- 
 type of Wycherly's " Mr. Manly " the 
 "plain dealer," and of Moliere's " Misan- 
 thrope." 
 
 Olivia, daughter of sir James Wood- 
 ville, left in charge of a mercenary 
 wretch, who, to secure to himself her 
 fortune, shut her up in a convent in Paris. 
 She was rescued by Leontine Croaker, 
 brought to England, and became his 
 bride. — Goldsmith, The Good-natured 
 Man (17G8). 
 
 Olivia, the tool of Ludovico., She 
 loved Vicentio, but Vicentio was plighted 
 to Evadne sister of Colonna. Ludovico 
 induced Evadne to substitute the king's 
 miniature for that of Vicentio, which she 
 was accustomed to wear. When Vicentio 
 returned, and found Evadne with the 
 king's miniature, he believed what Ludo- 
 vico had told him, that she was the 
 king's wanton, and he cast her off. Olivia 
 repented of her duplicity, and explained 
 it all to Vicentio, whereby a reconcilia- 
 tion took place, and Vicentio married 
 his troth-plighted lady "more sinned 
 
OLIVIA. 
 
 •05 
 
 OMAWHAWS. 
 
 against than sinning." — Shiel, Evadne or 
 The Statue (1820). 
 
 Olivia, "the rose of Aragon," was the 
 daughter of Ruphi'no, a peasant, and 
 bride of prince Alonzo of Aragon. The 
 king refused to recognize the marriage, 
 and, sending his son to the army, com- 
 pelled the cortez to pass an act of divorce. 
 This brought to a head a general revolt. 
 The king" was dethroned, and Almagro 
 made regent. Almagro tried to make 
 Olivia marry him ; ordered her father to 
 the rack, and her brother to death. Mean- 
 while the prince returned at the head of 
 his army, made himself master of the city, 
 put down the revolt, and had his mar- 
 riage duly recognized. Almagro took 
 poison and died. — S. Knowles, The Hose 
 of Aragon (1842). 
 
 Olivia [Primrose], the elder daugh- 
 ter of the vicar of Wakefield. She was 
 a sort of Hebe in beauty, open, sprightly, 
 and commanding. Olivia Primrose 
 "wished for many lovers," and eloped 
 with squire Thornhill. Her father went 
 in search of her, and, on his return home- 
 ward, stopped at a roadside inn, called 
 the Harrow, and there found her turned 
 out of the house by the landlady. It was 
 ultimately discovered that she was legally 
 married to the squire. — Goldsmith. Vicar 
 of Wakefield (1765). 
 
 Olivia de Zuniga, daughter of don 
 Caesar. She fixed her heart on having 
 Julio de Melessina for her husband, and 
 so behaved to all other suitors as to drive 
 them away. Thus to don Garcia, she 
 pretended to be a termagant ; to don 
 Vincentio, who Avas music mad, she pro- 
 fessed to love a Jew's-harp above every 
 other instrument. At last Julio appeared, 
 and her "bold stroke" obtained as its 
 reward "the husband of her choice."— 
 Mrs. Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Hus- 
 band (1782). 
 
 Olla, bard of Cairbar. These bards 
 acted as heralds. — Ossian. 
 
 Ol'lapod (Cornet), at the Galen's 
 Head. An eccentric country apothecary, 
 "a jumble of physic and shooting." Dr. 
 Ollapod is very fond of " wit," and when 
 he has said what he thinks a smart thing, 
 he calls attention to it, with "He! he! 
 he ! " and some such expression as, " Do 
 you take, good sir '? do you take ? " But 
 when another says a smart thing, he 
 titters, and cries, "That's well! that's 
 very well ! Thank you, good sir, I owe 
 you one ! " He is a regular rattle ; de- 
 
 tails all the scandal of the village ; boasts 
 of his achievements or misadventures ; 
 is very mercenary, and wholly without 
 principle. — G. Colman, The Poor Gentle- 
 man (1802). 
 
 *** This character is evidently a copy 
 of Dibdin's "doctor Pother" in The 
 Farmer's Wife (1780). 
 
 OlTomand, an enchanter, who per- 
 suaded Ahu'bal, the rebellious brother of 
 Misnar sultan of Delhi, to try by bribery 
 to corrupt the troops of the sultan. By 
 an unlimited supply of gold, he soon 
 made himself master of the southern pro- 
 vinces, and Misnar marched to give him 
 battle. Ollomand, with 5000 men, went 
 in advance and concealed his company in 
 a forest ; but Misnar, apprized thereof by 
 spies, set fire to the forest, and Ollo- 
 mand was shot by the discharge of his 
 own cannons, fired spontaneously by the 
 flames : " For enchantment has no power 
 except over those who are first deceived 
 bv the enchanter." — Sir C. Morell [J. 
 Ridley], Tales of the Genii ("The En- 
 chanter's Tale," vi., 1751). 
 
 Olof (Sir), a bridegroom who rode 
 late to collect guests to his wedding. On 
 his ride, the daughter of the erl king 
 met him, and invited him to dance a 
 measure, but sir Olof declined. She then 
 offered him a pair of gold spurs, a silk 
 doublet, and a heap of gold, if he Avould 
 dance with her ; and when he refused to 
 do so, she struck him " with an elf- 
 stroke." On the morrow, when all the 
 bridal party was assembled, sir Olof was 
 found dead in a wood. — A Danish Legend 
 (Herder). 
 
 Olympia, countess of Holland and 
 wife of Bire'no. Being deserted by 
 Bireno, she was bound naked to a rock by 
 pirates, but was delivered by Orlando, 
 who took her to Ireland, where she mar- 
 ried king Oberto (bks. iv., v.). — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Olym'pia, sister to the great-duke of 
 Muscovia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Loyal Subject (1618). 
 
 Olympus, of Greece, was on the 
 confines of Macedonia and Thessaly. 
 Here the court of Jupiter was held. 
 
 Olympus, in the dominions of Prester 
 John, was "three days' journey from 
 paradise." This Olympus is a corrupt 
 form of Alumbo, the same as Columbo, 
 in Ceylon. 
 
 Omawhaws [Om'.a.waws] or Om- 
 2 z 
 
OMBRELIA. 
 
 706 ORACLE OF THE HOLY BOTTLE. 
 
 alias, an Indian tribe of Dacota (United 
 States). 
 
 O chief of the mighty Omawhaws ! 
 
 Longfellow, To the Driving Cloud. 
 
 Ombre'lia. the rival of Snrilinda for 
 the love of Sharper; "strong as the 
 footman, as the master sweet." — Pope, 
 Eclogues (" The Basset Table," 1715). 
 
 One Side. All on one side, like the 
 Bridgenorth election. Bridgennrth was a 
 pocket borough in the hands of the Apley 
 family. 
 
 One Thing at a Time. This was 
 De Witt's great maxim. 
 
 The famous De Witt, being asked how he was able to 
 despatch that multitude of affairs in which he was en- 
 gaged, replied, that his whole art consisted in doing one 
 thing at a time.— Sjjectator {" Art of Growing Uich "). 
 
 O'Neal (Shan), leader of the Irish 
 insurgents in 1567. Shan O'Neal was 
 notorious for profligacy. 
 
 Onei'za (3 syl.), daughter of Moath 
 a well-to-do Bedouin, in love with 
 Thal'aba "the destroyer" of sor- 
 cerers. Thalaba, being raised to the office 
 of vizier, married Oneiza, but she died 
 on the bridal night. — Snuthey, Thalaba 
 the Destroyer, ii., vii. (1797). 
 
 Oneyda Warrior (The), Outalissi 
 (q.v.). — Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming 
 (1809). 
 
 Only (The), Johann Paul Friedrich 
 Richter, called by the Germans Der Ein- 
 zige, from the unique character of his 
 writings. 
 
 Not without reason have his panegyrists named him 
 Jean Paul der Einzige, "Jean Paul the Only," ... for 
 surely, in the whole circle of literature, we look in vain 
 for his parallel. — Carlyle. 
 
 *** The Italians call Bernardo Accolti, 
 an Italian poet of the sixteenth century, 
 " Aretino the Onty" or U U'nico Aretino. 
 
 Open, Ses'arne (3 syl.) ! the magic 
 words which caused the cave door of the 
 " forty thieves" to open of itself. "Shut, 
 Sesame ! " were the words which caused it 
 to shut. Sesame is a grain, and hence 
 Cassim, when he forgot the word, cried, 
 "Open. Wheat!" "Open, Rye!" "Open, 
 Barley ! " but the door obeyed no sound 
 but " Open, Sesame ! " — Arabian Nights 
 ("Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves"). 
 
 Opening a handkerchief, in which he had a sample of 
 RsamG, he showed it me, and inquired how much a large 
 ni3asi,re of the grain w;is worth. ... 1 told him that, 
 according io the present price, it would he worth one 
 hundred drachms of silver. — Arabian Sights ("The 
 Christian Merchant's Story "). 
 
 Ophelia, the young, beautiful, and 
 
 I)ious daughter of Polo'nius lord ehambcr- 
 ain to the king of Denmark. Hamlet 
 
 fell in love with her, but, finding marriage 
 inconsistent with his views of vengeance 
 against "his murderous, adulterous, and 
 usurping uncle," he affected madness ; 
 and Ophelia was so wrought upon by his 
 strange behaviour to her, that her intellect 
 gave Avay. In an attempt to gather 
 flowers from a brook, the branch of a tree 
 she was holding snapped, and, falling 
 into the water, she was drowned. — Shake- 
 speare, Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Tate Wilkinson, speaking of Mrs. 
 Cibber (Dr. Arne's daughter, 1710-1766), 
 says: "Her features, figure, and singing, 
 made her the best 'Ophelia' that ever 
 appeared either before or since." 
 
 Ophiuchus [Of'.i.u'.kus~], the con- 
 stellation Serpentarius. Ophiuchus is a 
 man who holds a serpent (Greek, ophis) 
 in his hands. The constellation is situated 
 to the south of Hercules ; and the prin- 
 cipal star, called " Ras Alhague," is in 
 the man's head. (Has Alhague is from 
 the Arabic, ?'ds-al-haicwd } "the serpent- 
 charmer's head.") 
 
 Satan stood 
 Unterrified. and like a comet burned. 
 That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge 
 In the Arctic sky. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 709, etc. (1665). 
 
 Ophiu'sa, island of serpents near 
 Crete ; called by the Romans Colubra'ria. 
 The inhabitants were obliged to quit it, 
 because the snakes were so abundant. 
 Milton refers to it in Paradise Lost, x. 
 528 (1665). 
 
 Opium-Eater ( The English), Thomas 
 de Quincey, who published Confessions of 
 an English Opium-Eater (1845). 
 
 O. P. Q., Robert Merry (1755-1798) ; 
 object of Gift'ord's satire in the Baviad 
 and Mceviad, and of Byron's in his English 
 Bards and Scotch Bevieuers. He married 
 Miss Brunton, the actress. 
 
 And Merry's metaphors appear anew, 
 Chained to the signature of O. P. Q. 
 Byron, English Bards and Xcotch, Reviewert (1809). 
 
 Oracle (To Work the), to raise money 
 by some dodge. The " Oracle " was a 
 factory established at Reading, by John 
 Kendrick, in 1624. It was designed for 
 returned convicts, and any one out of 
 employment. So when a workman "had 
 no work to do," he would say, "I must 
 go and work the Oracle," i.e. 1 must go to 
 the Oracle for work. 
 
 Oracle of the Church (Tlie), St. 
 Bernard (1091-1153). 
 
 Oracle of the HolyBottle (The), 
 an oracle sought for by Rabelais, to solve 
 
ORACLE OF THE SIEVE, ETC. 
 
 OREADES. 
 
 the knotty point " whether Panurge (2 
 syl.) should marry or not." The question 
 had heen put to sibyl and poet, monk and 
 fool, philosopher and witch, but none 
 could answer it. The oracle was ultimately 
 found in Lantern-land. 
 
 This, of course, is a satire on the 
 celibacy of the clergy and the withhold- 
 ing of the cup from the laity. Shall the 
 clergy marry or not? — that was the moot 
 point; and the "Bottle of Tent Wine," 
 or the clergy, who kept the bottle to them- 
 selves, alone could solve it. The oracle 
 and priestess of the bottle were both called 
 Bacbuc (Hebrew for "bottle"). — Rabelais, 
 Pantag'ruel, iv., v. (1545). 
 
 Oracle of the Sieve and Shears 
 (The), a method of divination known to 
 the Greeks. The modus operandi in the 
 Middle Ages was as follows: — The points 
 of a pair of shears were stuck in the rim 
 of a sieve, and two persons supported the 
 shears with their finger-tips. A verse of 
 the Bible was then read aloud, and while 
 the names of persons suspected were called 
 over, the sieve was supposed to turn when 
 the right name was suggested. (See Key 
 axd Bible, p. 509.) 
 
 Searching for things lost with a sieve and shears.— Ben 
 Jonson, Alchemist, i. 1 (1610). 
 
 Oracle of Truth, the magnet. 
 
 And by the oracle of truth below. 
 The wondrous magnet, guides the wayward prow. 
 Falconer, 1'he Shipwreck, ii. 2 (1756). 
 
 Orange {Prince of), a title given to 
 the heir-apparent of the king of Holland. 
 "Orange" is a petty principality in the 
 territory of Avignon, in the possession of 
 the Nassau family. 
 
 Orania, the lady-love of Am'adis of 
 Gaul. — Lobeira, Amadis of Gaul (four- 
 teenth century). 
 
 Orator Henley, the Rev. John 
 Henley, who for about thirty years de- 
 livered lectures on theological, political, 
 and literary subjects (1692-1756). 
 
 *** Hogarth has introduced him into 
 several of his pictures ; and Pope says of 
 him: 
 
 Imbround with native bronze, lo ! Henley stands, 
 Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands. 
 How fluent nonsense trickles from his tongue! 
 How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung ! . . . 
 Oh, great restorer of the good old stage. 
 Preacher at once and zany of thy age ! 
 Oh, worthy thou of Egypt's wise abodes; 
 A decent priest where monkeys were the gods J 
 
 The Dunciad, iii. 199, etc. (1742). 
 
 Orator Hunt, the great demagogue 
 in the time of the Wellington and Peel 
 administration. Henry Hunt, M.P., used 
 to wear a grey hat, and these hats were 
 
 for the time a badge of democratic prin- 
 ciples, and called "radical hats" (1773- 
 1835). 
 
 Orbaneja, the painter of Ube'da, who 
 painted so preposterously that he inscribed 
 under his objects what he meant them 
 for. 
 
 Orbaneja would paint a cock so wretchedly designed, 
 that he was obliged to inscribe under it, "This is a cock." 
 — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615). 
 
 Orbilius, the schoolmaster who taught 
 Horace. The poet calls him ' ' the flogger " 
 (plagosus). — Ep., ii. 71. 
 
 *** The Orbilian Stick is a birch rod 
 or cane. 
 
 Ordeal {A Fieri/), a sharp trial or 
 test. In England there were anciently 
 two ordeals — one of water and the other 
 of fire. The water ordeal was for the 
 lait} T , and the fire ordeal for the nobility. 
 If a noble was accused of a crime, he or 
 his deputy was tried by ordeal thus : He 
 had either to hold in his hand a piece of 
 red-hot iron, or had to walk blindfold and 
 barefoot over nine red-hot ploughshares 
 laid lengthwise at unequal distances. If 
 he passed the ordeal unhurt, he was de- 
 clared innocent ; if not, he was accounted 
 guilt}'. This method of punishment arose 
 from the notion that " God would defend 
 the right," even by miracle, if needs be. 
 
 Ordigale, the otter, in the beast-epic 
 of Reynard the Fox, i. (1498). 
 
 Ordovi'ces (4 syl.), people of Ordo- 
 vicia, that is, Flintshire, Denbighshire, 
 Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire, Car- 
 narvonshire, and Anglesey. (In Latin 
 the t is short : Ordovlces.) 
 
 The Ordovices now which North Wales people be. 
 Drayton, rolyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Or 'do vies (3 syl.), the inhabitants of 
 North Wales. (In Latin North Wales is 
 called Ordovic'ia.) 
 
 Beneath his [A'jricola's] fatal sword the Ordovies to fall 
 (Inhabiting the west), those people last of all 
 . . . withstood. 
 
 Drayton, PolyoTbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Or'ead (3 syl.), a mountain-nymph. 
 Tennyson calls "Maud" an oread, be- 
 cause her hall and garden were on a hill. 
 
 I see my Oread coming down. . 
 
 Maud, I. xvi. 1 (1855). 
 
 Oread. Echo is so called. 
 
 Ore'ades (4 syl.) or O'reads (3 syl.) y 
 mountain-ny m phs. 
 
 Ye Cambrian [Weh7i] shepherds then, whom these our 
 
 mountains please. 
 And ye our fellow-nymphs, ye light Oreades. 
 
 Drayton, PolyolUon, ix, (1612J. 
 
ORELIO. 
 
 '08 
 
 OR1ANA. 
 
 Orel'io, the favourite horse of king 
 Roderick the last of the Goths. 
 
 'Twas Orelio 
 On which he rode, Roderick's own battle-horse, 
 Who from his master's hand had wont to feed, 
 -. And with a glad docility obey 
 His voice familiar. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xxv. (1814). 
 
 Ores'tes (3 syl.), son of Agamemnon, 
 betrothed to Hermi'one (4 syl.) daughter 
 of Menala'os (4 syl.) king of Sparta. At 
 the downfall of troy, Menalaos promised 
 Hermione in marriage to Pyrrhos king 
 of Epiros, but Pyrrhos fell in love with 
 Androm'ache the widow of Hector, and 
 his captive. An embassy, led by Orestes, 
 was sent to Epiros, to demand that the 
 son of Andromache should be put to 
 death, lest as he grew up he might seek 
 to avenge his father's death. Pyrrhos 
 refused to comply. In this embassage, 
 Orestes met Hermione again, and found 
 her pride and jealousy aroused to fury by 
 the slight offered her. She goaded Orestes 
 to avenge her insults, and the ambassadors 
 fell on Pyrrhos and murdered him. Her- 
 mione- when she saw the dead body of 
 the king borne along, stabbed herself, 
 and Orestes went raving mad. — Ambrose 
 Philips, The Distressed Mother (1712). 
 
 All the parts in which I ever saw [W. C. Macready], 
 such as "Orestes," " Miiandola," " Willir.m Tell," "Rob 
 Roy," and " Claude Melnotte," he certainly had made his 
 cwn.— Rev. F. Young, Life of ft M. Young. 
 
 Orfeo and Heuro'dis, the tale of 
 Orpheus and Eurydice, with the Gothic 
 machinery of elves and fairies. 
 
 *** Gliick has an opera called Orfeo ; 
 the libretto, by Calzabigi, based on a dra- 
 matic piece by Poliziano (1764). 
 
 Orgari'ta, "the orphan of the Frozen 
 Sea," heroine of a drama. (See 
 Martha.) — Stirling, The Orphan of the 
 Frozen Sea (1856). 
 
 Or'gilus, the betrothed lover of 
 Penthe'a, by the consent of her father ; 
 but at the death of her father, her brother 
 I th'ocles compelled her to marry Bass'anes, 
 whom she hated. Ithocles was about to 
 marry the princess of Sparta, but a little 
 before the event w as to take place, Pen- 
 thea starved herself to death, and Orgilus 
 was condemned to death for murdering 
 Ithocles. — John Ford, The Broken Heart 
 (1633), 
 
 Orgoglio [Or.gole'.yo'], a hideous 
 giant, as tall as three men, son of Earth 
 and Wind. Finding the Red Cross 
 Knight at the fountain of Idleness, he 
 beats him with a club, and makes him 
 his slave. Una informs Arthur of it, and 
 Arthur liberates the knight aud slays the 
 
 giant (Rev. xiii. 5, 7, with Dan. vii. 21, 
 22). — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. (1590). 
 
 *#* Arthur first cut off Org jglio's left 
 arm, i.e. Bohemia was cut off first from 
 the Church of Rome ; then he cut off the 
 giant's right leg, i.e. England. 
 
 Orgon, brother-in-law of Tartuffe 
 (2 syl.). His credulity and faith in 
 Tartuffe, like that of his mother, can 
 scarcely be shaken even by the evidence 
 of his senses. He hopes against hope, 
 and fights every inch of ground in defence 
 of the religious hj'pocrite. — Moliere, 
 Tartuffe (1664). 
 
 Oria'na, daughter of Lisuarte king 
 of England, and spouse of Am'adis of 
 Gaul (bk. ii. 6). The general plot of this 
 series of romance bears on this marriage, 
 and tells of the thousand and one obstacles 
 from rivals, giants, sorcerers, and so on, 
 which had to be overcome before the 
 consummation could be effected. It is 
 in this unity of plot that the Amadis 
 series differs from its predecessors — the 
 Arthurian romances, and those of the 
 paladins of Charlemagne, which are 
 detached adventures, each complete in 
 itself, and not bearing to any common 
 focus. — Amadis de Gaul (fourteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 *** Queen Elizabeth is called "the 
 peerless Oriana," especially in the ma- 
 drigals entitled The Triumphs of Oriana 
 (1601). Ben Jonson applies the name to 
 the queen of James I. (Oriens Anna). 
 
 Oria'na, the nursling of a lioness, with 
 whom Esplandian fell in love, and for 
 whom he underwent all his perils and 
 exploits. She was the gentlest, fairest, 
 and most faithful of her sex. — Lobeira, 
 Amadis of Gaul (fourteenth century). 
 
 Orian'a, the fair, brilliant, and witty 
 "chaser" of the "wild goose" Mirabel, 
 to whom she is betrothed, and'whose wife 
 she ultimatelv becomes. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The' Wild-goose Chase (1652). 
 
 Orian'a, the ward of old Mirabel, and 
 bound by contract to her guardian's son 
 whom she loves ; but young Mirabel 
 shilly-shallies, till he gets into trouble 
 with Lamorce (2 syl.), and is in danger 
 of being murdered, when Oriana, dressed 
 as a page, rescues him. He then declares 
 that his " inconstancy has had a lesson," 
 and he marries the lady. — G. Farquhar, 
 The Inconstant (1702). 
 
 Orian'a, in Tennyson's ballad so called, 
 "stood on the castle wall," to see her 
 spouse, a Norland chief, fight. A foe- 
 
OKIANDE. 
 
 roo 
 
 ORION. 
 
 man went between "the chief and the 
 wall," and discharged an arrow, which, 
 glancing aside, pierced the lady's heart 
 and killed her. The ballad is the lamen- 
 tation of the spouse on the death of his 
 bride (1830). 
 
 O'riande (3 syl.), a fay who lived 
 at Rosefleur, and brought up Maugis 
 d'Aygremont. When her protege' grew 
 up, she loved him, " d'un si grand amour, 
 qu'elle doute fort qu'il ne se departe 
 d'avecques elle." — Romance de Maugis 
 d'Aygremont et de Vivian son Frere. 
 
 O'riel, a fairy, Avhose empire lay along 
 the banks of the Thames, when king 
 Oberon held his court in Kensington 
 Gardens. — Tickell, Kensington Gardens 
 (1686-1740). 
 
 Oriflamme, the banner of St. 
 Denis. When the counts of Vexin be- 
 came possessed of the abbey, the banner 
 passed into their hands, and when, in 
 1082, Philippe I. united Vexin to the 
 crown, the oriflamme or sacred banner 
 belonged to the king. In 1119 it was 
 first used as a national banner. It con- 
 sists of a crimson silk flag, mounted on a 
 gilt staff (un glaive tout dore'ou est atachie 
 une baniere vermeille). The loose end is 
 cut into three wavy Vandykes, to represent 
 tongues of flame, and a silk tassel is hung 
 at each cleft. In war, the display of this 
 standard indicates that no quarter will be 
 given. The English standard of no 
 quarter was the " burning dragon." 
 
 Raoul de Presle says it was used in the 
 time of Charlemagne, being the gift of 
 the patriarch of Jerusalem. AVe are told 
 that all infidels were blinded who looked 
 on it. Froissart says it was displayed 
 at the battle of Rosbecq, in the reign of 
 Charles VI., and "no sooner was it un- 
 furled, than the fog cleared away, and 
 the sun shone on the French alone." 
 
 I have not reared the Oriflamme of death. 
 
 . me it behoves 
 To spare the fallen foe. 
 
 Southey, Joan of Arc, viii. 621, etc. (1837). 
 
 Origilla, the lady-love of Gryphon 
 brother of Aquilant ; but the faithless fair 
 one took up with Martano, a most im- 
 pudent boaster and a coward. Being at 
 Damascus during a tournament in vfhich 
 Gryphon was the victor, Martano stole 
 the armour of Gryphon, arrayed himself 
 in it, took the prizes, and then decamped 
 with the lady. Aquilant happened to see 
 them, bound them, and took them back 
 to Damascus, where Martano was hanged, 
 and the lady kept in bondage for the 
 
 judgment of Luclna. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (1516). 
 
 Orillo, a magician and robber, who 
 lived at the mouth of the Nile. He was 
 the son of an imp and fairy. When any 
 one of his limbs was lopped off, he had the 
 power of restoring it ; and when his head 
 was cut off, he could take it up and 
 replace it. When Astolpho encountered 
 this magician, he was informed that his 
 life lay in one particular hair ; so instead 
 of seeking to maim his adversary, As- 
 tolpho cut off the magic hair, and the 
 magician fell lifeless at his feet. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Orinda "the incomparable," Mrs. 
 Katherine Philipps, who lived in the 
 reign of Charles II. and died of small- 
 pox. 
 
 *** Her praises were sung by Cowley, 
 Dryden, and others. 
 
 We allowed you beauty, and we did submit . . . 
 Ah, cruel sex. will you depose us too in wit! 
 Orinda does in that too reign. 
 
 Cowley, On Orinda's Poems (1647). 
 
 O'riole (3 syl. ) . The ' ' Baltimore bird " 
 is often so called in America ; but the 
 oriole is of the thrush family, and the 
 Baltimore bird is a starling. Its nest is 
 a pendulous cylindrical pouch, some six 
 inches long, usually suspended from two 
 twigs at the extremity of a branch, and 
 therefore liable to swing backwards and 
 forwards by the force of the Avind. . Hence 
 Longfellow compares a child's swing to 
 an oriole's nest. 
 
 . . . like an oriole's nest, 
 From which the laughing birds have taken wing; 
 By thee abandoned hangs thy vacant swing. 
 
 Longfellow, To a Child. 
 
 Ori'on, a giant of great beauty, and 
 a famous hunter, who cleared the island 
 of Chios of Avild beasts. While in the 
 island, Orion fell in love with MerSpe, 
 daughter of king OZnop'ion ; but one day, 
 in a drunken fit, having offered her 
 violence, the king put out the giant's eyes 
 and drove him from the island. Orion 
 wp.s told if he would travel eastwards, 
 and expose his sockets to the rising sun, 
 he would recover his sight. Guided by 
 the sound of a Cyclops' hammer, he 
 reached Lemnos, where Vulcan gave him 
 a guide to the abode of the sun. In due 
 time, his sight returned to him, and at 
 death he was made a constellation. The 
 lion's skin was an emblem of the wild 
 beasts which he slew in Chios, and the 
 club was the instrument he employed for 
 the purpose. 
 
ORION. 
 
 710 
 
 ORLANDO FURTOSO. 
 
 He [Orion] 
 Reeled as of yore beside the sea, 
 
 When, blinded by CEnopion, 
 He sought the blacksmith at his forge, 
 And, climbing up the mountain gorge, 
 Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun. 
 
 Longfellow, The Occultation of Orion. 
 
 Orion and the Blacksmith. The refer- 
 ence is to the blacksmith mentioned in 
 the preceding article, whom Orion took 
 on his back to act as guide to the place 
 where the rising sun might be best seen. 
 
 Orion's Dogs were Arctophonus ("the 
 bear-killer") and Ptoophagos ("the 
 glutton of Ptoon," in Boeotia). 
 
 Orion's Wife, Side. 
 
 OrHon. After Orion has set in the 
 west, Auriga (the Charioteer) and Gem'ini 
 (Castor and Pollux) are still visible. 
 Hence Tennyson says : 
 
 . . . the Charioteer 
 And starry Gemini hang like glorious crowns 
 Over Orion's grave low down in the west. 
 
 Maud, III. vi. 1 (1855). 
 
 Ori'on, a seraph, the guardian angel of 
 Simon Peter. — Klopstock, The Messiah, 
 iii. (1748). 
 
 Orith/yia or Orith'ya, daughter of 
 Erectheus, carried off by Boreas to 
 Thrace. 
 
 Such dalliance as alone the North wind hath with her, 
 Orithya not enjoyed, from [/ to] Thrace when he her took, 
 And in his saily plumes the trembling virgin shook. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, x. (1612). 
 
 Phineas Fletcher calls the word 
 11 Orithy'a." 
 
 None knew mild zephyrs from cold Euros' mouth, 
 Nor Oritha/'s lover's violence [North wind\ . 
 
 Purple Island, i. (1633). 
 
 Orlando, the younger son of sir 
 Rowland de Boys [Bwor]. At the death 
 of his father, he was left under the care 
 of his elder brother Oliver, who was 
 charged to treat him well ; but Oliver 
 hated him, wholly neglected his educa- 
 tion, and even tried by many indirect 
 means to kill him. At length, Orlando 
 fled to the forest of Arden', where he met 
 Rosalind and Celia in disguise. They 
 had met before at a wrestling match, 
 when Orlando and Rosalind fell in love 
 with each other. The acquaintance was 
 renewed in the forest, and ere many days 
 bad passed the two ladies resumed their 
 proper characters, and both were married, 
 Rosalind to Orlando, and Celia to Oliver 
 the elder brother. — Shakespeare, As You 
 Like It (1598). 
 
 Orlando (in French Roland, q.v.), one 
 of the paladins of Charlemagne, whose 
 nephew he was. Orlando was confiding 
 and loyal, of great stature, and possessed 
 unusual strength. He accompanied his 
 
 uncle into Spain, but on his return was 
 waylaid in the valley of Roncesvalles (in 
 the Pyrenees) by the traitor Ganelon, and 
 perished with all his army, a.d. 778. 
 His adventures are related in Turpin's 
 Chronique ; in the Chanson de Roland, 
 attributed to Theroulde. He is the hero 
 of Bojardo's epic, Orlando Innamorato ; 
 and of Ariosto's continuation, called Or- 
 lando Furioso ("Orlando mad"). Robert 
 Greene, in 1594, produced a drama which 
 he called The History of Orlando. Rhode's 
 farce of Bombastes Furioso (1790) is a 
 burlesque of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Orlando's Ivory Horn, Olifant, once the 
 property of Alexander the Great. Its 
 bray could be heard for twenty miles. 
 
 Orlando's Horse, Brigliadoro ("golden 
 bridle "). 
 
 Orlando's Sword, Durinda'na or Duran- 
 dana, which once belonged to Hector, is 
 " preserved at Rocamadour, in France ; 
 and his spear is still shown in the cathe- 
 dral of Pa'via, in Italy." 
 
 Orlando was of middling stature, broad-shouldered, 
 crooked-legged, brown-visaged, red-bearded, and had 
 much hair on his body. He talked but little, and had a 
 very surly aspect, although he was perfectly good- 
 humoured.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 1. 1 (1615). 
 
 Orlando's Vulnerable Part. Orlando was 
 invulnerable except in the sole of his 
 foot, and even there nothing could wound 
 him but the point of a large pin ; so that 
 when Bernardo del Carpio assailed him 
 at Roncesvalles, he took him in his arms 
 and squeezed him to death, in imitation 
 of Hercules, who squeezed to death the 
 giant Antre'us (3 syl.). — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 
 
 Orlando Furioso, a continuation 
 of Bojardo's story, with the same hero. 
 Bojardo leaves Orlando in love with 
 Angelica, whom he fetched from Cathay 
 and brought to Paris. Here, says Ariosto, 
 Rinaldo fell in love with her, and, to 
 prevent mischief, the king placed the 
 coquette under the charge of Namus ; but 
 she contrived to escape her keeper, and 
 fled to the island of Ebuda, where Rogero 
 found her exposed to a sea-monster, and 
 liberated her. In the mean time, Orlando 
 went in search of his lady, was decoyed 
 into the enchanted castle of Atlantes, but 
 was liberated by Angelica, who again suc- 
 ceeded in effecting her escape to Paris. 
 Here she arrived just after a great battle 
 between the Christians and pagans, and, 
 finding Medora a Moor wounded, took 
 care of him, fell in love with him, 
 and eloped with him to Cathay, When 
 Orlando found himself jilted, he was 
 driven mad with jealousy and rage, or 
 
ORLANDO INNAMORATO. 
 
 •11 
 
 ORMUS. 
 
 rather bis wits were taken from him 
 for three months by way of punishment, 
 and deposited in the moon. Astolpho 
 went to the moon in Elijah's chariot, 
 and St. John gave him "the lost wits" 
 in an urn. On reaching France, Astol- 
 pho bound the madman, then, holding 
 the urn to his nose, the wits returned 
 to their nidus, and the hero was himself 
 again. After this, the siege was con- 
 tinued, and the Christians were wholly 
 successful. (See Orlando Innamorato.) 
 — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 *** This romance in verse extends to 
 forty-six cantos. Hoole, in his translation, 
 has compressed the forty-six cantos into 
 twenty-four books ; but Rose has retained 
 the original number. The adventures of 
 Orland j, under the French form " Roland," 
 are related by Turpin in his Chronicle, 
 and by Theroulde in his Chanson de 
 Roland. 
 
 * + * The true hero of Ariosto's romance 
 is Rogero, and not Orlando. It is with 
 Rogero's victory overRodomont that the 
 poem ends. The concluding lines are : 
 
 Then at full stretch he [Rogero] raised his arm above 
 The furious Rodomont, and the weapon drove 
 Thrice in his gaping throat— so ends the strife, 
 And leaves secure Rogero's fame and life. 
 
 Orlando Innamora'to, or Orlando 
 in love, in three books, by count Bojardo 
 of Scandiano, in Italy (1495). Bojardo 
 supposes Charlemagne to be warring 
 against the Saracens in France, under the 
 walls of Paris. He represents the city 
 to be besieged by two infidel hosts — one 
 under Agramante emperor of Africa, and 
 the other under Gradasso king of Serica'na. 
 His hero is Orlando, whom he supposes 
 (though married at the time to Aldabella) 
 to be in love with Angelica, a fascinating 
 coquette from Cathaj', whom Orlando 
 bad brought to France. (See Orlando 
 Furioso.) 
 
 *** Berni of Tuscan y, in 1538, published 
 a burlesque in verse on the same subject. 
 
 Orleans, a most passionate innamo- 
 rato, in love with Agripy'na. — Thoma3 
 Dekker, Old Fortunatus (1600). 
 
 Orleans talks "pure Biron and Romeo ; " be *s almost as 
 poetical as they, quite as philosophical, only a little 
 madder. — C. Lamb. 
 
 (" Biron," in Shakespeare's Love's 
 Labour's Lost; "Romeo," in his Borneo 
 and Juliet.) 
 
 Orleans {Gaston duke of), brother of 
 Louis XIII. He heads a conspiracy to 
 assassinate Richelieu and dethrone the 
 king. If the plot had been successful, 
 Gaston was to have been made regent; 
 
 but the conspiracy was discovered, and 
 the duke was thwarted in his ambitious 
 plans. — Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 
 
 Orleans (Louis due d'), to whom the 
 princess Joan (daughter of Louis XI.) is 
 affianced. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur- 
 ward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Orlick (Dolge), usually called " Old 
 Orlick," though not above five and twenty, 
 journeyman to Joe Gargery, blacksmith. 
 Obstinate, morose, broad-shouldered, 
 loose-limbed, swarthy, of great strength, 
 never in a hurry, and always slouching. 
 Being jealous of Pip, he allured him to a 
 cave in the marshes, bound him to a 
 ladder, and was about to shoot him, when, 
 being alarmed by approaching steps, he 
 fled. Subsequently, he broke into Mr. 
 Pumblechook's house, was arrested, and 
 confined in the county jail. This surly, 
 ill-conditioned brute was in love with 
 Biddy, but Biddy married Joe Gargery. 
 — C. Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 
 
 OrlofF Diamond (Tlie), the third 
 largest cut diamond in the world, set in 
 the top of the Russian sceptre. The weight 
 of this magnificent diamond is 194 carats, 
 and its size is that of a pigeon's egg. It 
 was once one of the eyes of the idol Sher- 
 ingham, in the temple of Brahma ; came 
 into the bands of the shah Nadir ; was 
 stolen by a French grenadier and sold to 
 an English sea-captain for £2000 ; the 
 captain sold it to a Jew for £12,000 ; it 
 next passed into the hands of Shafras ; 
 and in 1775, Catherine II. of Russia gave 
 for it £90,000. (See Diamonds.) 
 
 Or'mandine (3 syl), the necro- 
 mancer who threw St. David into an 
 enchanted sleep for seven years, from 
 which he was reclaimed by St. George. — 
 R. Johnson, The Seven Champions of 
 Christendom, i. 9 (1617). 
 
 Orme (Victor), a poor gentleman in 
 love with Elsie. — Wybert Reeve, Parted. 
 
 Ormond (The duke of), a privy 
 councillor of Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Ormston (Jock), a sheriff's officer at 
 Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Ormus (Wealth of), diamonds. The 
 island Ormus, in the Persian Gulf, is a 
 mart for these precious stones. 
 
 High on a throne of royal state, which far 
 Outshone the wealth of Ormus. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iL 1 (10G5). 
 
ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 712 ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 
 
 OvnithoVogy (The Father of), George 
 Edwards (1693-1773). 
 
 Oroma'zes (4 syl.), the principle of 
 good in Persian mythology. Same as 
 Yezad (q.v.). 
 
 Oroonda'tes (5 syl.), only son of a 
 Scythian king, whose love for Statlra 
 (widow of Alexander the Great) led him 
 into numerous dangers and difficulties, 
 which, however, he surmounted. — La 
 Calprenede, Cassandra (a romance). 
 
 Oroono'ko (Prince), son and heir of 
 the king of Angola, and general of the 
 forces. He was decoyed by captain 
 Driver aboard his ship ; his suite of 
 twenty men were made drunk with rum ; 
 the ship weighed anchor ; and the prince, 
 with all his men, were sold as slaves in 
 one of the West Indian Islands. Here 
 Oroonoko met Imoin'da (3 syl.), his 
 wife, from whom he had been separated, 
 and who he thought was dead. He 
 headed a rising of the slaves, and the 
 lieutenant-governor tried to seduce Imoin- 
 da. The result was that Imoinda killed 
 herself, and Oroonoko (3 syl.) slew first 
 the lieutenant-governor and then himself. 
 Mrs. Aphra Behn became acquainted 
 with the prince at Surinam, and made 
 the story of his life the basis of a novel, 
 which Thomas Southern dramatized 
 (1696). 
 
 Jack Bannister [17G0-1836] began his career in tragedy. 
 . . . Garrick . . . asked him what character he wished 
 to play next. " Why," said Bannister, " I was thinking 
 of ' Oroonoko.' " "Eh, eh ! " exclaimed David, staring at 
 Bannister, who was very thin ; "you will look as much like 
 'Oroonoko' as a chimney -sweeper in consumption." — T. 
 Campbell. 
 
 Orozem'bOj a brave and dauntless 
 old Peruvian. When captured and 
 brought before the Spanish invaders, 
 Orozembo openly defied them, and re- 
 fused to give any answer to their ques- 
 tions (act i. 1). — Sheridan, Pizarro 
 (altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 
 
 Orpas, once archbishop of Sev'ille. 
 At the overthrow of the Gothic kingdom 
 in Spain, Orpas joined the Moors and 
 turned Moslem. Of all the renegades 
 "the foulest and the falsest wretch was 
 he that e'er renounced his baptism." He 
 wished to marry Florinda, daughter of 
 count Julian, in order to secure "her 
 wide domains ; " but Florinda loathed him. 
 In the Moorish council, Orpas advised 
 Abulcacem to cut off count Julian, 
 "whose power but served him for fresh 
 treachery, false to Roderick first, and to 
 the caliph now." This advice was acted 
 on ; but as the villain left the tent, 
 
 Abulcacem muttered to himself, "Look 
 for a like reward thyself ; that restless 
 head of wickedness in the grave will 
 brood no treason." — Southey, Roderick, 
 etc., xx., xxii. (1814). 
 
 Orphan of China, a drama by 
 Murphy. Zaphimri, the sole survivor 
 of the royal race of China, was committed 
 in infancy to Zamti, the mandarin, that 
 he might escape from the hand of Ti'- 
 murkan', the Tartar conqueror. Zamti 
 brought up Zaphimri as his son, and sent 
 Hamet, his real son, to Corea, where he was 
 placed under the charge of Morat. Twentj r 
 years afterwards, Hamet led a band of 
 insurgents against Timurkan, was seized, 
 and ordered to be put to death under 
 the notion that he was "the orphan of 
 China." Zaphimri, hearing thereof, went 
 to the Tartar and declared that he, not 
 Hamet, was the real prince ; whereupon 
 Timurkan ordered Zamti and his wife 
 Mandane, with Hamet and Zaphimri, 
 to be seized. Zamti and Mandane were 
 ordered to the torture, to wring from them 
 the truth. In the interim, a party of 
 insurgent Chinese rushed into the palace, 
 killed the king, and established " the 
 orphan of China " on the throne of his 
 fathers (1759). 
 
 Orphan of the Frozen Sea, 
 Martha, the daughter of Ralph de Lascours 
 (captain of the Uran'ia) and his wife 
 Louise. The crew having rebelled, the 
 three, with their servant Bar'abas, were 
 cast adrift in a boat, which ran on an 
 iceberg in the Frozen Sea. Ralph thought 
 it was a small island, but the iceberg 
 broke up, both Ralph and his wife were 
 drowned, but Barabas and Martha escaped. 
 Martha was taken by an Indian tribe, 
 which brought her up and named her 
 Orgari'ta (" withered wheat "), from her 
 white complexion. In Mexico she met 
 with her sister Diana and her grand- 
 mother Mde. de Theringe (2 syl.), and 
 probably married Horace de Brienne. — E. 
 Stirling, Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 
 
 Orphan of the Temple, Marie 
 Therese Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme, 
 daughter of Louis XVI. ; so called from 
 the Temple, where she was imprisoned. 
 She was called " The Modern Antig'one " 
 by her uncle Louis XVIII. 
 
 Orpheus. (For a parallel fable, see 
 Wainamoixex.) 
 
 Orpheus and Eurydice (4 syl), 
 
 G luck's best opera (Orfeo). Libretto by 
 Calzabigi, who also wrote for Glttck the 
 
ORPHEUS OF HIGHWAYMEN. 713 
 
 ORTHODOXY. 
 
 libretto of Alceste (1767). King pro- 
 duced an English version of Orpheus and 
 Eurydice. 
 
 *** The tale is introduced by Pope in 
 his St. Cecilia's Ode. 
 
 Of Orpliens now no more let poets tell. 
 To bright Cecilia greater power is given : 
 
 His numbers raised a shade from hell. 
 Hers lift the soul to heaven. 
 
 Pope, St. Cecilia's Bay (1709). 
 
 Orpheus of Highwaymen, John 
 Gay, author of The Beggar's Opera (1688- 
 17b : 2). 
 
 Orpheus of the Green Isle 
 
 (The), Furlough O'Carolan, poet and 
 musician (1670-1738). 
 
 Or'raca (Queen), wife of AfTonso II. 
 The legend says that five friars of Mo- 
 rocco went to her, and said, " Three things 
 we prophesy to you: (1) we five shall 
 all suffer martyrdom ; (2) our bodies will 
 be brought to Coimbra ; and (3) which- 
 ever sees our relics first, you or the king, 
 will die the same day." When their 
 bodies were brought to Coimbra, the king 
 told queen Orraca she must join the pro- 
 cession with him. She pleaded illness, but 
 Affonso replied the relics would cure her ; 
 so they started on their journey. As they 
 were going, the queen told the king to 
 speed on before, as she could not travel 
 so fast ; so he speeded on with his retinue, 
 and started a boar on the road. " Follow 
 him ! " cried the king, and they went 
 after the boar and killed it. In the mean 
 time, the queen reached the procession, 
 fully expecting her husband had joined 
 it long ago ; but, lo ! she beheld him riding 
 up with great speed. That night the 
 king was aroused at midnight with the 
 intelligence that the queen was dead. — 
 Southey, Queen Orraca (1838) ; Francisco 
 Manoel da Esperanca, Historia Serafica 
 (eighteenth century). 
 
 Orrock (Tuggie), a sheriff's officer at 
 Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Orsin, one of the leaders of the rabble 
 rout that attacked Hudibras at the bear- 
 baiting.— S. Butler, Hudibras (1663). 
 
 *** The prototype of this rabble leader 
 was Joshua Gosling, who kept the Paris 
 Bear-Garden, in Southwark. 
 
 Orsi'ni (Maffio), a young Italian 
 nobleman, whose life was saved by 
 Genna'ro at the battle of Rim'ini. Orsini 
 became the fast friend of Gennaro, but 
 both were poisoned by the princess Neg'- 
 roni at a banquet. — Donizetti, Lucrezia 
 di Borgia (opera, 183-i). 
 
 Orsi'no, duke of Illyria, who sought 
 the love of Olivia a rich countess ; but 
 Olivia gave no encouragement to his 
 suit, and the duke moped and pined, 
 leaving manly sports for music and other 
 effeminate employments. Viola entered 
 the duke's service as a page, and soon 
 became a great favourite. When Olivia 
 married Sebastian (Viola's brother), and 
 the sex of Viola became known, the duke 
 married her and made her duchess of 
 Illvria. — Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 
 (1614). 
 
 Orson, twin-brother of Valentine, 
 and son of Bellisant. The twin-brothers 
 were born in a wood near Orleans, and 
 Orson Avas carried off by a bear, which 
 suckled him with its cubs. When he 
 grew up, he became the terror of France, 
 and was called " The Wild Man of the 
 Forest." Ultimately, he was reclaimed 
 by his brother Valentine, overthrew the 
 Green Knight, and married Fezon daugh- 
 ter of the duke of Savary, in Aquitaine. — 
 Valentine and Orson (fifteenth century). 
 
 Orson and Ellen. Young Orson 
 was a comely young farmer from Taun- 
 ton, stout as an oak, and very fond of 
 the lasses, but he hated matrimony, and 
 used to say, " the man who can buy milk 
 is a fool to keep a cow." While still a 
 lad, Orson made love to Ellen, a rustic 
 maiden ; but, in the fickleness of youth, 
 forsook her for a richer lass, and Ellen 
 left the village, wandered far away, and 
 became waiting-maid to old Boniface 
 the innkeeper. One day, Orson hap- 
 pened to stop at this very inn, and Ellen 
 waited on him. Fire years had passed 
 since they had seen each other, and at 
 first neither knew the other. When, how- 
 ever, the facts were known, Orson made 
 Ellen his wife, and their marriage feast 
 was given by Boniface himself. — Peter 
 Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], Orson and Ellen 
 (1809). 
 
 Ortel'lius (Abraham), a Dutch geo- 
 grapher, who published, in 1570, his 
 Theatrum Orbis Terra; or Universal 
 Geography (1527-1598). 
 
 I more could tell to prove the place our own, 
 Thau by his spacious maps are by Ortellius shown. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, vi. (1G12). 
 
 Orthodoxy. "When lord Sandwich 
 said, "he did not know the difference 
 between orthodoxy and heterodoxy," 
 Warburton bishop of Gloucester replied, 
 " Orthodoxy, my lord, is my doxy, and 
 heterodoxy is another man's doxy." 
 
ORTHODOXY. 
 
 714 
 
 O'SHANTER. 
 
 Orthodoxy (The Father of), Athanasius 
 (296-373). 
 
 Orthrus, the two-headed dog of 
 Euryt'ion the herdsman of Geryon'eo. 
 It was the progeny of Typha'on and 
 Echidna. 
 
 With his two-headed dogge that Orthrus hight, 
 Orthrus begotten by great Typhaon 
 And foule Echidna in the house of Night. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 10, 10 (1596). 
 
 Ortwine (2 syl.), knight of Metz, 
 Bister's son of sir Hagan of Trony, a 
 Burgundian. — The Nibelungen Lied 
 (eleventh century). 
 
 Or'ville (Lord), the amiable and 
 devoted lover of Evelina, whom he ulti- 
 mately marries. — Miss Burney, Evelina 
 (1778). 
 
 Osbaldistone (Mr.), a London mer- 
 chant. 
 
 Frank Osbaldistone, his son, in love 
 with Diana Vernon, whom he marries. 
 
 Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, of Os- 
 baldistone Hall, uncle of Frank, his 
 heir. 
 
 His Sons were: Percival, "the sot;" 
 Thonieliff, "the bully;" John, "the 
 gamekeeper;' 1 Richard, "the horse- 
 jockey;" Wilfred, "the fool;" and 
 Rashleigb, " the scholar," a perfidious 
 villain, killed by Rob Roy.— Sir W. 
 Scott, Bob Boy (time, George I.). 
 
 Hob Roy Macgregor was dramatized by 
 Pocock. 
 
 Osborne (Mr,), a hard, money- 
 loving, purse-proud, wealthy London 
 merchant, whose only gospel was that 
 "according to Mammon." He was a 
 widower, and his heart of hearts was 
 to see his son, captain George, marry a 
 rich mulatto. While his neighbour 
 Sedley was prosperous, old Sedley en- 
 couraged the love-making of George and 
 Miss Sedley ; but when old Sedley 
 failed, and George dared to marry the 
 bankrupt's daughter, to whom he was 
 engaged, the old merchant disinherited 
 him. Captain George fell on the field of 
 Waterloo, but the heart of old Osborne 
 would not relent, and he allowed the 
 widow to starve in abject poverty. He 
 adopted, however, the widow's son, 
 George, and brought him up in absurd 
 luxury and indulgence. A more de- 
 testable cad than old Sedley cannot be 
 imagined. 
 
 Maria and Jane Osborne, daughters of 
 the merchant, and of the same mould. 
 Maria married Frederick Bullock, a 
 banker's son. 
 
 Captain George Osborne, son of the 
 merchant ; selfish, vain, extravagant, and 
 self-indulgent. He was engaged to 
 Amelia Sedley while her father was in 
 prosperity, and captain Dobbin induced 
 him to marry her after the father was 
 made a bankrupt. Happily, George fell 
 on the field of Waterloo, or one would 
 never vouch for his conjugal fidelity. — 
 Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 Oscar, son of Ossian and grandson of 
 Fingal. He was engaged to Malvi'na, 
 daughter of Toscar, but before the day of 
 marriage arrived, he was slain in Ulster, 
 fighting against Cairbar, who had treacher- 
 ously invited him to a banquet and then 
 slew him, a.d. 296. Oscar is repre- 
 sented as most brave, warm-hearted, and 
 impetuous, most submissive to his father, 
 tender to Malvina, and a universal 
 favourite. 
 
 " O Oscar," said Fingal, " bend the strong in arm, but 
 spare the feeble hajid. Be thou a stream of many tides 
 against the foes of thy people, but like the gale that 
 moves the grass to those who ask thine aid. . . . Never 
 search for battle, nor shun it when it comes."— Ossian, 
 Fingal, iii. 
 
 Cairbar shrinks before Oscar's sword. He creeps in 
 darkness behind a stone. He lifts the spear in secret ; 
 he pierces Oscar's side. Oscar falls forward on his shield ; 
 his knee sustains the chief, but still the spear is in his 
 hand. See ! gloomy Cairbar tails. The steel pierced his 
 forehead, and divided his red hair behind. He lay like a 
 shattered rock . . . but never more shall Oscar arise.— 
 Ossian, 2'etnora, L 
 
 Oscar Boused from Sleep. "Ca-olt 
 took up a huge stone and hurled it on the 
 hero's head. The hill for three miles 
 round shook with the reverberation of the 
 blow, and the stone, rebounding, rolled 
 out of sight. Whereon Oscar awoke, and 
 told Caolt to reserve his blows for his 
 enemies." 
 
 Gun thogCaoilte a chlach, nach g&n, 
 Agus a n' aighai' chiean gun bhuail ; 
 Tri mil an tulloch gun chri. 
 
 Gaelic Romances. 
 
 Os'ewald (3 syl.), the reeve, of "the 
 carpentercs craft," an old man. — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales (1388). 
 
 Oseway (Dame), the ewe, in the 
 beast-epic of Beynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 O'Shanter (Tarn), a farmer, who, 
 returning home from Ayr very late and 
 well-soaked with liquor, had to pass the 
 kirk of Alloway. Seeing it was illumi- 
 nated, he peeped in, and saw there the 
 witches and devils dancing, while old 
 Clootie was blowing the bagpipes. Tarn 
 got so excited that he roared out to one 
 of the dancers, " Weel done, Cutty Sark ! 
 Weel done ! " In a moment all was dark. 
 Tarn now spurred his " grey mare Meg " 
 
OSIRIS. 
 
 715 
 
 OSSEO. 
 
 to the top of her speed, while all the 
 fiends chased after him. The river Doon 
 was near, and Tarn just reached the 
 middle of the bridge when one of the 
 witches, whom he called Cutty Sark, 
 touched bim ; but it was too late — he had 
 passed the middle of the stream, and was 
 out of the power of the crew. Not so 
 his mare's tail — that had not yet passed 
 the magic line, and Cutty Sark, clinging 
 thereto, dragged it off with an infernal 
 wrench. — R. Burns, Tarn O'Shanter. 
 
 Osi'ris, judge of the dead, brother 
 and husband of Isis. Osiris is identical 
 with Adonis and Thammuz. All three 
 represent the sun, six months above 
 the equator, and six months below it. 
 Adonis passed six months with Aphro- 
 dite in heaven, and six months with 
 Persephone in hell. So Osiris in heaven 
 was the beloved of Isis, but in the land 
 of darkness was embraced by Nepthys. 
 
 Osi'ris, the sun ; Isis, the moon. 
 
 They [the priests] wore rich mitres shaped like the moon, 
 To show that Isis doth the moon portend, 
 Like as Osiris signifies the sun. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 7 (1596). 
 
 Osman, sultan of the East, the great 
 conqueror of the Christians, a man of 
 most magnanimous mind and of noble 
 generosity. He loved Zara, a young 
 Christian captive, and was by her beloved 
 with equal ardour and sincerity. Zara 
 was the daughter of Lusignan d'Outremer, 
 a Christian king of Jerusalem ; she was 
 taken prisoner by Osman's father, with her 
 elder brother Nerestan, then four years 
 old. After twenty years' captivity, Neres- 
 tan was sent to France for ransom, and 
 on his return presented himself before 
 the sultan, who fancied he perceived a 
 sort of intimacy between the j'oung man 
 and Zara, which excited his suspicion 
 and jealousy. A letter, begging that 
 Zara would meet him in a " secret 
 passage" of the seraglio, fell into the 
 sultan's hands, and confirmed his sus- 
 picions. Zara went to the rendezvous, 
 where Osman met her and stabbed her to 
 the heart. Nerestan was soon brought 
 before him, and told him he had mur- 
 dered his sister, and all he wanted of her 
 was to tell her of the death of her father, 
 and to bring her his dying benediction. 
 Stung with remorse, Osman liberated all 
 his Christian captires, and then stabbed 
 himself. — Aaron Hill, Zara (1735). 
 
 *** This tragedy is an English adapta- 
 tion of Voltaire's Zaire (1733). 
 
 Osmand, a necromancer who, by 
 
 enchantment, raised up an army to resist 
 the Christians. Six of the champions 
 were enchanted by Osmand, but St. 
 George restored them. Osmand tore off 
 his hair in which lay his spirit of 
 enchantment, bit his tongue in two, em- 
 bowelled himself, cut off his arms, and 
 died. — R. Johnson, Seven Champions of 
 Christendom, i. 19 (1617). 
 
 Osmond, an old Varangian guard.— 
 Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Faris 
 (time, Rufus). 
 
 Osmyn, alias Alphoxso, son of 
 
 Anselmo king of Valentia, and husband 
 of Alme'ria daughter of Manuel king of 
 Grana'da. Supposed to have been lost at 
 sea, but in reality cast on the African 
 coast, and tended by queen Zara, who 
 falls in love with him. Both are taken 
 captive by Manuel, and brought to 
 Granada. Here Manuel falls in love 
 with Zara, but Zara retains her passionate 
 love for Alphonso. Alphonso makes his 
 escape, returns at the head of an army to 
 Granada, finds both the king and Zara 
 dead, but Almeria being still alive be- 
 comes his acknowledged bride. — W. 
 Congreve, The Mourning Bride (1697). 
 
 * + * " Osman "' was one of John Kem- 
 ble's characters, Mrs. Siddons taking the 
 role of "Zara." 
 
 Osnaburghs, the cloths so called ; 
 a corruption of Osnabriick f in Hanover, 
 where these coarse linens were first pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Osprey. "When fish see the osprey, 
 the legend says, they are so fascinated 
 that they "swoon," and, turning on their 
 backs, yield themselves an easy prey to 
 the bird. Rattlesnakes exercise the same 
 fascination over birds. 
 
 The osprey . . . the fish no sooner do espy, 
 
 But . . . turning their bellies up, as tho' their death 
 
 they saw. 
 They at his pleasure lie, to stuff his gluttonous maw. 
 
 Drayton, PoJyolbion, xxv. 11622). 
 
 _ Osrick, a court fop, contemptible for 
 his affectation and finical dandyism. He 
 is made umpire by king Claudius, when 
 Laertes and Hamlet " play" with rapiers 
 in "friendly" combat. —Shakespeare, 
 Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Osse'o, son of the Evening Star, whose 
 wife was O'weenee. In the Northland 
 there were once ten sisters of surpassing 
 beauty; nine married beautiful young 
 husbands, but the youngest, named 
 Oweenee, fixed her affections on Osseo, 
 who was " old, poor, and ugly," but 
 " most beautiful within." All being 
 
OSSIAN. 
 
 716 
 
 OTRANTO. 
 
 invited to a feast, the nine set upon their 
 youngest sister, taunting her for having 
 married Osseo ; but forthwith Osseo 
 leaped into a fallen oak, and was trans- 
 formed to a most handsome young man, 
 his wife to a very old woman, " wrinkled 
 and ugly," but his love changed not. 
 Soon another change occurred : Oweenee 
 resumed her former beauty, and all the 
 sisters and their husbands were changed 
 to birds, who were kept in cages about 
 Osseo's wigwam. In due time a son was 
 born, and one day he shot an arrow at 
 one of the caged birds, and forthwith the 
 nine, with their husbands, were changed 
 to pygmies. 
 
 From the story of Osseo 
 Let[i«] learn the fate of jesters. 
 
 Longfellow, niawatka, xii. (1855). 
 
 Ossian, the warrior-bard. He Avas 
 eon of Fingal (king of Morven) and his 
 first Avife Kos-crana (daughter of Cormac 
 king of Ireland). 
 
 His wife was Evir-Allen, daughter of 
 Branno (a native of Ireland) ; and his son 
 was Oscar. 
 
 Ostrich {The) is said, in fable, not to 
 brood over her eggs, but to hatch them by 
 gazing on them intently. Both birds are 
 employed, for if the gaze is suspended 
 for only one moment, the eggs are addled. 
 — Vanslebe. 
 
 (This is an emblem of the ever- 
 watchful eye of Providence.) 
 
 Such a look . . . 
 The mother ostrich fixes on her egg, 
 Till that intense affection 
 Kindles its light of life. 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, iii. 24 (1797). 
 
 Ostrich Egg. Captain F. Burnaby 
 saw an ostrich egg hung by a silver cbain 
 from the ceiling of the principal mosque 
 of Sivas, and was told it was a warning 
 to evil-doers. 
 
 The ostrich always looks at the eggs she lays, and breaks 
 those that are bad. So God will break evil-doers as the 
 ostrich her worthless eggs. — Burnaby, On Horseback 
 Vtrough Asia Minor, xxix. (1877). 
 
 Oswald, steward to Goneril daugh- 
 ter of king Lear. — Shakespeare, King 
 Lear (1G05). 
 
 Oswald, the cup-bearer to Cedric the 
 Saxon, of Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Jvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Oswald (Prince), being jealous of 
 Gondibert, his rival for the love of 
 Rhodalind (the heiress of Aribert king 
 of Lombardy), headed a faction against 
 him. A battle was imminent, but it was 
 determined to decide the quarrel by four 
 combatants on each side. In this com- 
 
 bat, Oswald was slain by Gondibert. — Sir 
 W. Davenant, Gondibert, i. (died 1668). 
 
 Othel'lo, the Moor, commander of 
 the Venetian army. Iago was his ensign 
 or ancient. Desdemona, the daughter of 
 Brabantio the senator, fell in love with 
 the Moor, and he married her ; but Iago, 
 by his artful villainy, insinuated to him 
 such a tissue of circumstantial evidence 
 of Desdemona's love for Cassio, that, 
 Othello's jealousy being aroused, he 
 smothered her with a pillow, and then 
 killed himself. — Shakespeare, Othello 
 (1611). 
 
 The fiery openness of Othello, magnanimous, guileless, 
 and credulous, boundless in his confidence, ardent in hi& 
 affection, inflexible in his resolution, and obdurate in his 
 revenge. . . . The gradual progress which Iago makes in 
 the Moor's conviction, and the circumstances which he 
 employs to inflame him, are so artfully natural . . . that 
 we cannot but pity him.— Dr. Johnson. 
 
 *** The story of this tragedy is taken 
 from the novelletti of Giovanni Giraldi 
 Cinthio (died 1578). 
 
 Addison says of Thomas Betterton 
 (1685-1710) : " The wonderful agony 
 which he appeared in when he examined 
 the circumstance of the handkerchief in 
 the part of 'Othello,' and the mixture 
 of love that intruded on his mind at the 
 innocent answers of ' Desdemona,' . . . 
 were the perfection of acting." Donald- 
 son, in his Recollections, says that Spran- 
 ger Barry (1719-1777) was the beau-ideal 
 of an "Othello;" and C. Leslie, in his 
 Autobiography, says the same of Edmund 
 Kean (1787-1833). 
 
 Otho, the lord at whose board count 
 Lara was recognized by sir Ezzelin. A 
 duel was arranged for the next day, and 
 the contending parties were to meet in 
 lord Otho's hall. When the time of 
 meeting arrived, Lara presented himself, 
 but no sir Ezzelin put in his appearance ; 
 Avhereupon Otho, vouching for the 
 knight's honour, fought Avith the count, 
 and was wounded. On recovering from 
 his wound, lord Otho became the invete- 
 rate enemy of Lara, and accused him 
 openly of having made away with sir 
 Ezzelin. Lara made himself very popular, 
 and headed a rebellion ; but lord Otho 
 opposed the rebels, and shot him. — Byron, 
 Lara (1814). 
 
 Otnit, a legendary emperor of Lom- 
 bardy, who gains the daughter of the 
 soldan for wife, by the help of Elberich 
 the dwarf. — The Heldenbuch (twelfth 
 century). 
 
 Otranto (Tancrcd prince of), a cru- 
 sader. 
 
OTRANTO. 
 
 717 
 
 OVERREACH. 
 
 Ernest of Otranto, page of the prince 
 of Otranto.— Sir W. Scott, Count Robert 
 of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Otranto (The Castle of), a romance by 
 Horace Walpole (1769). 
 
 O'Trigger (Sir Lucius), a fortune- 
 hunting Irishman, ready to fight every 
 one, on any matter, at any time. — 
 Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 
 
 "Sir Lucius OTrigger," " Callaghan O'Brallaghan," 
 "major O'Flaherty," "league," and "Dennis Brulgiud- 
 dery" were portrayed by Jack Johnstone [1750-1828] in 
 most exquisite colours. — The New Monthly Magazine 
 (1829). 
 
 *** "Callaghan O'Brallaghan," in Love 
 a-la-mode (Macklin) ; "major O'Flaherty," 
 in The West Lndian (Cumberland) ; 
 " Teague," in The Committee (Hon. sir 
 R. Howard) ; " Dennis Brulgruddery," 
 in John Bull (Colman). 
 
 OttaVio (Don), the lover of donna 
 Anna, whom he was about to make his 
 wife, when don Giovanni seduced her 
 and killed her father (the commandant 
 of the city) in a duel. — Mozart, Don 
 Giovanni (opera, 1787). 
 
 Otto, duke of Norm and v, the victim 
 of Rollo called "The Bloody Brother." 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Bloody 
 Brother (1639). 
 
 Ot'uel (Sir), a haughty and pre- 
 sumptuous Saracen, miraculously con- 
 verted. He was a nephew of Ferragus 
 or Ferracute, and married a daughter of 
 Charlemagne. 
 
 Ouida, an infantine corruption of 
 Louisa. The full name is Louise de la 
 Rame'e, authoress of Under Two Flags 
 (1867), and many other novels. 
 
 Ouran'abad, a monster represented 
 as a fierce flying hydra. It belongs to 
 the same class as (1) the Rakshe, whose 
 ordinary food was serpents and dragons ; 
 (2) the Soham, which had the head of a 
 horse, four eyes, and the body of a fiery 
 dragon ; (3) the Syl, a basilisk, with 
 human face, but so terrible that no eye 
 could look on it and live ; (4) the Ejder. 
 ■ — Richardson's Dictionary (" Persian and 
 Arabic "). 
 
 In his hand, which thunder had blasted, he [Eblis] 
 swayed tlo iron sceptre that causes the monster ourana- 
 bad, the afrits, and all the powers of the abyss to tremble. 
 — W. Beckford, Fatbek (1786). 
 
 Outalissi, eagle of the Indian tribe 
 of Oney r da, the death-enemies of the 
 Hurons. When the Hurons attacked the 
 fort under the command of Waldegrave 
 (2 syl.), a general massacre was made, in 
 which Waldegrave and his wife were 
 slain. But Mrs. Waldegrave, before she 
 
 died, committed her boy Henry to the 
 charge of Outalissi, and told him to place 
 the child in the hands of Albert of Wy'- 
 oming, her friend. This Outalissi did. 
 After a lapse of fifteen years, one Brandt, 
 at the head of a mixed army of British 
 and Indians, attacked Oneyda, and a 
 general massacre Avas made ; but Outa- 
 lissi, wounded, escaped to Wyoming, 
 just in time to give warning of the 
 approach of Brandt. Scarcely was this 
 done, when Brandt arrived. Albert and 
 his daughter Gertrude were both shot, 
 and the whole settlement was extirpated. 
 —Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming (1809). 
 
 Outis (Greek for " nobody "), a 
 name assumed by Odysseus ( Ulysses) in 
 the cave of Polypheme (3 syl.}. When 
 the monster roared with pain from the 
 loss of his eye, his brother giants de- 
 manded who was hurting him. " Outis " 
 (Nobody), thundered out Polypheme, and 
 his companions left him. — Homer, Odys- 
 sey. 
 
 Outram (Lance), park-keeper to sir 
 Geoffrey Peveril.— Sir W. Scott, Peccril 
 of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Over the Hills and Far Away. 
 
 — Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer (17 '05). 
 
 Overdees (Rowley), a highwayman. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 O'verdo (Justice), in Ben Jonson's 
 Bartholomew Fair (1614). 
 
 Overdone (Mistress), a bawd. — 
 Shakespeare, Measure for Measure (1603). 
 
 Overreach. (Sir Giles), Wellborn's 
 uncle. An unscrupulous, hard-hearted 
 rascal, grasping and proud. He ruined 
 the estates both of Wellborn and All- 
 worth, and by overreaching grew enor- 
 mously rich. His ambition Avas to see 
 his daughter Margaret marry a peer ; 
 but the OA T erreacher Avas OA'erreached. 
 Thinking Wellborn Avas about to marry 
 the rich doAvager Alhvorth, he not only 
 paid all his debts, but supplied his pre- 
 sent wants most liberally, under the 
 delusion "if she prove his, all that is hers 
 is mine." HaA-ing thus done, he finds, 
 that lady Alhvorth does not marry Well- 
 born but lord Lovell. In regard to 
 Margaret, fancying she Avas sure to marry 
 lord Lovell, he giA'es his full consent to 
 her marriage ; but finds she returns from 
 church not lady Lovell but Mrs. All- 
 Avorth. — Massinger, A New Way to Pay 
 Old Debts (1628). 
 
OVERS. 
 
 718 
 
 OX 
 
 *** The prototype of "sir Giles Over- 
 reach" was sir Giles Mompesson, a usurer 
 outlawed for his misdeeds. 
 
 When Kemble played "sir Giles Overreach," he was 
 anxious to represent the part as Henderson [1747-1785] 
 had done it, and wrote to Mrs. Inchbald to know " what 
 kind of a hat Mr. Henderson wore ; what kind of wig, 
 cravat, ruffles, clothes, stockings with or without clocks, 
 square or round-toed shoes. I shall lie uneasy if I 
 have not an idea of his dress, even to the shape of his 
 buckles and what rings he wore on his hands. Morose- 
 ness and cruelty seem the groundwork of this monstrous 
 figure ; but I am at a loss to know whether, in copying it, 
 I should draw the lines that express his courtesy to lord 
 Lovel [sic] with an exaggerated strength or not. . . ." 
 Mrs. Inchbald's answer is unfortunately lost.— W. C. 
 Russell, Representative Actors. 
 
 I saw Kemble play "sir Giles Overreach " last night; 
 but he came not within a hundred miles of G. F. Cooke 
 [1756-1812 j. whose terrible visage, and short, abrupt utter- 
 ance, gave a reality to that atrocious character. Kemble 
 Whs too handsome, too plausible, and too smooth. — Sir 
 W. Scott. 
 
 Overs (John), a ferryman, who used 
 to ferry passengers from Southwark to 
 the City, and accumulated a considerable 
 hoard of money by his savings. On one 
 occasion, to save the expense of board, 
 he simulated death, expecting his ser- 
 vants would fast till he was buried ; but 
 they broke into his larder and cellar, and 
 held riot. When the old miser could 
 bear it no longer, he started up, and be- 
 laboured his servants right and left ; but 
 one of them struck the old man with an 
 oar, and killed him. 
 
 Mary Overs, the beautiful daughter of 
 the ferryman. Her lover, hastening to 
 town, was thrown from his horse, and 
 died. She then became a nun, and 
 founded the church of St. Mary Overs' on 
 the site of her father's house. 
 
 Overton (Colonel), one of Cromwell's 
 officers. — Sir* W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
 Commonwealth). 
 
 Ovid (The French), Du Bellav; also 
 called "The Father of Grace and Ele- 
 gance" (1524-1560). 
 
 Ovid and Corinna. Ovid dis- 
 guises, under the name of Corinna, the 
 daughter of Augustus, named Julia, noted 
 for her beauty, talent, and licentiousness. 
 Some say that Corinna was Livia the wife 
 of Augustus. — Amor., i. 5. 
 
 So was her heavenly body comely raised 
 
 On two faire columnes ; those that Ovid praised 
 
 In Julia's borrowed name. 
 
 Ovo. Ab ovo usque ad mala ("from 
 the egg to the apple"), from the beginning 
 to the end of a feast or meal. The Romans 
 began their entertainments with eggs, and 
 ended with fruits. — Horace, Sat., i. 3, 6 ; 
 Cicero, Fam., ix. 20. 
 
 O'wain (Sir), the Irish knight of king 
 Stephen's court, who passed through St. 
 Patrick's purgatory by way of penance. 
 
 — Henry of Saltrey, The Descent of Owmn 
 (1153). 
 
 O'weenee, the youngest of ten sis- 
 ters, all of surpassing beauty. She married 
 Osseo, who was " old, poor, and ugly," 
 but ' ' most beautiful within." (See Osseo.) 
 — Longfellow, Hiawatha, xii. (1855). 
 
 Owen (Sam), groom of Darsie Latimer, 
 i.e. sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Owen, confidential clerk of Mr. Os- 
 baldistone, senior. — Sir W. Scott, Rob 
 Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Owen (Sir) passed in dream through 
 St. Patrick's purgatory. He passed the 
 convent gate, and the warden placed him 
 in a coffin. When the priests had sung 
 over him the service of the dead, they 
 placed the coffin in a cave, and sir Owen 
 made his descent. He came first to an 
 ice desert, and received three Avarnings 
 to retreat, but the warnings were not 
 heeded, and a mountain of ice fell on 
 him. "Lord, Thou canst save!" he cried 
 as the ice fell, and the solid mountain be- 
 came like dust, and did sir Owen no harm. 
 He next came to a lake of fire, and a 
 demon pushed him in. "Lord, Thou 
 canst save ! " he cried, and angels carried 
 him to paradise. He woke with ecstasy, 
 and found himself lying before the cavern's 
 mouth. — R. Southey, St. Patrick's Pur- 
 gatory (from the Fabliaux of Mon. le 
 Grand). 
 
 Owen Meredith, Robert Bulwer 
 Lytton, afterwards lord Lytton, son of 
 the poet and novelist (1831- ). 
 
 Owl (TJie), sacred to Minerva, was 
 the emblem of Athens. 
 
 Owls hoot in Bb andG[\ or in F# and Ab.— Rev. 
 G. White, Natural History of Selborn*, xlv. (1789). 
 
 Owl a Baker's Daughter (The). 
 Our Lord once went into a baker's shop 
 to ask for bread. The mistress instantly 
 put a cake in the oven for Him, but the 
 daughter, thinking it to be too large, 
 reduced it to half the size. The dough, 
 however, swelled to an enormous bulk, 
 and the daughter cried out, " Heugh ! 
 heugh ! heugh ! " and was transformed 
 into an owl. 
 
 Well, God 'ield you! They say the owl was a bakers 
 daughter. — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Ox (The Dumb), St. Thomas Aqui'nas; 
 so named by his fellow-students on ac- 
 count of his taciturnity (1224—1274). 
 
 An ox once spoke as learned men deliver. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, iii. 1 (1640). 
 
 Ox. Tlie black ox Juxth trod on his foot, 
 
OXFORD. 
 
 719 
 
 P. 
 
 he has married and is hen-pecked ; cala- 
 mity has befallen him. The black ox was 
 sacrificed to the internals, and was con- 
 sequently held accursed. When Tusser 
 says the best way to thrive is to get 
 married, the objector says : 
 
 Why, then, do folk this proverb put, 
 " The black ox near trod on thy foot," 
 If that way were to thrive ? 
 
 Wiving and Thriving, Ivii. (1557). 
 The black oxe had not trode on his or her foote ; 
 But ere his branch of blesse could reach any roote, 
 The flowers so faded, that in fifteen weekes 
 A man might copy the change in the cheekes 
 Both of the poore wretch and his wife. 
 
 Heywood (1646). 
 
 Oxford (John earl of), an exiled Lan- 
 castrian. He appears with his son Arthur 
 as a travelling merchant, under the name 
 of Philipson. 
 
 *** The son of the merchant Philipson 
 is sir Arthur de Vere. 
 
 The countess of Oxford, wife of the earl. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier stein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Oxford (Tim young earl of), in the court 
 of queen Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
 worth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Oxford Boat Crew, dark blue. 
 Cambridge boat crew, light blue. 
 
 *** Oxford Blues, the Royal Horse 
 Guards. 
 
 Oxford University, said to have 
 been founded by king Alfred, in 886. 
 
 . . . religious Alfred . . . 
 Renowned Oxford built to Apollo's learned brood; 
 And on the hallowed bank of Isis' goodly flood, 
 Worthy the glorious arts, did gorgeous bowers provide. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1613). 
 
 Oyster. Pistol says, "The world's 
 mine oyster, which I with sword will 
 open." He alludes to the proverb, " The 
 mayor of Northampton opens oysters with 
 his dagger," for, Northampton being some 
 eighty miles from the sea, oysters were 
 so stale before the)'' reached the town 
 (before railroads or even coaches were 
 known), that the " mayor " would be 
 loth to bring them near his nose. 
 
 Oysters. Those most esteemed by 
 the Romans were the oysters of Cyzicum, 
 ; in Bithynia, and of Lucrinum, in Apulia, 
 upon the Adriatic Sea. The best in 
 Britain used to be the oysterg of Walfleet, 
 near Colchester. 
 
 Think you our oysters here unworthy of your praise ? 
 Pure Walfleet ... as excellent as those . . . 
 The Cjzic shells, or those on the Lucrinian coast. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 
 
 *%* The oysters most esteemed by 
 Englishmen are the Whitstable, which 
 fetch a fabulous price. Colchester oysters 
 (natives) in 1 878 were sold at 4s. a dozen. 
 
 Ozair (2 syl.), a prophet. One day, 
 riding on an ass by the ruins of Jerusa- 
 lem, after its destruction by the Chal- 
 deans, he doubted in his mind whetheT 
 God could raise the city up again. 
 Whereupon God caused him to die, and 
 he remained dead a hundred } T ears, but 
 was then restored to life. He found the 
 basket of figs and cruse of wine as fresh 
 as when he died, but his ass was a mass 
 of bones. While he still looked, the dry 
 bones came together, received life, and 
 the resuscitated ass began to bray. The 
 prophet no longer doubted the power of 
 God to raise up Jerusalem from its ruins. 
 — Al Koran, ii. (Sale's notes). 
 
 *** This legend is based on Neh. ii. 
 12-20. 
 
 P. Placentius the dominican wrote a 
 poem of 253 Latin hexameters, called 
 Pujna Po7'corum, every word of which 
 begins with the letter p (died 1548). It 
 begins thus : 
 
 Plaudite, Porcelli, porcorum pigra propago 
 Progreditur . . . etc. 
 
 There Avas one composed in honour of 
 Charles le Chauve, every word of which 
 began with c. 
 
 The best-known alliterative poem in 
 English is the following : — 
 
 An Austrian army, awfully arrayed. 
 
 Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade. 
 
 Cossack commanders, cannonading, come. 
 
 Dealing destruction's devastating doom ; 
 
 Every endeavour engineers essay 
 
 For fame, for fortune, forming furious fray. 
 
 Gaunt gunners grapple, giving gashes good 
 
 Heaves high his head heroic hardihood. 
 
 Ibraham, Islam, Ismael, imps in ill. 
 
 Jostle John Jarovlitz, Jem, Joe, Jack, Jill ; 
 
 Kick kindling Kutusoff, kings' kinsmen kill ; 
 
 Labour low levels loftiest, longest lines ; 
 
 Men march 'mid moles, 'mid mounds, 'mid murderooi 
 
 mines. 
 Now nightfall's nigh, now needful nature nods, 
 Opposed, opposing, overcoming odds. 
 Poor peasants, partly purchased, partly pressed, 
 Quite quaking, "Quarter I Quarter!" quickly quest. 
 Reason returns, recalls redundant rage, 
 Saves sinking soldiers, softens signiors sage. 
 Truce, Turkey, truce ! truce, treacherous Tartar train 1 
 Unwise, unjust, unmerciful Ukraine! 
 Vanish, vile vengeance ! vanish, victory vain ! 
 Wisdom wails war— wails warring words. What were 
 Xerxes, XautippS, XimenSs, Xavier? 
 Yet Yassy's youtli, ye yield your youthful vest. 
 Zealously, zanies, zealously, zeal's zest. 
 From H. Southgate, Many Thoughts on Many Thivxgi. 
 
 Tusser has a poem of twelve lines, in 
 rhyme, every word of which begins with 
 t. The subject is on Thriftiness (died 
 1580). 
 
PS. 
 
 720 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 P's (The Five), William Oxberry, 
 printer, poet, publisher, publican, and 
 player (1784-1824). 
 
 Pache (J. Nicolas), a Swiss by birth. 
 He was minister of war in 1792, and 
 maire de Paris 1793. Pache hated the 
 Girondists, and at the fall of Danton was 
 imprisoned. After his liberation, he 
 retired to Thym-le-Moutiers (in the 
 Ardennes), and died in obscurity (1740- 
 1823). 
 
 Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his 
 own ally for humility of mind. ... Sit there, Tartuffe, 
 till wanted.-^Carlyle. 
 
 Pacific (The), Amadeus VIII. count 
 of Savoy (1383, 1391-1439, abdicated 
 and died 1451). 
 
 Frederick III. emperor of Germany 
 (1415, 1440-1493). 
 
 Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093). 
 
 Pac'olet, a dwarf, "full of great 
 sense and subtle ingenuity." He had an 
 enchanted horse, made of wood, with 
 which he carried off Valentine, Orson, 
 and Clerimond from the dungeon of 
 Ferragus. This horse is often alluded to. 
 " To ride Pacolet's horse " is a phrase for 
 going very fast. — Valentine and Orson 
 (fifteenth century). 
 
 Pacolet, a familiar spirit. — Steele, The 
 Tatler (1709). 
 
 Pacolet or Nick Strumpfer, the dwarf 
 servant of Noma "of the Fitful Head." 
 —Sir W. Scott, TJie Pirate (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Pacomo (St.), an Egyptian, who lived 
 in the fourth century. It is said that he 
 could walk among serpents unhurt ; and 
 when he had occasion to cross the Nile, 
 he was carried on the back of a crocodile. 
 
 The hermit fell on his knees before an image of St. 
 Pacomo, which was glued to the wall. — Lesage, Gil Bias, 
 Iv. 9 (1724). 
 
 Pacto'lus (now called Bagouly), a 
 river of Lydia, in Asia Minor, which was 
 said to flow over golden sand. 
 
 Pad'alon, the Hindu hell, under the 
 earth. It has eight gates, each of which 
 is guarded bj" a gigantic deity. Described 
 by Southey, in cantos xxii., xxiii. of The 
 Curse of Keharna (1809). 
 
 Paddington (Harry), one of Mac- 
 heath's gang of thieves. Peachum de- 
 scribes him as a "poor, petty-larceny 
 rascal, without the least genius. That 
 fellow," he says, "though he were to live 
 for six months, would never come to the 
 gallows with credit" (act i. 1). — Gay, 
 The Beggar's Opera (1727). 
 
 Paddington Pair, a public execu- 
 tion. Tj'burn is in the parish of Pad- 
 dington. Public executions were abolished 
 in 1868. 
 
 Paddy, an Irishman. A corruption 
 of Padhrig, Irish for Patrick. 
 
 Padlock (The), a comic opera by 
 Bickerstaff. Don Diego (2 syl.), a 
 wealthy lord of 60, saAv a country maiden 
 named Leonora, to whom he took a fancy, 
 and arranged with the parents to take 
 her home with him and place her undei 
 the charge of a duenna for three months, 
 to see if her temper was as sweet as her 
 face was pretty; and then either "to 
 return her to them spotless, or make her 
 his lawful wife." At the expiration of 
 the time, the don went to arrange with 
 the parents for the wedding, and locked 
 up his house, giving the keys to Ursula 
 the duenna. To make surance doubly 
 sure, he put a padlock on the outer door, 
 and took the key with him. Leander, 
 a young student smitten With the damsel, 
 laughed at locksmiths and duennas, and, 
 having gained admission into the house, 
 was detected by don Diego, who returned 
 unexpectedl}\ The old don, being a man 
 of sense, at once perceived that Leander 
 was a more suitable bridegroom than him- 
 self, so he not only sanctioned the alliance, 
 but gave Leonora a handsome wedding 
 dowry (1768). 
 
 Paean, the physician of the immortals. 
 
 Paea'na, daughter of Corflambo, " fair 
 as ever yet saw living eye," but "too 
 loose of life and eke too light." Parana 
 fell in love with Annas, a captive in her 
 father's dungeon ; but Amias had no heart 
 to give away. When PlacTdas was brought 
 captive before Paeana, she mistook him 
 for Amias, and married him. The poet 
 adds, that she thenceforth so reformed her 
 ways "that all men much admired the 
 change, and spake her praise." — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iv. 9 (1596). 
 
 Pagan, a fay who loved the princess 
 Imis ; but Imis rejected his suit, as she 
 loved her cousin Philax. Pagan, out of 
 revenge, shut them up in a superb crystal 
 palace, which contained every delight 
 except that of leaving it. In the course 
 of a few years, Imis and Philax longed 
 as much for a separation as, at one time, 
 they wished to be united. — Comtesse 
 D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Palace of Re- 
 venge," 1682). 
 
 Page (Mr.), a gentleman living at 
 
PAGE. 
 
 m PAINTERS' CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 Windsor. When sir John FalstafE made 
 love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed 
 the name of Brook, to outwit the knight. 
 Sir John told the supposed Brook his 
 whole " course of wooing," and how 
 nicely he was bamboozling the husband. 
 On one occasion, he says, "I was carried 
 out in a buck-basket of dirty linen before 
 the very eyes of Page, and the deluded 
 husband did not know it." Of course, 
 sir John is thoroughly outwitted and 
 played upon, being made the butt of the 
 whole village. 
 
 Mrs. Page, wife of Mr. Page, of Wind- 
 sor. When sir John Falstaff made love 
 to her, she joined with Mrs. Ford to dupe 
 him and punish him. 
 
 Anne Page, daughter of the above, in 
 love with Fenton. Slender calls her 
 " the sweet Anne Page." 
 
 William Page, Anne's brother, a school- 
 boy. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
 Windsor (1596). 
 
 Page (Sir Francis), called " The Hang- 
 ing Judge" (1661-1741). 
 
 Slander and poison dread from Delia's rage ; 
 Hard words or hanging if your judge be Page. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Paget (The lady), one of the ladies 
 of the bedchamber in queen Elizabeth's 
 court. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilvcorth (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Painted Chamber (The), an apart- 
 ment in the old Royal Palace of West- 
 minster," the walls of which were painted 
 chiefly with battle-scenes, in six bands, 
 somewhat similar to the Bayeaux ta- 
 pestry. 
 
 Painted Mischief, playing cards. 
 
 There are plenty of ways of gambling . . . without 
 recourse to the " painted mischief," which was not in- 
 vented for the benefit of king Charles VI. of France. — 
 Daily Xews, March 8, 1879. 
 
 Painter of Nature. Remi Belleau, 
 one of the Pleiad poets, is so called (1528- 
 1577). 
 
 The Shepheardes Calendar, by Spenser, 
 is largely borrowed from Belleau's Song 
 of April. 
 
 Painter of the Graces, Andrea 
 Appiani (1754-1817). 
 
 Painters. 
 
 A Bee. Quintin Matsys, the Dutch 
 painter, painted a bee so well that the 
 artist Mandyn thought it a real bee, and 
 proceeded to brush it away with his 
 handkerchief (1450-1529). 
 
 A Cow. Myro carved a cow so true 
 to nature that bulls mistook it for a living 
 animal (b.c. 431). 
 31 
 
 A Curtain. Parrhasios painted a cur- 
 tain so admirably that even Zeuxis, the 
 artist, mistook it for real drapery (b.c, 
 400). 
 
 A Fly. George Alexander Stevens says, 
 in his Pectures on Beads : 
 
 I have heard of a connoisseur who was one day in an 
 auction-room where there was an inimitable piece of 
 painting of fruits and flowers. The connoisseur would 
 not give his opinion of the picture till he had first ex- 
 amined the catalogue ; and finding it was done by an 
 Englishman, he pulled out his eye-glass. "Oh, sir," 
 says he, "those English fellows have no more idea of 
 genius than a Dutch skipper has of dancing a cotillion. 
 The dog has spoiled a fine piece of canvas; he is worse 
 than a Harp Alley sign-post dauber. There's no keeping, 
 no perspective, no foreground. Why, there now, the 
 fellow has actually attempted to paint a fly upon that 
 rosebud. Why, it is no more like a fly than I am like 
 
 ;" but, as he approached his finger to the picture, 
 
 the fly flew away (1772). 
 
 Grapes. Zeuxis (2 syl.), a Grecian 
 painter, painted some grapes so well that 
 birds came and pecked at them, thinking 
 them real grapes (b.c. 400). 
 
 A Horse. Apelles painted Alexander's 
 horse Bucephalos so true to life that 
 some mares came up to the canvas neigh- 
 ing, under the supposition that it was a 
 real animal (about B.C. 334). 
 
 A Man. Velasquez painted a Spanish 
 admiral so true to life that when king 
 Felipe IV. entered the studio, he mis- 
 took the painting for the man, and 
 began reproving the supposed officer for 
 neglecting his duty, in wasting his time 
 in the studio, when he ought to have been 
 with his fleet (1590-1660). 
 
 Accidental effects in painting. 
 
 Apelles, being at a loss to paint the 
 foam of Alexander's horse, dashed his 
 brush at the picture in a fit of annoyance, 
 and did by accident what his skill had 
 failed to do (about B.C. 334). 
 
 The same tale is told of Protog'enes, 
 who dashed his brush at a picture, and 
 thus produced "the foam of a dog's 
 mouth," which he had long been trying 
 in vain to represent (about B.C. 332). 
 
 Painters (Prince of). Parrhasios and 
 Apelles are both so called (fourth century 
 
 B.C.). 
 
 Painters' Characteristics. 
 
 Angelo (Michael) : an iron frame, 
 strongly developed muscles, and an ana- 
 tomical display of the human figure. 
 The iEschylos of painters (1474-1564). 
 
 Carracci: eclectic artists, who picked 
 out and pieced together parts taken from 
 Correggio, Raphael, Titian, and other 
 great artists. If Michael Angelo is the 
 ./Eschylos of artists, and Raphael the 
 Sophocles, the Carracci may be called 
 the Euripides of painters. I know not 
 
PAINTERS' CHARACTERISTICS. 722 
 
 PALAMEDES. 
 
 why in England 'the name is spelt with 
 only one r. 
 
 Correggio : known by his wonderful 
 foreshortenings, his magnificent light and 
 shade. He is, however, very monotonous 
 (1494-1534). 
 
 Crome (John) : an old woman in a red 
 cloak walking up an avenue of trees 
 (1769-1821). 
 
 David : notedforhis stiff, dry, pedantic, 
 "highly classic " style, according to the 
 interpretation of the phrase bv the French 
 in the first Revolution (1748-1825). 
 
 Dolce (Carlo) : famous for his Ma- 
 donnas, which are all finished with most 
 extraordinary delicacy (1616-1686). 
 
 Domenichi'no : famed for his fres- 
 coes, correct in design, and fresh in 
 colouring (1581-1641). 
 
 Guido : his speciality is a pallid or 
 bluish-complexioned saint, with saucer or 
 uplifted eyes (1574-1642). 
 
 Holbein : characterized by bold relief, 
 exquisite finish, force of conception, deli- 
 cacy of tone, and dark background 
 (1498-1554). 
 
 Lorraine (Claude) : a Greek temple 
 on a hill, with sunny and highly finished 
 classic scenery. Aerial perspective (1600- 
 1682). 
 
 Mitrillo : a brown-faced Madonna 
 (1618-1682). 
 
 Ommeganck : sheep (1775-1826). 
 
 Perugino (Pietro) : known by his 
 narrow, contracted figures and scrimpy 
 drapery (1446-1524). 
 
 Poussin : famous for his classic style. 
 Reynolds says : "No works of any 
 modern have so much the air of antique 
 painting as those of Poussin " (1593- 
 1665). 
 
 Poussin (Gaspar) : a landscape painter, 
 the very opposite of Claude Lorraine. He 
 seems to have drawn his inspiration from 
 Hervey's Meditations Among the Tombs, 
 Blair's Grave, Young's Night Thoughts, 
 and Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy 
 (1613-1675). 
 
 Raphael : the Sophocles of painters. 
 Angelo's figures are all gigantesque and 
 ideal, like those of yEschylos. Raphael's 
 are perfect human beings (1483-1520). 
 
 Reynolds : a portrait-painter. He 
 presents his portraits in bal masque, not 
 always suggestive either of the rank or 
 character of the person represented. 
 There is about the same analogy between 
 Watteau and Reynolds, as between 
 Claude Lorraine and Gaspar Poussin 
 (1723-1792). 
 
 Rosa (Saivator) : dark, inscrutable 
 
 pictures, relieved by dabs of palette- 
 knife. He is fond of savage scenery, 
 broken rocks, wild caverns, blasted 
 heaths, and so on (1615-1673). 
 
 Rubens : patches of vermiilion dabbed 
 about the human figure, wholly out of 
 harmonv with the rest of the colouring 
 (1577-1640). 
 
 Steen (Jan) : an old woman peeling 
 vegetables, with another old woman 
 looking at her (1636-1679). 
 
 Tintoretti : full of wild fantastical 
 inventions. He is called " The Lightning 
 of the Pencil " (1512-1594). 
 
 Titian : noted for his broad shades 
 of divers gradations (1477-1576). 
 
 Veronese (Paul) : noted for his great 
 want of historical correctness and elegance 
 of design ; but he abounds in spirited 
 banquets, sumptuous edifices, brilliant 
 aerial spectres, magnificent robes, gaud, 
 and jewellery (1530-1588). 
 
 Watteau : noted for his fetes galantes, 
 fancy-ball costumes, and generally gala- 
 day figures (1684-1721). 
 
 The colouring of Titian, the expression of Rubens, the 
 grace of Raphael, the purity of Domenicbino, the correg- 
 gioscity of Correggio, the learning of Poussin, the airs of 
 Guido, the taste of the Carrachi [sic], the grand contour 
 of Angelo, . . . the brilliant truth of a Watteau, the 
 touching grace of a Reynolds. — Sterne. 
 
 Paix des Dames (La), the treaty 
 of peace concluded at Cambray in 1529, 
 between Francois I. of France and Karl 
 V. emperor of Germany. So called be- 
 cause it was mainly negotiated by Louise 
 of Savoy (mother of the French king) 
 and Margaret the emperor's aunt. 
 
 Paladore, a Briton in the service ot 
 the king of Lombardy. One day, in a 
 boar-hunt, the boar turned on the prin- 
 cess Sophia, and, having gored her horse 
 to death, was about to attack the lady, 
 but was slain by the young Briton. 
 Between these two young people a strong 
 attachment sprang up ; but the duke 
 Bire'no, by an artifice of false imper- 
 sonation, induced Paladore to believe that 
 the princess was a wanton, and had the 
 audacity to accuse her as such to the 
 senate. In Lombardy, the punishment 
 for this offence was death, and the prin- 
 cess was ordered to execution. Paladore, 
 having learned the truth, accused the 
 duke of villainy. They fought, and 
 Bireno fell. The princess, being cleared 
 of the charge, married Paladore. — Robert 
 Jephson, 'The Law of Lombardy (1779). 
 
 Palame'des (4 syl.), son of Nau- 
 plios, was, according to Suidas, the in- 
 ventor of dice. (See Alea.) 
 
 Tabula noraen ladi ; banc PalamedSs ad Grseci exercitus 
 
PALAMEDES. 
 
 723 
 
 PALINODE. 
 
 delectatlonera magna eruditione atque ingenio invenit. 
 Tuhula enim est mundus terreitris, duodenarius numerus 
 est Zodiacus, ipsa vero area et septem in ea grana sunt 
 septem steihe planetarum. Turris est altitudo coeli, ex 
 qua omnibus bona et mala rependuiitur.— Suidas (Wolfs 
 trans. ). 
 
 Palame'des (Sir), a Saracen, who 
 adored Isolde the wife of king Mark of 
 Cornwall. Sir Tristrem also loved the 
 same lady, who was his aunt. The two 
 "lovers" fought, and sir Palamedes, 
 being overcome, was compelled to turn 
 Christian. He was baptized, and sir 
 Tristrem stood his sponsor at the font. — 
 Thomas of Erceldoune, called " The 
 Rhymer," Sir Tristrem (thirteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Palame'des of Lombardy, one 
 of the allies of the Christian army in the 
 first crusade. He was shot by Corinda 
 Avith an arrow (bk. xi.). — Tasso, Jeru- 
 salem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Pal'amoii and Arcite (2 syl.), two 
 young Theban knights, who fell into the 
 hands of duke Theseus (2 syl.), and were 
 by him confined in a dungeon at Athens. 
 Here they saw the duke's sister-in-law 
 Emily, with whom both fell in love. 
 When released from captivity, the two 
 knights told to the duke their tale of 
 love ; and the duke promised that which- 
 ever proved the victor in single combat, 
 should have Emily for his prize. Arcite 
 prayed to Mars "for victory," and Pala- 
 mon to Venus that he might "obtain 
 the lady," and both their prayers were 
 granted. Arcite won the victor}', ac- 
 cording to his prayer, but, being thrown 
 from his horse, died ; so Palamon, after 
 all, "won the lady," though he did not 
 win the battle. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales ("The Knight's Tale," 1388). 
 
 This tale is taken from the Le Teseide 
 of Boccaccio. 
 
 The Black Horse, a drama by John 
 Fletcher, is the same tale. Richard 
 Edwards has a comedy called Palemon 
 and Arcyte (1566). 
 
 Pale (The) or The English Pat.e, 
 
 a part of Ireland, including Dublin, 
 Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny, and Louth. 
 
 Pale Faces. So the American 
 Indians call the European settlers. 
 
 Pale'mon, son of a rich merchant. 
 He fell in love with Anna, daughter of 
 Albert master of one of his father's 
 ships. The purse-proud merchant, in- 
 dignant at this, tried every means to 
 Induce his son to abandon such a "mean 
 connection," but without avail ; so at 
 Ja3t he sent him in the Britannia (Albert's 
 
 ship) "in charge of the merchandise." 
 The ship was wrecked near cape Colonna, 
 in Attica ; and although Palemon es- 
 caped, his ribs were so broken that be 
 died almost as soon as he reached the 
 shore. 
 
 A gallant youth, Palemon was his name. 
 Charged with the commerce hither also came ; 
 A father's stern resentment doomed to prove, 
 He came, the victim of unhappy love. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 2 (1756). 
 
 Pale'mon and Lavinia, a poetic 
 version of Boaz and Ruth. " The lovely 
 young Lavinia" went to glean in the 
 fields of young Palemon " the pride of 
 swains ; " and Palemon, falling in love 
 with the beautiful gleaner, both wooed 
 and won her. — Thomson, Tlie Seasons 
 ("Autumn," 1730). 
 
 Pales (2 syl.), god of shepherds and 
 their flocks. — Roman Mythology. 
 
 Pomona loves the orchard ; 
 And Liber loves the vine ; 
 And Pales loves the straw-built shed, 
 Warm with the breath of kine. 
 Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome ("Prophecy 
 of Capys," 1842). 
 
 Pal'inode (3 syl.), a shepherd in 
 Spenser's Eclogues. In eel. v. Palinode 
 represents the catholic priest. He in- 
 vites Piers (who represents the protestant 
 clergy) to join in the fun and pleasures 
 of May. Piers then warns the young 
 man of the vanities of the world, and 
 tells him of the great degeneracy of 
 pastoral life, at one time simple and 
 frugal, but now discontented and licen- 
 tious. He concludes with the fable of 
 the kid and her dam. The fable is this : 
 A mother-goat, going abroad for the day, 
 told her kid to keep at home, and not to 
 open the door to strangers. She had not 
 been gone long, when up came a fox, 
 with head, bound from "headache," and 
 foot bound from "gout," and carrying a 
 ped of trinkets. The fox told the kid 
 a most piteous tale, and showed her a 
 little mirror. The kid, out of pity and 
 vanity, opened the door ; but while stoop- 
 ing over the ped to pick up a little bell, 
 the fox clapped down the lid, and carried 
 her off. 
 
 In eel. vii. Palinode is referred to by 
 the shepherd Thomalin as "lording it 
 over God's heritage," feeding the sheep 
 • with chaff, and keeping for himself the 
 grains. — Spenser, Shepheardes Calendar 
 (1572). 
 
 Pal'inode (3 syl.), a poem in recanta- 
 tion of a calumny. Stesich'orcs wrote a 
 bitter satire against Helen, for which her 
 brothers, Castor and Pollux, plucked out 
 his eyes. When, however, the poet xe- 
 
PALINURUS. 
 
 '24 
 
 PALMYRENE. 
 
 canted, his sight was restored to him 
 again. 
 
 The bard who libelled Helen In bis song, 
 Recanted after, and redressed the wrong. 
 
 Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 
 
 Horace's Ode, xvi. i. is a palinode. 
 Samuel Butler has a palinode, in which 
 he recanted what he said in a previous 
 poem of the Hon. Edward Howard. 
 Dr. AVatts recanted in a poem the praise 
 he had previously bestowed on queen 
 Anne. 
 
 Palinu'rus, the pilot of ^Ene'as. 
 Palinurus, sleeping at the helm, fell into 
 the sea, and was drowned. The name 
 is employed as a generic word for a 
 steersman or pilot, and sometimes for a 
 chief minister. Thus, prince Bismarck 
 may be called the palinurus of William 
 emperor of Germany and king of Prussia. 
 
 More had she spoke, but yawned. All nature nods . . . 
 E'en Palinurus nodded at the helm. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iv. 614 (1742). 
 
 Palisse (La), a sort of M. Prud- 
 homme ; a pompous utterer of truisms 
 and moral platitudes. 
 
 Palla'dio (Andrea), the Italian clas- 
 sical architect (1518-1580). 
 
 The Ewjlish Palladio, Inigo Jones 
 (1573-1653). 
 
 Palla'dium. 
 
 Of Ceylon, the delada or tooth of 
 Buddha, preserved in the Malegawa 
 temple at Kandy. Natives guard it with 
 great jealousy, from a belief that who- 
 ever possesses it, acquires the right to 
 govern Ceylon. When, in 1815, the 
 English obtained possession of the tooth, 
 the Ceylonese submitted to them without 
 resistance. 
 
 Of Eden Hall, a drinking-glass, in 
 the possession of sir Christopher Mus- 
 grave, bart., of Edenhall, Cumberland. 
 
 Of Jerusalem, Aladine king of Jeru- 
 salem stole an image of the Virgin, and 
 set it up in a mosque, that she might no 
 longer protect the Christians, but become 
 the palladium of Jerusalem. The image 
 was rescued by Sophronia, and the city 
 token by the crusaders. 
 
 Of Mcg'ara, a golden hair of king 
 Nisus. Scylla promised to deliver the • 
 city into the hands of Minos, and cut off 
 the talismanic lock of her father's head 
 while he was asleep. 
 
 Of Rome, the ancfie or sacred buckler 
 which. Numa said fell from heaven, and 
 was guarded by priests called Salii. 
 
 Of Scotland, the great stone of Scone, 
 near Perth, which was removed by 
 
 EdAvard I. to Westminster, and is still 
 there, preserved in the coronation chair. 
 
 Of Troy, a colossal wooden statue of 
 Pallas Minerva, which "fell from 
 heaven." It was carried off by the 
 Greeks, by whom the city was taken 
 and burned to the ground. 
 
 Pallet, a painter, in Smollett's novel 
 of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 
 
 The absurdities of Pallet are painted 
 an inch thick, and by no human pos- 
 sibility could such an accumulation of 
 comic, disasters have befallen the cha- 
 racters of the tale. 
 
 Palm Sunday (Sad), March 29, 
 1461, the day of the battle of Towton, 
 the most fatal of any domestic war ever 
 fought. It is said that 37,000 English- 
 men fell on this day. 
 
 Whose banks received the blood of many thousand men. 
 On "sad Palm Sunday" slain, that Towton field we 
 
 call . . . 
 The bloodiest field betwixt the White Rose and the Ked. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 
 
 Parmerin of England, the hero 
 and title of a romance in chivalry. There 
 is also an inferior one entitled Palmerin 
 de Oliva. 
 
 The next two hooks were Palmerin de Ol'iva and 
 Palmerin of England. "The former," said the cure, 
 "shall be torn in pieces and burnt to the last ember ; 
 but Palmerin of England shall be preserved as a reliu.ua 
 of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as Alexander 
 found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which lie 
 kept the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable 
 for two things : first, for its own especial excellency, and 
 next, because it is the production of a Portuguese 
 monarch, famous for his literary talents. The adven- 
 tures of the castle of Miraguarda therein are finely 
 imagined, the style of composition is natural and ele- 
 gant, and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout." — 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 
 
 Palmi'ra, daughter of Alcanor chief 
 of Mecca. She and her brother Zaphna 
 were taken captives in infancy, and 
 brought up by Mahomet. As they grew 
 in years, they fell in lore with each 
 other, not knowing their relationship ; 
 but when Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, 
 Zaphna was appointed to assassinate Alca- 
 nor, and was himself afterwards killed 
 by poison. Mahomet then proposed mar- 
 riage to Palmira, but to prevent such 
 an alliance, she killed herself. — James 
 Miller, Mahomet the Impostor (1740). 
 
 Palmyra of the Deccan, Bija- 
 pur, in the Poonah district. 
 
 Palmyra of the North, St. Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 Pal'myrene (The), Zenobia queen 
 of Palmyra, who claimed the title of 
 " Queen of the East." She was defeated 
 by Aurelian, and taken prisoner (a.d. 
 273). Longinus lived at her court, aud 
 
PALOMIDES. 
 
 725 
 
 PANCASTE. 
 
 was put to death on the capture of 
 Zenohia. 
 
 The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, ii. (1847). 
 
 Paromid.es (Sir), son and heir of 
 sir Astlabor. His brothers were sir Safire 
 and sir Segwar'ides. He is always called 
 the Saracen, meaning "unchristened." 
 Next to the three great knights (sir Laun- 
 celot, sir Tristram, and sir Lamorake), he 
 was the strongest and bravest of the 
 fellowship of the Round Table. Like sir 
 Tristram, he was in love with La Belie 
 Isond wife of king Mark of Cornwall ; but 
 the lady favoured the love of sir Tristram, 
 and only despised that of the Saracen 
 knight. After his combat with sir Tris- 
 tram, sir Palomides consented to be bap- 
 tized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt. iii. 28). 
 
 He was well made, cleanly, and bigly, and neither too 
 young nor too old. And though be was not christened, 
 yet he believed in the best manners, and was faithful and 
 true of his promise, and also well conditioned. He made 
 a vow that he would never be christened unto the time 
 that he achieved the beast Glatisaint. . . . And also he 
 avowed never to take full Christendom unto the time that 
 he had done seven battles within the lists.— Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, ii. 149 (1470). 
 
 Pam, Henry John Temple, viscount 
 Palmerston (1784-1865). 
 
 Pam/ela. Lady Edward Fitzgerald is 
 so called (*-1831). 
 
 Pam'ela [Andrews], a simple, un- 
 sophistical country girl, the daughter of 
 two aged parents, and maidservant of a 
 rich young squire, called B, who tries to 
 seduce her. She resists every temptation, 
 and at length marries the j T oung squire and 
 reforms him. Pamela is very pure and 
 modest, bears her afflictions with much 
 meekness, and is a model of maidenly 
 prudence and rectitude. The story is told 
 in a series of letters which Pamela sends 
 to her parents. — S. Richardson, Pamela or 
 Virtue Rewarded (1740). 
 
 The pure and modest character of the English maiden 
 [Pamelj] is so well maintained, . . . her sorrows and 
 attiietions are borne with so much meekness ; her little 
 intervals of hope . . . break in on her troubles so much 
 like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy atmosphere, 
 — that the whole recollection is soothing, tranquillizing, 
 and doubtless edifying.— Sir W. Scott 
 
 Pamela is a work of much humbler pretensions than 
 Clarissa Harlowe. . . . A simple country girl, whom her 
 master attempts to seduce, and afterwards marries. . . . 
 The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her gown of sad-coloured 
 etuff, and her round-eared caps ; her various attempts at 
 escape, and the conveyance of her letters ; the hateful 
 character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions of 
 her master before the better part of his nature obtains 
 ascendancy, — tnese are ail touched with the hand of a 
 master.— Chambers, English Literature, ii. 161. 
 
 Pope calls the word " Pamela: " 
 
 The gods, to curse Pamela with her prayers, 
 Gave the gilt coach and dappled Flanders mares, 
 The shining robes, rich jewels, beds of state, 
 And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate. 
 She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring, 
 A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing ; 
 
 Pride, pomp, and state, but reach her outward part,— 
 She sighs, and is no duchess at her heart. 
 
 Eputla (•' To Mrs. Blcunt, with the wort 
 ofVoiture," 1709). 
 
 Pami'na and Tami'no, the two 
 
 lovers who were guided by "the magic 
 flute" through all worldly dangers to 
 the knowledge of divine truth (or the 
 mvsteries of Isis). — Mozart, Die Zauber- 
 flote (1790). 
 
 Pamphlet {Mr.), a penny-a-liner. 
 His great wish was " to be taken up for 
 sedition." He writes on both 3ides, for, 
 as he says, he has " two hands, ambo 
 dexter." 
 
 " Time has been," he says, " when I could turn a penny 
 by an earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, or dine 
 upon a bloody murder ; but now that's all over— nothing 
 will do now but roasting a minister, or telling the people 
 they are ruined. The people of England are never so 
 happy as when you tell them they are ruined."— Murphy, 
 The Upholsterer , ii. 1 (1758). 
 
 Pan, Nature personified, especially 
 the vital crescent power of nature. 
 
 Universal Pan, 
 Knit witV. the Graces and the Hours in dance, 
 Xed on the eternal spring. 
 
 Milton Paradise Lost, iv. 266, etc. (1665). 
 
 Pan, m Spenser's eel. iv., is Henry VTII., 
 and "Syrinx " is Anne Boleyn. In eel. 
 v. " Pan " stands for Jesus Christ in one 
 passage, and for God the Father in 
 another. — Spenser, Shepheardes Calendar 
 (1572). 
 
 Pan {The Great), Francois M. A. de 
 Voltaire ; also called " The Dictator of 
 Letters" (1694-1778). 
 
 Panacea. Prince Ahmed's apple or 
 apple of Samarcand (see p. 45). The 
 balsam of Fierabras (see p. 75). The 
 Promethean unguent rendered the body 
 invulnerable. Aladdin s ring was a pre- 
 servative against all ills that flesh is heir 
 to (see p. 15). Then there were the Youth 
 Restorers. And the healers of wounds, 
 such as Achilles's spear, also called "The 
 Spear of Telephus " (see p. 4) ; Gilbert's 
 sword (see p. 882) ; and so on. 
 
 Paneaste (3 syl.) or Campaspe, one 
 of the concubines of Alexander the Great. 
 Apelles fell in love with her while he 
 was employed in painting the king of 
 Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard to 
 the artist, gave her to him for a wife. 
 Apelles selected for his "Venus Rising 
 from the Sea" (usually called "Venus 
 Anadyomgne") this beautiful Athenian 
 woman, together with Phryne another 
 courtezan. 
 
 *** Phryne was also the academy 
 figure for the " Cnidian Venus " of Praxi- 
 teles. 
 
PANCKS. 
 
 726 
 
 PANDORA. 
 
 Pancks, a quick, short, eager, dark 
 man, with too much" way." He dressed in 
 black and rusty iron grey ; had jet-black 
 beads for eyes, a scrubby little black 
 chin, wiry black hair striking out from 
 his head in prongs like hair-pins, and a 
 complexion that was very dingy by 
 nature, or very dirty by art, or a com- 
 pound of both. He had dirty hands, and 
 dirty, broken nails, and looked as if he 
 had been in the coals. He snorted and 
 sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was 
 generally in a perspiration. It was Mr. 
 Pancks who " moled out" the secret that 
 Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned for debt in the 
 Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a 
 great estate, which had long lain un- 
 claimed, and. was extremely rich (ch. 
 xxxv.). Mr. Pancks also induced Clen- 
 nam to invest in Mcrdle's bank shares, and 
 demonstrated by figures the profit he 
 would realize ; but the bank being a 
 bubble, the shares were worthless. — C. 
 Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Pancrace, a doctor of the Aristotelian 
 school. He maintained that it was im- 
 proper to speak of the " form of a hat," 
 because form "est la disposition ex- 
 te'rieure des corps qui sont anime's," and 
 therefore we should say the "figure of a 
 hat," because figure "est la disposition 
 exte'rieure des corps qui sont inanime's ;" 
 and because his adversary could not agree, 
 he called him " un ignorant, un igno- 
 rantissime, ignorant) riant, et ignorantirie' " 
 (sc. viii.).— Moliere, Le Mariwje Force 
 (1664). 
 
 Pancras (The earl of), one of the 
 skilful companions of Barlow the famous 
 archer; another was called the "Marquis 
 of Islington ; " while Barlow himself was 
 mirthfully created by Henry VIII. "Duke 
 of Shoreditch." 
 
 Pancras (St.), patron saint of children, 
 m art v red by Diocletian at the age of 
 14 (a.d. 304*). 
 
 Paxi'darus, the Lycian, one of the 
 allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He is 
 drawn under two widely different charac- 
 ters : In classic story he is depicted 
 as an admirable archer, slain by 
 Diomed, and honoured as a hero-god 
 in his own country ; but in mediaeval 
 romance he is represented as a despicable 
 pimp, insomuch that the word pander 
 is derived from his name. Chaucer in 
 his Troilus and Cresseide, and Shakespeare 
 in his drama of Troilus and Cressida, 
 represent him as procuring for Troilus the 
 good graces of Cressid, and in Much Ado 
 
 about Nothing, it is said that Troilus 
 " was the first employer of pandars." 
 
 Let all pitiful goers-between be called to the world's end 
 after my name; call them all "Pandars." Let all con- 
 stant men be " Troiluses," all fake women "Cressids." — 
 Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act iii. sc. 2 {1(50-2). 
 
 Pandemo'nium, " the high capital 
 of Satan and his peers." Here the 
 infernal parliament was held, and to this 
 council Satan convened the fallen angels 
 to consult with him upon the best method 
 of encompassing the "fall of man." 
 Satan ultimately undertook to visit 'the 
 new world ; and, in the disguise of a 
 serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the 
 forbidden fruit. — Milton, Paradise Post, 
 ii. (1665). 
 
 Pandi'on, king of Athens, father of 
 Procne and Philome'la. 
 
 None take pity on thy pain ; 
 Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee ; 
 Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee ; 
 King Pandion he is dead ; 
 All thy friends are lapped in lead 
 Richard Barnfield, Address to the Sightingale (1594). 
 
 Pandolf {Sir Harry), the teller of 
 whole strings of stories, which he re- 
 peats at every gathering. He has also 
 a stock of bon-mots. " Madam," sajd 
 he, " I have lost by you to-day." " Hoav 
 so, sir Harry ? " replies the lady. " AVhy, 
 madam," rejoins the baronet, "I have 
 lost an excellent appetite." " This is the 
 thirty-third time that sir Harry hath 
 been thus arch." 
 
 We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the 
 Glastonbury Thorn. When we have wondered at that a 
 little. " Father." saith the son, "let us have the Spirit in 
 the Wood." After that, " Now tell us how you served the 
 roliber." "Alack!" saith sir Harry, with a smile, "I 
 have almost forgotten that ; but it is a pleasant conceit, 
 to be sure ; " and accordingly he tells that and twenty more 
 hi the same order over and over again. — Richard Steele. 
 
 Pandolfe (2 syl), father of Lelie.— 
 Moliere, L'Etourdi (1658). 
 
 Pando'ra, the " all-gifted woman." 
 So called because all the gods bestowed 
 some gift on her to enhance her charms. 
 Jove sent her to Prometheus for a wife, 
 but Hermes gave her in marriage to his 
 brother Epime'theus (4 sul.). It is said 
 that Pandora enticed the curiosity of 
 Epimetheus to open a box in her pos- 
 session, from Avhich flew out all the ills 
 that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was 
 closed in time to prevent the escape of 
 Hope. 
 
 More lovelv than Pandora, whom the gods 
 Endowed with all their gifts, ... to the unwiser son 
 Of Japhet brought by Hermes, she insnared 
 Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged 
 On hiiB [Prometheus] who had stole Jove's . . . fire. 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 714, etc. (16tio). 
 
 *** "Unwiser son" is a Latinism, 
 and means " not so wise as he should 
 
PANDOSTO. 
 
 '27 PANTAGRUELIAN LAWSUIT. 
 
 have been ; " so audacior, timidior, velie- 
 mentior, iracundior, etc. 
 
 Pandosto or The Triumph of Time, 
 a tale by Robert Greene (1588), the quarry 
 of th« plot of The Winter's Tale by 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Panel {The), by J. Kemble, is a 
 modified version of Bickerstaff's comedy 
 ' Tis Well 'tis no Worse. It contains the 
 popular quotation : 
 
 Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love ; 
 But why do you kick me downstairs ? 
 
 Pangloss (Dr. Peter), an LL.D. and 
 A.S.S. He began life as a muffin-maker 
 in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he 
 was raised from the chandler's shop in 
 Gosport to the peerage, employed the 
 doctor "to lam him to talk English;" 
 and subsequently made him tutor to his 
 son Dick, with a salary of £300 a year. 
 Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of 
 ponderous pomposity. He talked of a 
 "locomotive morning," of one's " spon- 
 sorial and patronymic appellations," and 
 so on ; was especially fond of quotations, 
 to all of which he assigned the author, 
 as "Lend me your ears. Shakespeare. 
 Hem ! " or " Verbum sat. Horace. 
 Hem ! " He also indulged in an affected 
 "He! he!"— G. Colman, The Heir-at- 
 Law (1797). 
 
 A.S.S. stands for Artium Societatis 
 Socius (" Fellow of the Society of Arts "). 
 
 Pangloss, an optimist philosopher. (The 
 word means "All Tongue.") — Voltaire, 
 Candide. 
 
 Panjam, a male idol of the Oroungou 
 tribes of Africa ; his wife is Aleka, and his 
 priests are called panjans. Panjam is 
 the special protector of kings and govern- 
 ments. 
 
 Panjandrum ( The Grand), any vil- 
 lage potentate or Brummagem magnate. 
 The word occurs in S. Foote's farrago of 
 nonsense, which he wrote to test the 
 memory of old Macklin, who said in a 
 lecture " he had brought his own memory 
 to such perfection that he could learn 
 anything by rote on once hearing it." 
 
 He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.— Percy 
 Fitzgerald. 
 
 *#* The squire of a village is the 
 Grand Panjandrum, and the small gentry 
 the Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies. 
 
 Foote's nonsense lines are these : 
 
 So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to 
 make an apple pie ; and at the same time a great she- 
 bear, coming up the street, pops its bead into the shop. 
 • Wliatl no soap?" So he died, and she very impru- 
 dently married the barber ; and there were present the 
 
 Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the 
 Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button 
 at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch as 
 catch can, till the gunpowder ran out at the heel of their 
 boots.— S. Foote, The Quarterly Iteuiew, xcv. 516, 517 
 (1854). 
 
 Pan'ope (3 syl.), one of the nereids. 
 Her "sisters" are the sea-nymphs. 
 Panope was invoked by sailors in storms. 
 
 Sleek Panope with all her sisters played. 
 
 Milton, Lycidas, 95 (1633). 
 
 Pantag'rue]/, king of the Dipsodes 
 (2 syl.), son of Gargantua, and last of 
 the race of giants. His mother Badebec 
 died in giving him birth. His paternal 
 grandfather was named Grangousier. 
 Pantagruel was a lineal descendant of 
 Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Poly- 
 pheny (3 syl.), and all the other giants 
 traceable to Chalbrook, who lived in 
 that extraordinary period noted for its 
 " week of three Thursdays." The word 
 is a hybrid, compounded of the Greek 
 panta ("all") and the Hagarene word 
 gruel ("thirsty"). His immortal achieve- 
 ment Avas his " quest of the oracle of the 
 Holy Bottle." — Rabelais, Gargantua and 
 Pantagruel, ii. (1533). 
 
 Pantag'ruePs Course of Study, 
 Pantagruel' s father, Gargantua, said in 
 a letter to his son : 
 
 " I intend and insist that you learn all languages 
 perfectly ; first of all Greek, in Quintilian's method ; 
 then Latin, then Hebrew, then Arabic and Chaldee. I 
 wish you to form your style of Greek on the model of 
 Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no 
 history you have not at your fingers' ends, and study 
 thoroughly cosmography and geography. Of liberal arts, 
 such as geometry, mathematics, and music, I gave you 
 a taste when not above five years old, and I would have 
 you now master them fully. Study astronomy, but not 
 divination and judicial astrology, which I consider mere 
 vanities. As for civil law, I would have thee know the 
 digests by heart. You should also have a perfect know- 
 ledge of the works of Nature, so that there is no sea, 
 river, or smallest stream, which you do not know for 
 what fish it is noted, whence it proceeds, and whither it 
 directs its course; all fowls of the air, all shrubs and 
 trees whether forest or orchard, all herbs and flowers, 
 all metals and stones, should be mastered by you. Fail 
 not at the same time most carefully to peruse the Tal- 
 mudists and Cabalists, and be sure by frequent anatomies 
 to gain a perfect knowledge of that other world called 
 the microcosm, which is man. Master all these in your 
 young days, and let nothing be superficial ; as you grow 
 into manhood you must learn chivalry, warfare, and field 
 manoeuvres." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 8 (1533). 
 
 Pantag'ruePs Tongue. It formed 
 shelter for a whole army. His throat and 
 mouth contained whole cities. 
 
 Then did they [the army] put themselves in close 
 order, and stood as near to each other as they could, and 
 Pantagruel put out his tongue half-way, and covered them 
 all, as a hen doth her chickens. — Kabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
 32 (1533). 
 
 Pantagruelian Lawsuit (The). 
 This was between lord Busqueue and 
 lord Suckfist, who pleaded their own 
 cases. The writs, etc., were as much as 
 four asses could carry. After the 
 plaintiff had stated his case, and the de« 
 
PANTAGRUELIOtf. 
 
 728 
 
 PAPER KING. 
 
 fendant had made his reply, Pantagruel 
 gave judgment, and the two suitors were 
 both satisfied, for no one understood a 
 word of the pleadings, or the tenor of 
 the verdict. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
 (1533). 
 
 PantagrueTion, a herb (hemp), 
 symbolical of persecution. Rabelais 
 says Pantag'ruel' was the inventor of a 
 certain use for which this herb served. 
 It was, he says, exceedingly hateful to 
 felons, who detested it as much as 
 strangle-weed. 
 
 The figure and shape of the leaves of pantagruelion 
 are uot much unlike those of the ash tree or the agrimony ; 
 indeed, the herb is so like the eupatorio that many 
 herbalists have called it the domestic eu/iatorio, and 
 sometimes tiie eupatorio is called the tmld pantayrue- 
 lio) i.— Rabelais, 1'aiUagriuit, etc.. iii. 49 (1545). 
 
 Pantaloon. In the Italian comedy, 
 // Pantalo'ne is a thin, emaciated old 
 man, and the only character that acts in 
 slippers. 
 
 The sixth age shifts 
 Into the lean and slipt«red Pantaloon. 
 Shakespeare, As You Like It, act ii. sc, 7 (1600). 
 
 Panther (The), symbol of pleasure. 
 When Dante began the ascent of fame, 
 this beast met him, and tried to stop his 
 further progress. 
 
 Scarce the ascent 
 Ee(^n, when lo I a panther, nimble, light. 
 And covered with a speckled skin, appeared, 
 . . . and sUove to check my onward going. 
 
 Dante, Ilell, i. (1300). 
 
 Panther (The Spotted), the Church of 
 England. The " milk-white doe " is the 
 Church of Rome. 
 
 The panther, SJre the noblest next the hind. 
 The fairest creature of the spotted kind ; 
 Oh, could her inborn stains be washed away. 
 She were too good to be a beast of prey. 
 
 Dryden, The Hind and the Panther, i. (16S7). 
 
 Panthino, servant of Anthonio (the 
 father of Protheus, one of the two heroes 
 of the play). — Shakespeare, Two Gen- 
 tlemen of Verona (1594). 
 
 Pan ton, a celebrated punster in the 
 reign of Charles II. 
 
 And Panton waging harmless war with words. 
 
 Dryden, MacFlecknoe (1682). 
 
 Pantschatantra, a collection of 
 Sanskrit fables. 
 
 Panurge, a young man, handsome 
 and of good stature, but in very ragged 
 apparel when Pantag'ruel' first met him 
 on the road leading from Charenton 
 Bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his 
 person and moved with pity at his dis- 
 tress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, 
 first in German, then in Arabic, then in 
 Italian, then in Biseayan, then in Bas- 
 Breton, then in Low Dutch, then in 
 Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel knew 
 
 none of these languages, Panurge tried 
 Danish, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, with no 
 better success. " Friend," said the 
 prince, "can ) t ou speak French?" 
 "Right well," answered Panurge, "for 
 I was bom in Touraine, the garden of 
 France." Pantagruel then asked him if 
 he would join his suite, which Panurge 
 most gladly consented to do, and became 
 the fast friend of Pantagruel. His great 
 forte was practical jokes. Rabelaij 
 describes him as of middle stature, with 
 an aquiline nose, very handsome, and 
 always moneyless. Pantagruel made 
 him governor of Salmygondin. — Rabelais, 
 Pantagruel, iii. 2 (1545). 
 
 Panurge throughout is the Tiavovpyla (" the wisdom ">. 
 i.e. the cunning of the human animal— the understand- 
 ing, as the faculty of means to purposes without ultimate 
 ends, in the most comprehensive sense, and including 
 art, sensuous fancy, and all the passions of the under- 
 standing.— Coleridge. 
 
 Panyer's Alley (London). So called 
 from a stone built into the wall of one 
 of the houses. The stone, on which is 
 rudely chiselled a pannier surmounted by 
 a boy, contains this distich : 
 
 When you have sought the city round. 
 Yet sUU this is the highest ground. 
 
 Panza (Sancho), of Adzpetia, the 
 'squire of don Quixote de la Mancha ; 
 "a little squat fellow, with a tun belly 
 and spindle shanks " (pt. I. ii. 1). He 
 rides an ass named Dapple. His sound 
 common sense is an excellent foil to the 
 knight's craze. Sancho is very fond of 
 eating and drinking, is always asking the 
 knight when he is to be put in possession 
 of the island he promised. He salts his 
 speech with most pertinent proverbs, and 
 even with wit of a racy, though some- 
 times of rather a vulgar savour. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote (1605). 
 
 *** The wife of Sancho is called 
 "Joan Panza" in pt. I., and "Teresa 
 Panza" in pt. II. "My father's name," 
 she sa3 r s to Sancho, "was Cascajo, and 
 I, b} r being your wife, am now called 
 Teresa Panza, though by right I should 
 be called Teresa Cascajo" (pt. II. i. 5). 
 
 Pao'lo (2 syl.), the cardinal brother of 
 count Guido Franceschi'ni, who advised 
 his bankrupt brother to marry an heiress, 
 in order to repair his fortune. 
 
 When brother Paolo's energetic shake 
 Should do the relics justice. 
 R. Browning. The King and the Book, ii 409. 
 
 Paper King (The), John Law, pro- 
 jector of the Mississippi Bubble (1671- 
 1729). 
 
 Tne basis of Law's project wag the idea that paper 
 money may be multiplied to any extent, provided there 
 be security in fixed stock. — Rich. 
 
PAPHIAN MIMP. 
 
 729 
 
 PARADISE. 
 
 Paphian Mimp, a certain plie of 
 the lips, considered needful for "the 
 highly genteel." Lady Emily told Miss 
 Alscrip " the heiress " that it was 
 acquired by placing one's self before a 
 looking-glass, and repeating continually 
 the words " nimini pi mini ; " " when the 
 lips cannot fail to take the right plie." — 
 General Burgovne, The Heiress, iii. 2 
 (1781). 
 
 (C. Dickens has made Mrs. General 
 tell Amy Dorrit that the pretty plie is 
 given to the lips by pronouncing the 
 words, "papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes, 
 and prism.") 
 
 Papillon, a broken-down critic, who 
 earned four shillings a week for reviews 
 of translations "without knowing one 
 syllable of the original," and of "books 
 which he had never read." He then 
 turned French valet, and got well paid. 
 He then fell into the service of Jack 
 Wilding, and was valey, French marquis, 
 or anything else to suit the whims of that 
 young scapegrace. — S. Foote, The Liar 
 (1761). 
 
 Papimany, the kingdom of the 
 Papimans. Any priest-ridden country, 
 as Spain. Papiman is compounded of 
 two Greek words, papa mania ("pope- 
 madness "). — Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 45 
 (1545). 
 
 Papy'ra, goddess of printing and 
 literature ; so called from papyrus, a 
 substance once used for books, before 
 the invention of paper. 
 
 Till to astonished realms Papyra taught 
 To paint in mystic colours sound and thought, 
 With Wisdom's voice to print the page sublime. 
 And mark in adamant the steps of Time. 
 
 Darwin, Loves of the Plants, ii. (1781). 
 
 Pa'quin, Pekin, a royal city of 
 China. Milton says : " Paquin [the 
 throne] of Sinaean kings." — Paradise Lost, 
 xi. 390 (1665). 
 
 Paracelsus is said to have kept a 
 small devil prisoner in the pommel of his 
 sword. He favoured metallic substances 
 for medicines, while Galen preferred 
 herbs. His full name 4vas Philippus 
 Aure'olus Theophrastus Paracelsus, but 
 his family name was Bombastus (1493- 
 1541). 
 
 Paracelsus, at the age of 20, thinks 
 knowledge the summum bonum, and at the 
 advice of his two friends, Festus and 
 Michal, retires to a seat of learning in 
 quest thereof. Eight years later, being 
 dissatisfied, he falls in with Aprile, an 
 
 Italian poet, and resolves to seek the 
 summum bonum in love. Again he fails, 
 and finally determines "to know and to 
 enjoy." — R. Browning, Paracelsus. 
 
 Par'adine (3 syl.), son of Astolpho, 
 and brother of Dargonet, both rivals for 
 the love of Laura. In the combat 
 provoked by prince Oswald against 
 Gondibert, which was decided by four 
 combatants on each side, Hugo " the 
 Little" slew both the brothers. — SirWm. 
 Davenant, Gondibert, i. (died 1668). 
 
 Paradisa'ica (" the fruit of para- 
 dise "). So the banana is called. The 
 Mohammedans aver that the " forbidden 
 fruit " was the banana or Indian fig, and 
 cite in confirmation of this opinion that 
 our first parents used fig leaves for their 
 covering after their fall. 
 
 Paradise, in thirty-three cantos, by 
 Dante (1311). Paradise is separated 
 from Purgatory by the river Lethe ; and 
 Dante was conducted through nine of 
 the spheres by Beatrice, who left him in 
 the sphere of " unbodied light," under the 
 charge of St. Bernard (canto xxxi.). 
 The entire region is divided into ten 
 spheres, each of which is appropriated 
 to its proper order. The first seven 
 spheres are the seven planets, viz. (1) 
 the Moon for angels, (2) Mercury for 
 archangels, (3) Yenus for virtues, (4) the 
 Sun for powers, (5) Mars for principalities, 
 (6) Jupiter for dominions, (7) Saturn for 
 thrones. The eighth sphere is that of 
 the fixed stars for the cherubim ; the 
 ninth is the j/rimum mobile for the 
 seraphim ; and the tenth is the empyre'an 
 for the Virgin Mary and the triune deity. 
 Beatrice, with Rachel, Sarah, Judith, 
 Rebecca, and Ruth, St. Augustin, St. 
 Francis, St. Benedict, and others, were 
 enthroned in Venus the sphere of the 
 virtues. The empyrean, he says, is a 
 sphere of "unbodied light," ""bright 
 effluence of bright essence, uncreate." 
 This is what the Jews called "the 
 heaven of the heavens." 
 
 Paradise was placed, in the legendary 
 maps of the Middle Ages, in Ceylon ; 
 but Mahomet placed it "in the seventh 
 heaven." The Arabs have a tradition 
 that when our first parents were cast out 
 of the garden, Adam fell in the isle of 
 Ceylon, and Eve in Joddah (the port of. 
 Mecca). — Al Koran, ii. 
 
 Paradise of Central Africa, Fatiko. — 
 Sir S. Baker. Exploration of the NUa 
 Sources (1806)'. 
 
PARADISE OF FOOLS. 
 
 "30 
 
 PARADISE REGAINED 
 
 Paradise of Bohemia, the district round 
 Leitmeritz. 
 
 The Dutch Paradise, the province of 
 Gelderland, in South Holland. 
 
 The Portuguese Paradise, Cintra, north- 
 west of Lisbon. 
 
 Paradise of Fools (Limbus Fatu- 
 orum), the limbo of all vanities, idiots, 
 madmen, and those not accountable for 
 their ill deeds. 
 
 Then might ye see 
 Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tost 
 And fluttered into rags ; then relics, beads, 
 Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls. 
 The sport of winds : all these, upwhirled aloft. 
 Fly , . . into a limbo large and broad, since called 
 •• The Paradise of Fools." 
 
 Milton, Paradise lost, iii. 4S9 (1605). 
 
 Paradise and the Pe'ri. A peri 
 was told she wo^'i *«c admitted into 
 heaven if she would bring thither the 
 gift most acceptable to the Almighty. 
 She first brought a drop of a young 
 patriot's blood, shed on his country's 
 behalf ; but the gates would not open 
 for such an offering. She next took 
 thither the last sigh of a damsel who had 
 died nursing her betrothed, who had 
 been stricken by the plague ; but the 
 gates would not open for such an offer- 
 ing. She then carried up the repentant 
 tear of an old man converted by the 
 prayers of a little child. All heaven 
 rejoiced, the gates were flung open, and 
 the peri was received with a joyous 
 welcome. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh 
 ("Second Tale," 1817). 
 
 Paradise Lost. Satan and his 
 crew, still suffering from their violent 
 expulsion out of heaven, are roused by 
 Satan's telling them about a "new cre- 
 ation ; " and he calls a general council 
 to deliberate upon their future operations 
 (bk. i.). The council meet in the Pan- 
 demonium hall, and it is resolved that 
 Satan shall go on a voyage of discovery to 
 this "newworld" (bk.ii.). The Almighty 
 sees Satan, and confers with His Son 
 about man. He foretells the Fall, and 
 arranges the scheme of man's redemp- 
 tion. Meantime, Satan enters the orb 
 of the sun, and there learns the route to 
 the "new world " (bk. iii.). On enter- 
 ing Paradise, he overhears Adam and 
 Eve talking of the one prohibition (bk. 
 iv.). Raphael is now sent down to warn 
 Adam of his danger, and he tells him 
 who Satan is (bk. v.) ; describes the -war 
 in heaven, and expulsion of the rebel 
 angels (bk. vi.). The angel visitant 
 goes on to tell Adam why and how this 
 world was made (bk. vii.) ; and Adam 
 
 tells Raphael of his own experience 
 (bk. viii.). After the departure of 
 Raphael, Satan enters into a serpent, 
 and, seeing Eve alone, speaks to her. 
 Eve is astonished to hear the serpent 
 talk, but is informed that it had tasted 
 of "the tree of knowledge," and had 
 become instantly endowed with both 
 speech and wisdom. Curiosity induces 
 Eve to taste the same fruit, and she 
 persuades Adam to taste it also (bk. ix.). 
 Satan now returns to hell, to tell of his 
 success (bk. x.). Michael is sent to 
 expel Adam and Eve from the garden 
 (bk. xi.) ; and the poem concludes with 
 the expulsion, and Eve's lamentation 
 (bk. xii.).— Milton (1665). 
 
 Paradise Lost was first published by 
 Matthias Walker of St. Dunstan's. He 
 gave for it £5 down ; on the sale of 
 1300 copies, he gave another £5. On 
 the next two impressions, he gave other 
 like sums. For the four editions, he 
 therefore paid £20. The agreement be- 
 tween Walker and Milton is preserved 
 in the British Museum. 
 
 It must be remembered that the wages 
 of an ordinarj'- workman was at the time 
 about 3d. a day, and we now give 3s. ; 
 so that the price given was equal to about 
 £250, according to the present value of 
 money. Goldsmith tells us that the 
 clergyman of his " deserted village" was 
 " passing rich " with £40 a year = £500 
 present value of money. 
 
 Paradise Regained, in four books. 
 The subject is the Temptation. Eve, 
 being tempted, lost paradise ; Christ, 
 being tempted, regained it. 
 
 Book I. Satan presents himself as an 
 old peasant, and, entering into conversa- 
 tion with Jesus, advises Him to satisfy 
 His hunger by miraculously converting 
 stones into bread. Jesus gives the 
 tempter to know that He recognizes him, 
 and refuses to follow his suggestion. 
 
 II. Satan reports progress to nis minis- 
 ters, and asks advice. He returns to the 
 wilderness, and offers Jesus wealth, as 
 the means of acquiring power ; but the 
 suggestion is again rejected. 
 
 III. Satan shows Jesus several of the 
 kingdoms of Asia, and points out to 
 Him their military power. He advises 
 Him to seek alliance with the Parthians, 
 and promises his aid. He says by such 
 alliance He might shake off the Roman 
 yoke, and raise the kingdom of David 
 to a first-class power. Jesus rejects the 
 counsel, and tells the tempter that the 
 
PARAGUAY. 
 
 rai 
 
 PAEIDEL. 
 
 Jews Avere for the present under a cloud 
 for their sins, but that the time would 
 come when God would put forth His 
 hand on their behalf. 
 
 IV. Satan shows Jesus Rome, with all 
 its greatness, and says, "I can easily 
 dethrone Tiberius, and seat Thee on the 
 imperial throne." He then shows Him 
 Athens, and says, "I will make Thee 
 master of their wisdom and high state 
 of civilization, if Thou wilt fall down 
 and worship me." " Get thee behind 
 Me, Satan ! " was the indignant answer ; 
 and Satan, finding all his endeavours 
 useless, tells Jesus of the sufferings 
 prepared for Him, takes Him back to 
 the wilderness, and leaves Him there ; 
 but angels come and minister unto Him. 
 —Milton (1671). 
 
 Paraguay (A Tale of), by Southey, 
 in four cantos (1814). The small-pox, 
 having broken out amongst the Guaranis, 
 carried off the whole tribe except Quiara 
 and his wife Monnema, who then mi- 
 grated from the fatal spot to the Mondai 
 woods. Here a son (Yeruti) and after- 
 wards a daughter (Mooma) were born ; 
 but before the birth of the latter, the 
 father was eaten by a jaguar. When the 
 children were of a youthful age, a Jesuit 
 priest induced the three to come and live 
 at St. JoSchin (3 syl.) ; so they left the 
 wild woods for a city life. Here, in a 
 few months, the mother flagged and 
 died. The daughter next drooped, and 
 soon followed her mother to the grave. 
 The son, now the only remaining one of 
 the entire race, begged to be baptized, 
 received the rite, cried, " Ye are come for 
 me ! I am ready ; " and died also. 
 
 Parallel. " None but thyself can 
 be thy parallel," from The Double False- 
 hood, by Theobald (1721). Massinger, 
 in The Duke of Milan, iv. 3 (1662), 
 makes Sforza say of Marelia : 
 
 Her goodness does disdain comparison, 
 And, but herself, admits no parallel. 
 
 Pare aux Cerfs ("the deer park"), 
 a mansion in Versailles, to which girls 
 were inveigled for the licentious pleasure 
 of Louis XV. An Alsatia. 
 
 Boulogne may be proud of being the pare aux cei-fs 
 to those whom remorseless greed drives from their island 
 borne. — Saturday Review. 
 
 Par'cinus, a young prince in love 
 with his cousin Irolit'a, but beloved by 
 Az'ira. The fairy Danamo was Azira's 
 mother, and resolved to make Irolita 
 marry the fairy Brutus ; but Parcinus, 
 "aided by the fairy Favourable, sur- 
 
 mounted all obstacles, married Irolita, 
 and made Brutus marry Azira. 
 
 Parcinus had a noble air, a delicate shape, a fine head 
 of hair admirably white. . . . He did everything well, 
 danced and sang to perfection, and gained all the prizes 
 at tournaments, whenever he contended for them.— 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Perfect Love," 1682). 
 
 Par'dalo, the demon-steed given to 
 Iniguez Guerra by his gobelin mother, that 
 he might ride to Toledo and liberate his 
 father, don Diego Lopez lord of Biscay, 
 who had fallen into the hands of the 
 Moors. — Spanish Story. 
 
 Par'diggle (Mrs.), a formidable 
 lady, who conveyed to one the idea " of 
 wanting a great deal of room." Like 
 Mrs. Jellyb} r , she devoted herself to the 
 concerns of Africa, and made her family 
 of small boys contribute all their pocket 
 money to the cause of the Borrioboola 
 Gha mission. — C. Dickens, Bleak House 
 (1853). 
 
 Pardoner's Tale (The), in Chaucer's 
 Canterbury Tales, is "Death and the 
 Rioters." Three rioters agree to hunt 
 down Death, and kill him. An old man 
 directs them to a tree in a lane, where, 
 as he said, he had just left him. On 
 reaching the spot, they find a rich 
 treasure, and cast lots to decide who is 
 to go and buy food. The lot falls on the 
 youngest, and the other two, during his 
 absence, agree to kill him on his return. 
 The rascal sent to buy food poisons the 
 wine, in order to secure to himself the 
 whole treasure. Now comes the catas- 
 trophe: The two set on the third and 
 slay him, but die soon after of the poi- 
 soned wine ; so the three rioters find death 
 under the tree, as the old man said, 
 paltering in a double sense (1388). 
 
 Parian Chronicle, a register of 
 the chief events in the history of ancient 
 Greece for 1318 years, beginning with 
 the reign of Cecrops and ending with 
 the archonship of Diognetus. It is one 
 of the Arundelian Marbles, and was 
 found in the island of Paros. 
 
 Parian Verse, ill-natured satire ; 
 so called from Archil'ochus, a native of 
 Paros. 
 
 Pari-Ba'noil, a fairy who gave prince 
 Ahmed a tent, which would fold into so 
 small a compass that a lady might carry 
 it about as a toy, but, when spread, it 
 would cover a whole army. — Arabian 
 Nights (" Prince Ahmed and Pari- 
 Banou "). 
 
 Paridel is a name employed in the 
 
PARIDEL. 
 
 "32 
 
 PARISMENOS. 
 
 JDv.nc.iad for an idle libertine — rich, 
 voting, and at leisure. The model is sir 
 Paridel, in the Faery Queen. 
 
 Thee, too, my Paridel, she marked thee there. 
 Stretched on the rack of a too-easy chair, 
 And heard thy everlasting yawn confess 
 The pains and penalties of idleness. 
 
 Pope, The Dunclad, iv. 341 (1742). 
 
 Par'idel (Sir), descendant of Paris, 
 whose son was Partus who settled in 
 Paros, and left his kingdom to his son 
 Par'idas, from whom Paridel descended. 
 Having gained the hospitality of Mal- 
 becco, sir Paridel eloped with his wife 
 Dame Hel'inore (3 syl.), but soon quitted 
 her, leaving her to go whither she would. 
 ' ' So had he served many another one " 
 (bk. iii. 10). In bk. iv. 1 sir Paridel is 
 discomfited by sir Scudamore. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, iii. 10 ; iv. 1 (1590, 1596). 
 
 * + * "Sir Paridel" is meant for Charles 
 Nevil, sixth and last of the Nevils earls 
 of Westmoreland. He joined the Nor- 
 thumberland rebellion of 1569 for the 
 restoration of Mary queen of Scots ; and 
 when the plot failed, made his escape to 
 the Continent, where he lived in poverty 
 and obscurity. The earl was quite a 
 Lothario, whose delight was to win the 
 love of women, and then to abandon 
 them. 
 
 Paris, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 noted for his beauty. He married (Enone, 
 daughter of Cebren the river-god. Sub- 
 sequently, during a visit to Menelaos 
 king of Sparta, he eloped with queen 
 Helen, and this brought about the Trojan 
 Avar. Being wounded by an arrow from 
 the bow of Philoctetes, he sent for his 
 wife, who hastened to him with reme- 
 dies ; but it was too late — he died of his 
 wound, and (Enone hung herself.— Homer, 
 Iliad. 
 
 Paris was appointed to decide which 
 of the three goddesses (Juno, Pallas, or 
 Minerva) was the fairest fair, and to 
 which should be awarded the golden 
 apple thrown "to the most beautiful." 
 The three goddesses tried by bribes to 
 obtain the verdict : Juno promised him 
 dominion if he would decide in her 
 favour ; Minerva promised him wisdom ; 
 but Venus said she would find him the 
 most beautiful of women for wife, if he 
 allotted to her the apple. Paris handed 
 ihe apple to Venus. 
 
 Not Cytherea from a fairer swain 
 Received her apple on the Trojan plain. 
 
 Falconer, The .Shipwreck, i. 3 (1756). 
 
 Par'is, a young nobleman, kinsman of 
 prince E&'calus of Verona, and the un- 
 
 successful suitor of his cousin Juliet.— 
 Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598). 
 
 Paris. The French say, Jl nJy a que 
 Paris (" there is but one city in the 
 world worth seeing, and that is Paris "). 
 The Neapolitans have a similar phrase, 
 Voir Naples et mourir. 
 
 Paris of Japan, Osaka, south-west of 
 Miako. — Gibson, Gallery of Geography, 
 926 (1872). 
 
 Little Paris. Brussels is so called. So 
 is the " Galleria Vittorio Emanuele " of 
 Milan, on account of its brilliant shops, 
 its numerous cafe's, and its general gaiety. 
 
 Paris (Notre Dame dc), by Victor Hugo 
 (1831). (See Esmeralda and Quasi • 
 
 MODO.) 
 
 Paris G-arden, a bear-garden on the 
 south bank of the Thames ; so called from 
 Eobert de Paris, whose house and garden 
 were there in the time of Richard II. 
 
 Do you take the court for Paris Garden ?— Shakespeare, 
 Ilenry VIII. act v. sc. 4 (1601). 
 
 Parisina, wife of Azo chief of Fei- 
 rara. She had been betrothed before her 
 marriage to Hugo, a natural son of Azo, 
 and after Azo took her for his bride, the 
 attachment of Parisina and Hugo con- 
 tinued, and had freer scope for indul- 
 gence. One night, Azo heard Parisina in 
 sleep confess her love for Hugo, where- 
 upon he had his son beheaded, and, 
 though he spared the life of Parisina, no 
 one. ever knew Avhat became of her. — 
 Byron, Parisina (1816). _ 
 
 Such is Byron's version ; but history 
 says Niccolo III. of Ferrara (Byron's 
 " Azo ") had for his second wife Parisina 
 Malatesta, who showed great aversion to 
 Ugo, a natural son of Niccolo, whom he 
 greatly loved. One day, with the hope 
 of lessening this strong aversion, he sent 
 Ugo to escort her on a journey, and the 
 two fell in love with each other. After 
 their return, the affection of Parisina and 
 Ugo continued unabated, and a servant 
 named Zoe'se (3 syl.) having told the 
 marquis of their criminal intimacy, he 
 had the two guilty ones brought to open 
 trial. They were both condemned to 
 death, Ugo was beheaded first, then 
 Parisina. Some time after, Niccolo mar- 
 ried a third wife, and had several chil- 
 dren. — Frizzi, History of Ferrara. 
 
 Parisme'nos, the hero of the second 
 part of Parismus (q.v.). This part con- 
 tains the adventurous travels of Paris- 
 menos, his deeds of chivalry, and love 
 for the Drincess Angelica, "the Lady of 
 
PARISMUS. 
 
 733 
 
 PAEOLLES. 
 
 the Golden Tower." — Emanuel Foord, 
 Parismenos (1598). 
 
 Paris'mus, a valiant and renowned 
 prince of Bohemia, the hero of a romance 
 so called. This "history" contains an 
 account of his battles against the Per- 
 sians, his love for Laurana, daughter of 
 the king of Thessaly, and his strange 
 adventures in the Desolate Island. The 
 second part contains the exploits and 
 love affairs of Parisme'nos. — Emanuel 
 Foord, Parismus (1598). 
 
 Pariza'de (4 syl.) } daughter of 
 Khrosrou-schah sultan of Persia, and 
 sister of Bahman and Perviz. These 
 three, in infancy, were sent adrift, each at 
 the time of birth, through the jealousy 
 of their two maternal aunts, who went to 
 nurse the sultana in her confinement ; but 
 they were drawn out of the canal by the 
 superintendent of the sultan's gardens, 
 who brought them up. Parizade rivalled 
 her brothers in horsemanship, archery, 
 running, and literature. One day, a 
 devotee who had been kindly entreated 
 by Parizade, told her the house she lived 
 in wanted three things to make it per- 
 fect : (1) the talking bird, (2) the singing 
 tree, and (3) the gold-coloured water. 
 Her two brothers went to obtain these 
 treasures, but failed. Parizade then went, 
 and succeeded. The sultan paid them a 
 visit, and the talking bird revealed to 
 him the story of their birth and bringing 
 up. When the sultan heard the infamous 
 tale, he commanded the two sisters to be 
 put to death, and Parizade, with her two 
 brothers, were then proclaimed the lawful 
 children of the sultan. — Arabian Mights 
 ("The Two Sisters," the last story). 
 
 *** The story of Chery and Fair star, 
 by the comtesse D'Aunoy, is an imita- 
 tion of this tale ; and introduces the 
 "green bird," the "singing apple," 
 and the " dancing water." 
 
 Parley. " If ye parley with the foe, 
 you're lost." — Arden of Feversham, iii. 2 
 (1592) ; recast by Geo. Lillo (1739). 
 
 Parley (Peter), Samuel Griswold Good- 
 rich, an American. Above seven millions 
 of his books were in circulation in 1859 
 (1793-1860). 
 
 *** Several piracies of this popular 
 name have appeared. Thus, S. Kettell of 
 America pirated the name in order to sell 
 under false colours ; Darton and Co. issued 
 a Peter Parley's Annual (1841-1855) ; Sim- 
 kins, a Peter Parley's Life of Paul (1845) ; 
 Bogue, a Peter Parley's Visit to London, 
 
 etc. (1844) ; Tegg, several works under 
 the same name ; llodson, a Peter Parlev's 
 Bible Geography (1839) ; Clements, a Peter 
 Parley's Child's First Step (1839)'. None 
 of which works were by Goodrich, the 
 real " Peter Parley." 
 
 William Martin was the writer of 
 Darton's " Peter Parley series." George 
 Mogridge wrote several tales under the 
 name of Peter Parley. How far such 
 "false pretences" are justifiable, public 
 opinion must decide. 
 
 Parliament (The Black), a parlia- 
 ment held by Henry VIII. in Bridewell. 
 
 (For Addled parliament, Barebone'a 
 parliament, the Devil's parliament, the 
 Drunken parliament, the Good parlia- 
 ment, the Long parliament, the Mad 
 parliament, the Pensioner parliament, 
 the Hump parliament, the Punning par- 
 liament, the Unmerciful parliament, the 
 Useless parliament, the Wonder-making 
 parliament, the parliament of Dunces, 
 see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 657.) 
 
 Parnassus (in Greek Parnassos), 
 the highest part of a range of mountains 
 north of Delphi, in Greece, chief seat of 
 Apollo and the Muses. Called by poets, 
 "double-headed," from its two highest 
 summits, Tithdr'ea and Lycore'a. On 
 Lycorea was the Corycian cave, and 
 hence the Muses are called the Corycian 
 nymphs. 
 
 Conquer the severe ascent 
 Of high Parnassus. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (17441. 
 
 Parnassus of Japan, Fusiyama ('''rich 
 scholar's peak"). — Gibson, Gallery of 
 Geography, 921 (1872). 
 
 Parnelle (Mde.), the mother of Mon. 
 Orgon, and an ultra-admirer of Tartuffe, 
 whom she looks on as a saint. In the 
 adaptation of Moliere's comedy by Isaac 
 Bickerstaff, Mde. Parnelle is called " old 
 lady Lambert;" her son, "sir John Lam- 
 bert;" and Tartuffe, "Dr. Cantwell." — 
 Moliere, Tartuffe (1664) ; Bickerstaff, Tha 
 Hypocrite (1768). 
 
 *** The Nonjuror, by Cibber (1706), 
 was the quarry of Bickerstaff's play. 
 
 Parody (Father of), Hippo'nax of 
 Ephesus (sixth century B.C.). 
 
 ParolTes (3 syl.), a boastful, 
 cowardly follower of Bertram count ol 
 Rousillon. His utterances are racy 
 enough, but our contempt for the man 
 smothers our mirth, and we cannot laugh. 
 In one scene the bully is taken blindfold 
 among his old acquaintances, who he 
 
PARPAILLONS. 
 
 •34 
 
 PARTHENOPE OF NAPLES. 
 
 is led to suppose are his enemies, and he 
 vilifies their characters to their faces in 
 most admired foolery. — Shakespeare, 
 Ail's Well that Ends Well (1598). 
 
 He [Dr. Parr] was a mere Parollej in a pedagogue's 
 Wig. — JToctes Ambrosianae. 
 
 (For similar tongue-doughty heroes, see 
 Basilisco, Bessus, Bluff, Bobadil, 
 boroughcliff, brazen, flash, pls- 
 tol, Pyrgo Polinices, Scaramouch, 
 Thraso, Vincent de la Rosa, etc.) 
 
 Parpaillons {King of the), tne father 
 of Gargamelle "a jolly pug and well- 
 mouthed wench " who married Gran- 
 gousier "in the vigour of his age," and 
 became the mother of Gargantua. — 
 Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 3 (1533). 
 
 Parr ( Old) . Thomas Parr, we are told, 
 lived in the reign of ten sovereigns. He 
 married his second wife when he was 120 
 years old, and had a child by her. He 
 was a husbandman, born at Salop, in 
 1483, and died 1635, aged 152. 
 
 Parricide {The Beautiful), Beatrice 
 Cenci, who is said to have murdered her 
 father for the incestuous brutality with 
 which he had treated her (died 1599). 
 
 Shelley has a tragedy on the subject, 
 called The Cenci (1819). 
 
 Parsley Peel, the first sir Robert 
 Peel. So called from the great quantity 
 of printed calico with the parsley-leaf 
 pattern manufactured by him (1750- 
 1830). 
 
 Parson Adams, a simple-minded 
 countr}' clergyman of the eighteenth 
 century. At the age of 50 he was pro- 
 vided with a handsome income of £23 a 
 year (nearly £300 of our money). — Field- 
 ing, Joseph Andrews (1742). 
 
 Timothy Burrell, Esq., in 1715, be- 
 queathed to his nephew Timothy, the 
 sum of £20 a year, to be paid during his 
 residence at the university, and to be con- 
 tinued to him till he obtained some pre- 
 ferment worth at least £30 a year. — 
 Sussex Archaeological Collections, iii. 172. 
 
 Goldsmith says the clergyman of his 
 "deserted village" was "passing" or 
 exceedingly rich, for he had £40 a year 
 (equal to £500 now). In Norway and 
 Sweden, to the present day, the clergy 
 are paid from £20 to £40 a year, and in 
 France, £40 is the usual stipend of the 
 working clergy. 
 
 Parson Bate, a stalwart, choleric, 
 sporting parson, editor of the Morning | 
 
 Post in the latter half of the eighteenth 
 century. He was afterwards sir Henry 
 Bate Dudley, bart. 
 
 When sir Henry Bate Dudley was appointed an Irish 
 dean, a young lady of Dublin said, " Och ! how I long to 
 see ourdane! They say . . . he fights like an angel."— 
 CasseU's Mapazine ("London Legends," iii.). 
 
 Parson Runo (A), a simple-minded 
 clergyman, wholly unacquainted with the 
 world ; a Dr. Primrose, in fact. It is a 
 Russian household phrase, having its 
 origin in the singular simplicity of the 
 Lutheran clergy of the Isle of Rune. 
 
 Parson Trulliber, a fat clergyman, 
 slothful, ignorant, and intensely bigoted. 
 — Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742). 
 
 Parsons ( Walter), the giant porter 
 of king James I. (died 1622). — Fuller, 
 Worthies (1662). 
 
 Parsons' Kaiser (The), Karl IV. 
 of Germany, who was set up by pope 
 Clement VI., while Ludwig IV. was still 
 on the throne. The Germans called the 
 pope's protege', ^ p faff en kaiser.''' 
 
 Parthe'nia, the mistress of Argalus. 
 —Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia (1580). 
 
 Parthen'ia, Maidenly Chastity personi- 
 fied. Parthenia is sister of Agnei'a 
 (3 syl.) or wifely chastity, the spouse of 
 Encra'tes or temperance. Her attendant 
 is Er'ythre or modesty. (Greek, par- 
 the'nia, " maidenhood.") — Phineas Flet- 
 cher, The Purple Iskmd, x. (1633). 
 
 Parthen'ope (4 syl.), one of the 
 
 three syrens. She was buried at Naples. 
 Naples itself was anciently called Par- 
 thenope, which name was changed t<> 
 Neap'olis (" the new city ") by a colony 
 of Cumasans, 
 
 By dead Parthenope's dear tomb. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 879 (1G3-J). 
 Loitering by the sea 
 That laves the passionate shores of suf t, Partlienop£. 
 Lord Lytton, Ode, iii. 3 (1839). 
 
 (The three syrens were Parthen'ope, 
 Ligea, and Leucos'ia not Leucoth'ea, q.v.) 
 
 Parthen'ope (4 syl.), the damsel beloved 
 by prince Volscius. — Duke of Bucking- 
 ham, The Rehearsal (1671). 
 
 Parthen'ope of Naples, San- 
 nazaro the Neapolitan poet, called " The 
 Christian Virgil." Most of his poems 
 were published under the assumed name 
 of Actius Sincerus (1458-1530). 
 
 At last the Muses . . . scattered . . . 
 
 Their blooming wreaths from fair Valclusa's bowers [/'» 
 
 trarch] 
 To Arno \ Dante and Boccaccio] . . . and the shore 
 Of sof tParthenope. 
 
 Akenside, Pleasure* of Imagination, ii. (1744) 
 
PARTHENOPEAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 "35 
 
 PASSAMONTE. 
 
 Parthenope'an Republic, Naples 
 (1799). 
 
 Partington (Mrs.), an old lady of 
 amusing affectations and ridiculous blun- 
 ders of speech. Sheridan's "Mrs. Mala- 
 prop" and Smollett's "Tabitha Bramble" 
 are similar characters.— -B. P. Shillaber 
 (an American humorist). 
 
 I do not mean to be disrespectful ; but the attempt of 
 the loitLs to stop the progress of reform reminds me very 
 forcibly of the great storm of Sidmouth. and the conduct 
 of the excellent Mrs. Partington on that occasion. In the 
 winter of 1821, there set in a great flood upon that town ; 
 the tide rose to an incredible height ; the waves rushed in 
 upon the houses ; and everything was threatened with 
 destruction. In the midst of this sublime storm. Dame 
 Partington, who lived upon the beach, was seen at the 
 door of her house with mop and pattens, trundling her 
 mop, squeezing out the sea-water, and vigorously pushing 
 away the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused ; Mrs. 
 Partington's spirit was up ; but I need not tell you that 
 the contest was unequal. The Atlantic beat Mrs. Part- 
 ington. She was excellent at a slop or puddle, but should 
 never have meddled with a tempest. — Sydney Smith 
 (speech at Taunton, 1S31). 
 
 Partlet, the hen, in "The Nun's 
 Priest's Tale," and in the famous beast- 
 epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales (1388). 
 
 Sister Partlet vcith her hooded head, the 
 cloistered community of nuns ; the 
 Roman Catholic clergy being the " barn- 
 door fowls." — Drvden, Hind and Panther 
 (1687). 
 
 Partridge. Talus was changed into 
 a partridge. 
 
 Partridge, cobbler, quack, astrologer, 
 and almanac-maker (died 1708). Dean 
 Swift wrote an elegy on him. 
 
 Here, fire feet deep, lies on his back, 
 A cooler, starmonger, and quack. 
 Who, to the stars in pure good will, 
 Does to his be=t look upward still. 
 Weep all you customers that use 
 His pills, his almanacs, or shoes. 
 
 Partridge, the attendant of Tom Jones, 
 as Strap is of Smollett's " Roderick Ran- 
 dom." Faithful, shrewd, and of child-like 
 simplicity. He is half barber and half 
 schoolmaster. His excitement in the 
 play-house when he went to see Garrick 
 in "Hamlet" is charming. — Fielding, 
 The History of Tom Jones (1749). 
 
 The humour of Smollett, although genuine and hearty, 
 is coarse and vulgar. He was superficial where Fielding 
 showed deep insight; but he had a rude conception of 
 generosity of which Fielding seems incapable. It is owing 
 to this that "Strap" is superior to " Partridge."— Hazlitt, 
 Comic Writer). 
 
 Partridge's Day (Saint), September 
 1, the first day of partridge shooting. 
 So August 12 "is called "St. Grouse's 
 Day." 
 
 Parvenue. One of the O'Neals, 
 being told that Barrett of Castlemone had 
 only been 400 years in Ireland, replied, 
 
 " I hate the upstart, which can only look 
 back to yesterday." 
 
 Parviz ("victorious"), surname of 
 Khosrou II. of Persia. He kept 15,000 
 female musicians, 6000 household officers, 
 20,500 saddle-mules, 960 elephants, 200 
 slaves to scatter perfumes when he went 
 abroad, and 1000 sekabers to water the 
 roads before him. His horse, Shibdiz, 
 was called "the Persian Bucephalus." 
 
 The reigns of Khosrou I. and II. were 
 the golden period of Persian history. 
 
 Parzival, the hero and title of a metri- 
 cal romance, by Wolfram v. Eschenbach. 
 Parzival was brought, up by a widowed 
 mother in solitude, but when grown to 
 manhood, two wandering knights per- 
 suaded him to go to the court of king 
 Arthur. His mother, hoping to deter 
 him, consented to his going if he would 
 wear the dress of a common jester. This 
 he did, but soon achieved such noble 
 deeds that Arthur made him a knight 
 of the Round Table. Sir Parzival went 
 in quest of the holy graal, Avhich wa3 
 kept in a magnificent castle called Graal- 
 burg, in Spain, built by the royal priest 
 Titurel. He reached the castle, but 
 having neglected certain conditions, was 
 shut out, and, on his return to court, the 
 priestess of Graal-burg insisted on his 
 being expelled the court and degraded 
 from knighthood. Parzival then led a 
 new life of abstinence and self-abnega- 
 tion, and a wise hermit became his in- 
 structor. At length he reached such a 
 state of purity and sanctity that the 
 priestess of Graal-burg declared him 
 worthv to become lord of the castle 
 (1205). 
 
 %.* This, of course, is an allegory of 
 a Christian giving up everything in order 
 to be admitted a priest and king in the 
 city of God, and becoming a fool in order 
 to learn true wisdom (see 1 Cor. iii. 18). 
 
 Pasquin, a Roman cobbler of the 
 latter half of the fifteenth century, whose 
 shop stood in the neighbourhood of the 
 Braschi palace near the Piazza Navoni. 
 He was noted for his caustic remarks and 
 bitter sayings. After his death, a muti- 
 lated statue near the shop was called by 
 his name, and made the repository of all 
 the bitter epigrams and satirical verses of 
 the city ; hence called pasquinades (3 syl.). 
 
 Sir Archy M'Sarcasm — the common Pasquin of the town. 
 — C. Macklin, Love d-la-mode, i. 1 (1779). 
 
 Passamonte (Gines de), the galley- 
 slave set free by don Quixote. He re- 
 turned the favour by stealing Sancho'a 
 
PASSATORE. 
 
 "86 
 
 PATAGONIANS. 
 
 wallet and ass. Subsequently lie re- 
 appeared as a puppet-showman. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote (1605-15). 
 
 Passatore (II), a title assumed by 
 Belli'no, an Italian bandit chief, who 
 died 1851. 
 
 Passe-Lourdaud (3 syl.)^ a great 
 rock near Poitiers, Avhere there is a very 
 narrow hole on the edge of a precipice, 
 through which the university freshmen 
 are made to pass to " matriculate " them. 
 (Passe-Lourdaud means ''lubber-pass.") 
 
 The same is done at Mantua, where the 
 freshmen are made to pass under the arch 
 of St. Longlnus. 
 
 Passel'yon, a young foundling 
 brought up by Morgan la Fee. He was 
 detected in an intrigue with Morgan's 
 daughter. The adventures of this amorous 
 youth are related in the romance called 
 Perceforest, iii. 
 
 Passetreul, the name of sir Tris- 
 tram's horse. 
 
 Passe-tyme of Plesure, an alle- 
 gorical poem in forty-six capitulos and 
 in seven-line stanzas, by Stephen Hawes 
 (1506). The poet supposes that while 
 Graunde Amoure was walking in a 
 meadow, he encountered Fame, "en- 
 uyroned with tongues of fyre," who told 
 him about La bell Pucell, a ladye fair, 
 living in the Tower of Musike, and then 
 departed, leaving him under the charge 
 of Gouernaunce and Grace who conducted 
 him to the Tower of Doctrine. Coun- 
 tenaunce, the portress, showed him over 
 the tower, and lady Science sent him to 
 Gramer. Afterwards he was sent to 
 Logyke, Kethorike, Inuention, Aris- 
 metrike, and Musike. In the Tower of 
 Musike he met La bell Pucell, pleaded his 
 love, and was kindly entreated ; but they 
 were obliged to part for the time being, 
 while Graunde Amoure continued his 
 " passe-tyme of plesure." On quitting La 
 bell Pucell, he went to Geometrye, and 
 then to Dame Astronomy. Then, leaving 
 the Tower of Science, he entered that 
 of Chyualry. Here Mynerue introduced 
 him to kyng Melyzyus, after which he 
 went to the temple of Venus, who sent a 
 letter on his behalf to La bell Pucell. 
 Meanwhile, the giant False Report (or 
 Godfrey Gobilyue), met him, and put him 
 to great distress in the house of Correction, 
 but Perceueraunce at length conducted 
 him to the manour-house of Dame Com- 
 fort. After sundry trials, Graunde 
 Amoure married La bell Pucell, and, after 
 
 many a long day of happiness and love, 
 was arrested by Age, who took him before 
 Policye and Auarice. Death, in time, 
 came for him, and Remembraunce wrote 
 his epitaph. 
 
 Paston Letters, letters chiefly 
 written to or by the Paston family, in 
 Norfolk. Charles Knight calls them 
 " an invaluable record of the social 
 customs of the fifteenth century." Two 
 volumes appeared in 1787, entitled 
 Original Letters Written During the Reigns 
 of Henry VI, Edward IV., and Richard 
 III., by Various Persons of Rank. Three 
 extra volumes were subsequently printed. 
 
 Some doubt has been raised respecting 
 the authenticity of these letters. 
 
 Pastor Fi'do (II), a pastoral by 
 Giovanni Battista Guari'ni of Ferrara 
 (1585). 
 
 Pastoral Romance ( TJie Father of), 
 Honore d'Urfe (1567-1625). 
 
 Pastorella, the fair shepherdess (bk. 
 vi. 9), beloved by Corydon, but "neither 
 for him nor any other did she care a whit." 
 She was a foundling, brought up by the 
 shepherd Melibee. When sir Calidore 
 (3 syl.) was the shepherd's guest, he fell 
 in love with the fair foundling, who re- 
 turned his love. During the absence of 
 sir Calidore in a hunting expedition, 
 Pastorella, with Melibee and Corydon, 
 were carried off by brigands. Melibee 
 was killed, Corydon effected his escape, 
 and Pastorella was wounded. Sir Cali- 
 dore went to rescue his shepherdess, 
 killed the brigand chief, and brought 
 back the captive in safety (bk. vi. 11). 
 He took her to Belgard Castle, and it 
 turned out that the beautiful foundling 
 was the daughter of lady Claribel and 
 sir Bellamour (bk. vi. 12). — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, vi. 9-12 (1596). 
 
 "Pastorella" is meant for Frances 
 YValsingham, daughter of sir Francis 
 Walsingham, whom sir Philip Sidney 
 ("sir Calidore") married. After Sidney's 
 death, the widow married the earl ol 
 Essex (the queen's favourite). Sir Philip 
 being the author of a romance called 
 Arcadia, suggested to the poet the name 
 Pastorella. 
 
 Patago'nians. This word means 
 "large foot," from the Spanish patagon 
 ("a large, clumsy foot "). The Spaniards 
 so called the natives of this part of Soutb 
 America, from the unusual size of tht 
 human foot-prints in the sand. 11 ap- 
 
PATAMBA. 
 
 r37 
 
 PATRIARCHS. 
 
 pears that these foot-prints were due to a 
 large clumsy shoe worn hy the natives, 
 and were not the impressions of naked 
 feet. 
 
 PatamHba, a city of the Az'tecas, 
 south of Missouri, utterly destroyed by 
 earthquake and overwhelmed. 
 
 Tlie tempest is abroad. Fierce from the north 
 A wind up tears the lake, whose lowest depths 
 Rock, while convulsions shake the solid earth. 
 Where is Patamba? . . . The mighty lake 
 Hath burst its bounds, and yon wide valley roars, 
 " A troubled sea, before the rolling storm. 
 
 Southey, Modoc (1805). 
 
 Patch, the clever, intriguing waiting- 
 woman of Isabinda daughter of sir 
 Jealous Traffick. As she was handing a 
 love-letter in cipher to her mistress, she 
 let it fall, and sir Jealous picked it up. 
 He could not read it, but insisted on 
 knowing what it meant. " Oh," cried the 
 ready wit, "it is a charm for the tooth- 
 ache ! " and the suspicion of sir Jealous 
 was diverted (act iv. 2). — Mrs. Centlivre, 
 The Busy Body (1709). 
 
 Patch (Clause), king of the beggars. 
 He died in 1730, and was succeeded by 
 Bampfylde Moore Carew. 
 
 Patehe (1 syl.), cardinal Wolsey's 
 jester. When the cardinal felt his favour 
 giving way, he sent Patehe as a gift to 
 the king, and Henry VIII. considered 
 the gift a most acceptable one. 
 
 We call one Patehe or Cowlson, whom we see to do a 
 thing foolishly, because these two in their time were 
 notable fools. — Wilson, Art of Jiketorique (1553). 
 
 Patehed-up Peace (Tlie), a treaty 
 of peace between the due d'Orle'ans and 
 John of Burgundy (1409). 
 
 %* Sometimes the treaty between 
 Charles IX. and the huguenots, concluded 
 at Longjumeau in 15G8, is so called (La 
 Paix Fourre'e). 
 
 Patelin (2 syl.), the hero of an 
 ancient French comedy. He contrives 
 to obtain on credit six ells of cloth from 
 William Josseaume, by artfully praising 
 the tradesman's father. Any subtle, 
 crafty fellow, who entices by flattery 
 aud insinuating arts, is called a Patelin. 
 — P. Blanchet, L'Avocat Patelin (1459- 
 1519). 
 
 On lui r.ttribue, mais a tort, la farce de L'A vocat Patelin, 
 qui est plus ancieune que lui. — Bouillet, Dictionary 
 l/niversel d'Uistoire, etc., art. "Blanchet."* 
 
 Consider, sir, I pray yoa. how the noble Patelin, having 
 a mind to extol to the" third heavens the father of William 
 Josseaume, said no more than this : he did lend his goods 
 freely to those who were desirous of them. — Rabelais, 
 I'aatagrael, iii. 4 (1545). 
 
 *** D. A. de Brueys reproduced this 
 comedy in 1706. 
 
 Pater Patrum. St. Gregory of 
 Nyssa is so called by the council of 
 Kice (332-395). 
 
 Paterson (Pate), serving - boy to 
 Brvce Snailsfoot the pedlar. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Pirate (time, William ID,). 
 
 Pathfinder (Tlie), Natty Bumppo; 
 also called "The Deerslayer," "The 
 Hawk-eye," and "The "Trapper." — 
 Fenimore Cooper (five novels called The 
 Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Deerslayer, 
 The Last of the Mohicans, and The 
 Prairie. 
 
 Pathfinder of the Rocky- 
 Mountains (The), major-general John 
 Charles Fremont, who conducted four 
 exploring expeditions across the Rocky 
 Mountains in 1842. 
 
 Patience and Shuffle the 
 Cards. 
 
 In the mean time, as Durandarte says in the cave of 
 r.Iontesi'nos, "Patience and shuffle the cards."— Lord 
 Byron. 
 
 Patient Griselda or Grisildis, 
 
 the Avife of Wautier marquis of Saluces. 
 Boccaccio says she was a poor country 
 lass, who became the wife of Gualtiere 
 marquis of Saiuzzo. She was robbed of 
 her children by her husband, reduced to 
 abject poverty, divorced, and commanded 
 to assist in the marriage of her husband 
 with another woman ; but she bore every 
 affront patiently, and without complaint. 
 — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The 
 Clerk's Tale," 1388); Boccaccio, De- 
 cameron, x. 10 (1352). 
 
 The tale is allegorical of that text, 
 "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath 
 taken away ; blessed be the name of the 
 Lord " (Job i. 21). 
 
 Patient Man. " Beware the fury 
 of a patient man." — Dryden, Absalom and 
 Achitophel, i. (1631). 
 
 Patin, brother of the emperor of 
 Rome. He fights with Am'adis of Gaul, 
 and has his horse killed under him. — • 
 Vasco de Lobeira, Amadis of Gaul (thir- 
 teenth century). 
 
 Patison, licensed jester to sir Thos. 
 More. Hans Holbein has introduced 
 this jester in his famous picture of the 
 lord chancellor. 
 
 Patriarch of Dorchester, John 
 White of Dorchester, a puritan divine 
 (1574-1648). 
 
 Patriarchs (Tha Last of the). So 
 Christopher Casby of Bleeding-heart 
 3 B 
 
PATRICK. 
 
 PATRON. 
 
 Yard was called. " So grey, so slo^v, so 
 quiet, so impassionate, so very bumpy m 
 the head, that patriarch was the word 
 for him." Painters implored him to be 
 a model for some patriarch they designed 
 to paint. Philanthropists looked on him 
 as famous capital for a platform. He 
 had once been town agent in the Circum- 
 locution Office, and was well-to-do. 
 
 His face had a bloom on it like ripe wall-fruit, and his 
 blue eyes seemed to be the eyes of wisdom and virtue. 
 His whole face teemed with the look of benignity. No- 
 body could say where the wisdom was, or where the virtue 
 was, or where the benignity was, but they seemed to be 
 lomewhere about him. ... He wore a long wide-skirted 
 bottle-green coat, and a bottle-green pair of trousers, and 
 a bottle-green waistcoat. The patriarchs were not dressed 
 in bottle-green broadcloth, and yet his clothes looked 
 patriarchal. — C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Patrick, an old domestic at Shaw's 
 Castle.— Sir W. Scott, St. RonarCs Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Patrick (St.), the tutelar saint of 
 Ireland. Born at Kirk Patrick, near 
 Dumbarton. His baptismal name was 
 " Succeath" (" valour in war"), changed 
 by Milcho, to whom he was sold as a 
 slave, into "Cotharig" (four families or 
 four masters, to whom he had been sold). 
 It was pope Celestine who changed the 
 name to "Patricius," when he sent him 
 to convert the Irish. 
 
 Certainly the most marvellous of all 
 the miracles ascribed to the saints is that 
 recorded of St. Patrick. " He swam 
 across the Shannon with his head in his 
 mouth ! " 
 
 St. Patrick and king O'Neil. One day, 
 the saint set the end of his crozier on 
 the foot of O'Neil king of Ulster, and, 
 leaning heavily on it, hurt the king's 
 foot severely ; but the royal convert 
 showed no indication of pain or annoy- 
 ance whatsoever. 
 
 A similar anecdote is told of St. Areed, 
 who went to show the king of Abyssinia 
 a musical instrument he had invented. 
 His majesty rested the head of his spear 
 on the saint's foot, and leaned with both 
 his hands on the spear while he listened 
 to the music. St. Areed, though his great 
 toe was severely pierced, showed no sign 
 of pain, but went on playing as if nothing 
 was the matter. 
 
 St. Patrick and the Serpent. St. 
 Patrick cleared Ireland of vermin. One 
 old serpent resisted, but St. Patrick 
 overcame it by cunning. He made a 
 box, and invited the serpent to enter in. 
 The serpent insisted it was too small ; 
 and so high the contention grew that the 
 6erpent got into the box to prove that 
 ho was right, whereupon St. Patrick 
 
 6lammed down the lid, and cast the box 
 into the sea. 
 
 This tradition is marvellously like an 
 incident of the Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments. A fisherman had drawn up a box 
 or vase in his net, and on breaking it 
 open a genius issued therefrom, aud 
 threatened the fisherman with immediate 
 destruction because he had been enclosed 
 so long. Said the fisherman to the genius, 
 " I wish to know whether you really 
 were in that vase." " I certainly was," 
 answered the genius. " I cannot believe 
 it," replied the fisherman, "for the vase 
 could not contain even one of your feet." 
 Then the genius, to prove his assertion, 
 changed into smoke, and entered into 
 the vase, saying, " Now. incredulous 
 fisherman, dost thou believe me ? " But 
 the fisherman clapped the leaden cover 
 on the vase, and told the genius he was 
 about to throw the box into the sea, and 
 that he would build a house on the spot 
 to warn others not to fish up so wicked 
 a genius. — Arabian Nights (" The Fisher- 
 man," one of the early tales). 
 
 *** St. Patrick, I fear, had read the 
 Arabian Nights, and stole a leaf from the 
 fisherman's book. 
 
 St. Patrick a Gentleman. 
 
 Oh, St. Patrick was a gentleman, 
 Who came of dacent people. . . 
 
 This song was written by Messrs. 
 Bennet and Toleken, of Cork, and was 
 first sung by them at a masquerade in 
 1814. It was afterwards lengthened for 
 Webbe, the comedian, who made it 
 popular. 
 
 St. Patrick's Purgatory, lough Derg, 
 in Ireland. At the end of the fifteenth 
 century, the purgatory of lough Derg 
 Avas destroyed, by order of the pope, on 
 St. Patrick's Day, 1497. 
 
 Calderon has a drama entitled The 
 Purgatory of St. Patrick (1600-1GS1). 
 
 Patriot King (The), Henry St. 
 John viscount Bolingbroke (1078-1751). 
 He hired Mallet to traduce Pope after 
 his decease, because the poet refused to 
 give up certain copies of a work Avhich 
 the statesman wished to have destroyed. 
 
 Write as if St. John's soul could still inspire, 
 And do from hate what Mallet did for hire. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Jieoiewers (1809). 
 
 Patriot of Humanity. So Byron 
 calls Henry Grattan (1750-1820).— Don 
 Juan (preface to canto vi., etc., 1824). 
 
 Patron (The), a farce by S. Foote 
 (1764). The patron is sir Thomas Lofty, 
 called by his friends, " sharp -judging 
 
PATTEN. 
 
 739 
 
 PAUL. 
 
 Adriel, the Muse's friend, himself a 
 Muse," but by those -who loved him less, 
 "the modern Midas." Books without 
 number were dedicated to him, and the 
 writers addressed him as the " British 
 Pollio, Atticus, the Maecenas of Eng- 
 land, protector of arts, paragon of poets, 
 arbiter of taste, and sworn appraiser of 
 Apollo and the Muses." The plot is very- 
 simple : Sir Thomas Lofty has written a 
 p?ay called Robinson Crusoe, and gets 
 Eichard Bever to stand godfather to it. 
 The play is damned past redemption, 
 and, to soothe Bever, sir Thomas allows 
 him to marry his niece Juliet. 
 
 Horace Walpole, earl of Orford, is the 
 original of " sir Thomas Lofty " (1717- 
 1797). 
 
 Patten, according to Gay, is so -called 
 fr®m Patty, the pretty daughter of a 
 Lincolnshire farmer, with whom the 
 village blacksmith fell in love. To save 
 her from wet feet when she went to milk 
 the cows, he mounted her clogs on an 
 iron eke. 
 
 The patten now supports each frugal dame, 
 Which from the blue-eyed Patty takes its name. 
 
 Gay, Trivia, i. (1712). 
 
 (Of course, the word is the French 
 patin, " a skate or high-heeled shoe," 
 from the Greek, patein, "to walk.") 
 
 Pattieson (Mr. Peter), in the intro- 
 duction of The Heart of Midlothian, by sir 
 W. Scott, and again in the introduction 
 of The Bride of Laminermoor. He is a 
 hypothetical assistant teacher at Gander- 
 cleuch, and the feigned author of The 
 Tales of My Landlord, which sir Walter 
 Scott pretends were published by Jede- 
 diah Cleishbotham, after the death of 
 Pattieson. 
 
 Patty, "the maid of the mill," 
 daughter of Fairfield the miller. She 
 was brought up by the mother of lord 
 Aiinworth, and was promised by her 
 father in marriage to Farmer Giles ; but 
 she refused to marry him, and became 
 the bride of lord Airmvorth. Patty was 
 very clever, very pretty, very ingenuous, 
 and loved his lordship to adoration. — ■ 
 Bickerstaff, The Maid of the Mill (1765). 
 
 Pattypan (Mrs.), a widow who 
 keeps lodgings, and makes love to Tim 
 Tartlet, to whom she is ultimately en- 
 gaged. 
 
 By all accounts, she is just as loving now as she was 
 thirty years ago.— James Cobb, The First Floor, i. 2 
 11756-1818). 
 
 Patullo (Mrs.), waiting-woman to 
 
 lady Ashton.— Sir W. Scott, Bride of 
 Lammcrmoor (time, William III.). 
 
 Pau-Puk-Keewis, a cunning mis- 
 chief-maker, who taught the North 
 American Indians the game of hazard, and 
 stripped them by his winnings of all 
 their possessions. In a mad freak, Pau- 
 Puk-Keewis entered the wigwam of 
 Hiawatha, and threw everything into 
 confusion ; so Hiawatha resolved to slay 
 him. Pau-Puk-Keewis, taking to flight, 
 prayed the beavers to make him a beaver 
 ten times their own size. This they did ; 
 but when the other beavers made their 
 escape at the arrival of Hiawatha, Pau- 
 Puk-Keewis was hindered from getting 
 away by his great size ; and Hiawatha 
 slew him. His spirit, escaping, flew 
 upwards, and prayed the storm-fools to 
 make him a " brant" ten times their own 
 size. This was done, and be was told 
 never to look downwards, or he would 
 lose his life. When Hiawatha arrived, 
 the " brant " could not forbear looking 
 at him ; and immediately he fell to 
 earth, and Hiawatha transformed him 
 into an eagle. 
 
 Now in winter, when the snowflakes 
 
 Whirl in eddies round the lodges. . . . 
 
 " There," they cry, " conies Pau-Puk-Keewis ; 
 
 He is dancing thro' the village, 
 
 He is gathering in his harvest." 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, xvii (1855). 
 
 Paul, the love-child of Margaret, who 
 retired to port Louis, in the Mauritius, 
 to bury herself, and bring up her only 
 child. Hither came Mde. de la Tour, a 
 widow, and was confined of a daughter, 
 whom she named Virginia. Between 
 these neighbours a mutual friendship 
 arose, and the two children became play- 
 mates. As they grew in years, their 
 fondness for each other developed into 
 love. When Virginia was 15, her 
 mother's aunt adopted her, and begged 
 she might be sent to France to finish 
 her education. She was above two years 
 in France ; and as she refused to marry a 
 count of the "aunt's" providing, she 
 was disinherited, and sent back to her 
 mother. When within a cable's length 
 of the island, a hurricane dashed the 
 ship to pieces, and the dead body of 
 Virginia was thrown upon the shore. 
 Paul drooped from grief, and within two 
 months followed her to the grave. — 
 Bernardin de St. Pierre, Paul et Virgine 
 (1788). 
 
 In Cobb's dramatic version, Paul's 
 mother (Margaret) is made a faithful 
 domestic of Virginia's parents. Virginia'*, 
 
PAUL. 
 
 740 
 
 PAULINE. 
 
 mother dies, and commits her infant 
 daughter to the care of Dominique, a 
 faithful old negro servant, and Paul and 
 Virginia are brought up in the belief that 
 they are brother and sister. When Vir- 
 ginia is 15 years old, her aunt Leonora 
 de Guzman adopts her, and sends don 
 Antonio de Guardes to bring her to Spain, 
 and make her his bride. She is taken by 
 force on board ship ; but scarcely has the 
 ship started, when a hurricane dashes it 
 on rocks, and it is wrecked. Alhambra, 
 a runaway slave, whom Paul and Virginia 
 had befriended, rescues Virginia, who is 
 brought to shore and married to Paul ; 
 but Antonio is drowned (1756-1818). 
 
 Paul (Father), Paul Sarpi (1552-1628). 
 
 Paul (St.). The very sword which cut 
 off the head of this apostle is preserved 
 at the convent of La Lisla, near Toledo, in 
 Spain. If any one doubts the fact, he 
 may, for a gratuity, see a " copper sword, 
 twenty-five inches long, and three and 
 a half broad, on one side of which is the 
 word mucro ('a sword '), and on the other 
 patjlus . . . capite." Can anything be 
 more convincing ? 
 
 Paul {The Second St.), St. Remi or 
 Remigius, "The Great Apostle of the 
 French." He was made bishop of Rheims 
 when only 22 years old. It was St. Remi 
 who baptized Clovis, and told him that 
 henceforth he must worship what he 
 hitherto had hated, and abjure what he 
 had hitherto adored (489—535). 
 
 *** The cruse employed by St. Remi 
 in the baptism of Clovis was used through 
 the French monarchy in the anointing of 
 all the kings. 
 
 Paul Pry, an idle, inquisitive, 
 meddlesome fellow, who has no occupa- 
 tion of his own, and is for ever poking his 
 nose into other people's affairs. He 
 always comes in with the apolog}--, "I 
 hope I don't intrude." — John Poole, Paul 
 Pry. 
 
 Thomas Hill, familiarly called "Tommy 
 Hill," was the original of this character, 
 and also of " Gilbert Gurney," by Theo- 
 dore Hook. Planche' says of Thomas 
 Hill : 
 
 His specialist was the accurate information he could im- 
 part on all the petty details of the domestic economy of 
 his friends, the contents of their wardrobes, their pantries, 
 the number of pots of pre-erve in their store-closets, and 
 of the table-napkins in their linen-presses, the dates of 
 their births a:id marriages, the amounts o!' their trades- 
 men's bills, and whether paid weekly or quarterly. He 
 had been on the press, anH whs connected with the Morn- 
 ing Chronicle. He used to drive Mathews crazy by ferret- 
 ing out his whereabouts when he left London, and popping 
 the information in some paper. — liocolh'ct.oits, i. 131-2. 
 
 Paul's Pigeons, the boys of St. 
 Paul's School, London. 
 
 Paul's "Walkers, loungers who fre- 
 quented the middle of St Paul's in the 
 time of the Commonwealth, as they did 
 Bond Street during the regency.— See 
 Ben Jonson's Every Man out of His 
 Humour (1599), and Harrison Ainsworth'a 
 Old St. Paul's (1843). 
 
 Pauletti (The lady Erminia), ward 
 of Master George Heriot the king's gold- 
 smith. — Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of 
 Nujel (time, James I.). 
 
 Pauli'na, the noble-spirited wife of 
 Antig'onus a Sicilian lord, and the kind 
 friend of queen Hermi'one. When Her- 
 mione gave birth in prison to a daughter, 
 Paulina undertook to present it to king 
 Leontes, hoping that his heart would be 
 softened at the sight of his infant 
 daughter ; but he commanded the child to 
 be cast out-on a desert shore, and left 
 there to perish. The child was drifted 
 to the "coast" of Bohemia, and brought 
 up by a shepherd, who called it Perdlta. 
 Florizel, the son of king Polixenes, fell 
 in love with her, and fled with her to 
 Sicily, to escape the vengeance of the 
 angry king. The fugitives being intro- 
 duced to Leontes, it was soon discovered 
 that Perdita was the king's daughter, and 
 Polixenes consented to the union he had 
 before forbidden. Paulina now invited 
 Leontes and the rest to inspect a famous 
 statue of Hermione, and the statue 
 turned out to be the living queen herself. 
 —Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Paulina is clever, generous, strong-minded, and warm- 
 hearted, fearless in asserting the truth, hrm in her sense 
 of right, enthusiastic in all her affections, quick in 
 thought, resolute in word, and energetic in action, but 
 heedless, hot-tempered, impatient, loud, bold, voluble, 
 and turbulent of tongue.— Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Pauline, "The Beauty of Lyons," 
 daughter of Mon. Deschappelles, a Ly- 
 onese merchant ; " as pretty as Venus and 
 as proud as Juno." Pauline rejected the 
 suits of Beauseant, Glavis, and Claude 
 Melnotte ; and the three rejected lovers 
 combined on vengeance. To this end, 
 Claude, who was a gardener's son, pre- 
 tended to be the prince Como, and Pauline 
 married him, but was indignant when 
 she discovered the trick which had been 
 played upon her. Claude left her and 
 entered the French army, where in two 
 years and a half he rose to the rank of 
 colonel. Returning to Lyons, he found 
 his father-in-law on the eve of bank- 
 ruptcy, and Pauline about to be sold to 
 Beauseant for money to satisfy the 
 
PAULINE. 
 
 741 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 creditors. Being convinced that Pauline 
 really loved him, Claude paid the money 
 required, and claimed the lady as his 
 loving and grateful wife. — Lord L. B. 
 Lytton, The Lady of Lyons (1838). 
 
 Pauline (Mademoiselle) or Moxna 
 Paui-a, the attendant of lady Erminia 
 Pauletti the goldsmith's ward. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
 I.). 
 
 Pauli'nus of York christened 10,000 
 men, besides women and their children, 
 in one single day in the Swale. (Al- 
 together some 50,000 souls, i.e. 104 every 
 minute, 6250 every hour, supposing he 
 worked eight hours without stopping.) 
 
 When the Saxons first received the Christian faith, 
 Paulinas of old York, the zealous bishop then, 
 In Swale's abundant stieam christened ten thousand men, 
 With women and their babes, a number more beside, 
 Upon one happy day. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 
 
 Paulo, the cardinal, and brother of 
 count Guido Franceschi'ni. He advised 
 the count to repair his bankrupt fortune 
 by marrying an heiress. — R. Browning, 
 The Ring and the Book. 
 
 Paupiah, the Hindu steward of the 
 British governor of Madras. — Sir W. 
 Scott, the Surgeon's Laughter (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Pausa'nias (The British), William 
 Camden (1551-1623). 
 
 Some village Camden that with dauntless breast 
 The little tyrants of the field withstood. 
 
 Gray, Elegy (1749). 
 
 Pauvre Jacques. "When Marie 
 Antoinette had her artificial Swiss village 
 in the " Little Trianon," a Swiss girl was 
 brought over to heighten the illusion. 
 She was observed to pine, and was heard 
 to sigh out, pauvre Jacques ! This little 
 romance pleased the queen, who sent for 
 Jacques, and gave the pair a wedding 
 portion; while the marchioness de Tra- 
 vanet wrote the song called Pauvre 
 Jacques, which created at the time quite 
 a sensation. The first and last verses run 
 thus : 
 
 Pauvre Jacques, quand j'etais pres de toi, 
 
 Je lie senilis pas ma misire ; 
 Mais a present que tu vis loin de moi, 
 
 Je manque de tout sur la terre. 
 
 Poor Jack, while I was near to thee, 
 Tho' poor, my bliss was unalloyed ; 
 
 But now thou dwell'st so far from me, 
 TI13 world appears a lonesome void. 
 
 Pa'via (Battle of). Francois I. of 
 France is said to have written to his 
 mother these words after the loss of this 
 tattle: "Madame, tout est perdu hors 
 
 l'honneur ; " but what he really wrote 
 was: "Madame . . . de toutes choses ne 
 m'est demeure pas que Thonneur et la 
 vie." 
 
 And with a noble siege revolted Pavia took. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 
 
 Pavilion of prince Ahmed. 
 This pavilion was so small that it might 
 be held and covered by the hand, and 
 yet so large when pitched that a wholo 
 army could encamp beneath it. Its size, 
 however, was elastic, being always pro- 
 portionate to the armv to be covered by 
 it. — Arabian Nights ( u Ahmed and Pari- 
 Banou"). 
 
 Pavilion (Meinheer Hermann), the 
 syndic at Liege [Le-aje], 
 
 Mother Mabel Pavilion, wife of mein- 
 heer Hermann. 
 
 Trudchen or Gertrude Pavilion, their 
 daughter, betrothed to Hans Glover. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Quentin Lurward (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Pawkins (Major), a huge, heavy man, 
 " one of the most remarkable of the age." 
 He was a great politician and great pa- 
 triot, but generally under a cloud, wholly 
 owing to his distinguished genius for 
 bold speculations, not to say " swindling 
 schemes." His creed was "to run a 
 moist pen slick through everything, and 
 start afresh." — C. Dickens, Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit (1844). 
 
 Pawnbrokers' Balls. Every one 
 knows that these balls are the arms of 
 the Medici family, but it is not so well 
 known that they refer to an exploit of 
 Averardo de Medici, a commander under 
 Charlemagne. This bold warrior slew 
 the giant Mugello, whose club he bore as 
 a trophy. This mace or club had three 
 iron balls, which the family adopted as 
 their device. — Roscoe, Life of Lorenzo 
 de' Jlcdiei (1796). 
 
 Paynim Harper (Tlie), referred to 
 by Tennyson in the Last Tournament, 
 was Orpheus. 
 
 Swine, goats, rams, and gees* 
 Trooped round a paynim harper once, . . . 
 Then were swine, goats, asses, geese 
 The wiser fools, seeing thy paynim bard 
 Had such a mastery of his mystery 
 That he could harp his wife up out of helL 
 
 Tennyson, Tho Last Tournament (1859). 
 
 Peace (Prince of), don Manuel Godoy, 
 born at Badajoz. "So called because he 
 concluded the " peace of Basle " betAveen 
 the French and Spanish nations in 1795 
 (1767-1851). 
 
 Peace (Tlie Father of), Andrea Doria 
 (1469-1560). 
 
PEACE. 
 
 742 
 
 PECKSNIFF. 
 
 Peace {Tixe Perpetual), a peace con- 
 cluded between England and Scotland, 
 a few vears after the battle of Flodden 
 Field (January 24, 1502). 
 
 Peace {The Surest Way to). Fox, 
 afterwards bishop of Hereford, said to 
 Henry VIII., The surest way to peace is 
 a constant preparation for war. The 
 Romans had the axiom, Si vis pacem, 
 para helium. It was said of Edgar, sur- 
 named "the Peaceful," king of England, 
 that he preserved peace in those turbulent 
 times "by being always prepared for 
 war" (reigned 959-975). 
 
 Peace at any Price. Me'zeray 
 says of Louis XII., that he had such 
 detestation of Avar, that he rather chose to 
 lose his duchy of Milan than burden his 
 subjects with a war-tax. — Histoire de 
 France (1643). 
 
 Peace of Antal'cidas, the peace 
 concluded by Antalcidas the Spartan and 
 Artaxerxes (b.c. 387). 
 
 Peace of God, a peace enforced by 
 the clergy on the barons of Christendom, 
 to prevent the perpetual feuds between 
 baron and baron (1035). 
 
 Peace to the Souls. (See Morna.) 
 
 Peach'um, a pimp, patron of a gang 
 of thieves, and receiver of their stolen 
 goods. His house is the resort of thieves, 
 pickpockets, and villains of all sorts. He 
 betrays his comrades when it is for his 
 own benefit, and even procures the arrest 
 of captain Macheath. 
 
 The quarrel between Peachiim and Lockit was an allusion 
 to a personal collision between Walpole and his colleague 
 lord Townsend.— R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 571. 
 
 Mrs. Peachum, wife of Peachum. She 
 recommends her daughter Polly to be 
 " somewhat nice in her deviations from 
 virtue." 
 
 Polli/ Peachum, daughter of Peachum. 
 (See Polly.)— J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera 
 (1727). 
 
 Pearl. It is said that Cleopatra 
 swallowed a pearl of more value than the 
 whole of the banquet she had provided in 
 honour of Antony. This she did when 
 she drank to his health. The same sort 
 of extravagant folly is told of yEsopus 
 son of Clodius iEsopus the actor (Horace, 
 Satire, ii. 3). 
 
 A similar act of vanity and folly is 
 ascribed to sir Thomas Gresham, when 
 queen Elizabeth dined at the City banquet, 
 after her visit to the Royal Exchange. 
 
 Here £15,000 at one clap goes 
 
 Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pearl 
 
 Unto his queen and mistress. 
 
 Thomas Hey wood. 
 
 Pearson (Captain Gilbert), officer in 
 attendance on Cromwell. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Peasant-Bard (The), Robert Burns 
 (1859-1796). 
 
 Peasant-Painter of Sweden, 
 Horberg. His chief paintings are altar- 
 pieces. 
 
 The altar-piece painted by Horberg. 
 Longfellow, The Children of the Lord's Supper. 
 
 Peasant-Poet of Northampton- 
 shire, John Clare (1793-1864). 
 
 Peasant of the Danube (The), 
 Louis Legendre, a member of the French 
 National Convention (1755-1797) ; called 
 in French Le Paysan du Danube, from his 
 " eloquence sauvage." 
 
 Peasants' War (The), a revolt of 
 the German peasantry in Swabia and 
 Franconia, and subsequently in Saxony, 
 Thuringia, and Alsace, occasioned by the 
 oppression of the nobles and the clergy 
 (1500-1525). 
 
 Peau de Chagrin, a story by 
 Balzac. The hero becomes possessed of 
 a magical wild ass's skin, which yields 
 him the means of gratifying every wish ; 
 but for every wish thus gratified the skin 
 shrank somewhat, and at last vanished, 
 having been wished entirely away. Life 
 is a peau d'ane, for every vital act 
 diminishes its force, and when all its 
 force is gone, life is spent (1834). 
 
 Peck'snitT, " architect and land sur- 
 veyor," at Salisbury. He talks homilies 
 even in drunkenness, prates about the 
 beauty of charity, and duty of forgive- 
 ness, but is altogether a canting humbug, 
 and is ultimately so reduced in position 
 that he becomes "a drunken, begging, 
 squalid, letter-writing man," out at 
 elbows, and almost shoeless. Pecksniff's 
 speciality was the "sleek, smiling, crawl- 
 ing abomination of hypocrisy." 
 
 If ever man combined within himself all the mild 
 qualities of the lamb with a considerable touch of the 
 dove, and not a dash of the crocodile, or the least possible 
 suggestion of the very mildest seasoning of the serpent, 
 that man was Mr. Pecksniff, "the messenger of peace." 
 — Ch. iv. 
 
 Charity and Mercy Pecksniff, the two 
 daughters of the " architect and land 
 surveyor." Charity is thin, ill-natured, 
 and a shrew, eventually jilted by a weak 
 young man, who really loves her sister. 
 Mercy Pecksniff, usually called "Merry,'' 
 
PEDANT. 
 
 43 PEEPING TOM OF COVENTRY. 
 
 is pretty and true-hearted ; though flippant 
 and foolish as a girl, she becomes greatly 
 toned down by the troubles of her married 
 life. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 
 (1843). 
 
 Pedant, an old fellow set up to per- 
 sonate Vincentio in Shakespeare's comedy 
 called The Taming of the Shrew (1695). 
 
 Pedre (Don), a Sicilian nobleman, 
 who has a Greek slave of great beauty, 
 named Isidore (3 syl.). This slave is 
 loved by Adraste (2 syl.), a French 
 gentleman, who gains access to the house 
 under the guise of a portrait-painter. 
 He next sends his slave Zai'de to com- 
 plain to the Sicilian of ill-treatment, and 
 don Pedre volunteers to intercede on her 
 behalf. At this moment Adraste comes 
 up, and demands that Zai'de be given up 
 to deserved chastisement. Pedre pleads 
 for her, Adraste appears to be pacified, 
 and Pedre calls for Zai'de to come forth. 
 Isidore, in the veil of Zai'de, comes out, 
 and Pedre says, "There, take her home, 
 and use her well." " I will do so," says 
 Adraste, and leads off the Greek slave. — 
 Moliere, Le Sicilien ou IS Amour Peintre 
 (1667). 
 
 Pedrillo, the tutor of don Juan. 
 After the shipwreck, the men in the boat, 
 being wholly without provisions, cast lots 
 to know which should be killed as food 
 for the rest, and the lot fell on Pedrillo, 
 but those who feasted on him most 
 ravenously went mad. 
 
 His tutor, the licentiate Pedrillo, 
 Who several languages did understand. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ii. 25 ; see 76-79 (1819). 
 
 Pe'dro, "the pilgrim," a noble gentle- 
 man, servant to Alinda (daughter of lord 
 Alphonso). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Pilgrim (1621). 
 
 Pedro (Don), prince of Aragon. — 
 Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
 (1600). 
 
 Pedro (Don), father of Leonora. — R. 
 Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow (1792). 
 
 Pedro (Don), a Portuguese nobleman, 
 father of donna Violante. — Mrs. Cent- 
 livre, The Wonder (1714). 
 
 Pedro (Dr.), whose full name was Dr. 
 Pedro Rezio de Aguero, court physician 
 in the island of Barataria. He carried a 
 whalebone rod in his hand, and whenever 
 any dish of food was set before Sancho 
 Panza the governor, he touched it with 
 his wand, that it might be instantly re- 
 moved, as unfit for the governor to eat. 
 
 Partridges were "forbidden by Hippoc'- 
 rates," olla podridas were "most per- 
 nicious," rabbits were " a sharp-haired 
 diet," veal might not be touched, but "a 
 few wafers and a thin slice or two of 
 quince " might not be harmful. 
 
 The governor, being served with some beef hashed with 
 onions, . . . fell to with more avidity than if he had been 
 set down to Milan godwits, Roman pheasants, Sorrento 
 veal, Moron partridges, or green geese of Lavajos ; and 
 turning to Dr. Pedro, he said, " Look you, signor doctor, 
 I want no dainties, ... for I have been always used to 
 beef, bacon, pork, turnips, and onions." — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, II. iii. 10, 12 (1615). 
 
 Peebles (Peter), the pauper litigant. 
 He is vain, litigious, hard-hearted, and 
 credulous ; a liar, a drunkard, and a pauper. 
 His "ganging plea" is Hogarthian comic. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
 
 Peecher (Miss), a schoolmistress, in 
 the flat country where Kent and Surrey 
 meet. "Small, shining, neat, methodical, 
 and buxom was Miss Peecher ; cherry- 
 cheeked and tuneful of voice. A little 
 pincushion, a little hussif, a little book, 
 a little work-box, a little set of tables and 
 weights and measures, and a little woman, 
 all in one. She could Avrite a little essay 
 on any subject exactly a slate long, and 
 strictly according to rule. If Mr. Bradley 
 Headstone had proposed marriage to her, 
 she would certainly have replied ' yes,' 
 for she loved him ; " but Mr. Headstone 
 did not love Miss Peecher — he loved Lizzie 
 Hexam, and had no love to spare for any 
 other woman. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
 Friend, ii. 1 (1864). 
 
 Peel -the -Causeway (Old), a 
 smuggler. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Peeler (Sir), any crop which greatly 
 impoverishes the ground. To peel is to 
 impoverish soil, as " oats, rye, barley, 
 and grey wheat," but not peas (xxxiii. 51). 
 
 Wheat doth not well, 
 Nor after sir Peeler he loveth to dwell. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, xviii. 12 (1557). 
 
 Peelers, the constabulary of Ireland, 
 appointed under the Peace Preservation 
 Act of 1814, proposed by sir Robert Peel. 
 The name was subsequently given to the 
 new police of England, who are also called 
 "Bobbies" from sir Robert Peel. 
 
 Peep-o'-Day Boys, Irish insur- 
 gents of 1784, who prowled about at day- 
 break, searching for arms. 
 
 Peeping Tom of Coventry. 
 Lady Godiva earnestly besought her hus- 
 band (Leofric earl of Mercia) to relieve 
 
PEERAGE OF THE SAINTS. 744 
 
 PEGGOTTY. 
 
 the men of Coventry of their- grievous 
 oppressions. Leofric, annoyed at her im- 
 portunity, told her he would do so when 
 she had ridden on horseback, naked, 
 through the town. The countess took him 
 at his word, rode naked through the town, 
 and Leofric was obliged to grant the men 
 of Coventry a charter of freedom. — 
 Dugdale. 
 
 Rapin says that the countess com- 
 manded all persons to keep within doors 
 and away from windows during her ride. 
 One man, named Tom of Coventry, took a 
 peep of the lady on horseback, but it cost 
 him his life. 
 
 *** Tennyson, in his Godiva, has re- 
 produced this story. 
 
 Peerage of the Saints. In the 
 
 preamble of the statutes instituting the 
 Order of St. Michael, founded by Louis 
 XI. in 1469, the archangel is styled " my 
 lord," and created a knight. The apostles 
 had been already ennobled and knighted. 
 We read of "the earl Peter," "count 
 Paul," "the baron Stephen," and soon. 
 Thus, in the introduction of a sermon 
 upon St. Stephen's Day, we have these 
 lines : 
 
 Entendes toutes a chest sermon, 
 
 Et clair et lai tules environ ; 
 
 Contes vous vueille la pation 
 
 De St Estieul le baron. 
 The apostles were gentlemen of bloude, and manye of 
 them descended from that worthy conqueror Judas Mac- 
 kaheus, though, through the tract of time and persecu- 
 tion of wars, poverty oppressed the kindred, and they 
 were constrayned to servile works. Christ was also a 
 gentleman on the mother's side, and might, if He had 
 esteemed of the vayne glorye of this world, have borne 
 coat armour. — The Blazon, of (Jentrie (quarto). 
 
 Peerce (1 syl.), a generic name for a 
 farmer or ploughman. Piers the plow- 
 man is the name assumed by Robert or 
 William Langland, in a historico-satirical 
 poem so called. 
 
 And yet. my priests, pray you to God for Peerce . . . 
 And if you have a " pater noster " spare, 
 Then shal you prav for saylers. 
 
 G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Peery (Paul), landlord of the Ship, 
 Dover. 
 
 Mrs. Peery, Paul's wife. — G. Colman, 
 Ways and Means (1788). 
 
 Peerybingle (John), a carrier, 
 "lumbering, slow, and honest; heavy, 
 but light of spirit ; rough upon the sur- 
 face, but gentle at the core; dull without, 
 but quick within ; stolid, but so good. 
 O mother Nature, give thy children 
 the true poetry of heart that hid itself in 
 this poor carrier's breast, and we can bear 
 to have them talking prose all their life 
 long ! " 
 
 Mrs. [Mary] Peerybingle, called by her 
 
 husband "Dot." She was a little chubby, 
 cheery, young wife, very fond of her 
 husband, and very proud of her baby ; 
 a good housewife, who delighted in 
 making the house snug and cozy for 
 John, when he came home after his day's 
 work. She called him " a dear old 
 darling of a dunce," or " her little 
 goosie." She sheltered Edward Plummer 
 in her cottage for a time, and got into 
 trouble ; but the marriage of Edward 
 with May Fielding cleared up the mystery, 
 and John loved his little Dot more fondly 
 than ever. — C. Dickens, The Cricket on 
 the Hearth (1845). 
 
 Peg. Drink to your peg. King Edgar 
 ordered that " pegs should be fastened 
 into drinking-horns at stated distances, 
 and whoever drank beyond his peg at one 
 draught should be obnoxious to a severe 
 punishment." 
 
 I had lately a peg-tankard in my hand. It had on the 
 inside a row of eight pins, one above another, from bottom 
 to top. It held two quarts, so that there was a gill of 
 liquor between peg and peg. Whoever drank short of his 
 pin or beyond it, was obliged to drink to the next, and so 
 on till the tankard was drained to the bottom.— Sharpe, 
 History of the Kings of England. 
 
 Peg-a-Ramsey, the heroine of an 
 old song. Percy says it was an indecent 
 ballad. Shakespeare alludes to it in his 
 Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1614). 
 
 James I. had been much struck with the beauty and 
 embarrassment of the pretty Peg-a-Ramsey, as he called 
 her.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Peg'asus, the winged horse of the 
 Muses. It was caught by Bellerophon, 
 who mounted thereon, and destroyed the 
 Chimrera ; but when he attempted to 
 ascend to heaven, he was thrown from 
 the horse, and Pegasus mounted alone to 
 the skies, where it became the constella- 
 tion of the same name. 
 
 To break Pegasus' s neck, to write halting 
 poetry. 
 
 Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check, 
 Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 161 (1728). 
 
 *** To "break Priscian's head" is to 
 write bad grammar. Priscian was a great 
 grammarian of the fifth century. 
 
 Pegg (Katharine), one of the mistresses 
 of Charles II. She was the daughter of 
 Thomas Pegg, Esq., of Yeldersey, in 
 Derbyshire. 
 
 Peggot'ty (Clara), servant-girl of ' 
 Mrs. Copperneld, and the faithful old 
 nurse of David Copperfield. Her name 
 "Clara" was tabooed, because it was 
 the name of Mrs. Copperneld. Clara 
 Peggotty married Barkis the carrier. 
 
 Being very plump, whenever she made any little 
 
PEGGY. 
 
 45 
 
 PELLEAS. 
 
 exertion after she was dressed, some of the buttons on the 
 back of her gown Hew off.— Ch. ii. 
 
 Dan'el Peggotty, brother of David 
 Copperfield's nurse. Dan'el was a Yar- 
 mouth fisherman. His nephew Ham 
 Peggotty, and his brother-in-law's child 
 "little Em'ly," lived with him. Dan'el 
 himself was a bachelor, and a Mrs. Gum- 
 midge (widow of his late partner) kept 
 house for him. Dan'el Peggotty was most 
 tender-hearted, and loved little Em'ly 
 with all his heart. 
 
 Ham Peggotty, nephew of Dan'el Peg- 
 gotty of Yarmouth, and son of Joe, 
 Dan'el's brother. Ham was in love with 
 little Em'ly, daughter of Tom (Dan's 
 brother-in-law) ; but Steerforth stepped 
 in between them, and stole Em'ly away. 
 Ham Peggott} r is represented as the very 
 beau-ideal of an uneducated, simple- 
 minded, honest, and warm-hearted fisher- 
 man. He Avas drowned in his attempt to 
 rescue Steerforth from the sea. 
 
 Em'ly Peggotty, daughter of Dan's 
 brother-in-law Tom. She was engaged 
 to Ham Peggotty ; but being fascinated 
 with Steerforth, ran off with him. She 
 was afterwards reclaimed, and emigrated 
 to Australia with Dan'el and Mrs. Gum- 
 midge. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
 (1849). 
 
 Peggy, grandchild of the old widow 
 Maclure a covenanter. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Peggy, the laundry-maid of colonel 
 Mannering at Woodburne. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Peggy [Thrift], the orphan daugh- 
 ter of sir Thomas Thrift of Hampshire, 
 and the ward of Moody, who brings her 
 up in perfect seclusion in the country. 
 When Moody is 50 and Peggy 19, the 
 guardian tries to marry her; but "the 
 country girl " outwits him, and marries 
 Belville, a young man of more suitable 
 age. Peggy calls her guardian "Bud." 
 She is very simple but sharp, ingenuous 
 but crafty, lively and girlish. — The 
 Country Girl (Garrick, altered from 
 Wycherly's Country Wife, 1675). 
 
 Mrs. Jordan [1762-1816] made her first appearance in 
 London at Drury Lane in 1785. The character she 
 selected was "Peggy," her success was immediate, her 
 salary doubled, and she was allowed two benefits. — W. C. 
 Russell, Representative Actors. 
 
 Pegler (Mrs.), mother of Josiah 
 Bounderbv, Esq., banker and mill-owner, 
 called " The Bully of Humility." The 
 Ron allows the old woman £80 a year to 
 keep out of sight. — C. Dickens, Hard 
 Times (1854). 
 32 
 
 Pek'uah, the attendant of princess 
 Nekayah, of the "happy valley." She 
 accompanied the princess in her wander- 
 ings, but refused to enter the great 
 pyramid, and, while the princess was 
 exploring the chambers, was carried off 
 by some Arabs. She was afterwards 
 ransomed for 200 ounces of gold. — Dr. 
 Johnson, Easselas (1759). 
 
 Pelay'o (Prince), son of Favil'a, 
 founder of the Spanish monarchy after 
 the overthrow of Koderick last of the 
 Gothic kings. He united, in his own i 
 person, the royal lines of Spain and of 
 the Goths. 
 
 In him the old Ibsrian blood, 
 Of royal and remotest ancestry 
 From undisputed source, flowed undefiled . . . 
 He, too, of Chindasuintho's regal line 
 Sole remnant now, drew after him the love 
 Of all true Goths. 
 
 Southey, Raderick, etc., viiL (1814). 
 
 Pelham, the hero of a novel by lord 
 Lytton, entitled Pelham or The Adven- 
 tures of a Gentleman (1828). 
 
 Pelham (M.), one of the many aliases 
 of sir R. Phillips, under which he pub- 
 lished The Parent's and Tutor's First 
 Catechism. In the preface he calls the 
 writer authoress. Some of his other 
 names are Rev. David Blair, Rev. C. C. 
 Clarke, Rev. J. Goldsmith. 
 
 Pe'lian Spear (The), the lance of 
 Achilles which wounded and cured Te'- 
 lephos. So called from Peleus the father 
 of Achilles. 
 
 Such was the cure the Arcadian hero found — 
 The Pelian spear that wounded, made him sound. 
 Ovid, Remedy of Loue. 
 
 Peli'des (3 syl.), Achilles, son of 
 Peleus (2 syl.), chief of the Greek 
 warriors at the siege of Troy. — Homer, 
 Iliad. 
 
 When, like Pelides, bold beyond control. 
 Homer raised high to heaven the loud impetuous song. 
 Beattie, The Minstrel (1773-4). 
 
 Pe'lion ("mud-sprung"), one of the 
 frog chieftains. 
 
 A spear at Pelion, Troglodytes cast 
 The missive spear within the bosom past 
 Death's sable shades the fainting frog surround. 
 And life's red tide runs ebbing from the wound. 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, hi. (about 1712). 
 
 Pell (Solomon), an attorney in the 
 Insolvent Debtors' court. He has the 
 very highest opinions of his own merits, 
 and by his aid Tony Weller contrives to 
 get his son Sam sent to the Fleet for debt, 
 that he may be near Mr. Pickwick to 
 protect and Avait upon him. — C. Dickens, 
 The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Pelleas (Sir), lord of many isles, and 
 
PELLEGRIN. 
 
 746 
 
 PEN. 
 
 noted for his great muscular streflgth. 
 He fell in love with lady Ettard, but the 
 lady did not return his lore. Sir Gaw'ain 
 promised to advocate his cause with the 
 lady, but played him false. Sir Pelleas 
 caught them in unseemly dalliance with 
 each other, but forbore to kill them. 
 By the power of enchantment, the lady 
 was made to dote on sir Pelleas ; but the 
 knight would have nothing to say to her, 
 so she pined and died. After the lady 
 Ettard played him false, the Damsel of 
 the Lake "rejoiced him, and they loved 
 together during their whole lives." — Sir 
 T. Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
 79-82 (1470). 
 
 *#* Sir Pelleas must not be con-* 
 founded with sir Pelles (q.v.). 
 
 Pellegrin, the pseudonym of Lemotte 
 Eouque (1777-1843). 
 
 Pelles (Sir), of Corbin Castle, "king 
 of the foragn land and nigh cousin of 
 Joseph of Arimathy." He was father of 
 sir Eliazar, and of the lady Elaine who 
 fell in love with sir Launcelot, by whom 
 she became the mother of sir Galahad 
 " who achieved the quest of the holy 
 graal." This Elaine was not the " lily 
 maid of Astolat." 
 
 While sir Launcelot was visiting king 
 Pelles, a glimpse of the holy graal was 
 vouchsafed them : 
 
 For when they went into the cnstle to take their re- 
 past . . . there came a dove to the window, and in her 
 hill was a little censer of gold, and there withall was such 
 a savour as though all the spicery of the world had been 
 there . . . and a damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold 
 between her hands, and thereto the king kneeled de- 
 voutly and said his prayers. ..." Oh mercy ! " said sir 
 Launcelot, "what may this mean?" . . . "This," said 
 the king, " is the holy Sancgreall which ye have seen."— 
 SirT. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 2 (1-iTO). 
 
 Pellinore (Sir), king of the Isles 
 and knight of the Round Table (pt. i. 57). 
 He was a good man of power, Avas called 
 " The Knight with the Stranger Beast," 
 and slew king Lot of Orkeney, but was 
 himself slain ten years afterwards by sir 
 Gawaine one of Lot's sons (pt. i. 35). 
 Sir rellinore (3 si/ 1.) had, by the wife of 
 Aries the cowherd, a son named sir Tor, 
 who was the first knight of the Round 
 Table created by king Arthur (pt. i. 47, 
 48) ; one daughter, Elein, by the Lady of 
 Rule (pt. iii. 10) ; and three sons in lawful 
 wedlock : sir Aglouale (sometimes called 
 Aglavale, probably a clerical error), sir 
 Lamorake Dornar (also called sir Lamorake 
 de (Jalis), and sir Percivale de Galis (pt. ii. 
 108). The widow succeeded to the throne 
 (pt. iii. 10). — Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur (1470). 
 
 Milton calls the name " Pellenoic " (2 
 syL). 
 
 Fair damsels, met in forests wide 
 By knights of Logres or of lyones, 
 Lancelot, or Pelleas, or Pellenore. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Pelob'ates (4 syL), one of the frog 
 champions. The word means "mud- 
 wader." In the battle he flings a heap 
 of mud against Psycarpax the Hector 
 of the mice, and half blinds him; but 
 the warrior mouse heaves a stone " whose 
 bulk would need ten degenerate mice of 
 modern days to lift," and the mass, falling 
 on the " mud-wader," breaks his leg. — ■ 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. 
 (about 1712). 
 
 Pel'ops' Shoulder, ivory. The 
 
 tale is that Demeter ate the shoulder of 
 Pelops when it was served up by Tan'- 
 talos for food. The gods restored Pelops 
 to life by putting the dismembered body 
 into a caldron, but found that it lacked 
 a shoulder ; whereupon Demeter sup- 
 plied him with an ivory shoulder, and 
 all his descendants bore this distinctive 
 mark. 
 
 N.B. — It will be remembered that 
 Pythag'oras had a golden thigh. 
 
 Your forehead high, 
 
 And smooth as Pelops' shoulder. 
 
 John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 1 (1610). 
 
 Pelo'rus, Sicily ; strictly speaking, 
 the north-east promontory of that island, 
 called Capo di Fero, from a pharos or 
 lighthouse to Poseidon, which once 
 stood there. 
 
 So reels Pelo'rus with convulsive throes, 
 When in his veins the burning earthquake glows; 
 Hoarse thro' his entrails roars th' infernal flame, 
 And central thunders rend his groaning frame. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, ii. 4 (1756). 
 
 Pelos, father of Physigna'thos king 
 of the frogs. The word means "mud." 
 — Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice 
 (about 1712). 
 
 Pembroke (The earl of), uncle to 
 sir Aymer de "Valence. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Pembroke (The Bev. Mr.), chaplain at 
 "Waverley Honour. — Sir W. Scott, Wa~ 
 verley (time, George II.). 
 
 Pen, Philemon Holland, translator- 
 general of the classics. Of him was the 
 epigram written : 
 
 Holland, with his translations doth so fill us, 
 He will not let Suetonius be TranguUlus. 
 
 (The point of which is, of course, that 
 the name of the Roman historian was 
 C. Suetonius Tranquillus.) 
 
 M&ry of these translations were written 
 
PENDENNIS. 
 
 r47 
 
 PENLAKE. 
 
 from beginning to end with one pen, and 
 hence he himself wrote : 
 
 With one sole pen I writ this book, 
 
 Made of a grey goose-quill ; 
 A pen it was when it I took, 
 
 And a pen I leave it still. 
 
 Pendennis (Arthur), pseudon}*m of 
 W. M. Thackerav in The Newcomes 
 (1854). 
 
 Pendennis, a novel by Thackeray 
 (1849), in which much of his own history 
 and experience is recorded with a nove- 
 list's licence. Pendennis stands in relation 
 to Thackeray as David Copperfield does to 
 Charles Dickens. 
 
 Arthur Pendennis, a young man of 
 ardent feelings and lively intellect, but 
 self-conceited and selfish. He has a 
 keen sense of honour, and a capacity for 
 loving, but altogether he is not an at- 
 tractive character. 
 
 Laura Pendennis. This is one of the 
 best of Thackeray's characters. 
 
 Major Pendennis, a tuft-hunter, who 
 fawns on his patrons for the sake of 
 wedging himself into their society. — 
 History of Pendennis, published origin- 
 ally in monthly parts, beginning 1849. 
 
 Pendrag'on, probably a title mean- 
 ing "chief leader in war." Dragon is 
 Welsh for a " leader in war," and pen for 
 " head " or " chief." The title was given 
 to Uther, brother of Constans, and father 
 of prince Arthur. Like the word "Pha- 
 raoh," it is used as a proper name with- 
 out the article. — Geoffrey of Monmouth, 
 Chron., vi. (1142). 
 
 Once I read. 
 That stout Pendragon in his litter, sick, 
 Came to the field, and vanquished his foes. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act iii. sc. 2 (1589). 
 
 Penel'ope's Web, a work that 
 never progresses. Penelope, the wife of 
 Ulysses, being importunated by several 
 suitors during her husband's long ab- 
 sence, made reply that she could not 
 marry again, even if Ulysses were dead, 
 till she had finished weaving a shroud 
 for her aged father-in-law. Every night 
 she pulled out what she had woven 
 during the day, and thus the shroud 
 made no progress towards completion. — 
 Greek Mythology. 
 
 The French say of a work " never 
 ending, still beginning," c'est Vouvrage de 
 Pe'ne'lope. 
 
 Penel'ophon, the beggar loved by 
 king Cophetua. Shakespeare calls the 
 name Zenelophon in Love's Labour's 
 Lost, act iv. sc. 1 (1594). — Percy, Re- 
 liques, I. ii. 6 (1785). 
 
 Penelva (The Exploits and Adven- 
 tures of), part of the series called L& 
 Roman des Romans, pertaining to " Am'- 
 adis of Gaul." This part was added by 
 an anonymous Portuguese (fifteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Penfeatlier (Lady Penelope), the 
 lady patroness at the Spa. — Sir W. Scott, 
 St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Pengwern (The Torch of), prince 
 Gwenwvn of Powvs-land. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Pengwinion (Mr.), from Cornwall ; 
 a Jacobite conspirator with Mr. Red- 
 gauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Peninsular War (The), the war 
 carried on by sir Arthur Wellesley 
 against Napoleon in Portugal and Spain 
 (1808-1814). 
 
 Southey wrote a History of ihe Penin- 
 sular War (1822-32). 
 
 Penitents of Love (Fraternity of 
 the), an institution established in Langue- 
 doc in the thirteenth century, consisting 
 of knights and esquires, dames and 
 damsels, whose object was to prove the 
 excess of their love by bearing, with 
 invincible constancy, the extremes of 
 heat and cold. They passed the greater 
 part of the day abroad, wandering about 
 from castle to castle, wherever they were 
 summoned by the inviolable duties of 
 love and gallantry ; so that many of these 
 devotees perished by the inclemency of 
 the weather, and received the crown of 
 martyrdom to their profession. — See 
 Warton, History of English Poetry 
 (1781). 
 
 Pen'lake (Richard), a cheerful man, 
 both frank and free, but married to 
 Rebecca a terrible shrew. Rebecca 
 knew if she once sat in St. Michael's 
 chair (on St. Michael's Mount, in Corn- 
 wall), that she would rule her husband 
 ever after ; so she was very desirous of 
 going to the mount. It so happened that 
 Richard fell sick, and both vowed to 
 give six marks to St. Michael if he re- 
 covered. Richard did recover, and they 
 visited the shrine ; but while Richard 
 was making the offering, Rebecca ran to 
 seat herself in St. Michael's chair ; but 
 no sooner had she done so, than she fell 
 from the chair, and was killed in the 
 fall. — Southey, St. Michael's Chair (a 
 ballad, 1798). 
 
PENNILESS. 
 
 748 
 
 PEONIA. 
 
 Fenniless (Tlie), Maximilian I. 
 emperor of Germany (1459, 1493-1519). 
 
 Penny (Jock), a highwayman. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Guy Maimering (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Penruddock (Roderick), a, "philo- 
 sopher," or rather a recluse, who spent 
 ills time in reading. By nature gentle, 
 Ikind-hearted, and generous, but soured 
 'by wrongs. Woodville, his trusted 
 friend, although he knew that Arabella 
 was betrothed to Roderick, induced her 
 father to give his daughter to himself, 
 the richer man ; and Roderick's life was 
 blasted. "Woodville had a son, who re- 
 duced himself to positive indigence by 
 gambling, and sir George Penruddock 
 was the chief creditor. Sir George dying, 
 all his property came to his cousin Rode- 
 rick, who now had ample means to glut 
 his revenge on his treacherous friend ; but 
 his heart softened. First, he settled all 
 " the obligations, bonds, and mortgages, 
 covering the whole Woodville property.'' 
 on Henry Woodville, that he might marry 
 Emily Tempest ; and next, he restored to 
 Mrs. Woodville "her settlement, which, 
 in her husband's desperate necessity, she 
 had resigned to him ; " lastly, he sold 
 al' his own estates, and retired again to 
 a country cottage to his books and soli- 
 tude. — Cumberland, The Wheel of Fortune 
 (1779). 
 
 Who has seen J. Kemhle [17S7-W33] in " Penrud- 
 dock." and not shed tears from the deepest sources '- His 
 tenderly putting away the son of his treacherous friend, 
 . . . examining his countenance, and then exclaiming, in 
 n voice which developed a thousand mysterious feeiiugs, 
 "You are very like your mother;" was sufficient to stamp 
 his excellence in the pathetic line of acting.— Mrs. K. 
 Trench, Jfemouu (18^). 
 
 Pentap'olin, "with the naked arm," 
 king of the Garaman'teans, who always 
 went to battle with his right arm bare. 
 Alifanfaron emperor of Trap'oban wished 
 to marry his daughter, but, being re- 
 fused, resolved to urge his suit by the 
 sword. When don Quixote saw two 
 Mocks of sheep coming along the road 
 in opposite directions, he told Sancho 
 Panza they were the armies of these two 
 puissant monarchs met in array against 
 each other. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. 
 iii. 4 (1G05). 
 
 Penteoote Vivante (La), cardinal 
 Mexzofanti, who was the master of rifty 
 or fifty-eight languages (1774-1849). 
 
 Penthe'a, sister of Ith'ocles, be- 
 trothed to Or'gilus by the consent of her 
 father. At the death of her father, 
 IthoclCs compelled her to marry Bass'- 
 
 anes whom she hated, and she starred 
 herself to death. — John Ford, The Broken 
 Heart (1633). 
 
 Penthesile'a, queen of the Amazon?, 
 slain by Achilles. S. Butler calls the 
 name " Penthes'ile." 
 
 And laid about in fight more busily 
 Than th' Amazonian dame Penthesile. 
 
 S. Butler, Badibrcu. 
 
 Pen'theus (3 syl.), a king of Thebes, 
 who tried to abolish the orgies of 
 Bacchus, but was driven mad by the 
 offended god. In his madness he climbed 
 into a tree to witness the rites, and being 
 descried was torn to pieces by the Bac- 
 chantes. 
 
 As when wild Pentheus, grown mad with fear. 
 
 Whole troops of heilish hags about him spies. 
 
 Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death (1610). 
 
 Pen'theus (2 syl.), king of Thebes, 
 resisted the introduction of the worship 
 of Dyoni r so3 (Bacchus) into his kingdom, 
 in consequence of which the Bacchantes 
 pulled his palace to the ground, and 
 Pentheus, driven from the throne, was torn 
 to pieces on mount Cithxron by his own 
 mother and her two sisters. 
 
 He the fate [may ting] 
 Of sober Pentheus. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Xaie>sU (1767). 
 
 Pentweazal (Alderman), a rich City 
 merchant of Blowbladder Street. He is 
 wholly submissive to his wife, whom he 
 always addresses as "Chuck." 
 
 Mrs. Pcnticcazcl, the alderman's wife, 
 very ignorant, very vain, and very con- 
 ceitedly humble. She was a Griskin by 
 birth, and " all her family by the 
 mother's side were famous for their 
 eyes." She had an aunt among the 
 beauties of "Windsor, "a perdigious fin6 
 woman. She had but one eye, but that 
 was a piercer, and got her three husbands. 
 "We was called the gimlet family." Mrs. 
 Pentweazel says her first likeness waa 
 done after " Venus de Medicis the sister 
 of Mary de Medicis." 
 
 Siikcy Pentweazel, daughter of the 
 alderman, recently married to Mr. Deputy 
 Dripping of Candlewick Yard. 
 
 Card Pentweazel, a schoolboy, who hsd 
 been under Dr. Jerks, near Doncaster, for 
 two years and a quarter, and had learnt 
 all As in Prccscnti by heart. The terms of 
 this school were £10 a year for food, 
 books, board, clothes, and tuition. — 
 Foote, Taste (1753). 
 
 Peon 'ia or Paeon'ia, Macedonia; so 
 called from Paeon son of Endymion. 
 
 Made Macedon first stoop, then Thessaly and Thrace ; 
 His soldiers there enriched with all Peonia's spoil. 
 
 Drayton, Polyo'Mon, riii. (1612). 
 
PEOPLE. 
 
 749 
 
 PERDITA. 
 
 People (Man of the), Charles James 
 Fox (1749-1806). 
 
 Pepin (William), a White friar and 
 most famous preacher at the beginning 
 of the sixteenth century. His sermons, 
 in eight volumes quarto, formed the 
 grand repertory of the preachers of those 
 times. 
 
 Qui nescit Pepinare, nescit prsedicare. — Proverb. 
 
 Pepper Gate, a gate on the east 
 side of the city of Chester. It is said 
 that the daughter of the mayor eloped, 
 and the mayor ordered the gate to be 
 closed. Hence the proverb, When your 
 daughter is stolen, close Pepper Gate ; or 
 in other words, Lock the stable door when 
 the steed is stolen. — Albert Smith, Chris- 
 topher Tadpole, i. 
 
 Pepperpot (Sir Peter), a West 
 Indian epicure, immensely rich, con- 
 ceited, and irritable.— Foote, The Patron 
 (1764). - 
 
 Peppers. (See White Horse of 
 the Peppers.) 
 
 Peps (Br. Parker), a court physician 
 who attended the first Mrs. Dombey on 
 her death-bed. Dr. Peps always gave his 
 patients (by mistake, of course), a title, 
 to impress them with the idea that his 
 practice was exclusively confined to the 
 upper ten thousand. — C. Dickens, Dombey 
 and Son (1846). 
 
 Perceforest (King), the hero of a 
 prose romance "in Greek." The MS. 
 is said to have been found by count 
 William of Hainault in a cabinet at 
 "Burtimer" Abbey, on the Humber ; 
 and in the same cabinet was deposited a 
 crown, which the count sent to king 
 Edward. The MS. was turned into 
 Latin by St. Landelain, and thence into 
 French under the title of La Tres Elegante 
 Delicieux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante Hys- 
 toire du Tres Noble Roy Perceforest 
 (printed at Paris in 1528). 
 
 (Of course, this pretended discovery is 
 only an invention. An analysis of the 
 romance is given in Dunlop's History of 
 Fiction.) 
 
 He was called "Perceforest" because 
 he dared to pierce, almost alone, an en- 
 chanted forest, where women and children 
 were most evilly entreated. Charles IX. 
 of France wa3 especially fond of this 
 romance. 
 
 Perch, messenger in the house of 
 Mr. Dombey, merchant, whom he adored, 
 and plainly showed by his manner to the 
 
 great man: "You are the light of my 
 eyes," " You are the breath of my soul." 
 — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Perche Notary (A), a lawyer who 
 sets people together by the ears, one 
 who makes more quarrels than contracts. 
 The French proverb is, Notaire du Perche, 
 qui passe plus d'echalliers que de contrat. 
 
 Le Perche, qui se trouve partage entre les departements 
 de l'Orne et d'Eure-et-Loir, est un contree fort boisee, 
 dans laquelle la plupart des champs sont entoures de 
 haies, dans lesquelles sont menagees certaines ouvertures 
 propres a- donner passage aux pietons settlement, et que 
 Ton nomme 6ch,alUers.—Hilaire le Gai. 
 
 Percinet, a fairy prince, in love with 
 Graciosa. The prince succeeds in thwart- 
 ing the malicious designs of Grognon, the 
 step-mother of the lovely princess. — ■ 
 Percinet and Graciosa (a fairy tale). 
 
 Percival (Sir), the third son of sir 
 Pellinore king of Wales. His brothers 
 were sir Aglavale and sir Lamorake 
 Dornar, usually called sir Lamorake do 
 Galis (Wales). Sir Tor was his half- 
 brother. Sir Percival caught a sight of 
 the holy graal after his combat with 
 sir Ector de Maris (brother of sir Launce- 
 lot), and both were miraculously healed 
 by it. Cre'tien de Troves wrote the 
 Roman de Perceval (before 1200), and 
 Menessier produced the same story in a 
 metrical form. (See Parzival.) 
 
 Sir Percivale had a glimmering of the Sancgreall and of 
 the maiden that bare it, for he was perfect and clean. 
 And forthwith they were both as whole of limb and hide 
 as ever they were in their life days. " Oh mercy 1 " said sir 
 Percival, "what may this mean?" ..." 1 wot well," said 
 sir Ector ... "it is the holy vessel, wherein is a part of 
 the holy blood of our blessed Saviour ; but it may not be 
 seen but by a perfect man."— Pt. iii. 14. 
 
 Sir Percival was with sir Bors and sir 
 Galahad when the visible Saviour went 
 into the consecrated wafer which was 
 given to them by the bishop. This is 
 called the achievement of the quest of 
 the holy graal (pt. iii. 101, 102).— Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
 (1470). 
 
 Percy Arundel lord Ashdale, 
 son of lady Arundel by her second 
 husband. A hot, fiery youth, proud and 
 overbearing. When grown to manhood, 
 a "sea-captain," named Norman, made 
 love to Yiolet, lord Ashdale's cousin. 
 The young "Hotsprr" was indignant 
 and somewhat jealous, but discovered 
 that Norman was the son of lady Arundel 
 by her first husband, and the heir to the 
 title and estates. In the end, Norman 
 agreed to divide the property equally, 
 but claimed Violet for his bride. — Lord 
 Lytton, The Sea- Captain (1839). 
 
 Per'dita, the daughter of the queen 
 
PERDITA. 
 
 750 
 
 PEREGRINE. 
 
 Hermione, born in prison. Her father, 
 king Leontes, commanded the infant to be 
 cast on a desert shore, and left to perish 
 there. Being put to sea, the vessel was 
 driven by a storm to the "coast" of 
 Bohemia, and the infant child was 
 brought up by a shepherd, who called its 
 name Perdlta. Flor'izel, the son of the 
 Bohemian king,^ell in love with Perdita, 
 and courted her under the assumed name 
 of Doricles ; but the king, having tracked 
 his son to the shepherd's hut, told Perdita 
 that if she did not at once discontinue 
 this foolery, he would command her and 
 the shepherd too to be put to death. 
 Plorizel and Perdita now fled from 
 Bohemia to Sicily, and being introduced 
 to the king, it was soon discovered that 
 Perdita was Leontes's daughter. The 
 Bohemian king, having tracked his son 
 to Sicily, arrived just in time to hear the 
 news, and gave his joyful consent to the 
 union which he had before forbidden. 
 —Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Per'dita, Mrs. Mary Robinson (born 
 Darby), the victim of' George IV. while 
 prince of Wales. She first attracted his 
 notice while acting the part of "Perdita," 
 and the prince called himself "Flori- 
 zel." George prince of Wales settled a 
 pension for life on her, £500 a year for 
 herself, and £200 a year for her daughter. 
 She caught cold one winter, and, losing 
 the use of her limbs, could neither walk 
 nor stand (1758-1799, not 1800 as is given 
 usually). 
 
 She was unquestionably very beautiful, but more so in 
 the face than in the figure ; and she had a remarkable 
 facility in adapting her deportment to dress. . . . To-day 
 she was a jjaysannc with a straw hat tied at the back of 
 her head . . . yesterday she bad been the dressed belle 
 of Hyde Park, trimmed, powdered, patched, painted to 
 the utmost power of rouge and white lead ; to-morrow 
 she would be the cravated Amazon of the riding-house ; 
 but be she what she might, the hats of the fashionable 
 promenaders swept the ground as she passed. Whei. she 
 rode forth in her high phaeton, three candidates and her 
 husband were outriders.— Mrs. Hawkins, Memoirs 11800). 
 
 Perdrix, toujours Perdrix ! 
 
 Walpole tells us that the confessor of one 
 of the French kings, having reproved the 
 monarch for his conjugal infidelities, was 
 asked what dish he liked best. The con- 
 fessor replied, ' ' Partridges ; " and the king 
 had partridges served to him every day, 
 till the confessor got quite sick of them. 
 "Perdrix, toujours perdrix!" he would 
 exclaim, as the dish was set before him. 
 After a time, the king visited him, and 
 hoped his favourite dish had been sup- 
 plied him. " Mais oui," he replied, 
 "toujours perdrix, toujours perdrix!" 
 "All, ah!" said the amorous monarch, 
 
 " and one mistress is all very well, but 
 not perdrix, toujours perdrix ! " — See 
 Notes and Queries, 337, October 23, 18G9. 
 
 The story is at least as old as the Cent 
 Nouvelles Nouvelles, compiled between 
 1450-1461, for the amusement of the 
 dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XI. 
 (Notes and Queries, November 27, 1869). 
 
 %* Farquhar parodies the French ex- 
 pression into, " Soup for breakfast, soup 
 for dinner, soup for supper, and soup for 
 breakfast again." — Farquhar, The Incon- 
 stant, \\. 2 (1702). 
 
 Pere Duchesne (Le), Jacques 
 Rene' He'bert ; so called from the Pere 
 Duchesne, a newspaper of which he was 
 the editor (1755-1794). 
 
 Peread (Sir), the Black Knight of 
 the Black Lands. Called by Tennyson, 
 " Night " or " Nox." He was one of the 
 four brothers who -kept the passages to 
 Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by 
 sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, Bistort/ of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470) ; Tennyson, 
 Idylls ("Gareth and Lynette"). 
 
 Peredur (Sir), son of Evrawc, called 
 "sir Peredur of the Long Spear," one of 
 the knights of the Round Table. He was 
 for many years called " The Dumb 
 Youth," from a vow he made to speak 
 to no Christian till Angharad of the 
 Golden Hand loved him better than she 
 loved any other man. His great achieve- 
 ments were : (1) the conquest of the Black 
 Oppressor, "who oppressed every one 
 and did justice to no one; (2) killing 
 the Addanc of the Lake, a monster that 
 devoured daily some of the sons of the 
 king of Tortures : this exploit he was 
 enabled to achieve by means of a stone 
 which kept him invisible ; (3) slaying 
 the three hundred heroes privileged to 
 sit round the countess of the Achieve- 
 ments : on the death of these men, the 
 seat next the countess was freely given 
 to him ; (4) the achievement of the 
 Mount of Mourning, where was a serpent 
 with a stone in its tail which would give 
 inexhaustible wealth to its possessor: 
 sir Peredur killed the serpent, but gave 
 the stone to his companion, earl Etlym of 
 the east country. These exploits over, 
 sir Peredur lived fourteen years with the 
 empress Cristinobyl the Great. 
 
 Sir Peredur is the Welsh name for sir 
 Perceval of Wales. — The Mabinogion 
 (from the Red Book of Hergest, twelfth 
 century). 
 
 Per'egrine (3 syl.), a sentimental 
 
PEREGRINE PICKLE. 
 
 '51 PERICLES PRINCE OF TYRE. 
 
 prig, who talks by the book. At the age 
 of 15, he runs away from home, and Job 
 Thornberry lends him ten guineas, " the 
 first earnings of his trade as a brazier." 
 After thirty years' absence, Peregrine re- 
 turns, just as the old brazier is made 
 a bankrupt " through the treachery of a 
 friend." He tells the bankrupt that his 
 loan of ten guineas has by honest trade 
 grown to 10,000, and these he returns to 
 Thornberry as his own by right. It turns 
 out that Peregrine is the eldest brother of 
 sir Simon Rochdale, J. P., and when sir 
 Simon refuses justice to the old brazier, 
 Peregrine asserts his right to the estate, 
 etc. At the same time., he hears that the 
 ship he thought was wrecked has come 
 safe into port, and has thus brought him 
 £100,000.— G. Colman, junior, John Bull 
 (1805). 
 
 Peregrine Pickle, the hero and 
 title of a novel by Smollett (1751). Pere- 
 grine Pickle is a savage, ungrateful 
 spendthrift, fond of practical jokes, and 
 suffering with evil temper the misfortunes 
 brought on himself by his own wilful- 
 ness. 
 
 Peregri'nus Proteus, a cynic phi- 
 losopher, born at Parium, on the Helles- 
 pont. After a youth spent in debauchery 
 and crimes, he turned Christian, and, to 
 obliterate the memory of his -youthful ill 
 practices, divided his inheritance among 
 the people. Ultimately he burned him- 
 self to death in public at the Olympic 
 games, a.d. 165. Lucan has held up this 
 immolation to ridicule in his Death of 
 Peregrinus ; and C. M. Wieland has an 
 historic romance in German entitled 
 Peregrinus Proteus (1733-1813). 
 
 Per'es {Gil), a canon, and the eldest 
 brother of Gil Bias's mother. Gil was 
 a little punchy man, three feet and a half 
 high, with his head sunk between his 
 shoulders. He lived well, and brought 
 up his nephew and godchild Gil Bias. 
 " In so doing, Peres taught himself also 
 to read his breviary without stumbling." 
 He was the most illiterate canon of the 
 whole chapter. — Lesage, Gil Bias, i. 
 (1715). 
 
 Perez {Michael), the "copper captain," 
 a brave Spanish soldier, duped into 
 marrying Estifania, a servant of intrigue, 
 who passed herself off as a lad}' of 
 property. Being reduced to great ex- 
 tremities, Estifania pawned the clothes 
 and valuables of her husband ; but these 
 "valuables" were but of little worth — a 
 jewel which sparkled as the "light of a 
 
 dark lanthorn," a " chain of whitings' 
 eyes " for pearls, and as for his clothes, 
 she tauntingly says to her husband : 
 
 Put these and them [his jewels] on, and you're a man of 
 
 copper, 
 A copper, copper captain. 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and 
 Have a Wife (1640). 
 
 Perfidious Albion. Great Britain 
 was so called by Napoleon I. 
 
 Peri, plu. Peris, gentle, fairy-like 
 beings of Eastern mythology, offspring 
 of the fallen angels, and constituting a 
 race of beings between angels and men. 
 They direct with a wand the pure-minded 
 the way to heaven, and dwell in Shadu'- 
 kiam' and Am'bre-abad, two cities subj ect 
 to Eblis, 
 
 Are the peries coming down from their spheres ? 
 
 W. Beckford, Vathelc (1786). 
 
 Pe'ricliole, the heroine of Offen- 
 bach's comic operetta. She is a street 
 singer of Lima, in Peru, 
 
 Perichole {La), the chere amie of the 
 late viceroy of Peru. She was a foreigner, 
 and gave great offence by calling, in her 
 bad Spanish, the Creole ladies pericholas, 
 which meang " flaunting and bedizened 
 creatures." They, in retaliation, nick- 
 named the favourite La Perichole. 
 
 Pericles, the Athenian who raised 
 himself to royal supremacy (died B.C. 
 429). On his death-bed he overheard his 
 friends recalling his various merits, and 
 told them they had forgotten his greatest 
 praise, viz., that no Athenian through his 
 administration had had to put on mourn- 
 ing, i.e. he had caused no one to be put 
 to death. 
 
 Peri'cles was a famous man of warre . . , 
 
 Yet at his death he rather did rejoice 
 
 In elemencie. ... "Be still," quoth he, "you grave 
 
 Athenians " 
 (Who whispered and told his valiant acts) ; 
 "You have forgot my greatest glorie got : 
 For yet by me nor mine occasion 
 Was never sene a mourning garment worn." 
 
 G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Per'icles prince of Tyre, a 
 
 voluntary exile, in order to avert the 
 calamities which Anti'ochus emperor 
 of Greece vowed against the Tyrians. 
 Pericles, in his wanderings, first came to 
 Tarsus, which he relieved from famine, 
 but was obliged to quit the city to avoid 
 the persecution of Antiochus. He was then 
 shipwrecked, and cast on the shore of 
 Pentap'olis, where he distinguished him- 
 self in the public games, and being in- 
 troduced to the king, fell in love with 
 the princess Thai's'a and married her. 
 At the death of Antiochus, he returned to 
 Tyre ; but his wife, supposed to be dead 
 
PERIGORT. 
 
 r52 
 
 PERIWINKLE. 
 
 in giving birth to a daughter (Marina), 
 was thrown into the sea. Pericles en- 
 trusted his infant child to Cleon (governor 
 of Tarsus) and his wife Dionysia, who 
 "brought her up excellently well till she 
 "became a young woman, when Dionysia 
 employed a man to murder her ; and Avhen 
 Pericles came to see her, he was shown 
 a splendid sepulchre which had been 
 raised to her honour. On his return 
 home, the ship stopped at Metaline, and 
 Marina was introduced to Pericles to 
 divert his melancholy. She told him the 
 tale of her life, and he discovered that 
 she was his daughter. Marina was now 
 betrothed to Lysim'achus governor of 
 Metaline ; and the party, going to the 
 chrine of Diana of Ephesus to return 
 thanks to the goddess, discovered the 
 priestess to be Tha'isa, the wife of Pericles 
 and mother of Marina. — Shakespeare, 
 Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 
 
 *** This is the story of Ismene and 
 Ismenias, by Eustathius. The tale was 
 known to Gower by the translation of 
 Godfrey Viterbo. 
 
 Perigort {Cardinal). Previous to the 
 battle of Poitiers, he endeavours to nego- 
 tiate terms with the French king, but the 
 only terms he can obtain, he tells prince 
 Edward, are : 
 
 That to the castles, towns, and plunder ta'en, 
 And offered now by you to be restored. 
 Your royal person with a hundred knights 
 Are to be added prisoners at discretion. 
 Shirley, Kdward the Black Prince, iv. 2 (1640). 
 
 Per'igot (the t pronounced, so as to 
 rhyme with not), a shepherd in love 
 Arith Am'oret ; but the shepherdess Ama- 
 rillis also loves him, and, by the aid of 
 the Sullen Shepherd, gets transformed 
 into the exact likeness of the modest 
 Amoret. By her wanton conduct, she 
 disgusts Perigot, who casts her off ; and 
 by and by, meeting Amoret, whom he 
 believes to be the same person, rejects 
 her with scorn, and even wounds her 
 with intent to kill. Ultimately the truth 
 is discovered by Cor'in "the faithful 
 shepherdess," and the lovers, being re- 
 conciled, are married to each other. — 
 John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess 
 (1610). 
 
 Periklym'enos, son of Neleus (2 
 syl.). He had the power of changing his 
 form into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. 
 As a bee, he perched on the chariot of 
 Herakles (Hercules), and was killed. 
 
 Peril'los, of Athens, made a brazen 
 bull for Phal'aris tyrant of Agrigentum, 
 
 intended for the execution of criminals. 
 They were to be shut up in the bull, 
 and the metal of the bull was to be made 
 red hot. The cries of the victims inside 
 were so reverberated as to resemble the 
 roarings of a gigantic bull. Phalaris 
 made the first experiment by shutting up 
 the inventor himself in his own bull. 
 
 What's a protector? 
 A tragic actor, Oesar in a clown ; 
 He's a brass farthing stamped with a crown ; 
 A bladder blown with other breaths puffed full; 
 Not a Perillus, but Perrilus' bull. 
 John Cleveland, A Definition of a Protector (died 1659). 
 
 Perilous Castle. The castle of 
 lord Douglas was so called in the reign 
 of Edward I., because the good lord 
 Douglas destroyed several English garri- 
 sons stationed there, and vowed to be 
 revenged on any one who dared to take 
 possession of it. Sir W. Scott calls it 
 "Castle Dangerous" in his novel so 
 entitled. 
 
 *** In the storv of Gareth and Linet, 
 the castle in wliich Liones was held 
 prisoner by sir Ironside the Red Knight 
 of the Red Lands, was called Castle 
 Perilous. The passages to the castle 
 were held by four knights, all, of whom 
 sir Gareth overthrew ; lastly he conquered 
 sir Ironside, liberated the lady, and 
 married her.— Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 120-153 (1470). 
 
 Perimo'nes (Sir), the Red Knight, 
 one of the four brothers who kept the 
 passages to Castle Perilous. He was 
 overthrown by sir Gareth. Tennyson calls 
 him "Noonday Sun "or "Meridies." — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
 129 (1470); Tennyson, Idylls ("Gareth 
 and Lynette"). 
 
 Per'ion, king of Gaul, father of 
 Am'adis of Gaul. His "exploits and 
 adventures " form part of the series called 
 Le Roman des Romans. This part was 
 added by Juan Diaz (fifteenth century). 
 
 *** It is generally thought that "Gaul " 
 in this romance is the same as Galis, that 
 is, "Wales." 
 
 Perissa, the personification of ex- 
 travagance, step-sister of Elissa {mean- 
 ness) and of Medi'na (the golden mean) ; 
 but they never agreed in any single thing. 
 Perissa's suitor is sir Huddibras, a man 
 "more huge in strength than wise in 
 works." (Greek, perissos, "extravagant," 
 perissotes, "excess.") — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, ii. 2 (1590). 
 
 Per'iwinkle (Mr.), one of the four 
 guardians of Anne Lovely the heiress. 
 
PERKER. 
 
 753 
 
 PERSEUS. 
 
 He is a "silly, half-witted virtuoso, 
 positive and surly ; fond of everything 
 antique and foreign ; and wears clothes 
 of the fashion of the last century. Mr. 
 Periwinkle dotes upon travellers, and 
 believes more of sir John Mandeville 
 than of the Bible" (act i. 1). Colonel 
 Feignwell, to obtain his consent to his 
 marriage with Mr. Periwinkle's ward, 
 disguised himself as an Egyptian, and 
 passed himself off as a great traveller. 
 His dress, he said, "belonged to the 
 famous Claudius Ptolemeus, who lived 
 in the year 135." One of his curiosities 
 was poluflosboio, ' ' part of those waves 
 which bore Cleopatra's vessel, when she 
 went to meet Antony." Another was the 
 moros musphonon, or girdle of invisibility. 
 His trick, however, miscarried, and he 
 then personated Pillage, the steward of 
 Periwinkle's father, and obtained Peri- 
 winkle's signature to the marriage by a 
 fluke. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold Stroke" for 
 a Wife (1717). 
 
 Perker {Mr.), the lawyer employed 
 for the defence in the famous suit of 
 "Bardell v. Pickwick" for breach of 
 promise. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick 
 Papers (1836). 
 
 Perkin Warbeck, an historic play 
 or "chronicle history," by John Eord 
 (1635). 
 
 Pernelle {Madame), mother of Orgon ; 
 a regular vixen, who interrupts every one, 
 without waiting to hear what was to have 
 been said to her. — Moliere, Tartuffe 
 (1664). 
 
 Peronella, a pretty country lass, who 
 changes places with an old decrepit queen. 
 Peronella rejoices for a time in the 
 idolatry paid to her rank, but gladly 
 resumes her beautv, youth, and rags. — 
 A Fairy Tale. 
 
 Perrette and Her Milk-Pail. 
 
 Perrette, carrying her milk-pail well- 
 poised upon her head, began to specu- 
 late on its value. She would sell the 
 milk and buy eggs ; she would set 
 the eggs and rear chickens ; the chickens 
 she would sell and buy a pig ; this she 
 would fatten and change for a cow and 
 calf, and would it not be delightful to 
 see the little calf skip and play? So' 
 saying, she gave a skip, let the milk-pail 
 fall, and all the milk ran to waste. " Le 
 lait tombe. Adieu, veau, veche, cochon, 
 couve'e," and poor Perrette " va s'excuser 
 a son mari, en grand danger d'etre 
 oatue." 
 
 Quel esprit ne bat la campagne 1 
 Qui ne fait chateau en Espagne ? 
 Picrochole [q.v.\ Pyrrhus, la laitiere, enfin toot, 
 Autant les sages que les fous. . . . 
 Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-meme ; 
 Je suis Gros-Jean comme ilevant. 
 Lafontaine, Fables ("La Laitieve et le Pot au Lait," 16G8). 
 
 (Dodsley has this fable, and makes 
 his milkmaid speculate on the gown 
 she would buy with her money. It 
 should be green, and all the young 
 fellows would ask her to dance, but she 
 would toss her head at them all — but ah ! 
 in tossing her head she tossed over her 
 milk-pail.) 
 
 *#* Echephron, an old soldier, related 
 this fable to the advisers of king Picro- 
 chole, when they persuaded the king to 
 go to war: A shoemaker bought a 
 ha'p'orth of milk ; this he intended to 
 make into butter, and with the money 
 thus obtained he would buy a cow. The 
 cow in due time would have a calf, the 
 calf was to be sold, and the man when 
 he became a nabob would marry a 
 princess; only the jug fell, the milk was 
 spilt, and the dreamer went supperless to 
 bed. — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 33 (1533). 
 
 In a similar day-dream, Alnaschar in- 
 vested all his money in a basket of glass- 
 ware, which he intended to sell, and buy 
 other wares, till by barter he became a 
 princely merchant, when he should 
 marry the vizier's daughter. Being 
 offended with his wife, he became so 
 excited that he kicked out his foot, 
 smashed all his wares, and remained 
 wholly pennyless. — Arabian Nights 
 (" The Barber's Fifth Brother"). 
 
 Perrin, a peasant, the son of Thibaut. 
 — Moliere, Le Me'decin Malgre ' Lui (1666). 
 
 Persaunt of India {Sir), the 
 Blue Knight, called by Tennyson 
 " Morning Star " or " Phosphorus." One 
 of the four brothers who kept the passages 
 to Castle Perilous. Overthrown by sir 
 Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 131 (1470) ; Tennyson, Idylls 
 (" Gareth and Lynette "). 
 
 *** It is manifestly a blunder to call 
 the Blue Knight "Morning Star" and 
 the Green Knight " Evening Star." The 
 old romance makes the combat with the 
 "Green Knight" at dawn, and with the 
 "Blue Knight" at sunset. The error 
 arose from not bearing in mind that our 
 forefathers began the day with the pre- 
 ceding eve, and ended it at sunset. 
 
 Perseus [Per.suce~\, a famous Argive 
 hero, whose exploits resemble those of 
 Hercules, and hence he was called "The 
 Argive Hercules." 
 
 3 c 
 
PERSIAN CREED. 
 
 754 
 
 PETER. 
 
 The best work of Benvennuto Cellini 
 is a bronze statue of Perseus, in tbe 
 Loggia del Lanzi, of Florence. 
 
 Perseus'' s Horse, a ship. Perseus, having 
 cut off Medusa's head, made the ship Pe- 
 gase, the swiftest ship hitherto known, and 
 generally called "Perseus's flying horse." 
 
 The thick-ribbed bark thro' liquid mountains cut . . . 
 Like Perseus' horse. 
 Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act i. sc. 3 (1602). 
 
 Persian Creed (The). Zoroaster 
 supposes there are two gods or spirit- 
 principles — one good and the other evil. 
 The good is Yezad, and the evil Ahriman. 
 
 Les mages reconn.iissai^nt deux principes, un bon et 
 un mauyais : le premier, auteur de tout bien ; et l'autre, 
 auteur de tout mal. ... lis nommaient le bon principe 
 " Yezad" ou " Yezdam," ce que les Grecs, ont traduit par 
 Oromazes ; et le mauvais " Ahriman," en Grec AHman- 
 ♦iw.— Noel, Met. de la Fable, art. " Arimane." 
 
 And that same . . . doctrine of the Persian 
 Of the two principles, but leaves behind 
 As many doubts as any other doctrine. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 41 (1824). 
 
 Perth (The Fair Maid of), Catharine 
 or Katie Glover, " universally acknow- 
 ledged to be the most beautiful young 
 woman of the city or its vicinity." 
 Catharine was the daughter of Simon 
 Glover (the glover of Perth), and 
 married Henry Smith the armourer. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 Pertinax (Sir). (See MacSyco- 
 
 PHANT.) 
 
 Pertolope (Sir), the Green Knight. 
 One of the four brothers who kept the 
 passages to Castle Perilous. He was 
 overthrown by sir Gareth. Tennyson 
 calls him " Evening Star "or "Hesperus." 
 ■ — Sir T. Malor} r , History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 127 (1470) ; Tennyson, Idylls 
 (" Gareth and Lynette"). 
 
 %* It is evidently a blunder to call 
 the Green Knight " Evening Star " and 
 the Blue Knight " Morning Star." In the 
 original tale the combat with the "Green 
 Knight" was at dawn, and with the 
 "Blue Knight" at sunset. The error 
 arose from not recollecting that day began 
 in olden times with the preceding eve, 
 and ended at sunset. 
 
 Perviz (Prince), son of the sultan 
 Khrosrou-schar of Persia. At birth he 
 was taken away by the sultana's sisters, 
 and set adrift on a canal, but was rescued 
 and brought up by the superintendent of 
 the sultan's gardens. When grown to 
 manhood, "the talking bird" told the 
 sultan that Perviz was his son, and the 
 young prince, with his brother and 
 sister, were restored to their rank and 
 
 position in the empire of Persia. — 
 Arabian Nights (" The Two Sisters," the 
 last tale). 
 
 Prince Perviz'' s String of Pearls. When 
 prince Perviz went on his exploits, he 
 gave his sister Parizade a string of pearls, 
 saying, " So long as these pearls move 
 readily on the string, you will know that 
 I am alive and well ; but if they stick 
 fast and will not move, it will signify 
 that lam dead." — Arabian Nights (" The 
 Two Sisters," the last tale). 
 
 %* Birtha's emerald ring, and prince 
 Bahman's knife gave similar warnings. 
 (See Birtha and Bahman.) 
 
 Peseec'ola, the famous swimmer 
 drowned in the pool of Charybdis. The 
 tale tells us how Pescecola dived once 
 into the pool and came up safe ; but king 
 Frederick then threw into the pool a 
 golden cup, which Pescecola dived for, 
 and was never seen again. — Schiller, The 
 Diver (1781). 
 
 Pest (Mr.),, a barrister.— Sir W. 
 Scott, Rcdgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Pet, a fair girl with rich brown hair 
 hanging free in natural ringlets. A 
 lovely girl, with a free, frank face, and 
 most wonderful eyes — so large, so soft, so 
 bright, and set to perfection in her kind, 
 good face. She was round, and fresh, 
 and dimpled, and spoilt, most charmingly 
 timid, most bewitchingly self-willed. She 
 was the daughter of Mr. Meagles, and 
 married Henry Gowan. — C. Dickens, 
 Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Petaud (King), king of the beggars. 
 
 " It is an old saying," replied the abbe Huet, " Petaud 
 being derived from the Latin pvio, 'I beg.'" — Atylum 
 Chruti, ii. 
 
 TJie court of king^ Pe'taud, a disorderly 
 assembly, a place of utter confusion, a 
 bear-garden. 
 
 On n'y respecte rien, chacun y parle haut, 
 Et e'est tout justement la cour du roi Petaud. 
 
 Moli6re. Tartuffe, i. 1 (1864). 
 La cour du roi Petaud, ou chacun est maitre.— French 
 Proverb. 
 
 Petella, the waiting-woman of Rosa- 
 lura and Lillia-Bianca, the two daughters 
 of Nantolet. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 
 
 Peter, the stupid son of Solomon 
 butler of the count Wintersen. He gro- 
 tesquely parrots in an abridged form 
 whatever his father says. Thus : Sol. 
 "We are acquainted with the reverence 
 due to exalted personages." Pet. "Yes, 
 we are acquainted with exalted per- 
 sonages." Again : Sol. " Extremely 
 
PETER. 
 
 755 
 
 PETIT PERROQUET. 
 
 sorry it is not in my power to entertain 
 your lordship." Pet. " Extremely sorry." 
 Sol. " Your lordship's most obedient, 
 humble, and devoted servant." Pet. 
 " Devoted servant." — Benjamin Thomp- 
 son, The Stranger (1797). 
 
 Peter, the pseudonym of John Gibson 
 Lockhart, in a work entitled Peter's 
 Letters to his Kinsfolk (1819). 
 
 Peter {Lord), the pope of Rome. — 
 Dean Swift, Tale of a Tub (1704). 
 
 Peter Botte, a steep, almost per- 
 pendicular "mountain" in the Mauritius, 
 more than 2800 feet in height. It is so 
 called from Peter Botte, a Dutch sailor, 
 who scaled it and fixed a flag on its sum- 
 mit, but lost his life in coming down. 
 
 Peter Parley, the nom de plume of 
 Samuel G. Goodrich, an American, whose 
 books for children had an enormous cir- 
 culation in the middle of the nineteenth 
 century (1793-1860). 
 
 The name was pirated by numerous 
 persons. Darton and Co., Simkins, Bogue, 
 Tegg, Hodson, Clements, etc., brought 
 out books under the name, but not written 
 by S. G. Goodrich. 
 
 Peter Peebles, a litigious, hard- 
 hearted drunkard, noted for his lawsuit. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Redjauntlet (time, George 
 HI.)- 
 
 Peter Pindar, the pseudonym of 
 Dr. John Wolcot, of Dodbrooke, Devon- 
 shire (1738-1819). 
 
 Peter Plymley's Letters, attri- 
 buted to the Rev. Svdnev Smith (1769- 
 1845). 
 
 Peter Porcupine, William Cobbett, 
 when he was a tory. He brought out 
 Peter Porcupine" s Gazette, The Porcupine 
 Papers, etc. (1762-1835). 
 
 Peter Wilkins, the hero of a tale 
 of adventures, by Robert Pultock, of 
 Clifford's Inn. His "flying women" 
 (gawreys) suggested to Southey the 
 "glendoveer" in The Curse of Kehama. 
 
 Peter of Provence and the 
 Pair Magalo'na, the chief characters 
 of a French romance so called. Peter 
 comes into possession of Merlin's wooden 
 horse. 
 
 Peter the Great of Egypt, 
 
 Mehemet Ali (1768-1848). 
 
 Peter the Hermit, a gentleman of 
 Amiens, who renounced the military life 
 for the religious. He preached up the 
 
 first crusade, and put himself at the head 
 of 100,000 men, all of whom, except a 
 few stragglers, perished at Nicea. 
 
 He is introduced by Tasso in Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575) ; and by sir W. Scott in 
 Count Robert of Paris, a novel laid in the 
 time of Rufus. A statue was erected to 
 him at Amiens in 1854. 
 
 Peter the Wild Boy, a savage 
 discovered in November, 1725, in the 
 forest of Hertswold, Hanover. He 
 walked on all fours, climbed trees like a 
 monkey, ate grass and other herbage. 
 Efforts were made to reclaim him, but 
 without success. He died February, 
 1785, 
 
 Peter's Gate (St.), the gate of pur- 
 gatory, guarded by an angel stationed 
 there by St. Peter. Virgil conducted 
 Dante through hell and purgatory, and 
 Beatrice was his guide through the 
 planetary spheres. Dante says to the 
 Mantuan bard : 
 
 . . . lend me. 
 That I St. Peter's gate may view . . . 
 Onward be \_\~irgil\ moved, 1 close his steps pursued. 
 Dante, Hell, i. (1300). 
 
 Peterborough, in Northampton- 
 shire ; so called from Peada (son of 
 Pendar king of Mercia), who founded 
 here a monastery in the seventh century. 
 In 1541 the monastery (then a mitred 
 abbey) was converted by Henry VIII. 
 into a cathedral and bishop's see. Before 
 Peada's time, Peterborough was a village 
 called Medhamsted. — See Drayton, Poly- 
 olbion, xxiii. (1622). 
 
 Peterloo {The Field of), an attack of 
 the military on a reform meeting held in 
 St. Peter's Field, at Manchester, August 
 16, 1819. 
 
 Peterson, a Swede, who deserts from 
 Gustavus Vasa to Christian II. king of 
 Denmark. — H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa 
 (1730). 
 
 Petit Andre, executioner.— Sir W. 
 Scott, Quentin Duricard (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Petit Perroquet, a king's gardener, 
 with whom the king's daughter fell in 
 love. It so happened that a prince was 
 courting the lady, and, being jealous of 
 Petit Perroquet, said to the king that the 
 young man boasted he could bring hither 
 Tartaro's horse. Now Tartaro was a 
 L M ige giant and a cannibal. Petit Perro- 
 quet, however, made himself master of 
 the horse. The prince next told the king 
 that the young gardener boasted he could 
 
PETO. 
 
 PEVERIL. 
 
 get possession of the giant's diamond. 
 This he also contrived to make himself 
 master of. The prince then told the king 
 that the young man boasted he could bring 
 hither the giant himself ; and the way he 
 accomplished the feat Avas to cover him- 
 self first with honey, and then with 
 feathers and horns. Thus disguised, he 
 told the giant to get into the coach he 
 was driving, and he drove him to the 
 king's court, and then married the prin- 
 cess. — Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends 
 (1877). 
 
 Pe'to, lieutenant of "captain" sir 
 John Falstaff's regiment. Pistol was his 
 ensign or ancient, and Bardolph his cor- 
 poral. — Shakespeare, 1 and 2 Henry IV. 
 (1597-8). 
 
 Petow'ker (Miss Henrietta), of the 
 Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She mar- 
 ries Mr. Lillyvick, the collector of water- 
 rates, but elopes with an officer. — C. 
 Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Petrarch (Hie English). Sir Philip 
 Sidnev (1554-1586) is so called by sir 
 Walter Raleigh. 
 
 Petrarch and Laura. Laura was 
 a lady of Avignon, the wife of Hugues 
 de Sade, nee Laura de Noves, the mistress 
 of the poet Petrarch. (See Laura and 
 Petrarch.) 
 
 Petrarch of Spain, Garcilaso dc 
 la Vega, born at Toledo (1530-1568, or 
 according to others, 1503-1536). 
 
 Petrified City (The), Tshmonie, in 
 Upper Egypt. So called from the num- 
 ber of statues seen there, and tradi- 
 tionally said to be men, women, children, 
 nnd dumb animals turned into stone. — 
 Kircher, Mundus Subtcrraneus (1664). 
 
 Petro'nius (C. or T.), a kind of 
 Roman "beau Brummell " in the court 
 of Nero. He was a great voluptuary and 
 profligate, whom Nero appointed Arbiter 
 Elegant'tai, and considered nothing comme 
 il faut till it had received the sanction of 
 this dictator-in-chief of the imperial 
 pleasures. Tigellinus accused him of 
 treason, and Petronius committed suicide 
 by opening his veins (a.d. 66). 
 
 Behold the new Petronius of the day, 
 The arbiter of pleasure and of play. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 Petruccio = Pe.truch'.e.o, governor 
 of Bologna. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Chances (1620). 
 
 Petru'chio, a gentleman of Vero'na, 
 who undertakes to tame the haughty 
 
 Katharina, called " the Shrew." He 
 marries her, and without the least per- 
 sonal chastisement reduces her to lamb- 
 like submission. Being a fine compound 
 of bodily and mental vigour, with plenty 
 of wit, spirit, and good-nature, he rules 
 his subordinates dictatorially, and shows 
 he will have his own way, whatever the 
 consequences. — Shakespeare, Taming of 
 the Shrew (1594). 
 
 C. Leslie says Henry Woodward (1717- 
 1777) was the best "Petruchio," "Cop- 
 per Captain," " captain Flash," and 
 "Bobadil." 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a comedy 
 called The Tamer Tamed, in which 
 Petruchio is supposed to marry a second 
 wife, by whom he is hen-pecked (1647). 
 
 Petticoat Lane, Whitechapel, was 
 previously called " Hog Lane," and is 
 now called " Middlesex Street." 
 
 Petty Cury, in Cambridge, is not 
 petit e'curie, but " parva cokeria ; " petit 
 curary, from curare, "to cook or cure 
 meat." 
 
 Pet'ulant, an "odd sort of smali 
 wit," "without manners or breeding." 
 In controversy he would bluntly contra- 
 dict, and he never spoke the truth. 
 When in his "club," in order to be 
 thought a man of intrigue, he would steal 
 out quietly, and then in disguise return 
 and call for himself, or leave a letter for 
 himself. He not unfrequently mistook 
 impudence and malice for wit, and looked 
 upon a modest blush in Avoman as a mark 
 of "guilt or ill-breeding." — W. Con- 
 greve, The Way of the World (1700). 
 
 Peu-a-Peu. So George IV. called 
 prince Leopold. Stein, speaking of the 
 prince's vacillating conduct in reference 
 to the throne of Greece, says of him, 
 " He has no colour," i.e. no fixed plan of 
 his own, but is blown about by every 
 wind. 
 
 Peveril (William), natural son of. 
 William the Conqueror, and ancestor of 
 Peveril of the Peak. 
 
 Sir Geoffrey Peveril, a cavalier, called 
 " Peveril of the Peak." 
 
 Lady Margaret Peveril, wife of sir 
 Geoffrey. 
 
 Julian Peveril, son of sir Geoffrey ; in 
 love with Alice Bridgenorth. He was 
 named by the author after Julian Young, 
 son of the famous actor. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles IL). 
 
 " Whom is he called after ? " said Scott. " It is a fanry 
 Dame," said Young; "in memorial!! of his mother, Julia 
 
PEVERIL OF THE PEAK. 
 
 757 
 
 PHARAOH. 
 
 Ann." "Well, it is a capital name for a novel, I must 
 say," he replied. In the very next novel by the author of 
 Waverley, the hero's name is "Julian." I allude, of 
 course, to Peveril of the Peak. — J. Young, Memoirs, 91. 
 
 Peveril of the Peak, the longest 
 of all sir W. Scott's novels, and the most 
 heavy (1823). 
 
 Phaedra, daughter of Minos, and 
 -wife of Theseus. (See Phedre.) 
 
 Phadra, waiting-woman of Alcme'na 
 f (wife of Amphit'ryon). A type of venality 
 • of the lowest and grossest kind. Phaedra 
 is betrothed to judge Gripus, a stupid 
 magistrate, ready to sell justice to the 
 highest bidder. Neither Phaedra nor 
 Gripus forms any part of the dramatis 
 persona: of Moliere's Amphitryon (1668). 
 — Dryden, Amphitryon (1690). 
 
 Ph.8ed.ria, the impersonation of 
 wantonness. She is handmaid of the 
 enchantress Acrasia, and sails about Idle 
 Lake in a gondola. Seeing sir Guyon, 
 she ferries him across the lake to the 
 floating island, where he is set upon by 
 Cymoch'les. Phaedria interposes, and 
 ferries sir Guyon (the Knight Tem- 
 perance) over the lake again, — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, ii. (1590), 
 
 Pha'eton (3 syl.), son of Helios and 
 Clymene. He obtained leave to drive his 
 father's sun-car for one day, but was 
 overthrown, and nearly set the world on 
 fire. Jove or Zeus (1 syl.) struck him 
 with a thunderbolt for his presumption, 
 and cast him into the river Po. 
 
 Phal'aris, tyrant of Agrigentum, in 
 Sicily. When Perillos, the brass-founder 
 of Athens, brought to him a brazen bull, 
 and told the tyrant it was intended for 
 the punishment of criminals, Phalaris 
 inquired into its merits, Perillos said 
 the victim was to be enclosed in the bull, 
 and roasted alive, by making the figure 
 red hot. Certain tubes were so con- 
 structed as to make the groans of the 
 victim resemble the bellowings of a mad 
 bull. The tyrant much commended the 
 ingenuit}', and ordered the invention to 
 be tried on Perillos himself. 
 
 Letters of Phalaris, certain apocryphal 
 letters ascribed to Phalaris the tyrant, 
 and published at Oxford, in 1718, by 
 Charles Boyle. There was an edition in 
 1777 by "Walckenaer ; another in 1823 by 
 G. H. Schaefer, with notes by Boyle and 
 others. Bentley maintained that the 
 letters were forgeries, and no doubt 
 Bentley was right. 
 
 Phallas, the horse of Heraclius. 
 (Greek, phalios, " a grey horse.") 
 
 Phantom Ship (T/ie), Carlmilhan 
 or Carmilhan, the phantom ship on which 
 the kobold of the Cape sits, when he 
 appears to doomed vessels. 
 
 . . . that phantom ship, whose form 
 Shoots like a meteor thro' the storm . . . 
 And well the doomed spectators know 
 'Tis harbinger of wreck and woe. 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Rokeby, ii. 11 (1812). 
 
 Pha'on, a young man who loved 
 Claribel, but, being told that she was 
 unfaithful to him, watched her. He saw, 
 as he thought, Claribel holding an assig- 
 nation with some one he supposed to be a 
 groom. Returning home, he encountered 
 Claribel herself, and "with wrathfull 
 hand he slew her innocent." On the trial 
 for murder, "the lady" was proved to 
 be Claribel's servant. Phaon would have 
 slain her also, but while he was in pur- 
 suit of her he was attacked by Furor. — ■ 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 4, 28, etc. 
 (1590). 
 
 *** Shakespeare's Much Ado about 
 Nothing is a similar story. Both are 
 taken from a novel by Belleforest, copied 
 from one by Bandello. Ariosto, in his 
 Orlando Furioso, has introduced a similar 
 story (bk. v.), and Turbervil's Geneura is 
 the same tale. 
 
 Pharamond, king of the Franks, 
 who visited, incognito, the court of king 
 Arthur, to obtain by his exploits a place 
 among the knights of the Round Table. 
 He was the son of Marcomir, and father 
 of Clodion. 
 
 Calprenede has an heroic romance so 
 called, which (like his Cleopatra and 
 Cassandra) is a Roman de Longue Haleine 
 (1612-1666). 
 
 Phar'amond, prince of Spain, in the 
 drama called Philaster or Love Lies a- 
 bleedmg, by Beaumont and Fletcher 
 (date uncertain, probably about 1662). 
 
 Pharaoh, the titular name of all the 
 Egyptian kings till the time of Solomon, 
 as the Roman emperors took the titular 
 name of Caesar. After Solomon's time, 
 the titular name Pharaoh never occurs 
 alone, but only as a forename, as Pharaoh 
 Necho, Pharaoh Hophra, Pharaoh Shi- 
 shak. After the division of Alexander's 
 kingdom, the kings of Egypt were all 
 called Ptolemy, generally with some dis- 
 tinctive aftername, as Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphos, Ptolemy Euergetes, Ptolemy 
 Philopator, etc. — Selden, Titles of Honour , 
 v. 50 (1614). 
 
PHARAOH. 
 
 '58 
 
 PHARSALIA. 
 
 Pharaohs before Solomon (mentioned in 
 the Old Testament) : 
 
 1. Pharaoh contemporary with Abraham 
 (Gen. xii. 15). I think this was Osirtesen 
 I. (dynasty xii.). 
 
 2. The good Pharaoh who advanced 
 Joseph (Gen. xii.). I think this was 
 Apophis (one of the Hyksos). 
 
 3. The Pharaoh who *'knew not Joseph" 
 (Exod. i. 8). I think this was Amen'- 
 ophis I. (dynasty xviii.). The king at 
 the flight of Moses j I think, was Thoth- 
 mes II. 
 
 4. The Pharaoh drowned in the Red 
 Sea. As this was at least eighty years 
 after the persecutions began, probably 
 this was another king. Some say it was 
 Menephthes son of Ram/eses II., but it 
 seems quite impossible to reconcile the 
 account in Exodus with any extant his- 
 torical account of Egypt (Exod. xiv. 28). 
 (?) Was it Thothmes III. ? 
 
 5. The Pharaoh who protected Hadad 
 (1 Kings xi. 19). 
 
 6. The Pharaoh whose daughter Solomon 
 married (1 Kings iii. 1 ; ix. 16). I think 
 this was Psusenncs I. (dynasty xxi.). 
 
 Pharaohs after Solomon's "time (men- 
 tioned in the Old Testament) : 
 
 1. Pharaoh Shishak, who warred against 
 Rehoboaui (1 Kings xiv. 25, 26 ; 2 Chron. 
 xii. 2). 
 
 2. The Pharaoh called "So" king of 
 Egypt, with whom Hoshea made an alli- 
 ance (2 Kings xvii. 4). 
 
 3. The Pharaoh who made a league with 
 Hezekiah against Sennacherib. He is 
 called Tirhakah (2 Kings xviii. 21 ; xix. 
 9). 
 
 4. Pharaoh Necho, who warred against 
 Josiah (2 Kings xxiii. 29, etc.). 
 
 5. Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of Zede- 
 kiah. Said to be Pharaoh Apries, who 
 was strangled, B.C. 569-525 (Jer. xliv. 
 80). 
 
 %* Bunsen's solution of the Egyptian 
 dynasties cannot possibly be correct. 
 Pharaohs noted in romance : 
 
 1. Cheops or Suphis I., who built the 
 great pyramid (dynasty iv.'J. 
 
 2. Ccphrenes or Suphis II. his brother, 
 who built the second pyramid. 
 
 3. Mencheres, his successor, who built 
 the most beautiful, though not the largest, 
 of the pyramids. 
 
 4. Memnon or A-menophis III., whose 
 musical statue is so celebrated (dynasty 
 xviii. ).- 
 
 5. Sethos I. the Great, whose tomb was 
 discovered by Belzoni (dynasty xix.). 
 
 C. Sethos II., called "Proteus," who 
 
 detained Helen and Paris in Egypt (dy- 
 nasty xix.). 
 
 7. Phuoris or Thuoris, who sent aid to 
 Priam in the siege of Troy. 
 
 8. Rampsinltus or Rameses Neter, the 
 miser, mentioned by Herodotos (dynasty 
 xx.). 
 
 9. Osorthon IV. (or Osorkon), the 
 Egyptian Hercules (dynasty xxiii.). 
 
 Pharaoh's Daughter. The daugh- 
 ter of Pharaoh who brought up Moses 
 was Bathia. 
 
 Bathia, the daughter of Pharaoh, came attended by her 
 maidens, and entering the water she chanced to see the 
 box of bulrushes, and. pitying the infant, she rescued him 
 from death. — The Talmud, vi. 
 
 Pharaoh's "Wife, Asia daughter of 
 Mozahem. Her husband cruelly tor- 
 mented her because she believed in Moses. 
 He fastened her hands and feet to four 
 stakes, and laid a millstone on her as she 
 lay in the hot sun with her face upwards ; 
 but angels shaded off the sun with their 
 wings, and God took her, without dying, 
 into paradise. — Sale, Al Koran, lxvi. 
 note. 
 
 Among women, four have been perfect : Asia, wire of 
 Pharaoh ; Maty, daughter of Imran ; Khadljah, daughter 
 of Khowailed, Mahomet's first wife; and FaUma, Ma- 
 homet's daughter. — Attributed to Mahomet. 
 
 %* There is considerable doubt re- 
 specting the Pharaoh meant — whether the 
 Pharaoh whose daughter adopted Moses, 
 or the Pharaoh who was drowned in the 
 Red Sea. The tale suits the latter king far 
 better than it does the first. 
 
 Pharian Fields, Egypt; so called 
 from Pharos, an island on the Egyptian 
 coast, noted for its lighthouse. 
 
 And passed from Phariar. fields to Canailn land. 
 
 Milton, Psalm cxiv. (iG23). 
 
 Pharsa'lia (The), a Latin epic in 
 ten books, by Lucan, the subject being 
 the fail and death of Pompey. It opens 
 with the passage of Caesar across the 
 Rubicon. This river formed the boundary 
 of his province, and his crossing it was 
 virtually a declaration of war (bk. i.). 
 Pompey is appointed by the senate 
 general of the army to oppose him (bk. 
 v.) ; Caesar retreats to Thessaly ; Pompey 
 follows (bk. vi.), and both prepare for 
 war. Pompey, being routed in the battle 
 of Pharsalia, flees (bk. vii.), and seeking 
 protection in Egypt, is met by Achillas 
 the Egyptian general, who murders him, 
 cuts oft' his head, and casts his body into 
 the sea (bk. viii.). Cato leads the residue 
 of Pompey's army to Cyrcne, in Africa 
 (bk. ix.) ; andCiesar, in pursuit of Pompey, 
 landing at Alexandria, is hospitably enter- 
 
PHEASANT. 
 
 759 
 
 PHILANDER. 
 
 tained by Cleopatra (bk. x.). While here, 
 he tarries in luxurious dalliance, the 
 palace is besieged by Egyptians, and 
 Caesar with difficulty escapes to Pharos. 
 He is closely pursued, hemmed in on all 
 sides, and leaps into the sea. With his 
 imperial robe held between his teeth, 
 his commentaries in his left hand, and 
 bis SAvord in his right, he buffets with the 
 waves. A thousand javelins are hurled 
 at him, but touch him not. He swims 
 for empire, he swims for life ; 'tis Caesar 
 and his fortunes that the waves bear on. 
 He reaches his fleet : is received by his 
 soldiers with thundering applause. The 
 stars in their courses fought for Caesar. 
 The sea-gods were with him, and Egypt 
 with her host was a by-word and a 
 scorn. 
 
 *** Bk. ix. contains the account of 
 the African serpents, by far the most 
 celebrated passage of the whole poem. 
 The following is a pretty close translation 
 of the serpents themselves. It would 
 have occupied too much room to give 
 their onslaught also :— 
 
 Here all the serpent deadly brood appears : 
 First the dull Asp its swelling neck uprears ; 
 The huge Hemor'rhiis, vampire of the blood; 
 Chersy'ders, that pollute both field and flood; 
 The Water-serpent, tyrant of tlie lake ; 
 The hooded Cobra ; and the Plantain snake ; 
 Here with distended jaws the Prester strays ; 
 And Seps, whose bite both flesh and bone decays ; 
 The Amphisbaena with its double head, 
 One on the neck, and one of tail instead ; 
 The horned Cerastes ; and the Hammodyte, 
 Whose sandy hue might balk the keenest sight ; 
 A feverish thirst betrays the Dipsas' sting ; 
 The Scytala, its slough that casts in spring ; 
 The Natrix here the crystal stream pollutes ; 
 Swift thro' the air the venomed Javelin shoots ; 
 Here the Pareas, moving on its tail, 
 Marks in the sand its progress by its trail ; 
 The speckled Cenchris darts its devious way, 
 Its skin with spots as Theban marble gay ; 
 The hissing Sibila ; and Basilisk, 
 With whom no living thing its life would risk, 
 Where'er it moves none else would dare remain, 
 Tyrant alike and terror of the plain. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 In this battle Pompey had 45,000 
 legionaries, 7000 horse, and a large 
 number of auxiliaries. Caesar had 22,000 
 legionaries, and 1000 horse. Pompey's 
 battle cry was Hercules invictusl That 
 of Caesar was Venus victrix I Caesar won 
 the battle. 
 
 Pheasant. So called from Phasis, a 
 stream of the Black Sea. 
 
 There was formerly at the fort of Pa*! a preserve of 
 pheasants, which birds de:ive their European name from 
 the river Phasis {the present Kion). — Lieut -General Mon- 
 teith.. 
 
 Phebe (2 syl.), a shepherdess beloved 
 by the shepherd Silvius. While Rosalind 
 was in boy's clothes, Phebe fell in love 
 with the stranger, and made a proposal 
 
 of marriage ; but when Rosalind ap- 
 peared in her true character, and gave 
 her hand to Orlando, Phebe was content 
 to accept her old love Silvius. — Shake- 
 speare, As You Like It (1600). 
 
 Phedre (or Phaedra), daughter of 
 Minos king of Crete, and wife of The- 
 seus. She conceived a criminal love for 
 Hippolytos her step-son, and, being re- 
 pulsed by him, accused him to her hus- 
 band of attempting to dishonour her. 
 Hippolytos was put to death, and Phaedra, 
 wrung with remorse, strangled herself. 
 
 This has been made the subject of tra- 
 gedy by Eurip'ides in Greek, Sen'eca in 
 Latin, Racine in French (1677). "Phe'dre" 
 was the great part of Mdlle. Rachel j 
 she first appeared in this character in 
 1838. 
 
 (Pradon, under the patronage of the 
 duchesse de Bouillon and the due de 
 Nevers, produced, in 1677, his tragedy of 
 Phe'dre in opposition to that of Racine. 
 The duke even tried to hiss down 
 Racine's play, but the public judgment 
 was more powerful than the duke ; and 
 while it pronounced decidedly for Ra- 
 cine's chef d'eeuvre, it had no tolerance 
 for Pradon's production.) 
 
 Phelis " the Fair," the wife of sir 
 Guy earl of Warwick. 
 
 Phid'ias (The French), (1) Jean 
 Goujon ; also called " The Correggio of 
 Sculptors." He was slain in the St. 
 Bartholomew Massacre (1510-1572). (2) 
 J. B. Pigalle (1714-1785). 
 
 Phil {Little), the lad of John Davies 
 the old fisherman. — Sir W. Scott, Red- 
 gauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Philaminte (3 syl.), wife of Chry- 
 sale the bourgeois, and mother of Ar- 
 mande, Henriette, Ariste, and Belise.— 
 Moliere, Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 
 
 Philan'der, of Holland, was a guest 
 at the house of Arge'o baron of* Servia, 
 and the baron's wife Gabri'na fell in love 
 with him. Philander fled the house, and 
 Gabrina told her husband he had abused 
 her, and had fled out of fear of him. 
 He was pursued, overtaken, and cast 
 into a dungeon. One day, Gabrina 
 visited him there, and asked him to 
 defend her against a wicked knight. 
 This he undertook to do, and Gabrina 
 posted him in a place where he could 
 make his attack. Philander slew the 
 knight, but discovered that it was Argeo. 
 Gabrina now declared she would give 
 
PHILANDER. 
 
 760 
 
 PHILIPPE EGALITE. 
 
 him up to justice, unless he married her ; 
 and Philander, to save his life, did so. 
 But in a very short time the infamous 
 woman tired of her toy, and cut him off 
 by poison. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Philan'der, a male coquet ; so called 
 from Philander the Dutch knight, men- 
 tioned above, who coquetted with Ga- 
 brina. To " philander " is to wanton or 
 make licentious love to a woman ; to 
 toy. 
 
 Yes, I'll baste you together, you ami your Philander. 
 — W. Congreve, The Way of the World (1700). 
 
 Philan'der, prince of Cyprus, passion- 
 ately in love with the princess Ero'ta. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Laws of 
 Candy (1647). 
 
 Philanthropist (The), John How- 
 ard (1726-1790). 
 
 Philario, an Italian, at whose house 
 Posthu'mus made his silly wager with 
 Iacbimo. (See Posthumus.) — Shake- 
 speare, Cymbeline (1605). 
 
 Phila'rio, an Italian improvisatore, 
 who remained faithful to Fazio even in 
 disgrace. — Dean Milman, Fazio (1815). 
 
 Philaster {Prince), heir to the crown 
 of Messi'na. Euphrasia, who was in 
 love with Philaster, disguised herself as 
 a boy, and assuming for the nonce the 
 name of Bellario, entered the prince's 
 service. Philaster, who was in love with 
 the princess Arethu'sa, transferred Bel- 
 lario to her service, and then grew jealous 
 of Arethusa's love for the young page. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster or Love 
 Lies a-bleeding (? 1622). 
 
 There is considerable resemblance be- 
 tween Euphrasia and " Viola" in Twelfth 
 Night (Shakespeare, 1614). 
 
 Philax, cousin of the princess Imis. 
 The fay Pagan shut them up in the 
 " Palace of Revenge," a superb crystal 
 palace, containing every delight except 
 the power of leaving it. In the course 
 of a few years, Imis and Philax longed 
 as much for a separation as at one time 
 they had wished for a union. — Comtesse 
 D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("Palace of Re- 
 venge," 1682). 
 
 Phile'mon (3 syl.), an aged rustic, 
 who, with his wife Baucis, hospitably re- 
 ceived Jupiter and Mercury, after every 
 one else had refused to receive them. 
 The gods sent an. inundation to destroy 
 the inhospitable people, but saved 
 Baucis and Philemon, and converted 
 
 their cottage into a magnificent temple. 
 At their own request, the aged couple 
 died on the same day, and were changed 
 into two trees, which stood before the 
 temple. — Greek Mythology. 
 
 Philinte (2 syl.), friend of Alceste 
 (2 syl.).— Moliere, Le Misanthrope (1666). 
 
 Philip, father of William Swidger. 
 His favourite expression was, "Lord, 
 keep my memory green. I am 87." — C. 
 Dickens, The Haunted Man (1848). 
 
 Philip, the butler of Mr. Peregrine 
 Lovel ; a hypocritical, rascally servant, 
 who pretends to be most careful of his 
 master's property, but who in reality 
 wastes it most recklessly, and enriches 
 himself with it most unblushingly. 
 Being found out, he is summarily dis- 
 missed. — Rev. J. Townley, High Life 
 Below Stairs (1759). 
 
 Philip (Father), sacristan of St. Mary's. 
 ■ — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Philip Augustus, king of France, 
 introduced by sir W. Scott in The Talis- 
 man (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Philip -Nye, brought up for the 
 Anglican Church, but became a presby- 
 terian, and afterwards an independent. 
 He was noted for the cut of his beard. 
 
 This reverend brother, like a goat, 
 Did wear a tail upon his throat . 
 But set in such a curious frame. 
 As if 'twere wrought in filograin,' 
 And cut so even, as if 't had been 
 Drawn with a pen upon his chin. 
 S. Butler, On Philip Aye'* Thanksgiving Beard (1652). 
 
 Philip Quarl, a castaway sailor, 
 who becomes a hermit. His "man 
 Friday " is a chimpanzee.— Philip Qvarly 
 (1727). 
 
 Philip's Four Daughters. We 
 are told, in Acts xxi. 9, that Philip the 
 deacon or evangelist had four daughters 
 which did prophesy. 
 
 Helen, the mother of great Constantine, 
 Nor yet St. Philip's daughters, were like thee [Joan of 
 Arc]. 
 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry Yl. act i. so. 2 (1589). 
 
 Philippe, a parched and haggard 
 wretch, infirm and bent beneath a pile 
 of years, yet shrewd and cunning, greedy 
 of gold, malicious, and looked on by the 
 common people as an imp of darkness. 
 It was this old villain who told Thanc- 
 mar that the provost of Bruges was the 
 son of a serf on Thancmar's estates. — S» 
 Knowles, The Provost of Bruges (1836). 
 
 Philippe Egalite (4 syl.), Lo»is 
 Philippe due d'Orle'ans (1747-1793). 
 
PHILIPSON. 
 
 '61 PHILOSOPHER OF WIMBLEDON". 
 
 Philipson (The elder), John earl of 
 Oxford, an exiled Lancastrian, who goes 
 to France disguised as a merchant. 
 
 Arthur Philipson, sir Arthur de Yere, 
 son of the earl cf Oxford, whom he 
 accompanies to the court of king Rene' 
 of Provence. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 PhiTisides (3 syl.) 3 sir Philip Sidney 
 (1554-1586). 
 
 It was the harp of Phil'isides, now dead. . . . 
 
 And now In heaven a sign it doth appear. 
 
 The Harp well known beside the Northern Bear. 
 
 Spenser, The Ruins of Time (1591). 
 
 *** Phili[p~\ Sid[ney], with the Greek 
 termination, makes Phili-sides.. Bishop 
 Hall calls the word Phil-is' -ides : "Which 
 sweet Philis'ides fetched of late from 
 France." 
 
 Philistines, the vulgar rich, the 
 pretentiously genteel not in "society," 
 the social snobs, distinguished for their 
 much iewellery and loud finery. 
 
 Demonstrative and offensive whiskers, which are the 
 special inheritance of the British Philistines. — Mr3. 
 Oliphant, Phcebe, Junr., i. 2. 
 
 Phillips (Jessie), the title and chief 
 character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope, 
 the object being an attack on the new 
 poor-law system (1843). 
 
 Phillis, a drama written in Spanish 
 by Lupercio Leonardo of Argensola. — 
 Cen r antes, Don Quixote (1605-15). 
 
 Phillis, a pastoral name for a maiden. 
 
 Where Corydon and Thyrsis, met, 
 Are at their savoury dinner set. 
 Of herbs and other country messes, 
 Which the neat-handed Phillis dresses. 
 
 Milton, L" Allegro (1638). 
 
 Phillis, "the Exigent," asked " Damon 
 thirty sheep for a kiss ; " next day, she 
 promised him " thirty kisses for a 
 sheep ; " the third day, she would have 
 given "thirty sheep for a kiss;" and 
 the fourth day, Damon bestowed his 
 kisses for nothing on Lizette. — C. Riviere 
 Dufresny, La Coquette de Village (1715). 
 
 Philo, a Pharisee, one of the Jewish 
 sanhedrim, who hated Caiaphas the high 
 pnest for being a Sadducee. Philo made 
 a vow in the judgment hall, that he 
 would take no rest till Jesus was 
 numbered with the dead. In bk. xiii. he 
 commits suicide, and his soul is carried 
 to hell by Obaddon the angel of death. — 
 Klopstock, The Messiah, ir. (1771). 
 
 Philoc'lea, that is, lady Penelope 
 Devereux, with whom sir Philip Sidney 
 was in lovfc. The lady married another, 
 
 and sir Philip transferred his affections 
 to Frances Walsingham, eldest daughter 
 of sir Francis Walsingham. 
 
 Philocte'tes (4 s>/l.), one of the 
 Argonauts, who was wounded in the 
 foot while on his way to Troy. An 
 oracle declared to the Greeks that Troy 
 could not betaken "without the arrows 
 of Hercules," and as Hercules at death 
 had given them to Philoctetes, the 
 Greek chiefs sent for him, and he re- 
 paired to Troy in the tenth and last year 
 of the siege. 
 
 All dog3 have their day, even rabid ones. Sorrowful, 
 incurable Philoctetes Marat, without whom Troy cannot 
 be taken. — Carlyle. 
 
 Philomel, daughter of Pandlon 
 king of Attica. She was converted into 
 a nightingale. 
 
 And the mute Silence hist along, 
 'Less Philomel will deign a song 
 In her sweetest, saddest plight, 
 Smoothing the rugged brow of night. . 
 Sweet bird, that shunn'st the noise of folly. 
 Most musical, most melancholy. 
 
 Milton, 11 Penseroso (1638). 
 
 Philosopher ( The). Marcus Aure- 
 
 lius Antoninus, the Roman emperor, was 
 so called by Justin Martyr (121, 161-180). 
 
 Leo VI. eumeror of the East (866, 
 886-911). 
 
 Porphyry, the Neoplatonist (223-304). 
 
 Alfred" or Alured, surnamed "Angli- 
 cus," was also caUed " The Philosopher" 
 (died 1270). 
 
 Philosopher of China, Confucius 
 
 (e.c. 551-479). 
 
 Philosopher of Ferney, Voltaire, 
 who lived at Ferney, near Geneva, for 
 the last twenty years of his life (1694- 
 1778). 
 
 Philosopher of Maimesbury, 
 
 Thomas Hobbs, author of Leviathan. 
 He was born at Maimesbury (158£ 
 1679). 
 
 Philosopher of Persia (The) 4 
 Abou Ebn Sina of Shiraz (died 1037). 
 
 Philosopher of Sans Souei, 
 
 Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712, 
 
 1740-1786). 
 
 *** Frederick elector of Saxonv was 
 called " The Wise" (1463, 1544-1554). 
 
 Philosopher of Wimbledon 
 
 (The), John Home Tooke, author of the 
 Diversions of Pur ley. He lived at 
 "Wimbledon, near London (1736-1812). 
 
 (For the philosophers of the different 
 Greek sects, as the Cynic, Cyrenaic, 
 Eleac, Eleatic, Epicurean, HsracUtian, 
 
PHILOSOPHERS. 
 
 ro-2 
 
 PHLEGETHON. 
 
 Ionic, Italic, Megaric, Peripatetic, Sceptic, 
 Socratic, Stoic, etc., see Dictionary of 
 Phrase and Fable, 680-1.) 
 
 Philosophers (The Five English) : 
 
 (1) Roger Bacon, author of Opus Majus 
 (1214-1292) ; (2) sir Francis Bacon, 
 author of Novum Organum (1561-1626) ; 
 
 (3) the Hon. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) ; 
 
 (4) John Locke, author of a treatise 
 on the Human Understanding and Innate 
 Ideas (1632-1704) ; (5) sir Isaac Newton, 
 author of Frincip'ia (1642-1727). 
 
 Philosopher's Stone (The), a red 
 powder or amalgam, to drive off the 
 impurities of baser metals. The word 
 stone, in this expression, does not mean 
 the mineral so called, but the substratum 
 or article employed to produce a certain 
 effect. (See Elixir Vit^e.) 
 
 Philosophy (The Father of), (1) 
 Albrecht von Haller of Berne (1708-1777). 
 
 (2) Roger Bacon is also so called (1214- 
 1292). 
 
 Philosophy (The Father of Inductive), 
 Francis Bacon lord Verulam (1561-1626). 
 
 Philosophy (The Father of Poman), 
 Cicero the orator (b.c. 106-43). 
 
 Philosoph; (The Nursing Mother of). 
 Mde. de Bouffiers was so called by 
 Marie Antoinette. 
 
 Phil'ostrate (3 syl.), master of the 
 revels to Theseus (2 syl.) kinj* of Athens. 
 —Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream 
 (1592). 
 
 Philo'tas, son of Parmenio, and 
 commander of the Macedonian cavalry. 
 He was charged Avith plotting against 
 Alexander the Great. Being put to the 
 rack, he confessed bis guilt, and was 
 stoned to death. 
 
 The king may doom me to a thousand tortures, 
 Ply me with fire, and rack me like Philotas, 
 Ere I will stoop to idolize his pride. 
 
 N. Lee, A lexander the Great, i. 1 (1678). 
 
 Philot'ime (4 syl., " love of glory "), 
 daughter of Mammon, whom the money- 
 god offers to sir Guyon for a wife ; but 
 the knight declines the honour, saying 
 he is bound by love-vows to another. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 7 (1590). 
 
 Philot'imus, Ambition personified. 
 (Greek, philo-tlmos, "ambitious, covetous 
 of honour.") — Phineas Fletcher, The 
 Purple Island, viii. (1633). 
 
 Philot'imus, steward of the house in 
 the suite of Gargantua. — Rabelais, Gar- 
 gantaa, i. 18 (1533). 
 
 Philpot (senior), an avaricious old 
 hunks, and father of George Philpot. 
 The old City merchant cannot speak a 
 sentence without bringing in something 
 about money. "He wears square-toed 
 shoes with little tiny buckles, a brown 
 coat with small brass buttons. . . . His 
 face is all shrivelled and pinched with 
 care, and he shakes his head like a 
 mandarin upon a chimney-piece" (act 
 i. 1). 
 
 When I was very young, I performed the part of "Old 
 Philpot," at Brighton, with great success, and next evening 
 I was introduced into a club-room, full of company. On 
 hearing my name announced, one of the gentlemen laid 
 down his pipe, and, taking up his glass, said, " Here's to 
 your health, young gentleman, and to your father's too. 
 I had the pleasure of seeing him last night in the part of 
 ' Philpot,' and a very nice clever old gentleman he is. I 
 hope, young sir, you may one day be as good an actor aj 
 your worthy father."— Munden. 
 
 George Philpot. The profligate son of 
 old Philpot, destined for Maria Wilding, 
 but the betrothal is broken off, and Maria 
 marries Beaufort. George wants to 
 pass for a dashing young blade, but is 
 made the dupe of every one. " Bubbled 
 at play ; duped by a girl to whom he 
 paid his addresses ; cudgelled by a rake ; 
 laughed at by his cronies ; snubbed by 
 his father ; and despised bv every one." 
 —Murphy, The Citizen (175*7 or 1761). 
 
 Philtra, a lady of large fortune, be- 
 trothed to Bracidas ; but, seeing the 
 fortune of Amidas daily increasing, and 
 that of Bracidas getting smaller and 
 smaller, she forsook the declining fortune 
 of her first lover, and attached herself to 
 the more prosperous younger brother. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 4 (1596). 
 
 Phineus [Fi'.nuce], a blind sooth- 
 sayer, who was tormented by the harpies. 
 Whenever a meal was set before him, the 
 harpies came and carried it off, but the 
 Argonauts delivered him from these pests 
 in return for his information respecting 
 the route they were to take in order to 
 obtain the golden fleece. (See Tihk- 
 
 SIAS.) 
 
 Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old. 
 
 lililton,.raradise Lost, iii. 36 (1665). 
 
 Phiz, the pseudonym of Hablot K. 
 Browne, who illustrated the Pickwick 
 Papers (1836), Nicholas Nickleby, and 
 most of Charles Dickens's works of fic- 
 tion. He also illustrated the Abbotsford 
 edition of the Waverley Novels. 
 
 Phleg'ethon (3 syl.), one of the five 
 rivers of hell. The word means the 
 " river of liquid fire." (Greek, phlfyo, 
 "I burn.") The other rivers are Styx, 
 
PHLEGRIAN SIZE. 
 
 763 
 
 PHRAORTES. 
 
 Ach'cron, Cocv'tus, and Le'the. (See 
 Styx.) 
 
 Fierce Phlegethon, 
 Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. 
 
 Miltoii, Paradise Lost, U. 580 (1665). 
 
 Phleg'rian Size, gigantic. Phlegra 
 or the Phlegne'an plain, in Macedon, is 
 where the giants attacked the gods, and 
 were defeated by Hercules. Drayton 
 makes the diphthong <x a short i : 
 
 Whose only love surprised those of the Phlegrian size. 
 
 The Tiianois, that once against high heaven durst rise. 
 
 folyolbion, vi. (1612). 
 
 Phobbs. Captain and Mrs. Phobbs, 
 with Mrs. major Phobbs a widow, sister- 
 in-law to the captain, in Lend Me Five 
 Shillings, by J. M. Morton. 
 
 Pho'cion, husband of Euphra'sia 
 "the Grecian daughter." — A. Murphy, 
 The Grecian Daughter (1772). 
 
 Pho'cyas, general of the Syrian army 
 in the siege of Damascus. Phocj T as was 
 in loye with Eudo'cia, daughter of Eu'- 
 menes the governor, but when he asked 
 the governor's consent, Eumenes sternly 
 refused to give it. After gaining several 
 battles, Phocyas fell into the hands of 
 the Arabs, and consented to join their 
 army to revenge himself on Eumerr.es. 
 The Arabs triumphed, and Eudocia was 
 taken captive, but she refused to wed a 
 traitor. Ultimately, Phocyas died, and 
 Eudocia entered a convent. — John Hughes, 
 Siege of Damascus (1720). 
 
 Phcebus, the sun-god. Phoebe (2 
 syl.), the moon-goddess. — Greek Mytho- 
 logy. 
 
 Phcebus's Son. Pha'Ston obtained per- 
 mission of his father to drive the sun-car 
 for one day, but, unable to guide the 
 horse3, they* left their usual track, the car 
 was overturned, and both heaven and 
 earth were threatened with destruction. 
 Jupiter struck Phaeton with his thunder- 
 bolt, and he fell headlong into the Po. 
 
 . . . like Phcebus' fayrest childe. 
 That did presume his father's fiery wayne. 
 And flaming mouths of steeds unwonted wilde. 
 Thro' highest heaven with weaker hand to rayne ; . . . 
 He leaves the welkin way most beaten piayne, 
 And, wrapt with whirling wheels, inflames the skyen 
 With file not made to bume, but fayrely for to suyne. 
 Spenser, Faery queen, i. 4. 10 (1590). 
 
 Phaibus. Gaston de Foix was so called, 
 from his great beauty (1488-1512). 
 
 Phaibus (Captain), the betrothed of 
 Fleur de Marie. He also entertains a 
 base iove for Esmeralda, the beautiful 
 gipsv girl. — Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de 
 Pans (1831). 
 
 Phoenix {The) is said to live 500 (or 
 
 1000) years, when it makes a nest of 
 spices, burns itself to ashes, and comee 
 forth with renewed life for another simi- 
 lar period. There never was but one 
 
 phoenix. 
 
 The bird of Arabye . . . Can never dye, 
 
 And yet there is none, But only one, 
 
 A phenix. . . . Plinni showvth al In his Story natural. 
 
 What he doth finde Of the phenix kinde. 
 
 J. Skelton, Philip Sparow (time, Henry VIIL). 
 
 Phoenix Theatre (The), now called 
 Drury Lane. 
 
 Phoenix Tree, the rasin, an Arabian 
 tree. Floro says : " There never was but 
 one, and upon it the phoenix sits." — 
 Dictionary (1598). 
 
 Pliny thinks the tree on which the 
 phoenix was supposed to perch is the 
 date tree (called in Greek phoinix), adding 
 that "the bird died with the tree, and 
 revived of itself as the tree revived." — 
 Nat. Hist., xiii. 4. 
 
 Now I will believe 
 That there are unicorns ; that in Arabia 
 There is one tree, the phoenix' throne : one phoenix 
 At this hour reigning fhere. 
 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iii. sc. 3 (1609). 
 
 Phorcus, "the old man of the sea." 
 
 He had three daughters, with only one 
 eye and one tooth between 'em. — Greek 
 Mythology. 
 
 This is not " the old man of the sea " 
 mentioned in the Arabian Nights (" Sind- 
 bad the Sailor ") . 
 
 Phor'mio, a parasite, who is "all 
 things to ail men." — Terence, Phormio. 
 
 Phosphor, the light>bringer or morn- 
 ing star ; also called HespSrus, and by 
 Homer and Hesiod Heos-plidros. 
 
 Bright Phosphor, iresher for the night. 
 Sweet Hesper-Phospher, douhle name. 
 
 Tennyson, In Memoriam, exxi. (1850). 
 
 Phos'phorus, a knight called by 
 Tennyson " Morning Star," but, in the 
 History of Prince Arthur, " sir Persaunt 
 of India or the Blue Knight." One of 
 the four brothers who kept the passages 
 to Castle Perilous. — Tennyson, Idylls 
 (" Gareth and Lynette ") ; sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 131 (1470). 
 
 * + * It is evidently a blunder to call 
 the Blue Knight "Morning Star " and the 
 Green Knight "Evening Star." In the 
 old romance, the combat with the "Green 
 Knight " is at dawn, and with the " Blue 
 Knight " at nightfall. The error arose 
 from not bearing in mind that our fore- 
 fathers began the day with the preceding 
 eve, and ended it at sunset. 
 
 Phraortes (3 syl.), a Greek admiral. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris 
 (time, Rufus). 
 
PHRAT. 
 
 rc4 
 
 riCCOLINO. 
 
 Phrat, the Eu-phrat-es, now called 
 Forat or Frat. 
 
 Phry'ne (2 syl.), an Athenian cour- 
 tezan of surpassing beauty. Apelles's 
 celebrated picture of "Venus Anadyo- 
 mSne" was drawn from Phryne, who 
 entered the sea with hair dishevelled for 
 a model. The " Cnidian Venus " of 
 Praxiteles was also taken from the same 
 model. 
 
 Some say Campaspe was the academy 
 figure of the "Venus Anadyornene." 
 Pope has a poem called Phryne. 
 
 Phyllis, a Thracian who fell in love 
 with Demoph'oon. After some months 
 of mutual affection, Demophoon was 
 obliged to sail for Athens, but promised 
 to return within a month. When a 
 month had elapsed, and Demophoon did 
 not put in an appearance, Phyllis so 
 mourned for him that she was changed 
 into an almond tree, hence called by the 
 Greeks Phylia. In time, Demophoon re- 
 turned, and, being told the fate of Phyllis, 
 ran to embrace the tree, which, though 
 bear and leafless at the time, was instantly 
 covered with leaves, hence called Phylia 
 by the Greeks. 
 
 Let Demophoon tell 
 Why Phyllis hy a fate untimely fell. 
 
 Ovid, A rt of Love, iii. 
 
 Phyllis, a country girl in Virgil's third 
 and fifth Eclogues. Hence, a rustic 
 maiden. Also spelt Phillis (q.v.). 
 
 Phyllis, in Spenser's eclogue Colin 
 Clout's Come Home Again, is lady Carey, 
 wife of sir George Carey (afterwards lord 
 Hunsdon, 1596). Lady Carey was Eliza- 
 beth, the second of the six daughters of 
 sir John Spenser of Althorpe, ancestor of 
 the noble houses of Spenser and Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, 
 The honour of the noble family 
 Of which 1 meanest bo;ist myself to be, . . . 
 Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis: 
 Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three. 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1594). 
 
 Phyllis and Brunetta, rival 
 beauties. Phyllis procured for a certain 
 festival some marvellous fabric of gold 
 brocade in order to eclipse her rival, but 
 Brunetta dressed the slave who bore her 
 train in a robe of the same material and 
 cut in precisely the same fashion, while 
 6he herself wore simple black. Phyllis 
 died of mortification. — The Spectator 
 (1711, 1712, 1714). 
 
 Phynnodderee, a Manx spirit, 
 similar to the Scotch brownie. Phyn- 
 nodderee is an outl&wed fairy, who ab- 
 
 sented himself from Fairy-court on the 
 great lev€e day of the harvest moon. 
 Instead of paying his respects- to king 
 Oberon, he remained in the glen of 
 Rushen, dancing with a pretty Manx 
 maid whom he was courting. 
 
 Physic a Farce is (His). Sir John 
 Hill began his career as an apothecary 
 in St. Martin's Lane, London ; became 
 author, and amongst other things wrote 
 farces. Garrick said of him : 
 
 For physic and farces, his equal there scarce is : 
 His farces are physic, his physic a farce is. 
 
 Physician (The Beloved), St. Luke 
 the evangelist (Col. iv. 14). 
 
 Physicians (The prince of), Avi- 
 cenna the Arabian (980-1037). 
 
 Physigna'thos, king of the frogs, 
 and son of Pelus ("mud"). Being 
 wounded in the battle of the frogs and 
 mice by Troxartas the mouse king, he 
 flees ingloriously to a pool, " and half in 
 anguish of the flight expires" (bk. iii. 
 112). The word means " puffed chaps." 
 
 Great Physignathos I from Pelus' race, 
 Begot in fair Hydromede s embrace. 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, i. (about 1712). 
 
 Pibrac (Seigneur de), poet and diplo- 
 matist, author of Cinquante Quatrains 
 (1574). Gorgibus bids his daughter to 
 study Pibrac instead of trashy novels 
 and poetry. 
 
 Lisez-moi, comme il faut, au lieu de ces sornettes, 
 Les Quatrains de Piorac, et Its doctes Tabettes 
 Du conseiller Matthieu ; l'ouvrage est de valeur, . . . 
 La Guide des picheurs est encore un boil livre. 
 
 Moliere, Sganarelle, i. 1 (1660). 
 
 (Pierre Matthieu, poet and historian, 
 wrote Quatrains de la Vanite' du Monde, 
 1629.) 
 
 Picanninies (4 syl.), little children ; 
 the small fry of a village. — West Indian 
 Negroes. 
 
 There were at the marriage the picanninies and the 
 Joblilies, but not the Grand Panjandrum.— Yonge. 
 
 Picaresco School (The), romances 
 of roguery ; called in Spanish Gusto 
 Picaresco. Gil Bias is one of this school 
 of novels. 
 
 Pic'atrix, the pseudonym of a Span- 
 ish monk ; author of a book on demono- 
 logy. 
 
 When I was a student, . . . that same Rev. Picatrlx . . . 
 was wont to tell us that devils did naturally fear the 
 bright flashes of swords as much as he feared the splendour 
 of the sun.— Rabelais, JPantag'ruel, iii. 23 (1545). 
 
 Piccolino, an opera by Mons. 
 Guiraud (1875) ; libretto by MM. 
 Sardou and Nuittier. This opera was 
 first introduced to an English audience 
 
PICKEL-HERRINGE. 
 
 'Qb 
 
 PICTURE. 
 
 in 1879. The tale is this : Marthe,. an 
 orphan girl adopted by a Swiss pastor, 
 is in l(y\ e with Fre'de'ric Auvray, a young 
 artist, who " loved and left his love." 
 Marthe plods through the snow from 
 Switzerland to Rome to find her young 
 artist, but, for greater security, puts on 
 boy's clothes, and assumes the name of 
 Piccolino. She sees Frederic, who knows 
 her not ; but, struck with her beauty, 
 makes a drawing of her. Marthe dis- 
 covers that the faithless Fre'de'ric is pay- 
 ing his addresses to Elena (sister of the 
 duke Strozzi). She tells the lady her 
 love-tale ; and Fre'de'ric, deserted by 
 Elena, forbids Piccolino (Marthe) to 
 come into his presence again. The poor 
 Swiss wanderer throws herself into the 
 Tiber, but is rescued. Fre'de'ric repents, 
 and the curtain falls on a reconciliation 
 and approaching marriage. 
 
 Pickel-Herringe (5 syl.), a popular 
 name among the Dutch for a buffoon ; a 
 corruption of pickle-harin ("a hairy 
 sprite "), answering to Ben Jonson's 
 Puck-hairy. 
 
 Pickle (Peregrine), a savage, un- 
 grateful spendthrift, fond of practical 
 jokes, delighting in tormenting others ; 
 but suffering with ill temper the mis- 
 fortunes which resulted from his own 
 wilfulness. His ingratitude to his uncle, 
 and his arrogance to Hatchway and 
 Pipes, are simply hateful. — T. Smollett, 
 The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle 
 (1751). 
 
 Pick-wick (Samuel), the chief cha- 
 racter of The Pickwick Papers, a novel 
 by C. Dickens. He is general chairman 
 of the Pickwick Club. A most ver- 
 dant, benevolent, elderly gentleman, who, 
 as member of a club instituted "for the 
 purpose of investigating the source of 
 the Hampstead ponds," travels about 
 with three members of the club, to whom 
 he acts as guardian and adviser. The 
 adventures they encounter form the sub- 
 ject of the Posthumous Papers of tlie 
 Pickwick Club (1836). 
 
 The original of Seymour's picture of 
 " Pickwick " was a Mr. John Foster (not 
 the biographer of Dickens, but a friend 
 of Mr. Chapman's the publisher). He 
 lived at Richmond, and was " a fat old 
 beau," noted for his "drab tights and 
 black gaiters." 
 
 Pickwickian Sense (In a), an 
 insult whitewashed. Mr. Pickwick ac- 
 cused Mr. Blotton of acting in "a vile 
 
 and calumnious manner ; " whereupon 
 Mr. Blotton retorted by calling Mr. 
 Pickwick " a humbug." But it finally 
 was made to appear that both had used 
 the offensive words only in a parlia- 
 mentary sense, and that each entertained 
 for the other "the highest regard and 
 esteem." So the difficult}' was easily 
 adjusted, and both were satisfied. 
 
 Lawyers and politicians daily abuse each other in a 
 Pickwickian sense. — Bowditch. 
 
 Pie r roehole,king of Lerne, noted for 
 his choleric temper, his thirst for empire, 
 and his vast but ill-digested projects. — 
 Rabelais, Gargantua, i. (1533). 
 
 Supposed to be a satire on Charles V. 
 of Spain. 
 
 The rustics of Utopia one day asked the cake-bakers of 
 Lerne to sell them some cakes. A quarrel ensued, and 
 king Picrochole marched with all his army against Utopia, 
 to extirpate the insolent inhabitants.— Bk. i. 33. 
 
 Picrochole's CounseUors. The 
 duke of Smalltrash, the earl of Swash- 
 buckler, and captain Durtaille, advised 
 king Picrochole to leave a small garrison 
 at home, and to divide his army into 
 two parts — to send one south, and the 
 other north. The former was to take 
 Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany (but 
 was. to spare the life of Barbarossa), to 
 take the islands of the Mediterranean, 
 the Morea, the Holy Land, and all 
 Lesser Asia. The northern army was to 
 take Belgium, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, 
 Russia, Norway, Sweden, sail across the 
 Sandy Sea, and meet the other half at 
 Constantinople, when king Picrochole 
 was to divide the nations amongst his 
 great captains. Echephron said he had 
 heard about a pitcher of milk which was 
 to make its possessor a nabob, and give 
 him for wife a sultan's daughter ; only 
 the poor fellow broke his pitcher, and 
 had to go supperless to bed. (See Boba- 
 dil.) — Rabelais, Pantagruel, i. 33 (1533). 
 
 A shoemaker bought a ha'p'orth of milk ; with this he 
 intended to make butter, the butter was to buy a cow, 
 the cow was to have a calf, the calf was to be sold, 
 and the man to become a nabob ; only the poor dreamer 
 cracked the jug, spilt the milk, and had to go supperless 
 to bed.— Pantagruel, L 33. 
 
 PictS, the Caledonians or inhabitants 
 of Albin, i.e. northern Scotland. The 
 Scots came from Scotia, north of Ire- 
 land, and established themselves under 
 Kenneth M'Alpin in 843. 
 
 The etymology of " Picts " from the 
 Latin picti ( ' ' painted men ") , is about equal 
 to Stevens's et)*mology of the word 
 "brethren" from tabernacle "because 
 we breathe-therein." 
 
 Picture (The), a drama by Mas- 
 singer (1629). The stcry of this play 
 
PICUS. 
 
 766 
 
 PIERRE. 
 
 (like that of the Twelfth Night, by 
 Shakespeare) is taken from the novel- 
 letti of Bandello of Piedmont, who died 
 1555. 
 
 Pi'cus, a soothsayer and augur ; hus- 
 band of Canens. In his prophetic art 
 he made use of a woodpecker (picus), a 
 prophetic bird sacred to Mars. Circe fell 
 in love with him, and as he did not re- 
 quite her advances, she changed him into 
 a woodpecker, whereby he still retained 
 his prophetic power. 
 
 . . " There is Picus," said Maryx. " What a strange thing 
 is tradition ! Perhaps it was in this very forest that 
 CircS, gathering her herbs, saw the bold friend of Mars 
 on his fiery courser, and tried to bewitch him, and, fail- 
 ing, metamorphosed him so. AVhat, I wonder, ever first 
 wedded that story to the woodpecker ? "— Ouida, Ariadne, 
 I.1L 
 
 Pied Horses. Motassem had 
 130,000 pied horses, which he employed 
 to carry earth to the plain of Catoul ; 
 and having raised a mound of sufficient 
 height to command a view of the whole 
 neighbourhood, he built thereon the royal 
 citv of Samarah'. — Khondemyr, Kliclassat 
 al Akhbar (1495). 
 
 The Bill of the Pied Horses, the site of 
 the palace of Alkoremmi, built by Mo- 
 tassem, and enlarged by Vathek. 
 
 Pied Piper of Hamelin (3 syl.) t 
 a piper named Bunting, from his dress. 
 He undertook, for a certain sum of 
 money, to free the town of Hamelin, in 
 Brunswick, of the rats which infested 
 it ; but when he had drowned all the rats 
 in the river Weser, the townsmen refused 
 to pay the sum agreed upon. The piper, 
 in revenge, collected together all the 
 children of Hamelin, and enticed them 
 by his piping into a cavern in the side 
 of the mountain Koppenberg, which in- 
 stantly closed upon them, and 130 went 
 down alive into the pit (June 26, 1284). 
 The street through which Bunting con- 
 ducted his victims was Bungen, and 
 from that day to this no music is ever 
 allowed to be played in this particular 
 street. — Verstegan, Restitution of Decayed 
 Intelligence (1634). 
 
 Robert Browning has a poem entitled 
 The Pied Piper. 
 
 Erichius, in his Exodus Hamelensis, 
 maintains the truth of this legend ; but 
 Martin Schoock, in his Fabula Hamelensis, 
 contends that it is a mere myth. 
 
 " Don't forget to pay the piper " is 
 still a household expression in common 
 use. 
 
 *** The same tale is told of the fiddler 
 of Brandenberg. The children were led 
 
 to the Marienberg, which opened upon 
 them and swallowed them up. 
 
 *** When Lorch was infested wii,h 
 ants, a hermit led the multitudinous in- 
 sects by his pipe into a lake, where they 
 perished. As the inhabitants refused to 
 pay the stipulated price, he led their pigs 
 the same dance, and they, too, perished 
 in the lake. 
 
 Next year, a charcoal-burner cleared 
 the same place of crickets ; and when 
 the price agreed upon was withheld, he 
 led the sheep of the inhabitants into the 
 lake. 
 
 The third year came a plague of rats, 
 which an old man of the mountain piped 
 away and destroyed. Being refused his 
 reward, he piped the children of Lorch 
 into the Tannenberg. 
 
 *** About 200 years ago, the people of 
 Ispahan were tormented Avith rats, when 
 a little dwarf named Giouf, not above 
 two feet high, promised, on the payment 
 of a certain sum of money, to free the 
 city of all its vermin in an hour. The 
 terms were agreed to, and Giouf, by 
 tabor and pipe, attracted every rat and 
 mouse to follow him to the river Zen- 
 derou, where they were all drowned. 
 Next daj r , the dwarf demanded the 
 money ; but the people gave him several 
 bad coins, which they refused to change. 
 Next day, they saw with horror an old 
 black woman, fifty feet high, standing 
 in the market-place with a whip in her 
 hand. She was the genie Mergian 
 Banou, the mother of the* dwarf. For 
 four days she strangled daily fifteen of 
 the principal women, and on the fifth day 
 led forty others to a magic tower, into 
 which she drove them, and they were 
 never after seen by mortal eye. — T. S. 
 Gueulette, Chinese Tales (" History of 
 Prince Kader-Bilah," 1723). 
 
 *** The syrens of classic story had, by 
 their weird spirit-music, a similar irre- 
 sistible influence. 
 
 (Weird music is called Alpleich ot 
 Elfenseigen.) 
 
 Pieria, a mountainous slip of land in 
 Thessaly. A portion of the Mountains 
 is called Pierus or the Pierian Moun- 
 tain, the seat of the Muses. 
 
 Ah ! will they leave Pieria's happy shore, 
 
 To plough the tide where wintry tempests roar J 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck (1756). 
 
 Pierre [Peer], a blunt, bold, out- 
 spoken man, who heads a conspiracy to 
 murder the Venetian senators, and induces 
 Jaffier to join the gang. Jaffier (in order 
 
 I 
 
PIERRE. 
 
 "67 
 
 PIGROGROMITUS. 
 
 to save his wife's father, Priuli), reveals 
 the plot, under promise of free pardon ; 
 but the senators break their pledge, and 
 order the conspirators to torture and death. 
 Jaffier, being free, because he had turned 
 " king's evidence," stabs Pierre to prevent 
 his being broken on the wheel, and then 
 kills himself. — T. Otway, Venice Pre- 
 served (1682). 
 
 John Kemble [1757-1823] could not play "sir Pertinax " 
 like Cooke„nor could Cooke play " Pierre " like Kemble. 
 —0. R. Leslie, Autobiography. 
 
 Charles M. Young's " Pierre," if not so lofty, is more 
 natural and soldierly than Kemble's. — New Monthly 
 Magazine (1822). 
 
 Macready's " Pierre " was occasionally too familiar, and 
 now and then too loud ; but it had beauties of the highest 
 order, of which 1 chiefly remember his passionate taunt 
 of the gang of conspirators, and his silent reproach to 
 " Jaffier" by holding up his manacled hands, and looking 
 upon the poor traitor with stedfast sorrow [1793-1873J. — 
 Talfourd. 
 
 Pierre, a very inquisitive servant of 
 M. Darlemont, who long suspects his 
 master has played falsely with his ward 
 Julio count of Harancour. — Thomas 
 Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb (1785). 
 
 Pierre Alphon.se {Rabbi Moise 
 Sephardi), a Spanish Jew converted to 
 Christianity in 1062. 
 
 All stories that recorded are 
 
 By Pierre Alfonie he knew by heart. 
 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 
 
 Pierre du Coignet or Coig- 
 neres, an advocate-general in the reign 
 of Philippe de Valois, who stoutly 
 opposed the encroachments of the Church. 
 The monks, in revenge, nicknamed those 
 grotesque figures in stone (called "gar- 
 goyles"), pierres du coignet. At Notre 
 Dame de Paris there were at one time 
 gargoyles used for extinguishing torches, 
 and the smoke added not a little to their 
 ugliness. 
 
 You may associate them with Master Pierre du Coignet, 
 . . . which perform the office of extinguishers. — Rabelais, 
 Gargantua and Pantagruel (1533-45). 
 
 Pierrot [Pe'-er-ro], a character in 
 French pantomime, representing a man 
 in stature and a child in mind. He is 
 generally the tallest and thinnest man in 
 the company, and appears with his face 
 and hair thickly covered with flour. He 
 wears a white gown, with very long 
 sleeves, and a row of big buttons down 
 the front. The word means " Little 
 Peter." 
 
 Piers and Palinode, two shep- 
 herds in Spenser's fifth eclogue, represent- 
 ing the protestant and the catholic priest. 
 
 Piers or Percy again appears in eel. x. 
 with Cuddy, a poetic shepherd. This 
 noble eclogue has for its subject "poetry." 
 
 Cuddy complains that poetry has no 
 patronage or encouragement, although it 
 comes by inspiration. He says no one 
 would be so qualified as Colin to sing 
 divine poetry, if his mind were not so 
 depressed by disappointed love. — Spenser, 
 The Shepheardes Calendar (1579). 
 
 Pie'tro (2 syl.), the putative fathet 
 of Pompilia. This paternity was a fraud, 
 to oust the heirs of certain property 
 which would otherwise fall to them. — R. 
 Browning, Tlie Ping and the Booh, ii. 
 580. 
 
 Pig. Phsedrus tells a tale of a popular 
 actor who imitated the squeak of a pig. 
 A peasant said to the audience that he 
 would himself next night challenge 
 and beat the actor. When the night 
 arrived, the audience unanimously gave 
 judgment in favour of the actor, saying 
 that his squeak was by far the better 
 imitation ; but the peasant presented to 
 them a real pig, and said, " Behold, what 
 excellent judges are }'e ! " This is 
 similar to the judgment of the connois- 
 seur who said, " Why, the fellow has 
 actually attempted to paint a fly on that 
 rosebud, but it is no more like a fly than 
 
 I am like ; " but, as he approached his 
 
 finger to the picture, the fly flew away. — 
 G. A. Stevens, The Connoisseur (1754). 
 
 Pigal (Mons. de), the dancing-master 
 who teaches Alice Bridgenorth. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
 
 Pigeon and Dove (The). Prince 
 Constantio was changed into a pigeon 
 and the princess Constantia into a dove, 
 because they loved, but were always 
 crossed in love. Constantio found that 
 Constantia was sold by his mother for a 
 slave, and in order to follow her he was 
 converted into a pigeon. Constantia was 
 seized by a giant, and in order to escape 
 him was changed into a dove. Cupid 
 then took them to Paphos, and they 
 became "examples of a tender and sin- 
 cere passion ; and ever since have been 
 the emblems of love and constancy." — 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" The 
 Pigeon and Dove," 1682). 
 
 Pigmy, a dwarf. (See Pygmy.) 
 
 Pigott Diamond (T7ie), brought 
 from India by lord Pigott. It weighs 
 82^ carats. In 1818 it came into the 
 hands of Messrs. Rundell and Bridge. 
 
 Pigrogrom'itus, a name alluded to 
 by sir Andrew Ague-cheek. 
 
PIGWIGGEN. 
 
 768 
 
 PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. 
 
 In sooth thou wast in very gracious fooling last night 
 when thou spokest of Pigrogromitus, of the Vapian 
 passing the equinoctial of Queubus. 'Twas very good, 
 i' faith. —Shakespeare, Twelfth Fight, act ii. sc. 3 (1614). 
 
 Pigwig'gen, a fairy knight, whose 
 amours with queen Mab, and furious 
 combat with Oberon, form the subject of 
 Drayton's Nymphidia (1593). 
 
 Pike. The best pike in the world are 
 obtained from the Wyth'am, in that 
 division of Lincolnshire called Kesteven 
 (in the west). 
 
 Yet for my dainty pike I [Wytham] am without compare. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. (ltj-J2). 
 
 Pike (.Gideon), valet to old major 
 Bellenden.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Pila'tus (Mount), in Switzerland. 
 The legend is that Pontius Pilate, being 
 banished to Gaul by the emperor 
 Tiberius, wandered to this mount, and 
 flung himself into a black lake at the 
 summit of the hill, being unable to 
 endure the torture of conscience for 
 having given up the Lord to crucifixion. 
 
 Pilcrow, a mark in printing, to 
 attract attention, made thus ^f or tg^lr 
 
 In husbandry matters, where pilcrow ye find. 
 That verse appertaineth to husbandry kind. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry (1557). 
 
 Pilgrim Fathers. They were 
 102 puritans (English, Scotch, and 
 Dutch), who went, in December, 1620, 
 in a ship called the Mayflower, to North 
 America, and colonized Maine, New 
 Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and 
 Connecticut. These states they called 
 "New England." New Plymouth (near 
 Boston) was the second colony planted 
 by the English in the New World. 
 
 Men in the middle of life, austere and grave in deport- 
 ment . . . 
 
 God bad sifted three kingdoms to find the wheat for this 
 planting. 
 Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standith, iv. (1858). 
 
 Pilgrim — Palmer. Pilgrims had 
 dwellings, palmers had none. Pilgrims 
 went at their own charge, palmers pro- 
 fessed willing poverty and lived on 
 charity. Pilgrims might return to a 
 6ecula*r life, palmers could not. Pilgrims 
 might hold titles and follow trades, 
 palmers were wholly "religious" men. 
 
 Pilgrim to Compostella. Some 
 pilgrims on their way to Compostella 
 stopped at a hospice in La Calzada. The 
 daughter of the innkeeper solicited a 
 young Frenchman to spend the night 
 with her, but he refused ; so she put in his 
 wallet a silver cup, and when he was on 
 the road, she accused him to the alcayde 
 
 of theft. As the property was found in 
 his possession, the alcayde ordered him 
 to be hung. His parents went on their 
 way to Compostella, and returned after 
 eight days, but what was their amaze- 
 ment to find their son alive on the gibbet 
 and uninjured. They went instantly to 
 tell the alcayde ; but the magistrate 
 replied, " Woman, you are mad ! I 
 would just as soon believe these pullets, 
 which I am about to eat, are alive, as that 
 a man who has been gibbeted eight day3 
 is not dead." No sooner had he spoken 
 than the two pullets actually rose up 
 alive. The alcayde was frightened out 
 of his wits, and was about to rush out of 
 doors, when the heads and feathers of the 
 birds came scampering in to complete the 
 resuscitation. The cock and hen were 
 taken in grand procession to St. James's 
 Church of Compostella, where they lived 
 seven years, and the hen hatched two 
 eggs, a cock and a hen, which lived just 
 seven years and did the same. This has 
 continued to this day, and pilgrims 
 receive feathers from these birds as holy 
 relics ; but no matter how man}- feathers 
 are given away, the plumage of the 
 sacred fowls is never deficient. 
 
 Galium capiunt et gallinam, et in ecclesiam transferunt 
 magna solemnitate. Qua* ibi clausse res admirabiles et 
 Dei potentiam testificantes observantur, ubi septennio 
 vivunt ; hunc enini tenninum Beus illis instituit ; et, in 
 fine septennii antequam moriantur, puliuni relinquunt et 
 pullam sui coloris et magnitudinis ; et hoc fit in ea 
 ecclesia quolibet septennio. Magna; quoque admirations 
 est, quod onines per banc urbeni transeuntes peregrini, 
 qui sunt innumerabiles, galli hujus et gallinse plumam 
 capiunt, et nunquam illis plumae deficiunt. Hac Etio 
 Testor, propterea quod VlDI et interfui.— Lucius Mari- 
 neus Siculus, Serum Uispanicarum Scriptores, iL 805. 
 
 *** This legend is also seriously 
 related by bishop Patrick, Parable of the 
 Pilgrims, xxxv. 430-4. Udal ap Rhys 
 repeats it in his Tour through Spain and 
 Portugal, 35-8. It is inserted in the 
 Acta Sanctorum, vi. 45. Pope Calixtus 
 II. mentions it among the miracles of 
 Santiago. 
 
 Pilgrim's Progress (The), by John 
 Bunyan. Pt. i., 1678; pt. ii., 1684. 
 This is supposed to be a dream, and to 
 allegorize the life of a Christian, from 
 his conversion to his death. His doubts 
 are giants, his sins a pack, his Bible a 
 chart, his minister Evangelist, his con- 
 version a flight from the City of De- 
 struction, his struggle with besetting sins 
 a fight with Apollyon, his death, a 
 toilsome passage over a deep stream, and 
 so on. 
 
 The second part is Christiana and her 
 family led by Greatheart through the 
 
PILLAR OF THE DOCTORS. 
 
 769 
 
 PINDAR. 
 
 lame road, to join Christian, who had 
 gone before. 
 
 Pillar of the Doctors {La Colonne 
 des Docteurs), William de Champeaux 
 (*-1121). 
 
 Pillars of Hercules (The), CalpG 
 and Abyla, two mountains, one in Europe 
 and the other in Africa. Calpe is now 
 called "The Rock of Gibraltar," and 
 Abyla is called "The Apes' Hill" or 
 " mount Hacho." 
 
 Pilot {The), an important character 
 and the title of a nautical burletta by E. 
 Fitzball, based on the novel so called by 
 J. Fenimore Cooper of New York. " The 
 pilot" turns out to be the brother of 
 colonel Howard of America. He hap- 
 pened to be in the same vessel which 
 was taking out the colonel's wife and only 
 son. The vessel was wrecked, but "the 
 pilot " (whose name was John Howard) 
 saved the infant boy, and sent him to 
 England to be brought up, under the 
 name of Barnstable. "When young 
 Barnstable was a lieutenant in the 
 British navy, colonel Howard seized 
 him as a spy, and commanded him to be 
 hung to the yardarm of an American 
 frigate, called the. Alacrity. At this 
 crisis, "the pilot" informed the colonel 
 that Barnstable was his own son, and the 
 father arrived just in time to save him 
 from death. 
 
 Pilpay', the Indian ^Esop. His com- 
 pilation was in Sanskrit, and entitled 
 Pantschatantra. 
 
 It was rumoured he could say . . . 
 All the " Fables" of Pilpay. 
 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 
 
 Pilum'nus, the patron god of bakers 
 and millers, because he was the first 
 person who ever ground corn. 
 
 Then there was Pilumnus, who was the first to make 
 cheese, and became the god of bakers.— Ouida, A riadnc, 
 i. 40. 
 
 Pimperlimpimp {Powder), a worth- 
 less nostrum, used by quacks and sor- 
 cerers. Swift uses the word in his Tale 
 of a Tub (1104). 
 
 This famous doctor [Sherlock] plays the Merry 
 Andrew witli the world, and, like the powder " Pimper 
 le Pimp," turns up what trump the knave of clubs calls 
 for.— A Dialogue between Dr. Sherlock . . . and Dr 
 Outes (1690). 
 
 Pinabello, son of Anselmo (king of 
 Maganza). Marphi'sa overthrew him, 
 and told him he could not wipe out the 
 disgrace till he had unhorsed a thousand 
 dames and a thousand knights. Pinabello 
 33 
 
 was slain by Brad'amant. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Pinac, the lively spirited fellow- 
 traveller of Mirabel "the wild goose." 
 He is in love with the sprightly Lillia- 
 Bianca, a daughter of Nantolet. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
 (1652). 
 
 Pinch, a schoolmaster and conjurer, 
 who tries to exorcise Antiph'olus (act iv. 
 sc. 4). — Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors 
 (1593). 
 
 Pinch (Tom), clerk to Mr. Pecksniff 
 " architect and land surveyor." Simple 
 as a child, green as a salad, and honest as 
 truth itself. Very fond of story-books, 
 but far more so of the organ. It was the 
 seventh heaven to him to pull out the 
 stops for the organist's assistant at Salis- 
 bury Cathedral; but when allowed, after 
 service, to finger the notes himself, he 
 lived in a dream-land of unmitigated 
 happiness. Being dismissed from Peck- 
 sniff's office, Tom was appointed Hbrarian 
 to the Temple library, and his new 
 catalogue was a perfect model of pen- 
 manship. 
 
 Ruth Pinch, a true-hearted, pretty 
 girl, who adores her brother Tom, and is 
 the sunshine of his existence. She 
 marries John Westlock. — C. Dickens, 
 Martin Chuzzlewxt (1844). 
 
 Pinchbeck {Lady), with whom don 
 Juan placed Leila to be brought up. 
 
 Olden she was — but had been very young ; 
 Virtuous she was — and had been, I believe . . . 
 She merely now was amiable and witty. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xii. 43, 47 (1824). 
 
 Pinch wife (Mr.), the town husband 
 of a raw country girl, wholly unpractised 
 in the ways of the world, and whom he 
 watches with ceaseless anxiety. 
 
 Lady Drogheda . . . watched ber town husband as 
 assiduously as Mr. PinchwifeTvatched his country wife.— 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Mrs. Pinchwife, the counterpart of 
 Moliere's "Agnes," in his comedy en- 
 titled Lecole des Femmes. Mrs. Pinch- 
 wife is a young woman wholly unsophisti- 
 cated in affairs of the heart. — Wvcherly, 
 The Country Wife (1675). 
 
 *** Garrick altered Wycherly's comedy 
 to The Country Girl. 
 
 Pindar {Peter), the pseudonym of 
 Dr. John Wolcot (1738-1819). 
 
 Pindar {The British), Thomas Gray 
 (1716-1771). On his monument in West- 
 minster Abbey is inscribed these lines : 
 3 D 
 
PINDAR. 
 
 770 
 
 PIPER. 
 
 Ko more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigns ; 
 
 To Britain let the nations homage pay : 
 She felt a Homer's fire in Milton's strains, 
 
 A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray. 
 
 Pindar {The French), (1) Jean Dorat 
 (1507-1588) ; (2) Ponce Denis Lebrun 
 (1719-1807). 
 
 Pindar (TJie Italian), Gabriello Chia- 
 brera (1552-1637). 
 
 Pindar of England. Cowley was 
 preposterously called by the duke of 
 Buckingham, " The Pindar, Horace, and 
 Virgil of England." Posterity has not 
 endorsed this absurd eulogiurn (1618- 
 1667). 
 
 Pindar of "Wakefield (The), 
 
 George-a-Green, pinner of the town of 
 Wakefield, that is, keeper of the public 
 pound for the confinement of estrays. — 
 The History of Geor/je-a-Green, Pindar 
 of the Town of Wakefield (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Pindo'rus and Aride'us, the two 
 heralds of the Christian army, in the 
 siege of Jerusalem. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575). 
 
 Pine-Bender {The), Sinis, the 
 Corinthian robber, who used to fasten his 
 victims to two pine trees bent towards 
 the earth, and leave them to be torn to 
 pieces by the rebound. 
 
 Pinkerton {Miss), a most majestic 
 lady, tall as a grenadier, and most proper. 
 Miss Pinkerton kept an academy for 
 young ladies on Chiswick Mall. She was 
 "the Semiramis of Hammersmith, the 
 friend of Dr. Johnson, and the corres- 
 pondent of Mrs. Chapone." This very 
 distinguished lady "had a Roman nose, 
 and wore a solemn turban." Amelia 
 Sedley was educated at Chiswick Mall 
 academy, and Rebecca Sharp was a pupil 
 teacher there. — Thackerav, Vanity Fair, 
 i. (1848). 
 
 Pinnit {Orson), keeper of the bears. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Pmto {Ferdinand Mendez), a Portu- 
 guese traveller, whose "voyages" were 
 at one time wholly discredited, but have 
 since been verified (1509-1583). 
 
 Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou 
 liar of the first magnitude. — W. Congreve, Love /or Love 
 
 (1695). 
 
 Pious {The), Ernst I. founder of 
 the house of Gotha (1601-1674). 
 
 Robert, son of Hugues Capet (971, 
 996-1031). 
 
 Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 
 
 Pip, the hero of Dickens's novel called 
 Great Expectations. His family name 
 was Pirrip, and his Christian name 
 Philip. He was enriched by a convict 
 named Abel Magwitch ; and was brought 
 up by Joe Gargery a smith, whose wife 
 was a woman of thunder and lightning, 
 storm and tempest. Magwitch, having 
 made his escape to Australia, became 
 a sheep farmer, grew very rich, and 
 deposited £500 a year with Mr. Jaggers, 
 a lawyer, for the education of Pip and to 
 make a gentleman of him. Ultimately, 
 Pip married Estella, the daughter of 
 Magwitch, but adopted from infancy by 
 Miss Havisham, a rich banker's daughter. 
 His friend Herbert Pocket used to call 
 him "Handel." — C. Dickens, Great Ex- 
 pectations (1860). 
 
 Pip chin {Mrs.), an exceedingly 
 " well -connected lady," living at Brigh- 
 ton, where she kept an establishment for 
 the training of enfants. Her "respect- 
 ability " chiefly consisted in the circum- 
 stance of her husband having broken hi3 
 heart in pumping water out of some 
 Peruvian mines (that is, in having in- 
 vested in these mines and been let in). 
 Mrs. Pipchin was an ill-favoured old 
 woman, with mottled cheeks and grey 
 eyes. She was given to buttered toast 
 and sweetbreads, but kept her enfants on 
 the plainest possible fare. — C. Dickens, 
 Dombcy and Son (1846). 
 
 Pipe {TJie Queen's), the dock kiln in 
 the centre of the great east vault of the 
 wine-cellars of the London docks. This 
 kiln is the place where useless and 
 damaged goods that have not paid/luty 
 are burnt. 
 
 Pipe and Dance. As you pipe 1 
 must dance, I must accommodate myself 
 to your wishes. To "pipe another 
 dance " is to change one's bearing, to 
 put out of favour. J. Skelton, speaking 
 of the clergy, says their pride no man could 
 tolerate, for they "would rule king and 
 kayser," and " bryng all to nought ; " but, 
 if kings and nobles, instead of wasting 
 their time on hunting and hawking, 
 would attend to politics, he says : 
 
 They would pype you another daunce. 
 
 Colyn Clout (1460-1529). 
 
 Piper {Tom), one of the characters in 
 a morris-dance. 
 
 So have I seen 
 Tom Piper stand upon our village green. 
 Backed with the May-pole. 
 
 William Browne, Shepherd'* Pipe (1614), 
 
 Piper {Paddy the),&n Irish piper, 9up- 
 
PIPER OF HAMELIN. 
 
 771 PISISTRATOS AND HIS TWO SONS 
 
 posed to have been eaten by a cow. 
 Going along one night during the 
 " troubles," he knocked his head against 
 the body of a dead man dangling from 
 a tree. The sight of the " iligant " boots 
 was too great a temptation ; and as they 
 refused to come off without the legs, 
 Paddy took them too, and sought shelter 
 for the night in a cowshed. The moon 
 rose, and Paddy, mistaking the moon- 
 light for the dawn, started for the fair, 
 having drawn on the boots and left the 
 "legs" behind. At daybreak, some of 
 the piper's friends tvent in search of him, 
 and found, to their horror, that the cow, 
 as they supposed, had devoured him 
 with the exception of his legs— clothes, 
 bags, and all. They were horror-struck, 
 and of course the cow was condemned to 
 be sold ; but while driving her to the 
 fair, they were attracted by the strains 
 of a piper coming towards them. The 
 cow startled, made a bolt, with a view, 
 as it was supposed, of making a meal on 
 another piper. "Help, help!" they 
 shouted ; when Paddy himself ran to 
 their aid. The m3 T stery was soon ex- 
 plained over a drop of the " cratur," and 
 the cow was taken home again. — S. 
 Lover, Legends and Stories of Ireland 
 (1834). 
 
 Piper of Hamelin (The Pied), 
 Bunting, who first charmed the rats of 
 Hamelin into the Weser, and then allured 
 the children (to the number of 180) to 
 Koppenberg Hill, which opened upon 
 them. (See Pied Piper of Hamelin.) 
 
 Piperman, the factotum of Chalomel 
 chemist and druggist. He was " so 
 handy " that he was never at his post ; 
 and being " so handy," he took ten times 
 the trouble of doing any thing that another 
 would need to bestow. For the self- 
 same reason, he stumbled and blundered 
 about, muddled and marred everything he 
 touched, and being a Jack-of-all-trades 
 was master of none. 
 
 There has been an accident because I am so handy. I 
 went to the dairy at a bound, came back at another, and 
 fell down in the open street, where I spilt the milk. I tried 
 to bale it up — no go. Then I ran back or ran home, I 
 forget which, and left the money somewhere ; and then, 
 in fact, I have been four times to and fro, because I am so 
 handy. — J. K. Ware, Piperman's Predicament. 
 
 Pipes (Tom), a retired boatswain's 
 mate, living with commodore Trunnion 
 to keep the servants in order. Tom Pipes 
 is noted for his taciturnity. — Tobias 
 Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine 
 Pickle (1751). 
 
 (The incident of Tom Pipes concealing 
 
 in his shoe his master's letter to Emilia 
 was suggested by Ovid. 
 
 Cum possit solea chartas celare ligatas, 
 Et vincto blandas sub pede ferre notaa. 
 
 Art of Love.) 
 
 Pirate (The), a novel by sir W. Scott 
 (1821). In this novel we are introduceu 
 to the wild sea scenery of the Shetlands ; 
 the primitive manners of the old udaller 
 Magnus Troil, and his fair daughters 
 Minna and Brenda : lovely pictures, 
 drawn with nice discrimination, and most- 
 interesting. 
 
 *** A udaller is one who holds his 
 lands on allodial tenure. 
 
 Pirner (John), a fisherman at Old St. 
 Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Pisa. The banner of Pisa is a cross 
 on a crimson field, said to have been 
 brought from heaven by Michael the 
 archangel, and delivered by him to St. 
 Efeso, the patron saint of that city. 
 
 Pisanio, servant of Posthu'mus. 
 Being sent to murder Imogen the wife of 
 Posthumus, he persuades her to escape to 
 Milf ord Haven in boy's clothes, and sends 
 a bloody napkin to Posthumus, to make 
 him believe that she has been murdered. 
 Ultimately, Imogen becomes reconciled 
 to her husband. (See Posthumus.) — 
 Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605). 
 
 Pisis'tratos of Athens, being asked 
 by his wife to punish with death a young 
 man who had dared to kiss their daughter, 
 replied, "How shall we requite those who 
 wish us evil, if we condemn to death those 
 who love us ? " This anecdote is referred 
 to by Dante, in his Purgatory, xv. — 
 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Acts and 
 Sayings, v. 
 
 Pisis'tratos and His Two Sons. 
 
 The history of Pisistratos and his two 
 sons is repeated in that of Cosmo de 
 Medici of Florence and his two grand- 
 sons. It would be difficult to find a more 
 striking parallel, whether we regard the 
 characters or the incidents of the two 
 families. 
 
 Pisistratos was a great favourite of the 
 Athenian populace ; so was Cosmo de 
 Medici with the populace of Florence. 
 Pisistratos was banished, but, being re- 
 called by the people, was raised to sove- 
 reign power in the republic of Athens ; 
 so Cosmo was banished, but, being recalled 
 by the people, was raised to supreme 
 power in the republic of Florence. Pisis- 
 tratos was just and merciful, a great 
 
PISTOL. 
 
 '72 
 
 PIZARRO. 
 
 patron of literature, and spent large sums 
 of money in beautifying Athens with 
 architecture ; the same may be said of 
 Cosmo de Medici. To Pisistratos -We owe 
 the poems of Homer in a connected form ; 
 and to Cosmo we owe the best literature 
 of Europe, for he spent fortunes in the 
 copying of valuable MSS. The two 
 sons of Pisistratos were Hipparchos and 
 Hippias ; and the two grandsons of 
 Cosmo were Guiliano and Lorenzo. Two 
 of the most honoured citizens of Athens 
 (Harmodios and Aristoglton) conspired 
 againstthe sons of Pisistratos — Hipparchos 
 was assassinated, but Hippias escaped ; so 
 Francesco Pazzi and the archbishop of Pisa 
 conspired against the grandsons of Cosmo 
 — Guiliano was assassinated, but Lorenzo 
 escaped. In both cases it Avas the elder 
 brother who fell, and the younger which 
 escaped. Hippias quelled the tumult, and 
 succeeded in placing himself at the head 
 of Athens ; so did Lorenzo in Florence. 
 
 Pistol, in The Merry Wives of Windsor 
 and the two parts of Henry 2V., is the 
 ancient or ensign of captain sir John 
 Falstaff. Peto is his lieutenant, and Bar- 
 dolph his corporal. Peto being removed 
 (probably killed), we find in Henry V., 
 Pistol is lieutenant, Bardolph ancient, and 
 Kym corporal. Pistol is also introduced 
 as married to Mistress Nell Quickly, 
 hostess of the tavern in Eastcheap. Both 
 Pistol and his wife die before the play is 
 over; so does sir John Falstaff; Bardolph 
 and Nym are both hanged. Pistol is a 
 model bully, wholly unprincipled, and 
 utterly despicable; but he treated his wife 
 kindly, and she was certainly fond of 
 him. — Shakespeare. 
 
 His [Pistoft] courage is boasting, his learning ignorance, 
 bis ability weakness, and his end beggary.— Dr. Lodge. 
 
 (His end was not "beggary ;" as host 
 of the tavern in Eastcheap, he seems 
 much more respectable, and better off 
 than before. Theophilus Cibber (1703- 
 1758) was the best actor of this part.) 
 
 Pistris,the sea-monster sent to devour 
 Androm'eda. It had a dragon's head and 
 a fish's tail. — Aratus, Commentaries. 
 
 Pithyrian [Pi.thirry.an~], a pagan of 
 Antioch. He had one daughter, named 
 Mara'na, who was a Christian. A young 
 dragon of most formidable character in- 
 fested the city of Antioch, and demanded 
 a virgin to be sent out daily for its meal. 
 The Antioch'eans cast lots for the first 
 victim, and the lot fell on Marana, who 
 was led forth in grand procession as the 
 victim of the dragon. Pithyrian, in dis- 
 
 traction, rushed into a Christian church, 
 and fell before an image which attracted 
 his attention, at the base of which was 
 the real arm of a saint. The sacristan 
 handed the holy relic to Pithyrian, who 
 kissed it, and then restored it to the 
 sacristan ; but the servitor did not observe 
 that a thumb was missing. Off ran 
 Pithyrian with the thumb, and joined his 
 daughter. On came the dragon, with tail 
 erect, wings extended, and mouth wide 
 open, when Pithyrian threw into the 
 gaping jaws the " sacred thumb." DoAvn 
 fell the tail, the wings drooped, the jaws 
 were locked, and up rose the dragon into 
 the air to the height of three miles, when 
 it blew up into a myriad pieces. So the 
 lady was rescued, Antioch delivered ; and 
 the relic, minus a thumb, testifies the fact 
 of this wonderful miracle. — Southey, 
 Hie Young Dragon (Spanish legend). 
 
 Pitt Bridge. Blackfriars Bridge, 
 London, was so called by Robert Mylne, 
 its architect ; but the public would not 
 accept the name. 
 
 Pitt Diamond {The), the sixth 
 largest cut diamond in the world. It 
 weighed 410 carats uncut, and 136f carats 
 cut. It once belonged to Mr. Pitt, grand- 
 father of the famous earl of Chatham. 
 The duke of Orleans, regent of France, 
 bought it for £135,000, whence it is often 
 called "The Regent." The French re- 
 public sold it to Treskon, a merchant of 
 Berlin. Napoleon I. bought it to ornament 
 his sword. It now belongs to the king of 
 Prussia. (See Diamonds.) 
 
 Pixie-Stools, toad-stools for the 
 fairies to sit on, when they are tired of 
 dancing in the fairy-ring. 
 
 Pizarro, a Spanish adventurer, who 
 made war on Atali'ba inca of Peru. 
 Elvi'ra, mistress of Pizarro, vainly en- 
 deavoured to soften his cruel heart. Be- 
 fore the battle, Alonzo the husband of 
 Cora confided his wife and child to 
 Rolla, the beloved friend of the inca. 
 The Peruvians were on the point of 
 being routed, when Rolla came to the 
 rescue, and redeemed the day ; but Alonzo 
 was made a prisoner of war. Rolla, 
 thinking Alonzo to be dead, proposed to 
 Cora ; but she declined hi3 suit, and 
 having heard that her husband had fallen 
 into the hands of the Spaniards, she im- 
 plored Rolla to set him free. Accordingly, 
 he entered the prison where Alonzo was 
 confined, and changed clothes with him, 
 but Elvira liberated him on condition that 
 
PIZARRO. 
 
 73 
 
 PLAIN DEALER. 
 
 he would kill Pizarro. Rolla found his 
 enemy sleeping in his tent, spared his 
 life, and made him his friend. The 
 infant child of Cora heing lost, Rolla 
 recovered it, and was so severely wounded 
 in this heroic act that he died. Pizarro 
 was slain in combat by Alonzo ; Elvira 
 retired to a convent ; and the play ends 
 with a grand funeral march, in which the 
 dead body of Rolla is borne to the tomb. 
 — Sheridan, Pizarro (1814). 
 
 The sentiments of loyalty uttered by "Rolla" had so 
 good an effect, that when the duke of Queensberry asked 
 why the stocks had fallen, a stock-jobber replied, "Be- 
 cause they have left off playing Pizarro at Drury Lane." — 
 Sheridan's Memtirs. 
 
 (Sheridan's drama of Pizarro is taken 
 from that of Kotzebue, but there are 
 several alterations : Thus, Sheridan makes 
 Pizarro killed by Alonzo, which is a 
 departure both from Kotzebue and also 
 from historic truth. Pizarro lived to 
 conquer Peru, and was assassinated in his 
 palace at Lima by the son of his friend 
 Almagro.) 
 
 Pizarro, " the ready tool of fell Velas- 
 quez' crimes." — R. Jephson, Braqanza 
 (1775). 
 
 Pizarro, the governor of the State prison 
 in which Fernando Florestan was confined. 
 Fernando's young wife, in boy's attire, 
 and under the name of Fidelio, became 
 the servant of Pizarro, who, resolving to 
 murder Fernando, sent Fidelio and Rocco 
 (the jailer) to dig his grave. Pizarro 
 was just about to deal the fatal blow, 
 Avhen the minister of state arrived, and 
 commanded the prisoner to be set free. 
 — Beethoven, Fidelio (1791). 
 
 Place'bo, one of the brothers of 
 January the old baron of Lombardy. 
 "When January held a family conclave to 
 know whether he should marry, Placebo 
 told him "to please himself, and do as 
 he liked." — Chaucer. Canterbury Tales 
 (" The Merchant's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Placid {Mr.), a hen-pecked husband, 
 who is roused at last to be somewhat 
 more manly, but could never be better 
 than "a boiled rabbit without oyster 
 sauce." (See Pliant, p. 77G.) 
 
 Mrs. Placid, the lady paramount of the 
 house, who looked quite aghast if her 
 husband expressed a wish of his own, or 
 attempted to do an independent act. — 
 Inchbald, Every One has His Fault (1794). 
 
 Plac'idas, the exact fac-aimile of his 
 friend Amias. Having heard of his 
 friend's captivity, he went to release 
 him, and being defected in the garden. 
 
 was mistaken by Corflambo's dwarf "for 
 Amias. The dwarf went and told Paea'na 
 (the daughter of Corflambo, "fair as ever 
 yet saw living eye, but too loose of life 
 and eke of love too light"). Placidas 
 was seized and brought before the lady, 
 who loved Amias, but her love was not 
 requited. When Placidas stood before 
 her, she thought he was Amias, and 
 great was her delight to find her love 
 returned. She married Placidas, re- 
 formed her ways, "and all men much 
 admired the change, and spake her 
 praise." — Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 8, 9 
 (159G). 
 
 Plagiary (Sir Fretful), a play- 
 wright, whose dramas are mere plagiar- 
 isms from "the refuse of obscure 
 volumes." He pretends to be rather 
 pleased with criticism, but is sorely irri- 
 tated thereby. Richard Cumberland 
 (1732-1811), noted for his vanity and 
 irritability, was the model of this cha- 
 racter. — Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1 (1779). 
 
 Herrick, who had no occasion to steal, has taken this 
 image from Suckling, and spoilt it in the theft Like sir 
 Fretful Plagiary, Herrick had not skill to steal with taste. 
 — li. Chambers, English Literature, i. 134. 
 
 William Parsons [1736-1795] was the original "sir Fret- 
 ful Plagiary," and from his delineation most of our modern 
 actors have borrowed their idea. — Life of Sheiidan. 
 
 Plague of London (1665). 68,586 
 persons died thereof. 
 
 Plaids et Gieux sous l'Ormel, 
 a society formed by the troubadours of 
 Picardy in the latter half of the twelfth 
 century. It consisted of knights and 
 ladies of the highest rank, exercised and 
 approved in courtesy, who assumed an 
 absolute judicial power in matters of the 
 most delicate nature ; tryiug, with the 
 most consummate ceremony, all causes 
 in love brought before their tribunals. 
 
 This was similar to the "Court of 
 Love," established about the same time 
 by the troubadours of Provence. — Uni- 
 versal Magazine (March, 1792). 
 
 Plain (The), the level floor of the 
 National Convention of France, occupied 
 by the Girondists or moderate repub- 
 licans. The red republicans occupied 
 the higher seats, called "the mountain." 
 By a figure of speech, the Girondist 
 party was called " the plain," and the 
 red republican party "the mountain." 
 
 Plain and Perspicuous Doctor 
 (The), Walter Burleigh (1275-1357). 
 
 Plain Dealer (The), a comedy by 
 William Wycherly (1677). 
 The countess of Drogheda , . . inquired for tho Plain 
 
PLANET OF LOVE. 
 
 4 PLEASURES OF IMAGINATION. 
 
 Dealer. " Madam," said Mr. Fairbeard, . . . "there he 
 Is," pushing Mr. Wycherly towards her.— Cibber, Lives of 
 the Foet$, iii. 252. 
 
 (Wycherly married the countess in 
 1680. She died soon afterwards, leaving 
 him the whole of her fortune.) 
 
 Planet of Love, Venus. So called 
 by Tennyson, Maud, I. xxii. 2 (1855). 
 
 Plantagenet (Lady Edith), a kins- 
 woman of Richard I. She marries the 
 prince royal of Scotland (called sir 
 Kenneth knight of the Leopard, or 
 David earl of Huntingdon). — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Plantain or Plaxta'go, the favour- 
 ite food of asses. It is very astringent, 
 and excellent for cuts and open sores. 
 Plantain leaves bruised, and rubbed on 
 the part affected, will instantly relieve 
 the pain and reduce the swelling occa- 
 sioned by the bite or sting of insects. 
 The Highlanders ascribe great virtues 
 to the plantain in healing all sorts of 
 wounds, and call it slan-lus (" the healing 
 plant"). — Lightfoot. 
 
 The hermit gathers . . . plantnne for a <=ore. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Plato. The mistress of this philo- 
 sopher was Archianassa ; of Aristotle, 
 Hepyllis ; and of Epicurus, Leontium. 
 (See Lovkks, p. 573.) 
 
 Plato {The German), Friedrich Hein- 
 rich Jacobi (1743-1819). 
 
 Plata (The Jewish), Philo Judaeus (fl. 
 rt o_40). 
 
 Plato (The Puritan), John Howe (1630- 
 1706). 
 
 Plato and the Bees. It is said 
 that when Plato was an infant, bees 
 settled on his lips while he was asleep, 
 indicating that he would become famous 
 for his "honeyed words." The same 
 story is told of Sophocles also. 
 
 And as when Plato did i' the cradle thrive. 
 
 Bees to his lips brought honey from the hive ; 
 
 So to this bi>y [Dor' t<Jto;i J they came — 1 know not whether 
 
 Thsy brought or from his lips did honey gather. 
 
 W. Browne, (tritannia'i Pastorals, ii. (1C13). 
 
 Plato and Homer. Plato greatly 
 admired Homer, but excluded him from 
 his ideal republic. 
 
 Plato, 'tis true, great Homer doth commend, 
 Yet from his common-weal did him exile. 
 Lord Brooke, /nquieitkm upon Fame, etc, (1554-1628). 
 
 Plato and Poets. 
 
 Plato, anticipating the Reviewers, 
 
 From his •'republic," banished without pity 
 
 The poets. 
 
 Longfellow, The Poet's Tale. 
 
 Plato's Year, 25,000 Julian years. 
 
 Cut out more work than can be done 
 In Plato's year. 
 
 S. Butler. Eu&ibras, iii. 1 (1678). 
 
 Platonic Bodies, the five regular 
 geometrical solids described by Plato, 
 all of which are bounded by like, equal, 
 and regular planes. The four-sided, the 
 six-sided, the eight-sided, the ten-sided, 
 and the twenty-sided ; or the square, 
 hexagon, octagon, decagon, and icosa- 
 hedron. 
 
 Platonic Love, the innocent friend- 
 ship of opposite sexes, wholly divested 
 of all animal or amorous passion. 
 
 The noblest kind of love is love platonical. 
 
 Byron, Don Joan, ix. 76 (1824). 
 
 Platonic Puritan (The), John 
 Howe, the puritan divine (1630-1706). 
 
 Plausible (Counsellor) and serjeant 
 Eitherside, two pleaders in The Man of 
 the World, by C. Macklin (1764). 
 
 Pleasant (Mrs.), in The Parson's 
 
 Wedding, by Tom Killigrew (1664), 
 
 Pleasure (A New). 
 
 'Tis said that Xerxes offered a reward 
 To those who could invent him a new pleasure. 
 Byron, Don Juan, i. 108 (1819). 
 
 Pleasures of Hope, a poem in two 
 parts, by Thomas Campbell (1799). It 
 opens with a comparison between the 
 beauty of scenery and the ideal enchant- 
 ments of fancy in which hope is never 
 absent, but can sustain the seaman on his 
 watch, the soldier on his march, and 
 Byron in his perilous adventures. The 
 hope of a mother, the hope of a prisoner, 
 the hope of the wanderer, the grand hope 
 of the patriot, the hope of regenerating 
 uncivilized nations, extending liberty, 
 and ameliorating the condition of the 
 poor. Pt. ii. speaks of the hope of 
 love, and the hope of a future state, 
 concluding with the episode of Conrad 
 and Ellenore. Conrad was a felon, trans- 
 ported to New South Wales, but, though 
 " a martyr to his crimes, was true to his 
 daughter." Soon, he says, he shall return 
 to the dust from Avhich he was taken ; 
 
 But not, my child, with life's precarious fire. 
 The immortal ties of Nature shall expire ; 
 These shall resist the triumph of decay, 
 When time is o'er, and worlds have passed away. 
 Cold in the dust this perished heart may lie. 
 But that which warmed it once shall never die- 
 That spark, unburied in its mortal frame. 
 With living light, eternal, and the same. 
 Shall beam on Joy's interminable years, 
 Unveiled by darkness, unassuaged by tears. 
 
 Pt IL 
 
 Pleasures of Imagination, a 
 
 poem in three books, by Akenside (1744). 
 
PLEASURES OF 'MEMORY. 
 
 '75 
 
 PLEYDELL. 
 
 All the pleasures of imagination arise 
 from the perception of greatness, wonder- 
 fulness, or beauty. The beauty of great- 
 ness — witness the pleasure of mountain 
 scenery, of astronomy, of infinity. The 
 pleasure of what is wonderful — witness 
 the delight of novelty, of the revelations 
 of science, of tales of fancy. The plea- 
 sure of beauty, which is always connected 
 with truth — the beauty of colour, shape, 
 and so on, in natural objects ; the beauty 
 of mind and the moral faculties. Bk. 
 ii. contemplates accidental pleasures aris- 
 ing from contrivance and design, emotion 
 and passion, such as sorrow, pity, terror, 
 and indignation. Bk. iii. Morbid ima- 
 gination the parent of vice ; the benefits 
 of a well-trained imagination. 
 
 (The first book is by far the best. Aken- 
 side recast his poem in maturer life, but 
 no one thinks he improved it by so doing. 
 The first or original cast is the only one 
 read, and parts of the first book are well 
 known.) 
 
 Pleasures of Memory, a poem in 
 two parts, by Samuel Rogers (1793). The 
 first part is restricted to the pleasure of 
 memory afforded by the five senses, as 
 that arising from visiting celebrated 
 places, and that afforded by pictures. 
 Pt. ii. goes into the pleasures of the 
 mind, as imagination, and memory of past 
 griefs and dangers. The poem concludes 
 with the supposition that in the life to 
 come this faculty will be greatly en- 
 larged. The episode is this : Florio, a 
 young sportsman, accidentally met Julia 
 in a grot, and followed her home, when 
 her father, a rich squire, welcomed him 
 as his guest, and talked with delight of 
 his younger days when hawk and hound 
 were his joy of joys. Florio took Julia 
 for a sail on the lake, but the vessel was 
 capsized, and though Julia was saved 
 from the water, she died on being brought 
 to shore. It was Florio's delight to haunt 
 the places which Julia frequented : 
 
 Her charm around the enchantress Memory threw, 
 A charm that soothes the mind and sweetens too. 
 Pt. ii. 
 
 Pleiads {The), a cluster of seven 
 Btars in the constellation Taurus, and 
 applied to a cluster of seven celebrated 
 contemporaries. The stars were the 
 seven daughters of Atlas : Mala, Electra, 
 Tayggte (4 syl.), Asterope, Merope, 
 Alcyone, and Geleno. 
 
 The Pleiad of Alexandria consisted of 
 Callimachos, Apollonios Rhodios, Ara- 
 tos, Homer the Younger, Lycophron, 
 Nicander. and Theoerltos. All of Alex- 
 
 andria, in the time of Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphos. 
 
 The Pleiad of Charlemagne consisted of 
 Alcuin, called "Alblnus;" Angilbert, 
 called " Homer ; " Adelard, called 
 ''Augustine;" Riculfe, called " Da- 
 moetas ; " Varnef rid ; Eginhard ; and 
 Charlemagne himself, who was called 
 « David." 
 
 The First French Pleiad (sixteenth cen- 
 tury) : Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, 
 Antoine de BaYf, Remi-Belleau, Jodelle, 
 Ponthus de Thiard, and the seventh is 
 either Dorat or Amadis de Jamyn. All 
 under Henri III. 
 
 The Second French Pleiad (seventeenth 
 century) : Rapin, Commire, Larue, San- 
 teuil, Menage, Dupe'rier, and Petit. 
 
 We have also our English clusters. 
 There were those bom in the second half 
 of the sixteenth century : Spenser (1553), 
 Drayton (15G3), Shakespeare and Marlowe 
 (1564), Ben Jonson (1574), Fletcher 
 (1576), Massinger (1585), Beaumont 
 (Fletcher's colleague) and Ford (1586). 
 Besides these, there were Tusser (1515), 
 Raleigh (1552), sir Philip Sidnev (1554), 
 Phineas Fletcher (1584), Herbert (1.593), 
 and several others. 
 
 Another cluster came a century later: 
 Prior (1664), Swift (1667), Addison and 
 Congreve (1672), Rowe (1673), Farqu- 
 har (1678), Young (1684), Gay and Pope 
 (1688), Macklin (1690). 
 
 These were born in the latter half of the 
 eighteenth century : Sheridan (1751), 
 Crabbe (1754), Burns (1759), Rogers 
 (1763), Wordsworth (1770), Scott (1771), 
 Coleridge (1772), Southev (1774), Camp- 
 bell (1777), Moore (1779). Bvron (1788), 
 Shelley and Keble (1792), and keats(1796). 
 
 Butler (1600), Milton (1608), and 
 Dryden (1630) came between the first 
 and second clusters. Thomson (1700), 
 Grav (1717), Collins (1720), Akenside 
 (1721), Goldsmith (1728), and Cowper 
 (1731), between the second and the third. 
 
 Pleonec'tes (4 syl.), Covetousness 
 personified in The Purple Island, by 
 Phineas Fletcher (1633). " His gold his 
 god" ... he "much fears to keep, 
 much more to lose his lusting." Fully 
 described in canto viii. (Greek, pleo- 
 nehtes, "covetous.") 
 
 Pleydell (Mr. Paidus), an advocate 
 in Edinburgh, shrewd and witty. He 
 was at one time the sheriff at Ellan- 
 gowan. 
 
 Mr. counsellor Pleydell was a lively, sharp-looking 
 gentleman, with a professional shrewdness in his eyy, 
 and, generally speaking; a professional formality in his 
 
PLIABLE. 
 
 77G 
 
 PLOUSINA. 
 
 manner ; but this he could slip off on a Saturday evening, 
 when ... he joined in the ancient pastime of High 
 Jinks. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering, xxxix. (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Pliable, a neighbour of Christian, 
 whom he accompanied as far as the 
 " Slough of Despond," when he turned 
 hack. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. 
 (1G78). 
 
 Pliant {Sir Paul), a hen-pecked 
 husband, who dares not even touch a 
 letter addressed to himself till my lady 
 has read it first. His perpetual oath is 
 " Gadsbud ! " He is such a dolt that he 
 would not believe his own eyes and ears, 
 if they bore testimony against his wife's 
 fidelity and continency. (See Placid, 
 p^ 773.) 
 
 Samuel Foote [1721-1777] attempted the part of " sir 
 Paul Pliant," but nothing could be worse. However, the 
 people laughed heartily, and that he thought was a full 
 approbation of his grotesque performance.— T. Davies. 
 
 Dady Pliant, second wife of sir Paul. 
 " She's handsome, and knows it ; is very 
 silly, and thinks herself wise ; has a 
 choleric old husband " very fond of her, 
 but whom she rules with spirit, and snubs 
 ,: afore folk." My lady says, "If one 
 has once sworn, it is most unchristian, 
 inhuman, and obscene ■ that one should 
 break it." Her conduct with Mr. Care- 
 less is most reprehensible. — Congreve, 
 The Double Dealer (1694). 
 
 Those who remember the " lady Pliant " of Margaret 
 Woffington [1718-1760J, -will recollect with pleasure her 
 whimsical discovery of passion, and her awkwardly as- 
 sumed prudery. — T. Davies. 
 
 Pliny {The German) or "Modern 
 Pliny," Konrad von Gesner of Zurich, 
 who wrote Historia Animalium, etc. (1516- 
 1565) 
 
 Pliny of the East, Zakarija ibn 
 Muhammed, surnamed " Ka/.wini," from 
 Kazwin, the place of his birth. He is so 
 called by De Sacy (1200-1283). 
 
 Plon-Plon, prince Napoleon Joseph 
 Charles Bonaparte, son of Jerome Bona- 
 parte by his second wife (the princess 
 Prederiea Catherine of Wttrtemberg). 
 Plon-plon is a euphonic corruption of 
 Craint-Plomb ("fear-bullet"), a nickname 
 given to the prince in the Crimean war 
 (1854-6). 
 
 Plomish, plasterer, Bleeding-heart 
 Yard. He was a smooth-cheeked, fresh- 
 coloured, sandy-whiskered man of 30. 
 Long in the legs, yielding at the knees, 
 foolish in the face, flannel-jacketed and 
 lime-whitened. He generally chimed in 
 conversation hy echoing the words of the 
 person sneaking. Thus, if Mrs. Plomish 
 
 said to a visitor, "Miss Dorrit dursn't 
 let him know ; " he would chime in, 
 "Dursn't let him know." "Me and 
 Plornish says, ' Ho ! Miss Dorrit ; ' " 
 Plomish repeated after his wife, " Ho ! 
 Miss Dorrit." " Can you employ Miss 
 Dorrit?" Plornish repeated as an echo, 
 "Employ Miss Dorrit?" (See Peter, 
 p. 754.) 
 
 Mrs. Plornish, the plasterer's wife. A 
 young woman, somewhat slatternly in 
 herself and her belongings, and dragged 
 by care and poverty already into wrinkles. 
 She generally began her sentences with, 
 " Well, not to deceive you." Thus : " Is 
 Mr. Plornish at home?" "Well, sir, not 
 to deceive you, he's gone to look for a 
 job." " Well, not to deceive you, 
 ma'am, I take it kindlv of you." — C. 
 Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Plotting Parlour ( The). At Whit- 
 tington, near Scarsdale, in Derbyshire, is 
 a farm-house where the earl of Devon- 
 shire (Cavendish), the earl of Danby 
 (Osborne), and baron Delamer (Booth) 
 concerted the Revolution. The room in 
 which they met is called " The Plotting 
 Parlour." 
 
 Where Scarsdale's cliffs the swelling pastures bound, 
 . . . there let the fanner hail 
 The sacred orchard which embowers his gate, 
 And shew to strangers, passing down the vale, 
 Where Cav'ndish, Kooth, and Osborne sate 
 When, bursting from their country's chain, . . . 
 They planned for freedom this her noblest reign. 
 
 Akenside, Ode, XVIII. v. 3 (1767). 
 
 Plotwell (Mrs.), in Mrs. Centlivre's 
 drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 
 
 Plousina,, called Hebe, endowed by 
 the fairy Anguilletta with the gifts of 
 wit, beauty, and wealth. Hebe still felt 
 she lacked something, and the fairy told 
 her it was love. Presently came to her 
 father's court a young prince named 
 Atimir, the two fell in love with each 
 other, and the day of their marriage 
 was fixed. In the interval, Atimir fell 
 in love with Hebe's elder sister Iberia ; 
 and Hebe, in her grief, was sent to the 
 Peaceable Island, where she fell in love 
 with the ruling prince, and married 
 him. After a time, Atimir and Iberia, 
 with Hebe and her husband, met at the 
 palace of the ladies' father, when the 
 love between Atimir and Hebe re- 
 vived. A duel was fought between the 
 young princes, in which Atimir was slain, 
 and the prince of the Peaceable Islands 
 was severely wounded. Hebe, coming 
 up, threw herself on Atimir's sword, and 
 the dead bodies of Atimir and Hebe 
 weie transformed into two trees called 
 
PLOWMAN. 
 
 777 
 
 POCHET. 
 
 44 charms." — Comtesse DAunoy, Fairy 
 Tales ("Anguilletta," 1682). 
 
 Plowman (Piers), the dreamer, -who, 
 falling asleep on the Malvern Hills, 
 Worcestershire, saw in a vision pictures 
 of the corruptions of society, and par- 
 ticularly of the avarice and wantonness 
 of the clergy. This supposed vision is 
 formed into a poetical satire of great 
 vigour, fancy, and humour. It is divided 
 into twenty parts, each part being called 
 a passus or separate vision. — William 
 [or Robert] Langland, The Vision of Piers 
 Plowman (1362). 
 
 Priimdamas {Mr. Peter), grocer. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Plume {Captain), a gentleman and 
 an officer. He is in love -with Sylvia a 
 wealthy heiress, and, when he marries her, 
 gives up his commission. — G. Farquhar, 
 The Recruiting Officer (1705). 
 
 Plummer (Caleb), a little old toy- 
 maker, in the employ of Gruff and 
 Tackleton, toy merchants. He was 
 spare, gre3 r -haired, and very poor. It 
 was his pride "to go as close to Natur' 
 in his toys as he could for the money." 
 Caleb Plummer had a blind daughter, 
 who assisted him in toy-making, and 
 whom he brought up under the belief 
 that he himself was young, handsome, 
 and well off, and that the house they 
 lived in was sumptuously furnished and 
 quite magnificent. Every calamity he 
 smoothed over, every unkind remark of 
 their snarling employer he called a merry 
 jest; so that the poor blind girl lived in a 
 castle of the air, "a bright little world 
 of her own." When merry or puzzled, 
 Caleb used to sing something about "a 
 sparkling bowl." 
 
 It would have gladdened the heart of that inimitable 
 creation of Charles Dickens, "Caleb Plummer." — Lord W. 
 Lennox, Celebrities, ii. 
 
 Bertha Plummer, the blind daughter of 
 the toy-maker, who fancied her poor old 
 father was a young fop, that the sack he 
 threw across his shoulders was a hand- 
 some blue great-coat, and that their 
 wooden house was a palace. She was in 
 love with Tackleton, the toy merchant, 
 whom she thought to be a handsome 
 young prince ; and when she heard that 
 he was about to marry May Fielding, 
 she drooped and was like to die. She 
 was then disillusioned, heard the real 
 facts, and said, "Why, oh, why did you 
 deceive me thus? Why did you fill 
 my heart so full, and then come like 
 
 death, and tear away the objects of my 
 love?" However, her love for her father 
 was not lessened, and she declared that 
 the knowledge of the truth was " sight 
 restored." "It is my sight," she cried. 
 " Hitherto I have been blind, but now 
 my eyes are open. I never knew my 
 father before, and might have died with- 
 out ever having known him truly." 
 
 Edward Plummer, son of the toy-maicer, 
 and brother of the blind girl. He was 
 engaged from boyhood to May Fielding, 
 went to South America, and returned to 
 marry her ; but, hearing of her engage- 
 ment to Tackleton the toy merchant, 
 he assumed the disguise of a deaf old 
 man, to ascertain whether she loved 
 Tackleton or not. Being satisfied that 
 her heart was still his own, he married 
 her, and Tackleton made them a present 
 of the wedding-cake which he had 
 ordered for himself. — C. Dickens, The 
 Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 
 
 Plush (John), any gorgeous footman, 
 conspicuous for his plush breeches and 
 rainbow colours. 
 
 Plutarch (The Modem), Vayer, born 
 at Paris. His name in full was Francis 
 Vayer de la Mothe (1586-1672). 
 
 Pluto, the god of hades. 
 
 Brothers, be of good cheer, for this night we shall sup 
 with Pluto.— Leonidas, To the Three Hundred at Ther- 
 mopylae. 
 
 Plutus, the god of wealth. — Classic 
 Mythology. 
 
 Within a heart, dearer than Plutus' mine. 
 Shakespeare, Julius Ccesar, act iv. sc. 3 (1607). 
 
 Plymouth Cloak (A), a cane, a 
 cudgel. So called, says Kay, "because 
 we use a staff in cuerpo, but not when we 
 wear a cloak." 
 
 Wellborn. How, dog? ( Raising his cudgel.) 
 Tajswell. Advance your Plymouth cloak. 
 There dwells, and within call. If it please your worship, 
 A potent monarch, called the constable. 
 That doth command a citadel, called the stocks. 
 Massiuger, A A'ew Way to Pay Old Debts, i. 1 (1628). 
 
 Po (Tom), a ghost. (Welsh, bo, " i 
 hobgoblin.") 
 
 He now would pass for spirit Po. 
 
 S. Butler, Uudibras, iii. 1 (1678). 
 
 Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, 
 an Indian chief of Virginia, who rescued 
 captain John Smith when her father was 
 on the point of killing him. She subse- 
 quently married John Eolfe, and was 
 baptized under the name of Rebecca 
 (1595-1617). — Old and New London, ii. 
 481 (1876). 
 
 Poehet (Madame), the French "Mrs. 
 •aamp." — Henri Monnier. 
 
POCHI DANARI. 
 
 778 
 
 POETS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Pochi Dana'ri ("the pcnnyless"). 
 So the Italians call Maximilian I. emperor 
 of Germany (1459, 1493-1510). 
 
 Pocket (Mr. Matthew), a real scholar, 
 educated at Harrow, and an honour-man 
 at Cambridge, but, having married young, 
 he had to take up the calling of "grinder" 
 and literary fag for a living. Mr. 
 Pocket, when annoyed, used to run his 
 two hands into his hair, and seemed as if 
 he intended to lift himself by it. His 
 house was a hopeless muddle, the best 
 meals and chief expense being in the 
 kitchen. Pip was placed under the charge 
 of this gentleman. 
 
 Mrs. Pocket (Belinda), daughter of a 
 City knight, brought up to be an orna- 
 mental nonentity, helpless, shiftless, and 
 useless. She was the mother of eight 
 children, whom she allowed to "tumble 
 up " as best they could, under the charge 
 of her maid Fiopson. Her husband, who 
 was a poor gentleman, found life a very 
 uphill work. 
 
 Herbert Pocket, son of Mr. Matthew 
 Pocket, and an insurer of ships. He was 
 a frank, easy young man, lithe and brisk, 
 but not muscular. There was nothing 
 mean or secretive about him. He was 
 wonderfully hopeful, but had not the 
 stuff to push his way into wealth. He 
 was tall, slim, and pale ; had a languor 
 which shewed itself even in his briskness ; 
 was most amiable, cheerful, and com- 
 municative. He called Pip "Handel," 
 because Pip had been a blacksmith, and 
 Handel composed a piece of music en- 
 titled The Harmonious Blacksmith. Pip 
 helped him to a partnership in an agency 
 business. 
 
 Sarah Pocket, sister of Matthew Pocket, 
 a little dry, brown, corrugated old woman, 
 with a small face that might have been 
 made of walnut-shell, and a large mouth 
 like a cat's without the whiskers. — C. 
 Dickens, Great Expectations (i860). 
 
 Podgers (The), lickspittles of the 
 great. — J. Hollingshead, The Birthplace 
 of Podjcrs. 
 
 Podsnap (Mr.), "a too, too smiling 
 large man with a fatal freshness on him." 
 Mrt Podsnap has "two little light-coloured 
 wiry wings, one on either side of his 
 else" bald head, looking as like his hair- 
 brushes as his hair." On his forehead 
 are generally " little red beads," and he 
 wears "a large allowance of crumpled 
 shirt-collar up behind." 
 
 Mrs. Podsnap, a " fine woman for pro- 
 tessor Owen : quantity of bone, neck and 
 
 nostrils like a rocking-horse, hard fea- 
 tures, and majestic head-dress in which 
 Podsnap has hung golden offerings." 
 
 Gcorgiana Podsnap, daughter of the 
 above; called by her father "the young 
 person." She is a harmless, inoffensive 
 girl, " always trying to hide her elbows." 
 Georgiana adores Mrs. Lammle, and when 
 Mr. Lammle tries to marry the girl 
 to Mr. Flcdgeby, Mrs. Lammle induces 
 Mr. Twemlow to speak to the father and 
 warn him against the connection. 
 
 It may not be so in the L'ospel according to Podsnajipery, 
 . . . but it has been the truth since the foundations of 
 the universe were laid. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual /V»Vn4 
 (18G4). 
 
 Poem in Marble (^4), the Taj, a 
 mausoleum of white marble, raised in 
 Agra by shah Jehan, to his favourite 
 shahrina Moomtaz-i-Mahul, who died in 
 childbirth of her eighth child. It is also 
 called " The Marble Queen of Sorrow." 
 
 Poet (The Quaker), Bernard Barton 
 (1734-1849). 
 
 Poet Sire of Italy, Dante Alighieri 
 (1265-1321). 
 
 Poet Squab. John Dryden was so 
 called by the earl of Rochester, on account 
 of his corpulence (1631-1701). 
 
 Poet of France (The), Pierre Ron- 
 sard (1524-1585). 
 
 Poet of Poets, Percv Bvsshe Shelley 
 (1792-1822). 
 
 Poet of the Poor, the Rev. George 
 Crabbe (1754-1832). 
 
 Poets (The prince of). Edmund Spen- 
 ser is so called on his monument in West- 
 minster Abbey (1553-1598). 
 
 Prinoe of Spanish Poets. So Cervantes 
 calls Garcilaso de la Vega (1503-1536). 
 
 Poets of England. 
 
 Addison, Beaumont, Elizabeth Bar- 
 rett Browning ! (Burns!) Butler, Byrox, 
 Campbell, Chatterton, Chaucer, Cole- 
 ridge, Collins, Congreve, Cowley, Cow- 
 per, Crabbe, Drayton, Dryden ! Fletcher, 
 Ford, Gay, Goldsmith, Gray, Mrs. He- 
 mans, Herbert, Herrick, Hood, Ben Jon- 
 son ! Keats, Keble, Landor, Marlowe ! 
 Marvel, Massinger ! Milton t , Moore, Ot- 
 way! Pope! Prior, Rogers, liowe, (Scott,) 
 Shakespeare, Shelley! Shenstone, South- 
 ey, Spenser, Thomson, Waller, AVords- 
 worth, Young. With many others of 
 less celebrity. 
 
 (Those in capitals are first-class poets ; 
 those in Romau type, second-class, the 
 
POETS' CORNER. 
 
 779 
 
 POISONERS. 
 
 best of which have ! after the name ; 
 those in italics are third-class poets ; the 
 two in brackets are Scotch.) 
 
 Poets' Corner, in the south transept 
 of Westminster Abbey. No one knows 
 who christened the corner thus. With 
 poets are divines, philosophers, actors, 
 novelists, architects, and critics. It would 
 have been a glorious thing indeed if the 
 corner had been set apart for England's 
 poets. But alas ! the deans of Westminster 
 made a market of the wall, and hence, as 
 a memorial of British poets, it is almost 
 a caricature. Where is the record of 
 Byron, Ford, Iiemans, Keats, Keble, 
 Marlowe, Massinger, Pope, Shelley? 
 Where of E. B. Browning, Burns, Chat- 
 terton, Collins, Congreve, Cowper, Crabbe, 
 Gower, Herbert, Herrick, Hood, Marvel, 
 T. Moore, Scott, Shenatone, Southey, 
 and Waller? 
 
 The "corner" contains a bust, statue, 
 tablet, or monument to five of our first- 
 rate poets : viz., Chaucer (1400), 
 Dryden (1700), Milton (1674), Shake- 
 speare (1616), and Spenser (1598) ; and 
 some seventeen of second or third class 
 merit, as Addison, Beaumont (none to 
 Fletcher), S. Butler, Campbell, Cowley, 
 Cumberland, Drayton, Gay, Gray, Gold- 
 smith, Ben Jonson, Macaulay, Prior (a 
 most preposterous affair), Rowe, Sheri- 
 dan, Thomson, .and Wordsworth. And 
 also to such miserable poetasters as 
 Davenant (" Oh ! rare sir William Dave- 
 nant ! "), Mason, and Shadwell. Truly, 
 our Valhalla is almost a satire on our 
 taste and judgment. 
 
 * Nc * Dryden's monument was erected 
 by Sheffield duke of Buckingham. 
 Wordsworth's statue was erected by a 
 public subscription. 
 
 Poets of Licentious Verses, 
 Elephantis, a poetess spoken of by 
 Martial, Epigrammata, xii. 43. 
 
 Anthony Caraccio of Italy (1630-1702). 
 
 Pietro Aretino, an Italian of Arezzo 
 (1492-1557). 
 
 Poetry (The Father of), Orpheus (2 
 ay I.) of Thrace. 
 
 Father of Dutch Poetry, Jakob Maer- 
 lant; also called "The Father of Flemish 
 Poetry"' (1235-1300). 
 
 Father of English Poetry, Geoffrey 
 Chaucer (1328-1400). 
 
 Father of Epic Poetry, Homer. 
 
 He compares Richardson to Horner, and predicts for 
 his memory the same honours which are rendered to the 
 Father of Epic Poetry. -Sir W. ScotL 
 
 Poetry — Prose. Pope advised 
 
 Wycherly "to convert his poetry into 
 prose." 
 
 Po'gram {Elijah), one of the "master 
 minds " of America, and a member of 
 congress. He was possessed with the 
 idea that there was a settled opposition 
 in the British mind against the institu- 
 tions of his "free enlightened country." 
 — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Poinder (George), a city officer. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time. 
 George II.). 
 
 Poins, a companion of sir John Fa!- 
 6taff. — Shakespeare, 1 and 2 Henry 1 V. 
 (1597, 1598). 
 
 The chronicles of that day contain accounts of many a 
 mad prank which [lord Warwick, Addison's step-son] 
 played . . . [like] the lawless freaks of the madcap prince 
 and Poins. — Thackeray. 
 
 Point a Moral or Adorn a Tale. 
 
 Dr. Johnson, in his Vanity of Human 
 Wishes (1749), speaking of Charles XII. 
 of Sweden, says : 
 
 He left the name, at which the world grew pale, 
 To point a moral or adorn a tale. 
 
 %* Juvenal said of Hannibal: "Go, 
 madman ; hurry over the savage Alps, to 
 please the schoolboys, and become their 
 subject of declamation." 
 
 Poison. It is said that Mithridates 
 VI., surnamed "the Great," had so forti- 
 fied his constitution, that poisons had no 
 baneful effect on him (B.C. 131, 120-63). 
 
 Poison-Detectors. Opal turns pale, 
 and Venetian glass shivers at the ap- 
 proach of poison. Peacocks ruffle their 
 feathers at the sight of poison ; and if 
 poison is put into a liquid contained in a 
 cup of rhinoceros's horn, the liquid will 
 effervesce. No one could pass with 
 poison the horn gate of Gundoforus. 
 Nourgehan had a bracelet, the stones of 
 which seemed agitated when poison 
 approached the wearer. Aladdin's ring 
 was a preservative against every evil. 
 The sign of the cross in the Middle Ages 
 was looked upon as a poison-detector. 
 (See Warnisg-Givkrs.) 
 
 Poison of Khaibar. By this is 
 meant the poison put into a leg of mutton 
 by Zai'nab, a Jewess, to kill Mahomet 
 while he was in the citadel of Kha'i'bar. 
 Mahomet partook of the mutton, and 
 suffered from the poison all through life. 
 
 Poisoners (Secret). 
 
 1. Of Ancient Pome : Locusta, em- 
 ployed by Agrippi'na to poison her 
 husband the emperor Claudius. Nero 
 
POLEXANDRE. 
 
 '80 
 
 POLLENTE. 
 
 employed the same woman to poison 
 Britannicus and others. 
 
 2. Of English History: the countess 
 of Somerset, who poisoned sir Thomas 
 Overbury in the Tower of London. She 
 also poisoned others. 
 
 VilKers duke of Buckingham, it is 
 eaid, poisoned king James I. 
 
 3. Of France : Lavoisin and Lavigoreux, 
 French midwives and fortune-tellers. 
 
 Catharine de Medicis is said to have 
 poisoned the mother of Henri IV. with a 
 pair of wedding-gloves, and several 
 others with poisoned fans. 
 
 The marquise de Brinvilliers, a young 
 profligate Frenchwoman, was taught the 
 art of secret poisoning by Sainte-Croix, 
 who learnt it in Italy. — Worldof Wonders, 
 vii. 203. 
 
 4. Of Italy : Pope Alexander VI. and 
 his children Caesar and Lucrezia [Borgia] 
 were noted poisoners ; so were Hierony- 
 raa Spara and Tofa'na. 
 
 Polexan'dre, an heroic romance bv 
 Gomberville (1632). 
 
 Policy (Mrs.), housekeeper at Holy- 
 rood Palace. She appears in the intro- 
 duction. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Pol'idore (3 syl.), father of Valere.— 
 Moliere, Le De'pit Amoureux (1654). 
 
 Polinesso, duke of Albany, who 
 falsely accused Geneura of incontinency, 
 and was slain in single combat by Ario- 
 dantes. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (.1516). 
 
 Polish Jew (The), also called The 
 Bells, a melodrama by J. R. "Ware, 
 brought prominently into note by the 
 acting of Henry Irving at the Lyceum. 
 Mathis, a miller in a small German town, 
 is visited on Christmas Eve by a Polish 
 Jew, Avho comes through the snow in a 
 sledge. After rest and refreshment, he 
 leaves for Nantzig, "four leagues off." 
 Mathis follows him, kills him with an 
 axe, and burns the body in a lime-kiln. 
 He then pays his debts, becomes a pros- 
 perous and respected man, and is made 
 burgomaster. Ou the wedding night of 
 his only child, Annette, he dies of apo- 
 plexy, *of which he had ample warning 
 by the constant sound of sledge-bells in 
 his cars. In his dream he supposes him- 
 self put into a mesmeric sleep in open 
 court, when he confesses everything and 
 is executed (1874). 
 
 Polixene, the name assumed by 
 Madelon Gorgibus, a shopkeeper's daugh- 
 
 ter, as far more romantic and genteel 
 than her baptismal name. Her cousin 
 Cathos called herself Aminte (2 syl.). 
 
 "A-t-on jamais parleY' asks Madelon, "dans le beau 
 style, de Cathos ni de Madelon ? et ne m'avouerez-vous 
 pas que ce seroit assez d'un de ces iioms pour decrier le 
 plus beau roman du monde." 
 
 "II est vrai," says Cathos to Madelon's father, " et le 
 nom de Polix>ne . . . et celui d'Aminte . . . ont une 
 grace dont il faut que vous demeuriez daccord.— Moliere, 
 Lus Pr&cieuses Ridicules, 5 (1659). 
 
 Polix'enes (4 syl.), king of Bo- 
 hemia, schoolfellow and old companion 
 of Leontes king of Sicily. While on a 
 visit to the Sicilian king, Leontes grew 
 jealous of him, and commanded Camillo 
 to poison him ; but Camillo only warned 
 him of his danger, and fled with him to 
 Bohemia. Polixenes's son, Flor'izel, fell 
 in love with Perdita the supposed 
 daughter of a shepherd ; but the king 
 threatened Perdita and the shepherd with 
 death unless this foolish suit were given 
 up. Florizel and Perdita now fled to 
 Sicily, where they were introduced to king 
 Leontes, and it was soon discovered that 
 Perdita was his lost daughter. Polixenes, 
 having tracked the fugitives to Sicily, 
 learned that Perdita was the king's daugh- 
 ter, and joyfully consented to the union he 
 had before forbidden. — Shakespeare, The 
 Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 Poll Pineapple, the bumboat 
 woman, once sailed in seaman's clothes 
 with lieutenant Belay e' (2 syl.), in the 
 Hot Cross-Bun. Jack tars generally greet 
 each other with "Messmate, ho! what 
 cheer?" but the greeting on the Hot 
 Cross-Bun was always, " How do you do, 
 my dear?" and never was any oath more 
 naughty than "Dear me!" One day, 
 lieutenant Belaye came on board and 
 said to his crew, "Here, messmates, is my 
 wife, for I have just come from church." 
 Whereupon they all fainted ; and it 
 was found the crew consisted of young 
 women only, who had dressed like sailors 
 to follow the fate of lieutenant Belaye. — 
 S. Gilbert, The Bab Ballads (" The Bum- 
 boat Woman's Story"). 
 
 Pollente (3 syl.), a Saracen, lord oi 
 the Perilous Bridge. When his groom 
 Guizor demands "the passage-penny" 
 of sir Artegal, the knight gives him a 
 " stunning blow," saying, " Lo ! knave, 
 there's my hire;" and the groom falls 
 down dead. Pollente then comes rushing 
 up at full speed, and both he and sir 
 Artegal fall into the river, fighting most 
 desperately. At length sir Artegal pre- 
 vails and the dead body of the Saracen 
 
POLLY 
 
 "SI 
 
 POLYDORE. 
 
 le carried down "the blood-stained 
 stream." — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 2 
 (1596). 
 
 Upton conjectures that "Pollentc" is 
 intended for Charles IX. of France, and 
 his groom " Guizor " (he says) means the 
 duke of Guise, noted for the part he took 
 in the St. Bartholomew Massacre. 
 
 Polly, daughter of Peachum. A 
 pretty girl, Avho really loved captain 
 Macheath, married him, and remained 
 faithful even when he disclaimed her. 
 "When the reprieve arrived, " the captain" 
 confessed his marriage, and vowed to 
 abide by Polly for the rest of his life. — 
 J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 
 
 This character has led to the peerage 
 three actresses : Miss Fenton (duchess of 
 Bolton), Miss Bolton (lady Thurlow), and 
 Miss Stephens (countess of Essex). 
 
 Mrs. C. Mathews savs of Miss Fenton 
 (1708-1760) : 
 
 Both by singing and acting, the impre=«ion she made in 
 "Polly" was most powerful. . . . Not a print-shop or 
 fan-shop but exhibited her handsome figure in her 
 " Polly's" costume, which possessed all the characteristic 
 simplicity of the modern quakeress, wiihout one mere- 
 tricious ornament. 
 
 Polo'nius, a garrulous old chamber- 
 lain of Denmark, and father of Laer'tes 
 and Ophelia ; conceited, politic, and a 
 courtier. Polonius conceals himself, to 
 overhear what Hamlet says to his mother, 
 and, making some unavoidable noise, 
 startles the prince, who. thinking it is 
 the king concealed, rushes blindly on 
 the intruder, and kills him ; but finds too 
 late he has killed the chamberlain, and 
 not Claudius as he hoped and expected. 
 ■ — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Polonius is a man bred in courts, exereL-ed in business, 
 stored with observations, confident of his knowledge, 
 proud of his eloquence, and declining to dotage. — Dr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 It was the great part of "William Mvnitt 
 (1710-1763). 
 
 Soon after Munden retired from the stage, an admirer 
 met him in Covent Garden. It was a wet day, and each 
 earried an umbrella. The gentleman's was an expensive 
 silk one, and Joe's an old gingham. "So you have left 
 the sta^e, . . . and 'Polonius,' * Jemmy Jumps,' 'Old 
 Doriiton,' and a dozen others have left the world with 
 you ? I wish you'd give me some trifle by way of memorial, 
 Munden :" "Trifle, sir? I" faith, sir, I've" got nothing. 
 But hold, yes, egad, suppose we exchange umbrellas," — 
 Theatrical A nccdotet. 
 
 Polwarth (Alick), a servant of 
 Waverley's. — Sir W. Scott, Wacerley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Polyele'tos (in Latin Polycletus), a 
 statuary of Sicyon, who drew up a canon 
 of the proportions of the several parts of 
 the human body : as, twice round the 
 thumb is once round the wrist : twice 
 
 round the wrist is once round the neck ; 
 twice round the neck is once round the 
 waist ; once round the fist is the length 
 of the foot ; the two arms extended is 
 the height of the body ; six times the 
 length of the foot, or eighteen thumbs, is 
 also the height of the body. 
 
 Again, the thumb, the longest toe, 
 and the nose should all be of the same 
 length. The index finger should mea- 
 sure the breadth of the hand and foot, 
 and twice the breadth should give the 
 length. The hand, the foot, and the 
 face should all be the same length. The 
 nose should be one-third of the face ; 
 and, of course, the thumbs should be 
 one-third the length of the hand. Gerard 
 de Lairesse has given the exact measure- 
 ments of every part of the human figure, 
 according to the famous statues of " An- 
 tinous," "Apollo Belvidere," "Her- 
 cules," and "Venus de Medici." 
 
 Poly crates (4 syl.), tyrant of 
 Samos. He Avas so fortunate in every- 
 thing, that Am'asis king of Egypt ad- 
 vised him to part with something he 
 highly prized. Whereupon, Polycrates 
 threw into the sea an engraved gem of 
 extraordinary value. A few days after- 
 wards, a fish was presented to the tyrant, 
 in which this very gem was found. 
 Amasis now renounced all friendship 
 with him, as a man doomed by the gods ; 
 and not long after this, a satrap, having 
 entrapped the too fortunate despot, put 
 him to death by crucifixion. (See Fish 
 axd the Ptixo.)— Herodotus, iii. 40. 
 
 Polyd'amas, a Thessalian athlete of 
 enormous strength. He is said to have 
 killed an angry lion, to have held by the 
 heels a raging bull and thrown it help- 
 less at his feet, to have stopped a chariot 
 in full career, etc. One day, he attempted 
 to sustain a falling rock, but Avas killed 
 and buried by the huge mass. 
 
 Milo carried a bull, four years old, on 
 his shoulders through the stadium at 
 Olympia ; he also arrested a chariot in 
 full career. One day, tearing asunder a 
 pine tree, the two parts, rebounding, 
 caught his hands and held him fast, in 
 which state he was devoured by wolves. 
 
 Polydore (3 syl.), the name by which 
 Belarius called prince Guiderius, while 
 he lived in a cave in the Welsh moun- 
 tains. His brother, prince Arviragus, 
 went by the name of Cadwal. — Shake- 
 speare, Cymbeline (1605). 
 
 Pol'ydore (3 syl.), brother of general 
 Memnon, beloved by the princess Calia 
 
POLYDORE. 
 
 782 
 
 POLYPHEME. 
 
 Bister of Astorax king of Paphos. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover 
 (1618). 
 
 Pol'ydore (Lord), son of lord Acasto, 
 and Castalio's younger brother. He 
 entertained a base passion for his father's 
 ward Monimia "the orphan," and, making 
 use of the signal ("three soft taps upon 
 the chamber door ") to be used by Castalio, 
 to whom she -was privately married, in- 
 dulged his wanton love, Monimia sup- 
 posing him to be her husband. When, 
 next day, he discovered that Monimia was 
 actually married to Castalio, he was 
 horrified, and provoked a quarrel with his 
 brother ; but as soon as Castalio drew his 
 sword, he ran upon it and was killed. — 
 Thomas Otway, The Orphan (1680). 
 
 Pol'ydore (3 syl.), a comrade of Ernest 
 of Otranto (page of prince Tancred). — Sir 
 W. Scott, Count Robert of Pa?is (time, 
 Rufus). 
 
 Polyglot (Ignatius), the master of 
 seventeen languages, and tutor of Charles 
 Eustace (aged 24). Very learned, very 
 ignorant of human life ; most strict as a 
 disciplinarian, but tender-hearted as a 
 girl. His pupiL has married clandestinely, 
 but Polyglot offers himself voluntarily to 
 be the scapegoat of the young couple, 
 and he brings them off triumphantly. — 
 J. Poole, The Scapegoat. 
 
 Polyglott (A Walking), cardinal Mez- 
 zofanti, who knew fifty-eight different 
 languages (1774-1849). 
 
 Polyolbion (the "greatly blessed"), 
 by Michael Drayton, in thirty parts, 
 called "songs." It is a topographi- 
 cal description of England. Song 
 i. The landing of Brute. Song ii. 
 Dorsetshire, and the adventures of sir 
 Bevis of Southampton. Song iii. So- 
 merset. Song iv. Contention of the 
 rivers of England and Wales respecting 
 Lundy — to which country it belonged. 
 Song v. Sabrina, as arbiter, decides that 
 it is " allied . alike both to England and 
 Wales ; " Merlin, and Milford Haven. 
 Song vi. The salmon and beavor of Twy ; 
 the tale of Sabrina ; the druids and 
 bards. Song vii. Hereford. Song viii. 
 Conquest of Britain by the Romans and 
 by the Saxons. Song ix. Wales. Song 
 x. Merlin's prophecies ; Winifred's well ; 
 defence ofthe"taleof Brute" (1612). Song 
 xi. Cheshire ; tjie religious Saxon kings. 
 Song xii. Shropshire and Staffordshire ; 
 the Saxon warrior kings ; and Guy of 
 Warwick. Song xiii. Warwick ; Guy of 
 
 Warwick concluded. Song xiv. Glou- 
 cestershire. Song xv. The marriage of 
 I sis and Thame. Song xvi. The Roman 
 roads and Saxon kingdoms. Song xvii. 
 Surrey and Sussex ; the sovereigns of 
 England from William to Elizabeth. 
 Song xviii. Kent ; England's great gene- 
 rals and sea-captains (1613). Song xix. 
 Essex and Suffolk ; English navigators. 
 Song xx. Norfolk. Song xxi. Cam- 
 bridge and Ely. Song xxii. Bucking- 
 hamshire, and England's intestine battles. 
 Song xxiii. Northamptonshire. Song 
 xxiv. Rutlandshire ; and the British 
 saints. Song xxv. Lincolnshire. Song 
 xxvi. Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, 
 Derbyshire ; with the story of Robin 
 Hood. Song xxvii. Lancashire and the 
 Isle of Man. Song xxviii. Yorkshire. 
 Song xxix, Northumberland. Song xxx. 
 Cumberland (1622). 
 
 Pol'ypheme (3 syl.), a gigantic 
 Cyclops of Sicily, who fed on human 
 flesh. When Ulysses, on his return from 
 Troy, was driven to this island, he and 
 twelve of his companions were seized 
 b} r Polypheme, and confined in his cave, 
 that he might devour two daily for his 
 dinner. Ulysses made the giant drunk, 
 and, when he lay down to sleep, bored 
 out his one eye. Roused by the pain, 
 the monster tried to catch his tormentors ; 
 but Ulysses and his surviving com- 
 panions made their escape by clinging to 
 the bellies of the sheep and rams when 
 they were let out to pasture (Odyssey, ix.). 
 
 There is a Basque legend told of the 
 giant Tartaro, who caught a young man 
 in his snares, and confined him in his 
 cave for dessert. When, however, Tar- 
 taro fell asleep, the young man made 
 the giant's spit red hot, bored out his one 
 eye, and then made his escape by fixing 
 the bell of the bell-ram round his neck, 
 and a sheep-skin over his back. Tartaro 
 seized the skin, and the man, leaving it 
 behind, made olf . — Basque Legends. 
 
 A very similar adventure forms the 
 tale of Sindbad's third voyage, in the 
 Arabian Nights. He was shipwrecked 
 on a strange island, and entered, with 
 his companions, a sort of palace. At 
 nightfall, a one-eyed giant entered, and 
 ate one of them for supper, and another 
 for breakfast next morning. This went 
 on for a day or two, when Sindbad bored 
 out the giant's one eye with a charred 
 olive stake. The giant tried in vain to 
 catch his tormentors, but they ran to 
 their rafts ; and Sindbad, with two 
 others, contrived to escape. 
 
POLYPHEME AND GALATEA. 783 POND OF THE PROPHET. 
 
 %* Homer was translated into Syriac 
 bv Theophilus Edessenes in the caliphate 
 of Harun-ur-Rashid (a.d. 786-809). 
 
 Polypheme and Galatea. Poly- 
 pheny loved Galatea the sea-nymph ; but 
 Galatea had fixed her affections on Acis, 
 a Sicilian shepherd. The giant, in his 
 jealousy, hurled a huge rock at his rival, 
 and crushed him to death. 
 
 The tale of Polypheme is from Ho- 
 mer's Odyssey, ix. It is also given 
 by Ovid in his Metamorphoses, xiv. 
 Euripides introduces the monster in his 
 Cyclops ; and the tragedy of Acis and 
 Galatea is the subject of Handel's famous 
 f'pera so called. 
 
 (In Greek the monster iscalled Polu- 
 ptemos, and in Latin Polyphemus.) 
 
 Polyphe'mus of Literature, Dr. 
 
 Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 
 
 Polypho'nus {"big-voiced"), the 
 Eapaneus and most boastful of the frog 
 heroes. He was slain by the mouse 
 Artophagus (" the bread-nibbler "). 
 
 But great Artophagus avenged the slain, . . . 
 And Potyphonus dies, a frog renowned 
 For boastful speech and turbulence of sound. 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 
 
 Polyphrasticontinomimegalon- 
 dulatibn. 
 
 Why not wind up the famous ministerial declaration 
 with "Konx Ompax,'* or that difficult expression, 
 " polyphrasticontinomimegalondulatioii "? — The Star. 
 
 Polypo'dium {"many-foot"), al- 
 luding to its root furnished with nume- 
 rous fibres. Polypodium used to be 
 greatly celebrated for its effect on tape- 
 worm, and for rheum. 
 
 The hermit 
 Here finds upon an oak rheum-purging polypode (3 sy7.). 
 Drayton, PolyolUon, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Polyx'ena, a magnanimous and 
 most noble woman, wife of Charles 
 Emmanuel king of Sardinia (who suc- 
 ceeded to the crown in 1730). — R. Brown- 
 ing, King Victor and King Charles, etc. 
 
 Pombod'ita, hocus - pocus - land. 
 When any one tells an incredible story, 
 we might say to him,. " Perhaps you are 
 a native of Pombodita, where elephants 
 are driven through the eyes of needles." 
 
 Cum aliquis incredibilia narrat, respondent, " Forte ex 
 Vombodita tu es, ubi traducunt elephantem per foramen 
 ncus. — Pole, Synopsis C'riticorum. 
 
 It. may be that thou art of Pumbeclitha, where they can 
 bring an elephant through the eye of a needle.— Light- 
 oot (A Jewish Proverb). 
 
 *** Every one will call to mind the use 
 made of this Jewish proverb by our Lord, 
 when the "rich ruler," being told to sell 
 all he had for the benefit of the poor, 
 
 "went away sorrowful." — Luke xviii, 
 18-25 ; Mark x. 22. 
 
 Pomegranate Seed. When Per- 
 seph'one was in hades, whither Pluto 
 had carried her, the god, foreknowing 
 that Jupiter would demand her release, 
 gathered a pomegranate, and said to her, 
 "Love, eat with me this parting day of 
 the pomegranate seed ; " and she ate. 
 Demeter, in the mean time, implored 
 Zeus {Jupiter) to demand Persephone's 
 release ; and the king of Olympus pro- 
 mised she should be set at liberty, if she 
 had not eaten anything during her deten- 
 tion in hades. As, however, she had 
 eaten pomegranate seeds, her return was 
 impossible. 
 
 Low Laughs the dark king on his throne— 
 " I gave her of pomegranate seeds "... 
 And chant the maids of Enna still — 
 " fateful flower beside the rill. 
 The daffodil, the daffodil." (See Daffodil) 
 
 Jean Ingelow, Persephone. 
 
 Pompey, a clown ; servant to Mrs. 
 Overdone (a bawd). — Shakespeare, J/ea- 
 sure for Measure (1603). 
 
 Pompey the (3-reat was killed by 
 Achillas and Septimius, the moment the 
 Egyptian fishing-boat reached the coast. 
 Plutarch tells us the}' threw his head into 
 the sea. Others say his head was sent 
 to Caesar, who turned from it with horror, 
 and shed a flood of tears. Shakespeare 
 makes him killed by "savage islanders" 
 (2 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 1, 1598). 
 
 Pompil'ia, a foundling, the putative 
 daughter of Pietro (2 syl.). She married 
 count Guido Franceschini, who treated 
 her so brutally that she made her escape 
 under the protection of a young priest 
 named Caponsacchi. Pompilia subse- 
 quently gave birth to a uon, but was slain 
 by her husband. 
 
 The babe had been a find i' the filth-heap, sir. 
 Catch from the kennel. There was found at Rome, 
 Down in the deepest of our social dregs, 
 A woman who professed the wanton's trade . . . 
 She sold this babe eight months before its birth 
 To our Violante (3 syf.), Pietro 's honest spouse, . . . 
 Partly to please old Pietro, 
 ' Partly to cheat the rightful heirs, agape 
 For that same principal of the usufruct, 
 It vexed him he must die and leave behind. 
 
 R. Browning, The liing and the Book, ii. 557, etc. 
 
 Ponce de Leon, the navigator who 
 went in search of the Fontaine de Jouvcnce, 
 " cm fit rajovenir la gent." He sailed in 
 two ships on this " voyage of discoveries," 
 in the sixteenth century. 
 
 Like Ponce de Leon, he wants to go off to the Anti- 
 podes in search of that Fontaine de Jouvence which 
 was fabled to give a man back his youth. — I'era, 130. 
 
 Pond of the Prophet [The), a 
 
 well of life, from which all the blessed 
 
PONENT WIND. 
 
 •84 
 
 POPE-FIGS. 
 
 will drink before they enter paradise. 
 The water is whiter than milk, and more 
 fragrant than musk. 
 
 Po'nent Wind {Tiic), the west wind, 
 or wind from the sunset. Lev'ant is the 
 east wind, or wind from the sunrise. 
 
 Forth rush the Levnnt and the Ponent winds. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 704 (1655). 
 
 Pongo, a cross between " a land-tiger 
 and a sea-shark." This terrible monster 
 devastated Sicily, but was slain by the 
 three sons of St. George. — R. Johnson, 
 The Seven Champions, etc. (1617). 
 
 Ponoc'rates (4 syl.), the tutor of 
 Gargantua. — Rabelais, Gargantua (1533). 
 
 Pons Asino'rum ("the asses' 
 bridge "), the fifth proposition bk. i. 
 of Euclid's Elements, too difficult for 
 " asses " or stupid boys to get over. 
 
 Pontius Pilate's Body- Guard, 
 the 1st Foot Regiment. In Picardy the 
 French officers wanted to make out that 
 they were the seniors, and, to carry their 
 point, vaunted that they were on duty 
 on the night of the Crucifixion. The 
 colonel of the 1st Foot replied, "If we 
 had been on guard, we should not have 
 slept at our posts " (see Matt, xxviii. 13). 
 
 Pontoys (Stephen), a veteran in sir 
 Hugo de Lacv's troop. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Pony (Mr. Garland's), Whisker 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Poole (1 syl.), in Dorsetshire ; once 
 " a young and lusty sea-born lass," 
 courted by great Albion, who had by 
 her three children, Brunksey, Fursey, 
 and [St.] Hellen. Thetis was indignant 
 that one of her virgin train should be 
 guilty of such indiscretion ; and, to pro- 
 tect his children from her fury, Albion 
 placed them in the bosom of Poole, and 
 then threw his arms around them. — M. 
 Drayton, Potyolbion, ii. (1612). 
 
 Poor (Father of the), Bernard Gilpin 
 (1517-1583). 
 
 Poor Gentleman (The), a comedy 
 by George Column the younger (1802). 
 "The poor gentleman " is lieutenant 
 Worthington, discharged from the army 
 on half-pay, because his arm had been 
 crushed by a shell in storming Gibraltar. 
 On his half-pay he had to support him- 
 self, his daughter Emily, an old corporal, 
 axid a maiden sister-in-law. Having put 
 Ins name tc a bill for £500, his friend 
 
 died without effecting an insurance, and 
 the lieutenant was called upon for pay- 
 ment. Imprisonment would have fol- 
 lowed if sir Robert Bramble had not 
 mest generously paid the money. With 
 this piece of good fortune came another— 
 the marriage of his daughter Emily to 
 Frederick Bramble, nephew and heir of 
 the rich baronet. 
 
 Poor John, a hake dried and salted. 
 
 Tis well thou art not fish ; if thou hadst [been], thou 
 hadst been Poor John.— Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, 
 act L sc. 1 (1597). 
 
 Poor Richard, the pseudonym of 
 Benjamin Franklin, under which he 
 issued a series of almanacs, which he 
 made the medium of teaching thrift, 
 temperance, order, cleanliness, chastity, 
 forgiveness, and so on. The maxims or 
 precepts of these almanacs generally end 
 with the words, "as poor Richard says" 
 (begun in 1732). 
 
 Poor Robin, the pseudonym of 
 Robert Herrick the poet, under which he 
 issued a series of almanacs (begun in 
 1661). 
 
 Poor as Lazarus, that is, the beg- 
 gar Lazarus, in the parable of Dives and 
 Lazarus (Luke xvi. 19-31). 
 
 Pope ( To drink like a). Benedict XII. 
 was an enormous eater, and such a huge 
 wine-drinker that he gave rise to the 
 Bacchanalian expression, Bibdmus vapa- 
 litcr. 
 
 Pope Changing His Name. Peter 
 Hogsmouth, or, as he is sometimes called, 
 Peter di Porca, was the first pope to 
 change his name. He called himself 
 Sergius II. (844-847). Some say he 
 thought it arrogant to be called Peter II. 
 
 Pope-Fig-lands, protestant coun- 
 tries. The Gaillardets, being shown the 
 pope's image, said, " A rig for the pope!" 
 whereupon their whole island was put to 
 the sword, and the name changed to 
 Pope-fig-land, the people being called 
 "Pope-figs." — Rabelais, Pantag'i'uel, iv. 
 45 (1545). 
 
 The allusion is to the kingdom or 
 Navarre, once protestant ; but in 1512 
 it was subjected to Ferdinand the Catho- 
 lic. 
 
 Pope-Figs, protestants. The name 
 was given to the Gaillardets, for saying, 
 " A fig for the pope ! " 
 
 They were made tributaries and slaves to the Papiiuarii 
 for saying, "A fig for the pope's image I " and never after 
 
POPE JOAN, 
 
 785 
 
 POPISH PLOT. 
 
 did the poor WTetches prosper, but every year the devil 
 was at their doors, and they were plagued with hail, 
 storms, famine, and all manner of wjes in punishment of 
 this sin of their forefathers. — Kabelais, J'autagruel, iv. 
 45 (1545). 
 
 Pope Joan, between Leo IV. and 
 Benedict III., and called John [VIII.]. 
 The subject of this scandalous story was 
 an English girl, educated at Cologne, 
 who lei't her home in man's disguise 
 with her lover (the monk Folda), and 
 went to Athens, where she studied law. 
 She went to Rome and studied theology, 
 ■earning so great a reputation that, at the 
 death of Leo IV., she was chosen his 
 successor. Her sex was discovered by 
 the birth of a child while she was going 
 to the Lateran Basilica, between the 
 Coliseum and the church of St. Cle- 
 ment. Pope Joan died, and was buried, 
 without honours, after a pontificate of 
 two years and five months (853-855). — 
 Marianus Scotus (who died 1086). 
 
 The story is given most fully by 
 Martinus Polonus, confessor to Gregory 
 X., and the tale was generally believed 
 till the Reformation. There is a German 
 miracle-play on the subject, called The 
 Canonization of Pope Joan (1480). David 
 Blondel, a Calvinist divine, has written a 
 book to confute the tale. 
 
 The following note contains the chief 
 points of interest : — 
 
 Anastasius the librarian, is the first to 
 mention such a pope, a.d. 886, or thirty 
 years after the death of Joan. 
 
 Marianus Scotus, in his Chronicle, says 
 she reigned two years five months and 
 four days (853-855). Scotus died 1086. 
 
 Sigebert de Gemblours, in his Chronicle, 
 repeats the same story (1112). 
 
 Otto of Freisingen and Gotfrid of Vi- 
 terbo both mention her in their histories. 
 
 Martin Polonus gives a very full ac- 
 count of the matter. He says she went 
 by the name of John Anglus, and was 
 born at Metz, of English parents. While 
 she was pope, she was prematurely de- 
 livered of a child in the street "between 
 the Coliseum and St. Clement's Church." 
 
 William Ochain alludes to the story. 
 
 Thomas de Elniham repeats it (1422). 
 
 John Huss tells us her baptismal name 
 was not Joan but Agnes. 
 
 Others insist that her name was Gil- 
 berta. 
 
 In the Annates Augustani (1135), we 
 are told her papal name was John VIII., 
 and that she it was who consecrated 
 Louis II. of France. 
 
 Arguments in favour of the allegation 
 s^e given by Spanheim, Exercit. de Papa 
 
 Fcemina, ii. 577 ; in Lenfant, Histoire de 
 la Papesse Jeanne. 
 
 Arguments against the allegation are 
 given by Allatius or Allatus, Confutatio 
 Fabuloe de Johanna Papissa ; and in 
 Lequien, Oriens Christianus, iii. 777. 
 
 Arguments on both sides are given in 
 Cunningham's translation of Geiseler, 
 Lehrbuch, ii. 21, 22; and in La Bayle's 
 Dictionnaire, iii., art. " Papisse." 
 
 *** Gibbon says, "Two protestants, 
 Blondel and Bayle, have annihilated the 
 female pope ; but the expression is cer- 
 tainly too strong, and even Mosheim is 
 more than half inclined to believe there 
 really was such a person." 
 
 Pope of Philosophy, Aristotle 
 (B.C. 384-322). 
 
 Popes {Titles assumed by). "Uni- 
 versal Bishop," prior to Gregory the 
 Great. Gregory the Great adopted the 
 style of " Servus Servorum " (591). 
 
 "Martin IV. was addressed as " the 
 lamb of God which takest away the sins 
 of the world," to which was added, 
 " Grant us thy peace ! " (1281). 
 
 Leo X. was styled, by the council of 
 Lateran, "Divine Majesty," "Husband 
 of the Church," "Prince of the Apostles," 
 "The Key of all the Universe," "The 
 Pastor, the Physician, and a God pos- 
 sessed of all power both in heaven and 
 on earth" (1513). 
 
 Paul V. styled himself "Monarch of 
 Christendom," " Supporter of the Papal 
 Omnipotence," " Yice-God," " Lord God 
 the Pope" (1605). 
 
 Others, after Paul, "Master of the 
 World," "Pope the Universal Father," 
 "Judge in the place of God," "Vice- 
 gerent of the Most High." — Brady, Clavis 
 Calendaria, 247 (1839). 
 
 The pope assumes supreme dominion, not only over 
 spiritual but also over temporal affairs, styling himself 
 " Head of the Catholic or Universal Church, Sole Arbiter 
 of its Rights, and Sovereign Father of all the Kings of 
 the Earth." From these titles, he wears a triple crown, 
 one as high priest, one as emperor, and the third as king. 
 He also bears kejs, to denote his privilege of opening 
 the gates of heaven to all true believers.— Brady, 250-1. 
 
 *** For the first five centuries the 
 bishops of Rome wore a bonnet, like 
 other ecclesiastics. Pope Hormisdas 
 placed on his bonnet the crown sent him 
 by Clovis ; Boniface VIII. added a 
 second crown during his struggles with 
 Philip the Fair ; and John XXII. as- 
 sumed the third crown. 
 
 Popish Plot, a supposed Roman 
 Catholic conspiracy to massacre the pro- 
 testants, burn London, and murder the 
 
POPPY. 
 
 786 
 
 PORTIA. 
 
 king (Charles II.). This fiction was con- 
 cocted by one Titus Oates, who made a 
 " good thing" by his schemes ; but being 
 at last found out, was pilloried, whipped, 
 and imprisoned (1678-9). 
 
 Poppy (Ned), a prosy old anecdote- 
 teller, with a marvellous tendency to 
 digression. 
 
 Ned knew exactly what parties had for dinner, . . . 
 in what ditch his bay horse had his sprain, . . . and how 
 his man John — no, it was William — started a hare, . . . 
 so that he never got to the end of his tale. — Kichard 
 Steele. 
 
 Porch. (The). The Stoics were so 
 called, because their founder gave his 
 lectures in the Athenian stoa or porch 
 called " Poe'cile." 
 
 The successors of Socr&tes formed . . . the Academy, 
 the Porch, the Garden. — Professor Seeley, Bcce JJomo. 
 
 George Herbert has a poem called 
 The Church Porch (six-line stanzas). It 
 may be considered introductory to his 
 poem entitled The Church (Sapphic verse 
 and sundry other metres). 
 
 Porcius, son of Cato of Utica (in 
 Africa), and brother of Marcus. Both 
 brothers were in love with Lucia ; but 
 the hot-headed, impulsive Marcus, being 
 slain in battle, the sage and temperate 
 Porcius was without a rival. — J. Addi- 
 son, Cato (1713). 
 
 When Sheridan reproduced Cato, Wignell, who acted 
 " Porcius," omitted the prologue, and began at once with 
 the lines, "The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers . . ." 
 "The prologue 1 the prologue!" shouted the audience; 
 and Wignell went on in the same tone, as if continuing 
 his speech : 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, there has not been 
 A prologue spoken to this play for year s 
 And heavily on clouds brings on the day, 
 The great, th' important day, big with the fate 
 
 Of Cato and of Rome. 
 
 History of the Stage. 
 
 Porcupine (Peter). William Cob- 
 bett, the politician, published The Push- 
 light under this pseudonym in 1800. 
 
 Poniei'us (3 syl.), Fornication per- 
 sonified ; one of the four sons of Anag'- 
 nus (inchastity), his brothers being 
 Mae'chus (adultery), Acath'arus, and Asel'- 
 ges (lasciviousness) . He began the battle 
 of Mansoul by encountering Parthen'ia 
 (maidenly chastity), but "the martial 
 maid " slew him with her spear. (Greek, 
 porneia, "fornication.") 
 
 In maids his joy ; now by a maid defied. 
 His life he lost and all his former pride. 
 With women would he live, now by a woman died. 
 Phineas Fletcher, Tlte Purple Island, xi. (1633). 
 
 Porphyrius, in Dryden's drama of 
 Tyrannic Love. 
 
 Valeria, daughter of Maximin, having killed herself for 
 the love of Porphyrius, was on one occasion being carried 
 off by the bearers, when she started up and boxed one of 
 ! on the ears, saving to him : 
 
 Hold 1 are you mad, you damned confounded dogf 
 I am to rise and speak the epilogue. 
 
 W. C. Russell, Representative Actors, 458. 
 
 Porphyro-Genitus ("born in the 
 Porphyra "), the title given to the kings 
 of the Eastern empire, from the apart- 
 ments called Porphyra, set apart for the 
 empresses during confinement. 
 
 There he found Irene, the empress, in travail. In a 
 house anciently appointed for the empresses during child- 
 birth. They call that house "Porphyra," whence the 
 name of the Porphyro-fleniti came into the world. — See 
 Selden, TUlos of Honour, v. 61 (1614). 
 
 Porrex, younger son of Gorboduc a 
 legendary king of Britain. He drove his 
 elder brother Ferrex from the kingdom, 
 and, when Ferrex returned with a large 
 army, defeated and slew him. Porrex 
 was murdered while "slumbering on his 
 careful bed," by his own mother, who 
 " stabbed him to the heart with a knife." 
 — Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville, 
 Goi-boduc (a tragedy, 1561-2). 
 
 Por'sena, a legendary king of 
 Etruria, who made war on Rome to re- 
 store Tarquin to the throne. 
 
 Lord Macaulay has made this the sub- 
 ject of one of his Lays of Ancient Pome 
 (1842). 
 
 Port'amour, Cupid's sheriff's officer, 
 who summoned offending lovers to 
 "Love's Judgment Hall." — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, vi. 7 (1596). 
 
 Porteous (Captain John), an officer 
 of the city guard. He is hanged by the 
 mob (1736). 
 
 Mrs. Porteous, wife of the captain, — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Portia, the wife of Pontius Pilate. 
 
 Portia, wife of Marcus Brutus. 
 Valerius Maximus says: "She, being 
 determined to kill herself, took hot 
 burning coals into her mouth, and kept 
 her lips closed till she was suffocated by 
 the smoke." 
 
 With this she [Portia] fell distract. 
 And, her attendants absent, swallowed fire. 
 Shakespeare, Julias Ccesar, act iv. sc. 3 0.607). 
 
 Por'tia, a rich heiress, in love with 
 Bassa'nio ; but her choice of a husband 
 was restricted by her father's will to the 
 following condition : Her suitors were to 
 select from three caskets, one of gold, 
 one of silver, and one of lead, and he 
 who selected the casket which contained 
 Portia's picture was to claim her as his 
 wife. Bassanio chose the lead, and being 
 successful, became the espoused husband. 
 It so happened that Bassanio had bor- 
 
PORTLAND PLACE. 
 
 787 
 
 POTT. 
 
 roved 3000 ducats, and Anthonio, a 
 Venetian merchant, was his security. 
 The money was borrowed of Shylock a 
 Jew, on these conditions : If the loan 
 was repaid within three months, only the 
 principal would be required ; if not, the 
 Jew should be at liberty to claim a pound 
 of flesh from Anthonio's body. The loan 
 was not repaid, and the Jew demanded 
 the forfeiture. Portia, in the dress of a 
 law doctor, conducted the defence, and 
 saved Anthonio by reminding the Jew 
 that a pound of flesh gave him no drop of 
 blood, and that he must cut neither more 
 nor less than an exact pound, otherwise 
 his life would be forfeit. As it would 
 be plainly impossible to fulfil these 
 conditions, the Jew gave up his claim, 
 and Anthonio was saved. — Shakespeare, 
 Merchant of Venice (1598). 
 
 Portland Place (London). So called 
 from William Bentick, second duke of 
 Portland, who married Margaret, only 
 child of Edward second earl of Oxford 
 and Mortimer. From these came Mar- 
 garet Street, Bentick Street, Duke Street, 
 Duchess Street, and Portland Place. 
 
 Portman Square (London). So 
 called from William Henry Portman, 
 owner of the estate in which the Square 
 and Orchard Street both stand. 
 
 Portsmouth {The duchess of), "La 
 Belle Louise de Querouaille," one of the 
 mistresses of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Portuguese Cid (The), Nunez 
 Alvarez Pereira (1360-1431). 
 
 Portuguese Horace (The), An- 
 tonio Ferreira (1528-1569). 
 
 Possunt, quia Posse Videntur. 
 Fail not to will, and you will not fail. — 
 Virgil, JEneid, v. 231. 
 
 Posthu'nius [Leojtatus] married 
 Imogen, daughter of Cymbeline king of 
 Britain, and was banished the kingdom for 
 life. He went to Italy, and there, in the 
 house of Philario, bet a diamond ring with 
 Iachimo that nothing could seduce the 
 fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo accepted the 
 bet, concealed himself in a chest in Imo- 
 gen's chamber, madehimself master of cer- 
 tain details and also of a bracelet, and with 
 these vouchers claimed the ring. Post- 
 humus now ordered his servant Pisanio 
 to inveigle Imogen to Milford Haven 
 under the promise of meeting her husband, 
 and to murder her on the road ; but 
 Pisanio told Imogen to assume boy's 
 
 apparel, and enter the service of th« 
 Roman general in Britain, as a page. A 
 battle being fought, the Roman general, 
 Iachimo, and Imogen were among the 
 captives ; and Posthumus, having done 
 great service in the battle on Cymbeline's 
 behalf, was pardoned. The Roman 
 general prayed that the supposed page 
 might be set at liberty, and the king told 
 her she might also claim a boon, where- 
 upon she asked that Iachimo should state 
 how he became possessed of the ring he 
 was wearing. The whole villainy being 
 thus exposed, Imogen's innocence was 
 fully established, and she was re-united 
 to her husband. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline 
 (1605). 
 
 Potage (Jean), the French "Jack 
 Pudding ; " similar to the Italian " Maca- 
 roni," the Dutch " Pickel-herringe," and 
 the German " Hanswurst." Clumsy, gor- 
 mandizing clowns, fond of practical jokes, 
 especially such as stealing eatables and 
 drinkables. 
 
 Pother (Doctor), an apothecary, 
 " city register, and walking story-book." 
 He had a story a propos of every remark 
 made and of every incident ; but as he 
 mixed two or three together, his stories 
 were pointless and quite unintelligible. 
 " I know a monstrous good story on that 
 point. He! he! be!" "I'll tell you a 
 famous good story about that, you must 
 know. He! he ! he ! ..." " I could 
 have told a capital story, but there was 
 no one to listen to it. He! he! he!" 
 This is the style of his chattering . . . 
 "speaking professionally — for anatomy, 
 chemistry, pharmacy, phlebotomy, oxy- 
 gen, hydrogen, caloric, carbonic, atmos- 
 pheric, galvanic. Ha ! ha ! ha ! Can tell 
 you a prodigiously laughable story on 
 the subject. Went last summer to a 
 watering-place — lady of fashion — feel 
 pulse — not lady, butlap-dog — talk Latin — 
 prescribe galvanism — out jumped Pompey 
 plump into a batter pudding, and lay 
 like a toad in a hole. Ha ! ha ! ha ! " — 
 Dibdin, The Farmer's Wife (1780). 
 
 *** Column's "Ollapod" (1802) was evi- 
 dently copied from Dibdin's "doctor 
 Pother." 
 
 Potiphar's Wife, Zoleikha or 
 Zuleika ; but some call her Rail. — Sale, 
 Al Koran, xii. note. 
 
 Pott (Mr.), the librarian at the Spa. 
 
 Mrs. Pott, the librarian's wife. — Sir 
 W. Scott, St. Ronarts Well (time, George 
 III.). 
 
POTTERIES. 
 
 788 
 
 PRASILDO. 
 
 Potteries {Father of the), Josiah 
 Wedgewood (1730-1795). 
 
 Pounce {Mr. Peter), in The Ad- 
 ventures of Joseph Andrews, by Fielding 
 (1742). 
 
 Pound text {Peter), an " indulged 
 pastor " in the covenanters' army. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 
 II.). 
 
 Pourceaugnac [Poor-sone-yak] , the 
 hero of a comedy so called. He is a 
 pompous country gentleman, who comes 
 to Paris to marry Julie, daughter of 
 Oronte (2 syl.) ; but Julie loves Eraste 
 (2 syl.), and this young man plays off so 
 many tricks, and devises so many 
 mystifications upon M. de Pourceaug- 
 nac, that he is fain to give up his suit. — 
 Moliere, M. de Pourceaugnac (1669). 
 
 Pou StO, the means of doing. 
 Archimedes said, "Give me pou sto ('a 
 place to stand on '), and I could move the 
 world." 
 
 Who learns the one pou sto whence after-hands 
 May move the world. 
 
 Poussin {The British), Richard 
 Cooper (*-1806). 
 
 I J oussin {Gaspar). So Gaspar Dughet, 
 the French painter, is called (1613-1675). 
 
 Powell {Mary), the pseudonym of 
 Mrs. Richard Rath bone. 
 
 Powheid {Lazarus), the old sexton 
 in Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
 gerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Poyning's Law, a statute to 
 establish the English jurisdiction in 
 Ireland. The parliament that passed it 
 was summoned in the reign of Henry 
 VII. by sir Edward Poynings, governor 
 of Ireland (1495). 
 
 P. P., "Clerk of the Parish," the 
 feigned signature of Dr. Arbuthnot, 
 subscribed to a volume of Memoirs in 
 ridicule of Burnet's History of My Own 
 Times. 
 
 Those who were placed around the dinner-table had 
 those feelings of awe with which /'. /'., Clerk oftliel'arish 
 was oppressed, whe;i he first uplifted the psalni in pre- 
 sence of . . . the wise Mr. justice Freeman, the good 
 lady Jones, and the great sir Thomas Tiuuy.— Sir \V. 
 Scott. 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction. The word 
 
 pragmaticus means "relating to State 
 affairs," and the word sanctio means "an 
 ordinance " or " decree." The four most 
 famous statutes so called are : 
 
 1. The Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis 
 (1268), which forbade the court of Rome 
 to levy taxes or collect subscriptions in 
 
 France without the express permission of 
 the king. It also gave permission in 
 certain cases of French subjects appeal- 
 ing from the ecclesiastical to the civil 
 courts of the realm. 
 
 2. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 
 passed by Charles VII. of France in 
 1438. By this ordinance, the power of 
 the pope in France was limited and 
 denned. The authority of the National 
 Council was declared superior to that of 
 the pope. The French clergy were for- 
 bidden to appeal to Rome on any point 
 affecting the secular condition of the 
 nation ; and the Roman pontiff was 
 wholly forbidden to appropriate to him- 
 self any vacant living, or to appoint to 
 any bishopric or parish church in France. 
 
 3. The Pragmatic Sanction of kaiser 
 Karl VI. of Germany (in 1713), which 
 settled the empire on his daughter, the 
 archduchess Maria Theresa, wife of 
 Francois de Loraine. Maria Theresa 
 ascended the throne in 1740, and a 
 European war was the result. 
 
 4. The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles 
 III. of Spain (1767). This was to sup- 
 press the Jesuits of Spain. 
 
 What is meant emphatically by The 
 Pragmatic Sanction is the third of these 
 ordinances, viz., settling the line of suc- 
 cession in Germany on the house of 
 Austria. 
 
 Praise Undeserved, 
 
 Praise undeserved is scandal ['? censure] in disguise. 
 Tope, Imitations of Horace, i. 413 (1730). 
 
 Pramnian Mixture {The), any 
 intoxicating draught ; so called from the 
 Pramnian grape, from which it was 
 made. Circe gave Ulysses " Pramnian 
 wine " impregnated with drugs, in order 
 to prevent his escape from the island. 
 
 And for my drink prepared 
 The Pramnian mixture in a golden '•up. 
 Impregnating (on my destruction bent) 
 Willi noxious herbs the draught. 
 
 Homer, Odyssey, x. (Cowper's trans.). 
 
 Prasildo, a Babylonish nobleman, 
 who falls in love with Tisbi'na wife of 
 his friend Iroldo. He is overheard by 
 Tisbina threatening to kill himself, and, 
 in order to divert him from his guilty 
 passion, she promises to return his love 
 on condition of his performing certain 
 adventures which she thinks to be im- 
 possible. However, Prasildo performs 
 them all, and then Tisbina and Iroldo, 
 finding no excuse, take poison to avoid 
 the alternative. Prasildo resolves to do 
 the same, but is told by the apothecary 
 that the " poison " he had supplied was 
 a harmless drink. Prasildo teJls his 
 
PRASUTAGUS. 
 
 789 
 
 PRECOCIOUS GENIUS. 
 
 friend, Iroldo quits the country, and 
 Tisbina marries Prasildo. Time passes 
 on, and Prasildo hears that his friend's 
 life is in danger, whereupon he starts 
 forth to rescue him at the hazard of his 
 own life. — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato 
 (1495). 
 
 Prasu'tagus or Preesu'tagus, 
 husband of Bonduica or Boadicea queen 
 of the Iceni. — Richard of Cirencester, 
 History, xxx. (fourteenth century). 
 
 Me, the wife of rich Prasutagus ; me, the lover of liberty, — 
 Me they seized, and me they tortured ! 
 
 Tennyson, Boadicea. 
 
 Prate'fast {Peter), who "in all his 
 life spake no word in waste." His wife 
 was Maude, and his eldest son Sym Sadie 
 Gander, who married Betres (daughter of 
 Davy Dronken Nole of Kent and his wife 
 Al'yson). — Stephen Hawes, The Passe- 
 tyme of Plesure, xxix. (1515). 
 
 Prattle (Mr.), medical practitioner, 
 a voluble gossip, who retails all the news 
 and scandal of the neighbourhood. He 
 knows everybody, everybody's affairs, 
 and everybody's intentions. — G. Colman, 
 senior, The Deuce is in Him (17G2). 
 
 Prayer. Every Mohammedan must 
 praj r five times a day : at sunset, at 
 nightfall, at daybreak, at noon, and at 
 Asr or evensong (about three o'clock). 
 
 Pre -Adamite Kings, Soliman 
 Raad, Soliman Daki, and Soliman di 
 Gian ben Gian. The last-named, having 
 chained up the dives (1 syl.) in the dark 
 caverns of Kaf, became so presumptuous 
 as to dispute the Supreme Power. All 
 these kings maintained great state [be- 
 fore the existence of that contemptible 
 being denominated by us "The Father of 
 Mankind "] ; but none can be compared 
 with the eminence of Soliman ben 
 Daoud. 
 
 Pre- Adamite Throne (The). It 
 w*is Yathek's ambition to gain the pre- 
 Adamite throne. After long search, he 
 was shown it at last in the abyss of 
 Eblis ; but being there, return was im- 
 possible, and he remained a prisoner 
 without hope for ever. 
 
 They reached at length the hall[^ rgenk] of great extent, 
 and covered with a lofty dome. . . . A funereal gloom pre- 
 vailed over it. Here, upon two beds of incorruptible 
 cedar, lay recumbent the fleshless forms of the pre- 
 Adamite kings, who had once been monarchs of the 
 whole earth. ... At their feet were inscribed the events 
 of their several reigns, their power, their pride, and their 
 crimes. {This wns the pre-Adamite throne, the am- 
 bition of the €aliph Vathek.] — W. Beckford, Yatlivlc 
 (1784). 
 
 Preacher (Tlie), Solomon, the son of 
 
 David, author of The Preacher (i.e. Ec- 
 
 clesiastes). 
 
 Thus saith the Preacher, " Nought beneath the sun 
 Is new ; " yet still from change to change we run. 
 
 BjTon. 
 
 Preacher (Tlie Glorious), St. Chrys'os- 
 tom (347-407)*. The name means ' ' Golden 
 mouth." 
 
 Preacher (Tlie Little), Samuel de Ma- 
 rets, protestant controversialist (1599- 
 1663). 
 
 Preacher (The Unfair). Dr. Isaac 
 Barrow was so called by Charles II., 
 because his sermons were so exhaustive 
 that they left nothing more to be said on 
 the subject, which was "unfair" to those 
 who came after him. 
 
 Preachers (Tlie king of), Louis 
 Bourdaloue (1632-1704). 
 
 Precieuses Ridicules (Les), a 
 comedy by Moliere, in ridicule of the 
 " precieuses,'' , as they were styled, form- 
 ing the coterie of the Hotel de Rambouil- 
 let in the seventeenth century. The 
 soire'es held in this hotel were a great 
 improvement on the licentious assemblies 
 of the period ; but many imitators made 
 the thing ridiculous, because they wanted 
 the same presiding talent and good taste. 
 
 The two girls of Moliere's comedy are 
 Madelon and Cathos, the daughter and 
 niece of Gorgibus a bourgeois. They 
 change their names to Polixene and 
 Aminte, which they think more genteel, 
 and look on the affectations of two flunkies 
 as far more distingne's than the simple 
 gentlemanly manners of their masters. 
 However, they are cured of their folly, 
 and no harm comes of it (1659). 
 
 Preciosa, the heroine of Longfellow's 
 Spanish Student, in love with Victorian 
 the Student. 
 
 Precocious Genius. 
 
 Johann Philip Baratier, a German, 
 at the age of five years, knew Greek, 
 Latin, and French, besides his native 
 German. At nine he knew Hebrew and 
 Chaldaic, and could translate German into 
 Latin. At thirteen he could translate 
 Hebrew into French, or French into 
 Hebrew (1721-1740). 
 
 *** The life of this boy was written by 
 Formey. His name is enrolled in all 
 biographical dictionaries. 
 
 Christian Henry Heinecken, at 
 one year old, knew the chief events of 
 the Pentateuch ! ! at thirteen months he 
 knew the history of the Old Testament ! I 
 at fourteen months he knew the history 
 
PRESS^US. 
 
 r9o 
 
 PRETENDER. 
 
 of the New Testament ! ! at two and a 
 half years he could answer any ordinary 
 question of history or geography ; and at 
 three years old knew French and Latin 
 as well as his native German (1721- 
 1725). 
 
 *** The life of this boy was written 
 by Schceneich, his teacher. His name is 
 duly noticed in biographical dictionaries. 
 
 Presssens ("eater of garlic"), the 
 youngest of the frog chieftains. 
 
 Then pious ardour young Presseeus brings, 
 Betwixt the fortunes of contending kings ; 
 Lank, harmless frog 1 with forces hardly grown, 
 He darts the reed in combats not his own. 
 Which, faintly tinkling on Troxartas' shield, 
 Hangs at the point, and drops upon the field. 
 Parnell, Buttle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 
 
 Prest, a nickname given by Swift to 
 the duchess of Shrewsbury, who was a 
 foreigner. 
 
 Prester John, a corruption of Belul 
 Gian, meaning "precious stone." Gian 
 (pronounced zjon) has been corrupted 
 into John, and Belul translated into 
 " precious ;" in Latin Johannes prcciosus 
 ("precious John"), corrupted into "Pres- 
 byter Joannes." The kings of Ethiopia 
 or Abyssinia, from a gemmed ring given 
 to queen Saba, whose son by Solomon 
 was king of Ethiopia, and was called 
 Melech with the "precious stone," or 
 Melech Gian-Belul. 
 
 ^Ethiope* resem suum, quem nos vulgo " Prete Gianni" 
 corrupts dicimus, quatuor appellant nominibus, quorum 
 primurn est " Belul Gian," hoc est la/is preeiosus. 
 Ductum est autem hoc nomen ab annulo Salomonis quem 
 ille fillo ex regina Saba, ut putant genito, dono dedisse, 
 quove oinnes postea reges usos fuisse describitur. . . . 
 Cum vero euin coronant, appellant " Neghuz." Postremo 
 cum vertice capitis in coronoe modum abraso, ungitur a 
 patriarcha, vocant "Masih," hoc est unctum. Haec 
 autem regise dignitatis nomina omnibus communia sunt. 
 —Quoted by Selden, from a little annal of the Ethiopian 
 kings (1552), in his Titles of Honour, v. 65 (1614). 
 
 %* As this title was like the Egyptian 
 Pharaoh, and belonged to whole lines of 
 kings, it will explain the enormous 
 diversity of time allotted by different 
 writers to " Prester John." 
 
 Marco Polo says that Prester John was 
 slain in battle by Jenghiz Khan ; and 
 Gregory Bar-Hebraeus says, "God forsook 
 him because he had taken to himself a 
 wife of the Zinish nation, called Quara- 
 khata." 
 
 Bishop Jordanus, in his description of 
 the world, sets down Abyssinia as the 
 kingdom of Prester John. Abyssinia 
 used to be called " Middle India." 
 
 Otto of Freisingen is the first author to 
 mention him. This Otto wrote a chro- 
 .nicle to the date 1156. He says that 
 John was of the family of the Magi, and 
 ruled over the country of these Wise Men. 
 
 Otto tells us that Prester John had " a 
 sceptre of emeralds." 
 
 Maimonldes, about the same time 
 (twelfth century), mentions him, but calls 
 him " Preste-Cuan." 
 
 Before 1241 a letter was addressed by 
 "Prester John" to Manuel Comnenus, 
 emperor of Constantinople. ' It is pre- 
 served in the Chronicle of Albericus 
 Trium Fontium, who gives for its date 
 1165. 
 
 Mandeville calls Prester John a lineal 
 descendant of Ogier the Dane. He tells 
 us that Ogier, with fifteen others, pene- 
 trated into the north of India, and 
 divided the land amongst his followers. 
 John was made sovereign of Teneduc, 
 and was called "Prester" because he 
 Converted the natives to the Christian 
 faith. 
 
 Another tradition says that Prester 
 John had seventy kings for his vassals, 
 and was seen by his subjects only three 
 times in a year. 
 
 In Orlando Furioso, Prester John is 
 called by his subjects " Senapus king of 
 Ethiopia." He was blind, and though the 
 richest monarch of the world, he pined 
 with famine, because harpies flew oft* 
 with his food, by way of punishment for 
 wanting to add paradise to his empire. 
 The plague, says the poet, was to cease 
 "when a stranger appeared on a flying 
 griffin." This stranger was Astolpho, 
 who drove the harpies to Cocy'tus. 
 Prester John, in return for this service, 
 sent 100,000 Nubians to the aid of 
 Charlemagne. Astolpho supplied this 
 contingent with horses by throwing 
 stones into the air, and made transport- 
 ships to convey them to France by casting 
 leaves into the sea. After the death of 
 Agramant, the Nubians were sent home, 
 and then the horses became stones again, 
 and the ships became leaves (bks. xvii.- 
 xix.). 
 
 Pretender (The Young), prince 
 Charles Edward Stuart, son of James 
 Francis Edward Stuart (called " The Old 
 Pretender"). James Francis was the son 
 of James II., and Charles Edward was 
 the king's grandson. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Charles Edward was defeated at Cullo- 
 den in 1746, and escaped to the Con- 
 tinent. 
 
 God bless the king— I mean the " Faith's Defender ; " 
 God bless— no harm in blessing— the Pretender. 
 Who that Pretender is, and who is king, 
 God bless us all I that's quite another thing. 
 
 Ascribed by sir W. Scott to Joha 
 Byroin (in Redgauntlet). 
 
PRETTYMAN. 
 
 791 
 
 PRIMROSE. 
 
 The mistress of Charles Edward Stuart 
 was Miss Walkingshaw. 
 
 Prettymaii (Prince), in love with 
 Cloris. He is sometimes a fisherman, 
 and sometimes a prince. — Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, The Rehearsal (1671). 
 
 *** "Prince Prettyman" is said to be 
 a parody on " Leonidas " in Dry den's 
 Marriage a-la-mode. 
 
 Pri'amus (Sir), a knight of the 
 Round Table. He possessed a phial, full 
 of four waters that came from paradise. 
 These waters instantly healed any wounds 
 which were touched by them. 
 
 "My father," says sir Priamus, "is lineally descended 
 of Alexander and of Hector by right line. Duke Josue 
 and Machabseus were of our lineage. I am right inheritor 
 of Alexandria, and Affrike, of all the out isles." 
 
 And Priamus took from his page a phial, full of four 
 waters that came out of paradise ; and with certain balm 
 nointed he their wounds, and washed them with that 
 water, and within an hour after, they were both as whole 
 as ever they were.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 A rthur, i. 97 (1470). 
 
 Price (Matilda), a miller's daughter; 
 a pretty, coquettish young woman, who 
 marries John Browdie, a hearty York- 
 shire corn-factor. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
 Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Pride. " Fly pride, says the peacock," 
 proverbial for pride. — Shakespeare, 
 Comedy of Errors, act iv. sc. 3 (1593). 
 
 Pride (Sir), first a drayman, then a 
 colonel in the parliamentary army. — S. 
 Butler, Hudibras (16C3-78). 
 
 Pride of Humility. Antisthenes, 
 the Cynic, affected a very ragged coat ; 
 but SocrStes said to him, "Antisthenes, 
 I can see your vanity peering through the 
 holes of your coat." 
 
 Pride's Purge, a violent invasion of 
 parliamentary rights by colonel Pride, in 
 1649. At the head of two regiments of 
 soldiers, he surrounded the House of 
 Commons, seized forty-one of the mem- 
 bers, and shut out 160 others. None 
 were allowed into the House but those 
 most friendly to Cromwell. This fag- 
 end went by the name of " the Rump." 
 
 Pridwiii or Priwen, prince Arthur's 
 shield. 
 
 Arthur placed a golden helmet upon his head, on which 
 was engraven the figure of a dragon ; and on his shoulders 
 his shield called Priwen, upon which the picture of the 
 blessed Mary, mother of God, was painted ; then girding 
 on his Caliburn, which was an excellent sword, made in 
 the isle of Avallon ; he took in his right hand his lance 
 Ron, which was hard, broad, and fit for slaughter. — 
 Geoffrey, British History, ix. 4 (1142). 
 
 Priest of Nature, sir Isaac Newton 
 (1642-1727). 
 
 Lo I Newton, priest of nature, shines afar, 
 Scans the wide world, and numbers every star. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799), 
 
 Prig, a knavish beggar. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Beggars' Push (1622). 
 
 Prig (Betsey), an old monthly nurse, 
 "the frequent pardner" of Mrs. Gamp; 
 equalty ignorant, equally vulgar, equally 
 selfish, and brutal to her patients. 
 
 " Betsey," said Mrs. Gamp, filling her own glass, and 
 passing the teapot [of gin], "I will now propoge a toast: 
 * My frequent pardner Betsey Prig.' " " Which, altering the 
 name to Sairah Gamp, 1 drink," said Mrs. Prig, " with 
 love and tenderness."— C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, 
 xlix. (1843). 
 
 Prim'er (Peter), a pedantic country 
 schoolmaster, who believes himself to be 
 the wisest of pedagogues. — Samuel Foote, 
 The Mayor of Garratt (1763). 
 
 Primitive Fathers (The). The 
 five apostolic fathers contemporarj'- with 
 the apostles (viz., Clement of Rome, 
 Barn&bas, Hermas, Ignatius, and Poly- 
 carp), and the nine following, who all 
 lived in the first three centuries : — Justin, 
 Theoph'ilus of Antioch, Irenaeus, Clement 
 of Alexandria, Cyprian of Carthage, 
 Origen, Gregory " Thaumatur'gus," Dio- 
 nj'sius of Alexandria, and Tertullian. 
 
 *** For the " Fathers " of the fourth 
 and fifth centuries, see Greek Church, 
 Latin Church. 
 
 Primrose (Tlxe Rev. Dr. Charles), 
 a clergyman, rich in heavenly wisdom, 
 but poor indeed in all worldly knowledge. 
 Amiable, charitable, devout, but not with- 
 out his literary vanity, especially on the 
 Whistonian theory about second mar- 
 riages. One admires his virtuous indig- 
 nation against the "washes," which he 
 deliberately demolished with the poker. 
 In his prosperity, his chief " adventures 
 were by the fireside, and all his migrations 
 were from the blue bed to the brown." 
 
 Mrs. [Deborah'] Primrose, the doctor's 
 wife, full of motherly vanity, and desirous 
 to appear genteel. She could read with- 
 out much spelling, prided herself on her 
 housewifery, especially on her gooseberry 
 wine, and was really proud of her ex- 
 cellent husband. 
 
 (She was painted as "Venus," and the 
 vicar, in gown and bands, was presenting 
 to her his book on " second marriages," 
 but when complete the picture was found 
 to be too large for the house.) 
 
 George Primrose, son of the vicar. He 
 went to Amsterdam to teach the Dutch 
 English, but never once called to mind 
 that he himself must know something of 
 Dutch before this could be done. He 
 
PRIMUM MOBILE. 
 
 792 
 
 PRINTED BOOKS. 
 
 becomes captain Primrose, and marries 
 Miss Wilmot, an heiress. 
 
 (Goldsmith himself went to teach the 
 French English under the same circum- 
 stances.) 
 
 Afoses Primrose, younger son of the 
 vicar, noted for his greenness and pe- 
 dantry. Being sent to sell a good horse 
 at a fair, he bartered it for a gross of 
 green spectacles, with copper rims and 
 shagreen cases, of no more value than 
 Hodge's razors (ch. xii.). 
 
 Olivia Primrose, the eldest daughter of 
 the doctor. Pretty, enthusiastic, a sort 
 of Hebe in beauty. " She wished for 
 many lovers," and eloped with squire 
 Thornhill. Her father found her at a 
 roadside inn, called the Harrow, where 
 she was on the point of being turned out 
 of the house. Subsequently, she was found 
 to be legally married to the squire. 
 
 Sophia Primrose, the second daughter 
 of Dr. Primrose. She was "soft, modest, 
 and alluring." Not like her sister, 
 desirous of winning all, but fixing her 
 whole heart upon one. Being thrown 
 from her horse into a deep stream, she 
 was rescued by Mr. Burchcll {alias sir 
 William Thornhill), and being abducted, 
 was again rescued by him. She married 
 him at last. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wake- 
 field (1766). 
 
 Primum Mo'bile {Tlie), a sphere 
 which revolved in twenty-four hours from 
 east to west, carrying with it the planets 
 and fixed stars. 
 
 Here is the goal whence motion on his race 
 Starts ; motionless ths centre, ami the rest 
 All moved around. Except the soul divine, 
 Place in this heaven hatli none . . . 
 Measured itself by none, it doth divide 
 Motion to all. 
 
 Dantd, Paradise, xxvii. (1311). 
 
 Prince of Alchemy, Rudolph II. 
 kaiser of Germany; also called "The 
 German Trismegistus " (1552, 1576- 
 1612). 
 
 Prince of Angels, Michael. 
 
 So spake the prince of angels. To whom thus 
 The Adversary [i.e. Satan]. 
 
 Milton, Pa~adise Lost, vi. 281 (1665). 
 
 Prince of Celestial Armies, 
 Michael the archangel. 
 
 Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 44 (1665). 
 
 Prince of Darkness, Satan {Eph. 
 vi. 12). 
 
 Whom thus the prince of darkness answered glad : 
 " Fair daughter. 
 
 High proof ye now have given to be the race 
 Of Satan (I glorv in the name)." 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 383 (1665). 
 
 Prince of Hell, Satan. 
 
 And With them comes a third of regal port. 
 But faded splendour wan ; who by his gait 
 And fierce demeanour seems the prince of Hell. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 868 (1665). 
 
 Prince of Life, a title given to 
 Christ {Acts iii. 15). 
 
 Prince of Peace, a title given to the 
 Messiah {Isaiah ix. 6). 
 
 Prince of Peace, don Manuel Godoy of 
 Badajoz. So called because he concluded 
 the " peace of Basle " in 1795 between 
 France and Spain (1767-1851). 
 
 Prince of the Air, Satan. 
 
 . . . Jesus son of Mary, second Eve, 
 
 Saw Satan fall, like lightning, down from heaven, 
 
 Prince of the air. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 185 (1665). 
 
 Prince of the Devils, Satan 
 {Matt. xii. 24). 
 
 Prince of the Kings of the 
 Earth, a title given to Christ {Rev. i. 5). 
 
 Prince of the Power of the 
 Air, Satan {Eph. ii. 2). 
 
 Prince of the Vegetable King- 
 dom. The palm tree is so called by 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Prince of this "World, Satan {John 
 xiv. 30). 
 
 Princes. It was prince Bismarck the 
 German chancellor who said to a courtly 
 attendant, " Let princes be princes, and 
 mind your own business." 
 
 Prince's Peers, a term of contempt 
 applied to peers of low birth. The phrase 
 arose in the reign of Charles VII. of 
 France, when his son Louis (afterwards 
 Louis XL) created a host of riff-raff peers, 
 such as tradesmen, farmers, and mechanics, 
 in order to degrade the aristocracy, and 
 thus weaken its influence in the state. 
 
 Printed Books. The first book pro- 
 duced in England was printed in England 
 in 1477, by William Caxton in the 
 Almonry at Westminster, and was en- 
 titled The Dictes and Sayings of the Phi- 
 losophers. 
 
 The Rev. T. Wilson says : " The press 
 at Oxford existed ten years before there 
 was any press in Europe, except those of 
 Haarlem and Mentz." The person who 
 set up the Oxford press was Corsellis, 
 and his first printed book bore the date 
 of 1468. The colophon of it ran thus : 
 " Explicit exposicio Sancti Jeronimi in 
 simbolo apostolorum ad papam laure- 
 cium. Imprcssa Oxonii Et finita Anno 
 Domini Mcccclxviij., xvij. die Decem- 
 bris." The book is a small quarto of 
 
PRIOR. 
 
 793 
 
 PRISONER OF CHILLON. 
 
 forty-two leaves, and wa6 first noticed 
 in 1664 by Richard Atkins in his Origin 
 and Growth of Printing. Dr. Conyers 
 Middieton, in 1735, charged Atkins with 
 forgery. In 1812 S. W. Singer defended 
 the book. Dr. Cotton took the subject 
 up in his Typographical Gazetteer (first 
 and second series). 
 
 Prior {Matthew). The monument to 
 this poet in Westminster Abbey was by 
 Rvsbrack ; executed bv order of Louis 
 XIV. 
 
 Priory {Lord), an old-fashioned 
 husband, who actually thinks that a wife 
 should " love, honour, and obey " her 
 husband ; nay, more, that " forsaking all 
 others, she should cleave to him so long 
 as they both should live." 
 
 Lady Priory, an old-fashioned wife, 
 but young and beautiful. She was, 
 however, so very old-fashioned that she 
 went to bed at ten and rose at six ; dressed 
 in a cap and gown of her own making ; 
 respected and loved her husband ; dis- 
 couraged flirtation ; and when assailed by 
 any improper advances, instead of show- 
 ing temper or conceited airs, quietly and 
 tranquilly seated herself to some modest 
 household duty till the assailant felt the 
 irresistible power of modesty and virtue. 
 — Mrs. Inchbald, Wives as They Were 
 and Maids as They Are (1797). 
 
 Priscian, a great grammarian of the 
 fifth century. The Latin phrase, Di- 
 minuere Prisciani caput ("to break Pris- 
 cian's head "), means to " violate the rules 
 of grammar." (See Pegasus.) 
 
 Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check, 
 Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 161 (1728). 
 
 Quakers (that, like to lanterns, bear 
 
 Their light within them) will not swear ; . . . 
 
 And hold no sin so deeply red 
 
 As that of breaking Priscian's head. 
 
 Butler, Budibras, II. ii. 219, etc. (1664). 
 
 Priseilla, daughter of a noble lord. 
 She fell in love with sir Aladine, a poor 
 knight. — Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. 1 
 (1596). 
 
 Priseilla, the beautiful puritan in love 
 with John Alden. When Miles Standish, 
 a bluff old soldier in the middle of life, 
 wished to marry her, he asked John 
 Alden to go and plead his cause ; but the 
 puritan maiden replied archly, "Why 
 don't you speak for yourself, John ? " 
 Soon after this, Standish being killed, as 
 it was supposed by a poisoned arrow, 
 John did speak for himself, and Priseilla 
 listened to his suit. — Longfellow, The 
 Courtship of Miles Standish (1858). 
 34 
 
 Prison Life Endeared. The 
 
 following are examples of prisoners who, 
 from long habit, have grown attached to 
 prison life : — 
 
 Comte de Lorge was confined for thirty 
 years in the Bastile, and when liberatea 
 (Jul} r 14, 1789) declared that freedom 
 had no joys for him. After imploring 
 in vain to be allowed to return to his 
 dungeon, he lingered for six weeks and 
 pined to death. 
 
 Goldsmith says, when Chinvang th 
 Chaste ascended the throne of China, h 
 commanded the prisons to be throwi 
 open. Among the prisoners was a vener- 
 able man of 85 years of age, who im- 
 plored that he might be suffered to return 
 to his cell. For sixty-three years he had 
 lived in its gloom and solitude, which he 
 preferred to the glare of the sun and the 
 bustle of a city. — A Citizen of the World 
 lxxiii. (1759). 
 
 Mr. Cogan once visited a prisoner of 
 state in the King's Bench prison, who 
 told him he had grown to like the sub- 
 dued light and extreme solitude of his 
 cell ; he even liked the spots and patches 
 on the wall, the hardness of his bed, the 
 regularity, and the freedom from all the 
 cares and worries of active life. He did 
 not wish to be released, and felt sure he 
 should never be so happy in any other 
 place. 
 
 A woman of Ley den, on the expiration 
 of a long imprisonment, applied for per- 
 mission to return to her cell, and added, 
 if the request were refused as a favour, 
 she would commit some offence which 
 should give her a title to her old quarters. 
 
 A prisoner condemned to death had his 
 sentence commuted for seven years' close 
 confinement on a bed of nails. After the 
 expiration of five years, he declared, if 
 ever he were released, he should adopt 
 from choice what habit had rendered so 
 agreeable to him. 
 
 Prisoner of Chillon, Francois de 
 Bonnivard, a Frenchman who resided at 
 Geneva, and made himself obnoxious to 
 Charles III. due de Savoie, who incar- 
 cerated him for six years in a dungeon 
 of the Chateau de Chillon, at the east 
 end of the lake of Geneva. The prisoner 
 was ultimately released by the Bernese, 
 who were at war with Savoy. 
 
 Byron has founded on this incident his 
 poem entitled Tlie Prisoner of Chillon, 
 but has added two brothers, whom, he 
 supposes to be imprisoned with Francois, 
 and who died of hunger, suffering, and 
 confinement. In fact, the poet mixes ud 
 
PRISONER OF STATE. 
 
 794 
 
 PRODIGY OF LEARNING. 
 
 Dante's tale about count Ugolino with 
 that of Francois de Bonnivard, and has 
 produced a powerful and affecting story, 
 but it is not historic. 
 
 Prisoner of State (T7ie), Ernest de 
 Fridberg. E. Stirling has a drama so 
 called. (For the plot, see Ernest de 
 Fridberg.) 
 
 Pritchard (William), commander of 
 H.M. sloop the Shark.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Priu/li, a senator of Venice, of un- 
 bending pride. His daughter had been 
 saved from the Adriatic by Jaffier, and 
 gratitude led to love. As it was quite 
 hopeless to expect Priuli to consent to 
 the match, Belvidera eloped in the night, 
 and married Jaffier. Priuli now dis- 
 carded them both. Jaffier joined Pierre's 
 conspiracy to murder the Venetian sena- 
 tors, but in order to save his father-in- 
 law, revealed to him the plot under the 
 promise of a general free pardon. The 
 promise was broken, and all the con- 
 spirators except Jaffier were condemned 
 to death by torture. Jaffier stabbed Pierre, 
 to save him from the wheel, and then 
 killed himself. Belvidera Avent mad and 
 died. Priuli lived on, a broken-down old 
 man, sick of life, and begging to be left 
 alone in some "place that's fit for mourn- 
 ing ; " there all leave me : 
 
 Sparing no tears when you this tale relate, 
 But bid all cruel fathers dread my fate. 
 T. Otway, Ve7iice Preserved, v. the end (1682). 
 
 Privolvans, the antagonists of the 
 Subvolvans. 
 
 These silly, ranting Privolvans 
 Have every summer their campaigns, 
 And muster like the warlike sons 
 Of Rawhead and of Bloody-bones. 
 S. Butler, The Elephant in the Moon, v. 85 (1754). 
 
 Proa, a Malay skiff of great swiftness, 
 much used by pirates in the Eastern 
 Archipelago, and called the flying proa. 
 
 The proa darted like a shooting star. 
 
 Byron, The Island, iv. 3 (1819). 
 
 Probe (1 syl.), a priggish surgeon, 
 who magnifies mole-hill ailments into 
 mountain maladies, in order to enhance 
 his skill and increase his charges. Thus, 
 when lord Foppington received a small 
 flesh-wound in the arm from a foil, Probe 
 drew a long face, frightened his lordship 
 greatly, and pretended the consequences 
 might be serious ; but when lord Fop- 
 pington promised him £500 for a cure, he 
 set his patient on his legs the next day. — 
 Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 
 
 Pro'cida (John of), a tragedy by S. 
 
 Knowles (1840). John of Procida was 
 an Italian gentleman of the thirteenth 
 centurj 7 , a skilful physician, high in 
 favour with king Fernando II., Conrad, 
 Manfred, and Conrad'ine. The French 
 invaded the island, put the last two 
 monarchs to the sword ; usurped the 
 sovereignty, and made Charles d'Anjou 
 king. The cruelty, licentiousness, and 
 extortion of the French being quite un- 
 bearable, provoked a general rising of 
 the Sicilians, and in one night (the Sicilian 
 Vespers, March 30, 1282), every French- 
 man, Frenchwoman, and French child 
 in the whole island was ruthlessly 
 butchered. Procida lost his only son Fer- 
 nando, who had just married Isoline (3 
 syl.), the daughter of the French governor 
 of Messina. Isoline died broken-hearted, 
 and her father, the governor, was amongst 
 the slain. The crown was given to John 
 of Procida. 
 
 Procris, the wife of Cephalos. Out 
 of jealousy, she crept into a wood to 
 act as a spy upon her husband. Cephalos, 
 hearing something move, discharged an 
 arrow in the direction of the rustling, 
 thinking it to be caused by some wild 
 beast, and shot Procris. Jupiter, in pity, 
 turned Procris into a star. — Greek and 
 Latin Mythology. 
 
 The unerring dart of Procris. Diana 
 gave Procris a dart which never missed 
 its aim, and after being discharged re- 
 turned back to the shooter. 
 
 Procrus'tes (3 syl.), a highwayman 
 of Attica, who used to place travellers on 
 a bed ; if they were too short he stretched 
 them out till they fitted it, if too long he 
 lopped off the redundant part. — Greek 
 Mythology. 
 
 Critic, more cruel than Procrustes old, 
 
 Who to his iron bed by torture fits 
 
 Their nobler parts, the souls of suffering wlta. 
 
 Mallet, Verbal Criticism (1734).' 
 
 Proctor's JDogs or Bull-dogs, the two 
 "runners" or officials who accompany 
 a university proctor in his rounds, to give 
 chase to recalcitrant gownsmen. 
 
 And he had breathed the proctor's dogs[u*w a member of 
 Oxford or Cambridge University]. 
 
 Tennyson, prologue of The Princess (1830). 
 
 Prodigal (The), Albert VI. duke of 
 Austria (1418, 1439-1463). 
 
 Prodigy of France (The). Gml- 
 laume Bude' was so called by Erasmus 
 
 (1467-1540). 
 
 Prodigy of Learning (The). 
 Samuel Hahnemann, the German, was 
 so called by J. P. Richter (1755- 1843). 
 
PROFOUND. 
 
 795 
 
 PROSERPINE. 
 
 Profound (The), Richard Middleton, 
 an English scholastic divine (*-1304). 
 
 Profound Doctor (The), Thomas 
 Bradwardine, a schoolman. Also called 
 "The Solid Doctor" (*-1349). 
 
 yEgidius de Columna, a Sicilian school- 
 man, was called "The Most Profound 
 Doctor" (*-1316). 
 
 Progne (2 syl.), daughter of Pandion, 
 and sister of Philomela. Progne was 
 changed into a swallow, and Philomela 
 into a nightingale. — Greek Mythology. 
 
 As Prognfi or as Philomela mourns . . . 
 So Bradamant laments her absent knight. 
 
 Ariosto, Orlando Purioso, xxiii. (1516). 
 
 Prome'thean Unguent (The), 
 made from the extract of a herb on 
 which some of the blood of Prometheus 
 (3 syl.) had fallen. Medea gave Jason 
 some of this unguent, which rendered his 
 body proof against fire and warlike 
 instruments. 
 
 Prome'theus (3 syl.) taught man the 
 use of fire, and instructed him in archi- 
 tecture, astronomy, mathematics, writing, 
 rearing cattle, navigation, medicine, the 
 art of prophecy, working metal, and, 
 indeed, every art known to man. The 
 word means "forethought," and fore- 
 thought is the father of invention. The 
 tale is that he made man of clay, and, 
 in order to endow his clay with life, stole 
 fire from heaven and brought it to earth 
 in a hollow tube. Zeus, in punishment, 
 chained him to a rock, and sent an eagle 
 to consume his liver daily ; during the 
 night it grew again, and thus his torment 
 was ceaseless, till Hercules shot the 
 eagle, and unchained the captive. 
 
 Learn the while, in brief. 
 That all arts came to mortals from Prometheus. 
 
 E. B. Browning, Prometheus Bound (1850). 
 .Truth shall restore the light by Nature given. 
 And, like Prometheus, bring the fire from heaven. 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, L (1799). 
 
 *** Percy B. Shelley has a classical 
 drama entitled Prometheus Unbound 
 (1819). 
 
 Promised Land (The), Canaan or 
 Palestine. So called because God pro- 
 mised to give it to Abraham, Isaac, and 
 Jacob. — Gen. xii. 7 ; xxvi. 3 ; xxviii. 
 13. 
 
 Prompt, the servant of Mr. and 
 Miss Blandish. — General Burgoyne, The 
 Heiress (1781). 
 
 Pronouns. It was of Henry Mos- 
 sop, tragedian (1729-1773), that Churchill 
 wrote the two lines : 
 
 In monosyllables his thunders roll— 
 
 He, she, it, and we, ye, they, fright the soul; 
 
 because Mossop was fond of emphasizing 
 his pronouns and little words. 
 
 Prophecy. Jourdain, the wizard, 
 told the duke of Somerset, if he wished 
 to live, to " avoid where castles mounted 
 stand." The duke died in an ale-house 
 called the Castle, in St. Alban's. 
 
 . . . underneath an ale-house' paltry sign, 
 
 The Castle, in St. Alban's, Somerset 
 
 Hath made the wizard famous in his death. 
 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 
 
 Similar prophetic equivokes were told 
 to Henry IV., pope Sylvester II., and 
 Cambyses (see Jerusalem, p. 492). 
 
 Aristomenes was told by the Delphic 
 oracle to " flee for his life when he saw a 
 goat drink from the river Neda." Con- 
 sequently, all goats were driven from the 
 banks of this river ; but one day, TheQclos 
 observed that the branches of a fig tree 
 bent into the stream, and it immediately 
 flashed into his mind that the Mes- 
 senian word for fig tree and goat was the 
 same. The pun or equivoke will be 
 better understood by an English reader if 
 for goat we read ewe, and bear in mind 
 that yew is to the ear the same word ; 
 thus: 
 
 When a ewe [yew] stoops to drink of the " Severn," then 
 
 fly. 
 And look not behind, for destruction is nigh. 
 
 Prophet (The), Mahomet (570-632). 
 
 The Mohammedans entertained an inconceivable vene- 
 ration for their prophet. . .. Whenever he made his ablu- 
 tions, they ran and caught the water he had used ; and 
 when he spat, licked up the spittle with superstitious 
 eagerness. — Abulfeda, Vita Jloham., 85 (thirteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Prophet Elm, an elm growing in 
 Credenhill Court, belonging to the Eckley 
 family. It is so called because one of 
 the branches is said to snap off, and thus 
 announce an approaching death in the 
 family. 
 
 Prophetess (The), Aye'shah, the 
 second and beloved wife of Mahomet. It 
 does not mean that she prophesied, but, 
 like Sultana, it is simply a title of 
 honour. He was the Prophet, she the 
 Propheta or Madam Prophet. 
 
 Prose (Father of English), Wycliffe 
 (1324-1384). 
 
 Prose (Father of Greek), Herodotoa 
 (B.C. 484-408). 
 
 Prose (Father of Italian), Boccaccio 
 (1313-1375). 
 
 Pros'erpine (3 syl.), called Prosrr'- 
 plna in Latin, and "Proser'pin" by Mil- 
 
PROSPERITY ROBINSON. 
 
 796 
 
 PROTEUS. 
 
 ton, was daughter of CVres. She went to 
 the fields of Enna to amuse herself by 
 gathering asphodels, and being tired, fell 
 asleep. Dis, the god of hell, then carried 
 her off, and made her queen of the in- 
 fernal regions. Ceres wandered for nine 
 days over the world disconsolate, looking 
 for her daughter, when Hec'ate (2 syl.) 
 told her she had heard the girl's cries, 
 but knew not who had carried her off.' 
 Both now went to Olympus, when the 
 sun-god told them the true state of the 
 case. 
 
 N.B. — This is an allegory of seed- 
 corn. 
 
 Not that fair field 
 Of Enna, where Proser'pin, gathering flowers, 
 Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis 
 Was gathered — which cost Ceres all that pain 
 To seek her thro' the world. 
 
 Milton, Paradise tvst, iv. 268 (1665). 
 
 Prosperity Robinson, Frederick 
 Robinson, afterwards viscount Goderich 
 and earl of Ripon, chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer in 1823. So called by Cobbett, 
 from his boasting about the prosperity of 
 the country just a little before the great 
 commercial crisis of 1825. 
 
 Pros'pero, the banished duke of 
 Milan, and father of Miranda. He was 
 deposed by his brother Anthonio, who 
 sent him to sea with Mirander in a 
 " rotten carcass of a boat," which was 
 borne to a desert island. Here Prospero 
 practised magic. He liberated Ariel 
 from the rift of a pine tree, where the 
 witch Syc'orax had confined him for 
 twelve years, and was served by that 
 bright spirit with true gratitude. The 
 only other inhabitant of the island was 
 Caliban the witch's " welp." After a 
 residence in the island of sixteen years, 
 Prospero raised a tempest by magic, to 
 cause the shipwreck of the usurping duke 
 and of Ferdinand his brother's son. 
 Ferdinand fell in love with his cousin 
 Miranda, and eventually married her. — 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest (1009). 
 
 He [sir W. Scott] waves his wand more potent than 
 that of Prospero, and the shadows of the olden time 
 appear before us, and we absolutely believe ill their re- 
 animation.— Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 
 Still they kept limping to and fro, 
 Like Ariels round old Prospero, 
 Saying, " Dear master, let us go." 
 But still the old man answered, " No I" 
 
 T. Moore, A Vision. 
 
 Pross {3fiss), a red-haired, ungainly 
 creature, who lived with Lucie Manette, 
 and dearly loved her. Miss Pross, 
 although very eccentric, was most faith- 
 ful and unselfish. 
 
 Her character (dissociated from stature) was shortness. 
 ... It was characteristic of this lady that whenever her 
 
 original proposition was questioned, she exaggerated it— 
 C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, iu 6 (1869). 
 
 Proterius of Cappadocia, father of 
 Cyra. (See Sinneh Saved.) 
 
 Protesila'os, husband of Laodamla. 
 Being slain at the siege of Troy, the 
 dead body was sent home to his wife, 
 who prayed that she might talk with him 
 again, if only for three hours. Her 
 praj-er was granted, but when Protesilaos 
 returned to death, Laodamia died also. — 
 Greek Mythology. 
 
 In Fe'nelon's Te'temaque, " Prote'silaos " 
 is meant for Louvois, the French minister 
 of state. 
 
 Protestant Duke {The), James 
 duke of Monmouth, a love-child of 
 Charles II. So called because he re- 
 nounced the Roman faith, in which he 
 had been brought up, and became a pro- 
 testant (1019-1085). 
 
 Protestant Pope {The), Gian Vin- 
 cenzo Ganganelli, pope Clement XIV. So 
 called from his enlightened policy, and 
 for his bull suppressing the Jesuits (1705, 
 1709-1774). 
 
 Proteus [Pro-tuce'], a sea-god, who 
 resided in the Carpathian Sea. He had 
 the power of changing his form at will. 
 Being a prophet also, Milton calls him 
 " the Carpathian wizard.'' — Greek Mytho- 
 logy. 
 
 By hoary Nereus' wrinkled look, 
 
 And the Carpathian wizard's hook [or trident]. 
 
 Milton, Comus (1634). 
 
 Periklym'enos, son of Neleus (2 syl.), 
 had the power of changing his form into 
 a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. As a 
 bee, he perched on the chariot of Herakles 
 {Hercules), and was killed. 
 
 Aristogiton, from being dipped in the 
 Achelous (4 syl.), received the power of 
 changing his form at will. — Fe'nelon, 
 le'le'maque, xx. (1700). 
 
 The genii, both good and bad, of Eastern 
 mythology had the power of changing 
 their form instantaneously. This is 
 powerfully illustrated by the combat be- 
 tween the Queen of Beauty and the sou 
 of Eblis. The genius first appeared as 
 an enormous lion, but the Queen of 
 Beauty plucked out a hair which became 
 a scythe, with which she cut the lion in 
 pieces. The head of the lion now became 
 a scorpion, and the princess changed her- 
 self into a serpent ; but the scorpion in- 
 stantly made itself an eagle, and went, 
 in pursuit of the serpent. The serpent, 
 however, being vigilant, assumed the 
 
PROTEUS. 
 
 797 
 
 PROVOST OF BRUGES. 
 
 form of a white cat ; the eagle in an 
 instant changed to a wolf, and the 
 cat, being hard pressed, changed into a 
 worm ; the wolf changed to a cock, and 
 ran to pick up the worm, which, how- 
 ever, became a fish before the cock could 
 pick it up. Not to be outwitted, the 
 cock transformed itself into a pike to 
 devour the fish, but the fish changed into 
 a fire, and the son of Eblis was burnt to 
 ashes before he could make another 
 change. — Arabian Rights ("The Second 
 Calender "). 
 
 Proteus or Protheus, one of the two 
 gentlemen of Verona. He is in love with 
 Julia. His servant is Launce, and his 
 father Anthonio or Antonio. The other 
 gentleman is called Valentine, and his 
 lady-love is Silvia. — Shakespeare, The 
 Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 
 
 Shakespeare calls the word Pro'-tS-us. 
 Malone, Dr. Johnson, etc., retain the h 
 in both names, but the Globe edition 
 omits them. 
 
 Protevangelon {"first evange- 
 list'"), a gospel falsely attributed to St. 
 James the Less, first bishop of Jerusalem, 
 noted for its minute details of the Virgin 
 and Jesus Christ. Said to be the pro- 
 duction of L. Carinus of the second cen- 
 tury. 
 
 First of all we shall rehearse . . . 
 The nativity of our Lord, 
 As written in the old record 
 Of the Protevangelon. 
 
 Longfellow, Tlie Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Protocol {Mr. Peter), the attorney 
 in Edinburgh employed by Mrs. Mar- 
 garet Bertram of Singleside. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time,, George II.). 
 
 Protosebastos {The) or Sebasto- 
 , ckatok, the highest State officer in 
 Greece. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Protospathaire {The), or general 
 of Alexius Comnenus emperor of Greece. 
 His name is Nicanor. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Proud {The). Tarquin II. of Rome 
 was called Superbus (reigned B.C. 535- 
 510. died 496). 
 
 Otho IV. kaiser of Germany was called 
 " The Proud" (1175, 1209-1218). 
 
 Proud Duke (The), Charles Sey- 
 mour duke of Somerset. His children 
 were not allowed to sit in his presence ; 
 and he snoke to his servants by signs 
 only (* -1748). 
 
 Proud and Mignty {The). 
 
 A litUe rule, a little sway, 
 A sunbeam in a winter's day. 
 Is all the proud and mighty baTC 
 Betweeu the cradle and the grave. 
 
 Dyer, Oronyar Hill (died 1765).' 
 
 Proudfute (Oliver), the boasting 
 bonnet-maker at Perth. 
 
 Magdalen or Maudie Proudfute, Oliver's 
 widow. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
 (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Prout (Father), the pseudonym of 
 Francis Mahoney, a humorous writer in 
 Eraser's Magazine, etc. (1805-1866). 
 
 Provis, the name assumed by Abel 
 Magwitch, Pip's father. He was a con- 
 vict, who had made a fortune, and whose 
 chief desire was to make his son a gentle- 
 man. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations 
 (1860). 
 
 Provoked Husband (The), a 
 comedy by Cibber and Vanbrugh. The 
 "provoked husband" is lord Townly, 
 justly annoyed at the conduct of his 
 young wife, who wholly neglects her 
 husband and her home duties for a life 
 of gambling and dissipation. The hus- 
 band, seeing no hope of amendment, 
 resolves on a separate maintenance ; 
 but then the lady's eyes are opened 
 — she promises amendment, and is for- 
 given. 
 
 %* This comedy was Vanbrugh's 
 Journey to London, left unfinished at his 
 death. Cibber took it, completed it, and 
 brought it out under the title of The 
 Provoked Husband (1728). 
 
 Provoked Wife (The), lady Brute, 
 the wife of sir John Brute, is, by his 
 ill manners, brutality, and neglect, " pro- 
 voked" to intrigue with one Constant. 
 The intrigue is not of a very serious 
 nature, since it is always interrupted 
 before it makes head. At the conclusion, 
 sir John says : 
 
 Surly I may be, stubborn I am not. 
 For I have both forgiven and forgot 
 
 Sir J. Vanbrugh (1697). 
 
 Provost of Bruges (The), a tragedy 
 based on " The Serf,'' in Leitch Ritchie's 
 Romance of History. Published anony- 
 mously in 1836 ; the author is S. 
 Knowles. The plot is this: Charles 
 " the Good," earl of Flanders, made a 
 law that a serf is always a serf till 
 manumitted, and whoever marries a serf 
 becomes thereby a serf. Thus, if a prince 
 married the daughter of a serf, the 
 prince became a serf himself, and all hia 
 
PROWLER. 
 
 798 
 
 PSALTER OF TARAH. 
 
 children were serfs. Bertulphe, the 
 richest, wisest, and bravest man in 
 Flanders, was prcvost of Bruges. His 
 beautiful daughter Constance married sir 
 Bouchard, a knight of noble descent ; 
 but Bertulphe's father had been Thanc- 
 mar's serf, and, according to the new 
 law, Bertulphe the provost, his daughter 
 Constance, and his knightly son-in-law 
 were all the serfs of Thancmar. The 
 provost killed the earl, and stabbed him- 
 self ; Bouchard and Thancmar killed 
 each other in right ; and Constance died 
 demented. 
 
 Prowler {Hugh), any vagrant or 
 highwayman. 
 
 Fo» fear of Hush Prowler, get home with the rest. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, xxxiii. 25 (1557). 
 
 Prudence {Mistress), the lady at- 
 tendant on Violet ward of lady Arundel. 
 When Norman "the sea-captain" ms.de 
 love to Violet, Mistress Prudence remon- 
 strated, "What will the countess say 
 if I allow myself to see a stranger speak- 
 ing to her ward ? " Norman clapped a 
 guinea on her left eye, and asked, "What 
 see you now ? " " Why, nothing with my 
 left eye," she answered, "but the right 
 has still a morbid sensibility." " Poor 
 thing!" said Norman; "this golden 
 ointment soon will cure it. What see 
 you now, my Prudence?" "Not a 
 soul," she said. — Lord Lytton, The Sea.* 
 Captain (1839). 
 
 Prudes for proctors ; dowagers for 
 deans. —Tennyson, prologue of The Prin- 
 cess (1830). 
 
 Prudhomme {Joseph), "pupil of 
 Brard and Saint-Omer," caligraphist and 
 sworn expert in the courts of law. 
 .loseph Prudhomme is the synthesis of 
 bourgeois imbecility ; radiant, serene, 
 and self-satisfied ; letting fall from his 
 fat lips "one weak, washy, everlasting 
 flood " of puerile aphorisms and inane 
 circumlocutions. He says, " The car of 
 the state floats on a precipice." "This 
 sword is the proudest day of my life." — 
 Henri Monnier, Grandeur ct Decadence dc 
 Joseph Prudhonnme (1852). 
 
 No creation ot modern fiction ever embodied a phase 
 of natioii.il character with such original power as that of 
 "M.Joseph I'rudhcnr.iie." . . . " Podsnap," his English 
 parallel. i3 more self-contained, more ponderous and 
 less polite. ... In 1857 Monnier turned his piece into a 
 bulky volume, entitled Vie et Opinion* Ue M. Joseph 
 I'rtuZhommv.—K. C. B. 
 
 Prue {Miss), a schoolgirl still under 
 the charge of a nurse, very precocious 
 and very injudiciously brought up. Miss 
 
 Prue is the daughter of Mr. Foresight a 
 mad astrologer, and Mrs. Foresight a 
 frail nonentity. — Congreve, Love for love 
 (1695). 
 
 The love-scene between Jack Bannister [1760-18861 as 
 "Tattle," and "Miss Prue," when Oris latter part was 
 acted by Mrs. Jordan, was probably never surpassed in 
 rich natural comedy.— F. Reynolds. 
 
 Prunes and Prisms, the words 
 which give the lips the right plie of the 
 highly aristocratic mouth, as Mrs. General 
 tells Amy Dorrit. 
 
 "'Papa' gives a pretty form to the lips. 'Papa,' 
 'potatoes,' 'poultry,' 'prunes and prisms.' You will 
 find it serviceable if you say to yourself on entering a 
 room, ' Papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes, and prisms.' "— 
 C. Dickens, Little Jiorrit (1855). 
 
 General Burgoyne, in The Heiress, 
 makes lady Emily tell Miss Alscrip that 
 the* magic words are " nimini pimini ; " 
 and that if she will stand before her 
 mirror and pronounce these words re- 
 peatedly, she cannot fail to give her 
 lips that happy plie which is known as 
 the " Paphian mimp." — The Heiress, iii. 
 2 (1781). 
 
 Pru'sio, king of Alvarecchia, slain 
 by Zerbi'no. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Pry {Paul), one of those idle, 
 meddling fellows, who, having no em- 
 ployment of their own, are perpetually 
 interfering in the affairs of other people. 
 — John Poole, Paul Pry. 
 
 Prydwen or Piudwin {q.v.), called 
 in the Mabinoijion the ship of king Arthur. 
 It was also the name of his shield. 
 Taliessin speaks of it as a ship, and 
 Robert of Gloucester as a shield. 
 
 Hys sselil that het IJrydwen. 
 
 Myd ys suerd he was ygurd, that so strong was and kene t 
 Calybourne yt was ycluped, nas nour no such ye wene. 
 In ys right bond ys lance he iiom, that ycluped was Kon. 
 
 L 174 
 
 Prynne {Hester), in Hawthorne's 
 novel entitled The Scarlet Letter (1850). 
 
 Psalmist {The). King David is 
 called ' ' The Sweet Psalmist of Israel " 
 (2 Sam. xxiii. 1). In the compilation 
 called Psalms, in the Old Testament, 
 seventy-three bear the name of David, 
 twelve were composed by Asaph, eleven 
 by the sons of Korah, and one {Psalm 
 xc.) by Moses. 
 
 Psalter of Tar ah or Tar a, a 
 
 volume in which the early kings of 
 Ireland inserted all historic events ana 
 enactments. It began in the reign of 
 Ollav Fola. of the family of Ir, B.C. 900, 
 and was read to the assembled princes 
 
PSYCARPAX. 
 
 799 
 
 PUDDING. 
 
 when fkey met in the convention which 
 assembled in the great hall of that 
 splendid palace. Also called Tara's 
 Psaltery. 
 
 Their tribe, they said, their high degree, 
 Was suug in Tara's Psaltery. 
 
 Campbell, O'Connor's Child. 
 
 Psycarpax (i.e. "granary-thief"), 
 son of Troxartas king of the mice. The 
 frog king offered to carry the young 
 Psycarpax over a lake ; but a water- 
 hydra made its appearance, and the frog 
 king, to save himself, dived under water, 
 whereby the mouse prince lost his life. 
 This catastrophe brought about the fatal 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice. Translated 
 from the Greek into English verse by 
 Parnell (1679-1717). 
 
 Psyche [Sf.ke], a most beautiful 
 maiden, with whom Cupid fell in love. 
 The god told her she was never to seek 
 to know who he was ; but Psyche could 
 not resist the curiosity of looking at him 
 as he lay asleep. A drop of the hot oil 
 from Psjxhe's lamp falling on the love- 
 god, woke him, and he instantly took to 
 flight. Psyche now wandered from place 
 to place, persecuted by Venus ; but after 
 enduring ineffable troubles, Cupid came 
 at last to her rescue, married her, and 
 bestowed on her immortality. 
 
 This exquisite allegory is from the 
 Golden Ass of Apuleios. Lafontaine 
 has turned it into French verse. M. 
 Laprade (born 1812) has rendered it into 
 French most exquisitely. The English 
 version, by Mrs. Tighe, in six cantos, is 
 simply unreadable. 
 
 The story of Cupid and Psyche is an 
 allegory, meaning that castles in the air 
 are exquisite till we look at them as 
 realities, when they instantly vanish, and 
 leave only disappointment and vexation 
 behind. 
 
 Pternog'lyplius (" bacon-scooper"), 
 one of the mouse chieftains. — Parnell, 
 Battle of t/ie Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 
 1712). 
 
 Pternoph/agus {"bacon-eater'"), one 
 of the mouse chieftains. 
 
 But dire Ptemophagus divides his way 
 Thro' breaking ranks, and leads the dreadful day. 
 No nibbling prince exoelled in fierceness more, — 
 His parents fed him on the savage boar. 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 
 
 Pternotractas (" bacon-gnawer "), 
 father of " the meal-licker," Lycomile 
 (wife of Troxartas, "the bread-eater"). 
 Psyearpas, the king of the mice, was son of 
 Lycomile, and grandson of Pternotractas. 
 
 — Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, u 
 (about 1712).- 
 
 Ptolemean System {The). King 
 Alfonso, speaking of this system, said, 
 if he had been consulted at the creation 
 of the world, he would have spared the 
 Maker of it many absurdities. 
 
 I settle all these thing by intuition . . . 
 Like king Alfonso. 
 
 Byron, Vision of Judgment (1813). 
 
 Public Good {TJie League of the), 
 a league between the dukes of Burgundy, 
 Brittan3 r , and other French princes 
 against Louis XI. 
 
 Public'ola, of the Despatch News- 
 paper, was the nom de plume of Mr. 
 "Williams, a vigorous political writer. 
 
 Publius, the surviving son of Hora- 
 tius after the combat between the three 
 Horatian brothers against the three 
 Curiatii of Alba. He entertained the 
 Roman notion that " a patriot's soul can. 
 feel no ties but duty, and know no voice 
 of kindred " if it conflicts with his 
 country's weal. His sister was engaged 
 to Caius Curiatius, one of the three Alban 
 champions ; and when she reproved him 
 for " murdering " her betrothed, he slew 
 her, for he loved Rome more than he 
 loved friend, sister, brother, or the sacred 
 name of father. — Whitehead, The Roman 
 Father (1741). 
 
 Pucel. La bel Pucel lived in the 
 tower of " Musyke." Graunde Amoure, 
 sent thither by Fame to be instructed by 
 the seven ladies of science, fell in love 
 with her, and ultimately married her. 
 After his death, Remembrance wrote his 
 " epitaphy on his graue." — S. Hawes, 
 The Passe-tyme of Plesure (1506, printed 
 1515). 
 
 Pucelle {La), a surname given to 
 Joan of Arc the " Maid of Orleans " 
 (1410-1431). 
 
 Puck, generally called Hobgoblin. 
 Same as Robin Goodfellow. Shakespeare, 
 in Midsummer Night's Dream, represents 
 him as "a very Shetlander among the 
 gossamer-winged, dainty-limbed fairies, 
 strong enough to knock all their heads 
 together, a rough, knurly-limbed, fawn- 
 faced, shock-pated, mischievous little 
 urchin." 
 
 He [Oberon] meeteth Puck, which most men call 
 Hobgoblin, and 1 ' on him doth fall. 
 With words from phrenzy spoken. 
 
 " Hoh 1 hoh 1 " quoth Hob ; " God save your grace ..." 
 Drayton, Nymphidia (1S93). 
 
 Pudding {Jack), a gormandizing 
 
PUDDLE-DOCK HILL. 
 
 800 
 
 PUNCH. 
 
 clown. In French he is called Jean 
 Potage ; in Dutch, Pickel-Herringe ; in 
 Italian Macaroni; in German John 
 Sausage (Hanswurst) . 
 
 Puddle-Dock Hill, St. Andrew's 
 Hill, Blackfriars, leading down to Puddle 
 Wharf, Ireland Yard. 
 
 Puff, servant of captain Loveit, and 
 husband of Tag of whom he stands in 
 awe. — D. Garrick, Miss in Her Teens 
 (1753). 
 
 Puff (Mr.), a man who had tried bis 
 hand on everything to get a living, and 
 at last resorts to criticism. He says of 
 himself, "I am a practitioner in pane- 
 g3 r ric, or to speak more plainly, a pro- 
 fessor of the art of puffing." 
 
 '* I open," says Puff, " with a clock striking, to beget 
 nn awful attention in the audience; it also marks the 
 time, which is four o'clock in the morning, and saves a 
 description of the rising sun, and a great deal about 
 gilding the eastern hemisphere."— Sheridan, Tlte Critic, 
 i. 1 (1779). 
 
 " God forbid." says Mr. Puff, " that, in a free country, 
 all the fine words in the language should be engrossed by 
 the higher characters of the piece."— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Drama. 
 
 Puff, publisher. He says : 
 
 " Panegyric and praise ! and what will that do with 
 the public? Why, who will give money to be told that 
 Mr. Such-a-one is a wiser and better man than himself? 
 No, no ! 'tis quite and clean out of nature. A good sous- 
 ing satire, now, well powdered with personal pepper, and 
 seasoned with the spirit of party, that demolishes a 
 conspicuous character, and sinks him below our own 
 level,— there, there, we are pleased ; there we chuckle and 
 grin, and toss the hall-crowns on the counter."— Foote, 
 The ratron (1764). 
 
 Pug, a mischievous little goblin, 
 called " Puck " by Shakespeare. — B. 
 Jonson, The Devil is an Ass (1616). 
 
 Puggie Orrock, a sheriff's officer at 
 Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Pugna Porco'rum (i.e. "battle of 
 the pigs"), a poem, extending to several 
 hundred lines, in which every word 
 begins with the letter p. 
 
 Pul'ci (X.), poet of Florence (1432- 
 1487), author of the heroi-comic poem 
 called Morgante Maggiore, a mixture of 
 the bizarre, the serious, and the comic, 
 in ridicule of the romances of chivalry. 
 This Don Juan class of poetry has since 
 been called Bemesque, from Francesco 
 Berni of Tuscany, who greatly excelled 
 in it. 
 
 Pulci was sire of the half-serious rhyme, 
 Who sang when chivalry was more quixotic, 
 And revelled in the fancies of the time, 
 True tiitfhts, chaste dames, huge giants, kings despotic. 
 Byron, Don Juan, iv. 6 (1820J. 
 
 Pulia'no, leader of the Nasamo'ni. 
 He was slain by Rinaldo. — Ariosto, 
 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Purnblechook, uncle to Joe Gar- 
 gery the blacksmith. He was a well-to- 
 do corn-chandler, and drove his own 
 chaise-cart. A hard-breathing, middle- 
 aged, slow man was uncle Purnblechook, 
 with fishy eyes and sandy hair inquisi- 
 tively on end. He called Pip, in his 
 facetious way, " six-pen'orth of ha'- 
 pence ; " but when Pip came into his 
 fortune, Mr. Purnblechook was the most 
 servile of the servile, and ended almost 
 every sentence with, "May I, Mr. Pip?" 
 i.e. have the honour of shaking hands 
 with you again. — C. Dickens, Great Ex- 
 pectations (i860). 
 
 Pumpernickel (His Transparency), 
 a nickname by which the Times satirized 
 the minor German princes. 
 
 Some ninety men and ten drummers constitute their 
 whole embattled host on the parade-ground before their 
 palace ; and their whole revenue U supplied by a per- 
 centage on the tax levied on strangers at the Pumper- 
 nickel kursaal.— rimes, July 18, 1866. 
 
 Pumpkin (Sir Gilbert), a country 
 gentleman plagued with a ward (Miss 
 Kitty Sprightly) and a set of servants 
 all stage mad. He entertains captain 
 Charles Stanley and captain Harry 
 Stukely at Strawberry Hall, when the 
 former, under cover of acting, makes 
 love to Kitty (an heiress), elopes with 
 her, and marries her. 
 
 Miss Bridget Pumpkin, sister of sir 
 Gilbert of Strawberry Hall. A Mrs. 
 Malaprop. She says, "The Greeks, the 
 Romans, and the Irish are barbarian 
 nations who had plays ; " but sir Gilbert 
 says, "they were all Jacobites." She 
 speaks of " taking a degree at our prin- 
 cipal adversity ; " asks "if the Muses are 
 a family living at Oxford," if so, sh« 
 tells captain Stukely, she will be de- 
 lighted to " see them at Strawberry Hall, 
 with any other of his friends." Miss 
 Pumpkin hates "play acting/' but does 
 not object to love-making. — Jackman, 
 All the World's a Stage. 
 
 Pun. He who would make a pun, 
 would pick a pocket, generally ascribed to 
 Dr. Johnson, but has been traced by Moy 
 Thomas to Dr. Donne (1573-1631). 
 
 *** Dr. Johnson lived 1709-178-1. 
 
 Punch, derived from the Latin Mimi, 
 through the Italian Pullicinella. It was 
 originally intended as a characteristic 
 representation. The tale is this : Punch. 
 
PUNCH. 
 
 801 
 
 PURGON. 
 
 in a fit of jealousy, strangles his infant 
 child, when Judy flies to her revenge. 
 With a bludgeon she belabours her 
 husband, till he becomes so exasperated 
 that he snatches the bludgeon from her, 
 knocks her brains out, and flings the 
 dead body into the street. Here it 
 attracts the notice of a police-officer, 
 ■who enters the house, and Punch flies to 
 save his life. He is, however, arrested by 
 an officer of the Inquisition, and is shut 
 up in prison, from which he escapes by a 
 golden key. The rest of the allegory 
 shows the triumph of Punch over slander 
 in the shape of a dog, disease in the 
 guise of a doctor, death, and the devil. 
 
 Pantalone was a Venetian merchant ; 
 Dottore, a Bolognese physician ; Spa- 
 viento, a Neapolitan braggadocio ; Pulli- 
 cinella, a wag of Apulia ; Gianguryolo 
 and Coviello, two clowns of Calabria ; 
 Gelsomino, a Roman beau ; Beltrame, a 
 Milanese simpleton ; Brighella, a Ferrarese 
 pimp ; and Arlecchino, a blundering 
 servant of Bergamo. Each was clad in 
 an appropriate dress, had a characteristic 
 mask, and spoke the dialect of the place 
 he represented. 
 
 Besides these, there were Amorosos or 
 Jnnamoratos, with their servettas or 
 waiting-maids, as Smeraldina, Colombina, 
 Spilletta, etc., who spoke Tuscan. — 
 Walker, On the Revival of the Drama in 
 Italy, 249. 
 
 Punch, the periodical. The first cover 
 was designed by A. S. Henning ; the 
 present one by R. Doyle. 
 
 1 Pure (Simon), a Pennsylvanian 
 quaker. Being about to visit London 
 to attend the quarterly meeting of his 
 sect, he brings with him a letter of 
 introduction to Obadiah Prim, a rigid, 
 stern quaker, and the guardian of Anne 
 Lovely an heiress worth £30,000. 
 Colonel Feignwell, availing himself of 
 this letter of introduction, passes himself 
 off as Simon Pure, and gets established 
 as the accepted suitor of the heiress. 
 Presently the real Simon Pure makes his 
 appearance, and is treated as an impostor 
 and swindler. The colonel hastens on 
 the marriage arrangements, and has no 
 sooner completed them, than Master 
 Simon re-appears, with witnesses to prove 
 his identity ; but it is too late, and colonel 
 Feignwell freely acknowledges the " bold 
 stroke he has made for a wife." — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for a Wife 
 (1717). 
 
 Purefoy (Master), former tutor of 
 
 Dr. Anthony Rochecliffe the plotting 
 royalist. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
 Commonwealth). 
 
 Purgatory, by Dante, in thirty-three 
 cantos (1808). Having emerged from 
 hell, Dante saw in the southern hemisphere 
 four stars, "ne'er seen before, save by 
 our first parents." The stars were sym- 
 bolical of the four cardinal virtues 
 (prudence, justice, fortitude, and tem- 
 perance). Turning round, he observed 
 old Cato, who said that a dame from 
 heaven had sent him to prepare the 
 Tuscan poet for passing through Pur- 
 gatory. Accordingly, with a slender reed 
 old Cato girded him, and from his face 
 he washed "all sordid stain," restoring 
 to his face "that hue which the dun 
 shades of hell had covered and con- 
 cealed" (canto i.). Dante then followed 
 his guide Virgil to a huge mountain in 
 mid-ocean antipodal to Judea, and began 
 the ascent. A party of spirits were ferried 
 over at the same time by an angel, 
 amongst whom was Casella, a musician, 
 one of Dante's friends. The mountain, he 
 tells us, is divided into terraces, and 
 terminates in Earthly Paradise, which is 
 separated from it by two rivers — Lethe 
 and Eu'noe (8 syl.). The first eight cantos 
 are occupied by the ascent, and then they 
 come to the gate of Purgatory. This 
 gate is approached by three stairs (faith, 
 penitence, and piety) ; the first stair is 
 transparent white marble, as clear as 
 crystal ; the second is black and cracked : 
 and the third is of blood-red porphyry 
 (cantoix.). The porter marked on Dante's 
 forehead seven P's (peccata, "sins"), and 
 told him he would lose one at every 
 stage, till he reached the river which 
 divided Purgatory from Paradise. Vir- 
 gil continued his guide till they came to 
 Lethe, when he left him during sleep 
 (canto xxx.). Dante was then dragged 
 through the river Lethe, drank of the 
 waters of EunQe, and met Beatrice, who 
 conducted him till he arrived at the 
 "sphere of unbodied light," when she 
 resigned her office to St. Bernard. 
 
 Purgon, one of the doctors in 
 Moliere's comedy of Le Malade Imagi- 
 naire. When the patient's brother 
 interfered, and sent the apothecary away 
 with his clysters, Dr. Purgon got into 
 a towering rage, and threatened to leave 
 the house and never more to visit it. He 
 then said to the patient, "Que vous 
 tombiez dans la bradypepsie . . . de la 
 bradypepsie dans la dyspepsie . . . de la 
 
PUFJTANT. 
 
 802 
 
 PYGMY. 
 
 dyspepsie dans l'apepsie . . . de l'apepsie 
 dans la lienterie . . . de la lienterie dans 
 la dyssenterie . . . de la dyssenterie dans 
 Thydropisie . . . et l'hydropisie dans la 
 privation de la vie." 
 
 Votre M. Purgon, . . . c'est un homme tout mddecin 
 depuis la t6te iusqu' a"x pieds ; un homme qui croit a ses 
 regies plus qu' a toutes les demonstrations des mathe- 
 tuatiques, et qui croiiait du crime a les vou'.oir examiner; 
 qui ne voir rien d'ohscur dans la medecine, rien de 
 douteux, riende difficile ; et qui, avecune impetuosite de 
 prevention, une roideur de confiance, une brutalite de sens 
 commun et de raison, donne au travers des purgations et 
 des saignees, et ne balance aucune chose.— Moliere, Le 
 Mdlade Imaginaire, iii. 3 (1673). 
 
 Purita'ni (1), " the puritan," that is 
 Elvi'ra, daughter of lord Walton also a 
 puritan, affianced to Ar'turo {lord Arthur 
 Talbot) a cavalier. On the day of 
 espousals, Arturo aids Enrichetta (Hen- 
 rietta, widow of Charles J.) to escape ; 
 and Elvira, supposing that he is eloping, 
 loses her reason. On his return, Arturo 
 explains the fact to Elvira, and they vow 
 nothing on earth shall part them more, 
 when Arturo is arrested for treason, and 
 led off to execution. At this crisis, a 
 herald announces the defeat of the 
 Stuarts, and Cromwell pardons all politi- 
 cal offenders, whereupon Arturo is re- 
 leased, and marries Elvira. — Bellini's 
 opera, I Puritani (1834). 
 
 (The libretto of this opera is by C. 
 Pepoli.) 
 
 Purley (Diversions of), a work on the 
 analysis and etymology of English words, 
 by John Home, the son of a poulterer in 
 London. In 1782 he assumed the name 
 of Tooke, from Mr. Tooke of Purley, in 
 Surrey, with whom he often stayed, and 
 who left him £8000 (vol. i., 1785 ; vol. ii. } 
 1805). 
 
 Purple Island (The), the human 
 body. It is the name of a poem in 
 twelve cantos, by Phineas Eletcher 
 (1633). Canto i. Introduction. Cantos 
 ii.-v. An anatomical description of the 
 human body, considered as an island 
 kingdom. Canto vi. The "intellec- 
 tual" man. Canto vii. The "natural 
 man," with its affections and lusts. 
 Canto viii. The world, the flesh, and 
 the devil, as the enemies of man. 
 Cantos ix., x. The friends of man who 
 enable him to overcome these enemies. 
 Cantos xi., xii. The battle of " Mansoul," 
 the triumph, and the marriage of Eclecta. 
 The whole is supposed to be sung to 
 shepherds by Thirsil a shepherd. 
 
 Pusil'lus, Feeble-mindedness per- 
 sonified in The Purple [stand, by Phineas 
 Fletcher (1033); "a weak, distrustful 
 
 heart." Fully described in canto viii. 
 (Latin, pusillus, " pusillanimous.") 
 
 Puss in Boots, from Charles Per- 
 rault's tale Le Chat Botte (1697). 
 Perrault borrowed the tale from the 
 Nights of Straparola an Italian. Stra- 
 parola's Nights were translated into 
 French in 1585, and Perrault's Contes de 
 Fees were published in 1697. Ludwig 
 Tieck, the German novelist, reproduced 
 the same tale in his Volksm'drchen (1795), 
 called in German Der Gestiefelte Kater. 
 The cat is marvellously accomplished, 
 and by ready wit or ingenious tricks 
 secures a fortune and royal wife for his 
 master, a penniless young miller, who 
 passes under the name of the marquis de 
 Car'abas. In the Italian tale, puss is 
 called " Constantine's cat." 
 
 Putrid Plain (The), the battle-field 
 of Aix, in Provence, where Marius over- 
 threw the Teutons, b.c. 102. 
 
 Pwyll's Bag (Prince), a bag that 
 it was impossible to fill. 
 
 Come thou in by thyself, clad in ragged garments, and 
 holding a bag in thy hand, and ask nothing but a bagful 
 of food, and I will cause that if all the meat and liquor 
 that are in these seven cantreves were put into it, it 
 would be no fuller than before. — The Mabinogion I" Pwyll 
 Prince of Dyved," twelfth century). 
 
 Pygmalion, the statuary of Cyprus. 
 He resolved never to marry, but became 
 enamoured of his own ivory statue, 
 which Venus endowed with life, and the 
 statuary married. Morris has a poem on 
 the subject in his Earthly Paradise 
 ("August"). 
 
 Fall in loue with these. 
 As did Pygmalion with his carved tree. 
 Lord Brooke, Treutie on Human Learning (1554-1628). 
 
 *** L°rd Brooke calls the statue " a 
 carved tree." There is a vegetable ivory, 
 no doubt, one of the palm species, and 
 there is the ebon tree, the wood of which 
 is black as jet. The former could not be 
 known to Pygmalion, but the latter 
 might, as Virgil speaks of it in his 
 Georgics, ii. 117, "India nigrum fert 
 ebenum." Probably lord Brooke blun- 
 dered from the resemblance between ebor 
 (" ivory") and ebon, in Latin "ebenum." 
 
 Pygmy, a dwarf. The pygmies were 
 a nation of dwarfs always at war with 
 the cranes of Scythia. They were not 
 above a foot high, and lived somewhere at 
 the " end of the earth " — either in Thrace, 
 Ethiopia, India, or the Upper Nile. The 
 pygmy women were mothers at the age 
 of three, and old women at eight. Their 
 houses were built of egg-shells. They 
 cut down a blade of wheat with an axe 
 and hatchet, as we fell huge forest trees, i 
 
PYKE AND PLUCK. 
 
 PYTHAGORAS. 
 
 One day, they resolved to attack Her- 
 cules in his sleep, and went to work as in 
 a siege. An army attacked each hand, 
 and the archers attacked the feet. Her- 
 cules awoke, and with the paw of his lion- 
 skin overwhelmed the -whole host, and 
 carried them captive to king Eurystheus. 
 
 Swift has availed himself of this 
 Grecian fable in his Gulliver's Travels 
 (" Lilliput," 1726). 
 
 Pyke and Pluck (Messrs.), the 
 tools and toadies of sir Mulberry Hawk. 
 They laugh at all his jokes, snub all who 
 attempt to rival their patron, and are 
 ready to swear to anything sir Mulberry 
 wishes to be confirmed. — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nicklehj (1838). 
 
 Pylades and Orestes, inseparable 
 friends. Pylades was a nephew of king 
 Agamemnon, and Orestes was Aga- 
 memnon's son. The two cousins con- 
 tracted a friendship which has become 
 proverbial. Subsequently, Pylades mar- 
 ried Orestes's sister Electra. 
 
 Lagrange-Chancel has a French drama 
 entitled Oreste et Pylade (1695) . Voltaire 
 also (Oreste, 1750). The two characters 
 are introduced into a host of plays, 
 Greek, Italian, French, and English. 
 (See Andromachk.) 
 
 Pyrac'mon, one of Vulcan's work- 
 men in the smith}' of mount Etna. (Greek, 
 pur akmon, "fire anvil.") 
 
 Far passing Bronteus or Pyracmon great, 
 The which in Lipari do day and night 
 Frame thunderbolts for Jove. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 5 (1596). 
 
 Pyramid. According to Diodo'rus 
 Sic'ulus (Hist., i.), and Pliny (Nat. 
 Hist., xxxvi. 12), there were 360,000 
 men employed for nearly twenty years 
 upon one of the pyramids. 
 
 The largest pyramid was built by 
 Cheops or Suphis, the next largest by 
 Cephrenes or Sen-Suphis, and the third, 
 by Mencheres last king of the fourth 
 Egyptian dynasty, said to have lived 
 before the birth of Abraham. 
 
 The Thi?*d Pyramid. Another tradition 
 is that the third pyramid was built by 
 Rhodopis or Rhodope, the Greek courtezan. 
 Rhodopis means the "rosy-cheeked." 
 
 The Rhodope' that built the pyramid. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, U. (1830). 
 
 Pyramid of Mexico. This pyramid 
 is said to have been built in the reign of 
 Montezuma emperor of Mexico (1466- 
 1520). Its base is double the size of 
 Cheops's pyramid, that is, 1423 feet each 
 side, but its height does not exceed 164 
 feet. It stands west of Puebla, faces the 
 
 four cardinal points, was used as a 
 mausoleum, and is usually called " The 
 Pyramid of Cholula." 
 
 Pyr'amos (in Latin Py ramus), the 
 lover of Thisbe. Supposing Thisbe had 
 been torn to pieces by a lion, Pyramos 
 stabs himself in his unutterable grief 
 " under a mulberry tree." Here Thisbe 
 finds the dead body of her lover, and 
 kills herself for grief on the same spot. 
 Ever since then the juice of this fruit has 
 been blood-stained. — Greek Mythology. 
 
 Shakespeare has introduced a burlesque 
 of this pretty love story in his Midsummer 
 Night's Dream, but Ovid has told the tale 
 beautifully. 
 
 Pyre'ni, the Pyrenees. 
 
 Who [Henry J'.] by his conquering sword should all the 
 
 land surprise, 
 Which twixt the Penmenmaur and the Pyreni lies. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 (Penmenmaur, a hill in Caernarvon- 
 shire.) 
 
 Pyrgo Polini'ces, an extravagant 
 blusterer. (The word means "tower and 
 town taker.") — Plautus, Miles Gloriosus. 
 
 If the modern reader knows nothing of Pyrgo Polinicfi's 
 and Thraso, Pistol and Parolles ; if he is shut out from Ne- 
 phelo-Coccygia, he may take refuge in Lilliput.— Macaulay. 
 
 *** "Thraso," a bully in Terence 
 {The Eunuch) ; " Pistol," in the Merry 
 Wives of Windsor and 2 Henry IV. ; 
 "Parolles," in All's Well that Ends Well; 
 " Nephelo-Coccygia " or cloud cuckoo- 
 town, in Aristophanes (The Birds) ; and 
 " Lilliput," in Swift (Gidliver's Travels). 
 
 Py'rocles (3 syl.) and his brother 
 Cy'mocles (3 syl.), sons of Acra'tes {in- 
 continence). The two brothers are about 
 to strip sir Guj'on, when prince Arthur 
 comes up and slays both of them. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 8 (1590). 
 
 Pyroc'les and Musidorus, heroes, 
 whose exploits are told by sir Philip 
 Sidney in his Arcadia (1581). 
 
 Pyr'rho, the founder of the sceptics 
 or Pyrrhonian school of philosophy. He 
 was a native of Elis, in Peloponne'sus, 
 and died at the age of 90 (b.c. 285). 
 
 It is a pleasant voyage, perhaps, to float. 
 Like Pyrrho, on a sea of speculation. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ix. 18 (18-4). 
 
 *** " Pyrrhonism " means absolute and 
 unlimited infidelity. 
 
 Pythag'oras, the Greek philosopher, 
 Avho is said to have invented tb* 1 lyre 
 from hearing the sounds produced by a 
 blacksmith hammering iron on his anvil. 
 — See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 722. 
 
 As great Pythagoras of yore, 
 Standing beside the blacksmith's door. 
 
PYTHIAS. 
 
 804 
 
 QUACKS. 
 
 And hearing the hammers, as he smote 
 The anvils with a different note . . . 
 . . . formed the seven-chorded lyre. 
 
 Longfellow, To a Child. 
 
 Handel wrote an " air with variations" 
 which he called The Harmonious Black- 
 smith, said to have been suggested by the 
 sounds proceeding from a smithy, where 
 he heard the village blacksmiths swinging 
 their heavy sledges " with measured beat 
 and slow." 
 
 Pyth/ias, a Syracusian soldier, noted 
 for his friendship for Damon. "When 
 Damon was condemned to death by 
 Dionysius the new-made king of Syra- 
 cuse, Pythias obtained for him a respite 
 of six hours, to go and bid farewell to 
 his wife and child. The condition of this 
 respite was that Pythias should be bound, 
 and even executed, if Damon did not 
 return at the hour appointed. Damon 
 returned in due time, and Dionysius was 
 so struck with this proof of friendship, 
 that he not only pardoned Damon, but 
 even begged to be ranked among his 
 friends. The day of execution was the 
 day that Pythias was to have been married 
 to Calanthe. — Damon and Pythias, a 
 drama by K. Edwards (1571), and another 
 by John Banim in 1825. 
 
 Python, a huge serpent engendered 
 from the mud of the deluge, and slain 
 by Apollo. In other words, pytho is the 
 miasma or mist from the evaporation of 
 the overflow, dried up by the sun. 
 (Greek, puthesthai, "to rot;" because 
 the serpent was left to rot in the sun.) 
 
 Q (Old), the earl of March, afterwards 
 duke of Queensberry, at the close of the 
 last century and the beginning of this. 
 
 Quacks (Noted). 
 
 Bkchic, known for his " cough pills," 
 consisting of digitalis, white oxide of anti- 
 mony, and liquorice. Sometimes, but 
 erroneously, called " Beecham's magic 
 cough pills." 
 
 Booker (John), astrologer, etc. (1601— 
 1067). 
 
 Bossy (Dr.), a German by birth. He 
 was well known in the beginning of the 
 nineteenth century in (Jovent Garden, and 
 in other parts of London. 
 
 Brodum (eighteenth century). His 
 "nervous cordial" consisted of gentian 
 root infused in gin. Subsequently, a 
 little bark was added. 
 
 Cagliostro, the prince of quacks. 
 His proper name was Joseph Balsamo, 
 and his father was Pietro Balsamo of 
 Palermo. He married Lorenza, the 
 daughter of a girdle-maker of Rome, 
 called himself the count Alessandro di 
 Cagliostro, and bis wife the countess 
 Seraphina di Cagliostro. He professed 
 to heal every disease, to abolish wrinkles, 
 to predict future events, and was a great 
 mesmerist. He styled himself " Grand 
 Cophta, Prophet, and Thaumaturge." His 
 "Egyptian pills" sold largely at 80s. 
 a box (1743-1795). One of the famous 
 novels of A. Dumas is Joseph Balsamo 
 (1845). 
 
 He had a flat, snub face ; dew-lapped, flat-nosed, greasy, 
 and sensual. A forehead impudent, and two eyes which 
 turned up most seraphically languishing. It was a model 
 face for a quack.— Carlyle, Life of Cagliostro. 
 
 Case (Dr. John), of Lime Regis, 
 Dorsetshire. His name was Latinized 
 into Caseus, and hence he was sometimes 
 called Dr. Cheese. He was born in the 
 reign of Charles II., and died in that of 
 Anne. Dr. Case was the author of the 
 Angelic Guide, a kind of Zadkiefs Alma- 
 nac, and over his door was this couplet: 
 
 Within this place 
 Lives Dr. Case. 
 
 Legions of quacks shall join us in this place, 
 From great Kirleus down to Dr. Case. 
 
 Garth, Dispensary, ill. (1699). 
 
 Clarke, noted for his "world-famed 
 blood-mixture " (end of the nineteenth 
 century). 
 
 Cockle (James), known for his anti- 
 bilious pills, advertised as " the oldest 
 patent medicine" (nineteenth century). 
 
 Franks (Dr. Timothy), who lived in 
 Old Bailey, was the rival of Dr. Rock. 
 Franks was a very tall man, while his 
 rival was short and stout (1692-1763). 
 
 Dr. Franks, F.O.G.H.. calls his rival "Dumplin* Dick," 
 . . . Sure the world is wide enough for two great person- 
 ages. Men of science should leave controversy to the little 
 world, . . . and then we might see Rock and Franks walk- 
 ing together hand-in-hand, smiling onward to immortality. 
 —Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, bmii. (175y). 
 
 Graham (Dr.), of the Temple of 
 Health, first in the Adelphi, then in Pall 
 Mall. He sold his "elixir of life" for 
 £1000 a bottle, was noted for his mud 
 baths, and for his "celestial bed," which 
 assured a beautiful progeny. He died 
 poor in 1784. 
 
 Grant (Dr.), first a tinker, then a bap- 
 tist preacher in Southwark, then oculist 
 to queen Anne. 
 
QUACKS. 
 
 805 
 
 QUACKS. 
 
 Her majesty sure was in a surprise. 
 
 Or else was very short-sighted. 
 When a tinker was sworn to look after her eyes, 
 
 And the mountebank tailor was knighted. 
 
 Grub Street Journal. 
 
 (The "mountebank tailor" was Dr. 
 Read ; see below.) 
 
 Hancock (Dr.), whose panacea was 
 cold water and stewed prunes. 
 
 %* Dr. Sandgrado prescribed hot water 
 and stewed apples. — Lesage, Gil Bias. 
 
 Dr. Rezio of Barataria would allow 
 Sancho Panza to eat only " a few wafers, 
 and a thin slice or two of quince." — Cer- 
 vantes, Bon Quixote^ II. iii. 10 (1615). 
 
 Hannes (Br.), knighted by queen 
 Anne. He was born in Oxfordshire. 
 
 The queen, like heaven, shines equally on all. 
 
 Her favours now without distinction fall. 
 
 Great Read, and slender Hannes, both knighted, show 
 
 That none their honours shall to merit owe. 
 
 A Political Squib of the Period. 
 
 Hollow ay (Professor), noted for his 
 ointment to cure all strumous affections, 
 his digestive pills, and his enormous 
 expenditure in advertising (nineteenth 
 century). Holloway's ointment is an 
 imitation of Albinolo's ; being analyzed 
 bj r order of the French law-courts, it was 
 declared to consist of butter, lard, wax, 
 and Venice turpentine. His pills are 
 made of aloes, jalap, ginger, and myrrh. 
 
 Katerfelto (Br.), the influenza 
 doctor. He was a tall man, dressed in 
 a black gown and square cap, and 
 was originally a common soldier in the 
 Prussian service. In 1782 he exhibited 
 in London his solar microscope, and 
 created immense excitement by showing 
 the infusoria of muddy water, etc. Dr. 
 Katerfelto used to say that he was the 
 greatest philosopher since the time of sir 
 Isaac Newton. 
 
 And Katerfelto with his hair on end. 
 At his own wonders, wondering for his bread. 
 Cowper, The Task ("The Winter Evening," 1782). 
 
 Lilly (William), astrologer, born at 
 Diseworth, in Leicestershire (1602-1681). 
 . Long (St. John), born at Newcastle, 
 began life as an artist, but afterwards 
 set up as a curer of consumption, rheu- 
 matism, and gout. His profession brought 
 him wealth, and he lived in Harley Street, 
 Cavendish Square. St. John Long died 
 himself of rapid consumption (1798-1834). 
 
 Mapp (31rs.), bone-setter. She was 
 born at Epsom, and at one time was very 
 rich, but she died in great poverty at her 
 lodgings in Seven Dials, 1737. 
 
 *#* Hogarth has introduced her in his 
 heraldic picture, "The Undertakers' 
 Arms." She is the middle of the three 
 figures at the top, and is holding a bone 
 in her hand. 
 
 Moore (Mr. John), of the Pestle and 
 Mortar, Abchurch Lane, immortalized by 
 his " worm-powder," and called the 
 "Worm Doctor" (died 1733). 
 
 Vain is thy art, thy powder vain, 
 Since worms shall eat e'en thee. 
 
 Pope, To Mr. John Moore (1733). 
 
 Morison (Br.), famous for his pills 
 (consisting of aloes and cream of tartar* 
 equal parts). Professor Holloway, Dr. 
 Morison, and Rowland maker of hair oil 
 and tooth-powder, were the greatest ad- 
 vertisers of the nineteenth century. 
 
 Partridge, cobbler, astrologer, alma- 
 nac-maker, and quack (died 1708). 
 
 Weep, all you customers who use 
 His pills, his almanacs, or shoes. 
 
 Swift, Elegy, etc. 
 
 Read (Sir William), a tailor, who set 
 up for oculist, and was knighted by queen 
 Anne. This quack was employed both by 
 queen Anne and George I. Sir William 
 could not read. He professed to cure wens, 
 wry-necks, and hare-lips (died 1715). 
 
 . . . none their honours shall to merit owe- 
 That popish doctrine is exploded quite. 
 Or Ralph had been no duke, and Read no knight; 
 That none may virtue or their learning plead. 
 This hath no grace, and that can hardly re'id. 
 
 A Political Squib of the Period. 
 
 *** The " Ralph " referred to is 
 Ralph Montagu, son of Edward Mon- 
 tagu, created viscount in 1682, and duke 
 of Montagu in 1705 (died 1709). 
 
 Rock (Br. Richard) professed to cure 
 every disease, at any stage thereof. Ac- 
 cording to his bills, " 13e your disorder 
 never so far gone, I can cure you." He 
 was short in stature and fat, always wore 
 a white three-tailed wig, nicely combed 
 and frizzed upon each cheek, carried a 
 cane, and waddled in his gait (eighteenth 
 century). 
 
 Dr. Rock, F.U.N. , never wore a hat. He is usually drawn 
 at the top of his own bills sitting in an armchair, holding 
 a little bottle between his finger and thumb, and sur- 
 rounded with rotten teeth, nippers, pills, and gallipots. — 
 Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, lxviii. (1759). 
 
 Smith (Br.), who went about the 
 country in the eighteenth century in his 
 coach with four outriders. He dressed in 
 black velvet, and cured any disease for 
 sixpence. " His amusements on the stage 
 were well worth the sixpence which he 
 charged for his box of pills." 
 
 As I was sitting at the George inn, I saw a coach with 
 six bay horses, a calash and four, a chaise and four, enter 
 the inn, in yellow livery turned up with red ; and four 
 gentlemen on horseback, in blue, trimmed with silver. 
 As yellow is the colour given by the dukes in England, I 
 went out to see what duke it was, but there was no coronet 
 on the coach, only a plain coat-Oi-arms, with the motto 
 ARGENTO LABORAT FABER [Smith works for money]. 
 Upon inquiry, I found this grand equipage belonged to a 
 mountebank named Smith. — A Tour through England 
 (1723). 
 
 Solomon (Br.), eighteenth century. 
 
QUACKLEBEN. 
 
 QUEEN. 
 
 His " anti-impetigines " was simply a 
 solution of bichloride of mercury coloured. 
 
 Taylor {Dr. Chevalier John). He 
 called himself " Opthalminator, Ponti- 
 ficial, Imperial, and Royal." It is said 
 that five of his horses were blind from 
 experiments tried by him on their eyes 
 (died 1767). 
 
 * + * Hogarth has introduced Dr. Taylor 
 in his " Undertakers' Arms." He is one 
 of the three figures at the top, to the left 
 hand of the spectator. 
 
 Unborn Doctor {The), of Moorfields. 
 Not being born a doctor, he called him- 
 self " The Un-born Doctor." 
 
 Walker {Dr.), one of the three great 
 quacks of the eighteenth century, the 
 others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy 
 Franks. Dr. Walker had an abhorrence 
 of quacks, and was for ever cautioning 
 the public not to trust them, but come at 
 once to him, adding, " there is not such 
 another medicine in the world as mine." 
 
 Not for himself but for his country he prepares hi3 
 gallipot, and seals up his precious drops for any country 
 or any town, so great is his zeal and philanthropy. — 
 Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, lxviii. (1759). 
 
 Ward {Dr.), a footman, famous for 
 his "friars' balsam." He was called in 
 to prescribe to George II., and died 1761. 
 Dr. Ward had a claret stain on his left 
 cheek, and in Hogarth's famous picture, 
 "The Undertakers' Arms," the cheek is 
 marked gules. He occupies the right 
 hand side of the spectator, and forms one 
 of the triumvirate, the others being Dr. 
 Taylor and Mrs. Mapp. 
 
 Dr. Kirleus and Dr. Tom Saffold are 
 also known names. 
 
 Quackleben {Dr. Quentin), " the 
 man of medicine," one of the committee 
 at the Spa. — Sir W. Scott, St. HonarCs 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Quadroon. Zambo is the issue of 
 an Indian and a Negro ; Mulatto, of a 
 Whiteman and a Negress ; Terzeron, of 
 a Whiteman and a Mulatto woman ; 
 Quadroon, of a Terzeron and a White. 
 
 Quaint {Timothy), servant of gover- 
 nor Heartall. Timothy ia "an odd fish, 
 vhat loves to swim in troubled waters." 
 He says, "I never laugh at the governor's 
 good humours, nor frown at his infirmities. 
 1 always keep a sober, steady phiz, fixed 
 W the gentleman's on horseback at Charing 
 Dross ; and, in his worst of humours, 
 when all is fire and faggots with him, if 
 1 turn round and coolly say, ' Lord, sir, 
 Las anything ruffled you V ' he'll burst 
 out into an immoderate fit of laughter, 
 
 of thine ! Though you never suffer a 
 smile to mantle on it, it is a figure of fun 
 to the rest of the world.' " — Cherry, The 
 Soldier's Daughter (1804). 
 
 Quaker Poet {The), Bernard Barton 
 (1784-1849). 
 
 Quale {Mr.), a philanthropist, noted 
 for his bald, shining forehead. Mrs. 
 Jellyby hopes her daughter Caddy will 
 become Quale's wife. — Charles Dickens, 
 Bleak House (1853). 
 
 Quarl {Philip), a sort of Robinson 
 Crusoe, who had a chimpanzee for his 
 "-man Friday." The story consists of the 
 adventures and sufferings of an English 
 hermit named Philip Quarl (1727). 
 
 Quasimo'do, a foundling, hideously 
 deformed, but of enormous muscular 
 strength, adopted by archdeacon Frollo. 
 He is brought up in the cathedral of Notre 
 Dame de Paris. One day, he sees Esme- 
 ralda, who had been dancing in the 
 cathedral close, set upon by a mob as 
 a witch, and he conceals her for a time 
 in the church. When, at length, the 
 beautiful gipsy girl is gibbeted, Quasimodo 
 disappears mysteriously, but a skeleton 
 corresponding* to the deformed figure is 
 found after a time in a hole under the 
 gibbet. — Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de 
 Paris (1831). 
 
 Quatre Filz Aymon {Les), the 
 four sons of the duke of Dordona {Dor~ 
 dogne), Their names are Rinaldo, Guic~ 
 ciardo, Alardo, and Ricciardetto {i.e, 
 Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, and Richard), 
 and their adventures form the subject of 
 an old French romance by Huon de Vil- 
 leneuve (twelfth century). 
 
 Quaver, a singing-master, who says 
 "if it were not for singing-masters, men 
 and women might as well have been born 
 dumb." He courts Lucy by promising 
 to give her singing lessons.— Fielding, 
 The Virgin Unmasked. 
 
 Queen {The Starred Ethiop), Cassi- 
 opea, wife of Cepheus (2 syl.) king of 
 Ethiopia. She boasted that she was fairer 
 than the sea-nymphs, and the offended 
 nereids complained of the insult to Nep- 
 tune, who sent a sea-monster to ravage 
 Ethiopia. At death, Cassiopea was made 
 a constellation of thirteen stars. 
 
 , . . that starred Ethiop queen that strove 
 
 To set her beauty's praise above 
 
 The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended. 
 
 Milton, 11 Fenseroso, 19 (1638). 
 
 Queen {The White), Mary queen of 
 Scots, La Peine Blanche; so called by 
 
QUEEN DICK. 
 
 so; 
 
 QUERPO. 
 
 the French, because she dressed in white 
 as mourning for her husband. 
 
 Queen Dick, Richard Cromwell 
 (1626, 1658-1660, died 1712). 
 
 *** It happened in the reign of queen 
 Lick, never, on the Greek kalends. This 
 does not refer to Richard Cromwell, but 
 to queen "Outis." There never was a 
 queen Dick, except by way of joke. 
 
 Queen Sarah, Sarah Jennings 
 duchess of Marlborough (1660-1744). 
 
 Queen Anne only reigned, while queen Sarah governed. 
 —Temple Gar, 208. 
 
 Queen Square Hermit, Jeremy 
 Bentham, 1, Queen Square, London 
 (1748-1832). 
 
 Queen of Hearts, Elizabeth Stuart 
 daughter of James I., the unfortunate 
 queen of Bohemia (1596-1662). 
 
 Queen of Heaven, Ashtoreth ("the 
 moon"). Horace calls the moon "the 
 two-horned queen of the stars." 
 
 Some speak of the Virgin Mary as 
 " the queen of heaven." 
 
 Queen of Queens. Cleopatra was 
 so called by Mark Antony (b.c. 69-30). 
 
 Queen of Song, Angelica Catala'ni ; 
 also called "The Italian Nightingale" 
 (1782-1849). 
 
 Queen of Sorrow {The Marble), 
 the mausoleum built by shah Jehan to his 
 favourite wife Moomtaz-i-Mahul. 
 
 Queen of Tears, Mary of Mo'dena, 
 second wife of James II. of England 
 (1658-1718). 
 
 Her eyes became eternal fountains of sorrow for that 
 crown her own ill policy contributed to lose.— Noble, 
 Memoirs, etc. (1784). 
 
 Queen of the Antilles [AnJeel], 
 Cuba. 
 
 Queen of the East, Zenobia queen 
 of Palmy'ra (*, 266-273). 
 
 Queen of the Eastern Archi- 
 pelago, the island of Java. 
 
 Queen of the Mississippi 
 Valley, St. Louis of Missouri. 
 
 Queen of the North, Edinburgh. 
 
 Queen of the Sciences, theology. 
 
 Queen of the Sea. So ancient Tyre 
 was called. 
 
 Queen of the South, Maqueda or 
 Balkis queen of Sheba or Saba. 
 
 The queen of the south . . . came from the uttermost 
 parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon.— Matt. 
 xli 42 ; see also 1 Kings x. 1. 
 
 *** According to tradition, the queen 
 
 of the south had a son by Solomon named 
 Melech, who reigned in Ethiopia or 
 Abyssinia, and added to his name the 
 words Belul Gian ("precious stone"), 
 alluding to a ring given to him by Solo- 
 mon. Belul Gian translated into Latin 
 became pretiosus Joannes, which got cor- 
 rupted into Prester John (presbyter Jo- 
 hannes), and has given rise to the fables 
 of this "mythical king of Ethiopia." 
 
 Queen of the Swords. Minna 
 Troil was so called, because the gentle- 
 men, formed into two lines, held their 
 swords so as to form an arch or roof 
 under which Minna led the ladies of the 
 party. — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 *** In 1877 W. Q. Orchardson, R.A., 
 exhibited a picture in illustration of this 
 incident. 
 
 Queens {Four daughters). Raymond 
 Ber'enger count of Provence had four 
 daughters, all of whom married kings: 
 Margaret married Louis IX. of France ; 
 Eleanor married Henry III. of England ; 
 Sancha married Henry's brother Richard 
 king of the Romans ; and Beatrice mar- 
 ried Charles I. of Naples and Sicily. 
 
 Four daughters were there born 
 To Raymond Ber'enger, and every one 
 Became a queen. 
 
 Dant6, Paradise, vi. (1311). 
 
 Queerummania, the realm of Chro- 
 nonhotonthologos. — Carey, Chrononhotun- 
 thologos (1734). 
 
 Quentin (Black), groom of sir John 
 Ramorny. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Quentin Durward, a novel by sir 
 W. Scott (1823). A story of French his- 
 tory. The delineations of Louis XI. and 
 Charles the Bold of Burgundy will stand 
 comparison with any in the whole range 
 of fiction or history. 
 
 Quern-Biter, the sword of Haco I. 
 of Norway. 
 
 Quern-biter of Hacon the Good 
 Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 
 The millstone thro' and thro'. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Quemo (Camillo) of Apulia was in- 
 troduced to pope Leo X. as a buffoon, but 
 was promoted to the laurel. This laureate 
 was called the " Antichrist of Wit." 
 
 Rome in her capitol saw Quern o sit, 
 Throned on seven hills, the antichrist of wit. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, ii. (1728). 
 
 Querpo (Shrill), in Garth's Dis- 
 pensary, is meant for Dr. Howe. 
 
 To this design shrill Querpo did agree, 
 A zealous member of the faculty, 
 
QUESTING BEAST. 
 
 808 
 
 QUIDNUNKIS. 
 
 His sire's pretended pious steps he treads, 
 And where the doctor fails, the saint succeeds. 
 Dispensary, iv. (1699). 
 
 Questing Beast (The), a monster 
 called Glatisaunt, that made a noise 
 called questing, "like thirty couple of 
 hounds giving quest" or cry. King 
 Pellinore (3 syl.) followed the beast for 
 twelve months (pt. i. 17), and after his 
 death sir Palomides gave it chase. 
 
 The questing beast had in shape and head like a ser- 
 pent's head, and a body like a libard, buttocks like a 
 lion, and footed like a hart ; and in his body there was 
 such a noise as it had been the noise of thirty couple of 
 hounds questing, and such a noise that beast made where- 
 soever he went; and this beast evermore sir Palomides 
 followed.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur,!, 
 17 ; ii. 53 (1470). 
 
 Queubus (The Equinoctial of), a line 
 in the "unknown sea," passed by the 
 Vapians on the Greek kalends of the 
 Olympiad era B.C. 777, according to 
 the authority of Quinapalus. — Shake- 
 speare, Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1614). 
 
 Quiara and Mon'nema, man and 
 
 wife, the only persons who escaped the 
 ravages of the small-pox plague which 
 carried off all the rest of the Guara'ni 
 race, in Paraguay. They left the fatal 
 spot, settled in the Mondai woods, had 
 one son Yeruti and one daughter Mooma ; 
 but Quiara was killed by a jaguar before 
 the latter was born. — Southey, A Tale of 
 Paraguay (1814). (See Monnema and 
 Mooma.) 
 
 Quick (Abel), clerk to Surplus the 
 lawyer. — J. M. Morton, A Regular Fix. 
 
 Quick (John), called " The Retired Dio- 
 cletian of Islington" (1748-1831). 
 
 Little Quick, the retired Diocletian of Islington, with 
 his squeak like a bart'lemew fiddle.— Charles Mathews. 
 
 Quickly (Mistress), servant-of-all- 
 work to Dr. Cains a French physician. 
 She says, "I wash, wring, brew, bake, 
 scour, dress meat and drink, make the 
 beds, and do all myself." She is the go- 
 between of three suitors for " sweet 
 Anne Page," and Avith perfect disinte- 
 restedness wishes all three to succeed, and 
 does her best to forward. the suit of all 
 three, "but speciously of Master Fenton." 
 — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor 
 ;i601). 
 
 Quickly (Mistress Nell), hostess of a 
 tavern in East-cheap, frequented by 
 Harry prince of Wales, sir John Falstaff, 
 and all their disreputable crew. In 
 Henry V. Mistress Quickly is represented 
 as having married Pistol the " lieutenant 
 of captain sir John's army." All three die 
 before the end of the play. Her descrip- 
 tion of sir John Falstaff's death (Henry 
 
 V. act ii. sc. 3) is very graphic and true 
 to nature. In 2 Henry IV. Mistress 
 Quickly arrests sir John for debt, but 
 immediately she hears of his commission 
 is quite willing to dismiss the bailiffs, 
 and trust "the honey sweet" old knight 
 again to any amount. — Shakespeare, 1 
 and 2 Henry IV. and Henry V. 
 
 Quid (Mr.), the tobacconist, a relative 
 of Mrs. Margaret Bertram. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Quid Rides, the motto of Jacob 
 Brandon, tobacco-broker, who lived at 
 the close of the eighteenth century. It 
 was suggested by Harry Calendon of 
 Lloyd's coffee-house. 
 
 *** Quid Hides (Latin) means "Why 
 do you laugh?" Quid rides, i.e. "the 
 tobacconist rides." 
 
 Quidnunc (Abraham), of St. Martin's- 
 in-the-Fields, an upholsterer by trade, 
 but bankrupt. His head " runs only on 
 schemes for paying off the National Debt, 
 the balance of power, the affairs of 
 Europe, and the political news of the 
 day." 
 
 *#* The prototype of this town politi- 
 cian was the father of Dr. Arne (see The 
 Tatler, No. 155). 
 
 Harriet Quidnunc, his daughter, rescued 
 by Belmour from the flames cf a burning 
 house, and adored by him. 
 
 John Quidnunc, under the assumed 
 name of Rovewell, having married a rich 
 planter's widow, returns to England, pays 
 his father's debts, and gives his sister to 
 Mr. Belmour for wife. — Murphy, The 
 Upholsterer (1758). 
 
 Quidnuncs, a name given to the 
 ancient members of certain political clubs, 
 who were constantly inquiring, " Quid- 
 nunc ? What news V " 
 
 This the Great Mother dearer held than all 
 The clubs of Quidnuncs, or her own Guildhall. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, L 269 (1728). 
 
 Quidnunkis, a monkey which 
 climbed higher than its neighbours, and 
 fell into a river. For a few moments the 
 monkey race stood panic-struck, but the 
 stream flowed on, and in a minute or 
 two the monkeys continued their gambols 
 as if nothing had happened. — Gay, The 
 Quidnunkis (a fable, 1726). 
 
 %* The object of this fable is to show 
 that no one is of sufficient importance to 
 stop the general current of events or 
 cause a gap in nature. Even kings and 
 kaisers die, having climbed, like Quid- 
 nunkis, somewhat higher than their kin, 
 
QUILDRIVE. 
 
 809 
 
 QUIXOTE. 
 
 but when they fall into the stream, Flat- 
 tery scrawls Hie jacet on a stone, but no 
 one misses them. 
 
 Quildrive (2 syl.), clerk to old Phil- 
 pot "the citizen." — Murphy, The Citizen 
 (1761). 
 
 Quilp {Daniel), a hideous dwarf, 
 cunning, malicious, and a perfect master 
 in tormenting. Of hard, forbidding fea- 
 tures, with head and face large enough 
 for a giant. His black eyes were rest- 
 less, sly, and cunning ; his mouth and 
 chin bristly with a coarse, hard beard ; 
 his face never clean, but always distorted 
 with a ghastly grin, which showed the 
 few discoloured fangs that supplied 
 the place of teeth. His dress consisted 
 of a large high-crowned hat, a worn-out 
 dark suit, a pair of most capacious shoes, 
 and a huge crumpled dirty white neck- 
 cloth. Such hair as he had was a grizzled 
 black, cut short but hanging about his 
 ears in fringes. His hands were coarse 
 and dirty ; his finger-nails crooked, long, 
 and yellow. He lived on Tower Hill, 
 collected rents, advanced money to sea- 
 men, and kept a sort of wharf, containing 
 rusty anchors, huge iron rings, piles of 
 rotten wood, and sheets of old copper, 
 calling himself a ship-breaker. He was 
 on the point of being arrested for felony, 
 when he drowned himself. 
 
 He ate hard eggs, shell and all, for his breakfast, de- 
 voured gigantic prawns with their heads and tails on, 
 chewed tobacco and w;iter-cresses at the same time, drank 
 scalding hot tea without winking, bit his fork and spoon, 
 till they bent again, and performed so many horrifying 
 acts, that one mi^ht doubt if he were indeed human.^ 
 Ch. v. 
 
 Mrs. Quilp (Betsy), wife of the dwarf, 
 a loving, young, timid, obedient, and 
 pretty blue-eyed little woman, treated 
 like a dog by her diabolical husband, 
 whom she really loved but more greatly 
 feared. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
 Shop (1840). 
 
 Quinap'alus, the Mrs. Harris of 
 "authorities in citations." If anyone 
 quotes from an hypothetical author, he 
 gives Quinapalus as his authority. 
 
 What says Quinapalus: "Better a wittv fool than a 
 foolish wit"— Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act i. sc. 5 (1614). 
 
 Quinbus Flestrin ("-the man- 
 mou?itain"). So the Lilliputians called 
 Gulliver (ch. ii.). — Swift, Gulliver's 
 Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 1726). 
 
 Quince (Peter), a carpenter, who 
 undertakes the management of the play 
 called " Pyramus and Thisbe," in Mid- 
 summer Nighfs Dream. He speaks of 
 "laughable tragedy," "lamentable 
 comedy," "tragical mirth," and so on. — 
 
 Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream 
 (1592). 
 
 Quino'nes (Suerode), in the reign of 
 Juan II. He, with nine other cavaliers, 
 held the bridge of Orbigo against all 
 comers for thirty-six days, and in that 
 time they overthrew seventy-eight 
 knights of Spain and France. 
 
 Quint ano'na, the duenna of queen 
 Guinever or Ginebra. — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 
 
 Quintessence (Queen), sovereign of 
 Entele'chie, the country of speculative 
 science visited by Pantag'ruel and his 
 companions in their search for " the 
 oracle of the Holy Bottle." — Rabelais, 
 Fantagruel, v. 19 (1545). 
 
 Quintessence of Heaven. Be- 
 sides the four elements of earth, Aristotle 
 imagined a fifth element, out of which 
 the stars and other ethereal bodie3 were 
 formed. The motion of this " quint- 
 essence," he said, was orbicular. 
 
 . . . this ethereal "quintessence of heayen" 
 Flew upward, spirited with various forms, 
 That rolled orbicular, and turned to stars 
 Numberless. 
 
 Milton. Paradise Lost, iii. 716, etc. (1665). 
 
 Quin'tiquinies'tra ( Queen), a much- 
 dreaded, fighting giantess. It was one of 
 the romances in don Quixote's library 
 condemned by the priest and barber of 
 the village to be burnt. — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, I. (1605). 
 
 Quintus Fixlein [Fix. line'], the 
 title and chief character of a romance by 
 Jean Paul Friedrich Richter (179G). 
 
 Francia, like Quintus Fixlein, had perennial fireproof 
 joys, namely, employments.— Carlyle. 
 
 Quiri'nus, Mars. 
 
 Now, by our sire Quirinus, 
 
 It was a goodly sight 
 To see the thirty standards 
 Swept down the tide of flight. 
 Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Home ("Battle of 
 the Lake RegUIus," xxxvi., 1812). 
 
 Quitam (Mr.), the lawyer at the 
 Black Bear inn at Darlington. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fob Foy (time, George I.). 
 
 *** The first two words in an action 
 on a penal statute are Qui tarn. Thus, 
 Qui tarn pro domina regina, quam pro 
 seipso, sequitur. 
 
 Quixa'da (Gutierre), lord of Villa- 
 garcia. Don Quixote calls himself a 
 descendant of this brave knight. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote, I. (1605). 
 
 Quix'ote (Don), a gaunt country 
 gentleman of La Mancha, about 50 years 
 of age. gentle and dignified, learned and 
 high-minded : with strong imagination 
 
QUIXOTE. 
 
 810 
 
 RABELAIS, 
 
 perverted by romance and crazed with 
 ideas of chivalry. He is the hero of a 
 Spanish romance by Cervantes. Don 
 Quixote feels himself called on to become 
 a knight-errant, to defend the oppressed 
 and succour the injured. He engages for 
 his 'squire Sancho Panza, a middle-aged, 
 ignorant rustic, selfish but full of good 
 sense, a gourmand but attached to his 
 master, shrewd but credulous. The 
 knight goes forth on his adventures, 
 thinks wind-mills to be giants, flocks of 
 sheep to be armies, inns to be castles, and 
 galley-slaves oppressed gentlemen ; but 
 the 'squire sees them in their true light. 
 Ultimately, the knight is restored to his 
 right mind, and dies like a peaceful 
 Christian. The object of this romance 
 was to laugh down the romances of 
 chivalry of the Middle Ages. 
 
 (Quixote means "armour for the 
 thighs," but Quixada means " lantern 
 jaws." Don Quixote's favourite author 
 was Fcliciano de Sylva ; his model 
 knight was Am'adis de Gaul. The 
 romance is in two parts, of four books 
 each. Pt. I. was published in 1605, and 
 pt. II. in 1615.) 
 
 The prototype of the knight was the 
 duke of Lerma. 
 
 Don Quixote is a tall, meagre, lantern-jawed, hawk- 
 nosed, long-limbed, grizzle-haired man, with a pair of 
 large black whiskers, and he styles himself "The Knight 
 of the Woeful Countenance."— Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 II. i. 14 (1U15). 
 
 Don Quixote's horse, Rosinante (4 syl.), 
 all skin and bone. 
 
 Quixote (The Female) or Adventures of 
 Arabella, a novel by Mrs. Lennox (1752). 
 
 Quixote of the Worth (The), 
 Charles XII. of Sweden ; sometimes 
 called "The Madman" (1682, 1697- 
 1718). 
 
 Quodling (The Rev. Mr.), chaplain to 
 the duke of BucETngham. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 "Why," said the duke, "I had caused my little Quod- 
 ling to go through his oration thus: 'Whatever evil 
 reports had passed current during the lifetime of the 
 worthy matron whom they had restored to du ? t that day, 
 even Malice herself could not deny that she was born 
 well, married well, lived well, and died well ; since she 
 was born at Shadwell, married to Cresswell. lived in 
 CambeiioeH, and died in Bridewell.' " — I'everil of the 
 Peak, xliv. (1823). 
 
 (Some give Clerkenwell instead of 
 "Camberwell.") 
 
 Quos Ego — , a threat intended but 
 withheld; a sentence broken off. Eolus, 
 angry with the winds and storms which 
 had thrown the sea into commotion with- 
 out his sanction, was going to say he 
 would punish them severely for this act 
 
 of insubordination ; but having uttered 
 
 the first two words, " Whom I ," he 
 
 says no more, but proceeds to the busi- 
 ness in hand. — Virgil, JEneid, i. 
 
 "Next Monday," said he, "you will be a 'substance,' 
 
 and then ; " with which quos ego he went to the next 
 
 boy.— Dasent, Half a Life (1850). 
 
 Quo'tem (Caleb), a parish clerk or 
 Jack-of-all-trades. — G. Colman, The 
 Review or The Wags of Windsor (1798). 
 
 I resolved, like Caleb Quotem, to have a place at the 
 review.— Washington Irving. 
 
 R. Neither Demosthenes nor Aristotle 
 could pronounce the letter r. 
 
 R (rogue), vagabonds, etc., who were 
 branded on the left shoulder with this 
 letter. 
 
 They . . . may be burned with a hot burning iron of 
 the breadth of a shilling, with a great Roman It on the 
 left shoulder, which letter shall remain as the mark of a 
 rogue. — Prynne, Histrio-mastix or The Players' Scourge. 
 If I escape the halter with the letter R 
 Printed upon it. 
 Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, iv. 2 (1629). 
 
 Rab'agas, an advocate and editor of 
 a journal called the Carmagnole. At the 
 same office was published another radical 
 paper, called the Crapaud Volant. Rab- 
 agas lived in the kingdom of Monaco, 
 and was a demagogue leader of the 
 deepest red ; but was won over to the 
 king's party by the tact of an American 
 lady, who got him an invitation to dine 
 at the palace, and made him chief minis- 
 ter of state. From this moment he be- 
 came the most strenuous opponent of th* 
 "liberal" party. — M. Sardou, Rabaga* 
 (1872). 
 
 Rabbi Abron of Trent, a fic- 
 titious sage and most wonderful linguist. 
 " He knew the nature of all manner of 
 herbs, beasts, and minerals." — Reynard 
 the Fox, xii. (1498). 
 
 Rabbits. Those rabbits have more 
 nature in them than you commonly find in 
 rabbits; i.e. my production is better 
 than the production of other men. This 
 was said by a conceited artist. — J. Foster, 
 Life of Dickens, ii. 367. 
 
 Rabelais (The English). Dean Swift 
 was so called by Voltaire (1667-1745). 
 
 Sterne (1713-1768) and Thomas Amory 
 (1699-1788) have also been so called. 
 
RABELAIS. 
 
 811 
 
 RADEGONDE. 
 
 Rabelais (The Modern), William Ma- 
 ginn (1794-1842). 
 
 Rabelais of Germany, J. Fiscliart, 
 called "Mentzer" (1550-1614). 
 
 Rabelais's Poison. Rabelais, being 
 at a great distance from Paris, and with- 
 out money to pay bis hotel bill or his 
 fare, made up three small packets of 
 brick-dust. One he labelled "Poison 
 for the king," another "Poison for mon- 
 sieur," and the third "Poison for the 
 dauphin." The landlord instantly in- 
 formed against this "poisoner," and the 
 secretary of state removed him at once to 
 Paris. When, however, the joke was 
 found out, it ended only in a laugh. — 
 Spectator (" Art of Growing Rich "). 
 
 Rab'ican or Rabiea'no, the horse 
 of Astolpho. Its sire was Wind and its 
 dam Fire. It fed on human food. The 
 word means "short tail." — Ariosto, Or- 
 lando Fwrioso (1516). 
 
 *** Argalia's horse is called by the 
 same name in Orlando Innamorato (1495). 
 
 Rabisson, a vagabond tinker and 
 knife-grinder. He was the only person 
 who knew about " the gold-mine " left to 
 the " miller of Grenoble." Rabisson was 
 murdered for his secret by Eusebe Noel 
 the schoolmaster of Bout des Monde. — E. 
 Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
 Grenoble (1854). 
 
 Rab'sheka (in the Bible Rab- 
 shakjeh), in the satire of Absalom and 
 Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is meant 
 .for sir Thomas Player (2 Kings xviii.). 
 
 Next him let railing Rabsheka have place — 
 Bo full of zeal, he has no need of grace. 
 
 Pt. ii. (1682). 
 
 Raby (Aurora), a rich young English 
 orphan, catholic in religion, of virgin 
 modesty, " a rose with all its sweetest 
 leaves yet folded." She Avas staying in 
 the house of lord and lady Amundeville 
 during the parliamentary vacation. Here 
 don Juan, "as Russian envoy,"' was also 
 a guest, with several others. Aurora 
 Raby is introduced in canto xv., and 
 crops up here and there in the two re- 
 maining cantos ; but, as the tale was 
 never finished, it is not possible to divine 
 what part the beautiful and innocent girl 
 was designed by the poet to play. Pro- 
 bably don Juan, having sown his "wild 
 oats," might become a not unfit match 
 for the beautiful orphan. — Byron, Don 
 Juan (1824). 
 
 Raby (T/ie Rose of), the mother of 
 Richard III. She was Cecily, daughter 
 
 of Ralph Nevyll de Raby first earl of 
 Westmoreland. Her husband was Richard 
 duke of York, who was slain at the batt.e 
 of Wakefield in 1460. She died 1495. 
 
 Raehael, a servant-girl at lady 
 Peveril's of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.) . 
 
 Ra'chael (2 syl.), one of the "hands'' 
 in Bounderby's mill at Coketown. She 
 loved Stephen Blackpool, and was greatly 
 beloved by him in return ; but Stephen 
 was married to a worthless drunkard. 
 After the death of Stephen, Raehael 
 watched over the good-for-nothing young 
 widow, and befriended her. — C. Dickens, 
 Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Racine of Italy (The), Metastasio 
 (1698-1782). 
 
 Racine of Music (The), Antonio 
 Gaspare Sacchini of Naples (1735-1786). 
 
 Racket (Sir Charles), a young man 
 of fashion, who has married the daughter 
 of a wealthy London merchant. In the 
 third week of the honeymoon, sir Charles 
 paid his father-in-law a visit, and quar- 
 relled with his bride about a game of 
 whist. The lady affirmed that sir Charles 
 ought to have played a diamond instead 
 of a club. Sir Charles grew furious, and 
 resolved upon a divorce ; but the quarrel 
 was adjusted, and sir Charles ends by 
 saying, " You may be as wrong as you 
 please, but I'll be cursed if I ever endea- 
 vour to set you right again." 
 
 Lady Racket, wife of sir Charles, and 
 elder daughter of Mr. Drugget. — Murphy, 
 Three Weeks after Marriage (1776). 
 
 Racket (Widow), a sprightly, good- 
 natured widow and woman of fashion. 
 
 A coquette, a wit, and a fine lady. — Mrs. Cowley, The 
 Belle's Stratagem, ii. 1 (1780). 
 
 The "Widow Racket" was one of Mrs. Pore's best 
 parts. Her usual manner of expressing piquant careless- 
 ness consisted in tossing her head from right to left, and 
 striking the palm of one hand with the back of the other 
 [1740-1797].— James Smith. 
 
 Rackrent (Sir Condy), in Miss Edge- 
 worth's novel of Castle Rackrent (1802). 
 
 Raddle (Mrs.), keeper of the lodgings 
 occupied by Bob Sawyer. The young 
 medical practitioner invited Mr. Pickwick 
 and his three friends to a convivial meet- 
 ing ; but the termagant Mrs. Raddle 
 brought the meeting to an untimely end. 
 — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
 (1836). 
 
 Rad'egonde (St.) or St. Radegund, 
 queen of France (born 519, died 587). She 
 was the daughter of Bertaire king of 
 
RADIGUND. 
 
 812 
 
 RALPH. 
 
 Thuringia, and brought up a pagan. 
 King Clotaire I. taught her the Christian 
 religion, and married her in 538 ; but six 
 years later she entered a nunnery, and 
 lived in the greatest austerity. 
 
 There thou must walk in greatest gravity, 
 And seem as saintlike as St. Kadejjund. 
 
 Spenser, Mother Hubberd's Tale (1591). 
 
 Radigund or Radegone, the proud 
 queen of the Amazons. Being rejected 
 by Bellodant "the Bold," she revenged 
 herself by degrading all the men who fell 
 into her power by dressing them like 
 women, giving them women's work to 
 do, such as spinning, carding, sewing, 
 etc., and feeding them on bread and 
 water to effeminate them (canto 4). 
 "When she overthrew sir Artegal in single 
 combat, she imposed on him the condition 
 of dressing in "woman's weeds," with a 
 white apron, and to spend his time in 
 spinning flax, instead of in deeds of arms. 
 Radigund fell in love with the captive 
 knight, and sent Clarinda as a go-between ; 
 but Clarinda tried to win him for herself, 
 and told the queen he was inexorable 
 (canto 5). At length Britomart arrived, 
 cut off Radigund'a head, and liberated 
 the captive knight (canto 7). — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, v. 4-7 (1596). 
 
 Rag and Famish (The), the Army 
 and Navy Club ; so christened by Fundi. 
 The rag refers to the flag, and the famish 
 to the bad cuisine. 
 
 Ragged Regiment (The), the wan 
 figures in Westminster Abbey, in a gal- 
 lery over Islip's Chapel. 
 
 Railway King (The), George Hud- 
 son of Yorkshire, chairman of the North 
 Midland Company. In one day he 
 cleared by speculation £100,000. It was 
 the Rev. Sydney Smith who gave Hud- 
 son the title of " Rail'way King " (1800- 
 1871). 
 
 Raine (Old Roger), the tapster, near 
 the abode of sir Geoffrey Peveril. 
 
 Fame Raine, old Roger's widow; after- 
 wards Dame Chamberlain. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Feveril of the Fcak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Rainy-Day Smith, John Thomas 
 Smith, the antiquary (17GG-1833). 
 
 Rajah of Mattan (Borneo) has a 
 diamond which weighs 367 carats. The 
 largest cut diamond in the world. It is 
 considered to be a palladium. (See 
 Diamonds.) 
 
 Rake (Lord), a nobleman of the old 
 school, fond of debauch, street toavs, 
 
 knocking down Charlies, and seeing his 
 guests drunk. PI is chief boon com- 
 panions are sir John Brute and colonel 
 Bullv. — Vanbrugh, The Frovoked Wife 
 (1697). 
 
 Rakeland (Lord), a libertine, who 
 makes love to married women, but takes 
 care to keep himself free from the bonds 
 of matrimony. — Mrs. Inchbald, The 
 Wedding Fay (1790). 
 
 Rak'she (2 syL), a monster, which 
 lived on serpents and dragons. (See 
 
 OUKANABAD.) 
 
 _ Raleigh (Sir Walter), introduced by 
 sir W. Scott in Itenilworth. The tradition 
 of sir Walter laying down his cloak on a 
 miry spot for the queen to step on, and 
 the queen commanding him to wear the 
 "muddy cloak till her pleasure should 
 be further known," is mentioned in ch. 
 xv. (1821). 
 
 The following is a parallel instance of 
 instinctive politeness : — 
 
 A lady on her way to visit a sick man, came to a puddle. 
 A little boy, who saw the difficulty she was in, stepped into 
 the mud, and, throwing oft' his wooden shoes, jumped over 
 the plash. The lady cried out, "Little boy, you have left 
 your shoes behind you ! " " Yes, ma'am," he replied ; 
 " they are for you to walk on." — Temple Bar, exxxiii. 
 (" Politeness," a true story). 
 
 Faleigh (Sir Walter). Jealous of the 
 earl of Essex, he plots with lord Burleigh 
 to compass his death. — Henry Jones, The 
 Earl of Essex (1745). 
 
 Ralph, abbot of St. Augustine's, ex- 
 pended £43,000 on the repast given at his 
 installation. 
 
 It was no unusual thing for powerful 
 barons to provide 30,000 dishes at a 
 wedding breakfast. The coronation din- 
 ner of Edward 111. cost £40,000, equal to 
 half a million of money now. The duke 
 of Clarence at his marriage entertained 
 1000 guests, and furnished his table with 
 36 courses. Archbishop Neville had 
 1000 egrettes served at oue banquet, and 
 the whole species seems to have been 
 extirpated. 
 
 After this it will be by no means diffi- 
 cult to understand why Apicius despaired 
 of being able to make two ends meet, 
 when he had reduced his enormous for- 
 tune to £80,000, and therefore hanged 
 himself. 
 
 *„* After the winter of 1327 was over, 
 the elder Spencer had left of the stores 
 laid in by him the preceding November 
 and salted down, " 80 salted beeves, 600 
 bacons, and 600 muttons." 
 
 Ralph, son of Fairfield the millei. An 
 
RALPH. 
 
 813 
 
 RAMIRO. 
 
 outlandish, ignorant booby, jealous of 
 his sister Patty, because she "could paint 
 picturs and strum on the harpsicols." He 
 was in love with Fanny the gipsy, for 
 which "feyther" was angry with him; 
 but "what argufies feyther's anger?" 
 However, he treated Fanny like a brute, 
 and she said of him, " He has a heart as 
 hard as a parish officer. I don't doubt but 
 he would stand by and see me whipped." 
 "When his sister married lord Aimworth, 
 Ralph said : 
 
 Captain Ralph my lord will dub me, 
 
 Soon I'll mount a huge cockade ; 
 Mounseer shall powder, queue, and club mo,— 
 
 'Gad ! I'll be a roaring blade. 
 If Fan should offer then to snub me, 
 
 When in scarlet I'm arrayed ; 
 Or my feyther 'temp to drub me — 
 
 let hi'<i frown, but who's afraid? 
 
 Bickerstaff, The Maid of the Mill (1647). 
 
 Ralph or Ralpho, the 'squire of Hudi- 
 bras. Fullv described in bk. i. 457-644. 
 — S. Butlerj Hudibras (1663-78). 
 
 The prototype of "Ralph" was Isaac 
 Robinson, a zealous butcher in Moorfields. 
 Ralph represents the independent party, 
 and Hudibras the presbyterian. 
 
 *** In regard to the pronunciation of 
 this name, which in 1878 was the subject 
 of a long controversy in Notes and 
 Queries, Butler says : 
 
 A squire he had whose name was Ralph, 
 That in Ur adventure went his half; . . . 
 And when we can, with metre safe. 
 We'll call him Ralpho, or plain Ra'ph. 
 
 Bk. L 458. 
 
 Ralph (Rough), the helper of Lance 
 Outram park-keeper at sir Geoffrey 
 Peveril's of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Ralph (James), an American who came 
 to London and published a poem entitled 
 Night (1725). 
 
 Silence, ye wolves ! while Ralph to Cynthia howls, 
 Making night hideous ; answer him, ye owls. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 165 (1728). 
 
 Ralph [de Lascours], captain of the 
 Uran'ia, husband of Louise de Lascours. 
 Ralph is the father of Diana and Martha 
 alias Orgari'ta. His crew having re- 
 belled, Ralph, his wife, infant [Martha], 
 and servant Bar'abas were put into a 
 boat, and turned adrift. The boat ran 
 on a huge iceberg, which Ralph supposed 
 to be a small island. In time, the iceberg 
 broke, when Ralph and his wife were 
 drowned, but Martha and Barabas 
 escaped. Martha was taken by an 
 Indian tribe, who brought her up, and 
 named her Orgarita ("withered corn"), 
 because her skin was so white and fair. — 
 E. Stirling, Or pi urn of the Frozen Sea 
 (1856). 
 
 Ralph Roister Doister, by 
 
 Nicholas Udall, the first English comedy, 
 about 1534. It contains nine male and 
 four female characters. Ralph is a vain, 
 thoughtless, blustering fellow, who is in 
 pursuit of a rich widow named. Custance, 
 but he is baffled in his intention. 
 
 Ram Alley, in Fleet Street, London. 
 Now called Hare Place. It was part of 
 the Sanctuary. 
 
 Ramble (Sir Robert), a man of 
 gallantry, who treats his wife with such 
 supreme indifference that she returns to 
 her guardian, lord Norland, and resumes 
 her maiden name of Maria Wooburn. 
 Subsequently, however, she returns to 
 her husband. 
 
 Mrs. Ramble, wife of sir Robert, and 
 ward of lord Norland. — Inchbald, Every 
 One has His Fault (1794). 
 
 Ram 'i el (3 syl.), one of the " atheist 
 crew" o'erthrown b} T Ab'diel. (The word 
 means, according to Hume, " one who 
 exalts himself against God.") — Milton, 
 Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). 
 
 Raminago'bris. Lafontaine, in his 
 fables, gives this name to a cat. Rabe- 
 lais, in his Pantag'ruel, iii. 21, satirizes 
 under the same name Guillaume Cretin, 
 a poet. 
 
 Rami'rez, a Spanish monk, and 
 father confessor to don Juan duke of 
 Braganza. He promised Velasquez, 
 when he absolved the duke at bed-time, 
 to give him a poisoned wafer prepared by 
 the Carmelite Castruccio. This he was 
 about to do, when he was interrupted, 
 and the breaking out of the rebellion 
 saved the duke from any similar attempt. 
 —Robert Jephson, Braganza (1775). 
 
 Rami'ro (King) married Aldonza, 
 who, being faithless, eloped with Alboa'- 
 zar the Moorish king of Gaya. Ra- 
 miro came disguised as a traveller to 
 Alboazar's castle, and asked a damsel for 
 a draught of water, and when he lifted 
 the pitcher to his mouth, he dropped in 
 it his betrothal ring, which Aldonza saw 
 and recognized. She told the damsel to 
 bring the stranger to her apartment. 
 Scarce had he arrived there when the 
 Moorish king entered, and Ramiro hid 
 himself in an alcove. " What would you 
 do to Ramiro," asked Aldonza, "if he 
 were in your power?" "I would hew 
 him limb from limb," said the Moor. 
 " Then lo ! Alboazar, he is now skulking 
 in that alcove." With this, Ramiro was 
 
RAMORNY. 
 
 814 
 
 RANGER. 
 
 dragged forth, and the Moor said, 
 " And how would you act if our lots 
 were reversed?" Ramiro replied, "I 
 would feast you well, and send for my 
 chief princes and counsellors, and set 
 you before them, and bid you blow your 
 horn till you died. "Then be it so," 
 said the Moor. But when Ramiro blew 
 his horn, his "merry men " rushed into 
 the castle, and the Moorish king, with 
 Aldonza and all their children, princes, 
 and counsellors, were put to the sword. — 
 Southey, Ramiro (a ballad from the Por- 
 tuguese, 1804). 
 
 Ramomy (Sir John), a voluptuary, 
 master of the horse to prince Robert of 
 Scotland.— Sir \V. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Ramsay (David), the old watch- 
 maker near Temple Bar. 
 
 Margaret Ramsay, David's daughter. 
 She marries lord Nigel. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Ramsbottom (Mrs.), a vile speller 
 of the language. Theodore Hook's pseu- 
 donym in the John Bull newspaper, 1829. 
 
 *** Winifred Jenkins, the maid of 
 Miss Tabitha Bramble (in Smollett's 
 Humphrey Clinker, 1770), rivals Mrs. 
 Ramsbottom in bad spelling. 
 
 Randal, the boatman at Lochleven 
 Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Randolph (Lord), a Scotch noble- 
 man, whose life was saved by young Nor- 
 val. For this service his lordship gave 
 the youth a commission ; but Glenalvon 
 the heir-presumptive hated the new fa- 
 vourite, and persuaded lord Randolph that 
 Norval was too familiar with his lady. 
 Accordingly, Glenalvon and lord Randolph 
 waylaid the lad, who being attacked 
 slew Glenalvon in self-defence, but was 
 himself slain by lord Randolph. When 
 the lad was killed, lord Randolph learned 
 that "Norval" was the son of lady 
 Randolph by lord Douglas her former 
 husband. He was greatly vexed, and 
 went to the war then raging between 
 Scotland and Denmark, to drown his 
 sorrow by activity and danger. 
 \ Lady. Randolph, daughter of sir Mal- 
 colm, was privately married to lord 
 Douglas, and when her first boy was 
 born she hid him in a basket, because 
 there was a family feud between Malcolm 
 and Douglas. Soon after this, Douglas 
 was slain in battle, and the widow 
 married lord Randolph. The babe was 
 
 found by old Norval a shepherd, who 
 brought it up as his own son. When 
 18 years old, the lad saved the life of 
 lord Randolph, and was given a commis- 
 sion in the army. Lady Randolph, 
 hearing of the incident, discovered that 
 young Norval was her own son Douglas. 
 Glenalvon, who hated the new favourite, 
 persuaded lord Randolph that the young 
 man was too familiar with lady Ran- 
 dolph, and being waylaid, a fight ensued, 
 in which Norval slew Glenalvon, but was 
 himself slain .by lord Randolph. Lord 
 Randolph, being informed that the young 
 man was lady Randolph's son, went to 
 the wars to " drive away care ; " and lady 
 Randolph, in her distraction, cast herself 
 headlong from a steep precipice. — J. 
 Home, Douglas (1757). 
 
 The voice of Mrs. Crawford [1734-1801], when thrown 
 out by the vehemence of strong feeling, seemed to wither 
 up the hearer; it was a flaming arrow, a lighting of 
 passion. Such was the effect of her almost shriek to old 
 Norval, "Was he alive?" It was like an electric shi-k, 
 which drove the blood back to the heart, and produced a 
 shudder of terror through the crowded theatre.— Boaden, 
 Life of Kemble. 
 
 Random, a man of fortune with a 
 scapegrace son. He is pale and puffy, 
 with gout and a tearing cough. Random 
 goes to France to recruit his health, and 
 on his return to England gets arrested 
 for debt by mistake for his son. He 
 raves and rages, threatens and vows ven- 
 geance, but finds his son on the point 
 of marrying a daughter of sir David 
 Dunder of Dunder Hall, and forgets his 
 evils in contemplation of this most 
 desirable alliance. — G. Colman, Ways 
 and Means (1788). 
 
 Random (Roderick), a young Scotch 
 scapegrace in quest of fortune. At one 
 time he revels in prosperity, at another 
 he is in utter destitution. Roderick is 
 led into different countries (whose pecu- 
 liarities are described), and falls into the 
 society of wits, sharpers, courtiers, and 
 harlots. Occasionally lavish, he is essen- 
 tially mean ; with a dash of humour, he 
 is contemptibly revengeful ; and, though 
 generous-minded when the whim jumps 
 with his wishes, he is thoroughly selfish. 
 His treatment of Strap is revolting to 
 a generous mind. Strap lends him 
 money in his necessity, but the heartless 
 Roderick wastes the loan, treats Strap 
 as a mere servant, fleeces him at dice, 
 and cuffs him when the game is adverse. 
 — T. Smollett, Roderick Random (1748). 
 
 Ranger, the madcap cousin of 
 Clarinda, and the leading character in 
 Hoadly's Suspicious Husband (1747). 
 
RANTIPOLE. 
 
 815 
 
 EAT WITHOUT A TAIL. 
 
 Ran'tipole (3 syl.), a madcap. One 
 of the nicknames given to Xapoleon III. 
 (See Napoleon III.) 
 
 Dick, be a little rantipolish. 
 
 Colnian, Heir-at-Law, L 2 (1797). 
 
 Raoul [Raid], the old huntsman of 
 sir Raymond Berenger. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Betrothed (time^Henry II.). 
 
 Raoul di Nangis (Sir), the 
 huguenot in love with Valentma (daughter 
 of the comte de St. Bris, governor of the 
 Louvre). Sir Raoul is offered the hand 
 of Valentina in marriage, but rejects it 
 because he fancies she is betrothed to the 
 comte de Xevers. Nevers being slain 
 in the Bartholomew Massacre, Raoul 
 marries Yalentina, but scarcely is the 
 ceremony over when both are shot by 
 the musketeers under the command of 
 St. Bris.— Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots 
 (opera, 1836). 
 
 Raphael (2 or 3 syl.), called by 
 
 Milton, "The Sociable Spirit," and " The 
 Affable Archangel." In the book of Tobit 
 it was Raphael who travelled with Tobias 
 into Media and back again ; and it is the 
 game angel that holds discourse with 
 Adam through two books of Paradise 
 Lost, v. and vi. (1665). 
 
 Raphael, the guardian angel of John 
 the Beloved. 
 
 V Longfellow calls Raphael "The 
 Angel of the Sun," and says that he brings 
 to man "the gift of "faith." — Golden 
 Legend ("Miracle-Play," iii., 1851). 
 
 Raphael (The Flemish), Frans Floris. 
 His chief works are "St. Luke at His 
 Easel," and the " Descent of the Fallen 
 Angels," both in Antwerp Cathedral 
 (1520-1570). 
 
 Raphael (The French), Eustace Lesueur 
 (1617-1655). 
 
 Raphael of Cats {The), Godefroi 
 Mind, a Swiss painter, famous for his cats 
 (1768-1814). 
 
 Raphael of Holland (The), Mar- 
 tin van Hemskerck (1498-1574). 
 
 Raphael's Enchanter, La Forna- 
 rina, a baker's daughter. Her likeness 
 appears in several of his paintings. (See 
 Fornarixa.) 
 
 Rapier (The) was introduced by 
 Rowland York in 1587. 
 
 He [Row land York] was a Londoner, famous among 
 the cutters in his time for bringing in a new kind of 
 fight— to run the point of a rapier into a man's body . . . 
 before that time the use was with little bucklers, and 
 with, broadswords to strike and never thrust, and it was 
 
 accounted unmanly to strike under the girdle.— Carlete^, 
 Thankful Re?nembrance (1625). 
 
 Rare Ben. Ben Jonson, the drama- 
 tist, was so called by Robert Herrick 
 (1574-1637). 
 
 Raredreneh (Master), apothecary. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Xigel (time, 
 Jame3 L). 
 
 Rascal, worthless, lean. A rascal 
 deer is a lean, poor stag. Brutus calls 
 money "rascal counters," i.e. contemp- 
 tible, ignoble. 
 
 When Marcus Brutus grows so covetons, 
 To lock such rascal counters from his friends. 
 Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts ; 
 Dash him to pieces ! 
 
 Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act it. sc. 3 (1607). 
 
 Rashleigh Osbaldistone, called 
 M the scholar," an hypocritical and 
 accomplished villain, killed by Rob Roy. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George 
 
 * + * Surely never gentleman was 
 plagued with such a family as sir Hil- 
 debrand Osbaldistone of Osbaldistone 
 Hall. (1) Percival, " the sot ; " (2) 
 Thorncliff, " the bully ; " (3) John, "the 
 gamekeeper; (4) Richard, "the horse- 
 jockey;" (5) Wilfred, "the fool;" 
 (6) Rashleigh, " the scholar and knave." 
 
 Ras'selas, prince of Abyssinia, 
 fourth son of the emperor. According to 
 the custom of the country, he was con- 
 fined in a private paradise, with the rest 
 of the royal family. This paradise was 
 in the valley of Amhara, surrounded by 
 high mountains. It had only one en- 
 trance, which was by a cavern under 
 a rock concealed by woods, and closed by 
 iron gates. He escaped with his sister 
 Xekayah and Imlac the poet, and 
 wandered about to find out what con- 
 dition or rank of life was the most happy. 
 After careful investigation, he found no 
 lot without its drawbacks, and resolved 
 to return to the "happy valley." — Dr. 
 Johnson, Rasselas (1759). 
 
 The mad astronomer, who imagined that be possessed 
 the regulation of the weather and the distribution of the 
 seasons, is an original character in romance ; and the 
 "happy valley," in which Rasselas resides, is sketched 
 with poetic feeling. — Young. 
 
 Rat. One of the richest provinces of 
 Holland was once inundated by a hole 
 made in the dykes by a single water-rat. 
 
 Rat without a Tail Witches 
 could assume any animal form, but the 
 tail was ever wanting. Thus, a cat 
 without a tail, a rat without a tail, a dog 
 without a tail, were witch forms. — See 
 Macbeth, act i. sc. 3. 
 
RATS. 
 
 816 
 
 RAVENSTONE. 
 
 Hats (Devoured by). Archbishop Hatto, 
 count Gr<:af, bishop Widerolf of Stras- 
 burg, bishop Adolph of Cologne, Freiherr 
 von Guttingen, were all devoured by rats. 
 (See Hatto, p. 429.) 
 
 Ratcliffe (Jzmes), a notorious thief. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Ratcliffe (Mr. Hubert), a friend of sir 
 Edward Mauley "the Black Dwarf." — 
 Sir W. Scott, 'The Black Dwarf (time, 
 Anne). 
 
 Ratcliffe (Mrs.), the widow of "don 
 Carlos " who rescued Sheva at Cadiz 
 from an auto da fe. 
 
 Charles Ratcliffe, clerk of sir Stephen 
 Bertram, discharged because he had a 
 pretty sister, and sir Stephen had a 
 young son. Charles supported his 
 widowed mother and his sister by his 
 earnings. He rescued Sheva, the Jew, 
 from a howling London mob, and was 
 left the heir of the old man's property. 
 
 Miss [Eliza] Ratcliffe, sister of Charles, 
 clandestinely married to Charles Bertram 
 and given £10,000 by the Jew to reconcile 
 sir Stephen Bertram to the alliance. She 
 was handsome, virtuous, and elegant, 
 mild, modest, and gentle. — Cumberland, 
 The Jew (1776). 
 
 Rath'mor, chief of Clutha (the 
 Chide), and father of Calthon and Colmar. 
 Dunthalmo lord of Teutha " came in his 
 pride against him," and was overcome, 
 whereupon his anger rose, and he went 
 by night with his warriors, and slew 
 Rathmor in his own halls, where his 
 feasts had so often been spread for 
 strangers. — Ossian, Calthon and Colmal. 
 
 Rattlin (Jack), a famous naval cha- 
 racter in Smollett's Roderick Random. 
 Tom Bowiing is in the same novel 
 (1749). 
 
 Rattray {Sir Runnion), of Runna- 
 gullion ; the duelling friend of sir Mungo 
 Malagrowthcr. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Niyel (time, James I.). 
 
 Raucocan'ti, leader of a troupe of 
 singers going to act in Sicily. The 
 whole were captured by Lambro the 
 pirate, and sold in Turkey as slaves. 
 
 T would not become myself to dwell upon 
 
 My own merits, ami too" young. I see, sir, you [don Juan] 
 
 Have got a travelled air, which shews you one 
 
 lo whom the opera is by no means new. 
 
 Ifou've heard of Uaucocanti— I'm that man . . . 
 
 You was [sic] not last year at the fair of Lugo, 
 
 But next, when I'm engaged to sing there,— do ro. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, ir. 83 (1820). 
 
 Raven, emblem of Denmark, and 
 standard of the Danes. Necromantic 
 powers are ascribed to it. Asser says, 
 in his Life of Alfred, If the Danes 
 were destined to gain a victory, " a live 
 crow w r ould appear flying on the middle 
 of the unfurled flag; but if they were 
 doomed to be defeated, the flag" would 
 hang down motionless ; " and this, he 
 continues, "was often proved to be so." 
 
 The raven banner was called Landeyda 
 ("the desolation of the country"), and its 
 device was woven by the daughters of 
 Regner Lodbrok. 
 
 ... we have shattered back 
 The hugest wave from Norselaml ever yet 
 Surged on us, and our battle-axts broken 
 The Raven's wing, and dumbed the carrion croak 
 From Uie gray sea for ever. 
 
 Tennyson, Harold, iv. 3 (1875). 
 
 Raven (Barnaby's), Grip, a large bird, 
 of most impish disposition. Its usual 
 phrases were: "I'madevil!" "Never say 
 die ! " " Polly, put the kettle on ! " He also 
 uttered a cluck like cork-drawing, a 
 barking like a dog, and a crowing like a 
 cock. Barnaby Rudge used to carry it 
 about in a basket at his back. The bird 
 drooped while it was in jail with his 
 master, but after Barnaby's reprieve, 
 
 It soon recovered its good looks, and became as glossy 
 and sleek as ever . . . but for a whole year it never 
 indulged in any other sound than a giave and decorous 
 croak. . . . One bright summer morning . . . the bird 
 advanced with fantastic steps to the door of the Maypole, 
 and then cried, " I'm a devil ! " three or four times with 
 extraordinary rapture, . . . and from that time constantly 
 practised and improved himself in the vulgar tongue. — 
 C. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge, ii. (1841). 
 
 Ravens of Owain (The). Owain 
 had in his army 300 ravens, who were 
 irresistible. It is thought that these 
 ravens w r ere warriors who bore this device 
 on their shields. 
 
 A man who caused the birds to fly upon the host, 
 Like the ravens of Owain eager for prey. 
 
 Bleddynt Vardd, ilyvyrian Archaiology, L 365. 
 
 Ravens once White. One day, 
 a raven told Apollo that Coro'nis, a 
 Thessalian nymph whom he passionately 
 loved, was faithless. Apollo, in his rage, 
 shot the nymph, but hated the raven, 
 and " bade him prate in white plumes 
 never more." — Ovid, Metam., ii. 
 
 Ravenspurn. at the mouth of the 
 Humber, where Henrv IV. landed, in 
 1399, to depose Richard II. It no 
 longer exists, having been wholly en- 
 gulfed by the sea, but no record exists 
 of the date of this engulfment. 
 
 Ra'venstone or Ra'benstein, the 
 stone gibbet of Germany. So called 
 from the ravens which perch on it. 
 
RAVENSWOOD. 
 
 817 
 
 READY-TO-HALT. 
 
 Do you think 
 I'll honour you so much as save your throat 
 From the ravenstone, by choking you myself? 
 
 Byron, Werner, ii. 2 (1822). 
 
 Ravens wood (Allan lord of), a 
 decayed Scotch nobleman of the royalist 
 party. 
 
 Master Edgar Ravenswood, the son of 
 Allan. In love with Lucy Ashton, 
 daughter of sir William Ashton lord- 
 keeper of Scotland. The lovers plight 
 their troth at the " Mermaid's Fountain," 
 but Lucy is compelled to marry Frank 
 Hayston laird of Bucklaw. The bride, 
 in a fit of insanity, attempts to murder 
 the bridegroom, and dies in convulsions. 
 Bucklaw recovers, and goes abroad. 
 Colonel Ashton appoints a hostile meet- 
 ing with Edgar ; but young Ravenswood, 
 on his way to the place appointed, is lost 
 in the quicksands of Kelpies Flow, in 
 accordance with an ancient prophecy. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 *** In Donizetti's opera of Lucia di 
 Lammermoor, Bucklaw dies of the wound 
 inflicted by the bride, and Edgar, heart- 
 broken, comes on the stage and kills 
 himself. 
 
 The catastrophe in the Bride of Lammermoor, whero 
 [Edgar] Ravenswood is swallowe 1 up hy a quid sand, is 
 singularly grand in romance, but would be inadmissible 
 in a drama. — Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 
 
 Rawhead and Bloody-Bones, 
 
 two bogies or bugbears, generally coupled 
 together. In some cases the phrase is 
 employed to designate one and the 
 same " shadowy sprite." 
 
 Servants awe children ... by telling them of Raw- 
 head and Bloody-bones.— Locke. 
 
 Rayland (Mrs.), the domineering 
 lady of the Old Manor-House, by Charlotte 
 Smith (1749-1806). 
 
 Mrs. Rayland is a sort of queen Elizabeth in private 
 life.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Raymond, count of Toulouse, the 
 Nestor of the crusaders. He slays 
 Aladine king of Jerusalem, and plants 
 the Christian standard on the tower of 
 David. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xx. 
 (1516). 
 
 *** Introduced by sir W. Scott in 
 Count Robert of Paris, a novel of the 
 period of Rufus. 
 
 Raymond (Sir Charles), a country 
 gentleman, the friend and neighbour of 
 sir Robert Belmont. 
 
 Colonel Raymond, son of sir Charles, 
 
 in love with Rosetta Belmont. Being 
 
 diffident and modest, Rosetta delights in 
 
 tormenting him, and he is jealous even of 
 
 35 
 
 William Faddle "a fellow made up of 
 knavery, noise, and impudence." 
 
 Harriet Raymond, daughter of sir 
 Charles, whose mother died in giving 
 her birth. She was committed to the 
 care of a governante, who changed her 
 name to Fidelia, wrote to sir Charles to 
 say that she was dead, and sold her at 
 the age of 12 to a villain named Villard. 
 Charles Belmont, hearing her cries o£ 
 distress, rescued her and took her home. 
 The governante at death confessed the 
 truth, and Charles Belmont married her. 
 — Edward Moore, The Foundling (1748). 
 
 Raz'eka, the giver of food, one of 
 the four gods of the Adites (2 syl.). 
 
 We called on Razeka for food. 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, L 24 (1797). 
 
 Razor, a barber who could "think 
 of nothing but poor old England." He 
 was the friend and neighbour of Quid- 
 nunc the upholsterer, who was equally 
 crazy about the political state of the 
 nation, and the affairs of Europe in 
 general. — Murphy, The Upholsterer 
 (1758). 
 
 Razor (To cut blocks with a). Oliver 
 Goldsmith said of Edward Burke, the 
 statesman : 
 
 Too deep for his hearers, he went on refining. 
 
 And thought of convincing, while they thought of dining; 
 
 Tho' equal to all things, to all things unfit : 
 
 Too nice for a statesman, too proud for a wit; 
 
 For a patriot too cool ; for a drudge disobedient; 
 
 And too fond of the right to pursue the expedient. 
 
 In short, 'twas his fate, unemployed or in place, sir. 
 
 To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor. 
 
 Retaliation (17741. 
 
 The National Razor. The guillotine 
 was so. called in the first French Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Read (Sir William), a tailor, who set 
 up for oculist, and was knighted by 
 queen Anne. This quack was employed, 
 both by queen Anne and George I. Sir 
 William could not read. He professed 
 to cure wens, wrv-necks, and hare-lips 
 (died 1715). 
 
 None shall their rise to merit owe — 
 That popish doctrine, is exploded quite, 
 Or Ralph had been no duke, and Read no knight. 
 A Political Squib of the Period. 
 
 *** The "Ralph" referred to is Ralph 
 Montagu, created viscount in 1682, and 
 duke of Montagu in 1705 (died 1709). , 
 
 Ready-to-Halt, a pilgrim that ' 
 journeyed to the Celestial City on 
 crutches. He joined Mr. Greatheart's 
 party, and was carried to heaven in a 
 chariot cf fire. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Pro- 
 gress, ii. (1684). 
 
 3 o 
 
REASON. 
 
 818 
 
 RED HAND OF ULSTER. 
 
 Reason (Tlie Feast of). 
 
 There St. John mingles with my friendly bowl, 
 The feast of reason and the flow of soul. 
 Pope, Satire, i. (" Imitations of Horace"), 127-8 (1734). 
 
 Reason (The goddess of), in the French 
 Revolution, some say, Was the wife of 
 Momoro the printer ; but Lamartine says 
 it was Mdlle. Malliard, an actress. 
 
 Chaumette, assisted by Lais, an actor of the Opera, had 
 arranged the fete of December 20, 1793. Mdlle Malliard, 
 an actress, brilliant with youth and talent, played the part 
 of the goddess. She was borne in a palanquin, the canopy 
 of which was formed of oak branches. Women in white, 
 with tri-coloured sashes, preceded her. Attired with thea- 
 trical buskins, a Phrygian cap, and a blue chlamys over a 
 transparent tunic, she was taken to the foot of the altar, 
 and seated there. Behind her burnt an immense torch, 
 symbolizing "the flame of philosophy," the true light of 
 the world. Chaumette, taking a censer in his hands, fell 
 on his knees to the goddess, and offered incense, and the 
 whole concluded with dancing and song. — M. de Lamar- 
 tine. 
 
 Rebecca, leader of the Rebeccai'tes, 
 a band of Welsh rioters, who in 1848 
 made a raid upon toll-gates. The 
 captain and his guard disguised them- 
 selves in female attire. 
 
 *** This name arose from a gross 
 perversion of a text of Scripture : " And 
 they blessed Rebekah, and said unto 
 her, ... let thy seed possess the gate of 
 those which hate them " (Gen. xxiv. GO). 
 
 Rebecca, daughter of Isaac the Jew ; 
 meek, modest, and high-minded. She 
 loves Ivanhoe, who has shown great 
 kindness to her and to her father; and 
 when Ivanhoe marries Rowena, both 
 Rebecca and her father leave England 
 for a foreign land. — Sir W. Scott, Ivan- 
 hoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Rebecca (Mistress), the favourite wait- 
 ing-maid of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
 Singleside.— Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
 ing\t\n\Q, George II.). 
 
 R-eeord, noted for his superlatives, 
 "most presumptuous," "most audacious," 
 "most impatient," as : 
 
 Oh, you will, most audacious. . . Look at him, most 
 inquisitive. . . . Under lock and key, most noble. . . . 
 I will, most dignified. — S. Birch, The Adopted Child. 
 
 Recruiting Officer (The), a comedy. 
 by G. Farquhar (1705). The "recruiting 
 officer " is sergeant Kite, his superior 
 officer is captain Plume, and the recruit 
 is Sylvia, who assumes the military dress 
 of her brother and the name of Jack 
 Wilful alias Pinch. Her father, justice 
 Balance, allows the name to pass the 
 muster, and when the trick is discovered, 
 to prevent scandal, the justice gives her 
 in marriage to the captain. 
 
 Red Book of Hergest (The), a 
 collection of children's tales in Welsh ; so 
 called from the name of the place where 
 
 it was discovered. Each tale is called 
 in Welsh a Mabinogi, and the entire col- 
 lection is the Mabinogion (from -nab, "a 
 child"). The tales relate chiefly to 
 Arthur and the early British kings. A 
 translation in three vols., with notes, 
 was published by lady Charlotte Guest 
 (1838-49). 
 
 Red- Cap (Mother), an old nurse at 
 the Hungerford Stairs. — Sir W. Scctt, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Red-Cap (Mother). Madame BufHcn 
 was so called, because her bonnet was 
 deeply coloured with her own blood in a 
 street fight at the outbreak of the French 
 Revolution. — W. Melville. 
 
 Red Cross Knight (Tlie) repre- 
 sents St. George the patron saint of Eng- 
 land. His adventures, which occupy 
 bk. i. of Spenser's Faery Queen, sym- 
 bolize the struggles and ultimate victory 
 of holiness over sin (or protestantism over 
 popery). Una comes on a white ass to 
 the court of Gloriana, and craves that one 
 of the knights would undertake to slay 
 the dragon which kept her father and 
 mother prisoners. The Red Cross Knight, 
 arrayed in all the armour of God (Fph. 
 vi. 11-17), undertakes the adventure, and 
 goes, accompanied for a time with Una ; 
 but, deluded by Archimago, he quits the 
 lady, and the two meet with numerous 
 adventures. At last, the knight, having 
 slain the dragon, marries Una ; and thus 
 holiness is allied to the Oneness of Truth 
 (1590). 
 
 Red Flag (^4) signified war in the 
 Roman empire ; and when displayed on 
 the capitol it was a call for assembling 
 the military for active service. 
 
 Red Hair. Judas was represented in 
 ancient paintings with red hair and red 
 beard. 
 
 His very hair is of the dissembling colour. 
 Something browner than Judas's. 
 Shakespeare, As 1'ou Like It, act iv. sc. 4 (1600). 
 
 Red Hand of Ulster. 
 
 Calverley of Calverley, Yorkshire. 
 Walter Calverley, Esq., in 1605, mur- 
 dered two of his children, and attempted 
 to murder his wife and a child "at 
 nurse." This became the subject of The 
 Yorkshire Tragedy. In consequence of 
 these murders, the family is required to 
 wear "the bloody hand." 
 
 The Holt family, of Lancashire, hag a 
 similar tradition connected with their coat 
 
RED HORSE. 
 
 819 
 
 RED SWAN. 
 
 Red Horse (Vale of the), in War- 
 wickshire ; so called from a horse cut in 
 a hill of reddish soil, "a witness of that 
 day we won upon the Danes." 
 
 White horse is . . . exalted to the skies ; 
 But Red horse of you all contemned only lies. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Red Knight (Tlie), sir Perimo'nes, 
 one of the four brothers who kept the 
 passages leading to Castle Perilous. In 
 the allegory of Gareth, this knight repre- 
 sents noon, and was the third brother. 
 Night, the eldest born, was slain by sir 
 Gareth ; the Green Knight, which repre- 
 sents the young day-spring, was over- 
 come, but not slain ; and the Red Knight, 
 being overcome, was spared also. The 
 reason is this : darkness is slain, but 
 dawn is only overcome by the stronger 
 light of noon, and noon decays into the 
 evening twilight. Tennyson, in his 
 Gareth and Lynette, calls sir Perimones 
 "Meridies" or "Noonday Sun." The 
 Latin name is not consistent with a 
 British tale. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur, i. 129 (1470) ; Tennyson, 
 Idylls. 
 
 Red Knight of the Red Lands 
 
 ( The) , sir Ironside. " He had the strength 
 of seven men, and every day his strength 
 went on increasing till noon." This 
 knight kept the lady Liones captive in 
 Castle Perilous. In the allegory of sir 
 Gareth, sir Ironside represents death, and 
 the captive lady "the Bride" or Church 
 triumphant. Sir Gareth combats with 
 Night, Morn, Noon, and Evening, or 
 fights the fight of faith, and then over- 
 comes the last enemy, which is death, 
 when he marries the lady or is received 
 into the Church which is "the Lamb's 
 Bride." Tennyson, in his Gareth and 
 Lynette, makes the combat with the Red 
 Knight ("Mors" or "Death") to be a 
 eingle stroke ; but the History says that it 
 endured from morn to noon, and from 
 noon to night — in fact, that man's whole 
 life is a contest with moral and physical 
 death. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 134-137 '(1470) ; Tennyson, 
 Idylls ("Gareth and Lynette"). 
 
 Red Land (Tlie). Westphalia was 
 so called by the members of the Yehm- 
 gericht. 
 
 Originally, none but an inhabitant of the Red Land . . . 
 could be admitted a member of the Wissende [or secret 
 tribunal].— Chambers, Encyc, iv. 281. 
 
 Red-Lattice Phrases, ale-house 
 talk. Red lattices or chequers were 
 ordinary ale-house signs. — Shakespeare, 
 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 4 
 (1596). 
 
 The chequers were the arms of Fitzwarren, the head of 
 •which house, in the days of the Henrys, was invested with 
 the power of licensing the establishments of vintners and 
 publicans. Houses licensed notified the same by display- 
 ing the Fitzwarren arms.— Ti?nes, April 29, 1369. 
 
 Red Pipe. The Great Spirit long 
 ago called the Indians together, and, 
 standing on the red pipe-stone reck, 
 broke off a piece, which he made into a 
 pipe, and smoked, letting the smoke 
 exhale to the four quarters. He then 
 told the Indians that the red pipe-stone 
 was their flesh, and the}* must use the 
 red pipe when tbey made peace ; and that 
 when they smoked it the war-club and 
 seal ping-knife must not be touched. 
 Having so spoken, the Great Spirit was 
 received up into the clouds. — American- 
 Indian Mythology. 
 
 The red pipe has blown its fumes of peace and war to 
 the remotest corners of the continent. It visited every 
 warrior, and passed through its reddened stem the irre- 
 vocable oath of war and desolation. Here, too, the peace- 
 breathing calumet was born, and fringed with eagle's 
 quills, which has shed its thrilling fumes over the land, 
 and soothed the fury of the relentless savage. — Catlin, 
 Letters on . . . the A'orth Americans, ii. 160. 
 
 Red Riding-Hood {Little), a child 
 with a red cloak, who goes to carry cakes 
 to her grandmother. A wolf placed itself 
 in the grandmother's bed, and when the 
 child remarked upon the size of its eyes, 
 ears, and nose, replied it was the better 
 to see, hear, and smell the little grand- 
 child. "But, grandmamma," said the 
 child, "what a great mouth you have 
 got ! " " The better to eat you up," was 
 the reply, and the child was devoured by 
 the wolf. 
 
 This nursery tale is, with slight varia- 
 tions, common to Sweden, Germany, and 
 France. In Charles Perrault's Cuntes des 
 Fees (1697) it is called "Le Petit Chaperon 
 Rouge." 
 
 Red Sea (The). So called by the 
 Greeks and Romans. Perhaps because it 
 was the sea of Edom ("the red man"), 
 perhaps because the shore is a red sand, 
 perhaps because the waters are reddened 
 by red sea-weeds or a red bottom. The 
 Hebrews called it "The Weedy Sea" 
 (Tam-Suph). 
 
 The Rede Sea is not more rede than any other sea, but 
 In some places thereof is the gravelle rede, and therefore 
 men clepen it the Rede Sea.— Mandeville, Travels (1499). 
 
 Red Swan (The). Odjibwa, hearing 
 a strange noise, saw in the lake a most 
 beautiful red swan. Pulling his bow, he 
 took deliberate aim, without effect. H<» 
 shot every arrow from his quiver with the 
 same result ; then, fetching from his 
 father's medicine sack three poisoned 
 
REDGAUNTLET. 
 
 820 
 
 REEVE'S TALE. 
 
 arrows, he shot them also at the bird. 
 The last of the three arrows passed through 
 the swan's neck, whereupon the bird rose 
 icto the air, and sailed away towards 
 the setting sun. — Schoolcraft, Algic Re- 
 searches, u. 9 (1839). 
 
 Redgauntlet, a story, told in a 
 series of letters, about a conspiracy formed 
 by sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, on 
 behalf of the "Young Pretender" Charles 
 Edward, then above 40 years of age. 
 The conspirators insist that the prince 
 should dismiss his mistress, Miss Walk- 
 ingshaw, and, as he refuses to comply 
 with this demand, they abandon their 
 enterprise. Just as a brig is prepared for 
 the prince's departure from the island, 
 colonel Campbell arrives with the military. 
 He connives, however, at the affair, the 
 conspirators disperse, the prince embarks, 
 and Redgauntlet becomes the prior of a 
 monastery abroad. This is one of the 
 inferior novels, but is redeemed by the 
 character of Peter Peebles. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Redgauntlet (1824). 
 
 Redgauntlet embodies a great deal of Scott's own per- 
 sonal history and experience. — Chambers, ttngU&h Lite- 
 rature, ii. 5S8. 
 
 Redgauntlet (Sir Alberich), an ancestor 
 of the family. 
 
 Sir Edward Redgauntlet, son of sir 
 Alberick ; killed by his father's horse. 
 
 Sir Robert Redgauntlet, an old tory, 
 mentioned in "Wandering "Willie's tale. 
 
 Sir John Redgauntlet, son and successor 
 of sir Robert, mentioned in Wandering 
 Willie's tale. 
 
 Sir Rcdwald Redgauntlet, son of sir 
 John. 
 
 Sir Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, son of 
 sir Redwald. 
 
 Lady Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, wife 
 of sir Henry Darsie. 
 
 Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet, alias 
 Darsie Latimer, son of sir Henry and 
 lady Darsie. 
 
 Miss Litias Redgauntlet, alias Green- 
 mantle, sister of sir Arthur. She marries 
 Allan Fairford. 
 
 Sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, the 
 Jacobite conspirator. He is uncle to 
 Darsie Latimer, and is called "Laird of 
 the Lochs," alias " Mr. Hemes of Bir- 
 renswark," alias "Master IngoldsbjV — 
 Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
 111.). 
 
 Redi (Francis), an Italian physician 
 and lyric poet. He was first physician 
 to the grand-duke of Tuscan v (1620- 
 163&>. 
 
 Even Redi, tho* he chanted 
 Bacchus in the Tuscan valleys, 
 
 Never drank the wine he vaunted 
 In his dithyrambic sallies. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Sorg. 
 
 Redlaw (Mr.), the "haunted man." 
 He is a professor of chemistry, who 
 bargained with the spirit which haunted 
 him to leave him, on condition of his im- 
 parting to others his own idiosyncrasies. 
 From this moment the chemist carried 
 with him the infection of sullenness, 
 selfishness, discontent, and ingratitude. 
 On Christmas Day the infection ceased. 
 Redlaw lost his morbid feelings, and all 
 who suffered by his infection, beinghealed, 
 were restored to love, mirth, benevolence, 
 and gratitude. — C. Dickens, The Haunted 
 Man (1848). 
 
 Redmain (Sir Magnus), governor of 
 the town of Berwick (fifteenth century). 
 
 He was remarkable for his long red beard, and was 
 therefore called by the English " Magnus Red-beard." but 
 by the Scotch, in derision, " Magnus Red-mane," as if his 
 beard had been a horse-mane.— Godscroft, 178. 
 
 Redmond O'Weale, Rokeby's 
 
 page, beloved by Rokeby's daughter 
 Matilda, whom he marries. He turns out 
 to be Mortham's son and heir. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Rolicby (1812). 
 
 Recce (Captain), R.N., of the Mantel- 
 piece ; adored by all his crew. They 
 had feather-beds, warm slippers, hot- 
 water cans, brown Windsor soap, and 
 a valet to every four, for captain Reece 
 said, "It is my duty to make my men 
 happy, and I will." Captain Reece had 
 a daughter, ten female cousins, a niece, 
 and a ma, six sisters, and an aunt or two, 
 and, at the suggestion of William Lee 
 the coxswain, married these ladies to his 
 crew — " It is my duty to make my men 
 happy, and I will." Last of all, captain 
 Reece married the widowed mother of his 
 coxswain, and they were all married on 
 one dav — " It was their duty, and they 
 did it."— W. S. Gilbert, The Bab Ballads 
 (" Captain Reece, R.N."). 
 
 Reeve's Tale (The). Symond Sym- 
 kyn, a miller of Trompington, near 
 Cambridge, used to serve " Soler Hall 
 College," but was an arrant thief. Two 
 scholars, Aleyn and John, undertook to 
 see that a sack of corn sent to be ground 
 was not tampered with ; so one stood by 
 the hopper, and one by the trough which 
 received the flour. In the mean time, 
 the miller let their horse loose, and, when 
 the young men went to catch it, purloined 
 half a bushel of the flour, substituting meal 
 instead. It was so late before the horse 
 i could be caught, that the miller offered 
 
RliFORMADO CAPTAIN. 
 
 821 
 
 REGIMEN, ETC. 
 
 the two scholars a " shakedown " in his 
 own chamber, but when they were in 
 bed he began to belabour them unmerci- 
 fully. A scuffle ensued, in which the 
 miller, being tripped up, fell upon his 
 wife. His wife, roused from her sleep, 
 seized a stick, and mistaking the bald pate 
 of her husband for the night-cap of one 
 of the young men, banged it so lustily 
 that the man was almost stunned with 
 the blows. In the mean time, the two 
 scholars made off without payment, 
 taking with them the sack and also the 
 half -bushel of Hour which had been made 
 into cakes. —Chaucer, Canterbury Tales 
 (1388). 
 
 * # * Boccaccio has a similar story in 
 his Decameron. It is also the subject of 
 a fabliau entitled Be Gombert ct des 
 Deux Clers. Chaucer borrowed his story 
 from a fabliau given by Thomas Wright 
 in his Anecdota Literaria, 15. 
 
 Reformado Captain, an officer 
 shelved or degraded because his troops 
 have been greatly reduced. 
 
 Reformation (The). It was noticed 
 in the early Lollards, and was radiant in 
 the works of Wycliffe. 
 
 It was present in the pulpit of Pierre 
 de Bruys, in the pages of Arnoldo da 
 Brescia, in the cell of Roger Bacon. 
 
 It was active in the field with Peter 
 Revel, in the castle of lord Cobham, in 
 the pulpit with John Huss, in the camp 
 with John Ziska, in the class-room of 
 Pico di Mirandola, in the observatory 
 of Abraham Zacuto, and the college of 
 Antonio di Lebrija, before father Martin 
 was born. 
 
 Re'gan, second daughter of king 
 Lear, and wife of the duke of Cornwall. 
 Having received the half of her father's 
 kingdom under profession of unbounded 
 love, she refused to entertain him with 
 his suite. On the death of her husband, 
 she designed to marry Edmund natural 
 son of the earl of Gloster, and was 
 poisoned by her elder sister Goneril out 
 of jealousy. Regan, like Goneril, is 
 proverbial for "filial ingratitude." — 
 Shakespeare, King Lear (1605). 
 
 Regent Diamond (Tlie). So called 
 from the regent duke of Orleans. This 
 diamond, the property of France, at first 
 set in the crown, and then in the sword 
 of state, was purchased in India by a 
 governor of Madras, of whom the regent 
 bought it for £80,000. 
 
 Regillus (The Battle of the Lake). 
 
 Regillus Lacus is about twenty mileg 
 east of Rome, between Gabii (north) and 
 Lavlcum (south). The Romans had ex- 
 pelled Tarquin the Proud from the throne, 
 because of the most scandalous conduct 
 of his son. Sextus, who had violated 
 Lucretia and abused her hospitality. 
 Thirty combined cities of Latium, with 
 Sabines and Volscians, took the part of 
 Tarquin, and marched towards Rome. 
 The Romans met the allied army at tho 
 lake Regillus, and here, on July 15, n.C. 
 499, they won the great battle which con- 
 firmed their republican constitution, and 
 in which Tarquin, with his sons Sextus 
 and Titus, was slain. While victory 
 Avas still doubtful, Castor and Pollux, on 
 their white horses, appeared to the Roman 
 dictator, and fought for the Romans. The 
 victory was complete, and ever after the 
 Romans observed the anniversary of this 
 battle with a grand procession and sacrifice. 
 The procession started from the temple 
 of Mars outside the city walls, entered by 
 the Porta Capena, traversed the chief 
 streets of Rome, marched past the temple 
 of Vesta in the forum, and then to the 
 opposite side of the great "square," where 
 they had built a temple to Castor and 
 Pollux in gratitude for the aid rendered 
 by them in this battle. Here offerings 
 were made, and sacrifice was offered to 
 the Great Twin-Brothers, the sons of 
 Leda. Macaulay has a la3 r , called The 
 Battle of the Lake Regillus, on the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Where, by the lake Regillus, 
 
 Under the Porcian heiglft. 
 All in the land of Tusculum, 
 
 Was fought the glorious fight. 
 Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) 
 
 A very parallel case occurs in the life 
 of Mahomet. The Koreishites had armed 
 to put down "the prophet;" but Ma- 
 homet met them in arms, and on January 
 13, 624, won the famous battle of Bedr. 
 In the Koran (ch. iii.), he tells us that 
 the angel Gabriel, on his horse Haizum, 
 appeared on the field with 3000 "angels," 
 and won the battle for him. 
 
 In the conquest of Mexico, Ave are told 
 that St. James appeared on his grey horse 
 at the head of the Castilian adventurers, 
 and led them on to victory. Bernal Diaz, 
 who was in the battle, saw the grey horse, 
 but fancies the rider was Francesco de 
 Morla, though, he confesses, " it might be 
 the glorious apostle St. James " for aught 
 he knew. 
 
 Regimen of the School of Sa- 
 lerno, a collection of precepts in Latin 
 verse, written by John of Milan, a poet 
 
REGION OF DEATH. 
 
 822 
 
 RELICS. 
 
 of the eleventh century, for Robert duke 
 of Normandy. 
 
 A volume universally known 
 
 As the " Regimen of the School of Salern." 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Region of Death. (Marovsthulli), 
 Thurr, near Delhi, fatal, from some at- 
 mospheric influence, especially about sun- 
 set. 
 
 Regno (TJie), Naples. 
 
 Are our wiser heads leaning towards an alliance with the 
 pope and the Regno ?— George Eliot (Marian Evans). 
 
 Reg'ulus, a Roman general who 
 conquered the Carthaginians (b.c. 256), 
 and compelled them to sue for peace. 
 While negotiations were going on, the 
 Carthaginians, joined by Xanthippos the 
 Lacedemonian, attacked the Romans at 
 Tunis, and beat them, taking Regulus 
 prisoner. In 250, the captive was sent to 
 Rome to make terms of peace and demand 
 exchange of prisoners, but lie used all 
 his influence with the senate to dissuade 
 them from coming to terms with their 
 foe. On his return to captivity, the 
 Carthaginians cut off his eyelashes and 
 exposed him to the burning sun, then 
 placed him in a barrel armed with nails, 
 which was rolled up and down a hill till 
 the man was dead. 
 
 *** This subject has furnished Pradon 
 and Dorat with tragedies (French), and 
 Metastasio the Italian poet with an opera 
 called Regolo (1740). " Regulus" was a 
 favourite part of the French actor Fran- 
 cois J. Talma. 
 
 Rehearsal {The), a farce by George 
 Villiers duke of Buckingham (1671). It 
 was designed for a satire on the rhyming 
 plays of the time. The chief character, 
 Bayes (1 si/L), is meant for Dryden. 
 
 The name of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, de- 
 mands cordial mention by every writer on the stage. He 
 lived in an age when plays were chiefly written in rhyme, 
 which served as a vehicle for foaming sentiment clouded 
 by hyperbold. . . . The dramas of Lee and Settle . . . 
 are made up of blatant couplets that emptily thundered 
 through five long acts. To explode an unnatural custom 
 by ridiculing it, was Buckingham's design in The lie- 
 fiearsal, but in doing this the gratification of private 
 dislike was a greater stimulus than the wish to promote 
 the public good. — W. C. Russell, liepresentative Actors. 
 
 Reichel (Colonel), in Charles XII., 
 by J. R. Planche (1826). 
 
 Rejected Addresses, parodies on 
 Wordsworth, Cobbett, Southey, Scott, 
 Coleridge, Crabbe, Byron, Theodore 
 Hook, etc., by James and Horace Smith ; 
 the copyright after the sixteenth edition 
 was purchased by John Murray, in 1819, 
 for £131. The directors of Drury Lane 
 Theatre had offered a premium for the 
 best poetical address to be spoken at the 
 
 opening of the new building, and the 
 brothers Smith conceived the idea of 
 publishing a number of poems supposed 
 to have been written for the occasion and 
 rejected by the directors (1812). 
 
 "I do not see why they should have been rejected," 
 said a Leicestershire clergyman, "for I think some of 
 them are very good."— James Smith. 
 
 Reksh, sir Rustam's horse. 
 
 Relapse (The), a comedy by Van- 
 brugh (1697). Reduced to three acts, 
 and adapted to more modern times by 
 Sheridan, under the title of A Trip to 
 Scarborough (1777). 
 
 Rel'dresal, principal secretary for 
 private affairs in the court of Lilliput, 
 and great friend of Gulliver. When it 
 was proposed to put the Man-mountain 
 to death for high treason, Reldresal moved, 
 as an amendment, that the " traitor should 
 have both his eyes put out, and be suffered 
 to live that he might serve the nation." — 
 Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Vovage to 
 Lilliput," 1726). 
 
 *** Probably the dean had the Bible 
 story of Samson and the Philistines in 
 his thoughts. 
 
 Relies (Sacred). The most famous 
 are the following : — 
 
 Coal. One of the coals that roasted St. Lawrence. 
 
 Face. The face of a seraph, with only part of the 
 nose. (See below, " Snout.") 
 
 Finger. A linger of St. Andrew; one of John the 
 Baptist ; one of the Holy Ghost ; and the thumb of St. 
 Thomas. 
 
 Handkerchiefs (Two), with impressions of the face 
 of Christ : one sent by our Lord Himself, as a present to 
 Agbarus prince of Edessa; and the other given to St. 
 Veronica, as the "Man of sorrows" was on His way to 
 execution. The woman had lent it to Jesus to wipe His 
 brow with, and when He returned it an impression of 
 His face was photographed on it. 
 
 Head. Two heads of John the Baptist 
 
 Hem. The hem of our Lord's garment which the 
 woman with the issue of blood touched ; and the hem of 
 Joseph's garment. 
 
 Lock of Hair. A lock of the hair with which Mary 
 Magdalene wiped the Saviour's feet. 
 
 Nail. One of the nails used in the Crucifixion, set in 
 the " iron crown of Lombardy." 
 
 Ph i al of Sweat. A phial of the sweat of St. Michael, 
 when he contended with Satan. 
 
 Kavs of A Star. Some of the rays of the guiding star 
 which appeared to the Wise Men of the East. 
 
 Rib. A rib of the "Verbum caro factum," or the 
 Word made flesh. 
 
 Rod. Moses' rod. 
 
 Seamless Coat. The seamless coat of our Lord, for 
 which lots were cast at the Crucifixion. 
 
 Slippers. A pair of slippers worn by Enoch before the 
 Flood. 
 
 Snout. The "snout" of a seraph, supposed to have 
 belonged to the face (see above). 
 
 Spoon. The pap-dish and spoon used by the Virgin 
 Mary for the child Jesus. 
 
 Sword and Shield. The short sword of St Michael, 
 and his square buckler lined with red velvet 
 
 Tear. The tear shed by Jesus over the grave of 
 Lazarus. It was given by an angel to Mary Magdalene. 
 
 Tooth. A tooth of our Lord Himself. 
 
 Water-pot. One of the water-pots used at the 
 marriage at Cana. in Galilee. 
 
 This list is taken from Brady's Clavis Culendaria, 240 
 (183i». 
 
RELOXA. 
 
 It appears by the confessions of the Inquisition that 
 Instances of failure have occurred, but the sacred relics 
 have always recovered their virtue when (as Galbert, a 
 monk of Marchiennes informs us), " they are flogged with 
 rods."— Brady, •-'41. 
 
 * + * In the Hotel de Cluny, Paris, we 
 are shown a ring which we are assured 
 contains part of one of the thorns of the 
 "crown of thorns." 
 
 Reloxa, the clock town. (From the 
 Spanish rclox, "a clock.") 
 
 It would be an excellent joke, indeed, if the natives of 
 Reloxa were to slay every one who only asked them what 
 o clock it was. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 8 (1615). 
 
 Remember Thou art Mortal! 
 When a Roman conqueror entered the 
 city in triumph, a slave was placed in 
 the chariot to whisper from time to time 
 into the ear of the conqueror, " Remem- 
 ber thou art a man ! " 
 
 Vespasian, the Roman emperor, had a 
 slave who said to him daily as he left 
 his chamber, " Remember thou art a 
 man ! " 
 
 In the ancient Egyptian banquets it 
 was customary during the feast to draw a 
 mummy in a car round the banquet hall, 
 while one uttered aloud, " To this estate 
 you must come at last ! " 
 
 When the sultan of Serendib (i.e. 
 Ceylon) went abroad, his vizier cried 
 aloud, "This is the great monarch, the 
 tremendous sultan of the Indies . . . 
 greater than Solima or the grand Mihr- 
 age ! " An officer behind the monarch 
 then exclaimed, "This monarch, though 
 bo great and powerful, must die, must 
 die, must die ! " — Arabian Nights (" Sind- 
 bad," sixth voyage). 
 
 Remois (2 syl.), the people of Rheims, 
 in France. 
 
 Remond, a shepherd in Britannia's 
 Pastorals, by William Browne (1613). 
 
 Remond, young Remond, that full well could sing, 
 
 And tune his pipe at Pan's birth carolling ; 
 
 Who, for his nimble leaping, sweetest lares, 
 
 A laurell garland wore on holidayes ; 
 
 In framing of whose hand dame Nature swore, 
 
 There never was his like, nor should be more. 
 
 Pastoral, i. 
 
 Reoi'ora, a little fish, which fastens 
 itself on the keel of a ship, and impedes 
 its progress. 
 
 The sbippe is as insensible of the living as of the dead ; 
 as the living make it not goe the faster, so the dead make 
 it not goe the slower, for the dead are no Rhemoras [sic] 
 U> alter the course of her passage.— Helpe to Memory, etc., 
 t# (1630). 
 
 A goodly ship with banners bravely dight. 
 
 And flag on her top-gallant I espied. . . . 
 
 All suddenly their clove unto her keel 
 
 A little fish' that men call Remora. 
 
 Which stopped her course and held her by the heel. 
 
 That wind nor tide could move her thence away. 
 
 Spenser, Sonnets (loUl). 
 
 823 RENZO AND LUCIA. 
 
 Rem'ores, birds which retard the 
 execution of a project. 
 
 "Remores" ares in auspicio dicuntur quae acturura 
 aliquid remorari compelluut. — testus, De Verborum 
 ttignificatione. 
 
 Re'naud, one of the paladins of 
 Charlemagne, always described with the 
 properties of a borderer, valiant, alert, 
 ingenious, rapacious, and unscrupulous. 
 Better known in the Italian form Rinaldo 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Renault, a Frenchman, and one of 
 the chief conspirators in which Pierre 
 was concerned. When Jaffier joined the 
 conspiracy, he gave his wife Belvide'ra 
 as surety of his fidelity, and a dagger 
 to be used against her if he proved un- 
 faithful. Renault attempted the honour 
 of the lady, and Jaffier took her back 
 in order to protect her from such insults. 
 The old villain died on the wheel, and no 
 one pitied him. — T. Otway, Venice Pre- 
 served (1682). 
 
 Rene, the old king of Provence, 
 father of queen Margaret of Anjou (wife 
 of Henry VI. of England). A minstrel- 
 monarch, friend to the chase and tilt, 
 poetry and music. Thiebault says he 
 gave in largesses to knights-errant and 
 minstrels more than he received in 
 revenue (ch. xxix.). — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
 of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Rene' (2 syl.), the hero and title of a 
 romance by Chateaubriand (1801). It 
 was designed for an episode to his Genie 
 du Christianisme (1802). Rene' is a man 
 of social inaction, conscious of possessing 
 a superior genius, but his pride produces 
 in him a morbid bitterness of spirit. 
 
 Rene' [Leblaxc], notary public of 
 Grand Pre', in Acadia (Xova Scotia). 
 Bent with age, but with long yellow hair 
 flowing over his shoulders. He was the 
 father of twenty children, and had a 
 hundred grandchildren. When Acadia 
 was ceded by the French to England, 
 George II. confiscated the goods of the 
 simple colonists, and drove them into 
 exile. Rene went to Pennsylvania, where 
 he died, and was buried. — Longfellow, 
 Evangelme (18-49). 
 
 Rentowel {Mr. Jabesh), a covenant- 
 ing preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 With the vehemence of some pulpit-drumming Gowk- 
 thrapple [Waverley], or "precious" Mr. Jabesh Ren- 
 towel. — Carlyle. 
 
 Renzo and Lucia,' the hero and 
 heroine of an Italian novel by Alessando 
 Manzoni, entitled The Betrothed lover 
 
REPUBLICAN QUEEN. 
 
 824 
 
 REVENGE. 
 
 (" Promessi Sposi"). This novel con- 
 tains an account of the Bread Riot and 
 plague of Milan. Cardinal Borro'meo is, 
 of course, introduced. There is an Eng- 
 lish translation (1827). 
 
 Republican Queen (The), Sophie 
 Charlotte, wife of Frederick I. of Prussia. 
 
 Resolute (TJie), John Florio, philo- 
 logist. He "was the tutor of prince 
 Henry (1545-1625). 
 
 *** This " Florio " was the prototype 
 of Shakespeare's " Holofernes." 
 
 Resolute Doctor (The), John 
 Baconthorp (*-1346). 
 
 *** Guillaume Durandus de St. Pour- 
 rain was called " The Most Resolute 
 Doctor" (1267-1332). 
 
 Restless (Sir John), the suspicious 
 husband of a suspicious wife. Both are 
 made wretched by their imaginings of the 
 other's infidelity, but neither have the 
 slightest ground for such suspicion. 
 
 Lady Best/ ess, wife of sir John. As 
 she has a fixed idea that her husband is 
 inconstant, she is always asking the ser- 
 vants, "Where is sir John?" " Is sir John 
 returned?" ""Which way did sir John 
 go?" "Has sir John received any let- 
 ters ? " " Who has called ? " etc. ; and, 
 whatever the answer, it is to her a con- 
 firmation of her surmises. — A. Murphv, 
 All in the Wrong (1761). 
 
 Reuben Dixon, a village school- 
 master of " ragged lads." 
 
 'Mid noise, and dirt, and stench, and play, and prate, 
 He calmly cuts the pen or views the slate. 
 
 Crabbe, Borough, xxiv. (1810). 
 
 Reuben and Seth, servants of 
 Nathan ben Israel, the Jew at Ashby, a 
 friend of Isaac and Rebecca. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Reullu'ra (i.e. " beautiful star"), the 
 wife of Aodh, one of the Culdees or 
 primitive clergy of Scotland, who 
 preached the gospel of God in Io'na, an 
 island south of Staffa. Here Ulvfa'gre 
 the Dane landed, and, having put all who 
 opposed him to death, seized Aodh, 
 bound him in iron, carried him to the 
 church, and demanded where the trea- 
 sures were concealed. Just then ap- 
 peared a mysterious figure all in white, 
 who first unbound Aodh, and then taking 
 the Dane by the arm, led him up to the 
 statue of St. Columb, which immediately 
 fell and crushed him to death. Then 
 turning to the Norsemen, the same mys- 
 terious figure told them to " go back, 
 fcad take the bones of their chief with 
 
 them : " adding, whoever lifted hand in 
 the island again should be a paralytic for 
 life. The "saint" then transported the 
 remnant of the islanders to Ireland ; but 
 when search was made for Rewllura, her 
 body was in the sea, and her soul in 
 heaven. — Campbell, Reullura. 
 
 Reutha'mir, the principal man of 
 Balclutha a town belonging to the 
 Britons on the river Clyde. His daugh- 
 ter Moina married Clessammor (Fingal's 
 uncle on the mother's side). Reuthamir 
 was killed by Comhal (Fingal's father) 
 when he attacked Balclutha and burned 
 it to the ground. — Ossian, Carthon. 
 
 Rev'eller (Lady), cousin of Valeria 
 the blue-stocking. Lady Reveller is very 
 fond of play, but ultimately gives it up, 
 and is united to lord Worthv. — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706). 
 
 Revenge (The), a tragedy by Ed- 
 ward Young (1721). (For the plot, see 
 
 Zanga.) 
 
 Revenge (The), the ship under the 
 command of sir Richard Grenville, an- 
 chored at Flores, in the Azores, when a 
 fleet of fifty -three Spanish ships hove in 
 sight. Lord Thomas Howard, with six 
 men-of-war, sailed off ; but sir Richard 
 stood his ground. He had only a hundred 
 men, but with this crew and his one ship he 
 encountered the Spanish fleet. The fight 
 was very obstinate. Some of the Spanish 
 ships were sunk, and many shattered ; but 
 sir Richard at length was wounded, and 
 the surgeon shot while dressing the wound. 
 " Sink the ship, master gunner ! " cried 
 sir Richard; "sink the ship, and let 
 her not fall into the hands of Spain ! " 
 But the crew were obliged to yield, and 
 sir Richard died. The Spaniards Avere 
 amazed at Grenville's pluck, and gave 
 him all honours as they cast his body 
 into the sea. The Revenge was then 
 manned by Spaniards, but never reached 
 the Spanish coast, for it was wrecked in 
 a tempest, and went down with all hands 
 aboard. — Tennvson, The Revenge, a bal- 
 lad of the fleet* (1878). 
 
 *** This sea-fight is the subject of one 
 of Froude's essays. 
 
 Canon Kingsley has introduced it in 
 Westward Ho I where he gives a descrip- 
 tion of sir Richard Grenville. 
 
 Lord Bacon says the fight "was 
 memorable even beyond credit, and to 
 the height of heroic fable." 
 
 Mr. Arber published three interesting 
 
REVENGE. 
 
 825 
 
 REYNOLDS. 
 
 contemporary documents relating to The 
 Revenge, by sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 Gervase Markham wrote a long poem 
 on the subject (two hundred .stanzas of 
 eight lines each). 
 
 Revenge (TJie Palace of), a palace of 
 crystal, provided with everything agree- 
 able to life, except the means of going 
 out of it. The fairy Pagan made it, and 
 when Imis rejected his suit because she 
 loved prince Philax, he shut them up in 
 this palace out of revenge. At the end of 
 a few years, Pagan had his revenge, for 
 Philax and Imis longed as eagerly for a 
 separation as they had once done to be 
 united. — Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales 
 (" Palace of Revenge," 1682). 
 
 Revenons a nos Moutons, let us 
 return to the matter in hand. The phrase 
 comes from an old French comedy of the 
 fifteenth century, entitled VAvocat Pate- 
 lin, by Blanchet. A clothier, giving 
 evidence against a shepherd who had 
 stolen some sheep, is for ever running 
 from the subject to talk about some cloth 
 of which Patelin, his lawyer, had de- 
 frauded him. The judge from time to 
 time pulls him up, by saying "Well, 
 well! and about the sheep?" "What 
 about the sheep?" (See Patelin, p. 
 737.) 
 
 Revolutionary Songs. By far 
 
 the most popular were : 
 
 1. La Marseillaise, both words and 
 music by Rouget de Lisle (1792). 
 
 2. Veillons au Sal ut de VEmpire, by 
 Adolphe S. Boy (1791). Music by Da- 
 layra. Very strange that men whose 
 whole purpose was to destroy the empire, 
 should go about singing, " Let us guard 
 it!" 
 
 3. Ca Ira, written to the tune of Le 
 Carillon National, in 1789, while prepa- 
 rations were being made for the Fete de 
 la Federation. It was a great favourite 
 with Marie Antoinette, who was for ever 
 "strumming the tune on her harpsi- 
 chord." 
 
 4. Chant du Depart, by Marie Joseph 
 de Chenier (1794). Music by Mehul. 
 This was the most popular next to the 
 Marseillaise. 
 
 5. La Carmagnole. "Madame Veto 
 avait promis de faire e'gorger tout 
 Paris . . . " (1792).. Probably so called 
 from Carmagnole, m Piedmont. The 
 burden of this dancing song is : 
 
 Oanson la Carmagnole, 
 
 Vive le son 1 Vive le son! 
 Danson la Carmagnole. 
 
 Vive le sou du canon I 
 
 6. Le Vengeur, a cock-and-bull story, 
 in verse, about a ship so called. Lord 
 Howe took six of the French ships, June 
 1, 1794 ; but Le Vengeur was sunk by the 
 crew that it might not fall into the hands 
 of the English, and went down while the 
 crew shouted, "Vive la Re'publique ! " 
 There is as much truth in this story as in 
 David's picture of Napoleon "Crossing 
 the Alps." 
 
 In the second Revolution we have ■ 
 
 1. La Parisienne, called " The Mar- 
 seillaise of 1830," by Casimir Delavigne, 
 the same year. 
 
 2. La France a VHorreur du Servage, 
 by Casimir Delavigne (1843). 
 
 3. La Champ de Bataille, by Emile 
 Debreaux (about 1830). 
 
 The chief political songs of Be'ranger 
 are : Adieux de Marie Stuart, Im Cocarde 
 Blanche, Jacques, La De'esse, Marquis de 
 Carabas, Le Sucre de Charles le Simple, 
 Le Senateur, Le Vieux Caporal, and Le 
 Vilain. 
 
 Rewcastle {Old John), a Jedburgh 
 smuggler, and one of the Jacobite con- 
 spirators with the laird of Ellieslaw. — 
 Sir W. Scott, TJie Black Dwarf (time, 
 Anne). 
 
 Reynaldo, a servant to Polonius. — 
 
 Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Reynard the Fox, the hero of the 
 beast-epic so called. This prose poem is 
 a satire on the state of Germany in the 
 Middle Ages. Reynard represents the 
 Church ; isengrin the wolf (his uncle) 
 typifies the baronial element ; and Nodel 
 the lion stands for the regal power. The 
 plot turns on the struggle for supremacy 
 between Reynard and Isengrin. Reynard 
 uses all his endeavours to victimize every 
 one, especially his uncle Isengrin, and 
 generally succeeds. — Reinecke Fucha 
 (thier-epos, 1498). 
 
 Reynardine (3 syh), eldest son of 
 Reynard the fox. He assumed the 
 names of Dr. Pedanto and Crabron. — 
 Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Reynold of Montalbon, one of 
 
 Charlemagne's paladins. 
 
 Reynolds {Sir Joshua) is thus de- 
 scribed by Goldsmith : 
 
 Here Reynolds is laid ; and, to tell you my mind, 
 He has not left a wiser or better behind. 
 His pencil was striking, resistless, and grand; 
 His manners were getitle, complying, and bland. . . , 
 To coxcombs averse, vet most civilly steering. 
 When they judged without skill, he was still hard of 
 hearing ; 
 
REZIO. 
 
 826 
 
 RHESUS. 
 
 When they talked of their Raphaels, Corregios [sic], and 
 
 stuff. 
 Be shifted his trumpet, and only took snuff. 
 
 Retaliation (1774). 
 
 N.B. — Sir Joshua Reynolds was hard of 
 hearing, and used an ear-trumpet. 
 
 Rez'io (Dr.) or " Pedro Rezio of 
 Ague'ro," the doctor of Barata'ria, who 
 forbade Sancho Panza to taste any of the 
 meats set before him. Roast partridge 
 was "forbidden by Hippoc'rates." Po- 
 dri'da was "the most pernicious food in 
 the world." Babbits were "a sharp-haired 
 diet." Veal was " prejudicial to health." 
 But, he said, the governor might eat "a 
 few wafers, and a thin slice or two of 
 quince." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
 iii. 10 (1615). 
 
 Dr. Sangrado seems to be copied in 
 Borne measure from this character. His 
 panacea was hot water and stewed apples. 
 — Lesage, Gil Bias (1715-35). 
 
 Dr. Hancock (a real character) pre- 
 scribed cold water and stewed prunes. 
 
 Rhadaman'tlms, son of Jupiter and 
 Euro'pa. He reigned in the Cyclades 
 with such partiality, that at death he was 
 made one of the judges of the infernal 
 regions. 
 
 And if departed souls must rise again, . . . 
 And bide the judgment of reward or pain ; . . . 
 Then Ehadamanthus and stern Minos were 
 True types of justice while they lived here. 
 
 Lord Brooke, Monarchie, i. (1554-1628). 
 
 Rhampsini'tos, king of Egypt, 
 usually called Ram'eses III., the richest 
 of the Egyptian monarchs, who amassed 
 72 millions sterling, which he secured in 
 a treasury of stone. By an artifice of 
 the builder, he was robbed every night. — 
 Herodotos, ii. 121. 
 
 A parallel tale is told of Hyrieus 
 [Hy'.ri.uce] of Hyria. His two architects, 
 Trophonios and Agamodes (brothers), built 
 his treasure-vaults, but left one stone 
 removable at pleasure. After great loss 
 of treasure, Hyrieus spread a net, in 
 which Agame'des was caught. To pre- 
 vent recognition, Trophonios cut off his 
 brother's head. — Pausanias, Itinerary of 
 Greece, ix. 37, 3. 
 
 A similar tale is told of the treasure- 
 vaults of Augeas king of Elis. 
 
 Rha'sis or Mohammed Aboubekr ibn 
 Zakaria el Razi, a noted Arabian physi- 
 cian. He wrote a treatise on small-pox 
 and measles, with some 200 other treatises 
 (850-923). 
 
 Well, error has no end ; 
 And Rl asis is a sage. 
 
 R. Browning, Paracelsus, iii. 
 
 Rhea's Child. Jupiter is so called 
 
 by Pindar. He dethroned his fathe* 
 Saturn. 
 
 The child 
 Of Rhea drove him [Saturn] from the upper sky. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Jfaiuds (1767). 
 
 Rh.ei.ms (The Jackdaw of). The 
 cardinal-archbishop of Rheims made a 
 grand feast, to which he invited all the 
 joblillies of the neighbourhood. There 
 were abbots and prelates, knights and 
 squires, and all who delighted to honour 
 the great panjandrum of Rheims. The 
 feast over, water was served, and his lord- 
 ship's grace, drawing off his turquoise ring, 
 laid it beside his plate, dipped his fingers 
 into the golden bowl, and wiped them 
 on his napkin ; but when he looked to put 
 on his ring, it was nowhere to be found. 
 It was evidently gone. The floor was 
 searched, the plates and dishes lifted up, 
 the mugs and chalices, every possible and 
 impossible place was poked into, but 
 without avail. The ring must have been 
 stolen. His grace was furious, and, in 
 dignified indignation, calling for bell, 
 book, and candle, banned the thief, both 
 body and soul, this life and for ever. It 
 was a terrible curse, but none of the 
 guests seemed the worse for it — except, 
 indeed, the jackdaw. The poor bird was 
 a pitiable object, his head lobbed down, 
 his wings draggled on the floor, his 
 feathers were all ruffled, and with a 
 ghost of a caw he prayed the company to 
 follow him ; when lo ! there was the ring, 
 hidden in some sly corner by the jack- 
 daw as a clever practical joke. His 
 lordship's grace smiled benignantly, and 
 instantly removed the curse ; when lo ! 
 as if by magic, the bird became fat and 
 sleek again, perky and impudent, wag- 
 ging his tail, winking his eye, and cock- 
 ing his head on one side, then up he 
 hopped to his old place on the cardinal's 
 chair. Never after this did he indulge in 
 thievish tricks, but became so devout, so 
 constant at feast and chapel, so well- 
 behaved at matins and vespers, that when 
 he died he died in the odour of sanctity, 
 and was canonized, his name being 
 changed to that of Jim Crow. — Barham, 
 Ingoldsby Legends ("Jackdaw of Rheims," 
 1837). 
 
 Rhene (1 syl.), the Rhine, the Latin 
 Rhe'nus. — Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 353 
 (1665). 
 
 Rhesus was on his march to aid the 
 Trojans in their siege, and had nearly 
 reached Troy, when he was attacked in 
 the night by TTlvsses and Diomcd. In 
 
RHETORIC OF A SILVER FEE. 827 
 
 RIBBON. 
 
 this surprise Rhesus and all his army were 
 cut to pieces. — Homer, Iliad, x. 
 
 A very parallel case was that of Sweno 
 the Dane, who was marching to join 
 Godfrey and the crusaders, when he was 
 attacked in the night by Solyman, and 
 both Sweno and his army perished. — 
 Tacso, Jerusalem Delivered (15/5). 
 
 Ehetoric of a Silver "Fee {The). 
 
 He will reverse the watchman's harsh decree, 
 Moved by the rhetoric of a silver fee. 
 
 Gay, Trivia, iii. 317 (1712). 
 
 Rhiannon's Birds. The notes of 
 these birds were so sweet that warriors 
 remained spell-bound for eighty years 
 together listening to them. These birds 
 are often alluded to by the Welsh bards. 
 (Rhiannon was the wife of prince Pwyll.) 
 — Tlie Mabinogion, 363 (twelfth century). 
 
 The snow-white bird which the monk 
 Felix listened to sang so enchantyigly 
 that he was spell-bound for a hundred 
 years listening to it. — Longfellow, Golden 
 Legend. 
 
 Rhine {The Irish). The Blackwater 
 is so called from its scenery. 
 
 Rhinnon Rhin Barnawd's 
 Bottles had the virtue of keeping sweet 
 whatever liquor was put in them. — The 
 Mabinogion ("Kilhwch and Olwen," 
 twelfth centur}'). 
 
 Rhinoceros. The horn of the rhi- 
 noceros being "cut through the middle 
 from one extremity to the other, on it 
 will be seen several white lines repre- 
 senting human figures." — Arabian Nights 
 (" Sindbad's Second Voyage"). 
 
 Rhinoceros-Horn a Poison-Detector. If 
 poison is put into a vessel made of a 
 rhinoceros's horn, the liquid contained 
 therein will effervesce. 
 
 Rhinoceros and Elephant. The rhino- 
 ceros with its horn gores the elephant 
 under the belly, but blood running into 
 the eyes of the rhinoceros, blinds it, and 
 it becomes an easy prey to the roc. — 
 Arabian Nights (" Sindbad's Second 
 Voyage"). 
 
 Rhodalind, daughter of Aribert king 
 of Lombardy, in love with duke Gondi- 
 bert ; but Gondibert preferred Birtha, a 
 country girl, daughter of the sage As- 
 tragon. While the duke is whispering 
 sweet love-notes to Birtha, a page comes 
 post-haste to announce to him that the 
 king has proclaimed him his heir, and is 
 about to give him his daughter in mar- 
 riage. The duke gives Birtha an emerald 
 ring, and says if he is false to her the 
 emerald will lose its lustre ; then hastens 
 
 to court in obedience to the king's sum- 
 mons. Here the tale breaks off, and 
 was never finished. — Sir Wm. Davenant, 
 Gondibert (1605-1668). 
 
 Rhodian "Venus (The). This nras 
 the "Venus" of Protog'enes mentioned by 
 Pliny, Natural History, xxxv. 10. 
 
 When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed 
 The Queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade, 
 The happy master mingled in his piece 
 Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece. 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 Prior (1664-1721) refers to the same 
 painting in his fable of Protogenes and 
 
 Apelles : 
 
 I hope, sir, you intend to stay 
 
 To see our Venus ; 'tis the piece 
 
 The most renowned throughout all Greece. 
 
 Rhod'ope (3 syl.) or Rhod'opis, 
 
 a celebrated Greek courtezan, who after- 
 wards married Psammetichus king of 
 Egypt. It is said that she built the third 
 pyramid. — Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxxvi. 12. 
 
 A statelier pyramis to her I'll rear, 
 Than Ehodope's. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act L sc. 6 (15S9). 
 
 Rhombus, a schoolmaster who 
 speaks "a leash of languages at once," 
 puzzling himself and his hearers with a 
 jargon like that of " Holof ernes " in 
 Shakespeare's Love's Labow's Lost (1594). 
 — Sir Philip Sidney, Pastoral Entertain- 
 ment (1587). 
 
 Rhombus, a spinning-wheel or rolling 
 instrument, used by the Roman witches 
 for fetching the moon out of heaven. 
 
 Qua? nunc Thessalico iunam deducere rhonibo [scict\ — 
 Martial, Epigrams, ix. 30. 
 
 Rhone of Christian Eloquence 
 {The), St. Hilary (300-367). 
 
 Rhone of Latin Eloquence 
 
 {The). St. Hilary is so called by St. 
 Jerome (300-367). 
 
 Rhongomyant, the lance of king 
 Arthur. — The Mabinogion ("Kilhwch and 
 Olwen," twelfth century). 
 
 Rhyming to Death. In 1 Henry 
 VI. act i. sc. 1, Thomas Beaufort duke 
 of Exeter, speaking about the death of 
 Henry V., says. " Must we think that 
 the subtle- witted French conjurors and 
 sorcerers, out of fear of him, ' by magic 
 verses have contrived his end ' ? " The 
 notion of killing by incantation was at 
 one time very common. 
 
 Irishmen . . . will not stick to affirme that they caa 
 rime either man or beast to death. — fieg. Scot, Discoverie 
 of Witchcraft (15G4). 
 
 Ribbon. The yellow ribbon, in 
 France, indicates that the wearer has 
 won a medaifle militate (instituted by 
 
RIBEMONT. 
 
 828 
 
 RICHELIEU. 
 
 Napoleon III.) as a minor decoration of 
 the Legion of Honour. 
 
 The red ribbon marks a chevalier of 
 the Legion of Honour. A rosette 
 indicates a higher grade than that of 
 chevalier. 
 
 Ribemont (3 syl.), the bravest and 
 noblest of the French host in the battle 
 of Poitiers. He alone dares confess that 
 the English are a brave people. In the 
 battle he is slain by lord Audley. 
 — Shirley, Edward the Black Prince 
 (1640). 
 
 Ribemont {Count), in The Siege of Calais, 
 by Colman. 
 
 Riccar'do, commander of Plymouth 
 fortress, a puritan to whom lord Walton 
 has promised his daughter Elvira in 
 marriage. Riccardo learns that the lady 
 is in love with Arthur Talbot, and when 
 Arthur is taken prisoner by Cromwell's 
 soldiers, Riccardo promises to use his 
 efforts to obtain his pardon. This, 
 however, is not needful, for Cromwell, 
 feeling quite secure of his position, 
 orders all the captives of war to be 
 released. Riccardo is the Italian form 
 of sir Richard Forth. — Bellini, I Puritani 
 (opera, 1834). 
 
 Ricciardetto, son of Aymon, and 
 brother of Bradamante. — Ariosto, Or- 
 lando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Rice. Eating rice with a bodkin. 
 Amine, the beautiful wife of SidiNouman, 
 ate rice with a bodkin, but she was a ghoul. 
 (See Amine.) 
 
 Richard, a fine, honest lad, by trade 
 a smith. He marries on New Year's Day 
 Meg, the daughter of Toby Veck. — C. 
 Dickens, The Chimes (1844). 
 
 Richard {Squire), eldest son of sir 
 Francis Wronghead of Bumper Hall. A 
 country bumpkin, wholly ignorant of the 
 world and of literature. — Vanbrugh and 
 Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1727). 
 
 Robert Wetherilt [1708-1745] came to I)rury Lane a 
 boy, where he showed his rising genius in the part of 
 "squire Richard."— Chetwood, History of the Stage. 
 
 Richard {Prince), eldest son of king 
 Henry II.— Sir W. Scott. The Betrothed 
 (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Richard " Coeur de Lion," introduced 
 in two novels by sir W. Scott {The 
 Talisman and Ivanhoe). In the latter he 
 first appears as "The Black Knight," at 
 the tournament, and js called Le Noir 
 Faineant or " The Black Sluggard ; " also 
 "The Knight of the Fetter-lock." 
 
 Richard a Name of Terror. The name 
 of Richard I., like that of Attila, Bona- 
 parte, Corvinus, Narses, Sebastian, Tal- 
 bot, Tamerlane, and other great con- 
 querors, was at one time employed in 
 terrorem to disobedient children. (See 
 Names of Terror, p. 675.) 
 
 His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian 
 mothers to silence their infante ; and if a horse suddenly 
 started from the way, his rider was wont to exclaim, 
 "Dost thou think king Richard is in the bush ? "—Gib- 
 bon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, xi. 146 
 (1776-83). 
 
 Tlxe Daughters of Richard I. When 
 Richard was in France, Fulco a priest 
 told him he ought to beware how he 
 bestowed his daughters in marriage. "I 
 have no daughters," said the king. 
 "Nay, nay," replied Fulco, "all the 
 world knows that you have three — Pride, 
 Covetousness, and Lechery." " If these 
 are my daughters," said the king, " I 
 know well how to bestow them where 
 they will be well cherished. My eldest 
 1 give to the Knights Templars ; my 
 second to the monks ; and my third, I 
 cannot bestow better than on yourself, 
 for I am sure she will never be divorced 
 nor neglected." — Thomas Milles, Trite 
 Nobility (1610). 
 
 The Horse of Richard I., Fennel. 
 
 Ah, Fennel, my noble horse, thou bleedest, thou art 
 slain ! — Coeur de Lion and His Horse. 
 
 The Troubadour of Richard I., Ber- 
 trand de Born. 
 
 Richard II.'s Horse, Roan Barbary . 
 — Shakespeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 5 
 
 (1597). 
 
 Richard III., a tragedy by Shake- 
 speare (1597). At one time, parts of 
 Rowe's tragedy of Jane Shore were 
 woven in the acting edition, and John 
 Kemble introduced other clap-traps from 
 Colley Cibber. The best actors of this 
 part were David Garrick (1716-1779), 
 Henry Mossop (1729-1773), and Edmund 
 Kean (1787-1833). 
 
 Richard III. was only 19 years old at the opening of 
 Shakespeare's play.— Sharon Turner, 
 
 The Horse of Richard III., White 
 Surrev. — Shakespeare, Richard III. act 
 v. sc/3 (1597). 
 
 Richard's himself again ! These words 
 were interpolated by John Kemble from 
 Colley Cibber. 
 
 Richelieu {Armand), cardinal and 
 chief minister of France. The duke of 
 Orleans (the king's brother), the count de 
 Baradas (the king's favourite), and other 
 noblemen conspired to assassinate Riche- 
 lieu, dethrone Louis XIII., and make 
 
RICHLAND. 
 
 829 
 
 RIGDUM-FUNNIDOS. 
 
 Gaston duke of Orleans the regent. Tbe 
 plot -was revealed to the cardinal by 
 Marion de Lorme, in whose house the 
 conspirators met. The conspirators were 
 arrested, and several of them put to 
 death, but Gaston duke of Orleans turned 
 king's evidence and was pardoned. — Lord 
 .Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 
 
 Richland (Miss), intended for Leon- 
 tine Croaker, but she gives her hand in 
 marriage to Mr. Honeywood, "the good- 
 natured man," who promises to abandon 
 his quixotic benevolence, and to make it 
 his study in future "to reserve his pity 
 for real distress, his friendship for true 
 merit, and his love for her who first 
 taught him what it is to be happy." — 
 Goldsmith, The Good-natured Man (1768). 
 
 Richmond (The duchess of), wife of 
 Charles Stuart, in the court of Charles 
 II. The line became extinct, and the 
 title was given to the Lennox family. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Richmond (The carl of), Henry of 
 Lancaster. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 sfem- (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Richmond Hill (The Lass of), Miss 
 I' Anson of Hill House, Richmond, York- 
 shire. Words by M'Nally ; music by 
 James Hook, who married the young 
 lady. 
 
 The Less of Richmond Hill is one of the sweetest 
 ballads in the language. — John Bell. 
 
 Rickets (Mabel), the old nurse of 
 Frank Osbaldistone. — Sir W. Scott, Rob 
 Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Riderhood (Rogue), the villain in 
 Dickens's novel of Our Mutual Friend 
 (1864). 
 
 Rides on the Tempest and 
 Directs the Storm. Joseph Addison, 
 speaking of the duke of Marlborough and 
 his famous victories, says that he in- 
 spired the fainting squadrons, and stood 
 unmoved in the shock of battle : 
 
 So when an angel by divine command. 
 With rising tempests shakes a guilty land, 
 Such as of late o'er pale Britannia past. 
 Calm and serene he drives the furious blast; 
 And, pleased th' Almighty's orders to perform, 
 Rides on the tempest and directs the storm. 
 
 The Campaign U705). 
 
 *** The "tempest" referred to by 
 Addison in these lines is that called "The 
 Great Storm," November 26-7, 1703, the 
 most terrible on record. The loss of 
 property in London alone exceeded two 
 millions sterling. Above 8000 persons 
 were drowned, 12 men-of-war were 
 
 wrecked, 17,000 trees in Kent alone were 
 uprooted, Eddystone lighthouse was de- 
 stroyed, 15,000 sheep were blown into the 
 sea, and the bishop of Bath and Wells* 
 with his wife were killed in bed in theii 
 palace in Somersetshire. 
 
 Ridicule (Father of). Francois Ra- 
 belais is so styled by sir William Temple 
 (1495-1553). 
 
 Ridolphus, one of the band of 
 adventurers that joined the crusaders. 
 He was slain by Argantes (bk. vii.). — 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Rienzi (Nicolo Gabrlni) or Cola hi 
 Rienzi, last of the tribunes, who as- 
 sumed the name of " Tribune of Liberty, 
 Peace, and Justice" (1313-1354). 
 
 *** Cola di Rienzi is the hero of a 
 novel by lord Bulwer Lytton, entitled 
 Rienzi or The Last of the Barons (1849). 
 
 Rienzi, an opera by Wagner (1841). It 
 opens with a number of the Orsini break- 
 ing into Rienzi's house, in order to abduct 
 his sister Irene, but in this they are foiled 
 by the arrival of tbe Colonna and his fol- 
 lowers. The outrage provokes a general 
 insurrection, and Rienzi is appointed 
 leader. The nobles are worsted, and 
 Rienzi becomes a senator ; but the aris- 
 tocracy hate him, and Paolo Orsini seeks 
 to assassinate him, but without success. 
 By the machinations of the German 
 emperor and the Colonna, Rienzi is ex- 
 communicated and deserted by all his 
 adherents. He is ultimately fired on by 
 the populace and killed on the steps of 
 the capitol. Libretto by J. P. Jackson. 
 
 Rienzi (The Fnglish), William with 
 the Long Beard, alias Fitzosbert (*-1196). 
 
 Rigaud (Mons.), a Belgian, 35 years 
 of age, confined in a villainous prison at 
 Marseilles for murdering his wife. He 
 had a hooked nose, handsome after its 
 kind but too high between the eyes, and 
 his eyes, though sharp, were too near to 
 one another. He was, however, a large, 
 tall man, with thin lips, and a goodly 
 quantity of dry hair shot with red. 
 When he spoke, his moustache went up 
 under his nose, and his nose came down 
 over his moustache. After his liberation 
 from prison, he first took the name of 
 Lagnier, and then of Blandois, his name 
 being Rigaud Lagnier Blandois. — Charles 
 Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Rigdum-Funnidos, a courtier m 
 the palace of king Chrononhotontliologos. 
 After the death of the king, the widowed 
 
RIGHT-HITTING BRAND. 
 
 >30 
 
 RING. 
 
 queen :ls advised to marry again, and 
 Rigdum-Funnidos is proposed to her 
 as " a very proper man." At this Aldi- 
 borontephoscophornio takes umbrage, and 
 the queen says, "Well, gentlemen, to 
 make matters" easy, I'll have you both." 
 — H. Carey, Chrononhotonthologos (1734). 
 *** John Eallantyne, the publisher, 
 was so called b\ r sir W. Scott. He was 
 "a quick, active, intrepid little fellow, 
 full of fun and merriment ... all over 
 quaintness and humorous mimicry." 
 
 Right-Bitting Brand, one of the 
 companions of Robin Hood, mentioned 
 by Mundy. 
 
 Rig'olette (3 syl.), a grisette and 
 courtezan. — Eugene Sue, Mysteries of 
 Paris (1842-3). 
 
 Rigoletto, an opera, describing the 
 agony of a father obliged to witness the 
 prostitution of his own daughter. — Verdi, 
 Rigoletto (1852). 
 
 * + * The libretto of this opera is bor- 
 rowed from Victor Hugo's drama Lb Roi 
 s 1 Amuse. 
 
 Rimegap {Joe), one of the miners of 
 sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Rimini {Francesco, di), a woman of 
 extraordinary beauty, daughter of a sig- 
 nore of Kavenna. She was married to 
 Lanciotto Malatesta signore of Rimini, 
 a man of great bravery, but deformed. 
 His brother Paolo was extremely hand- 
 some, and with him Francesca fell in 
 love. Lanciotto, detecting them in 
 criminal intercourse, killed them both 
 (1389). 
 
 This tale forms one of the episodes of 
 Dante's Inferno ; is the subject of a tragedy 
 called F?*ancesca di Rimini, by Silvio Pel- 
 lico (1819) ; and Leigh Hunt, about the 
 same time, published his Story of Rimini, 
 in verse. 
 
 Rimmon, seventh in order of the 
 hierarchy of hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelze- 
 bub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chcmos, (5) Tham- 
 muz, (6) Dagon, (7) Rimmon whose chief 
 temple was at Damascus (2 Kings v. 18). 
 
 Him [Dagon] followed Kimmon, whose delightful seat 
 Was fair Damascus on the fertile banks 
 Of ATbana and Pharphar, lucid streams. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 467, etc. (1665). 
 
 Rinaldo, son of the fourth marquis 
 d'Este, cousin of Orlando, and nephew 
 of Charlemagne. He was the rival of 
 Orlando in his love for Angelica, but 
 Angelica detested him. Rinaldo brought 
 
 an auxiliary force of English and tfeoich 
 to Charlemagne, which "Silence" con- 
 ducted safely into Paris. — Ariosto, Or- 
 lando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Rinaldo, the Achilles of the Christian 
 army in the siege of Jerusalem. He was 
 the son of Bertoldo and Sophia, but was 
 brought up by Matilda. Rinaldo j oined the 
 crusaders at the age of 15. Being sum- 
 moned to a public trial for the death of 
 Gernando, he went into voluntary exile. 
 — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (157*5). 
 
 *** Pulci introduces the same character 
 in his bernesque poem entitled Morgante 
 Maggiore, which holds up to ridicule the 
 romances of chivalry. 
 
 Rinaldo, steward to the countess of 
 Rousillon. — Shakespeare, All's Well that 
 Ends Well (1598). 
 
 Rinaldo of Montalban, a knight 
 who had the "honour" of being a public 
 plunderer. His great exploit was stealing 
 the golden idol of Mahomet. 
 
 In this same Mirror of Knighthood we meet with 
 Rinaldo de Montalban and his companions, with the 
 twelve peers of France, and Turpin the historian. . . . 
 Rinaldo had a broad face, and a pair of large rolling eyes ; 
 his complexion was ruddy, and his disposition choleric. 
 He was, besides, naturally profligate, and a great en- 
 courager of vagrants.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1. 1. 1, 6 
 (1605). 
 
 Ring (CorcudTs), composed of six 
 different metals. It ensured the wearer 
 success in any undertaking in which he 
 chose to embark. 
 
 " While you have it on your finger," said the old mar., 
 "misfortune shall fly from your house, and nobody shall 
 be able to hurt you ; but one condition is attached to the 
 gift, which is this : when you have chosen for yourself a 
 wife, you must remain faithful to her as long as she lives. 
 The moment you neglect her for another, you will lose the 
 ring."— T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales ("Corcudand Hia 
 Four Sons," 1723). 
 
 Ring [Dame IJones's), a ring given 
 by Dame Liones to sir Gareth during a 
 tournament. 
 
 " That ring," said Dame Lionfis, "increaseth my beauty 
 much more than it is of itself ; and this is the virtue of my 
 ring : that which is green it will turn to red, and that 
 which is red it will turn green ; that which is blue it will 
 turn white, and that which is white it will turn blue ; and 
 so with all other colours. Abo, whoever beareth my ring 
 can never lose blood."— Sir T. Malory, Jlistory of Prinea 
 Arthur, i. 146 (1470). 
 
 Ring (Fairy). Whoever lives in a house 
 built over a fairy-ring shall wonderfully 
 prosper in everything. — Athenian Oracle, 
 i. 307. 
 
 Ring (Luned's). This ring rendered 
 the wearer invisible. Luned or Lynet 
 gave it to Owain, one of king Arthur's 
 knights. Consequently, when men were 
 sent to kill him he was nowhere to be 
 found, for he was invisible. 
 
 Take this ring, ana put it on thy finger, with the stone 
 Inside thy hand ; and close thy hand uj.'on the stone ; and 
 
RING. 
 
 831 
 
 RINGDOVE. 
 
 •s long as thou ccnccalest it, it will conceal thee.— The 
 Mabitwgion ("Lady of the Fountain," twelfth century). 
 
 Ring (The Steel) made by Seidel-Beckir. 
 This ring enabled the wearer to read the 
 secrets of another's heart. — Comte de 
 Cavlus, Oriental Tales ("The Four 
 Talismans," 1743). 
 
 Ring (The Talking), a ring given by 
 Tartaro, the Basque Cyclops, to a girl 
 whom he wished to marry. Immediately 
 she put it on, it kept incessantly saying, 
 "You there, and I here;" so, to get rid 
 of the nuisance, she cut off her finger and 
 threw both ring and finger into a pond. 
 —Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends, 4 
 (1876). 
 
 The same storv appears in Campbell's 
 Popular Tales of the West Highlands, 
 i. Ill, and in Grimm's tale of The Robber 
 and His Sons. When the robber put on 
 the ring, it incessantly cried out, "Here I 
 am ; " so he bit off his finger, and threw 
 it from him. 
 
 Ring. The Virgin's Wedding Ring, kept 
 in the Duomo of Perugia, under fourteen 
 locks. 
 
 Ring Posies. 
 
 AEI (Greek for "always"). 
 
 A heart content Can ne'er repent. 
 
 All for all. 
 
 All 1 refuse, And thee I choose. 
 
 Bear and forbear. 
 
 Beyond this life, Love me, dear wife. 
 
 De bon cor. (Sixteenth century ; found at York.) 
 
 Death never parts Such loving hearts. 
 
 Dieu vous garde. 
 
 En bon an. (Fifteenth century; H. Ellman, Esq.) 
 
 En bon foye. 
 
 Endless my love, As this shall prove. 
 
 For ever and for aye. 
 
 God alone Made us two one. 
 
 God did decree This unity. 
 
 God tend me well to keep. (The ring given by Henry 
 
 VIII. to Anne of Cleves.) 
 Got bwar uns beid in Lieb und Leid ("With clasped 
 hands," etc.). 
 
 Heart and hand At thy command. 
 
 1 have obtained Whom God ordained. 
 
 In love abide, Till death divide. 
 
 In loving thee I love myself. 
 
 In thee, my choice, I do rejoice. 
 
 In unity- Let's live and die. 
 
 Joined in one By God alone. 
 
 Joy be with you ; or, in French, Jove sans cesse. 
 
 Le cuer de moy. (Fifteenth century. With Virgin and 
 Child.) 
 
 Let leve increase. 
 
 Let reason rule. 
 
 Let vs loue Like turtle -doue. 
 
 Liue to loue, loue to liue. 
 
 Live happy. 
 
 Loue for loue. 
 
 Love alway, By night and day. 
 
 Love and respect I do expect. 
 
 Love is heaven, and heaven is love. 
 
 Love me. and leave me not. 
 
 May God above Increase our love. 
 
 May you live long. 
 
 Mizpi.h"|i.e. watch -tower}. 
 
 Mutual forbearance. 
 
 My heart and I, Until I die. 
 
 My wille were. (Gold signet-ring, with a cradle as devi • ■. 1 
 
 Never news. (Alianour, wife of the duke of Somerset.) 
 
 No gift can show The love I owe. 
 
 Not tw 3, but one, Till lit e is gone. 
 
 Post spinas palma. 
 
 Pray to love, and love to pray. 
 
 Quod Deus coniunsit homo non separet. (Sixteenth cen- 
 tury, G. H. Gower, Esq.) 
 
 Silence ends strife With man and wife. 
 
 Tecta lege, lecta tege. (Ring of Matthew Paris ; found at 
 Hereford.) 
 
 Till death us depart. (Margaret, wife of the earl of 
 Shrewsbury.) 
 
 Till my life's ende. (Elizabeth, wife of lord Latymer.) 
 
 To enjoy is to obey. 
 
 Tout pur vous. (Fifteenth century, with St. Christopher.) 
 
 Treu und fest. 
 
 True love Will ne'er remove. 
 
 Truth trieth troth. 
 
 We join our love In God above. • 
 
 Wedlock, 'tis said, In heaven is made. 
 
 Wbear this i giue, i wish to liue. 
 
 When this you see, Remember me. 
 
 Where hearts agree, There God will be. 
 
 Yours in heart. 
 
 Ring and the Book (The), an 
 idyllic epic, by Robert Browning, founded 
 on a cause celebre of Italian history in 
 1698. The case was this : Guido Fran- 
 ceschini. a Florentine count of shattered 
 fortune, married Pompilia, thinking her 
 to be an heiress. When the young bride 
 discovered she had been married for her 
 money onby, she told her husband she 
 was no heiress at all, but was only the 
 supposititious child of Pietro (2 "syl.), 
 supplied by one Violante, for the sake of 
 keeping in his hands certain entailed pro- 
 perty. The count now treated Pompilia 
 so brutally that she ran away from home, 
 under the protection of Caponsacchi, a 
 young priest, and being arrested at Rome, 
 a legal separation took place. Pompilia 
 sued for a divorce, but, pending the suit, 
 gave birth to a son. The count now 
 murdered Pietro, Violante, and Pompilia, 
 but being taken red-handed, was brought 
 to trial, found guilty, and executed. 
 
 Ring the Bells Backwards (To), 
 to ring a muffled peal, to lament. Thus, 
 John Cleveland, wishing to show his 
 abhorrence of the Scotch, says : 
 
 How ! Providence ! and yet a Scottish crew ! . . . 
 Ring the bells backwards. I am all on fire ; 
 Not all the buckets in a country quire 
 Shall quench my rage. 
 
 The Rebel Scot (1613-1650). 
 
 Ringdove (The Swarthy). The re- 
 sponses of the oracle of Dodona, in Eplros, 
 were made by old women called " pi- 
 geons," who derived their answers from 
 the cooing of certain doves, the bubbling 
 of a spring, the rustling of the sacred oak 
 [or beech] , and the tinkling of a gong or 
 bell hung in the tree. The women were 
 called pigeons by a play on the word 
 pelia?, which means " old women" as well 
 as "pigeons;" and as they came from 
 Libya the}' were swarthy. 
 
 According to fable, Zeus gave his 
 daughter Thebe two black doves en- 
 dowed with the gift of human speech; 
 
RINGHORSE. 
 
 832 
 
 RIVALS. 
 
 cue of them flew into Libya, and the 
 other into Dodona. The former gave 
 the responses in the temple of Amnion, 
 and the latter in the oracle of Dodona. 
 
 . . . beech or lime, 
 Or that Thessalian growth 
 In which the swarthy ringdove : 
 And mystic sentence spoke. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Ringhorse (Sir Robert), a magistrate 
 at Old St. Ronan's.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
 Ronari's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Ringwood, a young Templar. — Sir 
 . W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
 ' I.)- 
 
 Rintherout {Jenny), a servant at 
 Monkbarns to Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck the 
 antiquary. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Riou (Captain), called by Nelson 
 ' ' The Gallant and the Good ; " fell in 
 the battle of the Baltic. 
 
 Brave hearts! to Britain's pride 
 
 Once so faithful and so true. 
 On the deck of fame that died. 
 
 With the gallant, good Riou. 
 
 Campbell, Battle of the UaUlc (1777-1S44). 
 
 R. I. P., ue» requiescat in pace. 
 
 Rip van Winkle slept twenty years 
 in the Kaatskill Mountains of North 
 America. (See Winkle.) 
 
 Epimenides the Gnostic slept for fifty- 
 seven years. 
 
 Nourjahad, wife of the Mogul emperor 
 Geangir, who discovered the otto of 
 roses. 
 
 Gyneth slept 500 years, by the enchant- 
 ment of Merlin. 
 
 The seven sleepers slept for 250 years 
 in mount Celion. 
 
 St. David slept for seven years. (See 
 Ormandixe.) 
 
 (The following are not dead, but only 
 sleep till the fulness of their respective 
 times: — Elijah, Endymion, Merlin, king 
 Arthur, Charlemagne, Frederick Barba- 
 rossa and his knights, the three Tells, 
 Desmond of Kilmallock, Thomas of 
 Erceldoune, Bobadil el Chico, Brian 
 Boroimhe, Knez Lazar, king Sebastian 
 of Portugal, 01 af Tryggvason, the 
 French slain in the Sicilian Vespers, and 
 me or two others.) 
 
 Riquet "With tll3 Tuft, the beau- 
 ideal of ugliness, but with the power of 
 bestowing wit and intelligence on the 
 person he loved best. Riquet fell in love 
 with a most beautiful woman, as stupid 
 as he was ugly, but possessing the power 
 of giving beauty to the person she loved 
 
 best. The two married, whereupon Riquet 
 gave his bride wit, and she bestowed on 
 him beauty. This, of course, is an alle- 
 gory. Love sees through a couleur de 
 rose. — Charles Perrault, Contes des Fees 
 (" Riquet a la Houppe," 1697). 
 
 %* This tale is borrowed from the 
 Nights of Straparola. It is imitated by 
 Mde. Villeneuve in her Beauty and the. 
 Beast. 
 
 Risingham (Bertram), the vassal 
 of Philip of Mortham. Oswald Wycliffe 
 induced him to shoot his lord at Marston 
 Moor ; and for this deed the vassal de- 
 manded all the gold and movables of his 
 late master. Oswald, being a villain, 
 tried to outwit Bertram, and even to 
 murder him ; but it turned out that Philip 
 of Mortham was not killed, neither was 
 Oswald Wycliffe his heir, for Redmond 
 O'Neale (Rokeby's page) was found U 
 be the son and heir of Philip of Mortham. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Rokeby (1812). 
 
 Ritho or Rython, a giant who had 
 made himself furs of the beards of kings 
 killed by him. He sent to king Arthur 
 to meet him on mount Aravius, or else 
 to send his beard to him without delay. 
 Arthur met him, slew him, and took 
 "fur" as a spoil. Drayton says it was 
 this Rython who carried off Helena the 
 niece of duke Hoel ; but Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth says that king Arthur, having 
 killed the Spanish giant, told his army 
 "he had found none so great in strength 
 since he killed the giant Ritho ; " by 
 which it seems that the Spanish giant 
 and Ritho are different persons, although 
 it must be confessed the scope of the 
 chronicle seems to favour their identitv. 
 —Geoffrey, British History, x. 3 (1142)". 
 
 As how great Rython's self he [Arthur] slew . . . 
 Who ravished Howell's niece, voung Helena the fair. 
 Drayton, Polyolbwn, iv. (1612). 
 
 Ritsonism, malignant and insolent 
 criticism. So called from Joseph Ritson 
 (1752-1803). 
 
 Ritson's assertion must be regarded ns only an example 
 of that peculiar species of malignant and brutal insolence 
 in criticism, which ought from hiiu to be denominated 
 " Ritsonism." — R. SouUiey. 
 
 Rival Queens (The), Sati'ra and 
 Roxa'na. Statlra was the daughter of 
 Darius, and wife of Alexander the Great. 
 Roxana was the daughter of Oxyartcs 
 the Bactrian ; her, also, Alexander mar- 
 ried. Roxana stabbed Statira and killed 
 her. — N. Lee, Alexander the Great or The 
 Rival Queens (1678). 
 
 Rivals (The), a comedy by Sheridan 
 (1775). The rivals are Bob Acres and 
 
RIVER OF JUVENESCENCE. eS3 
 
 ROB ROY M'GREGOR. 
 
 ensign Beverley (alias captain Absolute), 
 and Lydia Languish is the lady they 
 contend for. Bob Acres tells captain 
 Absolute that ensign Beverley is a 
 booby ; and if he could find him out, 
 he'd teach him his place. He sends a 
 challenge to the unknown by sir Lucius 
 O'Trigger, but objects to forty yards, 
 and thinks thirty-eight would suffice. 
 "When he finds that ensign Beverley is 
 captain Absolute, he declines to quarrel 
 with his friend ; and when his second 
 calls him a coward, he fires up and 
 exclaims, "Coward! Mind, gentlemen, 
 he calls me 'a coward,' cowai-d by my 
 valour ! " and when dared by sir Lucius, 
 he replies, " I don't mind the word 
 4 coward ; ' ' coward ' may be said in a 
 joke ; but if he called me ' poltroon,' ods 
 
 daggers and balls " "Well, sir, 
 
 what then?" "Why," rejoined Bob 
 Acres, "I should certainly think him 
 very ill-bred." Of course, he resigns all 
 claim to the lady's hand. 
 
 River of Juvenescenee. Prester 
 John, in his letter to Manuel Comnenus 
 emperor of Constantinople, says there is 
 a spring at the foot of mount Olympus 
 which changes its flavour hour by hour, 
 both night and day. Whoever tastes 
 thrice of its waters will never know 
 fatigue or the infirmities of age. 
 
 River of Paradise, St. Bernard 
 abbot of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 
 
 River of Swans, the Poto'mac, 
 United States, America. 
 
 Rivers (The king of), the Tagus. 
 
 Tagus they crossed, where, midland on his way, 
 The king of rivers rolls his stately streams. 
 Southey, Roderick, the Last of the Goths, xi. (1814). 
 
 Rivers, Arise. ... In this Vaca- 
 tion Exercise, George Rivers (son of sir 
 John Rivers of Westerham, in Kent), 
 with nine other freshmen, took the part 
 of the ten " Predicaments," while Milton 
 himself performed the part of "Ens." 
 Without doubt, the pun suggested the 
 idea in Milton's Vacation Exercise (1627) : 
 Rivers, arise ; whether thou be the son 
 Of utmost Tweed, or Ouse, or gulphy Don, 
 Or Trent, who, like some earthburn giant, spreads 
 His thirty arms along the indented meads, 
 Or sullen Mole that runneth underneath, 
 Or Severn swift, guilty of maiden's death, 
 Or rocky Avon, or of sedgy Lee, 
 Or cooly Tyne, or ancient hallowed Dee, 
 Or Humber loud that keeps the Scythian's name. 
 Or Medway smooth, or royal towered Thame. 
 
 Rivulet Controversy (The) arose 
 against Rev. T. T. Lynch, a Congregation- 
 alist who in 1853 had expressed neologian 
 views in The Rivulet, a book of poems. 
 
 Road (The Law of the), in England 
 is "drive to the left," the opposite of the 
 American rule. Hence the English epi- 
 gram : 
 
 The law of the road is a paradox quite, 
 
 In riding or driving along : 
 If you go to the left, you are sure to go right: 
 
 If you go to the right, you go wrong. 
 
 Road to Ruin, a comedy by Thomas 
 Holcroft (1792). Harry Dornton and 
 his friend Jack Milford are on " the road 
 to ruin " by their extravagance. The 
 former brings his father to the eve of 
 bankruptcy ; and the latter, having spent 
 his private fortune, is cast into prison for 
 debt. Sulky, a partner in the bank, 
 comes forward to save Mr. Dornton from 
 ruin ; Harry advances £6000 to pay his 
 friend's debts, and thus saves Milford 
 from ruin ; and the father restores the 
 money advanced by Widow Warren to 
 his son, to save Harry from the ruin of 
 marrying a designing widow instead of 
 Sophia Freelove, her innocent and charm- 
 ing daughter. 
 
 Roads (TJie king of), John Loudon 
 Macadam, the improver of roads (1756- 
 1836). 
 
 *** Of course, the wit consists in the 
 pun (Rhodes and Roads). 
 
 Roan Barbary, the charger of 
 Richard II., which would sat from his 
 master's hand. 
 
 Oh how it yearned my heart, when I beheld 
 
 In London streets that coronation day, 
 When Bolingbroke rode on Roan Barbary I 
 That horse that thou so often hast bestrid ; 
 That horse that I so carefully have dressed 1 
 
 Shakespeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 5 (1597). 
 
 Rob Roy, published in 1818, excel- 
 lent for its bold sketches of Highland 
 scenery. The character of Bailie Nicol 
 Jarvie is one of Scott's happiest concep- 
 tions ; and the carding of him to the 
 wild mountains among outlaws and des- 
 peradoes is exquisitely comic. The hero, 
 Frank Osbaldistone, is no hero at all. 
 Dramatized by I. Pocock. 
 
 None of Scott's novels was more popular than Rob 
 Roy, yet, as a story, it is the most ill-concocted and 
 defective of the whole series. — Chambers, English Lite- 
 rature, ii. 587. 
 
 Rob Roy M'Gregor, i.e. " Robert 
 the Red," whose surname was MacGregor. 
 He was an outlaw, who assumed the 
 name of Campbell in 1662. He may 
 be termed the Robin Hood of Scotland. 
 The hero of the novel is Frank Osbaldis- 
 tone, who gets into divers troubles, from 
 which he is rescued by Rob Roy. The 
 last service is to kill Rashleigh Osbaldis- 
 tone, whereby Frank's great enemy is 
 3 H 
 
ROB TALLY-HO. 
 
 834 
 
 ROBERT OF PARIS. 
 
 removed ; and Frank then marries Diana 
 Vernon. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, 
 George I.). 
 
 Rather beneath the middle size than above it, hi3 
 limbs were formed upon the very strongest model that 
 Is consistent with agility. . . . Two points in his person 
 Interfered with the rules of symmetry : his shoulders were 
 too broad . . . and his arms (though round, sinewy, and 
 •trong) were so very long as to be rather a deformity. 
 — Ch. xiiiL 
 
 Rob Tally-ho, Esq., cousin of the 
 Hon. Tom Dashall, the two blades whose 
 rambles and adventures through the 
 metropolis are related by Pierce Egan 
 (1821-2). 
 
 Rob the Rambler, the comrade of 
 Willie Steenson the blind fiddler. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Bedgauntlet (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Robb {Duncan), the grocer near 
 Ellangowan. — SirW. Scott, Guy Manner- 
 ing (time, George II.). 
 
 Robber (Alexander's). The pirate 
 who told Alexander he was the greater 
 robber of the two, was Dionldes. (See 
 Evenings at Home, art. "Alexander 
 and the Robber.") The tale is from 
 Cicero : 
 
 Nam quum quaereretur ex eo, quo scelere impulsus 
 mare haueret infestum uno myoparone : eodem, iuquit, 
 quo tu orbem terra. — Do liepub., iii. 14 sec. 24. 
 
 Bobber (Edward the). Edward IV. was 
 so called by the Scotch. 
 
 Robert, father of Marian. He had 
 been a wrecker, and still hankered after 
 the old occupation. One night, a storm 
 arose, and Robert went to the coast to see 
 what would fall into his hands. A body 
 was washed ashore, and he rifled it. 
 Marian followed, with the hope of re- 
 straining her father, and saw in the dusk 
 some one strike a dagger into a prostrate 
 body. She thought it was her father, 
 and when Robert was on his trial, he was 
 condemned to death on his daughter's 
 evidence. Black Norris, the real mur- 
 derer, told her he would save her father 
 if she would consent to be his wife ; she 
 consented, and Robert was acquitted. 
 On the wedding day, her lover Edward 
 returned to claim her hand, Norris was 
 seized as a murderer, and Marian was 
 saved. — S. Knowles, The Daughter 
 (1836). 
 
 Bohert, a sen-ant of sir Arthur "War- 
 dour at Knockwinnock Castle. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Bobert (Mons.), a neighbour of Sgana- 
 rclle. Hearing the screams of "Mde. 
 Martine (Sganarelle's wife), he steps over 
 
 to make peace between them, whereupon 
 madame calls him an impertinent fool, 
 and says, if she chooses to be beaten by 
 her husband, it is no affair of his ; and 
 Sganarelle says, "Je la veux battre, si 
 je le veux ; et ne la veux pas battre, si 
 je ne le veux pas ; " and beats M. Robert 
 again. — Moliere, Le Me'decin Malgre Lui 
 (1066). 
 
 Robert Macaire, a bluff, free- 
 living libertine. His accomplice is 
 Bertrand a simpleton and a villain. — 
 Daumier, ISAuberge des Adrets. 
 
 Robert Street, Adelphi, London. 
 So called from Robert Adams, the 
 builder. 
 
 Robert duke of Albany, brother 
 of Robert HI. of Scotland.— Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Robert duke of Normandy 
 
 sold his dominions to Rufus for 10,000 
 marks, to furnish him with ready money 
 for ^he crusade, which he joined at the 
 head of 1000 heavy-armed horse and 
 1000 light-armed Normans. — Tasso, Jeru- 
 salem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Robert III. of Scotland, introduced 
 by sir W. Scott in the Fair Maid of Berth 
 (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Robert le Diable, son of Bertha 
 and Bertramo. Bertha was the daughter 
 of Robert duke of Normandy, and 
 Bertramo was a fiend in the guise of a 
 knight. The opera shows the struggle 
 in Robert between the virtue inherited 
 from his mother and the vice inherited 
 from his father. His father allures him 
 to gamble till he loses everything, and 
 then claims his soul, but his foster-sister 
 Alice counterplots the fiend, and rescues 
 Robert by reading to him his mother's 
 will. — Meyerbeer, Boberto il Diavolo 
 (libretto by Scribe, 1831). 
 
 *** Robert le Diable was the hero of 
 an old French metrical romance (thir- 
 teenth century). This romance in the 
 next century was thrown into prose. 
 There is a miracle-play on the same 
 subject. 
 
 Robert of Paris (Count), one of the 
 crusading princes. The chief hero of 
 this novel is Hercward (3 syl.), one of the 
 Varangian guard of the emperor Alexius 
 Comnenus. He and the count fight a 
 single combat with battle-axes ; after 
 which Hereward enlists under the count's 
 banner, and marries Bertha also called 
 
ROBERT THE DEVIL. 
 
 835 
 
 ROBIN HOOD. 
 
 Agatha. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Robert the Devil or Robert the 
 Magnificent, Robert I. duke of 
 Normandy, father of William "the 
 Conqueror" (*, 1028-1035). 
 
 Robert Francois Damiens, who tried to 
 assassinate Louis XV., was popularly so 
 called (*, 1714-1757). 
 
 Roberts, cash-keeper of Master 
 George Heriot the king's goldsmith. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
 
 Roberts. {John), a smuggler. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Robespierre's Weavers, the 
 
 fish-fags and their rabble female fol- 
 lowers of the very lowest class, parti- 
 zans of Robespierre in the first French 
 Revolution. 
 
 Robin, the page of sir John Fal- 
 staff. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
 Windsor (1601). 
 
 Robin, servant of captain Rovewell, 
 whom he helps in his love adventure Avith 
 Arethusa daughter of Argus. — Carey, 
 Contrivances (1715). 
 
 Robin, brother-in-law of Farmer Crop, 
 of Cornwall. Having lost his property 
 through the villainy of lawyer Endless, he 
 emigrates, and in three years returns. The 
 ship is wrecked off the coast of Corn- 
 wall, and Robin saves Frederick the 
 young squire. On landing, he meets his 
 old sweetheart Margaretta at Crop's house, 
 and the acquaintance is renewed by 
 mutual consent. — P. Hoare, No Song no 
 Supper (1790). 
 
 Robin, a young gardener, fond of the 
 minor theatres, where he has picked up 
 a taste for sentimental fustian, but all 
 his rhapsodies bear upon his trade. 
 Thus, when Wilelmina asks why he 
 wishes to dance with her, he replies : 
 
 Ask the plants why they love a shower ; ask the sun- 
 flower why it loves the sun ; ask the snowdrop why it is 
 white ; ask the violet why it is blue ; ask the trees 
 why they blossom ; the cabbages why they grow. 'Tis all 
 because they can't help it; no more can I help my love 
 for you.— C. Dibdin, The Waterman, i. (1774). 
 
 Robin {Old), butler to old Mr. Ralph 
 Morton of Milnwood.— Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Robin Bluestring. Sir Robert 
 Walpole was so called, in allusion to his 
 blue ribbon as a knight of the Garter 
 (1676-1745). 
 
 Robin Gray {Auld), The words of 
 
 this song are by lady Anne Lindsay, 
 daughter of the earl of Balcarres ; she 
 was afterwards lady Barnard. The song 
 was written in 1772 to an old Scotch tune 
 called The Bridegroom Grat when the Sun 
 gaed Down. (See Gray, p. 402.) 
 
 Robin Hood was born at Locksley, 
 in Notts., in the reign of Henry II. (1160). 
 His real name was Fitzooth, and it is 
 commonly said that he was the earl of 
 Huntingdon. Having outrun his fortune, 
 and being outlawed, he lived as a free- 
 booter in Barnsdale (Yorkshire), Sher- 
 wood (Notts.), and Plompton Park (Cum- 
 berland). His chief companions were 
 Little John (whose name was Nailor), 
 William Scadlock (or Scarlet), George 
 Green the pinder (or pound-keeper) of 
 Wakefield, Much a miller's son, and 
 Tuck a friar, with one female named 
 Marian. His company at one time con- 
 sisted of a hundred archers. He was 
 bled to death in his old age by a relative, 
 the prioress of Kirkley's Nunnery, in 
 Yorkshire, November 18, 1247, aged 87 
 years. 
 
 *** An excellent sketch of Robin 
 Hood is given by Drayton in his Poly- 
 olbion, xxvi. Sir W. " Scott introduces 
 him in two novels — Ivanhoe and The 
 Talisman. In the former he first appears 
 as Locksley the archer, at the tourna- 
 ment. He is also called "Dickon Bend- 
 the-Bow." 
 
 The following dramatic pieces have the 
 famous outlaw for the hero : — Robin 
 Hood, i. (1597), Munday ; Robin Hood, 
 ii. (1598), Chettle; Robin Hood (1741), 
 an opera, by Dr. Arne and Burney ; 
 Robin Hood (1787), an opera, by O'Keefe, 
 music by Shield ; Robin Hood, by Mac- 
 nally (before 1820). 
 
 Major tells us that this famous robber 
 took away the goods of rich men only ; 
 never killed any person except in self- 
 defence ; never plundered the poor, but 
 charitably fed them ; and adds, " he was 
 the most humane and the prince of all 
 robbers." — Britannia Historia, 128 (1740). 
 
 The abbot of St. Mary's, in York, and 
 the sheriff of Nottingham were his betes 
 noires. Munday and Chettle wrote a 
 popular play in 1601, entitled The Death 
 of Robert Earl of Huntington. 
 
 Epitaph of Robin Hood. . 
 
 Hear undernead dis laitl stean 
 Laiz robert earl of Huntingtun, 
 Near arcir ver az hie sa geud, 
 An pipl kauld ini robin heud. 
 Sick utlawz az hi an iz men 
 Vil england nivr si agen. 
 Obiit 24 li 14) kal dekembris, 1247. 
 
 Dr. Gale (dean of York). 
 
ROBIN REDBREAST. 
 
 836 
 
 ROBSART. 
 
 Bobin Hood's Fat Friar was friar 
 Tuck. 
 
 Robin Hood's Men, outlaws, free- 
 booters. 
 
 There came sodainly twelve men all appareled in short 
 cotes of Kentish Kendal \grren] . . . every one of them 
 . . . like outlaws or Robyn Hodes men.— Hall (/o. lvi. b). 
 
 1. Bobin Hood in Barnsdale Stood, said 
 to a person who is not speaking to the 
 point. This is the only line extant of a 
 song of great antiquity, and a favourite 
 in the law-courts. 
 
 A case in Yelverton was alluded to, but the court re- 
 marked, " You may as well say by way of inducement to a 
 traverse, ' Robin Hood in Barnwood stood." " — Bush v. 
 Leake. 
 
 Mes tout un come il ustreplie " Robin Whood in Barn- 
 wood stood," absque hoc q def. p. commandement sir 
 J i ib a. — Witham v. Barker. 
 
 Robin Hood upon Greendale stood. 
 
 State Trials, iii. 634. 
 
 2. Come, turn about, Bobin Hood, a chal- 
 lenge in defiance of exceeding pluck. 
 
 O Love, whose power and might 
 
 No creature ere withstood, 
 Thou forcest me to write. 
 
 Come, turn about, Robin Hood. 
 
 Wit and Drollery (1661). 
 
 3. Many talk of Bobin Hood that never shot 
 in his bow, many prate of things of 
 which they have no practical knowledge. 
 
 Herein our author hath verified the proverb, " Talking 
 at large of Robin Hood, in whose bow he never shot." — 
 Fuller, Worthies, 315 (1662). 
 
 Molti parlan di Orlando 
 
 Chi non viddero mai suo brando. 
 
 Italian Proverb. 
 
 4. To sell Bobin Hood s Pennyworths, sold 
 much under the intrinsic value. As 
 Robin Hood stole his goods, he sold them 
 at almost any price. It is said that 
 chapmen bought bis wares most eagerly. 
 
 All men said it became me. well. 
 
 And Robin Hood's pennyworths I did sell. 
 
 Randal-a-Barnaby. 
 
 Robin Redbreast. One tradition 
 is that the robin pecked a thorn out of 
 the crown of thorns when Christ was on 
 His way to Calvary, and the blood which 
 issued from the wound, falling on the 
 bird, dyed its breast red. 
 
 Another tradition is that it carries in 
 its bill dew to those shut up in the- 
 burning lake, and its breast is red from 
 being scorched by the fire of Gehenna. 
 
 He brings cool dew in his little bill, 
 
 And lets it tall on the souls of sin ; 
 You can see the mark on his red breast still. 
 
 Of fires that scorch as he drops it in. 
 
 J. G. Whittier, The Robin. 
 
 Robin Redbreasts, Bow Street 
 officers. So called from their red vests. 
 
 Robin Roughhead, a poor cottager 
 and farm labourer, the son of lord Lack- 
 wit. On the death of his lordship, Robin 
 
 Roughhead comes into the title and 
 estates. This brings out the best 
 qualities of his heart — liberality, bene- 
 volence, and honesty. He marries Dolly, 
 to whom he was already engaged, and 
 becomes the good genius of the peasantry 
 on his estate. — Allingham, Fortune's 
 Frolic. 
 
 Robin and Makyne (2 syl.), an 
 old Scotch pastoral. Robin is a shep- 
 herd, for whom Makyne sighs, but he 
 turns a deaf ear to her, and she goes 
 home to weep. In time, Robin sighs for 
 Makyne, but she replies, "He who wills 
 not when he may, when he wills he shall 
 have nay." — Percy, Beliques, etc., II. 
 
 Robin of Bagshot, alias Gordon, 
 alias Bluff Bob, alias Carbuncle, alias Bob 
 Booty, one of Macheath's gang of thieves, 
 and a favourite of Mrs. Peachum's. — 
 Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 
 
 Robins (Zerubbabel), in Cromwell's 
 tooop. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
 Commonwealth). 
 
 Robinson. Before you can say, Jack 
 Bobinson, a quotation from one of H ud- 
 son's songs, a tobacconist that lived at 
 98, Shoe Lane, in the early part of the 
 present century. 
 
 *** Probably Hudson only adopted 
 the phrase. 
 
 Robinson Cru'soe (2 syl.), a tale 
 by Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe ran 
 away from home, and went to sea. 
 Being wrecked, he led for many years a 
 solitary existence on an uninhabited 
 islaud of the tropics, and relieved the 
 weariness of life by numberless con- 
 trivances. At length he met a human 
 being, a young Indian, wiiom he saved 
 from death on a Friday. He called him 
 his "man Friday," and made him his 
 companion and servant. 
 
 Defoe founded this story on the ad- 
 ventures of Alexander Selkirk, sailing- 
 master of the Cinque Borts Galley, who 
 was left by captain Stradlingon the desolate 
 island of Juan Fernandez for four years 
 and four months (1704—1709), when he 
 was rescued by captain Woodes Rogers 
 and brought to England. 
 
 Robsart (Amy), countess of Lei- 
 cester. She was betrothed to Edmund 
 Tressilian. When the earl falls into 
 disgrace at court for marrying Amy, 
 Richard Varney loosens a trap-door at 
 Cumnor Place ; and Amy, rushing for- 
 
ROC. 
 
 837 
 
 RODERICK. 
 
 ward to greet her husband, falls into the 
 abyss and is killed. 
 
 Sir Hugh Robsart, of Lidcote Hall, 
 father of Amy. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Roc, a white bird of enormous size. 
 Its strength is such that it will lift up 
 an elephant from the ground and carry it 
 to its mountain nest, where it will devour 
 it. In the Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments, it was a roc which carried 
 Sindbad the sailor from the island on 
 which he had been deserted by his 
 com panions ( ' ' Second Voyage ") . And it 
 was a roc which carried Agib from the 
 castle grounds of the ten young men who 
 had lost their right eyes ("The Third 
 Calender's Story "). Sindbad says one 
 claw of the roc is as "big as the trunk 
 of a large tree," and its egg is "fifty 
 paces [150 feet] in circumference." 
 
 *** The " rukh " of Madagascar lays an 
 egg equal to 148 hen's eggs. — Comptes 
 .Rendus, etc., xxxii. 101 (1851). 
 
 Rocco, the jailer sent with Fidelio 
 (Leonora) to dig the grave of Fernando 
 Florestan (Q.v.). — Beethoven, Fidelio 
 (1791). 
 
 Roch'dale (Sir Simon), of the manor- 
 house. He is a J. P., but refuses to give 
 justice to Job Thornberry the old brazier, 
 who demands that his son Frank Roch- 
 dale should marry Mary [Thornberry], 
 whom he has seduced. At this crisis, 
 Peregrine appears, and tells sir Simon 
 he is the elder brother, and as such is 
 heir to the title and estates. 
 
 Frank Rochdale, son of the baronet, 
 who has promised to marry Mary Thorn- 
 berry, but sir Simon wants him to marry 
 lady Caroline Braymore, who has £4000 
 a year. Lady Caroline marries the Hon. 
 Tom Shuffleton, and Frank makes the 
 best reparation he can by marrying Mary. 
 — G. Colman, junior, John Bull (1805). 
 
 Roche's Bird (Sir Boyle), which 
 was " in two places at the same time." 
 The tale is that sir Boyle Roche said in 
 the House of Commons, "-Mr. Speaker, 
 it is impossible I could have been in two 
 places at once, unless I were a bird." 
 This is a quotation from Jevon's play, 
 The Devil of a Wife (seventeenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Wife. I cannot be in two places at once. 
 
 Husband (Rowland). Surely no, unless thou werta bird. 
 
 Rochecliffe (Dr. Anthony), formerly 
 Joseph Albany, a plotting royalist. — Sir 
 
 W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Common- 
 wealth). 
 
 Rochester (TJie earl of), the 
 favourite of Charles II., introduced in 
 high feather by sir W. Scott in Woodstock, 
 and in Peveril of the Peak in disgrace. 
 
 Rock (Dr. Richard), a famous 
 quack, who professed to cure every 
 disease. He was short of stature and. 
 fat, wore a white three-tailed wig, 
 nicely combed and frizzed upon each 
 cheek, carried a cane, and halted in his 
 gait. 
 
 Dr. Rock, F.U.N., never wore a hat. ... He and Dr. 
 Franks were at variance. . . . Rock cautioned the world 
 to beware of bog-trotting quacks, while Franks called his 
 rival " Dumplin' Dick." Head of Confucius, what profa- 
 nation !— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World (1759). 
 Oh I when his nerves had once received a shock, 
 Sir Isaac Newton might have gone to Rock. 
 
 Crabbe, Borough (1810). 
 
 Rock Lizards, natives of Gibraltar, 
 born in the town, of British parents. 
 
 Rocket. He rose like a rocket, and 
 fell like the stick. Thomas Paine said 
 this of Mr. Burke. 
 
 Rocnabad, a stream near the city of 
 Schiraz, noted for the purity of its 
 waters. 
 
 " I am disgusted with the mountain of the Four Foun- 
 tains," said the raliph Omar ben Abdal-aziz; "and am 
 resolved to go and drink of the stream of Rocnabad." — 
 W. Beckford, Vathek (178-1). 
 
 Roderick, the thirty-fourth and last 
 of the Gothic kings of Spain, son of 
 Theod'ofred and Rusilla. Having vio- 
 lated Florinda, daughter of count Julian, 
 he was driven from his throne by the 
 Moors, and assumed the garb of a monk 
 with the name of "father Maccabee." 
 He was present at the great battle of 
 Covadonga, in which the Moors were cut 
 to pieces, but what became of him after- 
 wards no one knows. His helm, sword, 
 and cuirass were found, so was his steed. 
 Several generations passed away, when, 
 in a hermitage near Viseu, a tomb was 
 discovered, "which bore in ancient cha- 
 racters king Roderick's name ; " but im- 
 agination must fill up the gap. He is 
 spoken of as most popular. 
 
 Time has been 
 When not a tongue within the Pyrenees 
 Dared whisper in dispraise of Roderick's name, 
 Lest, if the conscious air had caught the sound, 
 The vengeance of the honest multitude 
 Should fall upon the traitorous head, and brand 
 Fcr life-long infamy the lying lips. 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xv. (1814). 
 
 Roderick's Dog was called Theron. 
 Roderick's Horse was Orel'io. 
 
 Roderick (The Vision of don) . Roderick, 
 the last of the Gothic kings of Spain, 
 
RODERICK DHU. 
 
 RODMOND. 
 
 descended into an ancient vault near 
 Toledo. This vault was similar to that 
 in Greece, called the cave of Triphonios, 
 where was an oracle. In the vault 
 Roderick saw a vision of Spanish history 
 from his own reign to the beginning of 
 the nineteenth century. Period I. The 
 invasion of the Moors, with his own 
 defeat and death. Period II. The Augus- 
 tine age of Spain, and their conquests in 
 the two Indies. Period III. The oppres- 
 sion of Spain by Bonaparte, and its 
 succour by British aid. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Tlie Vision of Bon Roderick (1811). 
 
 Roderick Dliu, an outlaw and chief 
 of a banditti, which resolved to win back 
 the spoil of the " Saxon spoiler." Fitz- 
 James, a Saxon, met him and knew him 
 not. He asked the Saxon why he was 
 roaming unguarded over the mountains, 
 and Fitz-James replied that he had 
 sworn to combat with Roderick, the 
 rebel, till death laid one of them pro- 
 strate. "Have, then, thy wish!" ex- 
 claimed the stranger, "for I am Roderick 
 Dhu." As he spoke, the whole place 
 bristled with armed men. Fitz-James 
 stood with his back against a rock, and 
 cried, " Come one, come all, this rock 
 shall fly ere I budge an inch." Sir 
 Roderick, charmed with his daring, 
 waved his hand, and all the band disap- 
 peared as mysteriously as they had ap- 
 peared. Sir Roderick then bade the Saxon 
 fight, "For," said he, "that party will 
 prove victorious which first slays an 
 enemy." " Then," replied Fitz-James, 
 " thy cause is hopeless, for Red Murdock 
 is slain already." They fought, how- 
 ever, and Roderick was slain (canto v.). 
 —Sir W. Scott, The Lady of the Lake 
 (1810). 
 
 Roderick Random, a child of im- 
 pulse, and a selfish libertine. His treat- 
 ment of Strap is infamous and most 
 heartless. — Smollett, Roderick Random 
 (1748). 
 
 Rod'erigo or Roderi'go (3 syf.), 
 a Venetian gentleman in love with Des- 
 demona. When Desdemona eloped with 
 Othello, Roderigo hated the "noble 
 Moor," and Ia'go took advantage of this 
 temper for his own base ends. — Shake- 
 speare, Othello (1611). 
 
 Roderigo's suspicious credulity and impatient submis- 
 sion to the cheats which he sees practised on him. and 
 which, by persuasion, he suffers to be repeated, exhibit 
 a strong picture of a weak mind betrayed by unlawful 
 desires to a false friend. —Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Rodilardus, a huge cat, which 
 attacked Panurge, and which he mistook 
 
 for "a young soft-chinned devil." The 
 word means "gnaw-lard" (Latin, rodere 
 lardum). — Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 67 
 (1545). 
 
 He saw in a fine painting the stories of the most famous 
 cats : as Rodillardus [sic] hung by the heels in a council of 
 rats, puss in boots, the marquis de Carabas, Whittington's 
 cat, the writing cat, the cat turned woman, witches in 
 the shape of cats, and so on. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
 Tales (- The White Cat," 1G82). 
 
 (See 
 
 *u* "The marquis de Carabas.' 
 Puss in Boots.) 
 
 Rodri'go, king of Spain, conquered 
 by the Moors. He saved his life by 
 flight, and wandered to Guadalete, where 
 he begged food of a shepherd, and gave 
 him in recompense his royal chain and 
 ring. A hermit bade him, in penance, 
 retire to a certain tomb full of snakes 
 and toads, where, after three days, the 
 hermit found him unhurt ; so, going to 
 his cell, he passed the night in prayer. 
 Next morning, Rodrigo cried aloud to the 
 hermit, "They eat me now; I feel the 
 adder's bite." So his sin was atoned for, 
 and he died. 
 
 *** This Rodrigo is Roderick, the last 
 of the Goths. 
 
 Rodri'go, rival of Pe'dro "the pilgrim," 
 and captain of a band of outlaws. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621). 
 
 Rodri'go de Mondragon (Don), 
 a bully and tyrant, the self-constituted 
 arbiter of all disputes in a tennis-court of 
 Valladolid. 
 
 Don Rodrigo de Mondragon was about 30 years of age, 
 of an ordinary make, but lean and muscular ; he had two 
 little twinklingeyes, that rolled in his head and threatened 
 everybody he looked at ; a very flat nose, placed between 
 red whiskers that curled up to his very temples ; and 9 
 manner of speaking so rough and passionate that hii 
 words struck terror into everybody. — Lesage, Gil Bias, ii 
 5 (1715). 
 
 Rodhaver, the sweetheart of Zal a 
 Persian. Zal being about to scale hei 
 bower, she let down her long tresses to 
 assist him, but Zal managed to fix his 
 crook into a projecting beam, and thus 
 made his way to the lady of his devotion. 
 — Champion, Ferdosi. 
 
 Rodmond, chief mate of the Bri- 
 tannia, son of a Northumbrian engaged 
 in the coal trade ; a hardy, weather-beaten 
 seaman, uneducated, "boisterous of mi- 
 ners," and regardless of truth, but tender- 
 hearted. He was drowned when the ship 
 struck on cape Colonna, the most southern 
 point of Attica. 
 
 Unskilled to argue. In dispute yet loud, 
 Bold without caution, without honours proud. 
 In art unschooled, each veteran rule he prized, 
 And all improvement haughtily despised. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, L (1756). 
 
RODOGUNE. 
 
 ROHA. 
 
 Ro'dogune, Rhodogune, orRho'- 
 dogyne (3 syl.), daughter of Phraa'tes 
 king of Parthia. She married Deme'trius 
 Nica'nor (the husband of Cleopat'ra queen 
 of Syria) while in captivity. (See p. 196.) 
 
 *** P. Corneille has a tragedy on the 
 subject, entitled Rodogune (1646). 
 
 Rodolfo ill conte). It is in the bed- 
 chamber of this count that Ami'na is 
 discovered the night before her espousal 
 to Elvi'no. Ugly suspicion is excited, 
 but the count assures the young farmer 
 that Amina walks in her sleep. While 
 they are talking, Amina is seen to get 
 out of a window andAvalk along a narrow 
 edge of the mill-roof while the huge 
 wheel is rapidly revolving. She crosses 
 a crazy bridge, and walks into the very 
 midst of the spectators. In a few minutes 
 she awakes, and flies to the arms of her 
 lover. — Bellini, La Sonnambula (opera, 
 1831). 
 
 Rodomont, king of Sarza or Algiers. 
 He was Ulien's son, and called the "Mars 
 of Africa." His lady-love was Dor'alis 
 princess of Grana'da, but she eloped with 
 Mandricardo king of Tartary. At 
 Rogero's wedding, Rodomont accused him 
 of being a renegade and traitor, where- 
 upon they fought, and Rodomont was 
 slain. — Orlando Tnnamorato (1495) ; and 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Who so meek? I'm sure I quake at the very thought of 
 him ; why, he's as fierce as Rodomont ! — Dryden, Spanish 
 lYyar, v. 2 (1680). 
 
 *** Rodomontade (4 syl.), from Ro- 
 domont, a bragging although a brave 
 knight. 
 
 ,Rogel of Greece (The Exploits and 
 Adventures of), part of the series called 
 Le Roman des Romans, pertaining to 
 " Am'adis of Gaul." This part was added 
 by Feliciano de Silva. 
 
 Roger, the cook, who "cowde roste, 
 sethe, broille, and frie, make mortreux, 
 and wel bake a pye." — Chaucer, Canter- 
 bury Tales (1388). 
 
 Roger (Sir), curate to "The Scornful 
 Ladv" (no name given). — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Scornful Lady (1616). 
 
 Roger Bontemps, the personation 
 of contentment with his station in life, 
 and of the buoyancy of good hope. 
 " There's a good time coming, John." 
 
 Vous paavres. pleins d'envie ; 
 
 Vous rich, desireux; 
 Vous dont le char d6vie 
 
 Apres un cours heureux ; 
 Vous qui ]>erdrez peut-Stre 
 
 Des titres eclatans ; 
 
 Eh ! gai ! prenez pour mattre 
 Le gros Roger Bontemps. 
 
 Be>anger (1780-1956). 
 
 Ye poor, -with envy goaded ; 
 
 Ye rich, for more who long ; 
 Ye who by fortune loaded 
 
 Find all things going wrong; 
 Ye who by some disaster 
 
 See all your cables break ; 
 From henceforth for your master 
 
 Sleek Roger Bontemps take. 
 
 Roger de Coverley (Sir), an 
 hypothetical baronet of Coverley or 
 Cowley, near Oxford. — Addison, The 
 Spectator (1711, 1712, 1714). 
 
 *** The prototype of this famous 
 character was sir John Pakington, seventh 
 baronet of the line. 
 
 Roge'ro, brother of Marphi'sa; 
 brought up by Atlantes a magician. 
 He married Brad'amant, the niece of 
 Charlemagne. Rogero was converted to 
 Christianity, and was baptized. His 
 marriage with Bradamant and his election 
 to the crown of Bulgaria, concludes the 
 poem. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Who more brave than Rodomont? who more courteous 
 than Rogero ?— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. (1605). 
 
 Roge'ro, son of Roberto Guiscardo the 
 Norman. Slain by Tisaphernes. — Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (1575). 
 
 Roge'ro (3 syl.), a gentleman of Sicilia. 
 —Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 
 
 *** This is one of those characters 
 which appear in the dramatis persona;, 
 but are never introduced in the play. 
 Rogero not only does not utter a word, he 
 does not even enter the stage all through 
 the drama. In the Globe edition his 
 name is omitted. (See Yiolenta.) 
 
 Roget, the pastoral name of George 
 Wither in the four " eglogues," called 
 The Shepheards Hunting (1615). The 
 first and last "eglogues" are dialogues 
 between Roget and Willy his young 
 friend ; in the second pastoral Cuddy is 
 introduced, and in the third Alexis makes 
 a fourth character. The subject of the 
 first three is the reason of Roget's im- 
 prisonment, which, he says, is a hunt that 
 gave great offence. This hunt is in reality 
 a satire called Abuses Stript and Whipi. : 
 The fourth pastoral has for its subject 
 Roget's love of poetry. 
 
 *** "Willy" is "his friend William 
 Browne of the Inner Temple (two years 
 his junior), author of Britannia's Fas- ! 
 torals. 
 
 Roha, the camphor tree. " The juice 
 of the camphor is made to run out from i 
 wound at the top of the tree, and being 
 
ROI PANADE. 
 
 840 
 
 ROLANDO. 
 
 received in a vessel, is allowed to harden 
 in the sun." — Arabian Nights (" Sindbad's 
 Second Voyage"). 
 
 Roi Panade (" king of slops"), Louis 
 XVIII. (1755, 1814-1824). 
 
 Roister Doister {Ralph), a vain, 
 thoughtless, blustering fellow, in pursuit 
 of Custance a rich widow, but battled in 
 his endeavour. — Nicholas Udall, Ralph 
 Roister Doister (the first English comedy, 
 1534). 
 
 Rokesmith (John), alias John 
 Harmon, secretary of Mr. Boffin. He 
 lodged with the Wilfers, and ultimately 
 married Bella Wilfer. John Rokesmith 
 is described as "a dark gentleman, 30 
 at the utmost, with an expressive, one 
 might say, a handsome face." — Dickens, 
 Our Mutual Friend (1864). 
 
 *** For solution of the mystery, see 
 vol. I. ii. 13. 
 
 Roland, count of Mans and knight 
 of Blaives. His mother, Bertha, was 
 Charlemagne's sister. Roland is repre- 
 sented as brave, devotedly loyal, unsus- 
 picious, and somewhat too easily imposed 
 upon. He was eight feet high, and had 
 an open countenance. In Italian romance 
 he is called Orlan'do. He was slain in 
 the valley of Roncesvalles as he was 
 leading the rear of his uncle's army from 
 Spain to France. Charlemagne himself 
 had reached St. Jean Pied de Port at the 
 time, heard the blast of his nephew's 
 horn, and knew it announced treachery, 
 but was unable to render him assistance 
 (a.d. 778). 
 
 Roland is the hero of The'roulde's 
 Chanson de Roland; of Turpin's Chronique ; 
 of Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato ; of 
 Ariosto's Orlando Furioso ; of Piccini's 
 opera called Roland (1778) ; etc. 
 
 Roland's Horn, Olivant or Olifant. 
 It was won from the giant Jatmund, and 
 might be heard at the distance of thirty 
 miles. Birds fell dead at its blast, and the 
 whole Saracen army drew back in terror 
 when they heard it. So loud it sounded, 
 that the blast reached from Roncesvalles 
 to St. Jean Pied de Port, a distance of 
 several miles. 
 
 Roland lifts Olifant to his mouth and blows it with all 
 his might The mountains around are lofty, but high 
 above them the sound of the horn arises [at the third 
 blast, it split in twain].— Song of Jtohmd (as sung by 
 Taillefer, at the battle of Hastings). See Warton, His- 
 tory of English Poetry, v. 1, sect. iii. 132 (1781). 
 
 Roland's Horse, Veillantif, called in 
 Italian Veglian'tino (" the little vigilant 
 one"). 
 
 In Italian romance, Orlando has another 
 horse, called Brigliado'ro (" golden 
 bridle"). 
 
 Roland's Spear. Visitors are shown a 
 spear in the cathedral of Pa'via, which 
 they are told belonged to Roland. 
 
 Roland's Sword, Duran'dal, made by 
 the fairies. To prevent its falling into 
 the hands of the enemy when Roland 
 was attacked in the valley of Ronces- 
 valles, he smote a rock with it, and it 
 made in the solid rock a fissure some 
 300 feet in depth, called to this day La 
 Breche de Roland. 
 
 Then would I seek the Pyrenean breach 
 
 Which Roland clove with huge two-handed sway, 
 
 And to the enormous labour left his name. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 *#* A sword is shown at Rocamadour, 
 in the department of Lot (France), which 
 visitors are assured was Roland's Duran- 
 dal. But the romances say that Roland, 
 dying, threw his sword into a poisoned 
 stream. 
 
 Death of Roland. There is a tradition 
 that Roland escaped the general slaughter 
 in the defile of Roncesvalles, and died of 
 starvation while trying to make his way 
 across the mountains. — John de la Bruiere 
 Cham pier, De Cibaria, xvi. 5. 
 
 Died like Roland, died of thirst. 
 
 Nonnulli qui de Gallicis rebus historias conscripsenmt, 
 non dubitarunt posteris significare Rolandum Caroli illius 
 magni sororis filium, virum certe bellica gloria omnique 
 fortitudine nobillissimum, post ingentem Hispanorum 
 caedem prope Pyrenasi saltus juga, ubi i n -id ire ab hoste 
 collocatse fuerint, siti miserrime extinctum. hide nostri 
 intolerabili siti et immiti vclentes significare se torqueri, 
 facete aiunt " Rolandi morte se perire." — John de la 
 Bruiere Champier, De Cibaria, xvi. 5. 
 
 Roland (The Roman). Sicinius Den- 
 tatus is so called by Niebuhr. He is 
 not unfrequently called " The Roman 
 Achilles" (put to death b.c. 450). 
 
 Roland and OHver, the two 
 most famous of the twelve paladins of 
 Charlemagne. To give a " Roland for an 
 Oliver " is to give tit for tat, to give 
 another as good a drubbing as you 
 receive. 
 
 Froissart, a countryman of ours [the Frinch], records, 
 England all Olivers and Rowlands bred 
 During the time Edward the Third did reign. 
 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 
 
 Roland de Vaux (Sir), baron of 
 Triermain, who wakes Gyneth from her 
 long sleep of 500 years, and marries her. 
 —Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain 
 (1813). 
 
 Rolando (Signor), a common railer 
 against women, but brave, of a "happy 
 wit and independent spirit." Rolando 
 swore to marry no woman, but fell in 
 love with Zam'ora, and married her, 
 
ROLANDSECS TOWER. 
 
 841 
 
 ROMAN DES ROMANS. 
 
 declaring "she was no woman but an 
 angel." — J. Tobin, The Honeymoon 
 (1804). 
 
 The resemblance between Rolando and 
 Benedick, will instantly occur to the 
 mind. 
 
 Rolandseck Tower, opposite the 
 Drachenfels. Roland was engaged to 
 Aude, daughter of sir Gerard and lady 
 Guibourg ; but the lady, being told that 
 Roland had been slain by Angoulaffre the 
 Saracen, retired to a convent. The 
 paladin returned home full of glory, 
 having slain the Saracen, and when he 
 heard that his lady-love had taken the 
 veil, he built Rolandseck Castle, which 
 overlooks the convent, that he might at 
 least see the lady to whom he could never 
 be united. After the death of Aude, 
 Roland " sought the battle-field again, 
 and fell at Roncevall." — Campbell, The 
 Brave Roland. 
 
 Roldan, " El encantado," Roldan 
 made invulnerable by enchantment. The 
 cleft " Roldan," in the summit of a high 
 mountain in the kingdom of Valencia, 
 was so called because it was made by a 
 single back-stroke of Roldan's sword. 
 The character is in two Spanish romances, 
 authors unknown. — Bernardo del Carpio 
 and Roncesvalles. 
 
 This book [Rinaldo de Hontalban\ and all others 
 written on French matters, shall be deposited in some dry 
 place . . . except one called Bernardo del Carpio, and 
 another called Roncivalles, which shall certainly accom- 
 pany the rest on the bonfire.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, L 
 i. 6 (1605). 
 
 Holla, kinsman of the inca Atali'ba, 
 and the idol of the army. "In war a 
 tiger chafed by the hunters' spears ; in 
 peace more gentle than the unweaned 
 lamb " (act i. 1). A firm friend and 
 most generous foe. Rolla is wounded in 
 his attempt to rescue the infant child of 
 Alonzo from the Spaniards, and dies. 
 His grand funeral procession terminates 
 the drama. — Sheridan, Fizarro (altered 
 from Kotzebue, 1799). 
 
 John Kemble and two friends were returning to town 
 In an open carriage from lord Abercorn's, and came to a 
 toll-bar. As the toll-keeper and his daughter were fum- 
 bling for change, Kemble cried out, in the words of Rolla 
 to the army, " We seek no change, and least of all such 
 change as they would bring us " (act ii. 2).— S. Rogers, 
 Table Talk (1856). 
 
 Boiling Stone. 
 
 The stone that is rolling can gather no moss ; 
 For master and servant oft changing is loss. 
 
 T. Tusser, The Points of Huswifery ("Admo- 
 nitions," 20, 1560). 
 
 Rollo, duke of Normandv, called 
 
 " The Bloody Brother." He caused the 
 
 death of his brother Otto, and slew 
 
 Beveral others, some out of mere wanton- 
 
 36 
 
 ness. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Bloody Brother (1639). 
 
 Roman (The), Jean Dumont, the 
 French painter, Le Romain (1700-1781). 
 
 Stephen Picart, the French engraver, 
 Le Romain (1631-1721). 
 
 Giulio Pippi, called Giulio Romano 
 (1492-1546). 
 
 Adrian van Roomen, mathematician, 
 Adrianus Romdnus (1561-1615). 
 
 Roman Achilles, Sicinius Denta- 
 tus (slain B.C. 450). 
 
 Roman Bird (The), the eagle, the 
 distinctive ensign of the Roman legion. 
 
 Roman Brevity. Caesar imitated 
 laconic brevity when he announced 
 to Amintius his victory at Zela, in Asia 
 Minor, over Pharna'ces, son of Mithri- 
 dates : Veni, vidi, vici. 
 
 Poins. I will imitate the honourable Roman in brevity. 
 —Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV, act ii. sc. 2 (1598). 
 
 Sir Charles Napier is credited with a 
 far more laconic despatch on making 
 himself master of Scinde in 1843. Taking 
 possession of Hyderabad, and outflank- 
 ing Shere Mohammed by a series of most 
 brilliant manoeuvres, he is said to have 
 written home this punning despatch: 
 Feccdvi (" I have sinned " [Scinde]). 
 
 Roman Father (The), Horatius, 
 father of the Horatii and of Horatia. 
 The story of the tragedy is the well- 
 known Roman legend about the Horatii 
 and Curiatii. Horatius rejoices that his 
 three sons have been selected to represent 
 Rome, and sinks the affection of the 
 father in love for his country. Horatia 
 is the betrothed of Caius Curiatius, but is 
 also beloved by Valerius, and when the 
 Curiatii are selected to oppose her three 
 brothers, she sends Valerius to him with 
 a scarf to induce him to forego the fight. 
 Caius declines, and is slain. Horatia is 
 distracted ; they take from her every 
 instrument of death, and therefore she 
 resolves to provoke her surviving brother, 
 Publius, to kill her. Meeting him in 
 his triumph, she rebukes him for murder- 
 ing her lover, scoffs at his "patriotism," 
 and Publius kills her. Horatius now 
 resigns Publius to execution for murder, 
 but the king and Roman people rescue 
 him.— W. Whitehead (1741). 
 
 *** Corneille has a drama on the same 
 subject, called Les Horaces (1639). 
 
 Roman des Romans (Le), a 
 series of prose romances connected with 
 Am'adis of Gaul. So called by Gilbert 
 Saunier. 
 
ROMANS. 
 
 842 
 
 ROMUALD. 
 
 Romans (Last of the), Rienzi the 
 tribune (1310-1354). 
 
 Charles James Fox (1749-1806). 
 
 Horace Walpole, Ultimus Romanorum 
 (1717-1797). 
 
 Caius Cassius was so called by Brutus. 
 
 The last of all the Romans, fare thee well 1 
 It is impossible that ever Rome 
 Should breed thy fellow. 
 Shakespeare, Julius C'cesar, act v. 8C, 3 (1607). 
 
 Romans (Most Learned of the), Marcus 
 Terentius Varro (b.c. 116-28). 
 
 Romance of the Hose, a poetical 
 allegory, begun by Guillaume di Lorris in 
 the latter part of the thirteenth century, 
 and continued by Jean de Meung in the 
 former half of the fourteenth century. 
 The poet dreams that Dame Idleness con- 
 ducts him to the palace of Pleasure, 
 ■where he meets Love, whose attendant 
 maidens are Sweet-looks, Courtesy, 
 Youth, Joy, and Competence, by whom 
 he is conducted to a bed of roses. He 
 singles out one, when an arrow from Love's 
 bow stretches him fainting on the ground, 
 and he is carried off. When he comes to 
 himself, he resolves, if possible, to find his 
 rose, and Welcome promises to aid him ; 
 Shyness,- Fear, and Slander obstruct him, 
 and Reason advises him to give up the 
 quest. Pity and Kindness show him the 
 object of his search ; but Jealousy seizes 
 Welcome, and locks her in Fear Castle. 
 Here the original poem ends. The sequel, 
 somewhat longer than the twenty-four 
 books of Homer's Iliad, takes up the tale 
 from this point. 
 
 Roma'no, the old monk who took 
 pity on Roderick in his flight (viii.), 
 and went with him for refuge to a small 
 hermitage on the sea-coast, where they 
 remained for twelve months, when the 
 old monk died. — Southev, Roderick, the 
 Last of the Goths, i., ii. (1814). 
 
 Rome Does (Do as). The saying 
 originated with St. Ambrose (fourth 
 century). It arose from the following 
 diversity in the observance of Saturday : — 
 The Milanese make it a feast, the Romans 
 a fast. St. Ambrose, being asked what 
 should be done in such a case, replied, " In 
 matters of indifference, it is better to be 
 guided by the general usage. When I am 
 at Milan, I do not fast on Saturdays, but 
 when I am at Rome, I do as they do at 
 Rome." 
 
 Rome of the North. Cologne was 
 so called (says Hope) in the Middle Ages, 
 from its wealth, power, and ecclesiastical 
 foundations. 
 
 Rome Saved by G-eese. When 
 the Gauls invaded Rome, a detachment 
 in single file scaled the hill on which the 
 capitol stood, so silently that the fore- 
 most man reached the summit without 
 being challenged ; but while striding 
 over the rampart, some sacred geese were 
 disturbed, and by their cackle aroused 
 the guard. Marcus Manlius rushed to 
 the wall, and hustled the Gaul over, thus 
 saving the capitol. 
 
 A somewhat parallel case occurred in 
 Ireland in the battle of Glinsaly, in 
 Donegal. A party of the Irish would 
 have surprised the protestants if some 
 wrens had not disturbed the guards by 
 the noise they made in hopping about the 
 drums and pecking on the parchment 
 heads. — Aubrey, Miscellanies, 45. 
 
 Ro'meo, a son of Mon'tague (3 syl.), 
 in love with Juliet the daughter of 
 Cap'ulet ; but between the houses of Mon- 
 tague and Capulet there existed a deadly 
 feud. As the families were irreconcilable, 
 Juliet took a sleeping draught, that she 
 might get away from her parents and elope 
 with Romeo. Romeo, thinking her to be 
 dead, killed himself ; and when Juliet 
 awoke and found her lover dead, she also 
 killed herself. — Shakespeare, Romeo and 
 Juliet (1598). 
 
 Fox said that Barry's "Romeo" was 
 superior to Garrick's (S. Rogers, Table 
 Talk). Fitzgerald says that Barry was 
 the superior in the garden-scenes and in 
 the first part of the tomb, but Garrick 
 in the scene with the "friar" and in the 
 dying part. 
 
 Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy by 
 Shakespeare (1598). The tale is taken 
 from Rhomeo and Julietta, a novel by 
 Boisteau in French, borrowed from an 
 Italian story by Bandelio (1554). 
 
 In 1562 Arthur Brooke produced the 
 same tale in verse, called The Tragicall 
 History of Romeus and Juliet. In 1567 
 Painter published a prose translation of 
 Boisteau's novel. 
 
 Romp (TJie), a comic opera* altered 
 from Bickerstaff's Love in the City. Pris- 
 cilla Tomboy is " the romp," and the plot 
 is given under that name. 
 
 A splendid portrait of Mrs. Jordan, in her character of 
 "The Romp," hung over the mantelpiece in the dining- 
 room [of Adolphus fHtsclareneei — Lord W. P. Lennox, 
 Celebrities, etc., L 11. 
 
 Rom'uald (St). The Catalans had a 
 great reverence for a hermit so called, and 
 hearing that he was about to quit their 
 country, called together a parish meeting, j 
 
ROMULA. 
 
 843 
 
 ROSA. 
 
 to consult how they might hest retain him 
 amongst them, "For," said they, "he 
 will certainly he consecrated, and his 
 relics will bring a fortune to us." So 
 they agreed to strangle him ; but their 
 intention being told to the hermit, he 
 secretly made his escape. — St. Foix, 
 Essais Historiques sur Paris, v. 163. 
 
 *** Southey has a ballad on the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Rom/ola, the heroine and title of a 
 novel by George Eliot (Mrs. Lewes). 
 Romula married Tito Mel'ema, a Greek. 
 (Brought out in Cornhill Magazine.) 
 
 Romulus {The Second and Tliird), 
 Camillus and Marius. Also called " The 
 Second and Third Founders of Rome." 
 
 Romulus and Remus, the twin 
 sons of Silvia a vestal virgin and the 
 god Mars. The infants were exposed in 
 a cradle, and the floods carried the cradle 
 to the foot of the Palatine. Here a wolf 
 suckled them, till one Faustulus, the 
 king's shepherd, took them to his wife, 
 who brought them up. When grown to 
 manhood, they slew Amulius, who had 
 caused them to be exposed. 
 
 The Greek legend of Tyro is in many 
 respects similar. This Tyro had an 
 amour with Poseidon (as Silvia had with 
 Mars), and two sons were born in both 
 cases. Tyro's mother-in-law confined her 
 in a dungeon, and exposed the two infants 
 (Pelias and Neleus) in a boat on the river 
 Enlpeus (3 syl.). Here they were dis- 
 covered and brought up by a herdsman 
 (Romulus and Remus were brought up by 
 a shepherd), and when grown to man- 
 hood, they put to death their mother-in- 
 law, who had caused them to be. exposed 
 (as Romulus and Remus put to death 
 their great-uncle Amulius). 
 
 Ron, the ebony spear of prince Arthur. 
 
 The temper of his sword, the tried Excalibor, 
 
 The bigness and the length of Rune his noble spear, 
 
 With Pridwin his great shield. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Ronald {Lord), in love with lady 
 Clare, to whom he gave a lily-white doe. 
 The day before the wedding, nurse 
 Alice told lady Clare she was not " lady 
 Clare " at all, but her own child. On 
 hearing this, she dressed herself as a 
 peasant girl, and went to lord Ronald to 
 release him from his engagement. Lord 
 Ronald replied, "If you are not the 
 heiress born, we will be married to- 
 morrow, and you shall still be lady 
 Clare." — Tennyson, Lady Clare. 
 
 Ronaldson {Neil), the old ranzel- 
 
 man of Jarlshof (ch. vii.). — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 RoneesvaUes (4 syl.), a defile in the 
 Pyrenees, famous for the disaster which 
 befell Roland and his army. 
 
 *** Sometimes the word has only 3 
 syl., as Ronce.val.les or Eon.ce.val. 
 
 Ed Olever des Vassals 
 Ki morurent en Ronchevals. 
 Lorris, Soman de la Itou, ii. i. 13, 151 (thirteenth century). 
 And the dead who, deathless all, 
 Fell at famous Ronceval. 
 
 Rondib'ilis, the physician consulted 
 by Panurge on the knotty question, 
 " whether he ought to marry, or let it 
 alone." — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel (1545). 
 
 *** This question, which Panurge was 
 perpetually asking every one, of course 
 refers to the celibacy of the clergy. 
 
 Rondo {The Father of the), Jean 
 Baptiste Davaux. 
 
 Rooden Lane. All on one side, like 
 Eooden Lane. The village of Rooden or 
 Roden, in Herefordshire, is built all on 
 one side of the road, the other side being 
 the high wall of Heaton Park, the resi- 
 dence of the earl of Wilton. 
 
 Rope of Ocnus (^4), profitless labour. 
 Ocnus was always twisting a rope with 
 unwearied diligence, but an ass ate it as 
 fast as it was twisted. 
 
 *** This allegory means that Ocnus 
 worked hard to earn money, which his 
 wife squandered by her extravagance. 
 
 The work of Penelope's web was "never 
 ending, still beginning," because Penelope 
 pulled out at night all that she had spun 
 during the day. Her object was to defer 
 doing what she abhorred but knew not 
 how to avoid. 
 
 Rope-Walk {Gone into the), taken up 
 Old Bailey practice. The " rope " refers 
 to the hangman's cord. — Barristers' Slang. 
 
 Roper {Margaret) was buried with 
 the head of her father, sir Thomas More, 
 between her hands. 
 
 Her, who clasped in her last trance 
 Her murdered father's head. 
 
 TenDyson. 
 
 Roque (1 syl.), a blunt, kind-hearted 
 old servitor to donna Floranthe. — Colman, 
 The Mountaineers (1793). 
 
 Roque G-uinart, a freebooter, whose 
 real name was Pedro Rocha Guin.irda. He 
 is introduced by Cervantes in Don Quixote. 
 
 Rosa, a village beauty, patronized by 
 lady Dedlock. She marries Mrs. Ronnce- 
 well's grandson.— C. Dickens, Bleak House 
 (1853). 
 
ROSABELLE. 
 
 844 
 
 ROSAMOND. 
 
 Rosabelle (3 syl.), the lady's-maid of 
 lady Geraldine. Rosabelle promised to 
 marry L'Eclair, trie orderly of chevalier 
 Florian. — W. Dimond, The Foundling of 
 the Forest. 
 
 Rosalind (i.e. Rose Daniel), the 
 shepherd lass who rejected Colin Clout (the 
 poet Spenser) for Menalcas (John Florio 
 the lexicographer (1579). Spenser was at 
 the time in his twenty-sixth year. Being 
 rejected by Rosalind, he did not marry till 
 he was nearly 41, and then we are told that 
 Elizabeth was " the name of his mother, 
 queen, and wife" (Sonnet, 74). In the 
 Faery Queen, "the country lass" (Rosa- 
 lind) is introduced dancing with the Graces, 
 and the poet says she is worthy to be the 
 fourth (bk. vi. 10, 16). In 1595 appeared 
 the Epithala'mion, in which the recent 
 marriage is celebrated. — Ed. Spenser, 
 Shepheardes Calendar, i., vi. (1579). 
 
 "Rosalinde" is an anagram for Rose 
 Daniel, evidently a well-educated young 
 lady of the north, and probably the "lady 
 Mirabella " of the Faery Queen, vi. 7, 8. 
 Spenser calls her " the widow's daughter 
 of the glen " (eel. iv.), supposed to be 
 either Burnley or Colne, near Hurstwood, 
 in Yorkshire. Eel. i. is the plaint of 
 Colin for the loss of Rosalind. Eel. vi. 
 is a dialogue between Colin and Hobbinol 
 his friend, in which Colin laments, and 
 Hobbinol tries to comfort him. Eel. xii. 
 is a similar lament to eel. i. Rose Daniel 
 married John Florio the lexicographer, 
 the " Holofernes" of Shakespeare. 
 
 Ros'alind, daughter of the banished 
 duke who went to live in the forest of 
 Arden. Rosalind was retained in her 
 uncle's court as the companion of bis 
 daughter Celia ; but when the usurper 
 banished her, Celia resolved to be her 
 companion, and for greater security 
 Rosalind dressed as a boy, and assumed 
 the name of Ganimed, while Celia dressed 
 as a peasant girl, and assumed the name 
 of Alicna. The two girls went to the 
 forest of Arden, and lodged for a time in 
 a hut ; but they nad not been long there 
 when Orlando encountered them. Or- 
 lando and Rosalind had met before at a 
 wrestling match, and the acquaintance 
 was now renewed ; Ganimed resumed her 
 proper apparel, and the two were married 
 with the sanction of the duke. — Shake- 
 speare, As You Like It (1598). 
 
 Nor shall the griefs of Lear he alleviated, or the charms 
 and wit of Rosalind be abated by time.— N. Drake, M.D., 
 Shakespeare and His Times, ii. 554 (1817). 
 
 Rosaline, the niece of Capulet, with 
 whom Romeo was in love before he saw 
 
 Juliet. Mercutio calls her "a pale- 
 hearted wench," and Romeo says she did 
 not "grace for grace and love for love 
 allow," like Juliet. — Shakespeare, Romeo 
 and Juliet (1598). 
 
 *#* Rosaline is frequently mentioned 
 in the first act of the play, but is not one 
 of the dramatis persona?. 
 
 Rosaline, a lady in attendance on the 
 princess of France. A sharp wit wa3 
 wedded to her will, and "two pitch 
 balls were stuck in her face for eyes." 
 Rosaline is called "a merry, nimble, 
 stirring spirit." Biron, a lord in atten- 
 dance on Ferdinand king of Navarre, 
 proposes marriage to her, but she replies : 
 
 You must be purged first, your sins are racked . . , 
 Therefore if you my favour mean to get, 
 A twelvemonth shall you spend, and never rest, 
 But seek the weary beds of people sick. 
 
 Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 
 
 Rosalu'ra, the airy daughter of 
 Nantolet, beloved by Belleur. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
 (1652). 
 
 Ros'amond (The Fair), Jane Clif- 
 ford, daughter of Walter lord Clifford. 
 The lady was loved not wisely but too 
 well by Henry II., who kept her for 
 concealment in a labyrinth at Woodstock. 
 Queen Eleanor compelled the frail fair 
 one to swallow poison (1177). 
 
 She was the fayre daughter of Walter lord Clifford . . . 
 Henry made for her a house of wonderfull working, so 
 that no man or woman might come to her. This houso 
 was named " Labyrinthus," and was wrought like unto a 
 knot, in a garden called a maze. But the queen came to 
 her by a clue of thredde, and so dealt with her that she 
 lived not long after. She was buried at Godstow, in a 
 house of nunnes, with these verses upon her torn be : 
 
 Hie jacet in tumba Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda ; : 
 Non redolet, sed olet, qua? redolere solet. 5 
 
 Here Rose the graced, not Hose the chaste, reposes; 
 The smell that rises is no smell of roses. 
 
 *** The subject has been a great 
 favourite with poets. We have in Eng- 
 lish the following tragedies : — The Com- 
 plaint of Rosamond, by S. Daniel (before 
 1619) ; Henry II. . . . with the Death of 
 Rosamond, either Bancroft or Mountford 
 (1693) ; Rosamond, by Addison (1706) ; 
 Henry and Rosamond, by Hawkins 
 (1749) ; Fair Rosamond, by Tennyson 
 (1879). In Italian: Rosmonda, by Ru- 
 cellai (1525). In Spanish : Rosmunda, 
 by Gil y Zarate (1840). We have also 
 Rosamond, an opera, by Dr. Arne (1733) ; 
 and Rosamonde, a poem in French, by 0. 
 Briffaut (1813). Sir Walter Scott has 
 introduced the beautiful soiled dove in 
 two of his novels — The Talisman and 
 Woodstock. 
 
 *** Dryden says her name was Jane ; 
 
 Jane Clifford was her name, as books aver ; 
 
 " Fair Rosamond " was but her nom de guerr*. 
 
ROSANA. 
 
 845 
 
 ROSE OF ARRAGON. 
 
 We rede that in Englande was a king that had a 
 concubyne whose name was Rose, and for hir greate bewtye 
 he cleped hir Rose a mounde (Rosa inundi), that is to say, 
 Rose of the wprld, for him thought that she passed al 
 wymen in bewtye.— R. Pynson (1493), subsequently 
 printed by Wynken de Worde in 1496. 
 
 The Rosemonde of Alfieri is quite 
 another person. (See Rosemond.) 
 
 Rosa'na, daughter of the Armenian 
 queen, who helped St. George to quench 
 the seven lamps of the knight of the 
 Black Castle. — R. Johnson, The Seven 
 Champions of Christendom, ii. 8, 9 (1617). 
 
 Roseius (Quintus), the greatest of 
 Roman actors (died B.C. 62). 
 
 What scene of death hath Roseius now to act ? 
 Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act v. sc. 6 (1592). 
 
 Roseius {The British), Thomas Better- 
 ton (1636-1710), and David Garrick 
 (1716-1779). 
 
 *** The earl of Southampton says 
 that Richard Burbage " is famous as our 
 English Roseius " (1566-1619). 
 
 Roseius (The Irish), Spranger Barry, 
 " The Silver-Tongued " (1719-1777). 
 
 Roseius (The Young), William Henry 
 West Betty, who in 1803 made his debut 
 in London. He was about 12 years of 
 age, and in fifty-six nights realized 
 £34,000. He died, aged 84, in 1874. 
 
 Roseius of France (The), Michel 
 Boyron or Baron (1653-1729). 
 
 Roserana, daughter of Cormac king 
 of Ireland (grandfather of that Cormac 
 murdered by Cairbar). Roscra'na is 
 called "the blue-eyed and white-handed 
 maid," and was " like a spirit of heaven, 
 half folded in the skirt of a cloud." 
 Subsequently she was the wife of Fingal 
 king of Morven, and mother of Ossian 
 " king of bards." — Ossian, Temora, vi. 
 
 *** Cormac, the father of Roserana, 
 was great-grandfather of that Cormac 
 who was reigning when Swaran made his 
 invasion. The line ran thus : (1) Cormac 
 I., (2) Cairbre, his son, (3) Artho, his son, 
 (4) Cormac II., father-in-law of Fingal. 
 
 Rose, "the gardener's daughter," a 
 story of happy first love, told in later 
 years by an old man who had, in his 
 younger days, trifled with the passion of 
 love ; but, like St. Augustin, was always 
 " loving to love " (amans amdre), and was 
 at length heart-smitten with Rose, whom 
 he married. (See Alice.) — Tennyson, 
 The Gardener's Daughter. 
 
 Rose. Sir John Mandeville says that 
 a Jewish maid of Bethlehem (whom 
 Southey names Zillah) was beloved by 
 one Ham'uel a brutish sot. Zillah re- 
 
 jected his suit, and Hamuel, in revenge, 
 accused the maiden of offences for which 
 she was condemned to be burned alive. 
 When brought to the stake, the flames 
 burnt Hamuel to a cinder, but did no 
 harm to Zillah. There she stood, in a 
 garden of roses, for the brands which had 
 been kindled became red roses, and those 
 which had not caught fire became white 
 ones. These are the first roses that ever 
 bloomed on earth since the loss of 
 paradise. 
 
 As the fyre began to brenne about hire, she made her 
 preyeres to oure lord . . . and anon was the fayer 
 quenched and oute, and brondes that weren brennyuse 
 becomen white roseres . . and theise werein the first 
 roseres that ever ony man saughe.— Sir John Maunde- 
 yille, Voiage and Traivaile. 
 
 Rose. According to Mussulman tradi- 
 tion, the rose is thus accounted for : 
 When Mahomet took his journey to 
 heaven, the sweat which fell on the 
 earth from the prophet's forehead pro- 
 duced white roses, and that which fell 
 from Al Borak' (the animal he rode) 
 produced yellow ones. 
 
 Rose. On mount Cal'asay (the Indian 
 Olympus) is a table on which lies a silver 
 rose that contains two women, as bright 
 and fair as pearls 5 one is called Brigas'iri 
 ("lady of the mouth"), and the other Ta- 
 ras'iri (" lady of the tongue") , because they 
 praise God without ceasing. In the 
 centre of the rose is the triangle or 
 residence of God. — Baldseus. 
 
 And when the bell hath sounded. 
 The Rose with all the mysteries i isurrounded, 
 The Bell, the Table, and mount Calasay, 
 The holy hill itself with all thereon . . . 
 Dissolves away. 
 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, xix. 11 (1809). 
 
 Rose (Couleur de), an exaggerated 
 notion of the excellence or goodness of 
 something, produced by hope, love, or 
 some other favourable influence. Love, 
 for example, sees the object beloved 
 through a medium of heart-joy, which 
 casts a halo round it, and invests it with 
 a roseate hue, as if seen through glass 
 tinted with rose-pink. Hence the lover 
 says of Maud : 
 
 Rosy is the west, rosy is the south ; 
 
 Roses are her cheeks, and a rose her mouth. 
 
 Tennyson, Maud, I. xvii. (1855). 
 
 Rose. " Queen rose of the rosebud 
 garden of girls." — Tennyson, JfaW, I. 
 xxii. 9 (1855). 
 
 Rose of Arragon (The), a dramii 
 by S. Knowles (1842). Olivia, daughter 
 of Ruphi'no (a peasant), was married to 
 prince Alonzo of Aragon. The king 
 would not recognize the match, but sent 
 his son to the army, and made the cortez 
 
ROSE OF HARPOCRATE. 
 
 846 
 
 ROSINANTE. 
 
 pass an act of divorce. A revolt having 
 been organized, the king was dethroned, 
 and Almagro was made regent. Almagro 
 tried to marry Olivia, and to murder her 
 father and brother, but the prince return- 
 ing with the army made himself master 
 of the city, Almagro died of poison, the 
 marriage of the prince and peasant was 
 recognized, the revolt was broken up, 
 and order was restored. 
 
 Rose of Har'pocrate (3 syl.). 
 Cupid gave ITarpocrate a rose, to bribe 
 him not to divulge the amours of his 
 mother Venus. 
 
 Red as a rose of Harpocrate. 
 
 E. R. Browning, Isobel's Child, UL 
 
 Rose of Paradise. The roses which 
 grew in paradise had no thorns. " Thorns 
 and thistles " were unknown on earth till 
 after the Fall (Gen. Hi. 18). Both St. 
 Ambrose and St. Basil note that the roses 
 in Eden had no thorns, and Milton says, 
 in Eden bloomed " Flowers of all hue, 
 and without thorn the rose." — Paradise 
 Lost, iv. 256 (1665). 
 
 Rose of Raby, the mother of 
 Richard III. This was Cecily, daughter 
 of Ralph de Nevill of Raby earl of 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 Rose of York, the heir and head of 
 the York faction. 
 
 When Warwick perished, Edmond de la Pole became 
 the Rose of York, and if this foolish prince should he 
 removed by death ... his young and clever brother 
 {/iicUardl would be raised to the rank of Rose of York. — 
 W. H. Dixon, Two Queens. 
 
 Roses (War of the). The origin of 
 this expression is thus given by Shake- 
 speare : 
 
 Plant. Let him that is a true-born gentleman . . . 
 If he supposes that I have pleaded truth. 
 From off this briar pluck a white rose with me. 
 
 Somerset. Let him that is no coward, nor no flatterer, 
 But dare maintain the party of the truth, 
 Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me. 
 
 Whereupon Warwick plucked a white 
 rose and joined the Yorkists, while 
 Suffolk plucked a red one and joined 
 the Lancastrians. — Shakespeare, 1 Henry 
 VI. act ii. sc. 4 (1589). 
 
 Rosemond, daughter of Cunimond 
 king of the Gepidas. She was compelled 
 to marry Alboin king of the Lombards, 
 who put her father to death a.d. 5*67. 
 Alboin compelled her to drink from the 
 6kull of her own father, and Rosemond 
 induced Peride'us (the secretary of Hel- 
 michild her loA r er) to murder the wretch 
 (573). She then married Helmichild, fled 
 to Ravenna, and sought to poison her second 
 husband, that she might marry Longin the 
 exarch ; but Helmichild, apprised of her 
 
 intention, forced her to drink the mixture 
 she had prepared for him. This lady is 
 the heroine of Alfieri's tragedy .called Bose- 
 monde (1749-1803). (See Rosamond.) 
 
 Ro'sencrantz, a courtier in the 
 court of Denmark, willing to sell or 
 betray his friend and schoolfellow, prince 
 Hamlet, to please a king. — Shakespearej 
 Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Rosetta, the wicked sister of Bru- 
 netta and Blon'dina, the mothers of Chery 
 and Fairstar. She abetted the queen- 
 mother in her wicked designs against the 
 offspring of her two sisters, but, being 
 found out, was imprisoned for life. — Com- 
 tesse D'Auno}', Fairy Tales (" Princess 
 Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 Hoset'ta, a bright, laughing little co- 
 quette, who runs away from home because 
 her father wants her to marry young 
 Meadows whom she has never seen. She 
 enters the service of justice Woodcock. 
 Now, it so happens that sir William 
 Meadows wishes his son to marry Ro- 
 setta, whom he has never seen, and he also 
 runs away from home, and under the name 
 of Thomas becomes gardener to justice 
 Woodcock. Rosetta and young Meadows 
 here fall in love with each other, and the 
 wishes of the two fathers are accom- 
 plished. — Isaac Bickerstaff, Love in a 
 Village (1763). 
 
 In 1786 Mrs. Billington made her d6but in "Rosetta," 
 at once dazzling ttie town with the brilliancy of her 
 vocalization and the flush of her beauty. — C. R. Leslie. 
 
 Rosetta [Belmont], daughter of 
 sir Robert Belmont. Rosetta is high- 
 spirited, witty, confident, and of good 
 spirits. " If you told her a merry story, 
 she would sigh ; if a mournful one, she 
 would laugh. For yes she would say, ' no,' 
 and for no, 'yes.' " She is in love with 
 colonel Ra} r mond, but shows her love by 
 teasing him, and colonel Raymond is 
 afraid of the capricious beauty. — Edward 
 Moore, The Foundling (1748). 
 
 Rosiclear and Donzel del Phe- 
 
 bo, the heroine and hero of the Mirror 
 of Knighthood, a mediaeval romance. 
 
 Rosinan'te (4 syl.), the steed of don 
 Quixote. The name implies "that the 
 horse had risen from a mean condition to 
 the highest honour a steed could achieve, 
 for it was once a cart-horse, and was 
 elevated into the charger of a knight- 
 errant." — Cervantes, Bon Quixote, I. ii. 1 
 (1605). 
 
 Rosinai.te was admirably drawn, so lean, lank, meagre, 
 drooping, sharp-backed, and raw-boned, as to excite much 
 curiosity and mirth.— Ft. I. ii. 1. 
 
ROSIPHELE. 
 
 847 
 
 ROUND TABLE. 
 
 Rosiphele (3 syl.), princess of Ar- 
 menia ; of surpassing beauty, but in- 
 sensible to love. She is made to submit 
 to the yoke of Cupid by a vision which 
 befell her on a May-day ramble. — Gower, 
 Confessio Amantis (1393). 
 
 Rosmonda, a tragedy in Italian, by 
 John R. Ruccellai (1525). This is one 
 of the first regular tragedies of modern 
 times. Sophonisba, by Trissino, preceded 
 it, being produced in 1514 and performed 
 in 1515. 
 
 Rosny (Sabina), the young wife of 
 lord Sensitive. "Of noble parents, who 
 perished under the axe in France." The 
 young orphan, " as much to be admired 
 for her virtues as to be pitied for her 
 misfortunes," fled to Padua, where she 
 met lord Sensitive. — Cumberland, First 
 Love (1796). 
 
 Ross (Lord), an officer in the king's 
 army under the duke of Monmouth. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 
 II.). 
 
 Boss (The Man of), John Kyrle of 
 Whitehouse, in Gloucestershire. So 
 called because he resided in the village 
 of Ross, Herefordshire. Kyrle was a 
 man of unbounded benevolence, and be- 
 loved by all who knew him. 
 
 *** Pope celebrates him in his Moral 
 Essays, iii. (1709). 
 
 Rosse (2 syl.), the sword which the 
 dwarf Elberich gave to Otwit king of 
 Lombardy. It was so keen that it left no 
 gap where it cut. 
 
 Balmung, the sword forged by Wieland 
 and given to Siegfried, was so keen that 
 it clove Amilias in two without his know- 
 ing it, but when he attempted to move 
 he fell asunder. 
 
 This sword to thee I give ; it is all bright of hue. 
 Whatever it may cleave no gap will there ensue. 
 From Almaii I brought it, and Rossg is its name. 
 
 The Seldenbuch. 
 
 Rostocostojambedanesse (M. 
 N.), author of After Beef, Mustard. — 
 Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, ii. 7 (1533). 
 
 Rothmar, chief of Tromlo. He at- 
 tacked the vassal kingdom of Croma while 
 the under-king Crotharwas blind with age, 
 resolving to annex it to his own dominion. 
 Crothar's son, Fovar-Gormo, attacked the 
 invader, but was defeated and slain. Not 
 many days after, Ossian (one of the 
 sons of Fingal) arrived with succours, 
 renewed the battle, defeated the victorious 
 army, and slew the invader. — Ossian, 
 Croma. 
 
 Rothsay (The duke of), prince Robert, 
 eldest son of Robert III. of Scotland. 
 
 Margaret duchess of Rothsay. — Sir W. 
 Scott. Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.).' 
 
 Roll (The Roman de), a metrical and 
 mythical history, in Norman-French, of 
 the dukes of Normandy from Rollo 
 downwards, by Robert Wace (author of 
 Le Brut). 
 
 *** Rou', that is, Roul, the same as 
 Rollo. 
 
 Roubigne (Julie de), the heroine and 
 title of a novel by Henry Mackenzie 
 (1783). 
 
 Rougedragon (Lady Rachel), the 
 former guardian of Lilias Redgauntlet. — ■ 
 Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
 
 Roimcewell (Mrs.), housekeeper at 
 Chesney Wold to lord and lady Dedlock, 
 to whom she is most faithfully attached. 
 — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 
 
 Round Table (The), a table made 
 at Carduel by Merlin for Uther the pen- 
 dragon. Uther gave it to king Leode- 
 graunce of Camelj-ard, and when Arthur 
 married Guinever (the daughter of Leo- 
 degraunce), he received the table with 
 a hundred knights as a wedding present 
 (pt. i. 45). The table would seat 150 
 knights (pt. iii. 36), and each seat was 
 appropriated. One of them was called 
 the " Siege Perilous," because it was fatal 
 for any one to sit therein except the 
 knight who was destined to achieve the 
 holy graal (pt. iii. 32). King Arthur 
 instituted an order of knighthood called 
 "the knights of the Round Table," the 
 chief of whom were sir Launcelot, sir 
 Tristram, and sir Lamerock or Lamorake. 
 The " Siege Perilous " was reserved for 
 sir Galahad, the son of sir Launcelot by 
 Elaine. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur (1470). 
 
 *** There is a table shown at Win- 
 chester as "Arthur's Round Table," but 
 it corresponds in no respect with the 
 Round Table described in the History of 
 Prince Arthur. Round Tables were not 
 unusual, as Dr. Percy has shown, with 
 other kings in the times of chivalry. 
 Thus, the king of Ireland, father of 
 Christabelle, had his "knights of the 
 Round Table."— See "Sir Cauline," in 
 Percy's Rcliques. 
 
 In the eighth year of Edward I., Roger 
 de Mortimer established at Kenilworth 
 a Round Table for "the encouragement 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 848 
 
 ROYAL MOTTOES. 
 
 of military pastimes." Some seventy- 
 years later, Edward III. had his Round 
 Table at Windsor; it was 200 feet in 
 diameter. 
 
 Rousseau {Jean Jacques) nsed to 
 say that all fables which ascribe speech 
 and reason to dumb animals ought to be 
 withheld from children, as being only 
 vehicles of deception. 
 
 I shall not ask Jean Jacques Rousseau 
 If birds confabulate or no ; 
 'Tis clear that they were always able 
 To hold discourse — at least in fable. 
 Cowper, Pairing-Time Anticipated (1782 
 
 Roustam or Rostam, the Persian 
 Hercules. He was the son of Zal, and a 
 descendant of Djamshid. At one time 
 Roustam killed 1000 Tartars at a blow ; 
 he slew dragons, overcame devils, captured 
 cities, and performed other marvellous ex- 
 ploits. This mighty man of strength fell 
 into disgrace for refusing to receive the 
 doctrines of Zoroaster, and died by the 
 hand of one of his brothers named Scheg- 
 had (sixth century B.C.). 
 
 Rover, a dissolute young spark, who 
 set off vice "as naughty but yet nice." — 
 Mrs. Behn, The Rover (1680). 
 
 William Mountford [16G0-1G92] had so much in him of 
 the agreeable, that when he played " The Rover," it was 
 remarked by many, and particularly by queen Mary, that 
 it was dangerous to see him act— he made vice so alluring. 
 — C. Dibdin, History of the Stage. 
 
 Rovewell (Captain), in love with 
 Arethusa daughter of Argus. The lady's 
 father wanted her to marry squire Cuckoo, 
 who had a large estate ; but Arethusa 
 contrived to have her own way and marry 
 captain Rovewell, who turned out to be 
 the son of Ned Worthy, who gave the 
 bridegroom £30,000. — Carey, Contrivances 
 (1715). 
 
 Rowe (Nicholas), poet-laureate (1673, 
 3 714-1718). The monument in West- 
 minster Abbey to this poet was by Rys- 
 brack. 
 
 Rowena (The lad;/), of Hargettstan- 
 stede, a ward of Cedric the Saxon, of 
 Rotherwood. She marries Ivanhoe. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Rowland (Childe), youngest brother 
 of Helen. Under the guidance of Merlin, 
 lie undertook to bring back his sister from 
 elf-land, whither the fairies had carried 
 her, and he succeeded in his perilous ex- 
 ploit. — An Ancient Scotch Ballad. 
 
 Rowland for an OHver (A), a tit 
 for tat ; getting as good as you gave. 
 Rowland (or Roland) and Oliver were 
 two of Charlemagne's paladins, so much 
 
 alike in prowess and exploits that they 
 might be described as "fortemque Gyan, 
 fortemque Cloanthum " (JEneid, i. 222). 
 
 Och ! Mrs. Mustard-pot, have you found a Rowland for 
 your Oliver at last ?— T. Knight, The Honest Thieves. 
 
 Rowley, one of the retainers of Julia 
 Avenel (2 syL). — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Rowley (Master), formerly steward of 
 Mr. Surface, senior, the friend of Charles 
 Surface, and the fidus Achates of sir 
 Oliver Surface the rich uncle. — Sheridan, 
 School for Scandal (1777). 
 
 Rowley (Thomas), the hypothetical 
 priest of Bristol, said by Chatterton to 
 have lived in the reigns of Henry YI. 
 and Edward IV., and to have written 
 certain poems, of which Chatterton him- 
 self was the author. 
 
 Rowley Overdees, a highwayman. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Roxa'na, daughter of Oxyartes of 
 Bactria, and wife or concubine of Alex- 
 ander the Great. Proud, imperious, and 
 relentless, she loved Alexander with a 
 madness of love ; and being jealous of 
 Statira, daughter of king Darius, and 
 wife of Alexander, she stabbed her and 
 slew her. — N. Lee, Alexander the Great 
 (1678). 
 
 So now am I as great as the famed Alexander ; but my 
 dear Statira and Roxana, don't exert yourselves so much 
 about me. — Mrs. Ceutlivre, The Wander, iii. 1 (1714). 
 
 Roxa'na and Stati'ra. Dr. 
 
 Doran says that Teg Woffington (as 
 " Roxana "), jealous of Mrs. Bellamy (as 
 "Statira") because she was better dressed, 
 pulled her to the floor when she left 
 the stage, and pummelled her with the 
 handle of her dagger, screaming as she 
 did so : 
 
 Nor he, nor heaven, shall shield thee from my justice. 
 
 Die, sorceress, die ! and all my wrongs die with thee I 
 
 Table Traits. 
 
 Campbell tells a very similar story of 
 Mrs. Barry (" Roxana") and Miss Boutwell 
 (" Statira "). The stage-manager had 
 given to Miss Boutwell a lace veil, and 
 Mrs. Barry out of jealousy actually stabbed 
 her rival in acting, and the dagger went 
 a quarter of an inch through the stays 
 into the flesh. 
 
 Royal Mottoes or Legends. 
 
 Dieu et mon droit, Richard I. 
 Honi soit qui mal y pense, Edward III. 
 Semper eadem, Elizabeth and Anne. 
 Je rnaintiendrai, William III. 
 
ROYAL STYLE OF ADDRESS. 849 
 
 RUDDYMANE. 
 
 Royal Style of Address. 
 
 " My Liege," the usual style till the 
 Lancastrian usurpation. 
 
 " Your Grace," Henry IV. 
 
 "Your Excellent Grace," Henry VI. 
 
 " Most High and Mighty Prince," 
 Edward IV. 
 
 " Your Highness," Henry VII. 
 
 "Your Majesty," Henry VIII. So 
 addressed in 1520, by Francois I. 
 
 " The King's Sacred Majesty," James I. 
 
 " Your most Excellent Majesty," 
 Charles II. 
 
 "Your most Gracious Majesty," oui 
 present style. 
 
 Royal Titles. 
 
 William I. called himself, "Rex Anglorum, comes 
 Normannorum et Cinomanentium." 
 
 William IL called himself, "Rex Anglorum," of 
 *' Monarchicus Britannia;." 
 
 Henuy I. called himself, "Rex Anglorum et dux Nor- 
 mannorum." Subsequent to 1106 we find " Dei gratia " 
 introduced in charters. 
 
 Hknry li, called himself, " Rex Anglorum, et dux Nor- 
 mannorum et Aqurtannorum, et comes Andegavoruin ; " 
 or '• Rex Angliae, dux .Nornianniae et Aquitaniae, et comes 
 Andegaviae." 
 
 Kiciiard I. began his charters with, "Dei gratia, rex 
 Angiise, 6t dux Normaniae et Aquitaniae, et comes Ande- 
 gavue." 
 
 John headed his charters with, " Johannes, D.G. rex 
 Angliae. dominus Hiberniae, dux Nonnanniae et Aquitaniae, 
 et comes Andegaviae." Instead of " Hibernije," we some- 
 times find " Iberniae," and sometimes " Yberniae." 
 
 Henry III. followed the styie of his father till October, 
 1259, whon he adopted the form, "D.G. rex Angliae, 
 dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae." 
 
 Edward I. ~d"pted the latter style. So did Edward II. 
 till 1326, when he used the form, " Rex Angliae et dominus 
 Hiberniae." Edward I. for thirteen years beaded his 
 charters with, " Edwardus, Dei gratia rex Anglias, do- 
 minus Hibernian, et dux Aquitaniae." But afterU337 the 
 form ran thus : " Edwardus, D.G. rex Angliae et Franciae, 
 dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae;" and sometimes 
 "Franciw " stands before "Angliae." 
 
 Richard II. began thus: "Richardus, D.G. rex 
 Angliae et Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae." 
 
 Henry IV. continued the same style. So did Henry V. 
 till 1-fCO, after which date he adopted the form, " Henri- 
 cus, D.G. rex Angliae, hasres et regens Franciae, et do- 
 minus Hiberniae." 
 
 Henry VI. began, " Henricus, D.G. rex Angliae et 
 Francine, et dominus Hiberniae." 
 
 Edward IV., Edward V., Richabd III., Henry VII. 
 continued the same style. 
 
 From Henry VIII. (1521) to George III. ( 1800), the 
 royal style and title was, " • by the grace of God, of Great 
 Britain, France, and Ireland, king, Defender of the 
 Faith." 
 
 From George III. (1800) to the present day, it has been, 
 " • by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, king, Defender of the Faith." 
 
 A knowledge of these styles is of im- 
 mense value in establishing the time of 
 royal documents. Richard I. was the 
 first to adopt the style, "king of Eng- 
 land." The previous kings called them- 
 selves " king of the English." 
 
 Ruach, the isle of winds, visited by 
 Tantag'ruel and his companions on their 
 way to the oracle of the Holy Bottle. 
 The people of this island live on wind, 
 Buch as flattery, promises, and hope. 
 The poorer sort are very ill-fed, but the 
 
 great are stuffed with huge mill-draughta 
 of the same unsubstantial puffs. — Rabe- 
 lais, Fantagruel, iv. 43 (1545). 
 
 Ru'bezahl, Number Nip, a famous 
 mountain-spirit of Germany, correspond- 
 ing to our Puck. 
 
 Rtibi, one of the cherubs or spirits of 
 wisdom who was with Eve in paradise. 
 He loved Liris, who was young, proud, 
 and most eager for knowledge. She 
 asked her angel lover to let her see him 
 in his full glory ; so Rubi came to her in 
 his cherubic splendour. Liris, rushing 
 into his arms, was burnt to ashes ; and the 
 kiss she gave him became a brand upon 
 his forehead, which shot unceasing agony 
 into his brain. — T. Moore, Loves of the 
 Angels, ii. (1822). 
 
 Ru'bicon, a small river which sepa- 
 rated ancient Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, 
 the province allotted to Julius Caesar. 
 When Caesar crossed this river, he passed 
 beyond the limits of his own province, 
 and became an invader of Italy. 
 
 Rubicon {Napoleon's), Moscow. The 
 invasion of Moscow wa3 the beginning 
 of Napoleon's fall. 
 
 Thou Rome, who saw'st thy Caesar's deeds outdone I 
 Alas : why passed he [Napoleon] too the Rubicon? ... 
 Moscow ! thou limit of his long career, 
 For which rude Charles had wept his frozen tear. 
 
 Byron, Age of Bronze, v. (1821). 
 
 *** Charles XII. of Sweden formed 
 the resolution of humbling Peter the 
 Great (1709). 
 
 Rubo'nax, a man who hanged him- 
 self from mortification and annoyance at 
 some verses written upon him by a poet. 
 — Sir P. Sidnev, Defence of Foesie 
 (1595). 
 
 Rubriek {The Rev. Mr.), chaplain 
 to the baron of Bradwardine. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Ruby (Lady), the young widow of 
 lord Ruby. Her " first love " was Frede- 
 rick Mowbray, and when a widow she 
 married him. She is described as 
 "young, blooming, and wealthy, fresh 
 and fine as a daisy." — Cumberland, First 
 Love (1796). 
 
 Rucellai (John), i.e. Oricellarius, 
 poet (1475-1525), son of Bernard 
 Rucellai of Florence, historian and diplo- 
 matist. 
 
 As hath been said by Rucellai. 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 
 
 Ruddyniane (3 syl.), the name 
 given by sir Guy on to the babe rescued 
 from Amavia, who had stabbed herself 
 3 I 
 
RUDGE. 
 
 850 
 
 RUDIGER. 
 
 in grief at the death of her husband. 
 So called because : 
 
 ... in her streaming blood he [the infant] did embay 
 His little hands. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 1, 3 (1590). 
 
 Rudge (Barnaby), a half-witted 
 young man of three and twenty years 
 old ; rather spare, of a fair height and 
 Strong make. His hair, of which he had 
 a great profusion, was red, and hung in 
 disorder about his face and shoulders. 
 His face was pale, his eyes glassy and 
 protruding. His dress was green, clum- 
 sily trimmed here and there with gaudy 
 lace. A pair of tawdry ruffles dangled 
 at his wrists, while his throat was nearly 
 bare. His hat was ornamented with a 
 cluster of peacock's feathers, limp, 
 broken, and trailing down his back. 
 Girded to his side was the steel hilt of an 
 old sword, without blade or scabbard ; 
 and a few knee-ribbons completed his 
 attire. He had a large raven, named 
 Grip, which he carried at his back in a 
 basket, a most knowing imp, which used 
 to cry out in a hoarse voice, " Halloa ! " 
 " I'm a devil ! " " Never say die ! " 
 " Polly, put the kettle on ! " 
 
 Barnaby joined the Gordon rioters for 
 the proud pleasure of carrying a flag 
 and wearing a blue bow. He was ar- 
 rested and lodged in Newgate, from whence 
 he made his escape, with other prisoners, 
 when the jail was burnt down by the 
 rioters ; but both he and his father and 
 Hugh, being betrayed by Dennis the hang- 
 man, were recaptured, brought to trial, 
 and condemned to death, but by the 
 influence of Gabriel Varden the lock- 
 smith, the poor half-witted lad was re- 
 prieved, and lived the rest of his life Avith 
 his mother in a cottage and garden near 
 the Maypole. 
 
 Here he lived, tending the poultry and the cattle, 
 working in a garden of his own, and helping every one. 
 He was known to every bird and beast about the place, 
 and had a name (or every one. Never was there a lighter- 
 hearted husbandman, a creature more popular with young 
 and old, a blither and more happy soul than Barnaby. 
 — Ch. txxxii. 
 
 Mr. Rudge, the father of Barnaby, 
 supposed to have been murdered the same 
 night as Mr. Haredale, to whom he was 
 steward. The fact is that Rudge himself 
 was the murderer both of Mr. Haredale and 
 also of his faithful servant, to whom the 
 crime was falsely attributed. After the 
 murder, he was seen by many haunting 
 the locality, and was supposed to be a 
 ghost. He j oined the Gordon rioters when 
 they attacked and burnt to the ground 
 the house of Mr. Haredale, the son of the 
 
 murdered man, and, being arrested (ch. 
 lvi.), was sent to Newgate, but made his 
 escape with the other prisoners when it 
 was burnt down by the rioters. Being 
 betrayed by Dennis, he was brought to 
 trial for murder, but we are not told if 
 he was executed (ch. Ixxiii.). His name 
 is not mentioned again, and probably he 
 suffered death. 
 
 Mrs. [Mary] Rudge, mother of Bar- 
 naby, and very like him, " but where in 
 his face there was wildness and vacancy, 
 in hers there was the patient composure 
 of long effort and quiet resignation." 
 She was a widow. Her husband (steward 
 at the Warren), who murdered his master, 
 Mr. Haredale, and his servant, told her of 
 his deed of blood a little before the birth of 
 Barnaby, and the woman's face ever after 
 inspired terror. It was thought for many 
 years that Rudge had been murdered in 
 defending his master, and Mrs. Rudge 
 was allowed a pension by Mr. Haredale, 
 son and heir of the murdered man. 
 This pension she subsequently refused to 
 take. After the reprieve of Barnaby, Mrs. 
 Rudge lived with him in a cottage near 
 the Maypole, and her last days were her 
 happiest. — C. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge 
 (1841). 
 
 Ru'diger, a wealthy Hun, liegeman 
 of Etzel, sent to conduct Kriemhild to 
 Hungary. When Giinther and his suite 
 went to visit Kriemhild, Rudiger enter- 
 tained them all most hospitably, and gave 
 his daughter in marriage to Giselher 
 (Kriemhild's brother). In the broil 
 Avhich ensued, Rudiger was killed fight- 
 ing against Gemot, but Gemot dropped 
 down dead at the same moment, "each by 
 the other slain." — Nibelungen Lied (by . 
 the minnesingers, 1210). 
 
 Ru'diger, a knight who came to Wald- 
 hurst in a boat drawn by a swan. 
 Margaret fell in love with him. At every 
 tournament he bore off the prize, and 
 in everything excelled the youths about 
 him. Margaret became his wife. A 
 child was born. On the christening day, 
 Rudiger carried it along the banks of 
 the Rhine, and nothing that Margaret 
 said could prevail on him to go home. 
 Presently, the swan and boat came in 
 sight, and carried all three to a desolate 
 place, where was a deep cavern. Rudiger 
 got on shore, still holding the babe, and 
 Margaret followed. They reached the 
 cave, two giant arms clasped Rudiger, 
 Margaret sprang forward and seized the 
 infant, but Rudiger was never seen more. 
 
RUFFIANS' HALL. 
 
 851 
 
 RUPERT. 
 
 - — R. Southey, Rudiger (a ballad from 
 Thomas Heywood's notes). 
 
 Ruffians' Hall. West Smithfield 
 was for many years so called, because of 
 its being the usual rendezvous for duellists, 
 pugilists, and other "ruffians." 
 
 Rufus (or the Red), William II. of 
 England (1057, 1087-1100). 
 
 Rugg (Mr.), a lawyer living at 
 Pentonvilie. A red-haired man, who 
 wore a hat with a high crown and narrow 
 brim. Mr. Pancks employed him to 
 settle the business pertaining to the estate 
 which had long lain unclaimed, to which 
 Mr. Dorrit was heir-at-law. Mr. Rugg 
 delighted in legal difficulties as much as 
 a housewife in her jams and preserves. — ■ 
 C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Ruggie'ro, a young Saracen knight, 
 born of Christian parents. He fell in 
 love with Bradamant (sister of Rinaldo), 
 whom he ultimately married. Ruggiero is 
 especially noted for possessing a hippogriff 
 or winged horse, and a shield of such 
 dazzling splendour that it blinded those 
 who looked on it. He threw away this 
 shield into a well, because it enabled him 
 to win victory too cheaply. — Orlando 
 Innamorato (1495), and Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Rukenaw (Dame), the ape's wife, in 
 the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
 (1498). 
 
 Rule a "Wife and Have a "Wife, 
 a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher 
 (1G40). Donna Margaritta, a lady of 
 great wealth, wishes to marry in order 
 to mask her intrigues, and seeks for a 
 husband a man without spirit, whom she 
 can mould to her will. Leon, the brother 
 of Altea, is selected as the " softest fool 
 in Spain," and the. marriage takes place. 
 After marriage, Leon shows himself 
 firm, courageous, high-minded, but most 
 affectionate. He "rules his wife" and 
 her household with a masterly hand, 
 wins the respect of every one, and the 
 wife, wholly reclaimed, " loves, honours, 
 and obeys" him. 
 
 Rumolt, the chief cook of prince 
 Giinther of Burgundy. — Nibelungcn Lied, 
 800 (1210). 
 
 Rumpelstilzchen [Rumple. stilt z.- 
 skin], an irritable, deformed dwarf. He 
 aided a miller's daughter, who had been 
 enjoined by the king to spin straw into 
 gold ; and the condition he made with 
 her for this service was that she should 
 
 give him for wife her first daughter. 
 The miller's daughter married the king, 
 and when her first daughter was born 
 the mother grieved so bitterly that the 
 dwarf consented to absolve her of her 
 promise, if, within three days, she could 
 find out his name. The first day passed, 
 but the secret was not discovered ; the 
 second passed with no better success ; 
 but on the third day some of the queen's 
 servants heard a strange voice singing : 
 
 Little dreams my dainty dame 
 Rumpelstilzchen is my name. 
 
 The queen, being told thereof, saved hei 
 child, and the dwarf killed himself from 
 rage. — German Popular Stories. 
 
 Run- About Raid (The), Murray's 
 insurrection against lord Darnley. So 
 called from the hasty and incessant man- 
 ner in which the conspirators posted from 
 one part of the kingdom to another. 
 
 Runa, the dog of Argon and Ruro, 
 sons of Annir king of Inis-Thona an 
 island of Scandinavia. — Ossian, The War 
 of Inis-Thona. 
 
 Runners. 
 
 1. Iphicles, son of Phylakos and Kly- 
 mene. Hesiod says he could run over 
 ears of corn without bending the stems ; 
 and Demaratos says that he could run on 
 the surface of the sea. — Argonauts, i. GO. 
 
 2. Camilla queen of the Volsci was so 
 swift of foot that she could run over 
 standing corn without bending the ears, 
 and over the sea without wetting her 
 feet.— Virgil, JEneid, vii. 803 ; xi. 433. 
 
 Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, 
 Flies o'er th' unhending corn, and skims along the main. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 3. Ladas, the swift runner of king 
 Alexander. He ran so fast that he never 
 left a foot-print on the ground. 
 
 4. Phidippides, a professional courier, 
 ran from Athens to Sparta (150 miles) in 
 two days. 
 
 5. TheagSnes, a native of Thasos, was 
 noted for his swiftness of foot. 
 
 %.* The Greek hemerodromos would 
 run from twent}' to thirty-six leagues in 
 a day. 
 
 Runnymede, the nom de plume of 
 Benj. Disraeli in the Times (1805- ). 
 
 Rupert, i.e. major Roselheim, the 
 betrothed of Meeta " the maid of Marien- 
 dorpt." — S. Knowles, The Maid of Mar ien- 
 dorpt (1838). 
 
 Rupert (Prince), in the service of 
 Charles II. Introduced by sir W. Scott 
 in three of his novels — Woodstock, Legend 
 of Montrose, and Peveril of the Peak.' 
 
RUPERT. 
 
 852 
 
 RUTH. 
 
 Rupert (Sir), in love with Catherine. — 
 S. Knowles, Love (1840). 
 
 Rupert of Debate. Edward 
 Geoffrey earl of Derby, when he was Mr. 
 Stanley, was so called by lord Lytton 
 (1799-1869). 
 
 Rush. (Friar), a house-spirit, sent 
 from the infernal regions in the seven- 
 teenth century to keep the monks and 
 friars in the same state of wickedness 
 they then were. 
 
 *** The legends of this roistering 
 friar are of German origin. (Bruder 
 Jtausch means " brother Tipple.") 
 
 Milton confounds " Jack-o'-Lantera " 
 with friar Rush. The latter was not a 
 field bogie at all, and Avas never called 
 "Jack." Probably Milton meant "a 
 friar with a rush- [light]." Sir Walter 
 Scott also falls into the same error : 
 
 Better we had thro' mire and bush 
 Been lanthem-led by friar Rush. 
 
 Marmion (1808). 
 
 Rusil'la, mother of Roderick tbe last 
 of the Goths, and wife of Tbeodofred 
 rightful heir to the Spanish throne. — 
 Southey, Roderick, etc. (1814). 
 
 Rusport (Lady), second wife of sir 
 Stephen Rusport a City knight, and step- 
 mother of Charlotte Rusport. Very 
 proud, very mean, very dogmatical, and 
 very vain. Without one spark of gene- 
 rosity or loving charity in her compo- 
 sition. She bribes her lawyer to destroy 
 a will, but is thwarted in her dishonesty. 
 Lady Rusport has a tendresse for major 
 O'Flaherty; but the major discovers the 
 villainy of the old woman, and escapes 
 from this Scylla. 
 
 Charlotte Rusport, step-daughter of 
 lady Rusport. An amiable, ingenuous, 
 animated, handsome girl, in love with 
 her cousin Charles Dudley, whom she 
 marries.— R. Cumberland, The West 
 Lndian (1771). 
 
 Russet (Mr.), the choleric old father 
 of Harriot, on Avhom he dotes. He is 
 so self-willed that he will not listen to 
 reason, and has set his mind on his 
 daughter marrying sir Harry Beagle. 
 She marries, however, Mr. Oakly. (See 
 Harriot.) — George Column, The Jealous 
 Wife (1761). 
 
 Russian Byron (The), Alexander 
 Sergeivitch Pushkin (1799-1837). 
 
 Russian History (The Father of), 
 Nestor, a monk of Kiev. His Chronicle 
 includes the years between 862 and 1116 
 (twelfth century). 
 
 Russian Murat (Thc) y Michael 
 Miloradowitch (1770-1820). 
 
 Rust (Ifartin), an absurd old anti- 
 quarj T . "He likes no coins but those 
 which have no head on them." He took 
 a fancy to Juliet, the niece of sir Thomas 
 Lofty, but preferred his "iEneas, his 
 precious relic of Troy," to the living 
 beauty ; and Juliet preferred Richard 
 Bever to Mr. Rust ; so matters were 
 soon amicably adjusted. — Foote, The 
 Patron (1764). 
 
 Rustam, chief of the Persian mythi- 
 cal heroes, son of Zal "the Fair," king 
 of India, and regular descendant of Ben- 
 jamin the beloved son of Jacob the 
 patriarch. He delivered king Caicaus 
 (4 syl.) from prison, but afterwards fell 
 into disgrace because he refused to em- 
 brace the religious system of Zoroaster. 
 Caicaus sent his son Asfendiar (or Is- 
 fendiar) to convert him, and, as persua- 
 sion availed nothing, the logic of single 
 combat was resorted to. The fight lasted 
 two days, and then Rustam discovered 
 that Asfendiar bore a "charmed life," 
 proof against all wounds. The valour of 
 these two heroes is proverbial, and "the 
 Persian romances are full of their deeds 
 of fight. 
 
 Rustavi's Horse, Reksh. — Chardin, 
 Travels (1686-1711). 
 
 In Matthew Arnold's poem, Sohrab and 
 Ruatum, Rustum fights with and over- 
 comes Sohrab, and finds too late that he 
 has slain his own son. 
 
 Rustam, son of Tamur king of Persia. 
 He had a trial of strength with Rustam 
 son of Zal, which was to pull away from 
 his adversary an iron ring. The combat 
 was never decided, for Rustam could no 
 more conquer Rustam than Roland could 
 overcome Oliver. — Chardin, Travels (1686- 
 1711). 
 
 Rusticus's Pig, the pig on which 
 Rusticus fed daily, but which never 
 diminished. 
 
 Two Christians, travelling in Poland, . . . came to the 
 door of Rusticus, a heathen peasant, who had killed a 
 fat hog to celebrate the birth of a son. The pilgrims, 
 being invited to partake of the feast, pronounced a 
 blessing on what was left, which never diminished in 
 size or weight from that moment, though all the family 
 fed on it freely every day.— J. Brady, ClavU Calcndaria, 
 183. 
 
 This, of course, is a parallelism to 
 Elijah's miracle (1 Kings xvii. 11-16). 
 
 Rut (Doctor), in The Magnetic Lady, 
 by Ben Jonson (1632). 
 
 Ruth, the friend of Arabella an 
 heiress, and ward of justice Day. Ruth 
 
EUTHVEN. 
 
 853 
 
 SABA. 
 
 also is an orphan, the daughter of sir 
 Basil Thorough good, who died when she 
 was two years old, leaving justice Day 
 trustee. Justice Day takes the estates, 
 and brings up Euth as his own daughter. 
 Colonel Careless is her accepted ame de 
 cceur. — T. Knight, The Honest Thieves. 
 
 Ruthven (Lord), one of the embassy 
 from queen Elizabeth to Mary queen of 
 Scots.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Rutil'io, a merry gentleman, brother 
 of Arnoldo. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Custom of the Country (1647). 
 
 Rutland (The countess of), wife of 
 the earl of Essex, whom he married when 
 he started for Ireland. The queen knew 
 not of the marriage, and was heart- 
 broken when she heard of it. — Henry 
 Jones, The Earl of Essex (1745). 
 
 Rutland (The duchess of), of the court 
 of queen Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Rutledge (Archie), constable at 
 Osbaldistone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Rob 
 Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Rutledge (Job), a smuggler. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Rut'terkin, name of a cat the spirit 
 of a witch, sent at one time to torment 
 the countess of Eutland (sixteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Ruy'dera, a duenna who had seven 
 daughters and two nieces. They were 
 imprisoned for 500 years in the cavern 
 of Montesi'nos, in La Mancha of Spain. 
 Their ceaseless weeping stirred the com- 
 passion of Merlin, who converted them 
 into lakes in the same province. — Cer- 
 vantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 
 
 R. V. S. V. P., i.e. re'pondez vite si 
 vous plait. 
 
 Ryence (Sir), king of Wales, Ire- 
 land, and many of the isles. When 
 Arthur first mounted the throne, king 
 Byence, in scorn, sent a messenger to say 
 "he had purfled a mantle with the beards 
 of kings ; but the mantle lacked one 
 more beard to complete the lining, and 
 he requested Arthur to send his beard by 
 the messenger, or else he would come 
 and take head and beard too." Part of 
 the insolence was in this : Arthur at the 
 time was too young to have a beard at 
 all ; and he made answer, " Tell your 
 master, my beard at present is all too 
 young for purfling ; but I have an arm 
 
 quite strong enough to drag him hither, 
 unless he comes without delay to do me 
 homage." By the advice of Merlin, the 
 two brothers Balin and Balan set upon 
 the insolent king, on his way to lady De 
 Vauce, overthrew him, slew "more than 
 forty of his men, and the remnant fled." 
 King Eyence craved for mercy ; so "they 
 laid him on a horse-litter, and sent him 
 captive to king Arthur." — SirT. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 24, 34 (1470). 
 
 Rymar (Mr. Robert), poet at the Spa. 
 —Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Ryno, youngest of the sons of Fingal 
 king of Morven. He fell in the battle 
 of Lena between the Norsemen led by 
 Swaran and the Irish led by Fingal. 
 
 "Rest!" said Fingal; "youngest of my sons, rest! 
 Best. Ryno, on Lena! We, too, shall be no more. 
 Warriors must one day fall." — Ossian, Fingal, v. 
 
 Ryparog'rapher of Wits, Babe- 
 lais (1495-1553). 
 
 *** Greek, ruparos ("foul, nasty"). 
 Pliny calls Pyrlcus the painter a "ry- 
 parographer." 
 
 Rython, a giant of Brittany, slain 
 by king Arthur. (See Eitho, p. 832.) 
 
 Rython, the mighty giant, slain. 
 By his good brand relieved Bretagne. 
 Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain. U. 11 (1813). 
 
 Saadi or Sadt, the Persian poet, called 
 "The Nightingale of a Thousand Songs." 
 His poems are The Gulistan or "Garden 
 of Eoses," The Bostan or " Garden of 
 Fruits, " and The Pend-Ndmeh, a moral 
 poem. Saadi (1184-1263) Avas one of 
 the "Four Monarchs of Eloquence " (see 
 p. 292). 
 
 Saba or Zaba (The queen of), called 
 Balkis. She came to the court of Solomon, 
 and had by him a son named Melech. 
 This queen of Ethiopia or Abyssinia is 
 sometimes called Maqueda. — Zaga Zabo, 
 Ap. Damian. a Goes. 
 
 The Koran (ch. xxvii.) tells us that 
 Solomon summoned before him all the 
 birds to the valley of ants, but the lap- 
 wing did not put in an appearance. 
 Solomon was angry, and was about to 
 
SABBATH-BREAKERS. 
 
 854 
 
 SACRED ISLE. 
 
 Ig sue an order of death, when the bird 
 presented itself, saying, "I come from 
 Saba, where I found a queen reigning in 
 great magnificence, but she and her sub- 
 jects worship the sun." On hearing this, 
 Solomon sent back the lapwing to Saba 
 with a letter, which the bird was to drop 
 at the foot of the queen, commanding her 
 to come at once, submit herself unto him, 
 and accept from him the " true religion." 
 So she came in great state, with a train 
 of 500 slaves of each sex, bearing 500 
 "bricks of solid gold," a crown, and 
 sundry other presents. 
 
 Sabbath-Breakers. The fish of 
 the Red Sea used to come ashore on the 
 eve of the sabbath, to tempt the Jews to 
 violate the day of rest. The offenders at 
 length became so numerous that David, 
 to deter others, turned the fish into apes. — 
 Jallalo'ddin. — Al Zamakh. 
 
 Sabellan Song, incantation. The 
 Sabelli or Samnites were noted for their 
 magic arts and incantations. 
 
 Sabine {The). Numathe Sabine was 
 taught the way to govern by Egeria, one of 
 the Camenae (prophetic nymphs of ancient 
 Italy). He used to meet her in a grove, 
 in which was a well, afterwards dedicated 
 by him to the Camenae. 
 
 Our statues — she 
 
 That taught the Sabine how to rule. 
 
 Tennyson, The PHncess, ii. (1830). 
 
 Sablonniere (La), the Tuileries. 
 The word means the "sand-pit." The 
 tuileries means the "tile-works." Nico- 
 las de Neuville, in the fifteenth century, 
 built a mansion in the vicinity, which he 
 called the " Hotel des Tuileries," and 
 Francois I. bought the property for his 
 mother in 1518. 
 
 Sabra, daughter of Ptolemy king of 
 Egypt. She was rescued by St. George 
 from the hands of a giant, and ultimately 
 married her deliverer. Sabra had three 
 soos at a birth : Guy, Alexander, and 
 David. 
 
 Here come I, St. George, the valiant man, 
 With naked sword and spear in han', 
 Who fought the dragon and brought him to slaughter. 
 And won fair Sabra thus, the king of Egypt's daughter. 
 Aotes and Queries, December 21, 1878. 
 
 Sabreur (Le Beau), Joachim Murat 
 (1767-1815). 
 
 Sab'rin, Sabre, or Sabri'na, the 
 Severn, daughter of Locrine (son of Brute) 
 and his concubine Estrildis. His queen 
 Guendolen vowed vengeance, and, having 
 assembled an army, made war upon 
 Locvine, who was slain. Guendolen now 
 
 assumed the government, and commanded 
 Estrildis and Sabrin to be cast into a 
 river, since then called the Severn. — 
 Geoffrev of Monmouth, British History, 
 ii. 5 (1142). 
 
 (An exquisite description of Sabine, 
 sitting in state as a queen, is given in the 
 opening of song v. of Drayton's Polyolbion, 
 and the tale of her metamorphosis is re- 
 corded at length in song vi. Milton in 
 Comus, and Fletcher in The Faithful 
 Shepherdess, refer to the transformation 
 of Sabrina into a river.) 
 
 Sabrinian Sea or Severn Sea, ue. the 
 Bristol Channel. Both terms occur not 
 unf requently in Drayton's Polyolbion. 
 
 Sacchini (Antonio Maria Gaspare), 
 called "The Racine of Music," con- 
 temporary with Gliick and Piccini (1735- 
 
 1786). 
 
 I composed a thing to-day in all the gusto of Sacchini 
 and the sweetness of Gliick.— Mrs. Cowley, A Bold Stroke 
 for a Husband. 
 
 Sacharissa. So Waller calls the lady 
 Dorothea Sidney, eldest daughter of the 
 earl of Leicester, to whose hand he 
 aspired. Sacharissa married the earl of 
 Sunderland. (Greek, sakchar, " sugar.") 
 
 Saehente'ges (4 syl.), instruments 
 of torture. A sharp iron collar was put 
 round the victim's throat, and as he could 
 not stir without cutting himself, he could 
 neither sit, lie, nor sleep. — Ingram, Saxon 
 Chronicle. 
 
 Sackbut, the landlord of a tavern, in 
 Mrs. Centlivre's comedy A Bold Stroke 
 for a Wife (1717). 
 
 Sackerson or Saearson and 
 
 "Harry Hunkes" were two famous bears 
 exhibited in the reign of queen Elizabeth 
 at Paris Garden, Southwark. 
 
 Publius, a student of the common law, 
 To Paris Garden doth himself withdraw; 
 Leaving old Ployden, Dyer, and Broke alone, 
 To see old Uarry Hunkes and Saearson. 
 
 Sir John Davies, Epigram (about 1593). 
 
 Sacred Fish, Greek, ichthus ("a 
 fish "), is compounded of the initial Greek 
 letters : I [esous] , CH [ristos] , TH [eou] 
 U[ios], S[oter] ("Jesus Christ, God's 
 Son, Saviour"). Tennyson, describing 
 the " Lady of the Lake," says : 
 
 And. o'er her breast floated the sacred fish. 
 
 (iareth and Lynette (185S). 
 
 Sacred Isle (The), Ireland. Also 
 called " The Holy Isle, "from its multitude 
 of saints. 
 
 The Sacred Isle, Scattery, to which St. 
 Senatus retired, and vowed no woman 
 should set foot thereon. 
 
SACRED NINE. 
 
 855 
 
 SAFE BIND, SAFE FIND. 
 
 Oh, haste and leave this sacred isle, 
 Unholy bark, ere morning smile. 
 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies ("St. Senatus 
 and the Lady," 1814). 
 
 T7ie Sacred Isle, Enhallow, one of the 
 Orkneys. ( Norse, Eyinhalga, ' ' holy isle.") 
 
 The Sacred Isle, the peninsula of 
 mount Athos (Ottoman empire). This 
 island is remarkable for being exclusively 
 inhabited by males. Not only are 
 females of the human sex excluded, but 
 cows also, mares, sow-pigs, hens, ducks, 
 and females of all the animal race. — 
 Milner, Gallery of Geography, 666. 
 
 Sacred Wine (The), the Muses, nine 
 in number. 
 
 Fair daughters of the Sun, the Sacred Nine, 
 Here wake to ecstasy their harps divine. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 3 (1756). 
 
 Sacred War (The), a war undertaken 
 by the Amphictyonic League for the 
 defence of Delphi against the Cirrhaeans 
 (b.c. 595-587). 
 
 The Sacred War, a war undertaken 
 by the Athenians for the purpose of 
 restoring Delphi to the Phocians (b.c. 
 448^147). 
 
 The Sacred War, a war undertaken 
 by Philip of Macedon, as chief of the 
 Amphictyonic League, for the purpose of 
 wresting Delphi from the Phocians 
 (b.c. 357). 
 
 Sa'eripant (King), king of Circassia, 
 and a lover of Angelica. — Bojardo, 
 Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 With the same stratagem, Sacripant had his steed 
 stolen from under him, by that notorious thief Brunello, 
 at the siege of Albracca. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1. iii. 
 S (1605). 
 
 %* The allusion is to Sancho Panza's 
 ass, which was stolen from under him by 
 the galley-slave Gines de Passamonte. 
 
 Sa'eripant, a false, noisy, hectoring 
 braggart ; a kind of Pistol or Bobadil. — 
 Tasso, Secchia Bapita (i.e. "Rape of the 
 Bucket"). 
 
 Sadah, the sixteenth night of the 
 month Bayaman. — Persian Calendar. 
 
 Sa'dak and Kalasra'de (4 syl.). 
 Sadak, general of the forces of Am'urath 
 sultan of Turkey, lived with Kalasrade 
 in retirement, and their home life was so 
 happy that it aroused the jealousy of the 
 sultan, who employed emissaries to set 
 fire to their house, carry off Kalasrade to 
 the seraglio, and seize the children. 
 Sadak, not knowing who were the agents 
 of these evils, laid his complaint before 
 Amurath, and then learnt that Kalasrade 
 
 was in the seraglio. The sultan swore 
 not to force his love upon her till she 
 had drowned the recollection of her past 
 life by a draught of the waters of oblivion. 
 Sadak was sent on this expedition. On 
 his return, Amurath seized the goblet, 
 and, quaffing its contents, found "that 
 the waters of oblivion were the waters 
 of death." He died, and Sadak was 
 made sultan in his stead. — J. Ridley. 
 Tales of the Genii ( ' ' Sadak and Kalasrade", " 
 ix., 1751). 
 
 Sadaroubay. So Eve is called in 
 
 Indian mythology. 
 
 Sadder, one of the sacred books of 
 the Guebres or Parsis. 
 
 Saddle and the Ground. 
 
 Between the saddle and the ground, 
 Mercy he sought, and mercy found ; 
 
 Should be : 
 
 Betwixt the stirrup and the ground, 
 Mercy I asked, mercy I found. 
 
 It is quoted in Camden's Remains. "A 
 gentleman fell from his horse, and broke 
 his neck. Some said it was a judgment 
 on his. evil life, but a friend, calling to 
 mind the epitaph of St. Augustine, 
 Misericordia Domini inter pontcm etfontem, 
 wrote the distich given above." ' 
 
 Saddletree (Mr. Bartoline), the 
 learned saddler. 
 
 Mrs. Saddletree, the wife of Bartoline. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Sadha-Sing, the mourner of the 
 desert. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Sseniund Sigfusson, surnamed 
 "the Wise," an Icelandic priest and 
 scald. He compiled the Elder or Rhyth- 
 mical Edda, often called Saimund's Edda. 
 This compilation contains not only my- 
 thological tales and moral sentences, but 
 numerous sagas in verse or heroic lays, 
 as those of Yolung and Helge, of Sigurd 
 and Brynhilda, of Folsungs and Niflungs 
 (pt. ii.). Probably his compilation con- 
 tained all the mythological, heroic, and 
 legendary lays extant at the period in 
 which he lived (1054-1133). 
 
 Safa, in Arabia, the hill on which 
 Adam and Eve came together, after 
 having been parted for 200 years, during 
 which time they wandered homeless over 
 the face of the earth. 
 
 Safe Bind, Safe Find— T. Tusser, 
 The Boints of Huswifery ("Washing," 
 1557). 
 
SAFFRON GOWN. 
 
 85G 
 
 SAGAS. 
 
 Saffron Gown. 
 
 She tlie saffron gown will never wear, 
 
 And in no flower-strewn couch shall she be laid. 
 
 W. Morris, Atalanta's Jiace. 
 
 The poet has mistaken <ra6<pp<»v (" chaste, 
 modest ") for saffron, a word wholly 
 unknown in the Greek or Latin language. 
 The "saophron" was a girdle worn by 
 girls, indicative of chastity, and not 
 yellow or saffron at all. (Saffron is the 
 Arabic zaphran, through the French 
 safran.) 
 
 Saga, the goddess of history. — Scan- 
 dinavian Mythology. 
 
 Saga and Edda. The Edda is the 
 Bible of the ancient Scandinavians. A 
 saga is a book of instruction, generally 
 but not always in the form of a tale, like 
 a Welsh " mabinogi." In the Edda 
 there are numerous sagas. As our Bible 
 contains the history of the Jews, re- 
 ligious songs, moral proverbs, and re- 
 ligious stories, so the Edda contained 
 the history of Norway, religious songs, 
 a book of proverbs, and numerous stories. 
 The original Edda was compiled and 
 edited by Saemund Sigf usson, an Icelandic 
 priest and scald, in the eleventh century. 
 It contains twenty -eight parts or books, 
 all of which are in verse. 
 
 Two hundred years later, Snorro Stur- 
 leson of Iceland abridged, re-arranged, 
 and reduced to prose the Edda, giving 
 the various parts a kind of dramatic 
 form, like the dialogues of Plato. It 
 then became needful to distinguish these 
 two works ; so the old poetical compila- 
 tion is called the Elder or Rhythmical 
 Edda, and sometimes the Sarmund Edda, 
 while the more modern work is called 
 the Younger or Prose Edda, and some- 
 times the Snorro Edda. The Younger 
 Edda is, however, partly original. Pt. 
 i. is the old Edda reduced to prose, but 
 pt. ii. is Sturleson's own collection. This 
 part contains " The Discourse of Bragi " 
 (the scald of the gods) on the origin of 
 poetry ; and here, too, we find the famous 
 story called by the Germans the Nibelun- 
 gen Lied. 
 
 Sagas. Besides the sagas contained in 
 the Eddas, there are numerous others. 
 Indeed, the whole saga literature extends 
 over 200 volumes. 
 
 I. The Edda Sagas. The Edda is 
 divided into two parts and twenty- 
 eight lays or poetical sagas. The first 
 part relates to the gods and heroes of 
 Scandinavia, creation, and the early his- 
 tory of Norway. The Scandinavian 
 
 "Books of Genesis" are the "Voluspu 
 Saga" or "prophecy of Vola " (about 230 
 verses), " Vafthrudner's Saga," and 
 " Grimner's Saga." These three resemble 
 the Sibylline books of ancient Rome, and 
 give a description of chaos, the forma- 
 tion of the world, the creation of all 
 animals (including dwarfs, giants, and 
 fairies), the general conflagration, and 
 the renewal of the world, when, like 
 the new Jerusalem, it will appear all 
 glorious, and there shall in no wise enter 
 therein " anything that defileth, neither 
 whatsoever worketh abomination, or 
 maketh a lie." 
 
 The " Book of Proverbs " in the Edda 
 is called the " Havamal Saga," and some- 
 times "The High Song of Odin." 
 
 The " Volsunga Saga " is a collection of 
 lays about the early Teutonic heroes. 
 
 The " Saga of St. Olaf " is the history 
 of this Norwegian king. He was a savage 
 tyrant, hated by his subjects, but because 
 he aided the priests in forcing Chris- 
 tianity on his subjects, he was canonized. 
 
 The other sagas in the Edda are " The 
 Song of Lodbrok" or " Lodbrog," "Her- 
 vara Saga," the "Vilkina Saga," the 
 " Blomsturvalla Saga," the "Ynglinga 
 Saga" (all relating to Norway), the " Joms- 
 vikingia Saga," and the "Knytlinga 
 Saga" (which pertain to Denmark), the 
 " Sturlunga Saga," and the "Eryrbiggia 
 Saga " (which pertain to Iceland). All the 
 above were compiled and edited by Sae- 
 mund Sigfusson, and are in verse ; but 
 Snorro Sturleson reduced them to prose 
 in his prose version of the old Edda. 
 
 II. Sagas not in the Edda. Snorro 
 Sturleson, at the close of the twelfth 
 century, made the second great collec- 
 tion of chronicles in verse, called the 
 Heimskringla Saga, or the book of the 
 kings of Norway, from the remotest 
 period to the year 1177. This is a most 
 valuable record of the laws, customs, and 
 manners of the ancient Scandinavians. 
 Samuel Laing published his English 
 translation of it in 1844. 
 
 1. The Icelandic Sagas. Besides the 
 two Icelandic sagas collected by Saemund 
 Sigfusson, numerous others were sub- 
 sequently embodied in the Landama Bok, 
 set on foot by Ari hinn Fronde, and con- 
 tinued by various hands. 
 
 2. Frithjofs Saga contains the life and 
 adventures of Frithjof of Iceland, who 
 fell in love with Ingeborg, the beautiful 
 wife of Hring, king of Norway. On the 
 death of Hring, the young Avidow mar- 
 ried her Icelandic lover. Frithjof lived 
 
SAGAMAN. 
 
 85; 
 
 ST. ALDOBRANP. 
 
 in the eighth century, and this saga was 
 compiled at the beginning of the four- 
 teenth century, a year or two after the 
 Heimskrinqla. It is very interesting, 
 because Tegner, the Swedish poet, has 
 selected it for his Idylls (1825), just as 
 Tennyson has taken his idyllic stories 
 from the Morte cT Arthur or the Welsh 
 Mabinogion. TegneVs Idylls were trans- 
 lated into English by Latham (1838), by 
 Stepht.js (1841), and by Blackley (1857). 
 
 3. The Swedish Saga or lay of Swedish 
 11 history " is the Ingvars Saga. 
 
 4. The Russian Saga or lay of Russian 
 legendary history is the Egmunds Saga. 
 
 5. The Folks 'Sagas are stories of ro- 
 mance. From this ancient collection we 
 have derived our nursery tales of Jack. 
 and the Bean-Stalk, Jack the Giant-Killer, 
 the Giant who smelt the Blood of an Eng- 
 lishman, Blue Beard, Cinderella, the Little 
 Old Woman cut Shorter, the Pig that 
 wouldn't go over the Bridge, Puss in 
 Boots, and even the first sketches of 
 Whittington and His Cat, and Baron 
 Munchausen. (See Dasent Tales from the 
 Norse, 1859.) 
 
 6. Sagas of Foreign origin. Besides 
 the rich stores of original tales, several 
 foreign ones have been imported and 
 translated into Norse, such as Barlaham 
 and Josaphat, by Rudolf of Ems, one of 
 the German minnesingers (see p. 79). 
 On the other hand, the minnesingers 
 borrowed from the Norse sagas their 
 famous story embodied in the Nibelungen 
 Lied, called the "German Iliad,'" which 
 is from the second part of Snorro Stur- 
 leson's Edda. 
 
 Sagaman, a narrator of sagas. These 
 ancient chroniclers differed from scalds 
 in several respects. Scalds were min- 
 strels, who celebrated in verse the ex- 
 ploits of living kings or national heroes ; 
 sagamen were tellers of legendar}"- stories, 
 either in prose or verse, like Schehera- 
 zade the narrator of the Arabian Nights, 
 the mandarin Fum-Hoam the teller of 
 the Chinese Tales, Moradbak the teller 
 of the Oriental Tales, Fer&morz who told 
 the tales to Lalla Rookh, and so on. 
 Again, scalds resided at court, were 
 attached to the royal suite, and followed 
 the king in all his expeditions ; but 
 sagamen were free and unattached, and 
 told their tales to prince or peasant, in 
 lordly hall or at village wake. 
 
 Sagam'ite (4 syl.), a kind of soup or 
 tisan, given by American Indians to the 
 sick. 
 
 Our virgins fed her with their kindly bowls 
 Of fever-balm and sweet sagamitd. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 19 (1809). 
 
 Sage of Concord {The), Ralph 
 Waldo Emerson, of Boston, United 
 States, author of Literary Ethics (1838), 
 Poems (1846), Representative Men (1850), 
 English Traits (1856), and numerous 
 other works (1803- ). 
 
 In Mr. Emerson we have a poet and a profoundly re- 
 ligious man, who is really and entirely undaunted by the 
 discoveries of scie?ice, past, present, or prospective. In 
 his case, poetry, with the joy of a Bacchanal, takes her 
 graver brother science by the hand, and cheers him with 
 immortal laughter. By Emerson scientific conceptions 
 are continually transmuted into the finer forms and 
 warmer lines of an ideal world.— Professor Tyndall, Frag- 
 ments of Science. 
 
 No one who has conversed with the Sage of Concord 
 can wonder at the love which his neighbours feel for him, 
 or the reverence with which he is regarded by the scholars 
 of England and America. — Newspaper Biographical 
 Sketch, May. 1879. 
 
 Sage of Monticello (The), Thomas 
 Jefferson, the third president of the 
 United States, whose country seat was 
 at Monticello. 
 
 As from the grave where Henry'sleeps, 
 
 From Vernon's weeping willow, 
 And from the grassy pall which hides 
 
 The Sage of Monticello . . . 
 Virginia, o'er thy land of slaves 
 
 A warning voice is swelling. 
 
 Whittier, Voices of Freedom (1836). 
 
 Sage of Samos (The), Pythagoras, 
 a native of Samos (b.c. 584-506). 
 
 Sages ( The Seven), (See Seven Wise 
 Men of Greece.) 
 
 Sag'ittary, a monster, half man and 
 half beast, described as " a terrible archer, 
 which neighs like a horse, and with eyes 
 of fire which strike men dead like 
 lightning." Any deadly shot is a sagit- 
 tary.— Guido delle Colonna (thirteenth 
 century), Historia Troy ana Prosayce Com- 
 posita (translated by Lydgate). 
 
 The dreadful Sagittary, 
 Appals our numbers. 
 Shakespeare, TroUus and Cressida (1602). 
 
 (See also Othello, act i. sc. 1, 3. The 
 barrack is so called from the figure of an 
 archer over the door.) 
 
 Sagramour le De'sirus, a knight 
 of the Round Table. — See Launcelot du 
 Lac and Morte d'A?-thur. 
 
 Sa'hira (Al), one of the names of 
 hell. — Sale, Al Koran, lxxix. notes. 
 
 Sailor King (The), William IV. of 
 Great Britain (1765, 1830-1837). 
 
 Saint (The), Kang-he of China, who 
 assumed the name of Chin-tsou-jin (1653, 
 1661-1722). 
 
 St. Aldobrand, the noble husband 
 of lady Imogine, murdered by count 
 
ST. ALME. 
 
 858 
 
 ST. CHRISTOPHER. 
 
 Bertram her quondam lover. — C. Maturin, 
 Bertram (1816). 
 
 St. Alme {Captain), son of Darlemont 
 a merchant, guardian of Julio count of 
 Harancour. He pays his addresses to 
 Marianne Franval, to whom he is ulti- 
 mately married. Captain St. Alme is 
 generous, high-spirited, and noble- 
 minded. — Thomas Holcroft, The Deaf and 
 Dumb (1785). 
 
 St. Andre, a fashionable dancing- 
 master in the reign of Charles II. 
 
 St Andre's feet ne'er kept more equal time. 
 
 Dryden, MacFlecknoe (1682). 
 
 St. An'gelo {Castle of), once called 
 the Moles Adria'ni, the tomb of the 
 emperor Adrian, a structure as big as a 
 village. 
 
 St. Asaph {The dean of), in the 
 court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir VV. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (1821). 
 
 St. Basil Outwits the Devil. 
 
 (See Sinner. Saved.) 
 
 St. Befana, the day of the Epiphany 
 (January 6). (See Befana, p. 90.) 
 
 St. Botolph {The prior of).— Sir W. 
 Scott, Toanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 St. Brandan or San Bor'andan 
 
 {The Island of), a fl}'ing island, some 
 ninet} r leagues in length, west of the 
 Canaries. In an old French geographical 
 chart it is placed 5° west of Ferro Island, 
 29° N. lat. So late as 1721 Spain sent 
 an expedition in quest of this fabulous 
 island. The Spaniards believe that king 
 Rodri'go ("the last of the Goths") made 
 this island his retreat. The Portuguese 
 assign it to St. Sebastian. The poets say 
 it was rendered inaccessible to man by 
 diabolical magic. Probably it owes its 
 existence to some atmospheric illusion, 
 such as the Fata morgana. 
 
 St. Cecili, Cecily, or Ceeile (2 
 syl.), the daughter of noble Roman 
 parents, and a Christian. She married 
 Valirian. One day, she told her husband 
 Bhe had "an aungel . . . that with gret 
 love, wher so I wake or slepe, is redy ay 
 my body for to kepe." Valirian re- 
 quested to see this angel, and Ceeile told 
 him he must first go to St. Urban, and, 
 being purged by him "fro synne, than 
 [then] schul ye se that aungel." Valirian 
 was accordingly " cristened " by St. 
 Urban, returned home, and found the 
 angel with two crowns, brought direct 
 from paradise. One he gave to Ceeile 
 
 and one to Valirian, saying that " bothe 
 with the palme of martirdom schullen 
 come unto God's blisful feste." Valirian 
 suffered martyrdom first ; then Alma- 
 chius, the Roman prefect, commanded 
 his officers to " brenne Ceeile in a bath of 
 flammes red." She remained in the bath 
 all day and night, yet " sat she cold, and 
 felte of it no woe." Then smote they her 
 three strokes upon the neck, but could 
 not smite her head off. She lingered on 
 for three whole daj's, preaching and 
 teaching, and then died. St. Urban 
 buried her body privately by night, and 
 her house he converted into a church, 
 which he called the church of Cecily. — 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Second 
 Nun's Tale," 1388). 
 
 St. Christopher, a native of Lycia, 
 very tall, and fearful to look at. He was 
 so proud of his strength that he resolved 
 to serve only the mightiest, and went in 
 search of a worthy master. He first 
 entered the service of the emperor ; but 
 one day, seeing his master cross him- 
 self for fear of the devil, he quitted his 
 service for that of Satan. This new 
 master he found was thrown into alarm 
 at the sight of a cross ; so he quitted 
 him also, and went in search of the 
 Saviour. One day, near a ferry, a little 
 child accosted him, and begged the giant 
 to carry him across the water. Christo- 
 pher put the child on his back, but found 
 every step he took that the child grew 
 heavier and heavier, till the burden was 
 more than he could bear. As he sank 
 beneath his load, the child told the giant 
 he was Christ, and Christopher resolved 
 to serve Christ and Him alone. He 
 died three days afterwards, and was 
 canonized. The Greek and Latin 
 Churches look on him as the protecting 
 saint against floods, fire, and earthquake. 
 — James de Voragine, Golden Legends, 100 
 (thirteenth century). 
 
 *** His body is said to be at Valencia, 
 in Spain; one of his arms at Compostella; 
 a jaw-bone at Astorga ; a shoulder at St. 
 Peter's, in Rome ; and a tooth and rib at 
 Venice. His day is May 9 in the Greek 
 Church, and July 25 in the Latin. Of 
 course, "the Christ-bearer" is an alle- 
 gory. The gigantic bones called his 
 relics may serve for "matters of faith" 
 to give reality to the fable. 
 
 (His name before conversion was Of- 
 ferus, but after he carried Christ across 
 the ford, it was called Christ-Offerus, 
 shortened into Christopher, which means 
 "the Christ-bearer.") 
 
ST. CLARE. 
 
 859 ST. PATRICK'S PURGATORY. 
 
 St. Clare (August in), the kind, in- 
 dulgent master of uncle Tom. He was 
 beloved by all his slaves. 
 
 Miss Evangeline St. Clare, daughter of 
 Mr. St. Clare. Evangeline was the good 
 angel of the family, and was adored by 
 uncle Tom. 
 
 Miss Ophelia St. Clare, sister of Au- 
 gustin. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin (1852). 
 
 St. Distaff, an imaginary saint, to 
 whom January 7 or Twelfth Day is con- 
 secrated. 
 
 Partly worke and partly play 
 Yon must on St. Distaffs Day ; 
 Give St. Distaff all the right, 
 Then give Christmas sport good night. 
 
 Wit Asporting in a Pleasant Grove 
 of Jfew Fancies (1657). 
 
 St. Elmo's Fires, those electric 
 lights seen playing about the masts of 
 ships in stormy weather. 
 
 And sudden bursting on their raptured sight, 
 Appeared the splendour of St. Elmo"s light. 
 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, ix. (1516). 
 
 In 1696 M. de Forbes saw more than 
 thirty feux St. Elme on his ship. 
 
 iEneas tells Dido that these electric 
 lights danced about the head of his son 
 lulus when they left the burning city of 
 Troy. 
 
 Ecce levis summo de vertice visus Iuli 
 Fundere lumen apex, tractuque innoxia molli 
 Lambere flanima comas et circuiu tempora pasci. 
 Virgil, ^Eneid, ii. 682-4. 
 
 lo ! harmless flames upon lulus' head, 
 
 While we embraced the boy, from heaven were shed. 
 
 Played in his hair and on his temples fed. 
 
 St. Etienne. There are sixty-nine 
 places in France so called. A Paris 
 newspaper stated that the " receiver of 
 St. Etienne" had embezzled £4000, 
 whereupon all the tax-gatherers of the 
 sixty-nine places called St. Etienne 
 brought separate actions against the 
 paper, and the editor had to pay each 
 one a hundred francs damages, besides 
 fine and costs. — Standard, February 24, 
 1879. 
 
 St. Filume'na or Filomena, a new 
 saint of the Latin Church. Sabatelli has 
 a picture of this nineteenth-century saint, 
 representing her as hovering over a group 
 of sick and maimed, who are healed by 
 her intercession. In 1802 a grave was 
 found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, 
 and near it three tiles, with these words, 
 in red letters : 
 
 LUMENA 
 
 PAXTE 
 
 CYMFI 
 
 A re-arrangement of the tiles made the 
 inscription, Tax Te-cum, Fi-lumena. 
 
 That this was the correct rendering is 
 quite certain, for the virgin martyr her- 
 self told a priest and a nun in a dream, 
 that she was Fi[lia] Lumina, the daugh- 
 ter Lumina, i.e. the daughter of the 
 Light of the world. In confirmation of 
 this dream, as her bones were carried to 
 Mugnano, the saint repaired her own 
 skeleton, made her hair grow, and per- 
 formed so many miracles, that those 
 must indeed be hard of belief who can 
 doubt the truth of the story. 
 
 St. George is the national saint of 
 England, in consequence of the miracu- 
 lous assistance rendered by him to the 
 arms of the Christians under Godfrey de 
 Bouillon during the first crusade. 
 
 St. George's Sword, Askelon. 
 
 George he shaved the dragon's beard, ; 
 And Askelon was his razor. 
 
 Percy's Jieliques, III. iii 15. 
 
 St. George (Le chevalier de), James 
 Francis Edward Stuart, called " The Old 
 (ot elder) Pretender" (1688-1766). 
 
 St. Graal. (See Sangraal.) 
 
 St. Le'on, the hero of a novel of the 
 same name by W. Goodwin (1799). St. 
 Leon becomes possessed of the " elixir of 
 life," and of the "philosopher's stone;" 
 but this knowledge, instead of bringing 
 him wealth and happiness, is the source 
 of misery and endless misfortunes. 
 
 St Leon is designed to prove that the happiness of 
 mankind would not have been augmented by the gifts of 
 immortal youth and inexhaustible riches.— Encyc. Brit., 
 Art "Romance." 
 
 Saint Maur, one of the attendants 
 of sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower 
 of prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 St. Nicholas, the patron saint of 
 boys. He is said to have been bishop 
 of Myra, in Lycia, and his death h placed 
 in the year 326. 
 
 St. Nicholas is said to have supplied three maidens with 
 marriage portions, by leaving at their windows bags of 
 money. . . . Another legend describes the saint as having 
 restored to life three [? two] murdered children. — Yonge. 
 
 St. Patrick's Purgatory, in an 
 islet in lough Derg, Ireland. Here the 
 saint made a cave, through which was an 
 entrance into purgatory ; and here those 
 who liked to do so might forestall their 
 purgatorial punishments while they were 
 in the flesh. This was made the subject 
 of a romance in the fourteenth century, 
 and Calderon dramatized the subject in 
 the seventeenth century. 
 
 Who has not heard of St. Patrick's Purgatory . . . with 
 its chapels and its toll-houses? Thither repair yearly 
 
ST. PETER'S OBELISK. 
 
 860 
 
 SAINTS FOR DISEASES. 
 
 crowds of pious pilgrims, who would wash away at once 
 the accumulated sins of their lives. — Wright. 
 
 * # * This source of revenue was abo- 
 lished by order of the pope, on St. 
 Patrick's Day, 1497. 
 
 St. Peter's Obelisk, a stone pyra- 
 mid of enormous size, on the top of 
 which is an urn containing the relics of 
 Julius Caesar. 
 
 St. Prieux, the amant of Julie, in 
 Rousseau's novel entitled Julie ou La 
 Nouvelle Heloise (1760). 
 
 St. Ronan's "Well, a novel by sir 
 W. Scott (1823). An inferior work ; but 
 it contains the character of Meg Dods, of 
 the Clachan or Mowbray Arms inn, one 
 of the very best lo v comic characters in 
 the whole range of fiction. 
 
 St. Stephen's Chapel, properly 
 the House of Commons, but sometimes 
 applied to the two Houses of Parliament. 
 So called by a figure of speech from St. 
 Stephen's Chapel, built by king Stephen, 
 rebuilt by Edward II. and III., and 
 finally destroyed by fire in 1834. St. 
 Stephen's Chapel was fitted up for the use 
 of the House of Commons in the reign of 
 Edward IV. The great council of the 
 nation met before in the chapter-house of 
 the abbey. 
 
 St. Swithin, tutor of king Alfred, 
 and bishop of Winchester. The monks 
 wished to bury him in the chancel of the 
 minster ; but the bishop had directed 
 that his body should be interred under 
 the open vault of heaven. Finding the 
 monks resolved to disobey his injunction, 
 he sent a heavy rain on July 15, the day 
 assigned to the funeral ceremony, in con- 
 sequence of which it was deferred from 
 day to day for forty days. The monks 
 then bethought them of the saint's in- 
 junction, and prepared to inter the body 
 in the churchyard. St. Swithin smiled 
 his approbation by sending a beautiful 
 sunshiny day, in which all the robes of 
 the hierarchy might be displayed without 
 the least fear of being injured by untimely 
 and untoward showers. 
 
 St. Tammany, the patron of de- 
 mocracy in the American states. His 
 day is May 1. Tammany or Tammenund 
 lived in the seventeenth century. He 
 was a native of Delaware, but settled on 
 the banks of the Ohio. He was a chief 
 sachem of his tribe, and his rule was 
 discreet and peaceful. His great maxim 
 was, " Unite. In peace unite for mutual 
 happiness, in war for mutual defence." 
 
 Saints {Island of), Ireland. 
 
 Saints (Royal). 
 
 David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153). 
 
 Edward the Confessor (1004, 1042- 
 1066). 
 
 Edward the Martyr (961, 975-979). 
 
 Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 
 
 Ethelred I. king of Wessex (*, 866- 
 871). 
 
 Eugenius T. pope (*, 654-657). 
 
 Felix I. pope (*, 269-274). 
 
 Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon 
 (1200, 1217-1252). 
 
 Julius I. pope (*, 337-352). 
 
 Kang-he, second of the Manchoo 
 dynasty of China (*, 1661-1722). 
 
 Lawrence Justiniani patriarch of Venice 
 (1380, 1451-1465). 
 
 Leo IX. pope (1002, 1049-1054). 
 
 Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270). 
 
 Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 
 
 Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038). 
 
 Saints for Diseases. These saints 
 either ward off ills or help to relieve 
 them, and should be invoked by those 
 who trust their power : — 
 
 Ague. St Pernel cures. 
 
 Bad Dreams. St. Christopher protects from. 
 
 Blear Eyes. St. Otilic cures. 
 
 Blindness. St Thomas a Becket cures. 
 
 Boils and Blains. St. Rooke cures. 
 
 Chastity. St. Susan protects. 
 
 Children's Diseases (All). St. Blaise heals; and all 
 cattle diseases. The bread consecrated on his day (Feb- 
 ruary 3) and called " The Benediction of St. Blaise," should 
 have been tried in the recent cattle plague. 
 
 Cholera, Oola Beebee is invoked by the Hindus in 
 this malady. 
 
 Cholic. St. Erasmus relieves. 
 
 Dancing Mania. St. Vitus cures. 
 
 Defilement. St. Susan preserves from. 
 
 Discovery of Lost Goods. St Eihelbert and St 
 Elian. 
 
 Doubts. St. Catharine resolves. 
 
 Dying. St Barbara relieves. 
 
 Epilepsy. St. Valentine cures. 
 
 Fire. St. Agatha protects from it, but St Florlan 
 should be invoked if it has already broken out. 
 
 Flood, Fire, and Earthquake. St. Christopher 
 saves from. 
 
 Gout. St. Wolfgang, they say, is of more service than 
 Blair's pills. 
 
 Gripes. St. Erasmus cures. 
 
 Idiocy. St. Gildas is the guardian angel of idiots. 
 
 INFAMY. St Susan protects from. 
 
 Infection. St. Roque protects from. 
 
 Leprosy. St. Lazarus, the beggar. 
 
 Madness. St. Dymplma cures. 
 
 Mice and Rats. St. Gertrude and St. Huldrick ward 
 them off. When phosphor paste fails, St. Gertrude 
 might be tried, at any rate with less danger than arsenic. 
 
 Night Alarms. St. Christopher protects from. 
 
 Plague. St. Roch, they say, in this case is better 
 than the "good bishop of Marseilles." 
 
 Quenching Fire. St. Florian and St. Christopher 
 should not be forgotten by fire insurance companies. 
 
 Quinsy. St. Blaise will cure it sooner than Urtari/ed 
 antimony. 
 
 Riches. St. Anne and St Vincent help those who 
 seek it. Gold-dig-ers should ask them for nuggets. 
 
 SCABS. St. Rooke cures. 
 
 Small-pox. St. Martin of Tours may be tried by those 
 objecting to vaccination. In Hindustan, Seetla wards it off. 
 
 Sudden Death. St. Martin saves from. 
 
 Temperance. Father Mathew is called "The AposUo 
 of Temperance " (17ao-185G). 
 
SAINTS OF PLACES. 
 
 861 SAINTS FOR SPECIAL, ETC. 
 
 Tooth-aciib. St Appoline cures better than creosote. 
 
 Vkkmin-Dkstroyers. St Gei tr tide and St. Huldrick. 
 If these fail, try Battle, or the Southwark " vermin-killer." 
 
 Wealth-Bestower. St. Anne, recommended to the 
 •ultan. 
 
 Saints of Places. The following 
 are the patron saints of the cities, nations, 
 or places set down : — 
 
 Aberdeen, St Nicholas (died S42). His day is De- 
 cember 6. 
 
 Abtssinia, St Frumentius (died 360). His day fa 
 October 27. 
 
 Alexandria, St. Mark, who founded the church there 
 (died a.d. 52). His dav is April -25. 
 
 Alps {The), Felix Neff (1793-1829). 
 
 ANTIOCH, St Margaret (died -275). Her day is July 20. 
 
 ARDENNES {The), St Hubert (656-730). He is called 
 " The Apostle of the Ardennes." His days are May 30 and 
 November 3. 
 
 Armenia, St Gregory of Armenia (256-331). His day 
 Is September 30. 
 
 Bath, St David, from whose benediction the waters of 
 Bath received their warmth and medicinal qualities (480- 
 644). His dav is March 1. 
 
 Beadvais, St. Lucian (died 290), called " The Apostle of 
 Beauvais." His day is January 8. 
 
 Belgium, St Boniface (680-755). His day is June 5. 
 
 Bohemia, St Wenceslaus. 
 
 Brussels, the Virgin Mary ; St. Gudule, who died 712. 
 St. Gudule's Day is January 8. 
 
 Cagliari (in Sardinia), St Efisio or St. Ephesus. 
 
 Cappadocia, St Matthias (died a.d. 62). His day Is 
 February 24. 
 
 Carthage, St Perpetua (died 203). Her day is March 7. 
 
 Cologne, St Ursula (died 452). Her day is October 21. 
 
 Corfu, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day is 
 December 14. 
 
 Cremona, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20. 
 
 Denmark, St. Anscharius (801-864), whose day is Feb- 
 ruarys ; and St. Canute (died 1086), whose day is January 19. 
 
 Edinburgh, St Giles (died 550). His day is Septem- 
 ber 1. 
 
 England, St. George (died 290). St. Bede calls Gregory 
 the Great "The Apostle of England," but St. Augustin 
 was " The Apostle of the English People " (died 607). St. 
 George's Day is April 23. 
 
 Ethiopia, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is 
 October 27. 
 
 Flanders, St Peter (died 66). His day is June 89. 
 
 Florence, St. John the Baptist (died a.d. 32). His 
 days are June 24 and August 29. 
 
 Forests, St. Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means " a 
 Wood." His day is June 20. 
 
 ForU, St. Barbara (died 335). Her dav is December 4. 
 
 FRANCE, St. Denys (died 272). His day is October 9. 
 St. Remi is called "The Great Apostle of the French" 
 (439-535). His day is October 1. 
 
 Franconia, St Kilian (died 689). His dav is Julv 8. 
 
 Friselakd, St. Wilhrod or Willibrod (657-738), called 
 "The Apostle of the Frisians." His dav is November 7. 
 
 Gaul, St. Irenajus (130-200), whose dav is June 28 ; and 
 St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November 11. St 
 Denys is called " The Apostle of the Gauls." 
 
 Genoa, St. George of Cappadocia. His dav is April 23. 
 
 Gentiles. St. Paul was " The Apostle of the Gentiles" 
 (died A.D. 66). His days are January 25 and June 29. 
 
 GEORGIA, St. Nino, whose day is September 16. 
 
 GERMANY', St. Boniface, "Apostle of the Germans" 
 (680-755), whose day is June 5 ; and St. Martin (316-397), 
 whose day is November 11. (St. Boniface was called 
 Winfred till Gregory II. changed the name.) 
 
 GLASGOW, St. Mungo, also called Kentigern (514-601). 
 
 Groves. St. Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means "a 
 wood." His day is June 20. 
 
 Highlanders, St Columb (521-697). His day is 
 June 9. 
 
 mils, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is Decemher 4 
 
 HOLLAND, the Virgin Mary. Her days are : her Na- 
 tivity, November 21 ; Visitation. July 2 ; Conception, 
 December 8; Purification, February 2; Assumption, 
 August x5. 
 
 Hungary, St Louis; Mary of Aquisgrana {Aix-la- 
 Chanelle) ; and St Anastasius (died 628), whose day i3 
 January 22. 
 
 India, St. Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566) ; the Rev. 
 J. Eliot (1603-1690) ; and Francis Xavier (1506-1552), called 
 " The Apostle of the Indians," whose day is December 3. 
 
 Ireland, St. Patrick (372-493). His day is March 17. 
 (Some give his birth 387, and some his death 465.) 
 
 ITALY, St. Anthony (251-356). His day is January 17. 
 
 Lapland, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is Decem- 
 ber 6. 
 
 Lichfield, St. Chad, who lived there (died 672). His 
 day is March 2. 
 
 Likge, St. Albert (died 1195). His day is November 21. 
 
 Lisbon, St Vincent (died 304). His translation to Lis- 
 bon is kept September 15. 
 
 London, St. Paul, whose day is January 25 ; and St 
 Michael, whose day is September 29. 
 
 Moscow, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6. 
 
 Mountains, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is Decem- 
 ber 4. 
 
 Naples, St Januarius (died 291), whose day is September 
 19 ; and St. Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274), whose days are 
 March 7 and July 18. 
 
 Netherlands, St. Armand (589-679). 
 
 North {The), St Ansgar (801-864), and Bernard Gilpin 
 (1517-1583). 
 
 Norway, St. Anscharius, called "The Apostle of the 
 North " (801-864), whose day is February 3 ; and St. Olaus 
 (992. 1000-1030). 
 
 Oxford, St. Frideswide. 
 
 Padua, St. Justina, whose day is October 7 ; and St 
 Anthony (1195-1231), whose day is June 13. 
 
 Paris, St. Genevieve (419-512). Her dav is January 3. 
 
 PEAK {The), Derbyshire, W. Bagshaw (1628-1702). 
 
 PlCTS (The), St. Ninian (fourth century), whose day is 
 September 16 ; and St Columb (521-597). whose day is 
 June 9. 
 
 Pisa, San Ranieri. 
 
 Poitiers, St. Hilary (300-367). His day is January 14 
 
 Poland, St. Hedviga (1174-1243), whose day is October 
 15 ; and St Stanislaus (died 1078), whose dav is May 7. 
 
 Portugal, St.Sebastian (250-283). His day is January 20. 
 
 PRUSSIA, St. Andrew, whose day is November 30 ; and 
 St. Albert (died 1195), whose day is November 21. 
 
 Rochester, St. Paulinas (353-131). His day is June 22. 
 
 ROME, St. Peter and St. Paul. Both died on the same 
 day of the month, June 29. The old tutelar deity was 
 Mars. 
 
 Russia, St Nicholas, St Andrew, St George, and the 
 Virgin Mary. 
 
 Saragossa, St. Vincent, where he was born (died 304). 
 His day is January 22. 
 
 Sardinia, Mary the Virgin. Her days are : Nativity, 
 November 21 ; Visitation. July 2; Conception, December 
 8; Purification, February 2 ; Assumption, August 15. 
 
 Scotland, St. Andrew, because his remains were 
 brought by Regulus into Fii'eshire in 368. His day is 
 November 30. 
 
 Sebastia (in Armenia), St Blaise (died 316). His day 
 is February 3. 
 
 Sicily, St. Agatha, where she was born (died 251). 
 Her day is February 5. The old tutelar deity was Ceres. 
 
 Silesia, St. Hedviga, also called Avoye (1174-1243). 
 His day is October 15. 
 
 Slaves or Slavi, St. Cyril, called " The Apostle of the 
 Slavi " (died 868). His day is February 14 
 
 Spain, St. James the Greater (died a.d. 44). His day is 
 July 24. 
 
 Sweden, St. Anscharius, St John, and St. Eric IX. 
 (reigned 1155-1161). 
 
 Switzerland, St Gall (died 646). His day is October 
 16. 
 
 United States, St. Tammany. 
 
 Valleys. St. Agatha (died 251). Her day is February 5. 
 
 Venice, St. Mark, who was buried there. His day is 
 April 25. St. Pantaleon, whose day is July 27 ; and St. 
 Lawrence Justiniani (1380-1465). 
 
 Vienna, St. Stephen (died A.D. 34). His day is Decem- 
 ber 26. 
 
 Vineyards, St. Urban (died 230). His day is May 25. 
 
 Wales, St David, uncle of king Arthur (died 544). His 
 day is March 1. 
 
 Woods, St. Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means " a 
 wood." His dav is June 20. 
 
 Yorkshire, St Paulinus (353-431). His day is June 22. 
 
 Saints for Special Classes of 
 Persons, such as tradesmen, children, 
 wives, idiots, students, etc. : — 
 
 Archers, St. Sebastian, because he was shot by them. 
 
 Armourers, St George of Cappadocia. 
 
 Artists and the Arts, St. Agatha ; but St. Luke is the 
 patron of painters, being himself one. 
 
SAINTS FOR SPECIAL, ETC. 
 
 862 
 
 SAKHRAT. 
 
 Bakers, St. Winifred, -who followed the trade. 
 
 Barbers, St. Louis. 
 
 Barren Women. St. Margaret befriends them. 
 
 Beggars, St. Giles. Hence the outskirts of cities are 
 often called " St. Giles." 
 
 Bishops, etc., St. Timothy and St. Titus (1 Tim. ni. 
 1 ; Titus i. 7). , 
 
 Blind Folk, St. Thomas a Becket, and St Lucy who 
 was deprived of her eyes by Paschasius. 
 
 Booksellers, St. John Port Latin. 
 
 Brides, St. Nicholas, because he threw three stockings, 
 filled with wedding portions, into the chamber window of 
 three virgins, that they might marry their sweethearts, 
 and not live a life of sin for the sake of earning a living. 
 
 Burglars, St Dismas, the penitent thief. 
 
 Candle and Lamp makers, St. Lucy and Lucian. A 
 pun upon lux, lucis (" light "). 
 
 Cannoneers, St. Barbara, because she is generally 
 represented in a fort or tower. 
 
 Captives, St. Barbara and St. Leonard. 
 
 Carpenters, St. Joseph, who was a carpenter. 
 
 Children, St Felicitas and St. Nicholas. This latter 
 saint restored to life some children, murdered by an inn- 
 keeper of Myra and pickled in a pork-tub. 
 
 Cobblers, St. Crispin, who worked at the trade. 
 
 Cripples, St Giles, because he refused to be cured of 
 mn accidental lameness, that he might mortify his flesh. 
 
 Divines, St Thomas Aquinas, author of So?nme de 
 Theology. 
 
 Doctors, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon in Cilicia. 
 
 DRUNKARDS, St. Martin, because St. Martin's Day 
 (November 11) happened to be the day of the Vinalia or 
 feast of Bacchus. St. Urban protects. 
 
 Dying, St. Barbara. 
 
 Ferrymen, St Christopher, who was a ferryman. 
 
 Fishermen, St. Peter, who was a fisherman. 
 
 Fools, St. Maturin, because the Greek word mafia or 
 tnatS means "folly." 
 
 Free Trade. R, Cobden is called "The Apostle of 
 Free Trade " (1804-1865). 
 
 Freemen, St John. 
 
 Fullers, St Sever, because the place so called, on the 
 Adour, is or was famous for its tanneries and fulleries. 
 
 Goldsmiths, St. Eloy, who was a goldsmith. 
 
 Hatters, St William, the son of a hatter. 
 
 Hog and Swineherds, St. Anthony. Pigs unfit for 
 food used anciently to have their ears slit, but one of the 
 proctors of St Anthony's Hospital c<ice tied a bell 
 about the neck of a pig whose ear was slit, and no one 
 ever attempted to injure it. 
 
 Housewives, St. Osyth, especially to prevent their 
 losing the keys, and to help them in finding these " tiny 
 tormentors ; " St. Martha, the sister of Lazarus. 
 
 Huntsmen, St Hubert, who lived in the Ardennes, a 
 famous hunting forest ; and St. Eustice. 
 
 Idiots. St. Gildas restores them to their right senses. '' 
 
 Infants, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. 
 
 Infidels. Voltaire is called " The Apostle of Infidels" 
 (1694-1778). 
 
 Insane Folks, St. Dymphna. 
 
 Lawyers, St Yves Helori (in Sicily), who was called 
 "The Advocate of the Poor," because he was always 
 ready to defend them in the law-courts gratuitously 
 (1253-1303). 
 
 Learned Men, St. Catharine, noted for her learning, 
 and for converting certain philosophers sent to convince 
 the Christians of Alexandria of the folly of the Christian 
 faith. 
 
 Madmen, St. Dymphna. 
 
 Maidens, the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Mariners, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman : and 
 St Nicholas, who was once in danger of shipwreck, and 
 who, on one occasion, lulled a tempest for some pilgrims 
 on their way to the Holy Land. 
 
 Millers, St Arnold, the son of a miller. 
 
 Mercers, St. Florian, the son of a mercer. 
 
 Mothers, the Virgin Mary ; St. Margaret, for those who 
 wish to be so. The girdle of St. Margaret, in St. Ger- 
 main's, is placed round the waist of those who wish to be 
 mothers. 
 
 Musicians, St Cecilia, who was an excellent musician. 
 
 Nailers, St. Cloud, because clou, in French, means 
 "a nail." 
 
 Netmakers, St. James and St. John (Matt. iv. 21). 
 
 Nurses, St. Agatha. 
 
 Painters, St. Luke, who was a painter. 
 
 Parish Clerks, St. Nicholas. 
 
 Parsons, St. Thomas Aquinas, doctor of theology at 
 Paris. _ 
 
 Physicians, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon ; St Luke 
 {Col. iv. 14) 
 
 Pilgrims, St. Julian, St. Raphael, St. James of Com- 
 postella. 
 
 PlNMAKERS, St. Sebastian, whose body was as full of 
 arrows in his martyrdom as a pincushion is of pins. 
 
 Poor Folks, St. Giles, who affected indigence, think- 
 ing " poverty and suffering" a service acceptoble to God. 
 
 Portrait-painters and Photographers, St. Ve- 
 ronica, who had a handkerchief with the face of Jesus 
 photographed on it 
 
 Potters, St. Gore, who was a potter. 
 
 Prisoners. St Sebastian and St. Leonard. 
 
 Sages, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Catharine. 
 
 Sailors, St. Nicholas and St. Christopher. 
 
 Scholars, St. Catharine. (See " Learned Men.") 
 
 School Children, St. Nicholas ami St. Gregory. 
 
 Scotch Reformers. Knox is " The Apostle of tha 
 Scotcli Reformers " (1505-1572). 
 
 Seamen, St. Nicholas, who once was in danger of 
 shipwreck ; and St. Christopher, who was a ferryman. 
 
 Shepherds and their Flocks, St Windeline, who 
 kept sheep, like David. 
 
 Shoemakers, St Crispin, who made shoes. 
 
 Silversmiths, St. Eloy, who worked in gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Slaves, St. CyriL This is a pun ; he was " The Apostle 
 of the Slavi." 
 
 Soothsayers, etc., St. Agabus {Acts xxi. 10). 
 
 Sportsmen, St. Hubert. (See above, " Huntsmen.") 
 
 Statuaries, St. Veronica. (See above, "Portrait- 
 painters.") 
 
 Stonemasons, St. Peter (John i. 42). 
 
 Students, St Catharine, noted for her great learning. 
 
 Surgeons, St. Cosme, who practised medicine in Cilicia 
 gratuitously (died 310). 
 
 Sweethearts, St. Valentine, because in the Middle 
 Ages ladies held their "courts of love "about this time. 
 (See Valentine.) 
 
 Swineherds and Swine, St. Anthony. 
 
 Tailors, St. Goodman, who was a tailor. 
 
 Tanners, St. Clement, the son of a tanner. 
 
 Tax-collectors, St. Matthew (Matt. ix. 9). 
 
 Tentmakers, St. Paul and St. Aquila, who were tent- 
 makers (Acts xviii. 3). 
 
 Thieves, St. Dismas, the penitent thief. St, Ethel- 
 bert and St. Elian ward off thieves. 
 
 Travellers, St. Raphael, because he assumed the 
 guise of a traveller in order to guide Tobias from Nineveh 
 to Rages (Tobit v.). 
 
 Vintners and Vineyards, St. Urban. 
 
 Virgins. St. Winifred and St. Nicholas. 
 
 Wheelwrights, St. Boniface, the son of a wheelwright 
 
 WlGMAKERS, St. Louis. 
 
 Wise Men, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Catharine. 
 Woolcombers and Staplers, St. Blaise, who was torn 
 to pieces by " combes of yren." 
 
 Sakliar, the devil who stole Solomon's 
 signet. The tale is that Solomon, when 
 he washed, entrusted his signet-ring to 
 his favourite concubine Amina. Sakhar 
 one day assumed the appearance of Solo- 
 mon, got possession of the ring, and sat 
 on the throne as the king. During this 
 usurpation, Solomon became a beggar, 
 but in forty days Sakhar flew away, and 
 flung the signet-ring into the sea. It was 
 swallowed by a fish, the fish was caught 
 and sold to Solomon, the ring was re- 
 covered, and Sakhar was thrown into the 
 sea of Galilee with a great stone round 
 his neck. — Jallalo'ddin, Al Zamakh. (See 
 Fish and the Ring, p. 336.) 
 
 Sakhrat [Sak.rah'], the sacred stone 
 on which mount Kaf rests. Mount Kaf 
 is a circular plain, the home of giants and 
 fairies. Any one who possesses a single 
 grain of the stone Sakhrat, has the powef 
 
SAKIA. 
 
 863 
 
 SALEM. 
 
 of working miracles. Its colour is 
 emerald, and its reflection gives the blue 
 tint to the sky. — Mohammedan Mythology. 
 
 Sa'kia, the dispenser of rain, one of 
 the four gods of the Adites (2 syl.). 
 
 Sakia, we invoked for rain ; 
 We called on Razeka for food ; 
 They did not hear our prayers — they could not hear. 
 No cloud appeared in heaven, 
 No nightlv dews came down. 
 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, 1. 24 (1797). 
 
 Sakuntala, daughter of Viswamita 
 and a water-nymph, abandoned by her 
 parents, and brought up by a hermit. 
 One day, king Dushyanta came to the 
 hermitage, and persuaded Sakuntala to 
 marry him. In due time a son was 
 born, but Dushyanta left his bride at the 
 hermitage. When the boy was six years 
 old, his mother took him to the king, and 
 Dushyanta recognized his wife by a ring 
 which he had given her. Sakuntala was 
 now publicly proclaimed queen, and the 
 boy (whose name was Bharata) became 
 the founder of the glorious race of the 
 Bharatas. 
 
 This story forms the plot of the famous 
 drama Sakuntala by Kalidasa, well known 
 to us through the translation of sir W. 
 Jones. 
 
 Sakya-Muni, the founder of Bud- 
 dhism. Sakya is the family name of 
 Siddhartha, and muni means "a recluse." 
 Buddha ("perfection") is a title given to 
 Siddhartha. 
 
 Salacaea'bia or Salacacaby, a soup 
 said to have been served at the table of 
 Apicius. 
 
 Bruise in a mortar parsley seed, dried peneryal. dried 
 mint, ginger, green coriander, stoned raisins, honey, 
 vinegar, oil, and wine. Put them into a cacnbiiliiin, with 
 three crusts of Pycentine bread, the flesh of a pullet, vestine 
 cheese, pine-kernels, cucumbers, and dried onions minced 
 small. Pour soup over the whole, garnish with snow, and 
 (serve up in the cacabulum. — King, The Art of Cookery. 
 
 Sal'ace (3 syl.) or Salacia, wife of 
 iJeptune, and mother of Triton. 
 
 Triton, who boasts his high Neptunian race, 
 Sprung from the god by Salace's embrace. 
 
 Camoens, Lusiad, vi. (1572). 
 
 Salad Days, days of green youth, 
 while the blood is still cool. 
 
 [Those were] my salad days I 
 When I was green in judgment, cold in blood. 
 Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act i. sc. 5 (1608). 
 
 Sal'adin, the soldan of the East. Sir 
 W. Scott introduces him in The Talisman, 
 first as Sheerkohf emir of Kurdistan, 
 and subsequently as Adonbeck el Hakim' 
 the physician. 
 
 Salamanca, the reputed home of 
 witchcraft and devilry in De Lancre's 
 time (1610). 
 
 Salamanca (The Bachelor of), the title 
 and hero of a novel by Lesage. The 
 name of the bachelor is don Cherubim, 
 who is placed in all sorts of situations 
 suitable to the author's vein of satire 
 (1704). 
 
 Salamander (A). Prester John, in 
 his letter to Manuel Comnenus emperor 
 of Constantinople, describes the sala- 
 mander as a worrn, and says it makes 
 cocoons like a silkworm. These cocoons, 
 being unwound by the ladies of the 
 palace, are spun into dresses for the 
 imperial women. The dresses are washed 
 in flames, and not in water. This, of 
 course, is asbestos. 
 
 Sala'nio, a friend to Anthonio and 
 Bassanio. — Shakespeare, Merchant of 
 Venice (1598). 
 
 Salari'no, a friend to Anthonio and 
 Bassanio. — Shakespeare, Merchant of 
 Venice (1598). 
 
 Sa'leh. The Thamudites (3 syl.) 
 proposed that Saleh should, by miracle, 
 prove that Jehovah was a God superior to 
 their own. Prince Jonda said he would 
 believe it, if Saleh made a camel, big 
 with young, come out of a certain rock 
 which he pointed out. Saleh did so, and 
 Jonda was converted. 
 
 (The Thamudites were idolators, and 
 Saleh the prophet was sent to bring them 
 back to the worship of Jehovah.) 
 
 Sdleh's Camel. The camel thus miracu- 
 lously produced, used to go about the 
 town, crying aloud, " Ho ! every one that 
 wanteth milk, let him come, and I will 
 give it hipi." — Sale, Al Koran, vii. notes. 
 (See Isaiah lv. 1.) 
 
 Sa'leh, son of Faras'che (3 syl.) queen 
 of a powerful under-sea empire. His 
 sister was Gulna're (3 syl.) empress of 
 Persia. Saleh asked the king of Saman- 
 dal, another under-sea emperor, to give his 
 daughter Giauha're in marriage to prince 
 Beder, son of Gulnare ; but the proud, 
 passionate despot ordered the prince's 
 head to be cut off for such presumptuous 
 insolence. However, Saleh made his 
 escape, invaded Samandal, took the king 
 prisoner, and the marriage between Beder 
 and the princess Giauhare was duly cele- 
 brated. — Arabian Nights ("Beder and 
 Giauhare"). 
 
 Sa'lem, a young seraph, one of the 
 two tutelar angels of the Virgin Mary and 
 of John the Divine, "for God had given 
 to John two tutelar aLgels, the chief of 
 
SALEMAL. 
 
 864 
 
 SALVAGE KNIGHT. 
 
 whom was Raph/ael, one of the most 
 exalted seraphs of the hierarchy of 
 heaven." — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. 
 '1748). 
 
 Sal'emal, the preserver in sickness, 
 one of the four gods of the Adites (2 
 sy/.). — D'Herbelot, Bibliothequc Orientate 
 (1697). 
 
 Salern' or Saler'no, in Italy, cele- 
 brated for its school of medicine. 
 
 Even the doctors of Salern 
 
 Send me back word they can discern 
 
 No cure for a malady like this. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Salian Franks. So called from the 
 Isala or Yssel, in Holland. They were a 
 branch of the Sicambri ; hence when Clovis 
 was baptized at Rheims, the old prelate 
 addressed him as "Sigambrian," and said 
 that "he must henceforth set at nought 
 what he had hitherto worshipped, and 
 worship what he had hitherto set at 
 nought." 
 
 Salisbury {Earl of), William Long- 
 sword, natural son of Henry II. and 
 Jane Clifford, "The Fair Rosamond." 
 — Shakespeare, King John (159G) ; sir 
 W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard 
 I.). 
 
 Sallust of France (The). Cesar 
 Vichard (1639-1692) was so called by 
 Voltaire. 
 
 Sal'macis, softness, effeminacy. 
 SalmScis is a fountain of Caria, near 
 Halicarnassus, which rendered soft and 
 effeminate those who bathed therein. 
 
 Beneath the woman's and the water's kiss, 
 Thy moist limbs melted into Salmacis* . . 
 And all the boy's breath softened into sighs. 
 
 Swinburne, Uermayhroditut. 
 
 Salmigondin or " Salmygondin," a 
 lordship of Dipsody, given \>\ Pantag'ruel 
 to Panurge (2 syl.). Alcofribas, who had 
 resided six months in the giant's mouth 
 without his knowing it, was made castellan 
 of the castle. — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, ii. 
 32 ; iii. 2 (1533-45). 
 
 The lordship of Salmygondin was worth 67 million 
 pounds sterling per annum in "certain rent," and an 
 annual revenue for locusts and periwinkles, varying from 
 £24.357 to 12 millions in a good year, when the exports of 
 locusts and periwinkles were flourishing. Panurge, how- 
 ever, could not make the two ends meet. At the cluse of 
 " less than fourteen days " he had forestalled three years' 
 rent and revenue, and had to apply to Pantagruel to pay 
 his debts. — Pantagruel, iii. 2. 
 
 Salmo'neus (3 syl.), king of Elis, 
 wishing to be thought a god, used to 
 imitate thunder and lightning by driving 
 his chariot over a brazen bridge, and 
 darting burning torches on every side. 
 
 He was killed by lightning for his im- 
 piety and folly. 
 
 Salmoneus, who while he his carroach dravo 
 Over the brazen bridge of Elis' stream, 
 
 And did with artificial thunder brave 
 Jove, till he pierced him with a lightning beam. 
 Lord Brooke, Treatise on Monarchic, vi 
 
 It was to be the literary Salmoneus of the political 
 Jupiter.— Lord I.ytton. 
 
 Sa'lo, a rivulet now called Xalon, near 
 Bilbilis, in Celtiberia. This river is so 
 exceedingly cold that the Spaniards used 
 to plunge their swords into it while they 
 were hot from the forge. The best 
 Spanish blades owe their stubborn temper 
 to the icy coldness of this brook. 
 
 Ssevo Bilbilin optimam metallo 
 Et ferro Plateam suo sonantem, 
 Quam fluctu tentii sed inquieto 
 Armorum Salo temperator ambit 
 
 Martial, Epigrammata. 
 Prseclpua his quidem ferrl materia, sed aqua ipsa ferro 
 violentior ; quippe temperamento ejus ferrum acriui 
 redditur; nee ullum apud eos telum probatur quod non 
 aut in Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tingatur. Unde etiam 
 Chalybes fluvii hujus finitimi appellati, ferroque caeteria 
 praestare dicuntur.— JusUn, llistoria Philippica, xliv. 
 
 Salome and the Baptist. When 
 
 Salome delivered the head of John the 
 Baptist to her mother, Herodias pulled 
 out the tongue and stabbed it with her 
 bodkin. 
 
 When the head of Cicero was delivered 
 to Marc Antony, his wife Fulvia pulled 
 out the tongue and stabbed it repeatedly 
 with her bodkin. 
 
 Salopia, Shropshire. 
 
 Admired Salopia ! that with venial pride 
 Eyes her bright form in Severn's ambient ware ; 
 
 Famed for her loyal cares in perils tried, 
 Her daughters lovely, and her striplings brave. 
 Shenstone, The Schoolmistress (1758). 
 
 Salsabil, a fountain of paradise, the 
 water of which is called Zenjebil. The 
 word Salsabil means " that which goes 
 pleasantly down the throat ; " and Zen- 
 jebil means "ginger" (which the Arabs 
 mix with the water that they drink). 
 
 God shall reward the righteous with a garden, and silk 
 garments. They shall repose on couches. They shall see 
 there neither sun nor moon . . . the fruit thereof shall 
 hang low, so as to be easily gathered. The bottles shall be 
 silver shining like glass, and the wine shall be mixed with 
 the water Zenjebil, a fountain in paradise named Salsabil. 
 — Sale's ICordn, lxxvi. 
 
 Salt River (To row up), to go 
 against the stream, to suffer a political 
 defeat. 
 
 There is a small stream called the Salt River in Ken- 
 tucky, noted for its tortuous course and numerous bars. 
 The phrase is applied to one who has the task of propelling 
 the boat up the stream ; but in political slang it is applied 
 to those who are " rowed up."— J. Inman. 
 
 Salvage Knight (The), sir Ar- 
 thegal, called Artegal from bk. iv. 6. 
 The hero of bk. v. (Justice). — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen (1596). 
 
SALVATOR ROSA. 
 
 865 
 
 SAMIASA. 
 
 Salva'tor Rosa {The English), John 
 Hamilton Mortimer (1741-1779;. 
 
 Salvato're (4 syl.), Salva'tor Rosa, 
 an Italian painter, especially noted for 
 Ms scenes of brigands, etc. (1615-1673). 
 
 But, ever and anon, to soothe your vision, 
 Fatigued with these hereditary glories, 
 
 There rose a Carlo Dolce or a Titian, 
 Or wilder group of savage Salvatore's. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 71 (1S24). 
 
 Sam, a gentleman, the friend of 
 Francis'co. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 Mons. Thomas (1619). 
 
 Sam, one of the Know-Nothings or 
 Native American party. One of "Uncle 
 Sam's " sons. 
 
 Sam {Dicky), a Liverpool man. 
 
 Sam {Uncle), the United States of 
 North America, or rather the government 
 of the states personified. So called from 
 Samuel "Wilson, uncle of Ebenezer 
 "Wilson. Ebenezer was inspector of 
 Elbert Anderson's store on the Hudson, 
 and Samuel superintended the workmen. 
 The stores were marked E'A. U*S. 
 (" Elbert Anderson, United States"), but 
 the workmen insisted that U*S. stood 
 for " Uncle Sam." — Mr. Frost. 
 
 Sam Silverquill, one of the 
 
 prisoners at Portanferry. — Sir "W. Scott, 
 Guy Manner ing (time, George II.). 
 
 Sam Weller, servant of Mr. Pick- 
 wick. The impersonation of the shrewd- 
 ness, quaint humour, and best qualities 
 of cockney low life. — C. Dickens, The 
 Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Sa'mael (3 syl.), the prince of 
 demons, who, in the guise of a serpent, 
 tempted Eve in paradise. (See Samuel.) 
 
 Samandal, the largest and most 
 powerful of the under-sea empires. The 
 inhabitants of these empires live under 
 water without being wetted ; transport 
 themselves instantaneously from place 
 to place ; can live on our earth or in the 
 Island of the Moon ; are great sorcerers ; 
 and speak the language of "Solomon's 
 seal." — Arabian Nights (" Beder and Giau- 
 hare"). 
 
 Samarcand Apple, a perfect 
 panacea of all diseases. It was bought 
 by prince Ahmed, and was instrumental 
 in restoring Nouroun'nihar to perfect 
 health, although at the very point of 
 death. 
 
 In fact, sir, there is no disease, however painful or 
 dangerous, whether fever, pleurisy, plague, or any other 
 disorder, but it will instantly cure ; and that in the easiest 
 
 37 
 
 possible way : it is simply to make the sick person smell 
 of the apple,— Arabian Mghts ("Ahmed and Part- 
 Banou "). 
 
 SamTbenites [Sam'.be.neetz], persons 
 dressed in the sambenito, a yellow coat 
 without sleeves, having devils painted 
 on it. The sambenito was worn by 
 " heretics " on their way to execution. 
 
 And blow us up i' the open streets, 
 Disguised in rumps, like sambenites. 
 
 & Butler, tfudibras, iii. 2 (1578). 
 
 Sambo, any male of the negro race. 
 
 No race has shown such capabilities of adaptation to 
 varying soil and circumstances as the negro. Alike to 
 them the snows of Canada, the rocky land of New Eng- 
 land or the gorgeous profusion of the Southern States. 
 Sambo and Cuffey expand under them all. — H. Beechor 
 Stowe. 
 
 Sam/eri {Al), the proselyte who 
 cast the golden calf at the bidding of" 
 Aaron. After he had made it, he took 
 up some dust on which Gabriel's horse 
 had set its feet, threw it into the calf's 
 mouth, and immediately the calf became 
 animated and began to low. Al Bei- 
 dawi says that Al Sameri was not really 
 a proper name, but that the real name of 
 the artificer was Musa ebn Dhafar. Sel- 
 den says Al Sameri means "the keeper," 
 and that Aaron was so called, because he 
 was the keeper or " guardian of the 
 people." — Selden, De Diis Syr is, i. 4 (see 
 Al Koran, ii. notes). 
 
 Sa'mian {The Long-Haired), Pytha- 
 goras or Budda Ghooroos, a native of 
 Samos (sixth century B.C.). 
 
 Samian He'ra. Hera or Here, wife 
 of Zeus, was born at Samos. She was 
 worshipped in Egypt as well as in 
 Greece. 
 
 Samian Letter {Tlie), the letter Y, 
 used by Pythagoras as an emblem of the 
 path of virtue and of vice. Virtue is 
 like the stem of the letter. Once deviated 
 from, the further the lines are extended 
 the wider the divergence becomes. 
 
 When reason, doubtful, like the Samian letter. 
 Points him two ways, the narrower the better. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iv. (1742). 
 Et tibi quEe Samios diduxit litera ramos. 
 
 Persius, Satires. 
 
 Samian Sage {The), Pythagoras, 
 born at Samos (sixth century B.C.). 
 
 'Tis enough 
 In this late age, adventurous to hare touched 
 Light on the numbers of the Samian Sage. 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 Samias'a, a seraph, in love with 
 Aholiba'mah the granddaughter of Cain. 
 "When the Flood came, the seraph carried 
 off his innamorata to another planet. — 
 Byron, Heaven and Earth (1819). 
 3 K 
 
SAMIEL. 
 
 866 
 
 SANCHA. 
 
 Sa'miel, the Black Huntsman of the 
 "Wolf's Glen, who gave to Der Freischiitz 
 seven balls, six of which Were to hit 
 whatever the marksman aimed at, but 
 the seventh was to be at the disposal of 
 Samiel. (See Samakl.) — Weber, Der 
 - Freischiitz (libretto by Kind, 1822). 
 
 Samiel Wind {The), the simoom. 
 
 Burning and headlong as the Samiel wind.- 
 
 T. Moore, Lalla IlooJch, i. (1817). 
 
 Samient, the female ambassador of 
 queen Mercilla to queen Adicia (wife of 
 the soldan). Adicia treated her with 
 great contumely, thrust her out of doors, 
 and induced two knights to insult her ; 
 but sir Artegal, coming up, drove at one 
 of the unmannerly knights with such 
 fury as to knock him from his horse and 
 break his neck. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 v. (1506). 
 
 (This refers to the treatment of the 
 deputies sent by the states of Holland to 
 Spain for the redress of grievances. 
 Philip ("the soldan") detained the 
 deputies as prisoners, disregarding the 
 sacred rights of their office as ambas- 
 sadors.) 
 
 Sam/ite (2 syl.) t a very rich silk, 
 sometimes interwoven with gold or silver 
 thread. 
 
 ... an arm 
 Rose up from the bosom of the lake, 
 Clothed in white samite. 
 
 Tennyson, Morte d' Arthur (1858). 
 
 Sam'ma, the demoniac that John 
 " the Beloved " could not exorcise. Jesus, 
 coming from the Mount of Olives, re- 
 buked Satan, who quitted " the possessed," 
 and left him in his right mind. — Klopstock, 
 The Messiah, ii. (1748). 
 
 Sam'oed Shore (TJie). Samoi'eda is 
 a province of Muscovy, contiguous to the 
 Frozen Sea. 
 
 Now, from the north 
 Of NommlieKa, and the Samoed shore, . . . 
 Boreas and Csecias . . . rend the woods, and seas upturn. 
 Milton, J'aradise Lost, x. 695 (1C6'5). 
 
 Sampson, one of Capulet's servants. 
 ■ — Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1597). 
 
 Samp'son, a foolish advocate, kinsman 
 of judge Vertaigne (2 sylX — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer 
 (1647). 
 
 Sampson {Dominie) or Abel Sampson, 
 tutor to Harry Bertram son of the laird of 
 Ellangowan. One of the best creations 
 of romance. His favourite exclamation 
 is "Prodigious!" Dominie Sampson is 
 very learned, simple, and green. Sir 
 Walter describes him as "a poor, modest, 
 
 humble scholar, who had won his way 
 through the classics, but fallen to the lee- 
 ward in the voyage of life." — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 His appearance puritanical. Ragged black clothes, blue 
 worsted stockings, pewter-headed long cane. — Guy Man- 
 nering (dramatized), i. 2. 
 
 Sampson (George), a friend of the 
 Wilfer family. Pie adored Bella Wilfer, 
 but married her voungest sister Lavinia. 
 — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 
 
 Samson (The British), Thomas Top- 
 ham (1710-1749). 
 
 Samson Agonistes (4 syl.), " Sam- 
 son the Combatant," a sacred drama by 
 Milton, showing Samson blinded and 
 bound, but triumphant over his enemies, 
 who sent for him to make sport by feats 
 of strength on the feast of Dagon. 
 Having amused the multitude for a time, 
 he was allowed to rest awhile against 
 the " grand stand," and, twining his arms 
 round two of the supporting pillars, he 
 pulled the whole edifice down, and died 
 himself in the general devastation (1632). 
 
 Samson's Crown, an achievement 
 of great renown, which costs the life of 
 the doer thereof. Samson's greatest ex- 
 ploit was pulling down the "grand 
 stand " occupied by the chief magnates 
 of Philistia at the feast of Dagon. By 
 this deed, " he slew at his death more than 
 [all] they which he slew in his life." — 
 Judges xvi. 30. 
 
 And by self-ruin seek a Samson's crown. 
 Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1628). 
 
 San Ben'ito, a short linen dress, 
 with demons painted on it, worn by per- 
 sons condemned by the Inquisition. 
 
 For some time the "traitor Newman" was solemnly 
 paraded in inquisitorial sin benito before the enlightened 
 public— E. Yates, Celebrities, xxii. 
 
 San Bris (Contedi), father of Valen- 
 ti'na. During the Bartholomew slaughter, 
 his daughter and her husband (Baoul) 
 were both shot by a party of musketeers, 
 under the count's command. — Meyerbeer, 
 Les Huguenots (opera, 1836). 
 
 Sancha, daughter of Garcias king of 
 Navarre, and wife of Fernan Gonsalez 
 of Castile. Sancha twice saved the life 
 of her husband : when he was cast into 
 a dungeon by some personal enemies who 
 waylaid him, she liberated him by bribing 
 the jailer ; and Avhen he was incarcerated 
 at Leon, she effected his escape by changing 
 clothes with him. 
 
 The countess of Nithsdale effected the 
 escape of her husband from the Tower, in 
 1715, by changing clothes with him. 
 
SANCHEZ II. 
 
 8C7 
 
 SANGLIER. 
 
 The conntess de Lav alette, in 1815, 
 liberated her husband, under sentence of 
 death, in the same way ; but the terror she 
 suffered so affected her nervous system 
 that she lost her senses, and never after- 
 wards recovered them. 
 
 San'chez II. of Castile was killed at 
 the battle of Zamo'ra, 1065. 
 
 It was when brave king Sanchez 
 Was before Zamora slain. 
 
 Longfellow, The Challenge. 
 
 Sanchi'ca, eldest daughter of Sancho 
 and Teresa Panza. — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote (1G05-15). 
 
 Sancho (Don), a rich old beau, uncle 
 to Victoria. " He affects the misde- 
 meanours of a youth, hides his baldness 
 with amber locks, and complains of tooth- 
 ache, to make people believe that his teeth 
 are not false ones." Don Sancho "loves 
 in the style of Roderigo I." — Mrs. Cowley, 
 A Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). 
 
 Sancho Panza, the 'squire of don 
 Quixote. A short, pot-bellied peasant, 
 with plenty of shrewdness and good 
 common sense. He rode upon an ass 
 which he dearly loved, and was noted for 
 his proverbs. 
 
 Sancho Panza's Ass, Dapple. 
 
 Sancho Panza' s Island-City, Barataria, 
 where he was for a time governor. 
 
 Sancho Panza' s Wife, Teresa [Cascajo] 
 (pt. II. i. 5) ; Maria or Mary [Gutierez" 
 (pt. II. iv. 7) ; Dame Juana [Gutierez* 
 (pt. I. i. 7) ; and Joan (pt. I. iv. 21). — 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605-15). 
 
 *** The model painting of Sancho 
 Panza is by Leslie ; it is called " Sancho 
 and the Duchess." 
 
 Sanchoni'athonor Saxchoxiatho. 
 Nine books ascribed to this author were 
 published at Bremen in 1837. The 
 original was said to have been discovered 
 in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhao, 
 by colonel Pereira, a Portuguese ; but it 
 was soon ascertained that no such convent 
 existed, that there was no colonel of the 
 name of Pereira in the Portuguese service, 
 and that the paper bore the water-mark 
 of the Osnabriick paper-mills. (See Im- 
 postors, Literary.) 
 
 Sanct-Cyr (Hugh de), the seneschal 
 of king Rene', at Aix.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Sancy Diamond ( The) weighs 53£ 
 carats, and belonged to Charles "the 
 Bold " of Burgundy. It was bought, in 
 1495, by Emmanuel of Portugal, and was 
 sold, in 1580, by don Antonio to the sieur 
 
 de Sancy, in whose family it remained for 
 a century. The sieur deposited it with 
 Henri IV. as a security for a loan of money. 
 The servant entrusted with it, being 
 attacked by robbers, SAvallowed it, and 
 being murdered, the diamond was re- 
 covered by Nicholas de Harlay. We 
 next hear of it in the possession of 
 James II. of England, who carried it with 
 him in his flight, in 1688. Louis XIV. 
 bought it of him for £25,000. It was ' 
 sold in the Revolution ; Napoleon I. re- 
 bought it ; in 1825 it was sold to Paul 
 Demidoff for £80,000. The prince sold 
 it, in 1830, to M. Levrat, administrator of 
 the Mining Society ; but as Levrat failed 
 in his engagement, the diamond became, 
 in 1832, the subject of a lawsuit, which 
 was given in favour of the prince. We 
 next hear of it in Bombay; in 1867 it 
 was transmitted to England by the firm 
 of Forbes and Co. ; in 1873 it formed part 
 of ' ' the crown necklace," worn by Mary of 
 Sachsen Altenburg on her marriage with 
 Albert of Prussia ; in 1876, in the in- 
 vestiture of the Star of India by the 
 prince of Wales, in Calcutta, Dr. W. H. 
 Russell tells us it was worn as a pendant 
 by the maharajah of Puttiala. 
 
 *** Streeter, in his book of Precious 
 Stones and Gems, 120 (1877), tells us it 
 belongs to the czar of Russia, but if Dr. 
 Russell is correct, it must have been sold 
 to the maharajah. 
 
 Sand (George). Her birth name was 
 Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, after- 
 wards Dudevant (1804-1877). 
 
 Sand-Bag. Only knights were al- 
 lowed to fight with lance and sword ; 
 meaner men used an ebon staff, to one end 
 of which was fastened a sand-bag. 
 
 Engaged with money-bajrs, as bold 
 As men with sand-bags did of old. 
 
 S. Butler. Hudibras (1G63-78). 
 
 San'datoar, an Arabian writer, abo'it 
 a century before the Christian era, famous 
 for his Parables. 
 
 It was rumoured he could say 
 The Parables of Sandabar. 
 Longfellow, The Wayside J an (prelude, 1863). 
 
 Sanden, the great palace of king Lion, 
 in the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox 
 (1498). 
 
 Sandford (Harry), the companion of 
 Tommy Merton. — Thomas Dav, History 
 of Sandford and Merton (1783-9). 
 
 San'glamore (3 syl.), the sword of 
 Braggadochio. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 
 (1590). 
 
 Sanglier {Sir), a knight who insisted 
 
SANGLIER DES ARDENNES. 868 
 
 SANGRADO. 
 
 on changing wives with a squire, and 
 when the lady objected, he cut off her 
 head, and rode off with the squire's wife. 
 Being brought before sir Artegal, sir 
 Sanglier insisted that the living lady- 
 was his wife, and that the dead woman 
 was the squire's wife. Sir Artegal com- 
 manded that the living and dead women 
 should both be cut in twain, and half of 
 each be given to the two litigants. To 
 .this sir Sanglier gladly assented; but 
 the squire objected, declaring it would be 
 far better to give the lady to the knight 
 than that she should suffer death. On 
 this, sir Artegal pronounced the living 
 woman to be the squire's wife, and the 
 dead one to be the knight's. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, v. 1 (1596). 
 
 ("Sir Sanglier" is meant for Shan 
 O'Neil, leader of the Irish insurgents in 
 1567. Of course, this judgment is bor- 
 rowed from that of Solomon, 1 Kings 
 iii. 16-27.) 
 
 Sanglier des Ardennes, Guil- 
 laume de la Marck (1446-1485). 
 
 Sangraal, Sancgreal, etc., gene- 
 rally said to be the holy plate from which 
 Christ ate at the Last Supper, brought to 
 England by Joseph of Arimathy. What- 
 ever it was, it appeared to king Arthur 
 and his 150 knights of the Round Table, 
 but suddenly vanished, and all the knights 
 vowed they would go in quest thereof. 
 Only three, sir Bors, sir Percivale, and 
 sir Galahad, found it, and only sir Gala- 
 had touched it, but he soon died, and 
 was borne by angels up into heaven. 
 The sangraal of Arthurian romance is 
 "the dish" containing Christ transub- 
 stantiated by the sacrament of the Mass, 
 and made visible to the bodily eye of man. 
 This will appear quite obvious to the 
 reader by the following extracts : — 
 
 Then anon tliey heard cracking and crying of thunder. 
 ... In the midst of the blast entered a sunbeam more 
 clear by seven times than the clay, and all they were 
 alighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost . . . Then there 
 entered into the hall the Holy Grale covered with white 
 samite, but there was none that could see it, nor who 
 bare it, but the whole hall was full filled with good 
 odours, and every knight had such meat and drink as he 
 best loved in the world, and when the Holy Grale had 
 been borne through the hall, then the holy vessel departed 
 suddenly, and they wist not where it became. — Ch. 35. 
 
 Then looked they and saw a man come out of the holy 
 vessel, that had all the signs of the passion of Christ, and 
 he said ..." This is the holy dish wherein I ate the lamb 
 on Sher-Thursday, and now hast thou seen it . . . yet hast 
 thou not seen it so openly as thou shalt see it in the city 
 of Sarras . . . therefore thou must go hence and bear 
 with thee this holy vessel, for this night it shall depart 
 from the realm of Logris . . . and take with thee . . . 
 6ir Percivale and sir Bors." — Ch. 101. 
 
 So departed sir Galahad, and sir Percivale and sir Bors 
 with him. And so they rode three days, and came to a 
 river, and found a ship . . . and when on board, they 
 found in the midst the table of silver and the Saucgreall 
 covered with red samite. . . . Then sir Galahad iaid him 
 
 down and slept. . . . and when he woke ... he saw the 
 city of Sarras (ch. 103). ... At the year's end, ... he 
 saw before him the holy vessel, and a man kneeling upon 
 his knees in the likeness of the bishop, which had about 
 him a great fellowship of angels, as it had been Christ 
 Himself . . . and when he came to the sakering of the 
 Mass, and had done, anon he called sir Galahad, and said 
 unto him, " Come forth, . . . and thou shalt see that 
 which thou hast much desired to see "... and he beheld 
 spiritual things . . . (ch. 104).— Sir T. Malory, History of 
 Prince Arthur, ill. 35, 101, 104 (1470). 
 
 The earliest story of the holy graal 
 was inverse (a.d. 1100), author unknown. 
 
 Chre'tien de Troyes has a romance in 
 eight-syllable verse on the same subject 
 (1170). 
 
 Guiot's tale of Titurel founder of 
 Graal-burg, and Varzival prince thereof, 
 belongs to the twelfth century. 
 
 Wolfram von "Eschenbach, a minne- 
 singer, took Guiot's tale as the foundation 
 of his poem (thirteenth century). 
 
 In Titurel the Younger tho subject is 
 very fully treated. 
 
 Sir T. Malory (in pt. iii. of the History 
 of Prince Arthur, translated in 1470 from 
 the French) treats the subject in prose 
 very fully. 
 
 R. S. Hawker has a poem on the San- 
 graal, but it was never completed. 
 
 Tennvson has an idyll called The Holy 
 Grail (1858). 
 
 Boisseree published, in 1834, at Munich, 
 a work On the Description of the Temple 
 of the Holy Graal. 
 
 Sangra'do {Doctor), of Valladolid. 
 This is the "Sagredo" of Espinel's ro- 
 mance called Marcos de Obregon. "The 
 doctor was a tall, meagre, paie man, who 
 had kept the shears of Cloth o employed for 
 forty years at least. He had a very solemn 
 appearance, weighed his discourse, and 
 used ' great pomp of words.' His reason- 
 ings were geometrical, and his opinions 
 his own." Dr. Sangrado considered that 
 blood was not needful for life, and that 
 hot water could not be administered too 
 plentifully into the system. Gil Bias 
 became his servant and pupil, and was 
 allowed to drink any quantity of water, 
 but to eat only sparingly of beans, peas, 
 and stewed apples. 
 
 Other physicians make the healing art consist in tha 
 knowledge of a thousand different sciences, but I go a 
 shorter way to work, and spare the trouble of studying 
 pharmacy, anatomy, botany, and physic. Know, then, 
 that all which is required is to bleed the patients copiously, 
 and make them drink warm water. — Lesage, Gil Bias, ii. 
 2 (1715). 
 
 Dr. Hancock prescribed cold water and 
 stewed prunes. 
 
 Dr. Rezio of Barataria allowed Sancho 
 Panza to eat "a few wafers and a thin 
 slice or two of quince." — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, II. iii. 10 (1615). 
 
SANJAK-SHERIF. 
 
 869 
 
 SANTIAGO FOR SPAIN. 
 
 Sanjak-Sherif, the banner of Ma- 
 homet. (See p. 593.) 
 
 Sansar, the icy wind of death, kept 
 in the deepest entrails of the earth, called 
 in Thalaba " Sarsar." 
 
 She passed by rapid descents known only to Eblis, . . . 
 and thus penetrated the very entrails of the earth, where 
 breathes the Sansar or icy wind of death. — W. Beckford, 
 Vathek (1784). 
 
 Sansculottes (3 syl.), a lovr, riff-raff 
 party in the great French Revolution, so 
 shabby in dress that they were termed 
 "the trouser-less." The culotte is the 
 breeches, called brack by the ancient 
 Gauls, and hauts-de-chausses in the reign 
 of Charles IX. 
 
 Sansculottism, red republicanism, 
 or the revolutionary platform of the Sans- 
 culottes. 
 
 The duke of Brunswick, at the head of a large army, 
 Invaded France to restore Louis XVI. to the throne, and 
 save legitimacy from the sacrilegious hands of sansculot- 
 tism.— G. H. Lewes, Story of Goethe's Life. 
 
 Literary Sansculottism, literature of a 
 low character, like that of the "Minerva 
 Press," the " Leipsic Fair," " Hollywell 
 Street," " Grub Street," and so on. 
 
 Sansfoy, a "faithless Saracen," who 
 attacked the Red Cross Knight, but was 
 slain by him. " He cared for neither 
 God nor man." Sansfoy personifies in- 
 fidelity. 
 
 Sansfoy, full large of limb and every joint 
 
 He was, and cared not for God or man a point. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 2 (1590). 
 
 Sansjoy, brother of Sansfoy. When 
 he came to the court of LucifSra, he 
 noticed the shield of Sansfoy on the arm 
 of the Red Cross Knight, and his rage 
 was so great that he was with difficulty 
 restrained from running on the champion 
 there and then, but Lucifera bade him 
 defer the combat to the following day. 
 Next day, the fight began, but just as the 
 Red Cross Knight was about to deal his 
 adversary a death-blow, Sansjoy was 
 enveloped in a thick cloud, and carried 
 off in the chariot of Night to the infernal 
 regions, where iEsculapius healed him of 
 his wounds. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4, 
 5 (1590). 
 
 (The reader will doubtless call to mind 
 the combat jf Menalaos and Paris, and 
 remember tow the Trojan was invested 
 in a cloud aL.i carried off by Venus under 
 similar circumstances. — Homer, Iliad, 
 iii.) 
 
 Sansloy {"superstition"), the brother 
 of Sansfoy and Sansjoj'. He carried off 
 Una to the wilderness, but when the 
 
 fauns and satyrs came to her rescue, he 
 saved himself by flight. 
 
 *i* The meaning of this allegory is 
 this : Una {truth), separated from St. 
 George {holiness), is deceived by Hypo- 
 crisy; and immediately truth joins 
 hypocrisy, it is carried away by supersti- 
 tion. Spenser says the "simplicity of 
 truth" abides with the common people, 
 especially of the rural districts, after 
 it is lost to towns and the luxurious 
 great. The historical reference is to 
 queen Mary, in whose reign Una {the 
 Reformation) was carried captive, and 
 religion, being mixed up with hypocrisy, 
 degenerated into superstition, but the 
 rural population adhered to the simplicity 
 of the protestant faith. — Spenser, Faerti 
 Queen, i. 2 (1590). 
 
 Sansonetto, a Christian regent of 
 Mecca, vicegerent of Charlemagne. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Fur ioso (1516). 
 
 Sansuenna, now Saragossa. 
 
 Santa Casa, the house occupied by 
 the Virgin Mary at her conception, and 
 removed, in 1291, from Galilee to Loretto. 
 
 Santa Klaus (1 syl.), the Dutch 
 name of St. Nicholas, the patron saint 
 of boys. 
 
 In Flanders and Holland, the children put out their 
 shoe or stocking on Christmas Eve, in the confidence that 
 Santa Klaus or Knecht Clobes (as they call him) will put 
 in a prize for good conduct before morning. — Yonge. 
 
 Santiago {Sent. yah'. go], the war- 
 cry of Spain ; adopted because St. James 
 {Sant lago) rendered, according to tradi- 
 tion, signal service to a Christian king of 
 Spain in a battle against the Moors. 
 
 Santiago for Spain. This saint 
 was James, son of Zebedee, brother of 
 John. He was beheaded, and caught his 
 head in his hands as it fell. The Jews 
 were astonished, but when the}' touched 
 the body they found it so cold that their 
 hands and arms were paralyzed. — Fran- 
 cisco Xavier, Analcs de Galicia (1733). 
 
 Santiago's Head. When Santiago went 
 to Spain in his marble ship, he had no 
 head on his body. The passage took 
 seven days, and the ship was steered by 
 the " presiding hand of Providence." — 
 Espaiia Sagrada, xx. 6. 
 
 Santiago had two heads. One of his 
 heads is at Braga, and one at Compo- 
 stella. 
 
 *i* John the Baptist had half a dozen 
 heads at the least, and as many bodies, 
 all capable of working miracles. 
 
 Santiago leads the armies of Spain. 
 
SANTONS. 
 
 870 
 
 SARDOIN HERB. 
 
 Thirty-eight instances of the interference 
 of this saint are gravely set down as facts 
 in the Chronicles of Galicia, and this is 
 superadded: "These instances are well 
 known, but I hold it for certain that the 
 appearances of Santiago in our victorious 
 armies have been much more numerous, 
 and in fact that every victory obtained 
 by the Spaniards has been really achieved 
 by this great captain." Once, when the 
 rider on the white horse was asked in 
 battle who he was, he distinctly made 
 answer, " I am the soldier of the King of 
 kings, and my name is James." — Don 
 Miguel Erce Gimenez, Armas i Triunfos 
 del Reino de Galicia, 648-9. 
 
 The true name of this saint was Jacobo. . . . We have 
 first shortened Santo Jacobo into Santo Jac'o. We 
 clipped it again into Sant' Jaco, and by changing the J 
 into J and the c into g, we get Sant-Iago. In household 
 names we convert Iago into D'iago or Diago, which we 
 soften into Diego. — Ambrosio de Morales, Coronica 
 General de E&pana, ix. 7, sect. 2 (1586). 
 
 Santons, a body of religionists, also 
 called Abdals, who pretended to be in- 
 spired with the most enthusiastic raptures 
 of divine love. They were regarded by 
 the vulgar as saints. — Olearius, Reisebe- 
 schreibung, i. 971 (1647). 
 
 He diverted himself with the number of calenders, 
 Bantons, and dervises, who were continually coming and 
 going, but especially with the Brahmins, faquirs, and 
 other enthusiasts, who had travelled from the heart of 
 India, and halted on their way with the emir. — Beckford, 
 Vathek (1784). 
 
 Sapphi'ra, a female liar. — Acts v. 1. 
 
 She is called the village Sapphira.— Crabbe. 
 
 Sappbo (The English), Mrs. Mary 
 D. Robinson (1758-1800). 
 
 Sappho (The French), Mdlle. Scude'ri 
 (1607-1701). 
 
 Sappho (Tlie Scotch), Catherine Cock- 
 burn (1679-1749). 
 
 Sappho of Toulouse, Cle'mence 
 Isaure (2 syl.), who instituted, in 1490, 
 Lcs Jeux Floraux. She is the authoress 
 of a beautiful Ode to Spring (1463-1513). 
 
 Sapskull, a raw Yorkshire tike, son 
 of squire Sapskull of Sapskull Hall. 
 Sir Penurious Muckworm wishes him to 
 marry his niece and Avard Arbella, but as 
 Arbella loves Gay love a young barrister, 
 the tike is played upon thus : Gaylove 
 assumes to be Muckworm, and his lad 
 Slango dresses up as a woman to pass 
 for Arbella ; and while Sapskull "mar- 
 ries " Slango, Gas-love, who assumes the 
 dress and manners of the Yorkshire tike, 
 marries Arbella. Of course, the trick is 
 then discovered, and Sapskull returns to 
 the home of his father, befooled but not 
 
 married. — Carey, The Honest Yorkshire- 
 man (1736). 
 
 Saracen (A), in Arthurian romance, 
 means any unbaptized person, regardless 
 of nationality. Thus, Priamus of Tus- 
 cany is called a Saracen (pt. i. 96, 97) ; so 
 is sir Palomides, simply because he 
 refused to be baptized till he had done 
 some noble deed (pt. ii.). — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur (1470). 
 
 Saragossa, a corruption of Csesarea 
 Augusta. The city was rebuilt by Au- 
 gustus, and called after his name. Its 
 former name was Salduba or Saldyva. 
 
 Saragossa ( The Maid of), AugustinaZara- 
 gossa or Saragoza, who, in 1808, when the 
 city was invested by the French, mounted 
 the battery in the place of her lover who 
 had been shot. Lord Byron says, when he 
 was at Seville, " the maid" used to walk 
 daily on the prado, decorated with medals 
 and orders, by command of the junta. — 
 Southey, History of the Peninsular War 
 (1832). 
 
 Her lover sinks— she sheds no ill-timed tear ; 
 
 Her chief is slain— she fills his fatal post; 
 Her fellows flee — she checks their base career ; 
 
 The foe retires— she heads the sallying host. 
 . . . the flying Gaul, 
 
 Foiled by a woman's hand before a battered wall. 
 Byron, Childe Harold, i. 5tt (1809). 
 
 SardanapaTus, king of Nineveh 
 and Assyria, noted for his luxury and 
 voluptuousness. Arbaces the Mede 
 conspired against him, and defeated him ; 
 whereupon his favourite slave Myrra 
 induced him to immolate himself on a 
 funeral pile. The beautiful slave, having 
 set fire to the pile, jumped into the 
 blazing mass, and was burnt to death 
 with the king her master (b.c. 817). — 
 Byron, Sardanapalus (1819). 
 
 Sardanapa'lus of China (The), 
 Cheo-tsin,who shut himself up in his palace 
 with his queen, and then set fire to the 
 building, that he might not fall into the 
 hands of Woo-wong (b.c. 1154-1122). 
 
 (Cheo-tsin invented the chopsticks, 
 and Woo-wong founded the Tchow 
 dynasty.) 
 
 Sardanapa'lus of G-ermany 
 (The), Wenceslas VI. (or IV.) king of 
 Bohemia and emperor of Germany (1359, 
 1378-1419). 
 
 Sardoin Herb (The), the herba 
 Sardon'ia ; so called from Sardis, in Asia 
 Minor. It is so acrid as to produce a 
 convulsive spasm of the face resembling 
 a grin. Phinea3 Fletcher says the device 
 on the shield of Flattery is : 
 
SARDONIAN SMILE. 
 
 871 
 
 SATURDAY, 
 
 The Sardoin herb ... the word [motto] " I please 
 
 The Purple Island, viii. (1833). 
 
 Sardonian Sniile or Grin, a 
 
 smile of contempt. Byron expresses it 
 when he says: "There was a laughing 
 devil in his sneer." 
 
 But when the villain saw her so afraid, 
 He 'gan with guileful words her to persuade 
 To banish fear, and with Sardonian smile 
 Laughing at her, his false intent to shade. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 9 (1596). 
 
 Sarma'tia, Poland, the country of 
 the Sarmatae. In 1795 Poland was 
 partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and 
 Austria. 
 
 Oh, bloodiest picture in the book of Time ! 
 Sarmatia fell unwept, without a crime, 
 Found not a generous friend, a pitying foe, 
 Strength in her arms, nor mercy in her woe. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Sar'ra (Grain of), Tyrian dye; so 
 called from surra or sar, the fish whose 
 blood the men of Tyre used in their 
 purple dye. — Virgil, Georgics, ii. 506. 
 
 A militaiy vest of purple . . 
 Livelier than . . , the grain 
 Of Sarra, worn by kings and heroes old 
 In time of truce. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, xi. 243 (1665). 
 
 Sarsar, the icy wind of death, called 
 in Vathek " Sansar." 
 
 The Sarsar from its womb went forth, 
 The icy wind of death. 
 Southey, Tkalaba the Destroyer, i. 44 (1797). 
 
 Sassenach, a Saxon, an Englishman. 
 (Welsh, saesonig adj. and saesoniad noun.) 
 
 I would, if I thought I'd be able to catch some of the 
 Sassenachs in London. — Very Far West Indeed. 
 
 Satan, according to the Talmud, was 
 once an archangel, but was cast out of 
 heaven with one-third of the celestial host 
 for refusing to do reverence to Adam. 
 
 In mediaeval mythology, Satan holds 
 the fifth rank of the nine demoniacal 
 orders. 
 
 Johan Wier, in his He Praistigiis 
 Dcemonum (1564), makes Beelzebub the 
 sovereign of hell, and Satan leader of 
 the opposition. 
 
 In legendary lore, Satan is drawn with 
 horns and a tail, saucer eyes, and claws ; 
 but Milton makes him a proud, selfish, 
 ambitious chief, of gigantic size, beauti- 
 ful, daring, and commanding. He de- 
 clares his opinion that "'tis better to 
 reign in hell than serve in heaven." 
 Defoe has written a Political History of 
 the Devil (1726). 
 
 Satan, according to Milton, monarch of 
 hell. His chief lords are Beelzebub, 
 Moloch, Chemos, Thammuz, Dagon, 
 Rimmon, and Belial. His standard- 
 bearer, Azaz'ei. 
 
 He [Satan], above the rest 
 In shape and gesture proudly eminent, 
 Stood like a tower. His form had not yet lost 
 All her original brightness ; nor appeared 
 Less than archangel ruined, and the excess 
 Of glory obscured . . . but his face 
 Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care 
 Sat on his faded cheek . . . cruel his eye, but cast 
 Signs of remorse. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 589, etc. (1665). 
 
 *** The word Satan means " enemy ; " 
 hence Milton says : 
 
 To whom the arch-enemy, 
 ... in heaven called Satan. 
 
 Paradise Lost, i. 81 (1665) 
 
 Satanic School (The), a class of 
 writers in the earlier part of the nine- 
 teenth eentury, who showed a scorn for 
 all moral rules, and the generally received 
 dogmas of the Christian religion. The 
 most eminent English writers of this 
 school were Bulwer (afterwards lord 
 Lytton), Byron, Moore, and P. B. Shelley. 
 Of French writers : Paul de Kock, Rous- 
 seau, George Sand, and Victor Hugo. 
 
 Immoral writers . . . men of diseased hearts and de- 
 praved imaginations, who (forming a system of opinions 
 to suit their own unhappy course of conduct) have 
 rebelled against the holiest ordinances of human society, 
 and hating revelation which they try in vain to disbelieve, 
 labour to make others as miserable as themselves, by 
 infecting them with a moral virus that eats into their 
 soul. The school which they have set up may properly be 
 called "The Satanic School." — Southey, Vision of Judg- 
 ment (preface, 1822). 
 
 Satire (Father of), ArchilSchos of 
 Paros (b.c. seventh century). 
 
 Satire (Father of French), Mathurin 
 Regnier (1573-1G13J. 
 
 Satire (Father of Roman), Lucilius 
 (b.c. 148-103). 
 
 Satiro-mastix or The Untrussing 
 of the Humorous Poet, a comedy by 
 Thomas Dekker (1602). Ben Jonson, in 
 1601, had attacked Dekker in Tlie 
 Poetaster, where he calls himself 
 " Horace," and Dekker " Cris'pinus." 
 Next year (1602), Dekker replied with 
 spirit to this attack, in a comedy entitled 
 Satiro-mastix, where Jonson is called 
 " Horace, junior." 
 
 Saturday. To the following English 
 sovereigns from the establishment of the 
 Tudor dynasty, Saturday has proved a 
 fatal day : — 
 
 Henry VII. died Saturday, April 21, 
 1509. 
 
 George II. died Saturday, October 
 25, 1760. 
 
 George III. died Saturdav, January 
 29, 1820, but of his fifteen children only 
 three died on a Saturday. 
 
 George IV. died Saturday, June 26, 
 1830, but the princess Charlotte died on a 
 Tuesdav. 
 
SATURN. 
 
 872 SAVIOUR OF THE NATIONS. 
 
 Prince Albert died Saturday, De- 
 cember 14, 1861. The duchess of Kent 
 and the princess Alice also died on a 
 Saturday. 
 
 *** William III., Anne, and George I. 
 all died on a Sunday ; William IV. on a 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Saturn, son of Heaven and Earth. 
 He always swallowed his childrerj imme- 
 diately they were born, till his wife 
 Rhea, not liking to see all her children 
 perish, concealed from him the birth of 
 Jupiter, Neptnne, and Pluto, and gave 
 her husband large stones instead, which 
 he swallowed without knowing the dif- 
 ference. 
 
 Much as old Saturn ate his progeny ; 
 
 For when his pious consort gave him stones 
 
 In lieu of sons, of these he made no bones. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiv. 1 (1824). 
 
 Saturn, an evil and malignant planet. 
 
 He is a genius full of gall, an author born under the 
 planet Saturn, a malicious mortal, whose pleasure consists 
 in hating all the world.— Lesage, Gil lilas, v. 12 (1724). 
 
 The children born under the sayd Saturne shall be great 
 iangeleres and chyders . . . and they will never forgyve 
 tyll they be revenged of theyr quarell.— Ptholoineus, 
 Compost. 
 
 Satyr. T. Woolner calls Charles II. 
 1 Charles the Satyr." 
 
 Next flared Charles Satyr's saturnalia 
 Of lady nymphs. 
 
 My Beautifid Lady. 
 
 *** The most famous statue of the 
 satyrs is that by Praxiteles of Athens, in 
 the fourth century. 
 
 Satyrane (Sir), a blunt but noble 
 knight, who helps Una to escape from the 
 fauns and satyrs. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
 i. (1590). 
 
 A-nd passion, erst unknown, could gain 
 The breast of blunt sir Satyrane. 
 
 Sir W. Scott 
 
 *** "Sir Satyrane" is meant for sir 
 John Perrot, a natural son of Henry VIII., 
 and lord deputy of Ireland from 1583 to 
 1588 ; but in 1590 he was in prison in 
 the Tower for treason, and was beheaded 
 in 1592. 
 
 Satyr'icon, a comic romance in Latin, 
 hy Petro'nius Ar'biter, in the first century. 
 Very gross, but showing great power, 
 beauty, and skill. 
 
 Saul, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, is meant for Oliver 
 Cromwell. As Saul persecuted David 
 and drove him from Jerusalem, so Crom- 
 well persecuted Charles II. and drove 
 him from England. 
 
 ... ere Saul they chose, 
 God was their king, and God they durst depose. 
 
 Pt. i. (1681). 
 
 * + * This was the "divine right " oi 
 kings. 
 
 Saunders, gToom of sir Geoffrey 
 Peveril of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Saunders (Richard), the pseudonym of 
 Dr. Franklin, adopted in Poor Richard's 
 Almanac, begun in 1732. 
 
 Saunders Sweepelean, a king's 
 messenger at Knockwinnock Castle. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Saunderson (Saunde7~s), butler, etc., 
 to Mr. Cosmo Comyoe Bradwardine 
 baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Saurid, king of Egypt, say the Cop- 
 tites (2 syl.), built the pyramids 300 
 years before the Flood, and, according to 
 the same authority, the following inscrip- 
 tion was engraved upon one of them : — 
 
 I, king Saurid, built the pyramids . . . and finished 
 them in six years. He that comes after me . . . let him 
 destroy them in 600 if he can ... I also covered them 
 . . . with satin, and let him cover them with matting. — 
 Greaves, Pyramidopraphia (seventeenth century). 
 
 Saut de l'Allemand (Lc), "du 
 lit a la table, et de la table au lit." 
 
 Of the gods I but ask 
 That my life, like the Leap of the German, may be 
 " Du lit a la table, de la table an lit." 
 
 T. Moore, The Fudge Family in Paris, viii. (1818). 
 
 Savage (Captain), a naval com- 
 mander. — Captain Marry at, Feter Simple 
 (1833). 
 
 Sav'il, steward to the elder Loveless. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Scornful 
 Lady (1616). 
 
 Savile Row (London). So called 
 from Dorothy Savile the great heiress, 
 who became, by marriage, countess of 
 Burlington and" Cork. (See Clifford 
 Street, p. 197.) 
 
 Sav'ille (2 syl.), the friend of Dori- 
 court. He saves lady Frances Touch- 
 wood from Courtall, and frustrates his 
 infamous designs on the lady's honour. — 
 Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem 
 (1780). 
 
 Saville (Lord), a young nobleman with 
 Chiffinch (emissary of Charles II.). — Sir 
 W. Scott, Feveril of the Feak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Saviour of Rome. C. MarTus was 
 so called after the overthrow of theCimbri, 
 July 30, B.C. 101. 
 
 Saviour of the Nations. So the 
 
SAVOY. 
 
 873 
 
 SCALLOP-SHELL. 
 
 duke of Wellington was termed after the 
 overthrow of Bonaparte (1769-1852). 
 
 Oh, -Wellington . . . called " Saviour of the Nations ! " 
 Byron, Don Juan, ix. 5 (18'2-i). 
 
 Savoy (The), a precinct of the Strand 
 (London), in which the Savoy Palace 
 stood. So called from Peter earl of 
 Savoy, uncle of queen Eleanor the wife 
 of Henry III. Jean le Bon of France, 
 when captive of the Black Prince, was 
 lodged in the Savoy Palace (1356-9). 
 The old palace was burnt down by the 
 rebels under Wat Tyler in 1381. Henry 
 VII. rebuilt it in 1505. St. Mary le 
 Savoy, or the "Chapel of St. John," 
 still stands in the precinct. 
 
 Sawney, a corruption of Sandie, a 
 contracted form of Alexander. Sawney 
 means a Scotchman, as David a Welsh- 
 man, John Bull an Englishman, cousin 
 Michael a German, brother Jonathan a 
 native of the United States of North 
 America, Micaire a Frenchman, Colin 
 Tampon a Swiss, and so on. 
 
 Sawyer (Bob), a dissipated, strug- 
 gling young medical practitioner, who 
 tries to establish a practice at Bristol, 
 but without success. Sam Weller calls 
 him "Mr. Sawbones." — C. Dickens, The 
 Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Saxifrage (3 syl.). So called from 
 its virtues as a lithontriptic. 
 
 So saxifrage is good, and hart's-tongue for the stone, 
 With agrimony, and that herb we call St. John. 
 
 Drayton, Pohjolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Saxon. Higden derives this word 
 from the Latin saxum, "a stone." This 
 reminds one of Lloyd's derivation of 
 "Ireland," "the land of Ire," and Du- 
 cange's " Saracen" from "Surah, Abra- 
 ham's wife." Of a similar character are 
 " Albion " from albus, " white ; " "Picts " 
 from pictus, "painted;" "Devonshire" 
 from Bcbon's share; "Isle of Wight" 
 from " Wihtgar, son of Cerdic ; " 
 "Britain" from Brutus, a .descendant of 
 wEneas, " Scotland " from skotos, " dark- 
 ness ; " "Gaul" (the French) from 
 gallus, "a cock;" "Dublin," from 
 dvh\ium~] lin[teurri], " questionable linen," 
 and so on. 
 
 Men of that cowntree ben more lyghter and stronger on 
 the see than other scommers or theeves of the see . . . 
 and ben called Saxones, of saxum, a stone, for they ben 
 as hard as stones. — Polycronicon, i. 26 (1357). 
 
 Saxon, Drayton says, is so called from 
 an instrument of war called by the Ger- 
 mans handseax. The seax was a short, 
 crooked sword. 
 
 And of those crooked skains they used in war to bear, 
 Which in their thundering tongue the Germans lumdwui 
 
 name, 
 They Saxons first were named. 
 
 Tolyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Saxon Duke (The), mentioned by 
 Butler in his Hudibras, was John Frede- 
 rick duke of Saxony, of whom Charles 
 V. said, "Never saw I such a swina 
 before." 
 
 Say and Mean. You speak like a 
 Laminak, you say one thing and mean 
 another. The Basque Lamihaks ("fairies") 
 always say exactly the contrary to what, 
 they mean. 
 
 She said to her, " I must go from home, but your work 
 is in the kitchen ; smash the pitcher, break all the 
 plates, beat the children, give them their breakfast by 
 themselves, smudge their faces, and rumple well their 
 hair." When the Laminak returned home, she askeil 
 the girl which she preferred — a bag of charcoal or a bag 
 of gold, a beautiful star or a donkey's tail ? The girl 
 made answer, "A bag of charcoal and a donkey's tail." 
 Whereupon the fairy gave her a bag of gold and a 
 beautiful star. — Rev. W. Webster, Basque Leyends, 53 
 (1876). 
 
 Sfooga (Jean), the hero of a romance 
 by C. Nodier (1818), the leader of a 
 bandit, in the spirit of lord Byron's Cor- 
 sair and Lara. 
 
 Scadder (General), agent in the 
 office of the "Eden Settlement." His 
 peculiarity consisted in the two distinct 
 expressions of his profile, for " one side 
 seemed to be listening to what the other 
 side was doing." — C. Dickens, Martin 
 Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Scalds, court poets and chroniclers of 
 the ancient Scandinavians. They resided 
 at court, were attached to the royal suite, 
 and attended the king in all his wars. 
 They also acted as ambassadors between 
 hostile tribes, and their persons were held 
 sacred. These bards celebrated in song 
 the gods, the kings of Norway, and 
 national heroes. Their lays or vyses 
 were compiled in the eleventh century 
 by Ssemund Sigfusson, a priest and 
 scald of Iceland, and the compilation is 
 called the Elder or Rhythmical Edda. 
 
 Seallop-Shell (The). Every one 
 knows that St. James's pilgrims are dis- 
 tinguished by scallop-shells, but it is a 
 blunder to suppose that other pilgrims 
 are privileged to wear them. Three of 
 the popes have, by their bulls, distinctly 
 confirmed this right to the Cornpostella 
 pilgrim alone: viz., pope Alexander III., 
 pope Gregory IX., and pope Clement V. 
 
 Now, the escallop or scallop is a shell- 
 fish, like an oyster or large cockle ; but 
 Gwillim tells us what ignorant zoologists 
 have omitted to mention, that the bivalve 
 
SCALPING. 
 
 874 
 
 SCAPIN. 
 
 is "engendered solely of dew and air. 
 It has no blood at all ; yet no food that 
 man eats turns so soon into life-blood as 
 the scallop." — Display of Heraldry, 171. 
 
 Scallop-shells used by Pilgrims. The 
 reason why the scallop-shell is used by 
 pilgrims is not generally known. The 
 legend is this : When the marble ship 
 which bore the headless body of St. 
 James approached Bouzas, in Portugal, 
 it happened to be the wedding day of 
 the chief magnate of the village ; and 
 while the bridal party was at sport, the 
 horse of the bridegroom became un- 
 manageable, and plunged into the sea. 
 The ship passed over the horse and its 
 rider, and pursued its onward course, 
 when, to the amazement of all, the horse 
 and its rider emerged from the water 
 uninjured, and the cloak of the rider was 
 thickly covered with scallop-shells. 
 All were dumfounded, and knew not 
 what to make of these marvels, but a 
 voice from heaven exclaimed, "It is the 
 will of God that all who henceforth 
 make their vows to St. James, and go 
 on pilgrimage, shall take with them 
 scallop-shells ; and all who do so shall 
 be remembered in the day of judgment." 
 On hearing this, the lord of the village, 
 with the bride and bridegroom, were duly 
 baptized, and Bouzas became a Christian 
 Church. — Sanctoral Portugues (copied 
 into the Breviaries of Alcobaca and St. 
 Cucufate). 
 
 Cunctis mare cernentibus, 
 Sed a profundo ducitur ; 
 Natus Regis submergitur, 
 Totus plenus conchilibus. 
 
 Hym.71 for St. James's Day. 
 
 In sigbt of all the prince went down, 
 
 Into the deep sea dells ; 
 In sight of all the prince emerged, 
 
 Covered with scallop-shells. 
 
 Scalping(i?ufcs for). The Cheyennes, 
 in scalping, remove from the part just over 
 the left ear, a piece of skin not larger than 
 a silver dollar. The Arrapahoes take a 
 similar piece from the region of the right 
 ear. Others take the entire skin from 
 the crown of the head, the forehead, or 
 the nape of the neck. The Utes take the 
 entire scalp from ear to ear, and from 
 the forehead to the nape of the neck. 
 
 Scambister {Eric), the old butler of 
 Magnus Troil the udaller of Zetland. — Sir 
 W. Scott, TJie Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 *** A udaller is one who holds his lands 
 by allodial tenure. 
 
 Scandal, a male charactei in Love for 
 Love, by Congreve (1695). 
 
 Scandal (School for), a comedy by 
 Sheridan (1777). 
 
 Scanderbeg. So George Castriota, an 
 Albanian hero, was called. Amurath II. 
 gave him the command of 5000 men, and 
 such was his daring and success, that he 
 was called Skander ( Alexander'). In the 
 battle of Morava (1448), he deserted 
 Amurath, and, joining the Albanians, won 
 several battles over the Turks. At the 
 instigation of Pius II. he headed a crusade 
 against them, but died of a fever, before 
 Mahomet II. arrived to oppose him (1404- 
 1467). (Beg or Bey is the Turkish for 
 "prince.") 
 
 Scanderbeg's Sdcord needs Scanderbeg's 
 arm. Mahomet II. "the Great" re- 
 quested to see the scimitar which George 
 Castriota used so successfully against the 
 Ottomans in 1461. Being shown it, and 
 wholly unable to draw it, he pronounced 
 the weapon to be a hoax, but received for 
 answer, " Scanderbeg's sword needs Scan- 
 derbeg's arm to wield it." 
 
 The Greeks had a similar saying, 
 " None but Ulysses can draw Ulysses's 
 bow." Robin Hood's bow needed Robin 
 Hood's arm to draw it ; and hence the pro- 
 verb, " Many talk of Robin Hood that 
 never shot in his bow." 
 
 Scandinavia, Sweden and Norway, 
 or Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. 
 
 Scapegoat {The), a farce by John 
 Poole. Ignatius Polyglot, a learned pun- 
 dit, master of seventeen languages, is the 
 tutor of Charles Eustace, aged 24 years. 
 Charles has been clandestinely married 
 for four years, and has a little son, named 
 Frederick. Circumstances have occurred 
 which render the concealment of this 
 marriage no longer decorous or possible, 
 so he breaks it to his tutor, and conceals 
 his young wife for the nonce in Polyglot's 
 private room. Here she is detected by 
 the housemaid, Molly Maggs, who tells 
 her master, and old Eustace says, the only 
 reparation a man can make in such cir- 
 cumstances is to marry the girl at once. 
 " Just so," says the tutor. " Your son is 
 the husband, and he is willing at once to 
 acknowledge his wife and infant son." 
 
 Scapin, valet of Le'andre son of seignior 
 Ge'ronte. (See Fourberies.) — Moliere, 
 Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671). 
 
 J'ai, sans doute recu du ciel un gdnie assez beau pour 
 toutes les fabriques de ces gentillesses d'esprit, de ces 
 galanteries ingenieuses, a qui le vulgaire ignorant donne 
 le nom de fourberies; et je puis dire, sans vanite\ quon 
 n'a gucre vu d'homme qui fut plus habile ouvrier de 
 ressorts et d'inUigues, qui ait acquis plus de gioire que 
 
SCAPINO. 
 
 875 
 
 SCHACABAC. 
 
 moi dans ce noble metier. — Moliere, Les Fourberies de 
 Seapin, i. 2 (1671). 
 
 (Otwayhas made an English version of 
 this play, called The Cheats of Scapin, 
 in -which Leandre is Anglicized into 
 " Leander," Ge'ronte is called " Gripe,"and 
 his friend Argante father of Zerbinette 
 is called " Thrifty" father of " Lucia.") 
 
 Scapi'no, the cunning, knavish ser- 
 vant ot Gratiano the loquacious and 
 pedantic Bolognese doctor. — Italian Mask. 
 
 Scar'amouch, a braggart and fool, 
 most valiant in words, but constantly being 
 drubbed by Harlequin. Scaramouch is 
 a common character in Italian farce, 
 originally meant in ridicule of the Spanish 
 don, and therefore dressed in Spanish 
 costume. Our clown is an imbecile old 
 idiot, and wholly unlike the dashing pol- 
 troon of Italian pantomime. The best 
 " Scaramouches " that ever lived were 
 Tiberio Fiurelli, a Neapolitan (born 1608), 
 and Gandini (eighteenth century). 
 
 Scarborough. Warning (A), a 
 warning given too late to be taken advan- 
 tage of. Fuller says the allusion is to an 
 event which occurred in 1557, when 
 Thomas Stafford seized upon Scarborough 
 Castle, before the townsmen had any 
 notice of his approach. Heywood says a 
 " Scarborough warning" resembles what 
 is now called Lynch law : punished first, 
 and warned afterwards. Another solution 
 is this : If ships passed the castle without 
 saluting it by striking sail, it was custom- 
 ary to fire into them a shotted gun, by 
 way of warning. 
 
 Be sue'rly seldom, and never for much . . . 
 
 Or Scarborow warning, as ill I believe, 
 
 When ("Sir, I arrest ye ") gets bold of thy sleeve. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, x. 23 (1357). 
 
 Scarlet (Will), Scadlock, or 
 Scatlielocke, one of the companions 
 of Robin Hood. 
 
 "Take thy good bowe in thy hande," said Robyn, 
 
 "Let Moche wend with the [thee], 
 And so sball Wyllyam Scathelocke, 
 And no man abyde with me." 
 
 Eitson, Robin Hood Ballads, i. 1 (1520). 
 The tinker looking him about, 
 
 Robin his horn did blow ; 
 
 Then came unto hioi Little John 
 
 And William Scadlock too. 
 
 Ditto, ii. 7 (1656). 
 And there of him they made a 
 Good yeoman Robin Hood, 
 Scarlet and Little John, 
 And Little John, hey ho ! 
 
 Ditto, appendix 2 (1790). 
 
 In the two dramas called The First and 
 Second Parts of Robin Hood, by Anthony 
 Munday and Henry Chettle, Scathlock or 
 Scadlock is called the brother of Will 
 Scarlet. 
 
 . . . possible that Warman's spite . . . doth hunt the lives 
 Of bonnie Scarlet and his brother Scathlock. 
 
 Pt. L (1597). 
 
 Then " enter Warman, with Scarlet and 
 Scathlock bounde," but Warnian is ba- 
 nished, and the brothers are liberated and 
 pardoned. 
 
 Scarlet Woman (The), popery (Rev 
 xvii. 4). 
 
 And fulminated 
 Against the scarlet woman and her creed. 
 
 Tennyson, Sea Droams. 
 
 Scathelocke (2 syl.) or Scadlock, 
 
 one of the companions of Robin Hood. 
 Either the brother of Will Scarlet or 
 another spelling of the name. (See 
 
 SCARLKT.) 
 
 Scavenger's Daughter (The), an 
 instrument of torture, invented by sir 
 William Skevington, lieutenant of the 
 Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. " Sca- 
 venger" is a corruption of Skevington. 
 
 To kiss the scavenger's daughter, to 
 suffer punishment by this instrument of 
 torture, to be beheaded by a guillotine or 
 some similar instrument. 
 
 Scazon, plu. Scazon'tes (3 syl.), a 
 lame iambic metre, the last being a 
 spondee or trochee instead of an iambus 
 (Greek, skazo, " to halt, to hobble "), as : 
 
 L Quicumque regno fidit, et magna pjtens. 
 2. Musa, gressum quae volens tratis claudum. 
 
 Or in English : 
 
 1. A little onward lend thy guiding hand. 
 
 2. He unsuspicious led him ; when Samson . . . 
 
 (1 is the usual iambic metre, 2 the sca- 
 zontes.) 
 
 Sceaf [Sheef], one of the ancestors of 
 Woden. So called because in infancy he 
 was laid on a wheatsheaf , and cast adrift 
 in a boat ; the boat stranded on the shor<*s 
 of Sleswig, and the infant, being considered 
 a gift from the gods, was brought up 
 for a future king. — Beowulf (an Anglo- 
 Saxon epic, sixth century). 
 
 Scepticism (Father of Modern), 
 Pierre Uayle (1647-1706). 
 
 Schacabae, " the hare-lipped," a man 
 reduced to the point of starvation, invited 
 to a feast by the rich Barmecide. Instead 
 of victuals and drink, the rich man set 
 before his guest empty dishes and empty 
 glasses, pretending to enjoy the imagin- 
 ary foods and drinks. Schacabae entered 
 into the spirit of the joke^ and did the 
 same. He washed in imaginary water, ate 
 of the imaginary delicacies, and praised 
 the imaginary wines. Barmecide was so 
 delighted with his e;uest, that he ordered 
 
SCHAHRIAH. 
 
 87G 
 
 SCHEMSELNIHAR. 
 
 in a substantial meal, of which he made 
 Schacabac a most welcome partaker. 
 — Arabian Nights ("The Barber's Sixth 
 Brother"). (See Shaccabac.) 
 
 Schah'riah, sultan of Persia. His 
 wife being unfaithful, and his brother's 
 wife too, Sohahriah imagined that no 
 woman was virtuous. He resolved, there- 
 fore, to marry a fresh wife every night, 
 and to have her strangled at daybreak. 
 Scheherazade, the vizier's daughter, mar- 
 ried him notwithstanding, and contrived, 
 an hour before daybreak, to begin a story 
 to her sister in the sultan's hearing, always 
 breaking off before the story was finished. 
 The sultan got interested in these tales ; 
 and, after a thousand and one nights, re- 
 voked his decree, and found in Schehera- 
 zade a faithful, intelligent, and loving 
 wife. — Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 
 
 Schah'zaman, sultan of the "Island 
 of the Children of Khal'edan," situate in 
 the open sea, some twenty days' sail from 
 the coast of Persia. This sultan had a son, 
 an only child, named Camaral'zaman, the 
 most beautiful of mortals. Camaralzaman 
 married Badoura the most beautiful of 
 women, the only daughter of Gaiour 
 (2 syl.) emperor of China. — Arabian 
 Nights (" Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 
 
 Schaibar (2 syl.), brother of the fairy 
 Pari-Banou. He was only eighteen 
 inches in height, and had a huge hump 
 both before and behind. His beard, 
 though thirty feet long, never touched the 
 ground, but projected forwards. His 
 moustaches went back to his ears, and 
 his little pig's eyes were buried in his 
 enormous head. He Avore a conical hat, 
 and carried for quarter-staff an iron bar 
 of 500 lbs. weight at least. — Arabian 
 Nights ("Ahmed and Pari-Banou"). 
 
 Schamir (The), that instrument or 
 agent with which Solomon Avrought the 
 stones of the Temple, being forbidden to 
 use any metal instrument for the purpose. 
 Some say the Schamir' was a worm ; some 
 that it was a stone ; some that it was "a 
 creature no bigger than a barleycorn, 
 which nothing could resist." 
 
 Scheherazade \_Sha.ha' .ra.zah' .de], 
 the hypothetical relater of the stories in 
 the Arabian Nights. She was the elder 
 daughter of the vizier of Persia. The 
 sultan Schahriah, exasperated at the 
 infidelity of his wife, came to the hasty 
 conclusion that no woman could be faith- 
 ful ; so he determined to marry a new wife 
 every night, and strangle her at daybreak. 
 
 Scheherazade, wishing to free Persia of 
 this disgrace, requested to be made the 
 sultan's wife, and succeeded in her wish. 
 She was young and beautiful, of great 
 courage and ready wit, well read, had an 
 excellent memory, knew history, philo- 
 sophy, and medicine, was besides a good 
 poet, musician, and dancer. Schehera- 
 zade obtained permission of the sultan 
 for her younger sister, Dinarzade, to sleep 
 in the same chamber, and instructed her 
 to say, one hour before daybreak, " Sister, 
 relate to me one of those delightful stories 
 which you know, as this will be the last 
 time*" Scheherazade then told the sultan 
 (under pretence of speaking to her sister) 
 a story, but always contrived to break 
 off before the story was finished. The 
 sultan, in order to hear the end of the 
 story, spared her life till the next night. 
 This went on for a thousand and one 
 nights, when the sultan's resentment was 
 worn out, and his admiration of his sul- 
 tana was so great that he revoked his 
 decree. — Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 
 (See Mohadbak.) 
 
 Roused like the sultana Scheherazade, and forced into a 
 story.— C. Dickens, David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Schemseddin Mohammed, elder 
 son of the vizier of Egypt, and brother of 
 Noureddin Ali. He quarrelled with his 
 brother on the subject of their two child- 
 ren's hypothetical marriage ; but the 
 brothers were not yet married, and children 
 "were only in supposition." Noureddin 
 Ali quitted Cairo, and travelled to Basora, 
 where he married the vizier's daughter, 
 and on the very same day Schemseddin 
 married the daughter of one of the chief 
 grandees of Cairo. On one and the sam„ 
 day a daughter was born to Schemseddin 
 and a son to his brother Noureddin Ali. 
 When Schemseddin's daughter was 20 
 3 T ears old, the sultan asked her in marriage, 
 but the vizier told him she was betrothed 
 to his brother's son, Bed'reddin Ali. At 
 this reply, the sultan, in anger, swore 
 she should be given in marriage to the 
 "ugliest of his slaves," and accordingly 
 betrothed her to Hunchback a groom, both 
 ugly and deformed. By a fairy trick, 
 Bedreddin Ali was substituted for the 
 groom, but at daybreak was conveyed to 
 Damascus. Here he turned pastry-cook, 
 and was discovered by his mother by 
 his cheese-cakes. Being restored to hia 
 country and his wife, he ended his life 
 happily.— Arabian Nights ("Noureddin 
 Ali," etc.). (See Cheese-Cakes, p. 180.) 
 
 Schemsel'nihar, the favourite sul- 
 tana of Haroun-al-Raschid caliph of 
 
SCHLEMIHL. 
 
 877 
 
 SCIO. 
 
 Bagdad. She fell in love with Aboul- 
 hassan Ali ebn Becar prince of Persia. 
 From the first moment of their meeting, 
 they began to pine for each other, and 
 fell sick. Though miles apart, they died 
 at the same hour, and were both buried 
 in one grave. — Arabian Nights (" Aboul- 
 hassau and Schemselnihar "). 
 
 Schlemihl (Peter), the hero of a 
 popular German legend. Peter sells his 
 shadow to an " old man in grey," who 
 meets him while fretting under a dis- 
 appointment. The name is a household 
 term for one who makes a desperate and 
 silly bargain. — Chamisso, Peter Schle- 
 mihl (1813). 
 
 Scholastic {The), Epipha'nius, an 
 Italian scholar (sixth century). 
 
 Scholastic Doctor (The), Anselm 
 of Laon (1050-1117). 
 
 Sclioley (Lawrence), servant at 
 Burgh-Westra. His master is Magnus 
 Troil the udaller of Zetland. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 *** Udaller, one who holds land by 
 allodial tenure. 
 
 Sehonfelt, lieutenant of sir Archibald 
 von Hagenbach a German noble. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 School of Husbands (ISe'cole des 
 Maris, "wives trained by men"), acomedy 
 by Moliere (1661). Ariste and Sgana- 
 relle, two brothers, bring up Le'onor and 
 Isabelle, two orphan sisters, according to 
 their systems for making them in time 
 their model wives. Sganarelle's system 
 was to make the -woman dress plainly, 
 live retired, attend to domestic duties, 
 and have few indulgences. Ariste's 
 system was to give the woman great 
 liberty, and trust to her honour. Isabelle, 
 brought up by Sganarelle, deceived him 
 and married another ; butLeonor, brought 
 up by Ariste, made him a fond and faith- 
 ful wife. 
 
 Sganarelle's plan : 
 
 J'entend que la mienne rive a ma fantasie — 
 Que d'une serge honnete elle ait son vehement, 
 Et ne porte, le noir qu' aux bons jours seuleinent ; 
 Qu' enfermee au logis, en personne bien sage, 
 Elle s'applique toute aux choses dm menage, 
 A recoudre mon linge aux heures de loisir, 
 Ou bien a tricoter quelques bas par plaisir ; 
 Qu' aux discours des muguets elle ferme l'oreille, 
 Et ne sorte jamais sans avoir qui la veille. 
 
 Ariste's plan : 
 
 Leur sexe aime a jouir d'un peu de liberty ; 
 On le retient fort mal par tant d' austerity ; 
 Et ies soins defiants, les verroux et les grilles, 
 Ne font pas La vertu des femmes ni des filles ; 
 
 Cast l'honneur qui les doit tenir dans le devoir, 
 Non la severite que nous leur faisons voir . . . 
 Je trouve que le cceur est ce qu'il faut gagner. 
 
 Act i. 2. 
 
 School for Wives (L'ecole des 
 Femmes, " training for wives "), a comedy 
 by Moliere (1662). Arnolphe has a 
 crotchet about the proper training of girls 
 to make good wives, and tries his scheme 
 upon Agnes, whom he adopts from a 
 peasant's cottage, and designs in due time 
 to make his wife. He sends her from early 
 childhood to a convent, where difference 
 of sex and the conventions of society are 
 wholly ignored. When removed "from 
 the convent, she treats men as if they 
 were schoolgirls, kisses them, plays with 
 them, and treats them with girlish 
 familiarity. The consequence is, a young 
 man named Horace falls in love with 
 her, and makes her his wife, but Arnolphe 
 loses his pains. 
 
 Chacun a sa metbode 
 En femme, comme en tout, je veux suivre ma mode . . . 
 Un air doux et pose, parmi d'autres enfants, 
 M'inspira de l'amour pour elle des quatreans; 
 Sa mere se trouvant de pauvrete presee, 
 De la lui demander il me vint en pensee ; 
 Et la bonne paysanne, apprenant mon desire, 
 A s'Oter cette charge eut beaucoup de plaisir. 
 Dans un petit couvent, loin de toute pratique, 
 Je la fis elever selon ma politique. 
 
 Act i. 1. ' 
 
 Schoolmen. (For a list of the 
 schoolmen of each of the three periods, 
 see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 794.) 
 
 Schoolmistress (Tlie), a poem in 
 Spenserian metre, by Shenstone (1758). 
 The " schoolmistress " was Sarah Lloyd, 
 who taught the poet himself in infancy. 
 She lived in a thatched cottage, before 
 which grew a birch tree, to which allusion 
 is made in the poem. 
 
 There dweils, in lowly shed, and mean attire, 
 
 A matron old, whom we schoolmistress name . . . 
 
 And all in sight doth rise a birchen tree. 
 
 Schreckenwald (Hal), steward of 
 count Albert. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Sch wanker (Jonas), jester of Leo- 
 pold archduke of Austria. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Scian Muse (Tlie), Simon'ides, born 
 at Scia or Cea, now Zia, one of thp> 
 Cyclades. 
 
 The Scian and the Teian Muse [Anacreori] . . . 
 Have found the fame your shores refuse. 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. ("The Isles of Greece," 1820). 
 
 Science ( The prince of), Tehuhe, ' ' The 
 Aristotle of China" (died a.d. 1200). 
 
 Scio (now called Chios), one of the 
 seven cities which claimed, to be the 
 birthplace of Homer. Hence he ia 
 
SCIOLTO. 
 
 SCOGAN'S JEST. 
 
 sometimes called " Scio's Blind Old 
 Bard." The seven cities referred to 
 make an hexameter verse : 
 
 Smyrna, Chios,Coloph6n,S:iIam is, Rhodos,Argos,Ather.se;or 
 &nyrna,Chios,Co!ophon, Ithaca, Pylos, Argos.Athense. 
 Antipater Sidonius, A Greek Epigram. 
 
 Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud Genoese 
 nobleman, the father of Calista. Calista 
 was the bride of Altamont, a young man 
 proud and fond of her, but it was dis- 
 covered on the wedding day that she 
 had been seduced by Lothario. This 
 led to a series of calamities : (1) Lothario 
 was killed in a duel by Altamont ; (2) 
 a street riot was created, in which Sciolto 
 received his death-wound ; and (3) Ca- 
 lista stabbed herself. — N. Rowe, The Fair 
 Penitent (1703). 
 
 (In Italian, Sciolto forms but two 
 syllables, but Rowe has made it three in 
 every case.) 
 
 Seipio " dismissed the Iberian maid" 
 (Milton, Paradise Regained, ii.). The poet 
 refers to the tale of Scipio's restoring a 
 captive princess to her lover Allucius, and 
 giving to her, as a wedding present, the 
 monev of her ransom. (See Continence, 
 pp. 209, 210.) 
 
 During his command in Spain, a circumstance occurred 
 Which contributed more to his fame and glory than all 
 his military exploits. At the taking of New Carthage, a 
 lady of extraordinary beauty was brought to Seipio, who 
 found himself greatly affected by her charms. Under- 
 standing, however, that she was betrothed to a Celti- 
 berian prince named Allucius, he resolved to conquer li is 
 rising passion, and sent her to her lover without recom- 
 pense. A silver shield, on which this interesting event 
 is depicted, was found in the river Rhone by some fisher- 
 men in the seventeenth century. — Goldsmith, HUtory of 
 Home, xiv. 3. (Whittaker's improved edition contains a 
 fac-simile of the shield on p. 215.) 
 
 Seipio, son of the gipsy woman Cos- 
 collna and the soldier Torribio Seipio. 
 Seipio becomes the secretary of Gil Bias, 
 and settles down with him at " the castle 
 of Lirias." His character and adventures 
 are very similar to those of Gil Bias him- 
 self, but he never rises to the same level. 
 Seipio begins by being a rogue, who 
 pilfered and plundered all who employed 
 him, but in the service of Gil Bias he 
 was a model of fidelity and integrity. — 
 Lesage, Gil Bias (1715). 
 
 Sciro'nian Rocks, between Meg'ara 
 and Corinth. So called because the 
 bones of Sciron, the robber of Attica, 
 were changed into these rocks, when 
 Theseus (2 syl.) hurled him from a cliff 
 into the sea. It was from these rocks 
 that Ino cast herself into the Corinthian 
 bay. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Scirum. The men of Scirum used 
 to shoot against the stars. 
 
 Like . . . men of wit bereaven, 
 Which howle and shoote against the lights of heaven. 
 Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, iv. (1613). 
 
 Scobellum, a very fruitful land, the 
 inhabitants of which were changed into 
 beasts by the vengeance of the gods. 
 The drunkards were turned into swine, 
 the lechers into goats, the proud into 
 peacocks, shrews into magpies, gamblers 
 into asses, musicians into song-birds, the 
 envious into dogs, idle women into milch 
 cows, jesters into monkeys, dancers into 
 squirrels, and misers into moles. 
 
 They exceeded cannibals in cruelty, the Persians in 
 pride, the Egyptians in luxury, the Cretans in lying, the 
 Germans in drunkenness, and all in wickedness.— J. 
 Ridley [R. Johnson], The Seven Champions of Christen- 
 dom, iii. 10 (1617). 
 
 Scogan (Henry), M.A., a poet, con- 
 temporary with Chaucer. He lived in 
 the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., 
 and probably Henry V. Among the 
 gentry who had letters of protection to 
 attend Richard II. in his expedition into 
 Ireland, in 1399, is " Henricus Scogan, 
 Armiger." — Tyrwhitt's Chaucer^ v. 15 
 (1773). 
 
 Scogan ? What was he ? 
 Oh, a fine gentleman and a master of arts 
 Of Henry the Fourth's time, that made disguises 
 For the king's sons, and writ in ballad royal 
 Daintily well. 
 
 Ben Jonson, The Fortunate Isles (1626). 
 
 Scogan (John), the favourite jester 
 and buffoon of Edward IV. " Scogan's 
 jests" were published b} T Andrew Borde, 
 a physician in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 The same sir John [Faltlaff], the very same. I saw 
 him break Skogan's head at the court-gate, when he waa 
 a crack not thus high. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act iii. 
 sc 2. 
 
 *„* Shakespeare has confounded Henry 
 Scogan, M.A., the poet, who lived in the 
 reign of Henry IV., with John Scogan 
 the jester, who lived about a century 
 later, in the reign of Edward IV. ; and, of 
 course, sir John Falstaff could not have 
 known him when "he was a mere crack." 
 
 Scogan's Jest. Scogan and some 
 companions, being in lack of money, 
 agreed to the following trick : — A peasant, 
 driving sheep, was accosted by one of the 
 accomplices, who laid a wager that his 
 sheep were hogs, and agreed to abide by 
 the decision of the first person they met. 
 This, of course, was Scogan, who instantly 
 gave judgment against the herdsman. 
 
 A similar joke is related in the Hitopa- 
 desa, an abridged version of Pilpay's 
 Fables. In this case, the "peasant" is 
 represented by a Brahmin carrying a 
 goat, and the joke was to persuade the 
 Brahmin that he was carrying a dog. 
 ' ' How is this, friend, " says one, "that you, 
 
SCONE. 
 
 879 
 
 SCOTLAND A FIEF, ETC. 
 
 a Brahmin, carry on your back such an 
 unclean animal as a dog ? " "It is not a 
 dog-," says the Brahmin, "but a goat ; " 
 and trudged on. Presently another made 
 the same remark, and the Brahmin, be- 
 ginning to doubt, took down the goat to 
 look at; it. Convinced that the creature 
 was really a goat, he went on, when 
 presently "a third made the same re- 
 mark. The Brahmin, now fully persuaded 
 that his eyes were befooling him, threw 
 down the goat and went away without it ; 
 whereupon the three companions took 
 possession of it and cooked it. 
 
 In Tyll Eulenspiegel we have a similar 
 hoax. Eulenspiegel sees a man with a 
 piece of green cloth, which he resolves 
 to obtain. He employs two confederates, 
 both priests. Says Eulenspiegel to the 
 man, " What a "famous piece of blue 
 cloth ! Where did 3'ou get it ? " "Blue, 
 you fool ! why, it is green." After a short 
 contention, a bet is made, and the ques- 
 tion in dispute is referred to the first 
 comer. This was a confederate, and he 
 at once decided that the cloth was blue. 
 "You are both in the same boat," sa}-s 
 the man, " which I will prove by the priest 
 yonder." The question being put to the 
 priest, is decided against the man, and the 
 three rogues divide the cloth amongst 
 them. 
 
 Another version is in novel 8 of For- 
 tini. The joke was that certain kids 
 he had for sale were capons. — See Dun- 
 lop, History of Fiction, viii. art. " Ser 
 Giovanni." 
 
 Scone [Skoon], a palladium stone. It 
 was erected in Icolmkil for the coronation 
 of Fergus Eric, and was called the Lia- 
 Fail of Ireland. Fergus the son of Fergus 
 Eric, who led the Dalriads to Argyllshire, 
 removed it to Scone ; and Edward I. 
 took it to London. It still remains in 
 Westminster Abbey, where it forms the 
 support of Edward the Confessor's chair, 
 which forms the coronation chair of the 
 British monarchs. 
 
 Ni fallat fatum, Scoti, quocunque locatum 
 Invenient Inpidem, regnare tenentur ibidem. 
 
 Larduer, History of Scotland, i. 67 (1832). 
 Where'er this stone is placed, the fates decree, 
 The Scottish race shall there the sovereigns be. 
 
 *** Of course, the " Scottish race" is 
 the dynasty of the Stuarts and their 
 successors. 
 
 Scotch. Guards, in the service of 
 the French kings, were called his garde du 
 corps. The origin of the guard was this : 
 When St. Louis entered upon his first 
 crusade, he was twice saved from death 
 
 by the valour of a small band of Scotch 
 auxiliaries under the commands of the 
 earls of March and Dunbar, Walter 
 Stewart, and sir David Lindsay. In 
 gratitude thereof, it was resolved that 
 "a standing guard of Scotchmen, recom- 
 mended by the king of Scotland, should 
 evermore form the body-guard of the 
 king of France." This decree remained 
 in force for five centuries. — Grant, Tha 
 Scottish Cavalier, xx. 
 
 Sco'tia, Scotland ; sometimes called 
 " Scotia Minor." The Venerable Bede 
 tells us that Scotland was called Cale- 
 donia till a.d. 258, when it was invaded 
 by a tribe from Ireland, and its name 
 changed to Scotia. 
 
 Scotia Magna or Major, Ireland. 
 
 Scotland. So called, according to 
 legend, from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. 
 What gives this legend especial interest 
 is, that when Edward I. laid claim to the 
 country as a fief of England, he pleaded 
 that Brute the British king, in the days 
 of Eli and Samuel, had conquered it. 
 The Scotch, in their defence, pleaded 
 their independence in virtue of descent 
 from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. This 
 is not fable, but sober history. — Eymer, 
 Focdera, I. ii. (1703). 
 
 Scotland Yard (London). So called 
 from a palace Avhich stood there for the 
 reception of the king of Scotland Avhen 
 he came to England to pay homage to 
 his over-lord the king of England. 
 
 Scotland a Fief of England. 
 When Edward I. laid claim to Scotland as 
 a fief of the English crown, his great plea 
 was that it was awarded to Adelstan by 
 direct miracle, and, therefore, could never 
 be alienated. His advocates seriously 
 read from The Life and Miracles of St. 
 John of Beverley this extract : Adelstan 
 went to drive back the Scotch, who had 
 crossed the border, and, on reaching the 
 Tyne, St. John of Beverley appeared to 
 him, and bade him cross the river at 
 daj'break. Adelstan obeyed, and reduced 
 the whole kingdom to submission. On 
 reaching Dunbar, in the return march, 
 Adelstan prayed that some sign might 
 be given, to testify to all ages that God 
 had delivered the kingdom into his 
 hands. Whereupon he was commanded 
 to strike the basaltic rock with his sword. 
 This did he, and the blade sank into the 
 rock "as if it had been butter," cleaving 
 it asunder for " an ell or more." As the 
 cleft remains to the present hour, in testi- 
 
SCOTLAND'S SCOURGE. 
 
 880 
 
 SCOURGE OF PRINCES. 
 
 mony of this miracle, why, of course, cela 
 va sans dire. — Rynier, Fozdera, I. ii. 771 
 (1703). 
 
 Scotland's Scourge, Edward I. 
 His son, Edward II., buried him in 
 Westminster Abbey, where his tomb is 
 still to be seen, with the following inscrip- 
 tion : — 
 
 Edwardns Longus, Srotonnn Malleus, hie est. 
 (Our Longshanks, " Scotland's Scourge," lies here). 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvii. (1613). 
 So Longshanks, Scotland's Scourge, the land laid waste. 
 Ditto, xxix. (1622). 
 
 Scots (scuite, " a wanderer, a ro- 
 ver"), the inhabitants of the western 
 coast of Scotland. As this part is very 
 hilly and barren, it is unfit for tillage ; 
 and the inhabitants used to live a roving 
 life on the produce of the chase, their 
 chief employment being the rearing of 
 cattle. 
 
 The Caledonians became divided into two distinct 
 nations . . . those on the western coast which was hilly 
 and barren, and those towards the east where the land 
 is fit for tillage. ... As the employment of the former 
 did not fix them to one place, they removed from one 
 heath to another, as suited best with their convenience 
 or inclination, and were called by their neighbours Scuite 
 or the "wandering nation." — Dissertation on the Poems 
 of Ossian, 
 
 Scots (The Royal). The hundred cuir- 
 assiers, called hommes des armes, which 
 formed the body-guard of the French 
 king, were sent to Scotland in 1633 by 
 Louis XIII., to attend the coronation of 
 Charles I. at Edinburgh. On the out- 
 break of the civil war, eight years after- 
 wards, these cuirassiers loyally adhered 
 to the crown, and received the title of 
 " The Royal Scots." At the downfall of 
 the king, the hommes des armes returned 
 to France. 
 
 Scott {TJie Southern). Ariosto is so 
 called by lord Byron. 
 
 First rose 
 The Tuscan father's "comedy divine " [Dante] ; 
 Then, not unequal to the Florentine, 
 The southern Scott, the minstrel who called forth 
 A new creation with his magic line, 
 And, like the Ariosto of the North [sir W. Scott], 
 Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth. 
 Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 40 (1817). 
 
 *** Dante was born at Florence. 
 
 Scott of Belgium (The Walter), 
 Hendrick Conscience (1812- ). 
 
 Scottish. Anacreon (Tlie), Alex- 
 ander Scot is so called by Pinkerton. 
 
 Scottish Boanerges (The), Robert 
 and James Haldane (nineteenth century). 
 Robert died 1842, aged 79, and James 
 1851. 
 
 Scottish Hogarth (T7ic), David 
 Allan (1744-1706). 
 
 Scottish Homer (The), William 
 "Wilkie, author of an epic poem in rhyme 
 entitled The Epigoniad (1753). 
 
 Scottish Solomon (The), Jamea 
 VI. of Scotland, subsequently called 
 James I. of England (1566, 1603-1625). 
 
 *** The French king called him far 
 more aptly, "The Wisest Fool in Christen- 
 dom." 
 
 Scottish Teniers (T7ie), sir David 
 Wilkie (1785-1841). 
 
 Scottish Theoc'ritos (The), Allan 
 Ramsay (1685-1758). 
 
 Scotus. There were two schoolmen 
 of this name: (1) John Scotus Erigini, a 
 native of Ireland, who died 8 6, in the 
 reign of king Alfred ; (2) John Duns 
 Scotus, a Scotchman, who died 1308. 
 Longfellow confounds these two in his 
 Golden Legend when he attributes the 
 Latin version of St. Dionysius the Areo- 
 pagite to the latter schoolman. 
 
 And done into LaUn by that Scottish beast, 
 Erigena Johannes. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Scourers, a class of dissolute young 
 men, often of the better class, who in- 
 fested the streets of London in the seven- 
 teenth century, and thought it capital 
 fun to break windows, upset sedan-chairs, 
 beat quiet citizens, and molest young 
 women. These young blades called 
 themselves at different times, Muns, 
 Hectors, Scourers, Nickers, Hawcabites, 
 and Mohawks or Mohocks. 
 
 Scourge of Christians (The), 
 Noureddin-Mahmud of Damascus (1116- 
 1174). 
 
 Scourge of God (Tlie), Attila king 
 of the Huns, called Flagcllum Dei (died 
 A.D. 453). Genseric king of the Vandals, 
 called Virga Dei (*, reigned 429-477). 
 
 Scourge of Princes (The), Pietro 
 Aretlno of Arezzo, a merciless satirist of 
 kings and princes, but very obscene and 
 licentious. He called himself "Aretino 
 the Divine" (1492-1557). 
 
 Thus Aretin of late got reputation 
 By scourging kings, as Luciau did of old 
 By scorning gods. 
 Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame (1554-1628). 
 
 Suidas called Lucian " The Blas- 
 phemer ; " and he added that he was 
 torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety. 
 Some of his works attack the heatben 
 philosophy and religion. His Jupiter 
 Convicted shows Jupiter to be powerless, 
 and Jupiter the Tragedian shows Jupiter 
 
SCOURGE OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 881 
 
 SCROGGEN. 
 
 and the other gods to be myths (120- 
 200). 
 
 Scourge of Scotland, Edward I. 
 ScotorumMalleus (1239, 1272-1307). 
 
 Scra-De-All, a soapy, psalm-singing 
 hypocrite, who combines with Cheatly to 
 supply young heirs with cash at most 
 exorbitant usury. (See Cheatly.) — 
 Shad well, Squire of Alsatia (1688). 
 
 Scrape on, Gentlemen. Hadrian 
 went once to the public baths, and, seeing 
 an old soldier scraping himself with a 
 potsherd for want of a flesh-brush, sent 
 him a sum of money. Next day, the 
 bath was crowded with potsherd scrapers ; 
 but the emperor said when he saw them, 
 " Scrape on, gentlemen, but' you will not 
 scrape an acquaintance with me." 
 
 Scribble, an attorney's clerk, who 
 tries to get married to Polly Honey- 
 combe, a silly, novel-struck girl, but well 
 off. He is happily foiled in his scheme, 
 and Polly is saved from the consequences 
 of a most unsuitable match. — G. Colman 
 the elder, Polly Honeycomhe (1760). 
 
 Scrible'rus (Cornelius), father of 
 Martlnus. He was noted for his pe- 
 dantry, and his odd whims about the 
 education of his son. 
 
 Martlnus Scriblerus, a man of capacity, 
 who had read everything ; but his judg- 
 ment was worthless, and his taste per- 
 verted. — (?) Arbuthnot, Memoirs of the 
 Extraordinary Life, Works, and Dis- 
 coveries of Martinus Scriblerus. 
 
 * + * These "memoirs" were intended 
 to be the first instalment of a general 
 satire on the false taste in literature 
 prevalent in the time of Pope. The only 
 parts of any moment that were written 
 of this intended series were Pope's Trea- 
 tise of the Bathos or Art of Sinking in 
 Poetry, and his Memoirs of P. P., Clerk 
 of this Parish (1727), in ridicule of Dr. 
 Burnet's History of His Own Time. The 
 Bunciad is, however, preceded by a Pro- 
 legomena, ascribed to Martinus Scriblerus, 
 and contains his notes and illustrations on 
 the poem, thus connecting this merciless 
 satire with the original design. 
 
 Scriever (Jock), the apprentice of 
 Duncan Macwheeble (bailie at Tully 
 Veolan to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Brad- 
 wardine bar n of Bradwardine and Tully 
 Veolan). — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Scriptores Decern, a collection of 
 ten ancient chronicles on English history, 
 
 in one vol. folio, London, 1652, edited 
 by Roger Twysden and John Selden. 
 The volume contains : (1) Simeon Du- 
 nelmensis [Simeon of Durham], Historia; 
 (2) Johannes Hagustaldensis [John of 
 Hexham] , Historia Continuata ; (3) Ri- 
 chardus Hagustaldensis [Richard of 
 Hexham], Be Gestis Regis Stephani ; (4) 
 Ailredus Rievallensis [Ailred of Rieval], 
 Historia (genealogy of the kings) ; (5) 
 Radulphus de Diceto [Ralph of Diceto], 
 Abbreviationes Chronicorum and Ymagines 
 Historiarum; (6) Johannes Brompton, 
 Chronicon ; (7) Gervasius Dorobornensis 
 [Gervais of Dover], Chronica, etc. (burn- 
 ing and repair of Dover Church ; conten- 
 tions between the monks of Canterbury 
 and archbishop Baldwin ; and lives of 
 the archbishops of Canterbury) ; (8) 
 Thomas Stubbs (a dominican), 'Chronica 
 Pontificum ecc. Eboraci [i.e. York] ; (9) 
 Guilielmus Thorn Cantuariensis [of Can- 
 terbury], Chronica; and (10) Henricus 
 Knighton Leicestrensis [of Leicester], 
 Chronica. (The last three are chronicles 
 of " pontiffs " or archbishops.) 
 
 Scriptores Quinque, better known 
 as Scriptores Post Bedam, published at 
 Frankfurt, 1601, in one vol. folio, and 
 containing: (1) Willielm Malmesburi- 
 ensis, Be Gestis Begum Anglorum, Histoi~ice 
 Novell®, and Be Gestis Pontificum Anglo- 
 rum ; (2) Henry Huntindoniensis, Historia ; 
 (o) Roger Hovedeni [Hoveden] , Annales ; 
 (4) Ethelwerd, Chronica ; and (5) Ingul- 
 phus Croylandensis [of Croyland], His- 
 toria. 
 
 Scriptores Tres, three "hypo- 
 thetical" writers on ancient history, 
 which Dr. Bertram professed to have dis- 
 covered between the years 1747 and 1757. 
 They are called Richardus Corinensis [of 
 Cirencester] , Be Situ Britannia ; Gildas 
 Badonicus ; and Nennius Banchorensis 
 [of Bangor], J. E. Mayor, in his pre- 
 face to Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum 
 Historiale, has laid bare this literary 
 forgery. 
 
 Scripture. Parson Adams's wife said 
 to her husband that in her opinion "it 
 was blasphemous to talk of Scriptures 
 out of church." — Fielding, Joseph An- 
 drews. 
 
 A great impression in my youth 
 Was made by Mrs. Adams, where she cries, 
 "That Scriptures out of church are blasphemous." 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 96 (1824). 
 
 Scroggen, a poor hack author, cele- 
 brated by Goldsmith in his Bescription 
 of an Author's Bedchamber. 
 
SCROGGENS. 
 
 882 
 
 SCUD AMOUR. 
 
 Scroggens (Giles), a peasant, who 
 courted Molly Brown, but died just be- 
 fore the wedding day. Molly cried and 
 cried for him, till she cried herself fast 
 asleep. Fancying that she saw Giles 
 Scroggens's ghost standing at her bed- 
 side, she exclaimed in terror, "What 
 do you want?" "You for to come for 
 to go along with me," replied the ghost. 
 " I ben't dead, you fool ! " said Molly ; 
 but the ghost rejoined, " Why, that's no 
 rule." Then, clasping her round the 
 waist, he exclaimed, "Come, come with 
 me, ere morning beam." "I won't!" 
 shrieked Molly, and woke to find "'twas 
 nothing but a dream." — A Comic Ballad. 
 
 Scroggs (Sir William), one of the 
 judges. — Sir W. Scott, Fever il of the 
 Feak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Scrooge (Ebenezer), partner, exe- 
 cutor, and heir of old Jacob Marley, 
 stock-broker. When first introduced, he 
 is "a squeezing, grasping, covetous old 
 hunks, sharp and hard as a flint ; " with- 
 out one particle of sympathy, loving no 
 one, and by none beloved. One Christmas 
 Day, Ebenezer Scrooge sees three ghosts : 
 The Ghost of Christmas Past ; the Ghost 
 of Christmas Present ; and the Ghost of 
 Christmas To-come. The first takes him 
 back to his young life, shows him what 
 Christmas was to him when a schoolboy, 
 and when he was an apprentice ; reminds 
 him of his courting a young girl, whom 
 he forsook as he grew rich ; and shows him 
 that sweetheart of his young days married 
 to another, and the mother of a happy 
 family. The second ghost shows him 
 the joyous home of his clerk Bob 
 Cratchit, who has nine people to keep on 
 15s. a week, and yet could find where- 
 withal to make merry on this day ; 
 it also shows him the family of his 
 nephew, and of others. The third ghost 
 shows him what would be his lot if he 
 died as he then was, the prey of harpies, 
 the jest of his friends on 'Change, the 
 world's uncared-for waif. These visions 
 wholly change his nature, and he becomes 
 benevolent, charitable, and cheerful, lov- 
 ing all, and by all beloved. — C. Dickens, 
 A Christmas Carol (in five staves, 1843). 
 
 Scrow, the clerk of lawyer Glossin. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Scrub, a man-of-all-work to lady 
 Bountiful. He describes his duties thus : 
 
 Of a Monday I drive the coaTli, of a Tuesday I drive the 
 plough, on Wednesday I follow the hounds, on Thursday 
 I dun the tenants, on Friday I go to market, on Saturday 
 
 I draw warrants, and on Sunday I draw beer.— Geo. 
 Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem, iii. 4 (1707). 
 
 One day, when Weston [1727-1776] was announced to 
 play "Scrub," he sent to request a loan of money from 
 Garrick, which was refused; whereupon Weston did not 
 put in his appearance in the green-room. So Garrick came 
 to the foot-lights, and said, "Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. 
 Weston being taken suddenly ill, he is not capable of ap- 
 pearing before you this evening, and so with your permis- 
 sion 1 will perform the part of ' Scrub ' in his stead." 
 Weston, who was in the gallery with a sham bailiff, now 
 hallooed out, " I am here, hut the bailiff won't let me 
 come." The audience roared with laughter, clamoured tor 
 Weston, insisted he should play "Scrub, "and the manager 
 was obliged to advance the loan and release the debtor.— 
 Spirit of the Public Journals (1825). 
 
 Scrubin'da, the lady who " lived by 
 the scouring of pots in D} r ot Street, 
 Bloomsbury Square." 
 
 Oh, was I a quart, pint, or gill. 
 
 To be scrubbed by her delicate hands t . . . 
 My parlour that's next to the sky 
 
 I'd quit, her blest mansion to share ; 
 So happy to live and to die 
 
 In Dyot Street, Bloomsbury Square. 
 
 W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes Furioso (1790). 
 
 Scruple, the friend of Random. He 
 is too honest for a rogue, and too con- 
 scientious for a rake. At Calais he met 
 Harriet, the elder daughter of sir David 
 Dunder of Dunder Hall, near Dover, and 
 fell in love with her. Scruple subsequently 
 got invited to Dunder Hall, and was told 
 that his Harriet was to be married next 
 day to lord Snolt. a stumpy, "gummy" 
 fogey of five and forty. Harriet hated 
 the idea, and agreed to elope with Scruple ; 
 but her father discovered by accident the 
 intention, and intercepted it. However, 
 to prevent scandal, he gave his consent 
 to the union, and discovered that Scruple, 
 both in family and fortune, was quite 
 suitable for a son-in-law. — G. Colman, 
 Ways and Means (1788). 
 
 Scu'damour (Sir), the knight be- 
 loved by Am'oret (whom Britomart de- 
 livered from Busyrane the enchanter), 
 and whom she ultimately married. He 
 is called Scudamour (3 syl.) from [e]scu 
 d'amour ("the shield of love"), which 
 he carried (bk. iv. 10). This shield was 
 hung by golden bands in the temple 
 of Venus, and under it was written: 
 "Whosever be this Shield, Faire 
 Amoret be his." Sir Scudamour, de- 
 termined to win the prize, had to fight 
 with twenty combatants, overthrew them 
 all, and the shield was his. When he 
 saw Amoret in the company of Brito- 
 mart dressed as a knight, he was racked 
 with jealousy, and went on his wander- 
 ings, accompanied by nurse Glauce for 
 "his 'squire ; " but somewhat later, seeing 
 Britomart without her helmet, he felt 
 that his jealousy was groundless (bk. iv. 
 6). His tale is told by himself (bk. 
 
SCULPTURE. 
 
 SEA-CAPTAIN. 
 
 iv. 10).— Spenser, Faery Queen, iii., iv. 
 (1590-6). 
 
 Sculpture (Father of French), Jean 
 Goujon (1510-1572). G. Pilon is so 
 called also (1515-1590). 
 
 Scyld, the king of Denmark preceding 
 BeoAvulf. The Anglo-Saxon epic poem 
 called Beowulf (sixth century) begins 
 with the death of Scyld. 
 
 At his appointed time, Scyld deceased, very decrepit, 
 and went into the peace of the Lord. They . . . bore 
 him to the sea-shore as he himself requested. . . . There 
 on the beach stood the ring-prowed ship, the vehicle of 
 the noble . . . ready to set out. They laid down the dear 
 prince, the distributer of rings, in the bosom of the ship, 
 the mighty one beside the mast . . . they set up a golden 
 ensign high overhead . . . they gave him to the deep. 
 Sad was their spirit, mournful their mood.— Kemble, 
 Beowulf (an Anglo-Saxon poem, 1833). 
 
 Scylla and Charybdis. The 
 former was a rock, in which dwelt Scylla, 
 a hideous monster encompassed with dogs 
 and wolves. The latter was a whirlpool, 
 into which Charybdis was metamor- 
 phosed. — Classic Fable. 
 
 Scylla and Charybdis of Scot- 
 land, the " Swalchie whirlpool," and 
 the "Merry Men of Mey," a bed of 
 broken water which boils like a witch's 
 caldron, on the south side of the Stroma 
 Channel. 
 
 ("Merry Men;" men is a corruption 
 of main in this phrase.) 
 
 Scythian (That Brave), Darius the 
 Persian. According to Herod'otos, all 
 the south-east of Europe used to be called 
 Scythia, and Xenophon calls the dwellers 
 south of the Caspian Sea "Scythians" 
 also. In fact, by Scythia was meant the 
 south of Russia and west of Asia ; hence 
 the Hungarians, a Tartar horde settled 
 on the east coast of the Caspian, who, in 
 889, crossed into Europe, are spoken of 
 as " Scythians," and lord Brooke calls 
 the Persians "Scythians." The reference 
 below is to the following event in Persian 
 history : — The death of Smerdis was kept 
 for a time a profound secret, and one of 
 the officers about the court who resembled 
 him, usurped the crown, calling himself 
 brother of the late monarch. Seven of 
 the high nobles conspired together, and 
 slew the usurper, but it then became a 
 question to which of the seven the crown 
 should be offered. They did not toss for 
 it, but they did much the same thing. 
 They agreed to give the crown to him 
 whose horse neighed first. Darius's horse 
 won, and thus Darius became king of the 
 Persian empire. 
 
 That brave Scythian, 
 Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing 
 Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 
 
 Lord Brooke (1554-1628). 
 
 * # * Marlowe calls Tamburlaine ol 
 Tartary "a Scythian." 
 
 You shall hear the Scythian Tamburlaine 
 Threatening the world with high astounding terms. 
 Marlowe, Tamburlaine (prologue, 1587). 
 
 Scythian's Name ( The) . Humbei 
 or Humbert king of the Huns invaded 
 England during the reign of Locrin, 
 some 1000 years B.C. In his flight, he 
 was drowned in the river Abus, whicb 
 has ever since been called the Humber, 
 after "the Scythian's name." — Geoffrey, 
 British History, ii. 2 (1142) ; and Milton's 
 History of England. 
 
 Or Humber loud that keeps the Scythian's name. 
 Milton, Vacation Exercise (1627). 
 
 Sea (The Great). The Mediterranean 
 was so called by the ancients. 
 
 Sea (The Waterless). Prester John, in 
 his letter to Manuel Comnenus emperoi 
 of Constantinople, says that in his country 
 there is a "waterless sea," which none 
 have ever crossed. It consists of tumbling 
 billows of sand, never at rest, and contains 
 fish of most excellent flavour. 
 
 Three days' journey from the coast of 
 the Sand Sea is a mountain whence rolls 
 down a "waterless river," consisting of 
 small stones, which crumble into sand 
 when they reach the " sea." 
 
 Near the Sand Sea is a fountain called 
 Mussel, because it is contained in a basin 
 like a mussel-shell. This is a test foun- 
 tain. Those who test it, strip off their, 
 clothes, and if they are true and leal, the 
 water rises three times, till it covers 
 their head. 
 
 Sea-Born City (Tlie), Venice. 
 
 Sea-Captain (The), a drama by lord 
 Lytton (1839). Norman, "the sea-cap- 
 ta"in," was the son of lady Arundel by her 
 first husband, who was murdered. He was 
 born three days after his father's murder, 
 and was brought up by Onslow, a village 
 priest. At 14 he went to sea, and became 
 the captain of a man-of-war. Lady 
 Arundel married again, and had another 
 son named Percy. She wished to ignore 
 Norman, and to settle the title and estates 
 on Percy, but it was not to be. Norman 
 and Percy both loved Violet, a ward of 
 lady Arundel. Violet, however, loved 
 Norman only. A scheme was laid to 
 murder Norman, but failed ; and at the 
 end Norman was acknowledged by his 
 mother, reconciled to his brother, and 
 married to the ward. 
 
SEA-GIRT ISLE. 
 
 884 
 
 SEBASTIAN. 
 
 Sea-Girt Isle (The), Great Britain. 
 
 Sea of Sedge (The), the Red Sea. 
 The Red Sea so abounds with sedge that 
 in the Hebrew Scriptures it is called " The 
 Weedy or Sedgy Sea." Milton refers to 
 it when he says, the rebel angels were as 
 numberless as the 
 
 . . . scattered sedge 
 Aflote, when with fierce winds Orion armed 
 Hath vexed the Red Sea coast. 
 
 Paradise Lost, i. 304 (1665). 
 
 Sea of Stars. The source of the 
 Yellow River, in Thibet, is so called 
 because of the unusual sparkle of the 
 waters. 
 
 Like a sea of stars, 
 The hundred sources of Hoangho [the Yellow River]. 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, vi. 12 (1797). 
 
 Seaforth. (Tlie earl of), a royalist, in 
 the service of king Charles I. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 
 
 Seasons (The), a descriptive poem in 
 blank verse, by James Thomson, "Win- 
 ter" (1726), "Summer" (1727), "Spring" 
 (1728), "Autumn" (1730). "Winter" 
 is inscribed to the earl of Wilming- 
 ton ; " Summer " to Mr. Doddington ; 
 "Spring" to the countess of Hertford; 
 and "Autumn" to Mr. Onslow. 
 
 1. In " Winter," after describing the 
 season, the poet introduces his episode of 
 a traveller lost in a snowstorm, "the 
 creeping cold lays him along the snow, 
 a stiffened corse," of wife, of children, 
 and of friend unseen. The whole book 
 contains 10G9 lines. 
 
 2. "Summer" begins with a descrip- 
 tion of the season, and the rural pursuits 
 of haymaking and sheep-shearing ; 
 passes on to the hot noon, when "nature 
 pants, and every stream looks languid." 
 After describing the tumultuous character 
 of the season in the torrid zone, he returns 
 to England, and describes a thunder- 
 storm, in which Celadon and Amelia are 
 overtaken. The thunder growls, the 
 lightnings flash, louder and louder crashes 
 the aggravated roar, " convulsing heaven 
 and earth." The maiden, terrified, clings 
 to her lover for protection. " Fear not, 
 sweet innocence," he says. " He who 
 involves yon skies in darkness ever 
 smiles on thee. 'Tis safety to be near 
 thee, sure, and thus to clasp perfection." 
 As he speaks the words, a flash of light- 
 ning strikes the maid, and lays her a 
 blackened corpse at the young man's feet. 
 The poem concludes with the more peace- 
 ful scenery of a summer's evening, when 
 the story of Damon and Musidora is 
 
 introduced. Damon had long loved the 
 beautiful Musidora, but met with scant 
 encouragement. One summer's evening, 
 he accidentally came upon her bathing, 
 and the respectful modesty of his love so 
 won upon the damsel that she wrote 
 upon a tree, "Damon, the time may 
 come when you need not fly." The 
 whole book contains 1804 lines. 
 
 3. In " Spring " the poet describes its 
 general features, and its influence on the 
 vegetable and animal world. He de- 
 scribes a garden with its haram of flowers, 
 a grove with its orchestry of song-birds 
 making melody in their love, the rough 
 world of brutes furious and fierce with 
 their strong desire, and lastly man tem- 
 pered by its infusive influence. The book 
 contains 1173 lines. 
 
 4. In "Autumn" we are taken to the 
 harvest-field, where the poet introduces 
 a story similar to that of Ruth and Boaz. 
 His Ruth he calls " Lavinia," and his 
 Boaz " Palemon." He then describes 
 partridge and pheasant shooting, hare 
 and fox hunting, all of which he con- 
 demns. After luxuriating in the orchard 
 and vineyard, he speaks of the emigration 
 of birds, the falling of the sear and yellow 
 leaf, and concludes with a eulogy of 
 country life. The whole book contains 
 1371 lines. 
 
 *** It is much to be regretted that the 
 poet's order has not been preserved. The 
 arrangement of the seasons into Spring, 
 Summer, Autumn, and Winter, is un- 
 natural, and mars the harmony of the 
 poet's plan. 
 
 Seatonian Prize. The Rev. Thomas • 
 Seaton, Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge 
 University, bequeathed the rents of his 
 Kislingbury estate for a yearly prize of 
 £40 to the best English poem on a 
 sacred subject announced in January, and 
 sent in on or before September 29 follow- 
 ing. 
 
 Shall hoary Granta call her sable sons . . . 
 Shall these approach the Muse ? Ah, no 1 she flie», 
 And even spurns the great Seatonian prize. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 Sebastes of Mytile'ne (4 syl.), 
 the assassin in the " Immortal Guards." — 
 Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris 
 (time, Rufus). 
 
 Sebastian, a young gentleman of 
 Messaline, brother to Viola. They were 
 twins, and so much alike that they could 
 not be distinguished except by their dress. 
 Sebastian and his sister being shipwrecked, 
 escaped to Illyria. Here Sebastian was 
 mistaken for his sister (who had assumed 
 
SEBASTIAN. 
 
 885 
 
 SEDLEY. 
 
 man's apparel), and "was invited by the 
 countess Olivia to take shelter in her 
 house from a street broil. Olivia was in 
 love with Viola, and thinking Sebastian 
 to be the object of her love, married him. 
 —Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614). 
 
 Sebastian, brother of Alonso king of 
 Naples, in The Tempest (1609). 
 
 Sebas'tian, father of Valentine and 
 Alice. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. 
 Thomas (1619). 
 
 Sebastian (Don), king of Portugal, is 
 defeated in battle and taken prisoner by 
 the Moors (1574). He is saved from 
 death by Dorax a noble Portuguese, 
 then a renegade in the court of the 
 emperor of Barbary. The train being 
 dismissed, Dorax takes off his turban, 
 assumes his Portuguese dress, and is 
 recognized as Alonzo of Alcazar. — Dry- 
 den, Don Sebastian (1690). 
 
 The quarrel and reconciliation of Sebastian and Dorax 
 [alias Alonzo of Alcazar] is a masterly copy from a similar 
 scene between Brutus and Cassius [in Shakespeare's Julius 
 Ctesar]. — R. Chambers, English Literature* i. 380. 
 
 Don Sebastian, a name of terror to 
 Moorish children. 
 
 Nor shall Sebastian's formidable name 
 Be longer used to still the crying babe. 
 
 Dryden, Don Sebastian (1690). 
 
 Sebastian I. of Brazil, who fell in 
 the battle of Alcazarquebir in 1578. The 
 legend is that he is not dead, but is 
 patiently biding the fulness of time, 
 when he will return, and make Brazil the 
 chief kingdom of the earth. (See Bar- 
 
 BAROSSA.) 
 
 Sebastoc'rator (The), the chief 
 officer of state in the empire of Greece. 
 Same as Protosebastos. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Sebile (2 syl.), la Dame du Lac in 
 the romance called Perceforest. Her 
 castle was surrounded by a river, on 
 which rested so thick a fog that no one 
 could see across it. Alexander the 
 Great abode with her a fortnight to be 
 cured of his wounds, and king Arthur 
 was the result of this amour (vol. i. 42). 
 
 Secret Hill (The). Ossian said to 
 Oscar, when he resigned to him the 
 command of the morrow's battle, "Be 
 thine the secret hill to-night," referring 
 to the Gaelic custom of the commander 
 of an army retiring to a secret hill the 
 night before a battle, to hold communion 
 with the ghosts of departed heroes. — 
 Ossian, Cathlin of Clutha. 
 
 Secret Tribunal (The), the count 
 
 of the Holy Vehme.— Sir W. Scott, Anne 
 of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Secrets. The Depository of the Secrets 
 of all the World was the inscription over 
 one of the brazen portals of Fakreddin'a 
 valley.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 Sedgwick (Doomsday), "William 
 Sedgwick, a fanatical "prophet" in the 
 Commonwealth, who pretended that it 
 had been revealed to him in a vision 
 that the day of doom was at hand. 
 
 Sedillo, the licentiate with whom 
 Gil Bias took service as a footman. 
 Sedillo was a gouty old gourmand of 69. 
 Being ill, he sent for Dr. Sangrado, 
 who took from him six porringers of 
 blood every day, and dosed him in- 
 cessantly with warm water, giving him 
 two or three pints at a time, saying, "a 
 patient cannot be blooded too much ; for 
 it is a great error to suppose that blood is 
 needful for the preservation of life. 
 Warm water," he maintained, "drunk in 
 abundance, is the true specific in all 
 distempers." When the licentiate died 
 under this treatment, the doctor insisted 
 it was because his patient had neither 
 lost blood enough nor drunk enough 
 warm water. — Lesage, Gil Bias, ii. 1, 2 
 (1715). 
 
 Sedley (Mr.), a wealthy London 
 stock-broker, brought to ruin by the 
 fall of the Funds just prior to the battle 
 of Waterloo. The old merchant then 
 tried to earn a meagre pittance by selling 
 wine, coals, or lottery-tickets by com- 
 mission, but his bad wine and cheap 
 coals found but few customers. 
 
 Mrs. Sedley, wife of Mr. Sedley. A 
 homely, kind-hearted, bonny, motherly 
 woman in her prosperous days, but 
 soured by adversity, and quick to take 
 offence. 
 
 Amelia Sedley, daughter of the stock- 
 broker, educated at Miss Pinkerton's 
 academy, Chiswick Mall, and engaged 
 to captain George Osborne, son of a rich 
 London merchant. After the ruin of 
 old Sedley, George married Amelia, and 
 was disinherited by his father. He was 
 adored by his young wife, but fell on 
 the field of Waterloo. Amelia then 
 returned to her father, and lived in great 
 indigence, but captain Dobbin greatly 
 loved her, and did much to relieve her 
 worst wants. Captain Dobbin rose in 
 his profession to the rank of colonel, and 
 married the young widow. 
 
 Joseph Sedley, a collector, of Boggley 
 
SEDLEY. 
 
 886 SELF-ADMIRATION SOCIETY. 
 
 "Wallah ; a fat, sensual, conceited dandy, 
 vain, shy, and vulgar. " His excellency" 
 fled from Brussels on the day of the battle 
 between Napoleon and Wellington, and 
 returned to Calcutta, where he bragged 
 of his brave deeds, and made it appear 
 that he was Wellington's right hand ; 
 so that he obtained the sobriquet of 
 " Waterloo Sedley." He again returned 
 to England, and became the "patron" 
 of Becky Sharp (then Mrs. Rawdon 
 Crawley, but separated from her hus- 
 band). This lady proved a terrible 
 dragon, fleeced him of all his money, 
 and in six months he died under very 
 suspicious circumstances. — Thackeray, 
 Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 Sedley (Sir Charles), in the court of 
 Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
 (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 See, the Conquering Hero 
 Comes ! This song stands at the open- 
 ing of act ii. of Alexander the Great, a 
 tragedy by N. Lee (1678). 
 
 (Set to music by Handel, and intro- 
 duced in the oratorio of Judas Maccabceus, 
 1743.) 
 
 Seelencooper (Captain), superin- 
 tendent of the military hospital at Ryde. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Seer (Tlie Poughkcepsie), Andrew 
 Jackson Davis. 
 
 Segonti'ari, inhabitants of parts of 
 Hampshire and Berkshire, referred to in 
 the Commentaries of Caesar. 
 
 Seicen'to (3 syl.), the sixteenth 
 century of Italian notables, the period of 
 bad taste and degenerate art. The de- 
 graded art is termed Seicentista, and the 
 notables of the period the Seicentisti. 
 The style of writing was inflated and 
 bombastic, and that of art was what is 
 termed " rococo." The chief poet was 
 Marini (1569-1615), the chief painter 
 Caravaggio (1569-1609), the chief sculp- 
 tor Bernini (1593-1680), and the chief 
 architect Borromini (1599-1667). 
 
 Sede, in Voltaire's tragedy of Mahomet, 
 was the character in which Talma, the 
 great French tragedian, made his debut in 
 1787. 
 
 Seidel-Beckir, the most famous of 
 all talismanists. He made three of 
 extraordinary power : viz., a little golden 
 fish, which would fetch from the_ sea 
 whatever was desired of it ; a poniard, 
 which rendered the person who bore it 
 
 invisible, and all others whom he wished 
 to be so ; and a steel ring, which enabled 
 the wearer to read the secrets of another's 
 heart. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales 
 (" The Four Talismans," 1743). 
 
 Seine (1 syl.), put for Paris. Tenny- 
 son calls the red republicanism of Paris, 
 " The red fool-fury of the Seine." 
 
 Setting the Seine on fire. The Seine is 
 a drag-net as well as a river. Hence 
 drag-men are called in French les pechcurs 
 d la seine, and it has been argued that 
 the French expression, "He will never 
 set the Seine m fire," arose from the 
 fact that an active fisherman pulling the 
 seine up very briskly was liable to set it on 
 fire; a lazy one was not. But it is quite 
 as probable that the phrase was borrow- 
 ed from the familiar English one about 
 setting the Thames on fire (for deriva- 
 tion of which see Thames), especially as 
 it is very seldom used by the French, 
 their equivalent being , " He is not fit to 
 be trusted in the powder-magazines." 
 
 Sejanus (JElius), a minister of 
 Tiberius, and commander of the praetorian 
 guards. His affability made him a great 
 favourite. In order that he might be 
 the foremost man of Rome, all the 
 children and grandchildren of the em- 
 peror were put to death under sundry 
 pretences. Drusus, the son of Tiberius, 
 then fell a victim. He next persuaded 
 the emperor to retire, and Tiberius went 
 to Campania, leaving to Sejanus the sole 
 management of affairs. He now called 
 himself emperor ; but Tiberius, roused 
 from his lethargy, accused his minister 
 of treason. The senate condemned him 
 to be strangled, and his remains, being 
 treated with the grossest insolence, were 
 kicked into the Tiber, A.D. 31. This was 
 the subject of Ben Jonson's first historical 
 play, entitled Sejanus (1603). 
 
 Sejjin or Sejn, the record of all 
 evil deeds, whether by men or the genii, 
 kept by the recording angel. It also 
 means that dungeon beneath the seventh 
 earth, where Eblis and his companions 
 are confined. 
 
 Verily, the register of the deeds of the wicked is surely 
 in Sejjin. — Sale, Al Kordn, lxxxiii. 
 
 Selby (Captain), an officer in the 
 guards. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Teak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Self- Admiration Society (The). 
 Poets :. Morris, Rosetti, and Swinburne. 
 Painters : Brown, Mudon, Whistler, and 
 some others. 
 
SELIM. 
 
 887 SEMIRAMIS OF THE NORTH. 
 
 Selim, son of Abdallah, who was 
 murdered by his brother Giaffir (pacha of 
 Aby'dos). After the death of his brother, 
 Giaffir (2 syl.) took Selim under his 
 charge and brought him up, but treated 
 him with considerable cruelty. Giaffir 
 had a daughter named Zuleika (3 syl.), 
 with whom Selim fell in love ; but 
 Zuleika thought he was her brother. As 
 soon as Giaffir discovered the attachment 
 of the two cousins for each other, he 
 informed his daughter that he intended 
 her to marry Osmyn Bey ; but Zuleika 
 eloped with Selim, the pacha pursued 
 after them, Selim was shot, Zuleika 
 killed herself, and Giaffir was left child- 
 less and alone. — Byron, Bride of Abydos 
 (1813). 
 
 Selim, son of Acbar. Jehanguire was 
 called Selim before his accession to the 
 throne. He married Nourmahal the 
 " Light of the Haram," but a coolness 
 rose up between them. One night, Nour- 
 mahal entered the sultan's banquet-room 
 as a lute-player, and so charmed young 
 Selim that he exclaimed, " If Nourmahal 
 had so sung, I could have forgiven her !" 
 It was enough. Nourmahal threw off 
 her disguise, and became reconciled to 
 her husband. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh 
 (" Light of the Haram," 1817). 
 
 Selim, son of the Moorish king of 
 Algiers. [Horush] Barbarossa, the Greek 
 renegade, having made himself master 
 of Algiers, slew the reigning king, but 
 Selim escaped. After the lapse of seven 
 years, he returned, under the assumed 
 name of Achmet, and headed an uprising 
 of the Moors. The insurgents succeeded, 
 Barbarossa was slain, the widowed queen 
 Zaphira was restored to her husband's 
 throne, and Selim her son married Ire"ne 
 daughter of Barbarossa. — J. Brown, Bar- 
 barossa (1742 or 1755). 
 
 Selim, friend of Etan (the supposed 
 son of Zamti the mandarin). — Murphy, 
 The Orphan of China (1759). 
 
 Sel'ima, daughter of Bajazet sultan 
 of Turkey, in love with prince Axalla, 
 but promised by her father in marriage 
 to Omar. When Selima refused to marry 
 Omar, Bajazet would have slain her ; but 
 Tamerlane commanded both Bajazet and 
 Omar to be seized. So every obstacle 
 was removed from the union of Selima 
 and Axalla. — N. Rowe, Tamerlane (1702). 
 
 Sel'ima, one of the six Wise Men from 
 the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
 — Klopstock, The Messiah, v. (1771). 
 
 Se'lith, one of the two guardian 
 angels of the Virgin Mary and of John 
 the Divine. — Klopstock, The Messiah, ix. 
 (1771). 
 
 Sellock (Cisly), a servant-girl in the 
 service of lady and sir Geoffrey Peveril 
 of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, Feveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Selma, the royal residence of Fingal, 
 in Morven (north-west coast of Scot- 
 land). 
 
 Selma, thy halls are silent. There is no sound In the 
 woods of Morven.— Ossian, Lathr.ion. 
 
 Selvaggio, the father of sir Industry, 
 and the hero of Thomson's Castle of In- 
 dolence. 
 
 In Fairy-land there lived a knight of old, 
 
 Of feature stern, Selvaggio well y-clept ; 
 A rough, unpolished man, robust and bold, 
 
 But wondrous poor. He neither sowed nor reaped ; 
 
 Ne stores in summer for cold winter heaped. 
 In hunting all his days away he wore — 
 
 Now scorched by June, now in November steeped, 
 Now pinched by biting January sore, 
 He still in woods pursued the libbard and the boar. 
 
 Thomson, Castle of Indolence, ii. 5 (1745). 
 
 Sem/ele (3 syl.), ambitious of enjoy- 
 ing Jupiter in all his glory, perished 
 from the sublime effulgence of the god. 
 This is substantially the tale of the 
 second story of T. Moore's Loves of the 
 Angels. Liris requested her angel lover 
 to come to her in all his angelic bright- 
 ness ; but was burnt to ashes as she fell 
 into his embrace. 
 
 For majesty gives nought to subjects, , . , 
 A royal smile, a guinea's glorious rays, 
 like Simele\ would kill us with its blaze. 
 
 Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], Progress of 
 Admiration (1809). 
 
 Semi'da, the young man, the only 
 son of a widow, raised from the dead by 
 Jesus, as he was being carried from the 
 walls of Nain. He was deeply in love 
 with Cidli, the daughter of Jairus. 
 
 He was in the bloom of life. His hair hung in curls 
 on his shoulders, and he appeared as beautiful as David 
 when, sitting by the stream of Bethlehem, he was ravished 
 at the voice of God.— Klopstock, The Messiah, iv. (1771). 
 
 Semir'amis, queen of Assyria, wife 
 of Ninus. She survived her "husband, 
 and reigned. The glory of her reign 
 stands out so prominently that she quite 
 eclipses all the monarchs of ancient 
 Assyria. After a reign of forty-two 
 years, she resigned the crown to her son 
 Ninyas, and took her flight to heaven in 
 the form of a dove. Semiramis was the 
 daughter of DercSto the fish-goddess 
 and a Syrian youth, and, being exposed 
 in infancy, was brought up by doves. 
 
 Semiramis of the North, Mar- 
 garet, daughter of Waldemar III. of 
 Denmark. At the death of her father, 
 
SEMIRAMIS OF THE NORTH. 888 
 
 SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. 
 
 she succeeded him ; by the death of her 
 husband, Haco VIII. king of Norway, 
 she succeeded to that kingdom also ; and 
 having conquered Albert of Sweden, she 
 added Sweden to her empire. Thus was 
 she queen of Denmark, Norway, and 
 Sweden (1353-1412). 
 
 Semiramis of the North, Catharine of 
 Russia, a powerful and ambitious sove- 
 reign, but licentious, sensual, and very 
 immoral (1729-1796). 
 
 Semkail, the angel of the winds and 
 waves. 
 
 I keep the winds in awe with the hand which you see 
 in the air, and prevent the wind Haidge from coming 
 forth. If I gave it freedom, it would reduce the universe 
 to powder. With my other hand I hinder the sea from 
 overflowing, without which jirecaution it would cover the 
 face of the whole earth. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales 
 (" History of Abdal Motalleb," 1743). 
 
 Semo (Son of), Cuthullin general of 
 the Irish tribes. 
 
 Sempfo r iiius, one of the " friends " 
 of Timon of Athens, and "the first man 
 that e'er received a gift from him." 
 When Timon sent to borrow a sum of 
 money of " his friend," he excused him- 
 self thus : As Timon did not think 
 proper to apply to me first, but asked 
 others before he sent to me, I consider 
 his present application an insult. u Go," 
 said he to the servant, " and tell your 
 master : 
 
 Who bates mine honour shall not know my coin." 
 Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, act iii. sc. 3 (1600). 
 
 Scmpro'nius, a treacherous friend of 
 Cato while in Uttca. Sempronius tried 
 to mask his treason by excessive zeal 
 and unmeasured animosity against Caesar, 
 with whom he was acting in alliance. 
 He loved Marcia, Cato's daughter, but 
 his love was not honourable love ; and 
 when he attempted to carry off the lady 
 by force, he was slain bj r Juba the 
 Numidian prince. — J. Addison, Cato 
 (1713). 
 
 I'll conceal 
 My thoughts In passion, 'tis the surest way. 
 I'll bellow out for Itome and for my country, 
 And mouth at Caesar till I shake the senate. 
 Your cold hypocrisy's a stale device, 
 A worn-out trick. 
 
 Act L 1. 
 
 Sena'rms (St.), the saint who fled 
 to the island of Scattery, and resolved 
 that no woman should ever step upon the 
 isle. An angel led St. Can'ara to the 
 isle, but Senanus refused to admit her. — 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies ("St. Senanus 
 and the Lady," 1814). 
 
 Sen'eca (The Christian), bishop Hall 
 of Norwich (1574-1656;. 
 
 Sene'na (3 syl.), a Welsh maiden in 
 love with Car'adoc. She dressed in boy's 
 clothes, and, under the assumed name of 
 Mervyn, became the page of the princess 
 Goervyl, that she might follow her iover 
 to America, when Madoc colonized Caer- 
 Madoc. Senena was promised in mar- 
 riage to another ; but when the wedding 
 day arrived and all was ready, the bride 
 was nowhere to be found. 
 
 . . . she doffed 
 Her bridal robes, and clipt her golden locks. 
 And put on boy's attire, thro' wood and wild 
 To seek her own true love ; and over sea, 
 Forsaking ail for him, she followed him. 
 
 Southey, Madoc, iL 23 (1805). 
 
 Sennac'herib, called by the Orien- 
 tals king Moussal. — D'Herbelot, Notes to 
 the Koran (seventeenth century). 
 
 Sennamar, a very skilful architect 
 who built at Hirah, for N6man-al-A6uar 
 king of Hirah, a most magnificent palace. 
 In order that he might not build another 
 equal or superior to it for some other 
 monarch, Noman cast him headlong from 
 the highest tower of the building. — ■ 
 D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientate (1697). 
 
 *** A parallel tale is told of Neim'- 
 heid (2 syl.), who employed four archi- 
 tects to build for him a palace in Ireland, 
 and then, jealous lest they should build 
 one like it or superior to it for another 
 monarch, he had them all privately put 
 to death. — O'Halloran, History of Ireland. 
 
 Sensitive (Lord), a young nobleman 
 of amorous proclivities, who marries 
 Sablna Rosny, a French refugee, in 
 Padua, but leaves her, more from reck- 
 lessness than wickedness. He comes to 
 England and pays court to lady Ruby, 
 a rich young widow ; but lady Ruby 
 knows of his marriage to the young 
 French girl, and so hints at it that his 
 lordship, who is no libertine, and has a 
 great regard for his honour, sees that his 
 marriage is known, and tells lady Ruby 
 he will start without delay to Padua, 
 and bring his young wife home. This, 
 however, was not needful, as Sabina was 
 at the time the guest of lady Ruby. 
 She is called forth, and lord Sensitive 
 openly avows her to be his wife. — Cum- 
 berland, First Love (1796). 
 
 Sentimental Journey (The), by 
 Laurence Sterne (1768). It was intended 
 to be sentimental sketches of his tour 
 through Italy in 1764, but he died soon 
 after completing the first part. The 
 tourist lands at Calais, and the first 
 incident is his interview with a poor 
 monk of St. Francis, who begged alms 
 
SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. 
 
 SERASKIER. 
 
 for his convent. Sterne refused to give 
 anything, but his heart smote him for his 
 churlishness to the meek old man. From 
 Calais he goes to Montriul (Montreuil- 
 sur-Mer), and thence to Nampont, near 
 Cressy. Here occurred the incident, which 
 is one of the most touching of all the 
 sentimental sketches, that of " The Dead 
 Ass." His next stage was Amiens, and 
 thence to Paris. While looking at the 
 Bastille, he heard a voice crying, "I can't 
 get out ! I can't get out ! " He thought 
 it was a child, but it was only a caged 
 starling. This led him to reflect on the 
 delights of liberty and miseries of cap- 
 tivity. Giving reins to his fancy, he 
 imaged to himself a prisoner who for 
 thirty years had been confined in a dun- 
 geon, during all which time "he had 
 seen no sun, no moon, nor had the voice 
 of kinsman breathed through his lattice." 
 Carried away by his feelings, he burst 
 into tears, for he "could not sustain the 
 picture of confinement which his fancy 
 had drawn." While at Paris, our tourist 
 visited Versailles, and introduces an in- 
 cident which he had witnessed some years 
 previously at Rennes, in Brittany. It 
 was that of a marquis reclaiming his 
 sword and " patent of nobility." Any 
 nobleman in France who engaged in 
 trade, forfeited his rank ; but there was 
 a law in Brittany that a nobleman of 
 reduced circumstances might deposit his 
 sword temporarily with the local magis- 
 tracy, and if better times dawned upon 
 him, he might reclaim it. Sterne was 
 present at one of these interesting cere- 
 monies. A marquis had laid down his 
 sword to mend his fortune by trade, and 
 after a successful career at Martinico for 
 twenty years, returned home, and re- 
 claimed it. On receiving his deposit from 
 the president, he drew it slowly from the 
 scabbard, and, observing a spot of rust 
 near the point, dropped a tear on it. As 
 he wiped the blade lovingly, he remarked, 
 "I shall find some other way to get it 
 off." Returning to Paris, our tourist 
 starts for Italy ; but the book ends with 
 his arrival at Moulines (Moulins). Some 
 half a league from this city he encountered 
 Maria, whose pathetic sto.ry had been 
 told him by Mr. Shandy. She had lost 
 her goat when Sterne saw her, but had 
 instead a little dog named Silvio, led by 
 a string. She was sitting under a poplar, 
 playing on a pipe her vespers to the 
 Virgin. Poor Maria had been crossed in 
 love, or, to speak more strictly, the cure 
 of Moulines had forbidden her banns, and 
 38 
 
 the maiden lost her reason. Her story is 
 exquisitely told, and Sterne says, " Could 
 the traces be ever worn out of her brain, 
 and those of Eliza out of mine, she should 
 not only eat of my bread and drink of my 
 cup, but Maria should lie in my bosom, 
 and be unto me as a daughter." 
 
 Sentinel and St. Paul's Clock 
 
 {The). The sentinel condemned to death 
 by court-martial for falling asleep on his 
 watch, but pardoned because he affirmed 
 that he heard St. Paul's clock strike 
 thirteen instead of twelve, was John 
 Hatfield, who died at the age of 102, 
 June, 1770. 
 
 Sentry (Captain), one of the members 
 of the club under whose auspices the 
 Spectator was professedly issued. 
 
 September Massacre (The), the 
 slaughter of loyalists confined in the 
 Abbaye. This massacre took place in 
 Paris between September 2 and 5, 1792, 
 on receipt of the news of the capture of 
 Verdun. The number of victims was 
 not less than 1200, and some place it as 
 high as 4000. 
 
 September the Third was Crom- 
 well's day. On September 3, 1650, he 
 won the battle of Dunbar. On Sep- 
 tember 3, 1651, he Avon the battle of 
 Worcester. On September 3, 1658, ho 
 died. 
 
 Serab, the Arabic word for the Fata 
 morgana. — See Quintus Curtius, Be Rebus 
 Alexandri, vii. 
 
 The Arabic word Ser&b signifies that false appearance 
 •which, in Eastern countries, is often seen in sandy plains 
 about noon, resembling a large lake of water in motion. 
 It is occasioned by the reverberation of the sunbeams. 
 It sometimes tempts thirsty travellers out of their way, 
 but deceives them when they come near, either going 
 forward or quite vanishing. — Sale, Al Kordn, xxiv. notes. 
 
 The actions of unbelievers are like the serab of- the 
 plain ; he who is thirsty takes it for water, and finds it 
 deceit. — A I Kordn. 
 
 Seraphic Doctor (Tlie), St. Bona- 
 ventura, placed by Dante among the 
 saints of his Paradiso (1221-1274). 
 
 Seraphic Saint (The), St. Francis 
 d'Assisi (1182-1226). 
 
 Of all the saints, St. Francis was the most blameless and 
 gentle. — Dean Milman. 
 
 Seraphina Arthur et (Miss), a. 
 papist. Her sister is Miss Angelica 
 Arthuret. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Sera'pis, an Egyptian deity, sym- 
 bolizing the Nile, and fertility in general. 
 
 Seraskier' (3 syl.), a name given by 
 
SERB. 
 
 890 
 
 SERPENT. 
 
 the Turks to a general of division, 
 generally a pacha with two or three 
 tails. (Persian, seri asker, "head of the 
 army.") 
 
 . . three thousand Moslems perished here. 
 And sixteen bayonets pierced the seraskier. 
 
 Byron, Don Jwin, viii. 81 (1824). 
 
 Serb, a Servian or native of Servia. 
 
 Serbo'nian Bog (TJie). Serbon 
 was a lake a thousand miles in compass, 
 between mount Ca'sius and the city of 
 Damietta, one of the eastern mouths of 
 the Nile. The Serbonian Bog was sur- 
 rounded on all sides by hills of loose 
 sand, and the sand, carried into it by high 
 winds, floated on the surface, and looked 
 like a solid mass. Herodotos {Greek 
 History, ii. 6) tells us that whole armies, 
 deceived, by the appearance, have been 
 engulfed in the bog. (See also Diodo'rus 
 Siculus, Bibliotheca Historia, i. 35 ; and 
 Lucan's Pharsalia, viii. 539.) 
 
 A gulf profound as that Serbonian Bog 
 Betwixt Damiata (3 syl.) and mount Casius old. 
 Where armies whole have sunk. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 592, etc. (1665). 
 
 Diodorus Siculus (Bibliotheca Historia, 
 i. 30) says : "Man}', missing their way, 
 have been swallowed up in this bog, 
 together with whole armies." Dr. Smith 
 says : "When Darius Oehus was on his 
 way to Egypt, this bog was the scene of 
 at least a partial destruction of the Persian 
 army" (Classical Dictionary, art. " Ser- 
 bonis Lacus"). 
 
 Sereme'nes (4 syl.), brother-in-law 
 of king Sardanapalus, to whom he en- 
 trusts his signet-ring to put down the 
 rebellion headed by Arbaces the Mede 
 and Belesis the Chaldean soothsayer. 
 Seremenes was slain in a battle with the 
 insurgents. — Byron, Sardanapalus (1819). 
 
 Sere'na, allured by the mildness of 
 the weather, went into the fields to gather 
 wild flowers for a garland, when she was 
 attacked by the Blatant Beast, who 
 carried her off in its mouth. Her cries 
 attracted to the spot sir Calidore, who 
 compelled the beast to drop its prey. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. 3 (1596). 
 
 Serendib, now called Ceylon. When 
 Adam and Eve were cast down from 
 paradise, Adam fell en the isle of Seren- 
 dib, and Eve near Joddah, in Arabia. 
 After the lapse of 200 years, Adam joined 
 Eve, and lived in Ceylon. 
 
 We passed several islands, amongst others the island of 
 Bells, distant about ten days' sail from that of Serendib — 
 Arabian Nights (" Sindbad," sixth voyage). 
 
 *** A print of Adam's foot is shown 
 on Pico de Adam, in the island of Seren- 
 
 dib or Ceylon. According to the Koran, 
 the garden of Eden was not on our earth 
 at all, but in the seventh heaven. — Ludo- 
 vico Marracci, Al Koran, 24 (1698). 
 
 Sergis (Sir), the attendant on Irena. 
 He informs sir Artegal that Irena is the 
 captive of Grantorto, who has sworn to 
 take her life within ten days, unless some 
 knight will volunteer to be her cham- 
 pion, and in single combat prove her 
 innocent of the crime laid to her charge. 
 — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 11 (1596). 
 
 Sergius, a Nestorian monk, said to 
 be the same as Boheira, who resided at 
 Bosra, in Syria. This monk, we are told, 
 helped Mahomet in writing the Koran. 
 Some say it was Said or Felix Boheira. 
 
 Boheira's name, in the books of Christians, is Sergius. 
 — Masudi, History, 24 (A.D. 956). 
 
 Serian Worms, silkworms from 
 Serlcum (China), the country of the 
 Seres; hence, serlca vestis, " a silk dress." 
 
 No Serian worms he knows, that with their thread 
 Draw out their silken lives ; nor silken pride ; 
 
 His lambs' warm fleece well fits his little need, 
 Not in that proud Sidonian tincture dyed. 
 
 Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, xii, (1633). 
 
 Serimner, the wild boar whose lard 
 fed the vast multitude in Einheriar, the 
 hall of Odin. Though fed on daily, the 
 boar never diminished in size. Odin 
 himself gave his own portion of the lard 
 to his two wolves Geri and Freki. — ■ 
 Scandinavian Mythology . (See Rusticus's 
 Pig, p. 852.) 
 
 Seri/na, daughter of lord Acasto, 
 plighted to Chamont (the brother of 
 Monimia "the orphan"). — Otway, The 
 Orphan (1680). 
 
 Seriswattee, the Janus of Hinda 
 mythology. 
 
 Serpent (A), emblem of the tribe of 
 Dan. In the old church at Totness is 
 a stone pulpit divided into compartments, 
 containing shields decorated with the 
 several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
 which this is one. 
 
 Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the 
 path, that biteth the horse's heels, so that his rider shall 
 fall backward. — Gen. xlix. 17. 
 
 Serpent (African). (For Lucan's list, 
 see under Pharsalia.) 
 
 The Serpent and Satan. There is an 
 Arabian tradition that the devil begged 
 all the animals, one after another, to 
 carry him into the garden, that he might 
 speak to Adam and Eve, but they all 
 refused except the serpent, who took him 
 between two of its teeth. It was then 
 the most beautiful of all the animals, 
 
SEKPENT DTSABIT. 
 
 891 SEVEN CHAMPIONS, ETC. 
 
 and walked upon legs and feet. — Masudi, 
 History, 22 (a.d. 956). 
 
 The Serpent's Punishment. The 
 punishment of the serpent for tempting 
 Eve was this: (1) Michael was com- 
 manded to cut off its legs ; and (2) the 
 serpent was doomed to feed on human 
 excrements ever after. 
 
 Y llama [Dios] a la serpiente, y a Michael, aquel que 
 tiene la espada de Dios, y le dixo ; Aquesta sieipe es 
 acelerada, echala la primera del parayso, y cortale las 
 piernas, y si quisiere caminar, arrastrara la vida portierra. 
 Y llamd a Satanas, el qual vino riendo, y dixole ; Porque 
 tu reprobo has enganado a aquestos, y los has hecho 
 immundos? Yo quiero que toda immundicia suya, y de 
 todos sus hijos, en saliendo de sus cuerpos entre por tu 
 boca, porque en verdad ellos haran penitencia, y tu que- 
 daras harto de ininiundicia. — Gospel of Uarnabas. 
 
 Serpent d'Isabit, an enormous 
 monster, whose head rested on the top of 
 the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, its body- 
 tilled the whole valley of Luz, St. 
 Sauveur, and Gedres, and its tail was 
 coiled in the hollow below the cirque of 
 Gavarnie. It fed once in three months, 
 and supplied itself by making a very 
 strong inspiration of its breath, where- 
 upon every living thing around was 
 drawn into its maw. It was ultimately 
 killed by making a huge bonfire, and 
 waking it from its torpor, when it 
 became enraged, and drawing a deep 
 breath, drew the bonfire into its maw, 
 and died in agony. — Rev. W. Webster, 
 A Pyrenean Legend (1877). 
 
 Serpent Stone. In a cam on the 
 
 Mound of Mourning was a serpent which 
 had a stone on the tail, and "whoever 
 held this stone in one hand would have 
 in the other as much gold as heart could 
 desire." — The Mabinogion ("Peredur," 
 twelfth century). 
 
 Served My God. Wolsey said, in 
 his fall, " Had I but served my God with 
 half the zeal I served my king, He would 
 not in mine age have left me naked to 
 mine enemies." — Shakespeare, Henry 
 VIII. actiii. sc. 2 (1601). 
 
 Samrah, when he was deposed from 
 the government of Basorah by the caliph 
 Moawiyah, said, " If I had served God 
 so well as I have served the caliph, He 
 would never have condemned me to all 
 eternity." 
 
 Antonio Perez, the favourite of 
 Philip II. of Spain, said, "Mon zele 
 etoit si grand vers ces benignes puissances 
 [i.e. Turin] qui si j'en eusse eu autant 
 pour Dieu, je ne doubte point qu'il ne 
 in'eut deja recompense' de son paradis." 
 
 The earl of Gowrie, when in 1581 he 
 was led to execution, said, " If I had 
 served God as faithfully as I have done 
 
 the king [James VI.'], I should not have 
 come to this end." — Spotswood, History 
 of the Church of Scotland, 352, 333 (1653). 
 
 Service Tree. A wand of the 
 service tree has the power of renewing 
 the virulence of an exhausted poison. 
 — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
 ("Fiorina," 1682). 
 
 Ses'ame (3 syl.), the talismanic word 
 which would open or shut the door 
 leading into the cave of the forty thieves. 
 In order to open it, the words to be 
 uttered were, "Open, Sesame!" and in 
 order to close it, "Shut, Sesame!" Sesame 
 is a plant which yields an oily grain, and 
 hence, when Cassim forgot the word, he 
 substituted barley, but without effect. 
 
 Mrs. Habberfield, coming to a small iron grating, ex- 
 changed some words with my companions, which pro- 
 duced as much effect as the " Open, Sesamd I " of nursery 
 renown.— Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, etc., i. 53. 
 
 Opening a handkerchief, in which he had a sample of 
 sesame, he inquired of me bow much a large measure of 
 the grain was worth ... I told him that, according to the 
 present price, a large measure was worth one hundred 
 drachms of silver . . . and he left the sesame 1 with me.— 
 Arabian Nights ("The Christian Merchant's Story "). 
 
 Sesostris {The Modern), Napoleon 
 Bonaparte (1769, 1804-1815, 1821). 
 
 But where is he, the modern, mightier far, 
 Who, born no king, made monarchs draw his car; 
 The new Sesostris, whose unharnessed kings, 
 Freed from the bit, believe themselves with wings, 
 And spurn the dust o'er which they crawled of late, 
 Chained to the chariot of the chieftain's state ? 
 
 Byron, Age of Bronze (1821). 
 
 *** ' ' Sesostris, " in Fe'nelon's Tele'maaue, 
 is meant for Louis XIV. 
 
 Set'ebos, a deity of the Patagonians. 
 
 His art is of such power, 
 It would control my dam's god Setebos. 
 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest (1609). 
 The giants, when they found themselves fettered, 
 roared like bulls, and cried upon Setebos to help them.— 
 Eden, History of Traoayle. 
 
 Seth, a servant of the Jew at Ashby. 
 Reuben is his fellow-servant. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Settle {Elhana), the poet, introduced 
 by sir W. Scott in Peveril of the Peak 
 (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Seven Bodies in Alchemy. The 
 
 Sun is gold, the Moon silver, Mars iron, 
 Mercury quicksilver, Saturn lead, Jupiter 
 tin, and Venus copper. 
 
 The bodies seven, eek, lo hem heer anoon : 
 Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe ; 
 Mars yren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe ; 
 Saturnus leed, and Jubitur is tyn, 
 And Venus ciper, by my fader kyn. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (prologue to " The Chanounea 
 Yemanes Tale," 1388). 
 
 Seven Champions of Chris- 
 tendom {The): St. George for Eng- 
 land ; St. Andrew for Scotland ; St. 
 Patrick for Ireland ; St. David foi 
 
SEVEN-HILLED CITY 
 
 892 
 
 SEVEN SLEEPERS. 
 
 Wales ; St. Denys for France ; St. James 
 for Spain ; and St. Anthony for Italy. 
 
 *** Richard Johnson wrote The 
 Famous History of the Seven Champions 
 of Christendom (1617). 
 
 Seven-Hilled City {The), in 
 Latin Urbs Septicollis ; ancient Rome, 
 built on seven hills, surrounded by 
 Servius Tullius with a line of fortifi- 
 cations. The seven hills are the Palla- 
 tlnus, the Capitolinus, the Quirinalis, the 
 Cadius, the Aventmus, the Viminalis, 
 and Esquillnus. 
 
 Seven Mortal Sins (The) : (1) 
 pride, (2) wrath, (3) envy, (4) lust, (5) 
 gluttony, (6) avarice, and (7) sloth. (See 
 Seven Virtues.) 
 
 Seven Rienzi's Number. 
 
 October 7, Rienzi's foes yielded to his power. 
 7 months Rienzi reigned as tribune. 
 7 years he was absent in exile. 
 
 7 weeks of return saw him without an enemy (Oct. 7). 
 7 was the number of the crowns the Roman convents 
 and Roman council awarded him. 
 
 Seven Senses (The). According to 
 Ecclesiasticus, they are seeing, hearing, 
 tasting, feeling, smelling, understanding, 
 and speech. 
 
 The Lord created man . . . and they received the use 
 of the five operations of the Lord, and in the sixth place 
 He imparted [to] them understanding, and in the seventh 
 speech, an interpreter of the cogitations thereof.— 
 Ecclut. xvii. 5. 
 
 Seven Sisters (The). The window 
 in the ninth transept of York Cathedral 
 is so called because it has seven tall 
 lancets. 
 
 The Seven Sisters, seven culverins 
 cast by one Borthwick. 
 
 And these were Borthwick's "Sisters Seven,'* 
 And culverins which France had given. 
 Ill-omened gift. The guns remain 
 The conqueror's spoil on Floslden plain. 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Marmion, iv. (1808). 
 
 Seven Sleepers (The). The tale 
 of these sleepers is told in divers manners. 
 The best accounts are those in the Koran, 
 xviii., entitled, " The Cave, Revealed at 
 Mecca ; " The Golden Legends, by Jacques 
 de Voragine ; the De Gloria Mart gram, 
 i. 9, by Gregory of Tours ; and the 
 Oriental Tales, by comte de Caylus 
 (1743). 
 
 Names of the Seven Sleepers. Gregory 
 of Tours sa3 r s their names were : Con- 
 stantine, Dionysius, John, Maximian, 
 Malchus, Martinian or Marcian, and 
 Serapion. In the Oriental Tales the 
 names given arc : Jcmlikha, Mekchilinia, 
 Mechlima, Merlima, Debermouch, Char- 
 nouch, and the shepherd Keschetiouch. 
 Their names are not given in the Koran. 
 
 Number of the Sleepers. Al Seyid, a 
 Jacobite Christian of Najran, says the 
 sleepers were only three, with their dog ; 
 others maintain that their number was 
 five, besides the dog; but Al Beidawi, 
 who is followed by most authorities, 
 6ays they were seven, besides the dog. 
 
 Duration of the Sleep. The Koran 
 says it was " 300 years and nine years 
 over ; " the Oriental Tales say the 
 same ; but if Gregory of Tours is fol- 
 lowed, the duration of the sleep was 
 barely 230 years. 
 
 The Legend of the Seven Sleepers. (1) 
 According to Gregory of Tours. Gregory 
 says they were seven noble youths of 
 Ephesus, who fled in the Decian per- 
 secution to a cave in mount Celion, the 
 mouth of which was blocked . up by 
 stones. After 230 years they were dis- 
 covered, and awoke, but died within a 
 few days, and were taken in a large 
 stone coffin to Marseilles. Visitors are 
 still shown in St. Victor's Church the stone 
 coffin. 
 
 If there is any truth at all in the legend, 
 it amounts to this : In a.d. 250 some 
 3 r ouths (three or seven) suffered mart) r r- 
 dom under the emperor Decius, " fell 
 asleep in the Lord," and were buried in 
 a cave of mount Celion. In 479 (the 
 reign of Theodosius) their bodies were 
 discovered, and, being consecrated as 
 holy relics, were removed to Marseilles. 
 
 (2) According to the Oriental Tales. 
 Six Grecian youths were slaves in the 
 palace of Dakianos (Decianus, Decius). 
 This Dakianos had risen from low 
 degrees to kingly honours, and gave 
 himself out to be a god. Jemlikha was 
 led to doubt the divinity of his master, 
 because he was unable to keep off a fly 
 which persistently tormented him, and 
 being roused to reflection, came to the 
 conclusion that there must be a god to 
 whom both Dakianos and the fly were 
 subject. He communicated his thoughts 
 to his companions, and they all fled 
 from the Ephesian court till they met the 
 shepherd Keschetiouch, whom they con- 
 verted, and who showed them a cave 
 which no one but himself knew of. 
 Here they fell asleep, and Dakianos, 
 having discovered them, commanded the 
 mouth of the cave to be closed up. 
 Here the sleepers remained 309 years, at 
 the expiration of which time they all 
 awoke, but died a few hours afterwards. 
 
 The Dog of the Seven Sleepers. In the 
 notes of the Koran by Sale, the dog's 
 same is Kratim, Kratimer, or Katmir. 
 
SEVEN SORROWS OF MARY. 893 SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE. 
 
 In the Oriental Tales it is Catnier, which 
 looks like a clerical blunder for Catmer, 
 only it occurs frequently. It is one of 
 the ten animals admitted into Mahomet's 
 paradise. The Koran tells us that the 
 dog followed the seven young men into 
 the cave, but they tried to drive him 
 away, and even broke three of its legs 
 with stones, when the dog said to them, 
 "I love those who love God. Sleep, 
 masters, and I will keep guard." In the 
 Oriental Tales the dog is made to say, 
 " You go to seek God, but am not I also 
 a child of God?" Hearing this, the 
 young men were so astounded, they went 
 immediately, and carried the dog into 
 the cave. 
 
 The Place of Sepulture of the Seven 
 Sleepers.^ Gregory of Tours tells us that 
 the bodies were removed from mount 
 Celion in a stone coffin to Marseilles. The 
 Koran with Sale's notes informs us they 
 were buried in the cave, and a chapel was 
 built there to mark the site. (See 
 Sleeper.) 
 
 The Seven Sleepers turning on their sides. 
 William of Malmesbury says that Edward 
 the Confessor, in h^ mind's eye, saw the 
 seven sleepers turn from their right sides 
 to their left, and (he adds) whenever they 
 turn on their sides it indicates great 
 disasters to Christendom. 
 
 Woe, woe to England I I have seen a vision : 
 The seven sleepers in the cave of Ephesus 
 Have turned from right to left. 
 
 Tennyson, Harold, L 1. 
 
 Seven Sorrows of Mary (The) : 
 (1) Simeon's prophecy, (2) the flight into 
 Egypt, (3) Jesus missed, (4) the betrayal, 
 (5) the crucifixion, (6) the taking down 
 from the cross, and (7) the ascension. 
 Her Seven Joys were : (1) the annuncia- 
 tion, (2) the visitation, (3) the nativity, 
 (4) the adoration of the Magi, (5) the pre- 
 sentation in the Temple, (6) finding the 
 lost Child, and (7) the assumption. 
 
 Seven Times Christ Spoke on 
 the Cross: (1) " Father, forgive them ; 
 for they know not what they do ; " (2) 
 "To-day shalt thou be with Me in para- 
 dise ; " (3) " Woman, behold thv son ! " 
 (4) "My God, My God, whv hast Thou 
 forsaken Me?" (5) "I thirst;" (6) 
 " It is finished ! " (7) " Father, into Thy 
 hands I commend My spirit." 
 
 Seven Towers (The), a State prison 
 in Constantinople, near the sea of Mar- 
 mora. It stands at the west of the 
 Seraglio. 
 
 But then they never came to the Seven Towers. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, v. 150 (1820 
 
 Seven Virtues (The) : (1) faith, 
 (2) hope,- (3) charity, (4) prudence, (5) 
 justice, (6) fortitude, and (7) temperance. 
 The first three are called "the holy 
 virtues." (See Seven Mortal Sins.) 
 
 Seven Wise Masters. Lucien 
 the son of Dolopathos was placed under 
 the charge of Virgil, and was tempted in 
 manhood by his step-mother. He re- 
 pelled her advances, and she accused him 
 to the king of taking liberties with her. 
 By consulting the stars, it was discovered 
 that if he could tide overseven dayshis life 
 would be spared ; so seven wise masters 
 undertook to tell the king a tale each, in 
 illustration of rash judgments. When 
 they had all told their tales, the prince 
 related, under the disguise of a tale, the 
 story of the queen's wantonness ; where- 
 upon Lucien was restored to favour, and 
 the queen was put to death. — Sandabar, 
 Parables (contemporary with king Cou- 
 rou). 
 
 *** John Holland of Dalkeith has 
 rendered this legend into Scotch verse. 
 There is an Arabic version by Nasr 
 Allah (twelfth century), borrowed from 
 the Indian by Sandabar. In the Hebrew 
 version by rabbi Joel (1270), the legend 
 is called Kalilah and Dimnah. 
 
 Seven Wise Men (The). 
 
 One of Plutarch's brochures in the 
 Moralia is entitled, " The Banquet of the 
 Seven Wise Men," in which Periander is 
 made to give an account of a contest at 
 Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod, in 
 which the latter wins the prize, and re- 
 ceives a tripod, on which he caused to be 
 engraved this inscription : 
 
 This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine, 
 In Chalcis won from Homer the divine. 
 
 Seven Wise Men of Greece 
 
 (The), seven Greeks of the sixth century 
 B.C., noted for their maxims. 
 
 Bias. His maxim was, "Most men are 
 bad" ("There is none that doeth good, no, 
 not one," Psalm xiv. 3) : oi ir\eiovs nanoi 
 (fl. b.c. 550). 
 
 Ciiilo. "Consider the end:" TeAos 
 
 opuv n<xnp ov filov (fl. B.C. 590). 
 
 Cleobulos. "Avoid extremes" (the 
 golden mean) : "Xpio-tov /sir^ov (fl. b.c. 
 580). 
 
 Periander. " Nothing is impossible 
 to industry" (patience and perseverance 
 overcome mountains) : MeAerti to nav (b.c. 
 665-585). 
 
 Pittacos. " Know thy opportunity '* 
 (seize time by the forelock) : Katpbv ivwOt 
 (b.c. 652-569). 
 
SEVEN WONDERS OF WALES. 894 
 
 SEX. 
 
 Solon. " Know thyself :" YvwBt veav- 
 rov (b.c. 638-558). 
 
 Thales (2 syl.). "Suretyship is the 
 forerunner of ruin" (" He that hateth 
 suretyship is sure," Prov. xi. 15) : Eyyva, 
 
 vdpa d'arn (B.C. 686-546). 
 
 First Solon, who made the Athenian laws ; 
 While Chilo, in Sparta, was famed for his saws; 
 In Miletos did Thal£s astronomy teach ; 
 Bias used in Prienfi his morals to preach ; 
 Cleobiilos, of Lindos, was handsome and wise ; 
 Mityleng 'gainst thraldom saw Pitt&cos rise ; 
 Periander is said to have gained, thro' his court, 
 The title that Myson, the Chenian, ought. 
 
 *** It is Plato who says that Myson 
 should, take the place of Periander as one 
 of the Seven Wise Men. 
 
 Seven Wonders of Wales {The) : 
 (1) Snowdori, (2) Pystyl Rhaiadr water- 
 fall, (3) St. Winifred's well, (4) Overton 
 churchyard, (5) Gresford church bells, 
 (6) Wrexham steeple (? tower), (7) Llan- 
 gollen bridge. 
 
 Seven Wonders of the Peak 
 (Derbyshire) : The three caves called the 
 Devil's Arse, Pool, and Eden ; St. Anne's 
 Well, which is similar in character " to 
 that most dainty spring of Bath ; " Tides- 
 well, which ebbs and flows although so 
 far inland ; Sandy Hill, which never 
 increases at the base or abates in height ; 
 and the forest of the Peak, which bears 
 trees on hard rocks. — Drayton, Polyolbion, 
 xxvi. (a full description of each is given, 
 1622). 
 
 Seven Wonders of the World 
 
 (The): (1) The pyramids of Egypt, (2) 
 the hanging gardens of Babylon, (3) the 
 tomb of Mausolos, (4) the temple of Diana 
 at Ephesus, (5) the colossos of Rhodes, 
 (6) the statue of Zeus by Phidias, (7) 
 the pharos of Egypt, or else the palace of 
 Cyrus cemented with gold. 
 
 The pyramids first, which in Egypt were laid; 
 Next Babylon's garden, for Aim tis made ; 
 Then Mausolos's tomb of affection and guilt ; 
 Fourth, the temple of Dian, in Ephesus built ; 
 The colossos of Hhodcs. cast in brass, to tlie sun ; 
 Sixth, Jtijiiter's statue, by Phidias done ; 
 The pharos of Egypt, last wonder of old, 
 Or palace of Cyrus, cemented with gold. 
 
 Seven Years. 
 
 Barbarossa changes his position in his 
 sleep every seven years. 
 
 Charlemagne starts in his chair from 
 sleep every seven years. 
 
 Ogier the Dane stamps his iron mace 
 on the floor every seven years. 
 
 Olaf Redbeard of Sweden uncloses his 
 eyes every seven years. 
 
 Seven Years' War (The), the war 
 maintained by Frederick II. of Prussia 
 
 against Austria, Russia, and France (1756- 
 1763). 
 
 Seven against Thebes (The). 
 At the death of (Edipus, his two sons 
 EteOcles and Polynices agreed to reign 
 alternate years, but at the expiration of 
 the first year Eteocles refused to resign 
 the crown to his brother. Whereupon, 
 Polynices induced six others to join him 
 in besieging Thebes, but the expedition 
 was a failure. The names of the seven 
 Grecian chiefs who marched against 
 Thebes were : Adrastos, Amphiaraos, 
 Kapaneus, Hippomedon (Argives), Par- 
 thenopaeos (an Arcadian), Polynices (a 
 Theban), and Tydeus (an JEolian). (See 
 Epigoni.) 
 
 iEschylos has a tragedy on the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Severall, a private farm or land with 
 enclosures; a "champion" is an open 
 farm not enclosed. 
 
 The country enclosed I praise [severalt] ; 
 The other delighteth not ine [champion], 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, liii. 1 (1557). 
 
 Severn, a corruption of Averne, 
 daughter of Astrild. The legend is this : 
 King Locryn was engaged to Gwendolen 
 daughter of Corineus, but seeing Astrild 
 (daughter of the king of Germany), who 
 came to this island with Homber king 
 of Hungary, fell in love with her. While 
 Corineus lived he durst not offend him, 
 so he married Gwendolen, but kept 
 Astrild as his mistress, and had by her 
 a daughter (Averne). When Corineus 
 died, he divorced Gwendolen, and de- 
 clared Astrild queen, but Gwendolen 
 summoned her vassals, dethroned Locryn, 
 and caused both Astrild and Averne to 
 be cast into the river, ever since called 
 Severn from Averne " the kinges dohter." 
 
 Sex. Milton says that spirits can 
 assume either sex at pleasure, and Michael 
 Psellus asserts that demons can take what 
 sex, shape, and colour they please, and 
 can also contract or dilate their form at 
 pleasure. 
 
 For spirits, when they please. 
 Can either sex assume, or both ; so soft 
 And uncompounded is their essence pure ; 
 Not tied or manacled with joint and limb. 
 Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones, 
 Like cumbrous flesh. 
 
 Paradise Lost, i. 423, etc. (1665). 
 
 Sex. Caeneus and Tire'sias were at one 
 part of their lives of the male sex, and at 
 another part of their lives of the female 
 sex. (See these names.) 
 
 Iphis Avas first a woman, and then a 
 
SEXTUS. 
 
 895 
 
 SGANARELLE. 
 
 man. — Ovid, Metamorphoses, ix. 12 ; xiv. 
 699. 
 
 Sextus [Tarquimus]. There are 
 several points of resemblance in the story 
 of Sextus and that of Paris son of Priam. 
 (1) Paris was the guest of Menelaos 
 ■when he eloped with his Avife Helen ; and 
 Sextus was the guest of Lucretia when 
 he defiled her. (2) The elopement of 
 Helen was the cause of a national war 
 between the Greek cities and the allied 
 cities of Troy ; and the defilement of 
 Lucretia was the cause of a national war 
 between Rome and the allied cities under 
 Por'sena. (3) The contest between Greece 
 and Troy terminated in the victory of 
 Greece, the injured party ; and the con- 
 test between Rome and the supporters of 
 Tarquin terminated in favour of Rome, 
 the injured party. (4) In the Trojan war, 
 Paris, the aggressor, showed himself be- 
 fore the Trojan ranks, and defied the 
 bravest of the Greeks to single combat, 
 but when Menelaos appeared, he took to 
 flight ; so Sextus rode vauntingly against 
 the Roman host, but when Herminius 
 appeared, fled to the rear like a coward. 
 (5) In the Trojan contest, Priam and his 
 sons fell in battle ; and in the battle of the 
 lake Regillus, Tarquin and his sons were 
 slain. 
 
 *** Lord Macaulay has taken the 
 " Battle of the Lake Regillus" as the 
 subject of one of his Lays of Ancient 
 Rome. Another of his lays, called 
 "Horatius," is the attempt of PorsSna 
 to re-establish Tarquin on the throne. 
 
 Seyd, pacha of the Morea, assassinated 
 by Gulnare (2 syl.) his favourite con- 
 cubine. Gulnare was rescued from the 
 burning harem by Conrad " the corsair." 
 Conrad, in the disguise of a dervise, was 
 detected and seized in the palace of Seyd, 
 and Gulnare, to effect his liberation, mur- 
 dered the pacha. — Byron, The Corsair 
 | (1814). 
 
 I Seyton (Lord), a supporter of queen 
 Mary's cause. 
 
 ! Catherine Seyton, daughter of lord 
 Seyton, a maid of honour in the court 
 of queen Mary. She appears at Kinross 
 village in disguise. 
 
 Henry Seyton, son of lord Seyton. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Sforza, of Lombardy. He with his 
 two brothers (Achilles and Palamedes, 
 were in the squadron of adventurers in the 
 allied Christian army. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575). 
 
 *** The word Sforza means "force," 
 and, according to tradition, was derived 
 thus : Giacomuzzo Attendolo, the son of a 
 day labourer, being desirous of going to the 
 wars, consulted his hatchet, resolving to 
 enlist if it stuck fast in the tree at which 
 he flung it. He threw it Avith such force 
 that the whole blade was completely 
 buried in the trunk (fifteenth century). 
 
 Sforza (Ludov'ico), duke of Milan, sur- 
 named "the More," from mora, "a mul- 
 berry" (because he had on his arm a birth- 
 stain of a mulberry colour) . Ludovico was 
 dotingly fond of his bride Marcelia, and 
 his love was amply returned ; but during 
 his absence in the camp, he left Francesco 
 lord protector, and Francesco assailed the 
 fidelity of the young duchess. Failing in 
 his villainy, he accused her to the duke of 
 playing the wanton with him, and the 
 duke, in a fit of jealous}', slew her. 
 Sforza was afterwards poisoned by 
 Eugenia (sister of Francesco) whom he 
 had seduced. 
 
 Nina Sforza, the duke's daughter.-r- 
 Massinger, The Duke of Milan (1622). 
 
 *** This tragedy is obviously an imita- 
 tion of Shakespeare's Othello (1611). 
 
 Sganarelle, the "cocu imaginaire," 
 a comedy by Moliere (1660). The plot 
 runs thus : Ce'lie was betrothed to Le'lie, 
 but her father, Gorgibus, insisted on her 
 marrying Valere, because he was the 
 richer man. Ce'lie fainted on hearing this, 
 and dropped her lover's miniature, which 
 was picked up by Sganarelle's wife. 
 Sganarelle, thinking it to be the portrait of 
 a gallant, took possession of it, and Le'lie 
 asked him how he came by it. Sganarelle 
 said he took it from his wife, and Le'lie 
 supposed that Ce'lie had become the wife 
 of Sganarelle. A series of misapprehen- 
 sions arose thence : Ce'lie supposed that 
 Le'lie had deserted her for Madame 
 Sganarelle ; Sganarelle supposed that his 
 wife was unfaithful to him ; madame 
 supposed that her husband was an adorer 
 of Ce'lie ; and Lelie supposed that Ce'lie 
 was the wife of Sganarelle. In time they 
 met together, when Le'lie charged Ce'lie 
 with being married to Sganarelle ; both 
 stared, an explanation followed, a mes- 
 senger arrived to say that Valere was 
 married, and all went merry as a marriage 
 peal. 
 
 Sganarelle, younger brother of Ariste 
 (2 syl.) ; a surly, domineering brute, wise 
 in his own conceit, and the dupe of the 
 play. His brother says to him, "tous 
 vos proce'de's inspire un air bizarre, et, 
 
SGANARELLE. 
 
 896 
 
 SGANARELLE. 
 
 jusques h, l'habit, rend tout chez vous 
 barbare." The father of Isabelle and 
 Le'onor, on his death-bed, committed them 
 to the charge of Sganarelle and Ariste, 
 who were either to marry them ot dispose 
 of them in marriage. Sganarelle chose 
 Isabelle, but insisted on her dressing in 
 serge, going to bed early, keeping at 
 home, looking after the house, mending 
 the linen, knitting socks, and never flirt- 
 ing with any one. The consequence was, 
 she duped her guardian, and cajoled him 
 into giving his signature to her marriage 
 with Valere. 
 
 Malheureux qui se fie a femme apres cela ! 
 La meilleure est toujours en malice feconde; 
 Cest un sexe engemlrc pour damner tout le monde. 
 Je renounce a jamais a ce sexe trompeur, 
 El je le donne tout an diable de bon cceur. 
 
 Moliere, L'ceole des Maris (1661). 
 
 Sganarelle (3 si/L). At about 63 years 
 of age, Sganarelie wished to marry Dori- 
 mene (3 syl.) daughter of Alcantor, a girl 
 fond of dances, parties of pleasure, and 
 all the active enjoyments of young life. 
 Feeling some doubts about the wisdom of 
 this step, he first consults a friend, who 
 dissuades him, but, seeing the advice is re- 
 jected, replies, "Do as you like." He next 
 consults two philosophers, but they are 
 so absorbed in their philosophy that they 
 pay no attention to him. He then asks the 
 gipsies, who take his money and decamp 
 with a dance. At length, he overhears 
 Dorimene telling a young lover that she 
 only marries the old dotard for his money, 
 and that he cannot live above a few 
 months ; so he makes up his mind to 
 decline the marriage. The father of the 
 lady places the matter in his son's hands, 
 and" the young fire-eater, armed with two 
 swords, goes at once to the old fiance', and 
 begs him to choose one. When Sganarelle 
 declines to fight, the young man beats him 
 soundly, and again bids him choose a 
 sword. After two or three good beatings, 
 Sganarelle consents to the marriage 
 "force." — Moliere, Le Mariage Force' 
 (1664). 
 
 (There is a supplement to this comedy 
 by the same author, entitled Sganarelle ou 
 Le Cocu Imaginaire.) 
 
 *** This joke about marrying is bor- 
 rowed from Rabelais, Pantagriwi, iii. 35, 
 etc. Panurge asks Trouillogan whether 
 he would advise him to marry. The sage 
 says, " No." " But I wish to do so," says 
 the prince. "Then do so, by all means," 
 says the sage. " Which, then, would you 
 advise ? " asks Panurge. "Neither," says 
 Trouillogan. "Put," says Panurge, "that 
 is not possible." "Then both," says the 
 
 sage. After this, Panurge consults many 
 others on the subject, and lastly the oracle 
 of the Holy Bottle. 
 
 The plot of Moliere's comedy is founded 
 on an adventure recorded of the count of 
 Grammont (q.v.). The count had pro- 
 mised marriage to la belle Hamilton, but 
 deserted her, and tried to get to France. 
 Being overtaken by the two brothers of 
 the lady, they clapped their hands on 
 their swords, and demanded if the count 
 had not forgotten something- or left some- 
 thing behind. "True," said the count; 
 " I have forgotten to marry your 6ister ;" 
 and returned with the two brothers to 
 repair this oversight. 
 
 Sganarelle, father of Lucinde. Anxious 
 about his daughter because she has lost 
 her vivacity and appetite, he sends for 
 four physicians, who retire to consult 
 upon the case, but talk only on indifferent 
 topics. When Sganarelle asks the result 
 of their deliberation, they all differ, both 
 in regard to the disease and the remedy 
 to be applied. Lisette (the lady's maid) 
 sends for Clitandre, the lover, who comes 
 disguised as a quack doctor, tells Sgana- 
 relle that the young lady's disease must 
 be acted on through the imagination, and 
 prescribes a mock marriage. Sganarelle 
 consents to the experiment, butClitandre's 
 assistant being a notary, the mock mar- 
 riage proves to be a real one. — Moliere, 
 Z 1 Amour Me'decin (1665). 
 
 Sganarelle, husband of Martine. He is 
 a faggot-maker, and has a quarrel with 
 his wife, who vows to be even with him 
 for striking her. Valere and Lucas (two 
 domestics of Geronte) ask her to direct 
 them to the house of a noted doctor. She 
 sends them to her husband, and tells them 
 he is so eccentric that he will deny being 
 a doctor, but they must beat him well. 
 So they find the faggot-maker, whom 
 they beat soundly, till he consents to 
 follow them. He is introduced to Lucinde, 
 who pretends to be dumb, but, being a 
 shrewd man, he soon finds out that the 
 dumbness is only a pretence, and takes 
 with him Le'andre as an apothecary. 
 The two lovers understand each other, 
 and Lucinde is rapidly cured with " pills 
 matrimoniac." — Moliere, Le Me'decin 
 Malgre' Lui (1666). 
 
 *** Sganarelle, being asked by the 
 father what he thinks is the matter with 
 Lucinde, replies, " Entendez-vous le 
 Latin?" "En aucune facon," says Ge- 
 ronte. ' ' Vous n'entendez point le Latin ? " 
 " Non, monsieur." " That is a sad pity," 
 
SGANARELLE. 
 
 897 
 
 SHAH. 
 
 says Sganarelle, "for the case may be 
 briefly stated thus : 
 
 Cabricias arci thuram, catalamus, singulariter, no- 
 minativo, htec musa, la muse, bonus, bona, bonum. 
 Deus sanctus, estne oratio Latinas? etiam, out, quare? 
 pourquoit quia substantive et adjectivum concordat in 
 geueri, nuinerum, et casus." "Wonderful man I" says 
 the father.— Act iii. 
 
 Sgan'arelle (3 syl.), valet to don Juan. 
 He remonstrates with his master on his 
 evil ways, but is forbidden sternly to 
 repeat his impertinent admonitions. His 
 praise of tobacco, or rather snuff, is some- 
 what amusing. 
 
 Tabac est la passion des honnStes gens ; et qui vit sans 
 tabac n'est pas digne de vivre. Non seulemeut il rejouit 
 et purge les cerveaux hmnains, mais encore il instruit les 
 ames a la vertu, et Ton apprend avec lui a devenir honnete 
 homme . . . il inspire des sentiments d'honneur a toui 
 ceux qui en prennent — Moliere, Don Juan, i. 1 (1665). 
 
 S. Gr. O., the initials of the Rev. lord 
 
 Sidney Godolphin Osborne, of the family 
 of the duke of Leeds ; letters in the Times 
 on social and philanthropic subjects. 
 
 Shaccabac, in Blue Beard. (See 
 Schacabac.) 
 
 I have seen strange sights. I have wen Wilkinson play 
 "Macbeth;" Mathews, "Othello;" Wrench, "George 
 Barnwell;" Buckstone, "Iago;" Rayner, " Penrud- 
 dock ; " Keeley, " Shylock ; " Liston, " Borneo " and " Oc- 
 tavian;" G. F. Cooke, "Mercutio;" John Kemble, 
 "Archer;" Edmund Kean. clown in a pantomime; 
 and C. Young, "Shaccabac." — Record of a Stage Veteran. 
 
 "Macbeth," "Othello," "Iago" (in 
 Othello), " Shylock" (Merchant of Venice), 
 "Romeo" and "Mercutio" (in Borneo 
 and Juliet), all by Shakespeare ; "George 
 Barnwell " (Lillo's tragedy so called) ; 
 " Penruddock " (in The Wheel of Fortune, 
 by Cumberland); "Octavian" (in Col- 
 man's drama so called) ; "Archer" (in 
 The Beaux' Stratagem, by Farquhar) . 
 
 Sh.add.ai (King), who made war upon 
 Diabolus for the regaining of Mansoul. — 
 John Bunyan, The Holy War (1682). 
 
 Shade {To fight in the). Dieneces 
 \_Di.en'.e.seez], the Spartan, being told 
 that the army of the Persians was so 
 numerous that their arrows would shut out 
 the sun, replied, " Thank the gods ! we 
 shall then fight in the shade." 
 
 Shadow (Simon), one of the recruits 
 of the army of sir John Falstaff . ' ' A 
 half -faced fellow," so thin that sir John 
 said, " a foeman might as well level his 
 gun at the edge of a penknife " as at 
 such a starveling. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry 
 IV. act iii. sc. 2 (1598). 
 
 Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed- 
 nego were cast, by the command of 
 Nebuchadnezzar, into a fiery furnace, 
 but received no injury, although the 
 furnace was made so hot that the heat 
 
 thereof "slew those men" that took 
 them to the furnace. — Ban. iii. 22. 
 
 By Nimrod's order, Abraham was 
 bound and cast into a huge fire at Cvitha ; 
 but he was preserved from injury by the 
 angel Gabriel, and only the cords which 
 bound him were burnt. Yet so intense 
 was the heat that above 2000 men were 
 consumed thereby. — See Gospel of Bar- 
 nabas, xxviii. ; and Morgan, Mahometan- 
 ism Explained, V. i. 4. 
 
 Shadu'kiam' and Am'be-Abad', 
 
 the abodes of the peris. 
 
 Shad well (Thomas), the poet-lau- 
 reate, was a great drunkard, and was said 
 to be "round as a butt, and liquored 
 every chink " (1640-1692). 
 
 Besides, his [Shadwell's] goodly fabric fills the eye, 
 And seems designed for thoughtless majesty. 
 
 Dryden, MacFlccknoe (1632). 
 
 *** Shadwell took opium, and died 
 from taking too large a dose. Hence 
 Pope says : 
 
 Benlowes, propitious still to blockheads, bows ; 
 And Shadwell nods the poppy on bis brows. 
 
 The Dunciad, iii 21, 22 (1728). 
 
 (Benlowes was a great patron of bad 
 poets, and many have dedicated to him 
 their lucubrations. Sometimes the name 
 is shifted into " Benevolus.") 
 
 Shadwell (Wapping, London), a cor- 
 ruption of St. Chad's Well. 
 
 Shafalus and Proems. So Bot- 
 tom the weaver calls Cephalus and Pro- 
 cris. (See Cephalus.) 
 
 Pyramus. Not Shafalus to Proems was so true. 
 Thisbe. As Shafalus to Procrus ; I to you. 
 Shakespeare, Midsummer Wight's Dream (1592). 
 
 Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper, 
 earl of), introduced by sir W. 'Scott in 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Shafton (Ned), one of the prisoners 
 in Newgate with old sir Hildebrand 
 Osbaldistone.— Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy 
 (time, George L). 
 
 Shafton (Sir Piercie), called "The 
 knight of Wilverton," a fashionable 
 cavaiiero, grandson of old Overstitch the 
 tailor, of Holderness. Sir Piercie talks 
 in the pedantic style of the Elizabethan 
 courtiers. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Johnson's speech, like sir Piercie Shafton's euphuistlc 
 eloquence, bewrayed him under every disguise. — Lord 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Shah (T/ie), a famous diamond, 
 weighing 86 carats. It was given by 
 Chosroes of Persia to the czar of Russia. 
 (See Diamonds.) 
 
 3 M 
 
SHAKEBAG. 
 
 898 
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 Shakebag (Dick), a highwayman 
 with captain Colepepper. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Shakespeare, introduced by sir W. 
 Scott in the ante-rooms of Greenwich 
 Palace. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 *** In Woodstock there is a conversa- 
 tion about Shakespeare. 
 
 Shakespeare's Home. He left London 
 before 1613, and established himself at 
 Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, 
 where he was born (1564), and where he 
 died (1616). In the diary of Mr. Ward, 
 the vicar of Stratford, is this entry : 
 " Shakspeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson 
 had a merry meeting, and, it seems, 
 drank too hard, for Shakspeare died of 
 a fever then contracted." (Drayton died 
 1631, and Ben Jonson, 1637.) Probably 
 Shakespeare died on his birthdav, 
 April 23. 
 
 Shakespeare's Monument, in Westminster 
 Abbey, designed by Kent, and executed 
 by Sckeemakers, in 1742. The statue to 
 Shakespeare in Drury Lane Theatre was 
 by the same. 
 
 The statue of Shakespeare in the 
 British Museum is b}' Roubiliac, and was 
 bequeathed to the nation by Garrick. 
 His best portrait is by Droeshout. 
 
 Shakespeare's Plays, quarto editions : 
 
 Romeo and Juliet : 1597, John Dan- 
 ter ; 1599, Thomas Creede for Cuthbert 
 Burby ; 1609, 1637. Supposed to have 
 been written, 1595. 
 
 King Richard II. : 1597, Valentine 
 Simmes for Andrew Wise; 1598, 1608 
 (with an additional scene) ; 1615, 1634. 
 
 King Richard III.: 1597, ditto ; 1598, 
 1602, 1612, 1622. 
 
 Love's Labour's Lost : 1598, W. W. 
 for Cuthbert Burby. Supposed to have 
 been written, 1594. 
 
 King Henry IV (pt. 1): 1598, P. S. 
 for Andrew Wise; 1599, 1604, 1608, 
 1613. Supposed to have been written, 
 1597. 
 
 King Henry IV. (pt. 2) : 1600, V. S. 
 for Andrew Wise and William Aspley ; 
 1600. Supposed to have been written, 
 1598. 
 
 King Henry V. : 1600, Thomas Creede 
 for Thomas Millington and John Busby ; 
 1002, 1608. Supposed to have been 
 written, 1599. 
 
 Midsummer Night's Dream : 1600, 
 Thomas Fisher; 1600, James Roberts. 
 Mentioned by Meres, 1598. Supposed to 
 have been written, 1592. 
 
 Merchant of Venice : 1G00, 1. R. for 
 
 Thomas Heyes ; 1600, James Roberts } 
 1637. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 
 
 Mugh Ado about Nothing : 1600, V. 
 S. for Andrew Wise and William Aspley. 
 
 Merry Wives of Windsor : 1602, 
 T. C. for Arthur Johnson ; 1619. Sup- 
 posed to have been written, 1596. 
 
 Hamlet: 1603, I. R. for N. L. ; 1605, 
 1611. Supposed to have been written, 
 1597. 
 
 King Lear : 1608, A. for Nathaniel 
 Butter; 1608, B. for ditto. Acted at 
 Whitehall, 1607. Supposed to have been 
 written, 1605. 
 
 Troilus and Cressida : 1609, G. Eld 
 for R. Bonian and H. Whalley (with a 
 preface). Acted at court, 1609. Sup- 
 posed to have been written, 1602. 
 
 Othello : 1622, N. O. for Thomas 
 Walkely. Acted at Harefield, 1602. 
 
 The rest of the dramas are : 
 
 All's Well that Ends Well, 1598. First title supposed 
 to be Love's Labour's Won. 
 
 Antoriy and Cleopatra, 1608. No early mention made 
 of this play. 
 
 As }'ou Like It. Entered at Stationers' Hall, 1600. 
 
 Comedy of Errors, 1593. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 
 
 Coriolanus, 1610. No early mention made of this 
 play. 
 
 Cymbeline, 1605. No early mention made of this play. 
 
 1 Henry VI. Alluded to by Nash in Pierce Penniless, 
 1592. 
 
 2 Henry VI. Original title, First Part of the Conten- 
 tion, 1594. 
 
 3 Henry VI. Original title. True Tragedy of Richard 
 Duke of York, 1595. 
 
 Hibnry VIII., 1001. Acted at the Globe Theatre, 1613. 
 
 John (King), 1596. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 
 
 Julius Ccesar, 1607. No early mention made of this 
 play. 
 
 Lear, 1605. Acted at Whitehall, 1607. Printed 1608. 
 
 Macbeth, 1606. No earlv mention made of this play. 
 
 Measure for Measure, 1003. Acted at Whitehall, 1604. 
 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, 1596. Printed 1602. 
 
 Pericles Prince of Tyre. Printed 1609. 
 
 Taming of the Shrew. (?) Acted at Henslow's Theatre, 
 1593. Entered at Stationers' Hall, 1607. 
 
 Tempest, 1609. Acted at Whitehall, 1611. 
 
 Timon of Athens, 1609. No early mention made of 
 this play. 
 
 Titus Andronicus, 1593. Printed 1600. 
 
 Twelfth A'ight. Acted in the Middle Temple Hall, 
 1602. 
 
 Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1595. Mentioned by Meres, 
 1598. 
 
 Winter's Tale, 1604. Acted at Whitehall, 1611. 
 
 First complete collection in folio : 
 1623, Isaac Jaggard and Ed. Blount ; 
 1632, 1664, 1685. The second folio is of 
 very little value. 
 
 Shakespeare's Parents. His father was 
 John Shakespeare, a glover, who married 
 Mary Arden, daughter of Robert Arden, 
 Esq., of Bomich, a good county gentle- 
 man. 
 
 Shakespeare's Wife, Anne Hathaway of 
 Shottery, some eight years older than 
 himself ; daughter of a substantial yeo- 
 man. 
 
 Shakespeare's Children. One son, Ham- 
 net, who died in his twelfth year (1585- 
 
SHAKESPEARE OF DIVINES. 899 
 
 SHANDY. 
 
 1596). Two daughters, who survived 
 him, Susanna, and Judith twin-born with 
 Hamnet. Both his daughters married 
 and had children, but the lines died out. 
 Voltaire says of Shakespeare ; " Rimer 
 had very good reason to say that Shake- 
 speare n'etait q'un vilain singe." Voltaire, 
 in 1765, said, "Shakespeare is a savage 
 with some imagination, whose plays can 
 please only in London and Canada." 
 In 1735 he wrote to M. de Cideville, 
 " Shakespeare is the Corneille of London, 
 hut everywhere else he is a great fool 
 (grand fou d'ailleur)." 
 
 Shakespeare of Divines (The), 
 Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667). 
 
 His [Taylor's] devotional writings only want what they 
 cannot be said to need, the name and the metrical 
 arrangement to make them poetry. — Heber. 
 
 Taylor, the Shakespeare of divines.— Emerson. 
 
 Shakespeare of Eloquence ( The). 
 The comte de Mirabeau was so called by 
 Barnave (1749-1791). 
 
 Shakespeare of G-ermany (The), 
 Augustus Frederick Ferdinand von Kot- 
 zebue (1761-1819). 
 
 Shakespeare of Prose Fiction 
 
 (The). Richardson the novelist is so 
 called by DTsraeli (1689-1761).. 
 
 Shallow, a weak-minded country 
 justice, cousin to Slender. He is a great 
 braggart, and especially fond of boasting 
 of the mad pranks of his younger days. 
 It is said that justice Shallow is a 
 satirical portrait of sir Thomas Lucy of 
 Charlecote, who prosecuted Shakespeare 
 for deer-stealing. — Shakespeare, The 
 3Ierri/ Wives of Windsor (1596) ; and 2 
 Henry IV. (1598). 
 
 As wise as a justice of the quorum and custalorum in 
 Shallow's time. — Macaulay. 
 
 Shallum, lord of a manor consisting 
 of a long chain of rocks and mountains 
 called Tirzah. Shallum was "of gentle 
 disposition, and beloved both by God and 
 man." He was the lover of Hilpa, a 
 Chinese antediluvian princess, one of the 
 150 daughters of Zilpah, of the race of 
 Cohu or Cain. — Addison, Spectator, viii. 
 584-5 (1712). 
 
 Shalott (The lady of), a poem by 
 Tennyson, in four parts. Pt. i. tells us 
 that the lady passed her life in the island 
 of Shalott in great seclusion, and Avas 
 known only by the peasantry. Pt. ii. 
 tells us that she was weaving a magic 
 web, and that a curse would fall on her 
 if she looked down the river. Pt. iii. 
 describes how sir Lancelot rode to Came- 
 
 lot in all his bravery ; and the lady 
 gazed at him as he rode along. Pt. iv. 
 tells us that the lady floated down the 
 river in a boat called The Lady of Shalott, 
 and died heart-broken on the way. Sir 
 Lancelot came to gaze on the dead body, 
 and exclaimed, " She has a lovely face, 
 and may God have mercy on her ! " This 
 ballad was afterwards expanded into the 
 Idyll called " Elaine, the Fair Maid of 
 Astolat" (q.v.), the beautiful incident 
 of Elaine and the barge being taken from 
 the History of Trince Arthur, by sir T. 
 Malory : 
 
 " While my body is whole, let this letter be put into 
 my right hand, and my hand bound fast with the 
 letter until I be cold, and let me be put in a fair bed 
 with all the richest clothes that I have about me, and so 
 let my bed and all my rich clothes be laid with me in a 
 chariot to the next place whereas the Thames is, and 
 there let me be put in a barge, and but one man with 
 me, such as ye trust to steer me thither, and that my 
 barge be covered with black samite over and oyer." . . . 
 So when she was dead, the corpse and the bed and all 
 was led the next way unto the Thames, and there a man 
 and the corpse and all were put in a barge on the 
 Thames, and so the man steered the barge to West- 
 minster, and there he rowed a great while to and fro, or 
 any man espied. — Pt iii. 123. 
 
 King Arthur saw the body and had it 
 buried, and sir Launcelot made an offer- 
 ing, etc. (ch. 124) ; much the same as 
 Tennyson has reproduced it in verse. 
 
 Shamho'zai (3 syl.), the angel who 
 debauched himself with women, re- 
 pented, and hung himself up between 
 earth and heaven. — Bereshit rabbi (in 
 Gen. vi. 2). 
 
 *** Hariit and Marut were two angels 
 sent to be judges on earth. They judged 
 righteously till Zohara appeared before 
 them, when they fell in love with her, 
 and were imprisoned in a cave near 
 Babylon, where they are to abide till the 
 day of judgment. 
 
 Shandy (Tristram), the nominal hero 
 of Sterne's novel called The Life and 
 Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman 
 (1759). He is the son of Walter and 
 Elizabeth Shandy. 
 
 Captain Shandy, better known as 
 " Uncle Toby," the real hero of Sterne's 
 novel. Captain Shandy was wounded 
 at Namur, and retired on half -pay. He 
 was benevolent and generous, brave as a 
 lion but simple as a child, most gallant 
 and most modest. Hazlitt says that 
 "the character of uncle Toby is the finest 
 compliment ever paid to human nature." 
 His modest love-passages with Widow 
 Wadman, his kindly sympathy for 
 lieutenant Lefevre, and his' military dis- 
 cussions, are wholly unrivalled. 
 
 Aunt Dinah [Shandy}, Walter Shandy's 
 
SHARP. 
 
 900 
 
 SHEBA. 
 
 aunt. She bequeathed to him £1000, 
 which Walter fancied would enable him 
 to carry out all the wild schemes with 
 which his head was crammed. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Shandy, mother of Tris- 
 tram Shandy. The ideal of nonentity, 
 individual from its very absence of indi- 
 viduality. 
 
 Walter Shandy, Tristram's father, a 
 metaphysical don Quixote, who believes 
 in long noses and propitious names ; but 
 his son's nose was crushed, and his name, 
 which should have been Trismegistus ( ' ' the 
 most propitious"), was changed in chris- 
 tening to Tristram ("the most unlucky"). 
 If much learning can make man mad, 
 Walter Shandy was certainly mad in all 
 the affairs of ordinary life. His wife was 
 a blank sheet, and he himself a sheet so 
 written on and crossed and rewritten 
 that no one could decipher the manu- 
 script. — L. Sterne, The Life and Opinions 
 of Tristram Shandy (1759). 
 
 Sharp, the ordinary of major Touch- 
 wood, who aids him in his transformation, 
 but is himself puzzled to know which is 
 the real and which the false colonel. — 
 T. Dibdin, What Next ? 
 
 Sharp (Rebecca), the orphan daughter 
 of an artist. " She was small and slight 
 in person, pale, sandy-haired, and Avith 
 green eyes, habitually cast down, but 
 very large, odd, and attractive when they 
 looked up." Becky had the "dismal 
 precocity of poverty," and, being engaged 
 as governess in the family of sir Pitt 
 Crawley, bart., contrived to marry clan- 
 destinely his son captain Rawdon Craw- 
 ley, and taught him how to live in 
 splendour "upon nothing a year." Becky 
 was an excellent singer and dancer, a 
 capital talker and wheedler, and a most 
 attractive, but unprincipled, selfish, and 
 unscrupulous woman. Lord Steyne in- 
 troduced her to court ; but her conduct 
 with this peer gave rise to a terrible 
 scandal, which caused a separation be- 
 tween her and Rawdon, and made Eng- 
 land too hot to hold her. She retired to 
 the Continent, was reduced to a Bohemian 
 life, but ultimately attached herself to 
 Joseph Sedley, whom she contrived to 
 strip of all his money, and who lived 
 in dire terror of her, dying in six months 
 under ver}' suspicious circumstances. — 
 Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 With Becky Sharp, we think we could be good, if we 
 had £5000 a year.— Bayne. 
 
 Becky Sharp, with a baronet for a brother-in-law, and 
 nn earl's daughter for a friend, felt the hollowness of 
 human grandeur, and thought she was happier with the 
 Bohemian artists in Soho.— The t'xprcsx. 
 
 Sharp (Timothy), the "lying valet" of 
 Charles Gayless. His object is to make 
 his master, who has not a sixpence in the 
 world, pass for a man of wealth in the 
 eyes of Melissa, to whom he is engaged. 
 — Garrick, The Lying Valet (1741). 
 
 Sharp-Beak, the crow's wife, in 
 the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
 (1498). 
 
 Sharpe (Tlxe Right Rev. James), 
 archbishop of St. Andrew's, murdered by 
 John Balfour (a leader in the covenanters' 
 army) and his party. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
 Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Sharper (Master), the cutler in the 
 Strand. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Sharpitlaw (Gideon), a police officer. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Shawonda'see, son of Mudjekeewis, 
 and king of the south wind. Fat and 
 lazy, listless and easy. Shawondasee 
 loved a prairie maiden (the Dandelion), 
 but was too indolent to woo her. — Long- 
 fellow, Hiawatha (1855). 
 
 She Stoops to Conquer, a comedy 
 by Oliver Goldsmith (1773). Miss Hard- 
 castle, knowing how bashful young 
 Marlow is before ladies, stoops to the 
 manners and condition of a barmaid, 
 with whom he feels quite at his ease, and 
 by this artifice wins the man of her 
 choice. 
 
 *** It is said that when Goldsmith 
 was about 16 years old, he set out for 
 Edgworthstown, and finding night coming 
 on when at Ardagh, asked a man "which 
 was the best house in the town" — meaning 
 the best inn. The man, who was Cor- 
 nelius O'Kelly, the great fencing-master, 
 pointed to that of Mr. Ralph Fether- 
 stone, as being the best house in the 
 vicinity. Oliver entered the parlour, 
 found the master of the mansion sitting 
 over a good fire, and said he intended to 
 pass the night there, and should like to 
 have supper. Mr. Fetherstone happened 
 to know Goldsmith's father, and, to 
 humour the joke, pretended to be the 
 landlord of "the public," nor did he 
 reveal himself till next morning at break- 
 fast, when Oliver called for his bill. It 
 Avas not sir Ralph Fetherstone, as ia 
 generally said, but Mr. Ralph Fether- 
 stone, whose grandson was sir Thomas. 
 
 Sheba. The queen of Sheba or Saba 
 (i.e. the Sabeans) came to visit Solomon, 
 
SHEBA. 
 
 901 
 
 SHEFFIELD. 
 
 and tested his wisdom by sundry ques- 
 tions, but affirmed that his wisdom and 
 wealth exceeded even her expectations. — 
 1 Kings x. ; 2 Chron. ix. 
 
 No, not to answer, madam, all those hard things 
 That Sheba came to ask of Solomon. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 
 
 *** The Arabs call her name Balkis or 
 Belkis ; the Abyssinians, Macqueda ; and 
 others, Aazis. 
 
 Sheba {The queen of), a name given to 
 Mde. Montreville (the Begum Mootee 
 Mahul). — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Shebdiz, the Persian Bucephalos, the 
 favourite charger of Chosroes II. or 
 Khosrou Parviz of Persia (590-628). 
 
 Sh.ed.ad, king of Ad, who built a 
 most, magnificent palace, and laid out a 
 garden called "The Garden of Irem," 
 like " the bowers of Eden." All men 
 admired this palace and garden except 
 the prophet Houd. who told the king that 
 the foundation of his palace was not 
 secure. And so it was, that God, to 
 punish his pride, first sent a drought of 
 three years' duration, and then the 
 Sarsar or icy wind for seven days, in 
 . which the garden was destroyed, the 
 palace ruined, and Shedad, with all his 
 subjects, died. 
 
 It is said that the palace of Shedad or 
 Shuddaud took 500 years in building, 
 and when it was finished the angel of 
 death would not allow him even to enter 
 his garden, but struck him dead, and the 
 rose garden of Irem was ever after in- 
 visible to the eye of man. — Southey, 
 Thalaba the Destroyer, i. (1797). 
 
 Sheep {Lord Bantam's). These sheep 
 had tails of such enormous length that 
 his lordship had go-carts harnessed to the 
 sheep for carrying their tails. 
 
 There goes Mrs. Roundabout, the cutler's wife. . . . 
 Odious puss ! how she waddles along with her train two 
 yards behind her ! She puts me in mind of lord Bantam's 
 sheep.— Goldsmith, The Bee, ii. (1759). 
 
 Sheep {The Cotswold). 
 
 No brown, nor sullied black, the face or logs doth 
 
 streak, . . . 
 [All] of the whitest kind, whose brows so woolly be, 
 As men in her fair sheep no emptiness should see ... . 
 A body long and large, the buttocks equal broad . . . 
 And of the fleecy face, the flank doth nothing lack, 
 But everywhere is stored, the belly as the back. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiv. (1613). 
 
 Sheep-Dog {A), a lady-companion, 
 who occupies the back seat of the ba- 
 rouche, carries wraps, etc., goes to church 
 with the lady, and "guards her from the 
 wolves," as much as the lady wishes to 
 be guarded, but no more. 
 
 "Rawdon," said Becky, ... "I must hare a sheep* 
 dog ... I mean a moral shepherd's dog ... to keep 
 the wolves off me." ... "A sheep-dog, a companion 1 
 Becky Sharp with a sheep-dog I Isn't that good fun ?" — 
 Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxxvii. (1*18). 
 
 Sheep of the Addanc Valley. 
 In this valley, which led to the cave of 
 the Addanc, were two flocks of sheep, one 
 white and the other black. When any 
 one of the black sheep bleated, a white 
 sheep crossed over and became black, 
 and when one of the white sheep bleated, 
 a black sheep crossed over and became 
 white. — The Mabinogion (" Peredur," 
 twelfth century). 
 
 Sheep of the Prisons, a cant term 
 in the French Revolution for a spy under 
 the jailers. — C. Dickens, A Tale of Two 
 Cities, iii. 7 (1859). 
 
 Sheep Tilted at. Don Quixote 
 saw the dust of two flocks of sheep coming 
 in opposite directions, and told Sancho 
 they were fr\vo armies — one commanded 
 by the emperor Alifanfaron sovereign of 
 the island of Trap'oban, and the other by 
 the king of the Garaman'teans, called 
 " Pentap'olin with the Naked Arm." 
 He said that Alifanfaron was in love 
 with Pentapolin's daughter, but Penta- 
 polin refused to sanction the alliance, 
 because Alifanfaron was a Mohammedan. 
 The mad knight rushed on the flock "led 
 by Alifanfaron," and killed seven of the 
 sheep, but was stunned by stones thrown 
 at him by the shepherds. When Sancho 
 told his master that the two armies were 
 only two flocks of sheep, the knight 
 replied that the enchanter Freston had 
 " metamorphosed the two grand armies " 
 in order to show his malice. — Cervantes, 
 Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605). 
 
 *** After the death of Achilles, Ajax 
 and Ulysses both claimed the armour of 
 Hector. The dispute was settled by the 
 sons of Atreus (2 syl.), who awarded 
 the prize to Ulysses. This so enraged 
 Ajax that it drove him mad, and he fell 
 upon a flock of sheep driven at night into 
 the camp, supposing it to be an army led 
 by Ulysses and the sons of Aireus. 
 When he found out his mistake, he 
 stabbed himself. This is the subject of 
 a tragedy by Soph'ocles called Ajax 
 Mad. 
 
 *** Orlando in his madness also fell 
 foul of a flock of sheep, — Ariosto, Or- 
 lando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Sheffield {The Bard of), James 
 Montgomery, author of Tlie Wanderer of 
 Switzerland, etc. (1771-1854). 
 
SHELBY. 
 
 902 
 
 SHEPHERD-KINGS. 
 
 With broken lyre and cheek serenely pale, 
 Lo 1 sad Alcaeus wanders down the vale . . . 
 O'er his lost works let classic Sheffield weep ; 
 May no rude hand disturb their early sleep I 
 Byron, English Bards -and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 Shelby {Mr.), uncle Tom's first 
 master. Being in commercial difficulties, 
 he was obliged to sell his faithful slave. 
 His son afterwards endeavoured to buy 
 uncle Tom back again, but found that he 
 had been whipped to death by the villain 
 Legree. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin (1852). 
 
 Shell (A). Amongst the ancient 
 Gaels a shell was emblematic of peace. 
 Hence when Bosmi'na, Fingal's daughter, 
 was sent to propitiate king Erragon, who 
 had invaded Morven, she carried with 
 her a "sparkling shell as a symbol of 
 peace, and a golden arrow as a symbol of 
 war." — Ossian, The Battle of Lora. 
 
 Shells, i.e. hospitality. " Semo king 
 of shells" ("hospitality"). When Cu- 
 thullin invites Swaran to a banquet, his 
 messenger says, "Cuthullin gives the jo\ r 
 of shells ; come and partake the feast of 
 Erin's blue-eyed chief." The ancient 
 Gaels drank from shells ; and hence such 
 phrases as "chief of shells," "hall of 
 shells," "king of shells," etc. (king of 
 hospitality). "To rejoice in the shell" 
 is to feast sumptuously and drink freely. 
 
 Shemus-an-Snachad or " James 
 of the Needle," M'lvor's tailor at 
 Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott, Waver ley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Shepheardes Calendar (The), 
 
 twelve eclogues in various metres, by 
 Spenser, one for each month. January : 
 Colin Clout (Spenser) bewails that Rosa- 
 lind does not return his love, and compares 
 his forlorn condition to the season itself. 
 February ; Cuddy, a lad, complains of 
 the cold, and Thenot laments the de- 
 generacy of pastoral life. March : Willie 
 and Thomalin discourse of love (described 
 as a person just aroused from sleep). 
 April : Hobbinol sings a song on Eliza, 
 queen of shepherds. May : Palinode 
 (3 syl.) exhorts Piers to join the festivi- 
 ties of May, but Piers replies that good 
 shepherds who seek their own indulgence 
 expose their flocks to the wolves. He 
 then relates the fable of the kid and her 
 dam. June : Hobbinol exhorts Colin to 
 greater cheerfulness, but Colin replies 
 there is no cheer for him while Rosalind 
 remains unkind and loves Menalcas 
 better than himself. July : Morrel, a 
 goat-herd, invites Thomalin to come with 
 him to the uplands, but Thomalin replies 
 
 that humility better becomes a shepherd 
 (i.e. a pastor or clergyman). August : 
 Perigot and Willie contend in song, and 
 Cuddy is appointed arbiter. September : 
 Diggon Davie complains to Hobbinol of 
 clerical abuses. October : On poetry, 
 which Cuddy says has no encouragement, 
 and laments that Colin neglects it, being 
 crossed in love. November : Colin, being 
 asked by Thenot to sing, excuses him- 
 self because of his grief for Dido, but 
 finally he sings her elegy. December: 
 Colin again complains that his heart is 
 desolate because Rosalind loves him not 
 (1579). 
 
 Shepheards Hunting (The), four 
 " eglogues " by George Wither, while con- 
 fined in the Marshalsea (1615). The 
 shepherd Roget is the poet himself, and 
 his "hunting" is a satire called Abuses 
 Stript and Whipt, for which he was im- 
 prisoned. The first three eglogues are 
 upon the subject of Roget's imprisonment, 
 and the fourth is on his love of poetry. 
 "Willy" is the poet's friend, William 
 Browne of the Inner Temple, author of 
 Britannia's Pastorals. He was two y ars 
 the junior of Wither. 
 
 Shepherd (The), Moses, who for 
 forty years fed the flocks of Jethro, his ' 
 father-in-law. 
 
 Sing, heavenly Muse, that on the secret top 
 Of Oreb or of Sinai, didst inspire 
 That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed, 
 "In the beginning," how the heaven and earth 
 Rose out of chaos. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. (1665). 
 
 Shepherd (The Gentle), George Gren- 
 ville, the statesman. One day, in ad- 
 dressing the House, George Grenville 
 said, "Tell me where! tell me where ..." 
 Pitt hummed the line of a song then 
 very popular, beginning, " Gentle shep- 
 herd, tell me where ! " and the whole 
 House was convulsed with laughter (1712- 
 1770). 
 
 *** Allan Ramsay has a beautiful 
 Scotch pastoral called The Gentle Shep- 
 herd (1725). 
 
 Shepherd (John Claridge), the signature 
 adopted by the author of The Shepherd 
 of Banbury's Pules to Judge of the Changes 
 of Weather, etc. (1744). Supposed to be 
 Dr. John Campbell, author of A Political 
 Survey of Britain. 
 
 Shepherd-Kings (The) or Ilyksos. 
 These hyksos were a tribe of Cuthites 
 driven from Assyria by Aralius and the 
 Shemites. Their names were : (1) SaitP:s 
 or Salatcs, called by the Arabs El-We- 
 leed, and said to be a descendant of Esau 
 
SHEPHERD LORD. 
 
 903 
 
 SHEVA. 
 
 (b.c. 1870-1851); (2) Beon, called by 
 the Arabs Er-Reiyan, son of El-Weleed 
 (b.c. 1851-1811) ; (3) Apachnas (b.c. 
 1811-1750) ; (4) Apophis, called by the 
 Arabs Er-Reiyan II., in whose reign 
 Joseph was sold into Eg} r pt and was 
 made viceroy (b.c. 1750-1700) ; (5) Ja- 
 kias (b.c. 1700-1651) ; (6) Asseth 
 (1651-1610). The Hyksos were driven 
 out of Egypt by AmSsis or Thethmosis, 
 the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, 
 and retired to Palestine, where they 
 formed the chiefs or lords of the Philis- 
 tines. (Hyksos is compounded of hyk, 
 " king," and sos, " shepherd.") 
 
 %* Apophis or Aphophis was not a 
 shepherd-king, but a pharaoh or native 
 ruler, who made Apachnas tributary, and 
 succeeded him, but on the death of 
 Aphophis the hyksos were restored. 
 
 Shepherd Lord (The), lord Henry 
 de Clifford, brought up by his mother as 
 a shepherd to save him from the ven- 
 geance of the Yorkists. Henry VII. 
 restored him to his birthright and estates 
 (1455-1543). 
 
 The gracious fairy, 
 Who loved the shepherd lord to meet 
 In his wanderings solitary. 
 Wordsworth, The White Doe of RyUtone (1815). 
 
 Shepherd of Banbury. (See 
 Shepherd, John Claridge.) 
 
 Shepherd of Filida. 
 
 "Preserve him, Mr. Nicholas, as thou wouldst a diamond. 
 He is not a shepherd, but an elegant courtier," said the 
 cure.— Cervantes, Bon Quixote, 1. i. 6 (1605). 
 
 Shepherd of Salisbury Plain 
 
 (The), the hero and title of a religious 
 tract by Hannah More. The shepherd is 
 noted for his homely wisdom and simple 
 piety. The academy figure of this shep- 
 herd was David Saunders, who, with his 
 father, had kept sheep on the plain for a 
 century. 
 
 Shepherd of the Ocean. So Colin 
 Clout (Spenser) calls sir Walter Raleigh 
 in his Colin Clout's Come Home Again 
 (1591). 
 
 Shepherdess (The Faithful), a pas- 
 toral drama by John Fletcher (1610). 
 The "faithful shepherdess" is Corin, 
 who remains faithful to her lover although 
 dead. Milton has borrowed rather largely 
 from this pastoral in his Comus. 
 
 Sheppard (Jack), immortalized for 
 his burglaries and escapes from Newgate. 
 He was the son of a carpenter in Spital- 
 fields, and was an ardent, reckless, and 
 generous youth. Certainly the most 
 
 popular criminal ever led to Tyburn for 
 execution (1701-1724). 
 
 *** Daniel Defoe made Jack Slieppard 
 the hero of a romance in 1724, and W. H. 
 Ainsworth in 1839. 
 
 Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, always 
 brings ill luck to the possessor. It be- 
 longed at one time to the see of Canter- 
 bury, and Osmund pronounced a curse 
 on any layman who wrested it from the 
 Church. 
 
 The first layman who held these lands 
 was the protector Somerset, who was be- 
 headed by Edward VI. 
 
 The next layman was sir Walter 
 Raleigh, who was also beheaded. 
 
 At the death of Raleigh, James I. seized 
 on the lands and conferred them on Car 
 earl of Somerset, who died prematurely. 
 His younger son Carew was attainted, 
 committed to the Tower, and lost his 
 estates by forfeiture. 
 
 * + * James I. was no exception. He 
 lost his eldest son the prince of Wales, 
 Charles I. was beheaded, James II. was 
 forced to abdicate, and the two Pretenders 
 consummated the ill luck of the family. 
 
 Sherborne is now in the possession of 
 Digby earl of Bristol. 
 
 (For other possessions which carry with 
 them ill luck, see Gold of Tolosa, 
 Gold of Nibelungen, Graysteel, 
 Harmonia's Necklace, etc.) 
 
 Sheva, the philanthropic Jew, most 
 modest but most benevolent. He " stints 
 his appetite to pamper his affections, and 
 lives in poverty that the poor may live in 
 plenty." Sheva is " the widows' friend, 
 the orphans' father, the poor man's pro- 
 tector, and the universal dispenser of 
 charit}", but he ever shrank to let his left 
 hand know what his right hand did." 
 Ratcliffe's father rescued him at Cadiz 
 from an auto da fe, and Ratcliffe himself 
 rescued him from a howling London mob. 
 This noble heart settled £10,000 on Miss 
 Ratcliffe at her marriage, and left Charles 
 the heir of all his property. — Cumberland, 
 The Jew (1776). 
 
 *** The Jews of England made up a 
 very handsome purse, which they pre- 
 sented to the dramatist for this champion- 
 ship of their race. 
 
 Sheva, in the satire of Absalom and 
 Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is de- 
 signed for sir Roger Lestrange, censor of 
 the press in the reign of Charles II. 
 Sheva was one of David's scribes (2 Sam. 
 xx. 25), and sir Roger was editor of the 
 Observatory in which he vindicated the 
 
SHIBBOLETH. 
 
 904. 
 
 SHILLING. 
 
 court measures, for which he was 
 knighted. 
 
 Than Sheva, none more loyal zeal have shown, 
 Wakeful as Judith's lion for the crown. 
 
 Tate, Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682). 
 
 Shib'boleth, the test pass-word of a 
 secret society. When the Ephraimites 
 tried to pass the Jordan after their defeat 
 by Jephthah, the guard tested whether 
 they were Ephraimites or not by asking 
 them to say the word "Shibboleth," 
 which the Ephraimites pronounced " Sib- 
 boleth" (Judges xii. 1-6). 
 
 In the Sicilian Vespers, a word was 
 given as a test of nationality. Some 
 dried peas (ciceri) were shown to a sus- 
 pect : if he called them cheecharee, he was 
 a Sicilian, and allowed to pass ; but if 
 siseri, he was a Frenchman, and was put 
 to death. 
 
 In the great Danish slaughter on St. 
 Bryce's Day (November 13), 1002, accord- 
 ing to tradition, a similar test was made 
 with the words " Chichester Church," 
 which, being pronounced hard or soft, 
 decided whether the speaker were Dane 
 or Saxon. 
 
 Shield. When a hero fell in fight, 
 his shields left at home used to become 
 bloody. — Gaelic Legendary Lore. 
 
 The mother of Culmin remains in the hall. . . . Hi3 
 shield is bloody in the hall. " Art thou fallen, my fair- 
 haired son, in Erin's dismal war f "— Ossian, Temora, v. 
 
 Shield (Point of a). When a flag em- 
 blazoned with a shield had the point 
 upwards, it denoted peace ; and when a 
 combatant approached with his shield 
 reversed, it meant the same thing in 
 mediaeval times. 
 
 And behold, one of the ships outstripped the others, and 
 they saw a shield lifted up above the hide of the ship, and 
 the point of the shield was upwards, in token of |>euce. — 
 The Mabinoyion ("Branwen," etc., twelfth century). 
 
 Shield (Striking the). When a leader 
 was appointed to take the command of 
 an army, and the choice Avas doubtful, 
 those who were the most eligible went to 
 some distant hill, and he who struck his 
 shield the loudest was chosen leader. 
 
 They went each to his hill. Bards marked the sounds of 
 the shields. Loudest rang thy boss, Duth-maruno. Thou 
 must lead in war.— Ossian, Cath-Loda, ii. 
 
 *** When a man was doomed to death, 
 the chief used to strike his shield with 
 the blunt end of his spear, as a notice 
 to the royal bard to begin the death-song. 
 
 Cairbar rises in his arms. The clang of shields is heard. 
 —Ossian, Temora, i. 
 
 Shield of Cathmor (The). This 
 shield had seven bosses, and the ring of 
 each boss (when struck with a spear) 
 conveyed a distinct telegraphic message 
 
 to the tribes. The sound of one boss, for 
 example, was for muster, of another for 
 retreat, of a third distress, and so on. 
 On each boss was a star, the names of 
 which were Can'-mathon (on the first 
 boss), Col-derna (on the second), Ul- 
 oicho (on the third), Cathlin (on the 
 fourth), Rel-durath (on the fifth), Berthin 
 (on the sixth), and Ton-the'na (on the 
 seventh) . 
 
 In his arms strode the chief of Atha to where his shield 
 hung, high, at night ; high on a mossy bough over Lubar's 
 streamy roar. Seven bosses rose on the shield, the seven 
 voices of the king which his warriors received from the 
 wind. — Oesian, Temora, viL 
 
 Shield of Gold or Golden Shield, 
 the shield of Mars, which fell from heaven, 
 and was guarded in Rome by twelve 
 priests called Salii. 
 
 Charge for the hearth of Vesta ! 
 Charge for the Golden Shield ! 
 
 Stanza xxxv. 
 Hail to the fire that burns for aye [of Vesta], 
 And the shield that fell from heaven I 
 Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (" Battle of the Lake 
 Regillus," xxxviii., 1842). 
 
 Shield of Love ( The) . This buckler 
 was suspended in a temple of Venus by 
 golden ribbons, and underneath was 
 written : "Whosever be this Shield, 
 Faire Amoret be his." — Spenser, Faery 
 Queen, iv. 10 (1596). 
 
 Shield of Rome (The), Fabius 
 " Cunctator." Marcellus was called 
 " The Sword of Rome." (See Fabius.) 
 
 Shift (Samuel), a wonderful mimic, 
 who, like Charles Mathews the elder, 
 could turn his face to anything. He is 
 employed by sir William Wealthy to 
 assist in saving his son George from ruin, 
 and accordingly helps the young man in 
 his money difficulties by becoming his 
 agent. Ultimately, it is found that sir 
 George's father is his creditor, the young 
 man is saved from ruin, marries, and 
 becomes a reformed and honourable 
 member of society, who has "sown his 
 wild oats." — Foote, The Minor (1760). 
 
 Shilla'lah, a wood near Arklow, in 
 Wicklow, famous for its oaks and black- 
 thorns. The Irishman's bludgeon is so 
 called, because it Avas generally cut from 
 this wood. 
 
 Shilling (To cut one off with a). A 
 tale is told of Charles and John Banister. 
 John having irritated his father, the old 
 man said, " Jack, I'll cut you off with a 
 shilling." To which the son replied, " I 
 wish, dad, you would give it me now." 
 
 *#* The same identical anecdote is told 
 of Sheridan and his son Tom. 
 
SHIP. 
 
 905 SHOE THE MOCKISH MARE. 
 
 Ship. The master takes the ship out, 
 but the mate brings her home. The reason 
 is this : On the first night of an outward 
 passage, the starboard watch takes the 
 first four hours on deck, but in the home- 
 ward passage the port watch. Now, the 
 "starboard watch" is also called the 
 master's or captain's watch, because when 
 there was only one mate, the master had 
 to take his own watch (i.e. the starboard). 
 The " port watch " is commanded by the 
 first mate, and when there was only one, 
 he had to stand to his own watch. 
 
 *** When there are two mates, the 
 second mate takes the starboard watch. 
 
 Ship (TJie Intelligent). Ellida (Frith- 
 jof 's ship) understood what was said to 
 it ; hence in the Frithjof Saga the son of 
 Thorsten constant!}- addresses it, and the 
 ship always obeys what is said to it. — 
 Tegne'r, Frithjof Saga, x. (1825). 
 
 Ship-Shape. A vessel sent to sea 
 before it is completed is called "jury- 
 shaped" or "jury-rigged," i.e. rigged for 
 the nonce (jour-y, " pro tempore") ; while 
 at sea, she is completed, and when all the 
 temporary makeshifts have been changed 
 for the proper riggings, the vessel is called 
 " ship-shape." 
 
 Having been sent to sea in a hurry, they were little 
 better than jury-rigged, and we are now being put into 
 ship-shape.— Daily Jfews, August 23, 1670. 
 
 Ship of the Desert, the camel or 
 dromedary employed in "voyages" 
 through the sand-seas of the .African 
 deserts. 
 
 ... let me have the long 
 And patient swiftness of the desert-ship, 
 The helmless dromedary. 
 Byron, The Deformed Transformed, L 1 (1821). 
 
 Shipton {Mother), the heroine of an 
 ancient tale entitled The Straiuje and 
 Wonderful History and Prophecies of 
 Mother Shipton, etc. — T. Evan Preece. 
 
 Shipwreck (The), a poem in three 
 cantos, by William Falconer (1762). 
 Supposed to occupy six days. The ship 
 was the Britannia, under the command 
 of Albert, and bound for Venice. Being 
 overtaken in a squall, she is driven out of 
 her course from Candia, and four seamen 
 are lost off the lee main-yardarm. A 
 fearful storm greatly distresses the vessel, 
 and the captain gives command " to bear 
 away." As she passes the island of St. 
 George, the helmsman is struck blind 
 by lightning. Bowsprit, foremast, and 
 main-topmast being carried away, the 
 officers try to save themselves on the 
 wreck of the foremast. The ship splits 
 on the projecting verge of cape Colonna. 
 
 The captain and all his crew are lost 
 except Arion (Falcone?-), who is washed 
 ashore, and being befriended by the 
 natives, returns to England to tell this 
 mournful story. 
 
 Shoe. The right shoe first. It was by 
 the Romans thought unlucky to put on 
 the left shoe first, cr to put the shoe 
 on the wrong foot. St. Foix says of 
 Augustus : 
 
 Cet empereur, qui gouverna avec tant de sagesse, et 
 dont le regne fut si florissant, restoit immobile et con- 
 sterne' lorsqu' il lui arrivoit par megarde de mettre le 
 Soulier droit au pied gauche, et le Soulier gauche au pied 
 droit 
 
 Shoe Pinches. We all know -where 
 the shoe pinches, we each of us know our 
 own special troubles. 
 
 Lord Foripington. Hark thee, shoemaker, these shoes 
 . . . don't fit me. 
 
 Shoemaker. My lord, I think they fit you very well. 
 
 Lord Fop. They hurt me just below the instep. 
 
 Shoem. No, my lord, they don't hurt you there. 
 
 Lord Fop. I tell thee they pinch me execrably. 
 
 Shoem. Why, then, my lord 
 
 Lord Fop. What! Wilt thou persuade me I cannot 
 feel? 
 
 Shoem. Your lordship may please to feel what you 
 think fit, but that shoe does not hurt you. 1 think I 
 understand my trade. — Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough, 
 i. 2 (1777). 
 
 Shoe in Weddings. In English 
 weddings, slippers and old shoes are 
 thrown at the bride when she leaves the 
 house of her parents, to indicate that she 
 has left the house for good. 
 
 Luther, being at a wedding, told the bridegroom he had 
 placed the husband's shoe on the head of the bed, "afin 
 qu' il prit ainsi la domination et le gouverneiuent."— 
 Michelet, Life of Luther (1S45). 
 
 In Turkish weddings, as soon as the 
 prayers are over, the bridegroom makes 
 cff as fast as possible, followed by the 
 guests, who pelt him with old shoes. 
 These blows represent the adieux of the 
 voung man. — Thirty Years in the Haram, 
 330. 
 
 In Anglo-Saxon marriages, the father 
 delivered the bride's shoe to the bride- 
 groom, and the bridegroom touched the 
 bride on the head with it, to show his 
 authority. — Chambers, Journal, June, 
 1870. 
 
 Shoe the Gray Goose, to under- 
 take a difficult and profitless business. 
 John Skelton says the attempt of the 
 laity to reform the clergy of his time is 
 about as mad a scheme as if they at- 
 tempted to shoe wild geese. 
 
 What hath laymen to doe, The gray gose to shoe T 
 J. Skelton, Colyn Clout (1460-1529). 
 
 *** " To shoe the goose " is sometimes 
 used as the synonym of being tipsy. 
 
 Shoe the Mockish Mare, shoo 
 the wild mare, similar to "belling the 
 
SHOES. 
 
 906 SHOULDER-BLADE DIVINATION. 
 
 cat ; " to do a work of danger and diffi- 
 cultj'- for general not personal benefit. 
 
 Let us see who dare Shoe the mockish mare. 
 
 J. Skelton, CoJyn Clout (1460-1529). 
 
 *„.* There is a boys' game called 
 " Shoeing the Wild Mare," in which the 
 players say : 
 
 Shoe the wild mare ; 
 But if she won't be shod, she must go bare. 
 
 Herrick refers to it (Works, i. 176) 
 when he says : 
 
 Of blind-man's-buffe, and of the care 
 That young men have to shooe the mare. 
 
 "To shoe the colt" means to exact a 
 fine called " footing " from a new associate 
 or colt. The French say, Ferrer la mule. 
 
 Shoes (He haschanjed his), " mutavit 
 calcebs," that is, he has become a 
 senator, or has been made a peer. The 
 Roman senators wore black shoes, or 
 rather black buskins, reaching to the 
 middle of the leg, with the letter C in 
 silver on the instep. 
 
 (For several other customs and super- 
 stitions connected with shoes, see Dic- 
 tionary of Phrase and Fable, 815-6.) 
 
 Shonou (The Reign of), the most 
 remote period, historic or pre-historical. 
 
 Let us first learn to know what belongs to ourselves, 
 and then, if we have leisure, cast our reflections back to 
 the reign of Shonou, who governed '-'0,000 years before the 
 creation of the moon.— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the 
 World, lxxv. (1750). 
 
 Shoo-King (The), the history of the 
 Chinese monarchs, by Confucius. It 
 begins with Yoo, B.C. 2205. 
 
 Shoolbred (Dame), the foster- 
 mother of Henrv Smith. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Shore (Jane), the heroine and title of 
 a tragedy by N. Rowe (1713). Jane 
 Shore was the wife of a London merchant, 
 but left her husband to become the mis- 
 tress of Edward IV. At the death of 
 that monarch, lord Hastings wished to 
 obtain her, but she rejected his advances. 
 This drew on her the jealous wrath of 
 Alicia (lord Hastings's mistress), who in- 
 duced her to accuse lord Hastings of 
 want of allegiance to the lord protector. 
 The duke of Gloucester commanded the 
 instant execution of Hastings ; and, 
 accusing Jane Shore of having bewitched 
 him, condemned her to wander about in 
 a sheet, holding a taper in her hand, and 
 decreed that any one who offered her food 
 or shelter should be put to death. Jane 
 continued an outcast for three days, when 
 her husband came to her succour, but he 
 was seized by Gloucester's myrmidons, 
 and Jane Shore died. 
 
 Miss Smithson [18001 had a splendid voice, a tall and 
 noble person. Her "Jane Shore" put more money into 
 the manager's pocket than BdmHnd Kean, Macready, Miss 
 Foote, or Charles Kemble.— Donaldson, Recollections. 
 
 Shoreditch. The old London tra- 
 dition is that Shoreditch derived its 
 name from Jane Shore, the beautiful 
 mistress of Edward IV., who, worn out 
 with poverty and hunger, died miserably 
 in a ditch in this suburb. 
 
 I could not get one bit of bread, 
 
 Whereby my hunger might be fed . . . 
 
 So, weary of my life, at lengthe 
 
 I yielded up my vital strength 
 
 Within a ditch . . . which since that daye 
 
 Is Shore-ditch called, as writers saye. 
 
 A ballad in Pepys's collection, The Woe/tn 
 Lamentation of Jane Shire. 
 
 Stow says the name is a corrup- 
 tion of "sewer-ditch," or the common 
 drain. Both these etymologies are only 
 good for fable, as the word is derived 
 from sir John de Soerdich, an eminent 
 statesman and diplomatist, who "rode 
 with Manney and Chandos against the 
 French by the side of the Black Prince." 
 
 Shoreditch (Duke of). Barlow, the 
 favourite archer of Henry VIII., was so 
 entitled by the Merry Monarch, in royal 
 sport. Barlow's two skilful companions 
 were created at the same time, " marquis 
 of Islington," and "earl of Pancras." 
 
 Good king, make not good lord of Lincoln "duke of 
 Shoreditche." — The Poore Man's Peticion to the Hinge 
 (art. xvi., 1603). 
 
 Shorne (Sir John), noted for his feat 
 of conjuring the devil into a boot. 
 
 To Maister John Shorne, 
 That blessSd man borne, 
 Which jugeleth with a bote ; 
 I beschrewe his herte rote 
 That will trust him, and it be I. 
 
 Fantastic of Idolatry. 
 
 Short - Lived Administration 
 
 (The), the administration formed Feb- 
 ruary 12, 1746, by William Pulteney. It 
 lasted only two days. 
 
 Shortcake (Mrs.), the baker's wife, 
 one of Mrs. Mailsetter's friends. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Shortell (Master), the mercer at 
 Liverpool. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Short'hose (2 syl.), a clown, servant 
 to lady Hartwell the widow. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, Wit without Money (1639). 
 
 Shorthouse (Tom), epitaph of. 
 
 Hie Jacet Tom Shorthouse, tine Tom, sine Sheets, sine 
 
 Riches; 
 Qui Vixit sine Gown, sine Cloak, sine Shirt, tine Breeches. 
 Old London (taken from the Magna Britannia). 
 
 Shoulder-Blade Divination. 
 
 A divination strange the Dutch-made English have . . . 
 By the shoulder of a ram from off the right side pared, 
 Which usually they boil, the spade-bone being bared. 
 
SHOVEL-BOARDS. 
 
 907 
 
 SIBYLLA. 
 
 Which then the wizard takes, and gazing thereupon, 
 Things long to come foreshows . . . Scapes secretly at 
 
 home . . . 
 Murthers, adulterous stealths, as the events of war, 
 The reigns and deaths of kings, . . . etc. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, v. (1612). 
 
 Shovel-Boards or Edward Shovel- 
 Boai'ds, broad shillings of Edward III. 
 Taylor, the water-pOet, tells us "they 
 were used for the most part at shoave- 
 board." 
 
 . . . the unthrift every day, 
 With my face downwards do at shoave-board play. 
 Taylor, the water-poet (1580-1654). 
 
 Shrewsbury (Lord), the earl mar- 
 shall in the court of queen Elizabeth. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Shropshire Toast (The), "To all 
 friends round the Wrekin." 
 
 Shufflebottom (Abel), a name as- 
 sumed by Robert Southey in some of his 
 amatory productions (1774-1843). 
 
 Shuffleton (The Hon. Tom), a man 
 of very slender estate, who borrows of all 
 who will lend, but always forgets to 
 repay or return the loans. When spoken 
 to about it, he interrupts the speaker 
 before he comes to the point, and diverts 
 the conversation to some other subject. 
 He is one of the new school, always 
 emotionless, looks on money as the 
 summum bonum, and all as fair that puts 
 money in his purse. The Hon. Tom 
 Shuffleton marries lady Caroline Bray- 
 more, who has £4000 a year. (See 
 Dimanche.) — G. Colman, junior, John 
 Bull. 
 
 " Who is this— all boots and breeches, 
 Cravat and cape, and spurs and switches, 
 Grins and grimaces, shrugs and capers, 
 With affectation, spleen, and vapours? " 
 
 " Oh, Mr. Richard Jones, your humble " 
 
 " Prithee give o'er to mouthe and mumble; 
 Stand still, speak plain, and let us hear 
 What was intended for the sar. 
 I" faith, without the timely aid 
 Of bills, no part you ever played 
 (Hob, Handy, Shuffleton, or Rover, 
 Sharper, stroller, lounger, lover) 
 Could e'er distinguish from each other." 
 C. Croker, On Richard Jones, the Actor (1778-1851). 
 
 Shutters (Tom, put up the). A 
 lieutenant threatened Mr. Hoby of St. 
 James's Street (London), to withdraw his 
 custom ; whereupon Mr. Hoby instantly 
 called out to his errand boy, " Tom, put 
 up the shutters." This witty reproof has 
 become a stock phrase of banter with 
 tradesmen when a silly customer threatens 
 to withdraw his custom. 
 
 Shylock,the Jew, who lends Anthonio 
 (a Venetian merchant) 8000 ducats for 
 three months, on these conditions : If 
 repaid within the time, only the 
 
 principal would be required ; if not, the 
 Jew should be at liberty to cut from 
 Anthonio's body a pound of flesh. The 
 ships of Anthonio being delayed by 
 contrary winds, the merchant was unable 
 to meet his bill, and the Jew claimed the 
 forfeiture. Portia, in the dress of a law 
 doctor, conducted the trial, and when the 
 Jew was about to take his bond, reminded 
 him that he must shed no drop of blood, 
 nor must he cut either more or less than 
 an exact pound. If these conditions 
 were infringed, his life would be forfeit. 
 The Jew, feeling it to be impossible to 
 exact the bond under such conditions, 
 gave up the claim, but was heavily fined 
 for seeking the life of a Venetian citizen. 
 — Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice 
 (1598). 
 
 It was of C. Macklin (1690-1797) that 
 Pope wrote the doggerel : 
 
 This is the Jew 
 
 That Shakespeare drew ; 
 
 but Edmund Kean (1787-1833) was 
 unrivalled in this character. 
 
 According to the kindred authority of Shylock, no man 
 hates the thing he would not kill.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 *** Paul Secchi tells us a similar tale : 
 A merchant of Venice, having been 
 informed by private letter that Drake 
 had taken and plundered St. Domingo, 
 sent word to Sampson Ceneda, a Jewish 
 usurer. Ceneda would not believe it, 
 and bet a pound of flesh it was not true. 
 When the report was confirmed, the pope 
 told Secchi he might lawfully claim his 
 bet if he chose, only he must draw no 
 blood, nor take either more or less than 
 an exact pound, on the penalty of being 
 hanged. — Gregorio Leti, Life of Sextus V. 
 (1666). 
 
 Sibbald, an attendant on the earl of 
 "Menteith. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of 
 Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Siber, i.e. Siberia. Mr. Bell of Anter- 
 mony, in his Travels, informs us that 
 Siberia is universally called Siber by the 
 Russians. 
 
 From Guinea's coast and Siber's dreary mines. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Siberian Climate (A), a very cold 
 and rigorous climate, winterly and in- 
 hospitable, with snow-hurricanes and 
 biting winds. The valley of the Lena is 
 the coldest region of the globe. 
 
 Sibylla, the sibyl. (See Sibyls.) 
 
 And thou, Alecto, feede me wyth thy foode . . . 
 And thou, Sibilla, when thou seest me faynte, 
 Addres thyself e the gyde of my complaynte. 
 
 Sackville, Mirrour for Magistraf/tta 
 (" Complaynte," etc., 1557). 
 
SIBYLS. 
 
 908 
 
 SIDNEY. 
 
 Sibyls. Plato speaks of only one 
 sibyl ; Martian Capella says there were 
 two (the Erythraean or Cumcean sibyl, and 
 the Phrygian) ; Pliny speaks of the three 
 sibyls ; Jackson maintains, on the au- 
 thority of iElian, that there were four ; 
 Shakespeare speaks of the nine sibyls of 
 old Rome (1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2) ; Varro 
 says they were ten (the sibyls of Libya, 
 Samos, Cumae (in Italy), Cumae (in Asia 
 Minor), Erythrsea, Persia, Tiburtis, Delphi, 
 Ancy'ra (in Phrygia), and Marpessa), in 
 reference to which Rabelais says, " she 
 may be the eleventh sibyl" (Panta- 
 yruel, iii. 16) ; the mediaeval monks 
 made the number to be twelve, and gave 
 to each a distinct prophecy respecting 
 Christ. But whatever the number, there 
 was but one "sibyl of old Rome" (the 
 Cumaean), who offered to Tarquin the 
 nine Sibylline books. 
 
 Sibyl's Books {The). "We are told 
 that the sibyl of Cumae (in iEolis) offered 
 Tarquin nine volumes of predictions for 
 a certain sum of money, but the king, 
 deeming the price exorbitant, refused to 
 purchase them ; whereupon she burnt 
 three of the volumes, and next year 
 offered Tarquin the remaining six at the 
 same price. Again he refused, and the 
 sibyl burnt three more. The following 
 year she again returned, and asked the 
 original priceforthe three which remained. 
 At the advice of the augurs, the king 
 purchased the books, and they were 
 preserved with great care under guardians 
 specially appointed for the purpose. 
 
 Her remaining chances, like the sibyl's books, became 
 more precious in an increasing ratio as the preceding ones 
 were destroyed.— P. Fitzgerald, The Parvenu family, 
 i. 7. 
 
 Sic Vos non Vobis. (See Vo§ 
 
 NOX VOBIS.) 
 
 Sicilian Bull (The), the brazen 
 bull invented by Perillos for the tyrant 
 Phalaris, as an engine of torture. 
 Perillos himself was the first victim 
 enclosed in the bull. 
 
 As the Sicilian bull that rightfully 
 His cries echoed who had shaped the mould. 
 Did so rebellow with the voice of him 
 Tormented, that the brazen monster seemed 
 l'ierced through with pain. 
 
 Dantfi, Hell, xxvii. (1300). 
 
 Sicilian Vespers (The), the 
 massacre of the French in Sicily, which 
 began at Palermo, March 80, 1282, at the 
 hour of .vespers, on Easter Monday. 
 This wholesale slaughter was provoked 
 by the brutal conduct of Charles d'Anjou 
 (the governor) and his soldiers towards 
 the islanders. 
 
 A similar massacre of the Danes was 
 made in England on St. Biyce's Day 
 (November 13), 1002. 
 
 Another similar slaughter took place at 
 Bruges, March 24, 1302. 
 
 *** The Bartholomew Massacre (Aug. 
 24, 1572) was a religious not a political 
 movement. 
 
 Sicilien (Le) or L' Amour Peintre, 
 a comedy by Moliere (1667). The 
 Sicilian is don Pedre, who has a Greek 
 slave named Is'idore. This slave is loved 
 by Adraste (2 syl.), a French gentle- 
 man, and the plot of the comedy turns 
 on the way that the Frenchman allures 
 the Greek slave away from her master. 
 Hearing that his friend Damon is going 
 to make a portrait of Isidore, he gets 
 him to write to don Pedre a letter of 
 introduction, requesting that the bearer 
 may be allowed to take the likeness. By 
 this ruse, Adraste reveals his love to 
 Isidore, and persuades her to elope. The 
 next step is this : Zai'de (2 syl.), a young 
 slave, pretends to have been ill-treated by 
 Adraste, and runs to don Pedre to crave 
 protection. The don bids her go in, 
 while he intercedes with Adraste on her 
 behalf. The Frenchman seems to relent, 
 and Pedre "calls for Zai'de to come forth, 
 but Isidore comes instead, wearing Zai'de's 
 veil. Don Pedre says to Adraste, ' ' There, 
 take her home, and use her well!" "I 
 will," says Adraste, and leads off tho 
 Greek slave. 
 
 Sicily of Spain (The). Alemtejo, 
 in Portugal, was so called at one time. 
 In the Middle Ages, Alemtejo was "the 
 granary of Portugal." 
 
 Sick Man of the East (The), 
 the Turkish empire. It was Nicholas of 
 Russia who gave this name to the mori- 
 bund empire. 
 
 We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man. It 
 would be a great misfortune if one of these days he 
 should happen to die before the necessary arrangements 
 are all made. . . . The man is certainly dying, and we 
 must not allow such an event to take us by surprise- 
 Nicholas of Russia, to sir George Seymour, British charyS 
 d'affaires (January 11, 1844). 
 
 Siddartha, born at Gaya, in India, 
 and known in Indian history as Buddha 
 (i.e. "The Wise"). 
 
 Sidney, the tutor and friend of 
 Charles Egerton McSycophant. He loves 
 Constantia, but conceals his passion for 
 fear of paining Egerton, ber accepted 
 lover.— C. Macklin, The Man of the 
 World (1764). 
 
 Sidney (Sir Philip). Sir Philip 
 Sidney, though suffering extreme thirst 
 
SIDNEY'S SISTER. 
 
 909 
 
 SIEGFRIED. 
 
 from the agony of wounds received in 
 the battle of Zutphen, gave his own 
 draught of water to a wounded private 
 lying at his side, saying, " Poor fellow, 
 thy necessity is greater than mine." 
 
 A similar instance is recorded of 
 Alexander "the Great," in the desert 
 of Gedrosia. 
 
 David, righting against the Philistines, 
 became so parched with thirst that he 
 cried out, " Oh that one would give me 
 drink of the water of the well of Beth- 
 lehem, which is by the gate ! " And the 
 three mighty men broke through the host 
 of the Philistines and brought him water ; 
 nevertheless, he would not drink it, but 
 poured it out unto the Lord. — 2 Sam, xxiii. 
 15-17. 
 
 Sidney's Sister, Pembroke's 
 Mother. Mary Herbert (born Sidney), 
 countess of Pembroke, who died 1621. 
 
 Underneath this sable hearse 
 Lies the subject of all verse — 
 Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother. 
 Death, ere thou hast killed another 
 Fair and good and learned as she, 
 Time shall throw his dart at thee. 
 Wm. Browne (1645. See Lansdowne Collection, 
 No. 777, in the British Museum). 
 
 Sido'nian Tincture, purple dye, 
 Tyrian purple. The Tj T rians and Sido- 
 nians were world-famed for their purple 
 dye. 
 
 Not in that proud Sidonian tincture dyed. 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, xii. (1633). 
 
 Sid'rophel, William Lilly, the astro- 
 loger. 
 
 Quoth Ralph, " Not far from hence doth dwell 
 
 A cunning man, hight Sidrophel, 
 
 That deals in destiny's dark counsels, 
 
 And sage opinions of the moon sells ; 
 
 To whom all people, far and near, 
 
 On deep importances repair." 
 
 S. Butler, Budibras, ii. 3 (1664). 
 
 Siebel, Margheri'ta's rejected lover, 
 in the opera of Faust e Margherita, by 
 Gounod (1859). 
 
 Siege. Mon siege est fait, my opinion 
 is fixed, and I cannot change it. This 
 proverb rose thus : The abbe' de Vertot 
 wrote the history of a certain siege, and 
 applied to a friend for some geographical 
 particulars. These particulars did not 
 arrive till the matter had. passed the 
 press : so the abbe remarked with a shrug, 
 " Bah ! mon siege est fait." 
 
 Siege Perilous {The). The Round 
 Table contained sieges for 150 knights, 
 but three of them were "reserved." Of 
 these, two were posts of honour, but the 
 third was reserved for him who was des- 
 tined to achieve the quest of the holy 
 graal. This seat was called " perilous," 
 
 because if any one sat therein except ho 
 for whom it was reserved, it would be his 
 death. Every seat of the table bore the 
 name of its rightful occupant in letters of 
 gold, and the name on the " Siege Perilous " 
 was sir Galahad (son of sir Launcelot and 
 Elaine) . 
 
 Said Merlin, " There shall no man sit in the two void 
 places but they that shall be of most worship. But in the 
 Siege Perilous there shall no man sit but one, and if any 
 other be so hardy as to do it, he shall be destroyed."— Pt 
 L48. 
 
 Then the old man made sir Galahad unarm ; and he put 
 on him a coat of red sandel, with a mantel upon his 
 shoulder furred with fine ermines. . . . and he brought 
 him unto the Siege Perilous, when he sat beside sir 
 Launcelot. And the good old man lifted up the cloth, 
 and found there these words written : The Siege OF SIR 
 Galahad. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince A rthur, iii. 
 32 (1470). 
 
 Siege of Calais, a novel by Mde. 
 de Tencin (1681-1749). George Colman 
 has a drama with the same title. 
 
 Siege of Damascus. Damascus 
 was besieged by the Arabs, while Eu'- 
 menes was governor. The general of the 
 Syrians was Pho'cyas, and of the Arabs 
 Caled. Phocyas asked Eumenes's per- 
 mission to marry his daughter Eudo'cia, 
 but was sternly refused. After gaining 
 several victories, he f eli into the hands of 
 the Arabs, and then joined them in their 
 siege, in order to revenge himself on Eu- 
 menes.* Eudocia fell into his power, but 
 she refused to marry a traitor. Caled re- 
 quested Phocyas to point out to him the 
 governor's tent ; on being refused, they 
 fought, and Caled fell. Abudah, being 
 now chief in command, made an honour- 
 able peace with the Syrians, Phocyas died, 
 and Eudocia retired to a convent. — J. 
 Hughes, Siege of Damascus (1720). 
 
 Siege of Rhodes, bv sir W. Daven- 
 
 ant (1656). 
 
 Sieg'fried \_Seeg. freed], hero of pt. 
 i. of the Nihelungen Lied, the old German 
 epic. Siegfried was a young warrior of 
 peerless strength and beauty, invulnerable 
 except in one spot between his shoulders. 
 He vanquished the Xiuelungs, and carried 
 away their immense hoards of gold and 
 precious stones. He wooed and won 
 Kjiemhild, the sister of Gunther king of 
 Burgundy, but was treacherously killed 
 by Hagan, while stooping for a draught 
 of water after a hunting expedition. 
 
 Siegfried had a cape or cloak, which 
 rendered him invisible, the gift of the 
 dwarf Alberich ; and his sword, called 
 Balmung, was forged by Wi eland, black- 
 smith of the Teutonic gods. 
 
 This epic consists of a number of differ- 
 ent lays by the old minnesingers, pieced 
 
SIEGFRIED VON LINDENBERG. 910 
 
 SJGISMUNDA. 
 
 together into a connected story as early as 
 1210. It is of Scandinavian origin, and 
 is in the Younger Edda, amongst the 
 " Volsunga Sagas " (compiled by Snorro, 
 in the thirteenth century). 
 
 Siegfried's Birthplace. He was born in 
 Phinecastle, then called Xanton. 
 
 Siegfried's Father and Mother. Sieg- 
 fried was the youngest son of Siegmund 
 and Sieglind, king and queen of the 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Siegfried called Horny. He was called 
 horny because when he slew the dragon, 
 he bathed in its blood, and became covered 
 with a horny hide which was invulnerable. 
 A linden leaf happened to fall on his back 
 between his shoulder-blades, and as the 
 blood did not touch this spot, it remained 
 vulnerable. — The minnesingers, The Ni- 
 belungen Lied (1210). 
 
 Sieg'fried yon Lindenberg, the 
 hero of a comic German romance, by 
 Miiller (1779). Still popular and very 
 amusing. 
 
 Sieglind \_Seeg.lind], the mother of 
 Siegfried, and wife of Siegmund king 
 of the Netherlands. — The minnesingers, 
 Th.c Nibelungen Lied (1210). 
 
 Siegmund [Seeg.mund], king^of the 
 Netherlands. His wife was Sieglind, and 
 his son Siegfried [Seeg. freed]. — The 
 minnesingers, The Nibelungen Lied (1210). 
 
 Sieve (The Trial of the). When a 
 vestal was charged with unchastity, she 
 was condemned to carry water from the 
 Tiber in a sieve without spilling any. If 
 she succeeded, she was pronounced in- 
 nocent ; but if any of the water ran out, it 
 was a confirmation of her guilt. 
 
 Sieve and Shears, a method of dis- 
 covering a thief. The modus operandi is 
 as follows : — A sieve is nicely balanced 
 by the points of shears touching the rim, 
 and the shears are supported on the tips 
 of the fingers while a passage of the Bible 
 is read, and the apostles Peter and Paul 
 are asked whether so-and-so is the cul- 
 prit. When the thief's name is uttered, 
 the sieve spins round. Theocritos men- 
 tions this way of divination in his Idyll, 
 iii., and Ben Jonson alludes to it: 
 
 Searching for things lost with a sieve and shears.— The 
 Alchemist, i. 1 (1010). 
 
 Sige'ro, " the Good," slain by Ar- 
 gantes. Argantes hurled his spear at 
 Godfrey, but it struck Sigero, who " re- 
 joiced tc suffer in his sovereign's place." 
 — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xi. (1575). 
 
 Sight. Nine things are necessary 
 before the form of anything can be dis- 
 cerned by the eye : (1) a power to see, (2) 
 light, (3) a visible object, (4) not too small, 
 (5) not too rare, (6) not too near, (7) not too 
 remote, (8) clear space, (9) sufficient time. 
 — See sir John Davies, Immortality of the 
 Soul, xiv. (1622). 
 
 Sightly (Captain), a dashing young 
 officer, who runs away with Priscilla 
 Tomboy, but subsequently obtains her 
 guardian's consent to marry her.— The 
 liomp (altered from Bickerstaff 's Love in 
 the City). 
 
 Sigismonda, daughter of Tancred 
 king of Salerno. She fell in love with 
 Guiscardo her father's 'squire, revealed to 
 him her love, and married him in a cavern 
 attached to the palace. Tancred discovered 
 them in each other's embrace, and gave 
 secret orders to waylay the bridegroom 
 and strangle him. He then went to Sigis- 
 monda, and reproved her for her degrading 
 choice, which she boldly justified. Next 
 day, she received a human heart in a gold 
 casket, knew instinctively that it was 
 Guiscardo's, and poisoned herself. Her 
 father being sent for, she survived just 
 long enough to request that she might be 
 buried in the same grave as her young 
 husband, and Tancred : 
 
 Too late repenting of his cruel deed, 
 One common sepulchre for both decreed ; 
 Intombed the wretched pair in royal state, 
 And on their monument inscribed their fate. 
 Dryden, Sigismonda and Guiscardo (from Boccaccio). 
 
 Sigismund, emperor of Austria. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Sigismunda, daughter of Siffredi lord 
 high chancellor of Sicily, and betrothed to 
 count Tancred. When king Roger died, 
 he left the crown of Sicily to Tancred, on 
 condition that he married Constantia, by 
 which means the rival lines would be 
 united, and the country saved from civil 
 war. Tancred gave a tacit consent, in- 
 tending to obtain a dispensation ; but 
 Sigismunda, in a moment of wounded 
 pride, consented to marry earl Osmond. 
 When king Tancred obtained an interview 
 with Sigismunda, to explain his conduct, 
 Osmond challenged him, and they fought. 
 Osmond fell, and when his wife ran to 
 him, he thrust his sword into Aer and 
 killed her. — J. Thomson, Tancred and 
 Sigismunda (1745). 
 
 *** This tragedy is based on "The 
 Baneful Marriage," an episode in Gil Bias, 
 founded on fact. 
 
SIGISMUNDA. 
 
 911 
 
 SILKY. 
 
 Sigismunda, the heroine of Cervantes's 
 last work of fiction. This tale is a tissue 
 of episodes, full of most incredible ad- 
 ventures, astounding prodigies, impossible 
 characters, and extravagant sentiments. 
 It is said that Cervantes himself preferred 
 it to his Don Quixote, just as Corneille 
 preferred Nicomede to his Cid, and Milton 
 Paradise Regained to his Paradise Lost. — 
 Encyc. Brit., Art. "Eomance." 
 
 Sigurd, the hero of an old Scandi- 
 navian legend. Sigurd discovered Brrn- 
 hild, encased in complete armour, lying 
 in a death-like sleep, to which she had 
 been condemned by Odin. Sigurd woke 
 her by ripping up her corselet, fell in love 
 with her, promised to marry her, but 
 deserted her for Gudrun. This ill-starred 
 union was the cause of an Iliad of woes. 
 
 An analysis of this romance was pub- 
 lished by Weber in his Illustrations of 
 Northern Antiquities (1810). 
 
 Sijil (Al), the recording angel. 
 
 On that day we will roll up the heavens as the angel Al 
 Sijil rolleth up the scroll wherein every man's actions are 
 recorded. — Al Kor&n, xxi. 
 
 Sikes (Bill), a burglar, and one of 
 Fagin's associates. Bill Sikes was a 
 hardened, irreclaimable villain, but had 
 a conscience which almost drove him 
 mad after the murder of Nancy, who 
 really loved him (ch. xlviii.). Bill Sikes 
 (1 syl.) had an ill-conditioned savage dog, 
 the beast-image of his master, which he 
 kicked and loved, ill-treated and fondled. 
 — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 The French "Bill Sikes" is "Jean 
 Hiroux," a creation of Henri Monnier. 
 
 Sikundra {The), a mausoleum about 
 six miles from Agra, raised by Akhbah 
 "the Great," in the reign of our Charles I. 
 
 Silence, a country justice of asinine 
 dulness when sober, but when in his cups 
 of most uproarious mirth. He was in 
 the commission of the peace with his cousin 
 Robert Shallow. 
 
 FoXstaff. I did not think Master Silence had been a man 
 of this mettle. 
 
 Silence. Who, I ? I have been merry twice and once, ere 
 now.— Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act v. sc. 3 (1598). 
 
 Sile'no, husband of Mysis ; a kind- 
 hearted man, who takes pity on Apollo 
 when cast to earth by Jupiter, and gives 
 him a home. — Kane O'Hara, Midas 
 (1764). 
 
 Silent {The), William I. prince of 
 Orange (1533-1584). It was the principle 
 of Napoleon III. emperor of the French 
 to "hear, see, and say nothing." 
 
 Silent Man (The), the barber of 
 
 Bagdad, the greatest chatterbox that ever 
 lived. Being sent for to shave the head 
 and beard of a young man who was to 
 visit the cadi's daughter at noon, he kept 
 him from daybreak to midday, prating, to 
 the unspeakable annoyance of the cus- 
 tomer. Being subsequently taken before 
 the caliph, he ran on telling story after 
 story about his six brothers. He was 
 called the "Silent Man," because on one 
 occasion, being accidentally taken up with 
 ten robbers, he never said he was not one of 
 the gang. His six brothers were Bacbouc 
 the hunchback, Bakbarah the toothless, 
 Bakac the one-eyed, Alcouz the blind, 
 Alnaschar the earless, and Schacabac the 
 hare-lipped. — Arabian Nights (" The Bar- 
 ber," and " The Barber's Six Brothers "). 
 
 Silent "Woman (The), a comedy by 
 Ben Jonson (1609). Morose, a miserly 
 old fellow, who hates to hear any voice 
 but his own, has a young nephew, sir 
 Dauphine, who wants to wring from him 
 a third of his property ; and the way he 
 gains his point is this : He induces a lad 
 to pretend to be a "silent woman." 
 Morose is so delighted with the phenome- 
 non that he consents to marry the pro- 
 digy ; but the moment the ceremony is 
 over, the boy-wife assumes the character 
 of a virago, whose tongue is a ceaseless 
 clack. Morose is in despair, and signs 
 away a third of his property to his 
 nephew, on condition of being rid of this 
 intolerable pest. The trick is now re- 
 vealed, Morose retires into private life, 
 and sir Dauphine remains master of the 
 situation. 
 
 Sile'nus, son of Pan, chief of the 
 sile'ni or older satyrs. Silenus was the 
 foster-father of Bacchus the wine-god, 
 and is described as a jovial old toper, with 
 bald head, pug nose, and pimply face. 
 
 Old Silenus, bloated, drunken, 
 Led by his inebriate satyrs. 
 
 Longfellow, Drinking Song. 
 
 Silhouette (3 syl.), a black profile. 
 So called from Etienne de Silhouette, 
 coritroleur des finances under Louis XV. 
 (1757). 
 
 Les reformes financieres de ce minisrre ayant paru 
 mesquines et ridicules, la caricature s'en empara, et Ton 
 donna le nom de Silhouettes a ces dessins imparfaits ou. 
 Ton se bornait a indiquer par un simple trait le contour 
 des objets. 
 
 Silky, a Jew money-lender, swindler, 
 and miser. (See Sulky.) 
 
 Vou cheat all day, tremble at night, and act the hypo- 
 crite the first thing in the morning.— T. Holcroft, Tht 
 Road to Ruin, ii. 3 (1792). 
 
SILLY BILLY. 
 
 912 
 
 SILYESTRE. 
 
 Silly Billy, William IY. (1765, 1830- 
 1837). 
 
 Silu'res (3 syL), the inhabitants of 
 Silu'ria, that is, Herefordshire, Mon- 
 mouthshire, Radnorshire, Brecon, and 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 Those Silu'res, called by us the South Wales men. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Silva (Don Ruy Gomez de), an old 
 Spanish grandee, to whom Elvira was 
 betrothed ; but she detested him, and 
 loved Emani, a bandit-captain. Charles 
 Y. tried to seduce her, and Silva, in his 
 wrath, joined Ernani to depose the king. 
 The plot being discovered, the conspi- 
 rators were arrested, but, at the interces- 
 sion of Elvira, Avere pardoned. The 
 marriage of Ernani and Elvira was just 
 about to be consummated, when a horn 
 sounded. Ernani had bound himself, 
 wheu Silva joined the bandit, to put an 
 end to his life whenever summoned so to 
 do by Silva ; and the summons was to be 
 given by the blast of a horn. Silva being 
 relentless, Emani kept his vow, and 
 stabbed himself. — Yerdi, Ernani (1841). 
 
 Silver Age (The), the age succeed- 
 ing the golden, and succeeded by the 
 iron age. The best period of the world 
 or of a nation is its golden age, noted for 
 giants of literature, simplicity of man- 
 ners, integrity of conduct, honesty of 
 intention, and domestic virtues. The 
 Elizabethan was the golden age of Eng- 
 land. The silver age of a people is noted 
 for its elegant refinement, its delicacy of 
 speech, its luxurious living, its politeness 
 and artificial manners. The reign of 
 Anne was the silver age of England. 
 The iron age is that of commerce and 
 hard matter-of-fact. Birth is no longer 
 the one thing needful, but hard cash ; 
 the romance of life has died out, and 
 iron and coals are the philosopher's stone. 
 The age of Yictoria is the iron age of 
 England. Strange that the three ages 
 should all be the reigns of queens ! 
 
 Silver Code (The), a translation 
 into Gothic of parts both of the Old and 
 New Testaments by bishop Ulfilas, in the 
 eighth century. Still extant. 
 
 Silver-Fork School (The), a name 
 given to a class of English novelists who 
 gave undue importance to etiquette and 
 the externals of social intercourse. The 
 most distinguished are : lady Blessington 
 (1789-1849), Theodore Hook (1710-1796), 
 lord Lytton (1804-1873), and Mrs. Trol- 
 lope (1790-1863). 
 
 Silver Pen. Eliza Meteyard was 
 so called by Douglas Jerrold, and she 
 adopted the pseudonym (1816-1879). 
 
 Silver Spoon. Born with a silver 
 spoon in your mouth means born to 
 good luck. The allusion is to the 
 silver spoons given as prizes and at 
 christenings. The lucky man is born 
 with the prize in his mouth, and does 
 not need to wait for it or to earn it. 
 
 Silver Star of Love (The), the 
 star which appeared to Yasco da Gama 
 when his ships were tempest-tossed 
 through the malice of Bacchus. Imme- 
 diately the star appeared, the tempest 
 ceased, and there was a great calm. 
 
 The sky and ocean blending, each on Are, 
 Seemed as all Nature struggled to expire ; 
 When now the Silver Star of Love appeared. 
 Bright in the east her radiant front she reared. 
 
 Camoens, Lusiad, vL (1572). 
 
 Silver-Tongued (The), Joshua Syl- 
 vester, translator of Du Bartas's Divine 
 Weeks and Works (1563-1618). 
 
 William Bates, a puritan divine (1625- 
 1699). 
 
 Henry Smith, preacher (1550-1600). 
 
 Anthony Hammond, the poet, called 
 " Silver Tongue " (1668-1738). 
 
 Spranger Barry, the "Irish Roscius" 
 (1719-1777). 
 
 Silver "Wedding (The), the twenty- 
 fifth anniversary ; the fiftieth anniversary 
 is the golden wedding. In German y 
 those persons who attain the twenty-fifth 
 anniversary of their wedding day are 
 presented by their friends and family 
 with a wreath of silver flowers, and on 
 the fiftieth anniversary with a wreath of 
 gold flowers. The fifth anniversary is 
 the wooden wedding, and the seventy- 
 fifth the diamond wedding. Sometimes 
 the Wedding Service is repeated on the 
 fiftieth anniversary. 
 
 In 1879 William king of Prussia and 
 emperor of Germany celebrated his golden 
 wedding. 
 
 Silverquill (Sam), one of the pri- 
 soners at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Silves de la Selva (The Exploits 
 and Adventures of), part of the series 
 called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining 
 to "Am'adis of Gaul." This part was 
 added by Feliciano de Silva. 
 
 Silvestre (2 syL), valet of Octave 
 (son of Argante and brother of Zerbi- 
 nette). — Moliere, Lcs Fourberies de Scapin 
 (1671). 
 
SILVIA. 
 
 913 
 
 SIMURGH. 
 
 Sil/Via, daughter of the duke of 
 Milan, and the lady-love of Valentine 
 one of the heroes of the play. — Shake- 
 speare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona 
 (1594). 
 
 Simmons ( Widow), the seamstress ; 
 a neighbour of the Ramsays. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 FJi'mon {Martin), proprietor of the 
 village Bout du Monde, and miller of 
 Grenoble. He is called " The king of 
 Pelvoux," and in reality is the baron de 
 Peyras, who has given up all his estates 
 to his nephew, the young chevalier Mar- 
 ccllin de Peyras, and retired to Grenoble, 
 where he lived as a villager. Martin 
 Simon is in secret possession of a gold- 
 mine left him by his father, with the 
 stipulation that he should place it beyond 
 the reach of any private man on the day 
 it became a " source of woe and crime." 
 Rabisson, a travelling tinker, the only 
 person who knows about it, being mur- 
 dered, Simon is suspected ; but Eusebe 
 Noel confesses the crime. Simon then 
 makes the mine over to the king of 
 France, as it had proved the source both 
 "of woe and crime." — E. Stirling, The 
 Gold-Mine or Miller of Grenoble (1854). 
 
 Simon Pure, a young qnaker from 
 Pennsylvania, on a visit to Obadiah Prim 
 (a Bristol quaker, and one of the guardians 
 of Anne Lovely the heiress). Colonel 
 Feignwell personated Simon Pure, and 
 obtained Obadiah's consent to marry his 
 ward. When the real Simon Pure pre- 
 sented himself, the colonel denounced 
 him as an impostor ; but after he had 
 obtained the guardian's signature, he 
 confessed the trick, and showed how he 
 had obtained the consent of the other 
 three guardians. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold 
 Stroke for a Wife (1717). 
 
 *** This name has become a house- 
 hold word for " the real man," the ipsis- 
 simus ego. 
 
 Si'monie or Si'moxy, the friar, in the 
 beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). So 
 called from Simon Magus (Acts viii. 
 9-24). 
 
 , Simony {Dr.), in Foote's farce called 
 The Cozeners, was meant for Dr. Dodd. 
 
 Sim'org, a bird ' ' which hath seen 
 the world thrice destroyed." It is found 
 in Kaf, but, as Hafiz says, " searching 
 for the simorg is like searching for the 
 philosopher's stone." This does not 
 agree with Beckford's account (see 
 Simubgh). 
 39 
 
 In Kaf the simorg hath its dwelling-place, 
 The all-knowing bird of ages, who hath seen 
 The world with all its children thrice destroyed. 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, viii. 19 (1797). 
 
 SimpCOX (Saunder), a lame man, who 
 asserted he was born blind, and to whom 
 St. Alban said, "Come, offer at my 
 shrine, and I will help thee." Being 
 brought before Humphrey duke of 
 Gloucester, the lord protector, he was 
 asked how he became lame ; and Simp- 
 cox, replied he fell from a tree, which he 
 had climbed to gather plums for his wife. 
 The duke then asked if his sight had 
 been restored ? ' ' Yes, " said the man ; and 
 being shown divers colours, could readily 
 distinguish between red, blue, brown, 
 and so on. The duke told the rascal 
 that a blind man does not climb trees to 
 gather their fruits ; and one born blind 
 might, if his sight were restored, know 
 that one colour differed from another, but 
 could not possibly know which was 
 which. He then placed a stool before 
 him, and ordered the constables to whip 
 him till he jumped over it ; whereon the 
 lame man jumped over it, and ran off as 
 fast as his legs could carry him. Sir 
 Thomas More tells this story, and Shake- 
 speare introduces it in 2 Henry VI. act 
 ii. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 Simple, the servant of Slender (cousin 
 of justice Shallow). — Shakespeare, The 
 Merry Wives of Windsor (1596). 
 
 Simple (The), Charles III. of France 
 (879, 893-929). 
 
 Simple (Peter), the hero and title of a 
 novel by captain Marryat (1833). 
 
 Simple Simon, a man more sinned 
 against than sinning, whose misfortunes 
 arose from his wife Margery's cruelty, 
 which began the very morning of their 
 marriage. 
 
 We do not know whether it is necessary to seek for a 
 Teutonic or Northern original for this once popular book. 
 —Quarterly Review. 
 
 Simpson (Tarn), the drunken barber. 
 —Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Simson (Jean), an old woman at 
 Middlemas village.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Simurgh, a fabulous Eastern bird, 
 endowed with reason and knowing all 
 languages. It had seen the great cycle 
 of 7000 years twelve times, and, during 
 that period, it declared it had seen the 
 earth wholly without inhabitant seven 
 times. — W. Beckford, Vathek (notes, 
 
SIN. 
 
 914 SINGLE-SPEECH HAMILTON. 
 
 1784). This does not agree with Southey's 
 account (see Simorg). 
 
 Sin, twin-keeper, with Death, of Hell- 
 gate. She sprang, full-grown, from the 
 head of Satan. 
 
 Woman to the waist, and fair, 
 But ending foul in many a scaly fold 
 Voluminous and vast, a serpent armed 
 With mortal sting. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. (1665). 
 
 Sin'adone (The lady of), metamor- 
 phosed hy enchantment into a serpent. 
 Sir Lybius (one of Arthur's knights) 
 slew the enchantress, and the serpent, 
 coiling about his neck, kissed him ; 
 whereupon the spell was broken, the 
 serpent became a lovely princess, and sir 
 Lybius made her his wife. — Libeaux (a 
 romance). 
 
 Sindbad, a merchant of Bagdad, who 
 acquired great wealth by merchandize. 
 He went seven voyages, which he related 
 to a poor discontented porter named 
 Hindbad, to show him that wealth must 
 be obtained by enterprise and pergonal 
 exertion. 
 
 First Voyage. Being becalmed in the 
 Indian Ocean, he and some others of the 
 crew visited what they supposed to be an 
 island, but which was in reality a huge 
 whale asleep. They lighted a fire on the 
 whale, and the heat woke the creature, 
 which instantly dived under water. Sind- 
 bad was picked up by some merchants, 
 and in due time returned home. 
 
 Second Voyage. Sindbad was left, during 
 sleep, on a desert island, and discovered 
 a roc's egg, " fifty paces in circum- 
 ference." He fastened himself to the 
 claw of the bird, and was deposited in 
 the valley of diamonds. Next day, some 
 merchants came to the top of the crags, 
 and threw into the valley huge joints of 
 raw meat, to which the diamonds stuck, 
 and when the eagles picked up the meat, 
 the merchants scared them from their 
 nests, and carried off the diamonds. 
 Sindbad fastened himself to a piece of 
 meat, was carried by an eagle to its nest, 
 and being rescued by the merchants, re- 
 turned home laden Avith diamonds. 
 
 Third Voyage is the encounter with 
 the Cyclops. (See Ulysses and Poly- 
 phejios, where the account is given in 
 detail.) 
 
 Fourth Voyage. Sindbad married a 
 lady of rank in a strange island on which 
 he was cast; and when his wife died, he 
 was buried alive with the dead body, 
 according to the custom of the land. He 
 made his way out of the catacomb, and 
 
 returned to Bagdad, greatly enriched by 
 valuables rifled from the dead bodies. 
 
 Fifth Voyage. The ship in which he 
 sailed was dashed to pieces by huge 
 stones let down from the talons of two 
 angry rocs. Sindbad swam to a desert 
 island, where he threw stones at the 
 monkeys, and the monkeys threw back 
 cocoa-nuts. On this island Sindbad en- 
 countered and killed the Old Man of the 
 Sea. 
 
 Sixth Voyage. Sindbad visited the 
 island of Serendib (or Ceylon), and 
 climbed to the top of the mountain "where 
 Adam was placed on his expulsion from 
 paradise." 
 
 Seventh Voyage. He was attacked by 
 corsairs, sold to slavery, and employed in 
 shooting elephants from a tree. He dis- 
 covered a tract of hill. country completely 
 covered with elephants' tusks, communi- 
 cated his discovery to his master, obtained 
 his liberty, and returned home. — Arabian 
 Nights (" Sindbad the Sailor"). 
 
 Sindbad, Ulysses, and the Cy- 
 clops. (See Ulysses and Polyphe- 
 mos.) 
 
 Sin'el, thane of Glamis, and father 
 of Macbeth. He married the younger 
 daughter of Malcolm II. of Scotland. 
 
 Sing (Sadha), the mourner of the 
 desert. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Singe de Racine (Le), Campistron, 
 the French dramatic poet (1G56-1723). 
 
 Singing Apple (The), in the deserts 
 of Libya. This apple resembled a ruby 
 crowned with a huge diamond, and had 
 the gift of imparting wit to those who 
 only smelt of it. Prince Chery obtained 
 it for Fairstar. (See Singing Tree.) 
 
 The singing apple is as great an embellisher of wit as 
 the dancing water is of beauty. Would you appear in 
 public as a poet or prose writer, a wit or a philosopher, 
 you only need smell it, and you are possessed at once of 
 these rare gifts of genius.— Comtesse D'Auuoy, Fairy Talv* 
 ("Princess Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 Singing Tree {The), a tree, every 
 leaf of which was a mouth, and all tho 
 leaves sang together in harmonious con- 
 cert. — Arabian Nights (" The Two 
 Sisters," the last story). 
 
 *** In the tale of Chery and Fairstar , 
 " the singing tree " is called " the singing 
 apple" (q.vT). 
 
 Single-Speech Hamilton, Willi am 
 
 Gerard Hamilton, statesman (172i>-1796). 
 His first speech was delivered November 
 13, 1775, and his eloquence threw into 
 
SINGLETON. 
 
 915 
 
 SIRENS. 
 
 the shade every orator except Pitt him- 
 self. 
 
 It was supposed that he had exhausted himself in that 
 one speeeh, and had become physically incapable of 
 making a second ; so that afterwards, when he really did 
 make a second, everybody was naturally disgusted, and 
 most people dropped his acquaintance.— De Quincey (1786- 
 1859). 
 
 Singleton {Captain), the hero of a 
 novel by D. Defoe, called The Adventures 
 of Captain Singleton. 
 
 The second part [of Robinson Crusoe] scarcely rises 
 above the level of Captain, Singleton.— Encyc. Brit., Art, 
 ••Romance." 
 
 Singular Doctor (TJie), William 
 Occam, Doctor Singular is et Invincibilis 
 (1276-1347). 
 
 *** The " Occam razor" was entia non 
 sunt multiplicanda, "entities are not to 
 be unnecessarily multiplied." In other 
 words, elements, genera, and first prin- 
 ciples are very few in number. 
 
 Sin'is or Sinnis, a Corinthian robber, 
 called " The Pine-Bender," because he 
 fastened his victims to the branches of 
 two adjacent pine trees bent down by 
 force ; being then left to rebound, they 
 tore the victim to pieces. — Greek Fable. 
 
 In Stephen's reign, we are told, "the 
 barons took those supposed to have any 
 property, and inflicted on them unutter- 
 able tortures. Some they hanged up by 
 the feet, and smoked with foul smoke ; 
 some they hung by the thumbs, and 
 weighted with coats of mail. They tied 
 knotted cords about the heads of others, 
 and twisted the cords till the pain went to 
 the brains ; others they kept in dungeons 
 with adders and snakes. Some they tore 
 in pieces by fastening them to two trees ; 
 and some they placed in a crucet house, 
 i.e. a chest short and narrow, in which 
 were spikes: the victims being forced into 
 the chest, all their limbs were crushed 
 and broken." — Ingram, Saxon Chronicle. 
 
 Sinner Saved (A). Cyra daughter 
 of Proterius of Cappadocia was on the 
 point of taking the veil among Emmelia's 
 sisterhood, and just before the day of 
 renunciation, Eleenion, her father's freed 
 slave, who loved her, sold himself to the 
 devil, on condition of obtaining her for his 
 wife. He signed the bond with a drop of 
 his heart's blood, and carried about with 
 him a little red spot on his breast, as a 
 perpetual reminder of the compact. The 
 devil now sent a dream to Cyra, and 
 another to her father, which caused them 
 to change their plans ; and on the very 
 day that Cyra was to have taken the veil, 
 she was given by St. Basil in marriage to 
 Eleemon, with whom she lived happily for 
 
 many years, and had a large family. One 
 night, while her husband was asleep, Cyra 
 saw the blood-red spot ; she knew what it 
 meant, and next day Eleemon told her the 
 whole story. Cyra now bestirred herself 
 to annul the compact, and went Avith her 
 husband to St. Basil, to whom a free and 
 full confession was made. Eleemon was 
 shut up for a night in a cell, and Satan 
 would have carried him off, but he clung 
 to the foot of a crucifix. Next day, Satan 
 met St. Basil in the cathedral, and de- 
 manded his bond. St. Basil assured him 
 the bond was illegal and invalid. The 
 devil was foiled, the red mark vanished 
 from the skin of Eleemon, a sinner was 
 saved, and St. Basil came off victorious. 
 — Amphilochius, Life of St. Basil. (See 
 Roswe3'de, Vita; Patrum, 156-8.) 
 
 *** Southey has converted this legend 
 into a ballad of nine lays (1829). 
 
 Sinon, the crafty Greek who per- 
 suaded the Trojans to drag the Wooden 
 Horse into their city. — Virgil, JEneid, ii. 
 
 Dante, in his Inferno, places Sinon, 
 with Potiphar's wife, Nimrod, and the 
 rebellious giants, in the tenth pit of 
 Malebolge (see p. 473). 
 
 Sin'toism, the primitive religion of 
 Japan. It recognizes Tien ("the sun") 
 as the supreme deity, under whom is a 
 crowd of inferior gods and goddesses. 
 The priests eat no animal food. The 
 name is derived from Sin, a demi-god. 
 
 Sintram, the Greek hero of the 
 German romance Sintram and His Com- 
 panions, by baron Lamotte Fouque'. 
 
 Sintram's Sword, Welsung. 
 
 Sio'na, a seraph, to whom was com- 
 mitted the charge of Bartholomew the 
 apostle. — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. 
 (1748). 
 
 Siph/a, the guardian angel of Andrew 
 the brother of Simon Peter. — Klopstock, 
 The Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Si'phax, a soldier, in love with prin- 
 cess Calis, sister of Astorax king of 
 Paphos. The princess is in love with 
 Pol.ydore the brother of general Memnon 
 (" the mad lover"). — Beaumont and Flet- 
 cher, The Mad Lover (1617). 
 
 Sir Oracle, a dictatorial prig', a 
 dogmatic pedant. 
 
 I am sir Oracle, 
 And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark. 
 Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, act i. sc. 1 (1598). 
 
 Sirens, three sea-nymphs, whose 
 usual abode was a small island near cape 
 
SIRLOIN OF BEEF. 
 
 916 
 
 SITOPHAGUS. 
 
 Pelorus, in Sicily. They enticed sailors 
 ashore by their melodious singing, and 
 then killed them. Their names are 
 Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucothea. — 
 Greek Fable. 
 
 Sirloin of Beef. James I., on his 
 return from a hunting excursion, so 
 much enjoyed his dinner, consisting of 
 a loin of roast beef, that he laid his 
 sword across it, and dubbed it sir Loin. 
 At Chingford, in Essex, is a place called 
 "Friday Hill House," in one of the 
 rooms of which is an oak table with a 
 brass plate let into it, inscribed with the 
 following words: — "All Lovers of 
 Roast Beef will like to know that 
 on this Table a Loin was knighted 
 by king James the First on his 
 Return from Hunting in EpriNG 
 Forest." 
 
 Knighting the loin of beef is also 
 ascribed to Charles II. 
 
 Our second Charles, of fame facete, 
 
 On loin of beef did dine; 
 He held bis sword, pleased, o'er tbe meat : 
 " Arise, thou famed sir Loin." 
 
 Ballad of the A'ew air John Barleycorn. 
 
 Sirocco, a wind, called the solano in 
 Spain ; the khamsin in Egypt ; the 
 simoom in Western Asia ; and the 
 barmattan on the coast of Guinea. The 
 Italians say of a stupid book, Era scritto 
 in tempo dal scirocco ("It was written 
 during the sirocco "). 
 
 Sister Anne, sister of FatTma (the 
 seventh and last wife of Bluebeard). 
 Fatima, being condemned to death by 
 her tyrannical husband, requested sister 
 Anne to ascend to the highest tower of 
 the castle to watch f )r her brothers, who 
 were momentarily expected. Bluebeard 
 kept roaring below stairs for Fatima to 
 be quick ; Fatima was constantly calling 
 out from her chamber, "Sister Anne, do 
 you see them coming?" and sister Anne 
 was on the watch-tower, mistaking every 
 cloud of dust for the mounted brothers. 
 They arrived at last, rescued Fatima> and 
 put Bluebeard to death.— Charles Per- 
 rault, Contes (" La Barbe Bleue," 1697). 
 
 This is a Scandinavian tale taken from 
 the Folks Sagas. 
 
 Sis'yphos, i n Latin Sisyphus, a 
 king of Corinth, noted for his avarice 
 and fraud. He was punished in the 
 infernal regions by having to roll uphill 
 a huge stone, which always rolled down 
 again as soon as it reached the top. 
 Sisyphos is a type of avarice, never 
 satisfied. The avaricious man reaches 
 
 the summit of his ambition, and no 
 sooner does he so than he finds the 
 object of his desire as far off as ever. 
 
 With many a weary step, and many a groan, 
 Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone ; 
 The huge round stone, returning with a bound, 
 Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground. 
 Homer, Odystey, xi. (Pope's trans.). 
 
 Sisyphus, in the Milesian tales, was 
 doomed to die, but when Death came to 
 him, the wily fellow contrived to fasten 
 the unwelcome messenger in a chair, and 
 then feasted him till old Spare-ribs grew 
 as fat as a prize pig. In time, Pluto 
 released Death, and Sisyphus was caught, 
 but pra} T ed that he might speak to his 
 wife before he went to hades. The 
 prayer was granted, and Sisyphus told 
 his wife not to bury him, for though she 
 might think him dead, he would not be 
 really so. When he got to the infernal 
 regions, he made the ghosts so merry 
 with his jokes that Pluto reproved him, 
 and Sisyphus pleaded that, as he had not 
 been buried, Pluto had no jurisdiction 
 over him, nor could he even be ferried 
 across the Styx. He then obtained 
 leave to return to earth, that he might 
 persuade his wife to bury him. Now, 
 the Avily old king had previously bribed 
 Hermes, when he took him to hades, to 
 induce Zeus to grant him life, provided 
 he returned to earth again in the body ; 
 when, therefore, he did return, he de- 
 manded of Hermes the fulfilment of his 
 promise, and Hermes induced Zeus to 
 bestow on him life. Sisyphus was now 
 allowed to return to earth, with a promise 
 that he should never die again till he 
 himself implored for death. So he lived 
 and lived till he was weary of living, 
 and when he went to hades the second 
 time, he was allotted, by way of punish- 
 ment, the task of rolling a huge stone to 
 the top of a mountain. Orpheus (2 syl.) 
 asked him how he could endure so cease- 
 less and vain an employment, and Sisy- 
 phus replied that he hoped ultimately 
 to accomplish the task. "Never," ex- 
 claimed Orpheus ; "it can never be 
 done!" "Well, then," said Sisyphus, 
 " mine is at worst but everlasting hope." 
 — Lord Lytton, Sales of Miletus, ii.. 
 
 Sitoph'agUS(" the wheat-eater'"), one 
 of the mouse princes, who, being wounded 
 in the battle, crept into a ditch to avoid 
 further injury or danger. 
 
 The lame Sitophagus, oppressed with pain, 
 Creeps from the desperate dangers of the plain ; 
 And where the ditches rising weeds supply . . . 
 There lurks the silent mouse relieved of beat, 
 And, safe embowered, avoids the chance of fate. 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Alice, iii. (about 1712). 
 
SIWARD. 
 
 917 
 
 SKIFFINS, 
 
 The last two lines might be amended 
 thus : 
 
 There lurks the trembling mouse with bated breath, 
 And, hid from sight, avoids his instant death. 
 
 Si ward \_Se'.ward], the earl of Nor- 
 thumberland, and general of the English 
 forces acting against Macbeth. — Shake- 
 spear*, Macbeth (1606). 
 
 Six Chronicles (The). Dr. Giles 
 compiled and edited six Old English 
 Chronicles for Bohn's series in 1848. 
 They are : Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's 
 Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's 
 British History, Gildas the Wise, Nennius's 
 History of the Britons, and Richard of 
 Cirencester On the Ancient State of Britain. 
 The last three were edited, in 1757, by 
 professor Bertram, in his Scriptores Tres, 
 but great doubt exists on the genuineness 
 of Dr. Bertram's compilation. (See 
 Three Writers.) 
 
 Six Islands {The), which constitu- 
 ted "Great Brittany" before the Saxon 
 period, were Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, 
 the Orkneys, Norway, and Dacia (or 
 Denmark). 
 
 Six Months' "War (The), the great 
 war between Prussia and France. The 
 emperor (Napoleon III.) left St. Cloud 
 July 28, 1870, and Paris capitulated 
 January 28, 1871. 
 
 Sixpenny War (The), the O. P. 
 (old price) riot of Covent Garden in 1809. 
 So called because the managers tried to 
 raise the price of admission from 3s. Qd. 
 to 4s. If the managers had not given 
 way, the newly built theatre would have 
 been utterly dismantled. 
 
 Sixteen-String Jack, John Rann, 
 a highwayman. He was a great fop, 
 and wore sixteen tags to his breeches, 
 eight at each knee (hanged 1774). 
 
 Dr. Johnson said that Gray's poetry towered above the 
 ordinary run of verse, as Sixteen-String Jack above the 
 ordinary foot-pad. — Boswell, Life of Johnson (1791). 
 
 SkefiBngton, author of Sleeping 
 Beauty, Maids and Bachelors, etc. 
 
 And sure great Skeffington must claim our praise 
 . for skirtless coats, and skeletons of plays. 
 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotth Jieviewers (1S09). 
 
 SkeggS (Miss Carolina Wilhelmina 
 Amelia), the companion of "lady Blar- 
 ney." These were two flash women 
 introduced by squire Thornhill to the 
 Primrose family, with a view of beguiling 
 the two eldest daughters, who were both 
 very beautiful. Sir William Thornhill 
 thwarted their infamous purpose. — Gold- 
 smith, Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 
 
 Skeleton at the Feast. Plutarch 
 
 says that in Egyptian banquets toward* 
 the close a servant brought in a skeleton, 
 and cried aloud to the guests, " Look on 
 this ! Eat, drink, and be merry, for to- 
 morrow you die ! " Herodotos says the 
 skeleton was a wooden one, about eighteen 
 inches in length. (See 1 Cor. xv. 32.) 
 
 The stranger feasted at his board ; 
 But, like the skeleton at the feast, 
 That warning timepiece never ceased : 
 " For ever — Never 1 Never — For ever 1 " 
 
 Longfellow, The Old Clock on the Stairs. 
 
 Skelton (Sam), a smuggler. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Bedgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Sketchley (Arthur), George Hose, 
 author of Mrs. Brown (her observations 
 on men and objects, politics and manners, 
 etc.). 
 
 Skettles (Sir Barnet), of Fulham. 
 He expressed his importance by an 
 antique gold snuff-box and silk hand- 
 kerchief. His hobby was to extend his 
 acquaintances, and to introduce people 
 to each other. Skettles, junior, was a 
 pupil of Dr. Blimber. — C. Dickens, 
 Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Skevington's Daughter, an in- 
 strument of torture invented by Skeving- 
 ton, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign 
 of Henry VIII. It consisted of a broad 
 iron hoop, in two parts, jointed with a 
 hinge. The victim was put into the 
 hoop, which was then squeezed close and 
 locked. Here he remained for about an 
 hour and a half in the most inexpressible 
 torture. (Generally corrupted into the 
 "Scavenger's Daughter.") 
 
 Skewton (Ihe Hon. Mrs.), mother 
 of Edith (Mr. Dombey'B second wife). 
 Having once been a beauty, she painted 
 when old and shrivelled, became en- 
 thusiastic about the " charms of nature," 
 and reclined in her bath-chair in the 
 attitude she assumed in her barouche 
 when young and well off. A fashionable 
 artist had painted her likeness in this 
 attitude, and called his picture " Cleo- 
 patra." The Hon. Mrs. Skewton was 
 the sister of the late lord Feenix, and 
 aunt to the present lord. — C. Dickens, 
 Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Skies, snobs, blackguards. At West- 
 minster School the boys call themselves 
 Bomans, and the ' ' town " Volsci, contracted 
 into 'sci, and corrupted into " skies." 
 
 "Snowball the skies 1 " thought I, not knowing that 
 ' skies " and blackguards were synonymous terms.— 
 Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, etc., I. 2. 
 
 Skiffins (Miss), an angular, middle- 
 
SKIMPOLE. 
 
 ■918 
 
 SLANG. 
 
 aged -woman, who wears "green kid 
 gloves when dressed for company." She 
 marries Wemmick. — C. Dickens, Great 
 Expectations (1860). 
 
 Skimpole (Harold), an amateur 
 artist, always sponging on his friends. 
 Under a plausible, light-hearted manner, 
 he was intensel)' selfish, but Mr. Jarndyce 
 looked on him as a mere child, and 
 believed in him implicitly. — C. Dickens, 
 Bleak House (1852). 
 
 (The original of this character was 
 Leigh Hunt, who was greatly displeased 
 at the skit.) 
 
 Skin (The Man vnthout a), Richard 
 Cumberland. So called by Garrick, on 
 account of his painful sensitiveness of 
 all criticism. The same irritability of 
 temper made Sheridan caricature him in 
 The Critic as "sir Fretful Plagiary" 
 (1732-1811). 
 
 Skinfaxi (" shining mane"), the 
 horse which draAvs the chariot of day. — 
 
 Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Skoftmng, the sword of king Rolf 
 the Norway hero, preserved for centuries 
 in Iceland. 
 
 Skogan. (See Scogan.) 
 
 Skreigh (Mr.), the precentor at the 
 Gordon Arms inn, Kippletringan. — Sir 
 VV. Scott, Guy Manncring (time, George 
 II.). 
 
 Skulls. The skulls of the ancient 
 Persians were so thin-boned that a small 
 pebble would break them ; whereas those 
 of the Egyptians were so thick in the 
 bone that they would not break even with 
 the blow of a huge stone. — Herodotos, 
 History (in nine books, called " The 
 Nine Muses"). 
 
 Skulls at Banquets. Plutarch 
 tells us that towards the close of an 
 Egyptian feast a servant brought in a 
 skeleton, and cried to the guests, "Eat, 
 drink, and be merry, for to-morrow you 
 die ! " 
 
 Like skulls at Mempliian banquets. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 65 (1820) 
 
 Skurliewhitter (Andrew), the 
 scrivener. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
 \Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Sky-Lark, a lark with the " skies " 
 or 'scls. The Westminster boys used to 
 style themselves Romans, and the 
 "town" Volsci ; the latter word was 
 curtailed to 'set [sky']. A row between 
 the Westminsterians and the town roughs 
 
 was called a 'sci-lark or a lark with the 
 Volsci. 
 
 Skyresh Bol'golam, the high 
 admiral or galbet of the realm of Lilliput. 
 — Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to 
 Lilliput," iii., 1726). 
 
 S. L. Laud ordered William Prynne 
 to be branded on both cheeks with the 
 letters S. L., meaning "Schismatic libel- 
 ler ; " but Prynne insisted that the letters 
 stood for Stigmata Laudis ("Laud's dis- 
 grace"). 
 
 Slackbridge, one of the "hands" 
 in Bounderby's mill at Coketown. Slack- 
 bridge is an ill-conditioned fellow, ill 
 made, with lowering eyebrows, and 
 though inferior to many of the others, 
 exercises over them a great influence. 
 He is the orator, who stirs up his fellow- 
 workmen to strike. — C. Dickens, Hard 
 Times (1854). 
 
 Slammerkin (Mrs. ) . Captain Mac- 
 heath says of her, " She is careless and 
 genteel." " All you fine ladies," he adds, 
 ' ' who know your own beauty, affect an 
 undress." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, ii. 
 1 (1727). 
 
 Slander, an old hag, of "ragged, 
 rude attyre, and filthy lockes," who 
 sucked venom out of her nails. It was 
 her nature to abuse all goodness, to frame 
 groundless charges, to "steale away the 
 crowne of a good name," and " never 
 thing so well was doen, but she with 
 blame would blot, and of due praise 
 deprive." 
 
 A fcnile and loathly creature sure in sight, 
 And in conditions to be loathed no lesse ; 
 For she was stuft with rancour and despight 
 Up to the throat, that oft with bitternesse 
 It forth would breake and gush in great excesse, 
 Pouring out streames of poyson and of gall 
 'Gainst all that truth or vertue doe professe, 
 Whom she with leasings lewdly did miscall, 
 And wickedly backbite. Her name men "Sclaunder"' 
 call. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, IV. viii. 24 (1596). 
 
 Slang, from Slangenberg, a Dutch 
 general, noted for his abusive and ex- 
 aggerated epithets when he reproved the 
 men under his command. The etymon 
 is suited to this dictionary, and the fol- 
 lowing are not without wit : — Italian, 
 s-lingua, s negative and lingua =. "bad 
 language ; " French, esclandre, " an event 
 which gives rise to scandal," hence, faire 
 esclandre, " to expose one to scandal," 
 causer de Vescandre, "to give ground for 
 scandal ; " Greek, skanddlon, " an offence, 
 a scandal." " Slangs," fetters for male- 
 factors. 
 
SLANGO. 
 
 919 
 
 SLEEPER. 
 
 Slango, a lad, servant of Gaylove 
 a young barrister. He dresses up as a 
 woman, and when squire Sapskull comes 
 from Yorkshire for a wife, Slango passes 
 himself oft* as Arbella. In the mean time, 
 Gaylove assumes the airs and manners of 
 a Yorkshire tike, and marries Arbella, 
 with whom he is in love. — Carey, The 
 Honest Torkshireman (1736). 
 
 Slawken-Ber'gius Hafen, an 
 imaginary author, distinguished for the 
 great length of his nose. In the Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (by 
 Sterne), Slawken-Bergius is referred to 
 . as a great authority on all lore connected 
 with noses, and a curious tale is intro- 
 duced from his hypothetical works about 
 a man with an enormously long nose. 
 
 No nose can be justly amputated by the public, not 
 even the nose of Slawken-Bergius himself .— Carlyle. 
 
 Slaygood (Giant), master of a gang 
 of thieves which infested the King's 
 highway. Mr. Greatheart slew him, and 
 rescued Feeblemind from his grasp in a 
 duel. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 
 (1684). 
 
 Slea'ry, proprietor of the circus at 
 Coketown. A stout man, with one eye 
 fixed and one loose, a voice like the 
 efforts of a broken pair of bellows, a 
 . flabby skin, and muddled head. He was 
 never sober and never drunk, but always 
 kind-hearted.. Tom Gradgrind, after 
 robbing the bank, lay concealed in this 
 circus as a black servant, till Sleary con- 
 nived at his escape. This Sleary did in 
 gratitude to Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., 
 M.P., who adopted and educated Cecilia 
 Jupe, daughter of his cloAvn, signor 
 Jupe. 
 
 Josephine Sleary, daughter of the circus 
 proprietor, a pretty girl of 18, who had 
 been tied on a horse at two years old, 
 and had made a will at 12. This will 
 she carried about with her, and in it she 
 signified her desire to be drawn to the 
 grave by two piebald ponies. Josephine 
 married E. W. B. Childers of her father's 
 circus. — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Sleek (Aminadab), in The Serious 
 Family, a comedy by Morris Barnett. 
 
 Sleeper (The), Almost all nations 
 have a tradition about some sleeper, who 
 will wake after a long period of dor- 
 mancy. 
 
 American (North). Rip van Winkle, 
 a Dutch colonist of New York, slept 
 twenty years in the Kaatskill Moun- 
 
 tains of North America. — Washington 
 Irving. 
 
 American (South). Sebastian I., sup- 
 posed to have fallen in the battle of 
 Alcazarquebir, in 1578, is only asleep, 
 and will in due time awake, return to 
 life, and make Brazil the chief kingdom 
 of the earth. 
 
 Arabian Legends. Mahommed Mo- 
 hadi, the twelfth iman, is only sleeping, 
 like Charlemagne, till Antichrist appears, 
 when he will awake in his strength, and 
 overthrow the great enemy of all true 
 believers. 
 
 Nourjahad is only in a temporary 
 waiting the fulness of time. 
 
 British Traditions. King Arthur is 
 not dead in Avillon, but is merely meta- 
 morphosed into a raven. In due time he 
 will awake, resume his proper person, 
 claim the throne of Britain, and make it 
 the head and front of all the kingdoms 
 of the globe. "Because king Arthur 
 bears for the nonce the semblance of a 
 raven, the people of Britain never kill a 
 raven " (Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. ii. 5). 
 
 Gyneth slept 500 years by the en- 
 chantment of Merlin. She was the 
 natural daughter of king Arthur and 
 Guendolen, and was thus punished be- 
 cause she would not put an end to a com- 
 bat in which twenty knights were mortally 
 wounded, including Merlin's son, — Sir W. 
 Scott, Bridal of Trier main (1813). 
 
 Merlin, the enchanter, is not dead, 
 but "sleeps and sighs ia an old tree, 
 spell-bound by "Vivien." — British Legend. 
 
 St. David was thrown into an en- 
 chanted sleep by Ormandine, but after 
 sleeping for seven years, was awoke by 
 Merlin. 
 
 French Legend. The French slain in 
 the Sicilian Vespers are not really 
 dead, but they sleep for the time being, 
 awaiting the day of retribution. 
 
 German Legends. Barbarossa with 
 six of his knights sleep in Kyffhaiisberg, 
 in Thuringia, till the fulness of time, 
 when they will awake and make Germany 
 the forenlost kingdom of the earth. The 
 beard of the red king has already grown 
 through the table slab at which he is 
 sitting, but it must wind itself three 
 times round the table before his second 
 advent. Barbarossa occasionally wakes 
 and asks, "Is it time?" when a voice 
 replies, " Not yet. Sleep on." 
 
 Charlemagne is not dead, but only 
 asleep in Untersberg, near Saltzburg, 
 waiting for the advent of Antichrist, 
 when he will rouse from his slumber, go 
 
SLEEPER. 
 
 920 
 
 SLEEPER AWAKENED. 
 
 forth conquering, and will deliver Chris- 
 tendom that it may be fit for the second 
 advent and personal reign of Christ. 
 
 Charles V. kaiser of Germany is 
 only asleep, waiting his time, when he 
 will awake, return to earth, " resume the 
 monarchy over Germany, Portugal, Spain, 
 Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark, 
 putting all enemies under his feet. 
 
 Knez Lazar, of Servia, supposed to 
 have been slain by the Turks in 1389, is 
 not really dead, but has put on sleep for 
 a while, and at an allotted moment he will 
 re-appear in his full strength. 
 
 Grecian Legends. Endym'ion, a beau- 
 tiful youth, sleeps a perpetual sleep in 
 Latmos. Selene (the moon) fell in love 
 with him, kissed him, and still lies by 
 his side. In 'the British Museum is an 
 exquisite statue of Endymion asleep. — 
 Greek Fable. 
 
 Epimen'ides (5 syl.) the Cretan poet 
 was sent in boyhood to search for a stray 
 sheep ; being heated and weary, he 
 stepped into a cave, and fell asleep for 
 liftv-seven years. Epimenides, we are 
 iold, attained the age of 154, 157, 229, 
 and seme say 289 years. — Pliny, History, 
 vii. 12. 
 
 Irish Traditions. Brian, surnamed 
 " Boroimhe," king of Ireland, who con- 
 quered the Danes in twenty pitched 
 battles, and was supposed to have been 
 slain in the battle of Clontarf, in 1014, 
 was only stunned. He still sleeps in his 
 castle of Kincora, and the day of Ire- 
 land's necessity will be Brian's oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 Desmond of Kilmallock, in Lime- 
 rick, supposed to have perished in the 
 reign of Elizabeth, is only sleeping under 
 the waters of lough Gur. Every seventh 
 year he re-appears in full armour, rides 
 round the lake early in the morning, and 
 will ultimately re-appear and claim the 
 family estates. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Nigel. 
 
 Jewish Legend. Elijah the prophet 
 is not dead, but sleeps in Abraham's 
 bosom till Antichrist appears, when he 
 will return to Jerusalem and restore all 
 things. 
 
 liussian Tradition. Elijah Mansur, 
 warrior, prophet, and priest in Asiatic 
 Russia, tried to teach a more tolerant 
 form of Islam, but was looked on as a 
 heretic, and condemned to imprisonment 
 in the bowels of a mountain. There he 
 sleeps, waiting patiently the summons 
 which will be given him, when he will 
 awake, and wave his conquering sword to 
 
 the terror of the Muscovite. — Milner, 
 Gallery of Geography, 781. 
 
 Scandinavian Tradition. Olaf Trygo- 
 vason king of Norway, who was baptized 
 in London, and introduced Christianity 
 into Norway, Iceland, and Greenland. 
 Being overthrown by Swolde king of 
 Sweden (a.d. 1000), he threw himself 
 into the sea and swam to the Holy Land, 
 became an anchorite, and fell asleep at a 
 greatly advanced age ; but he is only 
 waiting his opportunity, when he will 
 sever Norway from Sweden, and raise it 
 to a first-class power. 
 
 Scottish 2'radition. Thomas of Er- 
 celdoune sleeps beneath the Eildon 
 Hills, in Scotland. One day, an elfin 
 lady led him into a cavern in these hills, 
 and he fell asleep for seven years, when 
 he revisited the upper earth, under a bond 
 that he would return immediately the 
 elfin lady summoned him. One day, as 
 he was making merry with his friends, he 
 heard the summons, kept his word, and 
 has never since been seen. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. 
 
 Spanish Tradition. Bobadil el Chico, 
 last of the Moorish kings of Granada, lies 
 spell-bound near the Alhambra, but in the 
 day appointed he will return to earth and 
 restore the Moorish government in Spain. 
 
 Swiss Legend. Three of the family of 
 Tell sleep a semi-death at Riitli, waiting 
 for the hour of their country's need, 
 when they will wake up and deliver it. 
 
 *** See Seven Sleepers. 
 
 Sleeper Awakened (The). Abou 
 Hassan, the son of a rich merchant at 
 Bagdad, inherited a good fortune ; but, 
 being a prudent man, made a vow to 
 divide it into two parts : all that came 
 to him from rents he determined to set 
 apart, but all that was of the nature of 
 cash he resolved to spend on pleasure. 
 In the course of a year he ran through 
 this fund, and then made a resolve in 
 future to ask only one guest at a time 
 to his board. This guest was to be a 
 stranger, and never to be asked a second 
 time. It so happened that the caliph 
 Haroun-al-Raschid, disguised as a mer- 
 chant, was on one occasion his guest, and 
 heard Abou Hassan say that he wished 
 he were caliph for one day, and he would 
 punish a certain iman for tittle-tattling. 
 Haroun-al-Raschid thought that he could 
 make capital of this wish for a little 
 diversion ; so, drugging the merchant's 
 wine, he fell into a profound sleep, was 
 conveyed to the palace, and on waking 
 
SLEEPER AWAKENED. 
 
 921 
 
 SLIP. 
 
 was treated as the caliph. He ordered 
 the iman to be punished, and sent his 
 mother a handsome gift ; but at night, 
 another sleeping draught being given 
 him, he was carried back to his own 
 house. "When he woke, he could not 
 decide if he had been in a dream or not, 
 but his conduct was so strange that he 
 ■was taken to a mad-house. He was con- 
 fined for several days, and, being dis- 
 charged, the caliph in disguise again 
 visited him, and repeated the same game, 
 so that next day he could not tell which 
 had been the dream. At length the 
 mystery was cleared up, and he was 
 given a post about the caliph's person, 
 and the sultana gave him a beautiful 
 slave for his wife. Abou Hassan now 
 played a trick on the caliph. He pre- 
 tended to be dead, and sent his young 
 wife to the sultana to announce the sad 
 news. Zobeida, the sultana, was very 
 much grieved, and gave her favourite a 
 sum of money for the funeral expenses. 
 On her return, she played the dead 
 woman, and Abou Hassan went to the 
 caliph to announce his loss. The caliph 
 expressed his sympathy, and, having 
 given him a sum of money for the 
 funeral expenses, went to the sultana 
 to speak of the sad news of the death of 
 the young bride. "The bride?" cried 
 Zobeida ; " you mean the bridegroom, 
 commander of the faithful." "No, I 
 mean the bride," answered the caliph, 
 " for Abou Hassan has but just left me." 
 "That cannot be, sire," retorted Zobeida, 
 " for it is not an hour ago that the bride 
 was here, to announce his death." To 
 settle this moot point, the chief of the 
 eunuchs was sent to see which of the two 
 was dead ; and Abou, who saw him 
 coming, got the bride to pretend to be 
 dead, and set himself at her head be- 
 wailing, so the man returned with the 
 report that it was the bride who was dead, 
 and Tiot the bridegroom. The sultana 
 would not believe him, and sent her aged 
 nurse to ascertain the fact. As she 
 approached, Abou Hassan pretended to be 
 dead, and the bride to be the Availing 
 widow ; accordingly the nurse contra- 
 dicted the report of the eunuch. The 
 caliph and sultana, with the nurse and 
 eunuch, then all went to see for them- 
 selves, and found both apparently dead. 
 The caliph now said he would give 1000 
 pieces of gold to know which died first, 
 when Abou Hassan cried, "Commander 
 of the faithful, it was I who died first." 
 The trick was found out, the caliph 
 
 nearly died with laughter, and the jegt 
 proved a little mine of wealth to the 
 court favourite. — Arabian Nights. 
 
 Sleepers. (See Seven Sleepers.) 
 
 Sleeping Beauty {The), a lady 
 who sleeps in a castle a hundred years, 
 during which time an impenetrable wood 
 springs up around the castle ; but being 
 at length disenchanted by a young 
 prince, she marries him. The brothers 
 Grimm have reproduced this tale in Ger- 
 man. The old Norse tale of Brynhild 
 and Sigurd seems to be the original of 
 The Sleeping Beauty. — Perrault, Contes 
 du Temps ("La Belle au Bois Dormant," 
 1697). 
 
 (Tennyson has poetized thi3 nursery 
 story.) 
 
 Sleepner, the horse of Odin. 
 
 Slender, one of the suitors of "sweet 
 Anne Page." His servant's name is 
 Simple. Slender is a country lout, 
 cousin of justice Shallow. — Shakespeare, 
 Merry Wives of Windsor (1596). 
 
 Slender is a perfect satire ... on the brilliant youth of 
 the provinces . . . before the introduction of newspapers 
 and turnpike roads ; awkward and boobyish among civil 
 people, but at home in rude sports, and proud of exploits 
 at which the town would laugh.— Hallam. 
 
 Slender and sir Andrew Ague-cheek are fools troubled 
 with an uneasy consciousness of their folly, which in the 
 latter produces a most edifying meekness and docility, and 
 in the former awkwardness, obstinacy, and confusion.— 
 Macaulay. 
 
 SHck (Sam), judge Thomas Chandler 
 Haliburton of Nova Scotia, author of The 
 Clockmaker (1837). 
 
 Sam Slick, a Yankee clockmaker and 
 pedlar, wonderfully 'cute, a great ob- 
 server, full of quaint ideas, droll wit, 
 odd fancies, surprising illustrations, and 
 plenty of "soft sawder." Judge Hali- 
 burton wrote the two series called Sam 
 Slick or the Clockmaker (1837). 
 
 Sliderskew (Teg), the hag-like 
 housekeeper of Arthur Gride. She robs 
 her master of some deeds, and thereby 
 brings on his ruin. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
 Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Sligo (Dr.), of Ireland. He looks 
 with contempt on his countryman, Dr. 
 Osasafras, because he is but a, parvenu. 
 
 Osasafras? That's a name of no note. He is not a 
 Milesian, I am sure. The family, I suppose, came over 
 the other day with Strongbow, not above seven 01 eight 
 hundred years ago. — Foote, The Devil upon Two Stick* 
 (1768). 
 
 Slingsby (Jonathan Freke), John 
 Francis Waller, author of The Slingsby 
 Tapers (1852), etc. 
 
 Slip, the valet of young Harlowe (son 
 
SLIPPEHS. 
 
 922 
 
 SLUDGE. 
 
 of sir Harry Harlowe of Dorsetshire). 
 He schemes with Martin, a fellow-ser- 
 vant, to contract a marriage between 
 Martin and Miss Stockwell (daughter of 
 a wealthy" merchant), in order to get 
 possession of £10,000, the wedding por- 
 tion. The plan was this : Martin was to 
 pass himself off as young Harlowe, and 
 marry the lad} r or secure the dot ; but 
 Jenny (Miss Stockwell' s maid) informs 
 Belford, the lover of Miss Stockwell, 
 and he arrests the two knaves just in 
 time to prevent mischief. — Garrick, Neck 
 vr Nothing (1766). 
 
 Slippers which enabled the feet to 
 walk, knives that cut of themselves, and 
 sabres which dealt blows at a wish, were 
 presents brought to Vathek by a hideous 
 monster without a name. — W. Beckford, 
 Vathek (1784). 
 
 Slippery Sam, a highwayman in 
 captain Macheath's gang. Peachum says 
 he should dismiss him, because "the 
 villain hath the impudence to have views 
 of following his trade as a tailor, which 
 >e calls an honest employment." — Gay, 
 She Beggar's Opera, i. (1727). 
 
 Slipslop (Mrs.), a lady of frail 
 morals. — Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742). 
 
 Slo-!Pair, Chichester, the October 
 fair, when the beasts were sold for 
 slaughter, that they might be salted down 
 for winter use. The next month (Novem- 
 ber) was called Blot-monath or "Blood- 
 month," being the time when the beasts 
 were killed. (Old English, slean, sldh, 
 "to slaughter;" blot, "blood, sacrifice," 
 from bldtan, "to shed blood.") 
 
 Some idea may be gathered of the 
 enormous number of animals salted down 
 in November, from the mere residue left 
 in the larder of the elder Spencer, in 
 May, 1327. There were "80 salted 
 beeves, 500 bacons, and 600 muttons." 
 
 Slop (Dr.), sir John Stoddart, M.D., 
 editor of the New Times, who entertained 
 an insane hatred of Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 called by him " The Corsican Fiend." 
 William Hone devised the name from 
 Stoddart's book entitled Stop's Shave at 
 a Broken Hone (1320), and Thomas Moore 
 helped to •popularize it (1773-1856). 
 
 Slop (Dr.), a choleric, enthusiastic, and 
 bigoted physician. He breaks down 
 Tristram's nose, and crushes uncle Toby's 
 fingers to a jelly in attempting to demon- 
 strate the use and virtues of a newly 
 invented pair of obstetrical forceps. — 
 
 Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
 Shandy, Gentleman (1759). 
 
 (Under this name, Sterne ridiculed Dr. 
 Burton, a man-midwife of York.) 
 
 Slopard (Dame), wife of Grimbard 
 the brock or badger, in the beast-epic of 
 Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Sloppy, a love-child brought up by 
 Betty Iiigden, for whom he turned the 
 mangle. When Betty died, Mr. Boffin 
 apprenticed him to a cabinet-maker. 
 Sloppy is described as " a very long boy, 
 with a very little head, and an open 
 mouth of disproportionate capacity that 
 seemed to assist his eyes in staring." It 
 is hinted that he became " the prince " of 
 Jenny Wren, the dolls' dressmaker. 
 
 Of an ungainly make was Sloppy. There was too much 
 of him longwise, too little of him broadwise, and too 
 many sharp angles of him angle-wi-e. ... He had a con- 
 siderable capital of knee, and elbow, and wrist, and 
 ankle. Full-private Number One in the awkward squad 
 was Sloppy.— C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, I. i. lli 
 (1864). 
 
 Slough, of Despond (The), a deep 
 bog, which Christian had to pass on his 
 way to the Wicket Gate. Neighbour 
 Pliable would not attempt to pass it, 
 and turned baek. While Christian was 
 floundering, in the slough, Help came to 
 his aid, and assisted him over. 
 
 The name of the slough was Despond. Here they 
 wallowed for a time, and Christian, because of the burden 
 that was on his back, be«an to sink into the mire. This 
 miry slough is such a place as cannot be mended. It is the 
 descent whither the scum and filth that attends conviction 
 of sin cloth continually run, and therefore is it called tile 
 Slough of Despond ; for still, as the sinner is awakened 
 about his lost condition, there arise in his soul many 
 fears and doubts and discouraging apprehensions, whick 
 all of them get together, and settle in this place, and this 
 is the reason of the badness of this ground. — Bunyau, 
 Pilgrim's Progreu, i. (1678). 
 
 Slowboy (Tilly), nurse and general 
 help of Mr. and Mrs. Peerybingle. She 
 " was of a spare and straight shape, 
 insomuch that her garments appeared to 
 be in constant danger of sliding off her 
 shoulders. Her costume was remarkable 
 for its very partial development, and. 
 always afforded glimpses at the back of 
 a pair of dead-green stays." Miss Tilly 
 was very fond of baby, but had a sur- 
 prising talent for getting it into diffi- 
 culties, bringing its head in perpetual 
 contact with doors, dressers, stair-rails, 
 bedposts, and so on. Tilly, who had 
 been a foundling, looked upon the house 
 of Peerybingle the carrier as a royal 
 residence, arid loved both Mr. and Mrs. 
 Peerybingle Avith all the intensity of an 
 undivided aifection. — C. Dickens, The 
 Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 
 
 Sludge (Gammer), the landlady of 
 
SLUM. 
 
 923 
 
 SMA'TRASH. 
 
 Erasmus Holiday the schoolmaster in 
 White Horse Vale. 
 
 Dickie Sludge or " Flibbertigibbet," 
 her dwarf grandson. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Slum (-Mr.), a patter poet, who 
 dressed en militaire. He called on Mrs. 
 Jarley, exhibitor of wax-works, all by 
 accident. "What, Mr. Slum?" cried 
 the lady of the wax-work ; " who'd have 
 thought of seeing you here ?" " 'Pon my 
 soul and honour," said Mr. Slum, 
 " that's a good remark! 'Pon my soul 
 and honour, that's a. wise remark . .. . 
 Why I came here ? 'Pon my soul and 
 honour, I hardly know what I came 
 here for . . . What a splendid classical 
 thing is this, Mrs, Jarley ! 'Pon my soul 
 and honour, it is quite Minervian!" 
 " It'll look well, I fancy," observed Mrs. 
 Jarley. "Well!" said Mr. Slum; "it 
 would be the delight of my life, 'pon my 
 soul and honour, to exercise my Muse on 
 such a delightful theme. By the way — 
 any orders, madam ? Is there anything 
 I can do for you?" (ch. xxviii.). 
 
 "Ask the . perfumers," said the military gentleman, 
 " ask the blacking-makers, ask the hatters, ask the old 
 lottery office keepers, ask any man among 'em what 
 poetry has done for him, and mark my word, he blesses 
 the name of Slum."— C. Dickens, Tfie Old Curiosity Shop 
 (1840). 
 
 Slumkey (Samuel), " blue" candidate 
 for the representation of the borough of 
 Eatanswill in parliament. His opponent 
 is Horatio Fizkin, who represents the 
 "buff" interest.— C. Dickens, The Fie k- 
 tcick Papers (1836). 
 
 Sly (Christopher), a keeper of bears, 
 and a tinker. In the induction of 
 Shakespeare's comedy called Taming of 
 the Sh?-ew, Christopher is found dead 
 drunk by a nobleman, who commands 
 his servants to take him to his mansion 
 tt'Tid attend on him as a lord. The trick 
 is played, and the " commonty " of 
 Taming of the Sh?*ew is performed for 
 the delectation of the ephemeral lord. 
 
 A similar trick was played by Haroun- 
 al-Raschid on a rich merchant named 
 Abou Hassan (see Arabian Nights, "The 
 Sleeper Awakened"). Also by Philippe 
 le Bon of Burgundy, on his marriage 
 with Eleanora (see Burton, Anatomy of 
 Melancholy, ii. 2, 4, 1624). 
 
 Slyme (Chevy), one of old Martin 
 Chuzzlewit's numerous relations. He is 
 a drunken, good-for-nothing vagabond, 
 but his friend Montague Tigg considers 
 him "an unappreciated genius." His 
 chief peculiarity consists in his always. 
 
 being "round the corner." — C. Dickens, 
 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Small (Gilbert), the pinmaker, a 
 hardworking old man, who loves his son 
 most dearly. 
 
 Thomas Small, the son of Gilbert, a 
 would-be man of fashion and maccaroni. 
 Very conceited of his fine person, he 
 thinks himself the very glass of fashion. 
 Thomas Small resolves to make a fortune 
 by marriage, and allies himself to Kate, 
 who turns out to be the daughter of Strap 
 the cobbler. — S. Knowles, The Beggar of 
 Bethnal Green (1834). 
 
 Small Beer (To . . . Chronicle). 
 "To suckle fools, and chronicle small 
 beer" (Iago). — Shakespeare, Othello, 
 act ii. sc. 1 (1611). 
 
 Small Beer Poet (The), W. 
 Thomas Fitzgerald. He is now known 
 only for one line, quoted in the Rejected 
 Addresses: "The tree of freedom is the 
 British oak." Cobbett gave him the 
 sobriquet (1759-1829). 
 
 Small-Endians, a "religious sect" 
 in Lilliput, who made it an article of or- 
 thodoxy to break their eggs at the small 
 end. By the Small-endians is meant the 
 protestant party ; the Roman Catholics 
 are called the Big-endians, from their 
 making it a sine qua -non for all true 
 Churchmen to break their eggs at the big 
 end. — Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage 
 to Lilliput," 1726). 
 
 Smallweed Family (The), a 
 grasping, ill-conditioned lot, consisting 
 of grandfather, grandmother, and the 
 twins Bartholomew and Judy. The 
 grandfather indulges in vituperative ex- 
 clamations against his aged wife, with or 
 without provocation, and flings at her 
 anything he can lay his hand on. He 
 becomes, however, so dilapidated at last 
 that he has to be shaken up by his 
 amiable granddaughter Judy in order to 
 be aroused to consciousness. 
 
 Bart., i.e. Bartholomew Smallweed, 
 a youth who moulds himself on the 
 model of Mr. Guppy, the lawyer's clerk 
 in the office of Kenge and. Carboy. 
 He prides himself on being "a limb 
 of the law," though under 15 years of 
 age ; indeed, it is reported of him that his 
 first long clothes were made out of a 
 lawyer's blue bag. — C. Dickens, Bleak 
 House (1852). 
 
 Sma'trash. (Eppie), the ale- woman 
 at Wolf's. Hope village.— Sir W. ScotV 
 
SMAUKER. 
 
 924 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
 III.). 
 
 Smauker (John), footman of Angel o 
 Cyrus Bantam. He invites Sam Weller 
 to a "swarry" of "biled mutton." — C. 
 Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Smectym'nuus, the title of a 
 celebrated pamphlet containing an attack 
 upon episcopacy (1641). The title i3 
 composed of the initial letters of the five 
 writers, SM (Stephen Marshall), EC 
 (Edmund Calamy), TY (Thomas Young), 
 MN (Matthew Newcomen), UUS 
 (William Spurstow). Sometimes one U 
 is omitted. Butler says the business of 
 synods is : 
 
 To find, in lines of beard and face. 
 
 The physiognomy of " Grace ; " 
 
 And by the sound and twang of nose, 
 
 If all be sound within disclose . . . 
 
 The handkerchief about the neck 
 
 (Canonical cravat of Smeck, 
 
 From whom the institution came 
 
 When Church and State they set on flame . . .) 
 
 Judge rightly if " regeneration " 
 
 Be of the newest eut in fashion. 
 
 Hudibras, i. 3 (10C3). 
 
 Smelfungus. Smollett was so called 
 by Sterne, because his volume of Travels 
 through France and Italy is one per- 
 petual snarl from beginning to end. 
 
 The lamented Smelfungus travelled from Boulogne to 
 Paris, from Paris to Rome, and so on ; but he set out 
 with the spleen and jaundice, and every object he passed 
 by was discoloured or distorted. He wrote an account of 
 them, but 'twas nothing but the account of his own 
 miserable feelings. — Sterne, Sentimental Journey (1708). 
 
 Smell a Voice. When a young 
 prince had clandestinely visited the 
 young princess brought up in the palace 
 of the Flower Mountain, the fairy mother 
 Violenta said, "I smell the voice of a 
 man," and commanded the dragon on 
 Avhich she rode to make search tor the 
 intruder. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
 Tales (" The White Cat," 1682). 
 
 Bottom says, in the part of "Pyra- 
 mus : " 
 
 I see a voice, now will I to the chink, 
 To spy an I can hear my Thisbe's face. 
 Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, act v. 
 SC. 1 (1592). 
 
 Smike (1 syl.), a poor, half-starved, 
 half-witted boy, the son of Ralph 
 Nickleby. As the marriage was clandes- 
 tine, the child was put out to nurse, and 
 neither its father nor mother ever went to 
 see it. When about seven years old, the 
 child was stolen by one Brooker, out of 
 revenge, and put to school at Dotheboys 
 Hall, Yorkshire. Brooker paid the school 
 fees for six years, and being then trans- 
 ported, the payment ceased, and the boy 
 was made a sort of drudge. Nicholas 
 Nickleby took pity on him, and when he 
 
 left, Smike ran away to join his friend, 
 who took care of the poor half-witted 
 creature till he died (see pp. 594-5, 
 original edit.). — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
 Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Smiler, a sheriff's officer, in A Regular 
 Fie, by J. M. Morton. 
 
 Smilinda, a lovelorn maiden, to 
 whom Sharper was untrue. Pope, in his 
 eclogue called The Basset Table (1715), 
 makes Cordelia and Smilinda contend on 
 this knotty point, " Who suffers most, 
 she who loses at basset, or she who loses 
 her lover?" They refer the question to 
 Betty Lovet. Cordelia stakes her " lady's 
 companion, made by Mathers, and worth 
 fifty guineas," on the point ; and Smilinda 
 stakes a snuff-box, won at Corticelli's in 
 a raffle, as her pledge. When Cordelia 
 has stated the iron agony of loss at cards, 
 and Smilinda the crushing grief of losing 
 a sweetheart, "strong as a footman and 
 as his master sweet," Lovet awards the 
 lady's companion to Smilinda, and the 
 snuff-box to Cordelia, and bids both give 
 over, "for she wants her tea." Of 
 course, this was suggested by Virgil's 
 Eclogue, iii. 
 
 Smith.. In the Leisure Hour we read : 
 "During a period of seventeen years 
 (from 1838 to 1854, both inclusive), the 
 births, deaths, and marriages of the 
 Smiths registered amounted to 286,037, 
 and it is calculated that the families of 
 Smith in England are not less than 
 53,000." 
 
 *** This must be a very great mis- 
 calculation. 286,037, in seventeen years, 
 gives rather more than 16,825 a year, or 
 a marriage, death, or birth to every 
 three families per annum (nearly). If 
 the registration is correct, the number of 
 families must be ten times the number 
 stated. 
 
 Smith (Henry), alias "Henry Gow," 
 alias " Gow Chrom," alias " Hal of the 
 Wynd," the armourer, and lover of 
 Catharine Glover, whom at the end he 
 marries. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Smith (Mr.), a faithful confidential 
 clerk in the bank of Dornton and Sulky. 
 — Holcroft, The Road to Ruin (1792). 
 
 Smith (Rainy-Bay), John Thomas 
 Smith, antiquary (1766-1833). 
 
 Smith (Way land), an invisible farrier, 
 who haunted the " Vale of White Horse," 
 in Berkshire, where three flat stonea 
 
SMITH'S PRIZEMAN. 
 
 925 
 
 SNEAK. 
 
 supporting a fourth commemorate the 
 place of his stithy. His fee was six- 
 pence, and he was offended if more were 
 offered him. 
 
 Sir W. Scott has introduced him in 
 Kenilicorth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Smith's Prizeman, one who has 
 obtained the prize (£25) founded in the 
 University of Cambridge by Robert 
 Smith, D.D., once Master of Trinity. 
 Two prizes are awarded annually to two 
 commencing bachelors of arts for pro- 
 ficiency in mathematics and natural 
 philosophy. 
 
 Smolkin, a punic spirit. 
 
 Peace, Smolkin, peace, thou fiend i 
 Shakespeare, King Lear, act iii. sc. 4 (1605). 
 
 Smollett of the Stage (The), 
 George Farquhar (1678-1707). 
 
 Smother-well (Stephen), the exe- 
 cutioner. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Smyr'nean Poet ( The) , Mimnermos, 
 born at Smyrna (fl. B.C. 630). 
 
 Snacks, the hard, grinding steward 
 of lord Lackwit, who by grasping got 
 together £26,000. When lord Lackwit 
 died, and the property came to Robin 
 Roughhead, he toadied him with the 
 greatest servility, but Robin dismissed 
 him and gave the post to Frank. — Ailing- 
 ham, Fortune's Frolic. 
 
 Snaggs, a village portrait-taker and 
 tooth-drawer. He says, ' ' I draws off heads 
 and draws out teeth," or "I takes off 
 heads and takes out teeth." Major 
 Touchwood, having dressed himself up 
 to look like his uncle the colonel, pre- 
 tends to have the tooth-ache. Snaggs, 
 being sent for, prepares to operate on 
 the colonel, and the colonel in a towering 
 rage sends him to the right about. — T. 
 Dibdin, What Next ? 
 
 Snags'by (Mr.), the law-stationer in 
 Cook's Court, Cursitor Street. A very 
 mild specimen of the "spear half," in 
 terrible awe of his termagant wife, whom 
 he calls euphemistically "his little 
 woman." He preceded most of his 
 remarks by the words, " Not to put too 
 tine a point upon it." — C. Dickens, Bleak 
 Bouse (1852). 
 
 Snail, the collector of customs, near 
 Ellangowan House. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Snailsfoot (Bryce), the jagger or 
 
 pedlar.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Snake (Mr.), a traitorous ally of 
 lady Sneerwell, who has the effrontery 
 to say to her, "You paid me extremely 
 liberally for propagating the lie, but 
 unfortunately I have been offered double 
 to speak the truth." He says : 
 
 Ah, sir, consider, I live by the baseness of my 
 character ; and if it were once known that I have been 
 betrayed into an honest action, I shall lose every friend I 
 have in the world. — Sheridan, School for Scandal, V. 
 3 (1777). 
 
 Snap, the representation of a dragon 
 which for many years was carried about 
 the city of Norwich on Guild day in 
 grand procession with flags and banners, 
 bands of music, and whifliers with swords 
 to clear the way, all in fancy costume. 
 Snap was of great length, a man was in 
 the middle of the beast to carry it, and 
 caused its head to turn and jaws to open 
 an amazing width, that half-pence might 
 be tossed into it and caught in a bag. 
 The procession was stopped in the year 
 1824, when Snap was laid up in St. 
 Andrew's Hall. 
 
 At Metz a similar procession used to 
 take place annually on St. Mark's Day, 
 the French Snap being called " St. Cle- 
 ment's dragon." 
 
 Snare (1 syl.), sheriff's officer. — 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. (1598). 
 
 Snaw'ley, "in the oil and colour 
 line." A " sleek, flat-nosed man, bearing 
 in his countenance an expression of 
 mortification and sanctity." — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickleby, iii. (1838). 
 
 Sneak (Jerry), a hen-pecked pin- 
 maker ; a paltry, pitiful, prying sneak. 
 If ever he summoned up a little manliness, 
 his wife would begin to cry, and Jerry 
 was instantly softened. 
 
 Master Sneak, ... the ancient corporation of Garratt, 
 in consideration of your great parts and abilities, and out 
 of respect to their landlord sir Jacob, have unanimously 
 chosen you mayor.— Act ii. 
 
 Jerry Sneak has become the type of hen-pecked hus- 
 bands.— Temple Bar, 456 (1875). 
 
 Mrs. Sneak, wife of Jerry, a do- 
 mineering tartar of a woman, who keeps 
 her lord and master well under her 
 thumb. She is the daughter of sir Jacob 
 Jollup. — S. Foote, The Mayor of Garratt 
 (1763). 
 
 Jerry Sneak Russell. So Samuel 
 Russell the actor was called, because of 
 his inimitable representation of "Jerry 
 Sn«ak," which was quite a hit (1766- 
 1845). 
 
SNEER. 
 
 926 
 
 SNOUT. 
 
 Sneer, a double-faced critic, who carps 
 at authors behind their backs, but fawns 
 on them when they are present (see act 
 i. 1). — Sheridan, the Critic (1779). 
 
 Sneerwell (Lady), the widow of a 
 Cit3 r knight. Mr. Snake says, " Every 
 one allows that lady Sneerwell can do 
 more with a word or a look than man} r 
 can with the most laboured detail, even 
 when they happen to have a little truth 
 on their side to support it." 
 
 Wounded myself, in the early part of my life, by the 
 envenomed tongue of slander, I confess I have since 
 known no pleasure equal to the reducing of others to the 
 level of my own reputation. — Sheridan, School for Scan- 
 dal, i. 1 (1777). 
 
 Miss Farren took leave of the stage in 1797, and her 
 concluding words were : " Let me request, lady Sneerwell, 
 that you will make my respects to the scandalous college 
 of which you are a member, and inform them that lady 
 Teazle [about to be countess of Derby], licentiate, begs 
 leave to return the diploma they granted her, as she now 
 leaves off practice, and kills characters no longer." A burst 
 of applause followed, and no more of the play was listened 
 to.— Mrs. C. Mathews. 
 
 Sneeze into a Sack (To), to be 
 guillotined. 
 
 Who kissed Ln Guillotine, looked through the little win- 
 dow and sneezed into the sack. — C. Dickens, A Tale of 
 Two Cities, iii. 4 (1859). 
 
 Sneezing. A person who sneezed 
 was at one time supposed to be under the 
 influence of fairies and demons, and as 
 the name of God repelled all evil spirits, 
 the benediction of "God bless you!" 
 drove away the demon, and counteracted 
 its influence. 
 
 Judge Haliburton has a good paper 
 " On Sneezing," in Temple Bar, 345 
 (1875). 
 
 Bui. I have often, Dr. Skeleton, had it in my head to 
 ask some of the faculty, what can be the reason that when 
 a man happens to sneeze, all the company bows. 
 
 Skel. Sneezing, Dr. Bulruddery, was a mortal symptom 
 that attended a pestilential disease which formerly de- 
 populated the republic of Athens ; ever since, when that 
 convulsion occwrs, a short ejaculation is offered up that the 
 sneezing or sternuting party may not be afflicted with the 
 same distemper. 
 
 liul. Upon my conscience, a very learned account ! Ay, 
 and a very civil institution too I — Bickerstaff and Foote, 
 Dr Last in Ilti Chariot (1769). 
 
 Snevellicci (Mr.), in Crummle's 
 company of actors. Mr. Snevellicci 
 plays the military swell, and is great in 
 the character of speechless noblemen. 
 
 31rs. Snevellicci, wife of the above, a 
 dancer in the same theatrical company. 
 
 Miss Snevellicci, daughter of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Snevellicci, also of the Portsmouth 
 Theatre. " She could do anything, from 
 a medley dance to lady Macbeth." Miss 
 Snevellicci laid her toils to catch Nicholas 
 Nickieby, but "the bird escaped from 
 the nets of the toiler." — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickieby (1838). 
 
 Snitchey and Craggs, lawyers. 
 
 It was the opinion of Mr. Thomas Craggs 
 that "everything is toe easy," especially 
 law ; that it is the duty of wise men to 
 make everything as difficult as possible, 
 and as hard to go as rusty locks and 
 hinges which will not turn for want of 
 greasing. He was a cold, hard, dry man, 
 dressed in grey-and-white like a flint, 
 with small twinkles in his eyes. Jona- 
 than Snitchey was like a "magpie or 
 raven. He generally finished by saying, 
 " I speak for Self and Craggs," and, after 
 the death of his partner, "for Self and 
 Craggs deceased." 
 
 Mrs. Snitchey and Mrs. Craggs, wives 
 of the two lawyers. Mrs. Snitchey Avas, 
 on principle, suspicious of Mr. Craggs ; 
 and Mrs. Craggs was, on principle, sus- 
 picious of Mr. Snitchey. Mrs. Craggs 
 would say to her lord and master : 
 
 Your Snitcheys indeed! I don't see what you want 
 with your Snitcheys, for my part. You trust a great deal 
 too much to your Snitcheys. I think, and I hope you may 
 never find my words come true. 
 
 Mrs. Snitchey would observe to Mr. 
 Snitchey : 
 
 Snitchey, if ever you were led away by man, take my 
 word for it, you are led away by Craggs ; and if ever I can 
 read a double purpose in mortal eye. I can read it. in 
 Craggs's eye.— C. Dickens, The Battle of Life, ii. (1846). 
 
 Snodgrass (Augustus), M.P.C., a 
 poetical young man, who travels about 
 with Mr. Pickwick, " to inquire into the 
 source of the Hampstead ponds." He 
 marries Emily Wardle. — C. Dickens, 
 The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Snoring (Great). "Rector of Great 
 Snoring," a dull, prosy preacher. 
 
 Snorro Sturleson, last of the great 
 Icelandic scalds or court poets. He wa". 
 author of the Younger Edda, in prose 
 and of the Heimskringla, a chronicle in 
 verse of the history of Norway from the 
 earliest times to the year 1177. The 
 Yourijcr Edda is an abridgment of the 
 Rhythmical Edda (see SjEMUNd Sigfus- 
 son). The Heimskringla appeared in 
 1230, and the Younger Edda is often 
 called the Snorro Edda. Snorro Sturleson 
 incurred the displeasure of Hakon king 
 of Norway, who employed assassins to 
 murder him (1178-1241). 
 
 * + * The Heimskringla was translated 
 into English by Samuel Laing in 1844. 
 
 Snont (Tom), the tinker, who takes 
 part in the "tragedy" of Py ramus and 
 Thisbe, played before the duke and 
 duchess of Athens " on their wedding 
 day at night." Next to Peter Quince 
 and Nick Bottom the weaver, Snout was 
 by far the most self-important man of 
 
SNOW KING. 
 
 927 
 
 SOFRONIA. 
 
 the troupe. He was cast for Pyramus's 
 father, but has nothing to say, and does 
 not even put in an appearance during the 
 plav. — Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's 
 Dream (1592). 
 
 Snow King (The), Gustavus Adol- 
 phus of Sweden, king of Sweden, killed 
 m the Thirty Years' War, at the battle of 
 Lutzen. The cabinet of Vienna said, in 
 derision of him, "The Snow King is 
 come, but he can live only in the north, 
 and will melt away as soon as he feels 
 the sun" (1594, 1611-1632). 
 
 At Vienna he was called, in derision, " The Snow King," 
 who was kept together by the cold, but would melt and 
 disappear as he approached a warmer soil. — Dr. Crichton, 
 Scandinavia [" Gustavus Adolphus," ii. 61). 
 
 Snow King (The), Frederick elector 
 palatine, made king of Bohemia by the 
 protestants in the autumn of 1619, but 
 defeated and set aside in the following 
 autumn. 
 
 The winter king, king in times of frost, a snow king, 
 altogether soluble in the spring, is the name which 
 Frederick obtains in German histories. — Carlyle. 
 
 Snow Kingdom (The), Inistore, 
 the Orkney Islands. 
 
 Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow [Xorway\ bound 
 on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore. — Ossian, fingal, i. 
 
 Snow Queen (The), Christiana 
 queen of Sweden (1626, 1633-1689). 
 
 The princess Elizabeth of England, 
 who married Frederick V. elector pala- 
 tine, in 1613, and induced him to accept 
 the crown of Bohemia in 1619. She was 
 crowned with her husband October 25, 
 1619, but fled in November, 1620, and was 
 put under the ban of the empire in 1621. 
 Elizabeth was queen of Bohemia during 
 the time of snow, but was melted by the 
 heat of the ensuing summer. 
 
 Snowdonia (The king of), Moel-y- 
 Wyddfa (" the conspicuous peak"), the 
 highest peak in Snowdonia, being 3571 
 feet above the sea-level. 
 
 Snubbin (Serjeant), retained by Mr. 
 Pcrker for the defence in the famous 
 ^ase of " Bardell v. Pickwick." His 
 clerk was named Mallard, and his junior 
 Phunky, " an infant barrister," very much 
 looked down upon by his senior. — C. 
 Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Snuffim (Sir Tumley), the doctor who 
 attends Mrs. Wititterly. — C. Dickens, 
 Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Snuffle (Simon), the sexton of Gar- 
 ratt, and one of the corporation. He was 
 called a " scollard, for he could read a 
 written hand." — S. Foote, Mayor of Gar- 
 rati, ii. 1 (1763). 
 
 Snug, the joiner, who takes part in the 
 "lamentable comedy" of Py ramus and 
 Thisbe, played before the duke and duchess 
 of Athens "on their wedding day at 
 night." His role was the " lion's part." 
 He asked the manager (Peter Quince) if 
 he had the "lion's part written out, for," 
 said he, "I am slow of memory ; " but being 
 told he could do it extempore, "for it 
 was nothing but roaring," he consented to 
 undertake it. — Shakespeare, A Midsummer 
 Night's Dream (1592). 
 
 Soane Museum (The), the museum 
 collected by sir John Soane, architect, and 
 preserved on its original site, No. 13, Lin- 
 coln's Inn Fields, the private residence of 
 the founder (1753-1837). 
 
 Sobri'no, one of the most valiant of 
 the Saracen army, and called " The Sago." 
 He counselled Agramant to entrust the 
 fate of the war to a single combat, stipu- 
 lating that the nation whose champion was 
 worsted should be tributary to the other. 
 Kogero was chosen for the pagan cham- 
 pion, and Rinaldo for the Christian army ; 
 but when Rogero was overthrown, Agra- 
 mant broke the compact. Sobrino was 
 greatly displeased, and soon afterwards 
 received the rite of Christian baptism. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Who more prudent than Sobrino ?— Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote (1605). 
 
 Soc'ratSs (The English). Dr. Johnson 
 is so called by Boswell (1709-1784). 
 
 Mr. South's amiable manners and attachment to our 
 Socrates at once united me to him.— Life of Johnson 
 (17«1). 
 
 Sodom of India, Hy'derabad. So 
 called from the beauty of the country and 
 the depravity of the inhabitants. 
 
 Sodor and Man. Sodor is a con- 
 traction of Sodorensis. The sudor-eys or 
 sodor-eys means "the southern isles." The 
 bishop of Sodor and Man is bishop of 
 Man and the southern isles. 
 
 Sofronia, a young Christian of Jeru- 
 salem, the heroine of an episode in Tasso's 
 Jerusalem Delivered (1575). The tale is 
 this : Aladine king of Jerusalem stole 
 from a Christian church an image of the 
 Virgin, being told by a magician that it 
 was a palladium, and, if set up in a mosque, 
 the Virgin would forsake the Christian 
 army, and favour the Mohammedan. The 
 image was accordingly set up in a mosque, 
 but during the night was carried oft by 
 some one. Aladine, greatly enraged, 
 ordered the instant execution of all his 
 Christian subjects, but, to prevent this 
 
SOFTER ADAMS, ETC. 
 
 928 SOLIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT. 
 
 massacre, Sofronja accused herself of the 
 offence. Her lover Olindo, hearing that 
 Sof ronia "was sentenced to death, presented 
 himself before the king, and said that he 
 and not Sofronia was the real offender ; 
 whereupon the king ordered both to instant 
 execution ; but Clorinda the Amazon, 
 pleading for them, obtained their pardon, 
 and Sofronia left the stake to join Olindo 
 at the altar of matrimony. — Bk. ii. 
 
 This episode may have been suggested 
 by a well-known incident in ecclesiastical 
 history. At Merum, a city of Phrygia, 
 Amachius the governor of the province 
 ordered the temple to be opened, and the 
 idols to be cleansed. Three Christians, 
 inflamed with Christian zeal, went by 
 night and broke all the images. The 
 governor, unable to discover the culprits, 
 commanded all the Christians of Merum 
 to be put to death ; but the three who 
 had been guilty of the act confessed their 
 offence, and were executed. — Socrates, 
 Ecclesiastical History, iii. 15 (a.d. 439). 
 (See Sophronia.) 
 
 Softer Adams of your Academe, 
 
 schoolgirls. — Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 
 
 Soham, a monster with the head of a 
 horse, four eyes, and the body of a fiery 
 dragon. (See Ouraxabad.) 
 
 Soho (London). The tradition is that 
 this square was so called from the watch- 
 word of the duke of Monmouth at the 
 battle of Sedgemoor, in 1685. The re- 
 verse of this may possibly be true, viz., 
 that the duke selected the watchword 
 from the name of the locality in which 
 he lived ; but the name of the place cer- 
 tainly existed in 1632, if not earlier. 
 
 Soi-meme. St. Soi-meme, the "na- 
 tural man," in opposition to the " spiritual 
 man." In almost all religious acts and 
 feelings, a thread of self may be detected, 
 and many things are done ostensibly for 
 God, but in reality for St. Soi-meme. 
 
 They attended the church service not altogether without 
 regard to St. Soi-meme.— Asylum Chrisii, ii. 
 
 Soldan {The), Philip II. of Spain, 
 whose wife was Adicia (or papal bigotry). 
 Prince Arthur sent the soldan a challenge 
 for wrongs done to Samient, a female am- 
 bassador (deputies of the states of Holland). 
 On receiving this challenge, the soldan 
 " swore and banned most blasphemously," 
 and mounting " his chariot high " (the 
 high ships of the Armada), drawn by 
 horses fed on carrion (the Inquisitors), 
 went forth to meet the prince, whom he 
 expected to tear to pieces with his chariot 
 scythes, or trample down beneath his 
 
 horses' hoofs. Not being able to get at 
 the soldan from the great height of the 
 chariot, the prince uncovered his shield, 
 and held it up to view. Instantly the 
 soldan's horses were so terrified that they 
 fled, regardless of the whip and reins, 
 overthrew the chariot, and left the sol- 
 dan on the ground, " torn to rags, amongst 
 his own iron hooks and grapples keen." 
 — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 8 (1596). 
 
 *** The overthrow of the soldan by 
 supernatural means, and not by combat, 
 refers to the destruction of the Armada 
 by tempest, according to the legend of the 
 medals, Flavit Jehovah, et dissipati sunt 
 ("He blew with His blast, and they were 
 scattered "). 
 
 Soldier's Daughter (The), a 
 comedy by A. Cherry (1804). Mrs. 
 Cheerly, the daughter of colonel Woodley, 
 after a marriage of three years, is left a 
 widow, young, rich, gay, and engaging. 
 She comes to London, and Frank Heart- 
 all, a generous-minded young merchant, 
 sees her at the opera, falls in love with 
 her, and follows her to her lodging. Here 
 he meets with the Malfort family, reduced 
 to abject poverty by speculation, and re- 
 lieves them. Ferret, the villain of the 
 piece, spreads a report that Frank gave 
 the money as hush-money, because he had 
 base designs on Mrs. Malfort; but his 
 character is cleared, and he leads to the 
 altar the blooming young widow, while 
 the return of Malfort's father places his 
 son again in prosperous circumstances. 
 
 Soldiers' Friend (The), Frederick 
 duke of York, second son of George III., 
 and commander of the British forces in 
 the Low Countries during the French 
 Revolution (1763-1827). 
 
 Solemn Doctor (TJie). Henry 
 Goethals was by the Sorbonne given the 
 honorary title of Doctor Solemnis (1227- 
 1293). 
 
 Solemn League and Covenant, 
 
 a league to support the Church of Scot- 
 land, and exterminate popery and prelacy. 
 Charles II. signed it in 1651, but declared 
 it null and void at his restoration. 
 
 Soles, a shoemaker, and a witness at 
 the examination of Dirk Hatteraick. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time. 
 George II.). 
 
 Solid Doctor (The), Richard Middle- 
 ton (*-1304). 
 
 Soliman the Magnificent, Charles 
 
SOLINGEN. 
 
 929 
 
 SOLOMON. 
 
 Jennens, who composed the libretto for 
 Handel's Messiah (*— 1773). 
 
 Solingen, called "The Sheffield of 
 Germany ; " famous for swords and foils. 
 
 Soli'nus, duke of Ephesus, who was 
 obliged to pass the sentence of the law on 
 iEge'on, a merchant, because, being a 
 Syracusian, he had dared to set foot in 
 Ephesus. "When, however, he discovered 
 that the man who had saved his life, and 
 . whom he best loved, was the son of 
 yEgeon, the prisoner was released, and 
 settled in Ephesus. — Shakespeare, Comedy 
 of Errors (1593). 
 
 Sologne, in France. There is a legend 
 that all domestic animals, such as dogs, 
 cats, pigs, horses, cows, etc., in Sologne, 
 become possessed of human speech from 
 the midnight of Christmas Eve to the mid- 
 day of December 25. 
 
 Solomon, an epic poem in three 
 books, by Prior (1718). Bk. i. Solomon 
 6eeks happiness from wisdom, but comes 
 to the conclusion that "All is vanity;" 
 this book is entitled Knowledge. Bk. ii. 
 Solomon seeks happiness in wealth, 
 grandeur, luxury, and ungodliness, but 
 comes to the conclusion that "All is 
 vanity and vexation of spirit ; " this 
 book is entitled Pleasure. Bk. iii., en- 
 titled Power, consists of the reflections of 
 Solomon upon human life, the power of 
 God, life, death, and a future state. An 
 angel reveals to him the future lot of the 
 Jewish race, and Solomon concludes with 
 this petition : 
 
 Restore, Great Father, Thy instructed son, 
 And in my act may Thy great will be done ! 
 
 Solomon is called king of the ginn and 
 lairies. This is probably a mere blunder. 
 The monarchs of these spirits was called 
 " suleyman," and this title of rank has 
 been mistaken for a proper name. 
 
 Solomon died standing. Solomon em- 
 ployed the genii in building the Temple, 
 but, perceiving that his end was at hand, 
 prayed God that his death might be 
 concealed from the genii till the work 
 was completed. Accordingly, he died 
 standing, leaning on his staff as if in 
 prayer. The genii, supposing him to be 
 alive, toiled on, and when the Temple was 
 fully built, a worm gnawed the staff, and 
 the corpse fell prostrate to the earth. 
 Mahomet refers to this as a fact : 
 
 When We [God] had decreed that Solomon should die, 
 nothing discovered his death unto them [the genii] except 
 the creeping thing of the earth, which gnawed his staff. 
 And when his [dead] body fell down, the genii plainly 
 perceived that if they had known that which is secret, 
 
 they would not have continued in a vile punishment.— 
 Al Koran, xxxiv. 
 
 Solomon's Favourite Wife. Prior, m 
 his epic poem called Solomon (bk. ii.), 
 makes Abra the favourite. 
 
 The apples she had gathered smelt most sweet ; 
 The cake she kneaded was the savoury meat ; 
 All fruits their odourlost and meats their taste, 
 If gentle Abra had not decked the feast ; 
 Kishonoured did the sparkling goblet stand, 
 Unless received from gentle Abra's hand ; . . 
 Nor could my soul approve the music's tone, 
 Till all was hushed, and Abra sung alone. 
 
 Al Beidawi, Jallalo'ddin, and Abulfeda, 
 give Amina, daughter of Jerada king of 
 Tyre, as his favourite concubine. 
 
 Solomon Kills Mis Horses. Solomon 
 bought a thousand horses, and went to exa- 
 mine them. The examination took him the 
 whole day, so that he omitted the prayers 
 which he ought to have repeated. This 
 neglect came into his mind at sunset, and, 
 by way of atonement, he slew all the 
 horses except a hundred of the best "as 
 an offering to God ;" and God, to make 
 him amends for his loss, gave him the 
 dominion of the winds. Mahomet refers 
 to this in the following passage : — 
 
 When the horses, standing on three feet, and touching 
 the ground with the edge of the fourth foot, swift in the 
 course, were set in parade before him [Solomon] in the 
 evening, he said, " Verily I have loved the love of earthly 
 good above the remembrance of my Lord ; and I have 
 spent the time in viewing these horses till the sun is 
 hidden by the veil of night. Bring the horses back unto 
 me." And when they were brought back, he began to 
 cut off their legs and their necks. — Al Kordn, xxxviii. 
 
 Solomon's Mode of Travelling. Solomon 
 had a carpet of green silk, on which 
 his throne was placed. This carpet was 
 large enough for all his army to stand on. 
 "When his soldiers had stationed them- 
 selves on his right hand, and the spirits 
 on his left, Solomon commanded the 
 winds to convey him whither he listed. 
 Whereupon the winds buoyed up the 
 carpet, and transported it to the place the 
 king wished to go to, and while passing 
 thus through the air, the birds of heaven 
 hovered overhead, forming a canopy with 
 their wings to ward off the heat of the 
 sun. Mahomet takes this legend as an 
 historic fact, for he savs in reference to 
 it: 
 
 Unto Solomon We subjected the strong wind, and it ran 
 at his command to the land whereon We had bestowed 
 our blessing.— Al Koran, xxi. 
 
 And again : 
 
 We made the wind subject to him, and it ran gently at 
 his command whithersoever he desired.— A J Koran, 
 xxxviii. 
 
 Solomon's Signet-Ring. The rabbins 
 say that Solomon wore a ring in which 
 was set a chased stone that told him 
 everything he wished to know. 
 
 Solomon Loses His Signet-Ring. Solo- 
 3 o 
 
SOLOMON. 
 
 930 
 
 SOLYM^EAN ROUT. 
 
 mon's favourite concubine was Amlna, 
 daughter of Jerada king of Tyre, and 
 when he went to bathe, it was to Amina 
 that he entrusted his signet-ring. One 
 day, the devil Sakhar assumed the like- 
 ness of Solomon, and so got possession 
 of the ring, and for forty days reigned 
 in Jerusalem, while Solomon himself was 
 a wanderer living on alms. At the end 
 of the forty days, Sakhar flung the ring 
 into the sea ; it was swallowed by a 
 .fish, which was given to Solomon. 
 Having thus obtained his ring again, 
 Solomon took Sakhar captive, and cast 
 him into the sea of Galilee. — Al Koran 
 (Sale's notes, ch. xxxviii.). (See Jovian, 
 p. 501.) 
 
 *** Mahomet, in the Koran, takes this 
 legend as an historic fact, for he says : 
 "We [God] also tried Solomon, and 
 placed on his throne a counterfeit body 
 [i.e. Sakhar the devil] ." — Ch. xxxviii. 
 
 Uffan, the sage, saw Solomon asleep, and, 
 wishing to take off his signet-ring, gave 
 three arrows to Aboutaleb, saying, "When 
 the serpent springs upon me and strikes 
 me dead, shoot one of these arrows at me, 
 and I shall instantly come to life again." 
 Uffan tugged at the ring, was stung to 
 death, but, being struck by one of the 
 arrows, revived. This happened twice. 
 After the third attempt, the heavens grew 
 so black, and the thunder was so alarm- 
 ing, that Aboutaleb was afraid to shoot, 
 and, throwing down the bow and arrow, 
 fled with precipitation from the dreadful 
 place. — Comte de Cavlus, Oriental 'Tales 
 (" History of Aboutaleb," 1743). 
 
 Solomon (The Second), James I. of 
 England (156G, 1603-1625). 
 
 The French king [Henri IV.] said, in the presence of 
 lord Sanquhar, to one that called James a second Solomon, 
 " I ho|>e he is not the son of David the fiddler" [David 
 Jiizzio). — Osborne, Secret History, i. 231. 
 
 Sully called him " The Wisest Fool in 
 Christendom." 
 
 Solomon, a tedious, consequential old 
 butler, in the service of count Winter- 
 sen. He has two idiosyncrasies : One 
 is that he receives letters of confidential 
 importance from all parts of the civilized 
 world, but " has received no communica- 
 tion from abroad to tell him who Mrs. Hal- 
 Ter is." One letter "from Constantinople" 
 turns out to be from his nephew, Tim 
 Twist the tailor, about a waistcoat which 
 had been turned three times. In regard 
 to the other idiosyncrasy, he boasts of his 
 cellar of wine provided in a " most frugal 
 and provident way," and of his alterations 
 in the park, "all done with the most 
 
 economical economy." He is very proud 
 of his son Peter, a half-witted lad, and 
 thinks Mrs. Haller " casts eyes at him." 
 — Benj. Thompson, The Stranger (1797). 
 
 Solomon Daisy, parish clerk and 
 bell-ringer of Chigwell. He had little 
 round, black, shiny eyes like beads ; wore 
 rusty black breeches, a rusty black coat, 
 and a long-flapped waistcoat with little 
 queer buttons like his eyes. As he sat in 
 the firelight, he seemed all eyes, from head 
 to foot. — C. Dickens, Barnaby Budge 
 (1841). 
 
 Solomon of China (The), Tae- 
 tsong I., whose real name was Lee-chee- 
 men. He reformed the calendar, founded 
 a very extensive library, established 
 schools in his palace, built places of 
 worship for the Kestorian Christians, and 
 was noted for his wise maxims (*, 618- 
 626). 
 
 Solomon of England (The), Henry 
 VII. (1457, 1485-1509). (See above, 
 Solomon, The Second.) 
 
 Solomon of France (The), Charles 
 V. le Sage (1337, 1364-1380). 
 
 *** Louis IX. (i.e. St. Louis) is also 
 called "The Solomon of France" (1215, 
 1226-1270). 
 
 Solon of French Prose (The), 
 Balzac (1596-1655). 
 
 Solon of Parnassus (The). Boileau 
 is so called by Voltaire, in allusion to his 
 Art of Poetry (1636-1711). 
 
 Solon's Happiness, death. Solon 
 said, "Call no man happy till he is 
 dead." 
 
 Safer triumph is this funera pomp 
 That hath aspired to Solon's happiness, 
 And triumphs over chance. 
 (?) Shakespeare, Titus A ndronicus, act i. sc. 2 (1593). 
 
 Solsgrace (Master Nehcmiah), a pres- 
 byterian pastor. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
 the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Solus, an old bachelor, who greatly 
 wished to be a married man. Wnen he 
 saw the bright sides of domestic life, he 
 resolved he would marry ; but when he saw 
 the reverse sides, he determined to remaiu 
 single. Ultimately, he takes to the altar 
 Miss Spinster. — lnchbald, Every One has 
 His Fault (1794). 
 
 Solymaean Rout (The), the London 
 rabble and rebels. Solyniaea was an 
 ancient name of Jerusalem, subsequently 
 called Hiero-solyma, that is "sacred 
 Solyma." As Charles II. id called 
 
SOLYMAN. 
 
 931 
 
 SOPHIA. 
 
 "David," and London "Jerusalem," the 
 London rebels are called " the Solymaean 
 rout " or the rabble of Jerusalem. 
 
 The Solymaean rout, well versed of old, 
 
 In godly faction, and in treason bold, . . . 
 
 Saw with disdain an Ethnic plot [popish plot] begun, 
 
 And scorned by Jebusites [papists] to be butdone. 
 
 Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 
 
 Sol'yman, king of the Saracens, 
 whose capital was Nice. Being driven 
 from his kingdom, he fled to Egypt, and 
 wa3 there appointed leader of the Arabs 
 (bk. ix.). Solyman and Argantes were 
 by far the most doughty of the pagan 
 knights. The former was slain by Rinal- 
 do (bk. xx.), and "the latter by Tancred. 
 ■ — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Sombragloomy, London, the in- 
 habitants of which are Sombragloomians. 
 
 Somnambulus. Sir W. Scott so 
 signs The Visionary (political satires, 
 1819).— Olphar Hamst [Ralph Thomas], 
 Handbook of Fictitious Names. 
 
 Somo Sala {Like the father of), a 
 dreamer of air-castles, like the milkmaid 
 Perrette in Lafontaine. (See Count not, 
 etc.) 
 
 Son of Be'lial (A), a wicked person, 
 u rebel, an infidel. 
 
 Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial ; they knew not 
 [i.e. acknowledged not] the Lord. — 1 Sam. ii. 12. 
 
 Son of Consolation, St. Barnabas 
 of Cyprus (first century). — Acts iv. 36. 
 
 Son of Perdition (The), Judas 
 Iscariot. — John xvii. 12. 
 
 Son of Perdition, Antichrist. — 2 Thess. 
 ii. 3. 
 
 Son of a Star (The), Barcochebas 
 or Barchochab, who gave himself out to 
 be the " star " predicted by Balaam (died 
 •a.d. 135). 
 
 There shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre 
 shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of 
 ■- Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth. — Numb. 
 xxiv. 17. 
 
 Son of the Last Man. Charles II. 
 - was so called by the parliamentarians. 
 His father Charles I. was called by them 
 "The Last Man." 
 
 Son of the Rock, echo. 
 
 She went. She called on Armar. Nought answered 
 but the son of the rock. — Ossian, The Songs of Selma. 
 
 Sons of Phidias, sculptors. 
 
 Sons of Thunder or Boanerges, 
 James and John, sons of Zebedee. — Mark 
 iii. 17. 
 
 Song. The Father of Modern French 
 Songs, C. F, Panard (1G91-1765). - 
 
 Song. What ! all this for a song ? So 
 said William Cecil lord Burghley when 
 queen Elizabeth ordered him to give 
 Edmund Spenser £100 as an expression 
 of her pleasure at some verses he had 
 presented to her. When a pension of 
 £50 a year was settled on the poet, lord 
 Burghley did all in his power to oppose 
 the grant. To this Spenser alludes in the 
 lines following : — 
 
 O grief of griefs ! gall of all good hearts ! 
 To see that virtue should despised be 
 
 Of him that first was raised for virtuous parts ; 
 And now, broad-spreading like an aged tree. 
 Lets none shoot up that nigh him planted be. 
 
 Oh let the man of whom the Muse is scorned, 
 
 Alive nor dead be of the Muse adorned ! 
 
 Spenser, The Ruins of Time (1591). 
 
 Sonnam'lbula (La), Ami'na the 
 miller's daughter. She was betrothed 
 to Elvi'no a rich young farmer, but the 
 night before the wedding was discovered 
 in the bed of conte Rodolpho. This very 
 ugly circumstance made the farmer break 
 off the match, and promise marriage to 
 Lisa the innkeeper's daughter. The 
 count now interfered, and assured Elvino 
 that the miller's daughter was a sleep- 
 walker, and while they were still talking 
 she was seen walking on the edge of the 
 mill-roof while the huge mill-wheel was 
 turning rapidty. She then crossed a 
 crazy old bridge, and came into the midst 
 of the assembly, when she woke and ran 
 to the arms of her lover. Elvino, con- 
 vinced of her innocence, married her, and 
 Lisa was resigned to Alessio whose para- 
 mour she was. — Bellini's opera, La Son- 
 nambula (1831). 
 
 (Taken from a melodrama by Ro- 
 mani, and adapted as a libretto by 
 Scribe.) 
 
 Sooterkin, a false birth, as when a 
 woman gives birth to a rat, dog, or other 
 monstrosity. This birth is said to be 
 produced by Dutch Avomen, from their 
 sitting over their foot-stoves. 
 
 Soper's Lane ^London), now called 
 " Queen Street." 
 
 Sophi, in Arabic, means " pure," and 
 therefore one of the pure or true faith. 
 As a royal title, it is tantamount to 
 "catholic "or "most Christian." — Selden, 
 Titles of Honour, vi. 76-7 (1614). 
 
 Sophi'a, mother of Eollo and Ottc 
 dukes of Normandy. Rollo is the 
 "bloody brother." — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Bloody Brother (1639). 
 
 Sophia, wife of Mathlas a Bohemian 
 knight. When Mathias went to take 
 service with king Ladislaus of Bohemia, 
 
SOPHIA. 
 
 932 
 
 SORDELLO. 
 
 the queen Honoria fell in love with him, 
 and sent Ubaldo and Ricardo to tempt 
 Sophia to infidelity. But immediately 
 Sophia perceived their purpose, she had 
 them confined in separate chambers, and 
 compelled them to earn their living by 
 spinning. 
 
 Sophia's Picture. When Mathias left, 
 Sophia gave him a magic picture, which 
 turned yellow if she were tempted, and 
 black if she yielded to the temptation. — 
 Massinger, The Picture (1629). 
 
 Sophi'a (St.) or Agia [Ayal Sofi'a, 
 the most celebrated mosque of Constanti- 
 nople, once a Christian church, but now 
 a Mohammedan jamih. It is 260 feet 
 long and 230 feet broad. Its dome is 
 supported on pillars of marble, granite, 
 and green jasper, said to have belonged 
 to the temple of Diana at Ephesus. 
 
 Sophia's cupola with golden gleam. 
 
 Bjron, Don Juan, v. 3 (1820). 
 
 Sophia (The princess), only child of the 
 old king of Lombardy, in love with 
 Paladore, a Briton, who saved her life by 
 killing a boar which had gored her horse 
 to death. She was unjustly accused of 
 wantonness by duke Bireno, whom the 
 king wished her to marry, but whom she 
 rejected. By the law of Lombardy, this 
 ' offence was punishable by death, but the 
 accuser was bound to support his charge 
 by single combat, if any champion chose 
 to fight in her defence. Paladore chal- 
 lenged the duke, and slew him. The 
 whole villainy of the charge was then 
 exposed, the character of the princess 
 was cleared, and her marriage with Pala- 
 dore concludes the play. — Robert Jeph- 
 son, The Law of Lombardy (1779). 
 
 Sophia [Freelove], daughter of the 
 "Widow Warren by her first husband. 
 She is a lovely, innocent girl, passionately 
 attached to Harry Dornton the banker's 
 son, to whom ultimatelv she is married. 
 — T. Holcroft, The Eoad to Ruin (1792). 
 
 Sophia [Primrose], the younger 
 daughter of the vicar of Wakefield, soft, 
 modest, and alluring. Being thrown 
 from her horse into a deep stream, she 
 was rescued by Mr. Burchell, alias sir 
 William Thornhill. Being abducted, she 
 was again rescued by him, and finally 
 married him. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wake- 
 field (1766). 
 
 Sophia [Sprightly], a young lady 
 of hi^n spirits and up to fun. Tukely 
 loves her sincerely, and knowing her 
 partiality for the Hon. Mr. Daffodil, 
 
 exposes him as a "male coquette," of 
 mean spirit and without manly courage ; 
 after which she rejects him with scorn, 
 and gives her hand and heart to Tukely. 
 — Garrick, The Male Coquette (1758). 
 
 Sophonis'ba, daughter of Asdrubal, 
 and reared to detest Rome. She was 
 affianced to Masinissa king of the Numi- 
 dians, but married Syphax. In b c. 203 
 she fell into the hands of Lelius and 
 Masinissa, and, to prevent being made a 
 captive, married the Numidian prince. 
 This subject and that of Cleopatra have 
 furnished more dramas than any other 
 whatsoever. 
 
 French : J. Mairet, Sophonisbe (1630) ; 
 Pierre Corneille ; Lagrange - Chancel ; 
 and Voltaire. Ltalian : Trissino (1514) ; 
 Alfieri (1749-1863). English : John 
 Marston, The Wonder of Women or The 
 Tragedy of Sophonisba (1605) ; James 
 Thomson, Sophonisba (1729). 
 
 (In Thomson's tragedy occurs the line, 
 " Oh Sophonisba! Sophonisba oh!" 
 which was parodied by* " Oh Jemmy 
 Thomson ! Jemmy Thomson oh ! ") 
 
 With arts arising Sophonisba rose.— Voltaire. ■ 
 
 Sophronia, a young lady who was 
 taught Greek, and to hate men who were 
 not scholars. Her wisdom taught her to 
 gauge the wisdom of her suitors, and to 
 discover their shortcomings. She never 
 found one up to the mark, and now she is 
 wrinkled with age, and talks about the 
 " beauties of the mind." — Goldsmith, A 
 Citizen of the World, xxviii. (1759). 
 
 Sophronia. (See Sofroxia.) 
 
 Sophros'yne (4 syl), one of Logis- 
 tilla's handmaids, noted for her purity. 
 Sophrosyne was sent with Andronica to 
 conduct Astolpho safely from India to 
 Arabia. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Sophy, the eldest of a large family. 
 She is engaged to Traddles, and is always 
 spoken of by him as ' ' the dearest girl in 
 the world." — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
 field (1849). 
 
 Sops of [or tn] Wine. Deptlord 
 pinks are so called. 
 
 Sora'no, a Neapolitan noble, brother 
 of Evanthe (3 syl.) "the wife for a 
 month," and the infamous instrument of 
 Frederick the licentious brother of 
 Alphonso king of Naples. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624). 
 
 Sordello, a Provencal poet, whom 
 Dante meets in purgatory, sitting apart. 
 
SOREL. 
 
 933 SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 On seeing Virgil, Sordello springs forward 
 to embrace him. 
 
 *** R. Browning has a poem called 
 Sot-del 'lo, and makes Sordello typical of 
 liberty and human perfectibility. 
 
 Sorel (Agnes), surnamed La dame de 
 Beaute, not from her personal beauty, 
 but from the " chateau de Beaute'," on 
 the banks of the Marne, given to her by 
 Charles VII. (1409-1450). 
 
 Sorento (in Naples), the birthplace 
 of Torquato Tasso, the Italian poet. 
 
 Sorrows of Werther, a mawkish, 
 sentimental novel by Goethe (1774), once 
 extremely popular. "Werther" is Goethe 
 himself, who loves a married woman, and 
 becomes disgusted with life because 
 " [Char]lotte is the wife of his friend 
 Kestner." 
 
 JVerther, infusing itself into the core and whole spirit of 
 literature, gave birth to a race of sentimentalists, who 
 raged and wailed in every part of the world till better 
 light dawned on them, or at any rate till exhausted 
 nature laid itself to sleep, and it was discovered that 
 lamenting was an unproductive labour. — Carlyle. 
 
 Sosia (in Moliere Sosie), the slave of 
 Amphitryon. When Mercury assumes 
 the form of Sosia, and Jupiter that of 
 Amphitryon, the mistakes and confusion 
 which arise resemble those of the brothers 
 Antiph'olus and their servants the 
 brothers Dromio, in Shakespeare's Gomedy 
 of Errors. — Plautus, Moliere (1668), and 
 Dryden (1690), Amphitryon. 
 
 His first name . . . looks out upon him like another 
 Sosia, or as if a man should suddenly encounter his own 
 duplicate. — C. Lamb. 
 
 Sosii, brothers, the name of two book- 
 sellers at Rome, referred to by Horace. 
 
 So'tenville (Mon. le baron de), 
 father of Angelique, and father-in-law 
 of George Dandin. His wife was of the 
 house of Prudoterie, and both boasted 
 that in 300 years no one of their dis- 
 tinguished lines ever swerved from 
 virtue. "La bravoure n'y est pas plus 
 here'ditaire aux males, que la chastete' 
 aux families." They lived with their 
 son-in-law, who was allowed the honour 
 of paying their debts, and receiving a 
 snubbing every time he opened his mouth 
 that he might be taught the mysteries of 
 the haut monde. — Moliere, George Dan- 
 din (1668). 
 
 SouHs (Lord William), a man of 
 prodigious strength, cruelty, avarice, and 
 treachery. Old Redcap gave him a 
 charmed life, which nothing could affect 
 " till threefold ropes of sand were 
 twisted round his body." Lord Soulis 
 
 waylaid May the lady-love of the heir 
 of Branxholm, and kept her in durance 
 till she promised to become his bride. 
 Walter, the brother of the young heir, 
 raised his father's liegemen and invested 
 the castle. Lord Soulis having fallen 
 into the hands of the liegemen, " they 
 wrapped him in lead, and flung him into 
 a caldron, till lead, bones, and all were 
 melted."— John Leyden (1802). 
 
 (The caldron is still shown in the 
 Skelfhill at Ninestane Rig, part of the 
 range of hills which separates Liddesdale 
 and Teviotdale.) 
 
 South. (Squire), the archduke Charles 
 of Austria. — Arbuthnot, History of John 
 Bull (1712). 
 
 South Britain, all the island of 
 Great Britain except Scotland, which is 
 called " North Britain." 
 
 South Sea (The), the Pacific Ocean ; 
 so called by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, in 
 1513. (See Mississippi Bubble, p. 647.) 
 
 Southampton (The earl of), the 
 friend of the earl of Essex, and involved 
 with him in the charge of treason, but 
 pardoned. — Henry Jones, The Earl of 
 Essex (1745). 
 
 Sovereigns of England (Mortual 
 Days of the). 
 
 Sunday: six, viz., Henry I., Ed- 
 ward III., James I., William III., Anne, 
 George I. 
 
 Monday: six, viz., Stephen, Henry IV., 
 Henry V., Richard III., Elizabeth, Mary 
 II. (Richard II. deposed.) 
 
 Tuesday : four, viz., Richard I., 
 Charles I., Charles II., William IV. 
 (Edward II. resigned, and James II. ab- 
 dicated.) 
 
 Wednesday : four, viz., John, Henry 
 III., Edward IV., Edward V. (Henry 
 VI. deposed.) 
 
 Thursday : five, viz., William I., 
 William II., Henry II., Edward VI., 
 Mary I. 
 
 Friday: three, viz., Edward I., 
 Henry VIII., Cromwell. 
 
 Saturday: four, viz., Henry VII., 
 George II., George III., George IV. 
 
 That is, 6 Sunday and Monday ; 5 
 Thursday ; 4 Tuesday, Wednesday, and 
 Saturday ; and 3 Friday. 
 
 Anne, August 1 (Old Style), August 12 (New Style), 
 1714. 
 
 Charles I., January 30, 1648-9 ; Charles II., Feb- 
 ruary 6, 1684-5 ; Cro.m W jsLL died September 3, 1658 j 
 burnt at Tyburn, January 30. 1661. 
 
 Edward I., July 7, 1307; Edward III., June 21, 
 1377 ; Edward IV., April 9, 1483 ; Edward V n June 26, 
 
sow. 
 
 934 
 
 SPANISH BRUTUS. 
 
 1483 ; Edwakd VI., July 6, 1553 ; Elizabeth, March 24, 
 160-2-3. 
 
 George I , June 11, 1727 ; George II., October 25, 
 1760 ; George III., January 29, 1820 ; George IV., 
 June 26, 1830. 
 
 Henry I., December 1, 1135 ; Henry II., July 6, 1189 ; 
 Henry III., November 16, 1272 ; Henry IV., March 20, 
 1412-3 ; HENRY V., August 31, 1422 ; HENRY VI. deposed 
 March 4, 1460-1; Henry VII., April 21,1509; Henry 
 VIII., January 28, 1546-7. 
 
 James I., March 27, 1625; James II. abdicated 
 December 11, 1688 ; John, October 19, 1216. 
 
 Mary I., November 17, 1558 ; Mary II., December 27, 
 1694. 
 
 Richard I., April 6, 1199 ; Richard II. deposed Sep- 
 tember 29, 1399 ; RICHARD III., August 22, 1485. 
 
 Stephen, October 25, 1154. 
 
 William I., September 9, 1087 ; William II., 
 August 2,1100; William II., March 8, 1701-2; WIL- 
 LIAM IV., June 20, 1837. 
 
 *«* Edward II. resigned Tuesday, January 20, 1327, and 
 was murdered Monday, September 21, 1327. Henry VI. 
 deposed Wednesday, March 4, 1461, again Sunday, 
 April 14, 1471, and died Wednesday, May 22, 1471. 
 James II. abdicated Tuesday, December 11, 1688, and 
 died at St. Germain's, 1701. Richard II. deposed Mon- 
 day, September 29, 1399, died the last week in February, 
 1400 ; but his death was not announced till Friday, March 
 12, 1400, when a dead body was exhibited said to be that 
 of the deceased king. 
 
 Of the sovereigns, eight have died between the ages of 60 
 and 70. two between 70 and 80, and one has exceeded 
 80 vears of age. 
 
 William 1. 60, Henry I. 67, Henry III. 65, Edward I. 63, 
 Edward III. 65. Elizabeth 69, George I. 67, George IV. 68. 
 
 George II. 77, William IV. 72.— George III. 82. 
 
 Length of reign. Five have reigned between 20 and 30 
 years, seven between 30 and 40 years, one between 40 and 
 60 years, and three above 50 years. 
 
 William I., 20 years 8 months 16 days ; Richard II., 22 
 years 3 months S days ; Henry VII., 23 years 8 months ; 
 James I., 22 years 4 days; Charles I., 23 years 10 months 
 4 days. 
 
 Henry I., 35 years 3 months 27 days ; Henry II., 34 years 
 6 months 17 days ; Edward I., 34 years 7 months 18 days ; 
 Henry VI., 38 years 6 months 4 days ; Henry VIII., 37 years 
 9 months 7 days ; Charles II. + Cromwell, 36 years 8 days ; 
 George II., 33 years 4 months 15 days. 
 
 Elizabeth, 44 years 4 months 8 days. 
 
 Henry III., 56 years 20 days; Edward III., 50 years 4 
 months 28 days ; George III., 59 years 3 months 4 days. 
 
 Sow (A), a machine of Avar. It was 
 a wooden shed which went on wheels, 
 the roof being ridged like a hog's back. 
 Being thrust close to the wall of a place 
 besieged, it served to protect the be- 
 sieging party from the arrows hurled 
 against them from the walls. When 
 the countess of March (called "Black 
 Agnes "), in 1335, saw one of these 
 engines advancing towards her castle, she 
 called out to the earl of Salisburj', who 
 commanded the engineers : 
 
 Beware Montagow, 
 
 For farrow shall thy sow ; 
 
 and then had such a huge fragment of 
 rock rolled on the engine that it dashed 
 it to pieces. When she saw the English 
 soldiers running away, the countess 
 called out, " Lo ! lo ! the litter of 
 English pigs ! " 
 
 Sow of Dallweir, named "Hen- 
 wen," went burrowing through Wales, 
 and leaving in one place a grain of barley, 
 in another a little pig, a few bees, a 
 grain or two of wheat, and so on, and these 
 
 made the places celebrated for the par- 
 ticular produce ever after. 
 
 It is supposed that the sow was really 
 a ship, and that the keeper of the sow, 
 named Coll ab Collfrewi, was the captain 
 of the vessel. — Welsh Triads, Ivi. 
 
 Sowerberry, the parochial under- 
 taker, to whom Oliver Twist is bound 
 when he quits the workhouse. Sower- 
 berry was not a badly disposed man, and 
 he treated Oliver with a certain measure 
 of kindness and consideration ; but Oliver 
 was ill-treated by Mrs. Sowerberry, and 
 bullied by a big boy called Noah Clay- 
 pole. Being one day greatly exasperated 
 by the bully, Oliver gave him a thorough 
 " drubbing," whereupon Charlotte the 
 maidservant set upon him like a fury, 
 scratched his face, and held him fast 
 till Noah Claypole had pummelled him 
 within an inch of his life. Three against 
 one was too much for the lad, so he ran 
 away. — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 
 
 Sowerberry, a misanthrope. — W.Brough, 
 A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 
 
 Sowerbrowst (Mr.), the maltster. 
 —Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Soyer (Alexis), a celebrated cook, 
 appointed, in 1837, chef de cuisine to the 
 Reform Club. Alexis Soyer \_Swi.yea] 
 was the author of several Avorks, as The 
 Gastronomic Regenerator, The Poor Man's 
 Regenerator, The Modern Housewife, etc. 
 (died 1858). 
 
 Spado, an impudent rascal in the 
 band of don Caesar (called " captain 
 Ramirez "), who tricks every one, and 
 delights in mischief. — O'Keefe, Castle of 
 Andalusia (1798). 
 
 Quick's great parts were "Isaac," "Tony Lumpkin," 
 "Spado," and "sir Christopher Curry." — Records of a 
 Stage Veteran. 
 
 ("Isaac," in the Duenna, by Sheridan ; 
 "Tony Lumpkin," in She Stoops to Con- 
 quer, by Goldsmith ; "sir Christopher 
 Curry,"in Inkle andYarico, by G. Colmau.) 
 
 Spahis, native Algerian cavalry 
 officered by Frenchmen. The infantry 
 are called Turcos. 
 
 Spanish Brutus (The), Alfonso 
 Perez de Guzman, governor of Tarifa in 
 1293. Here he was besieged by the 
 infant don Juan, who had Guzman's son 
 in his power, and threatened to kill him 
 unless Tarifa was given up. Alfomo 
 replied, "Sooner than be guilty of such 
 treason, I will lend Juan a dagger tr 
 
SPANISH CURATE. 
 
 935 
 
 SPARTAN" DOG. 
 
 carry out his threat ; " and so saying, he 
 tossed his dagger over the wall. Juan, 
 unable to appreciate this patriotism, slew 
 the young man without remorse. 
 
 * + * Lope de Vega has dramatized this 
 incident. 
 
 Spanish Curate {The), Lopez. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
 Curate (1622). 
 
 Spanish Fryar {The), a drama by 
 Dryden (1680). It contains two plots, 
 wholly independent of each other. The 
 serious element is this : Leonora, the 
 usurping queen of Aragon, is promised 
 in marriage to duke Bertran, a prince of 
 the blood ; but is in love with Torrismond 
 general of the army, who turns out to be 
 the son and heir of king Sancho, supposed 
 to be dead. Sancho is restored to his 
 throne, and Leonora marries Torrismond. 
 The comic element is the illicit love of 
 colonel Lorenzo for Elvira, the wife of 
 Gomez a rich old banker. Dominick (the 
 Spanish fryar) helps on this scandalous 
 amour, but it turns out that Lorenzo and 
 Elvira are brother and sister. 
 
 Spanish. Lady {The), a ballad con- 
 tained in Percy's Beliques, ii. 23. A 
 Spanish lady fell in love with captain 
 Popham, whose prisoner she was. A 
 command being sent to set all the pri- 
 soners free, the lady prayed the gallant 
 captain to make her his wife. The 
 Englishman replied that he could not 
 do so, as he was married already. On 
 hearing this, the Spanish lady gave him 
 a chain of gold and a pearl bracelet to 
 take to his wife, and told him that she 
 should retire to a nunnery and spend the 
 rest of her life praying for their happiness. 
 
 It will be stuck up with the ballad of Margaret's Ghost 
 [q.v.~\ and the Spanish Lady, against the walls of every 
 cottage in the country.— Isaac Bickerstaff, Love in a 
 Village (1763). 
 
 Spanish Main {The), the coast 
 along the north part of South America. 
 
 A parrot from the Spanish main. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Spanish Tragedy {The), by T. 
 Kyd (1597). Horatio (son of Hieronimo) 
 is murdered while he is sitting in an 
 arbour with Belimperia. Balthazar, the 
 rival of Horatio, commits the murder, 
 assisted by Belimperia's brother Lorenzo. 
 The murderers hang the dead body on a 
 tree in the garden, where Hieronimo, 
 roused by the cries of Belimperia, dis- 
 covers it, and goes raving mad. 
 
 Spanker {Lady Gay), in London As- 
 surance, by D. Boucicault (1841). 
 
 Dazzle and lady Gay Spanker "act themselves," and 
 will never be dropped out of the list of acting plays.— 
 Percy Fitzgerald. 
 
 Sparabel'la, a shepherdess in love 
 with D'Urfey, but D'Urfey loves Clum'- 
 silis, "the fairest shepherd wooed the 
 foulest lass." Sparabella resolves to kill 
 herself ; but how ? Shall she cut her 
 windpipe with a penknife? "No," she 
 says, "squeaking pigs die so." Shall 
 she suspend herself to a tree? "No," 
 she says, "dogs die in that fashion." 
 Shall she drown herself in the pool? 
 "No," she says, "scolding queans die 
 so." And while in doubt how to kill 
 herself, the sun goes down, and 
 
 The prudent maiden deemed it then too late, 
 And till to-morrow came deferred her fate. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, iii. (1714). 
 
 Sparkish., "the prince of coxcombs," 
 a fashionable fool, and "a cuckold before 
 marriage." Sparkish is engaged to 
 Alithea Moody, but introduces to her 
 his friend Harcourt, allows him to make 
 love to her before his face, and, of course, 
 is jilted. — The Country Girl (Garrick, 
 altered from Wycherlv's Country Wife, 
 1675). 
 
 William Mountford [1660-1692] flourished in days when 
 the ranting tragedies of Nat lee and the jingling plays of 
 Dryden . . . held possession of the stage. His most 
 important characters were " Alexander the Great " [&g/ 
 Lee], and "Castalio," in the Orphan [by Otway\. Cibber 
 highly commends his "Sparkish." — Dutton Cook. 
 
 Sparkler {Edmund), son of Mrs. 
 Merdle by her first husband. He married 
 Fanny, sister of Little Dorrit. Edmund 
 Sparkler was a very large man, called 
 in his own regiment, " Quinbus Flestrin, 
 junior, or the Young Man-Mountain." 
 
 Mrs. Sparkler, Edmund's wife. She was 
 very pretty, very self-willed, and snubbed 
 her husband in most approved fashion. — 
 C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 
 
 Sparsit {Mrs.), housekeeper to Josiah 
 Bounderby, banker and mill-owner at 
 Coketown. Mrs. Sparsit is a "highly 
 connected lady," being the great-niece of 
 lady Scadgers. She had a " Coriolanian 
 nose, and dense black eyebrows," was 
 much believed in by her master, who, 
 when he married, made her "keeper of 
 the bank." Mrs. Sparsit, in collusion 
 with the light porter Bitzer, then acted 
 the spv on Mr. Bounderbv and his young 
 wife.— C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 
 
 Spartan Broth, sorry fare. 
 
 The promoters would be reduced to dine on Spartaa 
 broth in Leicester Square.— Daily jYews, February 25, 1879. 
 
 Spartan Dog {A), a bloodhound. 
 
 O Spartan dog ! 
 More fell than anguish, hunger, or the sea I _ 
 Shakespeare, Othello, act v. sc. 2 U611J. 
 
SPARTAN MOTHER. 
 
 936 
 
 SPEECH-MAKERS. 
 
 Spartan Mother (The) said to her 
 son going to battle, as she handed him 
 his shield, " My son, return with this or 
 on it," i.e. come back with it as a con- 
 queror or be brought back on it as one 
 slain in fight, but by no means be a 
 fugitive or suffer the enemy to be the 
 victorious party. 
 
 Why should I not play 
 The Spartan mother ? 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 
 
 Spasmodic School (The), certain 
 authors of the nineteenth century, whose 
 writings abound in spasmodic phrases, 
 startling expressions, and words used out 
 of their common acceptation. Carlyle, 
 noted for his Germanic English, is the 
 chief of this school. Others are Bailey 
 author of Festus, Sydney Dobell, Gil- 
 fillan, Tennyson, and* Alexander Smith. 
 
 *** Professor Aytoun has gibbeted this 
 class of writers in his Firmilian, a Spas- 
 modic Tragedy (1854). 
 
 Spear. When a king of the ancient 
 Caledonians abdicated, he gave his spear 
 to his successor, and "raised a stone on 
 high " as a record to future generations. 
 Beneath the stone he placed a sword in 
 the earth and "one bright boss from his 
 shield." 
 
 When thou, O stone, shall moulder down and lo9e 
 thee in the moss of years, then shall the traveller come, 
 and whistling pass away. . . . Here Fingal resigned his 
 spear after the last of his fields, — Ossian, Temora, viil. 
 
 Spear ( The Forward), a sign of hostility. 
 In the Ossianic times, when a stranger 
 landed on a coast, if he held the point of 
 his spear forwards, it indicated hostile 
 intentions ; but if he held the point 
 behind him, it was a token that he came 
 as a friend. 
 
 "Are his heroes many?" said Cairbar; "and lifts he 
 the spear of battle, or comes the king in peace?" " In 
 peace he comes not, king of Erin. I have seen his for- 
 ward spear." — Ossian, Temora. i. 
 
 Spear of Achilles. Telephos, son- 
 in-law of Priam, opposed the Greeks in 
 their voyage to Troy. A severe contest 
 ensued, and Achilles with his spear 
 wounded the Mysian king severely. He 
 was told by an oracle that the wound 
 could be cured only by the instrument 
 which gave it ; so he sent to Achilles to 
 effect his cure. The surly Greek replied 
 he was no physician, and would have 
 dismissed the messengers with scant 
 courtesy, but Ubysses whispered in his 
 ear that the aid of Telephos was required 
 to direct them on their way to Troy. 
 Achilles now scraped some rust from his 
 spear, which, being applied to the wound, 
 healed, it. This so conciliated Telephos 
 that he conducted the fleet to Troy, and 
 
 even took part in the war against his 
 father-in-law. 
 
 Achilles' and his father's javelin caused 
 
 Pain first, and then the boon of health restored. 
 
 DaiitS, BeU, xxxi. (1300). 
 And other folk have wondered on . . . Achilles' . . . 
 
 spere, 
 For he couthe with it bothe healc and dere. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (" The Squire's Tale," 1388). 
 Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear, 
 Is able with the change to kill and cure. 
 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry 17. act v. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 *** Probably Telephos was cured by 
 the plant called Achilles (milfoil or 
 yarrow), still used in medicine as a tonic. 
 " The leaves were at one time much used 
 for healing wounds, and are still em- 
 ployed for this purpose in Scotland, 
 Germany, France, and other countries." 
 Achilles (the man) made the wound, 
 achilles (the plant) healed it. 
 
 Spears of Spy ingho w ( The Three) , 
 in the troop of Fitzurse. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Speech ascribed to Dumb Ani- 
 mals. Al Borak, the animal which 
 conveyed Mahomet to the seventh heaven 
 (p. 17) ; Arion, the wonderful horse which 
 Hercules gave to Adrastos (p. 51) ; Ba- 
 laam's ass (Numb. xxii. 28-30) ; the black 
 pigeons of Dodona (p. 259, art. Dodona) ; 
 Comrade, Fortunio's horse (p. 206) ; Kat- 
 mir, the dog of the Seven Sleepers (p. 
 506) ; Saleh's camel (p. 863) ; Temliba, 
 king of the serpents (p. 981) ; Xanthos,thc 
 horse of Achilles. Frithjof's ship, Ellida, 
 could not speak, but it understood what 
 was said to it (p. 905). 
 
 Speech given to Conceal 
 Thought. La parole a €te donne'e a 
 Vhomme pour deguiser la penser or pour 
 Vaider a cacher sa pense'e. Talleyrand 
 is usually credited with this sentence, 
 but captain Gronow, in his Recollections 
 and Anecdotes, asserts that the words were 
 those of count Montrond, a wit and poet, 
 called "the most agreeable scoundrel and 
 most pleasant reprobate in the court of 
 Marie Antoinette." 
 
 Voltaire, in Le Chapon ct la Poulardc, 
 says : " lis n'employent les paroles que 
 pour de'guiser leurs pense'es." 
 
 Goldsmith, in The Bee, iii. (October 
 20, 1759), has borrowed the same thought : 
 " The true use of speech is not so much to 
 express our wants as to conceal them.'' 
 
 Speech-Makers (Bad). 
 
 Addison could not make a speech. He 
 attempted once in the House of Commons, 
 and said, "Mr. Speaker, I conceive — I 
 conceive, sir — sir, I conceive "Where- 
 upon a member exclaimed, " The right 
 
SPEED. 
 
 937 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 honourable secretary of state has con- 
 ceived thrice, and brought forth nothing." 
 
 Campbell {Thomas) once tried to make 
 a speech, but so stuttered and stammered 
 that the whole table was convulsed with 
 laughter. 
 
 Ciceko, the great orator, never got over 
 his nervous terror till he warmed to his 
 subject. 
 
 Irving {Washington), even with a 
 speech written out and laid before him, 
 could not deliver it without a breakdown. 
 In fact, he could hardly utter a word in 
 public without trembling. 
 
 Moore (Tlwmas) could never make a 
 speech. 
 
 (Dickens and prince Albert always 
 spoke well and fluently.) 
 
 Speed, an inveterate punster and the 
 clownish servant of Valentine one of the 
 two "gentlemen of Verona." — Shake- 
 speare, TlieTwo Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 
 
 Speed the Parting Guest. 
 
 Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. 
 
 Pope, Homer's Odyssey (1725). 
 
 Speed the Plough, a comedy by 
 Thomas Morton (1798). Farmer Ash- 
 field brings up a boy named Henry, 
 greatly beloved by every one. This Henry 
 is in reality the son of " Morrington," 
 younger brother of sir Philip Blandford. 
 The two brothers fixed their love on the 
 same lady, but the younger married her, 
 whereupon sir Philip stabbed him to the 
 heart and fully thought him to be dead, 
 but after twenty years the wounded man 
 re-appeared and claimed his son. Henry 
 marries his cousin Emma Blandford ; 
 and the farmer's daughter, Susan, marries 
 Robert only son of sir Abel Handy. 
 
 Spenlow (Mr.), father of Dora 
 (q.v.). He was a proctor, to whom David 
 Copperfield was articled. Mr. Spenlow 
 was killed in a carriage accident. 
 
 Misses Lavinia and Clarissa Spenlow, 
 two spinster aunts of Dora Spenlow, with 
 whom she lived at the death of her father. 
 
 They were not unlike birds altogether, having a sharp, 
 brisk, sudden manner, and a little, short, spruce way of 
 adjusting themselves, like canaries. — C. Dickens, David 
 Copperfield, xli. (1849). 
 
 Spens (Sir Patrick), a Scotch hero, 
 sent in the winter-time on a mission to 
 Norway. His ship, in its home passage, 
 was wrecked against the Papa Stronsay, 
 and every one on board was lost. The 
 incident has furnished the subject of a 
 famous old Scotch ballad. 
 
 Spenser. The Spenser ofEw/lish Prose 
 Writers, Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667). 
 40 
 
 Spenser. From Spenser to Flccknoe, 
 that is, from the top to the bottom of all 
 poetry ; from the sublime to the ridi- 
 culous. — Dryden, Comment on Spenser, etc. 
 
 Spenser's Monument, in West- 
 minster Abbey, was erected by Anne Clif- 
 ford countess of Dorset. 
 
 Spider Cure for Fever (A). 
 
 Only beware of the fever, my friends, beware of the fever. 
 For it is not, like that of our cold Acadian climate. 
 Cured by the wearing a spider hung round one's neck in a 
 nutshell. 
 
 Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 3 (1849). 
 
 Spiders (Unlucky to kill). This 
 especially refers to those small spiders 
 called "money-spinners," which prog- 
 nosticate good luck. Probably because 
 they appear in greater numbers on a fine 
 morning ; although some say the fine day 
 is the precursor of rain." 
 
 Spynners lien token of divynation, and of knowing what 
 wether shal fal, for oft by weders that shal fal some spin 
 and were higher and lower, and multytude of spynners 
 ever betoken moche reyne. — Berthelet, be Proprietatibus 
 Rerum, xviii. 314 (1536). 
 
 Spiders Indicators of Gold. In 
 
 the sixteenth century it was generally 
 said that " Spiders be true signs of great 
 stores of gold ; " and the proverb arose 
 thus : While a passage to Cathaj' was being 
 sought by the north-west, a man brought 
 home a stone, which was pronounced to 
 be gold, and caused such a ferment that 
 several vessels were fitted out for the 
 express purpose of collecting gold. Fro- 
 bisher, in 1577, found, in one of the islands 
 on which he landed, similar stones, and 
 an enormous number of spiders. 
 
 Spider's Net (A). When Mahomet 
 fled from Mecca, he hid in a cave, and a 
 spider wove its net over the entrance. 
 When the Koreishites came thither, they 
 passed on, being fully persuaded that no 
 one had entered the cave, because the cob- 
 web was not broken. 
 
 In the Talmud, we are told that David, 
 in his flight, hid himself in the cave of 
 Adullam, and a spider spun its net over the 
 opening. When Saul came up and saw 
 the cobweb, he passed on, under the same 
 persuasion. 
 
 Spidireen ( The) . If a sailor is asked 
 to what ship he belongs, and does not 
 choose to tell, he says, "The spidireen 
 frigate with nine decks." 
 
 Officers who do not choose to tell their 
 quarters, give B.K.S. as their address, 
 i.e. BarracKS. 
 
 Spindle (Jack), the son of a man of 
 fortune. Having wasted his money in 
 riotous living, he went to a friend to bor- 
 
SPIRIT OF THE CAPE. 
 
 938 
 
 SPOONS. 
 
 row £100. " Let me see, you want £100, 
 Mr. Spindle ; let me see, would not £50 do 
 for the present?" "Well," said Jack, 
 "if you have not £100, 1 must be contented 
 with £50." "Dear me, Mr. Spindle!" 
 said the friend, " I find I hare but £20 
 about me." "Never mind," said Jack, 
 " I must borrow the other £30 of some 
 other friend." "Just so, Mr. Spindle, 
 just so. By-the-by, would it not be far 
 better to borrow the whole of that friend, 
 and then one note of hand will serve for 
 the whole sum? Good morning, Mr. 
 Spindle ; delighted to see you ! Tom, see 
 the gentleman down." — Goldsmith, The 
 Bee, iii. (1759). 
 
 Spirit of the Cape {The), Ada- 
 mastor, a hideous phantom, of unearthly 
 pallor, " erect his hair uprose of withered 
 red," his lips were black, his teeth blue 
 and disjointed, his beard haggard, his 
 face scarred by lightning, his eyes " shot 
 livid fire," his voice roared. The sailors 
 trembled at the sight of him, and the fiend 
 demanded how they dared to trespass 
 "where never hero braved his rage 
 before ? " He then told them " that every 
 year the shipwrecked should be made to 
 deplore their foolhardiness." According 
 to Barreto, the " Spirit of the Cape," was 
 one of the giants who stormed heaven. 
 — Camoens, The Lusiad (1572). 
 
 In me the Spirit of the Cape behold . . . 
 
 That rock by you the "Cape of Tempests" named . . . 
 
 With wide-stretched piles I guard . . . 
 
 Great Adamastor is my dreaded name. 
 
 Canto y. 
 
 Spirit of the Mountain (The), 
 that peculiar melancholy sound which pre- 
 cedes a heavy storm, very observable in 
 hilly and mountainous countries. 
 
 The wind was abroad in the oaks. The Spirit of the 
 Mountain roared. The blast came*ustling through the 
 hall. — Ossian, Dar-Thula. 
 
 Spiri'to, the Holy Ghost as the friend 
 of man, personified in canto ix. of The 
 Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 
 He was married to Urania, and their off- 
 spring are: Knowledge, Contemplation, 
 Care, Humility, Obedience, Faith or 
 Fido, Penitence, Elpi'nus or Hope, and 
 Love the foster-son of Gratitude. (Latin, 
 spirltus, "spirit.") 
 
 Spitfire {Will) or Will Spittal, 
 serving-boy of Roger Wildrake the dis- 
 sipated royalist. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Spittle Cure for Blindness. 
 Spittle was once deemed a sovereign 
 remedy for ophthalmia. — Pliny, Natural 
 History, xxviii. 7. 
 
 %* The blind man restored to sight by 
 Vespasian was cured by anointing bis 
 eyes with spittle. — Tacitus, History, iv. 
 81 ; Suetonius, Vespasian, vii. 
 
 When [Jesus] had thus spoken. He spat on the gronnd, 
 and made clay of the spittle, and He anointed the eyes of 
 the blind man with the clay. — John ix. 6. 
 
 He cometh to Bethsaida ; and they bring a blind man 
 unto Him, . . . and He took the blind man by the hand, 
 and . . . when He had spit on his eyes ... He asked him 
 if he saw ought— Mark viii. 22, 23. 
 
 Spontaneous Combustion. There 
 are above thirty cases on record of death 
 by spontaneous combustion, the most 
 famous being that of the countess Cor- 
 nelia di Baudi Cesenate, which was most 
 minutely investigated, in 1731, by Giu- 
 seppe Bianchini, a prebendary of Verona. 
 
 The next most noted instance occurred 
 at Bheims, in 1725, and is authenticated 
 by no less an authority than Mon. Le Cat, 
 the celebrated physician. 
 
 Messrs. Fodere' and Meie investigated 
 the subject of spontaneous combustion, 
 and gave it as their fixcl opinion that 
 instances of death from such a cause 
 cannot be doubted. 
 
 In vol. vi. of the Philosophical Trans- 
 actions, and in the English Medical Juris- 
 prudence, the subject is caiefully investi- 
 gated, and several examples are cited in 
 confirmation of the fact. 
 
 Joseph Battaglia, a surgeon of Ponte 
 Bosio, gives in detail the case of don G. 
 Maria Bertholi, a priest of mount Valerius. 
 While reading his breviary, the body of 
 this priest burst into flames in several 
 parts, as the arms, back, and head. The 
 sleeves of his shirt, a handkerchief, and 
 his skull-cap were all more or less con-, 
 sumed. He survived the injury four 
 days. (This seems to me more like 
 an electrical attack than an instance of 
 spontaneous combustion.) 
 
 Spontoon, the old confidential servant 
 of colonel Talbot. — Sir W. Scott, Waver- 
 ley (time, George II.). 
 
 Spoon. One needs a long spoon to eat 
 with the devil. — Old Proverb. 
 
 Therefore behoveth him a ful long spono 
 That shall ete with a fend. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 10,aiG ("Squire's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Spoons {Gossip). It was customary 
 at one time for sponsors at christen- 
 ings to give gilt spoons as an offering to 
 their godchild. These spoons had on the 
 handle the figure of one of the apostles 
 or evangelists, and hence were called 
 "Apostle spoons." The wealthy would 
 give the twelve apostles, those of less 
 opulence the four evangelists, and others 
 again a single spoon. When Henry 
 
SPORUS. 
 
 939' 
 
 SPUES OF GOLD. 
 
 VIII. asks Cranmer to be godfather to 
 " a fair young maid," Cranmer replies, 
 M How may I deserve such honour, that 
 am a poor and humble subject?" The 
 king rejoins, " Come, come, my lord, 
 you'd spare your spoons." — Shakespeare, 
 Henry VIII. act v. sc. 2 (1601). 
 
 Sporus. Under this name, Pope 
 satirized lord John Hervey, generally 
 called "lord Fanny," from his effeminate 
 habits and appearance. He was " half 
 wit, half fool, half man, half beau." 
 Lord John Hervey was vice-chamberlain 
 in 1736, and lord privy seal in 1740. 
 
 That thing of silk, 
 Sporus, that mere white curd of asses' milk ; 
 Satire or sense, alas I can Sporus feet. 
 Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel 1 
 
 A. Pope, Prologue to the Satires (1734). 
 
 * + * This lord John Hervey married 
 the beautiful Molly Lapel ; hence Pope 
 says: 
 
 So perfect a beau and a belle 
 As when Hervey the handsome was wedded 
 To the beautiful Molly Lapel. 
 
 S. P. Q. R., the Romans. The letters 
 are the initials of Senatus Fopulus-Que 
 Eomanus. 
 
 New blood must be pumped into the veins and arteries 
 of the S. P. Q. R.— G. A. Sala (Belgravia, April, 1871). 
 
 Sprackling {Joseph), a money-lender 
 and a self-made man. 
 
 Thomas Sprackling, his brother, and equal 
 in roguery. — Wybert Reeve, Parted. 
 
 Sprat Day, November 9, the first 
 day of sprat-selling in the streets. The 
 season lasts about ten weeks. 
 
 Sprenger (louis), Annette Yeilchen's 
 bachelor. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Sprightly {Miss Kitty), the ward of 
 sir Gilbert Pumpkin of Strawberry Hall. 
 Miss Kitty is a great heiress, but stage- 
 struck, and when captain Charles Stanley 
 is introduced, she falls in love with him, 
 first as a " play actor," and then in reality. 
 — I. Jackman, All the World's a Stage. 
 
 Spring {A Sacred). The ancient 
 Sabines, in times of great national danger, 
 vowed to the gods "a sacred spring" 
 (ver sacrum), if they would remove the 
 danger. That is, all the children born 
 during the next spring were "held 
 sacred," and at the age of 20 were com- 
 pelled to leave their country and seek for 
 themselves a new home. 
 
 Spring. (See Seasons.) 
 
 Spring-Heel Jack. The marquis of 
 "Waterf ord, in the early parts of the nine- 
 teenth century, used to amuse himself by 
 
 springing on travellers unawares, to terrify 
 them ; and from time to time others have 
 followed his silly example. Even so late 
 as 1877-8, an officer in her majesty's ser- 
 vice caused much excitement in the 
 garrisons stationed at Aldershot, Col- 
 chester, and elsewhere, by his "spring- 
 heel " pranks. In Chichester and its 
 neighbourhood the tales told of this 
 adventurer caused quite a little panic, 
 and many nervous people were afraid to 
 venture out after sunset, for fear of being 
 "sprung" upon. I myself investigated 
 some of the cases reported to me, but 
 found them for the most part Fakenham 
 ghost tales. 
 
 Springer {The). Ludwig Margrave 
 of Thuringia was so called, because he 
 escaped from Giebichenstein, in the 
 eleventh century, by leaping over the 
 river Saale. 
 
 Sprinklers {Holy Water), Danish 
 clubs, with spiked balls fastened to 
 chains. 
 
 Spruce, M.C, {Captain), in Lend Me 
 Five Shillings, by J. M. Morton (1764- 
 1838). 
 
 Spruch-Sprecher {The) or "sayer 
 of sayings " to the archduke of Austria. 
 —Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Spuma'dor, prince Arthur's horse. 
 So called from the foam of its mouth, 
 which indicated its fiery temper. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. (1590). 
 
 *#* In the Mabinogion, his favourite 
 mare is called Llamrei ("the curveter"). 
 
 Spurs {The Battle of), the battle of 
 Guinnegate, in 1513, between Henry 
 VIII. and the due de Longueville. So 
 called because the French used their 
 spurs in flight more than their swords in 
 fight. (See Spurs of Gold, etc.) 
 
 Spurs {To dish up the), to give one's 
 guests a hint to go ; to maunder on when 
 the orator has nothing of importance to 
 say. During the time of the border feuds, 
 when a great family had come to an end 
 of their provisions, the lady of the house 
 sent to table a dish of spurs, as a hint 
 that the guests must spur their horses on 
 for fresh raids before they could be 
 feasted again. 
 
 When the last bullock was killed and devoured, it was 
 the lady's custom to place on the table a dish which, on 
 being uncovered, was found to contain a pair of clean 
 spurs— a hint to the riders that they must shift for tha 
 next meal. — Border Minstrelsy (new edit.), i. 211 note. 
 
 Spurs of Gold {Battle of the), the 
 
SQUAB. 
 
 940 
 
 SQUIRT. 
 
 battle of Courtray, the most memorable 
 fa Flemish history (July 11, 1302), 
 Here the French were utterly routed, and 
 700 gold spurs were hung as trophies in 
 the church of Notre Dame de Courtray. 
 It is calied in French Journe'e dcs Eperons 
 d'Or. (See Spurs, The Battle of.) 
 
 Marching homeward from the bloodv battie of the Spurs 
 of Gold. 
 
 Longfellow, The Belfry of DrJighS. 
 
 Squab (TJie Poet). Dry den was so 
 called by lord Rochester. 
 
 Squab Pie, a pie made of mutton, 
 apples, and onions. 
 
 Cornwall squab pie, and Devon white-pot brings. 
 And Leicester beans and bacon fit for kings. 
 
 King, Art of Cookery. 
 
 Squab Pie, a pie made of squabs, that 
 is, young pigeons. 
 
 Square (Mr.), a " philosopher," in 
 Fielding's novel called The History of 
 Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). 
 
 Squeers (Mr. Wachford), of Dothe- 
 boys Hall, Yorkshire, a vulgar, con- 
 ceited, ignorant schoolmaster, overbear- 
 ing, grasping, and mean. He steals the 
 boj-s' pocket money, clothes his son in 
 their best suits, half starves them, and 
 teaches them next to nothing. Ulti- 
 mately, he is transported for purloining 
 a deed. 
 
 Mrs. Squeers, wife of Mr. "Wackford, 
 a raw-boned, harsh, heartless virago, 
 without one spark of womanly feeling 
 for the boys put under her charge. 
 
 Miss Fanny Squeers, daughter of the 
 schoolmaster, "not tall like her mother, 
 but short like her father. From the 
 former she inherited a voice of hoarse 
 quality, and from the latter a remark- 
 able expression of the right eye." Miss 
 Fanny falls in love with Nicholas Nickle- 
 bj r , but hates him and spites him because 
 he is insensible of the soft impeachment. 
 
 Master Wackford Squeers, son of the 
 schoolmaster, a spoilt boy, who was 
 dressed in the best clothes of the scholars. 
 He was overbearing, self-willed, and 
 passionate. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
 (1838). 
 
 The person who suggested the character of Squeers was 
 a Mr. Shaw of Bowes. He married a Miss Laidman. 
 The satire ruined the school, and was the death both of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Shaw.— Note* and Queries, October 25, 
 1873. 
 
 Squeeze (Miss), a pawnbroker's 
 daughter. Her father had early taught 
 her that money is the " one thing need- 
 ful," and at death left her a moderate 
 competence. She was so fully convinced 
 of the value of money that she would 
 
 never part with a farthing without an 
 equivalent, and refused several offers, 
 because she felt persuaded her suitors 
 sought her money and not herself. Now 
 she is old and ill-natured, marked with 
 the smali-pox, and neglected by every 
 one.— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, 
 xxviii. (1759). 
 
 Squint (Lawyer), the great politician 
 of societ} r . He makes speeches for mem- 
 bers of parliament, writes addresses, gives 
 the history of every new play, and finds 
 "seasonable thought" upon every pos- 
 sible subject. — Goldsmith, A Citizen of 
 the World, xxix. (1759). 
 
 Squint - Ey;ed, [Guercino] Gian- 
 Francesco Barbieri, the painter (1590- 
 1666). 
 
 Squintum (Dr.). George White- 
 field is so called bv Foote in his farce 
 entitled The Minor (1714-1770). 
 
 Squintum (Dr.). The Rev. Edward 
 Irving, who had an obliquity of the ej T es, 
 was so called by Theodore Hook (1792- 
 1834). 
 
 Squire of Dames (The), a young 
 knight, in love with Col'umbell, whe 
 appointed him a year's service before she 
 woidd consent to become his bride. The 
 " squire " was to travel for twelve months, 
 to rescue distressed ladies, and bring 
 pledges of his exploits to Columbell. 
 At the end of the year he placed 300 
 pledges in her hands, but instead of re- 
 warding him by becoming his bride, she 
 set him another task, viz., to travel about 
 the world on foot, and not present himself 
 again till he could bring her pledges from 
 300 damsels that they would live in 
 chastity all their life. The squire told 
 Columbell that in three years he had 
 found only three persons who would 
 take the pledge, and only one of these, 
 he said (a rustic cottager), took it from 
 a "principle of virtue;" the other two 
 (a nun and a courtezan) promised to do 
 so, but did not voluntarily join the 
 "virgin martyrs." This "Squire oi 
 Dames " turned out to be Britomart. — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7 (1590). 
 
 * + * This story is imitated from " Tho 
 Host's Tale," in Orlando Fwioso, xxviii. 
 
 Squirt, the apothecary's boy, in 
 Garth's Dispensary ; hence any appren- 
 tice lad or errand boy. 
 
 Here sauntering 'prentices o'er Otway weep, 
 O'er Congreve smile, or over D'Urfey sleep. 
 Pleased sempstresses the Lock's famed Rape unfold, 
 And Squirts read Garth till apozems grow cold. 
 
 J. Gay, Trivia (1712). 
 
SQUOD. 
 
 941 
 
 STANDARD. 
 
 (Pope wrote The Bape of the Lock, 
 1712.) 
 
 Squod (Phil), a grotesque little fellow, 
 faithfully attached to Mr. George the 
 son of Mrs. Rouncewell (housekeeper at 
 Chesney Wold). George had rescued the 
 little street arab from the gutter, and 
 the boy lived at George's " Shooting 
 Gallery" in Leicester Square (London). 
 Phil was remarkable for limping along 
 sidewavs, as if "tacking." — C. Dickens, 
 Bleak House (1852). 
 
 S. S., souvenance, forget-me-not, in 
 remembrance, a souvenir. 
 
 On the Wednesday preceding Easter Day, 1465, as sir 
 Anthony was speaking to his royal sister, on his knees, 
 all the ladies of the court gathered round him, and bound 
 to his left knee a band of gold, adorned with stones 
 fashioned into the letters S. S. {souvenance or remem- 
 brance), and to this band was suspended an enamelled 
 "forget-me-not." — Lord Lytton. Last of the Barons, 
 iv. 5 (1849). 
 
 S. S. Gr. G., the letters of the Fem- 
 gerichte. They stand for Stock, Stein, 
 Gras, Grein (" Stick," "Stone," "Grass," 
 "Groan"). What was meant by these 
 four words is not known. 
 
 Stael (Madame de), called by Heine 
 [Hi.ne] "a whirlwind in petticoats," and 
 a " sultana of mind." 
 
 Stag (The) symbolizes Christ, because 
 (according to fable) it draws serpents by 
 its breath out of their holes, and then 
 tramples them to death. — Pliny, Natural 
 History, viii. 50. 
 
 Stag or Hind, emblem of the tribe 
 of Naphtali. In the old church at Tot- 
 ness is a stone pulpit divided into com- 
 partments, containing shields bearing the 
 emblems of the Jewish tribes, this being 
 one. 
 
 Naphtali is a hind let loose. — Gen. xlix. 21. 
 
 Stag's Horn, considered in Spain a 
 safeguard against the evil eye ; hence, a 
 small horn, silver-tipped, is often hung on 
 the neck of a child. If an evil eye is 
 then cast on the child, it enters the horn, 
 which it bursts asunder. 
 
 Are you not afraid of the evil eye ? 
 Have you a stag's horn with you ? 
 
 Longfellow, The Spanish Student, iii. 5. 
 
 Stagg (Benjamin), the proprietor of 
 the cellar in the Barbican where the secret 
 society of "'Prentice Knights" used to 
 convene. He was a blind man, who 
 fawned on Mr. Sim Tappertit, "the 
 'prentices' glory" and captain of the 
 "'Prentice Knights." But there was a 
 disparity between his words and senti- 
 ments, if we may judge from this 
 specimen : "Good night, most noble 
 
 captain ! farewell, brave general ! bye- 
 bye, illustrious commander T — a conceited, 
 bragging, empty-headed, duck-legged 
 idiot ! " Benjamin Stagg was shot by 
 the soldiery in the Gordon riots. — C. 
 Dickens, Barnaby Budge (1841). 
 
 Stagirite (3 syl.). Aristotle is called 
 the Stagirite because he was born at 
 Staglra, in Macedon. Almost all our 
 English poets call the word Stagirite : 
 as Pope, Thomson, Swift, Byron, Words- 
 worth, B. Browning, etc. ; but it should 
 be Stagi'rite (i.Ta^eiplrm). 
 
 Thick like a glory round the Stagyiite, 
 Your rivals throng, the sages. 
 
 R. Browning, Paracelsus, L 
 All the wisdom of the Stagirite. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 Plato, the Stagyrite, and Tully Joined. 
 
 Thomson. 
 As if the Stagirite »'erlooked the line. 
 
 Tope. 
 Is rightly censured by the Stagirite, 
 Who says his numbers do not fadge aright 
 
 Swift, To Lr. Sheridan (1718). 
 
 Stamboul (2 syl.), Constantinople. 
 
 And Stamboul's minarets must greet my sight. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Revieuers (1809). 
 
 Stammerer (The), Louis II. of 
 France, le Be'gue (846, 877-879). 
 
 Michael II. emperor of the East 
 (*, 820-829). 
 
 Notker or Notger of St. Gall (830- 
 912). 
 
 Stancheils, head jailer at the Glas- 
 gow tolbooth. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Standard. A substantial building 
 for water supplies, as the Water Stan- 
 dard of Cornhill, the Standard in Cheap, 
 opposite Honey Lane, "which John 
 Wells, grocer, caused to be made [? re- 
 built^ in his mayoralty, 1430." — Stow, 
 Survey ("Cheapside"). 
 
 The Cheapside Standard. This Standard 
 was in existence in the reign of Edward 
 I. In the reign of Edward III. two 
 fishmongers were beheaded at the 
 Cheapside Standard, for aiding in a riot. 
 Henry IV. caused " the blank charter of 
 Richard II." to be burnt at this place. 
 
 The Standard, Cornhill. This was a 
 conduit with four spouts, made by Peter 
 Morris, a German, in 1582, and supplied 
 with Thames water, conveyed by leaden 
 pipes over the steeple of St. Magnus's 
 Church. It stood at the east end of 
 Cornhill, at its junction with Grace- 
 church Street, Bishopsgate Street, and 
 Leadenhall Street. The water ceased 
 to run between 1598 and 1603, tut the 
 Standard itself remained long after. 
 
STANDAED. 
 
 942 
 
 STARCHATERUS. 
 
 Distances from London were measured 
 from this spot. 
 
 In the year 1775 there stood upon the borders of Epping 
 Forest, at a distance of about twelve miles from London, 
 measuring from the Standard in Cornhill, or rather from 
 the spot on which the Standard used to be, a house of 
 public entertainment called the Maypole. — Dickens, 
 Barnahy Rudge, i. (1841). 
 
 Standard (The Battle of the), the 
 battle of Luton Moor, near Northallerton, 
 between the English and the Scotch, in 
 1138. So called from the "standard," 
 which was raised on a waggon, and 
 placed in the centre of the English army. 
 The pole displayed the standards of St. 
 Cuthbert of Durham, St. Peter of York, 
 St. John of Beverley, and St. Wilfred of 
 Ripon, surmounted by a little silver 
 casket containing a consecrated wafer. — 
 Hailes, Annals of Scotland, i. 85 (1779). 
 
 The Battle of the Standard was so called from the 
 banner of St. Cuthbert, which was thought always to 
 ■secure success. It came forth at the battle of N evil's Gross, 
 and was again victorious. It. was preserved with great 
 reverence till the Reformation, when, in 1549, Catharine 
 Whittingham (a French lady), wife of the dean of Durham, 
 burnt it out of zeal against popery. — Miss Yonge, Cameos 
 of English History, 126-8 (1868). 
 
 Standing (To die). Vespasian said, 
 "An emperor of Rome ought to die 
 standing." Louis XVIII. of France said, 
 " A king of France ought to die standing." 
 This craze is not confined to crowned 
 heads. 
 
 Standish (Miles), the puritan cap- 
 tain, was short of stature, strongly built, 
 broad in the shoulders, deep-chested, 
 and with sinews like iron. His daughter 
 Rose was the first to die " of all who 
 came in the Mayflower.'" Being desirous 
 to marry Priscilla "the beautiful puri- 
 tan," he sent young Alden to plead his 
 cause ; but the maiden answered archly, 
 "Why don't you speak for yourself, 
 John ? " Soon after this, Standish was 
 shot with a poisoned arrow, and John 
 Alden did speak for himself, and pre- 
 vailed. — Longfellow, Courtship of Miles 
 Standish (1858). 
 
 Standish (Mr. Justice), a brother 
 magistrate with Bailie Trumbull. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Stanley, in the earl of Sussex's train. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
 beth). 
 
 Stanley (Captain Charles), introduced 
 by his friend captain Stukely to the 
 family at Strawberry Hall. Here he 
 meets Miss Kitty Sprightly an heiress, 
 who has a theatrical twist. The captain 
 makes love to her under the mask of 
 acting, induces her to run off with him 
 and get married, then, returning to the 
 
 hall, introduces her as his wife. All the 
 family fancy he is only "acting," but 
 discover too late that their "play" is a 
 life-long reality. — I. Jackman, All the 
 World's a Stage. 
 
 Stanley Crest ( The) . On a chapeau 
 gu. an eagle feeding on an infant in its 
 nest. The legend is that sir Thomas de 
 Lathom, having no male issue, was 
 walking with his wife one day, and heard 
 the cries of an infant in an eagle's nest. 
 They looked on the child as a gift from 
 God, and adopted it, and it became the 
 founder of the Stanley race (time, Edward 
 III.). 
 
 Staples (Lawrence), head jailer at 
 Kenilworth Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
 worth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Star Falling. Any wish formed 
 during the shoot of a star will come to 
 pass. 
 
 Star of Arcady (The), the Great 
 Bear ; so called from Calisto, daughter of 
 Lycaon king of Arcadia. The Little 
 Bear is called the Tyrian Cynosure, from 
 Areas or Cynosura son of Calisto. 
 
 And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, 
 Or Tyrian Cynosure (3 syl.). 
 
 Milton, Comus, 34*2 (1634). 
 
 * + * Of course, "Cynosure" signifies 
 "dog's tail," Greek, kunos oura, meaning 
 the star in Ursa Minor. 
 
 Star of South Africa, a diamond 
 discovered in the South African fields. It 
 weighed in the rough 83$ carats ; and 
 after being cut 46£ carats. 
 
 Star of the South (The), the second 
 largest cut diamond in the world. It 
 weighs 254 carats. It was discovered in 
 Brazil by a poor negress (1853). 
 
 Starch (Dr.), the tutor of Blushing- 
 ton.— W. T. Moncrieff, The Bashful Man. 
 
 Starchat'erus, of Sweden, a giant 
 in stature and strength, whose life was 
 protracted to thrice the ordinary term. 
 When he felt himself growing old, he 
 hung a bag of gold round his neck, and 
 told Olo he might take the bag of gold 
 if he would cut off his head, and he did 
 so. He hated luxury in every form, and 
 said a man was a fool who went and 
 dined out for the sake of better fare. 
 One day, Helgo king of Norway asked 
 him to be his champion in a contest 
 which was to be decided by himself 
 alone against nine adversaries. Star- 
 chaterus selected for the site of combat 
 the top of a mountain covered with snow, 
 
STARELEIGH. 
 
 943 
 
 STEELE GLAS. 
 
 and, throwing off his clothes, waited for 
 the nine adversaries. When asked if he 
 would fight with them one by one or all 
 together, he replied, "When dogs bark 
 at me, I drive them all off at once." — 
 Joannes Magnus, Gothorum Suevorumque 
 Historia (1554). 
 
 Stareleigh (Justice), a stout, pudgy- 
 little judge, very deaf, and very iras- 
 cible, who, in the absence of the chief 
 justice, sat in judgment on the trial of 
 " Bardell v. Pickwick." — C. Dickens, 
 The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 Starno, king of Lochlin. Having 
 been conquered by Fingal and generously 
 set at liberty, he promised Fingal his 
 daughter Agandecca in marriage, but 
 meant to deal treacherously by him and 
 kill him. Fingal accepted the invitation 
 of Starno, and spent three days in boar- 
 hunts. He was then warned by Agandecca 
 to beware of her father, who had set an 
 ambuscade to waylay him. Fingal, being 
 forewarned, fell on the ambush and slew 
 every man. When Starno heard thereof, 
 he slew his daughter, whereupon Fingal 
 and his followers took to arms, and 
 Starno either "fled or died." Swaran 
 succeeded his father Starno. — Ossian, Fin- 
 gal, iii. ; see also Cath-Loda. 
 
 Starvation Duiidas, Henry Dun- 
 das the first lord Melville. So called 
 because he introduced the word starvation 
 into the language (1775). 
 
 Starveling (Robin), the tailor. He 
 was cast for the part of "Thisbe's 
 mother," in the drama played before 
 duke Theseus (2 syl.) on "his wedding 
 da} r at night." Starveling has nothing 
 to say in the drama. — Shakespeare, 
 Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 
 
 State, a royal chair with a canopy 
 over it. 
 
 Our hostess keeps her state. 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act iii. sc. 4 (1G06). 
 
 Stati'ra, the heroine of La Calpre- 
 nede's romance of Cassandra. Statira is 
 the daughter of Darius, and is repre- 
 sented as the " most perfect of the works 
 of creation." Oroondates is in love with 
 her, and ultimately marries her. 
 
 Stati'ra, daughter of Dari'us, and wife of 
 Alexander. Young, beautiful, womanly, 
 of strong affection, noble bearing, mild 
 yet haughty, yielding yet brave. Her 
 love for Alexander was unbounded. 
 When her royal husband took Roxana 
 into favour, the proud spirit of the 
 
 princess was indignant, but Alexander, 
 by his love, won her back again. Statira 
 was murdered by Roxana the Bactrian, 
 called the " Rival Queen." — N. Lee, 
 Alexander the Great (1678). 
 
 Miss Boutwell was the original "Statira" of Lee's 
 A lexander, and once, when playing with Mrs. Barry 
 [1678J she was in danger of receiving on the stage her 
 death-blow. It happened thus : Before the curtain 
 drew up, the two queens, " Statira" and " Koxana " had 
 a real rivalship about a lace veil, allotted to Miss Boutwell 
 by the manager. This so enraged Mrs. Barry that, in 
 "stabbing 'Statira,'" she actually thrust her dagger 
 through her rival's stays, a quarter of an inch or more 
 into the flesh. — Campbell, Life of Mrs. Siddons. 
 
 Dr. Doran tells us that : 
 
 The charming George Ann Bellamy [1733-1788] procured 
 from Paris two gorgeous dresses for the part of "Statira." 
 When Peg Woffington, who played " Roxana," saw them, 
 she was so overcome by malice, hatred, and all uncharit- 
 ableness, that she rolled her rival in the dust, pummelled 
 her with the handle of her dagger, and screamed iu 
 anger : 
 
 Nor he. nor heaven, shall shield thee from my justice. 
 
 Die, sorceress, die ! and all my wrongs die with thee 1 
 Table Traits. 
 
 Staunton (The Rev. Mr.), rector of 
 Willingham, and father of George 
 Staunton. 
 
 George Staunton, son of the Rev. Mr. 
 Staunton. He appears first as " Geordie 
 Robertson," a felon ; and in the Porteous 
 mob he assumes the guise of " Madge 
 Wildfire." George Staunton is the 
 seducer of Effie Deans. Ultimately he 
 comes to the title of baronet, marries 
 Effie, and is shot by a gipsy boy called 
 ',' The Whistler," who proves to be his 
 own natural son. 
 
 Lady Staunton, Effie Deans after her 
 marriage with sir George. On the death 
 of her husband, she retires to a convent 
 on the Continent. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Steadfast, a friend of the Duberly 
 family. — Colman, The Heir-at-Law (1721). 
 
 Steeds of the Sea, ships, a com- 
 mon synonym of the Runic bards. 
 
 And thro' the deep exulting sweep 
 The Thunder-steeds of Spain. 
 
 Lord Lytton, Ode, i. (1839). 
 
 Steel Castle, a strong ward, belong- 
 ing to the Yellow Dwarf. Here he 
 confined All-Fair when she refused to 
 marry him according to her promise. — ■ 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" The 
 Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 
 
 Steele G-las (The), a mirror in 
 which we may " see ourselves as others 
 see us," or see others in their true 
 likenesses. 
 
 The Christel Glasse, on the other hand, 
 reflects us as vanity dictates, and shows 
 other people as fame paints thim. These 
 
STEENIE. 
 
 944 
 
 STEPHANO. 
 
 mirrors were made by Lucyl'ius (an old 
 satirist). 
 
 Lucylius . . . bequeathed "The Christel Glasse" 
 To such as love to seme but not to be ; 
 But unto those that love to see themselves, 
 How foul or fayre soever that they are, 
 He gan bequeath a Glasse of trustie Steel. 
 
 G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Steenie, i.e. " Stephen." So George 
 Villiers duke of Buckingham was called 
 by James I., because, like Stephen the 
 first martyr, " all that sat in the council, 
 looking stedfastly on him, saw his face 
 as it had been the face of an angel" 
 (Acts vi. 15). 
 
 Steenson (Willie) or "Wandering 
 Willie," the blind fiddler. 
 
 Steenie Steenson, the piper, in Wander- 
 ing Willie's tale. 
 
 Maggie Steenson, or " Epps Anslie," 
 the wife of Wandering WiJie. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Redgauntlct (time, George III.). 
 
 Steerforth, the young man who led 
 little Em'ly astray. When tired of his 
 toy, he proposed to her to marry his 
 valet. Steerforth, being shipwrecked off 
 the coast of Yarmouth, Ham Peggotty tried 
 to rescue him, but both were drowned. — C. 
 Dickens, David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Stein. There is a German saying 
 that, "Kremsand Stein are three places." 
 The solution lies in the word "and" 
 (German, und). Now Und is between 
 Krems and Stein ; so that Krems, Und, 
 [and] Stein arc three places. 
 
 Steinbach. (Erwin von) designed 
 Strasbourg Cathedral ; begun 1015, and 
 finished 1469. 
 
 A great master of his craft 
 Erwin von Steinbach. 
 
 Longfellow, Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 JSteinernherz von Blutsacker 
 
 (Francis), the scharf-gerichter or execu- 
 tioner. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Steinfeldt (The old baroness of), 
 introduced in Donnerhugel's narrative. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Steinfort (The baron), brother of 
 the countess Wintersen. He falls in love 
 with Mrs. Haller, but, being informed of 
 the relationship between Mrs. Haller and 
 "the stranger," exerts himself to bring 
 about a reconciliation. — Benj. Thompson, 
 The Stranger (1797). 
 
 Stella. The lady Penelope Devereux, 
 tha object of sir Philip Sidney's affection. 
 She married lord Kich, and was a widow 
 in Sidney's life-time. Spenser says, in 
 
 his Astrophel, when Astrophel (sir 
 Philip) died, Stella died of grief, and the 
 two "lovers" were converted into one 
 flower, called " Starlight," which is first 
 red, and as it fades turns blue. Some 
 call it penthea, but henceforth (he says) it 
 shall be called "Astrophel." It is a pure 
 fiction that Stella died from grief at the 
 death of Sidney, for she afterwards 
 married Charles Blount, created by 
 James I. earl of Devonshire. The poet 
 himself must have forgotten his own 
 lines : 
 
 Ne less praiseworthy Stella do I read, 
 Tho' nought my praises of her needed are. 
 
 Whom verse of noblest shepherd lately dead [1586] 
 Hath praised and raised above each other star. 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Homo Again (1591). 
 
 Stella. Miss Hester JohDson was so 
 called by Swift, to whom she was 
 privately married in 1706. Hester is first 
 perverted into the Greek aster, and 
 "aster" in Latin, like stella, means 
 " a star." Stella lived with Mrs. Dingley 
 on Ormond Quay, Dublin. 
 
 Poor Stella must pack off to town . . . 
 To-Liffy's stinking tide at Dublin . . . 
 To be directed there by Dingley . . . 
 And now arrives the dismal day, 
 She must return to Ormond Quay. 
 
 Swift, To Stella at Wood Park (1723). 
 
 Steno (Michel), one of the chiefs of 
 the tribunal of Forty. Steno acts 
 indecorously to some of the ladies as- 
 sembled at a civic banquet given by the 
 doge of Venice, and is turned out of 
 the house. In revenge, he fastens on the 
 doge's chair some scurrilous lines against 
 the young dogaressa, whose extreme 
 modesty and innocence ought to have 
 protected her from such insolence. The 
 doge refers the matter to "the Forty," who 
 sentence Steno to two months' imprison- 
 ment. This punishment, in the opinion 
 of the doge, is wholly inadequate to. the 
 offence, and Marino Faliero joins a con- 
 spiracy to abolish the council altogether. 
 — Byron, Marino Faliero, the Doge of 
 Venice (1819). 
 
 Stentor, a Grecian herald in the 
 Trojan Avar. Homer says he was " great- 
 hearted, brazen-voiced, and could shout 
 as loud as fifty men." 
 
 He liegan to roar for help with the lungs of a Stentor. — 
 Smollett. 
 
 Steph/ano, earl of Carnuii, the 
 leader of 400 men in the allied Christian 
 army. He was noted for his military 
 prowess and wise counsel. — Tasso, Jeru- 
 salem Delivered, i. (1575). 
 
 Steph'ano, a drunken butler. — Shake- 
 speare, The Tempest (1609). 
 
STEPHANO. 
 
 945 
 
 STEYNE. 
 
 Steph'ano, servant to Portia. — Shake- 
 speare, Merchant of Venice (L598). 
 
 Stephen, one of the attendants of 
 B'r Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower 
 of prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Stephen (Count), nephew of the count 
 of Crevecoeur. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
 Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Stephen (Master), a conceited puppy, 
 who thinks all inferiors are to be snubbed 
 and bullied, and all those weaker and 
 more cowardly than himself are to be 
 kicked and beaten. He is especially 
 struck with captain Bobadil, and tries 
 to imitate his " dainty oaths." Master 
 Stephen has no notion of honesty and 
 high-mindedness : thus he steals Down- 
 riglit's cloak, which had been accidentally 
 dropped, declares he bought it, and then 
 that he found it. Being convicted of 
 falsehood, he resigns all claim to it, 
 saying in a huff, " There, take your cloak ; 
 I'll none on't." This small-minded youth 
 is young Kno'well's cousin. — Ben Jonson, 
 Every Man in His Humour (1598). 
 
 Stephen (The British St.), St. Alban, 
 the British proto-martyr (died 303). 
 
 As soon as the executioner gave the fatal stroke [which 
 beheaded St. A loan], his eyes dropped out of his head. — 
 Bede, Ecclesiastical History (A.D. 734). 
 
 Stephen Steelheart, the nickname 
 of Stephen Wetheral.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Stephen of Amboise, leader of 
 5000 foot soldiers from Blois and Tours 
 in the allied Christian army of Godfrey 
 of Bouillon. Impetuous in attack, but 
 deficient in steady resistance. He was 
 shot by Clorinda with an arrow (bk. xi.). 
 — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Sterling (Mr.), a vulgar, rich City 
 merchant, who wishes to see his two 
 daughters married to titles. Lord Ogleby 
 calls him " a very abstract of 'Change ; " 
 and he himself says, "What signifies 
 birth, education, titles, and so forth? 
 Money, I say — money's the stuff that 
 makes a man great in this country." 
 
 Miss Sterling, whose Christian name is 
 Elizabeth or Betty ; a spiteful, jealous, 
 purse-proud damsel, engaged to sir John 
 Melvil. Sir John, seeing small prospect 
 of happiness with such a tartar, proposed 
 marriage to the younger sister ; and Miss 
 Sterling, being left out in the cold, ex- 
 claimed, " Oh that some other person, an 
 earl or duke for instance, would propose 
 
 to me, that I might be revenged on the 
 monsters ! " 
 
 Miss Fanny Sterling, an amiable, sweet- 
 smiling, soft-speaking beauty, clandes- 
 tinely married to Lovewell. — Colman and 
 Garrick, The Clandestine Marriage (1766). 
 
 A strange blunder was once made by Mrs. Gibbs of 
 Covent Garden in the part of "Miss Sterling." When 
 speaking of the conduct of Betty, who had locked the 
 door of Miss Fanuy's room and walked away with ths 
 key, Mrs. Gibbs exclaimed, " She has locked the key, and 
 carried away the door in her pocket."— W. C. Russell, 
 Representative Actors. 
 
 Sterry, a fanatical preacher, admired 
 by Hugh Peters.— S. Butler, Hudibras 
 (1663-78). 
 
 Stevens, a messenger of the earl of 
 Sussex at Say's Court. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenil worth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Stewart (Colonel), governor of the 
 castle of Doune. — Sir W. Scott, Wavcrley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Stewart (Prince Charles Edward), sur- 
 named "The Chevalier" by his friends, 
 and "The Pretender " by his foes. Sir 
 W. Scott introduces him in Waverley y 
 and again in Redgauntlet, where he ap- 
 pears disguised as " father Buonaven- 
 tura." (Now generally spelt Stuart.) 
 
 Stewart ( Walking), John Stewart, the 
 English traveller, who travelled on foot 
 through Hindustan, Persia, Nubia, Abys- 
 sinia, the Arabian Desert, Europe, and 
 the United States (died 1822). 
 
 A most interesting man, . . . eloquent in conversation, 
 contemplative . . . and crazy beyond all reach of hele- 
 bore, . .*. yet sublime and divinely benignant in his 
 visionariness. This man, as a pedestrian traveller, had 
 seen more of the earth's surface . . . than any man 
 before or since.— De Quincey. 
 
 * # * Walking Stewart must not be 
 confounded with John M'Douall Stuart, 
 the Australian explorer (1818-1866). 
 
 Stewart Diamond (The), found in 
 1872, is the largest South African dia- 
 mond, discovered up to the year 1880. 
 It Aveighed in the rough state 288§ carat?, 
 and but few diamonds in the world ex- 
 ceed it in size. It is of a light yellow 
 hue. and is set as a star with eight points 
 and a fleur de lys above. This superb 
 stone, with the Dudley and Twin dia- 
 monds, have all been discovered in the 
 Cape since 1870. 
 
 Steyne (Marquis of), earl of Gaunt 
 and of Gaunt Castle, a viscount, baron, 
 knight of the Garter and of numerous 
 other orders, colonel, trustee of the 
 British Museum, elder brother of the 
 Trinity House, governor of White Friars, 
 etc., had honours and titles enough to 
 3 p 
 
STICK TO IT, SAYS BAIGENT. 946 
 
 STOCK PIECES. 
 
 make him a great man ; but his life was 
 not a highly moral one, and his conduct 
 with Becky Sharp, when she was the 
 wife of colonel Rawdon Crawley, gave 
 rise to a great scandal. His lordship 
 floated through the ill report, but Mrs. 
 Rawdon was obliged to live abroad. — W. 
 M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 
 
 Stick to it, says Baigent. 
 
 Baigent was the principal witness of the 
 Claimant in the great Tichborne trial, 
 and his advice to his protege was, " Stick 
 to it" (1872). 
 
 Stiggins, a hypocritical, drunken, 
 methodist "shepherd" (minister), thought 
 by Mrs. Weller to be a saint. His time 
 was spent for the most part in drinking 
 pine-apple rum at the Marquis of Granby 
 tavern. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
 (1836). 
 
 Still (Cornelius the), Cornelius Tacitus. 
 (Latin, tacltus, "still.") 
 
 Cornelius the Stylle, in his firste book of his yerely 
 exploictes, called iii La tine Annates. — Fardle of facions, 
 ui. 3 (1555). 
 
 Still "Waters Run Deep, adapted 
 from the French novel, Le Gendre. 
 
 Stimulants used by Public 
 Characters. 
 
 Bonaparte, snuff. 
 
 Braham, bottled porter. 
 
 Bull (Rev. William), the noncon- 
 formist, was an inveterate smoker. 
 
 Byron, gin-and-water. 
 
 Catley (Miss), linseed tea and ma- 
 deira. 
 
 Cooke (G. F.), everything drinkable. 
 
 Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield), cham- 
 pagne jelly. 
 
 Emery, cold brandy-and-water. 
 
 Erskine (Lord), opium in large doses. 
 
 Gladstone ( W. E.), an egg beaten up 
 in sherry. 
 
 Henderson, gum arabic and sherrj'. 
 
 Hobbes, only cold water. 
 
 Incledon, madeira. 
 
 Jordan (Mrs.), calves'-foot jelly dis- 
 solved in warm sherry. 
 
 Kean (Edmund), beef-tea, cold brandy, 
 
 Kemble (John), opium. 
 
 Lewis, mulled wine and oysters. 
 
 Newton smoked incessantly. 
 
 Oxberry, strong tea. 
 
 Pope, strong coffee. 
 
 Schiller required to sit over a table 
 deeply impregnated with the smell of 
 apples. He stimulated his brain with 
 coffee and champagne. 
 
 Siddons (Mrs.), porter, not " stout." 
 
 Smith ( William) drank strong coffee. 
 
 Wedderburne (the first lord Ashbur- 
 ton) used to place a blister on his chest 
 when he had to make a great speech. — 
 Dr. Paris, Phannacologia (1819). 
 
 Wood (Mrs.) drank draught porter. 
 
 Stinkomalee. So Theodore Hook 
 called the London University. The word 
 was suggested by " Trincomalee " (in 
 Ceylon), a name before the public at the 
 time. Hook hated the " University," 
 because it admitted students of all de- 
 nominations. 
 
 Only look at Stinkomalee and King's College. Activity, 
 union, craft, indomitable perseverance on the one side ; 
 indolence, indecision, internal distrust and jealousies, 
 calf-like simplicity, and cowardice intolerable on the 
 other.— Wilson, Nodes Ambrosianm (1822-30). 
 
 Stitch (Tom), a young tailor, a great 
 favourite with the ladies. — The Merry 
 History of Tom Stitch (seventeenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Stock Exchange "Nicknames." 
 
 Beravicks, North-Eastern railway 
 shares. 
 
 Brums, London and North-Western 
 railway shares (the Birmingham line). 
 
 Cohens, the Turkish '69 loan. Floated 
 by the firm of that name. 
 
 Dogs, Newfoundland telegraph shares. 
 (Newfoundland dogs.) 
 
 Dovers, South-Eastern railway shares. 
 (The line runs to Dover.) 
 
 Floaters, exchequer bills and other 
 unfunded stock. 
 
 Fourteen Hundred, a stranger who 
 has intruded into the Stock Exchange. 
 This term was used in Defoe's time. 
 
 Lame Duck (A), a member of the 
 Stock Exchange who fails in his obli- 
 gations. 
 
 Leeds, Lancashire and Yorkshire rail- 
 way shares. 
 
 Morgans, the French 6 per cents. 
 Floated by that firm. 
 
 Muttons, the Turkish '65 loan. (Partly 
 secured by the sheep tax.) 
 
 Pots, North Staffordshire railway 
 shares. (The potteries.) 
 
 Singapores (3 syl.), British Indian 
 Extension telegraph shares. 
 
 Smelts, English and Australian copper 
 shares. 
 
 Stag, one who applies for an allot- 
 ment of shares, and cuts off if the}' do 
 not rise in price before they are awarded. 
 
 Yorks, the Great Northern railway 
 shares. 
 
 Stock Pieces, used in university 
 and law examinations. (See Tips.) 
 
STOCKS' MARKET. 
 
 947 
 
 STONEWALL JACKSON. 
 
 Stocks' Market. So called from a 
 pair of stocks which at one time stood 
 there. Gardeners used to occupy all but 
 the north and south-west part. The 
 flower called the "stock" received its 
 name from being sold there. The market 
 was removed to Farringdon Street in 
 1787, and was then called "Fleet Mar- 
 ket." 
 
 Where is there such a garden in Europe as the Stocks' 
 Market ? Where such a river as the Thames ? Where 
 such ponds and decoys as in Leadenhall Market for your 
 fish and fowl ?— Shadwell, Bury Fair (1689). 
 
 Stockwell {Mr.), a City merchant, 
 who promised to give his daughter Nancy 
 in marriage to the son of sir Harry Har- 
 lowe of Dorsetshire. 
 
 Mrs. Stockwell, the merchant's wife, 
 who always veers round to the last 
 speaker, and can be persuaded to any- 
 thing for the time being. 
 
 Nancy Stockwell, daughter of the mer- 
 chant, in love with Belf ord, but promised 
 in marriage to sir Harry Harlowe's son. 
 It so happens that sir Harry's son has 
 privately married another lady, and Nancy 
 falls to the man of her choice. — Garrick, 
 Neck or Nothing (1766). 
 
 Stolen Kisses, a drama by Paul 
 Meritt, in three acts (1877). Felix Free- 
 mantle, under the pseudonym of Mr. Jo)', 
 falls in love with Cherry, daughter of 
 Tom Spirit once valet to Mr. Freemantle 
 (who had come to the title of viscount 
 Trangmar). When Tom Spirit ascer- 
 tained that " Felix Joy " was the son of 
 the viscount, he forbade all further in- 
 tercourse, unless Felix produced his 
 father's consent to the marriage. The 
 next part of the plot pertains to the 
 brother of Tom Spirit, who had assumed 
 the name of Walter Temple, and, as a 
 stock-broker, had become verj r wealthy. 
 In his prosperity, Walter scornfully 
 ignored his brother Tom, and his ambi- 
 tion was to marry his daughter Jenny to 
 the son of viscount Trangmar, who owed 
 him money. Thus the two cousins, 
 Cherry and Jenny, came into collision ; 
 but at the end Jenny married Fred Gay, 
 a medical student, Cherry married Felix, 
 the two brothers were reconciled, and 
 Tom released his old master, viscount 
 Trangmar, by destroying the bond which 
 Walter held and gave him. 
 
 Stone of Loda, a place of worship 
 amongst the aucient Gaels. — Ossian, 
 lemora, v. 
 
 Stonehenge. Aurelius Ambrosius 
 asked Merlin what memento he could 
 
 raise to commemorate his victory over 
 Vortigern ; and Merlin advised him to 
 remove " The Giant's Dance " from 
 mount Killaraus, in Ireland, to Salisbury 
 Plain. So Aurelius placed a fleet and 
 15,000 men under the charge of Uther the 
 pendragon and Merlin for the purpose. 
 Gilloman king of Ireland, who opposed 
 the invaders, was routed, and then Merlin, 
 " by his art," shipped the stones, and set 
 them up on Jke plain "in the same 
 manner as they stood on Killaraus." — 
 Geoffrey, British History, viii. 10-12 
 (1142). 
 
 How Merlin, by his skill and magic's wondrous might. 
 From Ireland hither brought the Sonendge in a night. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 Stonehenge, once thought a temple, you have found 
 A throne, where kings, our earthly gods, were crowned. 
 Dryden, Epistles, ii. 
 
 Stonehenge a Trophy. It is said, in 
 the Welsh triads, that this circle of 
 stones was erected by the Britons to 
 commemorate the "treachery of the Long- 
 Knives," i.e. a conference to which the 
 chief of the British warriors were invited 
 by Hengist at Ambresbury. Beside each 
 chief a Saxon was seated, armed with a 
 long knife, and at a given signal each 
 Saxon slew his Briton. As many as 460 
 British nobles thus fell, but Eidiol earl 
 of Gloucester, after slaying seventy 
 Saxons (some sa}" 660), made his escape. 
 — Welsh Triads. 
 
 Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command of 
 Ambrosius, in memory of the plot of the " Long-Knives," 
 when 300 British chiefs were treacherously massacred by 
 Vortigern. He built it on the site of a former circle. It 
 deviates from older bardic circles, as may be seen by 
 comparing it with Avebury, Stanton-Drew, Keswick, etc. 
 It is called "The AVork of Ambrosius."— Cambrian 
 Biography, art. " Merddin." 
 
 *** Mont Dieu, a solitary mound 
 close to Dumfermline, owes its origin, 
 according to story, to some unfortunate 
 monks, who, by way of penance, carried 
 the sand in baskets from the sea-shore at 
 Inverness. 
 
 At Linton is a fine conical hill attri- 
 buted to two sisters (nuns), who were 
 -compelled to pass the whole of the sand 
 through a sieve, by way of penance, to 
 obtain pardon for some crime committed 
 by their brother. 
 
 The Gog Magog Hills, near Cambridge, 
 are ascribed to his Satanic majesty. 
 
 Stonewall Jackson, Thomas Jona- 
 than Jackson, general in the southern 
 army in the great civil war of the North 
 American States. General Bee suggested 
 the name in the battle of Bull Bun (1861). 
 "There is Jackson," said he to his men, 
 "standing like a stone wall" (1824- 
 1863), 
 
STORE MAKES NO SOKE. 
 
 948 
 
 STRANGER. 
 
 Store makes no Sore. — G. Gas- 
 coigne, Satis Sufficit (died 1577). 
 
 Storm (The Great) occurred Novem- 
 ber 26-7, 1703. This storm supplied 
 Addison with his celebrated simile of 
 the angel : 
 
 So when an angel by divine command, 
 With rising tempests shakes a guilty land. 
 Such as of late o'er pale Britannia past, 
 Calm and serene he drives the furious blast ; 
 And, pleased th' Almighty's orders to perform, 
 Kides on the tempest and directs the storm. 
 
 The Campaign (1705), 
 
 Storm-and-Strain Period. The 
 
 last quarter of the eighteenth century was 
 called in Germany the Sturm-und- Drang 
 Zeit, because every one seemed in a fever 
 to shake off the shackles of government, 
 custom, prestige, and religion. The poets 
 raved in volcanic rant or moonshine 
 sentimentality ; marriage was disre- 
 garded ; law, both civil and divine, was 
 pooh-poohed. Goethe's Man with the 
 Iron Hand and Sorrows of Werthcr, Schil- 
 ler's Bobbers, Klinger's tragedies, Les- 
 sing's criticisms, the mania for Shake- 
 speare and Ossian revolutionized the 
 literature ; and the cry went forth for 
 untrammelled freedom, which was nick- 
 named "Nature." As well go unclad, 
 and call it nature. 
 
 Storms (Cape of). The Cape of Good 
 Hope was called by Bartholomew Diaz 
 Cabo Tormentoso in 1486 ; but king John 
 II. of Portugal gave it its present more 
 auspicious name. 
 
 Stornello Verses, verses in which 
 a word or phrase is harped upon, and 
 turned about and about, as in the follow- 
 ing example : — 
 
 Vive la France 1 wave our banner, the red, white, and 
 
 blue; 
 The flag of the loyal, the royal, and true. 
 Blue and red for our city we wave, and the white 
 For our sovereign the people, whose rule is then - right. 
 Royal white, loyal blue, and forget not the red, 
 To show for our freedom we'll bleed and liave bled. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 S.T.P., the same as D.D., "divinity 
 doctor." The initials of Sanctoz Theologiw 
 Professor. 
 
 Stradiva'rius (Antonius), born at 
 Cremo'na, in Italy (1670-1728). He was 
 a pupil of Andreus Amati. The Amati 
 family, with Stradivarius and his pupil 
 Guarnerius (all of Cremona), were the 
 most noted violin-makers that ever lived, 
 insomuch that the word "Cremona" is 
 synonymous for a first-rate violin. 
 
 The instrument on which he played 
 Was in Cremona's workshops made . . . 
 The maker from whose hands it came 
 Had written his unrivalled name— 
 "Antonius Stradivarius." 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 
 
 Strafford, an historical tragedy by 
 R. Browning (1836). This drama con- 
 tains portraits of Charles I., the earl of 
 Strafford, Hampden, John Pym, sir 
 Harry Vane, etc., both truthful and 
 graphic. Of course, the subject of the 
 drama is the attainder and execution of 
 Wentworth earl of Strafford. 
 
 Straitlace (Dame Philippa), the 
 maiden aunt of Blushington. She is 
 very much surprised to find her nephew 
 entertaining dinner company, and still 
 more so that he is about to take a young 
 wife to keep house for him instead of 
 herself.— W. T. Moncrieff, The Bashful 
 Man. 
 
 Stral'enheim (Count of), a kinsman 
 of Werner, who hunted him from place 
 to place, with a view of cutting him off, 
 because he stood between him and the 
 inheritance of Siegendorf. This mean, 
 plausible, overreaching nobleman was by 
 accident lodged under the same roof with 
 Werner while on his way to Siegendorf. 
 Here Werner robbed him of a rouleau of 
 gold, and next night Ulric (Werner's 
 son) murdered him. 
 
 Ida Stralenheim, daughter of count 
 Stralenheim, betrothed to Ulric, whom 
 she dearly loved ; but being told by 
 Ulric that he was the assassin of her 
 father, she fell senseless, and Ulric de- 
 parted, never to return. — Byron, Werner 
 (1822). 
 
 The accent of this name is given by 
 Byron sometimes on the first and some- 
 times on the second syllable : 
 
 StralenTieim, altho' noble, is unheeded. 
 
 Act iii. 4. 
 The daughter of dead Stral'enheim, your foe. 
 
 Act iv. 1. 
 
 Stranger ( The), the count Waldbourg. 
 He married Adelaide at the age of 16 ; she 
 had two children by him, and then eloped. 
 The count, deserted by his young wife, 
 lived a roving life, known only as "The 
 Stranger ; " and his wife, repenting of 
 her folly, under the assumed name of 
 Mrs. Haller, entered the service of the 
 countess Wintersen, whose affection she 
 secured. In three years' time, "the stran- 
 ger" came by accident into the same 
 neighbourhood, and a reconciliation took 
 place. 
 
 His servant Francis says he is "a good master, though 
 one almost loses the use of speech by living with him. A 
 man kind and dear, though I cannot understand him. 
 He rails against the whole world, and yet no beggar leaves 
 his door unsatisfied. I have now lived three years with 
 him, and yet I know not who he is. A hater of society, 
 no doubt; . . . [with] misanthropy in the head, not in the 
 heart."— Benjamin Thompson, The Stranger, i. 1 (1797). 
 
 This drama is altered from Kotzebue. 
 
STRANGFORD. 
 
 949 STRONG MEN AND WOMEN. 
 
 Mrs. R. Trench says of John P. Kemble 
 (1757-1823) : 
 
 I always saw him with pain descend to "The Stranger." 
 It was like the genius in the Arabian tale going into the 
 vase. First, it seemed so unlikely he should meet with 
 such an affront, and this injured the probability of the 
 piece; and next, "The Stranger" is really never dignified, 
 and one is always in pain for him, poor gentleman ! — 
 Remains (1822). 
 
 Strangford (Percy Clinton Sydney 
 Smythe, viscount), in 1803, published a 
 translation of the poems of Camoens, 
 the great Portuguese poet. 
 
 Hibernian Strangford . . . 
 Thinkst thou to gain thy verse a higher place 
 By dressing Camoens in a suit of lace? . . . 
 Cease to deceive ; thy pilfered harp restore. 
 Nor teach the Lusian bard to copy Moore. 
 Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 Strap (Hugh), a simple, generous, 
 and disinterested adherent of Roderick 
 Random. His generosity and fidelity, 
 however, meet with but a base return 
 from the heartless libertine. — T. Smollett, 
 Roderick Random (1748). 
 
 We believe there are few readers who are not disgusted 
 with the miserable reward assigned to Strap in the closing 
 chapter of the novel. Five hundred pounds (scarce the 
 value of the goods he had presented to his master) and 
 the hand of a reclaimed street-walker, even when added 
 to a Highland farm, seem but a poor recompense for his 
 faithful and disinterested attachment. — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Strasbourg Cathedral, designed 
 by Erwin von Steinbach (1015-1439). 
 
 Strauchan (Old), the 'squire of sir 
 Kenneth.— Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Straw. A little straw shows which 
 way the wind blows. 
 
 You know, or don't know, that great Bacon saith, 
 Fling up a straw, 'twill show the way the wind blows. 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiv. 8 (1824). 
 
 Strawberry Leaves (To win the), 
 to be created a duke. 
 
 Strawberry Preacher (A), a 
 " Jerusalem pony," a temporary help, 
 who wanders from pulpit to pulpit, to 
 preach for some society, to aid some 
 absent or invalided minister, or to advo- 
 cate some charity. The term was first 
 used by Latimer, and the phrase means 
 a " staging preacher." (Anglo-Saxon, 
 streowan, "to stray;" hence, strawberry, 
 streow-berie, "the straying berry-plant.") 
 
 Streets of London (The), a drama 
 by Dion Boucicault (1862), adapted from 
 the French play Les Pauvres des Paris. 
 
 Stre'mon, a soldier, famous for his 
 singing. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Mad Lover (1617). 
 
 Strephon, the shepherd in sir Philip 
 Sidney's Arcadia, who makes love to the 
 beautiful Urania (1580). It is a stock 
 
 name for a lover, Cloe being usually the 
 corresponding lady. 
 
 Captain O'Flarty was one of my dying Strephons at 
 Scarborough. I have a very grate regard for him, and 
 must make him a little miserable with my happiness. — 
 Garrick, The Irish Widow, i. 3 (1757). 
 
 The servant of your Strephon ... is my lord and 
 master.— Garrick, Miss in Her Teens (1753). 
 
 Stretton (Hesba), the pseudonym of 
 Miss Smith, daughter of a bookseller and 
 printer in Wellington, Salop, authoress 
 of several well-known religious novels. 
 
 Strickalthrow (Merciful), in Crom- 
 well's troop. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
 (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Strictland (Mr.), the " suspicious 
 husband ; " who suspects Clarinda, a 
 young lady visitor, of corrupting his 
 wife ; suspects Jacintha, his ward, of 
 lightness ; and suspects his wife of in- 
 fidelity ; but all his suspicions being 
 proved groundless, he promises reform. 
 
 Mrs. Strictland, wife of Mr. Strictland, 
 a model of discretion and good nature. 
 She not only gives no cause of jealousy 
 to her husband, but never even resents his 
 suspicions or returns ill temper in the 
 same coin. — Dr. Hoadly, The Suspicious 
 Husband (1747). 
 
 Strike Dakyns ! the Devil's in 
 
 the Hempe, the motto of the Dakynses. 
 The reference is to an enemy of the king, 
 who had taken refuge in a pile of hemp. 
 Dakyns, having nosed the traitor, was 
 exhorted, to strike him with his battle- 
 axe and kill him, which he did. Hence 
 the crest of the family — a dexter arm 
 . . . holding a battle-axe. 
 
 Striking the Shield, a call to 
 battle among the ancient Gaels. 
 
 " Strike the sounding shield of Semo 1 It hangs atTura s 
 rustling gate. The sound of peace is not its voice. My 
 heroes shall hear and obey." He went He struck the 
 bossy shield. The hills, the rocks reply. The sound 
 spreads along the wood. Deer start by the lake of roes. 
 ... "It is the shield of war," said Eonnar.— Ossian, 
 Fingal, i. 
 
 Strom'boli, called "The Great Light- 
 house of the Mediterranean " from its 
 volcano, which is in a constant blaze. 
 
 Strong (Dr.), a benevolent old school- 
 master, to whom David Copperfield was 
 sent whilst living with Mr. Wickfield. 
 The old doctor doted on his young wife 
 Annie, and supported her scapegrace 
 cousin Jack Maldon. — C. Dickens, David 
 Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Strong Men and Women. 
 
 Antasos, Atlas, Dorsanes the Indian 
 Hercules, Guy earl of Warwick, Hercules, 
 Maceris son of Amon, Rustam the Persian 
 
STRONGBACK. 
 
 950 
 
 STUART ILL-FATED. 
 
 Hercules, Samson, Starchaterus the 
 Swede (first Christian century). 
 
 Brown (Miss Phoebe), about five feet 
 six inches in height, well proportioned, 
 round-faced, and ruddy. She could carry 
 fourteen score, and could lift a hundred- 
 weight with each hand at the same time. 
 She was fond of poetry and music, and 
 her chief food was milk. — AV. Hutton. 
 
 Milo of Crotona could carry on his 
 shoulders a four-year-old bullock, and 
 kill it with a single blow of his fist. On 
 one occasion, the pillar which supported 
 the roof of a house gave way, and Milo 
 held up the whole weight of the building 
 with his hands. 
 
 Polyd'amas, the athlete. He killed a 
 lion with a blow of his fist, and could 
 stop a chariot in full career with one 
 hand. 
 
 Topham (Thomas) of London (1710- 
 1749). He could lift three hogsheads or 
 1836 lbs. ; could heave a horse over a 
 turnpike gate ; and could lift two hun- 
 dredweight with his little finger. 
 
 Strongback, one of the seven at- 
 tendants of Fortunio. He could never 
 be overweighted, and could fell a forest in 
 a few hours without fatigue. — Comtesse 
 D'Aunoy, Fairy Talcs (" Fortunio," 
 1G82). 
 
 The brothers Grimm have introduced 
 the tale of "Fortunio" in their Goblins. 
 
 Strongbow, Gilbert de Clare, who 
 succeeded to the title of his brother, the 
 earl of Hertford, in 1138, and was created 
 earl of Pembroke (died 1149). 
 
 Henry II. called him a "false" or 
 '•pseudo-earl." 
 
 Strongbow (Richard of Strigal) was 
 Richard de Clare earl of Pembroke, son 
 of Gilbert de Clare. He succeeded Der- 
 mot king of Leinster, his father-in-law, in 
 1170, and died 1176. 
 
 The earl of Strigale then, our Strongbow, first that won 
 Wild Irelaud with the sword. 
 
 Drayton, rolyolbion, xviii. (1613). 
 
 Struldbrugs, the inhabitants of 
 Luggnagg, who never die. 
 
 He had reached that period of life . . . which . . . 
 entitles a man to admission into the ancient order of 
 Btruldbrugs.— Swift, Gulliver's Travels [" Laputa," 1726). 
 
 Strutt (Lord), the king of Spain ; 
 originally Charles II. (who died without 
 issue), but also applied to his successor 
 Philippe due d' Anson, called "Philip 
 lord Strutt." 
 
 I need not tell you of the great quarrels that happened 
 in our neighbourhood since the death of the late lord 
 Strutt ; how the parson [cardinal Portocarero] . . . got 
 bim to settle his estate upon his cousin Philip Baboon 
 [Bourbon}, to the great disappointment of his cousin 
 
 squire South [Charles of A ustria]. — Dr. Arbuthnot, 
 History of J*hn Bull, i. (1712). 
 
 Stryver (Bully), of the King's Bench 
 Bar, counsel for the defence in Darnay's 
 trial. 
 
 He was stout, loud, red, bluff, and free from any draw- 
 back of delicacy; had a pushing way of shouldering 
 himself (morally and physically) into companies and 
 conversations, that argued well for his shouldering his way 
 on in life.— -C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, ii. 24 
 (1859). 
 
 Stuart Ill-Fated (The House of), n3 
 that of CEdipos. 
 
 James I. of Scotland, poet, murdered 
 by conspirators at Perth, in the forty- 
 fourth year of his age (1393, 1424-1437). 
 
 James II., his son, killed at the siege 
 of Roxburgh, aged 30 (1430, 1437-1460). 
 
 James III., his son, was stabbed in his 
 flight from Bannockburn by a pretended 
 priest, aged 36 (1452, 1460-1488). 
 
 (His brother, the earl of Mar, was im- 
 prisoned in 1477, and died in durance, 
 1480.) 
 
 James IV., his son, the " Chivalrous 
 Madman," was defeated and slain at 
 Flodden, aged 41 (1472, 1488-1513). 
 
 James V., his son, was defeated at 
 Solwav Moss, November 25, and died of 
 grief, December 14, aged 30 (1512, 1513- 
 1542). 
 
 Mary queen of Scots, daughter of 
 James V., was beheaded, aged 44 years 
 63 days (1542, 1542-1587, Old Style). 
 
 (Her husband, Henry Stuart lord 
 Darnley, was murdered (1541-1566). 
 Her niece, Arabella Stuart, died insane 
 in the Tower, 1575-1615.) 
 
 Charles I., her grandson, was be- 
 headed, aged 48 years 69 days (1600, 
 1625-1649). 
 
 Charles II., his son, was in exile 
 from 1645 to 1661, and in 1665 occurred 
 the Great Fire of London, in 1666 the 
 Great Plague ; died aged 54 years 253 
 days (1630, 1661-1685). 
 
 (His favourite child, a natural son, 
 defeated at Sedgemoor, July 5, was 
 executed as a traitor, July 15, aged 36, 
 1649-1685). 
 
 James II., brother of Charles, and son 
 of Charles I., was obliged to abdicate to 
 save his life, and died in exile (1633, 
 reigned 1685-1688, died a pensioner of 
 Louis XIV., 1701). 
 
 James Francis Edward " the Luck- 
 less," his son, called the " Old Pretender," 
 was a mere cipher. His son Charles came 
 to England to proclaim him king, but 
 was defeated at Culloden, leaving 3000 
 dead on the field (1688-1765). 
 
 Charles Edward, the "Young Pro- 
 tender," was son of the " Old Pretender." 
 
STUART OF ITALY. 
 
 951 
 
 STUTLY. 
 
 After the defeat at Culloden he fled to 
 France, was banished from that kingdom, 
 and died at Rome a drunken dotard 
 (1720-1788). 
 
 Hexry Benedict, cardinal York, the 
 last of the race, was a pensioner of George 
 
 Stuart of Italy {The Mary), Jane 
 I. of Naples (1327, 1343-1382). 
 
 Jane married her cousin Andrd of 
 Hungary, who was assassinated two 
 years after his marriage, when the widow 
 married the assassin. So Mary Stuart 
 married her cousin lord Darnley, 1565, 
 who was murdered 1567, and the widow 
 married Bothwell, the assassin. 
 
 Jane fled to Provence, 1347, and was 
 strangled in 1382. So Mary Stuart fled 
 to England in 1568, and was put to death 
 1587 (Old Style). 
 
 Jane, like Mary, was remarkable for 
 her great beauty, her brilliant court, her 
 voluptuousness, and the men of genius 
 she drew around her ; but Jane, like Mary, 
 was also noted for her deplorable ad- 
 ministration. • 
 
 *** La Harpe wrote a tragedy called 
 Jeanne de Naples (1765). Schiller has 
 an adaptation of it (1821). 
 
 Stuarts' Fatal Number {The). 
 This number is 88. 
 
 James III. was killed in flight near 
 Bannockburn, 1488. 
 
 Marv Stuart was beheaded 1588 (New 
 Style): 
 
 James II. of England was dethroned 
 1688. 
 
 Charles Edward died 1788. 
 
 *** James Stuart, the "Old Pre- 
 tender," was born 1688, the very year 
 that his father abdicated. 
 
 James Stuart, the famous architect, 
 died 1788. 
 
 (Some affirm that Robert II., the first 
 Stuart king, died 1388, the year of the 
 great battle of Otterburn ; but the death 
 of this king is more usually fixed in the 
 spring of 1390.) 
 
 Stubble {Reuben), bailiff to Farmer 
 Cornflower, rough in manner, severe in 
 discipline, a stickler for duty, "a plain, 
 upright, and downright man," true to his 
 master and to himself. — C. Dibdin, The 
 Farmer's Wife (1780). 
 
 Stubbs, the beadle at Willingham. 
 The Rev. Mr. Staunton was the rector. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Stubbs {Miss Sissly or Cecilia), daugh- 
 
 ter of squire Stubbs, one of Waverley'j 
 neighbours. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Stuffy {Matthew), an applicant to 
 Velinspeck, a country manager, for a 
 situation as prompter, for which he says 
 he is peculiarly qualified by that affec- 
 tion of the eyes vulgarly called a squint, 
 which enables him to keep one eye on the 
 performers and the other on the book at 
 the same time. — Charles Mathews, At 
 Home (1818). 
 
 Stuffy is one of the richest bits of humour we ever 
 witnessed. His endless eulogies upon the state of thingi 
 in the immortal Garrick's time are highly ludicrous.— 
 Contemporary Paper. 
 
 Stuke'ly (2 syl.), a detestable man. 
 " 'Twould be as easy to make him honest 
 as brave" (act i. 2). He pretends to be the 
 friend of Beverley, but cheats him. He 
 aspires to the hand of Miss Beverley, who 
 is in love with Lewson. — Edward Moore, 
 The Gamester (1753). 
 
 Stukely {Will), the companion of Little 
 John. In the morris-dance on May-day, 
 Little John used to occupy the right hand 
 side of Robin Hood, and Will Stukely the 
 left. (See Sttjtly.) 
 
 Stukely {Captain Harry), nepheAV of sir 
 Gilbert Pumpkin of Strawberry Hall. — 
 I. Jackman, All the World's a Stage. 
 
 Stupid Boy {The), St. Thomas 
 Aquinas ; also called at school "The Dumb 
 Ox" (1224-1274). 
 
 Sturgeon {Major), J.P., "the fish- 
 monger from Brentford," who turned 
 volunteer. This bragging major makes 
 love to Mrs. Jerry Sneak. — S. Foote, T/ie 
 Mayor of Garratt (1763). 
 
 We had some desperate duty, sir Jacob, . . . such march- 
 ings and counter-marchings, from Brentford to Ealing, 
 from Ealing to Acton, from Acton to Uxbridge. Why, 
 there was our last expedition to Hounslow ; that day's 
 work carried off major Molossas. . . . But to proceed. 
 On we marched, the men all in high spirits, to attack the 
 gibbet where Gardel is hanging ; but, turning down a 
 narrow lane to the left, as it might be about there, in 
 order to possess a pigstye, that we might fake the gallows 
 in flank, and secure a retreat, who should come by but a 
 drove of fat oxen for Smithfield. The drums beat in front, 
 the dogs barked in the rear, the oxen set up a gallop ; on 
 they came, thundering upon us, broke through our ranks 
 in an instant, and threw the whole corps into confusion. 
 —Act i. 1. 
 
 Sturmthal {Melchoir), the banneret 
 of Berne, one of the Swiss deputies. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Stutly {Will), sometimes called Will 
 Stukely, a companion of Little John. Iu 
 the morris-dance on May-day, Little John 
 occupied the right hand side of Robin 
 Hood, and Will Stutly the left. Ilia 
 rescue from the sheriff of [Notts] by 
 
STYLES. 
 
 952 
 
 SUCKFIST. 
 
 Robin Hood, forms the subject of one of 
 the Robin Hood ballads. 
 
 Whea Itoblr. Hood in the greenwood lived, 
 
 Under the greenwood tree, 
 Tidings thers came to him with speed, 
 
 Tidings for certaintie, 
 That Will Stutly surprized was, 
 
 And eke in prison lay ; 
 Three varlets that the sheriff hired, 
 
 Did likely him betray. 
 
 Robin Hood's Rescuing Will Stutly, iv. 15. 
 
 Styles (Tom or John) or Tom o' Styles, 
 a phrase name at one time used by lawyers 
 in actions of ejectment. Jack Noakes 
 and Tom Styles used to act in law the 
 part that N or M acts in the church. The 
 legal fiction has been abolished. 
 
 I have no connection with the company further than 
 giving them, for a certain fee and reward, my poor opinion 
 as a medical man, precisely as I may give it to Jack 
 Noakes or Tom Styles.— Dickens, 
 
 *** Tom Styles, Jack Noakes, John 
 Doe, and Richard Roe are all Mrs. 
 Harrises of the legal profession, nomina 
 et praetcrca nihil. 
 
 Styx, one of the five rivers of hell. 
 The others are Ach'eron ("the river of 
 grief"), Cocytus ("the river of wailing"), 
 Phleg'ethon ("the river of liquid fire"), 
 and Lt'the ("the river of oblivion"). 
 Styx means " the river of hate." (Greek, 
 stugeo, " I hate.") 
 
 Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; 
 Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep ; 
 Coeytus, named of lamentation loud. 
 Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon, 
 Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. 
 Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, 
 Leth6, the river of oblivion, rolls. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 577, etc. (1665). 
 
 *** Dante places the rivers in different 
 circles of the Inferno; thus, he makes the 
 Acheron divide the border-land from 
 limbo. The former realm is for the 
 " praiseless and the blameless dead ; " 
 limbo is for the unbaptized. He places 
 the Stj'gian Lake of "inky hue "in the 
 fifth circle, the realm of those who put no 
 restraint on their anger. The fire-stream 
 of Pt.rgethon helixes to the eighth steep, 
 the "hell of burning where it snows 
 flakes of fire," and where blasphemers 
 are confined. He places "the frozen 
 river" of Cocytus in the tenth pit of 
 Malebolge, a region of thick-ribbed ice, 
 the lowest depth of hell, where Judas and 
 Lucifei are imprisoned. Lethe, he saj's, 
 is no river of hell at all, but it is the one 
 wist of all the infernals to get to it, that 
 they may drink its water and forget their 
 torments ; being, however, in " Purga- 
 torv," thev can never get near it. — The 
 Divine Comedy (1300-11). 
 
 Subtle, the " alchemist," an artful 
 quack, who pretends to be on the eve of 
 
 discovering the philosopher's stone. Sir 
 Epicure Mammon, a rich knight, is his 
 principal dupe, but b)* no means his only 
 one. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610). 
 
 Subtle, an Englishman settled in Paris. 
 He earns a living by the follies of his 
 countrymen who visit the gay capital. 
 
 Mrs. Subtle, wife of Mr. Subtle, and a 
 help-meet for him. — Foote, The English- 
 man in Paris (1753). 
 
 Subtle Doctor {The), Duns Scotus, 
 famous for his metaphvsical speculations 
 in theology (1265-1308). 
 
 Suburra. So-and-so is the Svburra 
 of London, the most disreputable quarter, 
 being the chief haunt of the "demi- 
 monde." The Suburra of Rome was a 
 district " ubi meretrlcum erant donri- 
 cilia." 
 
 Senem (quod omnes rideant) adulterum 
 
 Latrent Suburanse canes 
 Nardo perunctum. 
 
 Horace, Epode, Y, 
 
 Subvolvans, inhabitants of the moon, 
 in # everlasting strife with the Privolvans. 
 The former live und^ ground in cavities, 
 "eight miles deep and eighty round ;" the 
 latteron "the upper ground." Everysum- 
 mer the under-ground lunatics come to the 
 surface to attack the "grounders," but at 
 the approach of winter, slink back again 
 into their holes. — S. Butler, The Elephant 
 in the Moon (1754). 
 
 Success. 
 
 *Tis not in mortals to command success. 
 
 But we'll do more, Sempronius, we'll deserve it 
 
 Addison, Cato, i. 1 (1713). 
 
 Such Things Are, a comedy by 
 Mrs. Inchbald (1786). The scene lies in 
 India, and the object of the play is to 
 represent the tyranny of the old regime, 
 and the good influence of the British 
 element, represented by Haswell tho 
 royal physician. The main feature is an 
 introduction to the dungeons, and the in- 
 famous neglect of the prisoners, amongst 
 whom is Arabella, the sultan's beloved 
 English wife, whom he has been search- 
 ing for unsuccessfully for fifteen years. 
 Haswell receives the royal signet, and is 
 entrusted with unlimited power by the 
 sultan. 
 
 Suckfist (Lord), defendant in the 
 great Pantagruelian lawsuit, known as 
 "lord Busqueue v. lord Suckfist," in which 
 the plaintiff and defendant pleaded in 
 person. After hearing the case, the bench 
 declared, "We have not understood one 
 single circumstance of the matter on either 
 side." But Pantagruel gave judgment, 
 
SUCKLE FOOLS. 
 
 953 
 
 SULLEN. 
 
 and as both plaintiff and defendant left 
 the court fully persuaded that the verdict 
 was in his own favour, they were both 
 highly satisfied, "a thing without parallel 
 in the annals of the law." — Rabelais, 
 Pantagruel, ii. 11-13 (1533). 
 
 Suckle Fools. Iago says the use of 
 a wife is 
 
 To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer. 
 
 Shakespeare, Othello, act ii. sc. 1 (1611). 
 
 Suddlechop (Benjamin), " the most 
 renowned barber in all Fleet Street." A 
 thin, half-starved creature. 
 
 Dame Ursula Suddlechop, the barber's 
 wife. "She could contrive interviews for 
 lovers, and relieve frail fair ones of the 
 burden of a guilty passion." ' She had 
 been a pupil of Mrs. Turner, and learnt 
 of her the secret of making yellow starch, 
 and two or three other prescriptions more 
 lucrative still. The dame was scarcely 
 40 years of age, of full form and comely 
 features, with a joyous, good-humoured 
 expression. 
 
 Dame Ursula had acquaintances . . . among the quality, 
 and maintained her intercourse . . . partly by driving a 
 trade in perfumes, essences, pomades, head-gears from 
 Fran«e, not to mention drugs of various descriptions, 
 chiefly for the use of ladies, and partly by other services 
 more or less connected with the esoteric branches of her 
 profession.— Sir W. Scott, Fortune* of Nigel, viii. (time, 
 James I.). 
 
 Suds (Mrs.), any washerwoman or 
 laundress. 
 
 Suerpo Santo, called St. Elmo, 
 Castor and Pollux, St. Hermes ; a coina- 
 zant or electric light occasionally seen on 
 a ship's mast before or after a storm. 
 
 I do remember . . . there came upon the toppe of our 
 maine-yarde and maine-maste a certaine little light . . . 
 which the Spaniards call the Suerpo Santo. . . . This 
 light continued aboord our ship about three houres, flying 
 from maste to maste, and from top to top.— Hackluyt, 
 Voyages (1598). 
 
 Suffusion. So that dimness of sight 
 is called which precedes a cataract. It was 
 once thought that a cataract was a thin 
 film growing externally over the eye and 
 veiling the sight ; but it is now known 
 that the seat of the disease is the 
 crystalline humour (between the outer 
 coat of the eye and the pupilla). Couch- 
 ing for this disease is performed with a 
 needle, which is passed through the ex- 
 ternal coat, and driven into the crystalline 
 humour. (See Drop Serene.) 
 
 So thick a "drop serene" hath quenched their orbs, 
 Or dim " suffusion " veiled. 
 
 Milton, ParadUe lost, iii. 25 (1665). 
 
 Suicides from Books. 
 
 Cleom'brotos, the Academic philo- 
 sopher, killed himself after reading Plato's 
 Pheedon, that he might enjoy the happiness 
 of the future life so enchantingly described. 
 
 Fraulein von Lassberg drowned 
 herself in spleen, after reading Goethe's 
 Sorrows of Werther. 
 
 Sulin-Sifad'da, one of the two steeds 
 of Cuthullin general of the Irish tribes. 
 The name of the other was Dusronnal. 
 
 Before the right side of the car is seen the snorting 
 horse ; the high-maned, broad-breasted, proud, wide- 
 leaping, strong steed of the hill. Loud and resounding is 
 his hoof ; the spreading of his mane above is like a stream 
 of smoke on a ridge of rocks. Bright are the sides of his 
 steed. His name is Sulin-Sifadda.— Ossian, Fingal, i. 
 
 Dusronnal snorted over the bodies of heroes. Sifadda 
 bathed his hoof in blood. — Ditto. 
 
 Sulky (Mr.), executor of Mr. Warren, 
 and partner in Dornton's bank. With a 
 sulky, grumpy exterior, he has a kind 
 heart, and is strictly honest. When 
 Dornton is brought to the brink of 
 ruin by his son's extravagance, Sulky 
 comes nobly forward to the rescue. (See 
 Silky.)— T. Holcroft, The Road to Ruin 
 (1792). 
 
 And oh ! for monopoly. What a blest day. 
 
 When the lank and the silk shall, in fond combination 
 (Like Sulky and Silky, that pair in the play), 
 Cry out with one voice for "high rents" and "starva- 
 tion " 1 
 
 T. Moore, Ode t* the Gsddess Ceres (1806). 
 
 Sullen (Squire), son of lady Bounti- 
 ful by her first husband. He married 
 the sister of sir Charles Freeman, but 
 after fourteen months their tempers and 
 dispositions were found so incompatible 
 that they mutually agreed to a divorce. 
 
 He says little, thinks less, and does nothing at all. 
 Faith 1 but he's a man of great estate, and values no- 
 body.— Act L 1. 
 
 Parson Trulliber, sir Wilful Witwould, sir Francis 
 Wronghead, squire Western, squire Sullen, — such were 
 the people who composed the main strength of the tory 
 party for sixty years after the Revolution.— Lord Macau- 
 lay. 
 
 *** "Parson Trulliber," in Joseph 
 Andrews (by Fielding); "sir Wilful 
 Witwould," in The Way of the World 
 (Congreve) ; "sir Francis Wronghead," 
 in The Provoked Husband (by Cibber) ; 
 "squire Western," in Tom Jones (by 
 Fielding). 
 
 Mrs. Sullen, sister of sir Charles Free- 
 man, and wife of squire Sullen. They 
 had been married fourteen months when 
 they agreed mutually to a separation, for 
 in no one single point was there any com- 
 patibility between them. The squire was 
 sullen, the lady sprightly ; he could not 
 drink tea with her, and she could not 
 drink ale with him ; he hated ombre and 
 picquet, she hated cock-fighting and 
 racing ; he would not dance, and she 
 would not hunt. Mrs. Sullen liked Archer, 
 friend of Thomas viscount Aimwell, both 
 fortune-hunters ; and squire Sullen, when 
 he separated from his wife, was obliged to 
 
SUL-MALLA. 
 
 954 
 
 SUN ON EASTER DAY. 
 
 resign the £20,000 which he received 
 with her as a dowry. — George Farquhar, 
 The Beaux" Stratagem (1707). 
 
 Sul-Malla, daughter of Conmor king 
 of Inis-Huna and his wife Clun-galo. 
 Disguised as a warrior, Sul-Malla follows 
 Cathmor to the war ; but Cathmor, walk- 
 ing his rounds, discovers Sul-Malla asleep, 
 falls in love, with her, but exclaims, 
 " Tbis is no time for love." He strikes 
 his shield to rouse the host to battle, and 
 is slain by Fingal. The sequel of Sul- 
 Malla is not given. 
 
 Clun-galo came. She missed the maid. "Where art 
 thou, beam of light? Hunters from the mossy rock, saw 
 you the blue-eyed fair? Are her steps on grassy Lumon, 
 near the bed of roses? Ah me I I beheld her bow in 
 the hall. Where art thou, beam of light?"— Ossian, 
 Temora, vL (Set to music by sir H. Bishop.) 
 
 Sultan's Horse (The). According 
 to tradition, nothing will grow where the 
 sultan's horse treads. 
 
 Byzantians boast that on the clod 
 Where once the sultan's horse has trod. 
 Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree. 
 
 Swift, Pettrox the Great (1723). 
 
 Summer. (See Seasons.) 
 
 Summer of All Saints, the fine 
 weather which generally occurs in Oc- 
 tober and November ; also called St. 
 Martin's Summer (Ve'te de S. Martin) 
 and St. Luke's Summer. 
 
 Then followed that beautiful season, 
 Called by the pious Acadian peasants the summer of All 
 Saints. 
 
 Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 2 (1849). 
 
 All Saints' Day, November 1 ; St. 
 Martin's Day, November 11 ; St. Luke's 
 Day, October 18. 
 
 Expect St. Martin's summer, halcyon days. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Ilenry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 
 
 All Hallowen Summer is the same as 
 " All Saints' Summer." 
 
 Farewell, all Hallowen summer. 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 
 
 Summerland, supposed to be the 
 Crimea or Constantinople "over the 
 Hazy Sea." This is given by Thomas 
 Jones of Tregaron as the place from 
 which the Britons originally emigrated. 
 — T. Jones, The Historical Triads (six- 
 teenth century). 
 
 Summer son (Esther). (See Esther 
 Hawdon.) 
 
 Summons to Death. 
 
 Jacques Molay, grand-master of the 
 Knights Templars, a3 he was led to the 
 stake, summoned the pope (Clement V.) 
 within fortj' days, and the king (Philippe 
 IV.) within forty weeks, to appear before 
 the throne of God to answer for his 
 
 murder. They both died within the 
 stated times. 
 
 Montreal d'Albano, called "Fra 
 Moriale," knight of St. John of Jerusa- 
 lem, and captain of the Grand Company 
 in the fourteenth century, when sentenced 
 to death by Rienzi, summoned him to 
 follow within the month. Rienzi was 
 within the month killed by the fickle 
 mob. 
 
 Peter and John de Carvajal, being 
 condemned to death on circumstantial 
 evidence alone, appealed, but without 
 success, to Ferdinand IV. of Spain. On 
 their way to execution, they declared 
 their innocence, and summoned the king 
 to appear, before God within thirty days. 
 Ferdinand was quite well on the thirtieth 
 day, but was found dead in his bed next 
 morning. 
 
 George Wishart, a Scotch reformer, 
 was condemned to the stake by cardinal 
 Beaton. While the fire was blazing 
 about him, the martyr exclaimed in a 
 loud voice, "He who from yon high 
 place beholdeth me with such pride, shall 
 be brought low, even to the ground, be- 
 fore the trees which have supplied these 
 faggots have shed their leaves." It was 
 March when these words were uttered, 
 and the cardinal died in June. 
 
 Sun (The). The device of Edward 
 III. was the sun bursting through a cloud. 
 Hence Edward III. is called "our half- 
 faced sun." — Shakespeare, 2 Ilenry VL 
 activ. sc. 1 (1592). 
 
 Sun (City of the). Rhodes was so 
 called, because Apollo was its tutelar 
 deity. On or Heliopolis, in Egypt, was 
 a sun-city (Greek, helios potis> " sun 
 city"). 
 
 Sun Inn, Westminster. This sign 
 was adopted because it was the badge of 
 Richard II. The "sun" was the cogni- 
 zance of the house of York. 
 
 Now is the winter of our discontent 
 Made glorious summer by this sun of York. 3 
 
 Shakespeare, Richard III. act i. sc. 1 (1597). 
 
 Sun-Steeds. Bronte ("thunder") 
 and Amethea ("no loiterer"), iEthon 
 ("fiery red") and Pyroi's ("fire"); 
 Lampos ("shining like a lamp"), used 
 only at noon; Philogea ("effulgence"), 
 used only in the westering course. 
 
 *** PhaSton (" the shining one ") and 
 Abraxas (the Greek numeral for 3G5) 
 were the horses of Aurora or the morning 
 
 Sun on Easter Day. It was at 
 
SUNDAY. 
 
 955 
 
 SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 one time maintained that the sun danced 
 on Easter Day. 
 
 But oh ! she dances such a way, 
 No sun upon an Easter Day 
 Is half so fine a sight. 
 Sir John Suckling, The Wedding (died 1641). 
 Whose beauty makes the sprightly sun 
 To dance, as upon Easter Day. 
 John Cleveland, The General Eclipse (died 1659). 
 
 Sunday is the day when witches do 
 penance. 
 
 Till on a day (that day is every prime [first day§. 
 When witches wont do penance for their crime. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, I. ii. 40 (1590). 
 
 Sunflower ( The) is so called simply 
 because the flower resembles a picture- 
 sun, with its yellow petals like rays round 
 its dark disc. Thomas Moore is quite in 
 error when he says it turns towards the 
 sun. I have had sunflowers turning to 
 every point of the compass, and after 
 narrowly watching them, have seen in 
 them no tendency to turn towards the 
 sun, or to shift their direction. 
 
 The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets, 
 The same look which she turned when he rose. 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies, ii. (" Believe Me, if all those 
 Endearing Young Charms," 1814). 
 
 Sun'ith, one of the six Wise Men of 
 the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
 He had three holy daughters. — Klop- 
 stock, The Messiah, v. (1771). 
 
 Sunium's Marbled Steep, cape 
 Colonna, once crowned with a temple of 
 Minerva. 
 
 Here marble columns, long by time defaced. 
 Moss-covered, on the lofty cape are placed, 
 There reared by fair devotion to sustain 
 Iu elder times Tritonia's sacred fane [temple of Minerva}. 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 5 (1762). 
 
 Sunshine of St. Eulalie' (3 syl.), 
 Evangeline. 
 
 Sunshine of St. Eulalie was she called, for that was the 
 
 sunshine 
 Which, as the farmers believed, would load their orchards 
 
 with apples. 
 
 Longfellow. Evangeline, i. 1 (1849). 
 
 Super Grammat'ieam, Sigismund 
 emperor of Germany (1866, 1411-1437). 
 
 At the council of Constance, held 1414, Sigismund used 
 the word schisma as a noun of the feminine gender (ilia 
 nefanda schisma). A prig of a cardinal corrected him, 
 saying, "'Schisma,' your highness, is neuter gender;" 
 when the kaiser turned on Urn with ineffable scorn, and 
 said, "I am king of the Romans, and what is grammar 
 to me ? " [Ego sum rex Romanus [? Romanorum], et super 
 trammaticam.}— Carlyle, Frederick the Great (1858). 
 
 Superb {The). Genoa is called La 
 Superba, from its general appearance from 
 the sea. 
 
 Superstitions about Animals. 
 
 Axt. When ants are unusually busy, 
 foul weather is at hand. 
 
 Ants never sleep. — Emerson, Nature, iv. 
 
 Ants lay up food for winter use. — 
 Prov. vi. 6-8 : xxx. 25. 
 
 Ants' eggs are an antidote to love. 
 
 Ass. The mark running down the back 
 of an ass, and cut at right angles over the 
 shoulders, is the cross of Christ, impressed 
 on the animal because Christ rode on an 
 ass in His triumphant entry into Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 Three hairs taken from the " cross " of 
 an ass will cure the hooping-cough, but 
 the ass from which the hairs are plucked 
 will die. 
 
 The ass is deaf to music, and hence 
 Apollo gave Midas the ears of an ass, 
 because he preferred the piping of Pan 
 to the music of Apollo's lute. 
 
 Barnacle. A barnacle broken off a 
 ship turns into a Solan goose. 
 
 Like your Scotch barnacle, now a block. 
 Instantly a worm, and presently a great goose. 
 
 Marston, The Malecontent (1604). 
 
 Basilisk. The basilisk can kill at a 
 distance by the " poison" of its glance. 
 
 There's not a glance of thine 
 But, like a basilisk, comes winged with death. 
 
 Lee, Alexander the Great, v. 1 (1678). 
 
 Bear. The cub of a bear is licked 
 into shape and life by its dam. 
 
 So watchful Bruin forms with plastic care 
 Each growing lump, and brings it to a bear. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, i. 101 (1728). 
 
 Beaver. When a beaver is hunted, it 
 bites off the part which the hunters seek, 
 and then, standing upright, shows the 
 hunters it is useless to continue the 
 pursuit. — Eugenius Philalethes, Brief 
 Natural History, 89. 
 
 Bee. If bees swarm on a rotten tree, 
 a death in the family will occur within 
 the twelvemonth. 
 
 Swarmed on a rotten stick the bees I spied, 
 Which erst I saw when Goody Dobson dyed. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, v. (1714). 
 
 Bees will never thrive if you quarrel 
 with them or about them. 
 
 If a member of the family dies and the 
 bees are not put into mourning, they will 
 forsake their hive. 
 
 It is unlucky for a stray swarm of bees 
 to flight on your premises. 
 
 Beetle. Beetles are both deaf and 
 blind. 
 
 Cat. When cats wash their ears more 
 than usual, rain is at hand. 
 
 When the cat washes her face over her ears, wee shall 
 have great shore of raine.— Melton, Astrologastor, 45. 
 
 The sneezing of a cat indicates good 
 luck to a bride. 
 
 Crastina nupturae lux est prosperrima sponsse : 
 Felix fele bonnm sternuit omen amor. 
 
 Robert Keuchen, Crepundia, 413, 
 
 If a cat sneezes thrice, a cold will run 
 through the family. 
 
 Satan's favourite form is that of a 
 
SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 956 
 
 SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 black cat, and hence is it the familiar of 
 witches. 
 A cat has nine lives. 
 
 Tybalt. What wouldst thou have with me t 
 
 tier. Good king of cats, nothing but one of your nine 
 
 lives.— Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act iii. 8C. 1 
 
 (1595). 
 
 Chameleons live on air only. 
 
 I saw him eat the air for food. 
 
 Lloyd, The Chameleon. 
 
 Cow. If a milkmaid neglects to wash 
 her hands after milking, her cows will 
 go dry. 
 
 Curst cows have curt horns. Curst 
 means "angry, fierce." 
 
 God sends a curst cow short horns. — Shakespeare, 
 Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc. 1 (1600). 
 
 Cricket. Crickets bring good luck 
 to a house. To kill crickets is unlucky. 
 If crickets forsake a house, a death in 
 the family will soon follow. 
 
 It is a signe of death to some in a house, if the crickets 
 on a sudden forsake the chimney. — Melton, Astrologas- 
 tor, 45. 
 
 Crocodiles moan and sigh, like per- 
 sons in distress, to allure travellers and 
 make them their prey. 
 
 As the mournful crocodile 
 With sorrow snares relenting passengers. 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act iii. sc. 1 (1591). 
 
 Crocodiles weep over the prey which 
 they devour. 
 
 The crocodile will weep over a man's head when he [it] 
 hath devoured the body, and then he will eat up the head 
 too.— Bullokar, English Expositor (1616). 
 
 Paul Lucas tells us that the humming- 
 bird and lapwing enter fearlessly the 
 crocodile's mouth, and the creature never 
 injures them, because they pick its teeth. 
 — Voyage fait en 1714. 
 
 Ckow. If a crow croaks an odd num- 
 ber of times, look out for foul weather ; 
 if.an even number, it will be fine. 
 
 [The superstitions'] listen in the morning whether the 
 crow crieth even or odd, and by that token presage the 
 weather. — Dr. Hall, Characters of Yertues and Vices, 87. 
 
 If a crow flies over a house and croaks 
 thrice, it is a bad omen. — Ramesey, 
 FAminthologia, 271 (1668). 
 
 If a crow flutters about a window and 
 caws, it forebodes a death. 
 
 Night crowes screech aloud, 
 Fluttering "bout casements of departing soules. 
 
 Marston, Antonio and Jfellida, ii. (1602). 
 Several crows fluttered about the head of Cicero on the 
 day he was murdered by Popilius Laenas . . . one of them 
 even made its way into his chamber, and pulled away the 
 bedclothes.— Macaulay, History of St. Kilda, 176. 
 
 If crows flock together early in the 
 morning, and gape at the sun, the weather 
 will be" hot and dry ; but if they stalk 
 at nightfall into water, and croak, rain 
 is at hand. — Willsford, Nature's Secrets, 
 133. 
 
 When crows [ ? rooks] forsake a wood 
 in a flock, it forebodes a famine. — Supple- 
 ment to the Athenian Oracle, 476. 
 
 Death-watch. The clicking or tap- 
 ping of the beetle called a death-watch is 
 an omen of death to some one in the 
 house. 
 
 Chamber-maids christen this worm a " Death-watch. ' 
 Because, like a watch, it always cries " click ; " 
 Then woe be to those in the house that are sick. 
 For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost . . 
 But a kettle of scalding hot water injected 
 Infallibly cures the timber infected; 
 The omen is broken, the danger is over. 
 The maggot will die, and. the sick will recover. 
 
 Swift, Wood an Insect (1725). 
 
 Dog. If dogs howl by night near a 
 house, it presages the death of a sick 
 inmate. 
 
 If doggs howle in the night neer an house where some- 
 body is sick, 'tis a signe of death.— Dr. N. Home, Dcemono- 
 logie, 60. 
 
 When dogs wallow in the dust, expect 
 foul weather : " Canis in pulvere volu- 
 tans . . ." 
 
 Prascia ventorum, se volvit odora canum vis ; 
 Kumina difflatur pulveris instar homo. 
 
 Robert Keuchen, Crepundia, 211. 
 
 Echinus. An echinus, fastening itself 
 on a ship's keel, will arrest its motion 
 like an anchor. — Pliny, Natural History, 
 xxxii. 1. 
 
 Egg. The tenth egg is always the 
 largest. 
 
 Decumana ova dicuntur, quia ovum decimum niajus 
 nascitur. — Festus. 
 
 Elephant. Elephants celebrate re- 
 ligious rites. — Pliny, Natural History, 
 viii. 1. 
 
 Elephants have no knees. — Eugenius 
 Philalethes, Brief Natural History, 89. 
 
 The elephant hath joints, but none for courtesy ; his 
 legs are for necessity, not for flexure.— Shakespeare, 
 Troilus and Cressida, act iii. sc. 3 (1602). 
 
 Fish. If you count the number of 
 fish you have caught, you will catch no 
 more that day. 
 
 Frog. To meet a frog is lucky, in- 
 dicating that the person is about to receive 
 money. 
 
 Some man hadde levyr to mete a frogge on the way than 
 a knight ... for thau they say and 'leve that they shal 
 have golde.— Hives and fauper (first precepte, xlvi., 
 1493). 
 
 When frogs croak more than usual, it 
 is a sign of bad weather. 
 
 Guinea-pig. A guinea-pig has no 
 ears. 
 
 Haddock. The black spot on each 
 side of a haddock, near the gills, is the 
 impression of St. Peter's finger and 
 thumb, when he took the tribute money 
 from the fish's mouth. 
 
 The haddock has spots on either side, which are the 
 marks of St. Peter's fingers when he catched that fish fot 
 the tribute.— Metellus, Dialogues, etc., 57 (1693). 
 
SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 957 
 
 SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 Hair. If a dog bites you, any evil 
 consequence may be prevented by 
 applying three of the dog's hairs to the 
 wound. 
 
 Take the hair, it is well written. 
 Of the dog by which you're bitten ; 
 Work off one wine by his brother, 
 And one labour by another. 
 
 Athenasus (ascribed to Aristophanfis). 
 
 Hare. It is unlucky if a hare runs 
 across a road in front of a traveller. The 
 Roman augurs considered this an ill 
 omen. 
 
 If an hare cross their way, they suspect they shall be 
 rob'd or conv? to some mischance. — Ramesey, Elmintho- 
 logia, 271 (1668). 
 
 It was believed at one time that hares 
 changed their sex every year. 
 
 Hedgehog. Hedgehogs foresee a 
 coming storm. — Bodenham, Garden of the 
 Muses, 153 (1600). 
 
 Hedgehogs fasten on the dugs of cows, 
 and drain off the milk. 
 
 Horse. If a person suffering from 
 hooping-cough asks advice of a man 
 riding on a piebald horse, the malady 
 will be cured by doing what the man tells 
 him to do. 
 
 Jackal. The jackal is the lion's pro- 
 vider. It hunts with the lion, and pro- 
 vides it with food by starting prey as 
 dogs start game. 
 
 Lady-bug. It is unlucky to kill a 
 lady-bug. 
 
 Lion. The lion will not inj ure a royal 
 prince. 
 
 Fetch the Numidian lion I brought over ; 
 If she be sprung from royal blood, the lion 
 Will do her reverence, else he will tear her. 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1617). 
 The lion will not touch the true prince. — Shakespeare, 
 1 Henri/ .J I", act ii. sc. 4 (1598). 
 
 The lion hates the game-cock, and is 
 jealous of it. Some say because the cock 
 wears a crown (its crest), and others 
 because it comes into the royal presence 
 " booted and spurred." 
 
 The fiercest lion trembles at the crowing of a cock. — 
 Pliny, Natural history, viii. 19. 
 
 According to legend, the lion's whelp 
 is born dead, and remains so for three 
 days, when the father breathes on it, 
 and it receives life. 
 
 Lizard. The lizard is man's special 
 enemy, but warns him of the approach 
 of a serpent. 
 
 Magpie. To see one magpie is un- 
 lucky ; to see two denotes merriment or 
 a marriage ; to see three, a successful 
 journey ; four, good news ; five, com- 
 pany. — Grose. 
 
 Another superstition is : " One for 
 sorrow ; two for mirth ; three, a wedding ; 
 four, a death." 
 
 One's sorrow, two's mirth, 
 Three's a wedding, four's a birth. 
 Five's a christening, six's a dearth. 
 Seven's heaven, eight is hell, 
 And nine's the devil his ane sel*. 
 
 Old Scotch Shj/rm. 
 
 In Lancashire, two magpies flying to- 
 gether is thought unlucky. 
 
 I have heard my gronny say, hoode os leef o seen two 
 owd harries as two pynots {magpies]. — Tim Bobbin, 
 Lancashire Dialect, 31 (1775). 
 
 When the magpie chatters, it denotes 
 that you will see strangers. 
 
 Max. A person weighs more fasting 
 than after a good meal. 
 
 The Jews maintained that man has 
 three natures — body, soul, and spirit. 
 Diogenes Laertius calls the three natures 
 body, phren, and thumos ; and the 
 Romans called them manes, anima, and 
 umbra. 
 
 There is a nation of pygmies. 
 
 The Patagonians are of gigantic sta- 
 ture. 
 
 There are men with tails, as the Ghi- 
 lanes, a race of men "beyond the Sen- 
 naar ; " the Niam-niams of Africa, the 
 Narea tribes, certain others south of 
 Herrar, in Abyssinia, and the natives in 
 the south of Formosa. 
 
 Martin. It is unlucky to kill a martin. 
 
 Mole. Moles are blind. Hence the 
 common expression, "Blind as a mole." 
 
 Pray you, tread softly, that the blind mole may not 
 Hear a footfall. 
 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iv. sc. 1 (1609). 
 
 Moon-calf, the offspring of a woman, 
 engendered solely by the power of the 
 moon. — Pliny, Natural History, x. 64. 
 
 Mouse. To eat food which a mouse 
 has nibbled will give a sore throat. 
 
 It is a bad omen if a mouse gnaws the 
 clothes which a person is wearing. — 
 Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 214 
 (1621). 
 
 A fried mouse is a specific for small- 
 pox. 
 
 Ostrich. An ostrich can digest iron. 
 
 Stephe7i. I could eat the very hilts for anger. 
 
 Kno'well. A sign of your good digestion ; you have 
 an ostrich stomach. — B. Jonson, Every Man in Mis 
 Humour, iii. 1 (1598). 
 
 Ill make thee eat iron like an ostrich, and swallow 
 my sword. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 10 
 (1691). 
 
 Owl. If owls screech with a hoarse 
 and dismal voice, it bodes impending 
 calamity. (See Owl, p. 718.) 
 
 The oul6 that of deth the bod6 bringeth. 
 
 Chaucer, Assembly of Eoules (1358). 
 
 Pelican. A pelican feeds its young 
 brood with its blood. 
 
 The pelican turneth her beak against her brest, and 
 therewith pievceth it till the blood gush out, woerewith 
 she nourisheth her young.— Eugenius Philak thes, Brief 
 Satural History, 93 "' "" " 
 
SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 958 
 
 SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 Than sayd the Pellycane, 
 " When my byrdts he slayne, 
 With my blonde I them reuyue [revivcy 
 Scrypture doth record, 
 The same dyd our Lord, 
 And rose from deth to lyue [life]. 
 
 Skelton, Armoury of Byrdts (died 1529). 
 And, like the kind, life-rendering pelican, 
 Kepast them with my blood. 
 
 Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iv. sc. 5 (1596). 
 
 Phcenix. There is but one phoenix in 
 the world, which, after many hundred 
 years, burns itself, and from its ashes 
 another phoenix rises up. 
 
 Now I will believe, . . . that in Arabia 
 
 There is one tree, the phcenix' throne ; one phcenix 
 
 At this hour reigning there. 
 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iii. sc. 3 (1609). 
 
 The phoenix is said to have fifty 
 orifices in its bill, continued to its tail. 
 After living its 1000 or 500 years, it 
 builds itself a funeral pile, sings a me- 
 lodious elegy, flaps its wings to fan the 
 fire, and is burnt to ashes. 
 
 The enchanted pile of that lonely bird 
 Who sings at the last his own death-lay, 
 And in music and perfume dies away. 
 T. Moore, Lalla Jlookh (" Paradise and the Peri," 1817). 
 
 The phoenix has appeared five times in 
 Egypt : (1) in the reign of Sesostris ; (2) 
 in the reign of AmSsis ; (3) in the reign 
 of Ptolemy Philadelphos ; (4) a little 
 prior to the death of Tiberius ; and (5) 
 daring the reign of Constantine. Tacitus 
 mentions the first three (Annales, vi. 28). 
 
 Pig. In the fore feet of pigs is a very 
 small hole, which may be seen when the 
 pig is dead and the hair carefully re- 
 moved. The legend is that the devils 
 made their exit from the swine through 
 the fore feet, and left these holes. There 
 are also six very minute rings round 
 each hole, and these are said to have 
 been made by the devils' claws (Mark v. 
 11-13). 
 
 When pigs carry straws in their mouth, 
 rain is at hand. 
 
 When swine carry bottles of hay or straw to hide them, 
 rain is at hand.— The Husbandman's Practice, 137 (1664). 
 
 When 3 r oung pigs are taken from the 
 sow, they must be drawn away back- 
 wards, or the sow will be fallow. 
 
 The bacon of swine killed in a waning 
 moon will waste much in the cooking. 
 
 When hogs run grunting home, a 
 storm is impending. — The Cabinet of 
 Nature, 262 (1637). 
 
 It is unlucky for a traveller if a sow 
 crosses his path. 
 
 If, going on a journey on business, a sow cross the road, 
 you will meet with a disappointment, if not an accident, 
 before you return home.-— Grose. 
 
 To meet a sow with a litter of pigs is 
 very lucky. 
 
 If a sow is with her litter of pigs, it is lucky, and denotes 
 a successful journey.— Grow. 
 
 Langley tells us this marvellous bit of 
 etymology: "The bryde anoynteth the 
 poostes of the doores with swynes grease, 
 ... to dryve awaye misfortune, where- 
 fore she had her name in Latin uxor, 
 'abungendo' [to anoint]." — Translation 
 of Polydore Vergil, 9. 
 
 Pigeon. If a white pigeon settles on 
 a chimney, it bodes death to some one in 
 the house. 
 
 No person can die on a bed or pillow 
 containing pigeons' feathers. 
 
 If anybody be sick and lye a-dying, if they [sic] Ho 
 upon pigeons' feathers they will be languishing and never 
 die, but be in pain and torment.— British Apollo, ii. No. 
 93 (1710). 
 
 The blue pigeon is held sacred in 
 Mecca.— Pitt. 
 
 Porcupine. When porcupines are 
 hunted or annoyed, they shoot out their 
 quills in anger. 
 
 Rat. Rats forsake a ship before a 
 wreck, or a house about to fall. 
 
 They prepared 
 A rotten carcass of a boat; the very rats 
 Instinctively had quit it. 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest, act i. sc. 2 (1609). 
 
 If rats gnaw the furniture of a room, 
 there will be a death in the house ere 
 long. — Grose. 
 
 *** The bucklers at Lanuvium being 
 gnawed by rats, presaged ill fortune, and 
 the battle of Marses, fought soon after, 
 confirmed the superstition. 
 
 The Romans said that to see a white 
 rat was a certain presage of good luck. 
 — Pliny, Natural liistory, viii. 57. 
 
 Raven. Ravens are ill-omened biro's. 
 
 The hoarse night raven, trompe of doleful dreere. 
 Spenser. 
 
 Ravens seen on the left hand side of a 
 person bode impending evil. 
 
 Saepe sinistra cava pradixit ab ilice comix. 
 
 Virgil, Eel., I 
 
 Ravens call up rain. 
 
 Hark 
 
 How the curst raven, with her harmless voice, 
 Invokes the rain 1 
 
 Smart, Hop Garden, ii. (died 1770). 
 
 When ravens [? rooks] forsake a wood, 
 it prognosticates famine. 
 
 This is because ravens bear the character of Saturn, tha 
 author of such calamities. — Athenian Oracle (supple, 
 ment, 476). 
 
 Ravens forebode pestilence and death. 
 
 Like the sad-presaging raven, that tolls 
 The sick man's passport in her hollow beak, 
 And, in the shadow of the silent night. 
 Does shake contagion from her sable wing. 
 
 Marlowe, The Jew of Malta (1633). 
 
 Ravens foster forsaken children. 
 
 Some say that ravens foster forlorn children. 
 (?) Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, act ii. sc. 3 (1593). 
 
 It is said that king Arthur is not dead, 
 but is only changtd into a raven, and 
 
SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 959 
 
 SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 will in due time resume his proper form 
 and rule over his people gloriously. 
 
 The raven was white till it turned tell- 
 tale, and informed Apollo of the faith- 
 lessness of Coronis. Apollo shot the 
 nymph for her infidelity, but changed 
 the plumage of the raven into inky 
 blackness for his officious prating. — 
 Ovid, Metamorphoses, ii. 
 
 He [A polio] blacked the raven o'er, 
 
 And bid him prate in his white plumes no more. 
 
 Addison's Translation of Ovid, ii. 
 
 If ravens gape against the sun, heat 
 will follow ; but if they busy themselves 
 in preening or washing, there will be 
 rain. 
 
 Rem'ora. A fish called the remora can 
 arrest a ship in full sail. 
 
 A little fish that men call remora, 
 Which stopped her course, . . . 
 That wind nor tide could move her. 
 
 Spenser, Sonnets (1591). 
 
 Robin. The red of a robin's breast is 
 produced by the blood of Jesus. While 
 the "Man of sorrows " was on His way to 
 Calvary, a robin plucked a thorn from 
 His temples, and a drop of blood, falling 
 on the bird, turned its bosom red. 
 
 Another legend is that the robin used 
 to carry dew to refresh sinners parched 
 in hell, and the scorching heat of tbe 
 flames turned its feathers red. 
 
 He brings cool dew in his little bill, 
 
 And lets it fall on the souls of sin ; 
 You can see the mark on his red breast still, 
 
 Of fires that scorch as he drops it in. 
 
 J. G. Whittier, The Robin. 
 
 If a robin finds a dead body unburied, 
 it will cover the face at least, if not the 
 whole body. — Grey, On Shakespeare, ii. 
 226. 
 
 The robins so red, now these babies are dead. 
 Ripe strawberry leaves doth over them spread. 
 
 Babes in the Wood. 
 
 It is unlucky either to keep or to kill 
 i robin. J. H. Pott says, if any one 
 attempts to detain a robin which has 
 sought hospitality, let him "fear some 
 new calamity." — Poems (1780). 
 
 Salamander. The salamander lives 
 in the fire. 
 
 Should a glass-bouse fire be kept up without extinc- 
 tion for more than seven years, there is no doubt but that 
 a salamander will be generated in the cinders. — J. P. 
 Andrews, Anecdotes, etc., 359. 
 
 The salamander seeks the hottest fire 
 to breed in, but soon quenches it by the 
 extreme coldness of its body. — Pliny, 
 Natural History, x. 67 ; xxix. 4. 
 
 Food touched by a salamander is 
 poisonous. — Ditto, xxix. 23. 
 
 Saliva. The human saliva is a cure 
 for blindness. — Ditto, xxviii. 7. 
 
 If a man spits on a serpent, it will die. 
 -Ditto, vii. 2. 
 
 The human saliva is a charm against 
 fascination and witchcraft. 
 
 Thrice on my breast I spit, to guard me safe 
 From fascinating charms. 
 
 Theocritos. 
 To unbewitch the bewitched, you must spit into the 
 shoe of your right foot — Scot, Discoverie of Witchcraft 
 (1584). 
 
 Spitting for luck is a most common 
 superstition. 
 
 Fishwomen generally spit upon their hanseL — Grose. 
 
 A blacksmith who has to shoe a stub- 
 born horse, spits in his hand to drive off 
 the " evil spirit." 
 
 The swarty smith spits in his buckthorne fist. 
 
 Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 
 
 If a pugilist spits in his hand, his blows 
 will be more telling. — Pliny, Natural 
 History, xxviii. 7. 
 
 Scorpion. Scorpions sting themselves. 
 
 Scorpions have an oil which is a 
 remedy for their stings. 
 
 'Tis true the scorpion's oil is said 
 
 To cure the wounds the venom made. 
 
 S. Butler, Mudibras, iiL 2 (1678). 
 
 Spider. It is unlucky to kill a money- 
 spinner. 
 
 Small spiders, called "money-spinners," prognosticate 
 good luck, if they are not destroyed or removed from the 
 person on whom they attach themselves.— Park. 
 
 The bite of a spider is venomous. 
 
 No spider will spin its web on an Irish 
 oak. 
 
 Spiders will never set their webs on a 
 cedar roof. — Caughey, Letters (1845). 
 
 Spiders indicate where gold is to be 
 found. (See Spiders Indicators of 
 Gold.) 
 
 There are no spiders in Ireland, because 
 St. Patrick cleared the island of all 
 vermin. 
 
 Spiders envenom whatever they touch. 
 
 There may be in the cup 
 A spider steeped, and one may drink, depart. 
 And yet partake no evil. 
 Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, act ii sc 1 (1604). 
 
 A spider enclosed in a quilt and hung 
 round the neck will cure the ague.— 
 Mrs. Delany, A Letter dated March 1, 
 1743. 
 
 I . . . hung three spiders about my neck, and they 
 drove my ague away.— Elias Ashmole, Diary (April 11, 
 1681). 
 
 A spider worn in a nutshell round the 
 neck is a cure for fever. 
 
 Cured by the wearing a spider hung round one's neck in a 
 nutshell. 
 
 Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. (1849). 
 
 Spiders spin only on dark days. 
 
 The subtle spider never spins 
 But on dark days his slimy gins. 
 
 S. Butler, On a Nonconformist, if. 
 
 Spiders have a natural antipathy to 
 toads. 
 
SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 960 
 
 SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 Stag. Stags draw, by their breath, ser- 
 pents from their holes, and then trample 
 them to death. (Hence the stag has 
 been used to symbolize Christ.) — Pliny, 
 Natural History, viii. 50. 
 
 Stork. It is unlucky to kill a stork. 
 
 According to Swedish legend, a stork 
 fluttered round the cross of the crucified 
 Redeemer, crying, Styrhel styrke 1 
 (" Strengthen ye ! strengthen ye ! "), and 
 was hence called the styrk or stork, but 
 ever after lost its voice. 
 
 Swallow. According to Scandi- 
 navian legend, this bird hovered over 
 the cross of Christ, crying, Svale 1 svale ! 
 ("Cheer up! cheer up!"), and hence it 
 received the name of svale or swallow, 
 " the bird of consolation." 
 
 If a swallow builds on a house, it 
 brings good luck. 
 
 The swallow is said to bring home from 
 the sea-shore a stone which gives sight to 
 her fledglings. 
 
 Seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone which the 
 
 swallow 
 Brings from the shore of the sea, to restore the sight of 
 
 its fledglings. 
 
 Longfellow. Evangeline, i. 1 (1849). 
 
 To kill a swallow is unlucky. 
 When swallows fly high, the weather 
 will be fine. 
 
 When swallows fleet soar high and sport In air, 
 He told us that the welkin would be clear. 
 
 Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 
 
 Swan. The swan retires from obser- 
 vation when about to die, and sings most 
 melodiously. 
 
 Swans, a little before their death, sing most sweetly.— 
 Pliny, Statural History, x. 23. 
 
 The swanne cannot hatch without a cracke of thunder. 
 —Lord Northampton, Defensive, etc. (1583). 
 
 Tarantula. The tarantula is poi- 
 sonous. 
 
 The music of a tarantula will cure its 
 venomous bite. 
 
 Toad. Toads spit poison, but they 
 carry in their head an antidote thereto. 
 
 . . . the toad ugly and venomous. 
 Wears yet a precious jewel in its head. 
 Shakespeare, As l'ou Like It, act ii. sc. 1 (lfiOO). 
 
 In the dog days, toads never open 
 their mouths. 
 
 Toads are never found in Ireland, be- 
 cause St. Patrick cleared the island of all 
 vermin. 
 
 Unicorn. Unicorns can be caught 
 only by placing a virgin in their haunts. 
 
 The horn of a unicorn dipped into a 
 liquor will show if it contains poison. 
 
 Viper. Young vipers destroy their 
 mothers when they come to birth. 
 
 Weasel. To meet a weasel is unlucky. 
 — Congreve, Love for Love. 
 
 You never catch a weasel asleep. 
 
 Wolf. If a wolf sees a' man before 
 the man sees the wolf, he will be struck 
 dumb. 
 
 Men are sometimes changed into 
 wolves. — Pliny, Natural History. 
 
 Wren. If any one kills a wren, he 
 will break a bone before the year is out. 
 
 Miscellaneous. No animal dies near 
 the sea, except at the ebbing of the tide. 
 — Aristotle. 
 
 'A parted even just between twelve and one, e'en at the 
 turning o' the tide. — Shakespeare, Henry V. act ii. sc. 'A 
 (Falstaffs death, 1599). 
 
 Superstitions about Precious 
 Stones. 
 
 R. B. means Rabbi Benoni (fourteenth century) ; S. 
 means Streeter, Precious Stones (1877). 
 
 Agate quenches thirst, and, if held 
 in the mouth, allays fever. — R. B. 
 
 It is supposed, at least in fable, to 
 render the wearer invisible, and also to 
 turn the sword of foes against themselves. 
 
 The agate is an emblem of health and 
 long life, and is dedicated to June. In 
 the Zodiac it stands for Scorpio. 
 
 Amber is a cure for sore throats and 
 all glandular swellings. — R. B. 
 
 It is said to be a concretion of birds' 
 tears. — Chambers. 
 
 Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber 
 That ever the sorrowing sea-bird hatli wept. 
 T. Moore, LaUa Rookh ("Fire-Worshippers," 1817). 
 
 The birds Avhich wept amber were the 
 sisters of Meleager, called Meleagrldes, 
 who never ceased weeping for their 
 brother's death. — Pliny, Natural History, 
 xxxvii. 2, 11. 
 
 Amethyst banishes the desire of 
 drink, and promotes chastity. — R. B. 
 
 The Greeks thought that it counteracted 
 the effects of wine. 
 
 The amethyst is an emblem of humility 
 and sobriety. It is dedicated to February 
 and Venus. In the Zodiac it stands for 
 Sagittarius, in metallurgy for copper, in 
 Christian art it is given to St. Matthew, 
 and in the Roman Catholic Church it is set 
 in the pastoral ring of bishops, whence it 
 is called the "prelate's gem," or pierre 
 oVe'veque. 
 
 Cat's-eye, considered by the Cingalese 
 as a charm against witchcraft, and to be 
 the abode of some genii. — S., 168. 
 
 Coral, a talisman against enchant- 
 ments, witchcraft, thunder, and other 
 perils of flood and field. It was con- 
 secrated to Jupiter and Phoebus. — S., 
 233. 
 
 Red coral worn about the person is a 
 certain cure for indigestion. — R. B. 
 
 Crystal induces visions, promotes 
 sleep, and ensures good dreams. — R. B. 
 
SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 961 
 
 SURFACE. 
 
 It is dedicated to the moon, and in 
 metallurgy stands for silver. 
 
 Diamond produces somnambulism, and 
 promotes spiritual ecstasy.— R. B. 
 
 The diamond is an emblem of inno- 
 cence, and is dedicated to April and the 
 sun. In the Zodiac it stands for Virgo, 
 in metallurgy for gold, in Christian art 
 invulnerable faith. 
 
 Emerald promotes friendship and 
 constancy of mind. — R. B. 
 
 If a serpent fixes its eyes on an 
 emerald, it becomes blind.— Ahmed ben 
 Abdalaziz, Treatise on Jewels. 
 
 The emerald is an emblem of success 
 in love, and is dedicated to May. In the 
 Zodiac it signifies Cancer. It is dedicated 
 to Mars, in metallurgy it means iron, and 
 in Christian art is given to St. John. 
 Garnet preserves health and joy. — R. B. 
 
 The garnet is an emblem of constancy, 
 and, like the jacinth, is dedicated to 
 January. 
 
 This was the carbuncle of the ancients, 
 which they said gave out light in the dark. 
 
 Loadstone produces somnambulism. 
 — R. B. 
 
 It is dedicated to Mercury, and in 
 metallurgy means quicksilver. 
 
 Moonstone has the virtue of making 
 trees fruitful, and of curing epilepsy. — 
 Dioscorldes. 
 
 It contains in it an image of the moon, 
 representing its increase and decrease 
 every month. — Andreas Baccius. 
 
 Onyx contains in it an imprisoned 
 devil, which wakes at sunset and causes 
 terror to the wearer, disturbing sleep 
 with ugly dreams. — R. B. 
 
 Cupid, with the sharp point of his 
 'arrows, cut the nails of Venus during 
 sleep, and the parings, falling into the 
 Indus, sank to the bottom and turned 
 into onyxes. — S., 212. 
 
 In the Zodiac it stands for Aquarius ; 
 some say it is the emblem of August and 
 conjugal lore; in Christian art it sym- 
 bolizes sincerity. 
 
 Opal is fatal to love, and sows discord 
 between the giver and receiver. — R. B. 
 
 Given as an engagement token, it is 
 cure to bring ill luck. 
 
 The opal is an emblem of hope, and is 
 dedicated to October. 
 
 Ruby. The Burmese believe that rubies 
 ripen like fruit. They say a ruby in its 
 ciude state is colourless, and, as it matures, 
 changes first to yellow, then to green, 
 then to blue, and lastly to a brilliant red, 
 its highest state of perfection and ripe- 
 ness. — S., 142. 
 
 41 
 
 The ruby signifies Aries in the Zodiacal 
 signs ; but some give it to December, and 
 make it the emblem of brilliant success. 
 
 Sapphire produces somnambulism, 
 and impels the wearer to all good works. 
 — R. B. 
 
 In the Zodiac it signifies Leo, and in 
 Christian art is dedicated to St. Andrew, 
 emblematic of his heavenly faith and 
 good hope. Some give this gem to April. 
 
 Topaz is favourable to hemorrhages, 
 imparts strength, and promotes digestion. 
 — R. B. 
 
 Les anciens regardaient la topaze comrae utile contre 
 1'epilepsie et la melancolie, — Bouillet, Diet. Univ. des 
 Sciences, etc. (1855). 
 
 The topaz is an emblem of fidelity, and 
 is dedicated to November. In the Zodiac 
 it signifies Taurus, and in Christian art is 
 given to St. James the Less. 
 
 Turquoise, given b3 r loving hands, 
 carries with it happiness and good fortune. 
 Its colour always pales when the well- 
 being of the giver is in peril. — S., 170. 
 
 The turquoise is an emblem of proe- 
 perity, and is dedicated to December. 
 It is dedicated to Saturn, and stands for 
 lead in metallurgy. 
 
 A bouquet composed of diamonds, 
 loadstones, and sapphires combined, ren- 
 ders a person almost invincible and 
 wholly irresistible. — R. B. 
 
 All precious stones are purified by 
 honey. 
 
 All kinds of precious stones cast into honey become 
 more brilliant thereby, each according to its colour, and 
 all persons become more acceptable when they join de- 
 votion to their graces. Household cares are sweetened 
 thereby, love is more loving, and business becomes more 
 pleasant. — S. Francis de Salt;, The Devout Life, iii. 13 
 (1708). 
 
 Supporters in Heraldry repre- 
 sent the pages who supported the banner. 
 These pages, before the Tudor period, 
 were dressed in imitation of the beasts, 
 etc., which typified the bearings or cog- 
 nizances of their masters. 
 
 Sura, any one ethical revelation ; thus 
 each chapter of the Koran is a Sura. 
 
 Hypocrites are apprehensive lest a Sura should be 
 revealed respecting them, to declare unto them that 
 which is in their hearts. — Al Kordn, ix. 
 
 Surface (Sir Oliver), the rich uncle 
 of Joseph and Charles Surface. He ap- 
 pears under the assumed name of Pre- 
 mium Stanley. 
 
 Charles Surface, a reformed scape- 
 grace, and the accepted lover of Maria 
 the rich ward of sir Peter Teazle. In 
 Charles, the evil of his character was all 
 on the surface. 
 
 William Smith [1730-1790]. To portray upon the stage 
 a man of the true school of gentility required pretensions 
 
 3 Q 
 
SURGEON'S DAUGHTER. 
 
 962 
 
 SUTOR. 
 
 of no ordinary kind, and Smith possessed these in a 
 singular degree, giving to "Charles Surface" all that 
 finish which acquired for him the distinction of " Gentle- 
 man Smith."— Life of Sheridan (Bonn's edit). 
 
 Joseph Surface, elder brother of Charles, 
 an artful, malicious, but sentimental 
 knave ; so plausible in speech and man- 
 ner as to pass for a "youthful miracle 
 of prudence, good sense, and benevo- 
 lence." Unlike Charles, his good was all 
 on the surface. — Sheridan, School for 
 Scandal (1777). 
 
 John Palmer (1747-1798) was so ad- 
 mirable in this character that he was 
 called emphatically "The Joseph Sur- 
 face." 
 
 Surgeon's Daughter (The), a novel 
 by sir Walter Scott, laid in the time of 
 George II. and III., and published in 
 1827. The heroine is Menie Gray, 
 daughter of Dr. Gideon Gray of Middle- 
 mas. Adam Hartley, the doctor's appren- 
 tice, loves her, but Menie herself has 
 given her heart to Richard Middlemas. 
 It so falls out that Richard Middlemas 
 goes to India. Adam Hartley also goes 
 to India, and, as Dr. Hartley, rises high 
 in his profession. One day, being sent 
 for to visit a sick fakir', he sees Menie 
 Gray under the wing of Mde. Montre- 
 ville. Her father had died, and she had 
 come to India, under madame's escort, to 
 marry Richard ; but Richard had en- 
 trapped the girl for a concubine in the 
 haram of Tippoo Saib. When Dr. Hart- 
 ley heard of this scandalous treachery, 
 he told it to Hyder Ali, and the father of 
 Tippoo Saib, who were so disgusted at 
 the villainy that they condemned Richard 
 Middlemas to be trampled to death by 
 a trained elephant, and liberated Menie, 
 who returned to her native country under 
 the escort of Dr. Hartley. 
 
 Surgery (Father of French)) Ambrose 
 Pare (1517-1590). 
 
 Surly, a gamester and friend of sir 
 Epicure Mammon, but a disbeliever in 
 alchemy in general, and in "doctor" 
 Subtle in particular. — Ben Jonson, The 
 Alchemist (1610). 
 
 Surplus (Mr.), a lawyer, Mrs. Sur- 
 plus, and Charles Surplus the nephew. 
 — J. M. Morton, A Regular Fix. 
 
 Surrey (Wliite), name of the horse 
 used by Richard 111. in the battle of 
 Bosworth Field. 
 
 Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow. 
 Shakespeare, King Richard 111. act v. sc. 3 (1597). 
 
 Surtur, a formidable giant, who is 
 to set fire to the universe at Ragnarok, 
 
 with flames collected from Muspelheim. 
 — Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Sur'ya (2 syl.), the sun-god, whose 
 car is drawn by seven green horses, the 
 charioteer being Dawn. — Sir W. Jones, 
 From the Veda. 
 
 Susan means "white lily." Susannah, 
 " my white lily." Susa, in Persia, re- 
 ceived its name from its white lilies. 
 (Hebrew and Persian.) 
 
 Susanna, the wife of Joacirc. She 
 was accused of adultery by the Jewish 
 elders, and condemned to death ; but 
 Daniel proved her innocence, and turned 
 the criminal charge on the elders them- 
 selves. — History of Susanna. 
 
 Susannah, in Sterne's novel entitled 
 Tlxe Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 
 Gentleman (1759). 
 
 Suspicious Husband (TJie), a 
 comedy by Dr. Hoadly (1747). Mr. 
 Strictland is suspicious of his wife, his 
 ward Jacintha, and Clarinda a young 
 lady visitor. With two attractive young 
 ladies in the house, there is no lack of 
 intrigue, and Strictland fancies that his 
 wife is the object thereof ; but when he 
 discovers his mistake, he promises reform. 
 
 Sussex (The earl of), a rival of the 
 earl of Leicester, in the court of queen 
 Elizabeth ; introduced by sir W. Scott in 
 Kenilworth. 
 
 Sut'leme'me (4 syl.), a young lady 
 attached to the suite of Nouron'ihar the 
 emir's daughter. She greatly excelled 
 in dressing a salad. 
 
 Sutor. Ne sutor supra Crepldam. A 
 cobbler, having detected an error in the 
 shoe-latchet of a statue made by Apelles, 
 became so puffed up with conceit that 
 he proceeded to criticize the legs also ; 
 but Apelles said to him, " Stick to the 
 last, friend." The cobbler is qualified to 
 pass an opinion on shoes, but anatomy 
 is quite another thing. 
 
 Boswell, one night sitting in the pit of 
 Covent Garden Theatre with his friend 
 Dr. Blair, gave an imitation of a cow 
 lowing, which the house greatly ap- 
 plauded. He then ventured another imi- 
 tation, but failed ; whereupon the doctoi 
 turned to him and whispered in his ear, 
 " Stick tc the cow." 
 
 A wigmaker sent a copy of verses to 
 Voltaire, asking for his candid opinion 
 on some poetry he had perpetrated. The 
 witty patriarch of Ferney wrote on the 
 MS.j "Make wigs," and returned it to 
 the barber-poet. 
 
SUTTON. 
 
 963 
 
 SWANE. 
 
 Sutton (Sir William), uncle of Hero 
 Sutton the City maiden. — S. Knowles, 
 Woman's Wit, etc. (1838). 
 
 Suwarrow (Alexander), a Russian 
 general, noted for his slaughter of the 
 Poles in the suburbs of Warsaw in 1794, 
 and the still more shameful butchery of 
 them on the bridge of Prague. After 
 having massacred 30,000 in cold blood, 
 Suwarrow went to return thanks to God 
 "for giving him the victory." Camp- 
 bell, in his Pleasures of Hope, i., refers 
 to this butchery ; and lord Byron, in Don 
 Jwm, vii., 8, 55, to the Turkish expedi- 
 tion (1786-1792). 
 
 A town which did a famous siege endure . . . 
 By Suvaroff or Anglice Suwarrow. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, vil S (18:24). 
 
 Suzanne, the wife of Chalomel the 
 chemist and druggist. — J. R. Ware, 
 Piperman's Predicament. 
 
 Swallow Stone. The swallow is 
 said to bring home from the sea-shore a 
 stone which gives sight to her fledglings. 
 
 Oft in the barns they climbed to the populous nests on 
 
 the rafters, 
 Seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone which the 
 
 swallow 
 Brings from the shore of the sea, to restore the sight of its 
 
 fledglings. 
 
 Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 1 (1849). 
 
 Swallow's West, the highest of the 
 four castles of the German family called 
 Landschaden, built on a pointed rock 
 almost inaccessible. The founder was a 
 noted robber-knight. (See "Swallow," 
 p. 960.) 
 
 Swan. Fionnuala, daughter of Lir, 
 was transformed into a swan, and con- 
 demned to wander for many hundred 
 years over the lakes and rivers of Ire- 
 land, till the introduction of Christianity 
 into that island. 
 
 T. Moore has a poem on this subject in 
 his Irish Melodies, entitled " The Song of 
 Fionnuala" (1814). 
 
 Swan (TJie), called the bird of Apollo 
 or of Orpheus (2 syl.). (See " Swan," 
 p. 960.) 
 
 Swan (The knight of the), Helias king 
 of Lyleforte, son of king Oriant and 
 Beatrice. This Beatrice had eight chil- 
 dren at a birth, one of which was a 
 daughter. The mother-in-law (Mata- 
 brune) stole these children, and changed 
 all of them, except Helias, into swans. 
 Helias spent all his life in quest of his 
 sister and brothers, that he might dis- 
 enchant them and restore them to their 
 human forms. — Thorns, Early English 
 Prose Romances, iii. (1858). 
 
 Eustacbius venit ad Bullion ad domum ducissae qua 
 uxor erat militis qui vocabatur " Miles Cygni." — Keiffen. 
 berg, Le Chevalier au Cygne. 
 
 Swan (Tlie Mantuan), Virgil, born at 
 Mantua (b.c. 70-19). 
 
 Swan (The Order of the). This order 
 was instituted by Frederick II. of Bran- 
 denburg, in commemoration of the 
 mythical "Knight of the Swan " (1443). 
 
 Swan Alley, London. So called 
 from the Beauchamps, who at one time 
 lived there, and whose cognizance is a 
 swan. 
 
 Swan-Tower of Cleves. So called 
 because the house of Cleves professed to 
 be descended from the "Knight of the 
 Swan " (q. v.). 
 
 Swan of Avon (The Sweet). Shake- 
 speare was so called by Ben Jonson 
 (1564-1616). 
 
 Swan of Cambray, Fe'nelon arch- 
 bishop of Cambray (1651-1715). 
 
 Swan of Lichfield, Miss Anna 
 Seward, poetess (1747-1809). 
 
 Swan of Padua, count Francesco 
 Algarotti (1712-1764). 
 
 Swan of the Meander, Homer, a 
 native of Asia Minor, where the Meander 
 flows (fl. B.C. 950). 
 
 Swan of the Thames, John 
 Taylor, "water-poet" (1580-1654). 
 
 Taylor, their better Charon, lends an oar, 
 Once Swan of Thames, tho' now he sings no more. 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 19 (1728). 
 
 Swans and Thunder. It is said 
 
 that swans cannot hatch without a crack 
 of thunder. Without doubt, thunder is 
 not unfrequent about the time of the year 
 when swans hatch their young. 
 
 Swane (1 syl.) or Swegen, sur- 
 named "Fork-Beard," king of the Danes, 
 joins Alaff or Olaf [Trj-ggvesson] in an 
 invasion of England, was acknowledged 
 king, and kept his court at Gainsbury. 
 He commanded the monks of St. 
 Edmund's Bury to furnish him a large 
 sum of money, and as it was not forth- 
 coming, went on horseback at the head of 
 his host to destroy the minster, when he 
 was stabbed to death by an unknown 
 hand. The legend is that the murdered 
 St. Edmund rose from his grave and 
 smote him. 
 
 The Danes landed here again . . . 
 
 With those disordered troops by Alaff hither led, 
 
 In seconding their Swane . . . but an English yet then 
 
 was . . . 
 Who washed his secret knife in Swane's relentless gore. 
 Drayton, PolyolUon, xii. (1613). 
 
SWANSTON. 
 
 964 
 
 SWIMMERS. 
 
 Swanston, a smuggler. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Pedgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Swaran, king of Lochlin (Denmark), 
 son and successor of Starno. He invaded 
 Ireland in the reign of Cormac II. (a 
 minor), and defeated Cuthullin general 
 of the Irish forces. When Fingal arrived, 
 the tide of battle was reversed, and 
 Swaran surrendered. Fingal, out of love 
 to Agandecca (Swaran's sister), who once 
 saved his life, dismissed the vanquished 
 king with honour, after having invited 
 him to a feast. Swaran is represented as 
 fierce, proud, and high-spirited ; but 
 Fingal as calm, moderate, and generous. 
 — Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Swash-Buckler (A), a riotous, 
 quarrelsome person. Nash says to Gabriel 
 Harvey: " Turpc sencx miles, 'tis time 
 for such an olde fool to leave playing the 
 swash-buckler" (1598). 
 
 Swedenborgians (called by them- 
 selves "The New Jerusalem Church"). 
 They are believers in the doctrines taught 
 by Dr. Emanuel Swedenborg (1688- 
 1772). Their views respecting salvation, 
 the inspiration of the Bible, future life, 
 and the trinity, differ widely from those 
 of other Christians. In regard to the 
 trinity, they believe it to be centred in 
 the person of Jesus Christ. — Supplied by 
 the Auxiliary New Church Missionary and 
 Tract Society. 
 
 Swedish Nightingale {The), 
 
 Jenny Lind, the public singer. She 
 
 married Mr. Goldschmidt, and retired 
 (1821- ). 
 
 Swee'dlepipe (Paul), known as 
 11 Poll," barber and bird-fancier ; Mrs. 
 Gamp's landlord. He is a little man, 
 with a shrill voice bvit a kind heart, in 
 appearance "not unlike the birds he was 
 so fond of." Mr. Sweedlepipe entertains 
 a profound admiration of Bailey, senior, 
 whom he considers to be a cyclopaedia 
 " of all the stable-knowledge of the time." 
 - — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Sweepclean (Saunders), a king's 
 messenger at Knockwinnock Castle. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Sweet Singer of Israel (The), 
 David, who wrote several of the psalms. 
 
 Sweet Singer of the Temple, 
 George Herbert, author of a poem called 
 The Temple (1593-1633). 
 
 Sweno, son of the king of Denmark. | 
 
 While bringing succours to Godfrey, he 
 was attacked in the night by Solyman, 
 at the head of an army of Arabs, and 
 himself with all his followers were left 
 dead before they reached the crusaders. 
 Sweno was buried in a marble sepidchre, 
 which appeared miraculously on the field 
 of battle, expressly for his interment (bk. 
 viii.). — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 Sweno, Dani regis filius, cum niiile quingentis equitibus 
 cruceinsignitis, transmisso ad Constantinopolem Bosphoro 
 inter Antiochiam ad reliquos Latinos iter faciebat ; in- 
 sidiis Turcorum ad unum omnes cum regio juvene caesi.— 
 Paolo Emili, History (1539). 
 
 This is a very parallel case to that of 
 Rhesus. This Thracian prince was on 
 his march to Troy, bringing succours to 
 Priam, but Ulysses and Diomed attacked 
 him at night, slew Rhesus and his army, 
 and carried off all the horses. — Homer, 
 Iliad, x. 
 
 Swertha, housekeeper of the elder 
 Mertoun (formerly a pirate). — Sir W. 
 Scott, TJie Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Swidger (William), custodian of a 
 college. His wife was Milly, and his 
 father Philip. Mr. Swidger was a great 
 talker, and generally began with, " That's 
 what I say," a propos of nothing. — C. 
 Dickens, the Haunted Man (1848). 
 
 Swim. In the swim, in luck's way. 
 The metaphor is borrowed from the 
 Thames fishermen, who term that part of 
 the river most frequented by fish the swim, 
 and when an angler gets no bite, he is 
 said to have cast his line out of the swim 
 or where there is no swim. 
 
 In university slang, to be in ill luck, 
 ill health, ill replenished with money, is 
 to be out of it (i.e. the swim). 
 
 Swimmers. Leander used to swim 
 across the Hellespont every night, to visit 
 Hero. — Musams, De Amore Herois ct 
 Leandri. 
 
 Lord Byron and lieutenant Ekenhead 
 accomplished the same feat in 1 hr. 10 
 min., the distance (allowing for drift- 
 ing) being four miles. 
 
 A young native of St. Croix, in 1817, 
 swam over the Sound "from Cronenburgh 
 [? Cronberg~\ to Graves" in 2 hr. 40 min., 
 the distance being six English miles. 
 
 Captain Boyton, in May, 1875, swam 
 or floated across the Channel from Grisnez 
 to Fan Bay (Kent) in 23 hr. 
 
 Captain Webb, August 24, 1875, swam 
 from Dover to Calais, a distance of 
 about thirty miles including drift, in 22 
 hr. 40 min. 
 
 II. Gurr was one of the best swimmers 
 
SWING. 
 
 965 
 
 SWORD. 
 
 ever known. J. B. Johnson, in 1871, won 
 the championship for swimming. 
 
 Swing {Captain), a name assumed 
 by certain persons who, between 1830 
 and 1833, used to send threatening letters 
 to those who used threshing-machines. 
 The letters ran thus : 
 
 Sir, if you do not lay by your threshing-machine, you 
 will hear from Swing. 
 
 Swiss Family Robinson. This 
 tale is an abridgment of a German tale 
 by Joachim Heinrich Kampe. 
 
 Switzerland {Franconian), the cen- 
 tral district of Bavaria. 
 
 Switzerland {The Saxon), the district 
 of Saxony both sides of the river Elbe. 
 
 Switzers, guards attendant on a 
 king, irrespective of their nationality. 
 So called because at one time the Swiss 
 were always ready to fight for hire. 
 
 The king, in Hamlet, says, " Where are 
 my Switzers ?" i.e. my attendants ; and in 
 Paris to the present day we may see written 
 up, Parlez au Suisse ("speak to the 
 porter"), be he Frenchman, German, or 
 of any other nation. 
 
 Law, Iogicke, and the Switzers may be hired to fight 
 for anybody. — Nashe, Christ's Tears over Jerusalem 
 
 (1594). 
 
 Swiveller {Mr. Dick), a dirty, smart 
 young man, living in apartments near 
 Drury Lane. His language was ex- 
 tremely flowery, and interlarded with 
 quotations : " What's the odds," said 
 Mr. Swiveller, a propos of nothing, "so 
 long as the fire of the soul is kindled at 
 the taper of conwiviality, and the wing 
 of friendship never moults a feather?" 
 His dress was a brown body-coat with a 
 great many brass buttons up the front, 
 and only one behind, a bright check 
 neckcloth, a plaid waistcoat, soiled white 
 trousers, and a very limp hat, worn the 
 wrong side foremost to hide a hole in the 
 brim. The breast of his coat was orna- 
 mented with the cleanest end of a very 
 large pocket-handkerchief ; his dirty 
 wristbands were pulled down and folded 
 over his cuffs ; he had no gloves, and 
 carried a yellow cane having a bone 
 handle and a little ring. He was for 
 ever humming some dismal air. He said 
 ruin for " man," forgit, jine ; called wine 
 or spirits " the rosy," sleep " the balmy," 
 and generally shouted in conversation, 
 as if making a speech from the chair of 
 the " Glorious Apollers " of which he 
 was' perpetual "grand." Mr. Swiveller 
 looked amiably towards Miss Sophy 
 Wackles, of Chelsea. Quilp introduced 
 
 him as clerk to Mr. Samson Brass, 
 solicitor, Bevis Marks. By Quilp's re- 
 quest, he was afterwards turned away, 
 fell sick of a fever, through which he was 
 nursed by "the marchioness" (a poor 
 house-drab), whom he married, and was 
 left by his aunt Rebecca aw annuity of 
 £125. 
 
 " Is that a reminder to go and pay ? " said Trent, with a 
 sneer. '"Not exactly, Fred," replied Richard. " I enter 
 in this little book the names of the streets that I can't go 
 down while the shops are open. This dinner to-day closes 
 Long Acre. I bought a pair of boots in Great Queen 
 Street last week, and made that ' no thoroughfare' too. 
 There's only one avenue to the Strand left open now, 
 and I shall have to stop up that to-night with a pair of 
 gloves. The roads are closing so fast in every direction, 
 that in about a month's time, unless my aunt sends me a 
 remittance, I shall have to go three or four miles out of 
 town to get over the way." — C. Dickens, The Old 
 Curiosity Shop, viii. (1840). 
 
 Sword. (For the names of the most 
 famous swords in history and fiction, see 
 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 869,) 
 Add the following : — 
 
 Ali's sword, Zulfagar. 
 
 Koll the Thrall's sword, named Grey- 
 steel. 
 
 Ogier the Dane had two swords, made 
 by Munifican, viz., Sauvagine and Cour- 
 tain or Curtana. 
 
 He [Ogier] drew Courtain his sword from out its sheath. 
 W. Morris, Earthly Paradise, 634. 
 
 Strong-o'-the-Arm had three swords, 
 viz., Baptism, Florence, and Garban made 
 by Ansias. 
 
 Sword {The Marvel of the). When 
 king Arthur first appears on the scene, 
 he is brought into notice by the " Marvel 
 of the Sword;" and sir Galahad, who 
 was to achieve the holy graal, was intro- 
 duced to knighthood by a similar adven- 
 ture. That of Arthur is thus described : 
 
 In the greatest church of London . . . there was seen 
 in the churchyard against the high altar a great stone, 
 foursquare like to a marble stone, and in the midst thereof 
 was an anvil of steel a foot in height, and therein stuck 
 a fair sword naked by the point, and letters of gold were 
 written about the sword that said thus : Whoso pulleth 
 out this sword of this stone and anvil, is rightwise king 
 born of England. [Arthur was the only person who 
 could draw it out. and so he was acknowledged to be the 
 rightful king.]— PL 13,4. 
 
 The sword adventure of sir Galahad, at 
 the age of 15, is thus given : 
 
 The king and his knights came to the river, and they 
 found there a stone floating, as it had been of red marble, 
 and therein stuck a fair and rich sword, and in the pomcll 
 thereof were precious stones wrought with subtil letters of 
 gold. Then the barons read the letters, which said in 
 this wise : Never shall man take me hence, but only he 
 by whom I ought to hang, and he shall be the best knight 
 of the world. [Sir Galahad drew the sword easily, but 
 no other knight was able to pull it forth. ] — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, iii. 30, 31 (1470). 
 
 A somewhat similar adventure occurs 
 in the Amadis de Gaul. Whoever suc- 
 ceeded in drawing from a rock an en- 
 chanted sword, was to gain access to a 
 
SWORD. 
 
 966 
 
 SYLLA. 
 
 subterranean treasure (ch. cxxx. ; see 
 also ch. lxxii., ycix.). 
 
 Sword {The Irresistible). The king of 
 Araby and Ind sent Cambuscan' king of 
 Tartary a sword that would pierce any 
 armour, and if the smiter chose he could 
 heal the wound again by striking it with 
 the flat of the blade. — Chaucer, The 
 Squire's Tale (1388). 
 
 Sword and the Maiden {The). 
 Soon after king Arthur succeeded to the 
 throne, a damsel came to Camelot girded 
 with a sword which no man defiled by 
 "shame, treachery, or guile" could draw 
 from its scabbard. She had been to the 
 court of king Ryence, but no knight there 
 could draw it. King Arthur tried to 
 draw it, but with no better success ; all 
 his knights tried also, but none could 
 draw it. At last a poor ragged knight 
 named Balin, who had been held in prison 
 for six months, made the attempt, and 
 drew the sword with the utmost ease, but 
 the kni-kts insisted it had been done by 
 witchcraft. The maiden asked sir Balin 
 to give her the sword, but he refused to 
 do so, and she then told him it would 
 bring death to himself and his dearest 
 friend ; and so it did ; for when he and 
 his brother Balan jousted together, un- 
 known to each other, both were slain, and 
 were buried in one tomb. — Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 27-44 
 (1470). 
 
 Sword in the City Arms (Lon- 
 don). Stow asserts that the sword or 
 dagger in the City arms was not added in 
 commemoration of Walworth's attack 
 on Wat Tyler, but that it represents the 
 sword of St. Paul, the patron saint of 
 London. This is not correct. Without 
 doubt the cognizance of the City, previous 
 to 1881, was St. Paul's sword, but after 
 the death of Tyler it was changed into 
 Walworth's dagger. 
 
 Brave Walworth, knight, lord mayor, that slew 
 
 Rebellious Tyler in his alarmes ; 
 The king, therefore, did give him in lieu 
 
 Tiie dagger to the city amies. 
 Fishmongers' Hall ("Fourth Year of Richard II.," 1381). 
 
 Sword of God (The). Khaled, the 
 conqueror of Syria (632-8), was so called 
 by Mohammedans. 
 
 Sword of Rome (The), Marcellus. 
 Fabius was called " The Shield of Rome" 
 (time of Hannibal's invasion). 
 
 Swordsman (The Handsome). Jo- 
 achim Murat was called Le Beau Sabreur 
 (1767-1815). 
 
 Syfaaris, a river of Lucania, in Italy, 
 
 whose waters had the virtue of restoring 
 vigour to the feeble and exhausted. — • 
 Pliny, Natural History, XXXI. ii. 10. 
 
 Syb'arite (3 syl.), an effeminate man, 
 a man of pampered self-indulgence. 
 Seneca tells us of a sybarite who could 
 not endure the nubble of a folded rose 
 leaf in his bed. 
 
 [Her bed] softer than the soft sybarite's, who cried 
 Aloud because his feelings were too tender 
 To brook a ruffled rose leaf by his side. 
 
 Byron, Bon Juan, vi. 89 (1824). 
 
 Syc'orax, a foul witch, the mistress of 
 Ariel the fairy spirit, by whom for some 
 offence he was imprisoned in the rift of a 
 cloven pine tree. After he had been kept 
 there for twelve years, he was liberated 
 by Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan 
 and father of Miranda. Sycorax was the 
 mother of Caliban. — Shakespeare, The 
 Tempest (1609).. 
 
 If you had told Sycorax that her son Caliban was as 
 handsome as Apollo, she would have been pleased, witch 
 as she was. — Thackeray. 
 
 Those foul and impure mists which their pens, like the 
 raven wings of Sycorax, had brushed from fern and bog.— 
 Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Syddall (Anthony), house-steward at 
 Osbaldi stone Hall. — Sir W. Scott, Bob 
 Boy (time, George I.). 
 
 Sydenham (Charles), the frank, 
 open-hearted, trusty friend of the Wood- 
 villes. — Cumberland, The Wheel of For- 
 tune (1779). 
 
 Syl, a monster like a basilisk, with 
 human face, but so terrible that no one 
 could look on it and live. 
 
 Sylla (Cornelius), the rival of Ma'rius. 
 Being consul, he had ex-officio a right to 
 lead in the Mithridatic war (B.C. 88), but 
 Marius got the appointment of Sylla set 
 aside in favour of himself. Sylla, in 
 dudgeon, hastened back to Rome, and 
 insisted that the "recall" should be 
 reversed. Marius fled. Sylla pursued 
 the war with success, returned to Rome 
 in triumph, and made a wholesale slaugh- 
 ter of the Romans who had opposed him. 
 As many as 7000 soldiers and 5U00 
 private citizens fell in this massacre, and 
 all their goods were distributed among 
 his own partizans. Sylla was now called 
 "Perpetual Dictator," but in two years 
 retired into private life, and died the 
 year following (b.c. 78). 
 
 Jouy has a good tragedy in French 
 called Sylla (1822), and the character of 
 " Sylla" was a favourite one with Talma, 
 the French actor. In 1594 Thomas 
 Lodge produced his historical play called 
 
SYLLI. 
 
 9Cu 
 
 SYPHAX, 
 
 Wounds of Civil War, lively set forth in 
 the True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla. 
 
 Sylli (Signor), an Italian exquisite, 
 who walks fantastically, talks affectedly, 
 and thinks himself irresistible. He makes 
 love to Cami'ola "the maid of honour," 
 and fancies, by posturing, grimaces, and 
 affectation, to " make her dote on him." 
 He says to her, " In singing, I am a 
 Siren," in dancing, a Terpsichore. u He 
 could tune a ditty lovely well," and 
 prided himself "on his pretty spider 
 lingers, and the twinkling of his two 
 eyes." Of course, Camiola sees no charms 
 in these effeminacies ; but the conceited 
 puppy says he "is not so sorry for him- 
 self as he is for her" that she rejects 
 him. Signor Sylli is the silliest of all 
 the Syllis. — Massinger, The Maid of 
 Honour (1637). (See Tappertit.) 
 
 Sylvia, daughter of justice Balance, 
 and an heiress. She is in love with 
 captain Plume, but promised her father 
 not to "dispose of herself to any man 
 without his consent." As her father 
 feared Plume was too much a libertine to 
 make a steady husband, he sent Sylvia 
 into the country to withdraw her from 
 his society ; but she dressed in her 
 brother's military suit, assumed the name 
 , of Jack Wilful alias Pinch, and enlisted. 
 When the names were called over b}^ the 
 justices, and that of " Pinch " was 
 brought forward, justice Balance "gave 
 his consent for the recruit to dispose of 
 [himself] to captain Plume," and the 
 permission was kept to the letter, though 
 not in its intent. However, the matter 
 had gone too far to be revoked, and the 
 father made up his mind to bear with 
 grace what without disgrace he could not 
 prevent. — G. Farquhar, The Recruiting 
 Officer (1705). 
 
 I am troubled neither with spleen, cholic. nor vapours. 
 I need no salts for my stomach, no hartshorn for my 
 head, nor wash for my complexion. I can gallop all the 
 morning after the hunting-horn, and all the evening after 
 a fiddle.— Act i. 2. 
 
 Sylvio de Rosalva (Bon), the hero 
 and title of a novel by C. M. Wieland 
 (1733-1813). Don Sylvio, a quixotic be- 
 liever in fairyism, is gradually converted 
 to common sense by the extravagant 
 demands which are made on his belief, 
 assisted by the charms of a mortal 
 beauty. The object of this romance is a 
 crusade against the sentimentalism and 
 religious foolery of the period. 
 
 Symkyn (Symond), nicknamed "Dis- 
 dainful," a miller, living at Trompington, 
 near Cambridge. His face was round, 
 
 his nose flat, and his skull "pilled as an 
 ape's." He was a thief of corn and meal, 
 but stole craftily. His wife was the 
 village parson's daughter, very proud 
 and arrogant. He tried to outwit Aleyn. 
 and John, two Cambridge scholars, but 
 was himself outwitted, and most roughly 
 handled also. — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales 
 ("The Reeve's Tale," 1388). 
 
 Symmes's Hole. Captain John Cleve 
 S} r mmes maintained that there was, at 
 82° X. lat., an enormous opening through 
 the crust of the earth into the globe. 
 The place to which it led he asserted to 
 be well stocked with animals and plants, 
 and to be lighted by two under -ground 
 planets named Pluto and Proserpine. 
 Captain Symmes asked sir Humphrey 
 Davy to accompany him in the explora- 
 tion of this enormous "hole" (*-1829). 
 
 Halley the astronomer (1656-1742) and 
 Holberg of Norway (1684-1754) believed 
 in the existence of this hole. 
 
 Symon'ides the Good, king of 
 Pentap'olis. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince 
 of Tyre (1608). 
 
 Symphony (The Fatlicr of), Francis 
 Joseph Haydn (1732-1809). 
 
 Symple'gades (4 syl.), two rocks 
 at the entrance of the Euxine Sea. To 
 navigators they sometimes look like one 
 rock, and sometimes the light between 
 shows they are two. Hence the ancient 
 Greeks said that they opened and shut. 
 Olivier says "they appear united or 
 joined together according to the place 
 whence they are viewed." 
 
 . . . when Argo passed 
 Through Bosphorus, betwixt the justling rocks. 
 
 Milton, Paradise J.ost, ii. 1017 (16G5). 
 
 Synia, the portress of Valhalla. — 
 
 Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Syntax (Dr.), a simple-minded, 
 pious, hen-pecked clergyman, green as 
 grass, but of excellent taste and scholar- 
 ship, who left home in search of the 
 picturesque. His adventures are told by 
 William Coombe in eight- syllable verse, 
 called The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search 
 of the Picturesque (1812).' 
 
 Dr. Syntax's Horse was called Grizzle, 
 all skin and bone. 
 
 Synter'esis, Conscience personified. 
 
 On her a royal damsel still attends, 
 And faithful counsellor, Synter'esis. 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple. Island, vi. (1633). 
 
 Syphax, chief of the Arabs who 
 joined the Egj r ptian armament against 
 the crusaders. "The voices of these 
 
SYPHAX. 
 
 968 
 
 TACKLETON. 
 
 allies were feminine, and their stature 
 small." — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, 
 xvii. (1575). 
 
 Sy'phax, an old Numidian soldier in 
 the suite of prince Juba in Utica. He 
 tried to win the prince from Cato to the 
 side of Csesar ; but Juba was too much in 
 love with Marcia (Cato's daughter) to 
 listen to him. Syphaxwith his "Nu- 
 midian horse " deserted in the battle to 
 Caesar, but the "hoary traitor" was slain 
 by Marcus, the son of Cato. — Addison, 
 Cato (1713). 
 
 Syrinx, a nymph beloved by Pan, 
 and changed at .her own request into a 
 reed, of which Pan made his pipe. — Greek 
 Fable. 
 
 Syrinx, in Spenser's Eclogue, iv., is 
 Anne Boleyn, and "Pan" is Henry VIII. 
 (1579). 
 
 T. 
 
 T. Tusser has a poem on Thriftiness, 
 twelve lines in length, and in rhyme, 
 every word of which begins with t (died 
 1580). Leon Placentius, a dominican, 
 wrote a poem in Latin hexameters, called 
 Pugna Porcorum, 253 lines long, every 
 word of Avhich begins with£> (died 1548). 
 
 The thrifty that teacheth the thriving to thrive, 
 Teach timely to traverse, the thing that thou 'trive, 
 Transferring thy toiling, to timeliness taught, 
 This teacheth thee temp'rance, to temper thy thought 
 Take Trusty (to trust to) that thinkest to thee. 
 That trustily thriftiness trowleth to thee. 
 Then temper thy travel], to tarry the tide ; 
 This teacheth thee thriftiness, twenty times tryed. 
 Take thankfull thy talent, thank thankfully those 
 That thriftily teacheth [? teaph thee] thy time to trans- 
 pose. 
 Troth twice to t>e teached, teach twenty times ten. 
 This trade thou that takest, take thrift to thee then. 
 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, xlix. (1557). 
 
 Taau, the god of thunder. The 
 natives of the Hervey Islands believe 
 that thunder is produced by the shaking 
 of Taau's wings. — John Williams, Mis- 
 sionary Enterprises in the South Sea 
 Islands, 109 (1837). 
 
 Tabakiera, a magic snuff-box, which, 
 upon being opened, said, Que quieresi 
 ("What do you want ? ") ; and upon being 
 told the wish, it was there and then 
 accomplished. The snuff-box is the 
 counterpart of Aladdin's lamp, but 
 appears in numerous legends slightly 
 varied (see for example Campbell's Tales 
 
 of the West Highlands, ii. 293-303, " The 
 Widow's Son").— Rev. W. Webster, 
 Basque Legends, 94 (1876). 
 
 Tabarin, a famous vendor of quack 
 medicines, born at Milan, who went to 
 Paris in the seventeenth century. By his 
 antics and rude wit, he collected great 
 crowds together, and in ten years (1620-30) 
 became rich enough to buy a handsome 
 chateau in Dauphine. The French aris- 
 tocracy, unable to bear the satire of a 
 charlatan in a chateau, murdered him. 
 
 The jests and witty sayings of this 
 farceur were collected together in 1622, 
 and published under the title of Vlnven- 
 taire Universel des (Euvres de Tabarin, 
 contenant ses Fantaisies, Dialogues, Para- 
 doxes, Farces, etc. 
 
 In 1858 an edition of his works was 
 published by G. Aventin. 
 
 Tablets of Moses, a variety of 
 Scotch granite, composed of felspar and 
 quartz, so arranged as to present, when 
 polished, the appearance of Hebrew 
 characters on a white ground. 
 
 Taehebnuie (2 syl.), the horse of 
 Ogier le Dane. The word means "brown 
 spot." 
 
 Taeiturnian, an inhabitant of I? Isle 
 Taciturne or Taciturna, meaning London 
 and the Londoners. 
 
 A thick and perpetual vapour covers this island, and 
 fills the souls of the inhabitants with a certain sadness, 
 misanthropy, and irksomeness of their own existence. 
 Alaciel [the genius'] was hardly at the first barriers of the 
 metropolis when he fell in with a peasant bending under 
 the weight of a bag of gold . . . but his heart was sad 
 and gloomy . . . and he said to the genius, "Joy ! I know 
 it not ; I never heard of it in this island." — De la Dixmie, 
 L'Isle Taciturne ct I'Isle Enjouie (1759). 
 
 Taeket (Tibb), the wife of old Martin 
 the shepherd of Julian Avenel of Avenel 
 Castle. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Tackleton, a toy merchant, called 
 Gruff and Tackleton, because at one 
 time Gruff had been his partner; he had, 
 however, been bought out long ago. 
 Tackleton was a stern, sordid, grinding 
 man ; ugly in looks, and uglier in hia 
 nature ; cold and callous, selfish and 
 unfeeling ; his look was sarcastic and 
 malicious ; one eye was always wide 
 open, and one nearly shut. He ought to 
 have been a money-lender, a sheriff's 
 officer, or a broker, for he hated children 
 and hated playthings. It was his 
 greatest delight to make toys which 
 scared children, and you could not please 
 him better than to say that a toy from 
 his warehouse had made a child miserable 
 
TAFFRIL. 
 
 %9 
 
 TAILLEFER. 
 
 the whole Christmas holidays, and had 
 been a nightmare to it for half its child- 
 life. This amiable creature was about to 
 marry May Fielding, when her old sweet- 
 heart Edward Plummer, thought to be 
 dead, returned from South America, and 
 married her. Tackleton was reformed by 
 Peerybingle, the carrier, bore his disap- 
 pointment manfully, sent the bride and 
 bridegroom his own wedding-cake, and 
 joined the festivities of the marriage 
 banquet. — Chickens, The Cricket on the 
 Hearth (1845). 
 
 Taffril {Lieutenant), of H.M. gun- 
 brig Search. He is in love with Jenny 
 Caxton the milliner. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Antiquary (time, George III.). 
 
 Taffy, a Welshman. The word is 
 simply Davy {David) pronounced with 
 aspiration. David is the most common 
 Welsh name; Sawney {Alexander), the 
 most common Scotch ; Pat {Patrick), 
 the most common Irish ; and John {John 
 Bull), the most common English. So 
 we have cousin Michael for a German, 
 Micaire for a Frenchman, Colin Tampon 
 for a Swiss, and brother Jonathan in the 
 United States of North America. 
 
 Tag, wife of Puff, and lady's-maid to 
 Miss Biddv Bellair. — D. Garrick, Miss in 
 Her Teens' '(1753). 
 
 Tahmuras, a king of Persia, whose 
 exploits in Fairy-land among the peris 
 and deevs are fully set forth by Richard- 
 son in his Dissertation. 
 
 Tail made Woman {Man's). 
 According to North American legend, 
 God in anger cut off man's tail, and out 
 of it made woman. 
 
 Tails {Men with). The Niam-niams, 
 an African race between the gulf of 
 Benin and Abyssinia, are said to have 
 tails. Mons. de Castlenau (1851) tells us 
 that the Niam-niams "have tails forty 
 centimetres long, and between two and 
 three centimetres in diameter." Dr. 
 Hubsch, physician to the hospitals of 
 Constantinople, says, in 1853, that he 
 carefully examined a Niam-niam negress, 
 and that her tail was two inches long. 
 Mons. d'Abbadie, in his Abyssinian 
 Travels (1852), tells us that south of the 
 Herrar is a place where all the men have 
 tails, but not the females. " I have 
 examined," he says, "fifteen of them, 
 and am positive that the tail is a natural 
 appendage." Dr. Wolf, in his Travels and 
 Adventures, ii. (1861), says: "There are 
 
 both men and women in Abyssinia with 
 tails like dogs and horses." He heard that, 
 near Narea, in Abyssinia, there were men 
 and women with tails so muscular that 
 they could "knock down a horse with 
 a blow." 
 
 John Strays, a Dutch traveller, says, in 
 his Voyages (1650), that "all the natives 
 on the south of Formosa have tails." 
 He adds that he himself personally saw 
 one of these islanders with a tail " more 
 than a foot long." 
 
 It is said that the Ghilane race, which 
 numbers between 30,000 and 40,000 souls, 
 and dwell "far beyond the Senaar," 
 have tails three or four inches long. 
 Colonel du Corret assures us that he 
 himself most carefully examined one of 
 this race named Belial, a slave belonging 
 to an emir in Mecca ; whose house he 
 frequented. — World of Wonders, 206. 
 
 The Poonangs of Borneo are said to be 
 a tail-bearing race. 
 
 Individual Examples. Dr. Hubsch, re- 
 ferred to above, says that he examined 
 at Constantinople the son of a physician 
 whom he knew intimately, who had a 
 decided tail, and so had his grandfather. 
 
 In the middle of the present (the 
 nineteenth) century, all the newspapers 
 made mention of the birth of a boy at 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne with a tail, which 
 " wagged when he was pleased." 
 
 In the College of Surgeons at Dublin 
 may be seen a human skeleton with a 
 tail seven inches long. 
 
 Tails given by way of Punishment. 
 Polydore Vergil asserts that when 
 Thomas a Becket came to Stroud, the 
 mob cut off the tail of his horse, and in 
 eternal reproach, "both they and their 
 offspring bore tails." Lambarde repeats 
 the same story in his Perambulation of 
 Kent (1576). 
 
 For Becket's sake Kent always shall have tails.— Andrew 
 MarveL 
 
 John Bale, bishop of Ossory in the 
 reign of Edward VI., tells us that John 
 Capgrave and Alexander of Esseby have 
 stated it as a fact that certain Dorsetshire 
 men cast fishes' tails at St. Augustine, in 
 consequence of which "the men of this 
 county have borne tails ever since." 
 
 We all know the tradition that Cornish 
 men are born with tails. 
 
 Taillefer, a valiant warrior and 
 minstrel in the army of William the 
 Conqueror. At the battle of Hastings 
 (or Senlac) he stimulated the ardour of 
 the Normans by songs in praise of 
 Charlemagne and Roland. The soldier- 
 
TAILORS. 
 
 970 
 
 TALES. 
 
 minstrel was at last borne down bj r 
 numbers, and fell fighting. 
 
 He was a juggler or minstrel, who could sing songs and 
 play tricks. ... So he rode forth singing as he went, and 
 as some say throwing his sword up in the air and catching 
 it again.— E. A. Freeman, Old English History, 332. 
 
 Tailors (Nine). A toll of a bell is 
 called a "teller," and at the death of a 
 man the death bell used to be tolled thrice 
 three times. "Nine tellers mark a man " 
 became perverted into " Nine tailors 
 make a man." — Notes and Queries, 
 March 4, 1877. 
 
 Tailors of Tooley Street (The 
 Three). Canning tells us of three tailors 
 of Tooley Street, Southwark, who ad- 
 dressed a petition of grievances to the 
 House of Commons, beginning with 
 these words, " We, the people of 
 England." 
 
 The "deputies of Vaugirard " pre- 
 sented themselves before Charles VIII. 
 of France. When the king asked how 
 many there were, the usher replied, " Only 
 one, an please your majesty." 
 
 Taish. Second sight is so called in 
 Ireland. — Martin, Western Isles, 3. 
 
 Dark and despairing, my sight I may seal ; 
 But man cannot cover what God would reveal. 
 'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore, 
 And coming events cast their shadows hefore. 
 
 Campbell, Lochiel's Warning (1801). 
 
 Taj, in Agra (East India), the mauso- 
 leum built by shah Jehan to his favourite 
 sultana Moomtaz-i-Mahul, who died in 
 childbirth of her eighth child. It is of 
 white marble, and is so beautiful that it 
 is called "A Poem in Marble," and "The 
 Marble Queen of Sorrow." 
 
 Talbert [Tdi'-bui], John Talbert or 
 rather Talbot, "The English Achilles," 
 first earl of Shrewsbury (1373-1453). 
 
 Our Talbert, to the French so terrible in war. 
 That with his very name their babes they used to scare. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 
 
 Talbot (John), a name of terror in 
 France. Same as above. 
 
 They in France, to feare their young children, crye, 
 " The Talbot commeth ! "—Hall, Chronicles (1545). 
 Is this the Talbot, so much feared abroad, 
 That with bis name the mothers still their babes ? 
 Shakespeare, 1 Uenry VI. act ii. sc. 3 (1589). 
 
 Talbot (Colonel), an English officer, 
 and one of Waverley's friends. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 
 
 Talbot (Lord Arthur), a cavalier who 
 won the love of Elvira daughter of lord 
 Walton ; but his lordship had promised 
 his daughter in marriage to sir Richard 
 Ford, a puritan officer. The betrothal 
 being set aside, lord Talbot became the 
 accepted lover, and the marriage ceremony 
 
 was fixed to take place at Plymouth. In 
 the mean time, lord Arthur assisted the 
 dowager queen Henrietta to escape, and 
 on his return to England was arrested by 
 the soldiers of Cromwell, and condemned 
 to death ; but Cromwell, feeling secure of 
 his position, commanded all political 
 prisoners to be released, so lord Arthur 
 was set at libertv, and married Elvira. — 
 Bellini, I Puritani (1834). 
 
 Talbot (Lying Dick), the nitkname given 
 to Tyrconnel, the Irish Jacobite, who held 
 the highest offices in Ireland in the reign 
 of James II. and in the early part of 
 William III.'s reign (died 1691). 
 
 Tale of a Tub, a comedy by Ben 
 Jonson (1618). This was the last comedy 
 brought out by him on the stage ; the first 
 was Every Man in His Humour (1598). 
 
 In the Tale of a Tub, be [Ben Jonson] follows the path 
 of Aristophanes, and lets his wit run into low buffoonery, 
 that he might bring upon the stage Inigo Jones, his per- 
 sonal enemy.— Sir Walter Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Tale of a Tub, a religious satire by 
 dean Swift (1704). Its object is to ridi- 
 cule the Roman Catholics under the name 
 of Peter, and the presbyterians under the 
 name of Jack [Calvin]. The Church of 
 England is represented by Martin [Lu- 
 ther']. 
 
 Gul'iver's Travels and the Tale of a Tub must ever be 
 the chief corner-stones of Swift's fame.— Chambers, English 
 Literature, ii. 547. 
 
 Tales (Chinese), being the transmi- 
 grations of the mandarin Fum-Hoam, told 
 to Gulch enraz daughter of the king of 
 Georgia. (See Fum-Hoam, p. 357.) — 
 T. S. Gueulette (originally in French, 
 1723). 
 
 Tales (Fairy), a series of tales, originally 
 in French, by the comtesse D'Aunoy, 
 D'Aulnoy, or D'Anois (1698). Some are 
 very near copies of the Arabian Nights. 
 The best-known are "Chery and Fair- 
 star," "The Yellow Dwarf," and "The 
 White Cat." 
 
 About the same time (1697), Claude 
 Perrault published, in French, his famous 
 Fairy Tales, chiefly taken from the Sagas 
 of Scandinavia. 
 
 Talcs (Moral), twenty-three tales by 
 Marmontel, originally in French (1761). 
 They were intended for draughts of 
 dramas. The design of the first tale, 
 called " AlcibiSdes," is to expose the 
 folly of expecting to be loved "merely 
 for one's self." The design of the second 
 tale, called " Soliman II.," is to expose 
 the folly of attempting to gain woman's 
 love by any other means than reciprocal 
 
TALES. 
 
 971 
 
 TALISMAN. 
 
 love ; and so on. The second tale has 
 been dramatized. 
 
 Tales (Oriental), by the comte de 
 Caylus, originally in French (1743). A 
 series of tales supposed to be told by 
 Moradbak, a girl of 14, to Hudjadge 
 shah of Persia, who could not sleep. It 
 contains the tale of " The Seven Sleepers 
 of Ephesus." (See Mokadbak, p. 658.) 
 
 Tales of a Grandfather, in three 
 -eries, by sir W.Scott; told to Hugh Little- 
 john, who was between five and six years 
 of age ( 1828) . These tales are supposed to 
 be taken from Scotch chronicles, and 
 embrace the most prominent and graphic 
 incidents of Scotch history. Series i., 
 to the amalgamation of the two crowns 
 in James I. ; series ii., to the union of 
 the two parliaments in the reign of 
 queen Anne ; series iii., to the death 
 of Charles Edward the Young Pretender. 
 
 Tales of My Landlord, tales sup- 
 posed to be told by the landlord of the 
 Wallace inn, in the parish of Gander- 
 cleuch, "edited and arranged by Jedediah 
 Cleishbotham, schoolmaster and parish 
 clerk " of the same parish, but in reality 
 corrected and arranged by his usher, 
 Peter or Patrick Pattison, who lived to 
 complete five of the novels, but died 
 before the last two were issued. These 
 novels are arranged thus : First Series, 
 "The Black Dwarf" and "Old Mor- 
 tality ; " Second Series, " Heart of Mid- 
 lothian ; " Third Series, " Bride of Lam- 
 mermoor" and "Legend of Montrose;" 
 Posthumous, "Count Robert of Paris" 
 and " Castle Dangerous." — Sir W. Scott. 
 (See Black Dwarf, introduction.) 
 
 Tales of the Crusaders, by sir 
 W. Scott, include The Betrothed and The 
 Talisman. 
 
 Tales of the Genii, that is, tales 
 told by genii to Iracagem their chief, 
 respecting their tutelary charges, or how 
 they had discharged their functions as 
 the guardian genii of man. Patna and 
 Coulor, children of Giualar (iman of 
 Terki), were permitted to hear these 
 accounts rendered, and hence they have 
 reached our earth. The genius Bar- 
 haddan related the history of his tutelary 
 charge of Abu'dah, a merchant of Bagdad. 
 The genius Mamlouk told how he had 
 been employed in watching over the 
 dervise Alfouran. Next, Omphram re- 
 counted his labours as the tutelar genius 
 of Hassan Assar caliph of Bagdad. The 
 genius Hassarack tells his experience in 
 
 the tale of Kelaun and Guzzarat. Tha 
 fifth was a female genius, by name 
 Houadir, who told the tale of Urad, the 
 fair wanderer, her ward on earth. Then 
 rose the sage genius Macoma, and told 
 the tale of the sultan Misnar, with the 
 episodes of Mahoud and the princess of 
 Cassimir. The affable Adiram, the tutelar 
 genius of Sadak and Kalas'rade, told of 
 their battle of life. Last of all rose the 
 venerable genius Nadan, and recounted 
 the history of his earthly charge named 
 Mirglip the dervise. These tales are from 
 the Persian, and are ascribed to Horam 
 son of Asmar. 
 
 Talgol, a butcher in Newgate market, 
 who obtained a captain's commission in 
 Cromwell's army for his braver}' at 
 Naseby. 
 
 Talgol was of courage stout . . . 
 Inured to labour, sweat, and toil, 
 And, like a champion, shone with oil . . . 
 He many a boar and huge dun cow 
 Did, like another Guy, o'erthrow . . . 
 With greater troops of sheep he'd fought 
 Than Ajax or bold don Quixote. 
 
 S. Butier, Iludibras, i. 2 (1063). 
 
 Taliesin or Taliessin, son of St. 
 Henwig, chief of the bards of the West, 
 in the time of king Arthur (sixth cen- 
 tury). In the Mabinogion is given the 
 legends connected with him, several 
 specimens of his songs, and all that is 
 historicall)' known about him. The burst- 
 ing in of the sea through the neglect of 
 Seithenin, who had charge of the em- 
 bankment, and the ruin which it brought 
 on Gwyddno Garanhir, is allegorized by 
 the bursting of a pot called the " caldron 
 of inspiration," through the neglect of 
 Gwion Bach, who was set to watch it. 
 
 That Taliessen, once which made the rivers dance, 
 
 And in his rapture raised the mountains from their trance. 
 
 Shall tremble at my verse. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Talisman (The), a novel by sir W. 
 Scott, and one of the best of the thirty- 
 two which he wrote (1825). It is the 
 story of Richard Cceur de Lion being 
 cured of a fever in the Holy Land, by 
 Saladin, the soldan, his noble enemy. 
 Saladin, hearing of his illness, assumed 
 the disguise of Adonbec el Hakim, the 
 physician, and visited the king. He filled 
 a cup with spring water, into which he 
 dipped the talisman, a little red purse 
 that he took from his bosom, and when it 
 had been steeped long enough, he gave 
 the draught to the king to drink (ch. ix.). 
 During the king's sickness, the archduke 
 of Austria planted his own banner beside 
 that of England ; but immediately Richard 
 recovered from his fever, he tore dowa 
 
TALISMANS. 
 
 972 
 
 TALUT. 
 
 the Austrian banner, and gave it in cus- 
 tody to sir Kenneth. While Kenneth 
 was absent, he left his dog in charge 
 of it, but on his return, found the dog 
 wounded and the banner stolen. King 
 Richard, in his rage, ordered sir Kenneth 
 to execution, but pardoned him on the 
 intercession of "the physician" (Saladin). 
 Sir Kenneth's dog showed such a strange 
 aversion to the marquis de Montserrat 
 that suspicion was aroused, the marquis 
 was challenged to single combat, and, 
 being overthrown by sir Kenneth, con- 
 fessed that he had stolen the banner. 
 The love story interwoven is that between 
 sir Kenneth the prince royal of Scotland, 
 and lady Edith Plantagenet the king's 
 kinswoman, with whose marriage the tale 
 concludes. 
 
 Talismans. In order to free a house 
 of vermin, the figure of the obnoxious 
 animal should be made in wax in "the 
 planetary hour." — Warburton, Critical In- 
 quiry into Prodigies . . . (1727). 
 
 He swore that yon had robbed his house, 
 And stolen bis talismanic louse. 
 
 S. Butler, Hudibras. iii. 1 (1678). 
 
 The Abraxas stone, a stone with the 
 word ABRAXAS engraved on it, is a 
 famous talisman. The word symbolizes 
 the 365 intelligences between deity and 
 man. 
 
 In Arabia, a talisman, consisting of a 
 piece of paper containing the names of the 
 seven sleepers of Ephesus, is still used, 
 "to ward the house from ghosts and 
 demons." 
 
 Talismans (The Four). Houna, sur- 
 named Seidel-Beckir, a talismanist, made 
 three of great value : viz., a little golden 
 iish, which would fetch out of the sea 
 whatever it was bidden ; a poniard, which 
 rendered invisible not only the person 
 bearing it, but all those he wished to be 
 so ; and a ring of steel, which enabled the 
 wearer to read the secrets of men's hearts. 
 The fourth talisman was a bracelet, 
 which preserved the wearer from poison. 
 — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales (" The 
 Four Taiismans," 1743). 
 
 Talking Bird (The), called Bulbul- 
 he'zar. It had the poAver of human 
 speech, and when it sang all the song- 
 birds in the vicinity came and joined in 
 concert. It was also oracular, and told 
 the sultan the tale of his three children, 
 and how they had been exposed by the 
 sultana's two jealous sisters. — Arabian 
 .Nights ("The Two Sisters," the last 
 tale). 
 
 The talking bird is called " the little 
 green bird" in "The Princess Fairstar," 
 one of the Fairy Tales of the comtesse 
 D'Aunoy (1682). 
 
 Tallboy (Old), forester of St. Mary's 
 Convent. — Sir W. Scott, Monastery (time, 
 Elizabeth). 
 
 Talleyrand. This name, anciently 
 written "Tailleran," was originally a 
 sobriquet derived from the words tailler 
 les rangs (" cut through the ranks "). 
 
 Talleyrand is generally credited with 
 the mot : "La parole a e'te' donne'e k 
 l'homme pour l'aider a cacher sa pense'e 
 [or de'guiser la penser] ; " but they were 
 spoken by comte de Montrond, "the most 
 agreeable scoundrel in the court of Mario 
 Antoinette." — Captain Gronow, Recollec- 
 tions and Anecdotes. 
 
 Voltaire, sixty years previously, had 
 said: "lis n'employent les paroles que 
 pour deguiser leurs pense'es." — Le Chapon 
 et la Poularde. 
 
 And Goldsmith, in 1759, when Talley- 
 rand was about four years old, had pub- 
 lished the sentence: "The true use of 
 speech is not so much to express our 
 wants as to conceal them." — The Bee, iii. 
 
 Talos, son of Perdix, sister of DaedS- 
 los, inventor of the saw, compasses, and 
 other mechanical instruments. His uncle, 
 jealous of him, threw him from the citadel 
 of Athens, and he was changed into a 
 partridge. 
 
 Talos, a man of brass, made by He- 
 phaestos ( Vulcan). This wonderful 
 automaton was given to Minos to patrol 
 the island of Crete. It traversed the 
 island thrice every day, and if a stranger 
 came near, made itself red hot, and 
 squeezed him to death. 
 
 Talus, an iron man, representing 
 power or the executive of a state. He 
 was Astraea's groom, whom the goddess 
 gave to sir Artegal. This man of iron, 
 "unmovable and resistless without end," 
 "swift as a swallow, and as a lion strong," 
 carried in his hand an iron flail, "with 
 which he threshed out falsehood, and did 
 truth unfold." When sir Artegal fell 
 into the power of Radigund queen of the 
 Amazons, Talus brought Britomart to the 
 rescue. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v* 1 
 (1596). 
 
 Talut. So the Mohammedans call 
 Saul. 
 
 Verily God hath set Talut king over you . . . Samuel 
 said. Verily God hath chosen him, and hath caused him 
 to increase in knowledce and stature.-— Al Kordn, ». 
 
talvi; 
 
 973 
 
 TAMMANY. 
 
 Talvi, a pseudonym of Mrs. Robinson. 
 It is simply the initials of her maiden 
 name, Therese Albertine Louise von 
 lakob. 
 
 Tam o' Todshaw, a huntsman, near 
 Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
 Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 Tam o' the Cowgate, the sobriquet 
 of sir Thomas Hamilton, a Scotch lawyer, 
 who lived in the Cowgate, at Edinburgh 
 ! (*-1563). 
 
 Tamburlaine the Great (or Ti- 
 mour Leng), the Tartar conqueror. In 
 history called Tamerlane. He had only 
 one hand and was lame (1336-1405). The 
 hero and title of a tragedy by C. Marlow 
 (1587). Shakespeare (2 Henry 1 V. act ii. 
 sc. 4) makes Pistol quote a part of this 
 turgid play. 
 
 Holla, ye pampered jades of Asia. 
 What I can ye draw but twenty miles a day, 
 And have bo proud a chariot at your heels. 
 And such a coachman as great Tamburlaine t 
 
 (In the stage direction : 
 
 Enter Tamburlaine, drawn In his chariot by Treb'lzon 
 and Soria, with bits In their mouths, reins in his left 
 hand. La hi* right ft whip with which he scourgeth 
 them.) 
 
 N. Rowe has a tragedy entitled Tamer- 
 lane (q.v.). 
 
 Tame (1 syl.), a river which rises in 
 the vale of Aylesbury, at the foot of the 
 Chiltern, and hence called by Drayton 
 " Chiltern's son." Chiltern's s"on marries 
 I sis (Cotswold's heiress), whose son and 
 heir is Thames. This allegory forms the 
 subject of song xv. of the Polyolbion, and 
 is the most poetical of them ail. 
 
 Tamer Tamed (The), a kind of 
 sequel to Shakespeare's comedy The 
 Timing of the Shrew. In the Tamer 
 Tamed, Petruchio is supposed to marry 
 a second wife, by whom he is hen-pecked. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 
 
 Tamerlane, emperor of Tartary, in 
 Rowe's tragedy 60 called, is a noble, 
 generous, high-minded prince, the very 
 glass and fashion of all conquerors, in his 
 forgiveness of wrongs, and from whose 
 example Christians may be taught their 
 moral code. Tamerlane treats Bajazet, 
 his captive, with truly godlike clemency, 
 till the fierce sultan plots his assassination. 
 Then longer forbearance would have been 
 folly, and the Tartar had his untamed 
 captive chained in a cage, like a wild beast. 
 — N. Rowe, 'Tamerlane (1702). 
 
 It is said that Louis XIV. was Rowe's 
 " Bajazet," and William III. hit " Tam-r- 
 lane." 
 
 •** Tamerlane is a corruption of 7T- 
 tnour Lengh ("Timour the lame"). He 
 was one-handed and lame also. His 
 name was used by the Persians in ter- 
 rorem. (See Tamburlaine the Gkeat.) 
 
 Taming of the Shrew (The), a 
 comedy by Shakespeare (1594). The 
 "shrew" is Katbari'na, elder daughter of 
 Baptista of Padua, and she is tamed by 
 the stronger mind of Petruchio into a 
 most obedient and submissive wife. 
 
 This drama is founded on A pleasaunt 
 conceited Historic, called The Taming of 
 a Shrew. As it hath beene sundry times 
 acted by the right honourable the Earle of 
 Tembrooke his servants, 1607. The in- 
 duction is borrowed from Heuterus, Rerum 
 Burgundearum, ir., a translation rf which 
 into English, by E. Grimstone, appeared 
 in 1607. The same trick was played by 
 Haroun-al-Raschid on the merchant Abou 
 Hassan (Arabian Nights, "The Sleeper 
 Awakened ") ; and by Philippe the Good 
 of Burgundy. (See Burton, Anatomy of 
 Melancholy, II. ii. 4 ; see also The Frolick- 
 some Duke or the Tinker's Good Fortun* 
 (a ballad), Percy.) 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a kind cf 
 sequel to this comedy, called The Tamer 
 Tamed, in which Petruchio is supposed tin 
 marry a second wife, by whom he is hen • 
 pecked (1647). 
 
 The Honeymoon, a comedy by Tobii 
 (1804), is a similar plot, but the shrew it 
 tamed with far less display of obstreperous 
 self-will. 
 
 Tami'no and Pami'na, the two 
 lovers who were guided by the magic flute 
 through all worldly dangers to the know- 
 ledge of divine truth (or the mvsteries 
 of I sis) .—Mozart, Die Zauber flute (179 1). 
 
 Tammany, Tamendy, or Tam- 
 raenund, an Indian chief of the Dela- 
 ware nation who lived about the middle of 
 the seventeenth century. He was a great 
 friend of the whites, and was famous 
 in tradition for so many other virtues 
 that in the latter days of the Revolution 
 he was facetiously adopted as the patron 
 saint of the new republic. A society 
 called the Tammany Society was found- 
 ed in New York City, May 12, 1789, origi- 
 nally for benevolent purposes, but it ulti- 
 mately developed into a mere political en- 
 gine, becoming the principal instrument 
 of the managers of the Democratic party 
 in New York City. In 1871, however, 
 the disclosures as to the corrupt practice 
 indulged in by the Tammany chieftain? 
 
TAMMUZ. 
 
 974 
 
 TANNHAUSER. 
 
 then at the head of the municipal govern- 
 ment, united the men of all parties against 
 i t, and the p o wer of the society — although 
 efforts have since been made to reform 
 and purify it — is now a thing of the past. 
 Tammuz, the month of July. St. 
 Jerome says the Hebrews and Syrians call 
 the month of June " Tammuz." 
 
 Tam'ora, queen of the Goths, in love 
 with Aaron the Moor. — (?) Shakespeare, 
 Titus Andron'icus (1593). 
 
 *** The classic name is Andronicus, 
 but Titus Andronicus is a purely fic- 
 titious character. 
 
 Tamper (Colonel), betrothed to Emily. 
 On his return from Havannah, he wanted 
 to ascertain if Emily loved him "for 
 himself alone ; " so he pretended to 
 have lost one leg and one eye. Emily 
 Vas so shocked that the family doctor 
 was sent for, who, amidst other gossip, 
 told the young lady he had recently seen 
 colonel Tamper, who was looking re- 
 markably well, and had lost neither leg 
 nor eye. Emily now perceived that a trick 
 was being played, so she persuaded Mdlle. 
 Florival to assume the part of a rival 
 lover, under the assumed name of captain 
 Johnson. After the colonel had been 
 thoroughly roasted, major Belford entered, 
 recognized " captain Johnson " as his own 
 affiance'e, the colonel saw how the tables 
 had been turned upon him, apologized, 
 and all ended happily. — G. Colman, 
 senior, The Deuce is in Him (17G2). 
 
 Tamson (Peg), an old woman at 
 Middlemas village.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Tanaquill, wife of Tarquinius pv'scus 
 of Rome. She was greatly venerated by 
 the Romans, but Juvenal uses the name 
 as the personification of an imperious 
 woman with a strong independent will. 
 In the Faery Queen, Spenser calls Gloriana 
 (queen Elizabeth) "Tanaquill" (bk. i. 
 introduction, 1590). 
 
 Tancred, son of Eudes and Emma. 
 He was the greatest of all the Christian 
 warriors except Rinaldo. His one fault 
 was "woman's love," and that woman Co- 
 rinda, a pagan (bk. i.). Tancred brought 
 800 horse to the allied crusaders under 
 Godfrey of Bouillon. In a night combat, 
 Tancred unwittingly slew Corinda, and 
 lamented her deathVith great and bitter 
 lamentation (bk. xii.). Being wounded, 
 he was tenderly nursed by Erminia, Avho 
 was in love with him (bk." xix.). — Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 *** Rossini has an opera entitled Tan- 
 
 credi (1813). 
 
 Tancred, prince of Otranto, one of the 
 crusaders, probably the same as the one 
 above. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Tancred (Count), the orphan son of 
 Manfred, eldest grandson of Roger I. of 
 Sicily, and rightful heir to the throne. 
 His father was murdered by "William the 
 Bad, and he himself was brought up by 
 Siffre'di lord high chancellor of Sicily. 
 While only a count, he fell in love with 
 Sigismunda the chancellor's daughter, 
 but when king Roger died, he left the 
 throne to Tancred, provided he married 
 Constantia, daughter of William the Bad, 
 and thus united the rival lines. Tancred 
 gave a tacit consent to this arrange- 
 ment, intending all the time to obtain a 
 dispensation from the pope, and marry 
 the chancellor's daughter ; but Sigismunda 
 could not know his secret intentions, and, 
 in a fit of irritation, married the earl 
 Osmond. Now follows the catastrophe : 
 Tancred sought an interview with Sigis- 
 munda, to justify his conduct, but Os- 
 mond challenged him to fight. Osmond 
 fell, and stabbed Sigismunda when she 
 ran to his succour. — Thomson, Tancred 
 and Sigismunda (1745). 
 
 *** Thomson's tragedy is founded on 
 the episode called " The Baneful Mar- 
 riage," Gil Bias, iv. 4 (Lesage, 1724). In 
 the prose talc, Tancred is called " Henri- 
 quez," and Sigismunda "Blanch." 
 
 Tancredi, the Italian form of Tan- 
 cred (q.v.). The best of the earlv operas 
 of Rossini (1813). 
 
 Tanner of Tamworth. (The), the 
 man who mistook Edward IV. for a high- 
 wayman. After some little altercation, 
 
 they changed horses, the king giving his 
 hunter for the tanner's cob worth about 
 four shillings ; but as soon as the tanner 
 mounted the king's horse, it threw him, 
 and the tanner gladly paid down a sum 
 of money to get his old cob back again. 
 King Edward now blew his hunting- 
 horn, and the courtiers gathered round him. 
 "I hope [i.e. expect \ I shall be hanged 
 for this," cried the tanner; but the king, 
 in merry pin, gave him the manor of 
 riumpton Park, with 300 marks a year. 
 — Percy, Eeliques, etc. 
 
 Tannhauser (Sir), called in German 
 the Patter Tannhauser, a Teutonic knight, 
 who wins the love of Lisaura, a Mantuan 
 lady. Hilario the philosopher often con- 
 
TAOUISM. 
 
 976 
 
 TAPWELL. 
 
 verses with the Ritter on supernatural 
 subjects, and promises that Venus herself 
 shall be his mistress, if he will sum- 
 mon ip his courage to enter Venusberg. 
 Tannhauser starts on the mysterious jour- 
 ney, and Lisaura, hearing thereof, kills 
 herself. At Venusberg the Ritter gives 
 full swing to his pleasures, but in time 
 returns to Mantua, and makes his con- 
 fession to pope Urban. His holiness 
 says to him, " Man, you can no more 
 hope for absolution than this staff which 
 I hold in my hand can be expected to 
 bud." So Tannhauser flees in despair from 
 Rome, and returns to Venusberg. Mean- 
 while, the pope's staff actually does sprout, 
 and Urban sends in all directions for the 
 Ritter, but he is nowhere to be found. 
 
 Tieck, in his Phantasus (1812), intro- 
 duces the story. Wagner (in 1845) 
 brought out an operatic spectacle, called 
 Tannhauser. The companion of Tann- 
 hauser was Eckhardt. 
 
 *** The tale of Tannhauser is sub- 
 stantially the same as that of Thomas 
 of Erceldoun, also called "Thomas the 
 Rhymer," who was so intimate with Faery 
 folk that he could foretell what events 
 would come to pass. He was also a bard, 
 and wrote the famous lay of Sir Tristrem. 
 The general belief is that the seer is not 
 dead, but has been simply removed from 
 the land of the living to FaSry-land, 
 whence occasionally he emerges, to busy 
 himself with human affairs. Sir W. S^ott 
 has introduced the legend in Castle Dan- 
 gerous, v. (See Erceldoun, p. 298.) 
 
 Taouism, the system of Taou, that 
 invisible principle which pervades every- 
 thing. Pope refers to this universal 
 divine permeation in the well-known 
 lines : it 
 
 Warms in the sun, refreshes in the hreeze, 
 Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees. 
 Lives through all life, extends through all extent, 
 Spreads undivided, operates unspent. 
 
 Essay on Man, i. (1733). 
 
 Tapestered. Chamber (The), a 
 tale b}' sir W. Scott, laid in the reign 
 of George III. There are but two cha- 
 racters introduced. General BroAvne goes 
 on a visit to lord Woodville, and sleeps 
 in the "tapestered chamber," Avhich is 
 haunted. He sees the "lady in the 
 Sacque," describes her to lord Woodville 
 next morning, and recognizes her picture 
 in the portrait gallery. 
 
 The back of this form was turned to me, and I could 
 observe, from the shoulders and neck, it was that of an old 
 woman, whose dress was an old-fashioned gown, which, 
 I think, ladies call a sacque — that is, a sort of robe com- 
 pletely loose in the body, but gathered into broad plaits 
 upon the neck and shoulders, which fall down to the 
 ground, and terminate in a species of train. 
 
 Tap'ley (Mark), an honest, light- 
 hearted young man, whose ambition was 
 "to come out jelly " under the most un- 
 favourable circumstances. Greatly at- 
 tached to Martin Chuzzlewit, he leaves 
 his comfortable situation at the Blue 
 Dragon to accompany him to America, 
 and in "Eden" has ample opportunities 
 of "being jolly" so far as wretchedness 
 could make him so. On his return to 
 England, he marries Mrs. Lupin, and thus 
 becomes landlord of the Blue Dragon. 
 — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xiii., 
 xxi., etc. (1843). 
 
 Charles [17 I. of France] was the Mark Tapley of kings, 
 and bore himself with his usual "jollity" under this af- 
 flicting news. It was remarked of him that " no one 
 could lose a kingdom with greater gaiety."— Rev. J. 
 White. 
 
 Tappertit (Sim i.e. Simon), the ap- 
 prentice of Gabriel Varden, locksmith. 
 He was just 20 in years, but 200 in con- 
 ceit. An old-fashioned, thin-faced, sleek- 
 haired, sharp-nosed, small-eyed little 
 fellow was Mr. Sim Tappertit, about five 
 feet high, but thoroughly convinced in 
 his own mind that he was both good 
 looking and above the middle size, in 
 fact, rather tall than otherwise. His 
 figure, which was slender, he was proud 
 of ; and with his legs, which in knee- 
 breeches were perfect curiosities of little- 
 ness, he was enraptured. He had also 
 a secret notion that the power of his eye 
 was irresistible, and he believed that he 
 could subdue the haughtiest beauty "by 
 eyeing her." Of course, Mr. Tappertit 
 had an ambitious soul, and admired his 
 master's daughter Dolly. He was cap- 
 tain of the secret society of "'Prentice 
 Knights," whose object was "vengeance 
 against their tyrant masters." After the 
 Gordon riots, in which Tappertit took a 
 leading part, he was found " burnt and 
 bruised, with a gun-shot wound in his 
 bod}", and both his legs crushed into 
 shapeless ugliness." The cripple, by the 
 locksmith's aid, turned shoe-black under 
 an archway near the Horse Guards, 
 thrived in his vocation, and married the 
 widow of a rag-and-bone collector. While 
 an apprentice, Miss Miggs, the "protest- 
 ant" shrewish servant of Mrs. Varden, 
 cast an eye of hope on " Simmun ; " but 
 the conceited puppy pronounced her " de- 
 cidedly scraggy," and disregarded the 
 soft impeachment. — C. Dickens, Barnaby 
 Rudge (1841). (See Sylli.) 
 
 Taproba'na, the island of Ceylon. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Tap well (Timothy), husband of 
 
TARA. 
 
 976 
 
 TARTARO. 
 
 Froth, put into business by Wellborn's 
 father, whose butler he was. When 
 Wellborn was reduced to beggary, 
 Timothy behaved most insolently to him ; 
 but as soon as he supposed he was about 
 to marry the rich dowager lady Allworth, 
 the rascal fawned on him like a whipped 
 spaniel. — Massinger, A New Way to Pay 
 Old Debts (1625). 
 
 Tara (TJie Hill of), in Meath, Ireland. 
 Here the kings, the clergy, the princes, 
 and the bards used to assemble in a large 
 hall, to consult on matters of public im- 
 portance. 
 
 The harp that once thro' Tara's halls 
 
 The soul of music shed. 
 Now hangs as mute on Tara's walls 
 
 As if that soul were fled. 
 T. Moore, Irish. Melodies (" The Harp that Once . . ." 1814). 
 
 Tara {The Fes of), the triennial con- 
 vention established by Ollam Fodlah or 
 Ollav Fola, in b.c. 900 or 950. When 
 business was over, the princes banqueted 
 together, each under his shield suspended 
 by the chief herald on the wall according 
 to precedenc}\ In the reign of Cormac, 
 the palace of Tara was 900 feet square, 
 and contained 150 apartments, and 150 
 dormitories each for sixty sleepers. As 
 many as 1000 guests were daily enter- 
 tained in the hall. 
 
 Tara's Psaltery or Psalter of Tara, 
 the great national register or chronicles 
 of Ireland, read to the assembled princes 
 when they met in Tara's Hall in public 
 conference. 
 
 Their tribe, they said, then- high degree. 
 Was sung in Tara's Psaltery. 
 
 Campbell, O'Connor's Child. 
 
 Tarpa (Spurius Metius), a famous 
 critic of the Augustan age. He sat in 
 the temple of Apollo with four colleagues 
 to judge the merit of theatrical pieces 
 before they were produced in public. 
 
 He gives himself out for another Tarpa ; decides boldly, 
 and supports his opinions with loudness and obstinacy. — 
 Lcsage, Oil Bias, xi. 10 (1735). 
 
 Tarpe'ian Rock. So called from 
 Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius 
 governor of the citadel on the Saturnian 
 (i.e. Capitoline) Hill of Rome. The story 
 is that the Sabines bargained with the 
 Roman maid to open the gates to them, 
 for the " ornaments on their arms." As 
 they passed through the gates, they threw 
 on her their shields, saying, " These are 
 the ornaments we bear on our arms." 
 She was crushed to death, and buried on 
 the Tarpeian Hill. Ever after, traitors 
 were put to death by being hurled head- 
 long from the hill-top. 
 
 Bear him to the rock Tarpeian, and from thence 
 Into destruction cast him. 
 
 Shakejpeare, Coriolanut, act iii. sc. 1 (1610). 
 
 *** G. Gilfillan, in his introduction to 
 Longfellow's poems, makes an erroneous 
 allusion to the Roman traitress. He sa) r s 
 Longfellow's "ornaments, unlike those 
 of the Sabine \sic\ maid, have not crushed 
 him." 
 
 Tar quill, a name of terror in Roman 
 nurseries. 
 
 The nurse, to still her child, will tell my story, 
 And fright her crying babe with Taruuin's name. 
 
 Shakespeare, Rape of Lucrece (1594). 
 
 Tarquin ( The Fall of) . The well-known 
 Roman story of Sextus Tarquinius and 
 Lucretia has been dramatized by various 
 persons, as : N. Lee (1679) ; John Howard 
 Payne, Brutus or The Fall of Tarquin (1820) 
 — this is the tragedy in which Edmund 
 Kean appeared with his son Charles at 
 Glasgow, the father taking "Brutus" 
 and the son " Titus." Arnault produced 
 a tragedy in French, entitled Lucrecc, in 
 1792 ; and Ponsard in 1843. Alfieri has a 
 tragedy called Brutus, on the same sub- 
 ject. It also forms indirectly the subject 
 of one of the lays of lord Macaulay, called 
 The Battle of the Lake Regillus (1842), a 
 battle undertaken by the Sabines for the 
 restoration of Tarquin, but in which the 
 king and his two sons were left dead upon 
 the field. 
 
 Tarquinius (Sextus) having vio- 
 lated Lucretia, wife of Tarquinius Colla- 
 tinus, caused an insurrection in Rome, 
 whereby the magistracy of kings was 
 changed for that of consuls. 
 
 *** A parallel case is given in Spanish 
 history : Roderick the Goth, king of 
 Spain, having violated Florinda daugh- 
 ter of count Julian, was the cause of 
 Julian's inviting over the Moors, who 
 invaded Spain, drove Roderick from the 
 throne, and the Gothic dynasty was set 
 aside for ever. 
 
 Tartaro, the Basque Cyclops ; of 
 giant stature and cannibal habits, but not 
 without a rough bonhommie. Intellectu- 
 ally very low in the scale, and invariably 
 beaten in all contests with men. Galled 
 in spirit by his ill success, the giant 
 commits suicide. Tartaro, the son of a 
 king, was made a monster out of punish- 
 ment, and was never to lose his deformity 
 till he married. One day, he asked a 
 girl to be his bride, and on being refused, 
 sent her " a talking ring," which talked 
 without ceasing immediately she put it 
 on ; so she cut off her linger and threw it 
 
TARTLET. 
 
 977 
 
 TATINUS. 
 
 into a large pond, and there the Tartaro 
 drowned himself. — Rev. W. Webster, 
 Basque Legends, 1-4 (1876). 
 
 In one of the Basque legends, Tartaro 
 is represented as a Polyphemos, whose 
 one eye is bored out with spits made red 
 hot by some seamen who had wandered 
 inadvertently into his dwelling. Like 
 Ulysses, the leader of these seamen made 
 his escape by the aid of a ram, but with 
 this difference — he did not, like Ulysses, 
 cling to the ram's belly, but fastened the 
 ram's bell round his neck and threw a 
 sheep-skin over his shoulders. When 
 Tartaro laid hold of the fugitive, the man 
 escaped, leaving the sheep-skin in the 
 giant's hand. 
 
 Tartlet {Tim), servant of Mrs. Patty- 
 pan, io whom also he is engaged to be 
 married. He says, "I loves to see life, 
 because vy, 'tis so agreeable." — James 
 Cobb, The First Floor, i. 2 (175G-1818). 
 
 TartufiEb (2 syl.), the chief character 
 and title of a comedy by Moliere (1G64). 
 Tartuffe is a religious hypocrite and im- 
 postor, who uses " religion " as the means 
 of gaining money, covering deceit, and 
 promoting self-indulgence. He is taken 
 up by one Orgon, a man of property, 
 who promises him his daughter in mar- 
 riage, but his true character being ex- 
 posed, he is not only turned out of the 
 house, but is lodged in jail for felony. 
 
 Isaac Bickerstaff has adapted Moliere's 
 comedy to the English stage, under the 
 title of The Hypocrite (1768). Tartuffe 
 he calls " Dr. Cantwell," and Orgon "sir 
 John Lambert." It is thought that "Tar- 
 tuffe " is a caricature of Pere la Chaise, 
 the confessor of Louis XIV., Avho was 
 very fond of truffles (French, tartuffes), 
 and that this suggested the name to the 
 dramatist. 
 
 Tartuffe {Raiser), William I. the king 
 of Prussia and emperor of Germanv 
 (1797- ). 
 
 I write to you, my dear Augusta, 
 
 To say we've had a reg'lar " buster." 
 
 Te» thousand Frenchmen seas below; 
 
 '• Praise God, from whom all blessings flow." 
 
 fundi (during the Franco-Prussian war). 
 
 Tartuffe of the Revolution. J. 
 
 N. Pache is so called by Carlyle (1740- 
 1823). 
 
 Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his 
 own ally for humility of mind. ... Sit there, Tartuffe, 
 till wanted.— Carlyle. 
 
 Tasnar, an enchanter, who aided the 
 rebel army arraj^ed against Misnar sultan 
 of Delhi. A female slave undertook to 
 kill the enchanter, and went with the 
 
 sultan's sanction to carry out her promise. 
 She presented herself to Tasnar and Ahu'- 
 bal, and presented papers which she said 
 she had stolen. Tasnar, suspecting a trick, 
 ordered her to be bow-strung, and then 
 detected a dagger concealed about her- 
 person. Tasnar now put on the slave's 
 dress, and, transformed into her like- 
 ness, went to the sultan's tent. The vizier 
 commanded the supposed slave to pros- 
 trate "herself" before she approached the 
 throne, and while prostrate he cut off 
 "her" head. The king was angry, but 
 the vizier replied, " This is not the slave, 
 but the enchanter. Fearing this might 
 occur, I gave the slave a pass-word, which 
 this deceiver did not give, and was thus 
 betrayed. So perish all the enemies of 
 Mahomet and Misnar his vicegerent upon 
 earth ! "—Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales 
 of the Genii, vi. (1751). 
 
 Tasilim, a fountain in Mahomet's 
 paradise ; so called from its being con- 
 veyed to the very highest apartments of 
 the celestial mansions. 
 
 They shall drink of pure wine . . . and the water 
 mixed therewith shall be of Tasnim, a fountain whereof 
 those shall, drink who approach near unto the divine 
 presence.— A I Kor&n, lvi. 
 
 Tasso and Leonora. When Tasso 
 the poet lived in the court of Alfonso 
 II. the reigning duke of Ferrara, he fell 
 in love with Leonora d'Este (2 syl.) the 
 duke's sister, but "she saw it not or 
 viewed with disdain" his passion, and 
 the poet, moneyless, fled half mad to 
 Naples. After an absence of two years, 
 in which the poet was almost starved to 
 death by extreme poverty, his friends, 
 together with Leonora, induced the duke 
 to receive him back, but no sooner did he 
 reach Ferrara than Alfonso sent him to 
 an asylum, and here he was kept for 
 seven years, when he was liberated by 
 the instigation of the pope, but died soon 
 afterwards (1544-1595). 
 
 Taste, a farce by Foote (1753), to 
 expose the imposition of picture-dealers 
 and sellers of virtu generally. 
 
 Tasting Death. The rabbis say 
 there are three drops of gall on the sword 
 of death : one drops in the mouth and the 
 man dies ; from the second the pallor of 
 death is suffused ; from the third the 
 carcase turns to dust. — Purchas, Mis 
 Pilgrimage (1613). 
 
 Tati'nus, a Greek who joined the 
 
 crusaders with a force of 200 men armed 
 
 with " crooked sabres " and bows. These 
 
 Greeks, like the Parthians, were famoua 
 
 3 R 
 
TATIUS. 
 
 TEARLESS BATTLE. 
 
 in retreat, but -when a drought came they 
 all sneaked off home. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered, xiii. (1575). 
 
 Tatius (Achilles), the acolyte, an 
 officer in the Varangian guard. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Tatlantlie (3 syl.), the favourite of 
 Fadladinida (queen of Queerummania and 
 wife of Chrononhotonthologos). She ex- 
 tols the warlike deeds of the king, sup- 
 posing the queen will feel nattered by her 
 praises ; and Fadladinida exclaims, "Art 
 mad, TatlantheV Your talk's distaste- 
 ful. . . . You are too pertly lavish in his 
 praise!" She then guesses that the queen 
 loves another, and says to herself, "I 
 see that I must tack about," and happen- 
 ing to mention " the captive king," Fad- 
 ladinida exclaims, "That's he! that's he ! 
 that's he ! Fd die ten thousand deaths to 
 set him free." Ultimately, the queen pro- 
 mises marriage to both the captive king 
 and Rigdum-Funnidos "to make matters 
 easy." Then, turning to her favourite, 
 she saj's : 
 
 And now, Tatlantlie, thou art all my care ; 
 Where shall I find thee such another pair? 
 Pity that you, who've served so long and well, 
 Should die a virgin and lead apes in hell. 
 Choose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round ; 
 Your portion is twelve hundred thousand pound. 
 H. Carey, C'hronotihotonthologos (1734). 
 
 Tattle, a man who ruins characters by 
 innuendo, and so denies a scandal as to 
 confirm it. He is a mixture of " lying, 
 foppery, vanity, cowardice, bragging, 
 licentiousness, and ugliness, but a pro- 
 fessed beau " (act i.). Tattle is entrapped 
 into marriage with Mrs. Frail. — Congreve, 
 Love for Love (1695). 
 
 *„.* " Mrs. Candour," in Sheridan's 
 School for Scandal (1777), is & Tattle in 
 petticoats. 
 
 Tattycoram, a handsome girl, with 
 lustrous dark hair and eyes, who dressed 
 very neatly. She was taken from the 
 Foundling Hospital (London) by Mr. 
 Meagles to wait upon his daughter. She 
 was called in the hospital Harriet Beadle. 
 Harriet was changed first to Hatty, then 
 to Tatty, and Coram was added because 
 the Foundling stands in Coram Street. 
 She was most impulsively passionate, 
 and when excited had no control over 
 herself. Miss Wade enticed her away 
 for a time, but afterwards she returned 
 to her first friends. — C. Dickens, Little 
 Lor rit (1857). 
 
 Tavern of Europe (The). Paris 
 was called by prince Bismark, Le Cabaret 
 de V Europe. 
 
 Tawny (The). Alexandre Bonvici'no 
 the historian was called 11 Moretto (1514- 
 1564). 
 
 Tawny Coats, sumpners, apparitors, 
 officers whose business it was to summon 
 offenders to the courts ecclesiastical, 
 attendants on bishops. 
 
 The bishop of London met him attended on by a 
 goodly company of gentlemen in tawny coats.— Stow, 
 Chronicles of England, 822 (1561). 
 
 Taylor, " the water-poet." He 
 wrote four score books, but never learnt 
 " so much as the accidents " (1580-1654). 
 
 Taylor, their better Charon, lends an oar, 
 Once Swan of Thames, tho' now he sings no more. 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 19 (1723). 
 
 Taj/lor (Dr. Chevalier John). He 
 called himself " Opthalminator, Ponti- 
 ficial, Imperial, and Royal." He died 
 1767. Hogarth has introduced him in 
 his famous picture "The Undertaker's 
 Arms." He is one of the three figures 
 atop, to the left hand of the spectator ; 
 the other two are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. 
 Ward. 
 
 Teacher of Germany (The), 
 Philip Melancthon, the reformer (1497- 
 1560). 
 
 Teachwell (Mrs.), a pseudonym of 
 lady Ellinor Fenn, wife of sir John 
 Fenn, of East Dereham, Norfolk. 
 
 Teaglie (1 syl.), an Irish lad, taken 
 into the service of colonel Careless, a 
 royalist, whom he serves with exemplary 
 fidelity. He is always blundering, and 
 always brewing mischief, with the most 
 innocent intentions. His bulls _ and 
 blunders are amusing and characteristic. 
 — Sir Robert Howard, The Committee 
 (1670), altered by T. Knight into The 
 Honest Thieves. 
 
 Who . . . ha3 not a recollection of the incom- 
 parable Johnstone [Irish Johnstone) in " league," pic- 
 turesquely draped in his blanket, and pouring forth his 
 exquisite humour and mellifluous brogue in equal measure. 
 —Mrs. C. Mathews, Tea Table Talk. 
 
 *** The anecdote of Munden, as 
 " Obadiah, " when Johnstone, as " Teague," 
 poured a bottle of lamp oil down his 
 throat instead of sherry-and-water, is one 
 of the raciest ever told. (See Obadiah.) 
 
 Tearless Battle (The), a battle 
 fought B.C. 367, between the Lace- 
 demonians and the combined armies of 
 the Arcadians and Argives (2 syl.). Not 
 one of the Spartans fell, so that, as 
 Plutarch says, they called it " The Tear- 
 less Battle." 
 
 *** Not one was killed in the Abyssinian 
 expedition under sir R. Napier (1867-8). 
 
TEARS— AMBER. 
 
 979 
 
 TELEMACHOS. 
 
 Tears — Amber. The tears shed by 
 the sisters of Pha'eton were converted 
 into amber. — Greek Fable. 
 
 According to Pliny (Natural History, 
 xxxvii. 2, 11), amber is a concretion of 
 birds' tears, but the birds were the sisters 
 of Meleager, who never ceased weeping 
 for his untimely death. 
 
 Tear sheet {Doll), a common cour- 
 tezan. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV, 
 (1598). 
 
 Teazle (Sir Peter), a man who, in 
 old age, married a country girl that 
 proved extravagant, fond of pleasure, 
 selfish, and vain. Sir Peter was for ever 
 nagging at her for her inferior birth and 
 rustic ways, but secretly loving her and 
 admiring* her naivete. He says to Row- 
 ley, " I am the sweetest-tempered man 
 alive, and hate a teasing temper, and so 
 I tell her ladyship a hundred times a 
 day." 
 
 No one could deliver such a dialogue as is found in " sir 
 Peter Teazle " with such point as T. King [1730-1805]. He 
 excelled in a quiet, sententious manner of speech. There 
 was an epigrammatic style in everything he uttered. His 
 voice was musical, his action slow, his countenance benig- 
 nant and yet firm.— Watkins, Life of Sheridan (1817). 
 
 Lady Teazle, a liveh r , innocent, coun- 
 try maiden, who married sir Peter, old 
 enough to be her grandfather. Planted 
 in London in the whirl of the season, 
 she formed a liaison with Joseph Surface, 
 but being saved from disgrace, repented 
 and reformed. — R. B. Sheridan, School 
 for Scandal (1777). 
 
 On April 7, 1797, Miss Farren, about to marry the earl of 
 Derby, took her final leave of the stage in the character 
 of " lady Teazle." Her concluding words were applicable 
 in a very remarkable degree to herself : *• Let me request, 
 lady Sneerwell, that you will make my respects to the 
 Scandalous college of which you are a member, and inform 
 them that lady Teazle, licentiate, begs leave to return the 
 diploma they granted her, as she now leaves off practice, 
 and kills characters no longer." Apassionate burst of tears 
 here revealed the sensibility of the speaker, while a 
 stunning burst of applause followed from the audience, 
 and the curtain was drawn down upon the play, for no 
 more would be listened to.— Mrs. C. Mathews. 
 
 Teeth. Rigord, an historian of the 
 thirteenth century, tells that when Chos- 
 roes the Persian carried away the true 
 cross discovered by St. Helena, the 
 number of teeth in the human race was 
 reduced. Before that time Christians 
 were furnished with thirty and in some 
 cases with thirty-two teeth, but since then 
 no human being has had more than 
 twenty-three teeth. — See Historiens de 
 France, xviii. 
 
 *** The normal number of teeth ia 
 thirty-two still. This "historic fact" ia 
 of a piece with that which ascribes to 
 woman one rib more than to man ( Gen. 
 ii. 21, 22). 
 
 Teetotal. The origin of this word 
 is ascribed to Richard (Dicky) Turner, 
 who, in addressing a temperance meeting 
 in September, 1833, reduplicated the word 
 total to give it emphasis : " We not only 
 want total abstinence, we want more, we 
 want t-total abstinence." The novelty 
 and force of the expression took the 
 meeting by storm. 
 
 It is not correct to ascribe the word to 
 Mr. Swindlehurst of Preston, who is 
 erroneously said to have stuttered. 
 
 Te'ian Muse, Anacreon, born at 
 Te'ios, in Ionia, and called by Ovid 
 (Iristia, ii. 364) Tela Musa (b.c. 563- 
 478). 
 
 The Scian and the Teian Muse . . . [SimonidSt and 
 
 Anacreon] 
 Have found the fame your shores refuse. 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86 ("The Isles of Greece," 1820). 
 
 *** Probably Byron meant SimonTdes 
 of Ceos. Horace (Carmina, ii. 1, 38) 
 speaks of "Ceae munera neniae," meaning 
 Simonides ; but Scios or Scio properly 
 means Chios, one of the seven places 
 which laid claim to Homer. Both Ceos 
 and Chios are isles of Greece. 
 
 Tei'lo (St.), a Welsh saint, who took 
 an active part against the Pelagian 
 heresy. When he died, three cities con- 
 tended for his bod}^, but happily the 
 strife was ended by the multiplication of 
 the dead body into three St. Teilos. 
 Capgrave insists that the ipsissime body 
 was possessed by Llandaff. — English 
 Martyrology. 
 
 Teirtu's Harp, which played of 
 itself, merely by being asked to do so, 
 and when desired to cease playing did 
 so. — The Mabinogion ("Kilhwch and 
 Olwen," twelfth century). 
 
 St. Dunstan's harp discoursed most 
 enchanting music without being struck 
 by any player. 
 
 The harp of the giant, in the tale of 
 Jack and the Bean-Stalk, played of itself. 
 In one of the old Welsh tales, the dwarf 
 named Dewryn Fychan stole from a 
 giant a similar harp. 
 
 Telemachos, the only son of 
 
 Ulysses and Penelope. When Ulysses 
 had been absent from home nearly twenty 
 years, Telemachos went to Pylos and 
 Sparta to gain information about him. 
 Nestor received him hospitably at Pylos, 
 and sent him to Sparta, where Menelaos 
 told him the prophecy of Proteus (2 syl.) 
 concerning Ulysses. He then returned 
 home, where he found his father, and 
 assisted him in slaying the suitors. 
 
TELEMAQUE. 
 
 980 
 
 TELL. 
 
 Telemachos was accompanied in his 
 voyage by the goddess of wisdom, under 
 the form of Mentor, one of his father's 
 friends. (See Telemaque.) — Greek 
 Fable. 
 
 Telemaque (Les Aventures de), a 
 French prose epic, in twentv-four books, 
 by Fe'nelon (1699). The first six books 
 contain the story of the hero's adventures 
 told to Calypso, as /Eneas told the story 
 of the burning of Troy and his travels 
 from Troy to Carthage to queen Dido. 
 Tele'maque says to the goddess that he 
 started with Mentor from Ithaca in 
 search of his father, who had been absent 
 from home for nearly twenty years. He 
 first went to inquire of old Nestor if he 
 could give him any information on the 
 subject, and Nestor told him to go to 
 Sparta, and have an interview with 
 Menelaos. On leaving Lacedasmonia, he 
 got shipwrecked off the coast of Sicily, 
 but was kindly entreated by king 
 Acestes, who furnished him with a ship 
 to take him home (bk. i.). This ship 
 fell into the hands of some Egyptians ; 
 he was parted from Mentor, and 
 sent to feed sheep in Egypt. King 
 Sesostris, conceiving a high opinion of 
 the young man, would have sent him 
 home, but died, and Tele'maque was in- 
 carcerated by his successor in a dungeon 
 overlooking the sea (bk. ii.). After a time, 
 he was released, and sent to Tyre. Here 
 he would have been put to death by 
 Pygmalion, had he not been rescued by 
 Astarbe, the king's mistress (bk. iii.). 
 Again he embarked, reached Cyprus, and 
 sailed thence to Crete. In this passage he 
 saw Am phi trite, the wife of the sea-god, in 
 her magnificent chariot drawn by sea- 
 horses (bk. iv.). On landing in Crete, he 
 was told the tale of king Idomeneus (4 
 syl.), who made a vow if he reached home 
 in safety after the siege of Troy, that he 
 would offer in sacrifice the first living 
 being thai came to meet him. This 
 happened to be his ow r n son ; but when 
 Idomeneus proceeded to do according to 
 his vow, the Cretans were so indignant 
 that they drove him from the island. 
 Being without a ruler, the islanders asked 
 Telemaque to be their king (bk. v.). 
 This he declined, but Mentor advised the 
 Cretans to place the reins of government 
 in the hands of Aristodemos. On leav- 
 ing Crete, the vessel was again wrecked, 
 and Telemaque with Mentor was cast on 
 the island of Calypso (bk. vi.). Here 
 the narrative closes, and the rest of the 
 6tory gives the several adventures of 
 
 Tele'maque from this point till he reaches 
 Ithaca. Calypso, having fallen in love 
 with the young prince, tried to detain 
 him in her island, and even burnt the 
 ship which Mentor had built to carry 
 them home ; but Mentor, determined to 
 quit the island, threw Tele'maque from a 
 crag into the sea, and then leaped in after 
 him. They had now to swim for their 
 lives, and they kept themselves afloat till 
 they were picked up by some Tyrians 
 (bk. vii.). The captain of the ship was 
 very friendly to Telemaque, and promised 
 to take him with his friend to Ithaca, but 
 the pilot by mistake landed them on 
 Salentum (bk. ix.). Here Tele'maque, 
 being told that his father was dead, deter- 
 mined to go down to the infernal regions 
 to see him (bk. xviii.). In hades he was 
 informed that Ulysses was still alive 
 (bk. xix.). So he returned to the upper 
 earth (bk. xxii.), embarked again, and 
 this time reached Ithaca, where he found 
 his father, and Mentor left him. 
 
 Tell (Gwjlielmo or William), chief of 
 the confederates of the forest cantons 
 of Switzerland, and son-in-law of 
 Walter Furst. Having refused to salute 
 the Austrian cap which Gessler, the 
 Austrian governor, had set up in the 
 market-place of Altorf, he was con- 
 demned to shoot an apple from the head 
 of his own son. He succeeded in this 
 perilous task, but letting fall a concealed 
 arrow, was asked by Gessler with what 
 object he had secreted it. " To kill thee, 
 tyrant," he replied, " if I had failed." 
 The governor now ordered him to be 
 carried in chains across the lake Lucerne 
 to Kiissnacht Castle, "there to be de- 
 voured alive by reptiles ; " but, a violent 
 storm having arisen on the lake, he was 
 unchained, that he might take the helm. 
 Gessler was on board, and when the 
 vessel neared the castle, Tell leapt 
 ashore, gave the boat a push into the 
 lake, and shot the governor. After this 
 he liberated his country from the 
 Austrian yoke (1307). 
 
 This story of William Tell is told of a 
 host of persons. For example : Egil, 
 the brother of Wayland Smith, w r as com- 
 manded by king Nidung to shoot, an 
 apple from "the head of his son. Egil, like 
 Tell, took two arrows, and being asked 
 why, replied, as Tell did to Gessler, 
 "To shoot thee, tyrant, if I fail in my 
 task." 
 
 A similar story is told of Olaf and 
 Eindridi, in Norway. King Olaf dared 
 Eindridi to a trial of skill. An apple 
 
TELL. 
 
 981 
 
 TEMORA. 
 
 was placed on the head of Eindridi's son, 
 and the king shooting at it grazed the 
 boy's head, but the father carried off the 
 apple clean. Eindridi had concealed an 
 arrow to aim at the king, if the boy had 
 been injured. 
 
 Another Norse tale is told of Hemingr 
 and Harald son of Sigurd (106G). After 
 various trials of skill, Harald told Hemingr 
 to shoot a nut from the head of Bjorn, 
 his young brother. In this he succeeded, 
 not with an arrow, but with a spear. 
 
 A similar tale is related of Gej^ti, son 
 of Aslak, and the same Harald. The 
 place of trial was the Faroe Isles. In 
 this case also it was a nut placed on the 
 head of Bjorn. 
 
 Saxo Grammaticus tells nearly the 
 same story of Toki, the Danish hero, and 
 Harald ; but in this trial of skill Toki 
 killed Harald. — Danorum Begum Heroum- 
 que Historia (1514). 
 
 Reginald Scot says that Puncher shot 
 a penny placed on his son's head, but 
 made ready another arrow to slay the 
 duke Remgrave who had set him the 
 task (1584). 
 
 *** It is said of Domitian, the Roman 
 emperor, that if a boy held up his hands 
 with the fingers spread, he could shoot 
 eight arrows in succession through the 
 spaces without touching one of the 
 fingers. 
 
 William of Cloudesley, to show the king 
 his skill in shooting, bound his eldest 
 son to a stake, put an apple on his head,, 
 and, at the distance of 800 feet, cleft the 
 apple in two without touching the boy. 
 
 I have a son is seven year old, 
 
 He is to me full dear, 
 I will hym tye to a stake . . . 
 And lay an apple upon his head, 
 
 And go six score paces hym fro, 
 And I myselfe with a broad arrow 
 
 Will cleve the anple in two. 
 
 Tercy, Keliques. 
 
 Similar feats of skill are told of Adam 
 Bell and Clym of the Clough. 
 
 In Altorf market-place, the spot is 
 still pointed out where Tell shot the 
 apple from his son's head, and a plaster 
 statue stands where the patriot stood 
 when he took his aim. 
 
 See Roman fire in Hampden's bosom-swell, 
 And fate and freedom in the shaft of Tell. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 *** The legend of William Jell has 
 furnished Florian with the subject of a 
 novel in French (1788) ; A. M. Lemierre 
 with his tragedy of Guillaume Tell (17 6Q); 
 Schiller with a tragedy in German, Wil- 
 helm Tell (1804) ; Knowles with a tragedv 
 in English, William Tell (1840); and 
 
 Rossini with the opera of Guglielmo 
 Tell, in Italian (1829). 
 
 Macready's performance in Tell [Knowles's drama] is 
 always first rate. No actor ever affected me more than 
 Macready did in some scenes of that play [1793-1873 J.— 
 S. Rogers. 
 
 Tellus's Son, Antasos son of Posei'- 
 don and Ge, a giant wrestler of Lib'ya, 
 whose strength was irresistible so long as 
 he touched his mother (earth). Hercules, 
 knowing this, lifted him into the air, and 
 crushed him to death. Near the town of 
 Tingis, in Mauritania, is a hill in the shape 
 of a man called " The Hill of Antasos," and 
 said to be his tomb. 
 
 So some have feigned that Tellus' giant son 
 
 Drew many new-born lives from his dead mother ; 
 Another rose as soon as one was done, 
 
 And twenty lost, yet still remained another. 
 For when he fell and kissed the barren heath, 
 His parent straight inspired successive breath, 
 And tho' herself was dead, yet ransomed him from death. 
 Phineas Fletcher, T lie Purple Island, ix. (1633). 
 
 *** Similarly, Bernardo del Carpio 
 lifted Orlando in his arms, and squeezed 
 him to death, because his body was proof 
 against any instrument of war. 
 
 Te'mir, i.e. Tamerlane. The word 
 occurs in Paradise Lost, xi. 389 (1G65). 
 
 Temliha, king of the serpents, in the 
 island of serpents. King Temliha was 
 " a small yellow serpent, of a glowing 
 colour," with the gift of human speech, 
 like the serpent which tempted Eve. — 
 ComtedeCaylus, Oriental Tales (^ History . 
 of Aboutaleb," 1743). 
 
 Tem'ora, in Ulster, the palace of 
 the Caledonian kings in Ireland. The 
 southern kingdom was that of the Fir- 
 bolg or Belgai from South Britain, whose 
 seat of government was at Atha, in 
 Connaught. 
 
 Tem'ora, the longest of the Ossianic 
 prose-poems, in eight books. The sub- 
 ject is the dethronement of the kings of 
 Connaught, and consolidation of the two 
 Irish kingdoms in that of Ulster. It 
 must be borne in mind that there were 
 two colonies in Ireland — one the Fir- 
 bolg or British Belgae, settled in the 
 south, whose king was called the "lord 
 of Atha," from Atha, in Connaught, the 
 seat of government ; and the other the 
 Cael, from Caledonia, in Scotland, whose 
 seat of government was Temora, in 
 Ulster. When Crothar was " lord of 
 Atha," he wished to unite the two 
 kingdoms, and with this view carried off 
 Conlama, only child of the rival king, 
 and married her. The Caledonians of 
 Scotland interfered, and Conar the 
 
TEMPE. 
 
 982 
 
 TEMPLE. 
 
 brother of Fingal was sent with an army 
 against the usurper, conquered him, 
 reduced the south to a tributary state, 
 and restored in his own person the 
 kingdom of Ulster. After a few years, 
 Cormac II. (a minor) became king of 
 Ulster and over-lord of Connaught. The 
 Fir-bolg seizing this opportunity of re- 
 volt, Cairbar "lord of Atha" threw off 
 his subjection, and murdered the young 
 king in his palace of Temora. Fingal 
 interfered in behalf of the Caels ; but no 
 sooner had he landed in Ireland, than 
 Cairbar invited Oscar (Fingal's grandson) 
 to a banquet, picked a quarrel with him 
 in the banquet hall, and both fell dead, 
 each by the other's hand. On the death 
 of Cairbar, Foldath became leader of the 
 Fir-bolg, but was slain by Fillan son of 
 Fingal. Fillan, in turn, was slain by 
 Clathmor brother of Cairbar. Fingal 
 now took the lead of his army in person, 
 slew Clathmor, reduced the Fir-bolg to 
 submission, and placed on the throne 
 Ferad-Artho, the only surviving des- 
 cendant of Conar (first of the kings of 
 Ulster of Caledonian race). 
 
 Tempe (2 syL), a valley in Greece, 
 between mount Olympus and mount 
 Ossa. The word was employed by the 
 Greek and Roman poets as a synonym 
 for any valley noted for its cool shades, 
 singing birds, and romantic scenery. 
 
 They would have thought, who heard the strain, 
 They sawjn Tempi's vale her native maids. 
 Amidst the festal-sounding shades 
 To some unwearied minstrel dancing. 
 
 Collins, Ode to the Passion* (1746). 
 
 Tempest (The), a drama by Shake- 
 speare (1609). Prospero and his daughter 
 Miranda lived on a desert island, en- 
 chanted by Sycorax who was dead. The 
 only other inhabitants were Caliban, 
 the son of Sycorax, a strange misshapen 
 thing like a gorilla, and Ariel a sprite, 
 who had been imprisoned by Sycorax 
 for twelve years in the rift of a pine 
 tree, from which Prospero set him free. 
 One day, Prospero saw a ship off the 
 island, and raised a tempest to wreck it. 
 By this means, his brother Anthonio, prince 
 Ferdinand, and the king of Naples were 
 brought to the island. Now it must be 
 known that Prospero was once duke of 
 Milan; but his brother Anthonio, aided 
 by the king of Naples, had usurped the 
 throne, and set Prospero and Miranda 
 adrift in a small boat, which was wind- 
 driven to this desert island. Ferdinand 
 (son of the king of Naples) and Miranda 
 fell in love with each other, and the 
 rest of the shipwrecked party being 
 
 brought together by Ariel, Anthonio asked 
 forgiveness of his brother, Prospero was 
 restored to his dukedom, and the whole 
 party was conducted by Ariel with pros- 
 perous breezes back to Italy. 
 
 *** Dryden has a drama called Tlxe 
 Tempest (1668). 
 
 Tempest (The), a sobriquet of marshal 
 Junot, one of Napoleon's generals, noted 
 for his martial impetuosity (1771-1813). 
 
 Tempest (The Hon. Mr.), late governor 
 of Senegambia. He was the son of lord 
 Hurricane ; impatient, irascible, head- 
 strong, and poor. He says he never wes 
 in smooth water since he was born, fcr 
 being only a younger son, his father gave 
 him no education, taught him nothing, 
 and then buffeted him for being a dunce. 
 
 First I was turned nto the army ; there I got broken 
 bones and empty pockets. Then I was banished to the 
 coast of Africa, to govern the savages of Senegambia.— 
 Act ii. 1. 
 
 Miss Emily [Tempest], daughter of Mr. 
 Tempest ; a great wit of very lively 
 parts. Her father wanted her to marry 
 sir David Daw, a great lout with plenty 
 of money, but she fixed her heart on 
 captain Henry "Woodville, the son of a 
 man ruined b} r gambling. The prospect 
 was not cheering, but Penruddock came 
 forward, and by making them rich, made 
 them happy. — Cumberland, The Wheel 
 of Fortune (1779). 
 
 Tempest (Lady Betty), a lady with 
 beauty, fortune, and family, whose head 
 was turned by plays and romances. She 
 fancied a plain man no better than a fool, 
 and resolved to marry only a gay, 
 fashionable, dashing young spark. Hav- 
 ing rejected many offers because the 
 suitor did not come up to her ideal, she 
 was gradually left in the cold. Now she 
 is company only for aunts and cousins, 
 in ball-rooms is a wallflower, and in 
 society generally is esteemed a piece of 
 fashionable lumber. — Goldsmith, A Citi- 
 zen of the Wo?id, xxviii. (1759). ' 
 
 Templars (Knights), an order of 
 knighthood founded in 1118 for the 
 defence of the Temple in Jerusalem. 
 Dissolved in 1312, and their lands, etc., 
 transferred to the Hospitallers. They 
 wore a white robe with a red cross ; but the 
 Hospitallers a black robe with a white 
 
 Temple (The). When Solomon was 
 dying, he prayed that he might remain 
 standing till the Temple was completely 
 finished. The prayer was granted, and 
 
TEMPLE. 
 
 983 
 
 TERENCE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 he remained leaning on his staff till the 
 Temple was finished, when the staff was 
 gnawed through by a worm, and the dead 
 body fell to the ground. — Charles White, 
 The Cashmere Shawl. 
 
 Temple {Launcelot), the nom de plume 
 of John Armstrong, the poet (1709-1779). 
 
 Temple Bar, called " The City 
 Golgotha," because the heads of traitors, 
 etc., were at one time exposed there after 
 decapitation. The Bar was removed in 
 1878. 
 
 Templeton {Laurence), the pseu- 
 donym under which sir W. Scott pub- 
 lished Ivanhoe. The preface is initialed 
 L. T., and the dedication is to the lie v. 
 Dr. Dryasdust (1820). 
 
 Ten Animals in Paradise {The). 
 According to Mohammedan belief, ten 
 animals, besides man, are admitted into 
 heaven : (1) Kratim, Ketmir, or Catnier, 
 the dog of the seven sleepers ; (2) Ba- 
 laam's ass ; (3) Solomon's ant ; (4) 
 Jonah's whale ; (5) the calf [sic] offered 
 to Jehovah by Abraham in lieu of Isaac ; 
 (6) the ox of Moses ; (7) the camel of 
 the prophet Salech or Saleh ; (8) the 
 cuckoo of Belkis ; (9) Ismael's ram ; and 
 (10) Al Borak, the animal which con- 
 veyed Mahomet to heaven. 
 
 There is diversity in some lists of the 
 ten animals. Some substitute for Ba- 
 laam's ass the ass of Aazis, Balkis, or 
 Maqueda, queen of Sheba, who went to 
 visit Solomon. And some, but these 
 can hardly be Mohammedans, think the 
 ass on which Christ rode to Jerusalem 
 should not be forgotten. But none seem 
 inclined to increase the number. 
 
 TenCommandments (4 Woman's), 
 the two hands with which she scratches 
 the faces of those who offend her. 
 
 Could I come near your beauty with my nails, 
 I'd set my ten commandments in your face. 
 
 Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act i. sc. 3 (1591). 
 
 Tenantius, the father of Cymbeline 
 and nephew of Cassibelan. He was the 
 younger son of Lud king of the southern 
 part of Britain. On the death of Lud, 
 his younger brother Cassibelan succeeded, 
 and on the death of Cassibelan the crown 
 came to Tenantius, who refused to pay 
 the tribute to Rome exacted from Cassi- 
 belan on his defeat by Julius Caesar. 
 
 Tendo Achillis, a strong sinew 
 running along the heel to the calf of the 
 leg. So called because it was the only 
 vulnerable part of Achilles. The tale is 
 
 that Thetis held him by the heel when 
 she dipped him in the Styx, in conse- 
 quence of which the water did not wet 
 the child's heel. The story is post- 
 Homeric. 
 
 Tenglio, a river of Lapland, on the 
 banks of which roses grow. 
 
 I was surprised to see upon the banks of this river [the 
 Tenglio] roses as lovely a red as any that are in oar own 
 gardens. — Moris, de Maupertuis, Voyage au Cercle 
 Polaire (1738). 
 
 Teniers {The English), George Mtr- 
 land (1763-1804). 
 
 Teniers {The Scottish), sir David 
 Wilkie (1785-1841). 
 
 Teniers of Comedy {The), Florent 
 Carton Dancourt (1661-1726). 
 
 Tennis-Bali of Fortune (The), 
 Pertinax, the Roman emperor. He was 
 first a charcoal-seller, then a school- 
 master, then a soldier, then an emperor ; 
 but within three months he was dethroned 
 and murdered (126-193 ; reigned from 
 Januar} 1 - 1 to March 28, a.d. 193). 
 
 Tent {Prince Ahmed's), a tent given 
 to him by the fairy Pari-Banou. It 
 would cover a whole army, yet would 
 fold up into so small a compass that it 
 might be carried in one's pocket. — Ara- 
 bian Nights. 
 
 Solomon's carpet of green silk was 
 large enough to afford standing room for 
 a whole army, but might be carried about 
 like a pocket-handkerchief. 
 
 The ship Skidbladnir would hold all the 
 deities of Valhalla, but might be folded 
 up like a roll of parchment. 
 
 Bayard, the horse of the four sons of 
 Aymon, grew larger or smaller, as one or 
 more of the four sons mounted on its 
 back.— Villeneuve, Les Quatre Filz Ag~ 
 mon. 
 
 Tents ( The father of such as dwell in), 
 Jabal. — Gen. iv. 20. 
 
 Terebin'thus, Ephes-dammim ot 
 Pas-dammim. — 1 Sam. xvii. 1. 
 
 O thou that 'gainst Goliath's impious head 
 The youthful arms in Terebinthus sped, 
 When the proud foe, who scoffed at Israel's band, 
 Fell by the weapon of a stripling hand. 
 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, vii. (1575). 
 
 Terence of England {The), 
 Richard Cumberland (1732-1811). 
 
 Here Cumberland lies, having acted his parts ; 
 
 The Terence of England, the mender of hearts ; 
 
 A flattering painter, who made it his care 
 
 To chaw men as they ought to be, not as they are . . . 
 
 Say . . . wherefore his characters, thus without fault, . . 
 
 Quite sick of pursuing each troublesome elf, 
 
 He grew lazy at last, and drew men from himself. 
 
 Goldsmith, Retaliation (1774). 
 
TERESA. 
 
 984 
 
 TERROR OF FRANCE. 
 
 Tere'sa, the female associate of Fer- 
 dinand count Fathom. — Smollett, Count 
 Fathom (1754). 
 
 Teresa cPAcunha, lady's-maid of 
 Joseline countess of Glenallan. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III,). 
 
 Teresa Panza, wife of Sancho 
 Panza. In pt. I. i. 7 she is called Dame 
 Juana [Gutierez], In pt. II. iv. 7 she is 
 called Maria [Gutierez] . In pt. I. iv. she 
 is called Joan. — Cervantes, Don Quixote 
 (1605-15). 
 
 Tereus [ Te'.ruse'] , king of Daulis, and 
 the husband of Procne. Wishing after- 
 wards to marry Philomela, her sister, he 
 told her that Procne was dead. He lived 
 with his new wife for a time, and then 
 cut out her tongue, lest she should expose 
 his falsehood to Procne ; but it was of 
 no use, for Philomela made known her 
 story in the embroidery of a peplus. 
 Tereus, finding his home too hot for his 
 wickedness, rushed after Procne with an 
 axe, but the whole party was metamor- 
 phosed into birds. Tereus was changed 
 into a hoopoo (some say a lapwing, and 
 others an owl), Procne into a swallow, 
 and Philomela into a nightingale. 
 
 So was that tyrant Tereus' nasty lust 
 Changed into Upupa's foul-feeding dust. 
 
 Lord Brooke, Declination of Monarchic. 
 
 *** Those who have read Titus Andro- 
 nicus (usually bound up with Shake- 
 speare's plays) will call to mind the story 
 of Lavinia, denied by the sons of Ta- 
 rn ora, who afterwards plucked out her 
 tongue and cut off her hands ; but she 
 told her tale by guiding a staff with her 
 mouth and stumps, and writing it in the 
 eand. 
 
 Fair Philomela, she but lost her tongue, 
 And in a tedious sampler sewed her mind. 
 But, lovely niece, that mean is cut from thee ; 
 A craftier Tereus, cousin, hast thou met, 
 And he hath cut those pretty fingers off, 
 That could have better sewed than Philomel. 
 
 Act ii. sc. 4 (1593). 
 
 Ter'il (Sir Walter). The king exacts 
 an oath from sir Walter to send his bride 
 Crelestina to court on her wedding night. 
 Her father, to save her honour, gives her 
 a mixture supposed to be poison, but in 
 reality only a sleeping draught, from 
 which she awakes in due time, to the 
 amusement of the king and delight of 
 her husband. — Thomas Dekker, Satiro- 
 mastix (1602). 
 
 Termagant, an imaginary being, 
 supposed by the crusaders to be a Mo- 
 hammedan deity. In the Old Moralities, 
 the degree of rant was the measure of 
 
 the wickedness of the character por- 
 trayed ; so Pontius Pilate, Judas Iscariot, 
 Termagant, th% tyrant, Sin, and so on, 
 were all ranting parts. Painters ex- 
 pressed degrees of wickedness by degrees 
 of shade. 
 
 I would have such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing 
 Termagant— Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iii. sc. 2 (1596). 
 
 Termagant, the maid of Harriet Quid- 
 nunc. She uses most wonderful words, 
 as paradropsical for " rhapsodical," per- 
 jured for " assured," physiology for 
 "philology," curacy for " accuracy, "Sig- 
 nification for " signification," importation 
 for " import," anecdote for " antidote," 
 infirmaries for "infirmities," intimidate 
 for "intimate." — Murphy, The Upholsterer 
 (1758). 
 
 Ter'meros, a robber of Peloponnesos, 
 who killed his victims by cracking their 
 skulls against his own. 
 
 Termosi'ris, a priest of Apollo, in 
 Egypt ; wise, prudent, cheerful, and 
 courteous. — Fe'nelon, Te'le'maque, ii. (1700). 
 
 Ternotte, one of the domestics of 
 lady Eveline Berenscer " the betrothed." 
 —Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
 Henry II.). 
 
 Terpin (Sir), a king who fell into 
 the power of Radigund queen of the 
 Amazons. Refusing to dress in female 
 attire, as she commanded, and to sew, 
 card wool, spin, and do house work, he 
 was doomed to be gibbeted by her 
 women. Sir Artegal undertook his 
 cause, and a fight ensued, which lasted 
 all day. When daylight closed, Radi- 
 gund proposed to defer the contest till 
 the following day, to which sir Artegal 
 acceded. Next day, the knight was 
 victorious ; but when he saw the brave 
 queen bleeding to death, he took pity on 
 her, and, throwing his sword aside, ran 
 to succour her. Up started Radigund as 
 he approached, attacked him like a fury, 
 and, as he had no sword, he was, of 
 course, obliged to yield. So the contest 
 was decided against him, and sir Terpin 
 was hung by women, as Radigund had 
 commanded. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 5 
 (1596). 
 
 Terpsichore [Terp.sic'.o.re], the 
 Muse of dancing. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Terrible (The), Ivan IV. or II. of 
 Russia (1529, 1533-1584). 
 
 Terror of France (Tlie), John 
 Talbot first earl of Shrewsbury (1373- 
 1453). 
 
TERROR OF THE WORLD. 
 
 985 
 
 TEZOZOMOC. 
 
 Is this the Talbot, so much feared abroad. 
 That with his name the mothers still their babes? 
 Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 3 (1589). 
 
 Terror of the World (2%e), Attlla 
 king of the Huns (*-458). 
 
 Terry Alts, a lawless body of rebels, 
 who sprang up in Clare (Ireland) after 
 the union, and committed great outrages. 
 
 The "Thrashers" of Connaught, the 
 "Carders," the followers of "captain 
 Right" in the eighteenth century, those 
 cf "captain Rock" who appeared in 
 1822, and the " Fenians " in 1865, were 
 similar disturbers of the peace. The 
 watchword of the turbulent Irish, some 
 ten years later, was " Home Rule." 
 
 Tesoretto, an Italian poem by Bru- 
 netto preceptor of Dante (1285). The 
 poet says he was returning from an 
 embassy to the king of Spain, and met 
 a scholar on a bay mule, who told him 
 of the overthrow of the Guelfi. Struck 
 with grief, he lost his road, and wandered 
 into a wood, where Dame Nature accosted 
 him, and disclosed to him the secrets of 
 her works. On he wandered till he came 
 to a vast plain, inhabited by Virtue and 
 her four daughters, together with 
 Courtesy, Bounty, Loyalty, and Prowess. 
 Leaving this, he came to a fertile valle}', 
 which was for ever shifting its appear- 
 ance, from round to square, from light 
 to darkness. This was the valley of queen 
 Pleasure, who was attended by Love, 
 Hope, Fear, and Desire. Ovid comes to 
 Tesoretto at length, and tells him how to 
 effect his escape. 
 
 Tes'sira, one of the leaders of the 
 Moorish host. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Tests of Chastity. Alasnam's 
 mirror (p. 15) ; the brawn or boar's head 
 (p. 130) ; drinking-horns (see Arthur's 
 Drinking-Horn, p. 55 ; Sir Cradock 
 and the Drinking-Horn, p. 160) ; 
 Florimel's girdle (p. 341) ; grotto of 
 Ephesus (p. 409) ; the test mantle (p. 
 606) ; oath on St. Antony's arm was 
 held in supreme reverence because it was 
 believed that whoever took the oath 
 falsely would be consumed by " St. 
 Antony's fire " within the current year ; 
 the trial of the sieve (p. 910). 
 
 Tests of Fidelity. Canace's mir- 
 ror (p. 156) ; Gondibert's emerald ring 
 (p. 394). The corsned or " cursed mouth- 
 ful," a piece of bread consecrated by 
 exorcism, and given to the "suspect" 
 to swallow as a test. "May this morsel 
 42 
 
 choke me if I am guilty," said the de- 
 fendant, " but turn to wholesome nourish- 
 ment if I am innocent." Ordeals (p. 
 707), combats between plaintiff and de- 
 fendant, or their representatives. 
 
 Tete Bottee, Philippe de Commines 
 [Cum.miri], politician and historian 
 (1445-1509). 
 
 You, sir Philippe des Comines [«c] were at % hunting- 
 match with the duke, your master ; and when lie 
 alighted, after the chase, he required your services in 
 drawing off his boots. Reading in your looks some 
 natural resentment, ... he ordered you to sit down in 
 turn, and rendered you the same office . . . but . . . no 
 sooner had he plucked one of your boots off than he 
 brutally beat it about your head . . . and his privileged • 
 fool, Le Glorieux, . . . gave you the name of Tete Bottee. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward, xxx. (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Te'thys, daughter of Heaven and 
 
 Earth, the wife of Ocean and mother of 
 the river-gods. In poetry it means the 
 sea generally. 
 
 The golden sun above the watery bed 
 Of hoary Tethys raised his beamy head. 
 
 Hoole's A riosto, viii. 
 By the earth-shaking Neptune's mace [trident]. 
 And Tethys' grave majestic pace. 
 
 Milton, Comus, 870 (1634). 
 
 Tetrachor'don, the title of one of 
 Milton's books about marriage and di- 
 vorce. The word means "the four 
 strings ; " by which he means the four 
 chief places in Scripture which bear on 
 the subject of marriage. 
 
 A book was writ of late called Tetrachordon. 
 
 Milton, Sonnet, x. 
 
 Teucer, son of Telamon of Salami s, 
 and brother of Telamon Ajax. He was 
 the best archer of all the Greeks at the 
 siege of Troy. 
 
 I mav, like a second Teucer, discharge my shafts from 
 behind the shield of my ally.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Teufelsdroeckh (Hen-), pronounce 
 Toi.felz.drurk ; an eccentric German pro- 
 fessor and philosopher. The object of 
 this satire is to expose all sorts of shams, 
 social as well as intellectual. — Carlyle, 
 Sartor Resartus (1849). 
 
 Teutonic Knights (T/ie), an order 
 organized by Frederick duke of Suabia, 
 in^Palestine (1190). St. Louis gave them 
 permission to quarter on their arms the 
 fleur de lis (1250). The order was 
 abolished, in 1809, by Napoleon I. 
 
 Texartis, a Scythian soldier, killed 
 by the countess Brenhilda. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Count Bobe?'t of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Tezoz'onioc, chief of the priests of 
 the Az'tecas. He fasted ten months to 
 know how to appease the national gods, 
 and then declared that the only Avay was 
 to offer "the White strangers" on their 
 
THADDEUS OF WARSAW. 
 
 986 THALABA THE DESTROYER, 
 
 altars. Tezozomoc was killed by burning 
 lava from a volcanic mountain. 
 
 Tezozomoc 
 Beholds the judgment . . . and sees 
 The lava floods beneath him. His hour 
 Is come. The fiery shower, descending, heaps 
 Red ashes round. They fall like drifted snows, 
 And bury and consume the accursed priest. 
 
 Southey, Modoc, ii. 26 (1805). 
 
 Thaddeus of Warsaw, the hero 
 and title of a novel by Jane Porter 
 
 (1803). 
 
 Thaddu, the father of Morna, who 
 became the wife of Comhal and the 
 mother of Fingal. — Ossian. 
 
 Tha'is (2 syl.), an Athenian courtezan, 
 who induced Alexander, in his cups, to 
 set fire to the palace of the Persian kings 
 at Persepolis. 
 
 The king seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy ; 
 
 Thais led the way to light him to his prey, 
 And, like another Helen, fired another Troy. 
 
 Dryden, Alexander's Feast (1697). 
 
 Tha'is'a, daughter of Simon'ides king 
 of Pentap'olis. She married Per'icles 
 prince of Tyre. In her voyage to Tyre, 
 Tha'isa gave birth to a daughter, and 
 dying, as it was supposed, in childbirth, 
 was cast into the sea. The chest in 
 which she was placed drifted to Ephesus, 
 and fell into the hands of Cer'imon, a 
 physician, who soon discovered that she 
 was not dead. Under proper care, she 
 entirely recovered, and became a priestess 
 in the temple of Diana. Pericles, with 
 his daughter and her betrothed husband, 
 visiting the shrine of Diana, became 
 known to each other, and the whole 
 mystery was cleared up. — Shakespeare, 
 Jerkies Prince of Tyre (1608). 
 
 Thal'aba ebn Hateb, a poor man, 
 who came to Mahomet, requesting him 
 to beg God to bestow on him wealth, 
 and promising to employ it in works of 
 godliness. The "prophet" made the 
 petition, and Thalaba rapidly grew rich. 
 One day, Mahomet sent to the rich man 
 for alms, but Thalaba told the messen- 
 gers their demand savoured more of 
 tribute than of charity, and refused to 
 give anything ; but afterwards repenting, 
 he took to the "prophet" a good round 
 sum. Mahomet now refused to accept 
 it, and, throwing dust on the ungrateful 
 churl, exclaimed, " Thus shall thy wealth 
 be scattered ! " and the man became poor 
 again as fast as he had grown rich. — Al 
 Koran, ix. (Sale's notes). 
 
 Thal'aba tile Destroyer— that is, 
 the destroyer of the evil spirits of Dom- 
 Daniel. He was the only surviving child 
 
 of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) and his wife Zei'nab 
 (2 syl.) ; their other eight children had 
 been cut off by the Dom-Danielists, be- 
 cause it had been decreed by fate that 
 " one of the race would be their destruc- 
 tion." When a mere stripling, Thalaba 
 was left motherless and fatherless (bk. 
 i.) ; he then found a home in the tent of 
 a Bedouin named Mo'ath, who had a 
 daughter Onei'za (3 syl.). Here he was 
 found by Abdaldar, an evil spirit sent 
 from Dom-Daniel to kill him ; but the 
 spirit was killed by a simoom just as he 
 was about to stab the boy, and Thalaba 
 was saved (bk. ii.). He now drew from 
 the finger of Abdaldar the magic ring, 
 which gave him power over all spirits ; 
 and, thus armed, he set out "to avenge 
 the death of his father " (bk. iii.). On 
 his way to Babylon, he was encountered 
 by a merchant, who was in reality the 
 sorcerer Loba'ba in disguise. This sor- 
 cerer led Thalaba astray into the wilder- 
 ness, and then raised up a whirlwind to 
 destroy him ; but the whirlwind was the 
 death of Lobaba himself, and again 
 Thalaba escaped (bk. iv.). He reached 
 Babylon at length, and met there Moha- 
 reb, another evil spirit, disguised as a 
 warrior, who conducted him to the 
 " mouth of hell." Thalaba detected the 
 villainy, and hurled the false one into 
 the abyss (bk. v.). The young " De- 
 stroyer " was next conveyed to " the 
 paradise of pleasure," but he resisted 
 every temptation, and took to flight just 
 in time to save Oneiza, who had been 
 brought there by violence (bk. vi.). He 
 then killed Aloa'din, the presiding spirit 
 of the garden, with a club, was made 
 vizier, and married Oneiza, but she died 
 on the bridal night (bk. vii.). Distracted 
 at this calamity, he wandered towards 
 Kaf, and entered the house of an old 
 woman, who was spinning thread. Tha- 
 laba expressed surprise at its extreme 
 fineness, but Maimu'na (the old woman) 
 told him, fine as it was, he could not break 
 it. Thalaba felt incredulous, and wound 
 it round his wrists, when, lo ! he became 
 utterly powerless ; and Maimuna, calling 
 up her sister Khwala, convej'ed him 
 helpless to the island of Moha'reb (bk. 
 viii.). Here he remained for a time, and 
 was at length liberated by Maimuna, 
 who repented of her sins, and turned to 
 Allah (bk. ix.). Being liberated from 
 the island of Mohareb, our hero wan- 
 dered, cold and hungry, into a dwelling, 
 where he saw Laila, the daughter of 
 Okba the sorcerer. Okba rushed for- 
 
THALESTPJS. 
 
 987 
 
 THANKFULNESS. 
 
 ward with intent to kill him, but Laila 
 interposed, and fell dead by the band of 
 her own fatber (bk. x.). Her spirit, in 
 the form of a green bird, now became 
 the guardian angel of " The Destroyer," 
 and conducted him to the simorg, who 
 directed him the road to Dom-Daniel 
 (bk. xi.), Avbich he reached in time, slew 
 the surviving sorcerers, and was received 
 into heaven (bk. xii.). — Soutbey, Thalaba 
 the Destroyer (1797). 
 
 Thales'tris, queen of the Am'azons. 
 Any bold, heroic woman. 
 
 As stout Armi'da [?.«.], bold Thalestris, 
 
 And she {Rodalind, q.v.} that would have been the 
 
 mistress 
 OfGondibert. 
 
 S. Butler, ffudibras, i. 2 (1663). 
 
 Thali'a, the Muse of pastoral song. 
 She is often represented with a crook in 
 her hand. 
 
 Turn to the gentler melodies 'which suit 
 Thalia's harp, or Pan's Arcadian lute. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 Thaliard, a lord of Antioch. — 
 Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyre 
 (1608). 
 
 Thames. "He will never set the 
 Thames on fire." A "temse" or sieve 
 might be set on fire if worked very swiftly 
 over the wooden receiver, but not by an 
 idle or incompetent workman. Hence the 
 proverb, which has, through similarity 
 of sound, been taken to apply to the river. 
 
 Tham'muz, God of the Syrians, 
 and fifth in order of the hierarchy of 
 hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) 
 Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz (the 
 same as Ado'nis). Thammuz was slain 
 by a wild boar in mount Leb'anon, from 
 whence the river Adonis descends, the 
 water of which, at a certain season of the 
 year, becomes reddened. Addison saw 
 it, and ascribes the redness to a minium 
 washed into the river by the violence of 
 the rain. 
 
 Thammuz came next behind, 
 Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured 
 The Syrian damsels to lament his fate 
 In amorous ditties all a summer's day ; 
 While smooth Adonis from his native rock 
 Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood 
 Of Thammuz yearly wounded. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, L 446, etc. (1665). 
 
 Thamu'dites (3 syl.), people of the 
 tribe of Thamud. They refused to 
 believe in Mahomet without seeing a 
 miracle. On a grand festival, Jonda, 
 prince of the Thamudites, told Saleh, 
 the prophet, that the god which answered 
 by miracle should be acknowledged God 
 by both. Jonda and the Thamudites 
 first called upon their idols, but received 
 
 no answer. " Now," said the prince to 
 Saleh, "if your God will bring a camel 
 big with young from that rock, we will 
 believe." Scarcely bad he spoken, when 
 the rock groaned and shook and opened ; 
 and forthwith there came out a camel, 
 which there and then cast its young one. 
 Jonda became at once a convert, but the 
 Thamudites held back. To add to the 
 miracle, the camel went up and down 
 among the people crying, " Ho ! every 
 one that thirsteth, let him come, and I will 
 give him milk ! " (Compare Isaiah lv. 1.) 
 
 Unto the tribe of Thamud we sent their brother Saleh. 
 He said, "0 my people, worship God; ye have no god 
 besides him. Now hath a manifest proof come unto you 
 from the lord. This she-camel of God is a sign unto you ; 
 therefore dismiss her freely . . . and do her no hurt, lest 
 a painful punishment seize upon you."— Al Kordn, vii. 
 
 *#* Without doubt, the reader will at 
 once call to mind the contest between 
 Elijah and the priests of Baal, so gra- 
 phically described in 1 Kings xviii. 
 
 Tham'yris {Blind), a Thracian poet, 
 who challenged the Muses to a contest of 
 song, and was deprived of sight, voice, 
 and musical skill for his presumption 
 (Pliny, Natural History, iii. 33, and vii. 
 57). Plutarch says he had the finest voice 
 of any one, and that he wrote a poem on 
 the War of the Titans with the Gods. 
 Suidas tells us that he composed a poem 
 on creation. And Plato, in his Republic 
 (last book), feigns that the spirit of the 
 blind old bard passed into a nightingale 
 at death. Milton speaks of : 
 
 Blind Thamyris and blind Maeon'ides [Ilomer]. 
 
 Paradise Lost, iii. 35 (1665). 
 
 Thancmar, chatelain of Bourbourg, 
 the great enemy of Bertulphe the provost 
 of Bruges. Charles "the Good," earl of 
 Flanders, made a law in 1127 that a serf 
 was always a serf till manumitted, and 
 whoever married a serf became a serf. 
 By these absurd laws, the provost of 
 Bruges became a serf, because bis father 
 was Thancmar's serf. By the same laws, 
 Bouchard, though a knight of long 
 descent, became Thancmar's serf, because 
 he married Constance the provost's 
 daughter. The result of these laws was 
 that Bertulphe slew the earl and then him- 
 self, Constance went mad and died, Bou- 
 chard and Thancmar slew each other in 
 fight, and all Bruges was thrown into 
 confusion. — S. Knowles, The Provost of 
 Bruges (1836). 
 
 Thankfulness. " To be over-thank- 
 ful for one favour is, in effect, to lay 
 out for another." — Cumberland, West 
 Indian, iv. 1 (1771). 
 
THAUMAST. 
 
 988 THEAGENES AND CHARICLEIA. 
 
 Thaumast, an English pundit, who 
 went to Paris, attracted by the rumour 
 of the great wisdom of Pantag'ruel. He 
 arranged a disputation with that prince, 
 to be carried on solely by pantomime, 
 without the utterance of a single word. 
 Panurge undertook the disputation for 
 the prince, and Pantagruel was appointed 
 arbiter. Many a knotty point in magic, 
 alchemy, the cabala, geomancy, astrology, 
 and philosophy was argued out by signs 
 alone, and the Englishman freely con- 
 fessed himself fully satisfied, for " Pan- 
 urge had told him even more than he 
 had asked." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
 19, 20 (1533). 
 
 Thaumaturga. Filumena is called 
 La Thaumaturge du JDixneuvieme Siecle. 
 In 1802 a grave was discovered with this 
 inscription: LumexaPaxteCvm.fi, which 
 has no meaning, but being re-arranged 
 makes Pax Te-cum, Fi-lumena. So 
 Filumena was at once accepted as a 
 proper name and canonized. And 
 because as many miracles were performed 
 at her tomb as at that of the famous abbe' 
 de Paris mentioned in Paley's Evidences, 
 she was called " The Nineteenth-Century 
 Miracle-Worker." But who Filumena 
 was, or if indeed she ever existed, is one 
 of those impenetrable secrets which no 
 one will ever know. (See St. Filumena, 
 p. 859.) 
 
 Thaumatur'gus. Gregory bishop 
 of Neo-Caesarea, in Cappadocia, was so 
 called on account of his numerous 
 miracles (212-270). 
 
 Alexander of Hohenlohe was a 
 worker of miracles. 
 
 Apollonius of Tya'na "raised the 
 dead, healed the sick, cast out devils, 
 freed a young man from a lamia or 
 vampire of which he was enamoured, 
 uttered prophecies, saw at Ephcsus the 
 assassination of Domitian at Rome, and 
 filled the world with the fame of his 
 sanctity" (a.d. 3-98). — Philostratos, 
 Life of Apollonius of Tgana, in eight 
 books. 
 
 Francis d'Assisi (St.), founder of the 
 Franciscan order (1182-1226). 
 
 J. J. Gassxer of Bratz, in the Tyrol, 
 exorcised the sick and cured their diseases 
 " miraculously " (1727-1779). 
 
 Isidore (St.) of Alexandria (370-440). 
 — Damascius, Life of St. Isidore (sixth 
 century). 
 
 Jamulichus, when he prayed, was 
 raised ten cubits from the ground, and 
 his body and dress assumed the appear- 
 
 ance of gold. At Gadara he drew from 
 two fountains the guardian spirits, and 
 showed them to his disciples. — Eunapius, 
 Jamblichus (fourth century). 
 
 Mahomet "the prophet." (1) When 
 he ascended to heaven on Al Bofak, the 
 stone on which he stepped to mount rose 
 in the air as the prophet rose, but Maho- 
 met forbade it to follow any further, and 
 it remained suspended in mid-air. (2) 
 He took a scroll of the liordn out of a 
 bull's horn. (3) He brought the moon 
 from heaven, made it pass through one 
 sleeve and out of the other, then allowed 
 it to return to its place in heaven. 
 
 Pascal (Blaise) was a miracle- 
 worker (1G23-1G62). 
 
 Ploti'nus, the Neo-platonic philo- 
 sopher (205-270). — Porphyrius, Vita Plo- 
 tini (a.d. 301). 
 
 Proclus, a Neo-platonic philosopher 
 (410-485).— Marinus, Vita Prodi (fifth 
 century). 
 
 Sospitra possessed the omniscience of 
 seeing all that was done in every part of 
 the whole world. — Eunapius, (Edescus 
 (fourth century). 
 
 Vespasian, the Roman emperor, cured 
 a blind man and a cripple by his touch 
 during his stay at Alexandria. 
 
 Vincent de Paul, founder of the 
 "Sisters of Charity" (1576-1GG0). 
 
 Thaumaturgus Physicus, a 
 treatise on natural magic, by Gaspar 
 Schott (1657-9). 
 
 Thaumaturgus of the "West, St. 
 Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 
 
 Theag'enes and Charielei'a 
 
 (The Loves of), a love story, in Greek, by 
 Heliodorus bishop of Trikka (fourth 
 century). A charming fiction, largely 
 borrowed from by subsequent novelists, 
 and especially by Mdlle. de Scuderi, 
 Tasso, Guarini, and D'Urfe'. The tale 
 is this: Some Egyptian brigands met 
 one morning on a hill near the mouth of 
 the Nile, and saw a vessel laden with 
 stores lying at anchor. They also ob- 
 served that the banks of the Nile were 
 strewn with dead bodies and the frag- 
 ments of food. On further examination, 
 they beheld Charicleia sitting on a rock 
 tending Theagenes, who lay beside her 
 severely wounded. Some pirates had 
 done it, and to them the vessel belonged. 
 We are then carried to the house of 
 NausTcles, and there Calaslris tells the 
 early history of Charicleia, her love for 
 Then genes, and their capture by the 
 pirates. 
 
THEANA. 
 
 THELEME. 
 
 Thea'na (3 syl.) is Anne countess 
 of Warwick. 
 
 Ne less praiseworthy I Theana read . . . 
 She is the well of bounty and brave mind, 
 Excelling most in glory and great light, 
 The ornament is she of womankind, 
 And court's chief garland with all virtues dight 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1505). 
 
 Thebaid (T/ie), a Latin epic poem 
 in twelve books, by Statius (about a 
 century after Virgil). Lai'os, king of 
 Thebes, was told by an oracle that he 
 would have a son, but that his son would 
 be his murderer. To prevent this, when 
 the son was born he was hung on a tree 
 by his feet, to be devoured by wild 
 beasts. The child, however, was res- 
 cued by some of the royal servants, who 
 brought him up, and called his name 
 CEdlpos or Club-foot, because his feet 
 and ankles were swollen by the thongs. 
 One day, going to Thebes, the chariot 
 of Lai'os nearly drove over the young 
 CEdipos; a quarrel ensued, and Lai'os was 
 killed. CEdipos, not knowing whom he 
 had slain, went on to Thebes, and ere 
 long married the widowed queen Jocasta, 
 not knowing that she was his mother, 
 and by her he had two sons and two 
 daughters. The names of the sons were 
 Et'eocles and Polynices. These sons, in 
 time, dethroned their father, and agreed 
 to reign alternate years. Eteocles reigned 
 first, but at the close of the year refused 
 to resign the crown to his brother, and 
 Polynices made war upon him. This 
 war, which occurred some forty-two 
 years before the siege of Troy, and 
 about the time that Deborah was lighting, 
 with Sisera (Judges iv.), is the subject 
 of the Tnebaid. 
 
 The first book recapitulates the history 
 given above, and then goes on to say 
 that Polynices went straight to Argos, 
 and laid his grievance before king Adras- 
 tos (bk. i.). Whileat Argos, he married one 
 of the king's daughters, and Tydeus the 
 other. The festivities being over, Tydeus 
 was sent to Thebes to claim the throne 
 for his brother-in-law, and being in- 
 solently dismissed, denounced war against 
 Eteocles. The villainous usurper sent 
 fifty ruffians to fall on the ambassador on 
 his way to Argos, but they were all slain, 
 except one, who was left to carry back 
 the news (bk. ii.). When Tydeus reached 
 Argos, he wanted his father-in-law to 
 march at once against Thebes, but 
 Adrastos, less impetuous, made answer 
 that a great war required time for its 
 organization. However, Kapaneus (3 syl.), 
 siding with Tydeus [Tt'.duce], roused the 
 
 mob (bk. iii.), and Adrastos at once set 
 about preparations for war. He placed 
 his army under six chieftains, viz., Poly- 
 nices, Tydeus, Amphiaraos, Kapaneus, 
 Parthenopgeos, and Hippomedon, he 
 himself acting as commander-in-chief 
 (bk. iv.). Bks. v., vi. describe the 
 march from Argos to Thebes. On the 
 arrival of the allied army before Thebes, 
 Jocasta tried to reconcile her two sons, 
 but not succeeding in this, hostilities 
 commenced, and one of the chiefs, named 
 Amphiaraos, was swallowed up by an 
 earthquake (bk. vii.). Next day, Tydeus 
 greatly distinguished himself, but fell 
 (bk. viii.). Hippomedon and Partheno- 
 paeos were both slain the day follow- 
 ing (bk. ix.). Then came the turn of 
 Kapaneus, bold as a tiger, strong as a 
 giant, and a regular dare-devil in war. 
 He actually scaled the wall, he thought 
 himself sure of victory, he defied even 
 Jove to stop him, and was instantly 
 killed by a flash of lightning (bk. x.). 
 Polynices was now the only one of the 
 six remaining, and he sent to Eteocles to 
 meet him in single combat. The two 
 brothers met, they fought like lions, 
 they gave no quarter, they took no rest. 
 At length, Eteocles fell, and Polynices, 
 running up to strip him of his arms, was 
 thrust through the bowels, and fell dead 
 on the dead body of his brother. Adras- 
 tos now decamped, and returned to Argos 
 (bk. xi.). ' Creon, having usurped the 
 Theban crown, forbade any one on pain 
 of death to bury the dead ; but when 
 Theseus king of Athens heard of this 
 profanity, he marched at once to Thebes, 
 Creon died, and the crown was given to 
 Theseus (bk. xii.). 
 
 Theban Bard (The), Theban 
 Eagle, or Theban Lyre, Pindar, born 
 at Thebes (b.c. 522-442). 
 
 Ye that in fancied vision can admire 
 The sword of Brutus and the Theban lyre. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 Thecla (St.), said to be of noble 
 family, in Ico'nium, and to have been 
 converted by the apostle Paul. She is 
 styled in Greek martyrologies the proto- 
 martyress, but the book called The Acts 
 of Paul and Thecla is considered to be 
 apocryphal. 
 
 On the selfsame shelf 
 With the writings of St. Thecla herself. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Thekla, daughter of Wallenstein.— 
 Schiller, Wallenstein (1799). 
 
 Tlifcleme (Abbey of), the abbey given 
 by Grangousier to friar John for the aid 
 
THELEME. 
 
 990 
 
 THEODORE. 
 
 he rendered in the battle against Picro- 
 chole king of Lerne'. The abbey was stored 
 with everything that could contribute to 
 sensual indulgence and enjoyment. It 
 was the very reverse of a convent or 
 monastery. No religious hypocrites, no 
 pettifogging attorneys, no usurers were 
 admitted within it, but it was filled with 
 gallant ladies and. gentlemen, faithful 
 expounders of the Scriptures, and every 
 one who could contribute to its elegant 
 recreations and general festivity. The 
 motto over the door was: "Facez que 
 Vouldras." — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 
 52-7 (1533). 
 
 Theleme, the Will personified. — Vol- 
 taire, Theleme and Macare. 
 
 The'lu, the female or woman. 
 
 And divers coloured trpes and fresh array [hair] 
 Much grace the town [head], but most the Thelu gay ; 
 But all in winter [old agel turn to snow, and soon decay. 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple island, v. (1633). 
 
 Thenot, an old shepherd bent with 
 age, who tells Cuddy, the herdsman's boy, 
 the fable of the oak and the briar. An 
 aged oak, once a most royal tree, was 
 wasted by age of its foliage, and stood 
 with bare head and sear branches. A 
 pert bramble, grew hard b}', and snubbed 
 the oak, calling it a cumberer of the 
 ground. It even complained to the lord 
 of the field, and prayed him to cut it down. 
 The request was obeyed, and the oak was 
 felled ; but now the bramble suffered 
 from the storm and cold, for it had no 
 shelter, and the snow bent it to the 
 ground, where it was draggled and de- 
 filed. The application is very personal. 
 Cuddy is the pert, flippant bramble, and 
 Thenot the hoary oak ; but Cuddy told 
 the old man his tale was long and trashy, 
 and bade him hie home, for the sun was 
 set. — Spenser, Skephcardes Calendar, ii. 
 (1579). 
 
 (Thenot is introduced also in eel. iv., 
 and again in eel. xi., where he begs 
 Colin to sing something, but Colin de- 
 clines because his mind is sorrowing for 
 the death of the shepherdess Dido.) 
 
 The'not, a shepherd who loved Corin 
 chiefly for her " iidelity " to her deceased 
 lover. When " the faithful shepherdess " 
 knew this, in order to cure him of his 
 passion, she pretended to return his love. 
 Thenot was so shocked to see his charm 
 broken that he lost even his respect for 
 Corin, and forsook her. — John Fletcher, 
 The Faithful Shepherdess (1610). 
 
 Theocritus of Syracuse, in Sicily 
 (fl. B.C. 280), celebrated for his idylls in 
 
 Doric Greek. Meli is the person referred 
 to below. 
 
 Behold once more, 
 The pitying gods to earth restore 
 Theocritus of Syracuse. 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 
 
 Theocritus {The Scotch), Allan Ram- 
 sav, author of The Gentle Shepherd (1685- 
 1758). 
 
 Tlieocritus {The Sicilian), Giovanni Meli 
 of Palermo, immortalized by his eclogues 
 and idylls (1740-1815). 
 
 Theod'ofred, heir to the Spanish 
 throne, but incapacitated from reigning 
 because he had been blinded by AViti'za. 
 Theodofred was the son of Chindasuintho, 
 and father of king Roderick. As Witlza, 
 the usurper, had blinded Theodofred, so 
 Roderick dethroned and blinded Witiza. 
 — Southey, Roderick, etc. (1814). 
 
 *** In mediaeval times, no one with 
 any personal defect was allowed to reign, 
 and one of the most ordinary means of 
 disqualifying a prince for succeeding to a 
 throne was to put out his eyes. Of course, 
 the reader will call to mind the case of 
 our own prince Arthur, the nephew of 
 king John ; and scores of other instances 
 in Italian, French, Spanish, German, 
 Russian, and Scandinavian history. 
 
 Theod'omas, a famous trumpeter at 
 the siege of Thebes. 
 
 At every court ther cam loud menstralcye . 
 That never troniried Joab for to heere, 
 Ne he Theodomas yit half so cleere 
 At Theb6s. when the cite was in rioute. 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 9592, etc. (1388). 
 
 Theodo'ra, sister of Constantine the 
 Greek emperor. She entertained most 
 bitter hatred against Rogero for slaying 
 her son, and vowed vengeance. Rogero, 
 being entrapped in sleep, was confined by 
 her in a dungeon, and fed on the bread 
 and water of affliction, but was ultimately 
 released by prince Leon. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (1516). 
 
 The'odore (3 syl.), son of general 
 Arehas "the loyal subject" of the great- 
 duke of Muscovia. A colonel, valorous 
 but impatient. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Loyal Subject (1618). 
 
 The'odore (3 syl.) of Ravenna, brave, 
 rich, honoured, and chivalrous. He loved 
 Honoria "to madness," but "found small 
 favour in the lady's eyes." At length, 
 however, the lady relented and married 
 him. (See Honoria.) — Dryden, Theo- 
 dore and Honoria (from Boccaccio). 
 
 Theodore, son of the lord of Clarinsal, 
 and grandson of Alphonso. His fathet 
 
THEODORICK. 
 
 991 
 
 THERON. 
 
 thought him dead, renounced the world, 
 and became a monk of St. Nicholas, as- 
 suming the name of Austin. By chance, 
 Theodore was sent home in a Spanish 
 bark, and found his way into some secret 
 passage of the count's castle, where he 
 was seized and taken before the count. 
 Here he met the monk Austin, and was 
 made known to him. He informed his 
 father of his love for Adelaide, the count's 
 daughter, and was then told that if he 
 married her he must renounce his estates 
 and title. The case stood thus : If he 
 claimed his estates, he must challenge 
 the count to mortal combat, and renounce 
 the daughter; but if he married Ade- 
 laide, he must forego his rights, for he 
 could not marry the daughter and slay 
 his father-in-law. The perplexity is 
 solved by the death of Adelaide, killed 
 by her father by mistake, and the death 
 of the count by his own hand. — Robert 
 Jephson, Count of Narbonne (1782). 
 
 Theod'orick, king of the Goths, 
 called by the German minnesingers Dide- 
 rick of Bern (Verona). 
 
 Theodorick or " Alberick of Mortemar," 
 an exiled nobleman, hermit of Engaddi, 
 and an enthusiast. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Tlieodo'rus (Master), a learned phy- 
 sician employed by Ponocrates to cure 
 Gargantua of his vicious habits. The 
 doctor accordingly " purged him canonic- 
 ally with Anticyrian hellebore, cleansed 
 from his brain all perverse habits, and 
 made him forget everything he had 
 learned of his other preceptors." — Rabe- 
 lais, Gargantua, i. 23. 
 
 Hellebore was made use of to purge the brain, in order 
 to fit it the better for serious study.— Pliny, Natural 
 History, zxv. 25 ; Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, xvii. 15. 
 
 Theodo'sius, the hermit of Cappa- 
 docia. He wrote the four gospels in 
 letters of gold (423-529). 
 
 Theodosius, who of old, 
 Wrote the gospels in letters of gold. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Theophilus (St.), of Adana 5> in 
 Cilicia (sixth century). He was driven 
 by slander to sell his soul to the devil on 
 condition that his character was cleared. 
 The slander was removed, and no tongue 
 wagged against the thin-skinned saint. 
 Theophilus now repented of his bargain, 
 and, after a fast of forty days and forty 
 nights, was visited by the Virgin, who 
 bade him confess to the bishop. This he 
 did, received absolution, and died within 
 three days of brain fever. — Jacques de 
 
 Voragine, The Golden Legends (thirteenth 
 century). 
 
 This is a very stale trick, told of many 
 a saint. Southey has poetized one of 
 them in his ballad of St. Basil or The 
 Sinner Saved (1829). Eleemon sold his 
 soul to the devil on condition of his pro- 
 curing him Cyra for wife. The devil 
 performed his part of the bargain, but 
 Eleemon called off, and St. Basil gave 
 him absolution. (See Sinner Saved.) 
 
 Theophras'tus of France (Tlie), 
 Jean de la Bruyere, author of Caractercs 
 (1646-1696). 
 
 Theresa, the miller's wife, who 
 adopted and brought up Amina, the 
 orphan, called "the somnambulist." — Bel- 
 lini, La Sonnambula (libretto by Scribe, 
 1831). 
 
 Theresa, daughter of the count pala- 
 tine of Padolia, beloved by Mazeppa. 
 Her father, indignant that a mere page 
 should presume to his daughter's hand, 
 had Mazeppa bound to a wild horse, and 
 set adrift. But the future history of 
 Theresa is not related. — Byron, Mazeppa 
 (1819). 
 
 Medora [wife of the Corsair], Neuha [in The Island], 
 Leila [in The Giaow], Franceses [in The Siege of 
 Corinth], and Theresa, it has been alleged, are but 
 children of one family, with differences resulting only 
 from climate and circumstance. — Finden, Byron Beauties. 
 
 Theresa (Siste?-), with Flora M'lvor 
 at Carlisle. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Theringe . ( Mde. de), the mother of 
 
 Louise de Lascours, and grandmother of 
 Diana de Lascours and Martha alias 
 Orgari'ta " the orphan of the Frozen 
 Sea."— E. Stirling, The Orphan of the 
 Frozen Sea (1856). 
 
 Thermopylae. When Xerxes in- 
 vaded Greece, Leonidas was sent with 
 300 Spartans, as a forlorn hope, to defend 
 the pass leading from Thessaly into 
 Locris, by which it was thought the 
 Persian host would penetrate into south- 
 ern Greece. The Persians, however, 
 having discovered a path over the moun- 
 tains, fell on Leonidas in the rear, and 
 the "brave defenders of the hot-gates" 
 were cut to pieces. 
 
 Theron, the favourite dog of Rode- 
 rick the last Gothic king of Spain. 
 When the discrowned king, dressed as a 
 monk, assumed the name of "father 
 Maccabee," although his tutor, mother, 
 and even Florinda failed to recognize 
 him, Theron knew him at once, fawned 
 
THERSITES. 
 
 992 
 
 THIEVES SCREENED. 
 
 on him with fondest love, and would 
 never again leave him till the faithful 
 creature died. When Roderick saw his 
 favourite. 
 
 Be threw his arms around the dog, and cried, 
 
 While tears streamed down, "Thou, Theron, thou hast 
 
 known 
 Thy poor lost master ; Theron, none but thou ! " 
 
 Southey, Roderick, etc., xv. (1814). 
 
 Thersi'tes (3 syl.), a scurrilous 
 Grecian chief, "loquacious, loud, and 
 coarse." His chief delight was to in- 
 veigh against the kings of Greece. He 
 squinted, halted, was gibbous behind and 
 pinched before, and on his tapering head 
 grew a few white patches of starveling 
 down (Iliad, ii.). 
 
 His brag, as ThersitSs, with elbows abroad. 
 
 T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
 Husbandry, liv. (1557). 
 
 The'seus (2 syl.), the Attic hero. 
 He induced the several towns of Attica 
 to give up their separate governments 
 and submit to a common jurisdiction, 
 whereby the several petty chiefdoms 
 were consolidated into one state, of 
 which Athens was the capital. 
 
 *** Similarly, the several kingdoms of 
 the Saxon heptarchy were consolidated 
 into one kingdom by Egbert ; but in this 
 latter case, the might of arms, and not 
 the power of conviction, was the instru- 
 ment employed. 
 
 Theseus (Duke) of Athens. On his 
 return home after marrying HypolTta, 
 a crowd of female suppliants complained 
 to him of Creon king of Thebes. The 
 duke therefore set out for Thebes, slew 
 Creon, and took the city by assault. 
 Among the captives taken in this siege 
 were two knights, named Palamon and 
 Arcite, who saw the duke's sister from 
 their dungeon window, and fell in love 
 with her. When set at liberty, they told 
 heir loves to the duke, and Theseus (2 
 syl.) promised to give the lady to the 
 best man in a single combat. Arcite 
 overthrew Palamon, but as he was about 
 to claim the lady his horse threw him, 
 and he died ; so Palamon lost the con- 
 test, but won the bride. — Chaucer, Can- 
 terbury Tales ("The Knight's Tale," 
 1888). 
 
 *** In classic story, Theseus is called 
 "king;" but Chaucer styles him 
 " duke," that is, dux, "leader or emperor" 
 (imperator). 
 
 Thes'pian Maids (The), the nine 
 Muses. So called from Thes'pia, in 
 Loeotia, near mount Helicon, often called 
 Thespia liupes. 
 
 Those modest Thespian maids thus to their Isia sung. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xv. (1613). 
 
 Thespi'o, a Muse. The Muses wert 
 called Thespi'ades, from Thespia, in 
 Bceo'tia, at the foot of mount Helicon. 
 
 Tell me, oh, tell me then, thou holy Muse, 
 Sacred Thespio. 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Itland, vii. (1633). 
 
 Thespis, the father of the Greek 
 drama. 
 
 Thespis, the first professor of our art, 
 
 At country wakes sang ballads from a cart. 
 
 Dryden, Prologue to Sophonisba (1729). 
 
 Thes'tylis, a female slave; any 
 
 rustic maiden. — Theocritos, Idylls. 
 
 With Thestylis to bind the sheaves. 
 
 Milton, I' Allegro (1638). 
 
 Thet'is, mother of Achilles. She 
 was a sea-nymph, daughter of Ncreus 
 the sea-god. — Grecian Story. 
 
 Tlieuerdank, a sobriquet of kaiser 
 Maximilian I. of Germany (1459, 1493- 
 1519). 
 
 Thiebalt, a Provencal, one of 
 Arthur's escorts to Aix. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Thieves (Tlie Two). The penitent 
 thief crucified with Jesus has been called 
 by sundry names, as Demas, Dismas, 
 Titus, Matha, and Vicimus. 
 
 The impenitent thief has been called 
 Gestas, Dumachas, Joca, and Justlnus. 
 
 In the Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus 
 the former is called Dysmas and the 
 latter Gestas. In the Story of Joseph cf 
 Arimathea the former is called Dema 
 and the latter Gestas. Longfellow, in 
 his Golden Ley end, calls them Titus and 
 Dumachus. He says that they attacked 
 Joseph in his flight into Egypt. Titus 
 said, "Let the good people go;" but 
 Dumachus refused to do so till he "paid 
 a ransom for himself and family." Upon 
 this, Titus gave his fellow forty groats ; 
 and the infant Jesus said, " In thirty 
 years I shall die, and you two with Me. 
 We shall be crucified together; but in 
 that day, Titus, this deed shall be re- 
 membered." 
 
 Thieves (His ancestors proved). It is 
 sir Walter Scott who wrote and proved 
 his "ancestors were thieves," in the Lay 
 of the Last Minstrel, iv. 9. 
 
 A modern author spends a hundred leaves 
 To prove his ancestors notorious thieves. 
 
 The Town Eclogut. 
 
 Thieves Screened. It is said of 
 Edward the Confessor that one day, while 
 lying on his bed for his afternoon's nap, 
 a courtier stole into his chamber, and, 
 
THIEVES OF HISTORIC NOTE. 993 THIEVES OF HISTORIC NOTE. 
 
 seeing the king's casket, helped himself 
 freely from it. He returned a second time, 
 and on his third entrance, Edward said, 
 " Be quick, or Hugoline (the chamber- 
 lain) will see you." The courtier was 
 scarcely gone, when the chamberlain 
 entered and instantly detected the theft. 
 The king said, " Never mind, Hugoline ; 
 the felloAV who has taken it no doubt has 
 greater need of it than either } r ou or I." 
 (Reigned 1042-1066.) 
 
 Several similar anecdotes are told of 
 Robert the Pious, of France. At one 
 time he saw a man steal a silver candle- 
 stick off the altar, and said, "Friend 
 Ogger, run for your life, or you will be 
 found out." At another time, one of 
 the twelve poor men in his train cut off a 
 rich gold pendant from the royal robe, 
 and Robert, turning to the man, said to 
 him, " Hide it quickly, friend, before any 
 one sees it." (Reigned. 996-1031.) 
 
 The following is told of two or three 
 kings, amongst others of Ludwig the 
 Pious, who had a very overbearing wife. 
 A beggar under the table, picking up the 
 crumbs which the king let down, cut off 
 the gold fringe of the royal robe, and the 
 king whispered to him, " Take care the 
 queen doesn't see you." 
 
 Thieves of Historic !Note. 
 
 Autol/ycos, son of Hermes ; a very 
 prince of thieves. He had the power of 
 changing the colour and shape of stolen 
 goods, so as to prevent their being recog- 
 nized. — Greek Fable. 
 
 Barlow (Jimmy), immortalized bv 
 the ballad-song : 
 
 My name it is Jimmy Barlow ; 
 
 I was born in the town of Carlow ; 
 
 And here I lie in Mary boro' jail, 
 
 All for the robbing of the Dublin mail. 
 
 Cartouche, the Dick Turpin of 
 France (eighteenth century). 
 
 Cottington (John), in the time of the 
 Commonwealth, who emptied the pockets 
 of Oliver Cromwell when lord protector, 
 stripped Charles II. of £1500, and stole 
 a watch and chain from lady Fairfax. 
 
 Duval (Claude), a French highway- 
 man, noted for his gallantry and daring 
 (*-1670). (See beiow,_ ^ James Whit- 
 ney," who was a very similar character.) 
 
 %* Alexander Dumas has a novel 
 entitled Claude Duval, and -Miss Robin- 
 son has introduced him in White Friars. 
 
 Frith (Mary), usually called "Moll 
 Cutpurse." She had the honour of rob- 
 bing general Fairfax on Hounslow Heath. 
 Mary Frith lived in the reign. of Charles 
 I., and died at the age of 75 years. 
 
 *** Nathaniel Field has introduced 
 Mary Frith, and made merry with some 
 of her pranks, in his comedv Amends for 
 Ladies (1618). 
 
 Galloping Dick, executed in Ayles- 
 bury in 1800. 
 
 Grant (Captain), the Irish highway- 
 man, executed at Maryborough in 1816. 
 
 Greenwood (Samuel), executed at 
 Old Bailey in 1822. 
 
 Hassan, the " Old Man of the Moun- 
 tain," once the terror of Europe. He 
 was chief of the Assassins (1056-1124). 
 
 Hood (Robin) and his "merry men 
 all," of Sherwood Forest. Famed in 
 song, drama, and romance. Probably 
 he lived in the reign of Richard Cceur de 
 Lion. 
 
 *** Sir W. Scott has introduced him 
 both in The Talisman and in Jvanhoe. 
 Stow has recorded the chief incidents of 
 his life (see under the year 1213). Ritson 
 has compiled a volume of ballads re- 
 specting him. Drayton has given a 
 sketch of him in the Polyolbion, xxvi. 
 The following are dramas on the same out- 
 law, viz.: — The Playe of Robyn Hode,very 
 proper to be played in' Maye games (fif- 
 teenth century) ; Skelton, at the com- 
 mand of Henrv VIII., wrote a drama 
 called The Downfall of Robert Earl of 
 Huntington (about 1520) ; The Downfall 
 of Robert Earl of Huntington, bv Munday 
 (1597) ; The Death of 'Robert Earle of 
 Huntington, otherwise called Robin Hood 
 of Merrie Shcrwodde, by H. Chettle 
 (1598). Chettle's drama is in reality a 
 continuation of Munday's, like the two 
 parts of Shakespeare's plays, Henry IV. 
 and Henry V. Robin Hood's Penn'orths, 
 a play by Win. Haughton (1600) ; Robin 
 Hood and His Pastoral May Games (1624), 
 Robin Hood and His Crew of Soldiers (1627), 
 both anonymous ; The Sad Shepherd or a 
 Tale of Robin Hood (unfinished), B. Jonson 
 (1637) ; Robin Hood, an opera (1730) ; 
 Robin Hood, an opera by Dr. Arne and 
 Burney (1741) : Robin Hood, a musical 
 farce (1751) ; Robin Hood, a comic opera 
 (1784) ; Robin Hood, an opera by O'Keefe, 
 music by Shield (1787) ; Robin Hood, by 
 Macnally (before 1820). Sheridan began 
 a drama on the same subject, which he 
 called The Foresters. 
 
 Periphe'tes (4 syl.) of Argolis, sur- 
 named " The Club-Bearer," because he 
 used to kill his victims with an iron 
 club. — Grecian Story. 
 
 Procrustes (3 syl.), a famous robber 
 of Attica. His real name was Polype- 
 rnon or Damastes, but he received the so- 
 3 a 
 
THINK. 
 
 994 THIRTEEN PRECIOUS THINGS. 
 
 briquet of Procrustes or " The Stretcher," 
 from his practice of placing all victims 
 that fell into his hands on a certain 
 bedstead. If the victim was too short 
 to fit it, he stretched the limbs to the 
 right length ; if too long, he lopped off 
 the redundant part. — Grecian Story. 
 
 Re a ( William), executed at Old Bailey 
 in 1828. 
 
 Sheppard (Jack) , an ardent, reckless, 
 generous youth, wholly unrivalled as a 
 thief and burglar. His father was a 
 carpenter in Spitalfields. Sentence of 
 death was passed on him in August, 
 1724; but when the warders came to 
 take him to execution, the} r found he 
 had escaped. He was apprehended in 
 the following October, and again made 
 his escape. A third time he was caught, 
 and in November suffered death. Cer- 
 tainly the most popular burglar that ever 
 lived (1701-1724). 
 
 *** Daniel Defoe made Jack Sheppard 
 the hero of a romance in 1724, and H. 
 Ainsworth in 1839. 
 
 Sinis, a Corinthian highwayman, sur- 
 named "The Pine-Bender," from his 
 custom of attaching the limbs of his 
 victims to two opposite pines forcibly 
 bent down. Immediately the trees were 
 released, they bounded back, tearing the 
 victim limb from limb. — Grecian Story. 
 
 Ter'meros, a robber of Peloponnesos, 
 who killed his victims by cracking their 
 skulls against his own. 
 
 Turpin (Dick), a noted highwayman 
 (1711-1739). His ride to York is de- 
 scribed by H. Ainsworth in his Kookwood 
 (1834). 
 
 Whitney (James), the last of the 
 " gentlemanly " highwaymen. He prided 
 himself on being "the glass of fashion, 
 and the mould of form." Executed at 
 Porter's Block, near Smithfield (1660- 
 1694). 
 
 Wild (Jonathan), a cool, calculating, 
 heartless villain, with the voice of a 
 Stentor. He was born at Wolverhamp- 
 ton, in Staffordshire, and, like Sheppard, 
 was the son of a carpenter. Unlike 
 Sheppard, this cold-blooded villain was 
 universally execrated. He was hanged 
 at Tyburn (1682-1725). 
 
 * + * Defoe made Jonathan Wild the 
 hero of a romance in 1725 ; Fielding in 
 1744. 
 
 Think. It was Descartes who said, 
 " I think, and therefore I exist " (Cogitu, 
 ertjo sum, 1596-1650). 
 
 " Higher than himself can no man 
 think " was the saying of Protagoras. 
 
 Think. " Cogitation resides not in 
 that man that does not think." — Shake- 
 speare, Winter's Tale, act i. sc. 2 (1604). 
 
 Third Founder of Rome (The), 
 Caius Manus. He was so called because 
 he overthrew the multitudinous hordes of 
 Cambrians and Teutones who came to 
 lick up the Romans as the oxen of the 
 field lick up grass (b.c. 102). 
 
 *** The first founder was Romulus, 
 and the second Camillus. 
 
 Thirsil and Thelgon, two gentle 
 swains who were kinsmen. Thelgon 
 exhorts Thirsil to wake his "too long 
 sleeping Muse ;" and Thirsil, having col- 
 lected the nymphs and shepherds around 
 him, sang to them the song of The 
 Purple Island. — Phineas Fletcher, The 
 Purple Island, i., ii. (1633). 
 
 Thirsty (The), Colman Itadach, sur- 
 named "The Thirsty," was a monk of the 
 rule of St. Patrick. Itadach, in strict 
 observance of the Patrician rule, refused 
 to quench his thirst even in the harvest- 
 field, and died in consequence. 
 
 Thirteen Precious Things of 
 Britain. 
 
 1. Dyrnwyn (the sword of Rhyd- 
 derch Hael). If any man except Hael 
 drew this blade, it burst into a flame from 
 point to hilt. 
 
 2. The Basket of Gw t yddno 
 Garanhir. If food for one man were 
 put therein, it multiplied till it sufficed 
 for a hundred. 
 
 3. The Horn of Bran Galed, in 
 which was always found the very 
 beverage that each drinker most desired. 
 
 4. The Platter of Ehegy.nydd 
 Ysgolhatg, which always contained the 
 very food that the eater most liked. 
 
 5. The Chariot of Morgan 
 Mwynvawr. Whoever sat therein Avas 
 transported instantaneously to the place 
 he wished to go to. 
 
 6. The Halter of Clydno Eiddyx. 
 Whatever horse he wished for was always 
 found therein. It hung on a staple at 
 the foot of his bed. 
 
 7. The Knife of Llawfrodded 
 Farchawg, which would serve twenty- 
 four men simultaneously at any meal. 
 
 8. The Caldron of Tyrnog. If 
 meat were put in for a brave man, it was 
 cooked instantaneously ; but meat for a 
 coward would never get boiled therein. 
 
 9. The Whetstone of Tudwal 
 Tudolud. If the sword of a brave man 
 were sharpened thereon, its cut was 
 
THIRTEEN UNLUCKY. 
 
 995 
 
 THOMAS A KEMPIS. 
 
 certain death ; but if of a coward, the 
 cut was harmless. 
 
 10. The Robe of Padarn Beisrudd, 
 which fitted every one of gentle birth, 
 but no churl could wear it. 
 
 11. The Mantle of Tegau Eur- 
 vron, which only fitted ladies whose 
 conduct was irreproachable. 
 
 12. The Mantle of king Arthur, 
 which could be worn or used as a carpet, 
 and whoever wore it or stood on it was 
 invisible. This mantle or carpet was 
 called Gwenn. 
 
 *** The ring of Luned rendered the 
 wearer invisible so long as the stone of it 
 was concealed. 
 
 13. The Chessboard of Gwend- 
 polen. When the men were placed 
 upon it they played of themselves. The 
 board was of gold, and the men silver. 
 ■ — Welsh Romance. 
 
 Thirteen "Unlucky. It is said 
 that it is unlucky for thirteen persons to 
 sit down to dinner at the same table, 
 because one of the number will die before 
 the year is out. This silly superstition is 
 based on the " Last Supper," when Christ 
 and His twelve disciples sat at meat 
 together. Jesus, of course, was crucified ; 
 and Judas Iscariot hanged himself. 
 
 Thirty {The). So' the S partem senate 
 established by Lycurgos was called. 
 
 Similarly, the Venetian senate was 
 called " The Forty." 
 
 Thirty Tyrants {The). So the 
 governors appointed by Lysander the 
 Spartan over Athens were called (b.c. 
 404). They continued in power only 
 eight months, when Thrasybulos deposed 
 them and restored "the republic. 
 
 "The Thirty" put more people to death in eight 
 months of peace than the enemy had done in a war of 
 thirty years. — Xenophon. 
 
 Thirty Tyrants of Rome {The), 
 a fanciful name, applied by Trebellius 
 Pollio to a set of adventurers who tried 
 to mak= themselves masters of Rome at 
 sundry times between a.d. 260 and 267. 
 
 The number was not thirty, and the 
 analogy between them and "The Thirty 
 Tyrants of Athens " is scarcely percep- 
 tible. 
 
 Thirty Years' War {The), a 
 series of wars between the protestants 
 and catholics of Germany, terminated by 
 the " Peace of Westphalia." The war 
 arose thus : The emperor of Austria 
 interfered in the struggle between the 
 protestants and catholics, by depriving 
 
 the protestants of Bohemia of their 
 religious privileges ; in consequence of 
 which the protestants flew to arms. 
 After the contest had been going on for 
 some years, Richelieu joined the protest- 
 ants (1635), not from any love to their 
 cause, but solely to humiliate Austria and 
 Spain (1618-1648). 
 
 The Peloponnesian war between Athen9 
 and Sparta is called " The Thirty Years' 
 War" (B.C. 404-431). 
 
 Thisbe (2 syl.) } a beautiful Baby- 
 lonian maid, beloved by Pyramus, her 
 next-door neighbour. As their parents 
 forbade their marriage, they contrived to 
 hold intercourse with each other through 
 a chink in the garden wall. Once they 
 agreed to meet at the tomb of Ninus. 
 Thisbe was first at the trysting-place, 
 but, being scared by a lion, took to flight, 
 and accidentally dropped her robe, which 
 the lion tore and stained with blood. 
 Pyramus, seeing the blood-stained robe, 
 thought that the lion had eaten Thisbe, 
 and so killed himself. When Thisbe re- 
 turned and saw her lover dead, she killed 
 herself also. Shakespeare has burlesqued 
 this prettv tale in his Midsummer Night's 
 Dream (1592). 
 
 Thom/alin, a shepherd who laughed 
 to scorn the notion of love, but was 
 ultimately entangled in its wiles. He 
 tells Willy that one da} r , hearing a 
 rustling in a bush, he discharged an 
 arrow, when up flew Cupid into a tree. 
 A battle ensued between them, and when 
 the shepherd, having spent all his arrows, 
 ran away, Cupid shot him in the heel. 
 Thomalin did not much heed the wound 
 at first, but soon it festered inwardly and 
 rankled daily more and more. — Spenser, 
 Shcpheardes Calendar, iii. (1579). 
 
 Thomalin is again introduced in eel. 
 vii., when he inveighs against the 
 catholic priests in general, and the shep- 
 herd Palinode (3 syl.) in particular. 
 This eclogue could not have been written 
 before 1578, as it refers to the seques- 
 tration of Grindal archbishop of Can- 
 terbury in that year. 
 
 Thomas {Monsieur), the fellow- 
 traveller of Val'entine. Valentine's niece 
 Mary is in love with him. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, Mons. TJwmas (1619). 
 
 Thomas {Sir), a dogmatical, prating, 
 self-sufficient squire, whose judgments 
 are but "justices' justice." — Crabbe. 
 Borough, x. (1810). 
 
 Thomas a Kempis, the pseudo- 
 
THOMAS THE RHYMER. 
 
 996 
 
 THORNTON. 
 
 nym of Jean Charlier de Gerson (1363- 
 1429). Some say, of Thomas Hammer- 
 lein MaleSlus (1380-1471). 
 
 Thomas the Rhymer or ' ' Thomas 
 of Erceldoun," an ancient Scottish bard. 
 His name was Thomas Learmont, and he 
 lived in the days of Wallace (thirteenth 
 century). 
 
 This personage, the Merlin of Scotland, . . . was a 
 magician as well as a poet and prophet. He is alleged 
 still to be living in the land of Faery, and is expected to 
 return at some great convulsion of society, in which he is 
 to act a distinguished part. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
 gerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 *** If Thomas the Rhymer lived in 
 the thirteenth century, it is an ana- 
 chronism to allude to him in Castle 
 Dangerous, the plot of which novel is 
 laid in the twelfth century. 
 
 *** Thomas the Rhymer, and Thomas 
 Rymer Avere totally different persons. 
 The latter was an historiographer, who 
 compiled The Fcedera (1638-1713). 
 
 Thopas (Sir), a native of Poperyng, 
 in Flanders ; a capital sportsman, archer, 
 wrestler, and runner. Sir Thopas re- 
 solved to marry no one but an " elf 
 queen," and accordingly started for Faery- 
 land. On his way, he met the three- 
 headed giant Olifaunt, who challenged 
 him to" single combat. Sir Thopas asked 
 permission to go for his armour, and 
 promised to meet the giant next day. 
 Here mine host broke in with the ex- 
 clamation, "Intolerable stuff !" and the 
 story was left unfinished. — Chaucer, 
 Canterbury Tales ("The Rime of Sir 
 Thopas," 1388). 
 
 Th-Or, eldest son of Odin and Frigga ; 
 strongest and bravest of the gods. He 
 launched the thunder, presided over the 
 air and the seasons, and protected man 
 from lightning and evil spirits. 
 
 His wife was Sif (" love"). 
 
 His chariot was drawn by two he- 
 goats. 
 
 His mace or hammer was called 
 Mjolner. 
 
 His belt was Megingjard. Whenever 
 he put it on his strength was doubled. 
 
 His palace was Thrudvangr. It con- 
 tained 540 halls. 
 
 Thursday is Thor's day. — Scandinavian 
 Mythology. 
 
 The word means " Refuge from terror." 
 
 Thoresby (Broad), one of the 
 troopers under Fitzurse. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Thorn'berry (Job), a brazier in 
 Penzance. He was a blunt but kind 
 
 man, strictly honest, most charitable, 
 and doting on his daughter Mary. Job 
 Thornberry is called "John Bull," and is 
 meant to be a type of a genuine English 
 tradesman, unsophisticated by cant and 
 foreign manners. He failed in business 
 ' ' through the treachery of a friend ; " but 
 Peregrine, to whom he had lent ten 
 guineas, returning from Calcutta after 
 the absence of thirty years, gave him 
 £10,000, which he said his loan had 
 grown to by honest trade. 
 
 Mary Thornberry, his daughter, in love 
 with Frank Rochdale, son and heir of sir 
 Simon Rochdale, whom ultimately she 
 married. — G. Colman, junior, John Bull 
 (1805). 
 
 Thornhaugh (Colonel), an officer in 
 Cromwell's army. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
 stock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 Thornhill (Sir William), alias Mr. 
 Burchell, about 30 years of age. Most 
 generous and most whimsical, most bene- 
 volent and most sensitive. Sir William 
 was the landlord of Dr. Primrose, the 
 vicar of Wakefield. After travelling 
 through Europe on foot, he had returned 
 and lived incognito. In the garb and 
 aspect of a pauper, Mr. Burchell is intro- 
 duced to the vicar of Wakefield.' Twice 
 he rescued his daughter Sophia — once 
 when she was thrown from her horse into 
 a deep stream, and once when she was 
 abducted by squire Thornhill. Ultimately 
 he married her. — Goldsmith, The Vicar of 
 Wakefield (1766). 
 
 Thornhill (Squire), nephew of sir 
 William Thornhill. He enjoyed a large 
 fortune, but was entirely dependent on his 
 uncle. He was a sad libertine, who 
 abducted both the daughters of Dr. 
 Primrose, and cast the old vicar into jail 
 for rent after the entire loss of his house, 
 money, furniture, and books by fire. 
 Squire Thornhill tried to impose upon 
 Olivia Primro&e by a false marriage, but 
 was caught in his OAvn trap, for the 
 marriage proved to be legal in every 
 respect. — Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wake- 
 field (1766). 
 
 This worthy citizen abused the aristocracy much on thu 
 same principle as the fair Olivia depreciated squire Thorn- 
 hill ;— he had a sneaking affection for what he abused.— 
 lord Lytton. 
 
 Thornton (Captain), an English 
 officer.— Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, 
 George I.). 
 
 Thornton (Cyril), the hero and title of 
 a no /el of military adventure, by captaia 
 Thomas Hamilton (1827). 
 
THOROUGH DOCTOR. 
 
 997 THREE A DIVINE NUMBER, 
 
 Thorough Doctor (The)._ William 
 Varro was called Doctor Fundatus (thir- 
 teenth century). 
 
 Thoughtful (Father), Nicholas 
 Cat'inet, a marshal of France. So called 
 by his soldiers for his cautious and 
 thoughtful policy (1637-1712). 
 
 Thoughtless {Miss Betty), a vir- 
 tuous, sensible, and amiable young lady, 
 utterly regardless of the conventionalities 
 of society, and wholly ignorant of eti- 
 quette. She is consequently for ever 
 involved in petty scrapes most mortifying 
 to her sensitive mind. Even her lover is 
 alarmed at her gaucherie, and deliberates 
 whether such a partner for life is de- 
 sirable. — Mrs. Hevwood, Miss Betty 
 Thoughtless (1697-1758). 
 
 (Mrs. Heywood's novel evidentlj r sug- 
 gested the Evelina of Miss Burney, 
 1778.) 
 
 Thoulouse (Raymond count of), one 
 of the crusading princes. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Thraso, a bragging, swaggering 
 captain, the Roman Bobadil (q.v.). — 
 Terence, The Eunuch. 
 
 Thraso, duke of Mar, one of the allies 
 of Charlemagne. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso (1516). 
 
 Threadneedle Street (London), a 
 corruption of Thridenal Street, i.e. the 
 third street from Cheapside. (Anglo- 
 Saxon, thridda, "third.") 
 
 Three a Divine Number. Py- 
 thagoras calls three the perfect number, 
 expressive of " beginning, middle, and 
 end," and he makes it a symbol of deity. 
 
 American Indians: Otkon (creator), 
 Messou (providence), Atahuata (the 
 Logos) . 
 
 (Called Otkon by the Iroquois, and 
 Otkee by the Virginians.) 
 
 Armorica. The korrigans or fays of 
 Armorica are three times three. 
 
 Brahmins : Brahma, Vishnu, Siva. 
 
 Buddhists : Buddha, Annan Sonsja, 
 Rosia Sonsja. 
 
 (These are the three idols seen in 
 Buddhist temples ; Buddha stands in the 
 middle.) 
 
 Christians : The Father, the Son (the 
 Logos), the Holy Ghost. 
 
 When, in creation, the earth was with- 
 out form and void, " the Spirit moved 
 over the face," and put it into order. 
 
 Egyptians (Ancient). Almost each 
 nome had its own triad, but the most 
 
 general were Osiris, Isis, Horns ; Eicton, 
 Cneph (creator), Phtha. — Jamblichus. 
 
 Etruscans. Their college consisted 
 of three times three gods. 
 
 Lars PorsSna of Clusium, 
 
 By the nine gods he swore 
 That the great house of Tarquin 
 Should suffer wrong no more. 
 
 Lord Macaulay, Lays of A ncient Roma 
 (*'Horatius,"1842). 
 
 Kamtschadales : Koutkhou (creator 
 of heaven), Kouhttigith, his sister (creator 
 of earth), Outleigin (creator of ocean). 
 
 Parsees : Ahura (the creator), Vohu 
 Mano ("entity"), Akem Mano ("non- 
 entity"). 
 
 Persians : Oromasdes or Oromazes 
 (the good principle), Ari manes (the evil 
 principle), Mithras (fecundity). 
 
 Others give Zervane (god the father), 
 and omit Mithras from the trinity. 
 
 Peruvians (Ancient) : Pachama (god- 
 dess mother), Virakotcha ( = Jupiter), 
 Mamakotcha (= Neptune). They called 
 their trinity "Tangatanga" (i.e. "three 
 in one"). 
 
 Phoenicians : Kolpia (the Logos), Ba- 
 aut (" darkness "), Mot (" matter "). 
 
 Romans (Ancient) : Jupiter (god of 
 heaven), Neptune (god of earth and sea), 
 Pluto (god of hell). 
 
 (Their whole college of gods consisted 
 of four times three deities.) 
 
 Scandinavians: Odin ("life"), Hae- 
 nir ("motion"), Loda ("matter"). 
 
 Tahitians : Taroataihetoomoo (chief 
 deity), Tepapa (the fecund princij)le), 
 Tettoomatatayu (their offspring). 
 
 Lao-Tseu, the Chinese philosopher, 
 says the divine trinity is : Ki, Hi, Ouei. 
 
 Orpheus says it is : Phanes (light), 
 UrSnos (heaven), Kronos (time). 
 
 Plato sa} T s it is : To AgSthon (good- 
 ness), Nous (intelligence), Psuche (the 
 mundane soul). 
 
 Pythagoras says it is : Monad (the 
 unit or oneness), Nous, Psuche. 
 
 Vossius says it is : Jupiter (divine 
 power), Minerva (the Logos), Juno (divine 
 progenitiveness) . 
 
 Subordinate. The orders of Angels 
 are three times three, viz. : (1) Seraphim, 
 (2) Cherubim, (3) Thrones, (4) Dominions, 
 (5) Virtues, (6) Powers, (7) Principalities, 
 (8) Archangels, (9) Angels. — Dionysma 
 the Areopagite. 
 
 In heaven above 
 The effulgent bands in triple circles move. 
 
 Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xi. 13 (1575). 
 
 The Cities of Refuge were three on 
 each side the Jordan. 
 
 The Fates are three : Clotho (with her 
 distaff, presides at birth), Lachesis (spina 
 
THREE A DIVINE NUMBER. 998 THREE A DIVINE NUMBER. 
 
 the thread of life), Atrbpos (cuts the 
 thread). 
 
 The Furies are three : Tisipone, 
 .Alecto, Megaera. 
 
 The Graces are three : Euphros'yne 
 (cheerfulness of mind), Aglaia (mirth), 
 Thalia (good-tempered jest). 
 
 The Judges of Hades are three : 
 Minos (the chief baron), iEacus (the judge 
 of Europeans), Rhadamanthus (tlie judge 
 of Asiatics and, Africans). 
 
 The Muses are three times three. 
 
 Jupiter's thunder is three-forked (tri- 
 fidum) ; Neptune's trident has three 
 prongs ; Pluto's dog Cerberus has three 
 heads. The rivers of hell are three times 
 three, and Styx flows round it thrice 
 three times. 
 
 In Scandinavian mythology, there are 
 three times three earths ; three times 
 three worlds in Niflheim ; three times 
 three regions under the dominion of Hel. 
 
 According to a mediaeval tradition, the 
 heavens are three times three, viz., the 
 Moon, Venus, Mercun*, the Sun, Mars, 
 Jupiter, Saturn, the fixed stars, and the 
 primum mobile. 
 
 Symbolic. (1) In the tabernacle and 
 Jewish Temple. 
 
 The Temple consisted of three parts : 
 the porch, the Temple proper, and the 
 holy of holies. It had three courts : 
 the court of the priests, the court of the 
 people, and the court of foreigners. The 
 innermost court had three rows, and 
 three windows in each row (1 Kings 
 vi. 36; vii. 4). 
 
 Similarly, Ezekiel's city had three 
 gates on each side (Ezeh. xlviii. 31). 
 Cyrus left direction for the rebuilding of 
 the Temple : it was to be three score 
 cubits in height, and three score cubits 
 wide, and three rows of great stones 
 were to be set up (Ezra vi. 3, 4). In like 
 manner, the " new Jerusalem" is to have 
 four times three foundations : (1) jasper, 
 (2) sapphire, (3) chalcedony, (4) emerald, 
 (5) sardonyx, (6) sardius, (7) chrysolyte, 
 (8) beryl, (9) topaz, (10) chrysoprase, 
 (11) jacinth, (12) amethyst. It is to 
 have three gates fronting each cardinal 
 quarter (Rev. xxi. 13-20). 
 
 (2) In the Temple Furniture: The golden 
 candlestick had three branches on each 
 side (Exod. xxv. 32) ; there were three 
 bowls (ver. 33) ; the height of the altar 
 was three cubits (Exod. xxvii. 1 ) ; there 
 were three pillars for the hangings (ver. 
 14) ; Solomon's molten sea was supported 
 on oxen, three facing each cardinal point 
 (1 Kings vii. 25). 
 
 (3) Sacrifices and Offerings : A meat 
 offering consisted of three tenth deals of 
 fine flour (Lev. xiv. 10) ; Hannah offered 
 up three bullocks when Samuel was devoted 
 to the Temple (1 Sam. i. 24) ; three sorts 
 of beasts — bullocks, rams, and lambs — 
 were appointed for offerings (Nwnb. 
 xxix.) ; the Jews were commanded to 
 keep three national feasts yearly (Exod. 
 xxiii. 14-17) ; in all criminal charges three 
 witnesses were required (Deut. xvii. 6). 
 
 Miscellaneous Threes. Joshua sent 
 three men from each tribe to survey the 
 land of Canaan (Josh, xviii. 4). Moses 
 had done the same at the express command 
 of God (Kurnb. xiii.). Job had three friends 
 (Jobii. 11). Abraham was accosted by three 
 men (angels), with whom he pleaded to 
 spare the cities of the plain (Gen. xviii. 
 2). Nebuchadnezzar cast three men into 
 the fiery furnace (Dan. iii. 24). David 
 had three mighty men of valour, and one 
 of them slew 300 of the Philistines with his 
 spear (2 Sam. xxiii. 9, 18). Nebuchad- 
 nezzar's image was three score cubits 
 high (Dan. iii. 1). Moses was hidden 
 three months from the Egyptian police 
 (Exod. ii. 2). The ark of the covenant 
 was three months in the house of Obed- 
 edom (2 Sam. vi. 11). Balaam smote 
 his ass three times before the beast 
 upbraided him (Numb. xxii. 28). Samson 
 mocked Delilah three times (Judges xvi. 
 15). Elijah stretched himself three times 
 on the child which he restored to life 
 (1 Kings xvii. 21). The little horn 
 plucked up three horns by the roots 
 (Ban. vii. 8). The bear seen by Daniel 
 in his vision had three ribs in its mouth 
 (ver. 5). Joab slew Absalom with three 
 darts (2 Son. xviii. 14). God gave 
 David the choice of three chastisements 
 (2 Sam. xxiv. 12). The great famine 
 in David's reign lasted three years (2 
 Sam. xxi. 1) ; so did the great drought 
 in Ahab's reign (Luke iv. 25). There 
 were three men transfigured on the 
 mount, and three spectators (Matt. xvii. 
 1-4). The sheet was let down to Peter 
 three times (Acts x. 16). There are 
 three Christian graces : Faith, hope, and 
 charity (1 Cor. xiii. 13). There are 
 three that bear record in heaven, and 
 three that bear witness on earth (1 John 
 v. 7, 8). There were three unclean spirits 
 that came out of the mouth of the dragon 
 {Rev. xvi. 13). 
 
 So again. Every ninth wave is said 
 to be the largest. 
 
 [They] watched the great sea fall, 
 Wave after wave, each mightier than the last; 
 Til] last, a ninth one, gathering half the deep 
 
THREE ARDENT LOYERS, ETC. 999 THREE COUNSELLING KNIGHTS. 
 
 And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged, 
 Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame. 
 
 Tennyson, The Holy Grail (185S-59). 
 
 A wonder is said to last three times 
 three days. The scourge used for 
 criminals is a "cat o' nine tails." Pos- 
 session is nine points of the law, being 
 equal to (1) money to make good a 
 claim, (2) patience to carry a suit 
 through, (3) a good cause, (4) a good 
 lawyer, (5) a good counsel, (6) good 
 witnesses, (7) a good jury, (8) a good 
 judge, (9) good luck. Leases used to be 
 granted for 999 years. Ordeals by fire 
 consisted of three times three red-hot 
 ploughshares. 
 
 There are three times three crowns 
 recognized in heraldry, and three times 
 three marks of cadency. 
 
 "We show honour by a three times 
 three in drinking a health. 
 
 The worthies are three Jews, three 
 pagans, and three Christians : viz., 
 Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabaeus ; 
 Hector, Alexander, and Julius Csesar ; 
 Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of 
 Bouillon. The worthies of London are 
 three times three also : (1) sir William 
 Walworth, (2) sir Henry Pritchard, (3) 
 sir William Sevenoke, (4) sir Thomas 
 White, (5) sir John Bonham, (6) Chris- 
 topher Croker, (7) sir John Hawkwood, 
 (8) sir Hugh Caverley, (9) sir Henry 
 Maleverer (Richard Johnson, The Nine 
 Worthies of London). 
 
 *#* Those who take any interest in this 
 subject can easily multiply the examples 
 here set down to a much greater number. 
 (See below, the Welsh Triads.) 
 
 Three Ardent Lovers of Britain 
 
 (The) : (1) Caswallawn son of Beli, the 
 ardent lover of Flur daughter of Mug- 
 nach Gorr ; (2) Tristan or Tristram son 
 of Talluch, the ardent lover of Yseult 
 wife of March Meirchawn his uncle, 
 generally called king Mark of Cornwall ; 
 (3) Kynon son of Clydno Eiddin, the 
 ardent lover of Morvyth daughter of 
 Urien of Rheged.— Welsh Triads. 
 
 Three Battle Knights (The) in 
 the court of king Arthur : (1) Cadwr 
 earl of Cornwall ; (2) Launcelot du Lac ; 
 (3) Owain son of Urien prince of Rheged, 
 i.e. Cumberland and some of the ad- 
 jacent lands. These three would never 
 retreat from battle, neither for spear, 
 nor sword, nor arrow ; and Arthur knew 
 no shame in fight when they were preseut. 
 — Welsh Triads. 
 
 Three Beautiful "Women (The) 
 
 of the court of king Arthur : (1) Gwen- 
 hwyvar or Guenever wife of king Arthur ; 
 
 (2) Enid, who dressed in " azure robes," 
 wife of Geraint ; (3) Tegau or Tegau 
 Euron. — Welsh Triads. 
 
 Three Blessed Rulers (The) of 
 the island of Britain : (1) Bran or Vran, 
 son of Llyr, and father of Caradawc (Ca- 
 ractacus). He was called "The Blessed" 
 because he introduced Christianity rito 
 the nation of the Cymry from Rome ; he 
 learnt it during his seven years' detention 
 in that city with his son. (2) Lleurig 
 ab Coel ab Cyllyn Sant, surnamed "The 
 Great Light." He built the cathedral of 
 Llandaff, the first sanctuary in Britain. 
 
 (3) Cadwaladyr, who gave refuge to all 
 believers driven out by the Saxons from 
 England. — Welsh Triads, xxxv. 
 
 Three Calenders (The), three 
 sons of three kings, who assumed the 
 disguise of begging dervises. They had 
 each lost one eye. The three met in the 
 house of Zobeide, and told their re- 
 spective tales in the presence of Haroun- 
 al-Raschid also in disguise. (See Calen- 
 ders, p. 150.) — Arabian Nights ("The 
 Three Calenders"). 
 
 Three Chief Ladies (The) of the 
 island of Britain : (1) B'ranwen daughter 
 of king Llyr, "the fairest damsel in the 
 world ; " (2) Gwenhwwar or Guenever 
 wife of king Arthur ; "(3) .Ethelflffid the 
 wife of iEthelred. 
 
 Three Closures (The) of the island 
 of Britain : (1) The head of Yran son of 
 Llyr, surnamed "The Blessed," which 
 was buried under the White Tower of 
 London, and so long as it remained there, 
 no invader would enter the island. (2) 
 The bones of Yortimer, surnamed " The 
 Blessed," buried in the chief harbour of 
 the island ; so long as they remained 
 there, no hostile ship would approach the 
 coast. (3) The dragons buried by Lludd 
 son of Beli, in the city of Pharaon, in 
 the Snowdon rocks. (See Three' Fatal 
 Disclosures.) — Welsh Triads, liii. 
 
 Three Counselling Knights 
 (The) of the court of king Arthur: (1) 
 Kynon or Cynon son of Clydno Eiddin ; 
 (2) Aron son of Kynfarch ap Meirchion 
 Gul ; (3) Lkywarch Hen son of Elidir 
 Lydanwyn. So long as Arthur followed 
 the advice of these three, his success was 
 invariable, but when he neglected to 
 follow their counsel, his defeat was sure. 
 — Welsh Triads. 
 
THREE DIADEMED CHIEFS. 1000 
 
 THREE MAKERS, ETC. 
 
 Three Diademed Chiefs (The) 
 of the island of Britain : (1) Kai son of 
 Kyner, the sewer of king Arthur. He 
 rould transform himself into any shape 
 he pleased. Always ready to fight, and 
 always worsted. Half knight and half 
 buffoon. (2) Trystan mab Tallwch, one 
 of Arthur's three heralds, and one whom 
 nothing could divert from his purpose ; 
 he is generally called sir Tristram. (3) 
 Gwevyl mab Gwestad, the melancholy. 
 " When sad, he would let one of his lips 
 drop below his waist, while the other 
 turned up like a cap upon his head." — 
 The Mabinogion, 227. 
 
 Three Disloyal Tribes {The) of 
 the island of Britain: (1) The tribe of 
 Goronwy Pebyr, which refused to stand 
 substitute for their lord, Llew Llaw 
 Gyffes, when a poisoned dart was shot at 
 him by Llech Goronwy ; (2) the tribe 
 of Gwrgi, which deserted their lord in 
 Caer Greu, when he met Eda Glinmawr 
 in battle (both were slain) ; (3) the 
 tribe of Alan Vyrgan, which slunk 
 away from their lord on his journey to 
 Camlan, where he was slain. — Welsh 
 Triads, xxxv. 
 
 Three Estates of the Realm: 
 
 the nobility, the clergy, and the com- 
 monalt3\ 
 
 N.B. — The sovereign is not one of the 
 three estates. 
 
 Three Fatal Disclosures (The) 
 of the island of Britain : (1) That of the 
 buried head of Vran "the Blessed" by 
 king Arthur, because he refused to hold 
 the sovereignty of the land except by 
 his own strength • (2) that of the bones 
 of Vortimer by Vortigern, out of love 
 for Ron wen (Bowcna) daughter of Hen- 
 gist the Saxon ; (3) that of the dragons 
 in Snowdon by Vortigern, in revenge of 
 the Cymryan displeasure against him ; 
 having this done, he invited over the 
 Saxons in his defence. (See Three 
 Closures.) — Welsh Triads, liii. 
 
 Three-Fingered Jack, the nick- 
 name of a famous negro robber, who was 
 the terror of Jamaica in 1780. He was 
 at length hunted down and killed in 
 1781. 
 
 Three Golden-Tongued Knights 
 (The) in the court of king Arthur: 
 (1) Gwalchmai, called in French Gawain 
 son of Gwyar ; (2) Drudwas son of 
 Tryffin ; (3)' Eliwlod son of Madog ab 
 Uthur. They never made a request which 
 was not at once granted.— Welsh Triads. 
 
 Three Great Astronomers (The) 
 of the island of Britain : (1) Gwydion 
 son of Don. From him the Milky Way 
 is called " Caer Gwydion." He called 
 the constellation Cassiopeia "The Court 
 of Don " or Llys Don, after his father ; 
 and the Corona Borealis he called " Caer 
 Arianrod, " after his daughter. (2) G wynn 
 son of Nudd. (3) Idris.— Welsh Triads, 
 ii. 325. 
 
 Three Holy Tribes (The) of the 
 island of Britain : (1) That of Bran or 
 Vran, who introduced Christianity into 
 Wales; (2) that of Cunedda Wledig ; 
 and (3) that of Brychan Brycheiniog. — 
 Welsh Triads, xxxv. 
 
 Three Kings. In our line of kings 
 we never exceed three reigns without 
 interruption or catastrophe. (See Kings 
 of England, p. 517.) 
 
 Three Kings' Day, Twelfth Day 
 or Epiphany, designed to commemorate 
 the visit of the "three kings " or "Wise 
 Men of the East " to the infant Jesus. 
 
 Three Kings of Cologne (The), 
 
 the three " Wise Men " who followed the 
 guiding star "from the East" to Jeru- 
 salem, and offered gifts to the babe 
 Jesus. Their names were Jaspar or Gas- 
 par, Melchior, and Balthazar; or Apellius, 
 Amerus, and Damascus ; or Magalath, 
 Galgalath, and Sarasin ; or Ator, Sator, 
 and Perat5ras. Klopstock, in his Messiah, 
 says the Wise Men were six in number, 
 and gives their names as Hadad, Selima, 
 Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. 
 
 *** The toys shown in Cologne Cathe- 
 dral as the " three kings " are called 
 Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. 
 
 Three Learned Knights (Tlie) 
 of the island of Britain : (1) Gwalchmai 
 ab Gwyar, called in French romances 
 Gawain son of Lot ; (2) Llecheu ab 
 Arthur ; (3) Rhiwallon with the broom- 
 bush hair. There was nothing that man 
 knew they did not know. — Welsh Triads, 
 
 Three-Leg Alley (London), now 
 called Pemberton Row, Fetter Lane. 
 
 Three Letters (A Man of), a thief. 
 A Roman phrase, from fur, " a thief." 
 
 Tun' trium literamm homo 
 Me vituperas ? Fur 1 
 
 Plautus, Aulularia, ii. 4. 
 
 Three Makers of Golden Shoes 
 (The) of the island of Britain : (1) Cas- 
 wallawn son of Beli, when he went to 
 Gascony to obtain Flur. She had been 
 
THREE-MEN WINE. 
 
 1001 
 
 THROGMORTON STREET. 
 
 abducted for Julius Cassar, but was 
 brought back by the prince. (2) Mana- 
 wyddan son of Llyr, when he sojourned 
 in Lloegyr {England). (3) Llew Llaw 
 Gyffes, when seeking arms " from his 
 mother. — Welsh Triads, cxxiv. 
 
 " What craft shall we take ? " said Manawyddan. . . . 
 "Let us take to making shoes." ... So he bought the 
 best cordwal . . . and got the best goldsmith to make 
 clasps . . . and he was called one of the three makers of 
 gold shoes.— The Mabinogion {" Manawyddan," twelfth 
 century). 
 
 Three-Men "Wine. Very bad wine 
 is so called, because it requires one man 
 to hold the victim, a second to pour the 
 wine down his throat, and the third is 
 the victim made to drink it. 
 
 Abraham Santa Clara, the preaching 
 friar, calls the wine of Alsace "three- 
 men wine." 
 
 Three per Cents. "The sweet 
 simplicity of the three per cents." This 
 Avas the saying of Dr. Scott (lord 
 Stowell), brother of lord Eldon the 
 great Admiralty judge. 
 
 Three Robbers (The). The three 
 stars in Orion's belt are said to be 
 "three robbers climbing up to rob the 
 Ranee's silver bedstead." — Miss Frere, 
 Old Deccan Days, 28. 
 
 Three Stayers of Slaughter 
 
 {The)-. (1) Gwgawn Gleddyvrud ; the 
 name of his horse was Buchestom. (2) 
 Morvran eil Tegid. (3) Gilbert mab 
 Cadgyffro. — Welsh Triads, xxix. 
 
 Three Tailors of Tooley Street 
 
 (The), three worthies, who held a meet- 
 ing in Tooley Street for the redress of 
 popular grievances, and addressed a peti- 
 tion to the House of Commons, while 
 Canning was prime minister, beginning, 
 "We, the people of England." 
 
 Three Tribe Herdsmen of Bri- 
 tain (The) : (1) Llawnrodded Varvawe, 
 who tended the milch cows of Nudd 
 Hael son of Senyllt ; (2) Bennren, who 
 kept the herd of Caradawc son of Bran, 
 Glamorganshire ; (3) Gwdion son of 
 Don the enchanter, who kept the kine 
 of Gwynedd above the Conway. All 
 these herds consisted of 21,000 milch 
 cows. — Welsh Triads, lxxxv. 
 
 Three Tyrants of Athens (The) t 
 Pisistr&tos (b.c. 560-490), Hippias and 
 Hipparchos (b.c. 527-490). 
 
 (The two brothers reigned conjointly 
 from 527-514, when the latter was mur- 
 dered.) 
 
 Three Unprofessional Bards 
 
 (The) of the island of Britain : (1) Rhy- 
 awd son of Morgant ; (2) king Arthur ; 
 (3) Cadwallawn son of Cadvan. — Welsh 
 Triads, lxxxix. 113. 
 
 Three 'Weeks after Marriage, 
 a comedy by. A. Murphy (1776). Sir 
 Charles Racket has married the daughter 
 of a rich London tradesman, and three 
 weeks of the honeymoon having expired, 
 he comes on a visit to the lady's father, 
 Mr. Drugget. Old Drugget plumes him- 
 self on his aristocratic son-in-law, so 
 far removed from the vulgar brawls of 
 meaner folk. On the night of their 
 arrival, the bride and bridegroom quarrel 
 about a game of whist ; the lady main- 
 tained that sir Charles ought to have 
 played a diamond instead of a club. So 
 angry is sir Charles that he resolves to 
 have a divorce ; and although the quarrel 
 is patched up, Mr. Drugget has seen 
 enough of the beau monde to decline the 
 alliance of Lovelace for his second 
 daughter, whom he gives to a Mr. 
 Woodley. 
 
 Three Writers (The). The Scrip- 
 tores Tres are Richardus Corinensis, 
 Gildas Badonicus, and Nennius Ban- 
 chorensis ; three who wrote on The 
 Ancient History of the British Nation, 
 edited, etc., by Julius Bertram (1757). 
 
 *** The Five Writers or Scriptores 
 Quinque are five English chronicles on 
 the early history of England, edited by 
 Thomas Gale (1691). The names of these 
 chroniclers are : William of Malmesbury, 
 Henry of Huntingdon, Roger Hoveden, 
 Ethelwerd, and Ingulphus of Croyland. 
 
 The Ten Writers or Scriptores Decern 
 are the authors of ten ancient chronicles 
 on English history, compiled and edited 
 by Roger Twysden and John Selden 
 (1652). The collection contains the 
 chronicles of Simeon of Durham, John 
 of Hexham, Richard of Hexham, Ailred 
 of Rieval, Ralph de Diceto, John Bromp- 
 ton, Gervase of Canterbury, Thomas 
 Stubbs, William Thorn, and Henry 
 Knighton. (See Six Chronicles.) 
 
 Thresher (Captain), the feigned 
 leader of a bod} r of lawless Irishmen, 
 who attacked, in 1806, the collectors of 
 tithes and their subordinates. 
 
 Captain Right was a leader of the 
 rebellious peasantry in the south of Ire- 
 land in the eighteenth century. 
 
 Captain Rock was the assumed name 
 of a leader of Irish insurgents in 1822. 
 
 Throgmorton Street (London). 
 
THRUMMY-CAP. 
 
 1002 
 
 THUNDER. 
 
 So named from sir Nicholas Throcmor- 
 ton, banker (1513-1571). 
 
 (Sir Nicholas took part in Wyatt's 
 rebellion.) 
 
 Thrummy-Cap, a sprite which 
 figures in the fairy tales of Northum- 
 berland. He was a " queer-looking little 
 auld man," whose scene of exploits 
 generally lay in the vaults and cellars of 
 old castles. John Skelton, in his Colyn 
 Clout, calls him Tom-a-Thrum, and says 
 that the clergy could neither write nor 
 read, and were no wiser than this cellar 
 sprite. 
 
 Thrush {Song of the). 
 
 White hat, white hat ; 
 Cherry do, cherry do ; 
 Pretty Joe, pretty Joe. 
 
 The Storm Thrush, calling for rain, 
 Bays : 
 
 Bill Peters, Bill Peters, 
 
 Bill Peters, Bill Peters, 
 
 Kiss me quick. 
 
 Thu'le (2 syl.), the most remote 
 northern portion of the world known to 
 the ancient Greeks and Romans ; but 
 whether an island or part of a continent 
 nobody knows. It is first mentioned by 
 Pytheas, the Greek navigator, who says 
 it is "six days' sail from Britain," and 
 that its climate is a "mixture of earth, 
 air, and sea." Ptolemy, with more ex- 
 actitude, tells us that the 63° of north 
 latitude runs through the middle of 
 Thule, and adds that "the days there 
 are at the equinoxes [sic] twenty-four 
 hours long." This, of course, is a blunder, 
 but the latitude would do roughly for 
 Iceland. 
 
 (No place has a day of twenty-four 
 hours long at either equinox ; but any- 
 where beyond either polar circle the day 
 is twenty-four hours long at one of the 
 solstices.) 
 
 Thu'le (2 syl.). Antonius Diogenes, 
 a Greek, wrote a romance on " The In- 
 credible Things beyond Thule" (Ta 
 huper Tlioulen Apista), which has fur- 
 nished the basis of many subsequent 
 tales. The work is not extant, but 
 Photius gives an outline of its contents 
 in his Bibliotheca. 
 
 Thumb (Tom), a dwarf no bigger 
 than a man's thumb. He lived in the 
 reien of king Arthur, by whom he was 
 knighted. He was the son of a common 
 ploughman, and was killed by the poi- 
 sonous breath of a spider in the reign of 
 Thunstone, the successor of king Arthur. 
 
 Amongst his adventures may be men- 
 
 tioned the following : — He was lying one 
 day asleep in a meadow, when a cow 
 swallowed him as she cropped the grass. 
 At another time, he rode in the ear of a 
 horse. He crept up the sleeve of a giant, 
 and so tickled him that he shook his 
 sleeve, and Tom, falling into the sea, 
 was swallowed by a fish. The fish being 
 caught and carried to the palace, gave 
 the little man his introduction to the 
 king. 
 
 *** The oldest version extant of this 
 nursery tale is in rhyme, and bears the 
 following title: — Tom Thumb, His Life 
 and Death ; wherein is declared many mat - 
 vailous acts of manhood, full of wonder 
 and strange merriments. Which little 
 knight lived in king Arthur's time, and was 
 famous in the court of Great Brittaine. 
 London : printed for John Wright, 1030 
 (Bodleian Library). It begins thus : 
 
 In Arthur's court Tom Thurnbe did Hue— 
 
 A man of mickle might, 
 The best of all the Table Round, 
 
 And eke a doughty knight. 
 His stature but an inch in height, 
 
 Or quarter of a span ; 
 Then thinke you not this little knight 
 
 tVas prou'd a valiant man i 
 
 N.B. — "Great Britain" was not a 
 recognized term till 1701 (queen Anne), 
 when the two parliaments of Scotland 
 and England were united. Before that 
 time, England was called " South Britain," 
 Scotland "North Britain," and Brittanv 
 " Little Britain." The date 1G30 would 
 carry us back to the reign of Charles I. 
 
 Fielding, in 1730, wrote a burlesque 
 opera called Tom Thumb, which was 
 altered in 1778 by Kane O'Hara. Dr. 
 Arne wrote the music to it, and his 
 " daughter (afterwards Mrs. Cibber), then 
 only 14, acted the part of ' Tom Thumb ' 
 at the Haymarket Theatre." — T. Davies, 
 Life of Garrick. 
 
 *** Here again the dates do not correctly 
 fit in. Mrs. Cibber was born 1710, and 
 must have been 20 when Fielding pro- 
 duced his opera of Tom Thumb. 
 
 Thumb (General Tom), a dwarf ex- 
 hibited in London in 184G. His real 
 name was Charles S. Stratton. At the 
 age of 25, his height was 25 inches, and 
 his weight 25 lbs. He was born at Bridge- 
 port, Connecticut, United States, in 1832, 
 and died in Januan r , 1879. 
 
 They rush by thousands to see Tom Thumb They 
 push, they fight, they scream, they faint, they cry, " Help ! " 
 and "Murder ! " They see my bills and caravan, but do 
 not read them. Their eyes are on them, but their senso 
 Is gone. ... In one week 12,000 persons paid to see Tom 
 Thumb, while only 133^ paid to see my " Aristides." — 
 Haydon the artist, MS. Diary. 
 
 Thunder prognosticates evil accord- 
 
THUNDER. 
 
 1003 
 
 THYESTEAN REVENGE. 
 
 ing to the day of the week on which it 
 occurs. 
 
 Sondayes thundre shoulde brynge the deathe of learned 
 men, judges, and others; Mondayes thundre, the deathe 
 of women ; Tuesdayes thundre, plentie of graine ; Wednes- 
 days thundre, the deathe of harlottes and other blod- 
 shede ; Thursdayes thundre, plentie of shepe and come ; 
 Fridayes thundre, the slaughter of a great man and other 
 horrible murders ; and Saturdayes thundre, a generall 
 pestilent plague and great deathe. — L. Digges, A Prog- 
 nostication Everlasting of Ryght Good Effecte (1556). 
 
 Thunder (The Griant), a giant who fell 
 into a river and was killed, because Jack 
 cut the ropes which suspended a bridge 
 which the giant was about to cross. — 
 Jack the Giant-Killer. 
 
 Thunder (The Sons of). Jam33 and 
 John, the sons of Zebedee, were called 
 " Boaner'ges." — Luke ix. 54 ; Mark iii. 
 17. 
 
 Thunder and Lightning. Stephen 
 II. of Hungary was surnamed Tonnant 
 (1100, 1114-1131). 
 
 Thunderbolt (The). Ptolemy king 
 of Macedon, eldest son of Ptolemy Soter 
 I., was so called from his great impetu- 
 osity (B.C. *, 285-279). 
 
 Handel was called by Mozart "The 
 Thunderbolt" (1684-1759). 
 
 Thunderbolt of Italy (The), 
 Gaston de Foix, nephew of Louis XII. 
 (1489-1512). 
 
 Thunderbolt of War ( The) .Roland 
 is so called in Spanish ballads. 
 
 Tisaphernes is so called in Tasso's Jeru- 
 salem Delivered, xx. (1575). 
 
 Thunderer (The), the Times news- 
 paper. This popular name was first 
 given to the journal in allusion to a 
 paragraph in one of the articles con- 
 tributed by captain Edward Sterling, 
 while Thomas Barnes was editor. 
 
 We thundered forth the other day an article on the 
 subject of social and political reform. 
 
 Some of the contemporaries caught up 
 the expression, and called the Times " The 
 Thunderer." Captain Sterling used to 
 sign himself "Vetus" before he was 
 placed on the staff of the paper. 
 
 Thundering Legion (TJie), the 
 twelfth legion of the Roman army 
 under Marcus Aurelius acting against 
 the Quadi, a.d. 174. It was shut up in 
 a defile, and reduced to great straits 
 for want of water, when a body of Chris- 
 tians, enrolled in the legion, prayed for 
 relief. Not only was rain sent, but the 
 thunder and lightning so terrified the foe 
 that a complete victory was obtained, and 
 the legion was ever after called "The 
 
 Thundering Legion." — Dion Cassius, Mo- 
 man History, lxxi. 8 ; Eusebius, Ecclesi- 
 astical History, v. 5. 
 
 The Theban legion, i.e. the legion raised 
 in the Thebai's of Egypt, and composed 
 of Christian soldiers led by St. Maurice, 
 was likewise called " The Thundering 
 Legion." 
 
 The term "Thundering Legion" existed 
 before either of these two were so called. 
 
 Thunstone (2 syl.), the successor of 
 king Arthur, in whose reign Tom Thumb 
 was killed by a spider. — Tom Thumb. 
 
 Thu'rio, a foolish rival of Valentine 
 for the love of Silvia daughter of the 
 duke of Milan.— Shakespeare, The Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona (1595). 
 
 Thursday is held unlucky by the 
 Swedes ; so is it with the Russians, 
 especially in Esthonia. 
 
 Thursday (Black). February 6, 1851, is 
 60 called in the colony of Victoria, from 
 a terrible bush fire which occurred on 
 that day. 
 
 Thwacker (Quartermaster), in the 
 dragoons. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Thwackum, in Fielding's novel, The 
 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). 
 
 ThyamiSj an Egyptian thief, nativt 
 of Memphis. Theagenes and Chariclca 
 being taken by him prisoners, he fell in 
 love with the lady, and shut her up in a 
 cave for fear of losing her. Being closely 
 beset by another gang stronger than his 
 own, he ran his sword into the heart of 
 Chariclea, that she might go with him 
 into the land of shadows, and be his com- 
 panion in the future life. — Heliodorus, 
 JEthiopica. 
 
 Like to the Eayptwn thief, at point of death, 
 KU1 what I love. 
 Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act v. sc. 1 (1614). 
 
 Thyeste'an Banquet (in Latin 
 coena Thyestaf), a cannibal feast. Thyestes 
 was given his own two sons to eat in a 
 banquet served up to him by his brother 
 Atreus [At. truce']. 
 
 Procne and Philomena served up to 
 Tereus (2 syl.) his own son Itys. 
 
 *** Milton accents the word on the 
 second syllable in Paradise Lost, x. 688, 
 but then he calls Chalybe'an (Samson 
 Agonistes, 133) " Chalyb'ean," iEge'an 
 (Paradise Lost, i. 745) "iE'gean," and 
 Cambuscan' he calls " Cambus'can." 
 
 Thyeste'an Revenge, blood for 
 blood, tit for tat of bloody vengeance. 
 
THYMBR^AN GOD. 
 
 1004 
 
 TIBBS. 
 
 1. Thyestes seduced tlie wife of his 
 brother Atreus (2 syl.), for which he was 
 banished. In his banishment he carried 
 off his brother's son Plisthenes, whom he 
 brought up as his own child. When the 
 boy was grown to manhood, he sent him 
 to assassinate Atreus, but Atreus slew 
 Plisthenes, not knowing him to be his 
 son. The corresponding vengeance was 
 this : Thyestes had a son named Mgis- 
 thos, who was brought up by king Atreus 
 as his own child. When /Egisthos was 
 grown to manhood, the king sent him to 
 assassinate Thyestes, but the young man 
 slew Atreus instead. 
 
 2. Atreus slew his own son Plisthenes, 
 thinking him to be his brother's child. 
 When he found out his mistake, he pre- 
 tended to be reconciled to his brother, 
 and asked him to a banquet. Thyestes 
 went to the feast, and ate part of his own 
 two sons, which had been cooked, and 
 were, set before him by his brother. 
 
 3. Thyestes defiled the wife of his 
 brother Atreus, and Atreus married Pe- 
 lopia the unwcdcled wife of his brother 
 Thyestes. It was the son of this woman 
 by Thyestes who murdered Atreus (his 
 uncle and father-in-law). 
 
 * + * The tale of Atreus and that of 
 CEdipus arc the two most lamentable 
 stories of historic fiction, and in some 
 points resemble each other : Thus (Edi- 
 pus married his mother, not knowing 
 who she was ; Thyestes seduced his 
 daughter, not knowing who she - was. 
 CEdipus slew his father, not knowing 
 who he was ; Atreus slew his son, not 
 knowing who he was. CEdipus was 
 driven from his throne by the sons born 
 to him by his own mother * Atreus 
 [At'.ruce] was killed by the natural son 
 of his own wife. 
 
 Thyrnbras'an G-od (The), Apollo ; 
 so called from a celebrated temple raised 
 to his honour on a hill near the river 
 Thymbrius. 
 
 The Thymbrsean god 
 With Mars I saw and Pallas. 
 
 Dante, Pu.rga.tvry, xii. (1308). 
 
 Thyrsis, a herdsman introduced in 
 the Idylls of Theocritos, and in Virgil's 
 Kclogue, vii. Any shepherd or rustic is so 
 called. 
 
 Hard by, a cottage chimney smoke3 
 From betwixt two aged oaks. 
 Where Condon and Thyrsis, met. 
 Are at their savoury dinner set. 
 
 Milton, VA llegro (1638). 
 
 Thyrsus, a long pole with an orna- 
 mental head of ivy, vine leaves, or a fir 
 cone, carried by Bacchus and by his 
 
 votaries at the celebration of his rites, 
 It was emblematic of revelry and 
 drunkenness. 
 
 [/ will] abash the frantic thyrsus with my song. 
 
 Akenside, Hymn to the A'aiads (1767). 
 
 Tibbs (Beau), a poor, clever, dashing 
 young spark, who had the happy art of 
 fancying he knew all the haut rrutide, and 
 that all the monde knew him ; that his 
 garret was the choicest spot in London 
 for its commanding view of the Thames ; 
 that his wife was a lady of distinguished 
 airs ; and that his infant daughter would 
 marry a peer. He took off his hat to 
 every man and woman of fashion, and 
 made out that dukes, lords, duchesses, 
 and ladies addressed him simply as Ned. 
 His hat was pinched up with peculiar 
 smartness ; his looks were pale, thin, and 
 sharp ; round his neck he wore a broad 
 black ribbon, and in his bosom a glass 
 pin ; his coat was trimmed with tar- 
 nished lace ; and his stockings were silk. 
 Beau Tibbs interlarded his rapid talk with 
 fashionable oaths, such as, " Upon my 
 soul ! egad ! " 
 
 " I was asked to dine yesterday," he says, " at the 
 duchess of Piccadilly's. My lord Mudler was there. 
 • Ned,' said he, ' I'll hold gold to silver I can tell you 
 where you were poaching last night ... I hope, Ned, 
 it will improve your fortune.' ' Fortune, my lord ? five 
 hundred a year at least— great secret— let it go no fur- 
 ther.' My lord took me down in his chariot to his 
 country seat yesterday, and we had a tcte-d-tete dinner in 
 Uie country." " I fancy you told us just now you dineu 
 yesterday at the duchess's, in town." " Did I so?" replied 
 he coolly. " To be sure, egad ! now I do remember — yes, 
 I had two dinners yesterday."— Letter liv. 
 
 Mrs. Tibbs, wife of the beau, a slattern 
 and a coquette, much emaciated, but with 
 the remains of a good-looking woman. 
 She made twenty apologies for being in 
 dishabille ; but had been out all night with 
 the countess. Then, turning to her hus- 
 band, she added, "And his lordship, my 
 dear, drank your health in a bumper." 
 Ned then asked his wife if she had given 
 orders for dinner. "You need make no 
 great preparation — only we three. My 
 lord cannot join us to-day — something 
 small and elegant will do, such as a tur- 
 bot, an ortolan, a " 
 
 "Or," said Mrs. Tibbs, "what do you think, my dear, 
 of a nice bit of ox-cheek, dressed with a little of my own 
 sauce ? " " The very thing," he replies ; " it will eat well 
 with a little beer. His grace was very fond of it, and 1 
 hate the vulgarity of a great load of dishes." The citiitn 
 of the world now thought it time to decamp, and took 
 his leave, Mrs. Tibbs assuring him that dinner would 
 certainly be quite ready in two or three hours.— Letter lv. 
 
 Mrs. Tibbs's lady's-maid, a vulgar, 
 brawny Scotchwoman. " Where's my 
 lady ? " said Tibbs, when he brought to 
 his garret his excellency tne ambassador 
 of China. " She's a- washing your twa 
 shirts at the next door, becauee they won't 
 
TIBERT. 
 
 1005 
 
 TIDE-WAITERS. 
 
 lend us the tub anv longer." — Goldsmith, 
 A Citizen of the World (1759). 
 
 Tibert (Sir), the name of the cat, in 
 the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Tibet Talkapace, a prating hand- 
 maid of Custance the gay and rich widow 
 vainly sought by Ralph Roister Doister. 
 — Nicholas Udall, Ralph Roister Doister 
 (first English comedy, 1534). 
 
 The metre runs thus : 
 
 I hearde our nourse speake of an husbande to-day 
 Ready for our mistresse, a rich man and gay ; 
 And we shall go in our French hoodes every day . . . 
 Then shall ye see Tibet, sires, treade the mosse so trimme . . . 
 Not lumperdee, clumperdee, like our Spaniel Rig. 
 
 Tibs {Mr.), a most "useful hand." 
 He will write j r ou a receipt for the bite 
 of a mad dog, tell you an Eastern tale to 
 perfection, and understands the business 
 part of an author so well that no publisher 
 can humbug him. You may know him 
 by his peculiar clumsiness of figure, and 
 the coarseness of his coat ; but he never 
 forgets to inform you that his clothes are 
 all paid for. (See Tibbs.)— Goldsmith, 
 A Citizen of the World, xxix. (1759). 
 
 Tibs's Eve (St.), never. St. Tibs is 
 a corruption of St. Ubes. There is no such 
 saint in the calendar ; and therefore St. 
 Tibs's Eve falls neither before nor after 
 New Year's Day. 
 
 Similar phrases are : " The Latter 
 Lammas," the " Greek Kalends," the 
 " week of two Thursdays," when " Shrove 
 Tuesday falls on Wednesday," " once in 
 a blue moon," "in the reign of queen 
 Dick," "when two Sundays meet," etc. 
 
 Tibullus (The French), the chevalier 
 Evaristede Parny (1742-1814). 
 
 Tiburce (2 or 3 syl.), brother of 
 Valirian, conA r erted by St. Cecile, his 
 sister-in-law, and baptized by pope Urban. 
 Being brought before the prefect Ahna- 
 chius, and commanded to worship the 
 image of Jupiter, he refused to do so, and 
 was decapitated. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales (" Second Nun's Tale," 1388). 
 
 *** When Tiburce is followed by a 
 vowel it is made 2 syl., when by a con- 
 sonant it is 3 syl., as : 
 
 And after this, Tiburce in good entente (2 syl.). 
 
 With Valirian to pope Urban weut. 
 
 At this thing sche unto Tiburce tolde (3 syK). 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Tibur'zio, commander of the Pisans 
 in their attack upon Florence, in the 
 fifteenth century. The Pisans were 
 thoroughly beaten by the Florentines, 
 led by Lu'ria a Moor, and Tiburzio was 
 taken captive. Tiburzio tells Luria that 
 
 the men of Florence will cast him off after 
 peace is established, and advises him to 
 join Pisa. This Luria is far too noble t> 
 do, but he grants Tiburzio his libeity. 
 Tiburzio, being examined by the council 
 of Florence, under the hope of finding 
 some cause of censure against the Moor, 
 to lessen or cancel their obligation to him, 
 "testifies to his unflinching probity," 
 and the council could find no cause of 
 blame ; but Luria, by poison, relieves 
 the ungrateful state of its obligation to 
 him. — Robert Browning, Luria. 
 
 Tiehborne Dole (The). When lady 
 Mabella was dying, she requested her hus- 
 band to grant her the means of leaving 
 a charitable bequest. It was to be a dole 
 of bread, to be distributed annually on the 
 Feast of the Annunciation, to any who 
 chose to apply for it. Sir Roger, her 
 husband, said he would give her as much 
 land as she could walk over while a billet 
 of wood remained burning. The old lady 
 was taken into the park, and managed to 
 crawl over twenty-three acres of land, 
 which was accordingly set apart, ancL.is 
 called "The Crawls" to this hour. When 
 the lady Mabella was taken back to her 
 chamber, she said, " So long as this dole 
 is continued, the family of Tiehborne 
 shall prosper; but immediately it is dis- 
 continued, the house shall fall, from the 
 failure of an heir male. This," she added, 
 "will be when a family of seven sons is 
 succeeded by one of seven daughters." 
 The custom began in the reign of Henry 
 II., and continued till 1796, when, sin- 
 gularly enough, the baron had seven sons 
 and his successor seven daughters, and 
 Mr. Edward Tiehborne, who inherited the 
 Doughty estates, dropping the original 
 name, called himself sir Edward Doughty. 
 
 Tickell (Mark), a useful friend, 
 especially to Elsie Lovell. — Wybert 
 Reeve, Farted. 
 
 Tickler (Timothy), an ideal portrait of 
 Robert Sym, a lawyer of Edinburgh 
 (1750-1844). — Wilson, Nodes Ambrosiance 
 (1822-36). 
 
 Tiddler. (See Tom Tiddler's 
 Ground.) 
 
 Tiddy-Doll, a nickname given to 
 Richard Grenville lord Temple (1711- 
 
 1770). 
 
 Tide-Waiters (Ecclesiastical). So 
 the Rev. lord Osborne (S. G. O.) calls 
 the clergy in convocation whose votes do 
 not correspond with their real opinions. 
 
TIDER. 
 
 1006 
 
 TIMES. 
 
 Tider (Robin), one of the servants of 
 the earl of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Tiffany, Miss Alscrip's lady's-maid ; 
 pert, silly, bold, and a coquette. — General 
 Burgoyne, The Heiress (1781). 
 
 Tigg (Montague), a clever impostor, 
 who lives by his wits. He starts a 
 bubble insurance office — "the Anglo- 
 Bengalee Company " — and makes con- 
 siderable gain thereby. Having dis- 
 covered the attempt of Jonas Chuzzlewit 
 to murder his father, he compels him to 
 put his money in the "new company," 
 but Jonas finds means to murder him. — 
 C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Tiglath - Pile'ser, son of Pul, 
 second of the sixth dynasty of the new 
 Assyrian empire. The word is Tiglath 
 Pul Assur, " the great tiger of Assyria." 
 
 Tigra'nes (3 syl.), one of the heroes 
 slain by the impetuous Dudon soon after 
 the arrival of the Christian army before 
 Jerusalem. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, 
 iii. (1575). 
 
 Tigra'nes (3 syl.), king of Arme'nia. 
 — Beaumont and Fletcher, A King or No 
 King (1619). 
 
 Tigress Nurse (^1). Tasso says 
 that Clorinda was suckled, by a tigress. 
 — Jerusalem Delivered, xii. 
 
 Roman story says Romulus and Remus 
 were suckled by a she-wolf. 
 
 Orson, the brother of Valentine, was 
 suckled by a she-bear, and was brought 
 up by an eagle. — Valentine and Orson. 
 
 Tilburi'na, the daughter of the 
 governor of Tilbury Fort; in love with 
 Whiskerandos. Her love-ravings are the 
 crest unto the crest of burlesque tragedy 
 (see act ii. 1). — Sheridan, The Critic 
 (1779). 
 
 "An oyster may be crossed in love," says the gentle 
 Tilburina.— Sir W. Scott 
 
 Tilbury Fort (The governor of), 
 father of Tilburina ; a plain, matter-of- 
 fact man, with a gushing, romantic, and 
 love-struck daughter. In Mr. Puff's 
 tragedy The Spanish Armada. — Sheridan, 
 The Critic (1779). 
 
 Tim Syllabub, a droll creature, 
 equally good at a rebus, a riddle, a 
 bawdy song, or a tabernacle hymn. You 
 may easily recognize him by his shabby 
 finery, his frizzled hair, his dirty shirt, 
 and his half-genteel, but more than 
 half-shabby dress. — Goldsmith, A Citizen 
 of the World, xxix. (1759). 
 
 Times (Tlie), a newspaper founded 
 by John Walter, in 1785. It was first 
 called Tl\e London Daily Universal Register; 
 in 1788 the words The Times or . . . were 
 added. This long title was never tolerated 
 by the public, which always spoke of 
 the journal as The Register, till the 
 original title was suppressed, and the 
 present title, Ihe Times, remained. In 
 1803 John Walter, son of the founder, 
 became manager, and greatly improved 
 the character of the paper, and in 1814 
 introduced a steam press. He died in 
 1847, and was succeeded by his son John 
 Walter III. In the editorial department, 
 John (afterwards "sir John") Stoddart 
 (nicknamed "Dr. Slop"), who began to 
 write political articles in The Times in 
 1810, was appointed editor in 1812, but 
 in 1816 was dismissed for his rabid 
 hatred of Napoleon. He tried to estab- 
 lish an opposition journal, The New 
 Times, which proved an utter failure. 
 Sir John Stoddart was succeeded by John 
 Stebbing ; then followed Thomas Barnes 
 ("Mr. T. Bounce"), who remained editor 
 till his death, in 1841. W. F. A. Delane 
 came next, and continued till 1858, when 
 his son, John Thaddeus Delane, succeeded 
 him. The following gentlemen were 
 connected with this paper between 1870 
 and 1880 :— 
 
 An East End Incumbent, Mr. Rowsell, a volunteer 
 correspondent. 
 
 Anglicanus, Arthur P. Stanley, dean of Westminster, 
 a volunteer correspondent 
 
 C, Dr. dimming, who often dates from Dunrobin. 
 
 C. E. T„ Sir Charles E. Trevelyan, a volunteer corres- 
 pondent. 
 
 Church Matters, the Rev. Henry Wace, preacher at 
 Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 Cm' Article, m. B. Sampson. 
 
 Colleagues to Correspondents, Dr. Charles Austin, 
 with Messrs. Dallas, Broome, and Kelly. 
 
 Correspondents in every chief town of the United 
 Kingdom, and in all the most important foreign countries. 
 
 CRITIC. Pine Arts, Tom Taylor ; Dramatic, John 
 Oxenford (died 1876) ; Musical, T. J. Davidson. 
 
 Editor, John Thaddeus Delane, who succeeded his 
 father. Assistant, Mr. Stebbings, who succeeded G. W. 
 Dasent (" The Hardy Norseman "). 
 
 H., Vernon Harcourt, M.P., a volunteer correspon- 
 dent. 
 
 Hertfordshire Incumbent, Canon Blakesley, dean 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 Historicus, Vernon Hareourt, M.P., who also wrote 
 slashing articles in the Saturday Review. 
 
 Irish Correspondent, Dr. G. V. Patten, editor and 
 proprietor of the Dublin Daily Express. 
 
 Irish Matters, O'Conor Morris. 
 
 J. C, Dr. Cumming (see C), a volunteer correspondent. 
 
 Leaders, Leonard H. Courteney, Dr. Gallenga, Mr. 
 Knox, Robert Lowe, Canon Moseley, Lawrence Oliphant. 
 
 Manager of Office, Mowbray Morris. ' 
 
 Manager of Printing A-\d Machinery, Mr. 
 Macdonald. 
 
 Mekcator, lord Overstone, a volunteer correspondent. 
 
 Military Affairs, captain Hozier. 
 
 Religious Matters, the Rev. Henry Wace, preacher 
 at Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 Reporters, about sixteen. 
 
 Runnymede, Benjamin Disraeli, afterwards earl of 
 Beaconsfield, a volunteer correspondent. 
 
 Senex, Grote (died 1871), a volunteer correspondent 
 
TIMIAS. 
 
 1007 
 
 TINACRIO. 
 
 8. G. 0., the Rev. lord Sidney Godolphin Osborne, a 
 volunteer correspondent. 
 
 Special Correspondent, Dr. W. Howard Russell, 
 famous for his letters from the Crimea, in 1854; from 
 India, in 1857 ; from America, in 1861 ; from Bohemia, 
 in 1866; from France, on the Franco-Prussian war, in 
 1870-71 ; etc. Occasionally, captain Hozier has acted as 
 •'Our Own Correspondent." 
 
 Vetus, capt. Edw. Sterling, a volunteer correspondent. 
 
 Viator, John Alexander Kinglake, a volunteer corres- 
 pondent. 
 
 •»• Paper is supplied from the Taverham Mills ; ink 
 by Messrs. Fleming and Co., Leith, and by Messrs. Black- 
 well and Co., London ; Daily Issue, between 70,000 and 
 80,000, which can be thrown from the press in two hours ; 
 Working Staff, 350 hands. 
 
 Called " The Thunderer" from an article 
 contributed by captain E. Sterling, be- 
 ginning : " We thundered forth the other 
 day an article on the subject of social 
 and political reform ; " and ' ' The Turn- 
 about," because its politics jump with the 
 times, and are not fossilized whig or tory. 
 
 Tim/ias, king Arthur's 'squire. He 
 went after the "wicked foster," from 
 whom Florimel fled, and the "foster" 
 with his two brothers, falling on him, were 
 all slain. Timias, overcome by fatigue, 
 now fell from his horse in a swoon, and 
 Belphoebe the huntress, happening to see 
 him fall, ran to his succour, applied an 
 ointment to his wounds, and bound them 
 with her scarf. The 'squire, opening his 
 eyes, exclaimed, "Angel or goddess ; do 
 I call thee right?" "Neither," replied 
 the maid, "but only a wood-nj 7 mph." 
 Then was he set upon his horse and taken 
 to Belphoebe's pavilion, where he soon 
 " recovered from his wounds, but lost his 
 heart" (bk. iii. 6). In bk. iv. 7 Bel- 
 phoebe subsequently found Timias in 
 dalliance with Amoret, and said to him, 
 " Is this thy faith ? " She said no more, 
 " but turned her face and fled." This is 
 an allusion to sir Walter Raleigh's amour 
 with Elizabeth Throgmorton (Amoret), 
 one of the queen's maids of honour, 
 which drew upon sir Walter (Timias) the 
 passionate displeasure of his royal mis- 
 tress (Belphoebe or queen Elizabeth). — 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. (1590). 
 
 Timms (Corporal), a non-com- 
 missioned officer in Waverley's regi- 
 ment. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Timo'leon, the Corinthian. He 
 hated tyranny, and slew his own brother, 
 whom he dearly loved, because he tried 
 to make himself absolute in Corinth. 
 " Timophanes he loved, but freedom 
 more." 
 
 The fair Corinthian boast 
 Timoleou, happy temper, mild and firm, 
 Who wept the brother while the tyrant bled. 
 
 Thomson, The Seasons (" Winter," 1726). 
 
 Timon the Man-hater, an Athenian 
 who lived in the time of the Pelopon- 
 nesian war. Shakfspeare has a drama 
 so called _ (1609). The drama begins 
 with the joyous life of Timon, and his 
 hospitable extravagance ; then launches 
 into his pecuniary embarrassment, and the 
 discovery that his "professed friends" 
 Avill not help him ; and ends with his 
 flight into the woods, his misanthropy, 
 and his death. 
 
 When he {Horace Walpole~] talked misanthropy, lis 
 out-Timoned Timon.— Macaulay. 
 
 *** On one occasion, Timon said, " I 
 have a fig tree in my garden which I 
 once intended to cut "down ; but I shall 
 let it stand, that any one who likes may 
 go and hang himself on it." 
 
 Timon's Banquet, nothing but 
 cover and warm water. Being shunned 
 by his friends in adversity, he pretended 
 to have recovered his money, and invited 
 his false friends to a banquet. The table 
 was laden with covers, but when the 
 contents were exposed, nothing was pro- 
 vided but lukewarm water. (See Scha- 
 cabac, p. 875.)— Shakespeare, Timon of 
 At/tens, act iii. sc. 6 (1609). 
 
 Timoth'eos, a musician, who charged 
 double fees to all pupils who had learned 
 music before. — Quintilian, Be Institutione 
 Oratoria, ii. 3. 
 
 Ponocrates made him forget all that he [Gargantud] 
 had learned under other masters, as TimuthSus did to 
 his disciples who had been taught music by others.— 
 Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 23 (1533). 
 
 Timotheus, placed on high 
 Amid the tuneful quire, 
 With flying fingers touched the lyre. 
 
 Dryden, Alexander's Feast (1697). 
 
 Timothy (Old), ostler at John Mengs's 
 inn at KirchhofL— Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Timothy Quaint, the whimsical 
 but faithful steward of governor Heartall ; 
 blunt, self-willed, but loving his master 
 above all things, and true to his interests. 
 —Cherry, The Soldier's Baughter (1804). 
 
 Ti'murkan the Tartar, and conqueror 
 of China. After a usurpation of twenty 
 years, he was slain in a rising of the people 
 by Zaphimri "the orphan of China." 
 
 My mind's employed on other arts : 
 
 To sling the well-stored quiver 
 
 Over this arm, and wing the darts 
 
 At the first reindeer sweeping down the vale, 
 
 Or up the mountain straining every nerve ; 
 
 To vault the neighing steed, and urge his course, 
 
 Swifter that whirlwinds, through the ranks of war;— 
 
 These are my passions, this my only science. 
 
 Raised from a soldier to imperial sway, 
 
 I still will reign in terror. 
 
 Murphy, The Orphan of China, If. I. 
 
 Tinacrio "the Sage," father of 
 
TINCLARIAN DOCTOR. 
 
 1008 
 
 TIPPINS. 
 
 Micomico'na queen of Micom'icon, and 
 husband of queen Zaramilla. He foretold 
 that after his death his daughter would 
 be dethroned by the giant Pandafilando, 
 but that in Spain she would find a cham- 
 pion in don Quixote who would restore 
 her to the throne. This adventure 
 comes to nothing, as don Quixote is 
 taken home in a cage without entering 
 upon it. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 
 3 (1605). 
 
 Tinclarian Doctor {The Great), 
 William Mitchell, a whitesmith and tin- 
 plate worker of Edinburgh, who pub- 
 lished Tinkler's Testament, dedicated to 
 queen Anne, and other similar works. 
 
 The reason why I call myself the Tinclarian doctor is 
 because I am a tinklar, and cures old pans and lantruns. 
 —Introduction to Tinkler's Testament. 
 
 *** Uniformity of spelling must not 
 be looked for in the "doctor's" book. 
 We have "Tinklar," "Tinkler," and 
 "Tinclar-ian." 
 
 Tinderbox {Miss Jenny), a lady 
 with a moderate fortune, who once had 
 some pretensions to beauty. Her elder 
 sister happened to marry a man of 
 quality, and Jenny ever after resolved 
 not to disgrace herself by marrying a 
 tradesman. Having rejected many of 
 her equals, she became at last the go- 
 verness of her sister's children, and had 
 to undergo the drudgery of three ser- 
 vants without receiving the wages of 
 one. — Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, 
 xxviii. (1759). 
 
 Tinker {The Immortal or The In- 
 spired), John Bunyan (1628-1688). 
 
 Elihu Burritt, United States, is called 
 "The Learned Blacksmith" (1811-1879). 
 
 Tinsel {Lord), a type of that worst 
 specimen of aristocracy, which ignores 
 all merit but blue blood, and would rather 
 patronize a horse-jockey than a curate, 
 scholar, or poor gentleman. He would 
 subscribe six guineas to the concerts of 
 signor Cantata, because lady Dangle 
 patronized him, but not one penny to 
 "languages, arts, and sciences," as such. 
 — S. Knowles, The Hunchback (1831). 
 
 Tintag'el or Tintagil, a strong and 
 magnificent castle on the coast of Corn- 
 wall, said to have been the work of two 
 giants. It was the birthplace of king 
 Arthur, and subsequently the royal resi- 
 dence of king Mark. Dunlop asserts 
 that vestiges of the castle still exist. 
 
 They found a naked child upon the sands 
 Of dark Tintagil by the Cornish sea, 
 And that was Arthur. 
 
 Tennyson, Guinevere (1858). 
 
 Tinto {Dick), a poor artist, son of 
 a tailor in the village of Langdirdum. 
 He is introduced as a lad in the Bride 
 of Lammermoor, i. This was in the 
 reign of William III. He is again 
 introduced in St. Ronan's Well, i., 
 as touching up the signboard of Meg 
 Dods, in the reign of George III. As 
 William III. died in 1702, and George 
 III. began to reign in 1760, Master Dick 
 must have been a patriarch when he 
 worked for Mrs. Dods. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Bride of Lammermoor (1819) ; St. Ronan's 
 Well (1823). 
 
 Meg Dods agreed with the celebrated Dick Tinto to 
 repaint her father's sign, which had become rather 
 undecipherable. Dick accordingly gilded the bishop's 
 crook, and augmented the horrors of the devil's aspect, 
 until it became a terror to all the younger fry of the 
 school-house.— St. Honan's Well, i. 
 
 Tintoretto, the historical painter, 
 whose real name was Jacopo Robusti. 
 He was called II Furioso from the ex- 
 treme rapidity with which he painted 
 (1512-1594). 
 
 Tintoretto of England {The). 
 W. Dobson was called " The Tintoret of 
 England" by Charles I. (1610-1646). 
 
 Tintoretto of Switzerland {T/ie), 
 John Huber (eighteenth century). 
 
 Tiphany, the mother of the three 
 kings of Cologne. The word is mani- 
 festlv a corruption of St. Epiphany, as 
 Tibs" is of St. Ubes, Taudry of St. 
 Audry, Tooley [Street] of St. Olaf, 
 Telder of St. Ethelred, and so on. 
 
 Scores of the saints have similarly 
 manufactured names. 
 
 Ti'phys, pilot of the Argonauts ; 
 hence any pilot. 
 
 Many a Tiphys ocean's depths explore, 
 To open wondrous ways untried before. 
 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, viii. (Hoole). 
 
 *** Another name for a pilot or guid- 
 ing power is Palinurus ; so called from 
 the steersman of iEnGas. 
 
 E'en Palinurus nodded at the helm. 
 
 Pope, The Dunciad, iv. 614 (1742). 
 
 Tippins {Lady), an old lady "with 
 an immense obtuse, drab, oblong face, 
 like a face in a tablespoon ; and a dyed 
 ' long walk ' up the top of her head, as 
 a convenient public approach to the 
 bunch of false hair behind." She delights 
 " to patronize Mrs. Veneering," and Mrs. 
 Veneering is delighted to be patronized 
 by her ladyship. 
 
 Lady Tippins is always attended by a lover or two, and 
 she keeps a little list of her lovers, and is always booking 
 a new lover or striking out an old lover, or putting a 
 lover in her black list, or promoting a lover to her blue 
 
TIPPLE. 
 
 1009 
 
 TISAPHERtfES. 
 
 list, or adding up her lovers, or otherwise posting her 
 book, which she calls her Cupldon.— C. Dickens, Our 
 Mutual Friend, ii. (1864). 
 
 Tipple, in Dudley's Flitch of Bacon, 
 first introduced John Edwin into notice 
 (1750-1790). 
 
 Edwin's "Tipple," in the Flitch of Bacon, was an 
 exquisite treat.— Boaden. 
 
 Tippoo Saib {Prince), son of Hyder 
 Ali nawaub of Mysore. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George 
 
 Tips or " Examination Crams." Re- 
 cognized stock pieces of what is called 
 "book work" in university examina- 
 tions are: Fernat's theorem ; the " Ludus 
 Trojanus " in Virgil's JEneid (bk. vi.) ; 
 Agnesi's "Witch;" the "Cissoid" of 
 Diocles ; and the famous fragment of 
 Solon, generally said to be by Euripides. 
 
 In law examinations the stock pieces 
 are the Justinian of Sandars ; the Digest 
 of Evidence of sir James Stephen ; and 
 the Ancient Law of sir Henry Maine. 
 
 The following are recognized primers : 
 — Mill's Logic; Spencer's First Prin- 
 ciples ; Maine's Ancient Law ; Lessing's 
 Laocoon ; Ritter and Preller's Fragmenta ; 
 Wheaton's Jnternational Law. 
 
 Tip-tilted. Tennyson says that 
 Lynette had " her slender nose tip-tilted 
 like the petals of a flower." — Tennyson, 
 Gareth and Lynette (1858). 
 
 Tiptoe, footman to Random and 
 Scruple. He had seen better days, but, 
 being found out in certain dishonest trans- 
 actions, had lost grade, and " Tiptoe, 
 who once stood above the world," came 
 into a position in which "all the world 
 stood on Tiptoe." He was a shrewd, 
 lazy, knowing rascal, better adapted to 
 dubious adventure, but always sighing 
 for a snug berth in some wealthy, sober, 
 old-fashioned, homely, county family, 
 with good wages, liberal diet, and little 
 work to do. — G. Colman, Ways and 
 Means (1788). 
 
 Tiran'te the White, the hero and 
 title of a romance of chivalry. 
 
 " Let me see that book," said the cure ; "we shall find in 
 it a fund of amusement. Here we shall find that famous 
 knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, and Thomas his 
 brother, with the knight Fonseca, the battle which Detri- 
 ante fought with Alano, the stratagems of the Widow 
 Tranquil, the amour of the empiess with her 'squire, and 
 the witticisms of lady Brillianta. This is one of the 
 )"n*t amusing books ever written." — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, I. i. 6 (16 5). 
 
 Tiresias, a Theban soothsayer, blind 
 
 from boyhood. It is said that Athena 
 
 deprived him of sight, but gave him. the 
 
 power of understanding the language of 
 
 43 
 
 birds, and a staff as good as eyesight to 
 direct his way. Another tale is that, 
 seeing a male and female serpent in 
 copulation, he killed the male, and was 
 metamorphosed into a woman ; seven 
 years later he saw a similar phenomenon, 
 and killed the female, whereupon he be- 
 came a man again. Thus, when Jupiter 
 and Juno wished to know whether man 
 or woman had the greater enjoyment in 
 married life, they referred the question to 
 Tiresias, who declared that the pleasure of 
 the woman is tenfold greater than that 
 of the man. (See C^eneus.) 
 
 " In troth," said Jove (and as he s.pokehe laughed. 
 
 While to his queen from nectar bowls he quaffed), 
 
 " The sense of pleasure in the male is far 
 
 More dull and dead than what you females share." 
 
 Juno the truth of what he said denied ; 
 
 Tiresias therefore must the case decide. 
 
 For he the pleasure of each sex had tried. 
 
 Addison, The Transformation of Tiresias (1719). 
 There is an awkward thing, which much perplexes. 
 Unless, like wise Tiresias, we had proved 
 By turns the difference of the several sexes. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiv. 73 (1824). 
 
 *** The name is generally pronounced 
 Ti.re'.si.as, but Milton calls it Tf.re.sas: 
 
 Blind Thamyris and blind. Mseonides \_Homer\ 
 And Ti'res'as and Phineus \_Fi.nuce] prophets old. 
 Paradise Lost, iii. 36 (1665). 
 
 Tirlsneck (Jonnie), beadle of old St. 
 Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Eonan's 
 Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Tirso de Moli'na, the pseudonym 
 of Gabriel Tellez, a Spanish monk and 
 dramatist. His comedy called Convivando 
 de Piedra (1G26) was imitated by Moliere 
 in his Festin de Pierre (16G5), and has 
 given birth to the whole host of comedies 
 and operas on the subject of " don Juan" 
 (1570-1648). 
 
 Tiryns (The Gallery of), one of 
 the old Cyclopean structures mentioned 
 by Homer, and still extant in Argolis. 
 The stones of this "gallery " are so enor- 
 mous that two horses could not stir the 
 smallest of them. 
 
 *** Similar Cyclopean structures are 
 the "treasury of Atreus," the "gate of 
 Lions," the "tomb of Phoroneus" (3syl.), 
 and the " tomb of Danaos," all in 
 Mycenae. 
 
 Tiryn'thian Swain (The), Her'- 
 cules, called in Latin Tirynthius Heros, 
 because he generally resided at Tiryns, 
 a town of Ar'golis, in Greece. 
 
 Upon his shield lay that Tirynthian swain 
 
 Swelt'ring in fiery gore and poisonous flame, 
 His wife's sad gift venomed with bloody stain. [See NESSUS.] 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 
 
 Tisapher'nes (4 s///.), "the thunder- 
 bolt of war." He was in the army of 
 3 T 
 
TISBINA. 
 
 1010 
 
 TITIAN. 
 
 Egypt, and was slain by Rinaldo. — Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (1575). 
 
 *** This son of Mars must not be mis- 
 taken for Tissaph ernes the Persian satrap, 
 who sided with the Spartans in the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war, and who treacherously 
 volunteered to guide " the ten thousand " 
 back to Greece. 
 
 Tisbi'na, wife of Iroldo. Prasildo, 
 a Babylonish nobleman, falls in love with 
 her, and threatens to kill himself. Tisbina, 
 to divert him, tells him if he will perform 
 certain exploits which she deemed im- 
 possible, she will return his love. These 
 exploits he accomplishes, and Tisbina, 
 with Iroldo, take poison to avoid dis- 
 honour. Prasildo discovers that the 
 draught they have taken is harmless, and 
 tells them so ; whereupon Iroldo quits the 
 country, and Tisbina marries Prasildo. 
 — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495). 
 (See Dianora, p. 251 ; and Dorigen, p. 
 266.) 
 
 Tisellin, the raven, in the beast-epic 
 of Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Tisiph/one (4 syl.), one of the three 
 Furies. Covered with a bloody robe, she 
 sits day and night at hell-gate, armed 
 with a whip. Tibullus says her head 
 was coifed with serpents in lieu of hair. 
 
 The Desert Fairy, with her head covered with snake3, 
 like Tisiphonfi, mounted on a winged griffin. — Comtesse 
 D Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 
 
 Ti'tan, the sun or Helios, the child of 
 Ilyperi'on and Basil'ea, and grandson of 
 Ccelum or heaven. Virgil calls the sun 
 " Titan," and so does Ovid. 
 
 . . . primos crastinus ortus 
 Extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit orbem. 
 
 jEneid, iv. 118, 119. 
 
 A maiden queen that shone at Titan's ray. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4(1590). 
 
 Titans, giants, sons of Heaven and 
 Earth. Their names were OcOanos, Kceos, 
 Krios, Hyperion, IapStos, and Kronos. 
 
 The Titanides were Theia [Thi-d], 
 Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and 
 Tethys. 
 
 Titan 'ia, queen of the fairies, and wife 
 of Oberon. Oberon wanted her to give 
 him for a page a little changeling, but 
 Titania refused to part with him, and this 
 led to a fairy quarrel. Oberon, in revenge, 
 anointed the eyes of Titania during sleep 
 with an extract of " Love in Idleness," 
 the effect of which was to make her fall 
 in love with the first object she saw on 
 waking. The first object Titania set 
 eyes on happened to be a country bump- 
 kin, whom Puck had dressed- up with an 
 
 ass's head. While Titania was fondling 
 this "unamiable creature," Oberon came 
 upon her, sprinkled on her an antidote, 
 and Titania, thoroughly ashamed of her- 
 self, gave up the boy to her sposo ; after 
 which a reconciliation took place between 
 the wilful fairies. — Shakespeare, Midsum- 
 mer Night's Dream (1592). 
 
 Tite Barnacle (Mr.), head of the 
 Circumlocution Office, and a very great 
 man in his own opinion. The family had 
 intermarried with the Stiltstal kings, and 
 the Barnacles and Stiltstalkings found 
 berths pretty readily in the national work- 
 shop, where brains and conceit were in 
 inverse ratio. The young gents in the 
 office usually spoke with an eye-glass in 
 the eye, in this sort of style : " Oh, I say ; 
 look here ! Can't attend to you to-day, 
 you know. But look here ! I say ; can't 
 you call to-morrow?" "No." "Well, but 
 I say ; look here ! Is this public business ? 
 — anything about — tonnage — or that sort 
 of thing V " Having made his case under- 
 stood, Mr. Clennam received the follow- 
 ing instructions in these words : — 
 
 You must find out all about it. Then you'll memo- 
 rialize the department, according to the regular forms for 
 leave to memorialize. If you get it, the memorial must b« 
 entered in that department, sent to be registered in this 
 department, then sent back to that department, then 
 sent to this department to be countersigned, and then it 
 will be brought regularly before that department. You'll 
 find out when the business passes through each of these 
 stages by inquiring at both departments till they tell you. 
 — C. Dickens, Little Borrit, x. (1857). 
 
 Titho'nus, a son of Laomedon king 
 of Troy. He was so handsome that 
 Auro'ra became enamoured of him, and 
 persuaded Jupiter to make him immortal ; 
 but as she forgot to ask for eternal youth 
 also, he became decrepit and ugly, and 
 Aurora changed him into a cicada or 
 grasshopper. His name is a synonym for 
 a very old man. 
 
 Weary of aged Tithon's saffron bed. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, I. ii. 7 (1590). 
 . . . thinner than Tithonus was 
 Before he faded into air. 
 
 Lord Lytton, Talcs of Miletm, il. 
 
 Titho'nus (Tlxe Consort of), the moon. 
 
 Now the fair consort of Tithonus old, 
 Arisen from her mate's beloved arms. 
 Looked palely o'er the eastern cliff. 
 
 Dant6, Purgatory, ix. (1308). 
 
 Tithor'ea, one of the two chief sum- 
 mits of Parnassus. It was dedicated tc 
 Bacchus, the other (Lycorea) being dedi • 
 cated to the Muses and Apollo. 
 
 Titian (Tiziano Veccllio), an Italian 
 landscape painter, especially famous for 
 his clouds (1477-1576). 
 
 Titian (The French), Jacques Blanchard 
 
 (1600-1638). 
 
TITIAN. 
 
 1011 
 
 TLALALA. 
 
 Titian (The Portuguese), Alonzo San- 
 chez Coello (1515-1590). 
 
 Titmarsh {Michael Angelo), a pseu- 
 donym used by Thackeray in a number 
 of bis earlier writings. Like Michael 
 Angelo, Thackeray had a broken nose. 
 
 Titmouse (Mr. Tittlebat), a vulgar, 
 ignorant coxcomb, suddenly raised from 
 the degree of a linen-draper's shopman to 
 a man of fortune, -with an income of 
 £10,000 a year.— Warren, Ten Thousand 
 a Year. 
 
 Tito Mele'ma, a Greek, who marries 
 Romola. — George Eliot, Romola. 
 
 Titurel, the first king of Graal-burg. 
 He has brought into subjection all his 
 passions, has resisted all the seductions 
 of the world, and is modest, chaste, pious, 
 and devout. His daughter Sigune is in 
 love with Tschionatulander, who is slain. 
 ■ — Wolfram von Eschenbach, Titurel 
 (thirteenth century). 
 
 *,.* Wolfram's Titurel is a tedious 
 expansion of a lay already in existence, 
 and Albert of Scharfenberg produced a 
 Young Titurel, at one time thought the 
 best romance of chivalry in existence, 
 but it is pompous, stilted, erudite, and 
 wearisome. 
 
 Titus, the son of Lucius Junius 
 Brutus. He joined the faction of Tar- 
 quin, and was condemned to death by his 
 father, Avho, having been the chief instru- 
 ment in banishing the king and all his 
 race, was created the first consul. The 
 subject has been often dramatized. In 
 English, by N. Lee (1679) and John 
 Howard Payne (1820). In French, by 
 Arnault, in 1792 ; and by Ponsard, in 
 1843. In Italian, by Adfieri, Bruto ; etc. 
 It was in Payne's tragedy that Charles 
 Kean made his debut in Glasgow as 
 "Titus," his father playing " Brutus." 
 
 The house was filled to overflowing ... the stirring 
 interest of the play, combined with the natural acting of 
 the father and son, completely subdued the audience. 
 They sat suffused in tears during the kist pathetic inter- 
 View, until Brutus, overwhelmed by bis emotions, falls on 
 the neck of Titus, exclaiming, in a burst of agony, 
 " Embrace thy wretched father ! " when the whole theatre 
 broke forth in long peals of applause. Edmund Kean 
 then whispered in his son's ear, " Charlie, my boy, we are 
 doing the trick." — Cole, Life of Charles Kean. 
 
 Titus, " the delight of man," the Roman 
 emperor, son of Vespasian (40, 79-81). 
 
 Titus, the penitent thief, according to 
 Longfellow. Dumachus and Titus were 
 two of a band of robbers, who attacked 
 Joseph in his flight into Egypt. Titus 
 said, " Let these good people go in 
 peace ; " but Dumachus replied, " First let 
 
 them pay their ransom." Whereupon 
 Titus handed to his companion forty 
 groats ; and the infant Jesus said to him : 
 
 When thirty years shall have gone by 
 I at Jerusalem shall die . . . 
 On the accursed tree. 
 Then on My right and My left side, 
 These thieves shall both be crucified, 
 And Titus thenceforth shall abide 
 In paradise with Me. 
 Longfeliow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Tityre Tus (long u), the name 
 assumed in the seventeenth century by a 
 clique of young blades of the better class, 
 whose delight was to break windows, 
 upset sedan-chairs, molest quiet citizens, 
 and rudely caress pretty wouen in the 
 streets at night-time. These brawlers 
 took successively many titular names, 
 as Muns, Hectors, Scourers, afterwards 
 Nickers, later still Hawcabites, and lastly 
 Mohawks or Mohocks. 
 
 " Tityre tu-s" is meant for the plural 
 of " Tityre tu," in the first line of Virgil's 
 first Eclogue : " Tityre, tu patulae recubans 
 sub tegmine fagi," and meant to imply 
 that these blades were men of leisure and 
 fortune, who " lay at ease under their 
 patrimonial beech trees." 
 
 Tit'yrus, in the Shcpheardes Calendar, 
 by Spenser (eel. ii. and vi.), is meant for 
 Chaucer. 
 
 The gentle shepherd sate beside a spring ... 
 That CoJ.in hight, which well could pipe and sing, 
 For he of Tityrus his song did learn. 
 
 Spenser, The Hhepheardcs Calendar, xii. (1579). 
 
 Tityus, a giant, whose body covered 
 nine acres of ground. In Tartarus, two 
 vultures or serpents feed for ever on his 
 liver, which grows as fast as it is gnawed 
 away. 
 
 Prometheus (3 syl.) is said to have 
 been fastened to mount Caucasus, where 
 two eagles fed on his liver, which never 
 wasted. 
 
 Nor unobserved lay stretched upon the marie 
 Tityus, earth-born, whose body long and large 
 Covered nine acres. There two vultures sat. 
 Of appetite insatiate, and with beaks 
 For ravine bent, uniutermitting gored 
 His liver. Powerless be to put to flight 
 The fierce devourers. To this penance judged 
 For rape intended on Latona fair. 
 
 Fenton's Homer's Odyssey, xi. (1716). 
 
 Tizo'na, the Cid's sword. It was 
 buried with him, as Joyeuse (Charle- 
 magne's sword) was buried with Charle- 
 magne, and Durindana with Orlando. 
 
 Tlal'ala, surnamed " The Tiger," 
 one of the Aztecas. On one occasion, 
 being taken captive, Madoc released him, 
 but he continued the unrelenting foe of 
 Madoc and his new colony, and was 
 always foremost in working them evil. 
 
TOAD WITH AN R. 
 
 1012 
 
 TOBY YECK. 
 
 When at length, the Aztecas, being over- 
 come, migrated to Mexico, Tlalala refused 
 to quit the spot of his father's tomb, and 
 threw himself on his own javelin. — 
 Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 Toad with, an It, worthlessness, 
 mere dung. Anglo-Saxon, tord or toord, 
 (now spelt with a u) ; hence in the Gospel 
 of St. Luke xiii. 8: "He answeringe 
 seide to him, Lord, suffer also this zeer, 
 til the while I delue [delve] aboute it, and 
 sende toordis . . ." — Gothic and Anglo- 
 Saxon Gospels, Bosworth, p. 365 ; Wvclifte 
 (1389). 
 
 Good husband his boon Or request hath afar ; 
 111 husband as soon Hath a toad with an K. 
 
 Tusser, Five Hundred Points, etc., lii. 16. 
 
 Toad-Eater (Pulteney's). Henry 
 Vane was so called, in 1742, by Sir 
 Robert Walpole. Two years later, Sarah 
 Fielding, in David Simple, speaks of 
 "toad-eater" as "quite a new word," 
 and she suggests that it is " a metaphor 
 taken from a mountebank's boy eating 
 toads in order to show his master's skill 
 in expelling poison," and " built on a 
 supposition that people who arc in a 
 state of dependence are forced to do the 
 most nauseous things to please and 
 humor their patrons." 
 
 Tobacco, says Stow, in his Chronicle, 
 was first brought to England by sir John 
 Hawkins, in 1565 (7 Elizabeth). 
 
 Before that Indian weed so strongly was embraced, 
 Whereii such mighty sums we prodigally waste. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Tobo'so {DulcinSa del), the lady 
 chosen by don Quixote for his particular 
 paragon. Sancho Panza says she was 
 " a stout-built, sturdy wench, who could 
 pitch the bar as well as any young fellow 
 in the parish." The knight had been in 
 love with her before he took to errantry. 
 She was Aldonza Lorenzo, the daughter 
 of Lorenzo Corchuelo and Aldonza No- 
 gales ; but when signiorQuixilda assumed 
 the dignity of knighthood, he changed 
 the name and style of his lady into 
 Dulcinea del Toboso, which was more 
 befitting his rank. — Cervantes, Don 
 Quixote, I. i. 1 (1605). 
 
 Toby, waiter of the Spa hotel, St. 
 Ronan's, kept by Sandie Lawson. — Sir 
 W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, Geonre 
 III.). 
 
 Toby, a brown Rockingkam-ware beer 
 jug, with the likeness of Toby Filpot 
 embossed on its sides, "a goodly jug of 
 well-browned clay, fashioned into the 
 form of an old gentleman, atop of whose 
 
 bald head was a fine froth answering tc 
 his wig" (ch. iv.). 
 
 Gabriel lifted Toby to hi3 mouth, and took a hearty 
 draught. — C. Dickens. Master Humphrey's Clock {"Bar. 
 naby Rudge," xli., 1S41). 
 
 Toby, Punch's dog, in the puppet-show 
 exhibition of Punch and Judy. 
 
 In some versions of the great drama of Punch, there is 
 a small dog (a modern innovation), supposed to be the 
 private property of that gentleman, and of the name of 
 Toby— always Toby. This dog has been stolen in youth 
 from another gentleman, and fraudulently sold to the 
 confiding hero who, having no guile nimself, has no 
 suspicion that it lurks in others ; but Toby, entertaining a 
 grateful recollection of his old master, and scorning to 
 attach himself to any new patron, not only refuses to 
 smoke a pipe at the bidding of Punch, but (to mark his 
 old fidelity more strongly) seizes him by the nose, and 
 wrings the same with violence, at which instance of 
 canine attachment the spectators are always deeply 
 affected.— C. Dickens. 
 
 Toby, in the periodical called Punch, 
 is represented as a grave, consequen- 
 tial, sullen, unsocial pug, perched on 
 back volumes of the national Menippus, 
 which he guards so stolidly that it would 
 need a very bold heart to attempt to filch 
 one. There is no reminiscence in this 
 Toby, like that of his peep-show name- 
 sake, of any previous master, and no 
 aversion to his present one. Punch 
 himself is the very beau-ideal of good- 
 natured satire and far-sighted shrewd- 
 ness, while his dog (the ver} r Diogenes of 
 his tribe) would scorn his nature if he 
 could be made to smile at anything. 
 
 *** The first cover of immortal Punch 
 was designed by A. S. Henning ; the 
 present one by Richard Doyle. 
 
 Toby (Uncle), a captain, who was 
 wounded at the siege of Namur, and was 
 obliged to retire from the service. He is 
 the impersonation of kindness, benevo- 
 lence, and simple-heartedness ; his courage 
 is undoubted, his gallantry delightful for 
 its innocence and modesty. Nothing can 
 exceed the grace of uncle Toby's love- 
 passages witii the Widow Wadman. It 
 is said that lieutenant Sterne (father of 
 the novelist) w r as the prototype of uncle 
 Toby. — Sierne, Tristram Shandy (1759). 
 
 My uncle Toby is one of the finest compliments ever 
 paid to human nature. He is the most unoffending of 
 God's creatures, or, as the French would express it, un tel 
 petit bonhomme. Of his bowling-green, his sieges, and 
 his amours, who would say or think anything amiss ?•« 
 Hazlitt. 
 
 Toby Veck, ticket-porter and 
 jobman, nicknamed " Trotty " from his 
 trotting pace. He was " a weak, small, 
 spare man," who loved to earn his money, 
 and heard the chimes ring words in 
 accordance with his fancy, hopes, and 
 fears. After a dinner of tripe, he lived 
 for a time in a sort of dream, and woke 
 up on New Year's Day to dance at his 
 
TODD. 
 
 1013 
 
 TOLMETES. 
 
 daughter's wedding. — C. Dickens, The 
 Chimes (1844). 
 
 Todd (Laurie), a poor Scotch nail- 
 maker, who emigrates to America, and, 
 after some reverses of fortune, begins life 
 again as a backwoodsman, and greatly 
 prospers. — Gait, Laurie Todd. 
 
 Tod'gers (Mrs.), proprietress of a 
 "commercial boarding-house ; " weighed 
 down with the overwhelming cares of 
 " sauces, gravy," and the wherewithal of 
 providing for her lodgers. Mrs. Todgers 
 had a "soft heart" for Mr. Pecksniff, 
 widower, and being really kind-hearted, 
 befriended poor Mercy Pecksniff in her 
 miserable married life with her brutal 
 husband Jonas Chuzzlewit. — C. Dickens, 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 
 
 Tofa'na, of Palermo, a noted poisoner, 
 who sold a tasteless, colourless poison, 
 called the Manna of St. Nicola of Bar a, 
 but better known as Aqua Tofana. 
 Above 600 persons fell victims to this 
 fatal drug. She was discovered in 1659, 
 and died 1730. 
 
 La Spara or Hieronyma Spara, about a 
 century previously, sold an "elixir" 
 equally fatal. The secret was ultimately 
 revealed to her father confessor. 
 
 ToftS (Mistress), a famous singer 
 towards the close of the eighteenth 
 century. She Avas very fond of cats, and 
 left a legacy to twenty of the tabby 
 tribe. 
 
 Not Niobfi mourned more for fourteen brats, 
 Nor Mistress Tofts, to leave her twenty cats. 
 Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], Old Simon (1809). 
 
 Togar'ma (" island of blue waves'"), 
 one of the Hebrides. — Ossian, Death of 
 Cuthullin. 
 
 Togorma, the kingdom of Connal 
 son of Colgar. — Ossian, Fingal. 
 
 Tolm va Bohu, at sixes and sevens, 
 in the utmost confusion, topsy-turvy. 
 
 The earth was tohu va bohu, that is, void and in con- 
 fusion ... in short, a chaos. This may well be applied 
 to a country desolated by war. [Note by Edit. liohn's 
 ed.~\ — Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 17 (1545). 
 
 Toinette, a confidential female ser- 
 vant of Argan the malade imaginaire. 
 " Adroite, soigneuse, diligente, et surtout. 
 fidele," but contractions, and always 
 calling into action her master's irritable 
 temper. In order tc cure him, she pre- 
 tends to be a travelling physician of 
 about 90 years of age, although she has 
 not seen twenty-six summers ; and in the 
 capacity of a Galen, declares M. Argan is 
 
 suffering from lungs, recommends that 
 one arm should be cut off, and one eye 
 taken out to strengthen the remaining 
 one. She enters into a plot to open the 
 eyes of Argan to the real affection of 
 Angelique (his daughter), the false love 
 of her step-mother, and to marry the 
 former to Cle'ante the man of her choice, 
 in all which schemes she is fully success- 
 ful. — Moliere, Le Malade Imaginaire 
 (1673). 
 
 Toison d'Or, chief herald of Bur- 
 gundy. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward 
 and Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Toki, the Danish William Tell. Saxo 
 Grammaticus, a Danish writer of the 
 twelfth century, tells us that Toki once 
 boasted, in the hearing of Harald Blue- 
 tooth, that he could hit an apple with his 
 arrow off a pole ; and the Danish Gessler 
 set him to try his skill by placing an 
 apple on the head of the archer's son 
 (twelfth century). 
 
 Tolande of Anjou, a daughter of 
 old king Rene' of Provence, and sister 
 of Margaret of Anjou (wife of Henry VI. 
 of England). — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Tolbooth (The), the principal prison 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 The Tolbooth felt defrauded of his charms 
 If Jeffrey died, except within her arms. 
 BjTon, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 
 
 Lord Byron refers to the " duel " 
 between Francis Jeffrey editor of the 
 Edinburgh Review, and Thomas Moore 
 the poet, at Chalk Farm, in 1806. The 
 duel was interrupted, and it was then 
 found that neither of the pistols con- 
 tained a bullet. 
 
 Can none remember that eventful day, 
 
 That ever-glorious, almost fatal fray, 
 
 When Little's [Thomas Moore] leadless pistol met his eye, 
 
 And Bow Street myrmidons stood laughing by ? 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Tole'do, famous for its sword-blades. 
 Vienne, in the Lower Dauphine, is also 
 famous for its swords. Its martinet? 
 (i.e. the water-mills for an iron forge) 
 are turned by a little river called Gere. 
 
 Gargantua gave Touchfaucet an excellent sword of a 
 Vienne blade with a golden scabbard.— Rabelais, Gar- 
 gantua, i. 46 (1533). 
 
 Tolme'tes (3 syl.), Foclhardiness 
 personified in The Purple Island, fully 
 described in canto viii. His companions 
 were Arrogance, Brag, Carelessness, and 
 Fear. (Greek, tolmetes, "a foolhardy 
 man.") 
 
TOM. 
 
 1014 TOM TIDDLER'S GROUND. 
 
 Thus ran the rash Tolmetes, never viewing 
 The fearful fiends that duly him attended . . . 
 Wuch would he boldly do, but much more boldly vaunt. 
 P. Fletcher, The Purple Island, viii. (1633). 
 
 Tom, "the Portugal dustman," who 
 joined the allied army against France in 
 the war of the Spanish Succession. — Dr. 
 Arbuthnot, History of John Bull (1712). 
 
 Tom, one of the servants of Mr. 
 Peregrine Lovel, "with a good deal of 
 uurly honesty about him." Tom is no 
 eneak, and no tell-tale, but he refuses to 
 abet Philip the butler in sponging on his 
 master, and wasting his property in 
 riotous living. When Lovel discovers 
 the state of affairs, and clears out his 
 household, he retains Tom, to whom he 
 entrusts the cellar and the plate. — Rev. 
 J. Townley, High Life Below Stairs 
 (1759). 
 
 Tom Folio, Thomas Rawlinson, the 
 bibliopolist (1681-1725). 
 
 Tom. Jones (1 syl.), a model of 
 generosity, openness, and. manly spirit, 
 mixed with dissipation. Lord Byron 
 calls him " an accomplished blackguard " 
 (Don Juan, xiii. 110, 1824).— Fielding, 
 Tom Jones (1749). 
 
 A hero with a flawed reputation, a hero sponging for a 
 guinea, a hero who cani.ot pay his landlady, and is obliged 
 to let his honour out to hire, is absurd, and the claim of 
 Tom Jones to heroic rank is quite untenable.— Thackeray. 
 
 Tom Long, the hero of an old tale, 
 entitled The Merry Conceits of Tom Long, 
 the Carrier, being many Pleasant Passages 
 and Mad Pranks which he observed in his 
 Travels. This tale was at one time 
 amazingly popular. 
 
 Tom Scott, Daniel Quilp's boj T , 
 Tower Hill. Although Quilp was a 
 demon incarnate, yet "between the boy 
 and the dwarf there existed a strange 
 kind of mutual liking." Tom was very 
 fond of standing on his head, and on one 
 occasion Quilp said to him, "Stand on 
 your head again, and I'll cut one of your 
 feet off." 
 
 The boy made no answer, but directly Quilp had shut 
 himself in, stood on his head before the door, then 
 walked on his hands to the back, and stood on his head 
 there, then to the opposite side and repeated the per- 
 formance. . . . Quilp, knowing his disposition, was lying 
 In wait at a little distance, armed with a large piece of 
 wood, which, being rough and jagged, and studded with 
 broken nails, might possibly have hurt him, if it had been 
 thrown at bun.— C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, v. 
 (1S40). 
 
 Tom Thumb, the name of a very 
 diminutive little man in the court of king 
 Arthur, killed by the poisonous breath of 
 a spider in the reign of king Th tinstone, 
 the successor of Arthur. In the Bodleian 
 Librarv there is a ballad about Tom 
 
 Thumb, which was printed in 1630. 
 Richard Johnson wrote in prose The 
 History of Tom Thumbe, which was 
 printed in 1621. In 1630 Charles Per- 
 rault published his tale called Le Petit 
 Poucet. Tom Thum is introduced by 
 Drayton in his Nymphidia (1563-1631). 
 
 "Tom " in this connection is the Swedish 
 tomt ("a nix or dwarf"), as in Tompt- 
 gubbe ("a brownie or kobold ") ; the final 
 t is silent, and the tale is of Scandinavian 
 origin. 
 
 Tom Tliumb, a burlesque opera, altered 
 by Kane O'Hara (author of Midas), 
 in 1778, from a dramatic piece by Field- 
 ing the novelist (1730). Tom Thumb, 
 having killed the giants, falls in love with 
 Huncamunca daughter of king Arthur. 
 Lord Grizzle wishes to marry the prin- 
 cess, and when he hears that the " pygmy 
 giant-queller" is preferred before him, his 
 lordship turns traitor, invests the palace 
 "at the head of his rebellious rout," and 
 is slain by Tom. Then follows the bitter 
 end : A red cow swallows Tom, the queen 
 Dollallolla kills Noodle, Frizaletta kills 
 the queen, Huncamunca kills Frizaletta, 
 Doodle kills Huncamunca, Plumantc 
 kills Doodle, and the king, being left 
 alone, stabs himself. Merlin now enters, 
 commands the red cow to "return our 
 England's Hannibal," after which, the 
 wise wizard restores all the slain ones 
 to life again, and thus "jar ending," each 
 resolves to go home, "and make a night 
 on't." 
 
 Soon after Liston had made his popular hit in Field- 
 ing's Tom Thumb, at the Haymarket Theatre, he was 
 invited to dine in the City, and after tiie dessert the whole 
 party rose, the tables and chairs were set back, and 
 Mr. Liston was requested "to favour the company with 
 lord Grizzle's dancing song before the children went to 
 bed." As may be supposed, Liston took his hat and 
 danced out of the house, nevermore to return. — C Kussell, 
 Representative Actors. 
 
 Tom Tiddler's Ground, a nook 
 in a rustic by-road, where Mr. Mopes the 
 hermit lived, and had succeeded in laying 
 it waste. In the middle of the plot was 
 a ruined hovel, without one patch of glass 
 in the windows, and with no plank or 
 beam that had not rotted or fallen away. 
 There was a slough of water, a leailess 
 tree or two, and plenty of filth. Rumour 
 said that Tom Mopes had murdered his 
 beautiful wife from jealousy, and had 
 abandoned the world. Mr. Traveller tried 
 to reason with him, and bring him back 
 to social life, but the tinker replied, 
 "When iron is thoroughly rotten, you 
 cannot botch it, do what you may." — C. 
 Dickens, A Christmas Number (1861). 
 
TOM TILER AND HIS WIFE. 1015 
 
 TOMES. 
 
 Tom Tiler and His Wife, a 
 transition play between a morality and 
 a tragedy (1578). 
 
 Tom Tipple, a highwayman in 
 captain Macheath's gang. Peachum calls 
 him " a guzzling, soaking sot, always too 
 drunk to stand himself or to make others 
 stand. A cart," he says, "is absolutely 
 necessary for him." — Gay, The Beggar's 
 Opera, i. (1727). 
 
 Tom Tram., the hero of a novel 
 entitled The Mad Pranks of Tom Tram, 
 Son-in-Law to Mother Winter, whereunto 
 is added his Merry Jests, Odd Conceits, 
 and Pleasant Tales (seventeenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 All your wits that Seer and sham, 
 Down from don Quixote to Tom Tram. 
 
 .Prior. 
 
 Tom - a - Thrum, a sprite which 
 figures in the fairy tales of the Middle 
 Ages; a "queer-looking little auld man," 
 whose chief exploits were in the vaults 
 and cellars of old castles. John Skelton, 
 speaking of the clergy, says : 
 
 Alas ! for very shame, some cannot declyne their name ; 
 Some cannot scarsly rede, And yet will not drede 
 For to kepe a cure. ... As wyse as Toni-a-Thrum. 
 
 Colyn Clout (time, Henry VIII.). 
 
 Tom o' Bedlam, a ticket-of-leave 
 madman from Bethlehem Hospital, or one 
 discharged as incurable. 
 
 Tom of Ten Thousand, Thomas 
 Tlrynne ; so called from his great wealth. 
 He was buried in Westminster Abbey, 
 but why, the then dean has not thought 
 fit to leave on record. 
 
 Tom the Piper, one of the charac- 
 ters in the ancient morris-dance, re- 
 presented with a tabour, tabour-stick, and 
 pipe. He carried a sword and shield, to 
 denote his rank as a " squire minstrel." 
 His shoes were brown ; his hose red and 
 " gimp-thighed ; " his hat or cap red, 
 turned up with yellow, and adorned with 
 a feather; his doublet blue, the sleeves 
 being turned up with yellow ; and he 
 wore a yellow cape over his shoulders. 
 (See Morris-Dance.) 
 
 Tom's, a noted coffee-house in Birchin 
 Lane, the usual rendezvous of young 
 merchants at 'Change time. 
 
 Tomahourieh {Muhme Janet of), 
 an old sibyl, aunt of Robin Gig M'Com- 
 bich the Highland drover. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 
 
 Tom'alin, a valiant fairy knight, 
 kinsman of king Oberon. Tomalin is 
 
 not the same as " Tom Thumb," as we are 
 generally but erroneously told, for in the 
 " migldy combat" Tomalin backed Pig- 
 wiggen, while Tom Thum or Thumb 
 seconded king Oberon. This fairy battle 
 was brought about by the jealous}' of 
 Oberon, who considered the attentions of 
 Pigwiggen to queen Mab were " far too 
 nice." — M. Drayton, Nymphidia (1563- 
 1631). 
 
 Tomb {Knight of tlie), James earl of 
 Douglas in disguise. 
 
 His armour was ingeniously painted so as to represtwt 
 a skeleton ; the ribs being constituted by the corselet and 
 its back-piece. The shield represented an owl with its 
 wings spread — a device which was repeated upon the 
 helmet, which appeared to be completely covered by an 
 image of the same bird of ill omen. But that which was 
 particularly calculated to excite surprise in the spectator 
 was the great height and thinness of the figure.— Sir W. 
 Scott, Castle £a?igervus, xiv. (time, Henry L). 
 
 Tomboy (Priscilla), a self-willed, 
 hoydenish, ill-educated romp, of strong 
 animal spirits, and wholly unconventional. 
 She is a West Indian, left under the 
 guardianship of Barnacle, and sent to 
 London for her education. Miss Pris- 
 cilla Tomboy lives with Barnacle's 
 brother, old [Nicholas] Cockney, a 
 grocer, where she plays boy-and-girl 
 love with young Walter Cockney, which 
 consists chiefly in pettish quarrels and 
 personal insolence. Subsequently she 
 runs off with captain Sightly, but the 
 captain behaves well by presenting him- 
 self next day to the guardian, and obtain- 
 ing his consent to marriage. — The Romp 
 (altered from Bickerstaff's Love in t/tc 
 City). 
 
 Tomes [Tu-may], one of the five 
 physicians called in by Sganarelle to 
 consult on the malad} 7- of his daughter 
 Lucinde (2 syl.). Being told that a coach- 
 man he was attending was dead and 
 buried, the doctor asserted it to be quite 
 impossible, as the coachman had been ill 
 only six days, and Hippocrates had 
 positively stated that the disorder would 
 not come to its height till the fourteenth 
 day. The five doctors meet in consulta- 
 tion, talk of the town gossip, their 
 medical experience, their visits, anything, 
 in short, except the patient.. At length 
 the father enters to inquire what deci- 
 sion they had come to. One says Lucir.de 
 must have an emetic, M. Tomes says she 
 must be blooded ; one says an emetic 
 will be her death, the other that bleeding 
 will infallibly kill her. 
 
 M. Tomes. Si vous ne faites saigner tout & I'heure votre 
 fille, e'est une personne niorte. 
 
 M. Desfotiandres. Si vous la faites saigner, elle ne sera 
 pas en vie dans un quart-d'-heure. 
 
TOMKINS. 
 
 1016 
 
 TOOTH. 
 
 And they quit the house in great anger 
 (act ii. 4). — Moliere, UAmoure Medecin 
 (1665). 
 
 M. Tomes liked correctness in medical practice.— Ma- 
 caulay. 
 
 Tomkins (Joseph),^ secret emissary 
 of Cromwell. He was "formerly Philip 
 Hazeldine, alias Master Fibbet, secretary 
 to colonel Desborough (one of the parlia- 
 mentary commissioners). — Sir W. Scott, 
 Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).. 
 
 Tom'yris, queen of the Massagetae. 
 She defeated Cyrus, who had invaded her 
 kingdom, and, having slain him, threw 
 his head into a vessel filled with human 
 blood, saying, " It was blood you thirsted 
 for ; now take your fill ! " 
 
 Great bronze valves embossed with Tomyrls. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, v. 
 |71 was shown the scath and cruel mangling made 
 By Tomyris on Cyrus, when she cried, 
 " Blood thou didst thirst for ; take thy fill of blood ! " 
 Dantt, Purgatory, xii. (1308). 
 
 Ton-Iosal was so heavy and un- 
 wieldy that when he sat down it took 
 the Avhole force of a hundred men to 
 set him upright on his feet again. — The 
 Fiona. 
 
 If Fion was remarkable for his stature, ... in weight 
 all yielded to the celebrated Ton-Iosal.— J. Macpherson, 
 Jjisscrtation on Ossian. 
 
 Ton-Thena ("fire of the wave"), a 
 remarkable star which guided Larthon to 
 Ireland, as mentioned in Ossian's 1'em'ora, 
 vii., and called in Cathlin of Clutha, "the 
 red traveller of the clouds." 
 
 Tonio, a 3-oung Tyrolese, who saved 
 Maria, the suttler-girl, when on the point 
 of falling down a precipice. The two, of 
 course, fall in love with each other, and 
 the regiment, which had adopted the 
 suttler-girl, consents to their marriage, 
 provided Tonio will enlist under its flag. 
 No sooner is this done than the mar- 
 chioness of Berkeniield lays claim to Maria 
 jis her daughter, and removes her to the 
 castle. In time, the castle is besieged and 
 taken by the very regiment into which 
 Tonio had enlisted, and, as Tonio had 
 risen to the rank of a French officer, the 
 marchioness consents to his marriage with 
 her daughter. — Donizetti, La Fiylia del 
 Jtetjyimcnto (1840). 
 
 Tonna (Mrs.), Charlotte Elizabeth 
 (1792-1846). 
 
 Tonto (Don Cherubin), canon of Tole'- 
 do, the weakest mortal in the world, 
 though, by his smirking air, you would 
 fancy him a wit. When he hears a deli- 
 cate performance read, he listens with 
 
 such attention as seems full of intelli- 
 gence, but all the while he understands 
 nothing of the matter. — Lesage, Gil Bias, 
 v. 12 (1724). 
 
 Tonton, the smallest dog that ever 
 existed. When the three princes of a 
 certain king were sent to procure the 
 tiniest dog they could find as a present to 
 their aged father, the White Cat gave the 
 youngest of them a dog so small that it 
 was packed in wadding in a common 
 acorn shell. 
 
 As soon as the acorn was opened, they all saw a little 
 dog laid in cotton, and so small it might jump through a 
 finger-ring without touching it. . . . It was a mixture of 
 several colours; its ears and long hair reached to the 
 ground. The prince set it on the ground, and forthwith 
 the tiny creature began to dance a saraband with casta- 
 nets.— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The White Cat." 
 1682). 
 
 Tony Lumpkin, a young booby, 
 fond of practical jokes and low company. 
 He was the son of Mrs. Hardcastle by her 
 first husband. — Goldsmith, She Stoops to 
 Conquer (1773). 
 
 Toodle, engine-fireman, an honest 
 fellow, very proud of his wife Polly and 
 her family. 
 
 Polly Toodle, known by the name of 
 Richards, wife of the stoker. Polly was 
 an apple-faced woman, and was mother 
 of a large apple-faced family. This 
 jolly, homely, kind-hearted matron was 
 selected as the nurse of Paul Dombey, and 
 soon became devotedly attached to Paul 
 and his sister Florence. 
 
 Robin Toodle, known as "The Biler" 
 or " Rob the Grinder," eldest son of Mrs. 
 Toodle wet-nurse of Paul Dombey. Mr. 
 Dombey gets Robin into an institution 
 called " The Charitable Grinders," where 
 the worst part of the boy's character is 
 freely developed. Robin becomes a sneak, 
 and enters the service of James Carker, 
 manager of the firm of Dombey and 
 Son. On the death of Carker, Robin 
 enters the service of Miss Lucretia Tox. 
 — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Tooley Street, London ; a corrup- 
 tion of St. Olaf. Similarly, Taudry is a 
 corruption of St. Audry, St. Tibs of St, 
 Ubes, and St. Telders of St. Ethelred. 
 
 Toom Tabard ("empty jacket"), a 
 nickname given to John Ralliol, because 
 his appointment to the sovereignty of 
 Scotland was an empty name. He had 
 the royal robe or jacket, but nothing else 
 (1259, 1292-1314). 
 
 Tooth (A Wolfs). At one time a 
 wolf's tooth was worn as an amulet by 
 children to charm away fear. 
 
TOOTH WORSHIPPED. 
 
 1017 
 
 TORMES. 
 
 Tooth Worshipped (A). The 
 people of Ceylon worship the tooth of an 
 elephant ; those of Malabar the tooth of a 
 monkey. The Siamese once offered a 
 Portuguese 700,000 ducats for the re- 
 demption of a monkey's tooth. 
 
 Tooth-picks. The Romans used 
 tooth-picks made of mastic wood in pre- 
 ference to quills ; hence Rabelais says that 
 prince Gargantua "picked his teeth with 
 mastic tooth-pickers" (s'escuroit les dents 
 avecques ung trou de lentisce), bk. i. 23. 
 
 Lentiscum melius ; seel si tibi frondea cuspis 
 Defuerit, dentes, penna, levare potes. 
 
 Martial, Epigrams, xx. 24. 
 
 Toots {Mr.), an innocent, warm- 
 hearted young man, just burst from the 
 bonds of Dr. Blimber's school, and deeply 
 in love with Florence Dombey. He is 
 famous for blushing, refusing what he 
 longs to accept, and for saying, " Oh, 
 it is of no consequence." Being very 
 nervous, he never appears to advantage, 
 but in the main "there were few better 
 fellows in the world." 
 
 " I assure you," said Mr. Toots, " really I am dreadfully 
 sorry, but it's of no consequence." — C. Dickens, Dombey 
 and Son, xxviii. (1846). 
 
 Topas (Sir), a native of Poperyng, 
 in Flanders ; a capital sportsman, archer, 
 wrestler, and runner. Chaucer calls him 
 " sir Thopas " (q.v.). 
 
 Topas (Sir). Sir Charles Dilke was so 
 called by the Army and Navy Gazette, 
 November 25, 1871 (1810-1869). 
 
 Topham (Master Charles), usher of 
 the black rod. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
 the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 To'phet, "the place of drums," from 
 toph ("a drum"). So called in allusion 
 to the drums and timbrels sounded in the 
 valley of Hinnom to drown the cries of 
 children sacrificed to this idol. Solomon 
 introduced the worship, and built a temple 
 to Moloch on the Mount of Olives, " that 
 opprobious hill" (1 Kings xi. 7). The 
 valley of Hinnom is called Gehenna, and 
 is made in the New Testament a "type 
 of hell." 
 
 . . . the wisest heart 
 Of Solomon he led by fraud to build 
 His temple right against the temple of God 
 On that opprobious hill ; and made his grove 
 The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence 
 And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 400, etc. (1665). 
 
 Topsy, a 3 T oung slave-girl, who never 
 knew whether she had either father or 
 mother, and being asked by Miss Ophelia 
 St. Clare how she supposed she came into 
 the world, replied, "I 'spects I growed." — 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin 
 
 Mrs. Beecher Stowe, 
 (1852). 
 
 Tor (Sir), the natural son of king 
 Pellinore and the wife of Aries the 
 cowherd. He was the first of the knights 
 of the Round Table.— Sir T. Malory, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 24 (1470). 
 
 Toralva (The licentiate), mounted 
 on a cane, was conveyed through the air 
 with his eyes shut ; in twelve hours he 
 arrived at Rome, and the following morn- 
 ing returned to Madrid. During his 
 flight he opened his eyes once, and found 
 himself so near the moon that he could 
 have touched it with his finger. — Cer- 
 vantes, Bon Quixote, II. iii. 5 (1615). 
 (See Torralba.) 
 
 Torch-Race. On the eve of the 
 Panathenaea, there was a torch-race in 
 ancient Greece, in which the runners were 
 expected in succession to carry a lighted 
 torch without allowing the flame to 
 become extinguished. Each passed it in 
 turn, and each received it. Plato (Leg., 
 vi.) compares the transmission of life to 
 a torch-race, and Lucretius has the same 
 idea: " Et quasi cursores vital lampada 
 trudunt " (De Rerum Natura, ii. 77). 
 Thomas Moore says the nations of Europe 
 caught up the love of liberty from Eng- 
 land, as the runners in a torch-race handed 
 the lighted brand from one to another. 
 (See Lempriere, art. "Prometheus.") 
 
 As at old games a runner snatched the torch 
 From runner. 
 
 R. Browning, ParaeeUut, ii. 
 
 'Twas like a torch-race, such as they 
 
 Of Greece performed in ages gone. 
 When the fleet youths, in long array. 
 
 Passed the bright torch triumphant on. 
 I saw the expectant nations stand 
 
 To catch tiie coming flame in turn, 
 I saw, from ready hand to hand, 
 
 The clear but struggling glory burn. 
 
 T. Moore, The Torch of Liberty (1S14). 
 
 Tordenskiol [Tor'.den.skole'] or the 
 "Thunder-Shield." So Peder Wessel 
 vice-admiral of Denmark (in the reign of 
 Christian V.) was called. He was 
 brought up as a tailor, and died in a 
 duel. 
 
 From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol ; 
 Let each to heaven commend his soul, 
 And fly. 
 
 Longfellow, King Christian [V.]. 
 
 Torfe (Mr. George), provost of Ork-. 
 nev. — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Tormes (Lazarillo de), by Diego 
 Hurtado de Mendoza (sixteenth century) ; 
 a kind of Gil Bias, whose adventures and 
 roguish tricks are the first of a very popular 
 
TORMOT. 
 
 .1018 
 
 TOTHILL. 
 
 sort of novel called the Gusto Picaresco. 
 Lesage has imitated it in his Gil Bias, 
 and we have numberless imitations in our 
 own language. (See Tyll Owlyglass.) 
 
 The ideal Yankee, in whom European prejudice has 
 combined the attractive traits of a Gines de Passamonte, 
 a Joseph Surface, a Lazarillo de Tormes, a Scapin, a 
 Thersites, and an Autolycus. — W. H. Hurlbut, 
 
 *** " Gines de Passamonte," in Don 
 Quixote, by Cervantes ; " Joseph Sur- 
 face," in "The School for Scandal, by- 
 Sheridan ; " Scapin," in Les Fourberies de 
 Scapin, by Moliere ; "Thersites," in 
 Homer's Iliad, i. \ "Autolycus," in the 
 Winter's Tale, by Shakespeare. 
 
 Tormot, youngest son of Torquil of 
 the Oak (foster-father of Eachin M'lan). 
 —Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
 (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Torne'a, a lake or rather a river of 
 Sweden, which runs into the gulf of 
 Bothnia. 
 
 Still pressing on beyond Tornea's lake. 
 
 Thomson, The Seasons (" Winter," 1726). 
 
 Tor'neo, a town in Finland. Often 
 visited by travellers, who can there 
 witness the singular phenomenon of the 
 sun remaining above the horizon both day 
 and night at the summer solstice. It 
 belongs now to Russia. 
 
 Cold as the rocks on Torneo's hoary brow. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 We find our author [A. F. Skioldebrand] pursuing his 
 Journey northwards, . . . and his description of the 
 entrance into Westrobothnia gives us a high idea of 
 the richness of the country in the neighbourhood of 
 Torneo.— quarterly Review, April, 1814. 
 
 Torquato, that is, Torquato Tasso, the 
 Italian poet, author of Jerusalem Delivered 
 (1544-1595). After the publication of 
 bis great epic, Tasso lived in the court 
 of Ferrara, and conceived a violent passion 
 for Leonora, one of the duke's sisters, but 
 fled, in 1577, to Naples. 
 
 Torquato's tongue 
 Was tuned for slavish pagans at the throne 
 Of tinsel pomp. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744). 
 
 Torquil of the Oak, foster-father 
 of Eachin M'lan. He was chief of the 
 clan Quhele, and had eight sons, the 
 finest men in the clan. Torquil was a 
 seer, who was supposed to have com- 
 munication with the invisible world, and 
 he declared a demon had told him that 
 Eachin or Hector M'lan was the only 
 man in the two hostile clans of Chattan 
 and Quhele who would come off scath- 
 less in the approaching combat (ch. xxvi.). 
 —Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 A parallel combat is described in The 
 
 Cid. When Sanch c of Castile was stabbed 
 by Bellldo of Zamora, Diego Ordonez, of 
 the house of Lara, challenged five of the 
 knights of Zamora to single combat. 
 Don Arias Gonzalo and his four sons 
 accepted the challenge. Pedro Arias 
 was first slain, then his brother Diego. 
 Next came Herman, who received a 
 mortal wound, but struck the charger of 
 Diego Ordonez. The charger, furious 
 with pain, carried its rider beyond the 
 lists, and the combat was declared to be 
 drawn. 
 
 Torralba (Dr.), carried by the spirit 
 Cequiel from Valladolid to Rome and 
 back again in an hour and a half. He 
 was tried by the Inquisition for sorcery 
 (time, Charles V.). — Joseph de Ossau 
 Pellicer (seventeenth century). (See 
 Toralva.) 
 
 Torre (Sir)) son of sir Bernard, baron 
 of Astolat. His brother was sir Lavaine, 
 and his sister Elaine "the lily maid of 
 Astolat." He was blunt-mannered, but 
 not without kindness of heart. — Tenny- 
 son, Idylls of the King (" Elaine "). 
 
 The word "Torre" is a blunder f or Tirre. 
 Sir Torre or Tor, according to Arthurian 
 legend, was the natural son of Pellinore 
 king of Wales, "begotten on Aries' wife, 
 the cowherd " (pt. ii. 108). It was sir Tirre 
 who was the brother of Elaine (pt. iii. 
 122).— Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
 Arthur (1470). 
 
 Tor'rismond, general of the forces 
 of Aragon. He falls in love with Leonora 
 the usurping queen, promised in marriage 
 to Bertran prince of the blood-royal, but 
 she falls in love with Torrismond, who 
 turns out to be the son of Sancho the 
 deposed king. Ultimately, Sancho is 
 restored, and Leonora is married to Tor- 
 rismond. — Dryden, The Spanish Fryar 
 (1680). 
 
 Torso Farna'se (3 syl.), Dirce and 
 her sons, the work of Appollonius and 
 Tauriscus of Rhodes. 
 
 Toshach Beg, the "second" of 
 M 'Gillie Chattanach chief of the clan 
 Chattan, in the great combat. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Tothill or Tuttle, Westminster, 
 said to be a corruption of Teut's Hill, i.e. 
 the Saxon god Mercury, called Teut. 
 " Hermit's Hill" or " Ermin's Hill," in 
 the vicinity, is said to be the same word 
 under the" corrupted classic form of 
 Hermes, which also means Mercury. 
 
TOTTENHAM IN BOOTS. 
 
 1019 
 
 TOUCHSTONE. 
 
 Tottenham in Boots, a popular 
 toast in Ireland in 1731. Mr. Tottenham 
 gave the casting vote which threw out a 
 Government bill very obnoxious to the 
 Irish, on the subject of the Irish parlia- 
 ment. He had. come from the country, 
 and rushed into the House, without 
 changing his boots, just in time to give 
 his vote, which prevented the bill from 
 passing by a majority of one. 
 
 Totterly (Lord), an Adonis of 60, 
 and a ci-devant Jeune Homme. — C. Selby, 
 The Unfinished Gentleman. 
 
 Tottipottymoy, a " Hoghan Mo- 
 ghan," or mock mightiness, like the 
 mayor of Garratt, or the king of the 
 Cannibal Islands. 
 
 The mighty Tottipottymoy 
 Sent to our elders an envoy, 
 Complaining sorely of the breach 
 Ot league. 
 
 S. Butler, ffudibras, ii. 2 (1664). 
 
 Touch, quality. " Of noble touch," 
 of noble quality. The reference is to the 
 touchstone b} r which gold is tried. Gold 
 articles made according to the rules of 
 alloy are called of " a true touch." The 
 " touch of Pans " is spoken of in 1300 : 
 " Laquelle touche passe tous les ors dont 
 Ton ceuvre en tous pays." In 1597 two 
 goldsmiths were sentenced to the pillory 
 f or making false plate and counterfeiting 
 " her majesty's touch." 
 
 The lapis Lydius or touchstone is 
 touched by the gold, and leaves a mark 
 behind, the colour of which indicates its 
 purity. 
 
 Gold is tried by the touchstone and men by gold. — 
 Bacon. 
 
 Touehet [Too-shay]. When Charles 
 IX. introduced. Henri of Navarre to Marie 
 Touehet, the witty Navarrese made this 
 anagram on her name, Je channc tout. 
 
 Touchfaucet (Captain), in Picro- 
 chole's army, taken captive by friar John. 
 Being presented to Grangousier and 
 asked the cause of his king's invasion, 
 he replied, " To avenge the injury done to 
 the cake-bakers of Lerne " (ch. 25, 26). 
 Grangousier commanded his treasurer to 
 give the friar 62,000 saluts (£15,500) in 
 reward, and to Touchfaucet he gave "an 
 excellent sword of a Vienne blade, with 
 a gold scabbard, and a collar of gold 
 weighing 702,000 merks (576,000 ounces), 
 garnished with precious stones, and valued 
 at £16,000 sterling, by way of present." 
 Returning to king Picrochole, he advised 
 him to capitulate, whereupon Rashcalf 
 cried aloud, "Unhappy the prince who 
 
 has traitors for his counsellors ! " and 
 Touchfaucet, drawing "his new sword,'' 
 ran him through the body. The king 
 demanded who gave him the sword, and 
 being told the truth, ordered his guards 
 "to hew him in pieces." — Rabelais, Gar-, 
 gantua, i. 45-47 (1533). 
 
 Touching for the King's Evil. 
 It is said that scrofulous diseases were at. 
 one time very prevalent in the island, 
 and that Edward the Confessor, in answer 
 to earnest prayer, was told it would be 
 cured by the royal touch. Edward, being 
 gifted with this miraculous power, trans- 
 mitted it as an heir-loom to his succes- 
 sors. Henry VII. presented each person 
 touched with a small coin, called a touch- 
 piece or touch-penny. 
 
 Charles II. of England, during hi? 
 reign, touched as many as 92, 107 persons ; 
 the smallest number (2983) being in the 
 year 1669, and the largest number in 
 1684, when many were trampled to deatli 
 (see Macaulay's History of England, xiv.) . 
 In these "touchings," John Brown, a 
 royal surgeon, superintended the cere- 
 rnon}'-. (See Macbeth, act iv. sc. 3.) 
 
 Prince Charles Edward, who claimed 
 to be prince of Wales, touched a female 
 child for the disease in 1745. 
 
 The French kings claimed the same 
 divine power from Anne of Clovis, a.d. 
 481. And on Easter Sunday, 1686, 
 Louis XIV. touched 1600, using these 
 words, Le roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse. 
 
 *%.* Dr. Johnson was the last person 
 touched. The touch-piece given to him 
 has on one side this legend, Soli Leo 
 gloria, and on the other side, Anna. D : G. 
 M. BR. F: et H. REG. (" Anne, by the 
 grace of God, of Great Britain, France, 
 and Ireland, queen"). 
 
 Our good Edward he, the Confessor and king . . . 
 That cancred evil cured, bred 'twixt the throat and jaws, 
 When physic could not find the remedy nor causa . . . 
 He of Almighty God obtained by earnest prayer, 
 This tumour by a king might cured be alone. 
 Which he an heir-loom left unto the English throne. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolblon, xi. (1613). 
 
 Touching Glasses in drinking 
 healths. 
 
 When prince Charles passed over into France, after the 
 failure of the expedition in 1715, his supporters were 
 beset with spies on every hand. It so happened that 
 occasionally in society they were necessitated to drink 
 the king's health, but it was tacitly understood that " the 
 king" was not king George, but "the king over tho 
 water." To express this symbolically, one glass was passed 
 over another, and later down, the foot of one glass was 
 touched against the rim of another. — Notes and, Queriei 
 of New York, October, 1859. 
 
 Touchstone, a clown filled with 
 "quips and cranks and wanton wiles." 
 The original of this character was Tatl- 
 
TOUCHWOOD. 
 
 1020 
 
 TOWEL. 
 
 ton, the favourite court jester of queen 
 Elizabeth. — Shakespeare, As You Like It 
 (1598). 
 
 His famous speech is "the seven 
 degrees of affront : " (1) the retort 
 courteous, (2) the quip modest, (3) the 
 reply churlish, (4) the reproof valiant, (5) 
 the counter-check quarrelsome, (6) the lie 
 circumstantial, and (7) the lie direct (act 
 v. sc. 4). 
 
 Tarleton [1530-1588] was inimitable in such parts as 
 " Launcelot " in the Merchant of Venice [Shakespeare] 
 jind " Touchstone." For these clowns' parts he never had 
 an equal, and never will have. — Baker, Chronicles. 
 
 Touchwood (Colonel), "the most 
 passionate, impatient, unreasonable, good- 
 natured man in Christendom." Uncle of 
 major and Clarissa Touchwood. 
 
 Sophia Touchwood, the colonel's daugh- 
 ter, in love with her cousin, major 
 Touchwood. Her father wants her to 
 marry colonel Clifford, but the colonel 
 has fixed his heart on Clarissa, the major's 
 sister. 
 
 Major Touchwood, nephew of colonel 
 Touchwood, and in love with his cousin 
 Sophia, the colonel's daughter. He 
 fancied that colonel Clifford was his rival, 
 but Clifford was in love with Clarissa, the 
 major's sister. This error forms the plot 
 of the farce, and the mistakes which 
 arise when the major dresses up to pass 
 himself off for his uncle constitute its 
 fun and entanglement. 
 
 Clarissa Touchwood, the major's sister, 
 in love with colonel Clifford. They first 
 met at Brighton, and the colonel thought 
 her Christian name was Sophia ; hence the 
 major looked on him as a rival. — T. 
 Dibdin, What Next ? 
 
 Touchwood (Lord), uncle of Melle'font 
 (2 syl). 
 
 Lady Touchwood, his wife, sister of sir 
 Paul Pliant. She entertains a criminal 
 passion for her nephew Mellefont, and, 
 because he repels her advances, vows 
 to ruin him. Accordingly, she tells her 
 husband that the young man has sought 
 to dishonour her, and when his lordship 
 fancies that the statement of his wife 
 must be greatly overstated, he finds 
 Mellefont with lady Touchwood in her 
 own private chamber. This seems to 
 corroborate the accusation laid to his 
 charge, but it was an artful trick of 
 Maskwell's to make mischief, and in a 
 short time a conversation Avhich he over- 
 hears between lady Touchwood and Mask- 
 well reveals the infamous scheme most 
 fullv to him. — Congreve, The Double 
 Dealer (1700). 
 
 (Lord and lady Touchwood must not 
 be mistaken for sir George and lady 
 Frances Touchwood, which are very dif- 
 ferent characters.) 
 
 Their Wildairs, sir John Brutes, lady Touchwoods, and 
 Mrs. Frails are conventional reproductions of those wild 
 gallants and demireps which figure in the licentious 
 dramas of Dryden and ShadwelL— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Drama. 
 
 *** " Wildair," in The Constant Couple, 
 by Farquhar ; "Brute," in The Pro- 
 voked Wife, by Vanbrugh ; "Mrs. 
 Frail," in Love for Love, by Congreve. 
 
 Touchwood (Sir George), the loving 
 husband of lady Frances, desperately 
 jealous of her, and wishing to keep her 
 out of all societj T , that she may not lose* 
 her native simplicity and purit3 r of mind. 
 Sir George is a true gentleman of most 
 honourable feelings. 
 
 Lady Frances Touchwood, the sweet, 
 innocent Avife of sir George Touchwood. 
 Before her marriage she was brought up 
 in seclusion in the country, and sir George 
 tries to keep her fresh and pure in Lon- 
 don. — Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Strata- 
 gem (1780). 
 
 The cakn and lovely innocence of lady Touchwood could 
 by nobodv l>e so happily represented as by this actress 
 [Mrs. Hartley, 1751-1324].— T. Davies. 
 
 Touchwood (Peregrine), a touchy old 
 East Indian, a relation of the Mowbray 
 family.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronaris Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Tough (Mr.), an old barrister. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Redjauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Touran. The death of the children 
 of Touran forms one of the three tragic 
 stories of the ancient Irish. The other 
 two are The Death of the Children of Lir, 
 and The Death of the Children of Vsnach. 
 
 Tournemine (3 syl.), a Jesuit of 
 the eighteenth century, fond of the mar- 
 vellous. " II aimait le merveilleux et 
 ne renoncait qu' avec peine a y croire." 
 
 11 ressemble a Tournemine, 
 II croit ce qu'il imagine. 
 
 French Proverb. 
 
 Tours, in France, according to fable, 
 is so called from Turones, a nephew of 
 Brute the mythical king of Britain. 
 
 In the party of Brutus was one Turones, his nephew, 
 Inferior to none in courage and strength, from whom 
 Tours derived its name, being the place of his sepulture. 
 —Geoffrey of Monmouth, British llistory (1142). 
 
 Touthope (Mr.), a Scotch attorney 
 and clerk of the peace. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Rob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Towel (An Oaken), a cudgel. " To 
 be rubbed down with an oaken towel " ia 
 to be well basted. 
 
TOWER OF HUNGER. 
 
 1021 
 
 TRADELOVE. 
 
 8he ordered the fellow to he drawn through a horse- 
 pond, and then to be well rubbed down with an oaken 
 towel.— The Adventure of My A unt. 
 
 Tower of Hunger (The), Gualandi, 
 the tower in which Ugollno with his two 
 sons and two grandsons were starved to 
 death in 1288.— Dante, Inferno (1300). 
 
 Tower of London (The) was really- 
 built by Gundulphus bishop of Rochester, 
 in the reign of William I., but tradition 
 ascribes it to Julius Caesar. 
 
 Ye towers of Julius, London's lasting shame. 
 
 Gray, The Bard (1757). 
 
 Tower of Vathek, built with the 
 intention of reaching heaven, that Vathek 
 might pry into the secrets seen by Ma- 
 homet. The staircase contained 11,000 
 stairs, and wben the top was gained men 
 looked no bigger than pismires, and 
 cities seemed mere bee-hives. — Beckford, 
 Vathek (1784). 
 
 Townley Mysteries, certain re- 
 ligious dramas ; so called because the MS. 
 containing them belonged to P. Townley. 
 These dramas are supposed to have been 
 acted at Widkirk Abbey, in Yorkshire. 
 In 1831 they were printed for the Surtees 
 Society, under the editorship of the Rev. 
 Joseph Hunter and J. Stevenson. (See 
 Coventry Mysteries.) 
 
 Townly (Colonel), attached to Berin- 
 thia, a handsome young widow, but in 
 order to win her he determines to excite 
 her jealousy, and therefore pretends love 
 to Amanda, her cousin. Amanda, how- 
 ever, repels his attentions with disdain ; 
 and the colonel, seeing his folly, attaches 
 himself to Berinthia. — Sheridan, A Trip 
 to Scarborough (1777). 
 
 Townly (Lord), a nobleman of generous 
 mind and high principle, liberal and 
 manly. Though very fond of his wife, 
 he insists on a separation, because she is 
 so extravagant and self-willed. Lady 
 Townly sees, at length, the folly of her 
 ways, and promises amendment, where- 
 upon the husband relents, and receives 
 her into favour again. 
 
 The London critics acknowledged that J. G. Holman's 
 "lord Townly" was the perfection of the nobleman of 
 the days of Chesterfield. He was not the actor, but the 
 dignified lord himself.— Donaldson. 
 
 Lady Townly, the gay but not unfaith- 
 ful young wife of lord Townly, who 
 thinks that the pleasure of life consists 
 in gambling ; she "cares nothing for her 
 husband," but "loves almost everything 
 he hates." She says : 
 
 I dote upon assemblies ; my heart bounds at a ball ; 
 and. at an opera I expire. Then I love play to distraction ; 
 iards enchant me ; and dice put me out of my little wits. 
 
 — Vanbrugh and Cibber, The Provoked Husband, ilL 1 
 (1723). 
 
 The part which at once established her [Miss f'arren's] 
 fame as an actress was "lady Townly" . . . the whole 
 house was enraptured. — Memoir of Elizabeth Countess of 
 Derby (1829). 
 
 (Mrs. Pritchard, Margaret Woffington, 
 Miss Brunton, Miss M. Tree, and Miss 
 E. Tree were all excellent in this 
 favourite part.) 
 
 Tox (Miss Lucretia), the bosom friend 
 of Mr. Dombey's married sister (Mrs. 
 Chick). Miss Lucretia was a faded lady, 
 "as if she had not been made in fast 
 colours," and was washed out. She 
 " ambled through life without any 
 opinions, and never abandoned herself 
 to unavailing regrets." She greatly 
 admired Mr. Dombey, and entertained a 
 forlorn hope that she might be selected 
 by him to supply the place of his de- 
 ceased wife. Miss Tox lived in Princess's 
 Place, and maintained a weak flirtation 
 with a major Bagstock, who was very 
 jealous of Mr. Dombey. — C. Dickens, 
 Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Tozer, one of the ten young gentle- 
 men in the school of Dr. Blimber when 
 Paul Dombey was there. A very solemn 
 lad, whose "shirt-collar curled up the 
 lobes of his ears." — C. Dickens, Dombey 
 and Son (1846). 
 
 Trabb, a prosperous old bachelor, a 
 tailor by trade. 
 
 He was having his breakfast in the parlour behind the 
 shop. ... He had sliced his hot roll into three feather- . 
 beds, and was slipping butter in between the blankets. . . 
 He was a prosperous old bachelor, and his open window 
 looked into a prosperous little garden and orchard, and 
 there was a prosperous iron safe let into the wall at the 
 side of the fireplace, and without doubt heaps of hia 
 prosperity were put away in it in bags. — C. Dickens, 
 Great Expectations, six. (1860). 
 
 Tracy, one of the gentlemen in the 
 earl of Sussex's train. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Traddles, a simple, honest young 
 man, who believes in everybody and 
 everything. Though constantly failing, 
 he is never depressed by his want of suc- 
 cess. He had. the habit of brushing his 
 hair up on end, Avhich gave him a look 
 of surprise. 
 
 At the Creakle's school, when I was miserable, he [Trad- 
 dies] would lay his head on the desk for a little while, 
 and then, cheering up, would draw skeletons all over his 
 slate.— C. Dickens, David Copperfield, vii. (1849). 
 
 Trade'love (Mr.), a broker on 
 'Change, one of the four guardians of 
 Anne Lovely the heiress. He was " a 
 fellow that would out-lie the devil for the 
 advantage of stock, and cheat his own 
 father in a bargain. He was a great 
 
TRAFFORD. 
 
 1022 
 
 TKANCHERA. 
 
 Blickler for trade, and hated every one 
 that wore a sword" (act i. 1). Colonel 
 Feignwell passed himself off as a Dutch 
 merchant named Jan van Timtamtire- 
 lereletta herr van Feignwell, and made a 
 bet with Tradelove. Tradelove lost, and 
 cancelled the debt by giving his consent 
 to the marriage of his ward to the sup- 
 posed Dutchman. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold 
 Stroke for a Wife (1717). 
 
 Tr afford (F. G.), the pseudonym of 
 Mrs. C. E. Riddell, before the publica- 
 ti :>n of George Geith. 
 
 Tragedy (Father of Greek), Thespis, 
 the Richardson of Athens. ^Eschylos 
 is also called "The Father of Greek 
 Tragedy" (u.c. 525-426). 
 
 Tragedy ( The Father of French), Gamier 
 (1534-1590). 
 
 Tragedy (The First English), Gorboduc, 
 by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sack- 
 ville (1569). The first comedy was Ralph 
 Roister Doister, by Nicholas Udall (1564). 
 
 Thornbury says the coadjutor of Norton 
 was lord Buckhurst, and Charles Lamb 
 maintains that lord Buckhurst " supplied 
 the more vital parts ;" but professor Craik 
 says Sackville was the worker together 
 with Norton. 
 
 Trained Band, the volunteer artil- 
 lery, whose ground for practice was 
 in Moorfields. John Gilpin was " captain 
 of the band." 
 
 A Trained Band captain eke was he, 
 Of famous London town. 
 
 Cowper, John Gilpin (1782). 
 
 Trajan ( Tlie Second), Marcui Aurelius 
 Claudius, surnamed GoUicus, noted for 
 his valour, justice, and goodness (215, 
 268-270). 
 
 Trajan and St. Gregory. It is 
 said that Trajan, although unbaptized, 
 was delivered from hell in answer to 
 the prayers of St. Gregory. 
 
 There was storied on the rock 
 The exalted glory of the Konian prince, 
 Whose mighty worth moved Gregory to earn 
 His mighty conquest — Trajan the emperor. 
 
 Dante, Purgatory, xL (1308). 
 
 Trajan and the Importunate 
 Widow. One day, a mother appeared 
 before the emperor Trajan, and cried, 
 "Grant vengeance, sire! My son is 
 murdered." The emperor replied, "I 
 cannot stop now ; wait till I return." 
 "But, sire," pleaded the widow,_"if } r ou 
 do not return, who will grant me justice?" 
 "My successor," said Trajan. "And 
 can Trajan leave to another the duty that 
 
 he himself is appointed to perform?" 
 On hearing this, the emperor stopped his 
 cavalcade, heard the woman's cause, and 
 granted her suit. Dante tells this tale in 
 his Purgatory, xi. — John of Salisbury, 
 Polycraticus de Curialium Nugis, v. 8 
 (twelfth century). 
 
 Dion Cassius (Roman Historia, lxix.) 
 tells the same story of Hadrian. When 
 a woman appeared before him with a suit 
 as he was starting on a journey, the 
 emperor put her off, saying, "I have no 
 leisure now." She replied, "If Hadrian 
 has no leisure to perforin his duties, let 
 him cease to reign ! " On hearing this 
 reproof, he dismounted from his horse, 
 and gave ear to the woman's cause. 
 
 A woman once made her appeal to 
 Philip of Macedon, who, being busy at 
 the time, petulantly exclaimed, " Woman, 
 I have no time now for such matters." 
 " If Philip has no time to render justice," 
 said the woman, " then is it high time for 
 Philip to resign ! " The king felt the 
 rebuke, heard the cause patiently, and 
 decided it justly. 
 
 Tramecksan and Slameeksan, 
 the High-heels and Low-heels, two great 
 political factions of Lilliput. The ani- 
 mosity of these Guelphs and Ghibellines of 
 punydom ran so high " that no High-heel 
 would eat or drink with a Low-heel, and 
 no Low-heel would salute or speak to a 
 High-heel." The king of Lilliput was a 
 High-heel, but the heir-apparent a Low- 
 heel. — Swift, Gulliver s Travels ("Voyage 
 to Lilliput," iv., 1726). 
 
 Tramp (Gaffer), a peasant at tk.- 
 execution of old Meg Murdochson. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time 
 George II.). 
 
 Tramtrist (Sir), the name assumes 
 by sir Tristram Avhen he went to Ireland 
 to be cured of his wounds after his com- 
 bat with sir Marhaus. Here La Belle 
 Isold (or Isold " the Fair") was his leech, 
 and the young knight fell in love with 
 her. When the queen discovered that 
 sir Tramtrist was sir Tristram, who had 
 killed her brother, sir Marhaus, in combat, 
 she plotted to take his life, and he was 
 obliged to leave the island. La Belle 
 Isold subsequently married king Mark of 
 Cornwall, but her heart was ever fixed 
 on her brave young patient. — Sir T. 
 Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 9-12 
 (1470)". 
 
 Tranchera, Agricane's sword, which 
 afterwards belonged to Brandimart. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
TRANIO. 
 
 1023 
 
 TRAVELLERS' TALES. 
 
 Tra'nio, one of the servants of Lu- 
 centio the gentleman who marries Bi- 
 anca (the sister of Kathari'na "the 
 Paduan shrew"). — Shakespeare, Taming 
 of the Shrew (1594). 
 
 Transfer, a usurer, who is willing to 
 advance sir George "Wealthy a sum of 
 money on these easy terms : (1) 5 per 
 cent, interest ; (2) 10 per cent, premium ; 
 (3) 5 per cent, for insuring the young 
 man's life : (4) a handsome present to 
 himself! as broker ; (5) the borrower to 
 pay all expenses ; and (6) the loan not 
 to be iu cash but goods, which are to be 
 taken at a valuation and sold at auction 
 at the borrower's sole hazard. These 
 terms are accepted, and sir George pro- 
 mises besides a handsome douceur to 
 Loader for having found a usurer so 
 promptly. — ¥oote,^The Minor (1760). 
 
 Transformations. In the art of 
 transformation, one of the most important 
 things was a ready wit to adopt in an 
 instant some form which would give you 
 an advantage over your adversary ; thus, 
 if your adversary appeared as a mouse, 
 you must change into an owl, then your 
 adversary would become an arrow to 
 shoot the owl. and you would assume the 
 form of fire to burn the arrow, where- 
 upon your adversary would become water 
 to quench the fire ; and he who could out- 
 wit the other would come off victorious. 
 The two best examples I know of this 
 sort of contest are to be found, one in 
 the Arabian frights, and the other in the 
 Mabinogion. 
 
 The former is the contest between the 
 Queen of Beauty and the son of the daugh- 
 ter of Eblis. He appeared as a scorpion, 
 she in a moment became a serpent ; where- 
 upon he changed into an eagle, she into 
 a more powerful black eagle ; he became 
 a cat, she a wolf ; she instantly changed 
 into a worm and crept into a pomegranite, 
 which in time burst, whereupon he as- 
 sumed the form of a cock to devour the 
 seed, but it became a fish ; the cock then 
 became a pike, but the princess became a 
 blazing fire, and consumed her adversary 
 before he had time to change. — "The 
 Second Calender." 
 
 The other is the contest between Carid- 
 wen and Gwion Bach. Bach fled as a 
 hare, she changed into a greyhound ; 
 whereupon he became a fish, she an otter- 
 bitch ; he instantly became a bird, she 
 a hawk ; but he became as quick as 
 thought a grain of wheat. Caridwen 
 now became a hen, and made for the 
 
 wheat-corn and devoured him. — "Ta- 
 liesin." 
 
 Translator - General. Philemon 
 Holland is so called by Fuller, in his 
 Worthies of England. " Mr. Holland 
 translated Liyv, Pliny, Plutarch, Sue- 
 tonius, Xenophon, and several other 
 classic authors (1551-1636). 
 
 Trap to Catch a Sunbeam, by 
 
 Matilda Anne Planche' (afterwards Mrs. 
 Mackarness). 
 
 Trapbois (Old), a miser in Alsatia. 
 Even in his extreme age, " he was be- 
 lieved to understand the plucking of a 
 pigeon better than any man in Alsatia." 
 
 Martha Trapbois, the miser's daughter, 
 a cold, decisive, masculine woman, who 
 marries Richie Moni plies. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Trap'oban (The Island of), ruled over 
 by Alifanfaron. It is in the Utopian 
 Ocean, 92= X. lat., 180° 2' W. long.— 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605). 
 
 Trapper (The). XattyBumppo is so 
 called in The Prairie. He is introduced 
 in four other of Cooper's novels as " The 
 Deerslayer," "The Pathfinder," "The 
 Hawk-eye " in The Last of the Mohicans, 
 and "Xatty Bumppo " in The Pioneers. 
 
 Traveller (The). The scheme of 
 this poem is very simple : The poet sup- 
 poses himself seated among Alpine soli- 
 tudes, looking down upon a hundred 
 kingdoms. He would fain find some spot 
 where happiness can be attained, but the 
 natives of each realm think their own the 
 best ; yet the amount of happiness in 
 each is pretty well equal. To illustrate 
 this, the poet describes the manners and 
 government of Italy, Switzerland, France, 
 Holland, and England. — O. Goldsmith 
 (1764). 
 
 Traveller (Mr.), the stranger who tried 
 to reason with Mr. Mopes and bring 
 him back to society, but found the truth 
 of the tinker's remark, "When iron is 
 thoroughly rotten, you cannot botch it." 
 — C. Dickens, A Christinas Number (1861). 
 
 Traveller's Refuge, the vallev of 
 Fakreddin.— W. Beckford, Yathek (1784). 
 
 Travellers' Tales. Marco Polo 
 says, " Certain islands lie so far north in 
 the Xorthern Ocean, that one going thither 
 actually leaves the pole-star a trifle 
 behind to the south." 
 
 A Dutch skipper told Master Moxon, 
 the hydrographer of Charles II., that ha 
 
TRAVELS, ETC. 
 
 1024 
 
 TREE. 
 
 had him self sailed two degrees beyond 
 the pole. 
 
 Maundeville says, in Prester John's 
 country is a sea of sand which ebbs and 
 flows in great waves without one drop of 
 water. This sea, says the knight of St. 
 Alban's, men find full of right good fish 
 of most delicious eating'. 
 
 At the time of the discovery of America 
 by Columbus, many marvellous tales were 
 rife in Spain. It was said that in one 
 part of the coast of El Nombre de Dios, 
 the natives had such long ears that one ear 
 served for bed and the other for counter- 
 pane. This reminds one of Gwevyl mab 
 Gwestad, one of whose lips hung down to 
 his waist, and the other covered his head 
 like a cowl (see p. 1000). Another tale 
 was that one of the crew of Columbus 
 had come across a people who lived on 
 sweet scents alone, and were killed by 
 foul smells. This invention was hardly 
 original, inasmuch as both Plutarch and 
 Pliny tell us of an Indian people who 
 lived on sweet odours, and Democrltos 
 lived for several days on the mere effluvia 
 of hot bread (see p. 698). Another tale 
 was that the noses of these smell-feeders 
 were so huge that their heads were all 
 nose. We are also told of one-eyed men ; 
 of men who carried their head under one 
 of their arms ; of others whose head was 
 in their breast ; of others Avho were con- 
 quered, not by arms, but by the priests 
 holding up before them a little ivory 
 crucifix — a sort of Christian version of 
 the taking of Jericho by the blast of the 
 silver trumpets of the Levites in the time 
 of Joshua. 
 
 Travels in . . . Remote Na- 
 tions, by "Lemuel Gulliver." He is first 
 shipwrecked and cast on the coast of 
 Lilliput, a country of pygmies. Sub- 
 sequently he is thrown among the people 
 of Brobdingnag, giants of tremendous 
 size. In his third expedition he is driven 
 to Laputa, an empire of quack pretenders 
 to science and knavish projectors. And 
 in his fourth voyage he visits the 
 Houyhnhnms [Whin' .rims], where horses 
 were the dominant powers. — Dean Swift 
 (1726). 
 
 Travers, a retainer of the earl of 
 Northumberland. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry 
 IV. (1598). 
 
 Travers (Sir Edmund), an old bachelor, 
 tht guardian and uncle of lady Davenant. 
 He is a tedious gossip, fond of meddling, 
 prosy, and wise in his own conceit. " It 
 
 J is surprising," he says, "how unwilling 
 people are to hear my stories. When in 
 parliament I make a speech, there is 
 nothing but coughing, hemming, and 
 shuffling of feet — no desire of informa- 
 tion." By his instigation, the match was 
 broken off between his niece and captain 
 Dormer, and she was given in marriage to 
 lord Davenant, but it turned out that his 
 lordship was already married, and his 
 wife living. — Cumberland, The Mysterious 
 Husband (1783). 
 
 Travia'ta, an opera, representing the 
 progress of a courtezan. Music by Verdi, 
 and libretto from La Dame aux Came'lias, 
 a novel by Alexandre Dumas^/s (1856). 
 
 Treachery of the Long-Knives 
 
 (The). Hengist invited the chief British 
 nobles to a conference at Ambresbury, 
 but arranged that a Saxon should be 
 seated beside each Briton. At a given 
 signal, each Saxon was to slay his neigh- 
 bour with his long knife, and as many as 
 460 British nobles fell. Eidiol earl of 
 Gloucester escaped, after killing seventy 
 (some say 660) of the Saxons. — Welsh 
 Triads. 
 
 Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command of 
 Ainbrosius, in memory of the plot of the " Long-Knives." 
 . . . He built it on the site of a former circle. It deviates 
 from older bardic circles, as may be seen by comparing; it 
 with Avebury. Stanton-Drew, Keswick, etc.— Cambi-ian 
 Diograiihy, art. " Merddia." 
 
 Treasury of Peru (The), the 
 Andes. 
 
 Treasury of Sciences (The), 
 
 Bokhara, which has 103 colleges, besides 
 schools and 360 mosques. 
 
 Trecentisti, the Italian worthies of 
 the "Trecento" (thirteenth century). 
 They were Dante (1265-1321) ; Petrarch 
 (1304-1374) ; Boccaccio, who wrote the 
 Decameron. Others of less note were 
 Giotto, Giovanna da Pisa, and Andrea 
 Orcagna. (SeeCiNQUECENTO, Seicento.) 
 
 In Italy he'd ape the Trecentisti. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86 (1820). 
 
 Tree (The Bleeding). One of the in- 
 dictments laid to the charge of the mar- 
 quis of Argyll, so hated by the royalists 
 for the part he took in the execution of 
 Montrose, was this: "That a tree on 
 which thirty-six of his enemies were 
 hanged was immediately blasted, and 
 when hewn down, a copious stream of 
 blood ran from it, saturating the earth, 
 and that blood for several years waa 
 emitted from the roots." — Laing, History 
 of Scotland, ii. 11 (1800) ; State Trials, 
 ii. 422. 
 
TREE. 
 
 1025 
 
 TREES, ETC. 
 
 Tree {The Largest). The largest tree 
 in the world is one discovered, in 1874, in 
 a grove near Tule River, in California. 
 Though the top has been broken off, it is 
 240 feet high, and the diameter of the 
 tree where it has been broken is 12 feet. 
 This giant of the forest is called "Old 
 Moses," from a mountain in the neigh- 
 bourhood, and is calculated to be 4840 
 years old ! The hollow of its trunk, 
 which is 111 feet, will hold 150 persons, 
 and is hung with scenes of California, is 
 carpeted, and fitted up like a drawing- 
 room, with table, chairs, sofa, and piano- 
 forte. A section of this tree, 74 feet 
 round and 25 feet across, was exhibited 
 in New York, in 1879. — See New York 
 Herald. 
 
 Tree (The Poets'), a tree which grows 
 over the tomb of Tan-Sein, a musician at 
 the court of [Mohammed] Akbar. Who- 
 ever chews a leaf of this tree Avill be 
 inspired with a divine melody of voice. — 
 W. Hunter. 
 
 His voice was as sweet as if he had chewed the leaves of 
 that enchanted tree which grows over the tomb of the 
 musician Tan-Sein.— Moore, La.Ua Rookh (1817). 
 
 Tree (The Singing), a tree each leaf of 
 which was musical, and all the leaves 
 joined together in delightful harmony. 
 — Arabian Nights ("The Story of the 
 Sisters who envied their Younger Sister"). 
 
 In the Fairy Tales of the comtesse 
 D'Aunoy, there is a tree called "the 
 singing apple," of precisely the same 
 character, but the apple tree gave the 
 possessor the inspiration of poetry also. 
 — " Chery and Fairstar." 
 
 Tree of Liberty (The), a tree or 
 pole crowned with a cap of liberty, and 
 decorated with flags, ribbons, and other 
 devices of a republican character. The 
 idea Avas given by the Americans in their 
 War of Independence ; it was adopted by 
 the Jacobins in Paris in 1790, and by the 
 Italians in 1848. 
 
 Tree of Life (The), a tree in the 
 " midst of the garden " of paradise, which, 
 if Adam had plucked and eaten of, he 
 would have "lived for ever." — Gen. ii. 9 ; 
 iii. 22. 
 
 Out of the fertile ground [God] caused to grow 
 All trees of noblest kind for sight, smell, taste ; 
 And all amid them stood the Tree of Life, 
 High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit 
 Of vegetable gold. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 215, etc. (1665). 
 
 Tree of Knowledge (The), a tree 
 in the garden of paradise, the fruit of 
 which Adam and Eve were forbidden to 
 eat, "lest they died." — Gen. ii. 9 ; iii. 3. 
 
 Next to [the tree of] Life, 
 . . . the Tree of Knowledge grew fast by. 
 Knowledge of good, bought dear by knowing ill. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 221 (1666). 
 
 Trees noted for Specific Virtues 
 and Uses. 
 
 Those articles marked B. P. are from William Browne'* 
 Britannia's Pastorals (1613). 
 
 Alder, good for water-pipes and piles, 
 capital for the foundations of buildings 
 situated upon bogs ; it becomes black as 
 jet and almost imperishable when used 
 for piles in swamps or under water. The 
 Rialto of Venice is founded on alder. It 
 is excellent for clogs, shoe-heels, wooden 
 shoes, cogs for mill-wheels, turnery, 
 chairs, poles, and garden props. 
 
 It is said that fleas dislike it. 
 
 Alder nourishes whatever plant grows 
 in its shadow. — B. P. 
 
 Ash, the Venus of the forest. — Gilpin, 
 Forest Scenery (1791). 
 
 Used for all tools employed in hus- 
 bandry, carts, waggons, wheels, pulleys, 
 and oars. It bursts into leaf between 
 May 13 and June 14. 
 
 Grass will grow beneath it. 
 
 At Donire\ T , near Clare, is the hollow 
 trunk of an ash tree 42 feet in circum- 
 ference, in which a little school used to 
 be kept. — A. Young, Irish Tour (1775-6). 
 
 In Woburn Park is an ash tree 90 feet 
 high, 15 feet in girth (3 feet from the 
 ground), and containing a grand total of 
 872 cubic feet of timber. — Strutt, Sylva 
 Britannica. 
 
 The ash tree at Carnock, planted in 
 1596, supposed to be the largest in Scot- 
 land, is 90 feet high and 19 feet in girth 
 (5 feet from the ground). — Ditto. 
 
 Dr. Walker says he measured an ash 
 tree in Lochaber churchyard, Scotland, 
 58 feet in girth (5 feet from the ground). 
 
 Aspen Tree. No grass will grow in its 
 vicinity. The legend is that the cross of 
 Jesus was made of this wood, and hence 
 its leaves were doomed to tremble till 
 the day of doom. 
 
 Ah ! tremble, tremble, aspen tree ! 
 
 We need not ask thee why thou shakest ; 
 For if, as holy legend saith. 
 On thee the Saviour bled to death, 
 
 No wonder, aspen, that thou quakest I 
 And, till in judgment all assemble, 
 Thy leaves accursed shall wail and tremble. 
 
 E.C. B. 
 
 Beech Tree, employed for clogs, tool 
 handles, planes, mallets, turnery, large 
 wooden screws, sounding-boards of 
 musical instruments, scabbards, band- 
 boxes, book-covers, coffins, chairs, and 
 bedsteads ; but for chairs and bedsteads 
 it is not fit, as it is a favourite resort of 
 the ptinus pectinicornis, whose egga are 
 3 u 
 
TREES, ETC. 
 
 1026 
 
 TREES, ETC. 
 
 deposited on the surface of the wood, 
 and the young worms eat their way in. 
 Floats for nets are made of the bark. 
 It is excellent for wood fires, and is 
 called in France bois oVAndelle. The beech 
 bursts into leaf between April 19 and 
 Ma3 r 7. 
 
 "The Twelve Apostles." On an island 
 of the lake Wetter, were twelve majestic 
 beech trees, now reduced to eleven, for a 
 zealous peasant cut down one of them, 
 declaring "that the traitor Judas should 
 have no part nor lot with the faithful." 
 On these beeches are cut the names of 
 Charles XL, Charles XI L, queen Eleonora, 
 and other distinguished visitors. Other 
 famous beeches are the Frankley Beeches, 
 in Worcestershire. 
 
 Virgil's bowl, divini opus Alcimedontis, 
 was made of beech wood, and Pliny tells 
 us that vessels used in the temples were 
 made sometimes of the same wood. 
 
 The beech, like the fir and chestnut, is 
 very destructive of vegetation beneath. 
 
 Birch, used by the ancients for papyrus. 
 The wood is used for the heels of shoes, 
 cradles, packing-boxes, sabots, drinking- 
 cups, brooms or besoms, rods, torches, 
 and charcoal. 
 
 "It supplies the northern peasant with 
 his house, his bread, his wine, and the 
 vessels to put it in, part of his clothing, 
 and the furniture of his bed." — Sylvan 
 Sketches. 
 
 Birch loves the coldest places. — B. P. 
 
 Blackthorn is formed into teeth for 
 rakes and into walking-sticks. Letters 
 written on linen or woollen with sloe-juice 
 will not wash out. 
 
 It is said that Joseph of Arimathea 
 planted his staff on the south ridge of 
 Weary-all Hill (now Werrall), where it 
 grew " and put forth blossoms every 
 Christmas Day afterwards. The original 
 tree was destroyed in the reign of Charles 
 I. by a puritan soldier, who lost his life 
 by a splinter which wounded him while 
 so employed. The variety which 
 blossoms twice a year is now pretty 
 common. 
 
 The Holy Thorn has been introduced into many parts, 
 and is now grown in several gardens about Glastonbury 
 and its vicinity. Pilgrimages continued to be made to 
 this tree even in Mr. Eyston's time, who died 1721. — 
 Warner, Evening Post, January, 1753. 
 
 Box, used for turnery, combs, mathe- 
 matical instruments, knife-handles, tops, 
 screws, button-moulds, wood engravings. 
 Box wood will sink in water. 
 
 A decoction of box wood promotes the 
 growth of hair, and an oil distilled from 
 its shavings is a cure for hemorrhoids, 
 
 tooth-ache, epilepsy, and stomach-worms ; 
 so we are told. 
 
 Cedar, used for cigar-boxes. It is 
 hateful to moths and fleas, and hence it 
 is used for lining wardrobes and drawers." 
 
 Cherry Tree, used by the turner, 
 formed into chairs and hoops. It is stained 
 to imitate mahogany, to which wood, both 
 in grain and colour, it approaches nearer 
 than any other of this country. It is 
 stained black for picture-frames. The 
 cherry tree was first introduced from 
 Flanders into Kent, in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 More than a hundred men, during a siege, were kept 
 alive for nearly two months, without any other susLen- 
 ance than a little of this gum taken into the mouth and 
 suffered gradually to dissolve. — Hasselquist, Iter Palie*- 
 tinum (1757). 
 
 Chestnut Tree, the tree introduced 
 into the pictures of Salvator Rosa. The 
 wood is used by coopers and for water- 
 pipes, because it neither shrinks nor 
 changes the colour of any liquor it con- 
 tains. It is, however, bad for posts, and 
 grass will not grow beneath its shade. 
 
 Staves that nor shrink nor swell, 
 
 The cooper's close-wrought cask to chestnut owes. 
 
 Dodsley. ' 
 
 The roof of Westminster Abbey, and 
 that of the "Parliament House," Edin- 
 burgh, are made of chestnut wood. 
 
 In Cobham Park, Kent, is a chestnut 
 tree 40 feet in girth (5 feet from the 
 ground). — Strutt, Sylva Britannica, 
 
 At Tortworth, in Gloucestershire, is a 
 chestnut tree 52 feet in girth. Even in 
 1150 it was called " the great chestnut 
 tree of Tortworth." Mr. Marsham says it 
 was 540 years old when king John came 
 to the throne, which would carry us back 
 to the heptarchy. If so, this tree has 
 tallied the whole history of England from 
 the Roman period to our own. 
 
 The horse chestnut bursts into leaf 
 between March 17 and April 19. The 
 Spanish chestnut fully a month later. 
 
 Cypress hurts the least of all trees by 
 its droppings. — B. P. 
 
 Dog Rose. So called by the Greeks 
 (kunorodon), because the root was deemed 
 a cure for the bite of a mad dog. 
 
 Elder Tree, used for skewers, tops 
 of angling-rods, needles for netting, 
 turnery. The pith is used for electro- 
 meters and in electrical experiments. 
 
 An infusion of elder leaves will destroy 
 insects on delicate plants better than 
 tobacco-juice ; and if turnips, cabbages, 
 fruit trees, etc., are brushed with a branch 
 of elder leaves, no insect will infest the 
 plants. — Philosophical Transactions, v. 62 
 p. 348. 
 
TREES, ETC. 
 
 1027 
 
 TREES, ETC. 
 
 Elm is used for axle-trees, mill-wheels, 
 keels of boats, gunwales, chairs, coffins, 
 rails, gates, under-ground, pipes, pumps, 
 millwork, pattens. 
 
 Grass will grow beneath its shade. 
 The elm is pre-eminent for the tenacity 
 of its wood, which never splinters. It is 
 the first of forest trees to burst into leaf. 
 
 Toads and frogs are often embedded in 
 elm trees. Thej' crept into some hollow 
 place or crack, and became imprisoned by 
 the glutinous fluid of the new inner bark 
 (liber and alburnum). Some have been 
 found alive when the tree is cut down, 
 but they need not have been embedded 
 long. 
 
 At Hampstead there was once a famous 
 hollow elm, which had a staircase within 
 and seats at the top. — Park, Topography. 
 
 At Blythfield, in Staffordshire, was an 
 elm which, Ray tells us, furnished 8G60 
 feet of planks, weighing 97 tons. 
 
 The elm at Chequers, Buckinghamshire, 
 was planted in the reign of Stephen ; the 
 shell is now 31 feet in girth. The Chep- 
 stead Elm, Kent, contains 2G8 feet of 
 timber, and is 15 feet in girth ; it is said 
 to have had an annual fair beneath its 
 shade in the reign of Henry V. The elm 
 at Crawley, in Sussex, is 70 feet high and 
 35 feet in girth. — Strutt, Sylva Bri- 
 tannica. 
 
 Fig Tree. The leaves of this tree have 
 the property of maturing game and meat 
 hung amongst them. 
 
 Fir Tree. In Ireland the bog firs, 
 beaten into string, are manufactured into 
 rope, capable of resisting the weather 
 much longer than hempen ropes. The 
 bark can be used for tan. Tar and pitch 
 are obtained from the trunk and branches. 
 The thinnings of fir forests will do for 
 hop-poles, scantlings, and rafters, and its 
 timber is used by builders. 
 
 Grass will not grow beneath fir trees. 
 
 Guelder Rose. From the bark of the 
 root birdlime is made. The shoots make 
 excellent bands for faggots. 
 
 Evelyn says a decoction of the leaves 
 will dye the hair black and strengthen it. 
 
 Hazel Tree. The wood makes ex- 
 cellent charcoal for forges. Fishing-rods, 
 walking-sticks, crates, hoops for barrels, 
 shoots for springles to fasten down thatch, 
 hurdles, etc., are made of this wood. 
 Hazel chips will clear turbid wine in 
 twenty-four hours, and twigs of hazel 
 twisted together will serve for yeast in 
 brewing. 
 
 Hazel wands were used in divination, 
 for detecting minerals, water-springs, and 
 
 hid treasures. (See Dousterswivel., 
 p. 270.) 
 
 By whatsoever occult virtue the forked hazel stick dis- 
 covers not only subterraneous treasure, but criniinala 
 guilty of murder and other crimes, made out so solemnly 
 by the attestation of magistrates and divers other learned 
 and credible persons who have critically examined matters 
 of fact, is certainly next to a miracle, and requires a 
 strong faith.— Evelyn, Sylva (1664). 
 
 The small hole bored through the shell 
 of hazel nuts is not the work of squirrels, 
 but of field mice ; squirrels alwa}^s split 
 the shells. 
 
 Holly Tree. Birdlime is made from 
 it. The wood is used for veneering, 
 handles of knives, cogs for mill-wheels, 
 hones for whetting knives and razors, 
 coachmen's whips, Tunbridge ware. 
 
 Ivy. The roots are used by leather- 
 cutters for whetting their knives ; and 
 when the roots are large, boxes and slabs 
 are made from them. 
 
 It is said that apricots and peaches 
 protected in winter by ivy fencing become 
 remarkably productive. 
 
 Juniper is never attacked by worms. 
 —B.P. 
 
 The wood is used for veneering ; 'and 
 alcohol or spirits of wine, impregnated 
 with the essential oil of juniper berries, is 
 gin (or juniper water) ; for the French 
 gene vre means ; ' a juniper berry." Ordi- 
 narily, gin is a malt liquor, distilled a 
 second time, with the addition of juniper 
 berries, or more frequently, with the oil 
 of turpentine. 
 
 Larch, very apt to warp, but it resists 
 decay. It bursts into leaf between March 
 21 and April 14. 
 
 Le bois du meleze l'emporte en bonte" et en duree sur 
 celui des pins et des sapins. On en fait des goutti6res des 
 conduits d'caux souterraines, de bonnes charpentes; il 
 entre dans la construction des petits batiments de mer. 
 Les pelntres s'en servent pour faire les cadres de lews 
 tableaux. — Bouillet, Diet. Unio. des Sciences. 
 
 Lime or Linden Tree. Grinling 
 Gibbons, the great carver in wood, used 
 no other wood but that of the lime tree, 
 which is soft, light, smooth, close-grained, 
 and not subject to the worm. For the 
 same reason, it is the chief material of 
 Tunbridge ware. Bellonius states that 
 the Greeks used the wood for making 
 bottles. 
 
 Lime wood makes excellent charcoal for 
 gunpowder, and is employed for buttons 
 and leather-cutters' boards. The flowers 
 afford the best honey for bees, and the 
 famous Kowno honey is made exclusively 
 from the linden blossoms. 
 
 It was one of the trees from which 
 papyrus was made, and in the library of 
 Vienna is a work of Cicero written on 
 the inner bark of the linden. 
 
TREES, ETC. 
 
 1028 
 
 TREES, ETC. 
 
 One other thing is worth mentioning. 
 Hares and rabbits will never injure the 
 bark of this tree. 
 
 The lime is the first of all trees to shed 
 its leaves in autumn. It bursts into leaf 
 between April 6 and May 2. 
 
 At Deopham, in Norfolk, was a lime 
 tree which, Eveljm tells us, was 36 feet in 
 girth and 90 feet in height. Strutt tells 
 us of one in Moor Park, Hertfordshire, 
 17 feet in girth (3 feet above the ground) 
 and 100 feet high ; it contained 875 feet 
 of timber. He also mentions one in 
 Cobham Park, 28 feet in girth and 90 
 feet in height. 
 
 The lime tree in the Grisons is upwards 
 of 590 years old. 
 
 Maple Tree, employed for cabinet- 
 work, gunstocks, screws for cider presses, 
 and turnery. The Tigri.n and Pantherine 
 tables were made of maple. The maple 
 tables of Cicero, Asinius Gallus, king 
 Juba, and the Mauritanian Ptolemy, 
 " are worth their weight in gold." 
 
 At Knowle, in Kent, there is a maple 
 tree which is 14 feet in girth. — Strutt, 
 Sylva Britannica. 
 
 Mountain Ash or Rowan Tree, used 
 for hoops, and for bows, comes next to 
 the yew. It forms good and lasting 
 posts; and is made into hurdles, tables, 
 spokes of wheels, shafts, chairs, and so 
 on. The roots are made into spoons and 
 knife-handles. The bark makes excel- 
 lent tan. 
 
 Twigs of rowan used to be carried 
 about as a charm against witches- Scotch 
 dairy-maids drive their cattle with rowan 
 rods ; and at Strathspey, in Scotland, at 
 one time, sheep and lambs were made 
 to pass through hoops of rowan wood on 
 May -day. 
 
 In Wales, the rowan used to be con- 
 sidered sacred ; it was planted in church- 
 yards, and crosses made of the wood were 
 commonly worn. 
 
 Their spells were vain. The hags returned 
 
 To the queen in sorrowful mood, 
 Crying that witches have no power 
 
 Where there is rown tree wood. 
 The Laidley Wurm of Hpindleston Ileught. 
 
 Myrtle. Some northern nations use 
 it instead of hops. The catkins, boiled in 
 water, throw up a waxy scum, of which 
 candles are made by Dutch boers. Hot- 
 tentots (according to Thunberg) make a 
 cheese of it. Myrtle tan is good for 
 tanning calf-skins. 
 
 Laid under a bed, it keeps off fleas and I 
 moths. 
 
 Oak Tree, the king of the forest and 
 patriarch of trees, wholly unrivalled in : 
 
 stature, strength, and longevity. The 
 timber is used for ship-building, the bark 
 for tanning leather, and the gall for 
 making ink. Oak timber is used for 
 every work where durabilit}' and strength, 
 are required. 
 
 Oak trees best resist the thunder- 
 stroke. — B. P. (William Browne is re- 
 sponsible for this statement.) It bursts 
 into leaf between April 10 and May 2G. 
 
 In 1757 there was an oak in earl 
 Powis's park, near Ludlow, 16 feet in 
 girth (5 feet from the ground) and 60 
 feet high (Marsham). Panshanger Oak, 
 in Kent, is 19 feet in girth, and contains 
 1000 feet of timber, though not j r et in its 
 prime (Marsham). Salcey Forest Oak, 
 in Northamptonshire, is 24 feet in girth 
 (Marsham). Gog, in Yardley Forest, is 
 28 feet in girth, and contains 1658 cubic 
 feet of timber. The king of Wynnstay 
 Park, North Wales, is 30 feet in girth. 
 The Queen's Oak, Huntingfield, Suffolk, 
 from which queen Elizabeth shot a buck, 
 is 35 feet in girth (Marsham). Shel- 
 ton Oak, near Shrewsbury, called the 
 " Grette Oake " in 1543, which served 
 the great Glendower for a post of obser- 
 vation in the battle of Shrewsbury (1403), 
 is 37 feet in girth (Marsham). Green 
 Dale Oak, near Welbeck, is 38 feet in 
 girth, 11 feet from the ground (Evelyn). 
 Cowthorpe Oak, near Wetherby, is 48 
 feet in girth (Evelyn). The great oak 
 in Broomfield Wood, near Ludlow, was, 
 in 1764, 68 feet in girth, 23 feet high, 
 and contained 1455 feet of timber (Light- 
 foot). 
 
 Beggar's Oak, in Blithfield Park, Staf- 
 fordshire, contains 827 cubic feet of 
 timber, and, in 1812, was valued at £200 
 (Marsham). Fredville Oak, Kent, con- 
 tains 1400 feet of timber (Marsham). 
 But the most stupendous oak ever grown 
 in England was that dug out of Hatfield 
 Bog : it was 12 feet in girth at the larger 
 end, 6 feet at the smaller end, and 120 
 feet in length ; so that it exceeded the 
 famous larch tree brought to Rome in the 
 reign of Tiberius, as Pliny states in his 
 Natural History. 
 
 (These are all from Marsham's Bath 
 Soc, i. ; the Sylva Caledonia ; Evelyn's 
 Sylva ; The Journal of a Naturalist ; or 
 from Strutt's three works — Sylva Britan- 
 nica, Delicice Sylvarum, and Mag. Nat. 
 Mist.) 
 
 Swilcar Oak, in Needham Forest, is 
 600 years old (Strutt). The Oak of the 
 F'artizans, in the forest of Parey, St. 
 Ouen, is above 650 years old. Wallace's 
 
TREES, ETC. 
 
 1029 
 
 TREES, ETC. 
 
 Oak, which stood on the spot where the 
 " patriot hero " was born (Elderslie, 
 near Paisley) was probably 700 years old 
 when it was blown down in 1859. Salcey 
 Forest Oak, in Northamptonshire, is 
 above 1000 years old. William the Con- 
 queror's Oak, Windsor Great Park, is at 
 least 1200 years old. Winfarthing Oak, 
 Norfolk, and Bentley Oak, were 700 
 years old at the Conquest, more than 
 800 years ago. Cowthorpe Oak, near 
 Wetherby, is 1600 years old (professor 
 Burnet). The great oak of Saintes, in 
 the Charente Inferieur, is reckoned from 
 1800 to 2000 years old. The Damorey Oak, 
 Dorsetshire, was 2000 years old when it 
 was blown down in 1708. In the Com- 
 monwealth, it was inhabited by an old 
 man, and used as an ale-house ; its cavity 
 was 15 feet in diameter and 17 feet in 
 height. 
 
 In the Water Walk of Magdalen Col- 
 lege, Oxford, was an oak supposed to 
 have existed before the Conquest ; it was 
 a notable tree when the college was 
 founded in 1448, and was blown down in 
 1789. On Abbot's Oak, Woburn, the 
 vicar of Puddington, near Chester, and 
 Roger Hobbs abbot of Woburn were 
 hung, in 1537, by order of Henry 
 VIII., for refusing to surrender their 
 sacerdotal rights (Marsham). The Bull 
 Oak, Wedgenock Park, and the Plestor 
 Oak, Colborne, were both in existence 
 at the Conquest. The Shellard's Lane 
 Oak, Gloucestershire, is one of the 
 oldest in the island {Journal of a 
 Naturalist, i.). 
 
 The Cadenham Oak, near Lyndhurst, 
 in the New Forest, buds ' ; on old Christ- 
 mas Day," and has done so for at least 
 two centuries ; it is covered with foliage 
 at the usual time of other oak trees. The 
 same is said of the tree against which the 
 arrow of Tyrrel glanced when Ruf us was 
 killed (Camden). 
 
 Olive, used in wainscot, because it 
 never gapes, cracks, or cleaves. — B. P. 
 
 The eight olive trees on the Mount of 
 Olives were nourishing 800 years ago, 
 when the Turks took Jerusalem. 
 
 Osier, used for puncheons, wheels 
 for catching eels, bird-cages, baskets, 
 hampers, hurdles, edders, stakes, rake- 
 handles, and poles. 
 
 Pear Tree, used for turnery, joiners' 
 topis, chairs, and picture-frames. 
 
 It is worth knowing that pear grafts 
 on a quince stock produce the most 
 abundant and luscious fruit. 
 
 Pine Tree. The " Old Guardsman," 
 
 in Vancouver's Island, is the largest 
 Dougas pine. It is 16 feet in diameter, 
 51 feet in girth, and 150 feet in height. 
 At one time it was 50 feet higher, but its 
 top was broken off in a storm. 
 
 Le pin est employe en charpente, en planches, en tuyaux 
 pour la conduite des eaux, en bordages pour les ponts des 
 vaisseaux. II fournit aussi la resine.— Boulllet, Diet. 
 Univ. des Sciences. 
 
 Plane Tree. Grass delights to grow 
 in its shade. — B. P. 
 
 Poplar Tree, sacred to Hercules. 
 No wood is so little liable to take fire. 
 The wood is excellent for wood carvings 
 and wainscoting, floors, laths, packing- 
 boxes, and turnery. 
 
 Black Poplar. The bark is used by 
 fishermen for buoying their nets ; brooms 
 are made of its twigs. In Flanders, 
 clogs are made of the wood. 
 
 The poplar bursts into leaf between 
 March 6 and April 19. 
 
 Rose Tree. The rose is called the 
 " queen of flowers." It is the emblem of 
 England, as the thistle is of Scotland, the 
 shamrock of Ireland, and the lily of 
 France. 
 
 It has ever been a favourite on graves 
 as a memorial of affection ; hence Pro- 
 pertius says, "Et tenera poneret ossa 
 rosa." In Rome, the day when the pope 
 blesses the golden rose is called Dominica 
 in Rosa. The long intestine strife be- 
 tween the rival houses of York and 
 Lancaster is called in history the "War 
 of the White and Red Roses," because 
 the badge of the Yorkists was a white 
 rose and that of the Lancastrians a red 
 one. The marriage of Henry VII. with 
 Elizabeth of York is called the "Union 
 of the Two Roses." 
 
 The rose was anciently considered a 
 token of secrecy, and hence, to whisper 
 a thing sub rosa means it is not to be 
 repeated. 
 
 In Persian fable, the rose is the night- 
 ingale's bride. " His queen, his garden 
 queen, the rose." 
 
 Sallow, excellent for hurdles, handles 
 of hatchets, and shoemakers' boards. 
 The honey of the catkins is good for bees, 
 and the Highlanders use the bark for 
 tanning leather. 
 
 Spruce Tree (TJie) will reach to the 
 age of 1000 years and more. Spruce is 
 despised by English carpenters, "as a 
 sorry sort of wood." 
 
 II fournit une biere dite sapinette, en Anglais s^mtc* 
 beer, qu'en pretend 6tre eminement anti-scorbutique. — 
 Bouillet, Diet. Univ. des Sciences. 
 
 Sycamore Tree, used by turners foi 
 
TREES, ETC. 
 
 1030 
 
 TREES, ETC. 
 
 bowls and trenchers. It burst into leaf 
 between March 28 and April 23. 
 
 St. Hierom, who lived in the fourth 
 century a.d., asserts that he himself had 
 seen the sycamore tree into which Zac- 
 cheus climbed to see Jesus in His passage 
 from Jericho to Jerusalem. — Luke xix. 4. 
 
 Strutt tells us of a sycamore tree in 
 Cobham Park, Kent, 26 feet in girth and 
 90 feet high. Another in Bishopton, 
 Renfrewshire, 20 feet in girth and 60 
 feet high. — Sylva Britannica. 
 
 Grass will flourish beneath this tree, 
 and the tree will thrire by the sea-side. 
 
 Tamarisk Trke does not dislike the 
 sea-spray, and therefore thrives in the 
 neighbourhood of the sea. 
 
 The Romans used to wreathe the heads 
 of criminals with tamarisk withes. The 
 Tartars and Russians make Avhip-handles 
 of the wood. 
 
 The tamarisk is excellent for besoms. 
 — B. P. 
 
 Upas Tkee, said to poison everything 
 in its vicinity. This is only tit for poetry 
 and romance. 
 
 Walnut, best wood for gunstocks ; 
 cabinet-makers use it largel}\ 
 
 This tree thrives best in valleys, and is 
 most fertile when most beaten. — B. P. 
 
 A woman, a spaniel, and walnut tree, 
 
 1'he more you beat them, the better they be. 
 
 Taylor, the "water-poet" (1630). 
 Uneasy seated by funereal Yeugh, 
 Or Walnut, whose malignant touch impairs 
 All generous fruits. 
 
 Philips, Cyder, i. (1706). 
 
 Whitethorn, used, for axle-trees, the 
 handles of tools, and turnery. 
 
 The identical whitethorn planted by 
 queen Mary of Scotland in the garden- 
 court of the regent Murray, is still alive, 
 and is about 5 feet in girth near the base. 
 — Jones, Edinburgh Illustrated. 
 
 The Troglodytes adorned the graves of 
 their parents with branches of whitethorn. 
 It formed the nuptial chaplet of Athenian 
 brides, and the fasces nuptiarum of the 
 Roman maidens. 
 
 Every shepherd tells his tile 
 Under the hawthorn in the dale. 
 
 Milton, L' Allegro (1638). 
 
 Willow, used for clogs, ladders, 
 trenchers, pill-boxes, milk-pails, butter- 
 firkins, bonnets, cricket bats, hop-poles, 
 cradles, crates, baskets, etc. It makes 
 excellent charcoal, and a willow board 
 will sharpen knives and other tools like 
 a hone. 
 
 Willows to panting shepherds shade dispense, 
 To bees their honey, and to corn defence. 
 
 Googe, Virgil's Ocorgics, ii. 
 
 It is said that victims were enclosed 
 
 in wicker-work made of willow wood, 
 and consumed in fires by the druids. 
 Martial tells us that the old Britons were 
 very skilful in weaving willows into 
 baskets and boats (Epigrams, xiv. 99). 
 The shields which so long resisted the 
 Roman legions were willow wood covered 
 with leather. 
 
 Wych Elm, once in repute for arrows 
 and long-bows. Affords excellent wood 
 for the wheeler and millwright. The 
 young bark is used for securing thatch 
 and bindings, and is made into rope. 
 
 The wych elm at Polloc, Renfrewshire, 
 is 88 feet high, 12 feet in girth, and 
 contains 669 feet of timber. One at Tut- 
 bury is 16 feet in girth. — Strutt, Sylva 
 Britannica. 
 
 At Field, in Staffordshire, is a wych 
 elm 120 feet high and 25 feet in girth 
 about the middle. — Plot. 
 
 Yew Tree. The wood is converted 
 into bows, axle-trees, spoons, cups, cogs 
 for mill-wheels, flood-gates for fish-ponds 
 (because the wood does not soon decay), 
 bedsteads (because bugs and fleas will not 
 come near it). Gate-posts of yew are more 
 durable than iron ; the steps of ladders 
 should be made of this wood ; and no 
 material is equal to it for market-stools. 
 Cabinet-makers and inlayers prize it. 
 
 In Aberystwith churchyard is a yew 
 tree 24 feet in girth, and another in Sel- 
 born churchyard of the same circumfer- 
 ence. One of the yews at Fountain Abbey, 
 Yorkshire, is 26 feet in girth ; one at 
 Aldworth, in Berkshire, is 2'J feet in 
 girth; one in Totteridge churchyard 32 
 feet ; and one in Fortingal churchyard, in 
 Perthshire (according to Pennantl, is 52 
 feet in circumference (4 feet from the 
 ground). 
 
 The yew tree in East Lavant church- 
 yard is 31 feet in girth, just below the 
 spring of the branches. There are five 
 huge branches each as big as a tree, witli 
 a girth varying from 6 to 14 feet. The 
 tree covers an area of 51 feet in every 
 direction, and above 150 feet in circuit. 
 It is above 1000 years old. 
 
 The yew tree at Martley, Worcester, is 
 346 years old, being planted three days 
 before the birth of queen Elizabeth. 
 That in Harlington churchyard is above 
 850 years old. That at Ankerwyke, near 
 Staines, is said to be the same under 
 which king John ^igned Magna Charta, 
 and to have been the trysting-tree of 
 Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyne. Three 
 yew trees at Fountain Abbey, we are 
 told, were full-grown trees in 1128, when 
 
TREES, ETC. 
 
 1031 
 
 TRENT. 
 
 the founders of the abbey held council 
 there in the reign of William Ruf us. The 
 yew tree of Braburn, in Kent (according 
 to De Candolle), is 3000 years old!! It 
 may be so, if it is true that the yew trees 
 of Kingley Bottom, near Chichester, were 
 standing when the sea-kings landed on 
 the Sussex coast, and those in Norbury 
 Park are the very same which were 
 standing in the time of the ancient 
 druids. 
 
 Grass will grow beneath alder, ash, 
 cypress, elm, plane, and sycamore ; but 
 not beneath aspen, beech, chestnut, and 
 fir. 
 
 Sea-spray does not injure sycamore or 
 tamarisk. 
 
 Chestnut and olive never warp ; larch 
 is most apt to warp. 
 
 For posts the best woods are yew, oak, 
 and larch ; one of the worst is chestnut. 
 For picture-frames, maple, pear, oak, and 
 cherry are excellent. 
 
 Fleas dislike alder, cedar, myrtle, and 
 yew ; hares and rabbits never injure lime 
 bark ; moths and spiders avoid cedar ; 
 worms never attack juniper. Beech and 
 ash are very subject to attacks of insects. 
 Beech is the favourite of dormice, acacia 
 of nightingales. 
 
 For binding faggots, the best woods 
 are guelder rose, hazel, osier, willow, and 
 mountain ash. 
 
 Knives and all sorts of instruments 
 may be sharpened on ivy roots, willow, 
 and holly wood, as well as on a hone. 
 
 Birdlime is made from holly and the 
 guelder rose. 
 
 Baskets are made of osier, willow, and 
 other wicker and withy shoots ; besoms, 
 o£ birch, tamarisk, heath, etc. ; hurdles, 
 of hazel ; barrels and tubs, of chestnut 
 and oak ; fishing-rods, of ash, hazel, and 
 blackthorn ; gunstocks, of maple and 
 walnut ; skewers, of elder and skewer 
 wood ; the teeth of rakes, of blackthorn, 
 ash, and the twigs called withy. 
 
 The best woods for turnery are box, 
 alder, beech, sycamore, and pear ; for Tun- 
 bridge ware, lime ; for wood carving, box, 
 lime, and poplar; for clogs, willow, alder, 
 and beech ; for oars, ash. 
 
 Beech is called the cabinet-makers' wood ; 
 oak and elm, the ship-builders' ; ash, the 
 yi.r <i-irrights\ 
 
 There are several beautiful lists of trees 
 given by poets. For example, in Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered, iii., at the end, where 
 men are sent to cut down trees for the 
 funeral pile of Dudon. In Statius, T/ie 
 Thebaid, vi., where the felling of trees for 
 
 the pile of the infant Archemorus is de- 
 scribed. In Spenser, Faery Queen, I. i : 
 8, 9, Avhere the Red Cross Knight and th< 
 lady seek shelter during a storm, and 
 much admire the forest trees. 
 
 Trees of the Sun and Moon, 
 
 oracular trees growing " at the extremity 
 of India," mentioned in the Italian ro- 
 mance of Guerino Meschinot. 
 
 Tregeagle, the giant of Dosmary 
 Pool, on Bodmin Downs (Cornwall). 
 When the wintry winds blare over the 
 downs, it is said to be the giant 
 howling. 
 
 Trelawny Ballad (Tlie) is by the 
 Rev. R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow. — 
 Notes and Queries, 441 (June, 1876). 
 
 Tremor (Sir Luke), a desperate 
 coward, living in India, who made it a 
 rule never to fight either in his own house, 
 his neighbour's house, or in the street. 
 This lily-livered desperado is everlastingly 
 snubbing his wife. (See Trippet, p. 
 1034.) 
 
 Lady Tremor, daughter of a grocer, and 
 grandchild of a wig-maker. Very sensi- 
 tive on the subject of her plebeian birth, 
 and wanting to be thought a lady of high 
 family. — Mrs. Inchbald, Such Thinqs Are 
 (1786). 
 
 Tremydd ap Tremhidydd, the 
 
 man with the keenest sight of all mortals. 
 He could discern " a mote in the sunbeam 
 in any of the four quarters of the world." 
 Clustfein ap Clustfeinydd was no less cele- 
 brated for his acuteness of hearing, "his 
 ear being distressed by the movement of 
 dew in June over a blade of grass." The 
 meaning of these names is, "Sight the son 
 of Seer," and " Ear the son of Hearer." — 
 The Mabinogion (" Notes to Geraint," etc., 
 twelfth century). 
 
 Trenmor, great-grandfather of Fin- 
 gal, and king of Morven (north-west of 
 Scotland). His wife was Inibaca, daugh- 
 ter of the king of Lochlin or Denmark. — 
 Ossian, Fingal, vi. 
 
 In femora, ii., he is called the first 
 king of Ireland, and father of Conar. 
 
 Trent, says Drayton, is the third 
 in size of the rivers of England, the two 
 larger being the Thames and the Severn. 
 Arden being asked which of her rills she 
 intended to be the chief, the wizard 
 answered, the Trent, for trent means 
 "thirty," and thirty rivers should con- 
 tribute to its stream, thirty different sorts 
 
TRENT. 
 
 1032 
 
 TRIERMAIJST. 
 
 of fish should live in it, and thirty abbeys 
 be built on its banks. 
 
 ... my name I take 
 That thirty doth import ; thus thirty rivers make 
 My greatness . . . thirty abbeys great 
 Upon my fruitful banks times formerly did seat ; 
 And thirty kinds of fish within my streams do live. 
 To me this name of Trent did from that number give. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613), and xxvi. (162*2). 
 
 Trent (Fred), the scapegrace brother of 
 little Nell. "He was a young man of 
 one and twenty ; well-made, and certainly 
 handsome, but dissipated, and insolent in 
 air and bearing." The mystery of Fred 
 Trent and little Nell is cleared up in 
 ch. lxix. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
 Shop (1840). 
 
 Tres (Scriptores) : Richardus Corin- 
 ensis or Richard of Cirencester (fourteenth 
 century) ; Gildas Badonicus ; and Nennius 
 Banchorensis ; published by professor 
 Bertram (1757). 
 
 Tresham (Mr.), senior partner of 
 Mr. Osbaldistone, senior. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Jiob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 Tresham (Richard), same as general 
 "NVitherington, who first appears as 
 Matthew Middlemas. 
 
 Richard Tresham, the son of general 
 Witherington. He is also called Richard 
 Middlemas. — SirW. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 Tres' ham (Thoroldlord), head of a noble 
 family, whose boast was that "no blot 
 had ever stained their 'scutcheon," though 
 the family ran back into pre-historic 
 times. He was a 3-oung, unmarried man, 
 with a sister Mildred, a girl of 14, living 
 with him. His near neighbour, Henry 
 earl of Mertoun, asked permission to pay 
 his addresses to Mildred, and Thorold 
 accepted the proposal with much pleasure. 
 The old warrener next day told Thorold 
 he had observed for several weeks that 
 a young man climbed into Mildred's 
 chamber at night-time, and he would 
 have spoken before, but did not like to 
 bring his young mistress into trouble. 
 Thorold wrung from his sister an acknow- 
 ledgment of the fact, but she refused to 
 give up the name, yet said she was quite 
 willing to marry the earl. This Thorold 
 thought would be dishonourable, and re- 
 solved to lie in wait for the unknown 
 visitor. On his approach, Thorold dis- 
 covered it was the earl of Mertoun, and 
 he slew him, then poisoned himself, and 
 Mildred died of a broken heart. — Robert 
 Browning, A Blot on the 'Scutcheon. 
 
 Tressilian (Edmund), the betrothed 
 
 of Amy Robsart. Amy marries the 
 earl of Leicester, and is killed by falling 
 into a deep pit, to which she had been 
 scandalously inveigled. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Tre'visan (Si?-), a knight to whom 
 Despair gave a hempen rope, that he 
 might go and hang himself. — Spenser, 
 Faery Queen, i. (1590). 
 
 Tribulation [Wholesome], a 
 pastor of Amsterdam, who thinks "the 
 end will sanctify the means," and uses 
 "the children of perdition" to promote 
 his own object, which he calls the " work 
 of God." He is one of the dupes of 
 Subtle " the alchemist " and his factotum 
 Face. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610). 
 
 Tribune of the People (Tlie), 
 John Bright (1811- ). 
 
 Tricolour, the national badge of 
 France since 1789. It consists of the 
 Bourbon white cockade, and the blue and 
 red cockade of the city of Paris combined. 
 It was Lafayette who devised this sym- 
 bolical union of king and people, and 
 when he presented it to the nation, 
 "Gentlemen," said he, "I bring you a 
 cockade that shall make the tour of the 
 world." (See Storneli-o Verses, p. 
 948.) 
 
 If you will wear a livery, let it at least be that of the city 
 of Paris — blue and red, my friends. — Dumas, Six year* 
 Afterward*, xv. (1846). 
 
 Tricoteuses de Robespierre 
 
 (Lcs), femmes qui assistaient en tricotant 
 aux se'ances de la Convention, des clubs 
 populaires, et du tribunal re'volutionnaire. 
 Encourage'es par la commune, elles se 
 pcrte'rent a de tels exce's qu'on les 
 surnomma les Furies de la guillotine. 
 Elles disparurent avec la societe des 
 Jacobins. — Bouillet, Diet. Universel. 
 
 Triermain (The Bridal of), a poem 
 by sir Walter Scott, in four cantos, with 
 introduction and conclusion (1813). In 
 the introduction, Arthur is represented as 
 the person who tells the tale to Lucy, his 
 bride. Gyneth, a natural daughter of 
 king Arthur and Guendolen, was pro- 
 mised in marriage to the bravest knight 
 in a tournament ; but she suffered so many 
 combatants to fall without dropping the 
 warder, that Merlin threw her into an 
 enchanted sleep, from which she was not 
 to wake till a knight as brave as those 
 who had fallen claimed her in marriage. 
 After the lapse of 500 years, sir Roland 
 de Vaux, baron of Triermain, undertook 
 
TRIFALDI. 
 
 1033 
 
 TRIP TO SCARBOROUGH. 
 
 to break the spell, but bad first to over- 
 come four temptations, viz., fear, avarice, 
 pleasure, and ambition. Having come 
 off more than conqueror, Gyneth awoke, 
 and became his bride. 
 
 Trifal'di (The countess), called " The 
 Aftiicted Duenna " of the princess Anto- 
 nomasia (heiress to the throne of Candaya). 
 She was called Trifaldi from her robe, 
 which was divided into three triangles, 
 each of which was supported by a page. 
 The face of this duenna was, by the 
 enchantment of the giant Malambru'no, 
 covered with a large, rough beard, but 
 when don Quixote mounted Clavileno 
 the Winged, "the enchantment was 
 dissolved," 
 
 The renowned knight don Quixote de la Mancha hath 
 achieved the adventure merely by attempting it. Malam- 
 bruno is appeased, and the chin of the Dolorida dueiia is 
 again beardless. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 4 5 (1615). 
 
 Trifal'din of the "Bushy Beard" 
 (white as snow), the gigantic 'squire of 
 "The Afflicted Duenna" the countess 
 Trifaldi. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 
 4 (1615). 
 
 Trifle (Miss Penelope), an old maiden 
 sister of sir Penurious Trifle. Stiff as a 
 ramrod, prim as fine airs and graces 
 could make her, fond of long words, and 
 delighting in phrases modelled in true 
 Johnsonian ponderosity. 
 
 Trifle (Miss Suhey), daughter of sir 
 Penurious, tricked into marriage with 
 Mr. Hartop, a young spendthrift, who fell 
 in love with her fortune. 
 
 *** Sir Penurious Trifle is not intro- 
 duced, but Hartop assumes his character, 
 and makes him fond of telling stale and 
 pointless stories. He addresses sir Gre- 
 gory as "you knight." — Foote, The 
 Knights (1754). 
 
 Trim (Corporal), uncle Toby's 
 orderly. Faithful, simple-minded, and 
 most affectionate. Voluble in speech, 
 but most respectful. Half companion, 
 but never forgetting he is his master's 
 servant. Trim is the duplicate of uncle 
 Toby in delf. The latter at all times 
 shows himself the officer and the gentle- 
 man, born to command and used to 
 obedience, while the former always 
 carries traces of the drill-yard, and shows 
 that he has been accustomed to receive 
 orders with deference, and to execute 
 them with military precision. It is a 
 great compliment to say that the corporal 
 was worthy such a noble master. — Sterne, 
 The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy 
 (1759). 
 
 44 
 
 Trim, instead of being the opposite, Is ... the dupli- 
 cate of uncle Toby ... yet ... is the character of the 
 common soldier nicely discriminated from that of the 
 officer. His whole carriage bears traces of the drill-yard, 
 which are wanting in the superior. Under the name of 
 a servant, he is in reality a companion, and a delightful 
 mixture of familiarity . . . and respect. ... It is enough 
 to say that Trim was worthy to walk behind his master. — 
 Elwin, ed. of the quarterly Jieview (1853-60). 
 
 Trimalchi, a celebrated cook in the 
 reign of Nero, mentioned by Petronius. 
 He had the art of giving to the most 
 common fish the flavour and appearance 
 of the most highly esteemed. Like Ude, 
 he said that " sauces are the soul of 
 cookery, and cookery the soul of festivity," 
 or, as the cat's-meat man observed, " 'tis 
 the seasonin' as does it." 
 
 Trinaoria. Sicily is so called from 
 its three promontories (Greek, tria akra) : 
 (1) Pelo'rus (Capo di Faro), in the north, 
 called Faro from the pharos ; (2) Pachy'- 
 nus (Capo di Passaro), in the south ; (3) 
 Lilybos'um (Capo di Marsella or Capo di 
 Boco), in the west. 
 
 Our ship 
 Had left behind Trinacria's burning isle, 
 And visited the margin of the Nile. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. (1762) 
 
 Trin'culo, a jester. — Shakespeare, 
 The Tempest (1609). 
 
 A miscarriage . . . would (like the loss of Trinculo'a 
 bottle in the horse-pond) be attended not only with 
 dishonour but with infinite loss. — Sir W. Scott 
 
 Trin'ket (Lord), a man of fashion 
 and a libertine. 
 
 He is just polite enough to be able to be very un- 
 mannerly, with a great deal of good breeding ; is jus> 
 handsome enough to make him excessively vain of iii* 
 person ; and has just reflection enough to finish him for 
 a coxcomb ; qualifications . . . very common among . . . 
 men of quality. — G. Colman, The Jealous Wife, ii. J 
 (1761). 
 
 Tri'nobants, people of Trinoban'- 
 tium, that is, Middlesex and Essex. 
 Their chief town' was Tri'novant, now 
 
 London. 
 
 So eastward where by Thames the Trinobants were set. 
 To Trinovant their town . . . That London now we 
 
 term . . . 
 The Saxons . . . their east kingdom called [Essex], 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 
 
 Tri'novant, London, the chief town 
 of the Trinobantes ; called in fable, 
 " Troja Nova." (See Troynovant.) 
 
 Trinquet, one of the seven attendants 
 of Fortunio. His gift was that he could 
 drink a river and be thirsty again. "Are 
 you always thirsty ? " asked Fortunio. 
 "No," said the man, " only after eating 
 salt meat, or upon a wager." — Comtesse 
 D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
 1682). 
 
 Trip to Scarborough (4), a 
 
TRIPE. 
 
 1034 
 
 TRISTRAM. 
 
 comedy by Sheridan (1777), based on 
 The Relapse, by Vanbrugh (1697). Lord 
 Foppington goes to Scarborough to 
 marry Miss Hoyden, daughter of sir 
 Tunbelly Clumsy, but his lordship is not 
 known personally to the knight and his 
 daughter. Tom Fashion, younger brother 
 of lord Foppington, having been meanly 
 treated by his elder brother, resolves to 
 outAvit him ; so, passing himself off as lord 
 Foppington, he gets introduced to sir 
 Tunbelly, and marries Miss Hoyden before 
 the rightful claimant appears. When at 
 length lord Foppington arrives, he is 
 treated as an impostor, till Tom Fashion 
 explains the ruse. As his lordship 
 behaves contumeliously to the knight, 
 matters are easily arranged, lord Fop- 
 pington retires, and sir Tunbelly accepts 
 Tom Fashion as his son-in-law with 
 good grace. 
 
 Tripe (1 syL), the nickname of Mrs. 
 Hamilton, of Covent Garden Theatre 
 (1730-1788). 
 
 Mrs. Hamilton, being hissed, came forward and said, 
 "Gemmen and ladies, I suppose as how you hiss me 
 because I did not play at Mrs. Bellamy's benefit I would 
 have done so, but she said as how my audience were all 
 tripe people." When the fair speechiriergot thus far, the 
 pit roared out, "Well said, Tripe !" a title she retained 
 till she quitted the theatre.— Memoir of Mrs. Hamilton 
 (1803). 
 
 Triple Alliance {The). 
 
 1. A treaty between Great Britain, 
 Sweden, and the United Provinces, in 
 1GG8, for the purpose of checking the 
 ambition of Louis XIV. 
 
 2. A treaty between George I. of 
 England, Philip duke of Orleans regent 
 of France, and the United Provinces, for 
 the purpose of counteracting the plans of 
 Alberoni the Spanish minister, 1717. 
 
 Trippet {Beau), who " pawned his 
 honour to Mrs. Trippet never to draw 
 sword in any cause," whatever might be 
 the provocation. (See Tremok, p. 1031.) 
 
 Mrs. Trippet, the beau's wife, who 
 "would dance for four and twenty hours 
 together," and play cards for tAvice that 
 length of time. — Garrick, The Lying 
 Valet (1740). 
 
 Tripping as an Omen. 
 
 When Julius Caesar landed at Adrume- 
 tum, in Africa, he happened to trip and 
 fall on his face. This Avould have been 
 considered a fatal omen by his army, 
 but, Avith admirable presence of mind, he 
 exclaimed, "Thus take I possession of 
 thee, O Africa ! " 
 
 A similar story is told of Scipio. 
 Upon his arrival in Africa, he also 
 
 happened to trip, and, observing that 
 his soldiers looked upon this as a bad 
 omen, he clutched the earth with his 
 two hands, and cried aloud, " Now, 
 Africa, I hold thee in my grasp ! " — Bon 
 Quixote, II. iv. 6. 
 
 When William the Conqueror leaped 
 on shore at Bulverhythe, he fell on his 
 face, and a great cry went forth that the 
 omen Avas unlucky ; but the duke ex- 
 claimed, " I take seisin of this land with 
 both my hands ! " 
 
 The same story is told of Napoleon 
 in Egypt ; of king Olaf, son of Harald, 
 in Norway ; of Junius Brutus, Avho, 
 returning from the oracle, fell on the 
 earth, and cried, " 'Tis thus I kiss thee, 
 mother Earth ! " 
 
 When captain Jean Coeurpreux tripped 
 in dancing at the Tuileries, Napoleon III. 
 held out his hand to help him up, and 
 said, "Captain, this is the second time 
 I have seen you fall. The first Avas by 
 my side in the field of Magenta." Then 
 turning to the lady he added, "Madam, 
 captain Coeurpreux is henceforth com- 
 mandant of my Guides, and will never 
 fall in duty or allegiance, I am persuaded." 
 
 Trismegistus {"thrice greatest"), 
 Hermes the Egyptian philosopher, oi 
 Thoth councillor of Osiris. He invented 
 the art of Avriting in hieroglyphics, 
 harmony, astrology, magic, the lute and 
 lyre, and many other things. 
 
 Tris'sotin, a bel esprit. Philaminte 
 (3 syL), a femme savante, wishes him to 
 marry her daughter Henriette, but Hen- 
 riette is in love with Clitandre. The 
 difficulty is soon solved by the announce- 
 ment that Henriette's father is on the 
 verge of bankruptcy, whereupon Trissotin 
 makes his bow and retires. — Moliere, 
 Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 
 
 Trissotin is meant for the abbe' Crotin, 
 who affected to be poet, gallant, and 
 preacher. His dramatic name was " Tri- 
 cotin." 
 
 Tristram (Sir), son of sir Meliodas 
 king of Li'ones and Elizabeth his wife 
 (daughter of sir Mark king of Cornwall). 
 He Avas called Tristram ("sorrowful"), 
 because his mother died in giving him 
 birth. His father also died when Tris- 
 tram AA r as a mere lad (pt. ii. 1). He Avas 
 knighted by his uncle Mark (pt. ii. 5), and 
 married Isond le Blanch Mains, daughter 
 of Howell king of Britain {Brittany) ; 
 but he never loved her, nor would he 
 live with her. His whole love was cen- 
 tred on his aunt, La Belle Isond, Avife 
 
TRISTRAM'S BOOK. 
 
 1035 
 
 TRIUMVIRATE. 
 
 of king Mark, and this unhappy attach- 
 ment was the cause of numberless 
 troubles, and ultimately of his death. 
 La Belle Isond, however, was quite as 
 culpable as the knight, for she herself 
 told him, " My measure of hate for Mark 
 is as the measure of my love for thee ; " 
 and when she found that her husband 
 would not allow sir Tristram to remain 
 at Tintag'il Castle, she eloped with him, 
 and lived three years at Joyous Guard, 
 near Carlisle. At length she returned 
 home, and sir Tristram followed her. 
 His death is variously related. Thus the 
 History of Prince Arthur says : 
 
 When by means of a treaty sir Tristram brought again 
 La Beale Isond unto king Mark from Joyous Guard, the 
 false traitor king Mark slew the noble knight as he sat 
 harping before his lady, La Beale Isond, with a sharp- 
 ground glaive, which he thrust into him from behind 
 his back.— Pt. iii. 147 (1470). 
 
 Tennyson gives the tale thus : He says 
 that sir Tristram, dallying with his aunt, 
 hung a ruby carcanet round her throat ; 
 and, as he kissed her neck : 
 
 Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched, 
 Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek — 
 "Mark's way ! " said Mark, and clove him thro' the brain. 
 Tennyson, Idylls (" The Last Tournament "). 
 
 Another tale is this : Sir Tristram was 
 severely wounded in Brittany, and sent 
 a dying request to his aunt to come and 
 see "him. If she consented, a white flag 
 was to be hoisted on the mast-head of her 
 ship ; if not, a black one. His wife told 
 him the ship was in sight, displaying a 
 black flag, at which words the strong 
 man bowed his head and died. When 
 his aunt came ashore and heard of his 
 death, she flung herself on the body, 
 and died also. The two were buried in 
 one grave, and Mark planted over it a 
 rose and a vine, which became so inter- 
 woven it was not possible to separate 
 them. 
 
 *** Sir Launcelot, sir Tristram, and 
 sir Lamorake were the three bravest and 
 best of the 150 knights of the Round 
 Table, but were all equally guilty in 
 their amours : Sir Launcelot with the 
 queen ; sir Tristram with his aunt, king 
 Mark's wife ; «md sir Lamorake with his 
 aunt, king Lot's wife. 
 
 Tristram's Book (Sir). Any book 
 of venery, hunting, or hawking is so 
 called. 
 
 Tristram began good measures of blowing good blasts 
 of venery, and of chace, and of all manner of vermin. 
 All these terms have we still of hawking and hunting, 
 and therefore a book of venery ... is called The Book 
 tf Sir Tristram.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, ii. 3 (1470). 
 
 Sir Tristram's Horse, Passetreul or 
 
 Passe Brewell. It is called both, but 
 one seems to be a clerical error. 
 
 (Passe Brewell is in sir T. Malory's 
 History of Prince Arthur, ii. 68, ) 
 
 History of Sir Tristram or Tristan. 
 The oldest story is by Gotfrit of Stras- 
 bourg, a minnesinger (twelfth century), 
 entitled Tristan and Isolde. It was con- 
 tinued by Ulrich of Turheim, by Hein- 
 rich of Freyburg, and others, to the 
 extent of many thousand verses. The 
 tale of sir Tristram, derived from Welsh 
 traditions, was versified by Thomas the 
 Rhymer of Erceldoune. 
 
 The second part of the History of 
 Prince Arthur, compiled by sir T. 
 Malory, is almost exclusively confined 
 to the adventures of sir Tristram, as the 
 third part is to the adventures of sir 
 Launcelot and the quest of the holy 
 graal (1470). 
 
 Matthew Arnold has a poem entitled 
 Tristram ; and R. Wagner, in 1865, pro- 
 duced his opera of Tristan and Isolde. 
 
 See Michel, Tristan ; Eecueil de ce qui 
 reste des Poemes relatifs a ses Aventurcs 
 (1835). 
 
 Tristrem l'Hermite, provost-mar- 
 shal of France in the reign of Louis XI. 
 Introduced by sir W. Scott in Quentin 
 Hurward (1823) and in Anne of Geier stein 
 (1829). 
 
 Tritheim (J.), chronicler and theo- 
 logian of Treves, elected abbot of Span- 
 heim at the age of 22 years. He tried 
 to reform the monks, but produced a 
 revolt, and resigned his office. He was 
 then appointed abbot of Wiirzburg (1402- 
 1516). 
 
 Old Tritheim, busied with his class the while. 
 
 R. Browning, Paracelsus, i. (183G). 
 
 Triton, the sea-trumpeter. He 
 blows through a shell to rouse or allay 
 the sea. A post-Hesiodic fable. 
 
 Have sight of Proteus coming from the sea, 
 Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Trito'nia's Sacred Fane, the 
 
 temple of Minerva, which once crowned 
 " the marble steep of Sunium " or Co- 
 lonna, the most southern point of Attica. 
 
 There [on cape CoJonna\. reared by fair devotion to 
 
 sustain 
 In elder times Tritonia's sacred fane. 
 
 Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 5 (1762V 
 
 Triumvirate (The) in- English 
 history : The duke of Marlborough con- 
 trolling foreign affairs, lord Godolphin 
 controlling council and parliament, and 
 the duchess of Marlborough controlling 
 the court and queen. 
 
TKIUMVIRATE OF ENGLAND. 1036 
 
 TROJAN. 
 
 Triumvirate of England (The) : 
 Gower, Chaucer, and L} r dgate, poets. 
 
 Triumvirate of Italian Poets 
 
 {The) : Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch. 
 Boccaccio wrote poetry, without doubt, 
 but is now chiefly known as " The Father 
 of Italian Prose." These three are more 
 correctly called the " Trecentisti " (q.v.). 
 
 Trivia, Diana ; so called because 
 she had three faces, Luna in heaven, 
 Diana on earth, and Hecate in hell. 
 
 The noble Brutus went wise Trivia to inquire, 
 To show them where the stock of ancient Troy to place. 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 
 
 Gay has a poem in three books, called 
 Trivia or the Art of Walking the Streets 
 of London. The first book describes the 
 "implements for walking and the signs 
 of the weather." The second book de- 
 scribes the difficulties, etc., of " walking 
 by da)' ; " and the third, the dangers of 
 " walking by night " (1712). 
 
 * + * " Trivium " has quite another mean- 
 ing, being an old theological term for the 
 three elementary subjects of education, 
 viz., grammar, rhetoric, and logic. The 
 " quadrivium " embraced music, arith- 
 metic, geometry, and astronomy, and the 
 two together were called the seven arts 
 or sciences. 
 
 Troglodytes (3 or 4 syl.). Accord- 
 ing to Pliny (Nat. Hist., v. 8), the Trog- 
 lodytes lived in caves under ground, and 
 fed on serpents. In modern parlance we 
 call those who live so secluded as not to 
 be informed of the current events of the 
 day, troglodytes. Longfellow calls ants 
 by the same name. 
 
 [Thou the] nomadic tribes of ants 
 
 Dost persecute and overwhelm 
 
 These hapless troglodytes of thy realm. 
 
 Longfellow, To a Child. 
 
 Troglody'tes (4 syl.), one of the mouse 
 heroes in the battle of the frogs and 
 mice. He slew Pelion, and was slain by 
 Lynmoc'haris. 
 
 The strong Lymnocharis, who viewed with ire 
 A victor triumph and a friend expire ; 
 With heaving arms a rocky fragnient caught, 
 And fiercely flung where Troglodytes fought . . . 
 Full on his sinewy neck the fragment fell, 
 And o'er his eyelids clouds eternal dwell. 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice (about 1712). 
 
 Troil (Magnus), the old udaller of 
 Zetland. 
 
 Brenda Troil, the udaller's younger 
 daughter. She marries Mordaunt Mer- 
 toun. 
 
 Minna Troil, the udaller's elder daugh- 
 ter. In love with the pirate. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Pirate (lime, William III.). 
 
 (A udaller is one who holds his lands 
 by allodial tenure.) 
 
 Tro'ilus (3 syl.), a son of Priam 
 king of Troy. In the picture described 
 by Virgil (JEneid, i. 474-478), he is repre- 
 sented as having thrown down his arms 
 and fleeing in his chariot " impar con- 
 gressus Achilli ; " he is pierced with a 
 lance, and, having fallen backwards, 
 still holding the reins, the lance with 
 which he is transfixed " scratches the 
 sand over which it trails." 
 
 Chaucer in his Troilus and Creseide, 
 and Shakespeare in his drama of Troilus 
 and Cressida, follow Lollius, an old 
 Lombard romancer, historiographer of 
 Urbi'no, in Italy. Lollius's tale, wholly 
 unknown in classic fiction, is that Troilus 
 falls in love with Cressid daughter of the 
 priest Chalchas, and Pa.ndarus is em- 
 ployed as a go-between. After Troilus 
 has obtained a promise of marriage from 
 the priest's daughter, an exchange of 
 prisoners is arranged, and Cressid, falling 
 to the lot of Diomed, prefers her new 
 master to her Trojan lover. 
 
 Chaucer's Troilus and Creseide is not 
 one of the Canterbury Tales, but quite 
 an independent one in five books. It 
 contains 8246 lines, nearly 3000 of which 
 are borrowed from the Filostrato of 
 Boccaccio. 
 
 Trois Chapitres (Les) or The 
 Three Chapteks, three theological 
 works on the " Incarnation of Christ and 
 His dual nature." The authors of these 
 "chapters" are Theodore of Mopsuestia, 
 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas of Edessa. 
 The work was condemned in 553 as here- 
 tical. 
 
 Trois Echelles, executioner. — Sir 
 "W. Scott, Qucntin Duricard and Anne of 
 Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Trois Evech.es (Les) or The 
 Thkee Bishopiucs, Metz, Toul, and 
 Verdun. They for a long time belonged 
 to Germany, but in 1552 were united to 
 France ; in 1871 Metz was restored to 
 the German empire. 
 
 Trojan, a good boon companion, a 
 plucky fellow or man of spirit. Gads- 
 hill says, " There are other Trojans [men 
 of spirit] that . . . for sport sake aie 
 content to do the profession [of thieving 1 ] 
 some grace." So in Love's Labour's Lost, 
 "Unless you play the honest Trojan, 
 the poor wench is cast away" (unless 
 you are a man of sufficient spirit to Let 
 honestly, the girl is ruined). 
 
TROMATHON. 
 
 1037 
 
 TROUILLOGAN. 
 
 "lie's a regular Trojan," means he is 
 un brave homme, a capital fellow. 
 
 Tronr'atlion, a desert island, one of 
 the Orkney group. — Ossian, Oithona. 
 
 Trompart, a lazy but wily-witted 
 knave, grown old in cunning. He ac- 
 companies Braggadoccio as his 'squire 
 (bk. ii. 3), but took to his heels when 
 Talus shaved the master, "reft his 
 shield," blotted out his arms, and broke 
 his sword in twain. Being overtaken, 
 Talus gave him a sound drubbing (bk. v. 
 3).— Spenser, Faery Queen (1590-6). 
 
 Trondjem's Cattle (Remember the 
 bishop of), i.e. look sharp after your 
 property ; take heed, or you will suffer 
 for it. The story is, a certain bishop of 
 Trondjem \_Tron' .yern] lost his cattle by 
 the herdsman taking his eye off them to 
 look at an elk. Now, this elk was a spirit, 
 and when the herdsman looked at the 
 cattle again they were no bigger than 
 mice ; again he turned towards the elk, 
 in order to understand the mystery, and, 
 while he did so, the cattle all vanished 
 through a crevice into the earth. — Miss 
 Martineau, Feats on the Fiord (1839). 
 
 Troplio'iiios, the architect of the 
 temple of Apollo, at Delphi. After 
 death, he was worshipped, and had a 
 famous cave near Lebadia, called " The 
 Oracle of Trophonios." 
 
 The mouth of this cave was three yards high and two 
 wide. Those who consulted the oracle had to fast 
 several days, and then to descend a steep ladder till they 
 reached a narrow gullet. They were then seized by the 
 feet, and dragged violently to the bottom of the cave, 
 where they were assailed by the most unearthly noises, 
 howlings, shrieks, bellowings, with lurid lights and 
 sudden glares, in the midst of which uproar and phan- 
 tasmagoria the oracle was pronounced. The votaries were 
 then seized unexpectedly by the feet, and thrust out of the 
 cave without ceremony. If any resisted, or attempted to 
 enter in any other way, he was instantly murdered.— 
 Plutarch, Lives. 
 
 Trotley (Sir John), an old-fashioned 
 country gentleman, who actually prefers 
 tbe obsolete English notions of domestic 
 life, fidelity to wives and husbands, 
 modesty in maids, and constancy in 
 lovers, to the foreign free and easy 
 manners which allow married people 
 unlimited freedom, and consider licen- 
 tiousness bon ton. — Garrick, Bon Ton 
 (1776). (See Priory, p. 793.) 
 
 Trotter (Job), servant to Alfred 
 Jingle. A sly, canting rascal, who has 
 at least the virtue of fidelity to his 
 master. Mr. Pickwick's generosity 
 touches his heart, and he shows a sincere 
 gratitude to his benefactor. — C. Dickens, 
 The Pickwick Papers (1836); 
 
 Trotter (Nelly), fishwoman at old St, 
 Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Trotters, the Punch and Judy show- 
 man ; a little, good-natured, unsuspicious 
 man, very unlike his misanthropic com- 
 panion, Thomas Codlin, who played the 
 panpipes and collected the money. 
 
 His real name was Harris, but it bad gradually 
 merged into Trotters, with the prefatory adjective 
 "Short," by reason of the small size of his legs. Short 
 Trotters, however, being a compound name, incon- 
 venient in friendly dialogue, he was called either Trotters 
 or Short, and never Short Trotters, except on occasions 
 of ceremony.— C. Dickens, The Old Cariosity Shop, xvii. 
 (1840). 
 
 Trotty, the sobriquet of Toby Veck, 
 ticket-porter and jobman. 
 
 They called him Trotty from his pace, which meant 
 speed, if it didn't make it. He could have walked 
 faster, perhaps ; most likely ; but rob him of his trot, 
 and Toby would have taken to his bed and died. It 
 bespattered him with mud in dirty weather ; it cost him 
 a world of trouble ; he could have walked with infinitely 
 greater ease ; but that was one reason for his clinging to 
 his trot so tenaciously. A weak, small, spare old man ; 
 he was a very HerculSs, this Toby, in his good inten- 
 tions.— C. Dickens, The Chimes, i. (1844). 
 
 Trotwood (Betsey), usually called 
 "Miss Betsey," great-aunt of David 
 Copperfield. Her idiosyncrasy was don- 
 keys. A dozen times a day would she 
 rush on the green before her house to 
 drive off the donkeys and donkey-boys. 
 She was a most kind-hearted, worthy 
 woman, who concealed her tenderness of 
 heart under a snappish austerity of 
 manner. Miss Betsey was the true friend 
 of David Copperfield. She married in 
 her young days a handsome man, who 
 ill-used her and ran away, but preyed on 
 her for money till he died. — C. Dickens, 
 David Copperfield (1849). 
 
 Trouil'logan, a philosopher, whose 
 advice was, " Do as you like." Panurge 
 asked the sage if he advised him to 
 marry. "Yes," said Trouillogan. "What 
 say you?" asked the prince. "Let it 
 alone," replied the sage. " Which would 
 you advise ? " inquired the prince. 
 "Neither," said the sage. "Neither?" 
 cried Panurge; "that cannot be." 
 " Then both," replied Trouillogan. 
 Panurge then consulted several others, 
 and at last the oracle of the Holy 
 Bottle. — Rabelais, Pantagricel, iii. 3*5 
 (1545). 
 
 Moliere has introduced this joke in his 
 Mariage Force (1664). Sganare ,e asks 
 his friend Ge'ronimo if he would advise 
 him to marry, and he answers, "No." 
 "But," says the old man, "I like the 
 young woman." " Then marry her by 
 all means." "That is your advice?" 
 says Sganarelle. "My advice is do as 
 
TROVATORE. 
 
 1038 
 
 TRUNNION. 
 
 you like," says the friend. Sganarelle 
 next consults two philosophers, then 
 some gipsies, then declines to marry, 
 and is at last compelled to do so, nolens 
 volens. 
 
 Trovato're (4 syl.) or " The Trou- 
 badour " is Mann oo, the supposed son of 
 Azuce'na the gipsy, but in reality the 
 son of Garzia (brother of the conte di 
 Iiina). The princess Leono'ra falls in 
 love with the troubadour, but the count, 
 entertaining a base passion for her, is 
 about to put Manrico to death, when 
 Leonora intercedes on his behalf, and 
 promises to give herself to him if he will 
 spare her lover. The count consents ; 
 but while he goes to release his captive, 
 Leonora kills herself by sucking poison 
 from a ring. When Manrico discovers 
 this sad calamity, he dies also. — Yerdi, 
 11 Trovatore (1853). 
 
 (This opera is based on the drama of 
 Gargia Guttiercz, a fifteenth century 
 story.) 
 
 Troxartas (3 syl.), king of the mice 
 and father of Psycarpax who was 
 drowned. The word means " bread- 
 eater." 
 
 Fix their counsel . . . 
 Where great Troxartas crowned in glory reigns . . . 
 • Psycarpax' fattier, father now no morel 
 ParnelL llattle of the J<Vogs and Mice, L (about 1712). 
 
 Troy's Six Gates were (according 
 to Theobald) Dardan, Thymbria, Ilia, 
 Scaea, Trojan, and AntenorldCs. 
 
 Priam's six-gated city : 
 Dardan, and Tvmbria, Helias, Chetas, Troien, 
 And Antenorides. 
 Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida (prol., 1G02). 
 His cvte compassed enuyrowne 
 Hadd'e gates VI. to entre into the towne. 
 The firste of all . . . was . . . called Dardanydes ; 
 . . . Tvmbria was named the seconde ; 
 And thethyrde called Helyas; 
 The fourthe gate hyghte also Cetheas; 
 The fyfthe Trojana ; syxth Anthonydfis. 
 
 Lydgate, Troy Soke (1513). 
 
 Troy'novant or New Troy, Lon- 
 don. This blunder arose from a con- 
 fusion of the old British tri-nouhant, 
 meaning " new town," with Troy novant, 
 "new Troy." This blunder gave rise to 
 the historic fable about Brute, a descend- 
 ant of ^Ene'as, colonizing the island. 
 
 For noble Britons sprong from Trojans bold. 
 And Troy-novant was built of old Troyes ashes cold. 
 Spenser, Faery queen, hi. 3 (1590). 
 
 Trudge, in Love in a Bottle, by Far- 
 quhar (1(598). 
 
 True Thomas, Thomas the Rhymer. 
 So called from his prophecies, the most 
 noted of which was his prediction of the 
 death of Alexander III. of Scotland, 
 
 made to the earl of March. It is re- 
 corded in the Scotichr'onlcon of Fordun 
 (1430). 
 
 Trueworth, brother of Lydia, and 
 friend of sir William Fondlove. — S. 
 Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 
 
 Trull (Lolly). Captain Macheath 
 says of her, " She is always so taken up 
 with stealing hearts, that she does not 
 allow herself time to steal anything 
 else" (act ii. 1). — Gay, The Beggai-s 
 Opera (1727). 
 
 Trulla, the daughter of James 
 Spencer, a quaker. She was first dis- 
 honoured by her father, and then by 
 Simeon Wait (or Magna'no) the tinker. 
 
 He Tiiilla loved, Trulla more bright 
 Than burnished armour of her knight, 
 A bold virago, stout and tall 
 As Joan of France or English Mall. 
 
 S. Butler, Hudibras, L 2 (1663). 
 
 Trul'liber (Parson), a fat clergy- 
 man ; ignorant, selfish, and slothful. — ■ 
 Fielding, The Adventures of Joseph 
 Andrews (1742). 
 
 Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, sir Wilful Wit- 
 would, sir Francis Wronghead, squire Western, squire 
 Sullen ; such were the people who composed the main 
 strength of the tory party for sixty years after the Revo- 
 lution. — Macaulay. 
 
 *** "Sir Wilful Witwould," in The 
 Way of the World, by Congreve ; "sir 
 Francis Wronghead," in The Provoked 
 Husband, by C. Cibber; "squire Western," 
 in Tom Jones, by Fielding ; " squire 
 Sullen," in The Beaux'' Stratagem, by 
 Farquhar. 
 
 Trunnion (Commodore Hawser), a 
 one-eyed naval veteran, who has retired 
 from the service in consequence of in- 
 juries received in engagements; but he 
 still keeps garrison in his own house, 
 which is defended with drawbridge and 
 ditch. He sleeps in a hammock, and 
 makes his servants sleep in hammocks, 
 as on board ship, takes his turn on 
 watch, and indulges his naval, tastes in 
 various other way6. Lieutenant Jack 
 Hatchway is his companion. When he 
 went to be married, he rode on a hunter 
 which he steered like a ship, according 
 to the compass, tacking about, that he 
 might not " go right in the wind's eye." 
 — T. Smollett, The Adventures of Pere- 
 grine Pickle (1750). 
 
 It is vain to criticize the manoeuvre of Trunnion, tacking 
 his way to church on his wedding day, in consequence of 
 a head wind.— Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 
 
 *** Dickens has imitated this in Wem- 
 mick's house, which had flag and draw- 
 bridge, fortress and gun in miniature ; 
 
TRUSTY. 
 
 TULKINGHORN. 
 
 but the conceit is more suited to "a 
 naval veteran" than a lawyer's clerk. 
 (See Wemmick.) 
 
 Trusty (Mrs.), landlady of the 
 Queen's Arms, Romford. Motherly, 
 most kind-hearted, a capital caterer, 
 whose ale was noted. Bess " the beg- 
 gar's daughter" took refuge with her, and 
 was most kindly treated. Mrs. Trusty 
 wished her son Ralph to take Bess to 
 wife, but Bess had given her heart to 
 Wilford, the son of lord Woodville, her 
 cousin. — S. Knowles, The Beggar of 
 Bethnal Green (1834). 
 
 Truth in a "Well. Cicero says, 
 " Naturam accusa, quse in prof undo 
 veritatem, ut ait Democritus, penitus 
 ftbstruseris." — Academics, i. 10. 
 
 Cleanthes is also credited with the 
 phrase. 
 
 Try amour (Sir)- the hero of an old 
 metrical novel, and the model of all 
 knightly virtues. 
 
 Try'anon, daughter of the fairy 
 king who lived, on the island of Ole'ron. 
 ' ' She was as white as a lily in May, or 
 enow that snoweth on winter's day," and 
 her "haire shone as golde wire." This 
 paragon of beauty married sir Launfal, 
 king Arthur's steward, whom she carried 
 off to "Oliroun, her jolif isle." — Thomas 
 Chestre, Sir Launfal (fifteenth century). 
 
 Trygon, a poisonous fish. Ulysses 
 was accidentally killed by his son Tele- 
 gonos with an arrow pointed with 
 trygon-bone. 
 
 The lord of Ithaca, 
 Struck by the poisonous trygon's bone, expired. 
 West, Triumphs of the Gout (" Lucian," 1750). 
 
 Tryphon, the sea-god's physician. 
 
 They send in haste for Tryphon, to apply 
 Salves to his wounds, and medicines of might; 
 For Tryphon of sea-gods the sovereign leech is high! 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 4 (15i)0). 
 
 Tubal, a wealthy Jew, the friend of 
 Shylock. — Shakespeare, The Mercliant of 
 Venice (a drama, 1598). 
 
 Tuck, a long, narrow sword (Gaelic 
 tuca, Welsh tvcca, Italian stocco, French 
 estoc). In Hamlet the word "tuck" is 
 erroneously printed stuck in Malone's 
 edition. 
 
 If he by chance escape your venomed tuck, 
 Our purpose may hold there. 
 
 Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iv. sc. 7. 
 
 Tuck (Friar), the "curtal friar of 
 Fountain's Abbev," was the father con- 
 fessor of Robin flood. He is represented 
 i,b a sleek-headed, pudgy, paunchy, pug- 
 
 nacious clerical Falstaff, very fat and 
 self-indulgent, very humorous, and some- 
 what coarse. His dress was a russet 
 habit of the Franciscan order, a red 
 corded girdle with gold tassel, red. stock- 
 ings, and a wallet. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott, in his Ivanhoe, calls 
 him the holy clerk of Copmanhurst, and 
 describes him as a" large, strong-built 
 man in a sackcloth gown and hood, girt 
 with a rope of rushes." He had a round, 
 bullet head, and his close-shaven crown 
 was edged with thick, stiff, curly black 
 hair. His countenance was bluff and 
 jovial, ej'ebrows black and bushy, fore- 
 head well-turned, cheeks round and 
 ruddy, beard long, curly, and black, 
 form brawny (ch. xv.). 
 
 In the May-day morris-dance, the friar 
 is introduced in full clerical tonsure, with 
 the chaplet of white and red beads in his 
 right hand, a corded girdle about his 
 waist, and a russet robe of the Francis- 
 can order. His stockings red, his girdle 
 red ornamented with gold twist and a 
 golden tassel. At his girdle hung a 
 wallet for the reception of provisions, 
 for " Walleteers " had no other food but 
 what they received from begging. Friar 
 Tuck was chaplain to Robin Hood the 
 May-king. (See Morris-Dance.) 
 
 In this our spacious isle, I think there is not one 
 But he hath heard some talk of Hood and Little John ; 
 Of Tuck, the merry friar, which many a sermon made 
 In praise of Robin Hood, his outlaws, and their trade. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxvi. (1622). 
 
 Tud (Morgan), chief physician of king 
 Arthur. — The Mabinogion (" Geraint," 
 twelfth century). 
 
 Tug (Tom), the waterman, a straight- 
 forward, honest young man, who loves 
 Wilelmi'na the daughter of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Bundle, and when he won the 
 waterman's badge in rowing, he won the 
 consent of " the gardener's daughter" to 
 become his loving and faithful wife. — C. 
 Dibdin, The Waterman (1774). 
 
 Tukely, the lover of Sophia. As 
 Sophia has a partiality to the Hon. Mr. 
 Daffodil, " the male coquette," Tukely 
 dresses in woman's clothes, makes an 
 appointment with Daffodil, and gets him 
 to slander Sophia and other ladies, con- 
 cealed among the trees. They thus hear 
 his slanders, and, presenting themselves 
 before him, laugh him to scorn. — Garrick, 
 The Male Coquette (1758). 
 
 Tulk'inghorn (Mr.), attorney-at- 
 law and legal adviser of the Dedlocks. 
 Very silent, and perfectly self-contained, 
 but, knowing lady Dedlock's secret, he is 
 
TULLY. 
 
 1040 
 
 TURKOMANS. 
 
 like the sword of Dam'ocles over her 
 head, and she lives in ceaseless dread of 
 him. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1852). 
 
 Tully, Marcus' Tullius Cicero, the 
 great Roman orator (b.c. 106-43). He 
 was proscribed by Antony, one of the 
 triumvirate, and his head and hands, being 
 cut off, were nailed by the orders of 
 Antony to the Rostra of Rome. 
 
 Ye fond adorers of departed fame, 
 
 Who warm at Scipio's worth or Tully's name. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 
 
 The Judas who betrayed Tully to the 
 sicarii was a cobbler. The man who 
 murdered him was named Herennius. 
 
 Tun {The Heidelberg) or The Tux 
 of Eufach, a large butt, which holds 
 four score hogsheads. 
 
 Quid vetat Erpachium vas annumerare vetustis 
 
 Miraclis? Quo non vastius orbis habet ; 
 
 Dixeris hoc recte Pelagus vinique paludem ; 
 
 Nectare quse Bacchi nocte dieque fluit. 
 
 Altliamar. 
 Of all earth's wonders, Erpach's monstrous tun 
 I deem to be the most astounding one ; 
 A sea of wine 'twill hold. You say aright, 
 A sea of nectar flows there day and night. 
 
 E.C. B. 
 
 *** The Cistertian tun, made by the 
 order of St. Bernard, contained 300 hogs- 
 heads. — Robert Cenault, De Vera Mensu- 
 rarum Ponderumque Matione (1547). 
 
 The tun of Clervaux contained as many 
 hogsheads as there are days in a year. — 
 Furetiere, art. " Tonne." 
 
 St. Beliefs tun ("la sacre botte de St. 
 Benoist"), still to be seen at the Benedic- 
 tines of Bologna-on-the-Sea, is about the 
 same size as that of Clervaux. — Menage, 
 art. "Couteille." 
 
 " I will drink," said the friar [John\ "both to thee 
 and to thy horse. ... 1 have already supped, yet will I 
 eat never a whit the less for that, for 1 have a paved 
 stomach as hollow as . . . St. Beuet's boot." — .Rabelais, 
 liargantua, i. 3U (1533). 
 
 *** St. Benot's "boot" means St. 
 Benet's botte or " butt," and to this Long- 
 fellow refers in The Golden Legend, when 
 he speaks of "the rascal [friar John] 
 who drank wine out of a boot." 
 
 Tungay, the one-legged man at 
 Salem House. 
 
 He generally acted, with his strong voice, as Mr. Creakle's 
 interpreter to the boys.— C. Dickens, David Copperjield, 
 vi.(1349). 
 
 Tunstall (Frank), one of the appren- 
 tices of David Ramsay, the watchmaker. 
 — Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of JS'igcl 
 (time, James I.). 
 
 Tupman {Tracy), M.P.C., a sleek, 
 fat young man, of very amorous disposi- 
 tion. He falls in love with every pretty 
 giil he sees, and is consequently always 
 
 getting into trouble. — C. Dickens, The 
 Pickwick Tapers (1836). 
 
 Tura, a castle of Ulster. — Ossian, 
 
 Fingal. 
 
 Turbulent School of Fiction 
 
 {The), a school of German romance 
 writers, who returned to the feudal ages, 
 and wrote between 1780 and 1800 in the 
 style of Mrs. Radcliffe. The best known 
 are Cramer, Spiers, Schlenkert, and Veil 
 Weber. 
 
 Turcaret, a comedy by Lesage 
 (1708), in which the farmers-general of 
 France are gibbeted unmercifully. He 
 is a coarse, illiterate man, who has 
 grown rich by his trade. Any one who 
 has risen from nothing to great wealth, 
 and has no merit beyond money-making, 
 is called a Turcaret. 
 
 TurcOS, native Algerian infantry 
 officered by Frenchmen. The cavalry 
 are called Spahis. 
 
 Turk Gregory, Gregory VII. (Hil- 
 debrand) ; so called for his furious raid 
 upon royal prerogatives, especially his 
 contest with the emperor [of Germany] 
 on the subject of investiture. In 1075 
 he summoned the emperor Henry IV. to 
 Rome ; the emperor refused to obey the 
 summons, the pope excommunicated him, 
 and absolved all his subjects from their 
 allegiance ; he next declared Henry de- 
 throned, and elected a new kaiser, but 
 Henry, finding resistance in vain, begged 
 to be reconciled to the pope. He was now 
 commanded, in the midst of a severe 
 winter, to present himself, with Bertha 
 his wife, and their infant son, at the 
 castle of Canossa, in Lombardy ; and 
 here they had to stand three days in the 
 piercing cold before the pope would con- 
 descend to see him, but at last the proud 
 prelate removed the excommunication, 
 and Henry was restored to his throne. 
 
 Turkish Spy ( The), Mahmut, who 
 lived forty-five years undiscovered in 
 Paris, unfolding the intrigues v of the 
 Christian courts, between 1637 and 1682. 
 The author of this romance is Giovanni 
 Paolo Mara'na, and he makes it the 
 medium of an historical novel of the 
 period (1G84). 
 
 *** Ward wrote an imitation of the 
 book, which he called The London Spy. 
 
 Turkomans, a corruption of Turk- 
 imams (" Turks of the true faith "). The 
 first chief of the Turks who embraced 
 Islam called his people so to distinguish 
 
TURN THE TABLES. 
 
 1041 
 
 TURQUINE. 
 
 them from the Turks who had not em- 
 braced that faith. 
 
 Turn the Tables, to rebut a charge 
 by a counter-charge, so that the accused 
 becomes in turn the accuser, and the 
 blamed charges the blamer. — See Dic- 
 tionary of Phrase and Fable, 873. 
 
 It enables 
 A matron, who her husband's foible knows, 
 By a few timely words to turn the tables. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, i 75. 
 
 Turnabout {The), the Times news- 
 paper. The editor, T. Barnes, was called 
 " Mr. T. Bounce." 
 
 Turnbull (Michael), the Douglas's 
 dark huntsman. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Turnbull (Mr. Thomas), also called 
 "Tom Turnpenny," a canting smuggler 
 and schoolmaster. — Sir W. Scott, Red- 
 gauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Turnip-Hoer, George I. So called 
 because, when he first came over to Eng- 
 land, he proposed planting St. James's 
 Park with turnips (1660, 1714-1727). 
 
 Turnpenny (Mr.), banker at March- 
 thorn.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronaris Well 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Turnpenny (Tom), also called "Thomas 
 Turnbull," a canting smuggler and school- 
 master. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Turntippit (Old lord), one of the 
 privy council in the reign of William III. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
 (1819). 
 
 Turon, the son of Brute's sister, slew 
 600 Aquitanians with his own hand in 
 one single fight. 
 
 Where Turon, . . . Brute's sister's valiant son, . . . 
 Six hundred slew outright thro his peculiar strength ; 
 By multitudes of men, yet overpressed at length, . 
 His noble uncle there, to his immortal name 
 The city Turou [Tours] built, and well endowed the same. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 
 
 Turpin, a churlish knight, who re- 
 fuses hospitality to sir Calepine and 
 Serena, although solicited to do so by 
 his wife Blanida (bk. vi. 3). Serena told 
 prince Arthur of this discourtesy, and 
 the prince, after chastising Turpin, dis- 
 knighted him, and prohibited him from 
 bearing arms ever after (bk. vi. 7). The 
 disgraced churl now vowed revenge ; 
 so off he starts, and seeing two knights, 
 complains to them of the wrongs done 
 to himself and his dame by "a recreant 
 knight," whom he points out to them. 
 The two champions instantly challenge 
 
 the prince "as a foul woman-wronger," 
 and defy him to combat. One of the 
 two champions is soon slain, and the other 
 overthrown, but is spared on craving his 
 life. The survivor now returns to Turpin 
 to relate his misadventure, and when they 
 reach the dead body see Arthur asleep. 
 Turpin proposes to kill him, but Arthur 
 starts up and hangs the rascal on a tree 
 (bk. vi. 7). — Spenser, Faery Queen (1596). 
 
 Turpin, " archbishop of Rheims," the 
 hypothetical author of a Chronicle, pur- 
 porting to be a history of Charlemagne's 
 Spanish adventures in 777, by a con- 
 temporary. This fiction was declared 
 authentic and genuine by pope Calixtus 
 II. in 1122, but it is now generally at- 
 tributed to a canon of Barcelona in the 
 eleventh century. 
 
 The tale says that Charlemagne went 
 to Spain in 777, to defend one of his allies 
 from the aggressions of a neighbouring 
 prince. Having conquered Navarre and 
 Aragon, he returned to France. He then 
 crossed the Pyrenees, and invested Pam- 
 peluna for three months, but without 
 success. He tried the effect of prayer, 
 and the walls, like those of Jericho, "fell 
 down of their own accord. Those Sara- 
 cens who consented to be baptized, he 
 spared, but the rest were put to the sword. 
 Being master of Pampeluna, the hero 
 visited the sarcophagus of James ; and 
 Turpin, who accompanied him, baptized 
 most of the neighbourhood. Charle- 
 magne then led back his army over the 
 Pyrenees, the rear being under the com- 
 mand of Roland. The main army reached 
 France in safety, but 50,000 Saracens fell 
 on the rear, and none escaped. 
 
 Turpin (Dick), a noted highwayman, 
 executed at York (1739). 
 
 Ains worth has introduced into Rook- 
 wood Turpin's famous ride to York on his 
 steed Black Bess. It is said that Maginn 
 really wrote this powerful description 
 (1834). 
 
 Turpin (The French Dick) is Cartouche, 
 an eighteenth century highwayman. W. 
 H. Ainsworth made him the hero of a 
 romance (1841). 
 
 Tur'quine (Sir) had sixty-four of 
 king Arthur's knights in prison, all of 
 whom he had vanquished by his own hand. 
 He hated sir Launcelot, because he had 
 slain his brother, sir Car'ados, at the 
 Dolorous Tower. Sir Launcelot chal- 
 lenged sir Turquine to a trial of strength, 
 and slew him, after which he liberated 
 3 x 
 
TURQUOISE. 
 
 1042 TWELVE APOSTLES OF IRELAND. 
 
 ihe captive knights. — Sir T. Malorv, 
 History of Prince Arthur, i. 108-110 
 (1470)'. 
 
 Turquoise (2 syl.), a precious stone 
 found in Persia. Sundry virtues are 
 attached to it : (1) It indicates by its hue 
 the state of the wearer's health ; (2) it 
 indicates by its change of lustre if any 
 peril awaits the wearer ; (3) it removes 
 animosity between the giver and the re- 
 ceiver ; (4) it rouses the sexual passion, 
 and hence Leah gave a turquoise ring 
 to Shy lock " when he was a bachelor," 
 in order to make him propose to her. — 
 See Thomas Nicols, Lapidary. 
 
 Tur'veydrop (Mr.), a selfish, self- 
 indulgent, conceited dancing-master, who 
 imposes on the world by his majestic 
 appearance and elaborate toilette. He 
 l'ves on the earnings of his son (named 
 Prince, after the prince regent), who 
 reveres him as a perfect model of " de- 
 portment." — C. IKckens, Bleak House 
 (1852). 
 
 The proudest departed from the cover of their habitual 
 reserve, and from the maintenance of that staid deport- 
 ment which tlie Oriental Turveydrop considers the best 
 proof of high state and regal dignity.— W. H. Russell, The 
 Prince of Tourt, etc. (1877). 
 
 Tuscan Poet (The), Ludovico 
 Ariosto, born at Reggio, in Modena 
 (1474-1533). Noted for his poem en- 
 titled Orlando Furioso (in French called 
 Roland). 
 
 The Tuscan poet doth advance 
 The frantic paladin of France. 
 
 M. Drayton, Nymphidia (15C3-1631). 
 
 Tutivillus, the demon who collects 
 all the fragments of words omitted, 
 mutilated, or mispronounced by priests 
 in the performance of religious services, 
 and stores them up in that " bottomless " 
 pit which is "paved with good inten- 
 tions." — Langland, Vision of Piers Plow- 
 man, 547 (13G2) ; and the Toicnley 
 Mysteries, 310, 319, etc. 
 
 Tutsan, a corruption of la touts saine ; 
 the botanical name is Hyper icon Androsaj'- 
 mum. The leaves applied to fresh wounds 
 are sanative. St. John's wort is of the 
 same family, and that called Perforatum 
 used to be called Fuga damonum, from 
 the supposition of its use in maniacal 
 disorders, and a charm against evil spirits. 
 
 The hermit gathers . . . 
 
 The healing tutsan then, and plant an e for a sore. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 (The plantain or plantago is astringent, 
 and very good for cuts and other sores.) 
 
 Twain (Mark), S. L. Clemens. 
 
 Twangdillo, the fiddler, in Sorner- 
 
 ville's Hobbinol, a burlesque poem in three 
 cantos. Twangdillo had lost one leg and 
 one eye by a stroke of lightning on the 
 banks of the Ister, but was still merry- 
 hearted. 
 
 He tickles every string to every note ; 
 He bends his pliant neck, his single eye 
 Twinkles with joy, his active stump beats time. 
 
 Hobbinol or The Rural dames, i. (1740). 
 
 Tweed, a cloth woven diagonally ; a 
 mere blunder for " twill." 
 
 It was the word " tweels" blotted and ill-written on an 
 invoice, which gave rise to the now familiar name of 
 " tweed." It was adopted by James Locke, of London, 
 after the error was discovered, as especially suitable to 
 these goods so largely manufactured on the banks of the 
 Tweed.— The Border Advertiser. 
 
 Tweedledum and Tweedledee. 
 
 The prince of Wales was the leader of 
 the Handel party, supported by Pope and 
 Dr. Arbuthnot ; and the duke of Marl- 
 borough led the Bononcinists, and was 
 supported by most of the nobility. 
 
 Some say, compared to Bononcini, 
 That mynheer Handel's but a ninny ; 
 Others aver that he to Handel 
 Is scarcely fit to hold a candle ; 
 Strange all this difference should be 
 'Twixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee. 
 
 J. Byrom (stenographist, 1691-1763). 
 
 Twelfth Night, a drama by Shake- 
 speare. The story came originally from 
 a novelletti by Bandello (who died' 1555), 
 reproduced by Belleforest in his Histoi7-es 
 Trayiques, from which Shakespeare ob- 
 tained his story. The tale is this : Viola 
 and Sebastian were twins, and exactly 
 alike. When grown up, they were ship- 
 wrecked off the coast of Illyria, and both 
 were saved. Viola, being separated from 
 her brother, in order to obtain a livelihood, 
 dressed like her brother and took the 
 situation of page under the duke Orslno. 
 The duke, at the time, happened to be in 
 love with Olivia, and as the lady looked 
 coldly on his suit, he sent Viola to ad- 
 vance it, but the wilful Olivia, instead of 
 melting towards the duke, fell in love 
 with his beautiful page. One day, Se- 
 bastian, the twin-brother of Viola, being 
 attacked in a street brawl before Olivia's 
 house, the lady, thinking him to be the 
 page, invited him in, and they soon grew 
 to such familiar terms that they agreed to 
 become man and wife. About the same 
 time, the duke discovered his page to 
 be a beautiful woman, and, as he could 
 not marry his first love, he made Viola 
 his wife and the duchess of Illyria. 
 
 Twelve Apostles of Ireland 
 
 (The), twelve Irish prelates of the sixth 
 century, disciples of St. Finnian of 
 Clonard, 
 
 1. Ciaran or Keirax, bishop and 
 
TWELVE KNIGHTS, ETC. 
 
 1043 
 
 TWELVE PALADINS. 
 
 abbot of Saigbir (now Seir-Keiro.n, King's 
 Count}'). 
 
 2. Ciaran or Keiran, abbot of Clom- 
 nacnois. 
 
 3. Columcille of Hy (now lona). 
 This prelate is also called St. Columba. 
 
 4. Brendan, bishop and abbot of 
 Clonfert. 
 
 5. Brendan, bishop and abbot of Birr 
 (now Parsonstown, King's County). 
 
 6. Columba, abbot of Tirdaglas. 
 
 7. Molaise or Laisre, abbot of Dam- 
 hiris (now Decenish Island, in lough 
 Erne). 
 
 8. Cainnech, abbot of Aichadhbo, 
 in Queen's County. 
 
 9. Ruadan or Rodan, abbot of Lorrha, 
 in Tipperary County. 
 
 10. Mobi Clairenech (i.e. "the flat- 
 faced"), abbot of Glasnooidhan (now 
 Glasnevin, near Dublin). 
 
 11. Senell, abbot of Cluain-inis, in 
 lough Erne. 
 
 12. Nannath or Nexnith, bishop and 
 abbot of Inismuige-Samh (now Inismac- 
 Saint, in lough Erne). 
 
 Twelve Knights of the Round 
 Table. Dryden says there were 
 twelve paladins and twelve knights of 
 the Round Table. The table was made 
 for 150, but as twelve is the orthodox 
 number, the following names hold the 
 most conspicuous places : — (1) Launce- 
 lot, (2) Tristram, and (3) Lamoracke, 
 the three bravest ; (4) Tor, the first made ; 
 (5) Galahad, the chaste; (6) Gaw'ain, 
 the courteous ; (7) Gareth, the big- 
 handed ; (8) Palomides, the Saracen or 
 unbaptized ; (9) Kay, the rude and 
 boastful; (10) Mark, the dastard; (11) 
 Mordred, the traitor ; and the twelfth, 
 as in the case of the paladins, must be 
 selected from one of the following names, 
 all of which are seated with the prince in 
 the frontispiece attached to the History 
 of Prince Arthur, compiled by sir T. 
 Malory in 1470 : — Sirs Acolon, Ballamore, 
 Beleobus, Belvoure, Bersunt, Bors, Ector 
 de Maris, Ewain, Floll, Gaheris, Galohalt, 
 Grislet, Lionell, Marhaus, Paginet, Pel- 
 leas, Percival, Sagris, Superabilis, and 
 Turquine. 
 
 Or we may take from the Mabinogion 
 the three " battle knights," Cadwr, 
 Launcelot, and Owain ; the three 
 "counselling knights," Kjnon, Aron, and 
 Llywarch Hen; the three "diademed 
 knights," Kai, Trystan, and Gwevyl ; 
 and the three "golden-tongued," Gwalch- 
 tn'ai, Drudwas, and Eliwlod, many of 
 which are unknown in modern stor}% 
 
 Sir Walter Scott names sixteen of 
 renown, seated round the king : 
 
 There Galaad sat with manly grace, 
 Vet maiden meekness in his face ; 
 There Morolt of the iron mace ; ; 
 
 And lovelorn TrUtrem there; 
 And Dinadam, with lively glance ; 
 And Lanval, with the fairy lance; 
 And Mordred, with his looks askance ; 
 
 Brunor and Selvidere. 
 Why should I tell of numbers more ? 
 Sir Cay, sir Banter, and sir Bore, 
 
 Sir Caradoc the keen, 
 And gentle Gawain's courteous lore, 
 Hector de Mares, and PeUinore, 
 And Lancelot, that evermore 
 
 Looked stol'n-wise on the queen. 
 
 Bridal of Triermain, iL 13 (1813). 
 
 Twelve Paladins (The), twelve 
 famous warriors in Charlemagne's court. 
 
 1. Astolpho, cousm of Roland, de- 
 scended from Charles Martel. A great 
 boaster, fool-hardy, and singularly hand- 
 some. It was Astolpho who went to the 
 moon to fetch back Orlando's (Poland's) 
 brains when mad. 
 
 2. Feri'mkkas or Fierabras, a Sara- 
 cen, afterwards converted and baptized. 
 
 3. Florismart, the fidas Achates of 
 Roland or Orlando. 
 
 4. Ganelon, the traitor, count of 
 Mayence. Placed by Dante in the In- 
 ferno. 
 
 5. Maugris, in Italian Malagigi, 
 cousin to Rinaldo, and son of Beuves of 
 Aygremont. He was brought up by 
 Oriande the fairy, and became a great 
 enchanter. 
 
 6. Namo or Nayme de Baviere. 
 
 7. Ogier the Dane, thought to be 
 Holger the hero of Denmark, but some 
 affirm that " Dane " is a corruption of 
 Damne; so called because he was not 
 baptized. 
 
 8. Oliver, son of Regnier comte de 
 Gennes, the rival of Roland in all feats 
 of arms. 
 
 9. Otuel, a Saracen, nephew to Fer- 
 ragus or Ferracute. He was converted, 
 and married a daughter of king Charle- 
 magne. 
 
 10. Rinaldo, son of duke Aymon, 
 and cousin to Roland. Angelica fell in 
 love with him, but he requited not her 
 affection. 
 
 11. Roland, called Orlando in Italian, 
 comte de Cenouta. He was Charle- 
 magne's nephew, his mother being Berthe 
 the king's sister, and his father Millon. 
 
 12. One of the following names, all of 
 which are called paradins, and probably 
 supplied vacancies caused by death : — 
 Basin de Genevois, Geoffrej^ de Frises, 
 Guerin due de Lorraine, Guillaume de 
 l'Estoc, Guy de Bourgogne, Hocl comte. 
 
TWELVE WISE MASTERS. 
 
 1044 
 
 TWITCHER. 
 
 zq Nantes, Lambert prince of Bruxelles, 
 Richard due de Normandy, Riol du Mans, 
 Samson due de Bourgogne, and Thiery. 
 
 *** There is considerable resemblance 
 between the twelve selected paladins and 
 the twelve selected Table knights. In 
 each case there were three pre-eminent for 
 bravery : Oliver, Roland, and Rinaldo 
 (paladins) ; Launcelot, Tristram, and La- 
 moracke (Table /mights). In each was a 
 Saracen: Ferumbras (the paladin) ; Palo- 
 mides (the Table knight). In each was a 
 traitor: Ganelon (the paladin) ; Mordred 
 (the Table knight), like Judas Iscariot in 
 the apostolic twelve. 
 
 Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign, 
 Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemaln. 
 Dry den, The Flower amd the Leaf. 
 
 Twelve Wise Masters (The), the 
 original corporation of the mastersingers. 
 Hans Sachs, the cobbler of Niirnberg, 
 was the most renowned and the most 
 voluminous of the mastersingers, but he 
 was not one of the original twelve. He 
 lived 1494-1576, and left behind him 
 thirty-four folio vols, of MS., containing 
 208 plays, 1700 comic tales, and about 
 450 lyric poems. 
 
 Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet, laureate of the gentle 
 
 craft, 
 Wi3sst of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge folios sang 
 
 and laughed. 
 
 Longfellow, Nuremberg. 
 
 *** The original corporation consisted 
 of Heinrik von Mueglen, Konrad Harder, 
 Master AJtschwert, Master Barthel Regen- 
 bogen (blacksmith), Master Muscabliit 
 (tailor), Hans Blotz (barber), Hans 
 Rosenblut (armorial piiinter), Sebastian 
 Brandt (jurist*, Thomas Murner, Hans 
 Folz (surgeon), Wilhelm Weber, and 
 Hans Sachs (cobbler). This last, though 
 not one of the founders, was so superior 
 to them all that he is always reckoned 
 among the wise mastersingers. 
 
 Twernlow (Mr.), first cousin to lord 
 Snigsworth ; "an innocent piece of 
 dinner-furniture," in frequent requisition 
 by Mr. and Mrs. Veneering. He is de- 
 scribed as "grey, dry, polite, and suscep- 
 tible to east wind ;" he wears "first-gentle- 
 man-in-Europe collar and cravat ; " "his 
 cheeks are drawn in as if he had made 
 a great effort to retire into himself some 
 years ago, and had got so far, but never 
 any further." His great mystery is who 
 is Mr. Veneering's oldest friend ; is he 
 himself his oldest or his newest acquaint- 
 ance ? He couldn't tell. — C. Dickens, Our 
 Mutual Friend (1864). 
 
 Twickenham (The Bard of), Alex- 
 
 ander Pope, who lived for thirty years at 
 Twickenham (1688-1744). 
 
 Twigtythe (The Rev. Mr.), clergy- 
 man at Fasthwaite Farm, held by Farmer 
 Williams. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Twin Brethren (The Great), Castor 
 and Pollux. 
 
 Back comes the chief in triumph 
 
 Who, in the hour of fight, 
 Hath seen the Great Twin Brethren 
 
 In harness on his right. 
 Safe comes the ship to haven, 
 
 Thro' billows and thro' gales, 
 If once the Great Twin Brethren 
 
 Sit shining on the sails. 
 Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (" Battla 
 of the Lake Regillus," xL, 1842). 
 
 Twin Diamonds (The), two Cape 
 diamonds, one of which is of a clear 
 cinnamon colour, and was found in the 
 river-bed of the Vaal. These, with the 
 Dudley and Stewart diamonds, have all 
 been discovered in Africa since 1870. 
 
 Twineall (The Hon. Mr.), a young 
 man who goes to India, intending to 
 work himself into place by flattery ; but, 
 wholly mistaking character, he gets 
 thrown into prison for treason. Twineall 
 talks to sir Luke Tremor (who ran away 
 from the field of battle) of his glorious 
 deeds of fight ; to lady Tremor (a 
 grocer's daughter) of high birth, sup- 
 posing her to be a descendant of the 
 kings of Scotland ; to lord Flint (the 
 sultan's chief minister) of the sultan's 
 dubious right to the throne, and so on. — ■ 
 Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are (1786). 
 
 Twist (Oliver), the son of Mr. Brown- 
 low's oldest friend and Agnes Fleming ; 
 half-brother to "Manks." He was born 
 and brought up in a workhouse, starved, 
 and ill-treated ; but was always gentle, 
 amiable, and pure-minded. His asking 
 for more gruel at the workhouse because 
 he was so hungry, and the astonishment 
 of the officials at such daring impudence, 
 is capital lv told. — Charles Dickens, Oliver 
 Twist (1837). 
 
 Twitcher (Harry). Henry lord 
 Brougham [Broom] was so called, from 
 his habit of twitching his neck (1778- 
 1868). 
 
 Don't you recollect, North, some years ago that Murray's 
 name was on our title-)ftge ; and that, being alarmed for 
 Subscription Jamie [sir James Mackintosh] and Harry 
 Twitcher, he . . . scratched his name out? — Wilson, 
 Jfoctes Ambrusianas (182"2-iM5). 
 
 Twitcher (Jemmy), a cunning and 
 treacherous highwayman in Macheath'a 
 gang. — Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 
 
 Twitcher (Jemmy), the nickname of John 
 
TWO DROVERS. 
 
 1045 
 
 TYBALT. 
 
 lord Sandwich, noted for his liaison with 
 Miss Ray (1718-1792). 
 
 When sly Jemmy Twitcher had smugged up his face 
 With a lick of court whitewash and pious grimace, 
 Avowing he went where threo sisters of old, 
 In harmless society, guttle and scold. 
 
 Gray (1716-1771). 
 
 Two Drovers {The), a tale in two 
 chapters, laid in the reign of George III., 
 written by sir Walter Scott (1.827). It is 
 one of the " Chronicles of the Canongate " 
 (see p. 186), supposed to be told by Mr. 
 Croftangry. Robin Oig M'Combich, a 
 Highland drover, revengeful and proud, 
 meets with Harry Wakefield, a jovial 
 English drover, and quarrels with him 
 about a pasture-field. They fight in 
 Heskett's ale-house, but are separated. 
 Oig goes on his way and gets a dagger, 
 with which he returns to the ale-house, 
 and stabs Harry who is three parts 
 drunk. Being tried for murder, he is 
 condemned and executed. 
 
 Two Eyes of Greece {The), Athens 
 and Sparta. 
 
 Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
 And eloquence. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Two Gentlemen of Vero'na, a 
 
 drama by Shakespeare, the story of which 
 is taken from the Diana of Montemayor 
 (sixteenth century). The tale is this : 
 Protheus and Valentine were two friends, 
 and Protheus was in love with a lady of 
 Verona, named Julia. Valentine went to 
 sojourn in Milan, and there fell in love 
 with Silvia, the duke's daughter, who was 
 promised in marriage to Thurio. Pro- 
 theus, being sent by his father to Milan, 
 forgot Julia, fell in love with Silvia, and, 
 in order to carry his point, induced the 
 duke to banish Valentine, who became 
 the captain of a banditti, into whose hands 
 Silvia fell. Julia, unable to bear the 
 absence of her lover, dressed in boy's 
 clothes, and, going to Milan, hired herself 
 as a page to Protheus, and when Silvia was 
 lost, the duke, with Thurio, Protheus and 
 his page, went in quest of her. She was 
 soon discovered, but when Thurio at- 
 tempted to take possession of her, Va- 
 lentine said to him, " I dare you to touch 
 her;" and Thurio replied, "None but 
 a fool would fight for a girl." The duke, 
 disgusted, gave Silvia to Valentine ; and 
 Protheus, ashamed of his conduct, begged 
 pardon of Valentine, discovered his page 
 to be Julia, and married her (1595). 
 
 Two Kings of Brentford ( TJxe). 
 In the duke of Buckingham's farce 
 called The Rehearsal (1671), the two 
 
 kings enter hand-in-hand, dance to* 
 gether, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, 
 and, to heighten the absurdity, they are 
 made to smell of the same nosegay (act 
 ii. 2). 
 
 Two-Legged Mare {The), a 
 gallows. Vice says to Tyburn : 
 
 I will help to bridle the two-legged mare. 
 
 Like Will to Like, etc. (15S7). 
 
 Two-Shoes {Goody), a nursery tale 
 by Oliver Goldsmith (1765). Goody 
 Two-shoes was a very poor child, whose 
 delight at having a pair of shoes was so 
 unbounded that she could not forbear 
 telling every one she met that she had 
 ' ; two shoes , " whence her name. She 
 acquired knowledge and became wealthy. 
 The title-page states that the tale is for 
 the benefit of those, 
 
 Who from a state of rags and care, 
 And having shoes but half a pair, 
 Their fortune and their fame should fix, 
 And gallop in a coach and six. 
 
 Two Strings to Your Bow, a 
 
 farce by Jephson (1792). Lazarillo, want- 
 ing a master, enters the service of don 
 Felix and also of Octavio at the same 
 time. He makes perpetual blunders, 
 such as giving letters and money to the 
 wrong master ; but it turns out that don 
 Felix is donna Clara, the betrothed of 
 Octavio. The lovers meet at the Eagle 
 hotel, recognize each other, and become 
 man and wife. 
 
 Two Unlucky. In our dynasties 
 two has been an unlucky number ; thus : 
 Ethelred II. was forced to abdicate ; 
 Harold II. was slain at Hastings ; Wil- 
 liam II. was shot in the New Forest : 
 Henry II. had to fight for his crown, which 
 was usurped by Stephen ; Edward II. was 
 murdered at "Berkeley Castle ; Richard 
 II. was deposed ; Charles II. was driven 
 into exile ; James II. was obliged to 
 abdicate ; George II. was worsted at 
 Fontenoy and Lawfeld, was disgraced 
 by general Braddock and admiral Byng, 
 and was troubled by Charles Edward the 
 Young Pretender. 
 
 Two or Three Berries. "Yet 
 gleaning grapes shall be left in it, as the 
 shaking of an olive tree, two or three 
 berries in the top of the uppermost 
 bough." — Isaiah xvii. 6. 
 
 The tree of life has been shaken, 
 
 And but few of us linger now, 
 Like the prophet's two or three berries 
 
 On the top of the uppermost bough. 
 
 Longfellow, The Meeting. 
 
 Tyb'alt, a fiery young nobleman of 
 Verona, nephew to lady Captilet, and 
 
TYBALT. 
 
 1046 
 
 TYLL OWLYGLASS. 
 
 cousin to Juliet. He is slain in combat 
 by Ro'meo. — Shakespeare, Borneo and 
 Juliet (1595). 
 
 The name is given to the cat in the 
 beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Hence 
 Mercutio calls him "rat-catcher" (act 
 iii. sc. 1), and when Tybalt demands of 
 him, "What wouldst thou have with 
 me?" Mercutio replies, "Good king of 
 eats, nothing but one of your nine lives " 
 (act iii. sc. 1). 
 
 Tybalt, a Lombard officer, in love 
 with Laura niece of duke Gondibert. 
 The story of Gondibert being unfinished, 
 no sequel of this attachment is given. — 
 SirW. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1608). 
 
 Tybalt or Tibert, the cat, in the beast- 
 epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 
 Tyburn {Kings of), hangmen. 
 
 Tyburn Tree (The), a gallows; so 
 called because criminals were at one 
 time hung on the elm trees which grew 
 on the bank3 of the Tyburn. The " Holy 
 Maid of Kent," Mrs. Turner the poisoner, 
 Felton the assassin of the duke of Buck- 
 ingham, Jack Sheppard, Jonathan Wild, 
 lord Ferrers who murdered his steward, 
 Dr. Dodd, and Mother Brownrigg, "all 
 died in their shoes " on the Tyburn tree. 
 
 Since laws were made for every degree. 
 To curb vice in others as well as in me [MachcathJ, 
 I wonder we ha'nt better company 
 'Neath Tyburn tree. 
 
 Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1'27 ). 
 
 Tyburnia, the Portman and Gros- 
 venor Square districts of London. So 
 called from the little bourne or stream 
 named Tyburn. At one time, elm trees 
 grew on the brook-side, and Roger de 
 Mortimer, the paramour of queen Eleanor, 
 was hung thereon. 
 
 Tycho, a vassal of the bishop of Traves, 
 in the reign of kaiser Henry IV. He 
 promised to avenge his lord and master, 
 who had been plundered by count Adal- 
 bert, the leader of a bandit. So, going to 
 the count's castle, he craved a draught of 
 water. The porter brought him a cup 
 of wine, and Tycho said, "Thank thy 
 lord for his charity, and tell him he shall 
 meet with his reward." Then, returning 
 home, he procured thirty large wine- 
 barrels, in each of which he concealed an 
 armed retainer and weapons for two 
 others. Each cask was then carried b3 r 
 two men to the count's castle, and when 
 the door was opened, Tycho said to the 
 porter, "I am come to recompense thy 
 lord and master," and the sixty men 
 carried in the thirtv barrels. When count 
 
 Adalbert went to look at the present, at 
 a signal given by Tycho the tops of the 
 casks flew off, and the ninety armed men 
 slew the count and his brigands, and then 
 burnt the castle to the ground. 
 
 Of course, every reader will instantly 
 see the resemblance of this tale to that of 
 " Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves" (Arabian 
 Nights' Entertainments). 
 
 Tyler (Wat), a frugal, honest, in- 
 dustrious, skilful blacksmith of Essex ; 
 with one daughter, Alice, pretty, joyous, 
 innocent, and modest. With all his 
 frugality and industry, Wat found it very 
 hard to earn enough for daily bread, and 
 the tax-collectors came for the poll-tax, 
 three groats a head for a war to main- 
 tain our conquests in France. Wat had 
 saved up the money, and proffered six 
 groats for himself and wife. The col- 
 lectors demanded three groats for Alice 
 also, but Tyler said she was under 15 
 years of age, whereupon, one of the 
 collectors having "insulted her virgin 
 modesty," Tyler felled him to the ground 
 with his sledge-hammer. The people 
 gathered round the smith, and a general 
 uprising ensued. Richard II. sent a 
 herald to Tyler to request a parley, and 
 pledging his royal word for his safe 
 conduct. The sturdy smith appointed 
 Smithfield for the rendezvous, and there 
 Tyler told the king the people's griev- 
 ances ; but while he was speaking, William 
 Walworth, the lord mayor, stabbed him 
 from behind, and killed him. The king, 
 to pacify the people, promised the poll-tax 
 should be taken off and their grievances 
 redressed, but no sooner had the raob 
 dispersed than the rebels were cut down 
 wholesale, and many, being subjected to 
 a mockery trial, were infamously exe- 
 cuted. — Southey, Wat Tyler (1794, pub- 
 lished 1817). 
 
 Tyll Owlyglass or Tyll Owle- 
 glass, by Thomas Murner, a Franciscan 
 monk of Strasbourg (1475-1536) ; the 
 English name of the German "Tyll 
 Eulenspiegel." Tyll is a mechanic of 
 Brunswick, who runs from pillar to post 
 as charlatan, ph3 7 sician, lansquenet, fool, 
 valet, artist, and Jack-of-all-trades. He 
 undertakes anything and eventing, but 
 invariably "spoils the Egyptians" who 
 trust in him. He produces popular pro- 
 verbs, is brimful of jnerry mischief, 
 droll as Sam Slick, indifferent honest as 
 Gil Bias, light-hearted as Andrew Bode, 
 as full of tricks as Scapin, and as popular 
 as Robin Hood. The book is crammed 
 
TYLWYTH TEG. 
 
 1047 
 
 TYSON. 
 
 with observations, anecdotes, fables, bon 
 mots, facetiae, and shows forth the om- 
 nipotence of common sense. There are 
 two good English versions of this popular 
 picaresco romance — one printed by William 
 Copland, and entitled The M&nrye Jeste 
 of a Man called Ilowleglass, and the man;/ 
 Marvellous Thinjes and Jestes which he did 
 in his Lyfe in Eastland; and the other 
 published in 1860, translated by K. R. H. 
 Mackenzie, and illustrated by Alfred 
 Crowquill. In 1720 was brought out a 
 modified and abridged edition of the 
 German story. 
 
 To few mortals has it been granted to earn such a placo 
 lu universal history as Tyll Eulenspiegel [U'len-spee'.g'l]. 
 Now, after five centuries, Tvll's native village is pointed 
 out with pride to the traveller, and his tombstone . . . 
 still stands ... at Mo'llen; near Lubeck, where, since 
 1350, [sic] his once nimble bones have been at rest — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Tylwyth Teg, or the "Family of 
 Beauty," elves who " dance in the moon- 
 light on the velvet sward," in their airy 
 and flowing robes of blue and green, 
 white and scarlet. These beautiful fays 
 delight in showering benefits on the 
 human race. — The Mabinogion (note, p. 
 263). 
 
 Tyneman (2 syl.), Archibald IV. 
 earl of Douglas. So called because he 
 was always on the losing side. 
 
 Tyre, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, means Holland. 
 " Egypt," in the same satire, means 
 France. 
 
 I mourn, my countrymen, your lost estate . . . 
 Now all your liberties a spoil are made, 
 Egypt and Tyrus intercept your trade. 
 
 Pt. i. (16S1). 
 
 Tyre {Archbishop of), with the cru- 
 saders. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Tyrian Cyn'osure (3 syl.), Ursa 
 
 Minor. Ursa Major is called bv Milton 
 " The Star of Arcady," from' Calisto, 
 daughter of Lyca'on the first king of 
 Arcadia, who was changed into this con- 
 stellation. Her son Areas or Cynosura 
 was made the Lesser Bear. — Pausanias, 
 Itinerary of Greece, viii. 4. 
 
 And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, 
 Or lyrian Cynosure. 
 
 MUtou, Comus, 343 (1634). 
 
 Tyrie, one of the archers in the 
 Scottish guard of Louis XT. — Sir "W. 
 Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
 IV.). 
 
 Tyrie (The Rev. Michael), minister of 
 Glenorquhy.— Sir W. Scott, The High- 
 land Widow (time, George II.). 
 
 Tyrog'lyplius ( ' ' the cheese-scooper "), 
 ! one of the mouse princes slain in the 
 battle of the frogs and mice by Ly na- 
 nisms (" the laker "). 
 
 Lymnisius good Tyroglyphus assails. 
 Prince ot the mice that haunt the flowery Tales ; 
 Lost to the milky fares and rural seat, 
 He came to perish on the bank of fate. 
 Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 
 
 Tyrrel (Francis), the nephew of Mr. 
 Mortimer. He loves Miss Aubrey " with 
 an ardent, firm, disinterested love." On 
 one occasion, Miss Aubrey was insulted 
 by lord Courtland, with whom Tyrrel 
 fought a duel, and was for a time in 
 hiding ; but when Courtland recovered 
 from his wounds, Tyrrel re-appeared, and 
 ultimately married the lady of his affec- 
 tion. — Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover 
 (1780). 
 
 Tyrrel (Frank) or Martigny earl of 
 Etherington, son of the late earl and la 
 comtesse de Martigny his wife. He i3 
 supposed to be illegitimate. Frank is in 
 love with Clara Mowbray, daughter of 
 Mr. Mowbray of St. Ronan's.— Sir W. 
 Scott, St. Honan's Well (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Tyrtaeos, selected by the Spartans 
 as their leader, because his lays inspired 
 the soldiers to deeds of daring. The 
 following is a translation of one of his 
 martial songs : — 
 
 Oh, how joyous to fall in the face of the foe, 
 
 For country and altar to die ! 
 But a lot more ignoble no mortal can know, 
 Than with children and parents, heart-broken with woe, 
 
 From home as an exile to fly. 
 
 Unrecompensed labour, starvation, and scorn. 
 
 The feet of the captive attend ; 
 Dishonoured his race, by rude foes overborne ; 
 From altar, from country, from kith and kin torn; 
 
 No brother, no sister, no friend. 
 
 To the field, then ! Be strong, and acquit ye like men ! 
 
 Who shall fear for his country to fall ? 
 Ye younger, in ranks firmly serried remain; 
 Ye elders, though weak, look on flight with disdain, 
 
 And honour your fatherland's call ! 
 
 E. C. R 
 
 Tyrtoeos (Tlie Spanish), Manuel Jose 
 Quintana, whose odes stimulated the 
 Spaniards to vindicate their liberty at 
 the outbreak of the "War of Indepen- 
 dence (1772-1857). 
 
 *** Who can tell the influence of such 
 odes as the Marseillaise, or some of the 
 Jacobite songs, on the spirit of a people ? 
 Even the music-hall song, "We don't 
 want to fight," almost roused the English 
 nation into a war with Russia in 1878. 
 
 Tyson (Kate), a romantic young lady, 
 who marries Frank Cheeney. — Wybert 
 Reeve, Parted. 
 
UBALDO. 
 
 1018 
 
 UL-ERIN. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ubaldo, one of the crusaders, mature 
 in age. He had visited many regions, 
 "from polar cold to Libya's burning 
 soil." He and Charles the Dane went to 
 bring back Rinaldo from the enchanted 
 castle. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (157 5) . 
 
 Ubaldo and Ricardo, two men 
 
 sent by Honoria queen of Hungary, to 
 tempt the fidelity of Sophia, because the 
 queen was in love with her husband 
 Mathias. Immediately Sophia under- 
 stood the object of their visit, she had 
 the two men confined in separate rooms, 
 where they were made to earn their food 
 bv spinning. — Massinger, The Picture 
 (1G29). 
 
 XTbe'da (Orbaneia of), a painter who 
 drew a cock so preposterously that he 
 was obliged to write under it, " This is a 
 cock," in order that the spectator might 
 know what was intended to be repre- 
 sented. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 3 
 (1615). 
 
 TJberti (Farinata Degli), a noble 
 Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline 
 faction. Dante represents him in his 
 Inferno as lying in a fiery tomb yet open 
 and not to be closed till the last judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Uberto, count d'Este, etc. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Udaller, one who holds land by allo- 
 dial tenure. Magnus Troil was a udaller, 
 in sir W. Scott's Pirate. 
 
 Tide, the most learned of cooks, 
 author of La Science de Gueide. He 
 says, " Coquus nascitur not fit." That 
 " music, dancing, fencing, painting, and 
 mechanics possess professors under 
 20 years of age, but pre-eminence in 
 cooking is never attained under 30." 
 He was premier artiste to Louis XVI., 
 then to lord Seftnn, then to the duke of 
 York, then chef de cuisine at Crockford's. 
 It is said that he quitted the earl of 
 Sefton because one of his lordship's 
 guests added pepper to his soup. He 
 was succeeded by Francatelli. 
 
 *** Vatel, we are told, committed 
 suicide (1671) during a banquet given by 
 the prince de Conde', because the lobsters 
 for the turbot sauce did not arrive in 
 time. 
 
 Udolpho {The Mysteries of), a ro- 
 mance by Mrs. Radcliffe (1790). 
 
 Ugo, natural son of Niccolo III. of 
 Ferrara. His father had for his second 
 wife Parisi'na Malatesta, between whom 
 and Ugo a criminal attachment arose. 
 When Niccolo was informed thereof, he 
 had both brought to open trial, and both 
 were condemned to suffer death by the 
 common headsman. — Frizzi, History of 
 Ferrara. 
 
 Ugoli/no, count of Gheradesca, a 
 leader of the Guelphi in Pisa. He was 
 raised to the highest honours, but the 
 archbishop Ruggie'ri incited the Pisans 
 against him, his castle was attacked, two 
 of his grandsons fell in the assault, and 
 the count himself, Avith his two sons and 
 two surviving grandsons, were imprisoned 
 in the tower of the Gualandi, on the 
 Piazza of the Anziani. Being locked in, 
 the dungeon key was flung into the Arno, 
 and all food was withheld from them. 
 On the fourth day, his son Gaddo died, 
 and by the sixth day little Anselm with 
 the two grandchildren "fell one by one." 
 Last of all the count died also (1288), 
 and the dungeon was ever after called 
 " The Tower of Famine." 
 
 Dante has introduced this story in his 
 Inferno, and represents Ugolino as de- 
 vouring most voraciously the head of 
 Ruggieri, while frozen in the lake of ice. 
 
 Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, 
 makes the monk briefly tell this sad 
 story, and calls the count "Hugeline of 
 Pise." 
 
 Oh thou Pisa, shame ! . . . What if fame 
 Reported that thy cistles were betrayed 
 By Ugolino, yet no right hadst thou 
 To stretch his children on the rack . . . 
 Their tender years . . . uncapable of guilt. 
 
 Dantfi, HeU, xxxiii. (1300). 
 
 Remember Ugolino condescends 
 To eat the head of his arch-enemy 
 The moment after he politely ends 
 His tale. 
 
 Byron, Bon Juan, ii. 83 (1819;. 
 
 TJlad, Ulster. 
 
 When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping in gore. 
 
 T. Moore, Jrish Melodies, iv. (" Avenging 
 and Bright . . ." 1814). 
 
 TJla'nia, queen of Islanda. She sent 
 a golden shield to Charlemagne, to be 
 given as a prize to his bravest knight, 
 and whoever won it might claim the 
 donor in marriage. — Ariosto, Orlando 
 Furioso, xv. (1516). 
 
 TJl-Erin, the guiding star of Ireland. 
 
 When night came down, I struck at times the warning 
 doss. I struck and looked on high for fiery-haired Ul- 
 Erin ; nor absent was the star of heaven ; it travelled red 
 between the clouds. — Ossian, Teraora, iv. 
 
ULFIN. 
 
 1049 
 
 ULYSSES. 
 
 Ulfin, the page of Gondibert's grand- 
 sire, and the faithful Achates of Gondi- 
 bert's father. He cured Gondibert by a 
 cordial kept in his sword hilt. — Sir W. 
 Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 
 
 Ulien's Son, Rodomont. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Ulin, an enchantress, who had no 
 power over those who remained faithful 
 to Allah and their duty ; but if any fell 
 into error or sin, she had full power to do 
 as she liked. Thus, when Misnar (sultan 
 of India) mistrusted the protection of 
 Allah, she transformed him into a toad. 
 When the vizier Horam believed a false 
 report, obviously untrue, she trans- 
 formed him also into a toad. And 
 when the princess Hemjunah, to avoid 
 a marriage projected by her father, 
 ran away with a stranger, her indiscre- 
 tion placed her in the power of the en- 
 chantress, who transformed her likewise 
 into a toad. Ulin was ultimately killed 
 by Misnar sultan of Delhi, who felled 
 her to the ground with a blow. — Sir C. 
 Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii, 
 vi., viii. (1751). 
 
 Ullin, Fingal's aged bard, called "the 
 sweet voice of resounding Cona." 
 
 Ullin, the Irish name for Ulster. 
 
 He pursued the chase on Ullin, on the moss-covered tip 
 of Drumardo. — Ossian, Temora, ii. 
 
 Ullin's Daughter (Lord), a young 
 lady who eloped with the chief of Ulva's 
 Isle, and induced a boatman to row them 
 over Lochgyle during a storm. The boat 
 was capsized just as lord Ullin and his 
 retinue reached the shore. He saw the 
 peril, he cried in agony, "Come back, 
 come back ! and I'll forgive your High- 
 land chief ; " but it was too late, the 
 " waters wild rolled o'er his child, and 
 he was left lamenting." — Campbell, Lord 
 Ullin's Laughter (a ballad). 
 
 Ul-Lochlin, the guiding star of 
 Lochlin or Scandinavia. — Ossian, Cath- 
 Loda, ii. 
 
 Ulric, son of Werner (i.e. count of 
 Siegendorf). With the help of Gabor, 
 he saved the count of Stral'enheim from 
 the Oder ; but murdered him afterwards 
 for the wrongs he had done his father 
 and himself, especially in seeking to 
 oust them of the princely inheritance of 
 Siegendorf. — Byron, Werner (1822). 
 
 Ulri'ca, in Charles XLL, by J. R. 
 Planche (1826). 
 
 Ulri'ca, a girl of great beauty and 
 noble determination of character, natural 
 daughter of Ernest de Fridberg. Dressed 
 in the clothes of Herman (the deaf and 
 dumb jailer-lad), she gets access to the 
 dungeon where her father is confined as 
 a " prisoner of State," and contrives his 
 escape, but he is recaptured. Where- 
 upon Christine (a young woman in the 
 service of the countess Marie) goes 
 direct to Frederick II. and obtains his 
 pardon. — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
 State (1847). 
 
 Ulri'ca, alias Martha, mother of 
 Bertha the betrothed of Hereward 
 (3 syl.).— Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Ulri'c-a, daughter of the late thane of 
 Torquilstone ; alias Dame Urfried, an old 
 sibyl at Torquilstone Castle. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Ulster (The kings of). The kings of 
 Ulster were called 6'Neil ; those of Mini- 
 ster, O'Brien ; of Connaught, O'Connor ; of 
 Leinster, MacMorrough ; and of Meath, 
 O'Melaghlin. 
 
 Ul'tima Thule (2 syl.), the ex- 
 tremity of the world ; the most northern 
 point known to the ancient Romans. 
 Pliny and others say it is Iceland ; Cam- 
 den says it is Shetland. It is the Gothic 
 tiule ("the most remote land"). 
 
 Tibi serviat ultima ThulS. 
 
 Virgil, Georgia, i. 30. 
 
 Ultimus Romano'rum, Horace 
 Walpole (1717-1797). 
 
 Ulvfagre, the fierce Dane, who mas- 
 sacred the Culdees of Io'na, and having 
 bound Aodh in iron, carried hinf to the 
 church, demanding of him where he had 
 concealed the church treasures. At that 
 moment a mysterious gigantic figure in 
 white appeared, and, taking Ulvfagre by 
 the arm, led him to the statue of St. 
 Columb, which instantly fell on him and 
 killed him. 
 
 The tottering image was dashed 
 Down from its lofty pedestal ; 
 On Ulvfagre's helm it crashed. 
 Helmet, and skiril, and flesh, and brain, 
 It crushed as millstones crush the grain. 
 
 Campbell, ReuUwra. 
 
 Ulysses, a corrupt form of Odusseus 
 [O.dus'.suce], the king of Ithaca. He 
 is one of the chief heroes in Homer's 
 Lliad, and the chief hero of the Odyssey. 
 Homer represents him as being craftily 
 wise and full of devices. Virgil ascribes 
 
ULYSSES AND POLYPHEMOS. 1050 ULYSSES OF THE HIGHLANDS. 
 
 to him the invention of the Wooden 
 Horse. 
 
 Ulysses was very unwilling to join the 
 expedition to Troy, and pretended to be 
 mad. Thus, when Palamedes came to 
 summon him to the war, he was sowing 
 salt instead of barley. 
 
 Ulysses's Bow. Only Ulysses could 
 draw this bow, and he could shoot an 
 arrow from it through twelve rings. 
 
 William the Conqueror had a bow 
 which no arm but his own could bend. 
 
 Robin Hood's bow could be bent by 
 no hand but his own. 
 
 * + * Statius says that no one but Ka- 
 paneus \_Kap' .a.nuce] could poise his 
 spear : 
 
 His cypress spear with steel encircled shone, 
 Not to be poised but by his hand alone. 
 
 Thebaid, v. 
 
 Ulysses's Dog, Argus, which recognized 
 his master after an absence of twenty 
 years. (See Theron, king Roderick's 
 dog, p. 991.) 
 
 Ulysses and Polyphemos. 
 
 Ulysses and his crew, having reached 
 the island of Sicily, strayed into the cave 
 of Polyphemos, the giant Cyclops. Soon 
 as the monster returned and saw the 
 strangers, he seized two of them, and, 
 having dashed out their brains, made his 
 supper off them, "nor entrails left, nor 
 yet their marrowy bones ; " then stretched 
 he his huge carcase on the floor, and went 
 to sleep. Next morning, he caught up 
 two others, devoured them for his break- 
 fast, then stalked forth into the open air, 
 driving his flocks before him. At sun- 
 down he returned, seized other two for 
 his supper, and after quaffing three bowls 
 of Avine, fell asleep. Then it was that 
 Ulysse* bored out the giant's eye with a 
 green olive stake heated in the fire. The 
 monster roared with pain, and after 
 searching in vain to seize some of his 
 tormentors, removed the rock from the 
 mouth of the cave to let out his goats 
 and sheep. Ulysses and his companions 
 escaped at the same time b3 r attaching 
 themselves to the bellies of the sheep, 
 and made for their ship. Polyphemos 
 hurled rocks at the vessel, and nearly 
 succeeded in sinking it, but the fugitives 
 made good their flight, and the blinded 
 monster was left lamenting. — Homer, 
 Odyssey, ix. 
 
 *** An extraordinary parallel to this 
 tale is told in the third voyage of Sind- 
 bad the sailor. Sindbad's vessel was 
 driven by a tempest to an island of pyg- 
 mies, and advancing into the interior the 
 
 crew came to a "high palace," into 
 which they entered. At sundown came 
 home the giant, "tall as a palm tree ; 
 and in the middle of his forehead was 
 one eye, red and fiery as a burning coal." 
 Soon as he saw the intruders, he caught 
 up the fattest of them and roasted him 
 for his supper, then lay down to sleep, 
 and " snored louder than thunder." At 
 daybreak he left the palace, but at night 
 returned, and made his meal off another 
 of the crew. This was repeated a third 
 night, but while the monster slept, 
 Sindbad, with a red-hot spit, scooped out 
 his eye. " The pain he suffered made 
 him groan hideously," and he fumbled 
 about the place to catch some of his tor- 
 mentors "on whom to glut his rage;" 
 but not succeeding in this, he left the 
 palace, "bellowing with pain." Sind- 
 bad and the rest lost no time in making 
 for the sea ; but scarcely had they pushed 
 off their rafts when the giant approached 
 with many others, and hurled huge stones 
 at the fugitives. Some of them even 
 ventured into the sea up to their waists, 
 and every raft was sunk except the one 
 on which Sindbad and two of his com- 
 panions made their escape. — Arabian 
 Wights ("Sindbad the Sailor," third 
 voyage). 
 
 Another similar tale occurs in the 
 Basque legends, in which the giant's 
 name is Tartaro, and his eye was bored 
 out with spits made red hot. As in the 
 previous instances, some seamen had 
 inadvertently wandered into the giant's 
 dwelling, and Tartaro had banqueted on 
 three of them, when his eye was scooped 
 out by the leader. This man, like 
 Ulysses, made his escape by means of 
 a ram, but, instead of clinging to the 
 ram's belly, he fastened round his neck 
 the ram's bell, and threw over his back a 
 sheep-skin. When Tartaro laid his hand 
 on the skin, the man left it behind and 
 made good his escape. 
 
 That all these tales are borrowed from 
 one source none can doubt. The Iliad of 
 Homer had been translated into Syriac by 
 Theophilus Edessenes, a Christian Ma- 
 ronite monk of mount Libanus, during 
 the caliphate of Harun-ur-Rashid (a.p. 
 786-809). — See Motes and Queries, April 
 19, 1879. 
 
 Ulysses of Brandenburg (T7ie), 
 Albert III. elector of Brandenburg, also 
 called "The German Achilles" (1414- 
 1486). 
 
 Ulysses of the Highlands (The), 
 sir Evan Cameron, lord of Lochiel 
 
UMBRA. 
 
 1051 
 
 UNDINE. 
 
 [Lok.keel'~\, and surnamed " The Black " 
 (died 1719). 
 
 %* It was the son of sir Evan -who 
 was called " The Gentle Lochiel." 
 
 Unibra (Obsequious), in Garth's Dis- 
 pensary, is meant for Dr. Gould (1699). 
 
 Umbriel' (2 syl.), the tutelar angel 
 of Thomas the apostle, once a Saddvicee, 
 and always hard of conviction. — Klop- 
 stock, The Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Umbriel [Um.breel'], a sprite whom 
 Spleen supplies with a bagful of " sighs, 
 sobs, and cross words," and a vialful of 
 " soft sorrows, melting grief, and flowing 
 tears." When the baron cuts off Belinda's 
 lock of hair, Umbriel breaks the vial 
 over her, and Belinda instantly begins 
 sighing and sobbing, chiding, Aveeping, 
 and pouting. — Pope, Rape of the Lock 
 (1712). 
 
 Umbriel, a dusky, melancholy sprite 
 
 As ever sullied the fair face of light, 
 
 Down to the central earth, his proper scene. 
 
 Repaired, to search the gloomy cave of Spleen. 
 
 Canto iv. 13, etc. 
 
 TJ'na, truth ; so called because truth 
 is one. She goes, leading a lamb and 
 riding on a white ass, to the court of 
 Gloriana, to crave that one of her knights 
 might undertake to slay the dragon 
 which kept her father and mother 
 prisoners. The adventure is accorded to 
 the Red Cross Knight, and the two start 
 forth together. A storm compels them 
 to seek shelter in a forest, and when the 
 storm abates they get into Wandering 
 Wood, where they are induced by Archi- 
 mago to sleep in his cell. A vision is 
 sent to the knight, which causes him to 
 quit the cell, and Una, not a little sur- 
 prised at this discourtesy, goes in search 
 of him. In her wanderings she is 
 caressed by a lion, who becomes her 
 attendant. After many adventures, she 
 finds St. George "the Red Cross Knight ; " 
 he had slain the dragon, though not 
 without many a fell wound ; so Una 
 takes him to the house of Holiness, where 
 he is carefully nursed ; and then leads 
 him to Eden, where they are united in 
 marriage. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 
 (1590). 
 
 Una, one of Flora M 'Ivor's attend- 
 ants. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Unadorned Adorned the Most. 
 
 . . . loveliness 
 U eeds not the foreign aid of ornament, 
 But is, when unadorned, adorned the most 
 Thomson, Seawns ["Autumn; Lavinia," 1730). 
 
 Uncas, son of Chingaehcook, sur- 
 named "Deer-foot." — F. Cooper, Last of 
 the Mohicans ; The Pathfinder ; and The 
 Pioneer. 
 
 Unborn Doctor (TJie), of Moor- 
 fields. Not being born a doctor, he 
 called himself " The Un-born Doctor." 
 
 Uncle Sam, the United States 
 Government ; so called from Samuel 
 Wilson, one of the inspectors of pro- 
 visions in the American War of Inde- 
 pendence. Samuel Wilson was called by 
 his workmen and others "Uncle Sam," 
 and the goods which bore the contractor's 
 initials, E'A. U'S. (meaning " Elbert 
 Anderson, United States "), were read 
 "Elbert Anderson," and "Uncle Sam." 
 The joke was too good to die, and Uncle 
 Sam became svnonvmous with U.S. 
 (United States). " 
 
 Uncle Toby, a captain who had been 
 wounded at the siege of Namur, and had 
 been dismissed the service on half-pay. 
 Most kind and benevolent, modest and 
 simple-minded, but brave and firm in his 
 own opinions. His gallantry towards 
 Widow Wadman is exquisite for its 
 modesty and chivalry. Uncle Toby re- 
 tains his military tastes and camp habits 
 to the last. — Sterne, Tlxe Life and Opinions 
 of Tristram, Shandy, Gentleman (1759). 
 
 But what shall I say to thee, thou quintessence of the 
 milk of human kindness, . . . thou master of the best of 
 corporals, . . . thou high and only final Christian gentle- 
 man, . . . divine uncle Toby? .... He who created 
 thee was the wisest man since the days of Shakespeare 
 himself. — Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Uncle Tom, a negro slave of un- 
 affected piety, and most faithful in the 
 discharge of all his duties. His master, a 
 humane man, becomes embarrassed in his 
 affairs, and sells him to a slave-dealer. 
 After passing through various hands, and 
 suffering intolerable cruelties, he dies. — 
 Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin 
 (1852). 
 
 *** The original of this character was 
 the negro slave subsequently ordained 
 and called "the Rev. J. Henson." He 
 was in London 1876, 1877, took part in 
 several religious services, and was even 
 presented to her majesty queen Victoria. 
 
 Undine [Oon-deeri], a water-sylph, 
 who was in early childhood changed for 
 the young child of a fisherman living on 
 a peninsula near an enchanted forest. 
 One day, sir Huldbrand took shelter in 
 the fisherman's hut, fell in love with 
 Undine, and married her. Being thus 
 united to a man, the sylph received a soul. 
 
UNGRATEFUL BIRD. 
 
 1052 
 
 URANIA. 
 
 Not long after the wedding, sir Huld- 
 brand returned homeward, but stopped 
 awhile in the city which lay on the other 
 Bide of the forest, and met there Bertalda, 
 a beautiful but haughty lady, whom they 
 invited to go with them to their home, 
 the Castle Ringstettin. For a time the 
 knight was troubled with visions, but 
 Undine had the mouth of a well closed 
 up, and thus prevented the water-sprites 
 from getting into the castle. In time, the 
 knight neglected his wife and became 
 attached to Bertalda, who was in reality 
 the changeling. One day, sailing on the 
 Danube, the knight rebuked Undine in 
 his anger, and immediately she was 
 snatched away by sister sylphs to her 
 water home. Not long after, the knight 
 proposed to Bertalda, and the wedding 
 day arrived. Bertalda requested her maid 
 to bring her some water from the well ; 
 so the cover was removed, Undine rose 
 from the upheaving water, went to the 
 chamber of sir Huldbrand, kissed him, 
 and he died. They buried him, and a 
 silver stream bubbled round his grave 5 
 it was Undine who thus embraced him, 
 true in life and faithful in death. — De la 
 Motte Fouque, Undine (1807). 
 
 * + * This romance is founded on a tale 
 by Theophrastus Paracelsus, in his Treatise 
 on Elemental Sprites. 
 
 Ungrateful Bird {The). The pe- 
 wit or green plover is so called in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 The green plover or pewit ... is called " the ungrate- 
 ful bird," for that it comes to Scotland to breed, and then 
 returns to England with its young to feed the enemy. — 
 Captain Burt, Letters from tne Xorth of Scotland (1726). 
 
 Ungrateful Guest (The), a soldier 
 in the army of Philip of MacSdon, who 
 had been hospitably entertained by a 
 villager. Being asked by the king what 
 he could give him in reward of his 
 services, the fellow requested he might 
 have the farm and cottage of his late 
 host. Philip, disgusted at such baseness, 
 had him branded with the words, The 
 Ungrateful Guest. 
 
 U'nicorn. The unicorn and lion 
 are always like cat and dog, and as soon 
 as a lion sees his enemy he betakes him 
 to a tree. The unicorn, in his blind fury 
 running pell-mell at his foe, darts his 
 horn fast into the tree, and then the lion 
 falls upon him and devours him. — Gesner, 
 Histories Animal ium (1551-87). 
 
 Wert thou the unicorn, pride and wrath would con- 
 found thee, and make thine own self the conquest of thy 
 fury.— Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, iv. 3 (K?u9). 
 
 Unique (The), Jean Paul Richter, 
 
 whose romances are quite unique and 
 belong to no school (1763-1825). 
 
 Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille 
 (1114-1203). 
 
 *** Sometimes Thomas Aquinas is also 
 called Doctor Universalis (1224-1274). 
 
 Unknown (The Great), sir "Walter 
 Scott, who published the Waverley novels 
 anonymously (1771-1832). 
 
 Unlearned Parliament (The). 
 The parliament convened by Henry IV. 
 at Coventry, in Warwickshire (1404), was 
 so called because lawyers were excluded 
 from it. 
 
 Unlieked Bear, a lout, a cub. It 
 used to be thought that the bear brought 
 forth only a shapeless mass of flesh, 
 which she licked into shape and life after 
 birth. 
 
 Like to a chaos, or an unlieked bear-whelp, 
 That carries no impression like the dam. 
 
 Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act ill. sc 2 (1595). 
 
 Unlucky Possessions, the gold of 
 Nibelungen and the gold of Tolosa (p. 
 391), Graysteel (p. 402), Harmonia's 
 necklace (p. 425), Sherborne, in Dorset- 
 shire (p. 903), etc. 
 
 Unready (The), Ethelred II. (*, 978 - 
 1016). 
 
 *** " Unready " does not mean "never 
 ready or prepared," but lacking rede, i.e. 
 "wisdom, judgment, or kingcraft." 
 
 Unreason (The abbot of), or Father 
 Howleglas, one of the masquers at 
 Kennaquhair. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Unwashed (The G?-eat), the common 
 people. It was Burke who first applied 
 this term to the artizan class. 
 
 Upholsterer (The), a farce by 
 Murphy (1758). Abraham Quidnunc, 
 upholsterer, in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 
 being crazed with politics, so neglects 
 his business for the affairs of Europe, 
 that he becomes a bankrupt ; but at this 
 crisis his son John, who had married 
 the widow of a rich planter, returns from 
 the West Indies, pays off his father's 
 debts, and places him in a position where 
 he may indulge his love for politics with- 
 out hampering himself with business. 
 
 Ura'nia, sister of Astrophel (sir Philip 
 Sidney), is the countess of Pembroke. 
 
 Urania, sister unto Astrophel, 
 In whose brave mind, as in a golden coffer, 
 All heavenly gifts and riches locked are, 
 More rich than pearls of Ind. 
 Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595). 
 
 Ura'nia, daughter of the king of Sicily, 
 
URANIAN VENUS. 
 
 1053 
 
 URSA MAJOR. 
 
 who fell in love with sir Guy (eldest son 
 of St. George, the patron saint of England). 
 • — R. Johnson, The Seven Champions, etc., 
 iii. 2 (1617). 
 
 Ura'nian Venus, i.e. "Celestial 
 Venus," the patroness of chaste and pure 
 love. 
 
 Venus pandemos or popularis is the 
 Venus of the animal -passion called 
 "love." 
 
 Venus etaira or arnica is the Venus of 
 criminal sensuality. 
 
 The seal was Cupid bent above a scroll, 
 And o'er his head Uranian Venus hung 
 And raised the blinding bandage from his eyes. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, i. (1830). 
 
 Urban (Sylvdnus), the hypothetical 
 editor of The Gentleman's Magazine. 
 
 In the summer of 1825 I had apartments in the Kue 
 Verte, Brussels. My locataire . . . a M. Urbain . . . 
 informed me that he was of lineal descent from an 
 Englishman of that name, . . . whose prsenomen was 
 "Sylvain." — See Jfotes and Qtieries. 
 
 Urchin, a hedgehog, a mischievous 
 little fellow, a dwarf, an imp. 
 
 We'll dress like urchins. 
 Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act iv. sc. 4 (1596). 
 
 Ureus, the Egyptian snake, crowned 
 with a mitre, and typical of heaven. 
 
 Urfried {Dame), an old sibyl at Tor- 
 quilstone Castle ; alias Ulrica, daughter of 
 the late thane of Torquilstone. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Urgan, a human child stolen by the 
 king of the fairies, and brought up in 
 elf-land. He was sent to lay on lord 
 Richard the " curse of the sleepless eye " 
 for killing his wife's brother. Then, 
 said the dwarf to Alice Brand (the wife 
 of lord Richard), "if any woman will 
 sign my brow thrice with a cross, I shall 
 resume my proper form." Alice signed 
 him thrice, and Urgan became at once 
 "the fairest knight in all Scotland," and 
 Alice recognized in him her own brother 
 Ethert. — Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, 
 iv. 12 (1810). 
 
 Urganda, a potent fairy in the 
 Amddis de Gaul and other romances of 
 tne Carlovingian cycle. 
 
 This Urganda seemed to be aware of her own im- 
 portance.— Smollett. 
 
 Ur'gel, one of Charlemagne's pala- 
 dins, famous for his enormous strength. 
 
 U'riel (3 syl.) or Israfil, the angel 
 who is to sound the resurrection trumpet. 
 —Al Koran. 
 
 Uriel, one of the seven great spirits, 
 Whose station was in the sun. The word 
 
 means "God's light" (see 2 Esdras iv., 
 v., x. 28). 
 
 The archangel Uriel, one of the seven 
 
 Who in God's presence, nearest to His throne, 
 
 Stand ready at command. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 648, etc. (1665). 
 
 *** Longfellow calls him " the minister 
 of Mars," and says that he inspires man 
 with "fortitude to bear the brunt and 
 suffering of life." — The Golden Legend, 
 iii. (1851). 
 
 U'rien, the foster-father of prince 
 Madoc. He followed the prince to his 
 settlement in North America, south of 
 the Missouri (twelfth century). — Southey, 
 Madoc (1805). 
 
 Urim, in Garth's Dispensary, is de- 
 signed for Dr. Atterbury. 
 
 Urim was civil and not void of sense, 
 Had humour and courteous confidence, . . . 
 Constant at feasts, and each decorum knew,; 
 And soon as the dessert appeared, withdrew. 
 
 The Dispensary, L (1699). 
 
 Urim and Thummim was the 
 
 "stone" which gave light in the ark. 
 Our version says that God commanded 
 Noah to make a window, but the transla- 
 tion should be "to make a light." — See 
 Paracelsus, Urim and Thummim. 
 
 Urim and Thummim, the spectacles 
 given by an angel to Joseph Smith, to 
 enable him to read the revelation written 
 in "reformed Egyptian" on the plates 
 hidden at the foot of a mountain in 
 Ontario. These spectacles are described 
 as " two transparent stones set in the rim 
 on a bow fastened to a breastplate." 
 Smith deciphered the plates, and Oliver 
 Cowdery took down the words, " because 
 Smith was no scholar." 
 
 Urra'ca, sister of Sancho II. of 
 Castile, and queen of Zamora. — Pocma 
 del Cid Campeador (1128). 
 
 Urre (Sir), one of the knights of the 
 Round Table. Being wounded, the king 
 and his chief knights tried on him the 
 effect of "handling the wounds" (i.e. 
 touching them to heal them), but failed. 
 At last, sir Launcelot was invited to try, 
 and as he touched the wounds they 
 severally healed. — Arthurian Romance. 
 
 Urrie (Sir John), a parliamentary 
 leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
 rose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Ursa Major, Calisto, daughter of 
 Lycaon, violated by Jupiter, and con- 
 verted by Juno into a bear ; whereupon the 
 king of gods and men placed her in the 
 Zodiac as a constellation. The Great 
 Bear is also called " Hellice " (see p. 80), 
 
URSA MAJOR. 
 
 1054 
 
 USELESS PARLIAMENT. 
 
 Ursa Ifajor. Dr. Johnson was so called 
 by Boswell's father (1709-1784). 
 
 My father's opinion of Dr. Johnson may be conjectured 
 from the name he afterwards gave him, which was " Ursa 
 Major ; " but it is not true, as has been reported, that it 
 was in consequence of my saying that he was a constella- 
 tion of genius and literature.— Boswell (1791). 
 
 Ursa Minor, also called Cynosura 
 ("the dog's tail"), from its circular 
 sweep. The pole-star is o in the tail. 
 
 " Why, Tom, your wife's a perfect star ; 
 
 In truth, no woman's finer." 
 Says Tom, ''Your simile is just, 
 
 My wife's an Ursa Minor." 
 
 The Eaglet (1827). 
 
 Ursel (Zedehias), the imprisoned rival 
 of the emperor Alexius Comnenus of 
 Greece. — Sir W. Scctt, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 XJr'sula, mother of Elsie, and wife of 
 Gottlieb [GotJeeb], a cottage farmer of 
 Bavaria. — Hartmann von der Aue, Poor 
 Henry (twelfth century) ; Longfellow, 
 Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 Ur'sula, a gentlewoman attending on 
 Hero. — Shakespeare, Much Ado about 
 Nothing (1600). 
 
 Ur'sula, a silly old duenna, vain of her 
 saraband dancing ; though not fair yet 
 fat and fully forty. Don Diego leaves 
 Leonora under her charge, but Leander 
 soon finds that a little flattery and a few 
 gold pieces will put the dragon to sleep, 
 and leave him free of the garden of his 
 Hesperides. — I. Bickerstaff, The Padlock 
 (1768). 
 
 Ursula (Sister), a disguise assumed at 
 St. Bride's by the lady Margaret de Haut- 
 lieu. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
 (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Ur'sula (Saint), daughter of Dianotus 
 king of Cornwall ( brother and successor 
 of Caradoc king of Cornwall). She was 
 asked in marriage by Conan [Meriadoc] 
 of Armorica or Little Britain. Going to 
 France with her maidens, the princess 
 was driven by adverse -winds to Cologne, 
 where she and " her 11,000 virgins " Avere 
 martyred by the Huns and Picts (Octo- 
 ber 21, 237). Visitors to Cologne are 
 still shown piles of skulls and bones 
 heaped in the Avail, faced with glass, 
 which the verger asserts to be the relics 
 of the martyred virgins ; but, like Iphis, 
 they must have changed their sex since 
 death, for most undoubtedly many of the 
 bones are those of men and boys. — See 
 Geoffrey, British History, v. 15, 16. 
 
 A calendar in the Freisingen Codex 
 notices them as " SS. XI. M. VIR- 
 GLNUM," i.e. "eleven holy virgin mar- 
 
 tyrs ; " but, by making the "M" intc 
 a Roman figure equal 1000, Ave hav« 
 XIM = 11,000 ; soiiic = 300. 
 
 Ursula is the Swabian ursul or horsel 
 ("the moon"), and, if this solution is 
 accepted, then the "virgins who bore her 
 company " are the stars. Ursul is the 
 Scandinavian Hulda. 
 
 Those who assert the legend to be 
 based on a fact, have supplied the folkvvv- 
 ing names as the most noted of the 
 A'irgins, and, as there are but eleven 
 given, it favours the Freisingen Codex: 
 — (1) Ursula, (2) Sencia or Sentia, (3) 
 Gregoria, (4) Pinnosa, (5) Martha, (6) 
 Saula, (7) Brittola, (8) Saturnina, (9) 
 Rabacia, Sabatia, or Sambatia, (10) Sa- 
 turia or Saturnia, and (11) Palladia. 
 
 In 1837 Avas celebrated Avith great 
 splendour the sixteenth centenary "ju- 
 bilee of their passion." 
 
 Bright Ursula the third, who undertook to guide 
 
 The eleven thousand maids to Little Britain sent, 
 
 By seas and bloody men devoured as they went ; 
 
 Of which we find these four have been for saints preferred, 
 
 And with their leader still do live encalendered : 
 
 St. Agnes, Cor'dula, Odillia, Florence, which 
 
 AVith wondrous sumptuous shrines those ages did enricn 
 
 At Cullen. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622)i 
 
 Use of Pests. David once said he 
 could not imagine why a wise deity 
 should have created such things as spiders, 
 idiots, and mosquitos ; but his life shoAved 
 they Avere all useful to him at any rate. 
 Thus, when he fled from Saul, a spider 
 spun its Aveb at the mouth of the cave, 
 and Saul, feeling assured that the fugi- 
 tive could not have entered the cave 
 Avithout breaking the Aveb, passed on 
 Avithout further search. Again, Avhen he 
 was taken captive before the king of 
 Gath, he feigned idiocy, and the king 
 dismissed him, for he could not believe 
 such a driveller could be the great 
 champion Avho had slain Goliath. Once 
 more, when he entered into the tent of 
 Saul, as he Avas craAvling along, Abner, 
 in his sleep, tossed his legs over him. 
 David could not stir, but a mosquito 
 happened to bite the leg of the sleeper, 
 and, Abner shifting it, enabled David 
 to effect his escape. — The Talmud. (See 
 Virgil's Gnat, p. 1071.) 
 
 Used Up, an English version of 
 LHomrne Blase", of Felix Auguste Du- 
 A-ert, in conjunction Avith Auguste The'o- 
 dore de Lauzanne. Charles MathcA\d 
 made this dramatic trifle popular in 
 England. — Boucicault, Used Up (1845). 
 
 Useless Parliament (Tlie), the 
 first parliament held in the reign of 
 
USNACH. 
 
 1055 
 
 VAFPJNO. 
 
 Charles I. (June 18, 1625). It was ad- 
 journed to Oxford in August, and dis- 
 solved twelve days afterwards. 
 
 Usnacli or Usna. Conor king of 
 Ulster put to death by treachery the 
 three sons of Usnach. This led to the 
 desolating war against Ulster, which 
 terminated in the total destruction of 
 Euan. This is one of the three tragic 
 stories of the ancient Irish. The other two 
 are The Death of the Children of Touran, 
 and The Death of the Children of Lit. 
 
 Avenging and bright falls the swift sword of Erin 
 
 On him who the brave sons of Usna betrayed ! . . . 
 By the red cloud that hung over Conor's dark dwelling 
 
 When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping in gore . . . 
 We sweax to avenge them. 
 
 T. Moore, Irish Melodies, iv. ("Avenging 
 and Bright ..." 1814). 
 
 Uta, queen of Burgundy, mother of 
 Kriemhild and Gilnther. — The Nibelun- 
 gen Lied (twelfth century). 
 
 Utlia, the " white-bosom ed daughter 
 of Herman." She dwelt "by Thano's 
 stream," and was beloved by Frothal. 
 "When Fingal was about to slay Frothal, 
 she interposed and saved his life. — Ossian, 
 Carric-lliura. 
 
 Uthal, son of Larthmor petty king of 
 Berrathon (a Scandinavian island). He 
 dethroned his father, and, being very 
 handsome, was beloved by Nina-Tho'ma 
 (daughter of a neighbouring prince), who 
 eloped with him. Uthal proved incon- 
 stant, and, confining Kina-Thoma in a 
 desert island, fixed his affections on 
 another. In the mean time, Ossian and 
 Toscar arrived at Berrathon. A fight 
 ensued, in which Uthal was slain in 
 single combat, and Larthmor restored to 
 his throne. Nina-Thoma was also re- 
 leased, but all her ill treatment could 
 not lessen her deep love, and when she 
 heard of the death of Uthal she languished 
 and died. — Ossian, Berrathon. 
 
 Uthal or Cuthal, one of the Orkneys. 
 ■ — Ossian, Oithona. 
 
 " The dark chief of Cuthal " (the same 
 as " Dunrommath lord of Uthal "). 
 
 Uther or Utek, pendragon or war- 
 chief of the Britons. He married Igerna 
 widow of Gorlois, and was by her the 
 father of Arthur and Anne. This Arthur 
 was the famous hero who instituted the 
 knights of the Bound Table. — Geoffrev, 
 History of Britain, viii. 20 (1142). 
 
 Uthorno, a bay of Denmark, into 
 which Fingal was driven by stress of 
 weather. It was near the residence of 
 
 Starno king of Lochlin (Denmark).— 
 Ossian, Cath-Loda, i. 
 
 Uto'pia, a political romance by sir 
 Thomas More. 
 
 The word means "nowhere" (Greek, 
 ou-topos). It is an imaginary island, 
 where everything is perfect — the laws, the 
 politics, the morals, the institutions, etc. 
 The author, by contrast, shows the evils 
 of existing laws. Carlyle, in his Sartor 
 Besartus, has a place called "Weissnicht- 
 wo " [ Vice-neckt-vo, ' ' I know not where "] . 
 The Scotch " Kennaquhair " means the 
 same thing (1524). 
 
 Adoam describes to Telemachus the 
 country of Be'tique (in Spain) as a Uto- 
 pia. — Fenelon, Telemaque, viii. 
 
 Utopia, the kingdom of Grangousier. 
 " Parting from Me'damoth, Pantag'ruel 
 sailed with a northerly wind and passed 
 Me'dam, Gel'asem, and the Fairy Isles ; 
 then, keeping Uti to the left and Uden to 
 the right, he ran into the port of Utopia, 
 distant about 3| leagues from the city of 
 the Amaurots." 
 
 *** Parting from Medamoth ("from 
 no place"), he passed Medam ("no- 
 where"), Gelasem ("hidden land"), etc. ; 
 keeping to the left Uti ("nothing at 
 all ") and to the right Uden ("nothing "), 
 he entered the port of Utopia ("no 
 place"), distant 3£ leagues from Amauros 
 (" the vanishing point "). — See Maps for 
 the Blind, published by Nemo and Co., 
 of Weissnichtwo. 
 
 (These maps were engraved by Outis 
 and Son, and are very rare.) 
 
 Uzziel [Uz'.zeeT], the next in com- 
 mand to Gabriel. The word means ' ' God'a 
 strength." — Milton, Baradise Lost, iv, 
 782 (1665). 
 
 Vadius, a grave and heavy pedant. — 
 
 Moliere, Les Femmes Sav-antes (1672). 
 
 *** The model of this character was 
 Menage, an ecclesiastic noted for his wit 
 and learning. 
 
 Vafri'no, Tancred's 'squire, practised 
 in all disguises, and learned in all the 
 Eastern languages. He was sent as a spy 
 
VAINLOVE. 
 
 1056 
 
 VALENTINE AND ORSON. 
 
 to the Egyptian camp. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
 Delivered (1575). 
 
 Vain'love, a gay young man about 
 town. — Congreve, The Old Bachelor 
 (1693). 
 
 "Valantia (Count), betrothed to the 
 marchioness Merida, whom he "loved to 
 distraction till he found that she doted 
 on him, and this discovery cloyed his 
 passion." He is light, inconsiderate, un- 
 principled, and vain. For a time he 
 intrigues with Amantis " the child of 
 Nature," but when Amantis marries the 
 marquis Almanza, the count says to 
 Merida she shall be his wife if she will 
 promise not to love him. — Mrs. Inchbald, 
 Child of Nature. (See Thenot, p. 990.) 
 
 Valclusa, the famous retreat of 
 Petrarch (father of Italian poetry) and 
 his mistress Laura, a lady of Avignon. 
 
 At last the Muses rose . . . from fair Valclusa's bowers. 
 Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744). 
 
 Valdarno or Vol d'Arno, the valley 
 of the Arno, in which Florence is situated. 
 
 . . . from the top of Fesole [m Tuscany] 
 Or in Valdarno. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, 1. 293, etc. (1065). 
 
 Valdes (2 syl.) and Cornelius, 
 
 friends of Dr. Faustus, who instruct him 
 in magic, and induce him to sell his soul 
 that he may have a "spirit" to wait on 
 him for twentv-four years. — C. Marlowe, 
 Dr. Faustus (1589). 
 
 Valence (Sir Aymer de), lieutenant 
 of sir John de Walton governor of Doug- 
 las Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
 gerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Valentia. The southern part of Scot- 
 land was so called in compliment to 
 Valens the Roman emperor. 
 
 Valenti'na, daughter of the conte 
 di San Bris governor of the Louvre. She 
 was betrothed to the conte di Nevers, but 
 loved Raoul [di Nangis], a huguenot, by 
 whom she was beloved in return. When 
 Raoul Avas offered her hand by the prin- 
 cess Margheri'ta di Valois, the bride of 
 Henri le Bernais (Henri IV.), he rejected 
 it, out of jealousy ; and Valentina, out 
 of pique, married Nevers. In the Bar- 
 tholomew slaughter which ensued, Nevers 
 fell, and Valentina married her first love 
 Raoul, but both were shot by a party of 
 musketeers under the command of her 
 father the conte di San Bris.— Meyerbeer, 
 Les Huguenots (1836). 
 
 Valentine, one of the "two gentle- 
 men of Verona \ " the other "gentleman" 
 
 was Protheus. Their two 8ervin_r-meD 
 were Speed and Launce. Valentine mar- 
 ried Silvia daughter of the duke of 
 Milan, and Protheus married Julia. The 
 rival of Valentine was Thurio. — Shake- 
 speare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona 
 (1595). 
 
 Valentine, a gentleman in attendance 
 on the duke of Illvria. — Shakespeare, 
 Twelfth Night (1602). 
 
 Val'entine (3 syl.), a gentleman just 
 returned from his travels. In love with 
 Cellide (2 syl.), but Cellide is in love 
 with Francisco (Valentine's son). — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (a 
 comedy, before 1620). 
 
 Valen'tine (3 syl.), a gallant that will 
 not be persuaded to keep his estate. — 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit without 
 Money (1639). 
 
 Valentine, brother of Margaret. Mad- 
 dened by the seduction of his sister, he 
 attacks Faust during a serenade, and is 
 stabbed by Mephistopheles. Valentine 
 dies reproaching his sister Margaret. — 
 Goethe, Faust (1798). 
 
 Valentine [Legend], eldest son of sir 
 Sampson Legend. He has a tendre for 
 Angelica, an heiress whom he eventually 
 marries. To prevent the signing away 
 of his real property for the advance of 
 £4000 in cash to clear his debts, he feigns 
 to be mad for a time. Angelica gets the 
 bond, and tears it before it is duly signed. 
 — Congreve, Love for Love (1695). 
 
 *„.* This was Betterton's great part. 
 
 Valentine (Saint), a Romish priest, who 
 befriended the martyrs in the persecution 
 of Claudius II., and was in consequence 
 arrested, beaten with clubs, and finally 
 beheaded (February 14, 270). Pope 
 Julius built a church in his honour, near 
 Ponte Molu, which gave its name to the 
 gate Porta St. Valentini, now called 
 "Porta del Popolo," and by the ancient 
 Romans " Porta Flaminia." 
 
 *** The 15th February was the festi- 
 val of Februta Juno (Juno the fructifyer), 
 and the Roman Catholic clergy substi- 
 tuted St. Valentine for the heathen god- 
 dess. 
 
 Valentine and Orson, twin sons 
 of Bellisant and Alexander (emperor of 
 Constantinople). They were born in a 
 forest near Orleans. While the mother 
 was gone to hunt for Orson, who had 
 been carried off by a bear, Valentine was 
 
VALENTINE DE GREY. 
 
 1057 
 
 VALIANT-FOR-TRUTH. 
 
 carried off by king Pepin (his uncle). In 
 due time, Valentine married Clerimond, 
 the Green Knight's sister. — Valentine and 
 Orson (fifteenth-century). 
 
 Valentine de G-rey (Sir), an Eng- 
 lishman and knight of France. He had 
 "an ample span of forehead, full and 
 liquid eyes, free nostrils, crimson lips, 
 well-bearded chin, and yet his wishes 
 were innocent as thought of babes." Sir 
 Valentine loved Hero, niece of sir 
 William Sutton, and in the end married 
 her. — S. Knowles, Woman's Wit, etc. 
 (1838). 
 
 Valentin'ian [III.], emperor of 
 Rome (419, 425-455). During his reign, 
 the empire was exposed to the invasions 
 of the barbarians, and was saved from 
 ruin only by the military talents of 
 Aet'ius, whom the faithless emperor 
 murdered. In the year following, Valen- 
 tinian was himself "poisoned" by 
 [Petronius] Maxlmus, whose wife he 
 had violated. He was a feeble and con- 
 temptible prince, without even the merit 
 of brute courage. His wife's name was 
 Eudoxia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Valen- 
 tinian (1617). 
 
 Valenti'no, Margheri'ta's brother, in 
 the opera of Faust e Margherita, by 
 Gounod (1859). 
 
 Valere (2 syl.), son of Anselme (2 
 syl.) who turns out to be don Thomas 
 d'Alburci, a nobleman of Naples. During 
 an insurrection, the family was exiled 
 and suffered shipwreck. Valere, being at 
 the time only seven years old, was picked 
 up by a Spanish captain, who adopted 
 him, and with whom he lived for sixteen 
 years, when he went to Paris and fell in 
 love with Elise the daughter of Har'- 
 pagon the miser. Here also Anselme, 
 after wandering about the world for ten 
 years, had settled down, and Harpagon 
 wished him to marry Elise ; but the truth 
 being made clear to him that Valere was 
 his own son, and Elise in love with him, 
 matters were soon adjusted. — Moliere, 
 LAvare (1667). 
 
 Valere (2 syl.), the " gamester." 
 Angelica gives him a picture, and enjoins 
 aim not to lose it on pain of forfeiting 
 her hand. He loses the picture in play, 
 and Angelica, in disguise, is the winner 
 of it. After a time, Valere is cured of 
 his vice and happily united to Angelica. 
 —Mrs. Centlivre, The Gamester (1709). 
 
 Vale'ria, sister of Valerius, and friend 
 45 
 
 of Horatia. — Whitehead, The Roman 
 Father (1741). 
 
 Vale'ria, a blue-stocking, who delights 
 in vivisection, entomology, women's 
 rights, and natural philosophv. — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706). 
 
 Vale'rian (valere, "to be hale"), a 
 plant of which cats are especially fond. 
 It is good in nervous complaints, and a 
 sovereign remedy for cramps. " It hath 
 beene had in such veneration that no 
 brothes, pottage, or physicall meates aie 
 woorth anything if this be not at one 
 end." (See Valirian.) 
 
 Valerian then he crops, and purposely doth stamp, 
 To apply unto the place that's haled with the cramp. 
 Drayton, PolyolMon, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Vale'rio, a noble young Neapolitan 
 lord, husband of Evanthe (3 syl.). This 
 chaste young wife was parted, from her 
 husband by Frederick, the licentious 
 brother of Alphonso king of Naples, who 
 tried in vain to seduce her, and then 
 offered to make her any one's wife for a 
 month, at the end of which time the 
 libertine should suffer death. No one 
 would accept the offer, and ultimately 
 the lady was restored to her husband.— 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, A Wife for a 
 Month (1624). 
 
 Valerius, the hero and title of a 
 novel by J. G." Lockhart (1821). Vale- 
 rius is the son of a Roman commander 
 settled in Britain. After the death of his 
 father, he is summoned to Rome, to take 
 possession of an estate to which he is the 
 heir. At the villa of Capito he meets 
 with Athanasia, a lady who unites the 
 Roman grace with the elevation of the 
 Christian. Valerius becomes a Christian 
 also, and brings Athanasia to Britain. 
 The display at the Flavian amphitheatre 
 is admirably described. A Christian 
 prisoner is brought forward, either to re- 
 nounce his faith or die in the arena ; of 
 course, the latter is his lot. 
 
 This is one of the best Roman stories 
 in the language. 
 
 Vale'rius, the brother of Valeria. He 
 was in love with Horatia, but Horatia 
 was betrothed to Caius Curia+ius. — White- 
 head, The Roman Father (1741). 
 
 Valiant {The), Jean IV. of Brittany 
 (1338, 1364-1399). 
 
 Valiant-for-Trutn, a brave Chris- 
 tian, who fought three foes at once. Hia 
 sword was " a right Jerusalem blade," bo 
 he prevailed, but was wounded in the 
 
VALIRIAN. 
 
 1058 
 
 VANBEEST BROWST. 
 
 encounter. He joined Christiana's party 
 in their journey to the Celestial City. — 
 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. (1684). 
 
 Valirian, husband of St. Cecilia. 
 Cecilia told him she was beloved by an 
 angel, who constantly visited her ; and 
 Valirian requested to see this visitant. 
 Cecilia replied that he should do so, if 
 he went to pope Urban to be baptized. 
 This he did, and on returning home the 
 angel gave him a crown of lilies, and to 
 Cecilia a crown of roses, both from 
 the garden of paradise. Valirian, being 
 brought before the prefect Almachius for 
 heresv, was executed. — Chaucer, Canter- 
 bury Tales ("The Second Nun's Tale," 
 1388). (See Valerian.) 
 
 Valladolid' (The doctor of), San- 
 grado, who applied depletion for every 
 disease, and thought the best diet con- 
 sisted of roast apples and warm water. 
 
 I condemned a variety of dishes, and arguing like the 
 doctor of Valladolid, " Unhappy are tl.ose who require 
 to be always on the watch, for fear of overloading their 
 stomachs I "— Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. 5 (1735). 
 
 Valley of Humiliation, the 
 place where Christian encountered Apoll- 
 yon and put him to flight- — Bunyan, 
 Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 Valley of Waters (The), the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. 
 
 The valley of waters, widest next to that 
 Which doth the earth engarLuid, shapes its course 
 Between discordant shores [Eurojie and A frica]. 
 Dante, Paradise, ix. (1,311). 
 
 Valley of the Shadow of Death, 
 a " wilderness, a land of deserts and of 
 pits, a land of drought, and of the 
 shadow of death" (Jer. ii. 6). "The 
 light there is darkness, and the way full 
 of traps ... to catch the unwary." 
 Christian had to pass through it after his 
 encounter with Apollyon. — Bunyan, Pil- 
 grim's Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of 
 death, I will fair no evil ; for Thou art with me ; Thy rod 
 and Thy staff they comfort me.— Psalm xxiii. 4. 
 
 Valunder, the Vulcan of Scandi- 
 navian mythology, noted for a golden 
 arm-ring, on which was wrought all the 
 heathen deities with their attributes. It 
 was once stolen by Sote, but being re- 
 covered by Thorsten, became an heir- 
 loom, and of course descended to Frithjof 
 as one of his three inheritances, the other 
 two being the sword Angurva'del and 
 the self-acting ship Ellida. — Tegner, 
 Frithjof Saga, iii. (1825). 
 
 Farewell, and take in memory of our love 
 My arm-ring here, Valunder's beauteous work, 
 With heavenly wonders graven on the gold. 
 
 Tlrt 
 
 Valyer'de (3 syL), a Spaniard, in love 
 with Elvi'ra. He is the secretary of 
 Pizarro, and preserves at. the end the life 
 of Elvira.— Sheridan, Pizarro (altered 
 from Kotzebue, 1799). 
 
 Va'men, a dwarf, who asked Baly, 
 the giant monarch of India, to permit 
 him to measure out three paces to build 
 a hut upon. The kind monarch smiled 
 at the request, and bade the dwarf mea- 
 sure out what he required. The first pace 
 compassed the whole earth, the second 
 the whole heavens, and the third all 
 pandalon or hell. Baly now saw that the 
 dwarf was no other than Vishnu, and he 
 adored the present deity. — Hindu Mytho- 
 logy. 
 
 *** There is a Basque tale the exact 
 counterpart of this. 
 
 Vamp, bookseller and publisher. 
 His opinion of books was that the get-up 
 and binding were of more value than the 
 matter. "Books are like women; to 
 strike, they must be well dressed. Fine 
 feathers make fine birds. A good paper, 
 an elegant type, a handsome motto, and 
 a catching title, have driven many a dull 
 treatise through three editions." — Foote, 
 Tlie Author (1757). 
 
 Van (TJie Spirit of the), the fairy 
 spirit of the Van Pools, in Carmarthen. 
 She married a young Welsh farmer, but 
 told him that if he struck her thrice, she 
 would quit him for ever. They went to 
 a christening, and she burst into tears, 
 whereupon her husband struck her as a 
 mar-joy; but she said, "I weep to see 
 a child brought into this vale of tears." 
 They next went to the child's funeral, 
 and she laughed, whereupon her husband 
 struck her again ; but she said, " I truly 
 laugh to think what a joy it is to change 
 this vale of tears for that better land, 
 where there is no more sorrow, but plea- 
 sures for evermore." Their next visit 
 was to a wedding, where the bride was 
 young and the man old, and she said 
 aloud, "It is the devil's compact. The 
 bride has sold herself for gold." The 
 farmer again struck her, and bade her 
 hold her peace ; but she vanished away, 
 and never again returned. — Welsh My- 
 tholog-y. 
 
 Van Tromp. The van preceding 
 this proper name is a blunder. 
 
 "Van" before Tromp ... is a gross mistake, ... as 
 ludicrous as Van Cromwell or Van Monk.— Notes and 
 Queries, November 17, 1877. 
 
 Vanbeest Brown (Captain), alias 
 Dawson, alias Dudley, alias Harry Ber- 
 
VANBERG. 
 
 1059 
 
 VANTOM. 
 
 tram, aon of Mr. Godfrey Bertram laird 
 of Ellangowan. 
 
 Vanbeest Brown, lieutenant of Dirk 
 Hatteraick. — Sir \\ r . Scott, Guy Manner- 
 iutj (time, George II.). 
 
 Vanberg (Major), in Charles XII., 
 by J. R. Planche (1826). 
 
 Vanda, wife of Baldric. She is the 
 spirit with the red hand, who appears in 
 the haunted chamber to the lady Eveline 
 Berenger " the betrothed." — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Van'dunke (2 syl.), burgomaster of 
 Bruges, a drunken merchant, friendly to 
 Gerrard king of the beggars, and falsely 
 considered to be the father of Bertha. 
 His wife's name is Margaret. (Bertha is 
 in reality the daughter of the duke of 
 . Brabant.) — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Beggars 1 Bush (1622). 
 
 Vandyek (The Englisli), William 
 Dobson, painter (1610-1647). 
 
 Vandyek in Little, Samuel 
 Cooper. In his epitaph in old St. Pan- 
 eras Church, he is called "the Apelles of 
 his age" (1609-1672). 
 
 Vandyek of France, Hyacinth 
 Rigaud y Ros (1659-1743). 
 
 Vandyek of Sculpture, Antoine 
 Coysevox (1640-1720). 
 
 Vanessa, Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, 
 a young lady who proposed marriage to 
 dean Swift. The dean declined the pro- 
 posal in a poetical trifle called Cadenus 
 and Vanessa. 
 
 Essa, i.e. Esther, and Van, the pet form 
 of Vanhomrigh ; hence Van-essa. 
 
 Vanity, the usher of queen Lucifera. 
 ■ — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590). 
 
 Vanity, a town through which Chris- 
 tian and Faithful had to pass on their 
 way to the Celestial City. 
 
 Almost five thousand years agone, there were pilgrims 
 walking to the Celestial City, . . . and Beelzebub, 
 Apollyon, and Legion . . . perceived, by the path that 
 the pilgrims made, that ttieir way to the city lay through 
 thi* town of Vanity. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, L (1678). 
 
 Vanity Fair, a fair established by 
 Beelzebub, Apoltyon, and Legion, for the 
 sale of earthly "vanities," creature 
 comforts, honours, decorations, and carnal 
 delights. It was held in Vanity town, 
 and lasted all the year round. Christian 
 and Faithful had to pass through the fair, 
 which they denounced, and were con- 
 sequently arrested, beaten, and put into 
 a cage. Next day, being taken before 
 justice Hate-good, Faithful was con- 
 
 demned to be burnt alive. — Bunyan, Pil- 
 grim's Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 *** A looking-glass is called Vanity 
 Fair. 
 
 Vanity Fair is the name of a periodical 
 noted for its caricatures signed "Ape," 
 and set on foot by signor Pellegrini. 
 
 Vanity Fair, a novel by W. M. Thacke- 
 ray (1848). Becky (Rebecca) Sharp, the 
 daughter of a poor painter, dashing, selfish, 
 unprincipled, and very clever, contrives 
 to marry Rawdon Crawley, afterwards 
 his excellency colonel Crawley, C.B., 
 governor of Coventry Island. Rawdon 
 expected to have a large fortune left him 
 by his aunt, Miss Crawley, but was dis- 
 inherited on account of his marriage with 
 Becky, then a poor governess. Becky con- 
 trives to live in splendour on "nothing a 
 year," gets introduced at court, and is 
 patronized by lord Steyne earl of Gaunt ; 
 but this intimacy giving birth to a great 
 scandal, 'Becky breaks up her establish- 
 ment, and is reduced to the lowest 
 Bohemian life. Afterwards she becomes 
 the "female companion" of Joseph 
 Sedley, a wealthy "collector," of Bog- 
 gley Wollah, in India. Having in- 
 sured his life and lost his money, he 
 dies suddenly under very suspicious cir- 
 cumstances, and Beck}- lives for a time 
 in splendour on the Continent. Subse- 
 quently she retires to Bath, where she 
 assumes the character of a pious, charit- 
 able lady Bountiful, given to all good 
 works. The other part of the story is 
 connected with Amelia Sedle}', daughter 
 of a wealthy London stock-broker, who 
 fails, and is reduced to indigence. Cap- 
 tain George Osborne, the son of a London 
 merchant, marries Amelia, and old Os- 
 borne disinherits him. The young people 
 live for a time together, when George is 
 killed in the battle of Waterloo. Amelia 
 is reduced to great poverty, but is be- 
 friended by captain Dobbin, who loves 
 her to idolatry, and after many 3 r ears of 
 patience and great devotion, she consents 
 to marry him. Becky Sharp rises from 
 nothing to splendour, and then falls ; 
 Amelia falls from wealth to indigence, 
 and then rises. 
 
 Vanoc, son of Merlin, one of the 
 knights of the Round Table. 
 
 Young Vanoc of the beardless face 
 (Fame spoke the youth of Merlin's race), 
 O'erpowered, at Gyneth's footstool bled, 
 His heart's blood dyed her sandals red. 
 Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain, ii. 25 (1813). 
 
 Vantom (Mr.). Sir John Sinclair 
 tells us that Mr. Vantom drank in twenty- 
 
VANWELT. 
 
 1060 
 
 YATHEK. 
 
 three years, 36,688 bottles (i.e. 59 pipes) 
 of wise. — Code of Health and Longevity 
 (1807). 
 *** Between four and fire bottles a day. 
 
 Vanwelt (Ian), the supposed suitor 
 of Rose Flammock. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Vapians ( The), a people from Utopia, 
 who passed the equinoctial of Queubus, 
 "a torrid zone lying somewhere beyond 
 three o'clock in the morning." 
 
 In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night, 
 when thou spokest ... of the Vapians passing the 
 equinoctial of Queubus. — Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, 
 act ii. sc. 3 (1602). 
 
 Vapid, the chief character in TJie 
 Dramatist, by F. Reynolds, and said to 
 be meant for the author himself. He 
 goes to Bath "to pick up characters." 
 
 Varbel, "the lowly but faithful 
 'squire" of Floreski a Polish count. He 
 is a quaint fellow, always hungry. — J. P. 
 Kemble, Lodoiska (1791). 
 
 Varden (Gabriel), locksmith, Clerk- 
 enwell ; a round, red-faced, sturdy 
 yeoman, with a double chin, and a voice 
 husky with good living, good sleeping, 
 good humour, and good health. He was 
 past the prime of life, but his heart and 
 spirits were in full vigour. During the 
 Gordon riots, Gabriel refused to pick the 
 lock of Newgate prison, though at the im- 
 minent risk of his life. 
 
 Mrs. Varden [Martha], the lock- 
 smith's wife and mother of Dolly, a 
 woman of "uncertain temper" and a self- 
 martyr. When too ill-disposed to rise, 
 especially from that domestic sickness 
 ill temper, Mrs. Yarden would order up 
 "the little black teapot of strong mixed 
 tea, a couple of rounds of hot buttered 
 toast, a dish of beef and ham cut thin 
 without skin, and the Protestant Manual 
 in two octavo volumes. Whenever Mrs. 
 Yarden was most devout, she was always 
 the most ill-tempered." When others 
 were merry, Mrs. Yarden was dull ; and 
 when others were sad, Mrs. Yarden was 
 cheerful. She was, however, plump and 
 buxom, her handmaiden and " com- 
 forter" being Miss Miggs. Mrs. Yarden 
 was cured of her folly by the Gordon riots, 
 dismissed Miggs, and lived more happily 
 and cheerfully ever after. 
 
 Dolly Yarden, the locksmith's daugh- 
 ter; a pretty, laughing girl, with a roguish 
 face, lighted up by the loveliest pair of 
 sparkling eyes, the very impersonation of 
 good humour and blooming beauty. She 
 married Joe Willet, and conducted with 
 
 him the Maypole inn, as never country 
 inn was conducted before. They greatly 
 prospered, and had a large and happy 
 family. Dolly dressed in the Watteau 
 style ; and modern Watteau costume and 
 hats were, in 1875-6, called " Dolly Yar- 
 dens." — C. Dickens, Barnaby Budge 
 (1841). 
 
 "Vari'na, Miss Jane Waryng, to whom 
 dean Swift had a penchant when he was 
 a young man. Varina is a Latinized 
 form of "Waryng." 
 
 Varney {Richard, afterwards sir 
 Bichard), master of the horse to the earl 
 of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Varro ( The British) . Thomas Tusner, 
 of Essex, is so called by Warton (1515- 
 1580). 
 
 Vasa (Gustavus), a drama, by H. 
 Brooke (1780). Gustavus, having effected 
 his escape from Denmark, Avorked for a 
 time as a common labourer in the copper- 
 mines of Dalecarlia [Dah' .le.karl' .ya~\ • but 
 the tyranny of Christian II. of Denmark 
 having driven the Dalecarlians into re- 
 volt, Gustavus was chosen their leader. 
 The revolters made themselves masters 
 of Stockholm ; Christian abdicated ; and 
 Sweden became an independent kingdom 
 (sixteenth century). 
 
 Vasllti. When the heart of the king 
 [Ahasuerus] was merry with wine, he 
 commanded his chamberlains to bring 
 Yashti, the queen, into the banquet hall, to 
 show the guests her beauty ; but she 
 refused to obey the insulting order, and 
 the king, being wroth, divorced her. — ■ 
 Esther i. 10, 19. 
 
 O Vashti, nohle Vashti ! Summoned out, 
 She kept her state, and left the drunken king 
 To brawl at Shuslian underneath the palms. 
 
 Tennyson, The Princess, iii. (1830). 
 
 Vatel, the cook who killed himself, 
 because the lobster for his turbot sauce 
 did not arrive in time to be served up at 
 the banquet at Chantilly, given by the 
 prince de Conde' to the king. 
 
 "Vath/ek, the ninth caliph of the race 
 of the Abassides, son of Motassem, and 
 grandson of Haroun-al-Raschid. When 
 angry, " one of his eyes became so 
 terrible that whoever looked at it either 
 swooned or died." Yathek was induced 
 by a malignant genius to commit all 
 sorts of crimes. He abjured his faith, 
 and bound himself to Eblis, under the 
 hope of obtaining the throne of the pre- 
 Adamite sultans. This throne eventually 
 turned out to be a vast chamber in the 
 
VATHEK'S DRAUGHT. 
 
 1061 
 
 VEHMGERICHT. 
 
 abyss of Eblis, where Vathek found him- 
 self a prisoner -without hope. His wife 
 •was Nouron'ihar, daughter of the emir 
 Fakreddin, and his mother's name was 
 Catharis.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 
 
 Vathek's Draught, a red-and- 
 yellow mixture given him by an emissary 
 of Eblis, which instantaneously restored 
 the exhausted body, and filled it with 
 unspeakable delight. — W. Beckford, 
 Vathek (1784). 
 
 Vato, the wind-spirit. 
 
 Even Zoroaster imagined there was an evil spirit, called 
 Vato, that could excite violent storms of wind. — T. Uow 
 [i.e. Dr. Pegge], Gentleman's iiugazine, January, 1763. 
 
 Vaudeville {Father of the), Oliver 
 Basselin (fifteenth century). 
 
 Vaughan, the bogie of Bromyard, 
 exorcised by nine priests. Nine candles 
 were lighted in the ceremony, and all but 
 one burnt out. The priests consigned 
 Nicholas Vaughan to the Red Sea ; and, 
 casting the remaining candle into the 
 river Frome, threw a huge stone over 
 it, and forbade the bogie to leave the 
 Red Sea till that candle re-appeared to 
 human sight. The stone is still called 
 " Vaughan's Stone." 
 
 Vaugirard (The deputies of). The 
 usher announced to Charles VIII. of 
 France, " The deputies of Vaugirard." 
 " How many ?" asked the king. "Only 
 one, may it please your highness." 
 
 Canning says that three tailors of 
 Tooley Street, Southwark, addressed a 
 petition of grievances to the House, be- 
 ginning, "We, the people of England." 
 
 Vauxhall. The premises in the 
 manor of Vauxhall were the property of 
 Jane Vaux in 1615, and the house was 
 then called " Stockdens." From her it 
 passed through various hands, till it be- 
 came the property of Mr. Tyers in 1752. 
 "The Spring Gardens at Vauxhall " are 
 mentioned in the Spectator as a place of 
 great resort in 1711 ; but it is generally 
 thought that what we call "Vauxhall 
 Gardens " were opened for public amuse- 
 ment in 1730. 
 
 The tradition that Vauxhall was the property of Guy 
 Fawkes (hence the name of "Fauxeshall ") is erroneous. 
 — Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, etc., I. 141. 
 
 Vauxliall Slice (A), a slice of meat, 
 especially ham, as thin as it is possible to 
 cut it. 
 
 Slices of pale-coloured, stale, dry ham, cut so thin that 
 a "Vauxhall slice" became proverbial. — Lord W. P. 
 Lennox, Celebrities, etc., I. vii. 
 
 V. D. M. I. 2E., Verbum Dei manet 
 in sternum (" the Word of God endureth 
 
 forever"). This was the inscription of 
 the Lutheran bishops in the diet of 
 Spires. Philip of Hessen said the initials 
 stood for Verbum diaboli manet in episcopis 
 ("the word of the devil abideth in the 
 [Lutheran] bishops"). 
 
 Veal (Mrs.), an imaginary person, 
 whom Defoe feigned to have appeared, 
 the day after her death, to Mrs. Bargrave 
 of Canterbury, on September 8, 1705. 
 
 Defoe's conduct in regard to the well-known imposture, 
 Mrs. Veal's ghost, would justify us in believing him to be, 
 like Gil Bias, " tant soi peu fripon."— Encyc. Brit., Art. 
 " Romance." 
 
 Veal's Apparition (Mrs.). It is 
 said that Mrs. Veal, the day after her 
 death, appeared to Mrs. Bargrave, at 
 Canterbury, September 8, 1705. This 
 cock-and-bull story was affixed by Daniel 
 Defoe to Drelincourt's book of Consola- 
 tions against the Fears of Death, and such 
 is the matter-of-fact style of the narra- 
 tive that most readers thought the fiction 
 was a fact. 
 
 Vec'ehio (Peter), a teacher of music 
 and Latin ; reputed to be a wizard. — ■ 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Chances 
 (1620). 
 
 Veek. (Toby), nicknamed "Trotty;" a 
 ticket-porter, who ran on errands. One 
 New Year's Eve he ate tripe for dinner, 
 and had a nightmare, in which he fancied 
 he had mounted up to the steeple of a 
 neighbouring church, and that goblins 
 issued out of the bells, giving reality to 
 his hopes and fears. He was roused 
 from his sleep by the sound Of the bells 
 ringing in the new vear. (See Meg.) — 
 C. Dickens, The Chimes (1844). 
 
 Vecta, Isle of Wight. Pliny (Natural 
 History, iv. 30) calls it Vectis. The 
 Britons called it Guith. 
 
 The green banks of Vecta. 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 
 
 Vegliantino [Val.yan.tee'. no], Or- 
 lando's horse. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). Also called Veillantif. 
 
 Vehmgericht or The Holt Vehme, 
 a secret tribunal of Westphalia, the prin- 
 cipal seat of which was in Dortmund. The 
 members were called " Free Judges." It 
 took cognizance of all crimes in the law- 
 less period of the Middle Ages, and those 
 condemned by the .tribunal were made 
 away with by some secret means, but 
 no one knew by what hand. Being des- 
 patched, the dead body was hung on a 
 tree to advertise the fact and deter others. 
 The tribunal existed at the time of 
 Charlemagne, but was at its zenith of 
 
VEHMIQUE TRIBUNAL. 
 
 1062 
 
 VENEERING. 
 
 power in the twelfth century. Sir "YV. 
 Scott has introduced it in his Anne of 
 Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Was Rebecca guilty or not? The Vehmgericht of the 
 servants' hall pronounced against her.— Thackeray, 
 Vanity Fair, xliv. (1848). 
 
 Vehmique Tribunal (The), or the 
 Secret Tribunal, or the court of the Holy 
 Vehme, said to have been founded by 
 Charlemagne. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Veil of St. Agatha, a miraculous 
 veil belonging to St. Agatha, and de- 
 posited in the church of the city of 
 Catania, in Sicily, where the saint 
 suffered martyrdom. "It is a sure 
 defence against the eruptions of mount 
 Etna." It is very true that the church 
 itself was overwhelmed with lava in 
 1693, and some 20,000 of the inhabitants 
 perished ; but that was no fault of the 
 veil, which would have prevented it if it 
 could. Happily, the veil was recovered, 
 and is still believed in by the people. 
 
 Veilchen (Annette), attendant of 
 Anne of Geierstein. — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
 of Geierstein (time. Edward IV.). 
 
 Veiled Prophet of Khorassan 
 (The), Hakim ben Allah, surnamed Mo- 
 kanna or "The Veiled," founder of an 
 Arabic sect in the eighth century. He 
 wore a veil to conceal his face, which had 
 been greatly disfigured in battle. He 
 gave out that he had been Adam, Noah, 
 Abraham, and Moses. When the sultan 
 Mabadi marched against him, he poisoned 
 all his followers at a banquet, and then 
 "threw himself in a cask containing a 
 burning acid, which entirely destroyed 
 his bodv. 
 
 *** Thomas Moore has made this the 
 subject of a poetical tale in his Lalla 
 Jiookh ("The Veiled Prophet of Kho- 
 rassan," 1817). 
 
 There, on that throne, ... sat the prophet-chief, 
 The great Mokanna. O'er his features hung 
 The veil, the silver veil, which he had flung 
 In mercy there, to hide from mortal sight 
 His dazzling brow, till man could bear its light. 
 
 " 'Tis time these features were unc urtained Inow], 
 This brow, whose light — oh, rare celestial light 1 — 
 Hath been reserved to bless thy favoured sight . . . 
 Turn now and look ; then wonder, if thou wilt. 
 That I should hate, should take revenge, by guilt, 
 Upon the hand whose mischief or whose mirth 
 Sent me thus maimed and monstrous upon earth . . , 
 Here — judge if hel!, with all its power to damn. 
 Can add one curse to the foul thing I am ! " 
 
 He raised the veil ; the maid turned slowly round, 
 
 Looked at him, shrieked, and sunk upon the ground. 
 
 The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan. 
 
 Veipsey, an intermittent spring in 
 Yorkshire, called "prophetic" because, 
 
 when unusually high, it foretells a coming 
 dearth. 
 
 Then my prophetic spring at Veipsey I may show. 
 That some years is dried up, some years again doth flow ; 
 But when it breaketh out with an immoderate birth, 
 It tells the following year of a penurious dearth. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 
 
 Velasquez, the Spanish governor 
 of Portugal in 1640, when the people, led 
 by don Juan duke of Braganza, rose in 
 rebellion, shook off the Spanish yoke, 
 and established the duke on the throne^ 
 under the name and title of Juan or John 
 IV. The same dynasty still continues. 
 Velasquez was torn to pieces by the mob. 
 The duchess calls him a 
 
 Discerning villain. 
 Subtle, insidious, false, and plausible ; 
 He can with ease assume all outward forms ... 
 While with the lynx's beam he penetrates 
 The deep reserve of every other breast. 
 
 R. Jephson, Braganza, ii. 2 (1785). 
 
 Velinspeck, a country manager, to 
 whom Matthew Stuffy makes applica- 
 tion for the post of prompter. — Charles 
 Mathews, At Home (1818). 
 
 Vellum, in Addison's comedy The 
 Drummer (1715). 
 
 Velvet ( The Rev. Morphine), a popular 
 preacher, who feeds his flock on eau 
 sucre'e and wild honey. He assures his 
 hearers that the way to heaven might 
 once be thorny and steep, but now " every 
 hill is brought low, every valley is filled 
 up, the crooked ways are made straight, 
 and even in the valley of the shadow of 
 death they need fear no evil, for One will 
 be with them to support and comfort 
 them." 
 
 Venedo'tia, Wales. 
 
 The Venedotian floods, that ancient Britons were. 
 The mountains kept them back. 
 
 M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 
 
 Veneering (Mr.), a new man, "forty, 
 wavy-haired, dark, tending to corpulence, 
 sly, mysterious, filmy ; a kind of well- 
 looking veiled prophet, not prophesying." 
 He was a drug merchant of the firm of 
 Chicksej', Stobbles, and Veneering. The 
 two former were his quondam masters, 
 but their names had "become absorbed 
 in Veneering, once their traveller or com- 
 mission agent." 
 
 Mrs. Veneering, a new woman, "fair, 
 aquiline-nosed and fingered, not so much 
 light hair as she might have, gorgeous in 
 raiment and jewels, enthusiastic, pro- 
 pitiatory, conscious that a corner of her 
 husband's veil is over herself." 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Veneering were bran-new people, in a 
 bran-new house, in a bran-new quarter of London 
 Everything about the Veneerings was spick and span 
 new. All their furniture was new, all their friends were 
 new, all their servants were new, their plate was new, 
 their carriage was new, their harness was new, their horse* 
 
VENEERING OF SOCIETY. 
 
 1003 
 
 VENUS. 
 
 were new, their pictures were new, they themselves were 
 new, they were as newly married as was lawfully com- 
 patible with their having a bran-new baby. 
 
 In the Veneering establishment from the hall chairs 
 with the new coat of arms, to the ^rand pianoforte' with 
 the new action, and upstairs again to the new fire-escape, 
 all things were in a state of high varnish and polish.— C. 
 Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ii. (18&4). 
 
 Veneering of Society (The), 
 flash}', rich merchants, who delight to 
 overpower their guests with the splendour 
 of their furniture, the provisions of their 
 tables, and the jewels of their wives and 
 daughters. 
 
 Venerable Bede (The). Two 
 accounts are given respecting the word 
 venerable attached to the name of this 
 "wise Saxon." One is this: When 
 blind, he preached once to a heap of 
 stones, thinking himself in a church, and 
 the stones were so affected by his elo- 
 quence that they exclaimed, "Amen, 
 venerable Bede ! " This, of course, is 
 based on the verse Luke xix. 40. 
 
 The other is that his scholars, wishing 
 to honour his name, wrote for epitaph : 
 
 Usee sunt in fossa, 
 Bedae presbyteri ossa ; 
 
 but an angel changed the second line into 
 " Bed* venerabilis ossa" (672-735). 
 
 *** The chair in which he sat is still 
 preserved at Jarrow. Some years ago a 
 sailor used to show it, and always called 
 it the chair of the "great admiral Bede." 
 
 Venerable Doctor (T/ie), William 
 de Champeaux (*-1121). 
 
 Venerable Initiator (TJie), Wil- 
 liam of Occam (1276-1347). 
 
 Venery. Sir Tristram was the in- 
 ventor of the laws and terms of venery. 
 Hence a book of venery was called A 
 Book of Tristram. 
 
 Of sir Tristram came all the good terms of venery and 
 of hunting: and the sizes and measures of blowing of an 
 horn. And of him we had first all the terms of hawking ; 
 and which were beasts of chase and beasts of venery, and 
 which were vermin ; and all the blasts that belong to all 
 manner of games. First to the uncoupling, to the seek- 
 ing, to the rechase, to the flight, to the death, and to the 
 strake ; and many other blasts and terms shall all manner 
 of gentlemen have cause to the world's end to praise ijr 
 Tristram, and to pray for his soul. — Sir T. Malory, History 
 of Prince Arthur, ii. 138 (1470). 
 
 Venice Glass. The drinking-glasses 
 of the Middle Ages made of Venice glass 
 were said to possess the peculiar property 
 of breaking into shivers if poison were 
 put into them. 
 
 'Tis said that our Venetian crystal has 
 
 Such pure antipathy to poison, as 
 
 To burst, if aught of venom touches it. 
 
 Byron, The Two Foscari, v. 1 (1820). 
 
 Venice Preserved, a tragedy by 
 T. Otway (1682). A conspiracy was 
 formed by Renault a Frenchman, Elliot 
 
 an Englishman, Bedamar, Pierre, and 
 others, to murder the Venetian senate. 
 Jaffier was induced by his friend Pierre 
 to join the conspirators, and gave his 
 wife as hostage of his good faith. As 
 Renault most grossly insulted the lady, 
 Jaffier took her away, when she per- 
 suaded her husband to reveal the plot 
 to her father Priuli, under the promise of 
 a general amnesty. The senate violated 
 the promise made by Priuli, and com- 
 manded all the conspirators except 
 Jaffier to be broken on the wheel. Jaffier, 
 to save his friend Pierre from the torture, 
 stabbed him, and then himself. Belvi- 
 dera went mad and died. 
 
 Venice of the East, Bangkok, 
 capital of Burmah. 
 
 Venice of the Worth, Stockholm 
 (Sweden). Sometimes Amsterdam is so 
 called, from its numerous water-courses 
 and the opulence of its citizens. It has 
 290 bridges. 
 
 They went to the city of Amsterdam, the Venice of the 
 North. — The Dragonades, i. 
 
 Venice of the "West, Glasgow. 
 
 Another element in the blazon of the Venice of the 
 West is a fish laid across the stem of the tree.— Burton. 
 
 (See Fish and the Ring, p. 336.) 
 
 Ventid'ins, an Athenian imprisoned 
 for debt. Timon paid his debt, and set 
 him free. Not long after, the father of 
 Ventidius died, leaving a large fortune, 
 and the young man offered to refund the 
 loan, but Timon declined to take it, 
 saying that the money was a free gift. 
 When Timon got into difficulties, he ap- 
 plied to Ventidius for aid ; but Ventidius, 
 like the rest, was "found base metal," 
 and " denied him." — Shakespeare, Timon 
 of Athens (1609). 
 
 Yentid'ius, the general of Marc An- 
 tony. 
 
 *** The master scene between Ven- 
 tidius and Antony in this tragedy is copied 
 from The Maid's Tragedy (by Beaumont 
 and Fletcher) , Ventidius being the ' 'Melan- 
 tius " of Beaumont and Fletcher's drama. 
 — Dryden, All for Love or the World Well 
 Lost (1678). 
 
 Ventriloquist. The best that ever 
 lived was Brabant, the engastrimisth of 
 Francois I. of France. 
 
 Venus (Paintings of). Venus Ana- 
 dyoji'ex£ or Venus rising from the sea 
 and wringing her golden tresses, by 
 Apelles. Apelles also put his name to 
 a "Sleeping Venus." Tradition sava 
 
VENUS. 
 
 1064 
 
 VENUSBERG. 
 
 that Campaspe (afterwards his wife) was 
 the model of his Venus. 
 
 The Rhodlan Venus, referred to by 
 Campbell, in his Pleasures of Hope, 
 ii., is the Venus spoken of by Pliny, 
 xxxv. 10, from which Shakespeare has 
 drawn his picture of Cleopatra in her 
 barge (Antony and Cleopatra, act ii. sc. 
 2). The Rhodian was Protog'enes. 
 
 When first the Khodian's mimic art arrayed 
 
 The queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade, 
 
 The happy master mingled in hie piece 
 
 Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece ... 
 
 Love on the picture smiled. Expression poured 
 
 Her mingling spirit there, and Greece adored. 
 
 Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 Venus (Statues of). The Cnidian 
 Venus, a nude statue, bought by the 
 Cnidians. By Praxiteles. 
 
 The Coan Venus, a draped statue, 
 bought by the Coans. By Praxiteles. 
 
 The Venus de' Medici, a statue dug 
 up in several pieces at Hadrian's villa, 
 near Tiv'oli (seventeenth century), and 
 placed for a time in the Medici palace at 
 Rome, whence its name. It was the work 
 of Cleom'enes the Athenian. All one arm 
 and part of the other were restored by 
 Bandinelli. In 1680 this statue was 
 removed to the Uffizi gallery at Florence. 
 It was removed to Paris by Napoleon, 
 but was afterwards restored. 
 
 The Venus of Arles, with a mirror 
 in the right hand and an apple in the 
 left. This statue is ancient, but the 
 mirror and apple are by Girardin. 
 
 The Venus of Milo. The "Venus 
 Victorious" is called the "Venus of 
 Milo," because it was brought from the 
 island of Milo, in the iEgean Sea, by 
 admiral Dumont d'Urville in 1820. It 
 is one of the chefs d'auvre of antiquhy, 
 and is now in the Louvre of Paris. 
 
 The Pauline Venus, by Canova. 
 Modelled from Pauline Bonaparte, prin- 
 cess Borghese. 
 
 I went by chance into the room of the Pauline Venus ; 
 my mouth will taste bitter all day. How venial ! how 
 gaudy and vile she is with 'ner gilded upholstery! It is 
 the most hateful thing that ever wasted marble.— Ouida, 
 Ariadne, L 1. 
 
 The Venus Pandkmos, the sensual 
 and vulgar Venus (Greek, pan-demos, for 
 the vulgar or populace generally) ; as 
 opposed to the " Uranian Venus," the 
 beau-ideal of beauty and loveliness. 
 
 Amongst the deities from the upper chamber a mortal 
 came, the light, lewd woman, who had bared her charms 
 to live for ever here in marble, in counterfeit of the Venus 
 Pandemos. — Ouida, Ariadnd, i. 1. 
 
 Gibson's Venus, slightly tinted, was 
 shown in the International Exhibition of 
 1862. 
 
 Venus, the highest throw with the four 
 
 tali or three tessera. The best cast of 
 the tali (or four-sided dice) was four 
 different numbers ; but the best cast of 
 the tessera (or ordinary dice) was three 
 sixes. The worst throw was called canis 
 — three aces in tessera and four aces in 
 tali. 
 
 Venus (The Isle of), a paradise created 
 by " Divine Love" for the Lusian heroes. 
 Here Uranian Venus gave Vasco da Gama 
 the empire of the sea. This isle is not 
 far from the mountains of Imaus, whence 
 the Ganges and Indus derive their source. 
 — Camoens, Lusiad, ix. (1572). 
 
 *** Similar descriptions of paradise 
 are: "the gardens of Alcinous" (Odys- 
 sey,\'\\.); "the island of Circe" (Odys- 
 sey, x.) ; Virgil's " Elysium " (JEneid, 
 vi.) ; "the island and palace of Alci'na" 
 (Orlando Furioso, vi., vii.) ; "the country 
 of Logistilla" (Orlando Furioso, x.) ; 
 " Paradise," visited by Astolpho (Orlando 
 Furioso, xxxiv.) ; "the island of Armi'- 
 da " (Jerusalem Delivered); "the bower 
 of Acrasia" (Faery Queen); "the palace 
 with its forty doors" (Arabian Nights, 
 "Third Calender"), etc. 
 
 Venus ( Ura'nian), the impersonation 
 of divine love ; the presiding deity of the 
 Lusians. — Camoens, Lusiad (1572). 
 
 Venus and Adonis. Adonis, a 
 most beautiful boy, "was greatly beloved 
 by Venus and Proserpine. Jupiter de- 
 cided that he should live four months 
 with one and four months with the other 
 goddess, and the rest of the year he might 
 do what he liked. One day, he was killed 
 by a wild boar during a chase, and Venus 
 was so inconsolable at the loss that the 
 infernal gods allowed the boy to spend 
 six months of the year with Venus on the 
 earth, but the other six he was to spend 
 in hell. Of course, this is an allegory of 
 the sun, which is six months above and 
 six months below the equator. 
 
 *** Shakespeare has a poem called 
 Venus and Adonis (1598), in which Adonis 
 is made cold and passionless, but Venus 
 ardent and sensual. 
 
 Venus of Cleom'enes (4 syl.), 
 now called the " Venus de' Medici " or 
 "Venus de Medicis." 
 
 Venus of the Forest (The). The 
 ash tree is so called by Gilpin. 
 
 Venusberg, the mountain of fatal 
 delights. Here Tannhiiuser tarried, and 
 when pope Urban refused to grant him 
 absolution, he returned thither, to be 
 never more seen.— German Legend. 
 
VERDONE. 
 
 1065 
 
 VERTAIGNE. 
 
 Ver'done (2 syl.), nephew to Chain - 
 pernal the husband of Lami'ra. — Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher, The Little French 
 Lawyer (1647). 
 
 Verdugo, captain under the governor 
 of Segovia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 The Pilgrim (1621). 
 
 Vere (Mr. Richard), laird of Ellies- 
 law, a Jacobite conspirator. 
 
 Miss Isabella Vere, the laird's daughter. 
 She marries voung Patrick Eamscliffe 
 laird of Earnscliffe.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 Vere (Sir Arthur de), son of the earl 
 of Oxford. He first appears under the 
 assumed name of Arthur Philipson. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Anne of Geierstem (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Verges (2 syl.), an old-fashioned 
 constable and night-watch, noted for his 
 blundering simplicity. — Shakespeare, 
 Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 
 
 Vergiv'ian Sea, that part of St. 
 George's Channel where tides out of the 
 north and south seas meet. The Irish Sea 
 is sometimes so called. 
 
 . . . bears his boisterous waves into the narrower mouth 
 Of the Vergivian Sea ; where meeting, from the south, 
 Great Neptune's surlier tides, with their robustious shocks 
 Each other shoulder up against the griesly rocks. 
 
 Drayton, Folyolbion, x. (1612). 
 
 • Vergob'retus, a dictator selected 
 by the druids, and possessed of unlimited 
 power both in war and state during times 
 of great danger. 
 
 This temporary king or vergobretus laid down his office 
 at the end of the war. — Dissertation on the Era of Ossian. 
 
 Verisopht (Lord Frederick), weak 
 and silly, but far less vicious than his 
 bear-leader, sir Mulberry Hawk. He 
 drawled in his speech, and was altogether 
 "very soft." Ralph Nickleby introduced 
 his niece Kate to the young nobleman at 
 a bachelor's dinner-party, hoping to make 
 of the introduction a profitable invest- 
 ment, but Kate was far too modest and 
 virtuous to aid him in his scheme. — C. 
 Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 
 
 Vermilion Sea (The), the gulf of 
 California. 
 
 Vernon (Diana), niece of sir Hilde- 
 brand Osbaldistone. She has great 
 beauty, sparkling talents, an excellent 
 disposition, high birth, and is an en- 
 thusiastic adherent of an exiled king. 
 Diana Vernon marries Frank Osbaldi- 
 stone. 
 
 Sir Frederick Vernon, father of Diana, 
 a political intriguer, called "his excel- 
 
 lency the earl of Beauchamp." He first 
 appears as father Vaughan [ Vawn] . — Sir 
 W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, George I.). 
 
 Ver'olame (3 syl.) or Verulam, "a 
 stately nymph" of Isis. Seeing her 
 stream besmeared with the blood of St. 
 Alban, she prayed that it might be 
 diverted into another channel, and her 
 prayer was granted. The place where 
 St. Alban was executed was at that time 
 called Holmhurst.— Robert of Gloucester, 
 Chronicle (in verse), 57 (thirteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 *** A poetical account of this legend 
 is also given by W. Browne in his Britan- 
 nia's Bastorals, iv. (1613). 
 
 Veron'ica, the maiden who handed 
 her handkerchief to Jesus on His way to 
 Calvary. The "Man of sorrows" wiped 
 His face with it, returned it to the maiden, 
 and it ever after had a perfect likeness 
 of the Saviour photographed on it. The 
 handkerchief and the maiden were both 
 called Veronica (i.e. vera iconica, "the true 
 likeness "). 
 
 %* One of these handkerchiefs is pre- 
 served in St. Peter's of Rome, and another 
 in Milan Cathedral. 
 
 Verrina, the republican who mur- 
 ders Fiesco. — Schiller, Fiesco (1783). 
 
 Versailles (The German), Cassel ; 
 so called from its gardens, conservatories, 
 fountains, and colossal statue of Hercules. 
 
 Versailles of Poland, the palace, 
 etc., of the counts of Braniski, which now 
 belong to the municipality of Bialystok. 
 
 Versatile (Sir George), a scholar, 
 pleasing in manners, warm-hearted, 
 generous, with the seeds of virtue and 
 the soul of honour, but being deficient 
 in stability, -he takes his colour, like the 
 chamelion, from the objects at hand. 
 Thus, with Maria Delaval he is manly, 
 frank, affectionate, and noble ; with lord 
 Vibrate, hesitating, undecided, and tossed 
 with doubts ; with lady Vibrate, boister- 
 ously gay, extravagant, and light-hearted. 
 Sir George is betrothed to Maria Delaval, 
 but the death of his father delays the 
 marriage. He travels, and gives a fling 
 to youthful indulgences. After a time, 
 he meets Maria Delaval by accident, h'13 
 better nature prevails, and he offers her 
 his hand, his heart, his title, and his 
 fortune. — Holcroft, He's Much to Blame 
 (1790). 
 
 Vertaigne (2 or 3 syl.), a nobleman 
 
VERVAIN. 
 
 1066 
 
 VICAR OF BRAY. 
 
 and judge, father of Lam Ira and Beaupre'. 
 —Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little 
 trench Lawyer (1647). 
 
 Vervain or Verbe'na, i.e. herba bona, 
 used by the Greeks and Romans in their 
 sacrifices and sacred rites, and by the 
 druids in their incantations. It was for 
 ages a reputed deobstruent, especially 
 efficacious in scrofulous complaints, the 
 bite of rabid animals, antipathies, and 
 megrims. 
 
 Drayton says "a wreath of vervain 
 heralds wear " as a badge of truce. Am- 
 bassadors also wore a chaplet of vervain 
 on denouncing war. 
 
 The hermit ... the holy vervain finds, 
 Which he about his head that hath the megrim binds. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Vesey (Sir John), a baronet, most 
 worldly wise, and, being poor, gives 
 himself the nickname of " Sting}' Jack," 
 that he may be thought rich. Forthwith 
 his £10,000 was exaggerated into £40,000. 
 Sir John wanted his daughter to marry 
 Alfred Evelyn, but, feeling very uncertain 
 about the stability of the young man's 
 money, shilly-shallied about it ; and in 
 the mean time, Georgina married sir 
 Frederick Blount, and Evelyn was left 
 free to marry Clara Douglas, whom he 
 greatly loved. — Lord L. Bulwer Lvtton, 
 Money (1840). 
 
 Vestris, called " The God of Dancing," 
 used to say, "Europe contains only three 
 truly great men — mvself, Voltaire, and 
 Frederick of Prussia rt (1729-1808). 
 
 "Veto (Monsieur and 'Madame), Louis 
 XVI. and Marie Antoinette. The king 
 had the power of putting his veto on any 
 decree of the National Assembly (1791), 
 in consequence of which he was nick- 
 named " Canet Veto." 
 
 *** The name occurs in the celebrated 
 song called La Carmagnole, which was 
 sung to a dance of the same name. 
 
 Vetus, in the Times newspaper, is the 
 nam de plume of Edward Sterling (1773- 
 1847), "The Thunderer" (1812-18). 
 
 Vexhelia, wife of Osmond an old 
 Varangian guard. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
 Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Vholes (1 syl.), a lawyer who draws 
 Richard Carstone into his toils. He is 
 always closely buttoned up, and speaks 
 in a lifeless manner, but is pre-eminently 
 a " most respectable man." — C. Dickens, 
 Bleak House (1852). 
 
 Vi et Armis.— Cicero, 2 Philippic, 
 xli. 107. 
 
 Vibrate (Lord), a man who can nevor 
 make up his mind to anything, and, 
 " like a man on double business bent, he 
 stands in pause which he shall first begin, 
 and both neglects." Thus, he would say 
 to his valet, " Order the coachman at 
 eleven. No ; order him at one. Come 
 back ! order him in ten minutes. Stay ! 
 don't order him at all. Why don't you 
 go and do as I bid you?" or, "Tell 
 Harry to admit the doctor. No, not 
 just yet ; in five minutes. I don't know 
 when. Was ever man so tormented ? " 
 So with everything. 
 
 Lady Vibrate, wife of the above. Ex- 
 travagant, contradictious, fond of gaiety, 
 hurry, noise, embarrassment, confusion, 
 disorder, uproar, and a whirl of excite- 
 ment. She says to his lordship : 
 
 I am all gaiety and good humour ; you are all turmoil 
 and lamentation. I sing, laugh, and welcome pleasure 
 wherever I find it; you take your lantern to look for 
 misery, which the sun itself cannot discover. You may 
 think proper to be as miserable as Job ; but don't expect 
 me to be a Job's wife.— Act ii. L 
 
 Lady Jane Vibrate, daughter of lord 
 and lady Vibrate. An amiable young 
 lady, attached to Delaval, whom she 
 marries. — Holcroft, He's Much to Blame 
 (1790). 
 
 Vicar of Bray (The). Mr. Brome 
 says the noted vicar was Simon Alleyn, 
 vicar of Bray, in Berkshire, for fifty 
 years. In the reign of Henry VIII. he was 
 catholic till the Reformation ; in the reign 
 of Edward VI. he was calvinist ; in the 
 reign of Mary he was papist ; in the reign 
 of Elizabeth he was protcstant. No 
 matter who was king, he resolved to 
 die the vicar of Bray. — DTsraeli, Curiosi- 
 ties of LAterature. 
 
 Another statement gives the name of 
 Pendleton as the true vicar. He was 
 afterwards rector of St. Stephen's, Wal- 
 brook (Edward VI. to Elizabeth). 
 
 Had) r n says the vicar referred to in tLe 
 song w r as Simon Symonds, who lived in 
 the Commonwealth, and continued vicar 
 till the reign of William and Mary. He 
 was iyidependent in the protectorate, epis- 
 copalian under Charles II., papist under 
 James II., moderate protestant under 
 William and Mary. 
 
 %* The song called The Vicar of Bray 
 was written in the reign of George I., by 
 colonel Fuller or an officer in Fuller's 
 regiment, and does not refer to Alleyn, 
 Pendleton, or Symonds, but to dome re.'il 
 or imaginary person who was vicar of Bray 
 from Charles II. to George I. The first 
 
VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. 
 
 1067 
 
 VICTORIOUS. 
 
 verse begins: "In good king Charles's 
 golden days,'' I was a zealous high- 
 churchman. Ver. 2 : " When royal 
 James obtained the crown," I found the 
 Church of Rome would fit my constitu- 
 tion. Ver. 3: "When William was our 
 king declared," I swore to him allegiance. 
 Ver. 4: "When gracious Anne became 
 our queen," I became a tory. Ver. 5 : 
 "When George, in pudding-time came 
 o'er," I became a whig. And "George 
 my lawful king shall be — until the times 
 do alter." 
 
 I have had a long chase after the vicar of Bray, on 
 whom the proverb. . . . Mr. Fuller, in his Worthies, . . . 
 takes no notice of him. ... I am informed it is Simon 
 Alleyn or Allen, who was vicar of Bray about 1510, and 
 died 1588.— Brome to Rawlins, June 14, 1735. (See 
 Letters from the Bodleian, II. i. 100.) 
 
 Vicar of Wakefield {The), Dr. 
 Primrose, a simple-minded, pious clergy- 
 man, with six children. He begins life 
 with a good fortune, a handsome house, 
 and wealthy friends, but is reduced to 
 utter poverty without any fault of his 
 own, and, being reduced like Job, like Job 
 he is restored. First, he loses his fortune 
 through the rascality of the merchant 
 who held it. His next great sorrow was 
 the elopement of his eldest daughter, 
 Olivia, with squire Thornhill. His third 
 was the entire destruction by fire of his 
 house, furniture, and books, together 
 with the savings which he had laid by 
 for his daughters' marriage portions. 
 His fourth was being incarcerated in the 
 county jail by squire Thornhill for rent, 
 his wife and family being driven out of 
 house and home. His fifth was the an- 
 nouncement that his daughter Olivia 
 "was dead," and that his daughter 
 Sophia had been abducted. His sixth 
 was the imprisonment of his eldest son, 
 George, for sending a challenge to squire 
 Thornhill. His cup of sorrow was now 
 full, and comfort was at hand : (1) 
 Olivia was not really dead, but was said 
 to be so in order to get the vicar to 
 submit to the squire, and thus obtain his 
 release. (2) His daughter Sophia had 
 been rescued by Mr. Burchell (sir William 
 Thornhill), who asked her hand in mar- 
 riage. (3) His son George was liberated 
 from prison, and married Miss Wilmot, 
 an heiress. (4) Olivia's marriage to the 
 squire, which was said to have been in- 
 formal, was shown to be legal and binding. 
 (5) The old vicar was released, re-esta- 
 blished in his vicarage, and recovered a 
 part of his fortune. — Goldsmith, The 
 Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 
 
 *** This novel has been dramatized 
 
 several times : In 1819 it was performed 
 in the Surrej r Theatre ; in 1823 it was 
 turned into an opera ; in 1850 Tom 
 Taylor dramatized it ; in 1878 W. G. 
 Wills converted it into a drama of four 
 acts, entitled Olivia. 
 
 The real interest of the story lies in the development of 
 the character of the amiable vicar, so rich in heavenly, 
 so poor in earthly wisdom ; possessing little for himself, 
 yet ready to make that little less, whenever misery ap- 
 peals to his compassion. With enough of worldly vanity 
 about him to show that he shares the weakness of our 
 nature ; ready to be imposed upon by cosmogonies and 
 fictitious bills of exchange, and yet commanding, by the 
 simple and serene dignity of goodness, the respect even 
 of the profligate.— Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 
 
 Victor Amade'us (4 syl.), king of 
 Sardinia (1665, 1675-1732), noted for his 
 tortuous policy. He was fierce, audacious, 
 unscrupulous, and selfish, profound in 
 dissimulation, prolific in resources, and 
 a " breaker of vows both to God and 
 man." In 1730 he abdicated, but a few 
 months later wanted to regain the throne, 
 which his son, Charles Emmanuel, refused 
 to resign. On again plotting to recover 
 the crown, he was arrested by D'Ormea 
 the prime minister, and died. — R. Brown- 
 ing, King Victor and King Charles 
 Emmanuel. 
 
 Victor's Library (St.), a library of 
 trashy books, especially controversial 
 divinity. (See Library.) — Rabelais, 
 Pantag'ruel, ii. 7 (1533). 
 
 Victoria {Donna), the young wife of 
 don Carlos. Don Carlos had given to 
 donna Laura (a courtezan) the deeds of 
 his wif e's estate ; and Victoria, to get them, 
 back, dressed in man's apparel, assumed 
 the name of Florio, and made love to 
 Laura. Having secured a footing, she 
 introduced Gasper as the rich uncle of 
 Victoria, and Gasper persuaded Laura 
 that the deeds were wholly worthless, 
 Avhereupon Laura tore them to pieces. 
 By this manoeuvre the estate was saved, 
 and don Carlos rescued from ruin. — Mrs. 
 Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Husband 
 (1782). 
 
 Victoria Tower (The). The tower 
 of the palace of Westminster is called 
 " The Monarchy in Stone," because it 
 contains, in chiselled kings and heraldic 
 designs, the sculptured history of the 
 British sovereigns. 
 
 Victorious (The). Almanzor means 
 " victorious." The caliph Almanzor was 
 the founder of Bagdad. 
 
 Thou, too, art fallen, Bagdad, city of peace 1 
 Thou, too, hast had thy day ! . . . 
 
 Thy founder The Victorious. 
 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, v. 6 (1797), 
 
VICTORY. 
 
 1068 
 
 VINCENTIO. 
 
 Victory (The), Nelson's ship. 
 
 At the head of the line goes the Victor]/, 
 
 With Nelson on the deck, 
 And on his breast the orders shine 
 
 Like the stars on a shattered wreck. 
 
 lord Lytton. Ode, in. 9 (1839). 
 
 Vidar, the god of wisdom, noted for 
 his thick shoes, and not unfrequently 
 called " The god with the thick shoes." 
 — Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Vienne, like Toledo, was at one time 
 noted for its sword-blades. 
 
 Gargantua gave Touchfaucet an excellent sword of a 
 Vienne blade with a golden scabbard. — Rabelais, Gar- 
 gantua, i. 46 (1533). 
 
 Vienne (The archbishop of), chancellor 
 of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
 Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 "Vifell, father of Viking, famous for 
 being the possessor of Angurva'del, the 
 celebrated sword made in the East by 
 dAvarfs. Vifell won it from Bjorn Bloe- 
 tand, and killed with it the giant Iernhos, 
 whom he cleft from head to waist with a 
 single stroke. Vifell left it to Viking, 
 Viking to Thorsten, and Thorsten to his 
 son Frith j of. The hilt of the sword was 
 gold, and the blade written with runes, 
 which were dull in times of peace, but in 
 Avar glittered, " red as the crest of a cock 
 when he fighteth." — Tegne'r, Frithjof 
 Saga, iii. (1825). 
 
 Villalpando (Gaspar Cardillos de), a 
 Spanish theologian, controA r ersialist, and 
 commentator (1505-1570). 
 
 " Truly," replied the canon, "lam better acquainted 
 with books of chivalry than with V illalpando's divinity."— 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 17 (1605). 
 
 Ville Sonnante (La). Avignon is 
 so called by Rabelais, from its numerous 
 bcll-toAvers. 
 
 Ville'rius, in Davenant's Siege of 
 Rhodes (1G56). 
 
 . . . pale with envy. Singleton forswore 
 The lute and sword, which he in triumph bore, 
 And vowed he ne'er would act Villerius more. 
 
 Dryden, J/acFlecknoe (1682). 
 
 * + * This Avas a favourite part of 
 Singleton. 
 
 Villers (Mr.), a gentleman AA'ho pro- 
 fessed a supreme contempt for women, 
 and declared, if he ever married, he should 
 prefer Widow Racket to his executioner. — 
 Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 
 
 Villiard, a A'illain, from Avhose hands 
 Charles Belmont rescued Fidelia. — E. 
 Moore, The Foundling (1748). 
 
 Vincent (Jenkin) or "Jin Vin," one 
 of old Ramsay's apprentices, in loA-e Avith 
 Margaret Ramsay. — Sir W. Scott, For- 
 tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Vincent de la Rosa, a boastful, 
 A r ain, heartless adA r enturer, son of a poor 
 labourer ; who had served in the Italian 
 wars. Coming to the village in which 
 Leandra liA'ed, he induced her to elope 
 Avith him, and, having spoiled her of her 
 jeAvels, money, and other valuables, de- 
 serted her, and she was sent to a convent 
 till the affair had blown over. 
 
 He wore a gay uniform, bedecked with glass buttons and 
 steel ornaments ; to-day he dressed himself in one piece 
 of finery, and to-morrow in another. He would seat 
 himself upon a bench under a large poplar, and entertain 
 the villagers with his travels and exploits, assuring them 
 there was not a country in the whole world he had not 
 seen, nor a battle in which he had not taken part. He 
 had slain more Moors than ever Tunis or Morocco pro- 
 duced ; and as to duels, he had fought more than ever 
 Gante had, or Luna, Diego Garcia de Paredez, or any 
 other champion, always coming off victorious, and without 
 losing one drop of blood. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 
 20 (" The Goat-herd's Story," 1605). 
 
 Vineen'tio, duke of Vienna. He 
 delegates his office to Angelo, and leaA-es 
 Vienna for a time, under the pretence of 
 going on a distant journey ; but, by as- 
 suming a monk's hood, he observes incog- 
 nito the conduct- of his different officers. 
 Angelo tries to dishonour Isabella, but 
 the duke re-appears in due time and 
 rescues her, Avhile Angelo is made to 
 marry Mariana, to whom he Avas already 
 betrothed. — Shakespeare, Measure for 
 Measure (1603). 
 
 *** Mariana was Angelo's wife by 
 civil contract, or, as the duke says to her, 
 " He is thy husband by pre-contract," 
 though the Church had not yet sanctified 
 the union and blessed it. Still, the duke 
 says that it Avould be "no sin " in her 
 to account herself his Avife, and to per- 
 form towards him the duties of a wife. 
 Angelo's neglect of her Avas "a civil 
 divorce," Avhich Avould haA r e been a " sin" 
 if the Church had sanctified the union, 
 but Avhich, till then, was only a moral or 
 ciA^il offence. Mariana also considered 
 herself Angelo's "Avife," and calls him 
 "her husband." This is an interesting 
 illustration of the "civil contract" of 
 matrimony long before "The Marriage 
 Registration Act" in-1837. 
 
 Vineen'tio, an old gentleman of Pisa, in 
 Shakespeare's comedV called The laming 
 of the Shrew (1593). * 
 
 Vincent io, the troth-plight of Evadne 
 sister of the marquis of Colonna. Being 
 himself without guile, he is unsuspicious, 
 and Avhen Ludovico, the traitor, tells him 
 that EA T adne is the king's Avanton, he be- 
 lieves it and casts her off. This brings 
 about a duel betAveen him and Evadne's 
 brother, in Avhich Vincentio falls. He is 
 
VINCENTIO. 
 
 1069 
 
 VIOLET. 
 
 not, however, killed ; and when the vil- 
 lainy of Ludovico is brought to light, he 
 re-appears and marries Evadne. — Sheil, 
 Evadhe or T7i<i Statue (1820). 
 
 Vincentio (Don), a young man who was 
 music mad, and said that the summum 
 bonum of life is to get talked about. 
 Like queen Elizabeth, he loved a "crash " 
 in music, plenty of noise and fury. 
 Olivia de Zuniga disgusted him by main- 
 taining the jew's-harp to be the prince of 
 musical instruments. — Mrs. Cowley, A 
 Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). 
 
 Vingolf, the paradise of Scandi- 
 navian mythology. 
 
 Ah, Ingeborg, how fair, how near doth stand 
 Each earthly joy to two fond loving hearts I 
 If boldly grasped whene'er the time is ripe, 
 It follows willingly, and builds for them 
 A vingolf even here on earth below. 
 
 Tegner, Frithjof Saga, viii. (1825). 
 
 Vi'ola, sister of Sebastian ; a young 
 lady of Messaline. They were twins, 
 and so much alike that they could be 
 distinguished only by their dress. Viola 
 and her brother were shipwrecked off the 
 coast of Illyria, Viola was brought to 
 shore by the captain, but her brother was 
 left to shift for himself. Being a 
 stranger in a strange land, Viola dressed 
 as a page, and, under the name of 
 Cesario, entered the service of Orsino duke 
 of Illyria. The duke greatly liked his 
 beautiful page, and, when he discovered 
 her true sex, married her. — Shakespeare, 
 Twelfth Night (1602). 
 
 Vi'ola and Hono'ra, daughters of 
 general Archas "the loyal subject" of 
 the great-duke of Muscovia. — Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 
 
 Violan'te (4 syl.), the supposed wife 
 of don Henrique (2 syl.) an uxorious 
 Spanish nobleman. — Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622). 
 
 Violante, the betrothed of don Alonzo 
 of Alcazar, but given in marriage by king 
 Sebastian to Henri'quez. This caused 
 Alonzo to desert and join the emperor of 
 Barbary. As renegade he took the name 
 of Dorax, and assumed the Moorish cos- 
 tume. In the war which followed, he 
 saved Sebastian's life, was told that 
 Henriquez had died in battle, and that 
 Violante, who never swerved from his love, 
 being a young widow, was free and willing 
 to be his Avife. — Dryden, Don Sebastian 
 U690). 
 
 Violante, an attendant on the princess 
 Anna Comnena the historian. — Sir W. 
 
 Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
 Rufus). 
 
 Violante (4 syl.), wife of Pietro (2 syl.), 
 and putative mother of Pompilia. Vio- 
 lante provided this supposititious child 
 partly to please old Pietro, and partly to 
 cheat the rightful heirs. — R. Browning, 
 The Ring and the Book, ii. 
 
 Violan'te (Donna), daughter of den 
 Pedro, a Portuguese nobleman, who 
 intends to make her a nun ; but she falls 
 in love with don Felix, the son of don 
 Lopez. Isabella (sister <£ don Felix), in 
 order to escape a hateful marriage, takes 
 refuge with donna Violante (4 syl.), who 
 "keeps the secret" close, even at the 
 risk of losing her sweetheart, for Felix 
 discovers that a colonel Briton calls at 
 the house, and supposes Violante to be 
 the object of his visits. Ultimately, the 
 mystery is cleared up, and a double 
 marriage takes place. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
 The Wonder (1714). 
 
 Mrs. Yates (in the last act), with Garrick as "don Felix," 
 was admirable. Felix, thinking he has gone too far, applies 
 himself to soothe his Violante. She turns from him and 
 draws away her chair ; he follows, and she draws further 
 away. At length, by his winning, entreating, and cajol- 
 ing, she is gradually induced to melt, and finally makes it 
 up with him. Her condescension . . . was admirable ; 
 her dignity was great and lofty, . . . and when by degrees 
 she laid aside her frown, and her lips relaxed into a smile, 
 . . . nothing could be more lovely and irresistible. . . . 
 It laid the whole audience, as well as the lover, at her feet. 
 — William Goodwin. 
 
 Violen'ta, any young lady non- 
 entity ; one who contributes nothing to 
 the amusement or conversation of a party. 
 Violenta is one of the dramatis persona? of 
 Shakespeare's All's Well that Ends Well, 
 but she only enters once, and then she 
 neither speaks nor is spoken to (1598). 
 (See Rogero, p. 839, third art.) 
 
 Violen'ta, the fairy mother who brought 
 up the young princess who was metamor- 
 phosed into a white cat for refusing to 
 marry Migonnet (a hideously misshapen 
 fairv). — Comtesse D'Aunoj r , Fairy Tales 
 ("the White Cat," 1682). 
 
 "Violet, the ward of lady Arundel. 
 She is in love with Norman the " sea- 
 captain," who turns out to be the son of 
 lady Arundel by her first husband, and 
 heir to the title and estates. — Lord Lytton, 
 The Sea-Captain (1839). 
 
 Violet (Father), a sobriquet of Na- 
 poleon I. ; also called " Corporal Violet " 
 (1769, 1804-1815, died 1821). 
 
 *** Violets were the flowers of the 
 empire, and when, in 1879, the ex-em- 
 press Eugenie Avas visited at Chislehurst 
 by those who sympathized with her 
 
VIOLET-CROWNED CITY. 
 
 1070 VIRGIL OF OUR DRAMATIC POETS. 
 
 in the death of her son, " the prince 
 imperial," they were worn as symbols of 
 attachment to the imperial family of 
 France. The name was given to Na- 
 poleon on his banishment to Elba (1815), 
 and implied that "he would return to 
 France with the violets." 
 
 Violet-Crowned City (The). 
 Athens is so called by Aristophanes 
 (ioo-re^avo?) (see Equites, 1323 and 1329 ; 
 and Acha?-7iians, 637). Macaulay refers 
 to Athens as "the violet-crowned city." 
 Ion (a violet) was a representative king 
 of Athens, whose four sons gave names 
 to the four Athenian classes ; and Greece, 
 in Asia Minor, was called Ionia. Athens 
 was the city of " Ion crowned its king," 
 and hence was "the Ion crowned " or 
 king Ion's city. Translating the word 
 Ion into English, Athens was the "Violet- 
 crowned" or king Violet's city. Of 
 course, the pun is the chief point, and 
 was quite legitimate in comedy. 
 
 Similarly, Paris is called the " city of 
 lilies," by a pun between Louis and lys 
 (the flower-de-luce), and France is V empire 
 des lys or V empire des Louis. 
 
 By a similar pun, London might be 
 called " the noisy town," from hlud, 
 " noisy." 
 
 Violetta, a Portuguese, married to 
 Belrield the elder brother, but deserted 
 by him. The faithless husband gets be- 
 trothed to Sophia (daughter of sir Ben- 
 jamin Dove), who loves the younger 
 brother. Both Violetta and the younger 
 brother are shipwrecked and cast on the 
 coast of Cornwall, in the vicinity of squire 
 Belfield's estate ; and Sophia is informed 
 that her "betrothed" is a married man. 
 She is therefore free from her betrothal, 
 and marries the younger brother, the 
 man of her choice ; while the elder 
 brother takes back his -wife, to whom he 
 becomes reconciled. — R. Cumberland, 
 The Brothers (17G9). 
 
 Violin (Motto on a). 
 
 In silvis viva silui ; canora jam mortua cano. 
 Mute when alive, I heard the feathered throng ; 
 Vocal now dead, I emulate their song. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 Violin (The Angel with the). Rubens's 
 " Harmony " is an angel of the male sex 
 playing a bass-viol. 
 
 The angel with the violin, 
 Painted by Raphael, (?) lie seemed. 
 
 Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (1863). 
 
 "Violin-Makers ( The best) : Gasparo 
 di Salo (1560-1610) ; Nicholas Amati 
 (1596-1684); Antonio Stradivari (1670- 
 1728) ; Joseph A. Guarneri (1683-1745). 
 
 *** Of these, Stradivari was the best, 
 and Nicholas Amati the next best. 
 
 The following are eminent, but not 
 equal to the names given above : — Joseph 
 Steiner (1620-1667) ; Matthias Klotz 
 (1650-1696). (See Otto, On the Violin.) 
 
 Vipers. According to Greek and 
 Roman superstition, the female viper, 
 after copulation, bites off the head of the 
 male. Another notion was that young 
 vipers came into the world by gnawing 
 their way through the mother, and kill- 
 ing her. 
 
 Else, viper-like, their parents they devour, 
 
 For all Power's children easily covet power. 
 
 Lcrd Brooke, Treatin on Human Learning (155-1-16-23). 
 
 Vipont (Sir Ralph de), a knight of 
 St. John. He is one of the knights 
 challengers. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Virgil, in the Gcsta Romanorum, is 
 represented as a mighty but benevolent 
 enchanter, and this is the character that 
 Italian romances give him. 
 
 Similarly, sir Walter Scott is called 
 " The Great Wizard of the North." 
 
 Virgil, in Dante, is the personification 
 of human wisdom, Beatrice of the wisdom 
 which comes of faith, and St. Bernard of 
 spiritual wisdom. Virgil conducts Dante 
 through the Inferno and through Purga- 
 tory too, till the seven P's (peccata "sins") 
 are obliterated from his brow, when 
 Beatrice becomes his guide. St. Bernard 
 is his guide through a part of Paradise. 
 Virgil says to Dante : 
 
 What reason here discovers, / have power 
 To show thee ; that which lies beyond, expect 
 
 From Beatrice faith not reason's task. 
 
 DantC, Purgatory, xviii. (1308). 
 
 Virgil. The inscription on his tomb 
 (said to have been written by himself) 
 was : 
 
 Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nunc 
 Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 
 
 In Mantua was I born ; Calabria saw me die ; 
 
 Of sheep, fields, wars I sung ; and now in Naples lie. 
 E. C. B. 
 
 Virgil (The Christian), Giacomo San- 
 nazaro (1458-1530). 
 
 Marco Girolamo Vida, author of Chris- 
 tias (in six books), is also called " The 
 Christian Virgil" (1490-1566). 
 
 *** Aurelius Clemens Prudentius of 
 Spain is called by Bentley "The Virgil 
 and Horace of Christians " (348-*). 
 
 Virgil of our Dramatic Poets 
 
 (The). Ben Jonson is so called by 
 Dryden (1574-1637). 
 
 Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dramatic 
 poets : Jonson was the Virgil, and pattern of elaborate 
 writing. I admire rare Ben, but I Jove Shakespeare ..~ 
 Dryden. 
 
VIRGIL OF THE FRENCH DRAMA. 1071 
 
 VIRGINS. 
 
 Virgil of the French Drama 
 
 (The). Jean Racine is so called by sir 
 Walter Scott (1639-1699). 
 
 Virgil's Courtship. Godfrey Gobi- 
 lyve told Graunde Amoure that Virgil 
 the poet once made proposals to a lady 
 of high rank in the Roman court, who 
 resolved to punish him for his presump- 
 tion. She told him that if he Avould 
 appear on a given night before her win- 
 dow, he should be drawn up in a basket. 
 Accordingly he kept his appointment, 
 got into the basket, and, being drawn 
 some twenty feet from the ground, was 
 left there dangling till noon next day, 
 the laugh and butt of the court and city. 
 —Stephen Hawes, Tiie Passe-tyme of 
 Plesure, xxix. (1515). 
 
 Virgil's Gnat (the Culex, ascribed to 
 Virgil). A shepherd, haviDg fallen asleep 
 in the open air, was on the point of 
 becoming the prey of a serpent, when 
 a gnat stung him on the eyelid. The 
 shepherd crushed the gnat, but at the 
 same time alarmed the serpent, which 
 the shepherd saw and beat to death. 
 Next night, the gnat appeared to the 
 shepherd in a dream, and reproached him 
 for ingratitude, whereupon he raised a 
 monument in honour of his deliverer. 
 Spenser has a free translation of this 
 story, which he calls VirgiVs Gnat (1580). 
 (See Use of Pests, p. 1054.) 
 
 Virgile du Rabut (Le), "The 
 Virgil of the Plane," Adam Bellaut, 
 the joiner-poet, who died 1662. He 
 was pensioned by Richelieu, patronized 
 by the "Great Conde'," and praised by 
 Pierre Corneille. 
 
 VirgU/ia is made by Shakespeare 
 the wife of Coriolanus, and Volumnia his 
 ■mother; but historically Volumnia was 
 his wife and Vetu'ria his mother. — Corio- 
 lanus (1610). 
 
 The old man's merriment in Menenius ; the lofty lady's 
 dignity in Volumnia; the bridal modesty in Virgilia ; the 
 patrician and military haughtiness in Coriolanus ; the 
 plebeian malignity and tribunitian insolence in Brutus and 
 Bicinius, make a very pleasing and interesting variety. — 
 Dr. Johnson, On Coriolanus. 
 
 Virgil'ius, Feargil bishop of Saltz- 
 burg, an Irishman. He was denounced 
 as a heretic for asserting the existence of 
 antipodes (*-784). (See Heresy, p. 
 438.) 
 
 Virgin Fort (The). Widin, in Euro- 
 oean Turkey, is so called by the Turks, 
 because it has never been taken by as- 
 sault. 
 
 * + * Metz, in France, was so called in 
 the Franco-Prussian war (1870-1). 
 
 Virgin Knot, maidenly chastity ; 
 the allusion being to the zones worn by 
 marriageable young women. Girls did 
 not wear a zone, and were therefore 
 called "Ungirded" (dis-cintoe) . 
 
 If thou dost break her virgin knot before 
 All sanctimonious ceremonies may 
 With full and holy rite be ministered, 
 No sweet aspersion shall the heaven let fall 
 To make this contract grow. 
 Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iv. sc. 1 (1609). 
 
 Virgin Martyr (The), a tragedy by 
 Philip Massinger (1622). 
 
 Virgin Mary ( The) is addressed by 
 the following titles: — "Empress and 
 Queen of Heaven;" "Empress and Queen 
 of Angels;" "Empress and Queen of 
 the Earth;" "Ladv of the Universe or of 
 the World ; " "Mistress of the World ; " 
 "Patroness of all Men;" "Advocate 
 for Sinners;" "Mediatrix;" "Gate of 
 Paradise ; " " Mother of Mercies and of 
 Divine Grace ; " " Goddess ; " "The only 
 Hope of Sinners," etc., etc. 
 
 It is said that Peter Fullo, in 480, was 
 the first to introduce invocations to the 
 Virgin. 
 
 Virgin Modesty. John Wilmot, 
 earl of Rochester, was so called by Charles 
 II., because of his propensitv to blush- 
 ing (1647-1680). 
 
 Virgin Queen (The), Elizabeth 
 (1533, 1558-1603). 
 
 Virgin Unmasked (The), a farce 
 by H. Fielding. Goodwill had acquired 
 by trade £10,000, and resolved to give his 
 daughter Lucy to one of his relations, in 
 order to keep the money in the family. 
 He sent for her bachelor relations, and 
 told them his intention ; they were Blister 
 (the apothecary), Coupee (the dancing- 
 master), and Quaver (the singing-master). 
 They all preferred their professions to the 
 young lad} r , and while they were quarrel- 
 ling about the superiority of their respec- 
 tive callings, Lucy married Thomas the 
 footman. Old Goodwill says, "I don't 
 know but that my daughter has made a 
 better choice than if she had married one 
 of these booby relations." 
 
 Virgins (The Eleven Thousand). 
 Ursul or Horsel in Swabia, like Hulda 
 in Scandinavia, means "the moon," and 
 her eleven thousand virgins are the stars. 
 The bones shown in Cologne as those of 
 the eleven thousand virgins are those 
 of males and females of all ages, and 
 were taken from an old Roman cemetery 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 1072 
 
 VISION OF JUDGMENT. 
 
 acioss which the wall of Cologne ran 
 (1106). 
 
 Virginia, a young Roman plebeian 
 of great beauty, decoyed by Appius 
 Claudius, one of the decemvirs, and 
 claimed as his slave. Her father, Vir- 
 ginius, being told of it, hastened to the 
 forum, and arrived at the moment when 
 Virginia was about to be delivered up to 
 Appius. He seized a butcher's knife, 
 stabbed his daughter to the heart, rushed 
 from the forum, and raised a revolt. 
 
 This has been the subject of a host of 
 tragedies. In French, by Mairet (1628), 
 by Leclerc (1645), by Campistron (1683), 
 by La Beaumelle (1760), bv Chabanon 
 (1769), bv Laharpe (1786), "by Leblanc 
 du Guillet (1786), by Guiraud (1827), by 
 Latour St. Ybars (1845), etc. In Italian, 
 by Allien (1783). In German, by Gott- 
 hold Lessing (eighteenth century). In 
 English, by John Webster, entitled Ap- 
 pius and Virginia (1654) ; bv Miss Brooke 
 (1760) ; J. S. Knowles (1820), Virginius. 
 
 It is one of lord Macaulay's lays (1842), 
 supposed to be sung in the forum on the 
 day when Sextus -and Licinus were 
 elected tribunes for the fifth time. 
 
 Virginia, the daughter of Mde. de la 
 Tour. Madame was of a good family in 
 Normandy, but, having married beneath 
 her social position, was tabooed by her 
 family. Her husband died before the 
 birth of his first child, and the widow 
 went to live at Port Louis, in the Mau- 
 ritius, where Virginia was born. Their 
 only neighbour was Margaret, with her 
 love-child Paul, an infant. The two 
 children grew up together, and became 
 strongly attached ; but when Virginia 
 was 15 years old, her wealthy great-aunt 
 adopted her, and requested that she might 
 be sent immediately to France, to finish 
 her education. The ''aunt" wanted her 
 to marry a French count, and, as Virginia 
 refused to do so, disinherited her and 
 sent her back to the Mauritius. When 
 within a cable's length of the island, a 
 hurricane dashed the ship to pieces, and 
 the corpse of Virginia was cast on the 
 shore. Paul drooped, and died Avithin 
 two months. — Bernardin de St. Pierre, 
 Paul et Virgine (1788). 
 
 *** In Cobb's dramatic version of this 
 story, Virginia's mother is of Spanish 
 origin, and dies committing Virginia to 
 the charge of Dominique, a faithful old 
 negro servant. The aunt is donna Leo- 
 nora de Guzman, who sends don Antonio 
 de Guardes to bring Virginia to Spain, and 
 
 there to make her his bride. She is 
 carried to the ship by force ; but scarcely 
 is she set on board when a hurricane 
 dashes the vessel to pieces. Antonio is 
 drowned, but Virginia is rescued by Al- 
 hambra, a runaway slave, whom she has 
 befriended. The drama ends with the 
 marriage between Virginia and Paul 
 (1756-1818). 
 
 Virginius, father of the Roman 
 Virginia, the title of a tragedy bv S. 
 Knowles (1820). (Forthetale, see Vnt- 
 
 GINIA.) 
 
 Macready (1793-1873) made the part of 
 "Virginius" in Knowles's drama socalled, 
 but the first to act it was John Cooper, in 
 Glasgow (1820). 
 
 Virgivian Sea. (See Vergiviax.) 
 
 Vir'olam, St. Alban's. 
 
 Brave Voadicia made ... to Virolam. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Virtues {The Seven): (1) Faith, (2) 
 hope, (3) charity, (4) prudence, (5) 
 justice, (6) fortitude, and (7) temperance. 
 The first three are called "the holy 
 virtues." 
 
 I [Virgil] with those abide 
 Who the three holy virtues put not on. 
 But understood the rest, and without blame 
 Followed them all. 
 
 Dant6, Purgatory, vii. (1308). 
 
 Virtues and Faults. 
 
 Be to her virtues very kind ; 
 Be to her faults a little blind ; 
 Let all her ways be unconfined ; 
 And clap a padlock on her mind. 
 
 Prior, An English Padlock (1696). 
 
 Visin, a Russian who had the power 
 of blunting weapons by a look. Starchat'- 
 erus, the Swede, when he went against 
 him, covered his sword with thin leather, 
 and by this means obtained an easy vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Vision of Judgment ( The), a poem 
 in twelve parts, by Southey, written in 
 hexameter verse (1820). The laureate 
 supposes that he has a vision of George 
 III., just dead, tried at the bar of heaven. 
 Wilkes is his chief accuser, and Washing- 
 ton his chief defender. Judgment is 
 given by acclamation in favour of the 
 king, and in heaven he is welcomed by 
 Alfred, Richard Cceur de Lion, Edward 
 III., queen Elizabeth, Charles L, and 
 William III., Bede, friar Bacon, Chaucer, 
 Spenser, the duke of Marlborough, and 
 Berkeley the sceptic, Hogarth, Burke the 
 infidel, Chatterton who made away with 
 himself, Canning, Nelson, and all the 
 royal family who were then dead. 
 
 * # * Of all the literary productions ever 
 
VITALIS. 
 
 107£ 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 issued from the press, never was one 
 printed of worse taste than this. Byron 
 wrote a quiz on it called The Vision of 
 Judgment, in 106 stanzas of eight lines 
 each (1820). 
 
 Vita'lis, the pseudonym of Eric Sjo- 
 berg, a Swedish poet. (Latin, vita lis, 
 "life is a strife.") 
 
 Viti'za or Witi'za, king of the 
 Visigoths, who put out the eyes of Cor- 
 dova the father of Roderick. He was 
 himself dethroned and blinded by Rode- 
 rick. — Southey, Roderick, the Last of the 
 Goths (1814). 
 
 Vitruvms {The English), Inigo 
 Jones (1572-1652). 
 
 Vivian, brother of Maugis d'Agre- 
 mont, and son of dukeBevisof Agremont. 
 He was stolen in infancy by Tapinel, and 
 sold to the wife of Sorgalant. — Roman de 
 Maugis d 1 Agremont et de Vivian son Frere. 
 
 Vivian, son of Buovo (2 syl.), of the 
 house of Clarmont, and brother of Aldiger 
 and Malagigi. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
 (1516). 
 
 Viviane (3 syl.), daughter of Dyonas 
 a vavasour of high lineage, and generally 
 called the " Lady of the Lake." Merlin, 
 in his dotage, fell in love with her, and 
 she imprisoned him in the forest of Bre- 
 celiande, in Brittany. Viviane induced 
 Merlin to show her how a person could 
 be imprisoned by enchantment without 
 walls, towers, or chains, and after he had 
 done so, she fondled him into a sleep under 
 a whitethorn laden with flowers. While 
 thus he slept, she made a ring with her 
 wimple round the bush, and performed 
 the other needful ceremonies, whereupon 
 he found himself enclosed in a prison 
 stronger than the strongest tower, and 
 from that imprisonment was never again 
 released. — Merlin (a romance). 
 
 *** See the next article. 
 
 Viv'ien or Vivian, the personifica- 
 tion of shameless harlotry, or the crown- 
 ing result to be expected from the 
 infidelity of queen Guin'evere. This wily 
 wanton in Arthur's court hated all the 
 knights, and tried without success to 
 seduce " the blameless king." With 
 Merlin she succeeded better, for, being 
 pestered with her importunity, he told her 
 the secret of his power, as Samson told 
 Delilah the secret of his strength. Having 
 learnt this, Vivien enclosed the magician 
 in a hollow oak, where he was confined 
 as one dead, " lost to life, and use, and 
 name, and fame." — Tennyson, Idylls of 
 
 the King ("Vivien," 1858-9). (See 
 Viviane.) 
 
 *** In Malory's History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 60, Nimue (? Ninive) is the fee 
 who inveigled. Merlin out of his secret : 
 
 And so upon a time it happened that Merlin shewed 
 to her [Nimue] in a rock, whereas was a great wonder, and 
 wrought by enchantment, which went under a stone. So 
 by her subtle craft and working, she made Merlin to go 
 under that stone, to let her wit of the marvels there ; but 
 she wrought so there for him that he came never out, for 
 all his craft. And so she departed and left him there. 
 
 Voadic'ia or Boadice'a, queen of 
 the British Iceni. Enraged against the 
 Romans, who had defiled her two daugh- 
 ters, she excited an insurrection against 
 them, and while Suetonius Paullnus, the 
 Roman governor, was in Mona (Anglesea), 
 she took Colchester and London, and slew 
 70,000 Romans. Being at length de- 
 feated by Suetonius Paulinus, she put an 
 end to her life by poison (a.d. 61). 
 
 Cowper has an ode on Boadicea (1790). 
 
 Brave Voadicia made with her resolvedest men 
 
 To Virolam [St. Alban's}, whose siege with fire and sword 
 
 she plyed 
 Till levelled with the earth . . . etc. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 
 
 Voadine (2 syl.), bishop of London, 
 who reproved Vortiger[n] for loving 
 another man's wife and neglecting his 
 own queen, for which reproof the good 
 bishop was murdered. 
 
 . . . good Voadine, who reproved 
 Proud Vortiger, his king, unlawfully that loved 
 Another's wanton wife, and wronged his nuptial bed, 
 For which by that stern prince unjustly murdered. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (10-J-2). 
 
 *** This is very like the story of John 
 the Baptist and Herod. 
 
 Voice (Human). The following ani- 
 mals possessed both human voice and 
 articulate speech, speaking in the lan- 
 guage of their masters : — 
 
 Al Borak, the animal which conveyed 
 Mahomet to the seventh heaven. He not 
 only spoke good Arabic, but had also a 
 human face. 
 
 Arion, the wonderful horse which 
 Hercules gave to Adrastos. It not only 
 spoke good Greek, but both his near feet 
 were those of a man. 
 
 Balaam's Ass spoke Hebrew to Ba- 
 laam on one occasion. — Numb. xxii. 
 
 The Black Pigeons, one of which 
 gave the responses in the temple of Am- 
 nion, and the other in Dodona. — Classic 
 Story. 
 
 The Bulbul-Hezar, which had not 
 only human speech, but was oracular also. 
 — Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters"). 
 
 Comrade, Fortunio's horse, spoke with 
 the voice of a man. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, 
 Fairy Talcs (" Fortunio "). 
 
 3 z 
 
VOITURE. 
 
 1074 
 
 VOLUSPA SAGA. 
 
 The little Green Bird, which Fairstar 
 obtained possession of, not only an- 
 swered in words any questions asked it, 
 but was also prophetic and oracular. — 
 Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Chery 
 and Fairstar"). 
 
 Katm !r, the dog of the Seven Sleepers, 
 Bpoke Greek. — Al Koran, xviii. 
 
 Saleh's Camel used to go about 
 crying, in good Arabic, " Ho ! every one 
 that wanteth milk, let him come, and I 
 will give it him." — Sale, Al Koran, vii. 
 (notes). 
 
 The Serpent which tempted Eve to eat 
 of the forbidden fruit. — Gen. iii. 
 
 Temliha, the king of serpents, had the 
 gift of human speech. — Comte de Caylus, 
 Oriental Tales (" History of Aboutaleb"). 
 
 Xanthos, one of the horses of Achilles, 
 announced to the hero, in good Greek, his 
 approaching death. — Classic Fable. 
 
 Voiture (2 syl.), a French poet, 
 idolized by his contemporaries in the 
 reign of Louis XIV., but now only 
 known by name (1598-1648). 
 
 E'en rival wits did Voiture's death deplore, 
 And tiie gay mourned, who never mourned before ; 
 The truest hearts for Voiture her.ved with sighs ; 
 Voiture was wept by all the brightest eyes. 
 
 Pope, Epistle to MUts Blount (1715). 
 
 Voland (Squire), the devil. (Ger- 
 man, Junker Voland.) 
 
 "Volan'te (3 syl.), one of the three 
 daughters of Balthazar. Lively, witty, 
 sharp as a needle, and high-spirited. 
 She loves the count Montalban ; but 
 when the count disguises himself as a 
 father confessor, in order to sound her love 
 J or him, she sees the trick in a moment, 
 and says to him, "Come, count, pull off 
 your lion's hide, and confess yourself an 
 ass." Subsequentlv, all ends happily and 
 well.— J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 
 
 Volet'ta, Free-will personified. 
 
 Voletta, 
 
 Whom neither man, nor fiend, nor God constrains. 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vi. (1633). 
 
 Volksmahrchen ("popular tales 11 ), 
 in German, the best exponents being Lud- 
 wig Tieck (1773-1853), Musaus (1735- 
 1787), De la Motte Fouque (see Undine), 
 Chamisso (see Schlemihl, Peter), 
 Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827), Achim von 
 Arnim (1781-1831), Clemens Brentano 
 (1777-1842), Zschokke(1771-1848),Hoif- 
 mann (1776-1822), Gustav Freytag " The 
 German Dickens " (1816-1878), and the 
 brothers Grimm. 
 
 Vol'pone (2 syl.) or The Fox, a 
 comedy by Ben Jonson (1605). Volpone, a 
 
 rich Venetian nobleman, without children, 
 feigns to be dying, in order to draw gifts 
 from those who pay court to him under 
 the expectation of becoming hi3 heirs. 
 Mosca, his knavish confederate, persuades 
 each in turn that he is named for the 
 inheritance, and by this means exacts 
 many a costly present. At the end, Vol- 
 pone is betrayed, his property forfeited, 
 and he is sentenced to lie in the worst 
 hospital in all Venice. 
 
 Jonson has three great comedies : Volpone or The Fox, 
 Epicene or the Silent Woman, and The Alchemut, — R. 
 Chambers, English Literature, i. 192. 
 
 Volscius (Prince), a military hero, 
 who falls in love with the fair Par- 
 thenope, and disputes with prince Pretty- 
 man upon the superiority of his sweet- 
 heart to Cloris, whom prince Prettyman 
 sighs for. — Duke of Buckingham, The 
 Rehearsal (1671). 
 
 Why, this is worse than prince Volscius in love !— Sir 
 W. Scott. 
 
 Oh, be merry, by all means. Prince Volscius in love I 
 Ha, ha, ha !— W. Congreve, The Double Dealer (1694). 
 
 Volsunga Saga (The), a collection 
 of tales in verse about the early Teutonic 
 heroes, compiled by Saemund Sigfusson 
 in the eleventh century. A prose version 
 was made some 200 years later by Snorro 
 Sturleson. This saga forms a part of 
 the Rhythmical or Elder Edda and of the 
 Prose or Younger Edda. 
 
 Voltaire (The German), Johann 
 Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1838). 
 
 Christoph Martin Wieland is also called 
 11 The German Voltaire" (1733-1813). 
 
 Voltaii'e ( The Polish), Ignatius Krasicki 
 (1774-1801). 
 
 Voltaii'e (T7ie Russian), Alex. P. Sumo- 
 rokof (1727-1777). 
 
 Vol'timand, a courtier in the court 
 of Claudius king of Denmark. — Shake- 
 speare, Hamlet (1596). 
 
 Volumnia was the wife of Coriolanus, 
 and Vetu'ria his mother; but Shakespeare 
 makes Virgilia the wife, and Volumnia 
 the mother. — Coriolanus (1610). 
 
 The old man's merriment in Menenius ; the lofty lady's 
 dignity in Volumnia; the bridal modesty in Virgilia; the 
 patrician and military haughtiness in Coriolanus; the 
 plebeian malignity and tribunitian insolence in Brutus 
 and Sicinius, make a very pleasing and interesting variety. 
 — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Voluspa Saga (The), the prophecy 
 of Vola. It contains between 200 and 
 300 verses, and resembles the Sibylline 
 books of ancient Rome. The Voluspa 
 Saga gives, in verse, a description of 
 chaos, the formation of the world, the 
 
VORST. 
 
 1075 
 
 VULCAN'S BADGE. 
 
 creation of all animals (including dwarfs 
 and giants, genii and devils, fairies and 
 goblins), the final conflagration of the 
 world, and its renewal, when it will 
 appear in celestial beauty, like the new 
 Jerusalem described in the book of the 
 Revelation. 
 
 Vorst (Peterkin), the sleeping sentinel 
 at Powys Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The Be- 
 trothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Vortigern, consul of the Gewisseans, 
 who crowned Constans king of Britain, 
 although he was a monk, but treach- 
 erously contrived to get him assassinated 
 afterwards, and then usurped the crown. 
 He married Rowen'a daughter of Hen- 
 gist, and was burnt to death in a tower 
 set on fire during a siege by Ambrosius. — 
 Geoffrey, Britisli History, vi. 6; viii. 1 
 (1142). 
 
 Vortigern, a drama put forward by 
 Henry W. Ireland (1796) as a newly dis- 
 covered play by Shakespeare. It was 
 brought out at Drury Lane Theatre by 
 John Eemble. Dr. Parr declared it to 
 be his opinion that the play was genuine. 
 
 Mrs. Siddons, writing to Mrs. Piozzi, says: "All sensible 
 persons are convinced that Vortigern is a most audacious 
 imposture. If not, I can only say that Shakespeare's 
 writings are more unequal than those of any other man " 
 (April 2, 1796).— Fitzgerald, Lives of the Kembles, i. 338. 
 
 Vortigern and Hengist. The 
 account of the massacre of the Long- 
 Knives, given by Geoffrey, in his British 
 History, vi. 15, differs greatly from that 
 of the Welsh Triads (see Stonehenge a 
 Trophy, p. 947). Geoffrey says that 
 Hengist came over with a large army, at 
 which king Vortigern was alarmed. To 
 allay this suspicion, Hengist promised to 
 send back all the men that the king did 
 not require, and begged Vortigern to 
 meet him in conference at Ambrius (Am- 
 bresbury), on May-day. Hengist, in the 
 mean time, secretly armed a number of 
 his soldiers with "long knives," and told 
 them to fall on the Britons during the 
 conference, when he uttered the words, 
 " Nemct oure Saxas." This they did, 
 and 460 "barons and consuls " fell. It 
 does not appear from this narrative that 
 the slaughter w T as due " to the treachery 
 of Vortigern," but was wholly the work 
 of Hengist. Geoffrey calls the earl of 
 Gloucester " Eldol," and not"Eidiol." 
 
 Vor'tigern's Tower, like Penel'- 
 ope's web, is a work ever beginning and 
 never ending. Vortigern was told by his 
 magicians to build a strong tower for his 
 own security ; so he commanded his work- 
 
 men to build one on mount Erir, but 
 whatever they built one day was wholly 
 swallowed up by the earth during the 
 night.— Geoffrey, British History, vi. 17 
 (1142). 
 
 Vos non Vobis. The tale is that 
 Virgil wrote an epigram on Augustus 
 Caesar, which so much pleased the em- 
 peror that he desired to know who was 
 the author. As Virgil did not claim the 
 lines, one Bathyllus declared they were 
 his. This displeased Virgil, and he wrote 
 these four words, Sic vos non vobis . . . 
 four times as the commencement of four 
 lines, and Bathyllus was requested to 
 finish them. This he could not do, but 
 Virgil completed the lines thus : 
 
 Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves ; 
 
 Sic ros non vobis villera fertis oves ; 
 Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes ; 
 Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves. 
 Not for yourselves your nests ye song-birds build ; 
 
 Not for yourselves ye sheep your fleeces bear ; 
 Not for yourselves your hives ye bees have filled ; 
 Not for yourselves ye oxen draw the share. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 Vox et prseterea Nihil. A Spar- 
 tan, pulling a nightingale, and finding 
 only a very small body, exclaimed, 
 
 <t>(jiva tu -m ecro-i, Kai oi/dev aWo (" Voice art 
 
 thou, and nothing more"). — Plutarch, 
 
 Apophthegmata Laconica. 
 
 Vran (Bendigeid, i.e. "Blessed"), king 
 of Britain and father of Caradawc (Ca- 
 ractacus). He was called "Blessed" 
 because he introduced Christianity into 
 this island. Vran had shared the cap- 
 tivity of his son, and had learned the 
 Christian faith during his seven years' 
 detention in Rome. 
 
 Vran or Bran the Blessed, son of Llyr, first brought the 
 faith of Christ to the nation of the Cymry from Rome, 
 where he was seven years a hostage for his son Caradawc, 
 whom the Romans made prisoner through craft and the 
 treachery of Aregwedd Foeddawg \_Cartismandua\— • 
 WeUk Triads, jcxxv. 
 
 Vran's Caldron restored to life 
 whoever was put therein, but the re- 
 vivified never recovered speech. (See 
 Medea's Kettle, p. 627.) 
 
 "I will give thee," said Bendigeid Vran, "a caldron, 
 the property of which >s that if one of thy men be slain 
 to-day, and be cast tnerein to-morrow, he will be as well 
 as he was at the best, except that he will not regain his 
 speech." — The Mabinogion (" Branwen," etc., twelfth 
 century). 
 
 Vrienee (King), one of the knights 
 of the Round Table. He married Morgan 
 le Fay, half-sister of king Arthur. — Sir 
 T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
 (1470). 
 
 Vulcan's Badge, the badge of 
 cuckoldom. Vulcan was the husband of 
 Venus, with whom Mars intrigued. 
 
VULNERABLE PARTS. 
 
 1076 
 
 WADE. 
 
 We know 
 Better than he have worn Vulcan's badge. 
 (1) Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, act ii. sc. 1 (1593). 
 
 Vulnerable Parts. 
 
 Achilles was vulnerable only in the 
 heel. When his mother Thetis dipped 
 Mm in the river Styx, she held him by 
 the heel, and the water did not touch this 
 part. — A Post-Homeric Story. 
 
 Ajax, son of Telamon, could be 
 wounded only behind the neck ; some say 
 onh' in one spot of the breast. As soon 
 as he was born, Alcides covered him with 
 a lion's skin, which rendered the whole 
 body invulnerable, except in a part where 
 the skin had been pierced b}' Hercules. 
 
 Antveos was wholly charmed against 
 death so long as he touched the earth. — 
 Lucan, Pharsalia, iv. 
 
 Ferracute (3 syl.) was only vulner- 
 able in the naval. — Turpin, Chronicle of 
 Charlemagne. 
 
 He is called Ferrau, son of Landfusa, 
 by Ariosto, in his Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Megissogwon was only vulnerable at 
 one tuft of hair on his head. A wood- 
 pecker revealed the secret to Hiawatha, 
 who struck him there and killed him. — 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, ix. 
 
 Orillo was impervious to death unless 
 one particular hair was cut off ; wherefore 
 Astolpho, when he encountered the robber, 
 only sought to cut off this magic hair. — 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso. 
 
 Orlando was invulnerable except in 
 the sole of his foot, and even there nothing 
 could injure him except the prick of a 
 pin. — Italian Classic Fable. 
 
 Siegfried was invulnerable except 
 in one spot between the shoulders, on 
 which a leaf stuck when he dipped his 
 body in dragon's blood. — The Nibelungen 
 Lied. 
 
 *** The Promethean unguent rendered 
 the body proof against fire and wounds 
 of any sort. Medea gave Jason some of 
 this unguent. — Classic Story. 
 
 Vulture (The Black), emblem of the 
 ancient Turk, as the crescent is of the 
 modern Ottoman empire. 
 
 And that black vulture, which with dreadful wing 
 O'ershadows half the earth, whose dismal sight 
 
 Frightened the Muses from their native spring, 
 Already stoops, and flags with weary wing. 
 
 Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Jtland, vii. (1633). 
 
 Vulture Hopkins. John Hopkins 
 was so called from his rapacious mode of 
 acquiring money. He was the architect 
 of his own fortune, and died worth 
 £300,000 (in 1732). 
 
 *** Pope refers to John Hopkins in the 
 lines : 
 
 When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend 
 The wretch who, living, saved a candle end 
 
 w. 
 
 Wabster (Michael), a citizen ox 
 Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
 (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 "Wabun, son of Mudjekeewis ; the 
 Indian Apollo. He chases darkness over 
 hill and dale with his arrows, wakes man, 
 and brings the morning. He married 
 Wabun- Annung, who was taken to heaven 
 at death, and became the morning star. 
 — Longfellow, Hiawatha (1855). 
 
 Wabun - Annung, the morning 
 star, a country maiden who married 
 Wabun the Indian Apollo. — Longfellow, 
 Hiawatha (1855). 
 
 Wackbairn (Mr.), the schoolmaster 
 at Libberton. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
 Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 "Waekles (Mrs. and the Misses), of 
 Chelsea, keepers of a "Ladies' Seminary." 
 English grammar, composition, geo- 
 graphy, and the use of dumb-bells, by 
 Miss Melissa Waekles ; writing, arith- 
 metic, dancing, music, and general fasci- 
 nation, by Miss Sophy Waekles ; needle- 
 work, marking, and samplery, by Miss 
 Jane Waekles ; corporal punishment and 
 domestic duties by Mrs. Waekles. Miss 
 Sophy was a fresh, good-natured, buxom 
 girl of 20, who owned to a soft impeach- 
 ment for Mr. Swiveller, but as he held 
 back, she married Mr. Cheggs, a well-to- 
 do market gardener. — C. Dickens, Tlie 
 Old Curiosity Shop, viii. (1840). 
 
 "Wade (Miss), a handsome young 
 woman, brought up by her grandmother, 
 with a small independence. She looked 
 at every act of kindness, benevolence, 
 and charity with a jaundiced eye, and 
 attributed it to a vile motive. Her 
 manner was suspicious, self-secluded, 
 and repellent ; her temper proud, fiery, 
 and unsympathetic. Twice she loved — in 
 one case she jilted her lover, in the 
 other she w r as herself jilted. The latter 
 was Henry Gow r an, who married Pet the 
 daughter of Mr. Meagles, and in con- 
 
WADMAN. 
 
 1077 
 
 WALBECK. 
 
 equence of this marriage, Miss Wade 
 hated Gowan, his -wife, the Meagleses, 
 and all their friends. She enticed Tatty- 
 coram away from Mr. Meagles, and the 
 two beautiful young women lived to- 
 gether for a time, nursing their hatred of 
 man to keep it warm. — C. Dickens, Little 
 Dorrit, ii. 21 (1857). 
 
 Wadrnan (Widoio), a comely widow, 
 who would full fain secure uncle Toby 
 for her second husband. Amongst other 
 wiles, she pretends to have something in 
 her eye, and gets uncle Toby to look for 
 it. As the kind-hearted hero of Namur 
 does so, the gentle widow gradually 
 places her face nearer and nearer the 
 captain's mouth, under the hope that he 
 will kiss and propose. — Sterne, The Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1759). 
 
 Wa'gemin (3 syl.), the cry of the 
 young lads and lasses of the North 
 American tribes, when in harvesting they 
 light upon a crooked and mildewed car 
 of maize, emblematic of old age. 
 
 And whene'er a youth or maiden 
 Found a crooked ear in husking, . . . 
 Blighted, mildewed, or misshapen, 
 Then they laughed and sang together. 
 Crept and limped about the corn fields 
 Mimicked in their gait and gestures 
 Some old man bent almost double, 
 Singing singly or together, 
 " Wagemin, the thief of corn-fields ! " 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, xlii. (1855). 
 
 Wagner, the faithful servant and 
 constant companion of Faust, in Mar- 
 lowe's drama called The Life and Death 
 of Dr. Faustus (1589) ; in Goethe's Faust 
 (German, 1798) ; and. in. Gounod's opera 
 of Faust (1859). 
 
 Wagner is a type of the pedant. He sacrifices himself to 
 books as Faust does to knowledge . . . the dust of folios 
 Is his element, parchment the source of his inspiration. 
 ... He is one of those who, in the presence of Niagara, 
 would vex you with questions about arrow-headed in- 
 scriptions ... or the origin of the Pelasgi. — Lewes. 
 
 "Wa'liela, Lot's wife, who was con- 
 federate with the men of Sodom, and gave 
 them notice when a stranger came to visit 
 her husband. Her sign was smoke by day 
 and fire by night. Wahela was turned into 
 a pillar of salt. — Jallalo'ddin, Al Zainakh. 
 
 WaTLa (3 syl.), wife of Noah, who 
 told the people her husband was dis- 
 traught. . . 
 
 The wife of Noah [WdUa] and the wife of Lot [M r d- 
 hela] were both unbelievers, . . . and it shall be said 
 unto them at the last day, " Enter ye into hell fire, with * 
 those who enter therein." — Al Kordn, Ixvi. 
 
 Wainamoi/nen, the Orpheus of 
 Finnish mythology. His magic harp 
 performed similar wonders to that of 
 Orpheus (2 syl.). It was made of the 
 bones of a pike ; that of Orpheus was 
 
 of tortoiseshell. The " beloved " of 
 Wainamoinenwas a treasure called Sam- 
 po, which was lost as the poet reached 
 the vejge of the realms of darkness ; the 
 "beloTed" of Orpheus was Euryd'ice, 
 who was lost just as the poet reached the 
 confines of earth, after his descent into 
 hell. 
 
 *#* See Kalewala, Rune, xxii. It is 
 very beautiful. An extract is given in 
 Baring Gould's Myths of the Middle Ages, 
 440-444. 
 
 Waistcoat (The M. B.), the clerical 
 waistcoat. M. B. mean.; "Mark [of the} 
 Beast." These waistcoats are so called 
 because they were first worn (in the 
 middle of the nineteenth century) by 
 clergymen who were supposed to have 
 popish tendencies. 
 
 Waitwell, the lackey of Edward 
 Mirabell, and husband of Foible gover- 
 nante of the household of lady Wishfort. 
 By his master's request, Waitwell perso- 
 nates sir Roland, and makes love to lady 
 Wishfort, but the trick is discovered 
 before much mischief is done. — W. Con- 
 greve, The Way of the World (1700). 
 
 "Wakefield (Harry), the English 
 drover killed by Robin Oig.— Sir W. 
 Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George 
 III.). 
 
 Wakeman (Sir George), physician 
 to Henrietta Maria queen of Charles I. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Teak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Walbeck '(Perkin) assumed himself 
 to be Richard duke of York, the younger 
 son of Edward IV., supposed to be mur- 
 dered by order of Richard III. in the 
 Tower. 
 
 Parallel Instances. The youngest son 
 of Ivan IV. of Russia was named Dl- 
 mitri, i.e. Demetrius. He was born in 
 1581, and was mysteriously assassinated 
 in 1591, some say by Godounov the suc- 
 cessor to the throne. Several impostors 
 assumed to be Dimitri, the most remark- 
 able appeared in Poland in 1603, who 
 was recognized as czar in 1605, but 
 perished the j^ear following. 
 
 Martin Guerre, in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, left his wife, to whom he had been 
 married ten years, to join the army 
 in Spain. In the eighth year of his 
 absence, one Arnaud du Tilh assumed to 
 be Martin Guerre, and was received by 
 the wife as her husband. For three years 
 he lived with her, recognized by all her 
 friends and relations, but the return of 
 
WALDECK. 
 
 1078 
 
 WALKING STEWART. 
 
 Martin himself dispelled the illusion, 
 and Arnaud was put to death. 
 
 The great Tichborne case was a similar 
 imposition. One Orton assumed to be sir 
 Roger Tichborne, and was even acknow- 
 ledged to be so by sir Roger's mother ; 
 but after a long and patient trial it was 
 proved that the claimant of the Tichborne 
 estates was no other than one Orton of 
 Wapping. 
 
 In German history, Jakob Rehback, a 
 miller's man, assumed, in 1345, to be Wal- 
 demar, an Ascanier margraf. Jakob was 
 a menial in the service of the margraf. 
 
 Waldeek (Martin), the miner, and 
 hero of a story read by Lovel to a picnic 
 party at the ruins of St. Ruth's Priory. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Tlie Antiquary (time, 
 George III.). 
 
 Walde 'grave (2 syl.), leader of the 
 British forces, which joined the Hurons 
 in extirpating the Snake Indians, but he 
 fell in the fray (pt. i. 18). 
 
 Julia Waldegrave, wife of the above. 
 She was bound to a tree with her child 
 by some of the Indians during the attack. 
 Outalissi, a Snake Indian, unbound them, 
 took them home, and took care of them ; 
 but the mother died. Her last request 
 was that Outalissi would carry her child 
 to Albert of Wy'oming, her friend, and 
 beg him to take charge of it. 
 
 Henry Waldegrave, the boy brought by 
 Outalissi to Albert. After staying at 
 Wyoming for three years, his English 
 friends sent for him (he was then 12 
 years old). When grown to manhood, 
 he returned to Wyoming, and was mar- 
 ried to Gertrude ; but three months after- 
 wards Outalissi appeared, and told them 
 that Brandt was coming with his English 
 soldiers to destroy the village. Both 
 Albert and Gertrude were shot in the 
 attack ; and Henry joined the army of 
 Washington. — Campbell, Gertrude of 
 Wyoming (1809). 
 
 %* Campbell accents Wyoming on the 
 first syllable, but the accent is generally 
 thrown on the second. 
 
 Waldemar Fitzurse (Lord), a 
 baron following prince John of Anjou 
 (brother of Richard Coeur de Lion). — Sir 
 W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Waldstetten (The countess of), a 
 relative of the baron. He is one of the 
 characters in Donnerhugel's narrative. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier stein (time, 
 Edward IV.). 
 
 Wales. Geoffrey says, after the 
 
 famine and pestilence which drove Cad- 
 wallader into Armorica (Bretagne), the 
 
 geople were no longer called Britons but 
 iualenses, a word derived either from 
 Gualo their leader, or Guales their queen, 
 or from their barbarism. — BiHtish History, 
 xii. 19 (1142). 
 
 *** Milner says the Welsh are those 
 driven west by the Teutonic invaders 
 and called Wilisc-men ("strangers or 
 foreigners") ; Corn-wall was called "West 
 Wales," and subsequently the Corn (Latin, 
 cornu) or horn held by the Walls.— 
 Geography. 
 
 The Saxon wealh, plu. wealhas or weal- 
 as, " foreigners," meaning "not of Saxon 
 origin," and also "slaves or subjugated 
 men," is the correct origin of the word. 
 
 Wales (South). At one time the 
 whole eastern division of South Wales 
 was called Gwent, but in its present re- 
 stricted sense the word Gwent is applied 
 to the county of Monmouth only. 
 
 "Walk (Knave) is meant for colonel 
 Hewson, generally called "Walk, 
 Knave, Walk," from a tract Avritten by 
 Edmund Gayton, to satirize the party, 
 and entitled Walk, Knaves, Walk. — S. 
 Butler, Hudibras (1663-78). 
 
 Walker (Dr.), one of the three great 
 quacks of the eighteenth century, the 
 others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy 
 Franks. Goldsmith, in his Citizen of the 
 World, has a letter (lxviii.) wholly upon 
 these three worthies (1759). 
 
 Walker (Helen), the prototype of Jeanie 
 Deans. Sir W. Scott caused a tombstone 
 to be erected over her grave in Irongray 
 churchyard, Kirkcudbright [Ke.koo'.bry']. 
 
 Walker (Hookey), John Walker, out- 
 door clerk to Longman, Clementi, and 
 Co., Cheapside. He was noted for his 
 hooked nose, and disliked for his official 
 duties, which were to see that the men 
 came and left at the proper hour, and 
 that they worked during the hours of 
 work. Of course, the men conspired to 
 throw discredit on his reports ; and hence 
 when any one draws the " long-bow," the 
 hearer exclaims, " Hookey Walker ! " as 
 much as to say, "I don't believe it." 
 
 > Walking Gentleman (A). Thomas 
 Colley Grattan published his Highways 
 and Byeways under this signature (1825). 
 
 Walking Stewart, John Stewart, 
 an English traveller, who walked through 
 Hindustan, Persia, Nubia, Abyssinia, the 
 Arabian Desert, Europe, and the North 
 
WALKING-STICK. 
 
 1079 
 
 WALTHAM'S CALF. 
 
 American states ; "crazy beyond the reach 
 of hellebore, yet sublime and divinely be- 
 nignant. . . . He had seen more of the 
 earth's surface, and had communicated 
 more with the children of the earth, than 
 any man before or since." — De Quincey 
 (1856). 
 
 Walking- Stick {Henry VIIL's), 
 the great Danish club shown in the 
 armoury of the Tower. 
 
 Walkingshaw (Miss), mistress of 
 the chevalier Charles Edward the Young 
 Pretender. — Sir W. Scott, Redjauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 "Wallace's Larder, the dungeon of 
 Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, where Wallace 
 had the dead bodies thrown when the 
 garrison was surprised by him in the 
 reign of Edward I. 
 
 "Douglas's Larder" is a similar phrase, 
 meaning that horrible compound of dead 
 bodies, barrels of flour, meal, wheat, 
 malt, wine, ale, and beer, all mixed 
 together in Douglas Castle by the order 
 of lord James Douglas, when, in 1306, the 
 garrison was surprised by him. 
 
 Wallenrode (The earl of), an Hun- 
 garian crusader. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Waller, in love with Lydia lady's- 
 maid to Widow Green. His love at first 
 was not honourable, because his aristo- 
 cratic pride revolted at the inferior social 
 position of Lydia ; but when he knew 
 her real worth, he loved her, proposed 
 marriage, and found that she was the 
 sister of Trueworth, who had taken 
 service to avoid an obnoxious marriage. 
 — S. Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 
 
 Waller's Plot, a plot organized, in 
 1643, by Waller the poet, against the 
 parliamentary party. The object was to 
 secure the king's children, to seize the 
 most eminent of the parliamentarians, to 
 capture the Tower, and resist all taxes 
 imposed for the support of the parlia- 
 mentary army. 
 
 Walley (Richard), the regicide, whose 
 story is told by major Bridgenorth (a 
 roundhead) at his dinner-table. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Peveril of the Feak (time, Charles 
 II.). 
 
 Wallflowers, young ladies in a ball- 
 room, who have no partners, and who sit 
 or stand near the walls of the ball-room. 
 
 Walnut Tree. Fuller says: "A 
 Walnut tree must be manured by beating, 
 
 or else it will not bear fruit." Falstaff 
 makes a similar remark on the camo- 
 mile plant, "The more it is trodden on, 
 the faster it grows." The almond and 
 some other plants are said to thrive by 
 being bruised. 
 
 A woman, a spaniel, and walnut tree. 
 
 The more you beat them, the better they be. 
 
 Taylor, the "water-poet" (1630). 
 
 Walnut Web. When the three 
 princes of a certain king were gent to find 
 out "a web of cloth which would pass 
 through the eye of a fine needle," the 
 White Cat furnished the youngest of the 
 three with one spun by the cats of her 
 palace. 
 
 The prince . . . took out of his box a walnut, which he 
 cracked . . . and saw a small hazel nut, which he cracked 
 also . . . and found therein a kernel of wax. ... In this 
 kernel of wax was hidden a single grain of wheat, and in 
 the grain a small millet seed. ... On opening the millet, 
 he drew out a web of cloth 400 yards long, and in it was 
 woven all sorts of birds, beasts, and fishes; fruits and 
 flowers ; the sun, moon, and stars ; the portraits of kings 
 and queens, and many other wonderful designs.— Comtesse 
 D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales {" The White Cat," 1682). 
 
 Walsingham, the affianced of Helen 
 Mowbray. Deceived by appearances, he 
 believed that Helen was the mistress of 
 lord Athunree, and abandoned her ; but 
 when he discovered his mistake, he mar- 
 ried her. — S. Knowles, Woman's Wit, 
 etc. (1838). 
 
 Walsingham (Lord), of queen Eliza- 
 beth's court. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Walter, marquis of Saluzzo, in Italy, 
 and husband of Grisilda, the peasant's 
 daughter (q.v.). — Chaucer, Canterbury 
 Tales ("The Clerk's Tale," 1388). 
 
 *** This tale, of course, is allegorical ; 
 lord Walter takes the place of deity, and 
 Grisilda typifies the true Christian. In 
 all her privations, in all her sorrows, in 
 all her trials, she says to her lord and 
 master, " Thy will be done." 
 
 Walter (Master), "the hunchback," 
 guardian of Julia. A worthy man, liberal 
 and charitable, frank and honest, who 
 turns out to be the earl of Rochdale and 
 father of Julia. — S. Knowles, The Hunch- 
 back (1831). 
 
 Walter [Furst], father-in-law of 
 Tell. — Eossini, Guqlielmo Tell (opera, 
 1829). 
 
 Waltham's Calf (As wise as), a 
 thorough fool. This calf, it is said, ran 
 nine miles when it was hungry to get 
 suckled by a bull. 
 
 Doctor Daupa'tus, Bachler bachelera'tus, 
 Dronken as a mouse At the ale-house . . . 
 
WALTHEOF. 
 
 1080 
 
 WANDERING WOOD. 
 
 Under a notaries signe Was made a diulne ; 
 As wise as Waltom's calf. 
 John Skelton, Oolyn Clout {time. Henry VIII.). 
 
 Waltheof (The abbot), abbot of St. 
 Witbold's Priory. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Waltheof (Father), a grey friar, con- 
 fessor to the duchess of Rothesay. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 Henry IV.). 
 
 "Walton (Lord), father of Elvi'ra, 
 who promised his daughter in marriage 
 to sir Richard Forth, a puritan officer ; 
 but Elvira had alreadj' plighted her love 
 to lord Arthur Talbot, a cavalier. The 
 betrothal was set aside, and Elvira mar- 
 ried Arthur Talbot at last. — Bellini, // 
 Furitani (opera, 1834). 
 
 Walton (Sir John de), governor of 
 Douglas Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
 Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 
 
 Wamba, "the son of Witless," the 
 jester of Cedric the Saxon of Rother- 
 wood. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
 Richard I.). 
 
 Wampum, a string or belt of whelk- 
 shells, current with the North American 
 Indians as a medium of exchange, and 
 always sent as a present to those with 
 whom an alliance or treaty is made. 
 
 Peace be to thee ! my words this belt approve. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 14 (1809). 
 Our wampum league thy brethren did embrace. 
 
 Ditto, L 15. 
 
 "Wanderers. It is said that gipsies 
 are doomed to be wanderers on the face 
 of the earth, because they refused hospi- 
 tality to the Virgin and Child when the 
 holy family fled into Egypt. (See Wild 
 Huntsman.) — Aventinus, Annalium Boi- 
 oritm, libri septem (1554). 
 
 "Wandering Jew (The), Kartaph'i- 
 los (in Latin Cartaphilus) , the door-keeper 
 of the judgment hall, in the service of 
 Pontius Pilate. The tradition is that 
 this porter, while haling Jesus before 
 Pilate, struck Him, saying, " Get on 
 faster ! " whereupon Jesus replied, " I 
 am going fast enough ; but thou shalt 
 tarry till I come again." 
 
 *** The earliest account of this tradi- 
 tion is in the Book of the Chronicles of 
 the Abbey of St. Alban's, copied and con- 
 tinued by Matthew Paris (1228). In 1242 
 Philip Meuskes, afterwards bishop of 
 Tournay, wrote the " rhymed chronicle." 
 
 Kartaphilos, we are told, was baptized 
 by Ananias, who baptized Paul, and re- 
 
 ceived the name of Joseph. — See Book of 
 the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Alban's. 
 
 Another tradition says the Jew was 
 Ahasue'rus, a cobbler, and gives the story 
 thus : Jesus, overcome by the weight of 
 the cross, stopped at the door of Ahaime- 
 rus, when the man pushed Him away, 
 saying, "Be off with you!" Jesus re- 
 plied, "I am going off truly, as it is 
 written ; but thou shalt tarry "till I come 
 again." 
 
 *** This legend id given by Paul von 
 Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig, in 1547. — 
 See Greve, Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen, 
 Hamburgh (1744). 
 
 In Germany, the Wandering Jew is as- 
 sociated with John Buttadaeus, who was 
 seen at An twerp in the thirteenth, fifteenth, 
 and sixteenth centuries, and at Brussels 
 in 1774. 
 
 *** Leonard Doldius of Niirnberg, in 
 his Praxis Alchymiaz (1604), says the Jew 
 Ahasuerus is sometimes called Buttadaeus. 
 
 In France, the name given to the Jew is 
 Isaac Laquedem or Lakedion. 
 
 *** See Mitternacht, Dissertatio in 
 Johan., xxi. 19. 
 
 Salathiel ben Sadi is the name of the 
 Wandering Jew in Croly's novel entitled 
 Salathiel (1827). 
 
 Eugene Sue introduces a Wandering 
 Jew in his novel called Le Juif Errant 
 (1845). Gait has also a novel called The 
 Wandering Jew. 
 
 Poetical versions of the legend have 
 been made by A. W. voa Schlegel, Die 
 Warnung ; by Schubert, Ahasuer ; by 
 Goethe, Aus Meinem Leben, all in German. 
 By Mrs. Norton, The Undying One, in 
 English ; etc. The legend is based on 
 St. John's Gospel xxi. 22. "If I will 
 that he tarry till I come, what is that to 
 thee?" The apostles thought the words 
 meant that John would not die, but tra- 
 dition has applied them to some one else. 
 
 Wandering Knight (The), El 
 Donzel del Febo (" the Knight of the 
 Sun"), is so called in the Spanish ro- 
 mance entitled The Mirror of Knighthood. 
 
 Eumen'edes is so called in Peele's Old 
 Wives' Tale (1590). 
 
 Wandering Willie, the blind 
 fiddler, who tells the tale about sir Robert 
 Redgauntlet and his son sir John. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 "Wandering Wood, which contained 
 the den of Error. Error was a monster, 
 like a woman upwards, but ending in a 
 huge dragon's tail with a venomous sting. 
 The first encounter of the Red Cross 
 
WANTLEY. 
 
 1081 
 
 WARDLE. 
 
 Knight was with this monster, whom he 
 slew. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 1 (1590). 
 *** When piety (the Red Cross Knight) 
 once forsakes the oneness of truth 
 (Una), it is sure to get into "Wandering 
 Wood," where it will he attacked by 
 ♦'Error." 
 
 "Wantley (Dragon of), a monster 
 slain by More of More Hall, who procured 
 a suit of armour studded with spikes, 
 and, proceeding to the lair, kicked the 
 dragon in its mouth, where alone it was 
 vulnerable. — Percy, Eeliques of Ancient 
 Poetry. 
 
 One of Carey's farces is entitled The 
 Dragon of Wantley. 
 
 Wapping of Denmark (The), 
 Elsinore (3 syl.). 
 
 "War. The Seven Weeks' 1 War was 
 between Prussia and Austria ( 18(56) . 
 
 The Seven Months' War was between 
 Prussia and France (1870-71). 
 
 The Seven Years' War was between 
 Austria and Prussia (1756-1763). 
 
 The Thirty Years' 1 War was between 
 the protestants and papists of Germany 
 (1618-1648). 
 
 The Hundred Years' 1 War was between 
 England and France (1340-1453). 
 
 "War-Cries. At Scnlac the English 
 had two, " God Almighty ! " and " Holy 
 Cross ! " The latter was probably the 
 cry of Harold's men, and referred to 
 Waltham Cross, which he held in special 
 reverence. 
 
 The Norman shout was "God help 
 us ! " 
 
 The Welsh war-cry was " Alleluia ! " 
 
 Loud, sharp shrieks of " Alleluia ! " blended with those 
 of "Outl Out 1 Holy Crosse I "—Lord Lytton, Harold. 
 
 *„.* " Ouct ! Ouct ! " was the cry in 
 full flight, meaning that the standards 
 were to be defended with closed shields. 
 
 The old Spanish war-cry was "St. 
 Iago ! and close, Spain ! " 
 
 Mount, chivalrous hidalgo ; not in vain 
 Revive the cry, " St. Iago 1 and close, Spain ! " 
 
 Byron, Age of Bronze, vii. (1821). 
 
 *** Cervantes says the cry was " St. 
 Iago ! charge, Spain ! " 
 
 Mr. Bachelor, there is a time to retreat as well as to 
 advance. The cry must always be, "St. Iagol charge, 
 Spain r—Don Quixote, IL i. 4 (1615). 
 
 In the battle of Pharsalia, the war-cry 
 of Pompey's army was "Hercules In- 
 victus!" and of Caesar's army, "Venus 
 Victrix ! " 
 
 War of Wartburg, a poetic con- 
 test at Wartburg Castle, in which Vogel- 
 
 46 
 
 weid triumphed over Heinrich von 
 Ofterdingen. 
 
 They renewed the war of Wartburg, 
 Which the bard had fought beforo. 
 Longfellow, Walter von der Vogelweid. 
 
 Ward (ArtSnus), Charles F. Browne 
 of America, author of His Book of Goaks 
 (1865). He died in London in 1867. 
 
 Ward (Dr.), a footman, famous for 
 his "friars' balsam." He was called to 
 proscribe for George II., and died 1761. 
 Dr. Ward had a claret stain on his left 
 cheek, and in Hogarth's famous picture, 
 " The Undertakers' Arms," the cheek is 
 marked gules. He forms one of the 
 three figures at the top, and occupies the 
 right hand side of the spectator. The 
 other two figures are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. 
 Taylor. 
 
 Warden (Henry), alias Henry Well- 
 wood, the protestant preacher. In the 
 Abbot he is chaplain of the ladv Mary at 
 Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The Monas- 
 tery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Warden (Michael), a young man of 
 about 30, well-made and good-looking, 
 light-hearted, capricious, and without 
 ballast. He had been so wild and ex- 
 travagant that Snitchey and Craggs told 
 him it would take six years to nurse his 
 property into a healthy state. Michael 
 Warden told them he was in love with 
 Marion Jeddler, and her, in due time, he 
 married. — C. Dickens, The Battle of Life 
 (1846). 
 
 Warden Pie (A), a pie made of 
 Warden pears. 
 
 Myself with denial I mortify 
 With a dainty bit of a warden pie. 
 
 The Friar of Orders Gray. 
 
 Wardlaw, land-steward at Osbaldi- 
 stone Hall. — Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, 
 George I.). 
 
 Wardlaw (Henry of), archbishop of St. 
 Andrew's. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
 Perth (time, Henry IV.). 
 
 Wardle (Mr.), an old country gentle- 
 man, who had attended some of the meet- 
 ings of " The Pickwick Club," and felt 
 a liking for Mr. Pickwick and his three 
 friends, whom he occasionally entertained 
 at his house. 
 
 Miss [Isabella] Wardle, daughter of Mr. 
 Wardle. She marries Augustus Snod- 
 grass, M.P.C. 
 
 Miss Emily Wardle, daughter of Mr. 
 Wardle. She marries Mr. Trundle. — C. 
 Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
WARDOUR. 
 
 1082 
 
 WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 Wardour (Sir Arthur) of Knock - 
 winnock Castle. 
 
 Isabella Wardour, daughter of sir 
 Arthur. She marries lord Geraldin. 
 
 Captain Reginald Wardour, son of sir 
 Arthur. He is in the army. 
 
 Sir Packard Wardour- or "Richard 
 with the Red Hand," an ancestor of sir 
 .Arthur. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
 (lime, George III.). 
 
 Ware (Bed of), a great bed, twelve 
 foet square, assigned by tradition to the 
 ear! of Warwick the " king maker." 
 
 A mighty Inrge bed [the bed o f honour], bigser by 
 half than the great bed of Ware ; ten thousand people 
 nay lie in it together and never feel one another. — G. 
 Vaiquhar, The Recruiting Officer (1707). 
 
 Hie bed of Og king of Bashan, which 
 was fourteen feet long, and a little more 
 than six feet wide, -was considerably 
 smaller than the great bed of Ware. 
 
 His bedstead was a bedstead of iron . . . nine cubits 
 was the le'igth thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, 
 after the cubit of a maxi.—Deut. in. 11. 
 
 Waring (Sir Walter), a justice of the 
 peace, whose knowledge of the law was 
 derived from Matthew Medley, his facto- 
 tum. His sentences were justices' justice, 
 influenced by prejudice and personal 
 feeling. An ugly old hag would have 
 found from him but scant mere}', while a 
 pretty girl could hardly do -wrong in sir 
 Walter's code of law.— Sir H. 13. Dudley, 
 The Woodman (1771). 
 
 Warman, steward of Robin Hood 
 while earl of Huntingdon. He betrayed 
 his master into the hands of Gilbert 
 lloode (or Hood), a prior, Robin's uncle. 
 King John rewarded Warman for this 
 1 reachery by appointing him high sheriff 
 of Nottingham. 
 
 The ill-fac't miser, bribed on either hand. 
 Is Warman, one the steward of his house, 
 Who, Judas-like, betraies his liberall lord 
 Into the hands of that relentlesse prior 
 Calde Gilbert Hoode, uncle of Huntington. 
 Skelton, Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington 
 (Henry VIII.). 
 
 Warming-Pan Hero (The), James 
 Francis Edward Stuart (the first Prc- 
 t< nder). According to the absurd story 
 set afloat by the disaffected at the time 
 of his birth, he was not the son of Mary 
 d'Este, the wife of James II., but a na- 
 tural child of that monarch by Mary 
 Beatrice of Modena, and he had been 
 conveyed to the royal bed in a warming- 
 pan, with the intention of palming him 
 off upon the British people as the legiti- 
 mate heir to the throne. 
 
 Warner, the old steward of sirCharles 
 Cropland, who grieves to see the timber 
 
 of the estate cut down to supply the ex- 
 travagance of his young master. — G. Col- 
 man, The Boor Gentleman (1802). 
 
 Warning-Givers. 
 
 Alasnam's Mirror. This mirror 
 remained unsullied when it reflected a 
 chaste and pure-minded woman, but be- 
 came dim when the woman reflected by 
 it was faithless, Avanton, or light. — Ara- 
 bian Nights (" Prince Zeyn Alasnam "). 
 
 Ants. Alexander Ross says that the 
 " cruel battle between the Venetians and 
 Insubrians, and also that between the 
 Liegeois and the Burgundians in which 
 30,000 men were slain, were both presig- 
 nified by combats between two swarms of 
 ants." — Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 
 219). 
 
 Bahman's Knife (Prince). When 
 prince Bahman started on his exploits, 
 he gave his sister Parizade a knife which, 
 he told her, would remain bright and 
 clean so long as he was safe and well, but, 
 immediately he was in danger or dead, 
 would become dull or drop gouts of blood. 
 — Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters"). 
 
 Bay Trees. The withering of bay 
 trees prognosticates a death. 
 
 'Tis thought the king is dead . . . 
 
 The bay trees in our country are all withered. 
 
 Shakespeare, Richard 11. (1597). 
 
 N.B. — The bay was called by the 
 Romans "the plant of the good angel," 
 because " neyther falling sicknes, neyther 
 devyll, wyll infest or hurt one in that 
 place whereas a bay tree is." — Thomas 
 Lupton, Syxt Book of Notable Thingcs 
 (16(50). 
 
 Bee. The buzzing of a bee in a room 
 indicates that a stranger is about to pay 
 the house a visit. 
 
 Birtha's Emerald Ring. The duke 
 Gondibert gave Birtha an emerald ring 
 which, he said, would preserve its lustro 
 so long as he remained faithful and true, 
 but would become dull and pale if he 
 proved false to her. — Wm. Davenant, 
 Gondibert. 
 
 Brawn's Head (The). A boy brought 
 to king Arthur's court a brawn's head, over 
 which he drew his wand thrice, and said, 
 " There's never a traitor or a cuckold who 
 can carve that head of brawn." — Percy, 
 Reliques ("The Boy and the Mantle"). 
 
 Canace's Mirror indicated, by its 
 lustre, if the person whom the inspector 
 loved was true or false. — Chaucer, Canter- 
 burg Talcs (" The Squire's Tale "). 
 
 Candles. The shooting forth of a parcel 
 of tallow called a winding-sheet, from the 
 top of a lighted candle, gives warning to 
 
WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 1083 
 
 WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 the house of an approaching death ; but a 
 bright spark upon the burning wick is 
 the promise of a letter. 
 
 Cats on the deck of a ship are said 
 to "carry a gale of wind in their tail," or 
 to presage a coming storm. When cats 
 are very assiduous in cleaning their ears 
 and head, it prognosticates rain. 
 
 Cattle give warning of an earthquake 
 by their uneasiness. 
 
 Children Playing Soldiers on a 
 road is said to forebode approaching war. 
 
 Coals. A cinder bounding from the 
 fire is either a purse or a coffin. Those 
 which rattle when held to the ear are 
 tokens of wealth ; those which are mute 
 and solid indicate sickness or death. 
 
 Corpse Candles. The ignis fatuus, 
 called by the Welsh canhwyll cyrph or 
 "corpse candle, "prognosticates death. If 
 small and of pale blue, it denotes the death 
 of an infant ; if large and yellow, the 
 death of one of full age. 
 
 Captain Leather, chief magistrate of Belfast, in 1690, 
 being shipwrecked - on the Isle of Man, was told that 
 thirteen of his crew were lost, for thirteen corpse candles 
 had !>een seen moving towards the churchyard. It is a 
 fact that thirteen of the men were drowned in this 
 wreck.— Sacheverell, Isle of Man, 15. 
 
 Cradle. It forebodes evil to the child 
 if any one rocks its cradle when empty. 
 — American Superstition. 
 
 Crickets. Crickets in a house are a 
 sign of good luck, but if they suddenly 
 leave it is a warning of death. 
 
 Crow (A). A crow appearing to one on 
 the left hand side indicates some im- 
 pending evil to the person ; and flying 
 over a house, foretells evil at hand to some 
 of the inmates. (See below, " Raven.") 
 
 Saepe sinistra cava pnedixit ab ilice cornex, 
 
 Virgil, Eclogue, i. 
 
 Crowing of a Cock. Themistocles 
 was assured of his victory over Xerxes 
 by the crowing of a cock, on his way to 
 Artemisium the day before the battle. — 
 Lloyd, Stratagems of Jerusalem, 285. 
 
 fyuwing of a hen indicates approach- 
 ing disaster. 
 
 Death- Warnings in Private 
 Families. 
 
 1. In Germany. Several princes of 
 Germany have their special warning-givers 
 of death. In some it is the roaring of a 
 lion, in others the howling of a dog. In 
 some it is the tolling of a bell or striking 
 of a clock at an unusual time, in others it 
 is a bustling noise about the castle. — The 
 .living Library, 284 (1621). 
 
 2. In Berlin. A White Lady appears 
 t-o some one of the household or guard, 
 to announce the death of a prince of 
 
 Hohenzollern. She was duly seen on the 
 eve of prince Waldemar's death in 1879. 
 
 3. In Bohemia. "Spectrum foeminium 
 vestitu lugubri apparere solet in arco 
 quadam illustris familiae, antequam una 
 ex conjugibus dominorum illorum e vita 
 decebat." — Debrio, Disquisitioncs Magico;, 
 592. 
 
 4. In Great Britain. In Wales the 
 corpse candle appears to warn a family 
 of impending death. In Carmarthen 
 scarcely any person dies but some one 
 sees his light or candle. 
 
 In Northumberland the warning light is 
 called the person's waff, in Cumberland 
 a swarth, in Ross a task, in some parts of 
 Scotland a,fye-token. 
 
 King James tells us that the wraith of 
 a person newly dead, or about to die, 
 appears to his friends. — Dcmonology, 125. 
 
 Edgewell Oak indicates the coming 
 death of an inmate of Castle Dalhousie by 
 the fall of one of its branches. 
 
 5. In Scotland. The family of Roth- 
 murchas have the Bodachau Dun or the 
 Ghost of the Hill. 
 
 The Kinchardines have the Spectre of 
 the Bloody Hand. 
 
 Gartinbeg House used to be haunted by 
 Bodach Gartin. 
 
 The house of Tulloch Gorms used to be 
 haunted by Maug Monlach or the Girl 
 with the Hairy Left Hand. 
 
 Deatii-avatch (The). The tapping 
 made by a small beetle called the death- 
 watch is said to be a warning of death. 
 
 The chambermaids christen this worm a " Death-watch," 
 
 Because, like a watch,. it always cries "click ; " 
 
 Then woe be to those in the house who are sick, 
 
 For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost, 
 
 If the maggot cries " click " when it scratches a post. 
 
 Swift 
 
 Divining-Rod [The)i A forked hazel 
 rod, suspended between the balls of the 
 thumbs, was atone time supposed to indi- 
 cate the presence of water-springs and 
 precious metals by inclining towards the 
 earth beneath which these things might 
 be found. Dousterswivel obtained money 
 by professing to indicate the spot of 
 buried wealth by a divining-rod. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Antiqimry. 
 
 Dogs. . The howling of a dog at night 
 forebodes death. 
 
 A cane prseviso funere disce mori. 
 
 R. Keuchen, Crepundia, 113 (1662). 
 
 Capitolmus tells us that the death of 
 Maximlnus was presaged by the howling 
 of dogs. Pausanias (in his Messenla) 
 says the dogs brake into a fierce howl just 
 before the overthrow of the Messenians. 
 Fincelius says the dogs in Mysinia flocked 
 together and howled just before the over- 
 
WARNING-GIVERS. 1084 
 
 WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 throw of the Saxons in 1553. Virgil says 
 the same thing occurred just previous to 
 the battle of Pharsalia. 
 
 Dogs give warning of death by scratch- 
 ing on the floor of a house. 
 
 Dotterels. 
 
 When dotterels do first appear, 
 It shows that frost is very near ; 
 But when that dotterels do go, 
 Then you may look for heavy snow. 
 
 Salisbury Saying. 
 
 Dreams. It will be remembered that 
 Joseph, the husband of Mary, was warned 
 by a dream to flee from Judaea, and when 
 Herod was dead he was again warned by 
 a dream to "turn aside into the parts of 
 Galilee."— Matt. ii. 13, 19, 22. 
 
 In the Old Testament, Pharaoh had a 
 warning dream of a famine which he was 
 enabled to provide against. — Gen. xli. 
 15-3G. 
 
 Pharaoh's butler and baker had warn- 
 ing dreams, one being prevised thereby 
 of his restoration to favour, and the other 
 warned of his execution. — Gen. xl. 5-23. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar had an historic dream, 
 which Daniel explained. —Dan.'n. 1,31-45. 
 
 Abimelech king of Egypt was -warned 
 by a dream that Sarah was Abraham's 
 wife and not his sister. — Gen. xx. 3-16. 
 
 Jacob had an historic dream on his way 
 to Haran. — Gen. xxviii. 12-15. 
 
 Joseph, son of Jacob, had an historic 
 dream, revealing to him his future great- 
 ness. — Gen. xxxvii. 5-10. 
 
 Daniel had an historic dream about 
 four beasts which indicated four king- 
 doms {Dan. vii.). Whether his "visions" 
 were also dreams is uncertain (see chs. 
 viii., x.). 
 
 It would require many pages to do 
 justice to this subject. Bland, in his 
 Popular Antiquities, iii. 134, gives "A 
 Dictionary of Dreams" in alphabetic 
 order, extracted from The Royal Dream- 
 Book. 
 
 Drinking-Horns. King Arthur hati 
 a horn from which no one could drink 
 who was either unchaste or unfaithful. 
 The cuckold's horn, brought to king 
 Arthur's court by a mysterious boy, gave 
 warning of infidelit} r , inasmuch as no 
 one unfaithful in love or unleal to his 
 lieg? lord could drink therefrom without 
 spilling the liquor. The coupe enchantee 
 possessed a similar property. 
 
 Eagle. Tarquinius Priscus was as- 
 sured that he would be king of Rome, by 
 an eagle, which stooped upon him, took 
 off his cap, rose in the air, and let the 
 cap fall again upon his head. 
 
 Aristander assured Alexander of his 
 
 victory over Darius at the battle of Arbela, 
 by the flight of an eagle. — Lloyd, Strata- 
 gems of Jerusalem, 290. 
 
 Ear {The). If the left ear tingles or 
 burns, it indicates that some one is talk- 
 ing evil of you ; if the right ear, some 
 one is praising you. The foreboded evil 
 may be averted by biting the little finger 
 of the left hand. 
 
 Laudor et adverso, sonat auris, Itedor ab ore; 
 Dextra bono tinnit murmure, laeva malo. 
 
 R. Keuchen, Crepundui, 113 (1662) 
 
 Epitaphs {Reading). If you would 
 preserve your memory, be warned against 
 reading epitaphs. In this instance the 
 American superstition is the Avarning- 
 giver, and not the act referred to. 
 
 Fir Trees. " If a firr tree be touched, 
 withered, or burned with lighting, it is 
 a warning to the house that the master 
 or mistress thereof shall shortly dye." — ■ 
 Thomas Lupton, Syxt Book of Notable 
 Thinges, iii. (1660). 
 
 Fire. The noise occasioned when the 
 enclosed gas in a piece of burning coal 
 catches fire, is a sure indication of a 
 quarrel between the inmates of the house. 
 
 Florimkl's Girdle Avould loosen or 
 tear asunder if any woman unfaithful or 
 unchaste attempted to put it on. — Spen- 
 ser, Faery Queen. 
 
 Gates of Gundof'orus {The). No one 
 carrying poison could pass these gates. 
 They were made of the horn of the horned 
 snake, by the apostle Thomas, who built 
 a palace of sethym wood for this Indian 
 king, and set up the gates. 
 
 Grotto of Epiiesus {The) contained a 
 reed, which gave forth musical sounds 
 when the chaste and faithful entered it, 
 but denounced others by giving forth 
 harsh and discordant noises. — Lord 
 Lytton, Tales of Miletus, iii. 
 
 Hare Crossing the Road {A). It 
 was thought by the ancient Romans that 
 if a hare ran across the road on which a 
 person was travelling, it was a certain 
 omen of ill luck. 
 
 Lepus quoque occurrens in via, infortunatum iter pr»- 
 sagit et ominosum. — Alexander ab Alexandra, Genialium 
 JHerum, libri VI. v. 13 p. 685. 
 
 Nor did we meet, with nimble feet, 
 
 One little fearful lepus, 
 That certain sign, as some divine, 
 Of fortune bad to keep us. 
 
 Elliion, Trip to Bentcell, lx. 
 
 Hoopoe {The). The country people 
 of Sweden consider the appearance of the 
 hoopoe as the presage of war. — Pennant, 
 Zoology, i. 258. 
 
 Lizards warn men of the approach of 
 a serpent. 
 
 Looking-glasses. If a looking-glass 
 is broken, it is a warning that some one 
 
WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 1085 
 
 WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 in the house will ere long lose a friend. 
 Grose says it "betokens a mortality in 
 the family, commonly the master." 
 
 To break a looking-glass is prophetic 
 that the person will never get married ; 
 or, if married, will lose the person wedded. 
 
 Magpies are prophetic birds. A com- 
 mon Lincolnshire proverb is, "One for 
 sorrow, two for mirth, three for a wed- 
 ding, four for death ; " or thus : " One for 
 sorrow, two for mirth, three a wedding, 
 four a birth." 
 
 Augurs and understood relations have, 
 By magotpies and choughs and rooks, brought forth 
 The secret'st man of blood. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth (1606). 
 
 Alexander Ross tells us that the battle 
 between the British and French, in which 
 the former were overthrown in the reign 
 of Charles VIII., was foretold by a 
 skirmish between magpies and jackdaws. 
 — Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 219). 
 
 Mantle (The Test). A boy brought 
 to king Arthur's court a mantle, which no 
 one could wear who was unfaithful in 
 love, false in domestic life, or traitorous 
 to the king. If any such attempted to 
 put it on, it puckered up, or hung slouch- 
 ingly, or tumbled to pieces. — Percy, 
 Jieliques (" The Boy and the Mantle "). 
 
 Meteors. Falling stars, eclipses, 
 comets, and other signs in the heavens, 
 portend, the death or fall of princes. 
 
 Meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven ; 
 
 The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth . . . 
 
 These signs forerun the death or fall of kings. 
 
 Shakespeare, Richard II., act ii. sc. 4 (1597). 
 
 Consult Matt. xxiv. 29 ; Luke xxi. 25. 
 
 Mice and Rats. If a rat or mouse, 
 during the night, gnaw our clothes, it is 
 indicative of 'some impending evil, perhaps 
 even death. 
 
 Nos autem ita leves, atque inconsiderati sumus, ut si 
 mures corroserint aliquid quorum est opus hoc utium, 
 monstrum putemus 5 Ante vero Marsicum bellum quod 
 Clypeos Lanuvii — mures rosissent, maxumum id porten- 
 tuni haruspices esse dixeiunt. Quasi vero quicquam 
 iutersit, mures diem noctem aliquid rodentes, scuta an 
 cribra corroserint . . . cum vestis a soricibus roditur, 
 plus timere suspicionem futuri mali, quam pnesens dam- 
 num dolere. Unde illud eleganter dictum est Catonis, 
 qui cum esset consultus a quoJam, qui sibi erosas esse 
 Caligas diceret a sorkubus, respondit ; non esset illud 
 monstrum ; sed vere monstrum habendum fuisse, si 
 sorices a Caligis roderentur.— Cicero, Vivinatio, ii. 27. 
 
 Mole-seots. A mole-spot on the 
 armpits promises wealth and honour ; 
 on the ankle bespeaks modesty in men, 
 courage in women ; on the right breast 
 is a sign of honesty, on the left forebodes 
 poverty ; on the clan promises wealth ; 
 on the right ear, respect, on the left fore- 
 bodes dishonour ; on the centre of the 
 ■forehead bespeaks treachery, sullenness, 
 and untidiness ; on the right temple fore- 
 shows that you will enjoy the friendship 
 
 of the great ; on the left temple forebodes 
 distress ; on the right foot bespeaks wis- 
 dom, on the left, rashness ; on the right 
 side of the heart denotes virtue, on the 
 left side, wickedness ; on the knee of a 
 man denotes that he will have a rich 
 wife, if on the left knee of a woman, she 
 may expect a large family ; on the Up 
 is a sign of gluttony and talkativeness ; 
 on the neck promises wealth ; on the 
 nose indicates that a man will be a 
 great, traveller ; on the thigh forebodes 
 poverty and sorrow ; on the throat, wealth 
 and health ; on the wrist, ingenuity. 
 
 Moon (The). When the "mone lies 
 sair on her back, or when her horns are 
 pointed towards the zenith, be warned in 
 time, for foul weather is nigh at hand." 
 — Dr. Jamieson. 
 
 Foul weather- may also be expected 
 "when the new moon appears with the 
 old one in her arms." 
 
 Late, late yestreen I saw the new moone 
 
 Wi' the auld moone in her arme, 
 And I feir, I feir, my den- master. 
 
 That we will come to hanue. 
 
 The Ballad of air Patrick Spenct. 
 
 To see a new moon for the first time 
 on the right hand, and direct before you, 
 is lucky ; but to see it on the left hand, 
 or to turn round and see it behind you, is 
 the contrary. 
 
 If you first see a new moon through 
 glass, your wish will come to pass. 
 
 Nails. A white spot on the thumb 
 promises a present ; on the index finger 
 denotes a friend ; on the long finger, a foe ; 
 on the third finger, a letter or sweetheart ; 
 on the little finger, a journey to go. 
 
 In America, white spots on the nails 
 are considered lucky. 
 
 Nourgehan's Bracelet gave warn- 
 ing of poison by a tremulous motion of 
 the stones, which increased as the poison 
 approached nearer and nearer. — Comte de 
 Caylus, Oriental Tales (" The Four Talis- 
 mans "). 
 
 Opal turns pale at the approach of 
 poison. 
 
 Owls. The screeching of an owl fore- 
 bodes calamit} 7 , sickness, or death. On 
 one occasion an owl strayed into the 
 Capitol, and the Romans, to avert the 
 evil, underwent a formal lustration. 
 
 The Roman senate, when within 
 
 The city walls an owl was seen. 
 
 Did cause their clergy with lustrations . . . 
 
 The round-faced prodigy t' avert. 
 
 Butler, Iludibras, II. ill. 707 (1664). 
 
 The death of Augustus was presaged 
 by an owl singing [screeching] upon the 
 top of the Curia. — Xiphilinus, Abridgment 
 of Dion Cassius. 
 
WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 108G 
 
 WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 The death of CommSdus Antonius, the 
 emperor, was forboded by an oavI sitting 
 oa the top of his chamber at Lanuvium. 
 — Julius Obsequens, Prodigies, 85. 
 
 The murder of Julius Caesar was pre- 
 saged by the screeching of owls. 
 
 The bird of night did sit, 
 E'en at noonday, upon the market-place, 
 Hooting and shrieking. 
 Shakespeare, Julius Ceesar, act i. sc. 3 (1607). 
 
 The death of Valentinian was presaged 
 by an owl, which perched on the top of a 
 house where he used to bathe. — Alexander 
 Ross, Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 
 218). 
 
 Antony was warned of his defeat in 
 the battle of Actium by an owl flying 
 into the temple of Concord. — Xiphilinus, 
 Abridgment of Dion Cassius. 
 
 The great plague of Wiirtzburg, in 
 Franconia, in 1542, was foreboded by the 
 screeching of an owl. 
 
 Alexander Ross says : " About twenty 
 3'ears ago I did observe that, in the house 
 where I lodged, an owl groaning in the 
 window presaged the death of two emi- 
 nent persons, who died there shortly 
 after." — Arcana Microcosmi. 
 
 Peacocks give warning of poison by 
 ruffling their feathers. 
 
 Perviz's String of Pearls (Prince). 
 When prince Perviz went on his exploit, 
 he gave his sister Parizade a string of 
 pearls, saying, "So long as these pearls 
 move readily on the string, you may feel 
 assured that I am alive and well ; but if 
 they stick fast, they will indicate to you 
 that I am dead." — Arabian Nights (" The 
 Two Sisters"). 
 
 Pigeons. It is considered by many a 
 sure sign of death in a house if a white 
 pigeon perches on the chimney. 
 
 Pigs running about with straws in their 
 mouths give warning of approaching rain. 
 
 Rats forsaking a ship forebode its 
 wreck, and forsaking a house indicate 
 that it is on the point of falling down. 
 (See " Mice.") 
 
 Ravens. The raven is said to be the 
 most prophetic of "inspired birds." It 
 bodes both private and public calamities. 
 "To have the foresight of a raven" is a 
 proverbial expression. 
 
 The great battle fought between Bene- 
 ventum and Apiciuin was portended by a 
 skirmish between ravens and kites on the 
 same spot. — Jovianus Pontanus. 
 
 An irruption of the Scythians into 
 Thrace was presaged by a skirmish be- 
 tween crows and ravens. — Nicetas. 
 
 Cicero was warned of his approaching 
 death by S-ime ravens fluttering about 
 
 him just before he was murdered by 
 Popilius Camas. — Macaulay, History of 
 St. Kilda, 176. 
 
 Alexander Ross says: "Mr. Draper, a 
 young gentleman, and my intimate friend, 
 about four or five years ago had one or 
 two ravens, which had been quarrelling 
 on the chimney, fly into his chamber, 
 and he died shortly after." — Arcana 
 Microcosmi. 
 
 Rhinoceros's Horns. Cups made of 
 this material will give warning of poison 
 in a liquid by causing it to effervesce. 
 
 Salt spilt towards a person indicates 
 contention, but the evil may be averted 
 by throwing a part of the spilt salt over 
 the left shoulder. 
 
 Prodige, subverso casu leviore salino, 
 Si inal venturum conjicis omen ; adest. 
 
 R. Keuehen, Cre/jundia. 215 (1662). 
 
 Shears and Sieve (27ie), ordeals by 
 fire, water, etc., single combats, the 
 cosned or cursed morsel, the Urim and 
 Thummim, the casting of lots, were all 
 employed as tests of innocence or guilt 
 in olden times, under the notion that God 
 would direct the lot aricrht, according to 
 Dan. vi. 22. 
 
 Shoes. It was thought by the 
 Romans a bad omen to put a shoe on the 
 wrong foot. 
 
 Augustus, having b' oversight, 
 Put on his left shoe for his right. 
 Had like to have been slain that day 
 By soldiers mutin'ing for pay. 
 
 Butler, Hudibras. 
 Auguste . . . restoit immobile et consterne lorsqu'il 
 lui arrivoit par megarde de mettre le Soulier droit au 
 pied gauche.— St. Foix, Essau sur J'ares, v. 145. 
 
 Shooting Pains. All sudden pains 
 are warnings of evil at hand. 
 
 Timeo quod rerum gesserim hie, ita dorsus totus prurit. 
 — I'lautus, Jlilcs Gloricsus. 
 
 By the pricking of my thumbs. 
 Something evil this way corner. 
 
 Shakespeare, Macbeth (16<>6). 
 
 Sneezing. Once a wish, twice a kiss, 
 thrice a letter, and oftener than thrice 
 something better. 
 
 Sneezing before breakfast is a forecast 
 that a stranger or a present is coming. 
 
 Sneezing at night-time. To sneeze 
 twice for three successive nights denotes 
 a death, a loss, or a great gain. 
 
 Si duas stern utationes fiant omni nocte-ab aliquo, et 
 illud coiitinuitur per tres noctes, signo est quod aliquia 
 vel aliq.ua de domo morietur vel aliud damnum domui 
 continget, vel maximum lucrum. — Hornmannus, De 
 Miraculis Mortaorum, 163. 
 
 Eustathius says that sneezing to the 
 left is unlucky, but to the right lucky. 
 Hence, when Themistocles was offering 
 sacrifice before his engagement with 
 Xerxes, and one of the soldiers on his 
 right hand sneezed, Euphrantldes the 
 soothsayer declared the Greeks would 
 
WARNING-GIVERS. 
 
 1087 
 
 WARWICK. 
 
 surely gain the victor}'. — Plutarch, Lives 
 (" Themistocles "). 
 
 Soot ox Bars. Flakes of sheeted 
 soot hanging from the bars of a grate 
 foretell the introduction of a stranger. 
 
 Nor less amused have I quiescent watched 
 The sooty films that play upon the oars 
 Peudulous, and foreboding . . . some stranger's near 
 approach. 
 
 Cowper, Winter Evening. 
 
 Sophia's Picture, given to Mathias, 
 turned yellow if the giver was in danger 
 or in temptation ; and black if she could 
 not escape from the danger or if she 
 yielded to the temptation. — Massinger, 
 The Picture (1G29). 
 
 Spiders indicate to gold-searchers 
 where it is to be found. 
 
 Stag's Horn is considered in Spain to 
 give warning of an evil eye, and to be a 
 safeguard against its malignant influences. 
 
 Stone. To find a perforated stone is 
 a presage of good luck. 
 
 Swallows forecast bad weather by 
 flying low, and fine weather by flying 
 high. 
 
 Teeth wide apart warn a person to 
 seek his fortune away from his native 
 place. 
 
 Thunder. Thunder on Sunday por- 
 tends the death of some learned man, 
 judge, or author; on Monday, the death 
 of women ; on Tuesday, plenty of grain ; 
 on Wedneschiy, the death of harlots, or 
 bloodshed; on Thursday, plenty of sheep, 
 cattle, and corn ; on Friday, the death of 
 some great man, murder, or battle ; on 
 Saturday it forebodes pestilence or sick- 
 ness. — Leonard Digges, A Prognostica- 
 tion Everlasting of Myght Good Ejfecte 
 (1556). 
 
 Tolling Bell. You will be sure of 
 tooth-ache if you eat while a funeral bell 
 is tolling. Be warned in time b}' this 
 American superstition, or take the con- 
 sequences. 
 
 Veipsey, a spring in Yorkshire, called 
 " prophetic," gives due warning of a dearth 
 by rising to an unusual height. 
 
 Venetian Glass. If poison is put 
 into liquor contained in a vessel made of 
 Venetian glass, the vessel will crack and 
 fall to pieces. 
 
 Warning Stones'. Bakers in Wilt- 
 shire and in some other counties used to 
 put a certain kind of pebble in their ovens, 
 to give notice when the oven was hot 
 enough for baking. When the stone 
 turned white, the oven was fit for use. 
 
 Water of Jealousy {The). This 
 was a beverage which the Jews used to 
 assert no adulteress could drink without 
 
 bursting. — Five Philosophical Questions 
 Answered (1653). 
 
 White Rose (The). A white rose 
 gave assurance to a twin-brother of the 
 safety or danger of his brother during 
 his absence. So long as it flourished and 
 remained in its pride of beauty, it indi- 
 cated that all went well, but as it drooped, 
 faded, or died, it was a warning of 
 danger, sickness, or death. — The Twin- 
 Brothers. 
 
 Witch Hazel. A forked twig of witch 
 hazel, made into a divining-rod, was sup- 
 posed, in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and 
 seventeenth centuries, to give warning of 
 witches, and to be efficacious in discover- 
 ing them. 
 
 Worms. If, on your way to a sick 
 person, you pick up a stone and find no 
 living thing under it, it tells j*ou that the 
 sick person will die, but if you find there 
 an ant or worm, it presages the patient's 
 recovery. 
 
 Si visitans tegrum, lapidem inventum per viam attollat, 
 et sub lapide inveniatur vermis se movens, aut formica 
 vivens, faustum omen est, et indicium fore lit aeger con- 
 valescat, si nihil invenitur res est conclarnata et certa 
 mors. — Buchardus, Drecretorum, lib. xix. 
 
 Warren (Widow), "twice married 
 and twice a widow." A coquette of 40. 
 aping the airs of a girl ; vain, weak, and 
 detestable. Harry Dornton, the banker's 
 son, is in love with her daughter, Sophia 
 Freelove ; but the widow tries to win the 
 young man for herself, by advancing 
 money to pay off his friend's debts. When 
 the father hears of this, he comes to the 
 rescue, returns the money advanced, and 
 enables the son to follow his natural in- 
 clinations by marrying the daughter 
 instead of the designing mother. 
 
 A girlish, old coquette, who would rob her daughter, 
 and leave her husband's son to rot in a dungeon, that she 
 might marry the first fool she could find.— Holcroft, The 
 Road to liuin, v. 2 (17i)2). 
 
 "W"art (Thomas), a poor, feeble, ragged 
 creature, one of the recruits in the army 
 of sir John Falstaff. — Shakespeare, 2 
 Henry IV., act iii. sc. 2 (1598). 
 
 Warwick (The earl of), a tragedy 
 by Dr. T. Franklin. It is the last days 
 and death of the " king maker" (1767). 
 
 Warwick ( Tlie House of) . Of this house 
 it is said, " All the men are without fear, 
 and all the women without stain." This 
 brag has been made by many of our noble 
 families, and it is about as -complimentary 
 as that paraded of queen Victoria, that 
 she is a faithful wife, a good mother, 
 and a virtuous woman. It is to be hoped 
 that the same may be said of most of her 
 subjects also. 
 
WARWICK LANE. 
 
 1088 
 
 WAT'S DYKE. 
 
 Warwick Lane (City), the site of 
 the house belonging to the Beauchamps, 
 earls of Warwick. 
 
 Washington of Africa {The). 
 William Wilberforce is so called by lord 
 Byron. As Washington -was the chief 
 instrument in liberating America, so 
 Wilberforce was the chief instigator of 
 slave emancipation. 
 
 Thou moral Washington of Africa. 
 
 Don Jium, xiv. 82 (1824). 
 
 Washington of Colombia, Simon 
 ItoEvar (1785-1831). 
 
 Wasky, sir Iring's sword. 
 
 Right through the head-piece straight 
 
 The knight sir Hagan paid, 
 With his resistless Wasky. 
 
 That sharp and peerless Made. 
 
 Jfibelujigen Lied, 35 (1210). 
 
 Wasp, in the drama called Bartholo- 
 mew Fair, by Ben Jonson (1G14). 
 
 Benjamin Johnson [1665-1742], commonly called Ben 
 Johnson. . . . seemed to be proud to wear the poet's 
 double name, being particularly great in all that author's 
 plays that were usually performed, viz., "Wasp," "Cor- 
 baacio," " Morose," and " Ananias." — Chetwood, History 
 of the Stage. 
 
 %* " Corbaccio," in The Fox; "Mo- 
 rose," in The Silent Woman ; and "Ana- 
 nias," in The Alchemist. 
 
 Waste Time Utilized. 
 
 Baxter wrote his Saint's Everlasting 
 liest on a bed of sickness (1615-1691). 
 
 Bloomfield composed The Farmer's 
 Boy in the intervals of shoemaking (1766- 
 1823). 
 
 Bramah (Joseph), a peasant's son, 
 occupied his spare time when a mere boy 
 in making musical instruments, aided by 
 the village blacksmith. At the age of 
 16, he hurt his ankie while ploughing, and 
 employed his time while confined to the 
 house in carving and making woodwares. 
 In another forced leisure from a severe 
 fall, he employed his time in contriving 
 and making useful inventions, which 
 ultimately led him to fame and fortune 
 (1749-1814). 
 
 Bunyan wrote his Pilgrim'' s Progress 
 while confined in Bedford jail (1628- 
 1688). 
 
 Burritt (Elihu) made himself ac- 
 quainted with ten languages while plying 
 his trade as a village blacksmith (Hebrew, 
 Greek, Syriac, Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, 
 Danish, Persian, Turkish, and Ethiopic). 
 His father was a village cobbler, and 
 Elihu had only six months' education, 
 and that at the school of his brother 
 (1811-1879). 
 
 Caret, the missionary and Oriental 
 translator, learnt the rudiments of Eastern 
 
 languages while emplo3 T ed in making and 
 mending shoes (1761-1834). 
 
 Clement {Joseph), son of a poor weaver, 
 was brought up as a thatcher, but, by 
 utilizing his waste moments in self-edu- 
 cation and works of skill, raised himself 
 to a position of great note, giving em- 
 ployment to thirty workmen (1779-1844). 
 
 Cobbett learnt grammar in the waste 
 time of his service as a common soldier 
 (1762-1835). 
 
 D'Aguesseau, the great French chan- 
 cellor, observing that Mde. D'Aguesseau 
 always delayed ten or twelve minutes 
 before she came down to dinner, began 
 and completed a learned book of three 
 volumes (large quarto), solely during 
 these "waste minutes." This work went 
 through several editions (1668-1751). 
 
 Etty utilized indefatigably every spare 
 moment he could pick up when a journey- 
 man printer (1787-1849). 
 
 Ferguson taught himself astronomy 
 while tending sheep in the service of a 
 Scotch farmer (1710-1776). 
 
 Franklin, while working as a journey- 
 man printer, produced his JDissei^tation on 
 Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain 
 (1706-1790). 
 
 Miller (Hugh) taught himself geology 
 while working as a mason (1802-1856). 
 
 Paul worked as a tentmaker in intervals 
 of travel and preaching. 
 
 %* This brief list must be considered 
 only as a hint and heading for enlarge- 
 ment. Of course, Henry Cort, William 
 Fairbairn, Fox of Derby, H. Maudslay, 
 David Mushet, Murray of Leeds, J. 
 Nasmyth, J. B. Neilson, Roberts oi 
 Manchester, Whitworth, and scores oi 
 others will occur to every reader. Indeed, 
 genius for the most part owes its success 
 to the utilization of waste time. 
 
 Wastle (William), pseudonym of 
 John Gibson Lockhart, in Blackvoood's 
 Magazine (1794-1854). 
 
 Wat Dreary, alias Brown Will, 
 a highwayman in captain Macheath's 
 gang. Peachum says "he has an under- 
 hand way of disposing of the goods he 
 stole," and therefore he should allow him 
 to remain a little longer " upon his good 
 behaviour." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, 
 i. (1727). 
 
 Wat's Dyke, a dyke which runs 
 from Flintshire to Beachley, at the mouth 
 of the Wye. The space between Wat's 
 Dyke and Offa's Dyke was accounted 
 neutral ground. Here Danes and Saxon* 
 might traffic with the British without 
 
WATER. 
 
 1089 WATLING STREET OF THE SKY. 
 
 molestation. The two dykes are in 
 some places as much as three miles 
 asunder, but in others they approach 
 within 500 yards of each other. 
 
 Archdeacon Williams says that Offa's 
 Dyke was never a line of defence, and 
 that it is certainly older than Offa, as 
 five Roman roads cross it. 
 
 There is a famous thing 
 Called Offa's Dyke, that reacheth far in length. 
 All kinds of ware the Danes might thither bring ; 
 It was free ground, and called the Britons' strength. 
 Wat's Dyke, likewise, about the same was set, 
 Between which two both Danes and Britons met 
 lu traffic. 
 
 Churchyard, Worthiness of Wales (15S7). 
 
 "Water (Tlie Dancing), a magic spring 
 of water, which ensured perpetual youth 
 and beauty. — Comtesse IVAunov, Fairy 
 Tales ("Chery and Fairstar," 1682). 
 
 Water (The Yellow), a magic spring of 
 water, which had this peculiarity : If 
 only a few drops of it were placed in a 
 basin, no matter how large, they would 
 fill the basin without overflowing, and 
 form a fountain. — Arabian Nights (" The 
 Two Sisters "). 
 
 Water-Poet (The), John Taylor, 
 the Thames waterman (1580-1654). 
 
 Water Standard, Cornhill. This 
 was the spot from which miles were 
 measured. It stood at the east end of 
 the street, at the parting of four ways. 
 In 1582 Peter Morris erected there a 
 water standard for the purpose of supply- 
 ing water to Thames Street, Gracechurch 
 Street, and Leadenhall ; and also for 
 cleansing the channels of the streets 
 towards Bishopsgate, Aldgate, the Bridge, 
 and Stocks' Market. — Stow, Survey of 
 London, 459 (1598). 
 
 *,.* There was another water standard 
 near Oldbourne. 
 
 Any substantial building for the supply 
 of water was called a standard; hence 
 the Standard in Cheap, made in 1430 by 
 John Wills, mayor, " with a small stone 
 cistern." Our modern drinking-foun- 
 tains are " standards." 
 
 Water- Wraith, the evil spirit of 
 the waters. 
 
 By this the storm grew loud apace, 
 The water- wrai tii was shrieking. 
 
 Campbell, Lord Ulliris Daughter. 
 
 Water from the Fountain of 
 Lions, a sovereign remed} r for fevers of 
 every kind. — Arabian Nights ("Ahmed 
 and Pari-Banou"). 
 
 Water made Wine. Alluding to 
 the first miracle of Christ, Richard Cra- 
 shaw says (1643) : 
 
 The conscious water saw its God, and bluihed. 
 
 Water of Jealousy ( The) . This was 
 a beverage which the Jews used to affirm 
 no adulteress could drink without burst- 
 ing. — Five Philosophical Questions An- 
 swered (1653). 
 
 Water of Life. This water has the 
 property of changing the nature of poison, 
 and of making those salutary which were 
 most deadty. A fairy gave some in a phial 
 to Fiorina, and assured her that however 
 often she used it, the bottle would always 
 remain full. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
 Tales (" Fiorina," 1682). 
 
 Water of Youth. In the Basque 
 
 legends we are told of a "water," one 
 drop of which will restore youth to the 
 person on whom it is sprinkled. It will 
 also restore the dead to life, and the en- 
 chanted to their original form. This 
 legend is widely spread. It is called 
 ' ' the dancing water " in the tale called 
 The Princess Fairstar, by the comtesse 
 D'Aunoy (1682). 
 
 Waters (Father of), Irawaddy in Bur- 
 mah. The Mississippi in North America. 
 
 Waterman (The), Tom Tug. It is 
 the title of a ballad opera by Charles 
 Dibdin (1774). (For the plot, see Wilel- 
 mixa Bundle.) 
 
 Watkins ( William), the English at- 
 tendant on the prince of Scotland. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
 (Henry IV.). 
 
 Watkin's Pudding (Sir), a famous 
 
 Welsh dish ; so named from sir Watkin 
 Lewis, a London alderman, who was very 
 fond of it. 
 
 Watling Street and the Foss. 
 
 The vast Roman road called Watling 
 Street starts from Rickborough, in Kent, 
 and, after passing the Severn, divides into 
 two branches, one of which runs to 
 Anglesey, and the other to Holy Head. 
 
 The Foss runs north and south from 
 Michael's Mount, in Cornwall, to Caith- 
 ness, the northern extremhVy of Scotland. 
 
 Those two mighty ways, the Watling and the Foss . . . 
 
 ... the first doth hold Iier way 
 
 From Dover to the farth'st of fruitful Anglesey ; 
 
 The second, south and north, from Michael's utmost 
 
 mount 
 To Caithness, which the farth'st of Scotland we account 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (lt>13). 
 Secunda via principalis dicitur " Watelingstreate," ten- 
 dens ab euro-austro in zephyrum septentrionalem. In- 
 cipit enim a Dovaria, tendens per medium Cantire, juxta 
 London, per S. Albanum, Dunstaplum, Stratfordiam, 
 Towcestriam, Litlebume, per niontem Gilberti juxta 
 Salopiam, deinde per Stratton et per medium Wallipe, 
 usque Cardigan.— Leland, Itinerary of England (1712) 
 
 Watling Street of the Sky (The), 
 the Milky Way. 
 
 4 a 
 
WATTS. 
 
 1090 
 
 WAYLAND WOOD. 
 
 Watts {Dr. Isaac). It is said that 
 Isaac Watts, being beaten by his father 
 for wasting his time in writing verses, 
 exclaimed : 
 
 O father, pity on me take, 
 
 And I will no more verses make. 
 
 Ovid, the Latin poet, is credited with a 
 similar anecdote : 
 
 Parce, precor, genitor, poshac non versificabo. 
 
 "Waucli {Mansie), fictitious name of 
 D. M. Moir, author of The Life of Mansie 
 Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith, written by 
 himself (1828). 
 
 Waverley, the first of Scott's histo- 
 rical novels, published in 1814. The 
 materials are Highland feudalism, mili- 
 tary bravery, and description of natural 
 scenery. There is a fine vein of humour, 
 and a union of fiction with history. The 
 chief characters are Charles Edward the 
 Chevalier, the noble old baron of Brad- 
 wardine, the simple faithful clansman 
 Evan Dhu, and the poor fool Davie Gel- 
 latley with his fragments of song and 
 scattered gleams of fancy. 
 
 Scott did not prefix his name to Waverley, being afraid 
 that it might compromise his poetical reputation. — 
 Cham hers, English literature, ii. 5ri6. 
 
 Water ley {Captain Edward) of Waver- 
 ley Honour, and hero of the novel called 
 by his name. Being gored by a stag, he 
 resigned his commission, and proposed 
 marriage to Flora M'lvor, but was not 
 accepted. Fergus M'lvor (Flora's brother) 
 introduced him to prince Charles Edward. 
 He entered the service of the Young 
 Chevalier, and in the battle of Preston 
 Pans saved the life of colonel Talbot. The 
 colonel, out of gratitude, obtained the 
 pardon of young Waverley, who then 
 married Kose Bradwardine, and settled 
 down quietly in Waverley Honour. 
 
 Mr. Richard Waverley, the captain's 
 father, of Waverley Honour. 
 
 Sir Everard Waverley, the captain's 
 uncle. 
 
 Mistress Rachel Waverlci/, sister of sir 
 Everard.— Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 "Wax {A lad o'), a spruce young man, 
 like a model in wax. Lucretius speaks 
 of persona cerea, and Horace of the 
 waxen arms of Telephus, meaning beauti- 
 ful in shape and colour, 
 
 A man, young lady 1 Lady, such a man 
 
 As all the world Why, he's a man o' wax. 
 
 Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1595). 
 
 Way of the World ( The), a comedy 
 by W. Congreve (1700). The "way of 
 the world" is to tie up settlements to 
 
 wives, to prevent their husbands squan- 
 dering their wives' fortunes. Thus, Fain- 
 all wanted to get into his power the 
 fortune of his wife, whom he hated, but 
 found it was "in trust to Edward Mira- 
 bell," and consequently could not be 
 tampered with. 
 
 Way to Keep Him ( The), a corned v 
 by A. Murphy (1760). The object of 
 this drama is to show that women, after 
 marriage, should not wholly neglect their 
 husbands, but should try to please them, 
 and make home agreeable and attractive. 
 The chief persons are Mr. and Mrs. 
 Lovemore. Mr. Lovemore has a virtuous 
 and excellent wife, whom he esteems and 
 loves ; but, finding his home insufferably 
 dull, he seeks amusement abroad ; and 
 those passions which have no play at 
 home lead him to intrigue and card- 
 playing, routes and dubious society. The 
 under-plot is this : Sir Bashful Constant 
 is a mere imitator of Mr. Lovemore, and 
 lady Constant suffers neglect from her 
 husband and insult from his friends, 
 because he foolishly thinks it is not comme 
 il faut to love after he has married the 
 woman of his choice. 
 
 Ways and Means, a comedy by 
 Colman the younger (1788). Random 
 and Scruple meet at Calais two young 
 ladies, Harriet and Kitty, daughters of 
 sir David Dunder, and fall in love with 
 them. They come to Dover, and acci- 
 dentally meet sir David, who invites them 
 over to Dunder Hall, where they are intro- 
 duced to the two young ladies. Harriet is 
 to be married next day, against her will, to 
 lord Snolts, a stumpy, "gummy" noble- 
 man of five and forty ; and, to avoid this 
 hateful match, she and her sister agree to 
 elope at night with the two young guests. 
 It so happens that a scries of blunders 
 in the dark occur, and sir David himself 
 becomes privy to the whole plot, but, to 
 prevent scandal, he agrees to the two 
 marriages, and discovers that the young 
 men, both in family and fortune, are 
 quite suitable to be his sons-in-law. 
 
 Wayland {Launcelot) or Wayland 
 Smith, farrier in the vale of Whitehorse. 
 Afterwards disguised as the pedlar at 
 Cumnor Place.— Sir W. Scott, Kenilvoorth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Wayland Wood (Norfolk), said to 
 be the site where "the babes in the 
 wood" were left to perish. According 
 to this tradition, " Wayland Wood " is a 
 corruption of Wailing Wood. 
 
WEALTH MAKES WORTH. 
 
 1091 
 
 WEDDING DAY. 
 
 Wealth, makes "Worth. 
 
 A man of wealth is dubbed a man of worth. 
 
 Pope, Imitations of Horace, vi. 81 (1734). 
 Et genus, et formam, regina Pecunia donat, 
 Ac bene numruatuin decorat Suadela Venusque. 
 
 Horace, Epist., vi. 
 Beauty and wisdom money can bestow, 
 Venus and wit to wealth their honours throw. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 Wealtheow (2 syl.), wife of Hroth- 
 gar king of Denmark. 
 
 Wealtheow went forth ; mindful of their races, she . . . 
 greeted the men in the hall. The freeborn lady first 
 handed the cup to the prince of the East Danes. . . . The 
 lady of the Hehnings then went about every part ... she 
 gave treasure-vessels, until the opportunity occurred that 
 she (a queen hung round with rings) . . . bore forth the 
 mead-cup to Beowulf. . . . and thanked God that her will 
 was accomplished, that an earl of Denmark was a guarantee 
 against crime. —Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century). 
 
 Wealthy {Sir William), a retired City- 
 merchant, with one son of prodigal pro- 
 pensities. In order to save the young man 
 from ruin, the father pretends to be dead, 
 disguises himself as a German baron, and, 
 with the aid of coadjutors, becomes the 
 chief creditor of the young scapegrace. 
 
 Sir George Wealthy, the son of sir 
 William. After having run out his 
 money, Lucy is brought to him as a cour- 
 tezan ; but the young man is so moved 
 with her manifest innocence and tale of 
 sorrow that he places her in an asylum 
 where her distresses Avould be sacred, 
 " and her indigent beauty would be 
 guarded from temptation." Afterwards 
 she becomes his wife. 
 
 Mr. Packard Wealthy, merchant, the 
 brother of sir William; choleric, straight- 
 forward, and tyrannical. He thinks 
 obedience is both law and gospel. 
 
 Lucy Wealthy, daughter of Richard. 
 Her father wants her to marry a rich 
 tradesman, and, as she refuses to do 
 so, turns her out of doors. She is 
 brought to sir George Wealthy as a fille 
 de joie ; but the young man, discerning 
 her innocence and modesty, places her 
 in safe keeping. He ultimately rinds out 
 that she is his cousin, and the two 
 parents rejoice in consummating a union 
 so entirety in accordance with both their 
 wishes. — Foote, The Minor (1760). 
 
 Weary-all Hill, above Glaston- 
 bury, to the left of Tor Hill. This spot 
 is the traditional landing-place of Joseph 
 of Arimathea ; and here is the site 
 (marked by a stone bearing the letters 
 A. I. a.d. xxxi.) of the holy thorn. 
 
 When the saint arrived at Glastonbury, 
 'ceary with his long journey, he struck 
 his staff into the ground, and the staff 
 became the famous thorn, the site being 
 called " Weary-all Hill." 
 
 Weatherport {Captain), a naval 
 officer. — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Weaver-Poet of Inverary {The), 
 William Thorn (1799-1850). 
 
 Wea'zel {Timothy), attorney-at-law 
 at Lestwithiel, employed as the agent of 
 Penruddock. — Cumberland, The Wheel of 
 Fortune (1778). 
 
 Web in a Millet Seed {The). 
 This was a web wrapped in a millet seed. 
 It was 400 yards long, and on it were 
 painted all sorts of birds, beasts, and 
 fishes ; fruits, trees, and plants ; rocks and 
 shells ; the sun, moon, and stars ; the like- 
 nesses of all the kings and queens of the 
 earth, and many other curious devices. 
 
 The prince took out of a rubj box a walnut, which he 
 cracked. . . . and saw inside it a small hazel nut, which 
 he cracked also, and found inside a kernel of wax. He 
 peeled the kernel, and discovered a corn of wheat, and in 
 the wheat a grain of millet, which contained the web. — 
 Comtesse DAunoy, Fairy Tales ("The White Cat," 163:!). 
 
 Wedding. The fifth anniversary is 
 the Wooden Wedding, because on that 
 occasion the suitable offerings to the wife 
 are knick-knacks made of wood. 
 
 The twenty-fifth anniversary is called 
 the Silver Wedding, because the woman 
 on this occasion should be presented with 
 a silver wreath. 
 
 The fiftieth anniversary is called the 
 Golden Wedding, because the wreath or 
 flowers presented should be made of gold. 
 In Germany, the marriage ceremony 
 was repeated on the fiftieth anniversary. 
 In 1879 William, king of Prussia and 
 emperor of Germany, celebrated his 
 "golden wedding." 
 
 The seventy-fifth anniversary is called 
 the Diamond Wedding, because the correct 
 present to the wife of such a standing 
 would be a diamond. This period is 
 shortened into the sixtieth anniversary. 
 
 Mr. T. Morgan Owen, of Bronwylfa, 
 Rhyl, says there are in Llanneiydd 
 churchyard, near Denbigh, the two fol- 
 lowing inscriptions : — 
 
 (1) Iohn and Elin Owen, married 1579. 
 died 1659. Announced thus : 
 
 Whom one nuptial bed did containe for 80 years do 
 here remaine. Here lieth the body of Elin, wife of Iohn 
 Owen, who died the 25 day of March, 1C59. Here lieth the 
 body of Iohn Owen, who died the 23 day of August, 1659. 
 
 (2) Katherine and Edward Iones, mar- 
 ried 1638, died 1708. Announced thus : 
 
 They lived amicably together in matrimony 70 years. 
 Here Iyeth the body of Katherine Davies, the wife of 
 Edward Iones, who was buried the 27 day of May, 1708, 
 aged 91 years. Here the body of Edward Iones, son of Iohn- 
 ap-David, Gent., Ijeih, who was buried the 14 day of May, 
 1708, aged 91 years.— Times, July 4, 1879 iweekly editiun) 
 
 Wedding Day {The), a comedy by 
 
WEEPING PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 1092 
 
 WELLBORN. 
 
 Mrs. Inchbald (1790). The plot is this : 
 JSir Adam Contest lost his first wife by 
 shipwreck, and "twelve or fourteen 
 years" afterwards he led to the altar 
 a young girl of 18, to whom he was 
 always singing the praises of his first 
 Avife — a phoenix, a paragon, the ne plus 
 ultra of wives and women. She did 
 everything to make him happy. She 
 loved him, obeyed him ; ah ! "he would 
 never look upon her like again." On the 
 wedding day, this pink of wives and 
 women made her appearance, told how 
 she had been rescued, and sir Adam was 
 dumfounded. " He was happy to bewail 
 her loss," but to rejoice in her restora- 
 tion was quite another matter. 
 
 Weeping Philosopher (Tlie), He- 
 raclitos, who looked at the folly of man 
 with grief (fl. B.C. 500). (See Jeddler.) 
 
 "Weir (Majcr), the favourite baboon 
 of sir Robert Redgauntlet. In the tale of 
 "Wandering Willie," sir Robert's piper 
 went to the infernal regions to obtain the 
 knight's receipt of rent, which had been 
 paid ; but no receipt could be found, 
 because the monkey had carried it to the 
 castle turret. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
 (time, George III.). 
 
 Weissnichtwo [Vice-neckt-vo], no- 
 where. The word is German for " I 
 know not where," and was coined by 
 Carlyle (Sartor Resartus, 1833). Sir W. 
 Scott has a similar Scotch compound, 
 " Kennaquhair" ("I know not where "). 
 Cervantes has the " island of Trapoban " 
 (i.e. of "dish-clouts," from trapos, the 
 Spanish for "a dish-clout"). Sir Thomas 
 More has "Utopia" (Greek, outopos, "no 
 place"). AVe might add the "island of 
 Medama" (Greek, "nowhere"), the 
 " peninsula of Udamoges" (Greek, "no- 
 where on earth"), the country of " Ken- 
 nahtwhar," etc., and place thein in the 
 great " Nullibian " ocean ("nowhere"), 
 in any degree beyond 180°long. and 90 c lat. 
 
 Wel'ford, one of the suitors of "the 
 Scornful Lady" (no name is given to 
 the lady). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Scornful Lady (1616). 
 
 Well. Three of the most prominent 
 Bible characters met their wives for the 
 first time by wells of water, viz., Isaac, 
 Jacob, and Moses. 
 
 Eliezer met Rebekah by a well, and 
 arranged with Bethuel for her to become 
 Isaac's wife. — Gen. xxiv. 
 
 Jacob met Rachel by the well of Haran. 
 — Gen. xxix. 
 
 When Moses fled from Egyptintotheland 
 of Midian, he " sat down by a well," and 
 the seven daughters of Jethro came there 
 to draw water, one of whom, named Zip- 
 porah, became his wife. — Exod. ii. 15-21. 
 
 The princess Nausicaa, daughter of 
 Alcinoos king of the Phseacians, was 
 with her maidens washing their dirty 
 linen in a rivulet, when she first encoun- 
 tered Ulysses. — Homer, Odyssey, vi. 
 
 Well. "A well and a green vine run- 
 ning over it," emblem of the patriarch 
 Joseph. In the church at Totnes is a 
 stone pulpit divided into compartments, 
 containing shields decorated with the 
 several emblems of the Jewish tribes. 
 On one of the shields is "a well and a 
 green vine running over it." 
 
 Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a 
 well ; whose branches run over the wall.— Gen. xlix. 22. 
 
 Well of English Undented. So 
 
 Spenser calls Chaucer. 
 
 Dan Chaucer, well of English undented, 
 
 On Fame's eternal bead-roll worthy to be filed. 
 
 Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 2 (1596). 
 
 Welland, a river of England, which 
 passes by Stamford, etc., and empties 
 itself into the Wash. Drayton speaks of 
 an ancient prophecy which brought to 
 this river great reverence : 
 
 That she alone should drown all Holland, and should see 
 Her Stamford ... as renowned for liberal arts . . . 
 As they in Cambridge are, or Oxford ever were. 
 
 rolyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 
 
 *** The "Holland" here referred to 
 is not the Netherlands, but a district of 
 Lincolnshire so called. (See Holland, 
 p. 448.) 
 
 Well-Beloved (The), Charles IV. of 
 France, Le Bicn-Aime' (13G8, 1380-1422). 
 
 Louis XV. of France, Le Bien-Aime 
 (1710, 1715-1774). 
 
 Well-Founded Doctor (Tlie), 
 ^Egidius de Colonna; also called "The 
 Most Profound Doctor" (Doctor Fundatis- 
 simus et Thcoloyorum Princeps) ; some- 
 times surnamed " Romanus," because he 
 was born in the Campagna di Roma, but 
 more generally " Colonna," from a town 
 in the Campagna (1247-1316). 
 
 Wellborn (Francis, usually called 
 Frank), nephew of sir Giles Overreach, 
 and son of sir John Wellborn, who "bore 
 the whole sway " of Northamptonshire, 
 kept a large estate, and was highly 
 honoured. Frank squandered away the 
 property, and got greatly into debt, but 
 induced lady Allworth to give him her 
 countenance, out of gratitude and respect 
 to his father. Sir Giles fancies that the 
 
WELLER. 
 
 1093 
 
 WERE-WOLF. 
 
 rich dowager is about to marry his 
 nephew, and, in order to bring about this 
 desirable consummation, not only pays 
 all his debts, but supplies him liberally 
 with ready money. Being thus freed 
 from debt, and having sown his wild oats, 
 young Wellborn reforms, and lord Lovell 
 gives him a " company." — Massinger, A 
 New Way to Pay Old Debts (1625). 
 
 Weller (Samuel), boots at the White 
 Hart, and afterwards servant to Mr. 
 Pickwick, to whom he becomes devotedly 
 attached. Rather than leave his master 
 when he is sent to the Fleet, Sam Weller 
 gets his father to arrest him for debt. 
 His fun, his shrewdness, his comparisons, 
 his archness, and his cunning on behalf 
 of his master are unparalleled. 
 
 Tony Weller, father of Sam ; a coach- 
 man of the old school, who drives a coach 
 between London and Dorking. Naturally 
 portly in size, he becomes far more so in 
 his great-coat of many capes. Tony 
 wears top-boots, and his hat has a low 
 crown and broad brim. On the stage- 
 box he is a king, elsewhere he is a mere 
 greenhorn. He marries a widow, land- 
 lady of the Marquis of Granby, and his 
 constant advice to his son is, "Sam, 
 beware of the widders." — C. Dickens, 
 The Pickwick Papers (1836). 
 
 "Wellington of Gamblers (27(e). 
 Lord Rivers was called in Paris Le Wel- 
 lington des Joueurs. 
 
 "Wellington's Horse, Copenhagen. 
 It died at the age of 27. 
 
 Wemmick, clerk of Mr. Jaggers the 
 lawyer. He lived at Walworth. Wem- 
 mick was a dry man, rather short in 
 stature, with square, wooden face. ' ' There 
 were some marks in the face which might 
 have been dimples if the material had 
 been softer." His linen Avas frayed ; he 
 wore four mourning rings, and a brooch 
 representing a lady, a weeping willow, 
 and a cinerary urn. His eyes were small 
 and glittering ; his lips small, thin, and 
 mottled ; his age was between 40 and 50 
 years. Mr. Wemmick wore his hat on 
 the back of his head, and looked straight 
 before him, as if nothing was worth look- 
 ing at. Mr. Wemmick at home and Mr. 
 Wemmick in his office were two distinct 
 beings. At home, he was his " OAvn 
 engineer, his own carpenter, his own 
 plumber, his own gardener, his own Jack- 
 of -all-trades," and had fortified his little 
 wooden house like commodore Trunnion 
 (q.v.). His father lived with him, and 
 
 he called him "The Aged." The old 
 man was very deaf, but heated the poker 
 with delight to fire off the nine o'clock 
 signal, and chuckled with joy because 
 he could hear the bang. The house had 
 a "real flagstaff," and a plank which 
 crossed a ditch some four feet wide and 
 two feet deep was the drawbridge. At 
 nine o'clock p.m. Greenwich time the 
 gun (called " The Stinger ") was fired. 
 
 The piece of ordnance was mounted in a separate 
 fortress constructed of lattice-work. It was protected 
 from the weather by an ingenious little tarpaulin con- 
 trivance in the nature of an umbrella.— C. Dickens, Great 
 Expectations, xxv. (1860). 
 
 (This is a bad imitation of Smollett. 
 In commodore Trunnion such a conceit is 
 characteristic, but in a lawyer's clerk not 
 so. Still, it might have passed as a good 
 whim if it had been original.) 
 
 Wenloek (Wild Wenlock), kinsman of 
 sir H ugo de Lacy constable of Chester. His 
 head is cut off by the insurgents. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Weno'nah, mother of Hiawatha and 
 daughter of Noko'mis. Nokomis was 
 swinging in the moon, when some of her 
 companions, out of jealousy, cut the 
 ropes, and she fell to earth "like a 
 falling star." That night was born her 
 first child, a daughter, whom she named 
 Wenonah. In due time, this lovely 
 daughter was wooed and won by Mudje- 
 kee'Avis (the Avest Avind), and became the 
 mother of HiaAvatha. The false West 
 Wind deserted her, and the young mother 
 died. 
 
 Fair Nokomis bore a daughter. 
 And she called her name Wenonah. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, ilL (1855). 
 
 Wentworth (Eva), the beau-ideal 
 of female purity. She was educated in 
 strict seclusion. De Courcy fell in love 
 with her, but deceived her ; Avhereupon 
 she died calmly and tranquilly, elevated 
 by religious hope. (See Zaira.) — Rev. 
 C. R. Maturin, Women (a romance, 1822). 
 
 Wept. "We wept Avhen we came 
 into the Avorld, and every day tells us 
 Avhy." — Goldsmith, The Good-Natured 
 Man, i. 1 (1768). 
 
 Werburg (St.), born a princess. By 
 her prayers, she drove the Avild geese 
 from Weedon. 
 
 She falleth in her way with Weedon, where, 'tis said, 
 St. Werburg, princely born — a most religious maid — 
 From those peculiar fields, by prayer the wild geese drova, 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiii. (1622). 
 
 Were-Wolf (2 syl.), a man-Avolf, a 
 man transformed into a wolf temporarily 
 or otherwise. 
 
WERNER. 
 
 1094 
 
 WEST INDIAN. 
 
 Oft through the forest dark. 
 Followed the were-wolfs bark. 
 
 Longfellow, The Skeleton in Armour. 
 
 Werner, the boy said to have been 
 crucified at Bacharach, on the Rhine,'by 
 the Jews. (See Hugh of Lincoln.) 
 
 The innocent boy who, some years back, 
 Was taken and crucified by the Jews 
 In that ancient town of Bacharach. 
 
 Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 
 
 "Werner or Kruitimer (count of 
 Siegendorf), father of Ulric.^ Being 
 driven from the dominions of his father, 
 he wandered about for twelve years as a 
 beggar, hunted from place to place by 
 count Stral'enheim. At length, Stra- 
 lenheim, travelling through Silesia, was 
 rescued from the Oder by Gabor (alias 
 Ulric), and was lodged in an old tumble- 
 down palace, where Werner had been 
 lodging for some few days. Here Wer- 
 ner robbed the count of a rouleau of gold, 
 and next day the count was murdered by 
 Ulric (without the connivance or even 
 knowledge of Werner). When Werner 
 succeeded to the rank and wealth of 
 count Siegendorf, he became aware that 
 his son Ulric was the murderer, and de- 
 nounced him. Ulric departed, and Wer- 
 ner said, " The race of Siegendorf is past." 
 —Byron, Werner (1821). 
 
 (This drama is borrowed from "Kruitz- 
 ner or The German's Tale," in Miss H. 
 Lee's Canterbury Tales, 1797-1805.) 
 
 Werther, a young German student, 
 of poetic fancy and very sensitive dis- 
 position, who falls in love with Lotte (2 
 syl.) the betrothed and afterwards the 
 wife of Albert. Werther becomes 
 acquainted with Lotte's husband, who in- 
 vites him to stay with htm as a guest. In 
 this visit his love blazes out into a ter- 
 rible passion, and after vainly striving 
 to fight it down, he puts an end to his 
 misery by shooting himself. — Goethe, 
 Sorrow* of Young Werther — 1774. 
 
 *;: : ." ;;: " Goethe represents himself, or 
 rather one of the moods of his mind, in 
 the character of Werther. The catas- 
 trophe, however, is borrowed from the 
 fate of a schoolfellow of his named Jeru- 
 salem, who shot himself on account of a 
 hopeless passion for a married woman. 
 "Albert" and "Lotte" were sketched 
 from his friends Albert and Charlotte 
 Kestner, a young couple with whom he 
 had relations not unlike those of Wer- 
 ther in the early part of the story with 
 the fictitious characters. 
 
 Werther of Politics. The marquis 
 
 of Londonderry is so called by lord 
 Byron. Werther, the personification of 
 maudlin sentimentality, is the hero of 
 Goethe's romance entitled The Sorrows of 
 Werther (1774). 
 
 It is the first time since the Normans, that England has 
 been insulted by a minister who could not speak English, 
 and that parliament permitted itself to be dictated to in 
 the language of Mrs. Malaprop. ... Let ns hear no more 
 of this man, and let Ireland remove the ashes of her 
 Grattan from the sanctuary of Westminster. Shall the 
 Patriot of Humanity repose by the Werther of Politics? 
 —Byron, Don Juan (preface to canto vi., etc., 1824). 
 
 Wer'therism (th=t), spleen, me- 
 grims from morbid sentimentality, a 
 settled melancholy and disgust of life. 
 The word is derived from the romance 
 called The Sorrows of Werther, by Goethe 
 (1774), the gist of which is to prove 
 " Whatever is is wrong." 
 
 Wessel (Peder), a tailor's apprentice, 
 who rose to the rank of vice-admiral of 
 Denmark, in the reign of Christian V. 
 He was called Tor'denskiold (3 si/L), cor- 
 rupted into Tordenskiol (the "Thunder 
 Shield "), and was killed in a duel. 
 
 North Sea ! a glimpse of Wessel rent 
 Thy murky sky. . . . 
 From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol ; 
 Let each to heaven commend his soul. 
 And fly. 
 
 Longfellow, King Christian [r.]. 
 
 Wessex, Devonshire, Somersetshire, 
 Wiltshire, and their adjacents. Ivor son 
 of Cadwallader, and Ini or Hiner his 
 nephew, were sent to England by Cad- 
 wallader when he was in Rome, to 
 " govern the remnant of the Britons." 
 
 As the generals, [he] 
 
 His nephew Ivor chose, and Hiner for his pheer ; 
 Two most undaunted sp'rits these valiant Britons were. 
 The first who Wessex won. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 
 
 (The kingdom of Wessex was founded 
 in 495 by Cerdic and Cynric, and Ini was 
 king of Wessex from 688 to 726. Instead 
 of being a British king who ousted the 
 Saxons, he was of the royal line of 
 Cerdic, and came regularly to the succes- 
 sion.) 
 
 West Indian (The), a comedy by 
 R. Cumberland (1771). Mr. Belcour, the 
 adopted son of a wealthy Jamaica mer- 
 chant, on the death of his adopted father 
 came to London, to the house of Mr. 
 Stockwell, once the clerk of Belcour, 
 senior. This clerk had secretly married 
 Belcour's daughter, and when her boy was 
 born it was "laid as a foundling at her 
 father's door." Old Belcour brought the 
 child up as his own son, and at death 
 "bequeathed to him his whole estate." 
 The young man then came to London as 
 the guest of Mr. Stockwell, the rich mer- 
 
WESTERN. 
 
 1095 
 
 WHETSTONE CUT, ETC. 
 
 chant, and accidentally encountered in 
 the street Miss Louisa Dudley, with whom 
 he fell in love. Louisa, with her father 
 captain Dudley, and her brother Charles, 
 all in the greatest poverty, were lodging 
 with a Mr. Fulmer, a small bookseller. 
 Belcour gets introduced, and after the 
 usual mistakes and hairbreadth escapes, 
 makes her his wife. 
 
 Western (Squire), a jovial, fox-hunt- 
 ing country gentleman, supremety igno- 
 rant of book-learning, very prejudiced, 
 selfish, irascible, and countrified ; but 
 shrewd, good-natured, and very fond of 
 his daughter Sophia. 
 
 Philip, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, was in 
 character a squire Western, choleric, boisterous, illiterate, 
 selfish, absurd, and cowardly.— Osborne, Secret History, 
 L 218. 
 
 Squire Western stands alone ; imitated from no proto- 
 type, and in himself an inimitable picture of ignorance, 
 prejudice, irascibility, and rusticity, united with natural 
 shrewdness, constitutional good humour, and an in- 
 stinctive affection for his daughter. — Encyc. Brit., Art 
 " Fielding." 
 
 Sophia Western, daughter of squire 
 Western. She becomes engaged to Tom 
 Jones the foundling. — Fielding, Tom 
 Jones (1749). 
 
 There now are no squire Westerns, as of old; 
 
 And our Sophias are not so emphatic, 
 But fair as them [sicj or fairer to behold. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 110 (1824). 
 
 "W"estlock (John), a quondam pupil 
 of Mr. Pecksniff (" architect and land 
 surveyor"). John Westlock marries 
 Ruth, the sister of Tom Pinch. — C. 
 Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). 
 
 Westminster Abbey of Den- 
 mark (The), the cathedral of Roeskilde, 
 some sixteen miles west of Copenhagen. 
 
 Westmoreland, according to fable, 
 is West-Mar-land. Mar or Marius, son 
 of Arviragus, was king of the British, 
 and overthrew Rodric the Scj'thian in the 
 north-west of England, where he set up 
 a stone with an inscription of this victory, 
 "both of which remain to this day." — 
 Geoffrey, British History, iv. 17 (1142). 
 
 Westward Hoe, a comedy by 
 Thomas Dekker (1607). The Rev. Charles 
 Kingslev published a novel in 1854 en- 
 titled Westward Ho! or The Voyajes and 
 Adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh in the 
 Eeign of Queen Elizabeth. (See East- 
 ward Hoe.) 
 
 Wetheral (Stephen), surnamed 
 "Stephen Steelheart," in the troop of 
 lord Waldemar Fitzurse (a baron follow- 
 ing prince John).— Sir W. Scott, Icanhoe 
 (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Wetherell (Elizabeth), Miss Susan 
 Warner, authoress of The Wide Wide 
 World (1852), Queechy (1853), etc. 
 
 Wetzweiler (Tid) or Le Gloricux, 
 the court jester of Charles "the Bold" 
 duke of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Quen- 
 tin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Whachum, journeyman to Sid- 
 rophel. He wa3 Richard Green, who 
 published a pamphlet of base ribaldry, 
 called Hudibras in a Snare (1667). 
 
 A paltry wretch he had, half-starved. 
 That him in place of zany served, 
 Hight Whachum. 
 
 S. Butler, ffudibras, iL 3 (1664). 
 
 Whally Eyes, i.e. Whale-like eyes. 
 Spenser says that "Whally eyes are a 
 sign of jealousy." — Faery Queen, I. iv. 
 24 (1590). 
 
 Whang, an avaricious Chinese miller, 
 who, by great thrift, was pretty well off, 
 but, one day, being told that a neighbour 
 had found a pot of money Avhich he bad 
 dreamt of, began to be dissatisfied with 
 his slow gains and longed for a dream 
 also. At length the dream came. He 
 dreamt there was a huge pot of gold 
 concealed under his mill, and set to work 
 to find it. The first omen of success was 
 a broken mug, then a house-tile, and at 
 length, after much digging, he came to a 
 stone so large that he could not lift it. 
 He ran to tell his luck to his wife, and the 
 two tugged at the stone, but as they re- 
 moved it, down fell the mill in utter ruins. 
 — Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, lxx. 
 (1759). 
 
 What Next ? a farce by T. Dibdin. 
 Colonel Clifford meets at Brighton 
 two cousins, Sophia and Clarissa Touch- 
 wood, and falls in love with the latter, 
 who is the sister of major Touchwood, 
 but thinks her Christian name is Sophia, 
 and so is accepted b) r Sophia's father, who 
 is colonel Touchwood. Now, it so hap- 
 pens that major Touchwood is in love 
 with his cousin Sophia, and looks on 
 colonel Clifford as his rival. The major 
 tries to outwit his supposed rival, but 
 finds they are both in error, that it is 
 Clarissa whom the colonel wishes to 
 marry, and that Sophia is quite free to 
 follow the bent of her own and the 
 major's choice. 
 
 Wheel of Fortune (The), a comedy 
 by R. Cumberland (1779). 
 
 *#* For the plot and tale, see Pexrud- 
 dock. 
 
 Whetstone Cut by a Razor. 
 
WHIMS. 
 
 1096 
 
 WHITE BIRDS. 
 
 "Whist {Father of the game ©/), 
 Edinond Hoyle (1672-1769). 
 
 Whistle {The). In the train of Anne 
 of Denmark, Avhen she went to Scotland 
 with James VI., was a gigantic Dane of 
 matchless drinking capacity. He had an 
 ebony whistle which, at the beginning of 
 a drinking bout, he would lay on the table, 
 and whoever was last able to blow it, was 
 to be considered the " Champion of the 
 Whistle." In Scotland the Dane was de- 
 feated by sir Eobert Laurie of Maxwelton, 
 who, after three days' and three nights' 
 hard drinking, left the Dane under the 
 table, and "blew on the whistle his 
 requiem shrill." The whistle remained 
 in the family several j'ears, when it was 
 Avon by sir Walter Laurie, son of sir 
 Robert ; and then by Walter Riddel of 
 Glenriddel, brother-in-law of sir Walter 
 Laurie. The last person who carried it 
 off was Alexander Ferguson of Craig- 
 darroch, son of " Annie Laurie," so well 
 known. 
 
 *** Burns has a ballad on the subject, 
 called The Whistle. 
 
 Whistle. The blackbird, says Drayton, 
 is the only bird that whistles. 
 
 Upon his dulcet pipe the merle doth only play. 
 
 Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 
 
 Whistled. " He whistled as he went, 
 for want of thought." — Dryden, Cymon 
 and Iphigenia. 
 
 Whistler {The), a young thief, 
 natural son of sir G. Staunton, whom he 
 shot after his marriage with Effie Deans. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
 George II.). 
 
 Whistling. Mr. Townley, of Hull, 
 says, in Rotes and Queries, August 2, 
 1879, that a Roman Catholic checked his 
 wife, who was whistling for a dog : "If 
 you please, ma'am, don't whistle. Every 
 time a woman whistles, the heart of the 
 blessed Virgin bleeds." 
 
 Une poule qui chante le coq et une fille qui siffle por- 
 tent malheur dans la maison. 
 La poule ne doit point chanter devant le coq. 
 
 A whistling woman and a crowing hen 
 
 Are neither good for God or men, 
 
 Whitaker {Bichard), the old steward 
 of sir Geoffery Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Beverilof the Teak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Whitchurch, in Middlesex (or Little 
 Stanmore), is the parish, and William 
 Powell was the blacksmith, made cele- 
 brated by Handel's Harmonious Black- 
 smith. Powell died 1780. 
 
 White Birds. Some Mohammedans 
 
 Accius Navius, the augur, cut a whet- 
 stone with a razor in the presence of Tar- 
 quin the elder. 
 
 In short, 'twas his fate, unemployed or in place, sir, 
 
 To eat mutton cold, anil cut blocks with a razor. 
 
 Goldsmith, Retaliation ("Burke" is referred to, 1774). 
 
 WTiims {Queen), the monarch of 
 Whimdom, or country of whims, fancies, 
 and literary speculations. Her subjects 
 were alchemists, astrologers, fortune- 
 tellers, rhymers, projectors, schoolmen, 
 and so forth. The best way of reaching 
 this empire is " to trust to the whirlwind 
 and the current." When Pantagruel's 
 ship ran aground, it was towed off by 
 7,000,000 drums quite easily. These 
 drums are the vain imaginings of whim- 
 sy ists. Whenever a person is perplexed 
 at any knottj' point of science or doctrine, 
 some drum will serve for a nostrum to 
 pull him through. — Rabelais, Bantagruel, 
 v. 18, etc. (1545). 
 
 Whim/sey, a whimsical, kind- 
 hearted old man, father to Charlotte and 
 "young" Whimsey. 
 
 As suspicious of everybody above him, as if he had been 
 bred a rogue himself.— Act i. 1. 
 
 Charlotte Whimsey, the pretty daughter 
 of old Whimsey ; in love with Monford. 
 — James Cobb, The First Floor. 
 
 Whip with Six Lashes, the " Six 
 Articles" of Henry VIII. (1539). 
 
 Whipping Boy. A boy kept to be 
 whipped when a prince deserved chas- 
 tisement. 
 
 Baknaby Fitzpatrick stood for Ed- 
 ward VI. 
 
 D'Ossat and Du Perron, afterwards 
 cardinals, were whipped by Clement VIII. 
 for Henri IV. of France. — Fuller, Church 
 History, ii. 342 (1655). 
 
 Mungo Murray stood for Charles I. 
 
 Raphael was Hogged for the son of 
 the marquis de Leganez, but, not seeing 
 the justice of this arrangement, he ran 
 away. — Lesage, Gil Bias, v. 1 (1724). 
 
 Whisker, the pony of Mr. Garland, 
 Abel Cottage, Finchley. 
 
 There approached towards him a little, clattering, jing- 
 ling, four-wheeled chaise, drawn by a little, obstinate- 
 looking, rough-coated pony, and driven by a little, fat, 
 placid-faced old gentleman. Beside the little old gentle- 
 man sat a little old lady, plump and placid like himself, 
 and the pony was coming along at his own pace, and 
 doing exactly as he pleased with the whole concern. If 
 the old gentleman remonstrated by shaking the reins, the 
 pony replied by shaking his head. It was plain that the 
 utmost the pony would consent to do was to go in his own 
 way, . . . after his own fashion, or not at all.— C. Dickens, 
 The Old Curiosity Shop, xiv. (1840). 
 
 Whiskerandos {Bon Fero'lo), the 
 eentimentallover of Tilburina. — Sheridan, 
 The Critic, ii. 1 (1779). 
 
WHITE CAT. 
 
 1097 WHITE HOUSE OF WANTAGE. 
 
 believe that the spirits of the faithful (if 
 neither prophets nor martyrs) abide 
 under the throne of God, in the form of 
 white birds. Martyrs are green birds, 
 and prophets are taken to paradise direct 
 in propria persona. 
 
 White Cat (The). A certain queen, 
 desirous of obtaining some fairy fruit, 
 was told she might gather as much as 
 she would if she would give to them the 
 child about to be born. The queen 
 agreed, and the new-born child was 
 carried to the fairies. When of marriage- 
 able age, the fairies wanted her to 
 marry Migonnet a faity-dwarf, and, as 
 she refused to do so, changed her into a 
 white cat. Now comes the second part. 
 An old king had three sons, and promised 
 to resign the kingdom to that son who 
 brought him the smallest dog. The 
 youngest son wandered to a palace, where 
 he saw a white cat endowed with human 
 speech, who gave him a dog so tin}' that 
 the prince carried it in an acorn shell. 
 The father then said he would resign his 
 crown to that son who brought him home 
 a web, 400 yards long, which would pass 
 through the eye of a needle. The AVhite 
 Cat gave the prince a toil 400 yards long 
 packed in the shale of a millet grain. The 
 king then told his sons he would resign his 
 throne to that son who brought home the 
 handsomest bride. The White Cat told 
 the prince to cut off its head and tail. 
 On doing so, the creature resumed her 
 human form, and was acknowledged to 
 be the most beautiful woman on the earth. 
 
 Her eyes committed theft upon all hearts, and her 
 sweetness kept them captive. Her shape was majestic, 
 her air noble and modest, her wit flowing, her manners 
 engaging. In a word, she was beyond everything that 
 was lovely. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" The AVhite 
 Cat," 1632). 
 
 "White Clergy (The), the parish 
 priests, in contradistinction to The Black 
 Clergy or monks, in Russia. 
 
 White Cross Knights, the 
 
 Knights Hospitallers. The Knights 
 Templars wore a red cross. 
 
 The White Cross Knight of the adjacent isla 
 Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, L 
 
 White Devil of Wallaehia. 
 
 George Castriota, known as "Seander- 
 be^," was called by the Turks "The 
 White Devil of Wallaehia" (1404-1467). 
 
 White Elephant (King of the)> a 
 title of the kings of Ava and Siam. 
 
 White Fast (The), the day of atone- 
 ment in the Jewish synagogues. 
 
 White Friars (The), the Carmelites, 
 who dress in white. 
 
 *** There is a novel by Miss Robinson 
 called White Friars. 
 
 White Hoods (or Chaperons Blancs), 
 the insurgents of Ghent, led by Jean 
 Lyons, noted for their fight at Minne- 
 water to prevent the digging of a canal 
 which they fancied would be injurious to 
 trade. 
 
 Saw the fight at Minnewater, saw the "White Hoods" 
 moving west. 
 
 Longfellow, The Belfry of Bruges. 
 
 White Horse (A), the Saxon banner, 
 still preserved in the royal shield of the 
 house of Hanover. 
 
 A burly, genial race has raised 
 The White Horse standard. 
 
 T. Woolner, My Beautiful Lady. 
 
 White Horse (Lords of the), the old 
 Saxon chiefs, whose standard was a 
 white horse. 
 
 And tampered with the lords of the White Horse. 
 Tennyson, Guinevere. 
 
 White Horse of the Peppers, 
 
 a sprat to catch a mackerel. After the 
 battle of the Boyne, the estates of many 
 of the Jacobites were confiscated, and 
 given to the adherents of William III. 
 Amongst others, the estate of the Peppers 
 was forfeited, and the Orangeman to 
 whom it was awarded went to take pos- 
 session. "Where was it, and what was 
 its extent?" These were all-important 
 questions ; and the Orangeman was led 
 up and down, hither and thither, for 
 several days, under pretence of showing 
 them to him. He had to join the army 
 by a certain day, but was led so far a- 
 field that he agreed to forego his claim 
 if supplied with the means of reaching 
 his regiment within the given time. 
 Accordingly, the "white horse," the 
 pride of the family, and the fastest 
 animal in the land, was placed at his 
 disposal, the king's grant was revoked, and 
 the estate remained in the possession of 
 the original owner. — S. Lover, Stories and 
 Legends of Lreland (1832-34). 
 
 White Horse of Wantage (Berk- 
 shire), cut in the chalk hills. The horse 
 is 374 feet long, and may be seen at the 
 distance of fifteen miles. It commemorates 
 a great victory obtained by Alfred over 
 the Danes, called the battle of iEscesdun 
 (Ashdown), during the reign of his brother 
 Ethelred in 871. (See Red Horse.) 
 
 In this battle all the flower of the barbarian youth waa 
 there slain, so that neither before nor since was ever such 
 a destruction known since the Saxons first gained Britain 
 by their arms.— Ethelwerd, Chronicle, ii. A. 871. (Be* 
 also Asser, Life of A If red, year 871.) 
 
WHITE KING. 
 
 1098 
 
 WHITE ROSE. 
 
 "White King, the title of the emperor 
 of Muscovy, from the white robes which 
 these kings were accustomed to use. 
 
 Sunt qui principem Moscovias Album Regem nuncu- 
 pant. Ego quidem causam diligenter quserebam, cur 
 regis albi nomine appellaretur cum nemo principum 
 Moscovise eo titulo antea [Basilius Ivanwicli] esset usus. 
 . . . Credo autem ut Persam nunc propter rubea tegu- 
 menta capitis " Kissilpassa " (i.e. rubeum caput) vocant ; 
 ita reges Moscoviae propter alba tegumenta "Albos 
 Reges" appellari.— Sigismund. 
 
 *** Perhaps it may be explained thus: 
 Muscovy is always called "Russia Alba," 
 as Poland is called "Black Russia." 
 
 White King. So Charles I. is called by 
 Herbert. His robe of state was white 
 instead of purple. At his funeral the 
 snow fell so thick upon the pall that it 
 was quite white. — Herbert, Memoirs 
 (1764). 
 
 "White Lady (The), "La Dame 
 d'Aprigny," a Norman fee, who used to 
 occupy the site of the present Rue de St. 
 Quentin, at Bayeux. 
 
 La Dame Abonde, also a Norman fe'e. 
 
 Vocant dominam Abundiam pro eo quod domibus, 
 quas frequentant, abundantiam bonorum temporalium 
 prestare putantur non aliter tilji sentieiidum est nequo 
 aliter quam quemadiuoduiu de illis audivistL— William 
 of Auvergne (1248). 
 
 White Lady (Tlie), a ghost seen in 
 different castles and palaces belonging to 
 the royal family of Prussia, and supposed 
 to forebode the death of some of the royal 
 family, especially one of the children. 
 The last appearance was in 1879, just prior 
 to the death of prince Waldemar. Twice 
 she has been heard to speak, e.g. : In 
 December, 1028, she appeared in the 
 palace at Berlin, and said in Latin, "I 
 wait for j tidgment ; " and once at the castle 
 of Neuhaus, in Bohemia, when she said 
 to the princess, in German, " It is ten 
 o'clock ;" and the lady addressed died in a 
 few weeks. 
 
 There are two white ladies, in fact— one 
 the countess Agnes of Orlamunde, and 
 the other the princess Bertha von Rosen- 
 berg, who lived m the fifteenth century. 
 The former wa«s buried alive in a vault in 
 the palace. She was the mistress of a 
 margrave of Brandenburgh, by whom 
 she had two sons. When the prince be- 
 came a widower, Agnes thought he would 
 marry her, but he made the sons an ob- • 
 jection, and she poisoned them, for which 
 crime she was buried alive. Another 
 version is that she fell in love with 
 the prince of Parma, and made away 
 with her two daughters, who were an 
 obstacle to her marriage, for which crime 
 she was doomed to "walk the earth" as 
 an apparition. 
 
 The princess Bertha is troubled because 
 an annual gift, which she left to the 
 poor, has been discontinued. She appears 
 dressed in white, and carrying at her side 
 a bunch of keys. 
 
 It may interest those who happen to be learned in 
 Berlin legends, to know that the White Lady, whose 
 visits always precede the death of some member of the 
 royal family, was seen on the eve of prince Waldemnr's 
 death. A soldier on guard at the old castle was the 
 witness of the apparition, and in his fright fled to the 
 guard-room, where he was at once arrested for deserting 
 his post.— Brief, April 4, 1879. 
 
 White Lady of Avenel (2 syl.), 
 
 a tutelary spirit. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 White Lady of Ireland (The), 
 the benshee or domestic spirit of a family, 
 who takes an interest in its condition, 
 and intimates approaching death by wail- 
 ings or shrieks. 
 
 White Man's Grave (The), Sierra 
 Leone, in Africa. 
 
 White Merle (TJie). Among the 
 old Basque legends is one of a "white 
 merle," which, by its singing, restores 
 sight to the blind. — Rev. W. Webster, 
 Basque Legends, 182 (1877). 
 
 *** The French have a similar story, 
 called Le Merle Blanc. 
 
 White Moon (Knight of the), Sam- 
 son Carrasco. He assumed this cog- 
 nizance when he went as a knight-errant 
 to encounter don Quixote. His object 
 was to overthrow the don in combat, and 
 then impose on him the condition of 
 returning home, and abandoning the pro- 
 fession of chivalry for twelve months. 
 By this means he hoped to cure the don 
 of his craze. It all hapDened as the 
 barber expected: the don was overthrown, 
 and returned to his home, but soon died. 
 — Cervantes, Don Quixote. II. iv. 12, etc. 
 (1615). 
 
 White Mount in London (The), 
 the Tower, which the Welsh bards insist 
 was built by the Celts. Others ascribe 
 " the Towers of Julius " to the Romans ; 
 but without doubt they are a Norman 
 foundation. 
 
 Take my head and bear it unto the White Mount, in 
 London, and bury it there, with the face towards Frame. 
 — The Mabinogion ("Branwen," etc., twelfth century). 
 
 White Queen (The), Mary queen of 
 Scots (La Heine Blanche) ; so called by the 
 French, because she dressed in white in 
 mourning for her husband. 
 
 White Rose (The), the house of 
 York, whose badge it was. The badge 
 of the house of Lancaster was the Red 
 Rose. 
 
WHITE ROSE OF ENGLAND. 1099 
 
 WHITTINGTON. 
 
 Richard de la Pole is often called " The 
 White Rose." 
 
 White Rose of England {The). 
 Perkin Warbeck was so called by Mar- 
 garet of Burgundy sister of Edward IV. 
 (*-1499). 
 
 Whi te Rose of Raby ( The) , Cecily, 
 wife of Richard duke of York, and mother 
 of Edward IV. and Richard III. She was 
 the youngest of twenty-one children. 
 
 *** A novel entitled The White Rose of 
 Baby was published in 1794. 
 
 White Rose of Scotland {The), 
 lady Katherine Gordon, the [?lifth] 
 daughter of George second earl of Huntly 
 by his second wife [princess Annabella 
 Stuart, youngest daughter of James I. 
 of Scotland]. She married Richard of 
 England, styled " duke of York," but 
 better known as _" Perkin Warbeck." 
 She had three husbands after the death 
 of " Richard of England." Probably 
 lady Katherine was called the "White 
 Rose" from the badge assumed by her 
 first husband " the White Rose of York," 
 and "Scotland" was added from the 
 country of her birth. Margaret of Bur- 
 gundy always addressed Perkin Warbeck 
 as " The White Rose of England." 
 
 White Rose of York ( 27m?), Edward 
 Courtney earl of Devon, son of the marquis 
 of Exeter. He died at Padua, in queen 
 Mary's reign (1553). 
 
 White Surrey, the favourite charger 
 of Richard III. 
 
 Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow. 
 Shakespeare, Richard III. act v. sc. 3 (1597). 
 
 White Tsar of His People. The 
 
 emperor of Russia is so called, and claims 
 the empire of seventeen crowns. 
 
 White Widow {The), the duchess 
 of Tyrconnel, wife of Richard Talbot lord 
 deputy of Ireland under James II. After 
 the death of her husband, she supported 
 herself by her needle. She Avore a white 
 mask, and dressed in white. — Pennant, 
 Account of London, 147 (1790). 
 
 White Witeh {A), a "witch" who 
 employs her power and skill for the 
 benefit and not the harm of her fellow- 
 mortals. 
 
 Whites {The), an Italian faction of 
 the fourteenth century. The Guelphs of 
 Florence were divided into the Blacks 
 who wished to open their gates to Charles 
 de Valois, and the Whites who opposed 
 him. The poet Dante was a "White," and 
 
 when the " Blacks " in 1302 got the upper 
 hand, he was exiled. During his exile 
 he composed his immortal epic, the Divina 
 Commedia. 
 
 Whit eer aft {John), innkeeper and 
 miller at Altringham. 
 
 Dame Whitecraft, the pretty wife of 
 the above.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Whitfield of the Stage {The). 
 Quin was so called by Garrick (1716- 
 1779). Garrick himself is sometimes so 
 denominated also. 
 
 W"hitney {James), the Claude Duval 
 of English highwaymen. He prided him- 
 self on being "the glass of fashion and 
 the mould of form." Executed at Porter's 
 Block, near Smithfield (1660-1694). 
 
 Whit-Sunday. One of the etymo- 
 logies of this word is Wit or Wisdom 
 Sunday ; the day on which the Spirit of 
 Wisdom fell upon the apostles. 
 
 This day Whitsonday is cald. 
 For wisdom and wit serene fald, 
 Was zonen to the apostles as this dajr. 
 
 Camb. Unio. MSS. Dd., i. 1, p. 234. 
 
 Whittington {Dick), a poor orphan 
 country lad, who heard that London was 
 "paved with gold," and went there to 
 get a living. When reduced to starving 
 point, a kind merchant gave him employ- 
 ment in his family to help the cook, but 
 the cook so ill treated him that he ran 
 away. Sitting to rest himself on the 
 roadside, he heard Bow bells, and they 
 seemed to him to say, "Turn again, 
 Whittington, thrice lord mayor of Lon- 
 don ; " so he returned to his master. 
 By-and-by the master allowed him, with 
 the other servants, to put in an adventure 
 in a ship bound for Morocco. Richard 
 had nothing but a cat, which, however, he 
 sent. Now it happened that the king of 
 Morocco was troubled b) r mice, which 
 Whittington's cat destroyed ; and this so 
 pleased his highness that he bought the 
 mouser at a fabulous price. Dick com- 
 menced business with this money, soon 
 rose to great wealth, married his master's 
 daughter, was knighted, and thrice elected 
 lord mayor of London — in 1398, 1406, and 
 1419. 
 
 *** A cat is a brig built on the Nor- 
 wegian model, with narrow stern, pro- 
 jecting quarters, and deep waist. 
 
 Another solution is the word achat, 
 " barter." 
 
 Keis, the son of a poor widow of Siraf, 
 embarked for India with his sole pro- 
 perty, a cat. He arrived at a time when 
 
WHITTLE. 
 
 1100 
 
 WIDOW. 
 
 the palace was so infested by mice and 
 rats that they actually invaded the king's 
 food. This cat cleared the palace of its 
 vermin, and was purchased for a large 
 sum of money, which enriched the 
 widow's son. — Sir William Ouseley (a 
 Persian story). 
 
 Alphonso, a Portuguese, being wrecked 
 on the coast of Guinea, had a cat, which 
 the king bought for its weight in gold. 
 With this money Alphonso traded, and 
 in five years made £6000, returned to 
 Portugal, and became in fifteen years the 
 third magnate of the kingdom. — Descrip- 
 tion of Guinea. 
 
 *** See Keightley, Tales and Popular 
 Fictions, 241-266. 
 
 Whittle (Thomas), an old man of 63, 
 who wants to cajole his nephew out of 
 his lady-love, the Widow Brady, only 23 
 years of age. To this end he assumes 
 the airs, the dress, the manners, and the 
 walk of a beau. For his thick flannels, 
 he puts on a cambric shirt, open waist- 
 coat, and ruffles ; for his Welsh wig, he 
 wears a pigtail and chapeau bras ; for his 
 thick cork soles, he trips like a dandy in 
 pumps. He smirks, he titters, he tries to 
 be quite killing. He discards history and 
 solid reading for the Amorous Repository, 
 Cupid's Bevels, Hymen's Delight, and 
 Ovid's Art of Love. In order to get rid 
 of him, the gay young widow assumes 
 to be a boisterous, rollicking, extrava- 
 gant, low Irishwoman, deeply in debt, 
 and utterly reckless. Old Whittle is 
 thoroughly alarmed, induces his nephew 
 to take the widow off his hands, and gives 
 him £5000 for doing so. — Garrick, The 
 Irish Widow (1757). 
 
 "Who's the Dupe? Abraham Doiley, 
 a retired slop-seller, with £80,000 or more. 
 ]5eing himself wholly uneducated, he is a 
 great admirer of " larning," and resolves 
 that his daughter Elizabeth shall marry 
 a great scholar. Elizabeth is in love 
 with captain Granger, but the old slop- 
 seller has fixed his heart on a Mr. Gradus, 
 an Oxford pedant. The question is 
 how to bring the old man round. Gradus 
 is persuaded to change his style of 
 dress to please the lady, and Granger is 
 introduced as a learned pundit. The old 
 man resolves to pit together the two 
 aspirants, and give Elizabeth to the best 
 scholar. Gradus quotes two lines of 
 Greek, in which the word panta occurs 
 four times ; Granger gives some three or 
 four lines of English fustian. Gradus 
 tells the old man that what Granger said 
 
 was mere English ; but Doiley, in the 
 utmost indignation, replies, " Do you 
 think I don't know my own mother 
 tongue ? Off with your pantry, which you 
 call Greek ! t'other is the man for my 
 money ; " and he gives his daughter to the 
 captain. — Mrs. Cowley, Who's the Dupe ? 
 
 Whole Duty of Man (The). Sir 
 James Wellwood Moncrieff, bart., was so 
 called by Jeffrey (1776-1851). 
 
 Wicket Gate (The), the entrance to 
 the road which leads to the Celestial City. 
 Over the door is written : " Knock, and 
 
 IT SHALL BE OPENED UNTO YOU." 
 
 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 Wickfield (Mr.), a lawyer, father of 
 Agnes. The "'umble" Uriah Heep was 
 his clerk. 
 
 Agnes Wickfield, daughter of Mr. Wick- 
 field ; a young lady of sound sense and 
 domestic habits, lady-like and affection- 
 ate. She is the second wife of David 
 Copperfield. — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
 field (1849). 
 
 Wickham (Mrs.), a waiter's wife. 
 Mrs. Wickham was a meek, drooping 
 woman, always ready to pity herself or 
 to be pitied, and with a depressing habit 
 of prognosticating evil. She succeeded 
 Polly Toodles as nurse to Paul Dombey. 
 — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 
 
 Wiclevista, Wicliffism. 
 
 Some of them barke, Clatter and carpe, Of that heresy art 
 Called Wicleuista, The deuelishe dogmatista. 
 
 J. Skelton, Colyn Clout Uinie, Henry VIII.). 
 
 Wicliffe, called " The Morning Star 
 of the Reformation " (1324-1384). 
 
 Widdrington (Roger), a gallant 
 squire, mentioned in the ballad of Chevy 
 Chase. He fought "upon his stumps," 
 after his legs were smitten off. (See 
 Benbow.) 
 
 Widenostrils (in French Bringue- 
 narilles), a huge giant, who "had swal- 
 lowed every pan, skillet, kettle, frying- 
 pan, dripping-pan, saucepan, and caldron 
 in the land, for want of windmills, his usual 
 food." He was ultimately killed by "eating 
 a lump of fresh butter at the mouth of a 
 hot oven, by the advice of his physician." 
 — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel', iv. 17 (1545). 
 
 Widerolf, bishop of Strasbourg (997), 
 was devoured by mice in the seventeenth 
 3*ear of his episcopate, because he sup- 
 pressed the convent of Seltzen on the 
 Rhine. (See Hatto.) 
 
 Widow (Goldsmith's), in the Deserted 
 Village, par. 9. "All the blooming flush 
 of life is fled " from Auburn : 
 
WIDOW. 
 
 1101 
 
 WIG. 
 
 AD but yon widowed, solitary thing. 
 That feebly bends beside the plashy spring ; 
 She, wretched matron, forced in age, for bread, 
 To strip the brook, with mantling cresses spread, 
 To pick her wintry faggot from the thorn, 
 To seek her nightly shed, and weep till morn; 
 She only left of all the harmless train, 
 The sad historian of the pensive plain. 
 
 Her name was Catherine Gekaghty. 
 
 Widoio (The), courted by sir Hudi- 
 bras, was the relict of Amminadab Wilmer 
 orWillmot, an independent, slain at Edge- 
 hill. She was left with a fortune of £200 
 a year. The knight's " Epistle to the 
 Lady " and the " Lady's Reply," in which, 
 she declines his offer, are usually ap- 
 pended to the poem entitled Hudibras. 
 
 Widow Blackacre, a perverse, 
 
 bustling, masculine, pettifogging, litigious 
 woman. — Wycherly, The Plain Dealer 
 (1677). 
 
 Widow Floekhart, landlady at 
 Waverley's lodgings in the Canongate. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Waver ley (time, George 
 
 Widow's Curl (A), a small re- 
 fractory lock of hair that will not grow 
 long enough to be bound up with the 
 tresses, but insists on falling down in a 
 curl upon the forehead. It is said that 
 this curl indicates widowhood. 
 
 Widow's Peak (A), a, point made 
 in some foreheads by the hair projecting 
 towards the nose like a peak. It is said 
 to indicate widowhood. 
 
 Wieland's Sword, Balmung. It 
 was so sharp that it cleft Amilias in 
 twain without his knowing it ; when, 
 however, he attempted to stir, he fell 
 into two pieces. — Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 Wiever (Old), a preacher and old 
 conspirator. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
 Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Wife (The), a drama by S. Knowles 
 (1833). Mariana, daughter of a Swiss 
 burgher, nursed Leonardo in a dangerous 
 sickness — an avalanche had fallen on him, 
 and his life was despaired of, but he 
 recovered, and fell in love with his young 
 and beautiful nurse. Leonardo intended 
 to return to Mantua, but was kept a 
 prisoner by a gang of thieves, and Ma- 
 riana followed him, for she found life 
 intolerable without him. Here count 
 Florio fell in love with her, and obtained 
 her guardian's consent to marry her ; but 
 Mariana refused to do so, and was ar- 
 raigned before the duke (Ferrardo), who 
 gave judgment against her. Leonardo 
 was at the trial disguised, but, throwing 
 
 off his mask, was found to be the real 
 duke supposed to be dead. He assumed 
 his rank, and married Mariana ; but, 
 being called to the Avars, left Ferrardo 
 regent. Ferrardo, being a villain, hatched 
 up a plot against the bride of infidelity 
 to her lord, but Leonardo would give no 
 credit to it, and the whole scheme of 
 villainy was fully exposed. 
 
 *** The tale of Shakespeare's Mid- 
 summer Night's Dream hinges on a similar 
 " law of marriage." 
 
 Wife for a Month (A), & drama 
 by Beaumont and Fletcher (1624). The 
 "wife" is Evanthe (3 syl.), the chaste 
 wife of Valerio, parted by Frederick the 
 licentious brother of Alphonso king of 
 Naples. She repels his base advances, 
 and, to punish her, he offers to give her 
 to any one for one month, at the end of 
 which time he is to die. No one will 
 accept the offer, and the lady is restored 
 to her husband. 
 
 "Wife of Bath, one of the pilgrims 
 to the shrine of Thomas a Becket. — 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 
 
 Wife of Bath's Tale. One of 
 
 king Arthur's knights was condemned to 
 death for ill using a lady, but Guinever 
 interceded for him, and the king gave 
 him over to her to do what she liked. 
 The queen said she would spare his life, 
 if, by that day twelve months, he would 
 tell her "What is that which woman 
 loves best ? " The knight made inquiry 
 far and near for a solution, but at length 
 was told by an old woman, that if he 
 would grant her a request, she would tell 
 him the right answer to the queen's ques- 
 tion. The knight agreed. The answer 
 suggested was this : Women like best to 
 have their own way and to be paramount; 
 and the request she made was that he 
 would marry her. This the knight at 
 first revolted from, because she was poor, 
 old, and ugly. The woman then asked 
 him which he preferred, to have her as she 
 was and a faithful wife, or to have her 
 young and fair. He replied he would 
 leave the decision with her. Whereupon 
 she threw off her mask, and appeared 
 before him voung, beautiful, and rich. — 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 
 
 *,* This tale is borrowed from Gower's 
 Confessio Amantis, i., where Florent 
 promises to marry a deformed old hag, 
 who taught him the solution of a riddle. 
 
 Wig, the Latin pilucca, "a head of 
 hair," through the French perruque (our 
 
WIGGED PRINCE. 
 
 1102 
 
 WILD HORSES. 
 
 periwig). In the middle of the eighteenth 
 century, there were thirty-three different 
 sorts of wigs in use : the artichoke, bag, 
 barrister's, bishop's, brush, bush, buckle 
 chain, chancellor's, corded wolf's paw, 
 count Saxe's mode, the crutch, the cut 
 bob, the detached buckle, the drop, 
 Dutch, full, half natural, Jansenist bob, 
 judge's, ladder, long bob, Louis, periwig, 
 pigeon's wing, rhinoceros, rose, scratch, 
 she-dragon, small back, spinage seed, 
 staircase, Welsh, and wild boar's back. 
 
 His periwig was Jarge enough to have loaded a camel, 
 and he bestowed upon it at least a bushel of powder. — 
 Brown, Letters (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Wigged Prince (The Best). The 
 guardian, uncle-in-law, and first cousin 
 of the duke of Brunswick was called 
 " The Best Wigged Prince in Christen- 
 dom." 
 
 Wight (Isle of). So called from 
 Wihtgar, great-grandson of king Cedric, 
 who conquered the island. — The Anglo- 
 Saxon Chronicle. 
 
 *** Of course, this etymology is not 
 philologically correct. Probably gwyth, 
 "the channel" (the channel island), is 
 the real derivation. 
 
 Wigmore Street (London). So 
 called from Harley earl of Oxford and 
 Mortimer, created baron Harley of Wig- 
 more, in Herefordshire (1711). 
 
 "Wild (Jonathan), a cool, calculating, 
 heartless villain, with the voice of a 
 Stentor. He was born at Wolverhamp- 
 ton, in Staffordshire, and, like Jack 
 Sheppard, was the son of a carpenter. 
 
 He had ten maxims : (1) Never do 
 more mischief than is absolutely necessary 
 for success ; (2) Know no distinction, but 
 let self-interest be the one principle of 
 action ; (3) Let not your shirt know the 
 thoughts of your heart ; (4) Never for- 
 give an enemy ; (5) Shun poverty and 
 distress ; (G) Foment jealousies in your 
 gang ; (7) A good name, like money, 
 must be risked in speculation ; (8) Coun- 
 terfeit virtues are as good as real ones, 
 for few know paste from diamonds ; (9) 
 Be your own trumpeter, and don't be 
 afraid of blowing loud ; (10) Keep hatred 
 concealed in the heart, but wear the face 
 of a friend. 
 
 Jonathan Wild married six wives. 
 Being employed for a time as a detective, 
 he brought to the gallows thirty-five 
 highwaymen, twenty-two burglars, and 
 ten returned convicts. He was himself 
 executed at last at Tyburn for house- 
 breaking (1682-1725). 
 
 Daniel Defoe has made Jonathan Wild 
 the hero of a romance (1725). Fielding 
 did the same in 1743. The hero in these 
 romances is a coward, traitor, hypocrite, 
 and tyrant, unrelieved by human feeling, 
 and never betrayed into a kind or good 
 action. The character is historic, but 
 the adventures are in a measure fictitious. 
 
 Wild Boar of Ardennes, William 
 de la Marck. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
 Durward (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 *** The count de la Marck was third 
 son of John count de la Marck and 
 Aremberg. He was arrested at Utrecht, 
 and beheaded by order of Maximilian 
 emperor of Austria, in 1485. 
 
 Wild Boy of Hameln, a human 
 being found in the forest of Herts- 
 wold, in Hanover. He walked on all 
 fours, climbed trees like a monkey, fed 
 on grass and leaves, and could never be 
 taught to articulate a single word, lie 
 was discovered in 1725, was called "Peter 
 the Wild Boy," and died at Broadway 
 Farm, near Berkhampstead, in 1785. 
 
 *** Mdlle. Lablanc was a wild girl 
 found by the villagers of Soigny, near 
 Chalons, in 1731. She died in Paris in 
 1780. 
 
 Wild-Goose Chase (TJie), acomedy 
 by Beaumont and Fletcher (1652). The 
 "wild goose" is Mirabel, who is 
 " chased " and caught by Oriana, whom 
 he once despised. 
 
 Wild Horses (Death by) The hands 
 and feet of the victim were fastened to 
 two or four wild horses, and the horses, 
 being urged forward, ran in different 
 directions, tearing the victim limb from 
 limb. 
 
 Mettius Suffetius was fastened to 
 two chariots, which were driven in op- 
 posite directions. This was for deserting 
 the Roman standard (b.c. 669). — Livy, 
 Annals, i. 28. 
 
 Salcede, a Spaniard, employed by 
 Henri III. to assassinate Henri de* Guise, 
 failed in his attempt, and was torn limb 
 from limb by four wild horses. 
 
 Nicholas de Salvado was torn to 
 pieces by wild horses for attempting the 
 life of William prince of Orange. 
 
 Balthazar de GERRARDwas similarly 
 punished for assassinating the same prince 
 (1584). 
 
 John Chastel was torn to pieces by 
 wild horses for attempting the life of 
 Henri IV. of France (1594). 
 
 Francois Ravaillac suffered a similar 
 
WILD HUNTSMAN. 
 
 1103 
 
 WILDING. 
 
 death for assassinating the same prince 
 (1610). 
 
 Wild Huntsman {The), a spectral 
 hunter with dogs, who frequents the 
 Black Forest to chase wild animals. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Wild Huntsman (from Burger's 
 ballad). 
 
 *** The legend is that this huntsman 
 was a Jew, who would not suffer Jesus to 
 drink from a horse-trough, but pointed 
 to some water collected in a hoof-print, 
 and bade Him go there and drink. — Kuhn 
 von Schwarz,'A 7 orc7cf. Sagen, 499. 
 
 The French story of Le Grand Veneur 
 is laid in Fontainebleau Forest, and is 
 supposed to refer to St. Hubert. — Father 
 Matthieu. 
 
 The English name is " Heme the 
 Hunter," once a keeper in Windsor Forest. 
 — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, 
 act iv. sc. 4. 
 
 The Scotch poem called Albania con- 
 tains a full description of the wild hunts- 
 man. 
 
 * + * The subject has been made into a 
 ballad by Burger, entitled Der Wilde 
 Jdger. 
 
 "Wild Man of the Forest, Orson, 
 brother of Valentine, and nephew of king 
 Pepin. — Valentine and Orson (fifteenth 
 century). 
 
 Wild Oats, a drama by John O'Keefe 
 (1798). 
 
 Wild Wenloek, kinsman of sir 
 Hugo de Lacy, besieged by insurgents, 
 who cut off his head. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 
 
 Wildair (Sir Harry), the hero of a 
 comedy so called by Farquhar (1701). 
 The same character had been introduced 
 in the Constant Couple (1700), by the same 
 author. Sir Harry is a gay profligate, 
 not altogether selfish and abandoned, but 
 very free and of easy morals. This was 
 Wilks's and Peg Woffington's great part. 
 
 Their Wildairs, sir John Brutes, lady Touchwoods, and 
 Mrs. Frails are conventional reproductions of those wild 
 gallants and demireps which figure in the licentious 
 dramas of Dryden and Shadwel). — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 *** " Sir John Brute," in The Provoked 
 Wife (Yanbrugh) ; "lady Touchwood," 
 in The Belle's Stratagem "(Mrs. Cowley) ; 
 "Mrs. Frail," in Congreve's Love for 
 Love. 
 
 Wildblood of the Vale (Young 
 Dick), a friend of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
 Charles II.). 
 
 Wilde (Johnny), a small farmer of 
 Rodenkirchen, in the isle of Kiigen. One 
 day, he found a little glass slipper belong- 
 ing to one of the hill-folk. Next day, a 
 little brownie, in the character of a mer- 
 chant, came to redeem it, and Johnny 
 Wilde demanded as the price "that he 
 should find a gold ducat in every furrow 
 he ploughed." The bargain was con- 
 cluded, but before the 3 T ear was over he 
 had worked himself to death, looking for 
 ducats in the furrows which he ploughed. 
 — Rilgen Tradition. 
 
 Wildenhaim (Baron), father of 
 Amelia. In his youth he seduced Agatha 
 Friburg, whom he deserted. Agatha bore 
 a son, Frederick, who in due time became 
 a soldier. Coming home on furlough, he 
 found his mother on the point of star- 
 vation, and, going to beg alms, met the 
 baron with his gun, asked alms of him, and 
 received a shilling. He demanded more 
 money, and, being refused, collared the 
 baron, but was soon seized by the keepers, 
 and shut up in the castle dungeon. Here 
 he was visited by the chaplain, and it 
 came out that the baron was his father. 
 As the baron was a widower, he married 
 Agatha, and Frederick became his heir. 
 
 Amelia Wildenhaim, daughter of the 
 baron. A proposal was made to marry 
 her to count Cassel, but as the count was 
 a conceited puppy, without " brains in 
 his head or a heart in his bosom," she 
 would have nothing to say to him. She 
 showed her love to Anhalt, a young 
 clergyman, and her father gave his con- 
 sent to the match. — Mrs. Inchbald, Lovers 1 
 Vows (altered from Kotzebue, 1800). 
 
 Wildfire (Madge), the insane daughter 
 of old Meg Murdoch son the gipsy thief. 
 Madge had been seduced when a girl, and 
 this, with the murder of her infant, had 
 turned her brain. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
 of Midlothian (time, George II.). 
 
 Wilding (Jack), a young gentleman 
 fresh from Oxford, who fabricates the 
 most ridiculous tales, which he tries to 
 pass off for facts ; speaks of his adven- 
 tures in America, which he has nevei 
 seen ; of his being entrapped into mar- 
 riage with a Miss Sibthorpe, a pure 
 invention. Accidentalh T meeting a Miss 
 Grantam, he sends his man to learn her 
 name, and is told it is Miss Godfrey, an 
 heiress. On this blunder the "fun" of 
 the drama hinges. When Miss Godfrey 
 is presented to him, he does not know her, 
 and a person rushes in who declares she is 
 his wife, and that her maiden name was 
 
WILDING. 
 
 1104 
 
 WILFORD. 
 
 Sibthorpe. It is now Wilding's turn to 
 be clumfounded, and, wholly unable to 
 unravel the mystery, he rushes forth, 
 believing the world is a Bedlam let loose. 
 — S. Foote, The Liar (1761). 
 
 Wilding (Sir Jasper), an ignorant but 
 wealthy country gentleman, fond of fox- 
 hunting. He dresses in London like a 
 fox-hunter, and speaks with a "Hoic! 
 tally-ho ! " 
 
 Young Wilding, son of sir Jasper, about 
 to marry the daughter of old Philpot for 
 the dot she will bring him. 
 
 Maria Wilding, the lively, witty, high- 
 spirited daughter of sir Jasper, in love 
 with Charles Beaufort. Her father wants 
 her to marry George Philpot, but she 
 frightens the booby out of bis wits by 
 her knowledge of books and assumed 
 eccentricities. — Murph} T , The Citizen 
 (1757 or 1761). 
 
 Wildrake, a country squire, delight- 
 ing in horses, dogs, and field sports. He 
 was in love with "neighbour Constance," 
 daughter of sir William Fondlove, with 
 whom he used to romp and quarrel in 
 childhood. He learnt to love Constance ; 
 and Constance loved the squire, but knew 
 it not till she feared he was going to 
 marry another. When they each dis- 
 covered the state of their hearts, they 
 agreed to become man and wife. — S. 
 Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 
 
 Wildrake (Roger), a dissipated royalist. 
 — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Com- 
 monwealth). 
 
 Wilelmi'na [Bundle], daughter of 
 Bundle the gardener. Tom Tug the 
 waterman and Robin the gardener sought 
 her in marriage. The father preferred 
 honest Tom Tug, but the mother liked 
 better the sentimental and fine-phrased 
 Kobin. Wilclmina said he who first did 
 any act to deserve her love should have 
 it. Tom Tug, by winning the waterman's 
 badge, carried off the bride. — C. Dibdin, 
 The Waterman (1774). 
 
 Wilfer (Reginald), called by his wife 
 R. W., and by his fellow-clerks R unity. 
 He was clerk in the drug-house of Chick- 
 sey, Stobbles, and Veneering. In person 
 Mr. Wilfer resembled an overgrown 
 cherub ; in manner he was shy and re- 
 tiring. 
 
 Mr. Reginald Wilfer was a poor clerk, so poor indeed 
 that he had never yet attained the modest object of his 
 ambition, which was to wear a complete new suit of 
 clothes, hat and boots included, at one time. His black 
 hat was brown before he could afford a coat; his panta- 
 loons were white at the seams and knees before he could 
 
 buy a pair of boots ; his boots had worn out before he 
 could treat himself to new pantaloons; and by the time ha 
 worked round to the hat again, that shining modern article 
 roofed in an ancient ruin of various periods.— Ch. iv. 
 
 Mrs. Wilfer^ wife of Mr. Reginald. 
 A most majestic woman, tall and angular. 
 She wore gloves, and a pocket-handker- 
 chief tied under her chin. A patronizing, 
 condescending woman was Mrs. Wilfer, 
 with a mighty idea of her own importance. 
 "Viper!" " Ingrate ! " and such like 
 epithets were household words with her. 
 
 Bella Wilfer, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. 
 W T ilfer. A wayward, playful, affection- 
 ate, spoilt beauty, " giddy from the 
 want of some sustaining purpose, and 
 capricious because she was always 
 fluttering among little things." Bella 
 was so pretty, so womanty, and yet so 
 childish that she was always captivating. 
 She spoke of herself as "the lovely 
 woman," and delighted in "doing the 
 hair of the family." Bella Wilfer married 
 John Harmon (John Rokesmith), the 
 secretary of Mr. Boffin "the golden 
 dustman." 
 
 Lavinia Wilfer, youngest sister of Bella, 
 and called " The Irrepressible." Lavinia 
 was a tart, pert girl, but succeeded in 
 catching George Sampson in the toils of 
 wedlock. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend 
 (1864). 
 
 Wilford, in love with Emily, the 
 companion of his sister Miss Wilford. 
 This attachment coming to the knowledge 
 of Wilford's uncle and guardian, was 
 disapproved of by him ; so he sent the 
 young man to the Continent, and dis- 
 missed the young lady. Emily went to 
 live with Goodman Fairlop, the wood- 
 man, and there Wilford discovered her in 
 an archery match. The engagement was 
 renewed, and ended in marriage. — Sir H. 
 B. Dudley, Tlie Woodman (1771). 
 
 Wilford, secretary of sir Edward Mor- 
 timer, and the suitor of Barbara Rawbold 
 (daughter of a poacher). Curious to know 
 what weighed on his master's mind, he 
 pried into an iron chest in sir Edward's 
 library; but while so engaged, sir Edward 
 entered, and threatened to shoot him. He 
 relented, however, and having sworn Wil- 
 ford to secrecy, told him how and why he 
 had committed murder. Wilford, unable 
 to endure the watchful and jealous eye of 
 his master, ran away ; but sir Edward 
 dogged him from place to place, and at 
 length arrested him on the charge of 
 theft. Of course, the charge broke down, 
 Wilford was acquitted, sir Edward con- 
 fessed himself a murderer, and died. (See 
 
WILFORD. 
 
 1105 
 
 WILL-O'-WISP. 
 
 Williams, Caleb.) — G. Colman, The 
 Iron Chest (1796). 
 
 %* This is a dramatic version of God- 
 win's novel called Caleb Williams (1794). 
 Wilford is "Caleb Williams," and sir 
 Edward Mortimer is " Falkland." 
 
 Wilford, supposed to be earl of Roch- 
 dale. Three things he had a passion for : 
 "the finest hound, the finest horse, and 
 the finest wife in the three kingdoms." 
 It turned out that Master Walter "the 
 hunchback" was the earl of Rochdale, and 
 Wilford was no one. — S. Knowles, The 
 Hunchback (1831). 
 
 Wilford (Lord), the truant son of lord 
 Woodville, who fell in love with Bess, 
 the daughter of the "blind beggar of 
 Bethnal Green." He saw her by accident 
 in London, lost sight of her, but resolved 
 not to rest night or day till he found her ; 
 and, said he, "If I find her not, I'm 
 tenant of the house the sexton builds." 
 Bess was discovered in the Queen's Arms 
 inn, Romford, and turned out to be his 
 cousin. — S. KnoAvles, The Beggar of 
 Bethnal Green (1834). 
 
 "Wilfred, " the fool," one of the sons 
 of sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone of Osbal- 
 distone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Wilfrid, son of Oswald Wycliffe ; in 
 love with Matilda, heiress of Rokeb3 r 's 
 knight. After various villainies, Oswald 
 forced from Matilda a promise to marry 
 Wilfrid. Wilfrid thanked her for the 
 promise, and fell dead at her feet. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Bokeby (1813). 
 
 Wilfrid or Wilfrith (St.). In 681 
 
 the bishop Wilfrith, who had been bishop 
 of York, being deprived of his see, came 
 to Sussex, and did much to civilize the 
 people. He taught them how to catch 
 fish generally, for before they only knew 
 how to catch eels. He founded the 
 bishopric of the South Saxons at Selsej r , 
 afterwards removed to Chichester, founded 
 the monastery of Ripon, built several 
 ecclesiastical edifices, and died in 709. 
 
 Bt Wilfrid, sent from York into this realm received 
 (Whom the Northumbrian folk had of his see bereaved), 
 And on the south of Thames a seat did him afford. 
 By whom the people first received the saving word. 
 
 Drayton, Polynlbion, xl (1613). 
 
 Wilhelm Meister [Mice.ter], the 
 hero and title of a philosophic novel by 
 Goethe. This is considered to be the first 
 true German novel. It consists of two 
 parts published under two titles, viz., 
 Hie Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister 
 47 
 
 (1794-96), and Tlxe Travels of Wilhelm 
 Meister (1821). 
 
 Wilkins (Peter), Robert Pultock of 
 Clement's Inn, author of The Life and 
 Adventures of Beter Wilkins, a Cornish 
 Man (1750). 
 
 The tale is this : Peter Wilkins is a 
 mariner, thrown on a desert shore. In 
 time, he furnishes himself from the wreck 
 with many necessaries, and discovers that 
 the country is frequented by a beautiful 
 winged race called glumms and gawreys, 
 whose wings, when folded, serve them 
 for dress, and when spread, are used for 
 flight. Peter marries a gawrey, by name 
 Youwarkee, and accompanies her to 
 Nosmnbdsgrsutt, a land of semi-darkness, 
 where he remains many ) T ears. 
 
 Peter Wilkins is a work of uncommon beauty.— 
 Coleridge, Table Talk (1835). 
 
 Wilkinson (James), servant to Mr. 
 Fairford the lawyer.— Sir W. Scott, Bed- 
 gauntlet (time, George III.). 
 
 Will (Belted), William lord Howard, 
 warden of the western marches (1563- 
 1640). 
 
 His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt, 
 Hung in a broad and studded belt ; 
 Hence, in rude phrase, the Borderers still 
 Called noble Howard "Belted Will." 
 Sir W. Scott, Lay Lout of the Last Minstrel (1805). 
 
 Will Laud, a smuggler, with whom 
 Margaret Catchpole (q.v.) falls in love. 
 He persuades her to escape from Ipswich 
 jail, and supplies her with a seaman's 
 dress. The two are overtaken, and Laud 
 is shot in attempting to prevent the re- 
 capture of Margaret. — Rev. R. Cobbold, 
 Margaret Catchpole. 
 
 Will and Jean, a poetic story by 
 Hector Macneill (1789). Willie Gair- 
 lace was once the glory of the town, and 
 he married Jeanie Miller. Just about this 
 time Maggie Howe opened a spirit shop 
 in the village, and Willie fell to drinking. 
 Having reduced himself to beggary, he 
 enlisted as a soldier, and Jeanie had "to 
 beg her bread." Willie, having lost his 
 leg in battle, was put on the Chelsea 
 "bounty list;" and Jeanie was placed, 
 by the duchess of Buccleuch, in an alms- 
 cottage. Willie contrived to reach the 
 cottage, and 
 
 Jean ance mair. in fond affection, 
 Clasped her Willie to her breast. 
 
 Will-o'-Wisp or Will-with-a-wisp. 
 Here Will is no proper name, but a 
 Scandinavian word equivalent to mislead- 
 ing or errant. Icelandic villa ("a-going 
 astray"), villr ("wandering"). "I am 
 4 B 
 
WILLET. 
 
 1106 WILLIAM OF CLOUDESLEY. 
 
 will what to do" (i.e. "at a loss"). 
 German, irr-wisch. 
 
 Willet (John), landlord of the May- 
 pole inn. A burly man, large-headed, 
 ■with a flat face, betokening profound 
 obstinacy and slowness of apprehension, 
 combined with a strong reliance on his 
 own merits. John Willet was one of 
 the most dogged and positive fellows 
 in existence, always sure that he was 
 right, and that every one who differed 
 from him was wrong. He ultimately 
 resigned the Maypole to his son Joe, and 
 retired to a cottage in Chigwell, with a 
 small garden, in which Joe had a May- 
 pole erected for the delectation of his 
 aged father. Here at dayfall assembled 
 his old chums, to smoke, and prose, and 
 doze, and drink the evenings away ; and 
 here the old man played the landlord, 
 scoring up huge debits in chalk to his 
 heart's delight. He lived in the cottage 
 a sleepy life for seven years, and then 
 slept the sleep which knows no waking. 
 
 Joe Willet, son of the landlord, a 
 broad-shouldered, strapping young fellow 
 of 20. Being bullied and brow-beaten 
 by his father, he ran away and enlisted 
 for a soldier, lost his right arm in 
 America, and was dismissed the service. 
 He returned to England, married Dolly 
 Varden, and became landlord of the 
 Maypole, where he prospered and had 
 a large family. — C. Dickens, Barnaby 
 JRvdje (1841). 
 
 William, archbishop of Orange, an 
 ecclesiastic who besought pope Urban on 
 his knees to permit him to join the 
 crusaders, and, having obtained permis- 
 sion, led 400 men to the siege of Jerusa- 
 lem. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 
 
 William, youngest son of William 
 Rufus. He was the leader of a large 
 army of British bowmen and Irish volun- 
 teers in the crusading army. — Tasso, 
 Jerusalem Delivered, iii. (1575). 
 
 *** William Rufus was never married. 
 
 William, footman to Lovemore, sweet 
 upon Muslin the lady's-maid. He is 
 fond of cards, and is a bekow-stairs imi- 
 tation of the high-life vices of the latter 
 half of the eighteenth century. — A 
 Murphy, The Way to Keep Him (1760). 
 
 William, a serving-lad at Arnheim 
 Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 William (Lord), master of Erlingford. 
 His elder brother, at death, committed 
 
 to his charge Edmund the rightful heir, 
 a mere child ; but William cast the child 
 into the Severn, and seized the inherit- 
 ance. One anniversary, the Severn over- 
 flowed its banks, and the castle was 
 surrounded ; a boat came by, and lord 
 William entered. The boatman thought 
 he heard the voice of a child — nay, he 
 felt sure he saw a child in the water, and 
 bade lord William stretch out his hand 
 to take it in. Lord William seized the 
 child's hand ; it was lifeless and clammy, 
 heavy and inert. It pulled the boat 
 under water, and lord William was 
 drowned, but no one heard his piercing 
 cry of agony. — R. Southey, Lord William 
 (a ballad, 1804). 
 
 "William and Margaret, a ballad 
 by Mallet. William promised marriage 
 to Margaret, deserted her, and she died 
 " consumed in early prime." Her ghost 
 reproved the faithless swain, who ' ' quaked 
 in every limb," and, raving, hied him to 
 Margaret's grave. There 
 
 Thrice he called on Margaret's nam«. 
 
 And thrice he wept full sore ; 
 Then laid his cheek to her cold gra>o, 
 
 And word spake never more. 
 
 William I. king of Prussia and 
 emperor of Germany, called Kaiser Tar- 
 tuffe (1797- ). (See Tartuffe, p. 
 977.) 
 
 William king of Scotland, in- 
 troduced by sir W. Scott in The Talisman 
 (1825). 
 
 WiUiam of Cloudesley (3 syl.,, 
 a north country outlaw, associated with 
 Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough 
 ( Clement of the Cliff) . He lived in Engle- 
 wood Forest, near Carlisle. Adam Bell 
 and Clym of the Clough were single men, 
 but William had a wife named Alyce, 
 and "children three" living at Carlisle. 
 The three outlaws went to London to ask 
 pardon of the king, and the king, at the 
 queen's intercession, granted it. He then 
 took them to a field to see them shoot. 
 William first cleft in two a hazel wand 
 at a distance of 200 feet ; after this he 
 bound his eldest son to a stake, put an 
 apple on his head, and, at a distance of 
 " six score paces," cleft the apple in two 
 without touching the boy. The king was 
 so delighted that he made William "a 
 gentleman of fe," made his son a royal 
 butler, the queen took Alyce for her 
 " chief gentlewoman," and the two com- 
 panions were appointed yeomen of the 
 bed-chamber. — Percy, Reliques ("Adam 
 Bell." etc.), I. ii. 1. 
 
WILLIAM OF GOLDSBROUGH. 1107 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 "William of G-oldsbrotigh, one of 
 the companions of Robin Hood, mentioned 
 in Grafton's Olde and Auncient Pamphlet 
 (sixteenth century). 
 
 William, of Norwich. (Saint), a 
 child said to have been crucified by the 
 Jews in 1137. (See Hugh of Lincoln 
 and Werner.) 
 
 Two boys of tender age, those saints ensue, 
 Of Norwich William was, of Lincoln Hugh, 
 Whom th' unbelieving Jews (rebellious that abide), 
 In mockery of our Christ, at Easter crucified. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion^ xxiv. (1622). 
 
 WilHam-with-the-Long- Sword, 
 
 the earl of Salisbury. He was the natural 
 brother of Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Tlxe Talisman (time, Richard 
 I.). 
 
 "Williams (Caleb), a lad in the ser- 
 vice of Falkland. Falkland, irritated by 
 cruelty and insult, commits a murder, 
 which is attributed to another. Williams, 
 by accident, obtains a clue to the real 
 facts ; and Falkland, knowing it, extorts 
 from him an oath of secrecy, and then 
 tells him the whole story. The lad, find- 
 ing life in Falkland's house insupportable 
 from the ceaseless suspicion to which he 
 is exposed, makes his escape, and is pur- 
 sued by Falkland with relentless perse- 
 cution. At last Williams is accused by 
 Falkland of robbery, and the facts of the 
 case being disclosed, Falkland dies of 
 shame and a broken spirit. (See Wil- 
 ford.) — W. Godwin, Caleb Williams 
 (1791). 
 
 *** The novel was dramatized by G. 
 Colman, under the title of The Iron Chest 
 (1796). Caleb Williams is called " Wil- 
 ford," and Falkland is "sir Edward 
 Mortimer." 
 
 Williams (Ned), the sweetheart of 
 Cicely Jopson, farmer, near Clifton. 
 
 Farmer Williams, Xed's father. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Waver ley (time, George II.). 
 
 "Willie, clerk to Andrew Skurliewhit- 
 ter the scrivener. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
 of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 "Willieson (William), a brig-owner, 
 one of the Jacobite conspirators under the 
 laird of Ellieslaw. — Sir W. Scott, The 
 Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 
 
 "Williewald of G-eier stein ( Count), 
 father of count Arnold of Geierstein alias 
 Arnold Biederman (landamman of Unter- 
 walden). — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
 stejn ('time. Edward IY.). 
 
 Will-o'-the-Flat, one of the hunts- 
 
 men near Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 
 
 "Willoughby (Lord), of queen Eliza- 
 beth's court. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilicorth 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 "WiHy, a shepherd to whom Thomalin 
 tells the tele of his battle with Cupid 
 (eel. iii.). (See Thomalin.) In eel. 
 viii. he is introduced again, contending 
 with Perigot for the prize of poetry, 
 Cuddy being chosen umpire. Cuddy de- 
 clares himself quite unable to decide the 
 contest, for both deserve the prize. — 
 Spenser, The Snepheardes Calendar (15/9). 
 
 "Wilmot. There are three of the name 
 in Fatal Curiosity (1736), by George 
 Lillo, viz., old Wilmot, his wife Agnes, 
 and their son young Wilmot supposed to 
 have perished at sea. The young man, 
 however, is not drowned, but goes to 
 India, makes his fortune, and returns, 
 unknown to any cne of his friends. He 
 goes in disguise to his parents, and 
 deposits with them a casket. Curiosity 
 induces Agnes to open it, and when she 
 sees that it contains jewels, she and her 
 husband resolve to murder the owner, 
 and appropriate the contents of the 
 casket. Xo sooner have they committed 
 the fatal deed than they discover it is 
 their own son whom they have killed ; 
 whereupon the old man stabs first his 
 wife and then himself. 
 
 The harrowing details of this tragedy are powerfully 
 depicted ; and the agonies of old Wilmot constitute one 
 of the most appalling and affecting incidents in the 
 drama.— R. Chambers, English Literature, L 592. 
 
 Old Wilmot's character, as the needy man who had 
 known better days, exhibits a mind naturally good, but 
 prepared for acting eviL — Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 
 
 Wilmot (Jliss Arabella), a clergyman's 
 daughter, beloved by George Primrose, 
 eldest son of the vicar of Wakefield, 
 whom ultimately she marries. — Gold- 
 smith, Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 
 
 Wilmot (Lord), earl of Rochester, of 
 the court of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 
 
 "Wilsa, the mulatto girl of Dame 
 Ursley Suddlechop the barber's wife. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
 James I.). 
 
 Wilson (Alison), the old housekeeper 
 of colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood. — 
 Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 
 
 Wilson (Andrew), smuggler ; the com- 
 rade of Geordie Robertson. He was 
 hanged. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid* 
 lothian (time, George II.). 
 
WILSON. 
 
 1108 
 
 WINDMILLS. 
 
 Wilson (Bob), groom of sir William 
 Ashton the lord keeper of Scotland. — Sir 
 W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
 William III.). 
 
 Wilson (Christie), a character in the 
 introduction of the Black Dwarf, by sir 
 W. Scott. 
 
 Wilson (John), groom of Mr. Godfrey- 
 Bertram laird of Ellangowan. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Guy Mannerinj (time, George II.). 
 
 Wilton (Ralph de), the accepted suitor 
 of lady Clare daughter of the earl of 
 Gloucester. When lord Marmion over- 
 came Ralph de Wilton in the ordeal of 
 battle, and left him for dead on the field, 
 lady Clare took refuge in Whitby Con- 
 vent. By Marmion's desire she was 
 removed from the convent to Tantallon 
 Hall, where she met Ralph, who had 
 been cured of his wounds. Ralph, being 
 knighted bv Douglas, married the lady 
 Clare.— Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 
 
 Wimble ( Will), a character in Addi- 
 son's Spectator, simple, good-natured, 
 and officious. 
 
 *** Will Wimble in the flesh was 
 Thomas Morecroft of Dublin (*-1741). 
 
 Wimbledon (The Philosopher of), 
 John HorneTooke, who lived at Wimble- 
 don, near London (1736-1812). 
 
 Winchester, in Arthurian romance, 
 is called Camelot. 
 
 It swam doTn the stream to the city of Camelot, i.e. 
 in English, Winchester.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
 Arthur, i. 44 (1470). 
 
 Winchester (The bishop of), Lancelot 
 Andrews. The name is not given in the 
 novel, but the date of the novel is 1G20, 
 and Dr. Andrews was translated from 
 Ely to Winchester in Februarv, 1618- 
 19; and died in 1026.— Sir W. Scott, 
 Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 
 
 Wind Sold. At one time, the Fin- 
 landers and Laplanders drove a profitable 
 trade by the sale of winds. After being 
 paid, they knitted three magical knots, 
 and told the buyer that when he untied 
 the first he would have a good gale ; 
 when the second, a strong wind ; and 
 when the third, a severe tempest. — Olaus 
 Magnus, History of the Goths, etc., 47 
 (1658). 
 
 King Eric of Sweden was quite a po- 
 tentate of these elements, and could 
 change them at pleasure by merely 
 shifting his cap. 
 
 Bessie Millie, of Pomo'na, in the 
 Orkney Islands, helped to eke out her 
 
 living (even so late as 1814) by selling 
 favourable winds to mariners, for the 
 small sum of sixpence per vessel. 
 
 Winds were also at one time sold at 
 mont St. Michel, in Normandy, by nine 
 druidesses, who likewise sold arrows to 
 charm away storms. These arrows were 
 to be shot off by a young man 25 years 
 of age. 
 
 %* Witches generally were supposed 
 to sell wind. 
 
 'Oonsl I'll marry a Lapland witch as soon, and live 
 upon selling contrary winds and wrecked vessels.— W. 
 Congreve, Love for Love, iii. (1695*. 
 
 In Ireland and in Denmark both, 
 Witches for gold will sell a nian a wind, 
 Which, in the corner of a napkin wrapped, 
 Shall blow him safe unto what coast he will. 
 
 Summer, Last Will and Test. (1600). 
 
 *** See note to the Pirate " Sale of 
 Winds " (Waverley Novels, xxiv. 136). 
 
 Winds (The), according to Hesiod, 
 were the sons of Astrseus and Aurora. 
 
 You nymphs, the winged offspring which of old. 
 Aurora to divine Astrasus bore. 
 
 Akenslde, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 
 
 Winds and Tides. Nicholas of 
 Lyn, an Oxford scholar and friar, was a 
 great navigator. He " took the height of 
 mountains with his astrolobe," and taught 
 that there were four whirlpools like the 
 Maelstrom of Norway — one in each quarter 
 of the globe, from which the four winds 
 issue, and which are the cause of the 
 tides. 
 
 One Nicholas of Lyn 
 
 The whirlpools of the seas did come to understand, ... 
 
 For such imnieasured pools, philosophers agree, 
 
 I' the four parts of the world undoubtedly there be. 
 
 From which they have supposed nature the winds doth 
 
 raise, 
 And from them too proceed the flowing of the seas. 
 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 
 
 Windmill with a Weather- 
 cock Atop (Hie). Goodwyn, a puritan 
 divine of St. Margaret's, London, was so 
 called (1593-1651). 
 
 Windmills. Don Quixote, seeing 
 some thirty or forty windmills, insisted 
 that they were giants, and, running a tilt 
 at one of them, thrust his spear into the 
 sails ; whereupon the sails raised both 
 man and horse into the air, and shivered 
 the knight's lance into splinters. When 
 don Quixote was thrown to the ground, 
 he persisted in saying that his enemy 
 Freston had transformed the giants into 
 windmills merely to rob him of his 
 honour, but notwithstanding, the wind- 
 mills were in reality giants in disguise. 
 This is the first adventure of the knight. 
 — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 8 (1605). 
 
 Windmills. The giant Widenostrils 
 lived on windmills. (See Widenos- 
 
WINDSOR. 
 
 1109 
 
 WINKLE. 
 
 trils.) — Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 17 
 (1545). 
 
 "Windsor (The Rev. Mr.), a friend of 
 Master George Heriot the king's gold- 
 smith. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel 
 (time, James I.). 
 
 "Windsor Beauties (Tlie), Anne 
 Hyde duchess of York, and her twelve 
 ladies in the court of Charles II., painted 
 by sir Peter Lely at the request of Anne 
 Hyde. Conspicuous in her train of 
 Hebes was Frances Jennings, eldest 
 daughter of Richard Jennings of Stand- 
 ridge, near St. Alban's. 
 
 "Windsor Sentinel (The) who 
 heard St. Paul's clock strike thirteen, was 
 John Hatfield, who died at his house in 
 Glasshouse Yard, Aldersgate, June 18, 
 1770, aged 102. 
 
 "Windsor of Denmark (The), the 
 castle of Cronborg, in Elsinore. 
 
 Windy-Cap, Eric king of Sweden. 
 
 [Told] of Erick's cap and Elmo's light. 
 
 Sir W. Scott, Rokeby, ii. 11 (1813). 
 
 "Wine. If it makes one stupid it is 
 vin oVdne ; if maudlin, it is vin de cerf 
 (from the notion that deer weep) ; if 
 quarrelsome, it is vin de lion ; if talka- 
 tive, it is vin de pie ; if sick, it is vin de 
 pore ; if crafty, it is vin de renard ; if 
 rude, it is vin de singe. To these might 
 be added, vin de chevre, when an amorous 
 effect is produced ; vin de coucou, if it 
 makes one egotistical ; and vin de era- 
 paud, when its effect is inspiring. 
 
 Wine (1814). In 1858 a sale took 
 place in Paris of the effects of the late 
 duchesse de Raguse. including a pipe of 
 Madeira. This wine was fished up in 
 1814 from the carcase of a ship wrecked 
 at the mouth of the Scheldt in 1778, and 
 had lain there till 1814. Louis XVIII. 
 bought it, but part of it was presented to 
 the French consul, and thus it came into 
 the cellar of the due de Raguse. At the 
 sale, forty-four bottles were sold, and 
 the late baron Rothschild bought them 
 for their weight in gold. 
 
 Wine (Three-Men). Very bad wine is 
 so called, because it requires one man to 
 hold the drinker, a second to pour the 
 wine down his throat, and the third man 
 is the victim himself. 
 
 Abraham Santa Clara, the preaching 
 friar, calls the wine of Alsace "three- 
 men wine." 
 
 Wine-Mixer (The Most Famous 
 
 British), Quintafiona, the go-between ot 
 Guinevere and sir Launcelot. From an 
 old ballad, it seems that Quintafiona set 
 sir Launcelot the task of bringing to her 
 "the bonnie white-foot deer," an animal 
 attended by seven lions and a lioness. 
 This deer had already been the death of 
 many champions. It was in reality a 
 prince who had been transformed into a 
 deer by the incantations of his father. 
 
 "Wingate (Master Jasper), the steward 
 at Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 "Winged Horse (A), the standard 
 and emblem of ancient Corinth, in con- 
 sequence of the fountain of Pire'ne, near 
 that city, and Peg'asus the winged 
 horse of Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 "Winged Lion (TJie), the heraldic 
 device of the republic of Venice. 
 
 They'll plant the winged lion in these halls. 
 Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, v. 
 
 Wingfield, a citizen of Perth, whoso 
 trade was feather-dressing. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
 IV.). 
 
 Wingfield (Ambrose), employed at Os- 
 baldistone Hall. 
 
 Lancie Wingfield, one of the men 
 employed at Osbaldistone Hall. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 
 
 "Wing-the-Wind (Michael), a ser- 
 vant at Holyrood Palace, and the friend 
 of Adam Woodcock.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Winifrid (St.), patron saint of 
 virgins ; beheaded by Caradoc for refus- 
 ing to marry him. The tears she shed 
 became the fountain called " St. Wini- 
 frid's Well," the waters of which not 
 only cure all sorts of diseases, but are so 
 buoyant that nothing sinks to the bottom. 
 St. Winifrid's blood stained the gravel 
 in the neighbourhood red, and her hair 
 became moss. Drayton has given this 
 legend in verse in his Folyolbion, x. (1612). 
 
 "Winkle (Nathaniel), M.P.C., a young 
 cockney sportsman, considered by his 
 companions to be a dead shot, a hunter, 
 skater, etc. All these acquirements are, 
 however, wholly imaginary. He marries 
 Arabella Allen. — C. Dickens, TJie Pick- 
 wick Papers (1836). 
 
 Winkle (Rip van), a Dutch colonist of 
 New York, who met a strange man in a 
 ravine of the Kaatskill Mountains. Rip 
 helped the stranger to carry a keg to a 
 
WINKLEBRED. 
 
 1110 
 
 WISDOM. 
 
 wild retreat among rocks, where he saw 
 a host of strange personages playing 
 skittles in mysterious silence. Rip took 
 the first opportunity of tasting the keg, 
 fell into a stupor, and slept for twenty 
 years. On waking, he found that his 
 wife was dead and buried, his daughter 
 married, his village remodelled, and 
 America had become independent. — 
 Washington Irving, Sketch-Book (1820). 
 
 The tale of Epimenides, of Peter Klaus, 
 of the Sleeping Beauty, the Seven 
 Sleepers, etc., are somewhat similar. 
 (See Sleeper, p. 919.) 
 
 Winklebred or Winklebrand 
 (Louis), lieutenant of sir Maurice de 
 l?racy a follower of prince John. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time Richard I.). 
 
 Winnie (Annie), an old sibyl, who 
 makes her appearance at the death of 
 Alice Gray. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lam- 
 mcrmoor (time, William III.). 
 
 Winter, the head servant of general 
 Withcrington alias Richard Tresham. — 
 Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
 (time, George II.). 
 
 Winter. (See Seasons, p. 884.) 
 
 Winter King (The), Frederick V., 
 the rival of Ferdinand II. of Germany. 
 He married Elizabeth daughter of James 
 I. of England, and was king of Bohemia 
 for just one winter, the end of 1619 and 
 the beginning of 1620 (1596-1632). (See 
 Snow King, p. 927.) 
 
 Winter Queen (The), Elizabeth, 
 daughter of James I. of England, and 
 wife of Frederick V. "The Winter King." 
 (See Snow Queen, p. 927.) 
 
 Winter's Bird (TJie), the wood- 
 cock. 
 
 How nobler to the winter bird to say, 
 " Poor stranger, welcome from thy stormy way . . . 
 The food and shelter of my valleys share." 
 Peter Pindar [Dr. WolcotJ, Inland of Innocence (1809). 
 
 Winter's Tale (Tlic), by Shake- 
 speare (1604). Leontes king of Sicily 
 invites his friend Polixenes to visit him. 
 During this visit the king becomes 
 jealous of him, and commands Camillo 
 to poison him ; but Camillo only warns 
 Polixenes of the danger, and flees with 
 him to Bohemia. When Leontes hears 
 thereof, his rage is unbounded ; and he 
 casts his queen Hermi'one into prison, 
 where she gives birth to a daughter, 
 which Leontes gave direction shoiJd 
 be placed on a desert shore to perish. 
 In the mean time, he is told that 
 
 Hermione, the queen, is dead. The 
 vessel containing the infant daughter 
 being storm-driven to Bohemia, the child 
 is left there, and is brought up by a shep- 
 herd, who calls it Perdita. One day, in 
 a hunt, prince Florizel sees Perdita and 
 falls in love with her ; but Polixenes, his 
 father, tells her that she and the shepherd 
 shall be put to death if she encourages the 
 foolish suit. Florizel and Perdita now flee 
 to Sicily, and being introduced to Leontes, 
 it is soon discovered that Perdita is his 
 lost daughter. Polixenes tracks his son 
 to Sicily, and being told of the discover}', 
 gladly consents to the union he had 
 before forbidden. Pauli'na now invites 
 the royal party to inspect a statue of 
 Hermione in her house, and the statue 
 turns out to be the living queen. 
 
 The plot of this drama is borrowed 
 from the tale of Pandosto or The Triumph 
 of Time, by Robert Greene (1583). 
 
 We should have him back 
 Who told the Winter's Tale to do it for us. 
 
 Tennyson, Prologue of The Princess. 
 
 Winterblossom (Mr. Philip), " the 
 man of taste," on the managing com- 
 mittee at the Spa.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
 Eonan's Well (time, George III.). 
 
 Wintersen (The count), brother of 
 baron Steinfort, lord of the place, and 
 greatly beloved. 
 
 The countess Wintersen, wife of the 
 above. She is a kind friend to Mrs. 
 Haller, and confidante of her brother the 
 baron Steinfort. — Benjamin Thompson, 
 The Stranger (1797). 
 
 Winterton (Adam), the garrulous 
 old steward of sir Edward Mortimer, in 
 whose service he had been for forty-nine 
 years. He was fond of his little jokes, 
 and not less so of his little nips, but he 
 loved his master and almost idolized him. 
 — G. Colman, The Iron Chest (1796). 
 
 Win-the-Fight (Master Joachiri), 
 the attorney employed by major Bridge- 
 north the roundhead. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Wirral (The), the long, square-ended 
 peninsula between the Mersey and the 
 Dee. 
 
 Here there are few that either God or man with good 
 heart love. 
 
 Sir Oatoayne and the Green Knight. 
 
 Wisdom (Honour paid to). 
 
 Anachausis went from Scythia to 
 Athens to see Solon. — iElian, De Varia 
 Historia, v. 
 
 Atollonios Tyan^us (Cappadocia) 
 travelled through Scythia and into India 
 
WISDOM PERSECUTED. 
 
 1111 
 
 WISE MEN. 
 
 as far as the river Pbison to see Hiarchus. 
 — PhilostrStos, Life of Apollonios, ii. last 
 chapter. 
 
 Ben Jonson, in 1G19, travelled on foot 
 from London to Scotland merely to see 
 W. Drummond, the Scotch poet, whose 
 genius he admired. 
 
 Livy went from the confines of Spain 
 to Rome to hold converse with the learned 
 men of that city. — Pliny the Younger, 
 Epistle, iii. 2. 
 
 Plato travelled from Athens to Egypt 
 to see the wise men or magi, and to visit 
 Archytas of Tarentum, inventor of several 
 automatons, as the flying pigeon, and of 
 numerous mechanical instruments, as the 
 screw and crane. 
 
 Pythagoras went from Italy to Egypt 
 to visit the vaticinators of Memphis. — 
 Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras, 9 (Kuster's 
 edition). 
 
 Siieba (Tlxe queen of) went from "the 
 uttermost parts of the earth " to hear and 
 see Solomon, whose wisdom and great- 
 ness had reached her ear. 
 
 Wisdom Persecuted. 
 
 Anaxagoras of Clazomense held opi- 
 nions in natural science so far in advance 
 of his age that he was accused of impiety, 
 cast into prison, and condemned to death. 
 It was with great difficulty that Pericles 
 got the sentence commuted to fine and 
 banishment. 
 
 AvERRois, the Arabian philosopher, was 
 denounced as a heretic, and degraded, in 
 the twelfth Christian century (died 1226). 
 
 Bacon (Friar) was excommunicated 
 and imprisoned for diabolical knowledge, 
 chiefly on account of his chemical re- 
 searches (1214-1294). 
 
 Bruno (Giordano) was burnt alive for 
 maintaining that matter is the mother 
 of all things (1550-1G00). 
 
 Crosse (Andrew), electrician, was 
 shunned as a profane man, because he 
 asserted that certain minute animals of 
 the genus Acarus had been developed by 
 him out of inorganic elements (1784- 
 1855). 
 
 Dee (Dr. John) had his house broken 
 Into by a mob, and all his valuable 
 library, museum, and mathematical in- 
 struments destroyed, because he was so 
 wise that "he must have been allied with 
 the devil" (1527-1608). 
 
 Feargil. (See " Virgilius.") 
 
 Galileo was imprisoned by the In- 
 quisition for daring to believe that the 
 earth moved round the sun and not the 
 6un round the earth. In order to get his 
 
 liberty, he was obliged to "abjure the 
 heresy ; " but as the door closed he mut- 
 tered, E pur simuove ("But it does move, 
 though"), 1564-1642. 
 
 Gerbert, who introduced algebra into 
 Christendom, was accused of dealing in 
 the black arts, and was shunned as a 
 " son of Belial." 
 
 Grosted or Grosseteste bishop of 
 Lincoln, author of some two hundred 
 works was accused of dealing in the black 
 arts, and the pope wrote a letter to Henry 
 III., enjoining him to disinter the bones of 
 the too-wise bishop, as they polluted the 
 very dust of God's acre (died 1253). 
 
 Faust (Dr.), the German philosopher, 
 was accused of diabolism for his wisdom 
 so far in advance of the age. 
 
 Peyrere was imprisoned in Brussels 
 for attempting to prove that man existed 
 before Adam (seventeenth century). 
 
 Protagoras, the philosopher, was 
 banished from Athens, for his book On 
 the Gods. 
 
 Socrates was condemned to death as 
 an atheist, because he was the wisest of 
 men, and his wisdom was not in accord- 
 ance with the age. 
 
 Virgilius bishop of Saltzburg was 
 compelled by pope Zachary to retract his 
 assertion that there are other "worlds" 
 besides our earth, and other suns and 
 moons besides those which belong to our 
 system (died 784). 
 
 Geologists had the same battle to fight, 
 and so has Colenso bishop of Natal. 
 
 Wise (Tlie). 
 
 Albert II. duke of Austria, "The Lame 
 and Wise" (1289, 1330-1358). 
 
 Alfonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 
 1252-1284). 
 
 Charles V. of France, Le Sage (1337, 
 1364-1380). 
 
 Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295). 
 
 Comte de las Cases, Le Sage (1766- 
 1842). 
 
 Frederick elector of Saxony (1463, 
 1544-1554). 
 
 James I., "Solomon," of England 
 (1566, 1603-1625). 
 
 John V. duke of Brittanv, "The Good 
 and Wise" (1389, 1399-1442). 
 
 Wise Men (T/ie Seven) : (1) Solon 
 of Athens, (2) Chilo of Sparta, (3) Thales 
 of Miletos, (4) Bias of Priene, (5) Cleo- 
 bulos of Lindos, (6) PittScos of Mitylene, 
 (7) Periander of Corinth, or, according 
 to Plato, Myson of Chenas. All flourished 
 in the sixth century B.C. 
 
 First solos, who made the Athenian laws ; 
 . While Chilo, in Sparta, was tamed for his saws ; 
 
WISE MEN OF THE EAST. 
 
 1112 
 
 WITCH OF EDMONTON. 
 
 In Miletos did Thales astronomy teach ; 
 Bias used in Pricing his morals to preach ; 
 Cleobum>8, of Lindos, was handsome and wise ; 
 Mitylene 'gainst thraldom saw Pittacos rise ; 
 Periander is said to have gained, thro' his court, 
 The title that Mysok, the Chenian, ought. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 One of Plutarch's brochures in the 
 Moralia is entitled, "The Banquet of the 
 Seven Wise Men," in which Periander is 
 made to give an account of a contest 
 at Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod. 
 The latter won the prize, and caused this 
 inscription to be engraved on the tripod 
 presented to him : 
 
 This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine, 
 In Chalcis won from Homer the divine. 
 
 Wise Men of the East. Klop- 
 stock, in The Messiah, v., says there 
 were six " Wise Men of the East," who, 
 guided by the star, brought their gifts to 
 Jesus, "the heavenly babe," viz., Ha'dad, 
 Sel'ima, Zimri, Mirja, Be'lcd, and 
 Sun'ith. (See Cologne, Three kings 
 
 OF.) 
 
 Wisest Man. So the Delphic oracle 
 pronounced Soc'rates to be. Socrates 
 modestly made answer, 'Twas because 
 he alone had learnt this first element of 
 truth, that he knew nothing. 
 
 Not those seven sages might him parallel ; 
 Nor he whom Pythian maid did whilome tell 
 To be the wisest man that then on earth did dwell. 
 Vhiu. Fletcher, The. Purple Jtland, vL (1633). 
 
 Wisheart (The Rev. Dr.), chaplain 
 to the earl of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Wishfort (Lady), widow of sir 
 Jonathan Wishfort ; an irritable, im- 
 patient, decayed beauty, who painted 
 and enamelled her face to make herself 
 look blooming, and was afraid to frown 
 lest the enamel might crack. She pre- 
 tended to be coy, and assumed, at the age 
 of 60, the airs of a girl of 16. A trick 
 was played upon her by Edward Mira- 
 bell, who induced his lackey Waitwell to 
 personate sir Rowland, and make love 
 to her ; but the deceit was discovered 
 before much mischief was done. Her 
 pet expression was, "As I'm a person." — 
 W. Congreve, The Way of the World 
 (1700). 
 
 Wishing-Cap (The), a cap given to 
 Fortunatus. He had only to put the cap 
 on and wish, and whatever he wished he 
 instantly obtained. — Straparola, Fortu- 
 natus. 
 
 Wishing-Rod (The), a rod of pure 
 gold, belonging to the Nibelungs. Who- 
 ever possessed it could have anything he 
 desired to have, and hold the whole world 
 
 in subjection. — The Nibelungen Lied, 1160 
 (1210). 
 
 Wishing-Sack (The), a sack given 
 by our Lord to a man named "Fourteen," 
 because he was as strong as fourteen men. 
 Whatever he wished to have he had only 
 to say, "Artchila murtchila ! " ("Come 
 into my sack "), and it came in ; or 
 "Artchila murtchila!" ("Go into my 
 sack "), and it went in. 
 
 %* This is a Basque legend. In Gas- 
 coigne it is called "Ramee's Sack" (Lc 
 Sac de la Rame'e). " Fourteen " is some- 
 times called "Twenty-four," sometimes 
 a Tartaro or Polypheme. He is very 
 similar to Christoph'eros. 
 
 Wisp of Straw, given to a scold as 
 a rebuke. 
 
 A wisp of straw were worth a thousand crowns, 
 To make this shameless callet know herself. 
 
 Shakespeare, 3 Uunry VI. act ii. sc. 2 (1595). 
 
 Wit — SimpHcity. It was said of 
 John Gay that ne was 
 
 In wit a man, simplicity a child. 
 
 *** The line is often flung at Oliver 
 Goldsmith, to whom, indeed, it equally 
 applies. 
 
 Witch. The last person prosecuted 
 before the lords of justiciary (in Scot- 
 land) for witchcraft was Elspeth Rule. 
 She was tried May 3, 1709, before lord 
 Anstruther, and condemned to be burned 
 on the cheek, and banished from Scotland 
 for life. — Arnot, History of Edinburgh, 
 366, 367. 
 
 Witch-Finder, Matthew Hopkins 
 (seventeenth century). In 1645 he 
 hanged sixty witches in his own county 
 (Essex) alone, and received 20s. a head 
 for every witch he could discover. 
 
 Has not the present parliament 
 
 Mat Hopkins to the devil sent, 
 
 Fully empowered to treat about, 
 
 Finding revolted witches out ? 
 
 And has not he within a year 
 
 Hanged three score of them in one shire f 
 
 S. Butler, Hudibras, ii. 3 (1664). 
 
 Witch of Atlas, the title and 
 heroine of one of Shelley's poems. 
 
 Witch of Balwer'y, Margaret 
 Aiken, a Scotchwoman (sixteenth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Witch of Edmonton (The), called 
 "Mother Sawyer." This is the true 
 traditional witch ; no mystic hag, no 
 weird sister, but only a poor, deformed 
 old woman, the terror of villagers, and 
 amenable to justice. 
 
 Why should the envious world 
 Throw all their scandalous malice upon me} 
 
WITCH'S BLOOD. 
 
 1113 
 
 WOBBLER. 
 
 Because I'm poor, deformed, and ignorant, 
 And, like a bow, buckled and bent together 
 By some more strong in mischiefs than myself. 
 
 The Witch of Edmonton (by Rowley, Dekker, 
 and Ford, 1658). 
 
 Witch's Blood. Whoever was suc- 
 cessful in drawing blood from a witch, 
 was free from her malignant power. 
 Hence Talbot, when he sees La Pucelle, 
 exclaims, "Blood will I draw from thee; 
 thou art a witch ! " — Shakespeare, 1 Henry 
 VI. act i. sc. 5 (1592). 
 
 Witherington ( General) alias Richard 
 Tresham, who first appears as Mr. Matthew 
 Middlemas. 
 
 Mrs. Witherington, wife of the general, 
 alias Mrs. Middlemas (born Zelia de 
 Moncada). She appears first as Mrs. 
 Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
 Daughter (time, George II.). 
 
 "Wititterly {Mr. Henry), an impor- 
 tant gentleman, 38 years of age ; of 
 rather plebeian countenance, and with 
 very light hair. He boasts everlastingly 
 of his grand friends. To shake hands 
 with a lord was a thing to talk of, but to 
 entertain one was the seventh heaven to 
 his heart. 
 
 Mrs. Wititterly [Julia'], wife of Mr. 
 Wititterly, of Cad5gan Place, Sloane 
 Street, London ; a faded lady living in 
 a faded house. She calls her page 
 Alphonse (2 syl.), "although he has the 
 face and figure of Bill." Mrs. Wititterly 
 toadies the aristocracy, and, like her 
 husband, boasts of her grand connec- 
 tions and friends. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
 Nickleby (1838). (See Tibbs, p. 1004.) 
 
 Witi'za. (See Vitiza.) 
 
 Witling of Terror, Bertrand Ba- 
 rere ; also called "The Anacreon of the 
 Guillotine" (1755-1841). 
 
 Wits. " Great wits are sure to mad- 
 ness near allied." — Dryden. 
 
 *** The idea is found in Seneca : Nul- 
 lum magnum ingenium absque mixtura 
 dementias est. Festus said to Paul, 
 "Much learning doth make thee mad" 
 (Acts xxvi. 24). 
 
 Wits {Your five). Stephen Hawes ex- 
 plains this expression in his poem of 
 Graunde Amoure, xxiv., from which we 
 gather that the five wits are : Common 
 wit, imagination, fantasy, estimation, 
 and memory (1515). 
 
 Alas, sir, how fell you besides your fl>e wits ? 
 Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act iv. sc. 2 (1602). 
 
 Wittenbold, a Dutch commandant, 
 
 in the service of Charles II. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 
 
 Wittol (Sir Joseph), an ignorant, 
 foolish simpleton, who says that Bully 
 Buff "is as brave a fellow'as Cannibal." 
 — Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1693). 
 
 Witwould (Sir Wilful), of Shrop- 
 shire, half-brother of Anthony Witwould, 
 and nephew of lady Wishf ort. A mixture 
 of bashf ulness and obstinacy, but when in 
 his cups as loving as the monster in the 
 Tempest. He is "a superannuated 
 old bachelor," who is willing to marry 
 Millamant ; but as the young lady prefers 
 Edward Mirabell, he is equally willing to 
 resign her to him. His favourite phrase 
 is, "Wilful will do it." 
 
 Anthony Witwould, half-brother to sir 
 Wilful. " He has good nature and does 
 not want wit." Having a good memory, 
 he has a store of other folks' wit, which 
 he brings out in conversation with good 
 effect.— W. Congreve, The Way of the 
 World (1700). 
 
 Wives as they Were and Maids 
 as they Are, a comedy by Mrs. Inch- 
 bald (1797). Lady Priory is the type of 
 the former, and Miss Dorrillon of the 
 latter. Lady Priory is discreet, domestic, 
 and submissive to her husband ; but Miss 
 Dorrillon is gay, flighty, and fond of 
 pleasure. Lady Priory, under false pre- 
 tences, is allured from home by a Mr. 
 Bronzely, a man of no principle and a 
 rake ; but her quiet, innocent conduct quite 
 disarms him, and he takes her back to her 
 husband, ashamed of himself, and resolves 
 to amend. Miss Dorrillon is so involved 
 in debt that she is arrested, but her father 
 from the Indies pays her .debts. She also 
 repents, and becomes the wife of sir George 
 Evelyn. 
 
 Wives of Literary Men. The 
 following were unhappy in their wives : — 
 Addison, Byron, Dickens, Dryden, Albert 
 Durer, Hooker, Ben Jonson, W. Lilly 
 (second wife), Milton, Moliere, More, Sadi 
 the Persian poet, Scaliger, Shakespeare, 
 Shelley, Socrates, Wycherly, etc. The 
 following were happy in their choice : — • 
 Thomas Moore, sir W. Scott, Wordsworth, 
 etc. The reader can add to the list, which 
 will serve as a heading. 
 
 Wizard of the North, sir Waltei 
 Scott (1771-1832). 
 
 Wobbler (Mr.), of the Circumlocu- 
 tion Office. When Mr. Clennam, by the 
 direction of Mr. Barnacle, in another de- 
 partment of the office, called on this g<;r tie- 
 
WOEFUL COUNTENANCE. 
 
 1114 
 
 WOLSEY. 
 
 man, he was telling a brother clerk about 
 a rat-hunt, and kept Clennam waiting a 
 considerable time. When at length Mr. 
 Wobbler chose to attend, he politely said, 
 " Hallo, there ! What's the matter ? " Mr. 
 Clennam briefly stated his question ; and 
 Mr. Wobbler replied, " Can't inform you. 
 Never heard of it. Nothing at all to do 
 with it. Try Mr. Clive." When Clen- 
 nam left, Mr. Wobbler called out, "Mister ! 
 Hallo, there ! Shut the door after you. 
 There's a devil of a draught ! " — Charles 
 Dickens, Little Dorrit, x. (1857). 
 
 Woeful Countenance (Knight of 
 the). Don Quixote was so called by 
 Sancho Panza, but after his adventure 
 with the lions he called himself "The 
 Knight of the Lions." — Cervantes, Hon 
 Quixote, I. iii. 5 ; II. i. 17 (1605-15). 
 
 "Wolf. The Neuri, according to 
 Herodfttos, bad the power of assuming 
 the shape of wolves once a year. 
 
 One of the family of Antaeus, accord- 
 ing to Pliny, was chosen annually, by lot, 
 to be transformed into a wolf, in which 
 Bhape he continued for nine years. 
 
 Lyca'on, king of Arcadia, was turned 
 into a wolf because he attempted to test 
 the divinity of Jupiter by serving up to 
 him a "hash of human flesh." — Ovid. 
 
 Veret'icus, king of Wales, was con- 
 verted by St. Patrick into a wolf. 
 
 Wolf (A), emblem of the tribe of Ben- 
 jamin. 
 
 Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he 
 shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the 
 spoil. —Gen. xlix. 27. 
 
 Wolf. The last wolf in Scotland was 
 killed in 1680, by Cameron of Lochiel 
 [_Lok.kcel']. 
 
 The last wolf in Ireland was killed in 
 Cork, 1710. 
 
 Wolf. The she-wolf is made by Dante 
 to symbolize avarice. When the poet 
 began the ascent of fame, he was first met 
 by a panther (pleasure), then by a lion 
 (ambition), then by a she- wolf, which 
 tried to stop his further progress. 
 
 A she-wolf, . . . who in her leanness seemed 
 Full of all wants, . . . with such fear 
 O'erwhelmed me . . . that of the height all hope I lost 
 Dantfi, Inferno, i. (1300). 
 
 Wolf (To cry), to give a false alarm. 
 
 Yow-wang, emperor of China, was 
 greatly enamoured of a courtezan named 
 Puo-tse, whom he tried by sundry ex- 
 pedients to make laugh. At length he 
 hit upon the following plan : — He caused 
 the tocsins to be rung, the drums to be 
 beaten, and the signal-fires to be lighted, 
 
 as if some invader was at the gates. Pao- 
 tse was delighted, and laughed immo- 
 derately to see the vassals and feudatory 
 princes pouring into the city, and all the 
 people in consternation. The emperor, 
 pleased with the success of his trick, 
 amused his favourite over and over again 
 by repeating it. At length an enemy 
 really did come, but when the alarm was 
 given, no one heeded it, and the emperor 
 was slain (b.c. 770). 
 
 Wolf duke of G-ascony, one of 
 Charlemagne's paladins. He was the 
 originator of the plan of tying wetted 
 ropes round the temples of his prisoners 
 to make their eye-balls start from their 
 sockets. It was he also who had men 
 sewn up in freshly stripped bulls' hides, 
 and exposed to the sun till the hides, in 
 shrinking, crushed their bones. — L'Epine, 
 Croquemitaine, iii. 
 
 "Wolf of France (She-), Isabella 
 la Belle, wife of Edward II. She mur- 
 dered her royal husband "by tearing out 
 his bowels with her own hands." 
 
 She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs, 
 That tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate. 
 
 Gray, The Bard (1757). 
 
 "Wolfs Head. An outlaw was said 
 to carry on his shoulders a " wolf's head," 
 because he was hunted down like a wolf, 
 and to kill him was deemed as meritorious 
 as killing a wolf. 
 
 Item foris facit, 'omnia que dacis sunt, quia a tempore 
 quo uUagatus est Caput gekit Lupinum, ita ut impuna 
 ab omnibus interfici possit— Bracton, ii. 35. 
 
 "Wolves. The Greeks used to say 
 that "wolves bring forth their young 
 only twelve days in the year." These are 
 the twelve days occupied in conveying 
 Leto from the Hj'perborSans to Delos. — ■ 
 Aristotle, Hist. Animal., vii. 35. 
 
 "Wol'fort, usurper of the earldom of 
 Flanders. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Beggars' Bush (1622). 
 
 "Wolfsbane, a herb so called, because 
 meat saturated with its juice was at one 
 time supposed to be a poison for wolves. 
 
 "Wolsey (Cardinal), introduced by 
 Shakespeare in his historic play of Henry 
 VIII. (1601). 
 
 West Digges [1720-1786] is the nearest resemblance of 
 "Cardinal Wolsey" I have ever seen represented. — 
 Davies, Dramatic Miscellanies. 
 
 Edmund Kean [1787-1833], in " Macbeth," " Hamlet." 
 " Wolsey," " Coriolanus," etc., never approached within 
 any measurable distance of the learned, philosophical, 
 and majestic Kenible [1757-1823 J.— Life of C. M. 1'ouny. 
 
 Wolsey. " Had I but served my God," 
 etc. (See Served My God.) 
 
WOMAN-BEATING. 
 
 1115 
 
 WOMEN, ETC. 
 
 "Woman-Beating. 
 
 The man that lays his hand upon a woman, 
 Save in the way of kindness, is a wretch 
 Whom 'twere gross flattery to name a coward. 
 
 J. Tobin, The Honeymoon, ii. 1 (1804). 
 
 Woman changed to a Man. 
 Iphis, daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa 
 of Crete. The story "is that the father 
 gave orders if the child about to be born 
 proved to be a girl, it was to be put to 
 death ; and that the mother, unwilling to 
 lose her infant, brought it up as a boy. 
 In due time, the father betrothed his child 
 tolanthe, and the mother, in terror, prayed 
 for help, when Isis, on the day of mar- 
 riage, changed Iphis to a man. — Ovid, 
 Metaph., ix. 12 ; xiv. 699. 
 
 C^neus [Se.nuce] was born of the 
 female sex, but Neptune changed her into 
 a man. ^Eneas, however, found her in the 
 infernal regions restored to her original 
 &ex. 
 
 Tire'sias was converted into a woman 
 for killing a female snake in copulation, 
 and was restored to his original sex by 
 killing a male snake in the same act. 
 
 D'Eox de Beaumont was one of those 
 epicene creatures that no one knew which 
 sex he belonged to. 
 
 Hermaphroditos was of both sexes. 
 
 Woman killed -with. Kindness 
 (A), a tragedy by Thos. Hey wood (1600). 
 The "woman" was Mrs. Frankford, who 
 was unfaithful to her marriage vow. Her 
 husband sent her to live on one of his 
 estates, and made her a liberal allowance ; 
 she died, but on her death-bed her husband 
 came to see her, and forgave her. 
 
 "Woman made of Flowers. 
 Gwydion son of Don " formed a woman 
 out of flowers," according to the bard 
 Taliesin. Arianrod had said that Llew 
 Llaw Gyffes (i.e. " The Lion with the 
 Steady Hand ") should never have a wife 
 of the human race. So Math and Gwy- 
 dion, two enchanters, 
 
 Took blossoms of oak, and blossoms of broom, and 
 blossoms of meadow-sweet, and produced therefrom a 
 maiden, the fairest and most graceful ever seen, and bap- 
 tized her Blodeuwedd, and she became his bride. — The 
 Mabinogion (" Math," etc., twelfth century). 
 
 "Woman reconciled to her Sex. 
 
 I!ady Wortley Montague said, "It goes 
 far to reconcile me to being a woman, 
 when I reflect that I am thus in no danger 
 of ever marrying one." 
 
 Woman that deliberates {The). 
 
 The woman that deliberates is lost 
 
 Addison, Cato, iv. 1 (1713). 
 
 "Woman's "Wit or Love's Dis- 
 guises, a drama by S. Knowles (1838). 
 
 Hero Sutton loved sir Valentine de Grey, 
 but offended him by waltzing with lord 
 Athunree. To win him back, she assumed 
 the disguise of a quakeress, called herself 
 Ruth, and pretended to be Hero's cousin. 
 Sir Valentine fell in love with Ruth, and 
 then found out that Ruth and Hero were 
 one and the same person. The contem- 
 poraneous plot is that of Helen and Wal- 
 singham, lovers. Walsingham thought 
 Helen had played the wanton with lord 
 Athunree, and he abandoned her. Where- 
 upon Helen assumed the garb of a young 
 man named Eustace, became friends with 
 Walsingham, said sbewas Helen's brother ; 
 but in the brother he discovered Helen 
 herself, and learnt that he was wholly 
 mistaken by appearances. 
 
 "Women {The Nine Worthy) : (1) 
 Minerva, (2) Semiramis, (3) Tomvris, 
 (4) Jael, (5) Deborah, (6) Judith," (7) 
 Britomart, (8) Elizabeth or Isabella of 
 Aragon, (9) Johanna of Naples. 
 
 By'r lady, mnist story-man, I am well afraid thou hast 
 done with thy talke. I had rather have hard something 
 sayd of gentle and meeke women, for it is euUl example! 
 to let them understand of such sturdye manlye women as 
 those have been which erewhile thou hast tolde of. They 
 are quicke enow, I warrant you, noweadays, to take hart- 
 a-grace, and dare make warre with their husbandes. I 
 would not vor the price o' my coate, that Jone my wyfa 
 had herd this yeare ; she would haue carried away your 
 tales of the nine worthy women a dele zoner than our 
 minister's tales aneut Sarah, Rebekah, Ruth, and the 
 ministering women, 1 warrant you. — John Feme, Dia- 
 logue on Heraldry (" Columel's reply to Torquatus"). 
 
 *** " Hart-a-grace," a hart permitted 
 by royal proclamation to run free and 
 unharmed for ever, because it has been 
 hunted by a king or queen. 
 
 "Women of Abandoned Morals. 
 
 Barbara of Cilley, second wife of the 
 emperor Sigismund, called "The Messa- 
 lina of Germany." 
 
 Berry (Madame de), wife of the due de 
 Berry (youngest grandson of Louis 
 XIV.). 
 
 Catherine II. of Russia, called "The 
 Modern Messalina " (1729-1796). 
 
 Giovaxna or Jean of Naples. Her 
 first love was James count of March, who 
 was beheaded. Her second was Came- 
 cioli, whom she put to death. Her next 
 was Alfonso of Aragon. Her fourth was 
 Louis d'Anjou, who died. Her fifth was 
 Rene, the brother of Louis. 
 
 Isabelle of Bavaria, wife of Charles 
 VI., and mistress of the duke of Bur- 
 gundy. 
 
 Isabelle of France, wife of Edward 
 II. , and mistress of Mortimer. 
 
 Julia, daughter of the emperor Augus- 
 tus. 
 
WONDER. 
 
 1116 
 
 WOODCOURT. 
 
 Marozia, the daughter of Theodora, 
 and mother of pope John XI. The in- 
 famous daughter of an infamous mother 
 (ninth century). 
 
 Messali/na, wife of Claudius the 
 "Roman emperor. 
 
 Wonder (The), a comedy by Mrs. 
 Centlivre ; the second title being A 
 Woman Keeps a Secret (1714). The 
 woman referred to is Violante, and the 
 secret she keeps is that donna Isabella, 
 the sister of don Felix, has taken refuge 
 under her roof. The danger she under- 
 goes in keeping the secret is this : Her 
 lover, Felix, who knows that colonel 
 Briton calls at the house, is jealous, and 
 fancies that he calls to see Violante. 
 The reason why donna Isabella has sought 
 refuge with Violante' is to escape a mar- 
 riage with a Dutch gentleman whom she 
 dislikes. After a great deal of trouble 
 and distress, the secret is unravelled, and 
 the comedy ends with a double marriage, 
 that of Violante with don Felix, and that 
 of Isabella with colonel Briton. 
 
 Wonder of the World (The). 
 
 Gerbert, a man of prodigious learn- 
 ing. When he was made pope, he took 
 the name of Sylvester II. (930, 999-1003). 
 
 Otto III. of Germany, a pupil of Ger- 
 bert. What he did deserving to be called 
 Mirabilia Mundi nobody knows (980, 
 983-1002). 
 
 Frederick II. of Germany (1194, 
 1215-1250). 
 
 Wonders of "Wales (TJie Seven): 
 (1) The mountains of Snowdon, (2) 
 Overton churchyard, (3) the bells of 
 Gresford Church, (4) Llangollen bridge, 
 (5) Wrexham steeple (? tower), (6) Pvstyl 
 Rhaiadr waterfall, (7) St. Winifrid's 
 well. 
 
 Wonders of the World (The 
 Seven). 
 
 The pyramids first, which in Egypt were laid ; 
 Next Babylon's garden, for Amytis made ; 
 Then Mausolos's tomb of affection and guilt ; 
 Fourth, the temple of Vian, in Ephesus built; 
 The c'olossos of Uhodes, cast in brass, to the sun ; 
 Sixth, Jupiter's statue, by Phidias done ; 
 The pharos of Egypt conies last, we are told, 
 Or the palace of Cyrus, cemented with gold. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon 
 (1214-1292). 
 
 Wood (Babes in the), a baby boy and 
 girl left by a gentleman of Norfolk on 
 his death-bed to the care of his brother. 
 The boy was to have £300 a year on 
 coming of age, and little Jane £500 as a 
 
 wedding portion. The uncle promised to 
 take care of the children, but scarcely 
 had a year gone by when he hired two 
 ruffians to make away with them. The 
 hirelings took the children on horseback 
 to Wayland Wood, where the}' were left 
 to die of cold and hunger. The children 
 would have been killed, but one of the 
 fellows relented, expostulated with his 
 companion, and finally slew him. The 
 survivor compromised with his conscience 
 by leaving the babes alive in the wood. 
 Everything went ill with the uncle from 
 that hour: his children died, his cattle 
 died, his barns were set on fire, and he 
 himself died in jail. 
 
 *** The prettiest version of this story 
 is one set to a Welsh tune ; but Percy has 
 a version in his Reliques of Ancient English 
 Poetry. 
 
 Wood (The Maria), a civic pleasure- 
 barge, once the property of the lord 
 mayors. It was built in 1816 by sir 
 Matthew Wood, and was called after his 
 eldest daughter. In 1859 it was sold to 
 alderman Humphrey for £410. 
 
 Wood Street (London) is so called 
 from Thomas Wood, sheriff, in 1491, who 
 dwelt there. 
 
 Wood'cock (Adam), falconer of the 
 lady Mary at Avenel Castle. In the 
 revels he takes the character of the ; ' abbot 
 of Unreason."— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
 (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Woodcock (Justice), a gouty, rheu- 
 matic, crusty, old country gentleman, 
 who invariably differed with his sister 
 Deb'orah in every tiling. He was a bit 
 of a Lothario in his young days, and still 
 retained a somewhat licorous tooth. 
 Justice Woodcock had one child, named 
 Lucinda, a merry girl, full of frolic and 
 fun. 
 
 Deborah Woodcock, sister of the justice ; 
 a starch, prudish old maid, who kept 
 the house of her brother, and disagreed 
 with him in everything. — Isaac Bicker- 
 staff, Love in a Village (1762). 
 
 Woodcocks live on Suction. 
 These birds feed chiefly by night, and, 
 like ducks, seem to live on suction, but 
 in reality they feed on the worms, snails, 
 slugs, and the little animals which swarm 
 in muddy water. 
 
 One cannot live, like woodcocks, upon suction. 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iL 07 (1819). 
 
 Woodcourt (Allan), a medical man, 
 who married Esther Summerscn. Hi* 
 
WOODEN GOSPELS. 
 
 1117 
 
 WOODMAN. 
 
 mother was a Welsh woman, apt to prose 
 on the subject of Morgan-ap-Kerrig. — C. 
 Dickens, Bleak House (1852). 
 
 Wooden Gospels {The), card- 
 tables. 
 
 After supper were brought in the wooden gospels, and 
 the books of the four kings [card*]. — Rabelais, Gar- 
 gantua, i. 22 (1533). 
 
 Wooden Horse {The). Virgil tells 
 us that Utysses had a monster wooden 
 horse made by Epeos after the death of 
 Hector, and gave out that it was an offer- 
 ing to the gods to secure a prosperous 
 voyage back to Greece. By the advice 
 of "Sinon, the Trojans dragged the horse 
 into Troy for a palladium ; but at night 
 the Grecian soldiers concealed therein 
 were released by Sinon from their con- 
 cealment, slew the Trojan guards, opened 
 the city gates, and set lire to Troy. Are- 
 tinos of Miletus, in his poem called The 
 Destruction of Troy, furnished Virgil with 
 the tale of "the Wooden Horse" and 
 "the burning of Troy" (fl. b.c. 776). 
 
 A remarkable parallel occurred in Sara- 
 cenic history. Arrestan, in Syria, was 
 taken in the seventh century by Abu 
 Obeidah by a similar stratagem. He 
 obtained leave of the governor to deposit 
 in the citadel some old lumber which 
 impeded his march. Twenty large boxes 
 filled with men were carried into the 
 castle. Abu marched off ; and while the 
 Christians were returning thanks for 
 the departure of the enemy, the soldiers 
 removed the sliding bottoms of the boxes 
 and made their way out, overpowered 
 the sentries, surprised the great church, 
 opened the city gates, and Abu, entering 
 with his army, took the city without 
 further opposition. — Ockley, History of 
 the Saracens, i. 185 (1718). 
 
 The capture of Sark affords another 
 parallel. Sark was in the hands of the 
 French. A Netherlander, with one ship, 
 asked permission to bury one of his crew 
 in the chapel. The French consented, 
 provided the crew came on shore wholly 
 unarmed. This was agreed to, but the 
 coffin was full of arms, and the crew soon 
 equipped themselves, overpowered the 
 French, and took the island. — Percy, 
 Anecdotes, 249. 
 
 Swoln with hate and ire, their huge unwieldly force 
 Came clustering like the Greeks out of the wooden horse. 
 Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 
 
 Wooden Horse {The), Clavileno, the 
 wooden horse on which don Quixote and 
 Sancho Panza got astride to disenchant 
 Antonomas'ia and her husband, who were 
 shut up in the tomb of queen Maguncia 
 
 of Candaya. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 
 
 Another wooden horse was the one given 
 by an Indian to the shah of Persia as a 
 New Year's gift. It had two pegs ; by 
 turning one, it rose into the air, and by 
 turning the other, it descended wherever 
 the rider wished. Prince Firouz mounted 
 the horse, and it carried him instan- 
 taneously to Bengal. — Arabian Nights 
 (" The Enchanted Horse "). 
 
 Reynard says that king Crampart mad© 
 for the daughter of king Marcadiges a 
 wooden horse which would go a hundred 
 miles an hour. His son Clamades mounted 
 it, and it flew out of the window of the 
 king's hall, to the terror of the young 
 prince. — Alkman, Reynard the Fox (1498). 
 (See Cambuscan, p. 154.) 
 
 Wooden Spoon. The last of the 
 honour men in the mathematical tripos at 
 the examination foi degrees in the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. — See Dictionary of 
 Phrase and Fable. 
 
 Sure my invention must be down at zero, 
 And I grown one of many " wooden spoons" 
 Of verse (the name with which we Cantabs pleaau 
 To dub the last of honours in degrees). 
 
 Byron, Don Juan, iii. 110 (1820). 
 
 Wooden Sword {He wears a). Said 
 of a person who rejects an offer at the 
 early part of the day, and sells the article 
 at a lower price later on. A euphemism 
 for a fool ; the fools or jesters were fur- 
 nished with wooden swords. 
 
 Wooden Walls, ships made of 
 Avood. When Xerxes invaded Greece, 
 the Greeks sent to ask the Delphic oracle 
 for advice, and received the following 
 answer (b.c. 480) : — ■ 
 
 Tallas hath urged, and Zeis, the sire of all, 
 Hath safety promised in a wooden wall ; 
 Seed-time and harvest, sires shall, weeping, tell 
 How thousands fought at Saiamis and fell. 
 
 E. C. B. 
 
 Wooden Wedding, the fifth an- 
 niversary of a wedding. It used, in 
 Germany, to be etiquette to present gifts 
 made of wood to the lady on this occa- 
 sion. The custom is not wholly aban- 
 doned even now. 
 
 Woodman {The), an opera by sir 
 H. Bate Dudley. (1771). Emily was the 
 companion of Miss Wilford, and made 
 with Miss Wilford's brother "a mutual 
 vow of inviolable affection ; " but Wil- 
 ford's uncle and guardian, greatly disap- 
 proving of such an alliance, sent the 
 young man to the Continent, and dis- 
 missed the young lady from his service. 
 Emily went to live with Goodman Fair- 
 
WOODSTAL. 
 
 1118 
 
 WORLD. 
 
 lop, the woodman, and there "Wilford 
 discovered her in an archery match. The 
 engagement was renewed, and terminated 
 in marriage. The woodman's daughter 
 Dolly married Matthew Medley, the fac- 
 totum of sir Walter Waring. 
 
 "Woodstal (Henry), in the guard of 
 Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir W. Scott, 
 The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 "Woodstock, a novel by sir W. Scott 
 (1826). It was hastily put together, but 
 is not unworthy of the name it bears. 
 
 Woodville (Harry), the treacherous 
 friend of Penruddock, who ousted him 
 of the wife to whom he was betrothed. 
 He was wealthy, but reduced himself to 
 destitution by gambling. 
 
 Mrs, Woodville (whose Christian name 
 was Arabella), wife of Harry Woodville, 
 but previously betrothed to Roderick Pen- 
 ruddock. When reduced to destitution, 
 Penruddock restored to her the settlement 
 which her husband had lost in play. 
 
 Captain Henry Woodville, son of the 
 above ; a noble soldier, brave and high- 
 minded, in love with Emily Tempest, 
 but, in the ruined condition of the family, 
 unable to marry her. Penruddock makes 
 over to him all the deeds, bonds, and 
 obligations which his father had lost in 
 gambling. — Cumberland, Tlic Wheel of 
 Fortune (1779). 
 
 Woodville (Lord), a friend of general 
 Brown. It was lord Woodville's house 
 that was haunted by the "lady in the 
 Sacque." — Sir W. Scott, The Tapestered 
 Chamber (time, George III.). 
 
 "Woollen. It was Mrs. Oldfield, the 
 actress, who revolted at the idea of being 
 shrouded in woollen. She insisted on 
 being arrayed in chintz trimmed with 
 Brussels lace, and on being well rouged 
 to hide the pallor of death. Pope calls 
 her "Narcissa." 
 
 " Odious ! In woollen 1 'Twould a saint provoke I " 
 Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. 
 " No, let a charming chintz and Brussels Lace 
 Wrap my cold linihs and shade my lifeless face ; 
 One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead ! 
 And, Betty, give this cheek a little red." 
 
 Pope, Moral Essays, i. (1731). 
 
 Wopsle (Mr.), parish clerk. He had 
 a Roman nose, a large, shining, bald fore- 
 head, and a deep voice, of which he was 
 very proud. "If the Church had been 
 thrown open," i.e. free to competition, Mr. 
 Wopsle would have chosen the pulpit. 
 As it was, he only punished the "Aniens " 
 and gave out the psalms ; but his face 
 always indicated the inward thought of 
 
 " Look at this and look at that," meaning 
 the gent in the reading-desk. He turned 
 actor in a small metropolitan theatre. — C. 
 Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 
 
 Work (Endless), Penelope's web (p. 
 747) ; Vortigern's Tower (p. 1075) ; wash- 
 ing the blackamoor white ; etc. 
 
 World ( Tlxe End of the). This ought 
 to have occurred, according to cardinal 
 Nicolas de Cusa, in 1704. He demon- 
 strates it thus : The Deluge happened in 
 the thirty-fourth jubilee of fifty years 
 from the Creation (a.m. 1700), and there- 
 fore the end of the world should pro- 
 perly occur on the thirty-fourth jubilee 
 of the Christian era, or a.d. 1704. The 
 four grace years are added to compensate 
 for the blunder of chronologists respect- 
 ing the first year of grace. 
 
 The most popular dates of modern 
 times for the end of the world, or what is 
 practically the same thing, the Millen- 
 nium, are the following : — 1757, Sweden- 
 borg ; 1836, Johann Albrecht Bengel, 
 Erkliirte Offeriarung ; 1843, William 
 Miller, of America ; 1866, Dr. John 
 Cumming ; 1881, Mother Shipton. 
 
 It was very generally believed in 
 France, Germany, etc., that the end of 
 the world would happen in the thou- 
 sandth j T ear after Christ ; and therefore 
 much of the land was left uncultivated, 
 and a general famine ensued. Luckily, 
 it was not agreed whether the thousand 
 3'ears should date from the birth or the 
 death of Christ, or the desolation would 
 have been much greater. Many charters 
 begin with these words, As the world is 
 now drawing to its close. Kings and 
 nobles gave up their state : Robert of 
 France, son of Hugh Capet, entered the 
 monastery of St. Denis ; and at Limoges, 
 princes, nobles, and knights proclaimed 
 " God's Truce," and solemnly bound 
 themselves to abstain from feuds, to 
 keep the peace towards each other, and 
 to help the oppressed. — Hallam, The 
 Middle Ages (1818). 
 
 Another hypothesis is this : As one 
 day with God equals a thousand years 
 (Psalm xc. 4), and God laboured in crea- 
 tion six days, therefore the world is to 
 labour 6000 years, and then to rest. 
 According to this theory, the end of the 
 world ought to occur a.m. 6000, or a.d. 
 1996 (supposing the world to have been 
 created 4<>04 years before the birtli of 
 Christ). This hypothesis, which is widely 
 accepted, is quite safe for another century 
 at least. 
 
WORLD WITHOUT A SUN. 
 
 1119 
 
 WORTHY. 
 
 "World without a Sun. 
 
 And say, without, our hopes, without our fears, 
 Without the home that plighted love endears, 
 Without the smile from partial beauty won. 
 Oh 1 what were man ? — a world without a sun. 
 
 Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
 
 Worldly Wiseman (Mr.), one 
 who tries to persuade Christian that it is 
 very bad policy to continue his journey 
 towards the Celestial City. — Bunyan, 
 Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 
 
 Worm (Man is a). 
 
 The learn'd themselves we Book-worms name , 
 
 The blockhead is a Slow-worm ; 
 Thy nymph whose tail is all on flame 
 
 Is aptly termed a Glow-worm ; 
 The flatterer an Earwig grows ; 
 
 Thus worms suit all conditions ; — 
 Misers are Muck-worms ; Silk-worms beaus : 
 
 And Death-watches physicians. 
 
 Pope, To Mr. John Moore (1733). 
 
 Worms (Language of). Melampos 
 the prophet was acquainted with the lan- 
 guage of worms, and when thrown into a 
 dungeon, heard the worms communicat- 
 ing to each other that the roof overhead 
 would fall in, for the beams were eaten 
 through. He imparted this intelligence 
 to his jailers, and was removed to another 
 dungeon. At night the roof did fall, and 
 the king, amazed at this foreknowledge, 
 released Melampos, and gave him the 
 <*ven of Iphiklos. 
 
 Worse than a Crime. Talley- 
 rand said* of the murder of the due 
 d'Enghien by Napoleon I., " It was 
 worse than a crime, it was a blunder." 
 
 Worthies (Tlie Nine). Three Gen- 
 tiles : Hector, Alexander, Julius Caesar ; 
 three Jews: Joshua, David, Judas Mac- 
 cabeus ; three Christians : Arthur, Char- 
 lemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon. 
 
 Worthies of London (The Nine). 
 
 1. Sir William Walworth, fish- 
 monger, who stabbed Wat Tyler the 
 rebel. For this service king Richard II. 
 gave him the " cap of maintenance " and 
 a " dagger " for the arms of London (lord 
 mayor 1374, 1380). 
 
 2. Sir Henry Pritchard or Picard, 
 vintner, who feasted Edward III., the 
 Black Prince, John king of Austria, the 
 king of Cyprus, and David of Scotland, 
 with 5000 guests, in 1356, the year of his 
 mayoralty. 
 
 3. Sir William Sevenoke, grocer. 
 "A foundling, found under seven oaks." 
 He fought with the dauphin, and built 
 twenty almshouses, etc. (lord mayor 
 1418). 
 
 4. Sir Thomas White, merchant 
 tailor, who, during his mayoralty in 1553, 
 
 kept London faithful to queen Mary 
 during Wyatt's rebellion. Sir Thomas 
 White was the son of a poor clothier, and 
 began trade as a tailor with £100. He 
 was the founder of St. John's College, 
 Oxford, on the spot where two elms grew 
 from one root. 
 
 5. Sir John Bon ham, mercer, com- 
 mander of the army which overcame 
 Solyman the Great, who knighted him on 
 the field after the victory, and gave him 
 chains of gold, etc. 
 
 6. Sir Christopher Croker, vint- 
 ner, the first to enter Bordeaux when it 
 was besieged. Companion of the Black 
 Prince. He married Doll Stodie. 
 
 7. Sir John Hawkwood, tailor, 
 knighted by the Black Prince. He is 
 immortalized in Italian history as Gio- 
 vanni Acuti Cavaliero. He died in Padua. 
 
 8. Sir Hugh Caverley, silk-weaver, 
 famous for ridding Poland of a monstrous 
 bear. He died in France. 
 
 9. Sir Henry Maleverer, grocer, 
 generally called "Henry of Cornhill," a 
 crusader in the reign of Henry IV., and 
 guardian of "Jacob's Well." — R. John- 
 son, The Nine Worthies of London (1592). 
 
 Worthington (Lieutenant), "the 
 poor gentleman ; " a disabled officer and 
 a widower, very poor, "but more proud 
 than poor, and more honest than proud." 
 He was for thirty years in the king's 
 army, but was discharged on half-pay, 
 being disabled at Gibraltar by a shell 
 which crushed his arm. His wife was 
 shot in his arms when his daughter was 
 but three years old. The lieutenant put 
 his name to a bill for £500 ; but his friend 
 dying before he had effected his insur- 
 ance, Worthington became responsible 
 for the entire sum, and if sir Robert 
 Bramble had not most generously paid 
 the bill, the poor lieutenant would have 
 been thrown into jail. 
 
 Emily Worthington, the lieutenant's 
 daughter ; a lovely, artless, affectionate 
 girl, with sympathy for every one, and a 
 most amiable disposition. Sir Charles 
 Cropland tried to buy her, but she re- 
 jected his proposals with scorn, and fell 
 in love with Frederick Bramble, to whom 
 she was given in marriage. — G. Colman, 
 The Poor Gentleman (1802). 
 
 Worthy, in love with Melinda, -who 
 coquets with him for twelve months, and 
 then marries him. — G. Farquhar, The 
 
 Recruiting Officer (1705). 
 
 Worthy (Lord), the suitor of lady 
 Reveller, who was fond of play. She be- 
 
WOUVERMANS. 
 
 1120 
 
 WRONGHEAD. 
 
 came weary of gambling, and was united 
 in marriage to lord Worthy. — Mrs. 
 Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706). 
 
 "Wouvermans {The English), Abra- 
 ham Cooper. One of his best pieces is 
 "The Battle of Bosworth Field." 
 
 Richard Cooper is called "The British 
 Poussin." 
 
 "Wrangle {Mr. Caleb), a hen-pecked 
 young husband, of oily tongue and 
 plausible manners, but smarting under 
 the nagging tongue and wilful ways of 
 his fashionable wife. 
 
 Mrs. Wrangle, his wife, the daughter 
 of sir Miles Mowbray. She was for ever 
 snubbing her young husband, wrangling 
 with him, morning, noon, and night, and 
 telling him most provokingly " to keep 
 his temper." This couple lead a cat-and- 
 dog life : he was sullen, she quick- 
 tempered ; he jealous, she open and 
 incautious. — Cumberland, First Love 
 (1796). 
 
 Wrath's Hole (27m?), Cornwall. 
 Bolster, a gigantic wrath, wanted St. 
 Agnes to be his mistress. She told hirn 
 she would comply when he filled a small 
 hole, which she 'pointed out to him, with 
 his blood. The wrath agreed, not know- 
 ing that the hole opened into the sea ; and 
 thus the saint cunningly bled the wrath 
 to death, and then pushed him over the 
 cliff. The hole is called " The Wrath's 
 Hole " to this day, and the stones about it 
 are coloured with blood-red streaks all 
 over. — Polwhele, History of Cornwall, i. 
 176 (1813). 
 
 Wray (Enoch), "the village patri- 
 arch," blind, poor, and 100 years old ; 
 but reverenced for his meekness, resig- 
 nation, wisdom, pietv, and experience. — 
 Crabbe, The Village Patriarch (1783). 
 
 Wrayburn (Eugene), barrister-at- 
 law ; an indolent, idle, moody, whim- 
 sical young man, who loves Lizzie 
 Hexam. After he is nearly killed by 
 Bradley Headstone, he reforms, and 
 marries Lizzie, who saved his life. — C. 
 Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1804). 
 
 Wren (Jenny), whose real name was 
 Fanny Cleaver, a dolls' dressmaker, and 
 the friend of Lizzie Hexam, who at one 
 time lodged with her. Jenny was a little, 
 deformed girl, with a sharp, shrewd face, 
 and beautiful golden hair. She sup- 
 ported herself and her drunken father, 
 whom she reproved as a mother might 
 reprove a child. " Oh," she cried to 
 him, pointing her little finger, "}'ou bad 
 
 old boy ! Oh, you naughty, wicked crea- 
 ture ! What do you mean by it ? " — C. 
 Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 
 Write about it. 
 
 To thee explain a thing till all men doubt it, 
 And write about it, goddess, and about it. 
 Pope, The Dunciad, i. (came in after ver. 177 in the first 
 edition, but was omitted in subsequent ones). 
 
 Writing on the Wall (The), a 
 secret but mysterious warning of coming 
 danger. The reference is to Belshazzar's 
 feast (Dan. v. 5, 25-28). 
 
 Wrong (All in the), a comedy by A. 
 Murphy (1761). The principal characters 
 are sir John and lady Restless, sir William 
 Bellmont and his son George, Beverley 
 and his sister Clarissa, Blandford and his 
 daughter Belinda. Sir John and lady Rest- 
 less were wrong in suspecting each other 
 of infidelity, but this misunderstanding 
 made their lives wretched. Beverley was 
 deeply in love with Belinda, and was 
 wrong in his jealousy of her, but Belinda 
 was also wrong in not vindicating herself. 
 She knew that she was innocent, and felt 
 that Beverley ought to trust her, but she 
 gave herself and him needless torment 
 by permitting a misconception to remain 
 which she might have most easily re- 
 moved. The old men were also wrong : 
 Blandford in promising his daughter in 
 marriage to sir William Bellmont's son, 
 seeing she loved Beverley ; and sirWilliam, 
 in accepting the promise, seeing his son 
 was plighted to Clarissa. A still further 
 complication of wrong occurs. Sir John 
 wrongs Beverley in believing him to be 
 intriguing with his wife ; and lady Rest- 
 less wrongs Belinda in supposing that 
 she coquets with her husband ; both were 
 pure mistakes, all were in the wrong, but 
 all in the end were set right. 
 
 Wronghead (Sir Francis), of Bum- 
 per Hall, and M.P. for Guzzledown ; a 
 country squire, who comes to town for 
 the season with his Avife, son, and eldest 
 daughter. Sir Francis attends the House, 
 but gives his vote on the wrong side ; 
 and he spends his money on the hope of 
 obtaining a place under Government. His 
 wife spends about £100 a day on objects 
 of no use. His son is on the point of 
 marrying the "cast mistress" of a 
 swindler, and his daughter of marrying 
 a forger ; but Manly interferes to pre- 
 vent these fatal steps, and sir Francis 
 returns home to prevent utter ruin. 
 
 Lady Wronghead, wife of sir Francis ; 
 a country dame, who comes to London, 
 where she squanders money on worthless 
 objects, and expects to get into "society." 
 
WURZBURG. 
 
 1121 
 
 XAVIER DE BELSUNCE. 
 
 Happily, she is persuaded by Manly to 
 return home before the affairs of her hus- 
 band are wholly desperate. 
 
 Squire Richard [ Wrong head] , eldest 
 son of sir Francis, a country bumpkin. 
 
 Miss Jenny [ Wronghead] , eldest 
 daughter of sir Francis ; a silly girl, who 
 thinks it would be a fine thing to be 
 called a "countess," and therefore be- 
 comes the dupe of one Basset, a swindler, 
 who calls himself a " count." — Vanbrugh 
 and Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1726). 
 
 "Wurzburg on the Stein, Hochheim 
 on the Main, and Bacharach on the Rhine 
 grow the three best wines of Germany. 
 The first is called Steinwine, the second 
 hock, and the third muscadine. 
 
 "Wyat. Henry Wyat was imprisoned 
 by Richard III., and when almost 
 starved, a cat appeared at the window- 
 grating, and dropped a dove into his 
 hand. This occurred day after day, and 
 TVyat induced the warder to cook for 
 him the doves thus wonderfully obtained. 
 
 Elijah the Tishbite, while he lay hidden 
 at the brook Cherith, was fed by ravens, 
 who brought "bread and flesh" every 
 morning and evening. — 1 Kings xvii. 6. 
 
 Wylie (Andrew), ex-clerk of bailie 
 Nicol Jarvie. — Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy 
 (time, George I.). 
 
 Wynebgwr timelier, the shield 
 of king Arthur. — T/ie Mabinogion 
 (" Kilhwch and Olwen," twelfth cen- 
 tury). 
 
 Wynkyn de "Worde, the second 
 printer in London (from 1491-1584). 
 The first was Caxton (from 1476-1491). 
 Wynkyn de Worde assisted Caxton in 
 the new art of printing. 
 
 Wyo'ming, in Pennsylvania, pur- 
 chased by an American company from 
 the Delaware Indians. It was settled by 
 an American colony, but being subject 
 to constant attacks from the savages, the 
 colony armed in self-defence. In 1778 
 most of the able-bodied men were called 
 to join the army of Washington, and in 
 the summer of that year an army of 
 British and Indian allies, led by colonel 
 Butler, attacked the settlement, mas- 
 sacred the inhabitants, and burnt their 
 houses to the ground. 
 
 * + * Campbell has made this the subject 
 of a poem entitled Gertrude of Wyoming, 
 but he miscalls the place Wy'oming, and 
 makes Brandt, instead of Butler, the 
 leader of the attack. 
 
 On Susquehana's side fair Wy'oming, 
 . . . once the loveliest land of all 
 That see the Atlantic wave their morn restore. 
 Campbell, Gertrude of Wyominj, i. (1809). 
 
 Wyvill (William de), a steward of 
 the field at the tournament. — Sir W. 
 Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Xan'adu, a city mentioned by Cole- 
 ridge in his Kubla Khan. The idea of 
 this poem is borrowed from the Pilgrimage 
 by Purchas (1613), where Xanadu is 
 called " Xaindu." It is said to have 
 occurred to Coleridge in a dream, but the 
 dream was that of memory only. 
 
 Xanthos, the horse of Achilles. He 
 spoke with a human voice, like Balaam's 
 ass, Adrastos's horse (Arion), Fortunio's 
 horse (Comrade), Mahomet's "horse" (Al 
 Borak), Saleh's camel, the dog of the 
 seven sleepers (Katmir), the black pigeons 
 of Dodona and Amnion, the king of 
 serpents (Temliha), the serpent which 
 was cursed for tempting Eve, the talk- 
 ing bird called bulbul-hezar, the little 
 green bird of princess Fairstar, the White 
 Cat, cum quibusdam aliis. 
 
 The mournful Xanthus (says the bard of old) 
 Of Peleus' warlike son the fortune told. 
 Peter Pindar [Dr. WolcotJ, The Lovsiad, v. (1S09). 
 
 Xantippe (3 syl.), wife of Socrates ; 
 proverbial fora scolding, nagging, peevish 
 wife. One day, after storming at the 
 philosopher, she emptied a vessel of dirty 
 water on his head, whereupon Socrates 
 simply remarked, "Aye, aye, we always 
 look for rain after thunder." 
 
 Xantip'pe (3 syl.), daughter of Cimo'nos. 
 She preserved the life of her old father in 
 prison by suckling him. The guard mar- 
 velled that the old man held out so long, 
 and, watching for the solution, discovered 
 the fact. 
 
 Euphrasia, daughter of Evander, pre- 
 served her aged father while in prison 
 in a similar manner. (See Grecian 
 Daughter.) 
 
 Xavier de Belsunee (H. Francois), 
 immortalized by his self-devotion in ad- 
 ministering to the plague-stricken at 
 Marseilles (1720-22). 
 
 *** Other similar examples are Charles 
 4 c 
 
XENOCRATES. 
 
 1122 
 
 YARROW. 
 
 Borro'meo, cardinal and archbishop of 
 Milan (1538-1584). St. Roche, who died 
 in 1327 from the plague caught by him 
 in his indefatigable, labours in minister- 
 ing to the plague-stricken at Piacenza. 
 Mompesson was equally devoted to the 
 people of Eyain. Our own sir John 
 Lawrence, lord mayor of London, is less 
 known, but ought to be held in equal 
 honour, for supporting 40,000 dismissed 
 servants in the great plague. 
 
 Xenoc'rates (4 syl.), a Greek philo- 
 sopher. The courtezan Lais made a 
 heavy bet that she would allure him from 
 his " prudery ; " but after she had tried 
 all her arts on him without success, she 
 exclaimed. " I thought he had been a 
 living man, and not a mere stone." 
 
 Do you think I am Xenocrates, or like the sultan with 
 marble legs? There you leave me tete-d-t4te with Mrs. 
 Haller, as if my heart were a mere flint. — Benjamin 
 (Thompson, The Stranger, tv. 2 1797). 
 
 Xerxes denounced. — See Plu- 
 tarch, Life of IViemistocles, art. "Sea- 
 Fights of Artemisium and Salamis!" 
 
 Minerva on Uie bounding prow 
 Of Athens stood, and with the ttiunder's voice 
 Denounced her terrors on their impious heads [the 
 
 Persians], 
 And shook her burning aegis. Xerxes saw. 
 From Heracle'um on the mountain's height. 
 Throned in her golden car, he knew the sign 
 Celestial, felt unrighteous hope forsake 
 His faltering heart, and turned his face with shame. 
 Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1707). 
 
 Xime'na, daughter of count do. Gor- 
 mez. The count was slain by the Cid for 
 insulting his father. Four times Ximena 
 demanded vengeance of the king ; but the 
 king, perceiving that the Cid was in love 
 with her, delayed vengeance, and ulti- 
 mately she married him. 
 
 Xit, the royal dwarf of Edward VI. 
 
 Xury, a Moresco boy, servant to 
 Robinson Crusoe. — Defoe, Adventures of 
 Mubhison Ci-uaoe (1719). 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y, called the " Samian letter." It 
 was used by Pythagoras of Samos as a 
 symbol of the path of virtue, which is 
 one, like the stem of the letter, but once 
 deviated from, the further the two lines 
 are carried the wider the divergence be- 
 comes. 
 
 Ya'hoo, one of the human brutes 
 subject to the Houyhnhnms [ Whin.hims] 
 or horses possessed of human intelligence. 
 In this tale, the horses and men change 
 places : the horses are the chief and ruling 
 race, and man the subject one. — Swift, 
 Gulliver's Travels (1726). 
 
 Yajui and Majuj,the Arabian form 
 of Gog and Magog. Gog is a tribe of 
 Turks, and Magog of the Gilan (the Geli 
 or Gelae of Ptolemy and Strabo). Al 
 Beidawi says they were man-eaters. 
 Dhu'lkarnein made a rampart of red-hot 
 metal to keep out their incursions. 
 
 He said to the workmen, "Bring me iron in large 
 pieces till it fill up the space between these two moun- 
 tains . . . [then] blow with your bellows till it make the 
 iron red hot" And he said further, " Bring me molten 
 brass Uiat I may pour upon it." When this wall was 
 finished, Gog and Magog could not scale it, neither could 
 they dig through it — Al Kordn, xviii. 
 
 Yakutsk, in Siberia, affords an exact 
 parallel to the story about Carthage. 
 Dido, having purchased in Africa as much 
 land as could be covered with a bull's 
 hide, ordered the hide to be cut into thin 
 slips, and thus enclosed land enough to 
 build Byrsa upon. This By rsa ("bull's 
 hide ") was the citadel of Carthage, round 
 which the city grew. 
 
 So with Yakutsk. The strangers bought 
 as much land as they could encompass 
 with a cow-hide, but, by cutting the hide 
 into slips, they encompassed enough land 
 to build a city on. 
 
 Yama, a Hindu deity, represented by 
 a man with four arms riding on a bull. 
 
 Thy great birth, O horse, is to be glorified, whether 
 first springing from the firmament or from the water, 
 innsmucb as thou hast neighed, thou hast the wings of the 
 falcon, thou hast the limbs of the deer. Trita harnessed 
 the horse which was given by Varna; Indra first mounted 
 him ; Gaudharba seized his reins. Vasus, you fabricated 
 the horse from the sun. Thou, O horse, art Yama ; thou 
 artAdit>a; thou art Trita; Uiou art Soma.— The Jiig 
 Veda, ii. » 
 
 Ya'men, lord and potentate of Panda- 
 Ion (hell).— Hindu Mythology. 
 
 What worse than this hath Yamen's hell in store? 
 Southey, Curse of Kehama, ii. (1800). 
 
 Yar'ico, a young Indian maiden with 
 whom Thomas Inkle fell in love. After 
 living with her as his wife, he despicably 
 sold her in Barbadoes as a slave. 
 
 *** The story is told by sir Richard 
 Steele in The Spectator, 11 ; and has been 
 dramatized by George Column under the 
 title of Inkle and Yarico (1787). 
 
 Yarrow or Achille'a Millefolium. 
 Linnaeus recommends the bruised leaves 
 of common yarrow as a most excellent 
 vulnerary and powerful styptic. 
 
 [The hermit gathers] 
 The yarrow, wherewithall lie stops the wound-made gora. 
 Drayton, folyolUon, xiiL (1613). 
 
YARROW. 
 
 1123 
 
 YEW IN CHURCHYARDS. 
 
 Farrow (The Flower of). Mary Scott 
 was so called. 
 
 Yathreb, the ancient name of 
 Medina. 
 
 When a party of them said, " inhabitants of Yathreb, 
 there is noplace of security for you here, wherefore return 
 home ;" a part of them asked leave of the prophet to depart. 
 — A I Koran, xxxiii. 
 
 Yellow Dwarf (The), a malignant, 
 ugly imp, who claimed the princess All- 
 fair as his bride ; and carried her off to 
 Steel Castle on his Spanish cat, the very 
 day she was about to be married to the 
 beautiful king of the Gold-Mines. The 
 king of the Gold-Mines tried to rescue her, 
 and was armed by a good siren with a 
 diamond sword of magic power, by which 
 he made his way through every difficulty 
 to the princess. Delighted at seeing his 
 betrothed, he ran to embrace her, and 
 dropped his sword. Yellow Dwarf, 
 picking it up, demanded if Gold-Mine 
 would resign the lady, and on his refusing 
 to do so, slew him with the magic sword. 
 The princess, rushing forward to avert the 
 blow, fell dead on the body of her dying 
 lover. 
 
 Yellow Dwarf was so called from his complexion, and 
 the orange tree he lived in. . . . He wore wooden shoes, 
 a coarse, yellow stuff jacket, and had no hair to hide his 
 large ears. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The 
 Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 
 
 Yellow River ( The) . The Tiber was 
 called Flavus TiOeris, because the water is 
 much discoloured with yellow sand. 
 
 Vorticibus rapidis et multa flavus arena. 
 
 VirgiL 
 While flows the Yellow River, 
 
 While stands the Sacred Hill, 
 The proud Ides of Quintilis [\5th July] 
 Shall have such honour still. 
 Macaulay, Lays ("Battle of the Lake Regillus,' 1 1S42). 
 
 *** The "Sacred Hill" (Mons Sacer), 
 so called because it was held sacred by the 
 Roman people, who retired thither, led by 
 Sicinius, and refused to return home till 
 their debts were remitted, and tribunes of 
 the people were made recognized magis- 
 trates of Rome. On the loth July was 
 fought the battle of the lake Regillus, 
 and the anniversary was kept by the 
 Romans as a. fete day. 
 
 Yellow River of China is so called from 
 its colour. The Chinese have a proverb : 
 Such and such a thing will occur when the 
 Yellow River runs clear, i.e. never. 
 
 Yellow "Water ( The), a water which 
 possessed this peculiar property : If only 
 a few drops were put into a basin, no 
 matter how large, it would produce a 
 complete and beautiful fountain, which 
 would always fill the basin and never 
 overflow it. — Arabian Nights. 
 
 In the fairy tale of Chcry and Fair star, 
 by the comtesse D'Aunoy, "the dancing 
 water" did the same (1682). 
 
 Much of Bacon's life was passed in a visionary world 
 . . . amidst buildings more sumptuous than the palace of 
 Aladdin, and fountains more wonderful than the golden 
 water of Parizade Iq.e.]. — Macaulay. 
 
 Yellowley (Mr. Triptolemus), the 
 factor, an experimental agriculturist of 
 Stourburgh or Harfra. 
 
 Mistress Baby or Barbary Yellowley, 
 sister and housekeeper of Triptolemus. 
 
 Old Jasper Yellowley, father of Trip- 
 tolemus and Barbarv.— Sir W. Scott, The 
 Pirate (time, William III.). 
 
 Yellowness, jealousy. Nym says 
 (referring to Ford), " I will possess him 
 with yellowness." — Shakespeare, Merry 
 Wives of Windsor, act i. sc. 4 (1601). 
 
 Ye 'men, Arabia Felix. 
 
 Beautiful are the maids that glide 
 On summer eves through Yemen's dales. 
 T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (" The Fire-Worshippers," 1817). 
 
 Yenadiz'ze, an idler, a gambler ; 
 also an Indian fop. 
 
 With my nets you never help me ; 
 At the door my nets are hanging. 
 Go and wring them, yenadizze. 
 
 Longfellow, Hiawatha, vi. (1855). 
 
 Yendys (Sudney), the nom deplume of 
 Sydney Dobelf( 1824- ). 
 
 *** "Yendys" is merely the word 
 Sydney reversed. 
 
 Yem'ti, son of Quiara and MonnSma. 
 His father and mother were of the Guarani 
 race, and the only ones who escaped a 
 smail-pox plague which infested that part 
 of Paraguay. Yeruti was born after his 
 parents migrated to the Mondai woods, 
 but his father was killed by a jaguar just 
 before the birth of Mooma (his sister). 
 When grown to youthful age, a Jesuit 
 pastor induced the three to come and live 
 at St. Joachin, where was a primitive 
 colony of some 2000 souls. Here the 
 mother soon died from the confinement 
 of city life. Mooma followed her ere 
 long to the grave. Yeruti now requested 
 to be baptized, and no sooner was the 
 rite over, than he cried, " Ye are come 
 for me ! I am quite ready ! " and instantly 
 expired. — Southey, A Tale of Paraguay 
 (1814). 
 
 Yew in Churchyards. The yew 
 
 was substituted for "the sacred palm," 
 because palm trees are not of English 
 growth. 
 
 But for encheson, that we have not olyve that berith 
 grained leef, algate therefore we take ewe instead of pal me 
 and olyve.— Caxton, Directory for Keeping Festival* 
 (1483). 
 
YEZATj. 
 
 1124 
 
 YORKSHIRE TRAGEDY. 
 
 Yezad or Yezdam, called by the 
 Greeks Oroma'zes (4 syl.), the principle 
 of good in Persian mythology, opposed 
 to Ahriman or Arimannis the principle of 
 evil. Yezad created twenty-four good 
 spirits, and, to keep them from the power 
 of the evil one, enclosed them in an egg ; 
 but Ahriman pierced the shell, and hence 
 there is no good without some admixture 
 of evil. 
 
 Yezd (1 syl.), chief residence of the 
 fire-worshippers. Stephen says they have 
 kept alive the sacred fire on mount Ater 
 Quedah ("mansion of fire") for above 
 3000 years, and it is the ambition of every 
 true fire-worshipper to die within the 
 sacred city. 
 
 From Yezd's eternal " Mansion of the Fire," 
 Where aged saints in dreams of heaven expire. 
 T. Moore, Lalla Kookh (" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 
 
 Ygerne \_E.gern'~\, wife of GorloYs 
 lord of Tintag'il Castle, in Cornwall. 
 King Uther tried to seduce her, but Ygerne 
 resented the insult ; whereupon Uther 
 and Gorloi's fought, and the latter Avas 
 slain. Uther then besieged Tintagil 
 Castle, took it, and compelled Ygerne to 
 become his wife. Nine months after- 
 wards, Uther died, and on the same day 
 was Arthur born. 
 
 Then Uther, in his wrath and heat, besieged 
 Ygerne within Tintagil . . . and entered in . . . 
 Enforced she was to « ed him in her tears, 
 And with a shameful swiftness. 
 
 Tennyson, Coming of A rtUur. 
 
 Ygg'drasil', the great ash tree which 
 binds together heaven, earth, and hell. 
 Its branches extend over the whole earth, 
 its top reaches heaven, and its roots hell. 
 The three Nomas or Fates sit under the 
 tree, spinning the events of man's life. — 
 Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 By the Urdar fount dwelling, 
 
 Day by day from the" rill, 
 The Nomas besprinkle 
 
 The ash YggdrasiL 
 
 Lord Lytton, Harold, viii. (1850). 
 
 Yguerne. (See Ygkrne.) 
 
 Yn'iol, an earl of decayed fortune, 
 father of Enid. He was ousted from his 
 earldom by his nephew Ed'vrn (son of 
 Nudd), called "The Sparrow-Hawk." 
 When Edyrn was overthrown by prince 
 Geraint' in single combat, he was com- 
 pelled to restore the earldom to his uncle. 
 He is described in the Mabinogion as "a 
 hoarj'-headed man, clad in tattered gar- 
 ments." — Tennyson, Idylls of the King 
 ("Enid"). 
 
 He says to Geraint : " I lost a great earldom as well as a 
 city and castle, and this is how I lost them : I had 
 a nephew, . . . and when he came to his strength he 
 demanded of me his property, but I withheld it from him. 
 
 So he made war upon me, and wrested from me all that 
 I possessed."— The Mabinogion ("Geraint, the Son of 
 Erbin," twelfth century). 
 
 Yoglan (Zacharias), the old Jew 
 chemist, in London. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 
 
 Yohak, the giant guardian of the 
 caves of Babylon.— Southey, Thalaba the 
 Destroyer, v. (1797). 
 
 Yor'ick, the king of Denmark's jester ; 
 "a fellow of infinite jest and most ex- 
 cellent fancy." — Shakespeare. Hamht 
 Prince of Denmark (1596). 
 
 Yorick, a humorous and careless parson, 
 of Danish origin, and a descendant of 
 Yorick mentioned in Shakespeare's Ham- 
 let. — Sterne, Trist?-am Shandy (1759). 
 
 Yorick, the lively, witty, sensible, and heedless parson, 
 is . . . Sterne himself.— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Yorick (Mr.), the pseudonym of the 
 Rev. Laurence Sterne, attached to his 
 Sentimental Journey through France and 
 Italy (17G8). 
 
 York, according to legendary history, 
 was built by Ebrauc, son of Gwendolen 
 widow of king Locrin. Geoffrey says it 
 was founded while "David reigned in 
 Judaea," and was called Caer-brauc. — 
 British History, ii. 7 (1142). 
 
 York (New), United States, America, 
 is so called in compliment to the duke of 
 York, afterwards James II. It had been 
 previously called " New Amsterdam " by 
 the Dutch colonists, but when in 1064 its 
 governor, Stuyvesant, surrendered to the 
 English, its name was changed. 
 
 York (Geoffrey archbishop of), one of 
 the high justiciaries of England in the 
 absence of Richard Cceur de Lion. — Sir 
 W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard 
 I.). 
 
 York (James duke of), introduced by 
 sir W. Scott in Woodstock and in Peveril 
 of the Peak. 
 
 Yorke (Oliver), pseudonym of Francis 
 Sylvester Mahony, editor of Eraser's 
 Magazine. It is still edited under the 
 same name. 
 
 Yorkshire Bite (A), a specially 
 'cute piece of overreaching, entrapping 
 one into a profitless bargain. The monkey 
 who ate the oyster and returned a shell to 
 each litigant affords a good example. 
 
 Yorkshire Tragedy (The), author 
 unknown (1604), was at one time printed 
 with the name of Shakespeare. 
 
YOUNG. 
 
 1125 
 
 YSOLDE. 
 
 Young'. "Whom the gods love die 
 young." — Herodotos, History. (See Notes 
 and Queries, October 5, 1879.) 
 
 *** Quoted bv lord Bvron in reference 
 to Haidee.— Bon Juan, iv. 12 (1820). 
 
 Young America. J. G. Holland 
 says: "What we call Young America is 
 made up of about equal parts of irre- 
 verence, conceit, and that popular moral 
 quality familiarly known as brass." 
 
 Young Chevalier {The), Charles 
 Edward Stuart, grandson of James II. 
 He was the second pretender (1720- 
 1788). 
 
 Young England, a set of young 
 aristocrats, who tried to revive the courtly 
 manners of the Chesterfield school. They 
 wore white waistcoats, patronized the pet 
 poor, looked down upon shopkeepers, and 
 were imitators of the period of Louis XIY. 
 Disraeli has immortalized their ways and 
 manners. 
 
 Young Germany, a literary school, 
 headed by Heinrich Heine [_Hi.ni/'], whose 
 aim was to liberate politics, religion, and 
 manners from the old conventional tram- 
 mels. 
 
 Young Ireland, followers of Daniel 
 O'Connell in politics, but wholly opposed 
 to his abstention from war and insur- 
 rection in vindication of "their country's 
 rights." 
 
 Young Italy, certain Italian re- 
 fugees, who associated themselves with 
 the French republican party, called the 
 Carbonnerie Democratiquc. The society 
 was first organized at Marseilles by Maz- 
 zini, and its chief object was to diffuse 
 republican principles. 
 
 Young Roseius, William Henry 
 West Betty. When only 1 2 years old, he 
 made £34,000 in fifty-six nights. He 
 appeared in 1803, and very wisely retired 
 from the stage in 1807 (1791-1874). 
 
 Young-and-Handsome, a beauti- 
 ful fairy, who fell in love with Alidorus 
 "the lovely shepherd." Mordicant, an 
 ugly fairy, also loved him, and confined 
 him in a dungeon. Zephyrus loved 
 Young-and-Handsome, but when he found 
 no reciprocity, he asked the fairy how he 
 could best please her. ' ' By liberating the 
 lovely shepherd," she replied. " Fairies, 
 you know, have no power oyer fairies, but 
 you, being a god, have full power oyer 
 the whole race." Zephyrus complied with 
 this request, and restored Alidorus to the 
 Castle of Flowers, when Young-and- 
 
 Handsome bestowed on him perpetual 
 youth, and married him. — Comtesse 
 D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("Young-and- 
 Handsome," 1682). 
 
 Youwarkee, the name of the gawrey 
 that Peter Wilkins married. She in- 
 troduced the seaman to Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
 the land of flvinsc men and women. — R. 
 Tultock, Peter Wilkins (1750). 
 
 Ysaie le Triste [E.say' le Trecst], 
 son of Tristram and Isold (wife of king 
 Mark of Cornwall). The adventures of 
 this young knight form the subject of a 
 French romance called Isaie le Triste 
 (1522). 
 
 I did not think it necessary to contemplate the exploits 
 . . . with the gravity of Isaie le Triste. — Dunlop. 
 
 Ysolde or Ysonde (2 syl.), sur- 
 named "The Fair," daughter of the king 
 of Ireland. When sir Tristram was 
 wounded in fighting for his uncle Mark, 
 he went to Ireland, and was cured by the 
 Fair Ysolde. On his return to Cornwall, 
 he gave his uncle such a glowing account 
 of the young princess that he was sent 
 to propose offers of marriage, and to con- 
 duct the lady to Cornwall. The brave 
 young knight and the fair damsel fell in 
 love with each other on their voyage, 
 and, although Ysolde married king Mark, 
 she retained to the end her love for sir 
 Tristram. King Mark, jealous of his 
 nephew, banished him from Cornwall, 
 and he went to Wales, Ayhere he per- 
 formed prodigies of valour. In time, his 
 uncle invited him back to Cornwall, but, 
 the guilty intercourse being renewed, he 
 was banished a second time. Sir Tris- 
 tram now wandered over Spain, Ermonie, 
 and Brittany, winning golden opinions 
 by his exploits. In Brittany, he married 
 the king's daughter, Ysolde or Ysonde of 
 the WItite Hand, but neither loved her nor 
 lived with her. The rest of the tale is 
 differently told by different authors. 
 Some say he returned to Cornwall, re- 
 newed his love with Ysolde the Fair, and 
 was treacherously stabbed by his uncle 
 Mark. Others say he was severely 
 wounded in Brittany, and sent for his 
 aunt, but died before her arrival. When 
 Ysolde the Fair heard of his death, she 
 died of a broken heart, and king Mark 
 buried them both in one grave, over which 
 he planted a rose bush and a vine. 
 
 Ysolde or Ysonde or Ysolt of the 
 White Hand, daughter of the king of 
 Brittany. Sir Tristram married her for 
 her name's sake, but never loved her nor 
 lived with her, because he loved his aunt 
 
YTENE. 
 
 1126 
 
 ZACHARIA. 
 
 Ysolde the Fair (the young wife of king 
 Mark), and it was a point of chivalry for 
 a knight to love only one woman, whether 
 widow, wife, or maid. 
 
 Ytene {E.tee'.ne], New Forest, in 
 Hampshire. 
 
 So when two boars in wild YtenS bred. 
 
 Or on Westphalia's fattening chestnuts fed. 
 
 Gnash their sharp tusks, and roused with equal fire, 
 
 Dispute the reign of some luxurious mire. 
 
 In the black flood they wallowoer and o'er, 
 
 Till their armed jaws distill with foam and gore. 
 
 Gay, Trivia, iii. 45 (1712). 
 
 Yuhid/thiton, chief of the Az'tecas, 
 the mightiest in battle and wisest in 
 council. He succeeded Co'anocot'zin (5 
 syl.) as king of Hh% tribe, and led the 
 people from the south of the Missouri to 
 Mexico. — Southey, Madoc (1805). 
 
 Yule (1 syl.), Christmas-time. 
 
 I craved leave no longer, but till Yewle. 
 
 G. Gascoigne, The FYuitet of Warn;, 115 (died 1557). 
 
 Ywaine and Gawin, the English 
 version of " Owain and the Lady of the 
 Fountain." The English version was 
 taken from the French of Chrestien de 
 Troves, and was published by Ritson 
 (twelfth century). The Welsh tale is in 
 the Mabinogion. There is also a German 
 version by Hartmann von der Aue, a 
 minnesinger (beginning of ' thirteenth 
 century). There are also Bavarian and 
 Danish versions. 
 
 Yvetot \_Eve.toe], a town in Nor- 
 mandy ; the lord of the town was called 
 le roi oV Yvetot. The tale is that Clotaire 
 son of Clovis, having slain the lord of 
 Yvetot before the high altar of Soissons, 
 made atonement to the heirs by con- 
 ferring on them the title of king. In the 
 sixteenth century the title was exchanged 
 for that of prince souverain, and the 
 whole fictiou was dropped not long after. 
 Beranger has a poem called " Le Roi 
 d' Yvetot," which is understood to be a 
 satirical fling at the great Napoleon. 
 The following is the first stanza : 
 
 II etait un roi Yvetot 
 
 Peu connu dans l'histoire; 
 Se levant tard, se couchant tOt, 
 
 Dormant, fort bien sans gloire, 
 Et couronne par Jeanneton 
 D*un simple bonnet de coton. 
 
 Dit on : 
 Oh 1 oh ! oh ! oh ! Ah ! ah 1 ah ! ah ! 
 Quel bon petit roi e'etait; la 1 la 1 la I 
 
 Beranger. 
 A king there was, " roi d' Yvetot" clept, 
 
 But little known in story, 
 Went, soon to bed, till next day slept, 
 
 And soundly without glory. 
 His royal brow in cotton cap, 
 Would Jannet, when he took his nap, 
 
 Enwrap. 
 Oh J oh 1 oh I oh 1 Ah ! ah ! ah I ah ! 
 A famous king he ; La 1 la ! la 1 E. C. B. 
 
 Zabarell, a learned Italian com- 
 mentator on works connected with the 
 Aristotelian system of philosophy (1533- 
 1589). 
 
 And still I held converse with Zabarell . . . 
 Stufft noting-books ; and still my spaniel slept. 
 At length he waked and yawned ; and by yon s 
 For aught I know, he knew as much as I. 
 
 Marston (died 1634). 
 
 Zabidius, the name in Martial for 
 which "Dr. Fell" was substituted by 
 Tom Brown, when set by the dean of 
 Christ Church to translate the lines : 
 
 Non amo te, Zabidi, nee possum dicere quare , 
 Hoc tantum possum dicere. non amo te. 
 I love thee not, Zabidius — 
 
 Yet cannot tell thee why : 
 But this I may most truly say, 
 1 love thee not, not I. 
 
 E C. B. 
 
 Imitated thus : 
 
 I do not like thee. Dr. Ftll— 
 The reason why, I cannot tell ; 
 But this I know, and know full well, 
 I do not like thee, Dr. Fell. 
 Tom Brown (author of Dialogues if the Dead). 
 
 Zabir (Al). So the Mohammedans 
 call mount Sinai. 
 
 When Moses came at our appointed time, and his Lord 
 spake unto him, he said, "0 Lord, show me thy glory, 
 that I may behold thee;" and God answered, "Thou 
 shalt in no wise behold me; but look towards this 
 mountain [A I Zabir], and if it stand firm in its place then 
 shalt thou see me." But when the Lord appeared with 
 glory, the mount was reduced to dust.— Al Kor&n, vii. 
 
 Zab'ulon, a Jew, the servant of Hip- 
 polyta a rich lady wantonly in love 
 with Arnoldo. Arnoldo is contracted to 
 the chaste Zeno'cia, who, in turn, is 
 basely pursued by the governor count 
 Clo'dio. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
 Custom of the Country (1647). 
 
 Zab'ulus, same as Diabolus. 
 
 Gay sport have we had to-night with Zabulu.v 
 
 Lord Lytton, Barold, viii. (1850). 
 
 Zaccoc'ia, king of Mozambique, who 
 received Vasco da Gama and his crew 
 with great hospitality, believing them to be 
 Mohammedans ; but when he ascertained 
 that they were Christians, he tried to 
 destroy them. — Camoens, Lusiad. i., ii. 
 (1569). 
 
 Zacharia, one of the three ana- 
 baptists who induced John of Leyden to 
 join the revolt of Westphalia and Hol- 
 land. On the arrival of the emperor, the 
 anabaptists betrayed their dupe, but 
 perished with him in the flames of the 
 burning palace. — Meyerbeer, Le Prophets 
 (1849). 
 
ZADIG. 
 
 1127 
 
 ZANGA. 
 
 Zadig, the hero and title of a novel 
 by Voltaire. Zadig is a wealthy young 
 Babylonian, and the object of the novel 
 is to show that the events of life are 
 beyond human control. 
 
 Zad.Td.el (3 syl.), angel of the planet 
 Jupiter.— Jewish Mythology. 
 
 Zad'kiel, the pseudonym of lieutenant 
 Richard James Morrison, author of Pro- 
 phetic Almanac, Handbook of Astrology, 
 etc. 
 
 Zadoe, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, is Sancroft archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 Zadoc the priest, whom shunning power and place, 
 His lowly mind advanced to Darid"c grace. 
 
 Pt. i. (1681). 
 
 Zaide (2 syl.), a young slave, who pre- 
 tends to have been ill-treated by Adraste 
 (2 syl.), and runs to don Pedre for protec- 
 tion. Don Pedre sends her into the 
 house, while he expostulates Avith Adraste 
 "for his brutality." Now, Adraste is in 
 love with Isidore, a Greek slave kept by 
 don Pedre, and when Zaide is called forth, 
 Isidore appears dressed in Zai'de's clothes. 
 "There," says don Pedre, "take her 
 home, and use her well." " I will," says 
 Adraste, and leads off Isidore. — Moliere, 
 Le Sicilien ou IS Amour Peintre (1667). 
 
 Zaira, the mother of Eva Wentworth. 
 She is a brilliant Italian, courted by de 
 Courcy. When deceived by him, she 
 meditates suicide, but forbears, and sees 
 Eva die tranquilly, and the faithless de 
 Courcy perish of remorse. — Rev. C. R. 
 Maturin, Women (a novel, 1822). 
 
 Zakkum or Al Zakkum, the tree of 
 death, rooted in hell, as the tree of life 
 was in Eden. It is called in the Koran 
 " the cursed tree " (ch. xvii.). The fruit 
 is extremely bitter, and any great evil or 
 bitter draught is figuratively called al 
 Zakkum. The damned eat its bitter 
 fruits and drink scalding hot water 
 (ch. xxxvii.). 
 
 The unallayable bitterness 
 Of Zaccoum's fruit accurst 
 Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, vil. 16 (1797). 
 Is this a better entertainment, or is it of the tree al 
 Zakkum?— Al Kor&n, xxxvii. 
 
 Zala, a peculiar ceremony of saluta- 
 tion amongst the Moors. 
 
 Zambo, the issue of an Indian and a 
 negro 
 
 Zambullo (Don Cleopfias Leandro 
 Perez), the person carried through the 
 air by Asmodeus to the steeple of St. 
 
 Salvador, and shown, in a moment of 
 time, the interior of every private dwell- 
 ing around. — Lesage, The Devil on Two 
 Sticks (1707). 
 
 Cleaving the air at a greater rate than don Cleophas 
 Leandro Perez Zambullo and his familiar. — C. Dickens, 
 The Old Curiosity Shop (1S40). 
 
 Zam'harir' (Al), that extreme cold 
 to which the wicked shall be exposed 
 after they leave the flames of hell or have 
 drunk of the boiling water there. — Sale, 
 Al Koran, vi. (notes). 
 
 Zam'ora, youngest of the three 
 daughters of Balthazar. She is in love 
 with Rolando, a young soldier, who fancies 
 himself a woman-hater, and in order to 
 win him she dresses in boy^s clothes, and 
 becomes his page, under the name of 
 Eugenio. In this character, Zamorawins 
 the heart of the young soldier by her 
 fidelity, tenderness, and affection. Whsn 
 the proper moment arrives, she assumes 
 her female attire, and Rolando, declaring 
 she is no woman but an angel, marries 
 her.— J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 
 
 Zamti, the Chinese mandarin. His 
 wife was Mandane, and his son Hamet. 
 The emperor of China, when he was about 
 to be put to death by Ti'murkan' the 
 Tartar, committed to Zamti's charge his 
 infant son Zamphimri, and Zamti brought 
 up this "orphan of China" as his own 
 son, under the name of Etan. Twenty- 
 years afterwards, Zamti was put to the 
 rack by Timurkan, and died soon after- 
 wards. — Murphv, The Orphan of China 
 (1761). 
 
 Zanga, the revengeful Moor, the ser- 
 vant of don Alonzo. The Moor hates 
 Alonzo for two reasons : (1) because he 
 killed his father, and (2) because he struck 
 him on the cheek ; and although Alonzo 
 has used every endeavour to conciliate 
 Zanga, the revengeful Moor nurses his 
 hate and keeps it warm. The revenge he 
 wreaks is : (1) to poison the friendship 
 which existed between Alonzo and don 
 Carlos by accusations against the don, 
 and (2) to embitter the love of Alonzo for 
 Leonora his wife. Alonzo, out of jealousy, 
 has his friend killed, and Leonora makes 
 away with herself. Having thus lost his 
 best beloved, Zanga tells his dupe he has 
 been imposed upon, and Alonzo, mad with 
 grief, stabs himself. Zanga, content with 
 the mischief he has done, is taken away 
 to execution. — Edward Young, The Pe- 
 venge (1721). 
 
 *** ' ' Zanga " was the great character of 
 Henry Mossop (1729-1773). It was also 
 
ZANONI. 
 
 1128 
 
 ZEAL. 
 
 a favourite part with J. Kemble (1757- 
 1823). 
 
 Zano'ni, hero and title of a novel by 
 lord Bulwer Lytton. Zanoni is supposed 
 to possess the power of communicating 
 with spirits, prolonging life, and pro- 
 ducing gold, silver, and precious stones 
 (1842). 
 
 Zany of Debate. George Canning 
 was so called by Charles Lamb in a sonnet 
 printed in The Champion newspaper. 
 Posterity has not endorsed the judgment 
 or wit of this ill-natured satire (1770- 
 1827). 
 
 Zaphimri, the "orphan of China," 
 brought up by Zamti, under the name of 
 Etan. 
 
 Ere yet the foe burst in, 
 "Zamti," said he, " preserve my cradled infant; 
 Save him from ruffians ; train his youth to virtue . . ." 
 He could no more ; the cruel spoiler seized him, 
 And dragged my king, from yonder altar dragged him, 
 Here on the blood-stained pavement ; while the queen 
 And her dear fondlings, in one mangled heap, 
 Died in each others' arms. 
 
 Murphy, The Orphan of China, iii. 1 (1761). 
 
 Zaphna, son of Alcanor chief of 
 Mecca. He and his sister Palmira, being 
 taken captives in infancy, were brought 
 up by Mahomet, and Zaphna, not knowing 
 Palmira was his sister, fell in love with 
 her, and was in turn beloved. When 
 Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, he em- 
 ployed Zaphna to assassinate Alcanor, 
 and when he had committed the deed, 
 discovered that it was his own father he 
 had killed. Zaphna would have revenged 
 the deed on Mahomet, but died of poison. 
 ■ — James Miller, Mahomet the Impostor 
 (1740). 
 
 Zara, an African queen, widow of 
 Albuca'cim, and taken captive by Manuel 
 king of Grana'da, who fell in love with 
 her. Zara, however, was intensely in love 
 with Osmyn {alias prince Alphonso of 
 Valentia), also a captive. Alphonso, being 
 privately married to Alme'ria, could not 
 return her love. She designs to liberate 
 Osmyn ; but, seeing a dead body in the 
 prison, fancies it to be that of Osmyn, 
 and kills herself by poison. — W. Congreve, 
 The Mourning Bride (1697). 
 
 %* " Zara" was one of the great cha- 
 racters of Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831). 
 
 Zara (in French Zaire), the heroine 
 and title of a tragedy by Voltaire (1733), 
 adapted for the English stage by Aaron 
 Hill (1735). Zara is the daughter of 
 Lusignan d'Outremer king of Jerusalem 
 and brother of Nerestan. Twenty years 
 ago, Lusignan and his two children 
 
 had been taken captives. Nerestan was 
 four years old at the time ; and Zara, a 
 mere infant, was brought up in the 
 seraglio. Osman the sultan fell in love 
 with her, and promised to make her his 
 sultana ; and as Zara loved him for him- 
 self, her happiness seemed complete. 
 Nerestan, having been 6ent to France to 
 obtain ransoms, returned at this crisis, 
 and Osman fancied that he observed a 
 familiarity between Zara and Nerestan, 
 which roused his suspicions. Several 
 things occurred to confirm them, and at 
 last a letter was intercepted, appointing a 
 rendezvous between them in a " secret 
 passage " of the seraglio. Osman met 
 Zara in the passage, and stabbed her to 
 the heart. Nerestan was soon seized, and 
 being brought before the sultan, told him 
 he had slain his sister, and the sole object 
 of his interview was to inform her of her 
 father's death, and to bring her his dying 
 blessing. Osman now saw his error, 
 commanded all the Christian captives to 
 be set at liberty, and stabbed himself. 
 
 Zaramilla, wife of Tinacrio king of 
 Micomicon, in Egypt. He was told that 
 his daughter would succeed him, that she 
 would be dethroned by the giant Panda- 
 filando, but that she would find in Spain 
 the gallant knight of La Mancha, who 
 would redress her wrongs, and restore her 
 to her throne. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 I. iv. 3 (1605). 
 
 Zaraph, the angel who loved Nam a. 
 It was Nama's desire to love intensely 
 and to love holily, but as she fixed her 
 love on an angel and not on God, she 
 was doomed to abide on earth till the day 
 of consummation ; then both Nama and 
 Zaraph will be received into the realms 
 of everlasting love. — T. Moore, Loves of 
 the Angels (1822). 
 
 Zauberflote (Die), a magic flute, 
 which had the power of inspiring love. 
 When bestowed by the powers of dark- 
 ness, the love it inspired was sensual 
 love ; but when by the powers of light, 
 it became subservient to the very highest 
 and holiest purposes. It guided Tami'no 
 and Pami'na through all worldly dangers 
 to the knowledge of divine truth (or the 
 mysteries of Isis). — Mozart, Die Zauber- 
 flote (1791). 
 
 Zayde, the chief character in a French 
 romance by Bide. Lafayette (seventeenth 
 century). 
 
 Zeal (Arabella), in Shadwcll's comedy 
 The Fair Quaker of Deal (1617). 
 
ZEDEKIAH. 
 
 1129 
 
 ZENOCIA, 
 
 This comedy was altered by E. Thomp- 
 son in 1720. 
 
 Zedekiah, one of general Harrison's 
 servants. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
 Commonwealth) . 
 
 Ze'gris and the Abencerra'ges 
 
 [A'.ven.ce.rah'.ke'], an historical romance, 
 professing to be history, and printed at 
 Alca'la in 1604. It was extremely popu- 
 lar, and had a host of imitations. 
 
 Zeid, Mahomet's freedman. " The 
 ptophet" adopted him as his son, and 
 gave him Zeinab (or Zenobia) for a wife ; 
 but falling in love with her himself, Zeid 
 gave her up to the prophet. She was 
 Mahomet's cousin, and within the pro- 
 hibited degrees, according to the Koran. 
 
 Zeinab or Zexobia, wife of Zeid 
 Mahomet's freedman and adopted son. 
 As Mahomet wished to have ber, Zeid 
 resigned her to the prophet. Zeinab was 
 the daughter of Amima, Mahomet's aunt. 
 
 Zei'nab (2 syl.), wife of Hodei'rah (3 
 syl.) an Arab. She lost her husband and 
 all her children, except one, a boy named 
 Thal'aba. Wear}' of life, the angel of 
 death took her, while Thalaba was yet a 
 vouth. — Southev, Thalaba the Destroyer 
 (1797). 
 
 Zeleu'cus or Zaleucus, a Locren- 
 sian lawgiver, who enacted that adulterers 
 should be deprived of their eyes. His 
 own son being proved guilty, Zeleucus 
 pulled out one of his OAvn eyes, and one 
 of his son's eyes, that "two eyes might 
 be paid to the law." — Valerius Maximus, 
 De Factis Dictisque, v. 5, exl. 3. 
 
 How many now will tread Zeleucus' steps ? 
 
 G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 
 
 Zel'ica, the betrothed of Azim. When 
 it was rumoured that he had been slain in 
 battle, Zelica joined the haram of the Veiled 
 Prophet as " one of the elect of paradise." 
 Azim returned from the wars, discovered 
 her retreat, and advised her to flee with 
 him, but she told him that she was now the 
 prophet's bride. After the death of the 
 prophet, Zelica assumed his veil, and 
 Azim, thinking the veiled figure to be 
 the prophet, rushed on her and killed her. 
 — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (" The Veiled 
 Prophet," etc., 1817). 
 
 Zelis, the daughter of a Persian officer. 
 Sho was engaged to a man in the middle 
 age of life, but just prior to the wedding 
 he forsook her for a richer bride. The 
 father of Zelis challenged him, but was 
 killed. Zelis now took lodging with a 
 courtezan, and went with her to Italy ; 
 
 but when she discovered the evil courses 
 of her companion, she determined to be- 
 come a nun, and started by water for 
 Rome. She was taken captive by cor- 
 sairs, and sold from master to master, 
 till at length Hingpo rescued her, and 
 made her his wife. — Goldsmith, A Citizen 
 of the World (1759). 
 
 Zelma'ne (3 syl.), the assumed 
 name of Pyr'ocles when he put on female 
 attire. — Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia (1590). 
 
 Sir Philip has preserved such a matchless decorum that 
 Pyrocl6s' manhood suffers no stain for the effeminacy of 
 Zelmanfi.— C. Lamb. 
 
 Zelu'co, the only son of a noble 
 Sicilian family, accomplished and fasci- 
 nating, but spoilt by maternal indulgence, 
 and at length rioting in dissipation. In 
 spite of his gaiety of manner, he is a 
 standing testimony that miser}-- accom- 
 panies vice. — Dr. John Moore, Zeluco (a 
 novel, 1786). 
 
 Ze'mia, one of the four who, next in 
 authority to U'riel, preside over our earth. 
 — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748). 
 
 Zemzem, a fountain at Mecca. The 
 Mohammedans say it is the very spring 
 v.'hich God made to slake the thirst of 
 Ishmael, when Hagar was driven into the 
 wilderness by Abraham. A bottle of this 
 water is considered a very valuable pre- 
 sent, even by princes. 
 
 There were also a great many bottles of water from the 
 fountain of Zemzem, at Mecca. — Arabian Jfights I" The 
 Purveyor's Story "). 
 
 Zemzem, a well, where common 
 believers abide, who are not equal to 
 prophets or martyrs. The prophets go 
 direct to paradise, and the latter await 
 the resurrection in the form of green 
 birds. — Al Koran. 
 
 Zenel'ophon, the beggar-girl who 
 married king Cophet'ua of Africa. She 
 is more generally called Penel'ophon. — 
 Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. 
 sc. 1 (1594). 
 
 Zenjebil, a stream in paradise, flowing 
 from the fountain Salsabil. The word 
 means " ginger." 
 
 Their attendants [in paradise] shall go round with 
 vessels of silver, . . . and there shall be given to them to 
 drink cups of wine mixed with the water of Zenjebil.-'- 
 A I Kordn, lxxvi. 
 
 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who 
 claimed the title of " Queen of the East." 
 She was defeated by Aurelian and taken 
 prisoner in a.d. 273. 
 
 Zeno'cia, daughter of Chari'no, and 
 the chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo. 
 While Arnoldo is wantonly loved by the ' 
 
ZEPHALINDA. 
 
 1130 ZEUXIS AND PARRHASIOS. 
 
 rich Hippol'yta, Zenocia is dishonourably 
 pursued by the governor count Clo'dio. — 
 lieauraont and Fletcher, The Custom of 
 the Country (1647). 
 
 Zeph.alin.da, a young lady who has 
 tasted the delights of a London season, 
 taken back to her home in the country, 
 to find enjoyment in needlework, dull 
 aunts, and rooks. 
 
 She went from opera, park, assembly, play, 
 
 To morning walks, and prayers three hours a day ; 
 
 To part her time 'twixt reading and Bohea, 
 
 To muse, and spill her solitary tea, 
 
 O'er her cold coffee trifle with her spoon. 
 
 Count the slow clock, and dine exact at noon. 
 
 Pope, Epistle to Mtis Blount (1715). 
 
 Zeph'on, a cherub who detected Satan 
 squatting in the garden, and brought him 
 before Gabriel the archangel. The word 
 means " searcher of secrets." Milton 
 makes him " the guardian angel of para- 
 dise." 
 
 Ithuriel and Zephon, with winged speed 
 Search thro* this garden, leave unsearched no nook ; 
 But chiefly where those two fair «eatures lodge, 
 Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 788 (1665). 
 
 Zephyr. (See Morgaxe, p. 660.) 
 
 Zerbinette (3 syl.), the daughter of 
 Argante (2 syl.), stolen from her parents 
 bygipsieswhenfouryearsold,and brougbt 
 up by them. Le'andre, the son of seignior 
 Ge'ronte, fell in love with her, and mar- 
 ried her ; but the gipsies would not give 
 her up without being paid £1500. Scapin 
 wrung this money from Ge'ronte, pretend- 
 ing it was to ransom Le'andre, who bad 
 been made a prisoner by some Turks, 
 who intended to sell him in Algiers for a 
 slave unless his ransom was brought 
 within two hours. The old man gave 
 Scapin the money grudgingly, and Scapin 
 passed it over to the gipsies, when a 
 bracelet led to the discovery that Zer- 
 binette was the daughter of seignior 
 Argante, a friend of Le'andre's fatber, 
 and all parties were delighted at the 
 different revelations. — Moliere, Les Four- 
 berks de Scapin (1671). 
 
 %* In the English version, called The 
 Cheats of Scapin, by Thomas Otway, 
 Zerbinette is called "Lucia," her father 
 Argante is called "Thrifty," Le'andre is 
 Anglicized into " Leander," Ge'ronte be- 
 comes " Gripe," and the sum of money is 
 £200. 
 
 Zerbi/no, son of the king of Scotland, 
 and intimate friend of Orlando. — Ariosto, 
 Orlando Furioso (1516). 
 
 Zerli'na, a rustic beauty, about to be 
 married to Masetto, when don Giovanni j 
 
 allured her away under the promise ol 
 making her a fine lady. — Mozart, Don 
 Giovanni (opera, 1787). 
 
 Zerli'na, in Auber's opera of Fra 
 Diavolo (1830). 
 
 Zesbet, daughter of the sage Oucha 
 of Jerusalem. She had four husbands at 
 the same time, viz., Abdal Motallab (the 
 sage), Yaarab (the judge), Abou'teleb (a 
 doctor of law), and Temimdari (a soldier). 
 Zesbet was the mother of the prophet 
 Mahomet. Mahomet appeared to her 
 before his birth in the form of a venerable 
 old man, and said to her : 
 
 " You have found favour before Allab. Look upon me ; 
 I am Mahomet, the great friend of God, he who is to en- 
 lighten the earth. Thy virtues, Zesbet, and thy beauty 
 have made me prefer tnee to all the daughters of Meeca. 
 Thou shalt for the future be named Aminta [sic]." Then, 
 turning to the husbands, he said. "You have seen me; 
 she is yours, and you are hers. Labour, then, with a holy 
 zeal to bring me into the world to enlighten it All men 
 who shall follow the law which I shall preach, may have 
 four wives ; but Zesbet shall be the only woman who 
 shall be lawfully the wife of four husbands at once. It is 
 the least privilege I can grant the woman of whom I 
 choose to be born."— Comte de Cavlus, Oriental Tale* 
 (" History of the Birth of Mahomet," 1743). 
 
 (The mother of Mahomet is generally 
 called Amina, not Aminta.) 
 
 Zeus (1 syl.), the Grecian Jupiter. 
 The word was once applied to the blue 
 firmament, the upper sky, the arch of 
 light ; but in Homeric mythology, Zeus is 
 king of gods and men ; the conscious em- 
 bodiment of the central authority and 
 administrative intelligence which holds 
 states together ; the supreme ruler ; the 
 sovereign source of law and order ; the 
 fountain of justice, and final arbiter of 
 disputes. 
 
 Zeuxis and Parrhas'ios. In a 
 
 contest of skill, Zeuxis painted some 
 grapes so naturally that birds pecked at 
 them. Confident of success, Zeuxis said 
 to his rival, "Now let Parrhasios draw 
 aside his curtain, and show us his pro- 
 duction." "You behold it already," 
 replied Parrhasios, "and have mistaken 
 it for real drapery." Whereupon, the 
 prize was awarded to him, for Zeuxis 
 had deceived the bii-ds, but Parrhasios 
 had deceived Zeuxis. 
 
 Myro's painting of a cow was mis- 
 taken by a herd of bulls for a living 
 animal ; and Apelles's painting of the 
 horse Bucephalos deceived several mares, 
 who ran about it neighing. 
 
 Quixtix Matsys, of Antwerp, fell iu 
 love with Lisa, daughter of Johann Man- 
 dyn ; but Mandyn vowed his daughter 
 should marry only an artist. Matsys 
 studied painting, and brought hi* first 
 
ZILLAH. 
 
 1131 
 
 ZOHAK. 
 
 picture to show Lisa. Mandyn was not 
 at home, but had left a picture of his 
 favourite pupil Frans Floris, represent- 
 ing the " fallen angels," on an easel. 
 Quintin paintad a bee on the outstretched 
 limb, and when Mandyn returned he 
 tried to brush it off, whereupon the de- 
 ception was discovered. The old man's 
 heart was moved, and he gave Quintin 
 his daughter in marriage, saying, "You 
 are a true artist, greater than Johann 
 Mandyn." This painting is in Antwerp 
 Cathedral. 
 
 Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral 
 bo true to life that king Felipe IV., 
 entering the studio, thought the painting 
 was the admiral, and spoke to it as such, 
 reproving the supposed officer for being 
 in the studio wasting his time, when he 
 ought to have been with the fleet. 
 
 Zillah, beloved by Hamuel a brutish 
 sot. Zillah rejected his suit, and Hamuel 
 vowed vengeance. Accordingly, he gave 
 out that Zillah had intercourse with the 
 devil, and she was condemned to be 
 burnt alive. God averted the flames, 
 which consumed Hamuel, but Zillah 
 stood unharmed, and the stake to which 
 she was bound threw forth white roses, 
 " the first ever seen on earth since para- 
 dise was lost." — Southey. (See Rose, 
 p. 845, col. 1, last art.) 
 
 Zimmerman (Adam), the old 
 burgher of Soleure, one of the Swiss 
 deputies to Charles "the Bold" of Bur- 
 gundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Zim'ri, one of the six Wise Men of 
 the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
 
 Zimri taught the people, but they treated him with 
 contempt ; yet, when dying, he prevailed on one of them, 
 and then expired.— Klopstock, The Messiah, v. (1771). 
 
 Zimri, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
 and Achitophel, is the second duke of 
 Buckingham. As Zimri conspired against 
 Asa king of Judah, so the duke of Buck- 
 ingham "formed parties and joined fac- 
 tions." — 1 Kings xvi. 9. 
 
 Some of the chiefs were princes in the land : 
 In the first rank of these did Zimri stand,— 
 A man so various that he seemed to be 
 Not one, but all mankind's epitomfi ; 
 Stiff in opinion, always in the wrong, 
 Was everything by turns, and nothing long. 
 
 Pt. i. (1681). 
 
 ZineTbi (-Mohammed), king of Syria, 
 tributary to the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid ; 
 of very humane disposition. — Arabian 
 lights ("Ganem, the Slave of Love"). 
 
 Zineu/ra, in Boccaccio's Decameron 
 (day 11, ]Nov. 9), is the "Imogen" of 
 
 Shakespeare's Cymbeline. She assumed 
 male attire with the name of Sicurano 
 da Finale (Imogen assumed male attire 
 and the name Fidele) ; Zineura's husband 
 was Bernard Lomellin, and the villain 
 was Ambrose (Imogen's husband was 
 Posthumus Leonatus, and the villain 
 Iachimo). In Shakespeare, the British 
 king Cymbeline takes the place assigned 
 by Boccaccio to the sultan. 
 
 Ziska or Zizka, John of Trocznov, 
 a Bohemian nobleman, leader of the 
 Hussites. He fought under Henry V. at 
 Agincourt. His sister had been seduced 
 by a monk ; and whenever he heard the 
 shriek of a catholic at the stake, he called 
 it "his sister's bridal song." The story 
 goes that he ordered his skin at death to 
 be made into drum-heads (1360-1424). 
 
 %* Some say that John of Trocznov 
 was called " Ziska " because he was "one- 
 eyed ; " but that is a mistake — Ziska was a 
 family name, and does not mean " one- 
 eyed," either in the Polish or Bohemian 
 language. 
 
 For every page of paper shall a hide 
 Of yours be stretched as parcment on a drum 
 Like Ziska'slkin, to beat alarm to all 
 Refractory vassals. 
 
 Byron, Werner, I (1822). 
 But be it as it is, the time may come 
 His name [Napoleon's] shall beat th' alarm like Ziska'i 
 drum. 
 
 Byron, Age of Bronze, iv. (1819). 
 
 Zobeide [Zo-bay'-de'], half-sister of 
 Amine. She had two sisters, who were 
 turned into little black dogs by way of 
 punishment for casting Zobeide and " the 
 prince" from the petrified city into the 
 sea. Zobeide was rescued by the "fairy 
 serpent," who had metamorphosed the 
 two sisters, and Zobeide was enjoined to 
 give the two dogs a hundred lashes every 
 day. Ultimately, the two dogs were re- 
 stored to their proper forms, and married 
 two calenders, " sons of kings ; " Zobeide 
 married the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid ; 
 and Amine was restored to Amin, the 
 caliph's son, to whom she was already 
 married. — Arabian Nights ("History of 
 Zobeid§"). 
 
 While the caliph was absent from 
 Bagdad, Zobeide caused his favourite 
 (named Fetnab) to be buried alive, for 
 which she was divorced. — Arabian Nights 
 (" Ganem, the Slave of Love "). 
 
 Zohak, the giant who keeps the 
 "mouth of hell." He was the fifth of 
 the Pischdadian dynasty, and was a lineal 
 descendant of Shedad king of Ad. He 
 murdered his predecessor, and invented 
 both flaying men alive and killing thera 
 
ZOHARA. 
 
 1132 
 
 ZULZUL. 
 
 by crucifixion. The devil kissed bim 
 on the shoulders, and immediately tAvo 
 serpents grew out of his back and fed 
 constantly upon him. He was dethroned 
 by the famous blacksmith of Ispahan', 
 and appointed by the devil to keep hell- 
 gate. — D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientate 
 (1697). 
 
 Zohara, the queen of love, and mother 
 of mischief. When Hariit and Marut 
 were selected by the host of heaven to be 
 judges on earth, they judged righteous 
 judgment till Zohara, in the shape of a 
 lovely woman, appeared before them with 
 her complaint. They then both fell in 
 love with her and tried to corrupt her, 
 but she flew from them to heaven ; and 
 the two angel-judges were for ever shut 
 out. 
 
 The Persian Magi have a somewhat 
 similar tradition of these two angels, but 
 add that after their "fall," they were 
 suspended by the feet, head downwards, 
 in the territory of Babel. 
 
 The Jews tell us that Shamhozai, "the 
 judge of all the earth," debauched him- 
 self with women, repented, and by way 
 of penance was suspended by the feet, 
 head downwards, between heaven and 
 earth. — Bereshit rabbi (in Gen. vi. 2). 
 
 Zohauk, the Nubian slave ; a dis- 
 guise assumed by sir Kenneth. — Sir W. 
 Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
 
 Zoilos (in Latin Zoilus), a gram- 
 marian, witty, shrewd, and spiteful. He 
 was nicknamed "Homer's Scourge" 
 (Homero-mastix), because he assailed the 
 Iliad and Odyssey with merciless severity. 
 He also flew at Plato, Isoc'rates, and 
 other high game. 
 
 The Sword of Zoilos, the pen of a critic. 
 
 Zoilus. J. Dennis, the critic whose 
 attack on Pope produced The Dunciad, 
 was so called (1657-1733). 
 
 Zoleikha (3 syl.), Potiphar's wife. 
 —Sale, Al Koran, xii. (note). 
 
 Zone. Tennyson refers to the zone 
 or girdle of Ori'on in the lines : 
 
 Like those three stars of the airy giant's zone, 
 That glitter burnished by the frosty dark. 
 
 The Princess, v. (1830). 
 
 Zophiel [Zo.fel], "of cherubim the 
 swiftest wing." The word means "God's 
 spy." Zophiel brings word to the heavenly 
 host that the rebel crew were preparing a 
 second and fiercer attack. 
 
 Zophiel, of cherubim the swiftest wing. 
 Came flying, and in mid-air aloud thus cried : 
 "Arm. warriors, arm for fight." 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 535 (16G5). 
 
 Zorai'da (3 syl.), a Moorish lady, 
 daughter of Agimora'to the richest man 
 in Barbary. On being baptized, she 
 had received the name of Maria ; and, 
 eloping with a Christian captive, came 
 to Andalusi'a. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
 I. iv. 9-11 (" The Captive," 1605). 
 
 Zorph.ee (2 syl.), a fairy in the 
 romance of Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth 
 century). 
 
 ZosimtLS, the patriarch of the Greek 
 Church.— Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
 Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Zounds, a corrupt contraction of 
 "his wounds," as zooks is "his hooks," 
 and z'death "his death." Of course, by 
 "his" Jesus Christ is meant. "Odd 
 splutter" is a contraction of Gots plut und 
 hur nails (" God's blood and the nails "). 
 Sir John Perrot, a natural son of Henry 
 VIII., was the first to use the oath of 
 "God's wounds," which queen Elizabeth 
 adopted, but the ladies of her court 
 minced it into zounds and zouterkins. 
 
 Zulal, that soft, clear, and delicious 
 water which the happy drink in para- 
 dise. 
 
 "Ravishing beauty, universal mistress of hearts," re- 
 plied I; "thou art the water of Zulal. I burn with the 
 thirst of love, and must die if you reject me." — Comte 
 de Caylus, Oriental Tales (" The Basket," 1743). 
 
 Zuleika \Zu.lee' ,kah~\, daughter of 
 GiafFer [Djaf .fir~\ pacha of Aby'dos. 
 Falling in love with Selim, her cousin, 
 she flees with him, and promises to be his 
 bride ; but the father tracks the fugitives 
 and shoots Selim, whereupon Zuleika 
 dies of a broken heart. — Byron, Bride of 
 Abydos (1813). 
 
 Never was a faultless character more delicately or more 
 justly delineated than that of lord Byron's "Zuleika." 
 Her piety, her intelligence, her strict sense of duty, and 
 her undeviating love of truth appear to have been origin- 
 ally blended in her mind, rather than inculcated by 
 education. She is always natural, always attractive, 
 always affectionate; and it must be admitted that her 
 affections are not unworthily bestowed.— George Ellis. 
 
 Zulichium {The enchanted princess 
 of), in the story told by Agelastes the 
 cynic, to count Robert. — Sir W. Scott, 
 Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 
 
 Zulzul, the sage whose life was saved 
 in the form of a rat by Gedy the youngest 
 of the four sons of Corcud. Zulzul gave 
 him, in gratitude, two poniards, by the 
 help of which he could climb the highest 
 tree or most inaccessible castle. — Gueu- 
 lette, Chinese Tales ("Corcud and His 
 Four Sons," 1723). 
 
APPENDICES. 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 A. 
 
 s= 
 
 Afterpiece. 
 
 B. 
 
 = 
 
 Burlesque 
 
 B.C. 
 
 = 
 
 Burlesque comedy. 
 
 B.O. 
 
 = 
 
 Burlesque opera. 
 
 B.T. 
 
 = 
 
 Burlesque tragedy. 
 
 Bd. 
 
 := 
 
 Ballad. 
 
 Bd.F. 
 
 = 
 
 Ballad farce. 
 
 Bd.O. 
 
 = 
 
 Ballad opera. 
 
 Bl. 
 
 = 
 
 Ballet. 
 
 Bita. 
 
 = 
 
 Burletta. 
 
 C. 
 
 = 
 
 Comedy. 
 
 CD. 
 
 r= 
 
 Comic drama. 
 
 C.H. 
 
 = 
 
 Come'die historique. 
 
 CO. 
 
 =: 
 
 Comic opera. 
 
 Cdta. 
 
 = 
 
 Comedietta or comedetta. 
 
 Ci.C 
 
 =. 
 
 Classical comedy. 
 
 CLOita. 
 
 — 
 
 Classical comedietta. 
 
 Cl.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Classical drama. 
 
 CI. PI. 
 
 = 
 
 Classical play. 
 
 Cl.T. 
 
 = 
 
 Classical tragedy. 
 
 Ct.E. 
 
 = 
 
 Court entertainment. 
 
 Ct.S. 
 
 = 
 
 Court show. 
 
 D. 
 
 =5 
 
 Drama. 
 
 D.E. 
 
 rr 
 
 Dramatic entertainment. 
 
 D.H. 
 
 = 
 
 Drama historique. 
 
 D.N. 
 
 = 
 
 Dramatic novel. 
 
 D.Pc. 
 
 = 
 
 Dramatic piece. 
 
 D.Pm. 
 
 — 
 
 Dramatic poem. 
 
 D.R. 
 
 = 
 
 Dramatic romance. 
 
 D.S. 
 
 — 
 
 Dramatic satire. 
 
 Doin.I). 
 
 — 
 
 Domestic drama. 
 
 E. 
 
 z= 
 
 Entertainment. 
 
 F. 
 
 — 
 
 Farce. 
 
 F.C. 
 
 = 
 
 Farce comedy. 
 
 Fv.C 
 
 = 
 
 Fairy comedy 
 
 G-.E.Mel.S. = 
 
 Grand Eastern melodramatic 
 
 
 
 spectacle. 
 
 G.O.R. 
 
 = 
 
 Grand operatic romance. 
 
 H.C 
 
 = 
 
 Historic comedy. 
 
 H.D. 
 
 — 
 
 Historic drama. 
 
 H.P1. 
 
 = 
 
 Historic ptlay. 
 
 H.R. 
 
 — 
 
 Historic romance. 
 
 H.T. 
 
 z=z 
 
 Historic tragedy. 
 
 He.Pl. 
 
 z=. 
 
 Heroic play. 
 
 Int. 
 
 — 
 
 Interlude. 
 
 l.D. 
 
 — 
 
 Irish drama. 
 
 L.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Lyrical drama. 
 
 LJP1. 
 
 = 
 
 Lyrical play. 
 
 M. 
 
 ■=. 
 
 Masque. 
 
 Mel. 
 
 = 
 
 Melodrama. 
 
 Alel.O. 
 
 = 
 
 Melodramatic opera. 
 
 Mel.R. 
 
 — 
 
 Melodramatic romance. 
 
 Mu.C. 
 
 =: 
 
 Musical comedy. 
 
 Mu.D. 
 
 == 
 
 Musical drama. 
 
 Mu.E. 
 
 =: 
 
 Musical entertainment. 
 
 Mu.F. 
 
 = 
 
 Musical farce. 
 
 Mu.Pl. 
 
 = 
 
 Musical play. 
 
 Mu.Sp. 
 
 =: 
 
 Musical spectacle. 
 
 Mu.Tr. 
 
 = 
 
 Musical trifle. 
 
 Mys. 
 
 = 
 
 Mystery. 
 
 Myt.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Mythological drama. 
 
 N.Blta. 
 
 = 
 
 Nautical burletta. 
 
 N.CO. 
 
 = 
 
 Nautical comic opera. 
 
 N.COpta 
 
 . ;= 
 
 Nautical comic operetta 
 
 N.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Nautical drama. 
 
 N.O. 
 
 = 
 
 Nautical opera. 
 
 N.P1. 
 
 = 
 
 Nautieal play. 
 
 0. 
 
 = 
 
 Opera. 
 
 O.Bf. 
 
 = 
 
 Opera bouffe. 
 
 O.Blta. 
 
 = 
 
 Operatic burletta. 
 
 O.C. 
 
 = 
 
 Opera comique. 
 
 O.D. 
 
 •= 
 
 Operatic drama. 
 
 O.E. 
 
 = 
 
 Operatic entertainment 
 
 O.Ex. 
 
 = 
 
 Operatic extravaganza. 
 
 O.F. 
 
 =s 
 
 operatic farce. 
 
 Op.C. 
 
 = 
 
 Operatic comedy. 
 
 Opta. 
 
 = 
 
 Operetta. 
 
 Or. 
 
 r= 
 
 Oratorio. 
 
 P. 
 
 — 
 
 Pastoral. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 = 
 
 Pastoral opera. 
 
 PI. 
 
 = 
 
 Play. 
 
 Pn. 
 
 — 
 
 Pantomime. 
 
 Pn.Bl. 
 
 = 
 
 Pantomimic ballet. 
 
 Pr.C. 
 
 = 
 
 Prize comedy. 
 
 Pr.T. 
 
 = 
 
 Prize tragedy. 
 
 Pt.C 
 
 := 
 
 Petit comedy. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 
 = 
 
 Petit piece. 
 
 R.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Romantic drama. 
 
 B.T. 
 
 = 
 
 liomantic tragedy. 
 
 S.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Sacred drama. 
 
 S.T. 
 
 = 
 
 Sacred tragedy. 
 
 Sat.C 
 
 — 
 
 Satiric comedy. 
 
 Sat.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Satiric drama. 
 
 Sen.D. 
 
 = 
 
 Sensational drama. 
 
 T. 
 
 = 
 
 Tragedy. 
 
 T.C. 
 
 = 
 
 Tragi-comedy. 
 
 T.L. 
 
 := 
 
 Tragedie lyrique. 
 
 T.O. 
 
 =r 
 
 Tragedy-opera. 
 
 V. 
 
 z= 
 
 Vaudeville. 
 
 * 
 
 — 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Etc. 
 
 = 
 
 With some other author or 
 authors. 
 
 Notwithstanding the length of this list, there are some dramatic pieces very difficult to classify. 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 AUTHORS AND DATES OF DRAMAS AND OPERAS. 
 
 7f any discrepancy is observed between tlve dates given in this list and those in tlie body of the 
 book, the dates here given are to be preferred. It mutt be borne in mind that the date of some 
 plays is purely conjectural, and can be assigned only approximately ; and in not a few instancet 
 authorities differ. Great labour has been bestowed on this list to make it trustworthy. 
 
 Abdelazer or The Moor's Revenge, 1670, Mrs. 
 
 Behn. C. 
 Abel, 18th cent., Alfieri. T.O. 
 Abroad and at Home, 1764-1817, Holman. CO. 
 Absalon, 1590, Peele. T. 
 Accomplices {The), about 1790, Goethe. C. 
 Achille in Sciro, 1736, Metastasio. 0. (written in 
 
 eighteen days ; music by Leo). 
 Acis and Galatea, 1683, Campistron. 0. (music 
 
 by Lulli). 
 'Acis and Galatea, 1735, Handel. 0. 
 , Adelaide du Guesclin, 1734, Voltaire. T. 
 Adelgitha, 1806, Lewis. PI. 
 Adelmorn or The Outlaw, 1801, Lewis. D. 
 Adherbal, 1687, Lagrange. T. 
 Adopted Child, * Birch. Mu.D. 
 Adriano in Siria, 1731, Metastasio. 0. (music 
 
 by Caldara). 
 Adrienne Lecouvreur, 1849, MM. I/Jgouve and 
 
 Scribe. C. 
 jEsop, 1697, Vanbrugb (borrowed from Bour- 
 
 sault's Esope, 1696). 
 Africaine (//), 1865, Meyerbeer. 0. 
 Africans (Tlit), 1808, Colman. PI. 
 After Dark, 19th cent., Boucicault. 
 Agamemnon, 1566, Studley. T. (Seneca's play 
 
 done into English). 
 Agamemnon, 1738, Thomson. T. 
 Agamemnon, printed 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Agesilas, 1666, Corneille. T. 
 Agis, 1753, Home. T. 
 Agis (Agide), printed 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Agnes de Vere, 1834, Buckstone. 
 Agnese, about 1820, Paer. 0. 
 Agreeable Surprise, 1798, O'Keefe. C. 
 Ah! que 1' Amour est Agreable! 1862, Dela- 
 
 porte. C. 
 Aladdin, 1824, Bishop. 0. 
 Alarcos, 1839, Disraeli. T. 
 Alarming Sacrifice, about 1849, Buckstone. F. 
 Albumazar, 1634, B. (a comedy). 
 Alceste, 1690, Lagrange. T. 
 Alceste, 1769, Gliick. 0. (libretto by Calzabigi). 
 Alchemist (The), 1610, Jonson. C. (altered into 
 
 The Tobacconist). 
 Alcibiade, 1688, Campistron. T. 
 
 Alcibiades, 1675, Otway. T. 
 
 Alessandro nell' Indie, 1729, Metastasio. 0. 
 
 Alexander and Campaspe, etc., 1583, Lyly. 
 
 Myt.D. 
 Alexander the Great (second title of The Rival 
 
 Queens), 1678, Lee. T. 
 Alexandre, 1665, Racine. T. 
 Alexina, 1866, Knowles. Pi. 
 Alfonso King of Castile, 1801, Lewis. H.P1. 
 Alfred, 1724, Arne or his pupil Burney. 0. 
 Alfred, 1778, Home. H.P1. 
 Alfred or The Roast Beef of Old England, 17 10, 
 
 J. Thomson and Malloch. M. 
 Ali Baba, 1833, Cherubini. 0. 
 Aline Reine de Golconde, 1767, Sedaine. 0. 
 All Fools, 1605, Chapman. C. 
 All for Fame, 1807, Cherry. C. 
 All for Love or the World Well Lost, 1673, 
 
 Dryden. T. 
 All for Money, 1578, LuptcYi. T.C. 
 All in the Wrong, 1761, Murphy. C. 
 All is Vanity or The Cynic's Defeat, * Alfred 
 
 Thompson. Cl.Cdta. 
 All the World's a Stage, * Jackman. F. 
 All's Well that Ends Well. 159S, Shakespeare. C. 
 Almansor. (See " Conquest of Granada.") 
 Almeria, 1698, Handel. 0. 
 Almeyda Queen of Grenada, 1796, Miss Lee. T. 
 Alonzo, 1773, Home. T. 
 Alphonsus King of Arragon, posthumous 1594. 
 
 Greene. C. 
 Alsatia (The Squire of), 16S8, Shadwell. C. (often 
 
 called The Gentleman of Alsatia). 
 Alzire, 1736, Voltaire. T. (done into English by 
 
 Hill, Alzira, 1738). 
 Amadis de Grece, 1704, Lamotte. 0. 
 Amant Difficile (L), 18th cent., Lamotte. C. 
 Amant Jaloux (U), 1778, Gretry. 0. 
 Amants Magnifiques, 1670, Moliere. C. 
 Amasis, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
 Ambassadrice, 1837, Scribe. O.C. 
 Ambitious Stepmother (The), 1698, Rowe. T. 
 Ambitious Vengeance, 18th cent., Merry. 
 Amelia, 1768, Cumberland. (This is The Sum* 
 
 mer's Tale cut down into an afterpiece.) 
 Amends for Ladies, 1618, Field. C. 
 
1136 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 American Cousin (Owr), 19th cent., Tom Taylor 
 
 and Sotheru. C. 
 Americans (The), about 1770, Arnold. 0. (music 
 
 by Braham). 
 Ami de la Maison, 1772, Marmontel. 0. (music 
 
 by Gretry). 
 Amoroso King of Little Britain, 1818, Planche. C. 
 Amorous Bigot, 1690, Shadwell. C. 
 Amorous Warre, 1648, Mayne. C. 
 Amour (//) et l'Opinion, i78 1-1857, Brifaut. C. 
 Amour Medecin, 1665, Moliere. C. 
 Amours de Diable, 1852, St. Georges. O.C. 
 Amphitryon, 1668, Moliere. C. 
 Amphitryon, 1690, Dryden. C. 
 Amphitryon, 1781, Sedaine. 0. (See "Jack 
 
 Juggler.") 
 Amphitryon, 1782, Andrieux. C. 
 Anacreon, 1766, Sedaine. CO. 
 Anacreon, 1832, Cherubini. 0. 
 Anaximandre, 1782, Andrieux. C. 
 Andrew of Hungary, 1839, Landor. T. 
 Andria, before 1530, Anon. C. (Terence's play 
 
 done into English). 
 Andromaque, 1667, Racine. T. (See " The Dis- 
 tressed Mother.") 
 Andromaque, 1683, Cam pistron. T. 
 Andronic, 1686, Campistron. T. 
 Angelica. 1722, Metastasio. 0. (music by Por- 
 
 pora\ 
 Anglais a Bordeaux (/,')> 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 
 Anglomane, 1752, Saurin. C. 
 Animal Magnetism, 1785, Inchbald. F. 
 Anna Bolena, 1830, Donizetti. 0. 
 Anna Boleyn, about 1680, Banks. T. 
 Anne Boleyn, 1821, Milman. T. 
 Annette et Lubin, 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 
 Aiio Despues de la Boda, 1825, Gil y Zarate. 
 Antidote (The), posthumous 1805, Alfieri. C. 
 
 (on mixed governments). 
 Antigone, 1633, Rotrou. Cl.D. (imitated from 
 
 the Antigone of Sophocles). 
 Antigone, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Antiochus et Cleopatre, 1717, Deschamps. T. 
 Antipodes, 1638, Brome. C. 
 Antonio and Mellida, 1602, Marston. T. 
 Antonio or The Soldter'siteturn, 1801, Godwin. T. 
 Antonio's Revenge, 1602, Marston. T. 
 Antony, 1590, lady Pembroke. T. 
 Antony, 1831, Dumas. T. 
 Antony and Cleopatra, 1608, Shakespeare. T. 
 
 (See " Cleopatra.") 
 Appearance is Against Them, * Anon. F. 
 Appius and Virginia, 1574, R. B — . T.C. 
 Appius and Virginia, 1654, Webster. T. (See 
 
 " Virginia.") 
 Apprentice (The), 1751 or 1756, Murphy. F. 
 Arab (The), 1783, Cumberland. T. 
 Arden of Feversham, 1592, Anon. H.T. (altered 
 
 in 1739 by Lillo). 
 Argalus and Parthenia, about 1620, Glap- 
 
 thorne. PI. 
 Ariane, 1672, T. Corneille. T. 
 Aristodemus, 1825, Monti. T. (rendered into 
 
 Fiench, 1854, by Duplissis). 
 Aristomene, 1749, Marmontel. T. 
 Armida, 1777, Gliick. O. (libretto by Calzabigi). 
 Arminius, 1684, Campistron. T. 
 Arminius, 1798, Murphy. T. 
 Armourer (The), 1793, Cumberland. CO. 
 Armourer of Nantes, 1863, Balfe. 0. 
 Arrah na Pogue, 19th cent., Boucicault. I.D. 
 
 Arraignment of Paris, 1584, Peele. Ct.S. or M. 
 
 Artaserse, before 1730, Metastasio. 0. 
 
 Artaxerxes, 1762, Arne. O 
 
 Artaxerxes, 1831, Dorn. O. 
 
 Artemire, 1720, Voltaire. T. 
 
 Artifice, 1721, Centlivre. C 
 
 As You Like It, 1600, Shakespeare. C (The 
 quarry of this play was Lodge's novel called 
 Mosalynde, 1590.) 
 
 Asdrubal, 1647, Jacob Montfleury. T. 
 
 Assignation (The), 1672, Dryden. C 
 
 Assignation (The), 1807, Miss Lee. C 
 
 Assommoir (L'), 1878, Zola. D. (See "Drink.**) 
 
 At Home, 1818, C Mathews. E. 
 
 Athalia, 1733, Handel. Or. 
 
 Athalia, 1844, Mendelssohn. O. 
 
 Athalie, 1690, Racine. T. 
 
 Atheist's Tragedy ( The), 1 7th cent., Tourneur. T. 
 
 Athelvvold, 1732, Hill. T. 
 
 Athchvold, 1842, W. Smith. T. 
 
 Athenais, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
 
 Athenian Captive, 1838, Talfourd. C1.P1. 
 
 Atonement or Branded for Life, 1863, Muskerry. 
 D. (Les Miserables of Victor Hugo drama- 
 tized). 
 
 Attila, 1667, Comeille. T. 
 
 Attila, 19th cent., Verdi. O. 
 
 Attilio Regolo, 1740, Metastasio. 0. 
 
 Atys, 1780, Piccini. 0. 
 
 Auchindrane. (See " Ayrshire Tragedy.") 
 
 Auction of Pictures, 18th cent., Foote. b. 
 
 Augusto (L'), 1665, Amore. T. 
 
 Aureliano in Palmira, 1814, Rossini. 0. 
 
 Aurengzebe, 1675, Dryden. He.Pl. 
 
 Author (The), 1757, Foote. F. 
 
 Avant, Pendant, et Apres, before 1822, Scribe. V. 
 
 Avare (U), 1667, Moliere. C. 
 
 Avocat Patelin (/,'), 1706, De Brueys. F. (This 
 was a reproduction of a comedy attributed to 
 Blanchet, who died 1519; but Bouillet says 
 it was more ancient still.) 
 
 Ayrshire Tragedy, 1830, bir W. Scott. T. 
 
 Babes in the Wood, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Bague de Therese, 1861, Carmouche. C 
 Bajazet, 1672, Racine. T. 
 Balder's Dod, 1773, Evald or Ewald. D. 
 Ball (The), before 1642, Shirley. C. 
 Ballo in Maschera (Un), 1861, Verdi. 0. 
 Banishment of Cicero, 1761, Cumberland. D.Pm. 
 Banker's Daughter (Tfie), 1879, B. Howard. D. 
 Bankrupt (The), 18th cent., Foote. F. 
 Barbarossa, 1755, Brown. T. 
 Barbier de Seville (U), 1775, Beaumarchais. C 
 Barbiere di Slviglia, 1780, Paisiello. 0. 
 Barbiere di Siviglia, 1816, Rossini. 0. (sir H 
 
 Bishop altered it). 
 Barmecides (Les), 1778, Laharpe. T. 
 Barnwell. (See "George Barnwell.") 
 Barry (Mde. du), 1836, Ancelot. V. 
 Bartholomew Fayre, 1614, Jonson. C. 
 Bashful Lover, 1636, Massinger. C 
 Bashful Man (The), 18th cent., Moncrieff. CD. 
 Basil (Count), 1798, J. Baillie. T. (the passion 
 
 of " love "). 
 Basset Table, 1706, Centlivre. C 
 Bastien et Bastienne, 18th cent., Favart. O.C 
 Battaile de Danes, 1851, Scribe and Legouve". C 
 Battle of Alcazar, 1594, Peele. T. 
 Battle of Hastings, 1778, Cumberland. T. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1137 
 
 Battle of Hermann, 19th cent., Kleist. H.D. 
 Buttle of Hexham, 17s9, Colman. C. 
 Battle of Sedgmoor, about 1675, duke of Buck- 
 ingham. F. 
 Bear-Hunters, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Beatrice di Tenda, 1833, Bellini. O. 
 Beau's Duel, 1703, Centlivre. C. 
 Beauty, 1616, Jonson. C. 
 Beaux' Stratagem, 1707, Farquhar. C. 
 Becket. (See " Thomas a Becket.") 
 Beggar of Bethnal Green, 1834, Knowles. C. 
 
 (See " Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green.") 
 Beggars' Bush, 1622, Fletcher ( Beaumont died 
 
 1616). C. 
 Beggar's Opera, 1727, Gay. CO. (music by Lin- 
 ley. Dr. Pepusch adapted music to this 
 
 opera). 
 Belisaire, 1645, Rotrou. T. 
 Belisarius, 1757-1823, Kemble. 
 Bellamere Earl of Carlisle, * * T. 
 Belle Arsene (Aa), 1775, Favart. O.C. (music 
 
 by Monsigny). 
 Belle Helene {La), 1865, Offenbach. O.C. 
 Belle's Stratagem (The), 1780, Mrs. Cowley. C. 
 Bells (Tie), 1874, Erckmann-Chatrian, adapted 
 
 from Tfie Polish Jew (q.v.). 
 Belphegor, 1856, C. Webb and L. Buckingham. 
 
 D. (translated from the French of Dennery 
 
 and Fournier). 
 Belshazzar, 1821, Milman. Cl.D. 
 Benevolent Tar (The), * Cross. Mu.E. 
 Benyowski, 1811, Kotzebue. (The English ver- 
 sion is called The Virgin of the Sun.) 
 Berenice, 1670, Racine. T. (the hero and 
 
 heroine meant for Louis XIV". and Henrietta 
 
 of England). 
 Bertram, 1816, Maturin. T. (copyright was 
 
 £525). 
 Bertrand et Raton, 1333, Scribe. C. 
 Betsy, 1879, Burnard (from the French). 
 Better Late than Never, before 1814, Andrews. C. 
 Beverley, 1748, Saurin. I). 
 Bianca, 1817, Ingemann. T. 
 Bianca, 1859, Balfe. 0. 
 Bickerstaff s Burying, 1710, Centlivre. C. 
 Bijou Perdu, 1855, Adam. Pt.Pc. (libretto by 
 
 Deforges). 
 Billy Taylor, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Birth, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 Birth of Merlin, 1662, Rowley. C. 
 Biter {The), 1705, Rowe. C. 
 Black Domino, 1841, an English version of 
 
 Scribe's Le Domino Mir, ls37. O.C. 
 Black-Eyed Susan, 1822, Jerrold. N.D. 
 Black Horse {The), before 1620, Fletcher. PI. 
 
 (See "Palaemon and Arcyte.") 
 Black Prince, 1669, lord Orrery. H.P1. 
 Blackness, 1616, Jonson. C. 
 Blishted Being (-4), 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Blind Bargain. 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Blind Beggar oi Alexandria, 1598, Chapman. PL 
 Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, 1659, Day. C. 
 
 (See " Beggar of Bethnal Green.'*) 
 Blind Girl, 1801, Morton. C. 
 Bloodv Brother, 1639, Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 
 Blot on the 'Scutcheon, 19th cent., R. Browning. T. 
 Blue Beard, 1797, Sedaine. CO. (music by 
 
 Gretry). 
 Blue Beard, 1798, Cclman. Mu.Sp. (music by 
 
 Kelly). 
 
 icea, 1753, Glover. T. 
 
 Bohemian Girl, 1844, Balfe. O. (burlesqued by 
 H. J. Byron in The Bohemian Gyuri). 
 
 Bohemians or Rogues of Paris, 1863, Stirling. D. 
 
 Bohemienne, 1862, St. Georges. O.C. 
 
 Boite d' Argent, 1858, Dumas fils. C 
 
 Bold Stroke for a Husband, 1782, Mrs. Cow- 
 ley. G. 
 
 Bold Stroke for a Wife, 1717, Centlivre. C. 
 
 Bombastes Furioso, 1790, Rhodes. F. 
 
 Bon Fils, 1785, Florian. C. 
 
 Bon Menage, 1782, Florian. C. 
 
 Bon Pere, 1783, Florian. C. 
 
 Bon Ton, 1760, Burgoyne. C. 
 
 Bon Ton, 1776, Garrick. F. (the above curtailed). 
 
 Bondman (The), 1623, Massinger and Field. T 
 
 Bondman (77<e), 17s0, Cumberland. 
 
 Bondman (The), 1808-1870, Balfe. O. 
 
 Bonduca, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 
 (converted by Thomas Sheridan into a 
 spectacle). 
 
 Bonne Mere, 1784, Florian. C 
 
 Bothwell, * Ware. D. 
 
 Bourgeois Gentilhomme, 1670, Moliere. C 
 
 Bourgeoises a-la-Mode, 1654, Dancourt. C. 
 
 Bourse (La), 1856, Ponsard. F. 
 
 Box Lobby Challenge (The), 1794, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Box and Cox, 1764-1838, Morton. F. 
 
 Bradamante, 1580, Gamier. T. 
 
 Biuganza (The Duke of), 1785, Jephson. T. 
 
 Bravo (The), 1833, Buckstone. Mel. (Cooper's 
 novel dramatized). 
 
 Breach of Promise, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 
 Bride (The), 1808, Korner. PI. 
 
 Bride of Messina, 1803, Schiller. T. 
 
 Bride's Tragedy (Tlie\ 1822, Beddoes. T. 
 
 Brides of Aragon (The), 1823, Beer. T. 
 
 Brier Cliff, 1842, George Morris. D. 
 
 Brighton. (See " Saratoga.") 
 
 Britannicus. 1669, Racine. T. 
 
 Broken Heart, 1633, Ford. T. 
 
 Brother Sam, 19th cent., Oxen ford, Sothern, and 
 Buckstone. C 
 
 Brother and Sister, 1633, Ford. T. 
 
 Brothers (The), before 1642, Shirley. PI. 
 
 Brothers (Th*), 1752, Young. T. 
 
 Brothers (The), 1769, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Brutus, about 1690, Miss Bernard. T. 
 
 Brutus, 1730, Voltaire. T. 
 
 Brutus (Junius), 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 
 Brutus (Junius), 1828, Andrieux. T. 
 
 Brutus (Lucius Junius), 1679, Lee. T. 
 
 Brutus (Lucius Junius), 1784, Duncombe. T. 
 
 Brutus (Marcus), 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 
 Brutus and Cassius, 1764-1811, Chenier. T. 
 (See " Conspiracv of Brutus.") 
 
 Brutus or The Fall of Tarquin, 1820, Payne. T. 
 
 Bubbles of the Day, 1842, Jerrold. C 
 
 Buffoon (Sir Hercules), 1622-1681, Lacy. C. 
 
 Bull. (See "John Bull.") 
 
 Bury Fair, 16S9, Shadwell. C 
 
 Busiris, 1719, Young. T. (copyright was £34). 
 
 Bussy d'Ambois, 1603, Chapman. T. 
 
 Busy Body (The), 1708, Centlivre. C 
 
 By Royal Command, 19th cent., Stirling. CO. 
 
 Byron's Conspiracy, 1604, Chapman. T. 
 
 Cabal and Love, 1783, Schiller. T. 
 Cadi Dupe {Le), 1761, Monsigny. O.C 
 Celina or L'Enfant du Mystere, 1800, Guilbert 
 de Pixerecourt. Mel. 
 
 4 D 
 
1138 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Cain, 1822, Byron. Mys. 
 
 Caio Gracco, 1720, Leo. 0. (See " Gracchus.") 
 
 Caius Gracchus, 1815, Knowles. H.T. 
 
 Caius Gracchus, 1825, Monti. H.T. (rendered 
 
 into French, 1854, by Duplissis). 
 Caius Marius, 1680, Otway. T. 
 Calandria (Ixi), 1490, Bibbi. C. (the first Italian 
 
 comedy). 
 Calife de Bagdad, 1799, Boieldieu. 0. 
 Calisto, about 1679, Crowne. M. 
 Oallisthene, 1780, Piron. T. 
 Calypso. 1779, Cumberland. 
 Calypso, 1803, Winter. O. (See " Gracchus."; 
 Camaraderie (La), 1837, Scribe. C. 
 Cambises (King), 1573, Preston. C. 
 Cambyses, before 1724, Settle. T. 
 Camma, 1661, T. Comeille. T. 
 Camp (The), 1780, Sheridan. Mu.D. 
 Campaign or Love in the East, 1783, Jephson. O. 
 Campaspe. (See " Alexander and Campaspe," 
 
 "Cupid and Campaspe.") 
 Caprices of a Lover (Tte), 1769, Goethe. C. 
 Captain (The), 1613, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 Captifs (Us), 1635, Rotrou. C. (imitated from 
 
 the Captivi of Plautus). 
 Captive (Tke), 1769, Bickerstaft. 
 Caractacus, 1756, Mason. T. 
 Caractacus, 1808, Bishop. Pn.Bl. 
 Caravanne (La), 1783, Gretry. O. 
 Card of Fancy, 1601, Greene. C. 
 Cardinal (The), 1652, Shirley. 
 Careless Husband (The), 1704, Cibber. C. 
 Careless Shepherdess ( The), 1656, T. G[oiTe]. T.C. 
 Carlos (Don), 1676, Otway. T. 
 Carlos (Don), 1787, Schiller. T. 
 Carmelite (The), 1785, Cumberland. T. 
 Carnival of Venice, 1781, Tickell. CO. 
 Cassandre, 1677-1758, Lagrange. O. 
 Cassius, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
 Caste, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 Castilian (The), 1844, Talfourd. 
 Casrte Spectre, 1797, Lewis. DR. 
 Castle of Andalusia, 1798, O'Keefe. CO. 
 Castle of Sorento, * Heartwell. Mu.R 
 Castor and Pollux, 1770, Bernard. U. 
 Catch Him Who Can, 1808, Hook. 
 Caterino Conara, 1844, Donizetti. 0. 
 Catherine Grey, 1837, Balfe. O. 
 Catherine of Heilbronn, 177C-1811, Kleist. C. 
 Catiline, 1822, Croly. T. 
 Catiline's Conspiracy, 1611, Jonson. T. 
 Cato, 1713, Addison. T. 
 Caton d'Utique, 1715, Dechamps. O. (music 
 
 by Vinci and by Leo). 
 Catone in Utica, 1726, Metastasio. T. (music 
 
 by Leo). 
 Catspaw, about 1850, Jeri'old. 
 Ce qui Plait aux Femmes, 1860, Ponsard. C. 
 Cecchina (La), 1760, Piccini. O. 
 Cenci, 1819, Shelley. T. 
 Cenerentola (La), 1817, Rossini. O. 
 ChaTne (Une), 1841, Scribe. C 
 Chalet (he), 1834, Adam. O.C. (libretto by 
 
 Scribe). 
 Challenge for Beauty (A), about 1689, Hey- 
 
 wood. T.C 
 Chances (The), 1620, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 
 1616). C (altered first by the duke of 
 
 Buckingham, and then by Garrick, into a 
 
 farce). 
 Changemeut d'Uniforme, 1836, Dennery. D. 
 
 Chanson de Fortunio, 1861, Offenbach. O.Bf. 
 Chaperon Rouge (Le), 1818, Boieldieu. O. 
 Chapter of Accidents (The), 1780, Miss Lee. C. 
 Charlatanisme (Le), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Charles I., 1750, Havard. H.D. 
 Charles I., 1828, E. Cobham Brewer. H.T. 
 Charles I., 1830, Miss Mitford. H.D. 
 Charles I., 1853, Gurney. H.P1. (See " Crom- 
 well.") 
 Charles I., 1873, Wills. H.P1. (This is the play 
 
 which Irving acted in.) 
 Charles VI., 1841, Halevy. 0. (libretto by 
 
 Delavigne). 
 Charles VII., 1831, Dumas. H.D. 
 Charles IX., 1789, Chenier. H.D. 
 Charles XII. , 1826, Planche. H.D. 
 Charles le Temeraire, 1814, Guilbert de Pixere* 
 
 court. D. 
 Charlotte Corday, 1850, Ponsard. T. 
 Chasse a St. Germain, 1860, Deslandes. D. 
 Chatelet (Mde. du), about 1834, Ancelot. V. 
 Cheats of Scapin, 1677, Otway. F. (from 
 
 Moliere's Fourberies de Scapin, 1671. C). 
 Chercheuse l'^sprit (La), 18th cent., Favart. 
 
 O.C 
 Chevalier a-la-Mode, 1652, Dancourt. C. 
 Chien de Montatgis(Le),1814, Guilbert dePixere- 
 
 court. D. 
 Chiens du Mont St. Bernard, 1838, Antier. T. 
 Child of Nature, 1753-1821, Inchbald. D. 
 Children or the Wood, 1815, Morton. C. 
 Choleric Man, 1775, Cumberland. C. 
 Cbosroes, 1649, Rotrou. T. 
 Christine, 1830, Dumas. H.P1. 
 Christine a Font^iinebleau, 1829, Soulie. D.R. 
 Christine en Suede, 1829, Brault. H.P1. 
 Christmas,'1616, Jephson. 
 Christophe Clomb, 1815, Guilbert de Pixere- 
 
 court. D. 
 Chronicle History of Leir King of England, 1573, 
 
 Anon. H.P1. (This was the quarry o£ 
 
 Shakespeare's King Lear.) 
 Chrononhotonthologos, 1734, Carey. B.O. 
 Cid (The), 1621, Guilbelm de Castro. T. 
 Cid (The), 1636, Corneille. T. (an adaptation of 
 
 the above). 
 Cinna, 1639, Corneille. D.H. 
 China's Conspiracy, 1640, T. Cibber. T. (copy-! 
 
 right was £13). 
 Cinthia's Revels. (See " Cynthia's Revels.") 
 Circassian's Bride (The), 1809, Bishop. O. 
 Ciro Riconosciuto, 1739, Leo. 0. 
 Citizen (The), 1761, Murphy. F. 
 Citizen General (The), 1793, Goethe. C 
 City Madam (The), 1659, Massinger. O. 
 City Match, 1639, Mayne. C. 
 City Politics, 1672, Crowne. C. 
 City Wit (The), about 1640, Brome. C. 
 City of the Plague, 1816, Wilson. 
 Clandestine Marriage, 1766, Colman the Elder 
 
 and Garrick. C (based on The False Concord, 
 
 by Town ley, 1760). 
 Clari, the Maid of Milan, 1822, Payne. Mu.D. 
 
 (music by Bishop). 
 Clavijo, 1774, Goethe. D. 
 Clementina, 1774, Kelly. T. 
 Clemenza di Tito, 1734, Metastasio. 0. (music 
 
 by Leo). 
 Clemtnza di Tito, 1791, Mozart. O. 
 Cleomenes, 1692, Dryden. 
 I Cleone, 1740, Dodsley. T. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS. ETC. 
 
 1139 
 
 Cleopatra, 1601, Daniel. T. 
 Cleopatra, 1773, acted 1775, Alfieri. T. 
 Cleopatre, 1630, Mairet. T. 
 Cleopatre, 1750, Marmontel. T. 
 Cleopatre Captive, 1550, Jodelle. T. (Antony- 
 arid Cleopatra, 1608, Shakespeare. T.) 
 Clitandre, 1632, Corneille. 
 ( :ioserie des Genets (La), 1846, Soulie. D. 
 Clotilde, 1832, Soulie. T. 
 Clytemnestra, 1823, Beer. T. 
 Cockle. (See " Sir John Cockle at Court.") 
 Cocu Imaginaire, 1660, Moliere. C. 
 Colinette a la Cour, 18th cent., Gretry. O. 
 Colleen Bawn, 1860, Boucicault. C. 
 Columbus, 1798, Morton. H.Pl. 
 Comedienne (La), 1816, Andrieux. C. 
 Comediens (Les), 1819, Delavigne. C. 
 Comedy of Errors, 1593, Shakespeare. C. (first 
 
 mention 1598). 
 Comical Gallant, 1707, Dennis. C. (This is The 
 
 Merry Wives of Windsor,by Shakespeare, 
 
 1596, new set.) 
 Comical Lovers (The), 1671-1757, C. Cibber. C. 
 
 (copyright was £10 15s.). 
 Comical Revenge, 1664, Etberege. C. 
 Commissary (The), 1765, Foote. F. 
 Committee (The), 1670, Howard. C. (See 
 
 " Honest Thieves.") 
 Common Conditions, 1576, * C. 
 Complaint of Rosamond, 1562-1619, Daniel. T. 
 Comte d'Ory (Le), 1828, Scribe. O. 
 Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, 1672, Moliere. C. 
 Conius, 1634, Milton. M. (music by Lawes). 
 Comus, 1738, Arne. O. 
 Confederacy (The), 1705, Vanbrugh. C. 
 Confederates (The), about 1720, Breval. Sat.D. 
 Conquest of Granada, 1670, Dryden. He.Pl. 
 Conrad, 1772, Magnocavallo. Pr.T. 
 Conscience or The Bridal Night, 1823, Haynes. 
 Conscious Lovers (The), 1722, Steele. C. 
 Conseiller Rapporteur (Le), 1841, Delavigne. C. 
 Conspiracy (The), 1612-1690, H. Killigrew. T. 
 Conspiracy (The), 1789, Jephson. T. 
 Conspiracy of Brutus, 1691, Antoni. T. (See 
 
 " Julius Caesar.") 
 Conspiracy of the Pazzi, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Constant Couple (The), 1700, Farquhar. C. 
 Contes de la Reine de Navarre (Les), 1850, Scribe 
 
 and Legouve. 
 Contested Election (Tlie), 19th cent., Tom 
 
 Taylor. 
 Contract (The), 1780, T. Franklin. C. 
 Contrivances (The), 1715, Carey. Bd.O. 
 Convivado de Piedra, 1626, Tirso de Molino, 
 
 whose name was Tellez. C. (This is the 
 
 original of all the Don Juans.) 
 Cophte (The Grand), 1792, Goethe. C. 
 Coquette (The), before 1766, Molloy. C. 
 Coquette du Village, 17 15, Dufresny. C. 
 Coresus et Callirhoe, 1696, Lafosse. T. 
 Coriolan, 1781, Laharpe. T. 
 Coriolanus, 1610, Shakespeare. T. (See " In- 
 vader of His Country.") 
 Coriolanus, 1747, Thomson. T. 
 Cornelia, 1594, Kyd. T. (from Garnier's tragedy 
 
 Corneliey. 
 Cornelie, 1591, Gamier. T. 
 Cornette Jaune, 1864, Carmouche C. 
 Coronation (The), 17th cent., either J. Fletcher 
 
 or Shirley. C. 
 Corsaire (The), 1856, Adam. B. 
 
 Corsican Brothers, 1848, Boucicault. D. 
 
 Cosa Rara (La), 1786, Martini. O. (The Eng- 
 lish version is called The Siege of Belgrade.) 
 
 Cosi Fan Tutte, 1790, Mozart. O. 
 
 Cosmo de Medici, 1827, Home. T. 
 
 Count Egmont, 1788, Goethe. T. 
 
 Count of Narbonne, 1765, Jephson. T. (Wal- 
 pole's Castle of Otranto dramatized). 
 
 Countess of Salisbury, 1767, Hartson. T. 
 
 Country Attorney (The), 1793, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Country Girl (The), 17th cent., Brewer. C. 
 
 Country Girl (The), 18th ceut., Garrick. C. 
 (altered from The Country Wife, by Wy- 
 cherly). 
 
 Country House, 1715, Vanbrugh. F. 
 
 Country Wife, 1675, Wycherly. C. (Se<* 
 " The Country Girl.") 
 
 Courageous Turk, 1632, GofT. T. 
 
 Courier of Lyons, 1852, Stirling. D. 
 
 Couronne de Bluets, 1836, lloussaye. 
 
 Court Beggar ( The), about 1640 Brome. C. 
 
 Courtley Nice (Sir), 1685, Crowne. C. 
 
 Covivando de Piedro. (See " Convivado," etc.) 
 
 Coxcomb (The), posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 
 Cozeners (Tlie.), about 1760, Foote. F. 
 
 Creation (The), 1798, Haydn. Or. 
 
 Creusa, 1754, Whitehead. T. 
 
 Crispin Gentilhomme, 1640-1685, Ant. J. Mont- 
 fleury. C. 
 
 Critic (Tlie), 1779, Sheridan. A. ("Sir Fret- 
 ful Plagiary" is meant for Cumberland.) 
 
 Critique (La), 1662, Moliere. C. 
 
 Crociato in Egitto (II), 1825, Meyerbeer. O. 
 
 Cromwell, 1827, Victor Hugo. H.Pl. (Sen 
 "Charles I.") 
 
 Cross Purposes, 1842, O'Brien. F. 
 
 frown Diamonds, 1842 (English version of 
 Diamants de la Couronne, q.v.). 
 
 Cruel Gift, 1707, Centlivre. 
 
 Crutch and Toothpick, 1879, Sims. B. 
 
 Cupid and Campaspe, 1583, Lyly. L.D. 
 
 Cupid and Psyche, 19th cent., Miiller. L.D. 
 
 Cupid's Revenge,1615,Beaumont and Fletcher. O. 
 
 Cure for Romance, 1819, Thomson. C. 
 
 Cure for the Heartache, 1811, Morton. C. 
 
 Cure of Saul, 1770, Arnold. O. 
 
 Curfew (The), 1770-1804, Tobin. PI. 
 
 Custom of the Country, posthumous 1647, 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 
 
 Cutter of Coleman Street, 1644, Cowley. C. 
 
 Cymbeline, 1605, Shakespeare. T. 
 
 Cymon, 1716-1779, Garrick. D.R. 
 
 Cymon and Iphigenia, 1631-1701, Dryden. 
 
 Cynthia's Revels, 1600, Jonson. 
 
 Cyrus the Great, about 1695, Banks. T. 
 
 Daddy O'Dowd, 19th cent., Boucicault, I.D. 
 Daisy Farm (The), 1871, H. J. Byron. Dom.D. 
 Dame Blanche (La), 1829, Boieldieu. O.C. 
 
 (libretto by Scribe). 
 Dame Medecin (La), 1640-1685, Ant. J. Mont- 
 
 fleury. C. 
 Dame Voilee, 1838, Balfe. O. 
 Dame aux Camelias, 1848, Dumas fils. C. 
 Dames Capitaines (Les), 1857, Reber. 0. 
 Damoiselle a Marier (La), before 1822, Scribe. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 Damon and Pythias, 1566, Edwardes. T. (See 
 
 " Ferrex and Porrex.") 
 
1140 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Damon and Pythias, 1825, Banim. PI. 
 
 i >aranes, 1743, Hill. 
 
 Darius, 1603, published 1607, lord Stirling. T. 
 
 Dark Glen of Ballyfoill (The), 19th cent., 
 
 Stirling. I.D. 
 Daughter {The), 1836, Knowles. I). 
 Daughter of St. Mark, 1 844, Balfe. 0. 
 Daughter of the Isles, 1861, Leslie. 0. 
 David, 1724-1803, Klopstock. T. 
 David, 1834, Neukomru. Or. 
 Days of Yore, 1796, Cumberland. C. 
 De Montfort, 1798, Baillie. T. 
 De Paris a Corbell, etc., 1854, Demoliere. C. 
 Deaf and Dumb, 1785, Holcroft. H.D. 
 Death Fetch, 1830, Home. D. 
 Death of Adam, 1724-1803, Klopstock. T. 
 Death of Marlowe, 1827, Home. T. 
 Death of Nero, 1690, Pechantre. T. 
 Death of Robert Earl of Huntington, in two 
 
 parts, 1601, Heywood. PI. (See " Robin 
 
 Hood.") (This play is by some attributed 
 
 to Ant. Munday and Chettle.) 
 Debates in the Police Friend, 19th cent., Herz. V. 
 Deborah, 1733, Handel. Or. 
 Deformed Transformed, 1821, Byron. D. 
 Degel (U), 1864, Sardou. 
 Delinquent (The), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Demafoonte, 1719, Metastasio. O. (music by 
 
 Leo). 
 Demetrio, 1731, Metastasio. 0. (music by 
 
 Caldara). 
 Dftmocrite, 1700, Regnard. C. 
 Demophon, 1791, Cherubini. O. 
 Dependant (The), 1798, Cumberland. C. 
 D»''pit Amoureux, 1654, Moliere. C. 
 Der Freischiitz, 1822, Weber. O. (libretto by 
 
 Kind). 
 Dervis (Le), 1811, Scribe. O. 
 Deserted Daughter, 1785, Holcroft. C. (altered 
 
 into The .Sienard). 
 Deserter (The), 1770, Dibdin. Mu.D. (from Le 
 
 Deserteur). 
 Deserteur (U\ 1769, Sedaine. CO. (music by 
 
 Monsigny). 
 Destruction of Jerusalem, 16S0, Crowne. T. 
 
 (Milman wrote The Fall of Jerusalem, 
 
 1820. Cl.T.) 
 Deuce is in Him (77(e), 1763, Colman the 
 
 Elder. F. 
 Deux Amis (Les), 1770, Beaumarchais. D. 
 Deux Aveugles (Les), 1855, Offenbach. O.Bf. 
 Deux Billets (Us), 3 779, Florian. C. 
 Deux Hommes pour un Placard, 1860, De- 
 
 sarbres. F. 
 Deux Journees, 1800, Cherubini. O. 
 Deux Jumeaux de Bergarae, 1781, Florian. C. 
 Deux Papas Tres-Bien, 1845, Labiche. C. 
 Deux Precepteurs (Les), before 1822, Scribe. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 Devil an Ass (The), 1616, Jonson. C. 
 Devil of a Wife (The), 17th cent., Jevon. 
 Devil to Pay (Ths), 1731, Coffey. Bd.F. 
 Devil upon Two Sticks, 1768, Foote. F. 
 Devil's Charter, 1607, Barnes. T. 
 Devil's Law-Case, 1613, Webster. 
 Devin du Village (Le), 1752, words and music 
 
 by Rousseau. Opta. 
 Diable a l'i:cole, 1842, Boulanger. CO. 
 Diable a Quatre (Le), 1756, Sedaine. CO. 
 Diamants de la Couronne (f.es), 1841, .Auber. 
 
 0. (See " Crown. Diamonds.") 
 
 Diane et Endymion, 1787, Piccini. O. 
 
 Dido, 1734, Reed. T. 
 
 Dido, 1783, Marmontel. O. (music by Piccini). ! 
 
 Dido Queen of Carthage, 1594, Marlowe and 
 
 Nash. T. 
 Dido and iEneas, 1657, Purcell. O. 
 Didone Abbandonata, 1724, Metastasio. O. 
 
 (music by Sarro and by Vinci). 
 Die Zauberfiote. (See " Zauberflcite.") 
 Dieu et la Bayadere, 1830, Scribe. O. 
 Dinorah, 1859, Meyerbeer. O. 
 Dioclesian, 1690, Purcell. 0. 
 Diogenes and His Lantern, 19th cent., Tom 
 
 Taylor. 
 Dionysius, 1748, Marmontel. T. (Deny: le 
 
 Tyrant). 
 Diplomate (Le), 1827, Delavigne and Scribe. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 Disappointment (The), 1684, Southerne. C 
 Discarded Son (The), 1854, Godfrey. C (This 
 
 is an English version of Un Fds de Famille ; 
 
 see " The Queen's Shilling.") 
 Discontented Colonel, 1638, Suckling. C. 
 Discovery (lite), 1763, Mrs. Sheridan. C 
 Distrait (U), 1697, Regnard. C 
 Distressed Mother (The), 17 12, Philips. T. 
 
 (Racine's tragedy Andromaque Anglicized), 
 Divine Olimpiade, 1719, Metastasio. 0. (music 
 
 by Leo). 
 Divorce (The), posthumous 1805, Aifieri. C. 
 Djengis Khan ou LaConquete de la Chine, 1837, 
 
 Anicet Bourgeois. T. 
 Dr. Last in His Chariot, 1769, Foote and Bicker- 
 staff. F. (based on Le Malade Inuxgivaire, 
 
 by Moliere, 1673). 
 Dr. Magnus, 1864, Cormon. D. 
 Dog of Montargis, 1815. Mel. (an English ver- 
 sion of the Chien de Montargis, of Guilbert 
 
 de Pixerecourt). (There is another French 
 
 drama, called Le Chien d'Aubry, on the 
 
 same subject.) 
 Doigts de Fee (Les), 1858, Scribe and Legouve. 
 
 O.C 
 Domino Noir (Le), 1837, Auber. O.C (libretto 
 
 by Scribe). (See " Black Domino.") 
 Don Caesar de Bogan, 19 th cent., Buucicault. 
 Don Carlos, 1676, Otway. T. 
 Don Carlos, 1787, Schiller. T. 
 Don Felix, 1714, Centlivre. C (same as Tlie 
 
 Wonder). 
 Don Garcia, 1785, Aifieri. T. 
 Don Giovanni, 1787, Mozart. 0. (libretto by 
 
 L. da Ponte). Sir H. Bishop recast this 
 
 opera. (See "Giovanni" and "Convivado.") 
 Don Juan, 1665, Moliere. C (imitated from 
 
 the Co-nvirado, q.v.). 
 Don Juan, 1665, Gliick. 0. 
 Don Juan, 1673, Thomas Qorneille. C (from 
 
 the Spanish comedy Convivado, q.v.). 
 Don Juan, 1802, Kalkbrenner. 0. 
 Don Juan d'Autriche, 1835, Delavigne. C. 
 Don Pasquale, 1843, Donizetti. 0. 
 Don Pedre, 1857, Cormon. D. 
 Don Pedro, 1795, Cumberland. D. 
 Don Pedro de Portugal, 1828, Gil y Zarate. 1). 
 Don Sebastian, 1690, Dryden. T. 
 Don Sebastiano, 1843, Donizetti. 0. (composed 
 
 in two months). 
 Donna del Lago (Lai), 1821, Rossini. O. 
 Doom of Devorgoil, 1829, sir W. Scott. PL 
 Double Dealer (The), 1694, Congreve. G. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1141 
 
 Double Falsehood, 1721, Theobald. 
 
 Double Gallant, 1707, Cibber. C. (copyright was 
 £16 2s. 6d). 
 
 Double Marriage, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Double Veuvage, 1701, Dufresny. C. 
 
 Double or Quits. (See " Quitte," etc.) 
 
 Douglas, 1756, Home. T. (based on the tale of 
 Gil Morice). 
 
 Dragon of Wantley, 1715, Carey. B.O. 
 
 Dragons de la Keine, 1841, Decourcelle. C. 
 
 Dragoons (The), 1879, Hersee. (This is an Eng- 
 lish version of Des Dragons de Villars, a 
 comic opera by Maillart.) 
 
 Drama of Exile, 1850, E. B. Browning. 
 
 Dramatist (The), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 
 Drames du Cabaret, 1864, Dumanoir. D. 
 
 Dream at Sea, before 1838, BucksVme. Mel. 
 
 Dreams, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 
 Drink, 1879, C. Read. D. (from L'Assommoir, by 
 Mons. Zola, 1878). 
 
 Druid or The Vision of Fingal, 1815, Thomson. 
 
 Drummer (77ie), 1715, Addison. C. 
 
 Duchess de la Valliere, 1836, Lytton. T. 
 
 Duchess of Guise, 1838, Flotow. 0. 
 
 Duchess of Malfy, 1623, Webster. T. 
 
 Duenna (The), 1775, Sheridan. Op.C. (music 
 by Linley). 
 
 Duke of Braganza, 1785, Jephson. T. 
 
 Duke of Guise, 1682, Dryden. T. 
 
 Duke of Lerma, * Robert Howard. 
 
 Duke of Millaine, 1623, Massinger. T. (imita- 
 tion of Shakespeare's Othello). 
 
 Duke's Mistress, 1638, Shirley. 
 
 Dumb Knight, 1633, Macuin. 
 
 Dumb Lady, 1622-1681, Lacy. C. 
 
 Dundreary Married and Done for (Lord), 19th 
 cent., H. J. Byron and Sothern. C. (See 
 " Lord Dundreary.") 
 
 Dupe (The), 1765, Mrs. Sheridan. C. 
 
 Dupe. (See " Who's the Dupe ?") 
 
 Duplicity, 1781, Holcroft. C. 
 
 Dutch Courtesan (The), 1605, Marston. C. 
 
 Earl Godwin, 1796. Anne Yearsley. T. 
 
 Earl of Essex, 1678, Th. Corneille. T. (Essex). 
 
 Earl of Essex, 1690, Banks. T. 
 
 Earl of Essex, 1745, Jones. T. 
 
 Earl of Huntingdon. (See "Death of Robert . . .") 
 
 Earl of Warwick, 1767, Dr. T. Franklin. T. 
 
 (See " Warwick.") 
 Earl of Westmoreland, 1765, H. Brooke. T. 
 East Indian, 1800, Lewis. C. 
 Eastward Hoe! 1605, Jonson, Chapman, etc. 
 
 Sat.D. (to ridicule the Scotch). 
 Eccentric Love, 1799, Cumberland. C. 
 Echo et Narcisse, 1778, Glilck. O. 
 Eclair. (See " L'Eclaire.") 
 Ecole. (See " L' cole.") 
 Ecossaise (U), 1764, Voltaire. C. (in which 
 
 Freron is gibbeted). 
 Edith, before 1809, Dounman. T. 
 Edward I., 1593, Peele. H.Pl. 
 Edward II., 1592, Marlowe. H.T. (Shakespeare's 
 
 Richard II. is in imitation of it, 1597.) 
 Edward IV., in two parts, 17th cent., Hey wood. 
 
 H.Pl. 
 Edward and Eleonora, 1739, Thomson. T. 
 Edward the Black Prince, 1640, Shirley. H.T. 
 Edwin, 1678-1755, Jefferys. T. 
 Edwin the Fair, 1843, Taylor. H.D. 
 
 Edwy and Elgiva, 1795, Mde. D'Arblay. T. 
 
 Egmont (Count), 1788, Goethe. T. 
 
 Elavi, 1816, Bishop. O. 
 
 Elder Brother, 1637, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Elfrid or The Fair Inconstant, 1710, Hill. 
 
 Elfrida, 1752, Mason. T. 
 
 Elfrida, 1856, Balfe. O. 
 
 El Hyder, * Barrymore. G.E.Mel.S. 
 
 Elijah, 1846, Mendelssohn. Or. 
 
 Elisa, 1794, Cherubini. O. 
 
 Elisca, 18th cent., Gretry. O. 
 
 Elixir d' Amour (L'), 1845, Donizetti. O. 
 
 Ellen Wareham, about 1834, Buckstone. D. 
 
 (writaen for Mrs. Yates). 
 Elmerick, 1739, Lillo. T. 
 Elves (The), 1835, Heiberg. Fy.C. 
 Elvira, 1760, Mallet. T. 
 Emilia Galotti, 1772, Lessing. T. 
 Emma, 19th cent., Herz. D. 
 Emma di Resburgo, 1820, Meyerbeer. O. 
 Emperiques (Les), 1698, De Brueys. C. 
 Emperor of the East, 1638, Anon. 
 Empress of Morocco, 1648-1724, Settle. T. 
 En avant les Chinois ! 1858, Labiche. C. 
 Enchantress (The), 19th cent., Balfe. O. 
 Endimione, 1721, Metastasio. Mu.D. 
 Endymion and the Man in the Moon, 1591, 
 
 Lyly. Myt.D. 
 Enfant du Peuple (Uri), 1847, Labronsse. C. 
 Enfants d'Edouard (Les),1833, Delavigne. H.D. 
 English Fleet, 1739-1802, Arnold. Mu.D. 
 English Gentleman (The), 19th cent., H. J. 
 
 Byro,n. C. 
 English Merchant, 1767, Colman. C. • 
 English Princess or Death of Richard III., 1712, 
 
 Caryl. T. 
 English Traveller (The), 1633, Hey wood. T.C. 
 Englishman in Paris, 1753, Foote. F. 
 Englishman returned from Paris, 1757, Foote. F. 
 Enrico di Borgogna, 1818, Donizetti. O. 
 Enseignement Mutuel, 1846, >ius. C. 
 Envies de Mde. Godard, 1848, Carmouche. C. 
 Eplcharis et Neron, 1793, Legouve. T. 
 Epiccene or The Silent Woman, 1609, Jou- 
 
 son. C. 
 Epsom Wells, 1673, Shadwell. C. 
 Erigone, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
 Erik VII., 19th cent., Boje. T. 
 Eriphyle, 1732, Voltaire. T. 
 Ermina or The Chaste Lady, 1670, Flecknoe. D. 
 Ernani, 1830, Victor Hugo. R.T . 
 Ernani, 1841, Verdi. O. 
 Esclave de Camoens, 1843, Flotow. O. 
 Esmeralda, 1833, Victor Hugo. R.D. (An 
 
 English version by H. J. Byron.) 
 Esperidi (Gli Orti), 1722, Metastasio. O. (music 
 
 by Porpora). 
 Esprit de Contradiction, 1700, Dufresny. F. 
 Essex. (See " Earl of Essex.") 
 Esther, 1689, Racine. S.T. 
 Esther, 1720, Handel (first performance 
 
 1732). Or. 
 Esule di Granada, 1823, Meyerbeer. O. 
 Eteocle, 1799, Legouve. T. 
 Etoile de Nord (/,'), 1854, Meyerbeer. O. 
 
 (libretto by Scribe). 
 Etoile de Seville (U), 19th cent., Balfe. 0. 
 Etourdis (Les), 1788, Andrieux. C. 
 Eugene Aram, 1831, W. G. Wilis. D. (lord 
 
 Lytton's novel dramatized). 
 | Eugenie, 1767, Beaumarchais. D. 
 
1142 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Eugenie, One Drama of a Trilogy, 1749-1832, 
 
 Goethe. T. 
 Euphosine et Coradin, 1790, Hoffmann. O.C. 
 
 (music by Mehul). 
 Euryanthe, 1825, Weber. 0. 
 Eurydice, 1731, Mallet. T. 
 Evadne or The Statue. 1819, Sheil (The Traitor, 
 
 by Shirley, 1631, reset). 
 Evasion de Marie Stuart, 1822, Guilbert de 
 
 Pixerecourt. D. 
 Evening Love, 1631-1701, Dryden. 
 Every Man in His Humour, 1596, improved 
 
 1598, Jonson. 0. (Garrick reset this 
 
 comedy.) 
 Every Man out of His Humour, 1599, Jonson C. 
 Every One has His Fault, 1794, Inchbald. C. 
 
 (realized £700). 
 Exiles of Siberia, 1789, Aude. D. 
 Extremes or Men of the Day, 1859, O'Rourke 
 
 (i.e. E. Falconer). 
 Ezio, 1728, Metastasio. 0. 
 
 Facheux (Les), 1661, Moliere. C. 
 
 Fair Maid of the Inn, posthumous 1647, Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher. C. 
 
 Fair Penitent (The), 1703, Rowe. T. 
 
 Fair Quaker of Deal, 1617, Ch. Shadwell. C 
 (altered by Ed. Thompson). 
 
 Fair Quarrel, 1617, Middleton and Rowley. C. 
 
 Fair Rosamond. (See " Rosamond.") 
 
 Faire Maide of the Exchange, 1615, Heywood. 
 
 Faithful Friend, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Faithful Shepherdess, 1610, Fletcher. P. 
 
 Fall of Jerusalem, 1820, Mi lman. C1.T. (Crowne 
 wrote, in 1680, Tlie Destruction of Jeru- 
 salem. T.) 
 
 Fall of Portugal, 1808, Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pin- 
 dar). T. 
 
 Fall of Robespierre, 1794, Coleridge. T. 
 
 Fall of the Giants, 1763, Gliick. O. 
 
 False Concord, 1760, Townley. C. (See " Clan- 
 destine Marriage.") 
 
 False Delicacy, 1764, Kelly. C. 
 
 False Friend, 1672-1726, Vanbrugh. C. 
 
 F'alse Impressions, 1796, Cumberland. C. 
 
 False One, 1619, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 1616). T. 
 
 Falstaff, 1838, Balf •. O. 
 
 Famille Benoiton (1m), 1865, Sardou. D. 
 
 Famille Poisson (Im), 18th cent., Poisson. C. 
 
 Famille Renneville (La), 1802, Demoliere. D. 
 
 Famille au Temps de Luther (Une), 1836, Dela- 
 vigne. T. 
 
 Famille de Lusigny (Lm), 1830, Soulie. D 
 
 Family Legend, 1810, Baillie. T. 
 
 Famous "Victories of Henry V. (The), 1578, 
 Anon. H.P1. (This was the quarry of 
 Shakespeare's Henry V.) 
 
 Fanatico per la Musica, 1799, Mayer. O. 
 
 Fancies Chaste and Noble, 1638, Ford. D. 
 
 Fanisca, 1805, Cherubini. O. 
 
 Farm-House (The), 1757-1823, Kemble. F. 
 
 Farmer (The), 17S8, Shield. O. 
 
 Fanner's Wife (The), 1780, Dibdin, junior. CO. 
 
 Fashionable Levites, 1752-1820, Macnally. C. 
 
 Fashionable Lover (The), 1772, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Fata Morgana, 1838, Heiberg. Fy.C. 
 
 Fatal Curiosity, 1736, Lillo. T. 
 
 Fatal Discovery, 1769, Home. T. 
 
 Fatal Dowry. 1632, Maasingcr and Field. T. 
 
 Fatal Extravagance, 1730, Mitchell. T. (altered 
 
 by Hill, in 1746). 
 Fatal Love, 1648-1724, Settle. T. 
 Fatal Marriage, 1692, Southerne. T. (See 
 
 " Isabella or The Fatal Marriage.") 
 Fatal Revenge, 1807, Maturin. T. 
 Fatal Vision. 1716. Hill. T. 
 Father Baptiste, 19th cent., Stirling. D. 
 Father's Vengeance, 1748-1825, earl of Car- 
 lisle. T. 
 Faucon (Le), 1772, Sedaine. O.C. (music by 
 
 Monsigny). 
 Faussaires Anglaises (Les), 1833, Cormon. D. 
 Fausse Magie (La), 1775, Marmontel. O. (music 
 
 by Gretry). 
 Faust, pt. i. 1798, ii. 1828, Goethe. T.or rather 
 a dramatic poem. (B. Bernard produced an 
 English version.) 
 Faust e Margherito, 1859, Gounod. O. 
 Faustus (J)>\), 1589, Marlowe. T. 
 Favorita, 1843, Donizetti. 0. 
 Fazio, 1815, Milman. T. 
 Fee Urgele (La), 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 
 Feinte par Amour (La), 18th cent., Oorat. C. 
 Felix, 1777, Sedaine. O.C. (music by Mon- 
 signy). 
 Felix (Don). (See "The Wonder.") 
 Felton (John), 1852, Stirling. H.P1. 
 Female Dramatist, 1782, Colman. Mu.F. 
 Female Officer, 1757-1823, Kemble. F. 
 Femme Ja louse (Im), 1726, Joly. C. 
 Femme Juge et Partie (Lax), 1666, Montfleury. 
 
 C. (reduced to three acts by Leroy, 1821). 
 Femme a Deux Maris (La), 1802, Guilbert de 
 
 Pixerecourt. V. 
 Femmes Savantes (Les), 1672, Moliere. C. 
 Femmes Soldats (Les), 1809, Dartois. C. 
 Femmes Terribles (tes), 1858, Dumanoir. D. 
 Femmes et le Merite des Femmes, 1824, An- 
 
 tier. C. 
 Femmes et le Secret, 1843, Deadde. C. 
 Fenelon 1793, Chenier. T. (An English ver- 
 sion by Merry.) 
 Fernande, 1868, Sardou. C. (adapted by S. 
 
 Edwards). 
 Ferrex and Porrex, 1561-62, Buckhurst. T. 
 (called Gorboduc by sir P. Sidney. The 
 hist three acts by Norton, the last two by 
 Sackville lord Buckhurst. First English 
 tragedy). (See " Damon and Pythias " and 
 " Ralph Roister Doister.") 
 Festin de Pierre. (See " Don Juan.") 
 Few (The), posthumous 1805, Alfieri. C. (on 
 
 the subject of Oligarchies). 
 Fidele Berber (Le), 1837, Adam. O.C. 
 Fidelio, 1791, Beethoven. 0. 
 Fiesco, 1783, Schiller. T. 
 Fiesque, 1824, Ancelot. T. (a French version 
 
 of the above). 
 Fisaro. (See " Mariage de . . ." and " Nozze . . .") 
 Filippo II., 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Fille de Jephte, 1814, Meyerbeer. Or. (See 
 
 " Jephte.") 
 Fille de l'Exile (La), 1819, Guilbert de Pixere- 
 court. D. 
 Fille desliois, 1S00, Weber. 0. 
 Fille du Cid (La), 1840, Delavigne. T. 
 Fille du Diable, 1800, Thiboust. D. (See " Fils 
 
 du Diable.") 
 Fille du Regiment, 1840, Donizetti. O.C. 
 Filles de Marbre (Les), 1853, Barriere. D. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1148 
 
 Fils Ingrats ou L'F.cole des Peres, 1728, Piron. C. 
 Fils Naturel, 1757, Diderot. C. (See "Natural 
 
 Sou.") 
 Fils de Famille (Cn), 1853, Bayard and Bieville. 
 
 C. (See " The Discarded Son.") ■ 
 Fils de la Nuit, 1857, Sejour. D. 
 Fils du Diable, 1860, Deadde. D. (See " Fille 
 
 du Diable.") 
 Financier et le Savetier (Le), 19th cent., Offen- 
 bach. O.Bf. 
 Finestrina (La), posthumous 1805, Alfieri. C. 
 
 (scene laid in hell). 
 Finta Giardiniera (La), 1774, Mozart. 0. 
 Fiole de Cagliostro (La), 1835, Brisebarre. D. 
 First Floor (The), 1756-1818, Cobb. F. 
 First Love, 1795, Cumberland. C. 
 Fleurette, 1833, Labrousse. C. 
 Flitch of Bacon, 1778. Dudley. Mu.F. (music 
 
 by Shield). 
 Flitting Day (The), 19th cent., Herz. D. 
 Florinda, 1699, Handel. O. 
 Flowers of the Forest, 1847, Buckstone. R.D. 
 Flying Dutchman, about 1830, Fitzball. Mel. 
 Flying Scud, 1863, Boucicault. D. 
 Folies Amoureuses, 1704, Regnard. C. 
 Follies of a Day (The), 1745-1809, Holcroft. C. 
 Folly as it Flies, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Fontainbieau, 1747-1833, O'Keefe. 
 Fool of Quality, 17th cent., Poisson. C. 
 Fool's Revenge (The), 19ih cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Fopling Flutter (Sir), 1676, Etberege. C. 
 
 (second title of The Man of Mode). 
 Forced Marriage (The), 1758, Armstrong. T. 
 Forgery, 1832, Buckstone. Mel. 
 Formosa, 19th cent., Boucicault. 
 Fortresse du Danube (La), 1805, Guilbert de 
 
 Pixerecourt. Mel. 
 Fortunate Isles, 1626, B. Jonson. M. 
 Fortuuatus (Old) or The Wishing-Cap, 1600, 
 
 Dekker. C. 
 Fortune's Fool, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Fortune's Frolic, about 1800, Aliingham. F. 
 Fortunes of Nigel, sir W. Scott's novel 1822, 
 
 dramatized by A. Halliday. 
 Foscari (/ due), 19th cent., Verdi. O. 
 Foscari (Thr), 1826, Miss Mitchell. H.T. 
 Foscari (The Two), 1821, Byron. H.T. 
 Foul Play, 19th cent., C. Reade. 
 Foundling (Tue), 1748, E. Moore. C. 
 Foundling of the Forest, * Dimond. PI. 
 Four P's (Palmer, Pardoner, Poticary, Pedlar), 
 
 1530, J. Heywood. Int. 
 Four Plays in One, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 Four 'Prentices of London, 1632, Heywood. H.P1. 
 Four Sons of Aymon, 1843, Balfe. O. 
 Fourb<-ries de Scapin, 1671, Moliere. C. (See 
 
 " Cheats of Scapin.") 
 Fox. (See "Volpone.") 
 Fra Diavolo, 1830, Auber. O.C. (libretto by 
 
 Scribe). (Fra Diavolo, by H. J. Byron.) 
 Francis I., 1828, F. A. Kemble. H.Pl. 
 Francois I. a Madrid, 1826, Brifaut. T. 
 Fredolpho, 1818, Maturin. 
 Freethinker (The), 1774, Lessing. D. 
 Freischiitz (Der), 1822, Weber. O. (libretto by 
 
 Kind). 
 Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, 1588, Greene. C. 
 
 (first acted in 1591, first printed 1594). 
 Fugitive (The), before 1803, J. Richardson. C. 
 Funeral or Grief a-la-Mode, 1701, Steele. C. 
 
 Gageure Imprevue (La), 1772, Sedaine. C. 
 
 Galant Jardinier, 1667, Daucourt. C. 
 
 Gallambea, 1592, Lyly. 
 
 Galotti. (See " Emilia Galotti.") 
 
 Game at Chess, 1624, Middleton. PI. 
 
 Game of Speculation, 19th cent., Slingsby 
 Lawrence (i.e. G. H. Lewes). (See " Specu- 
 lation.") 
 
 Gamester (The), 1637, Shirley. T. 
 
 Gamester (The), 1709, Centlivre. T. 
 
 Gamester (The), 1753, E. Moore. T. 
 
 Gammer Gurton's Needle, 1551, Mr. S. Master 
 of Arts (said to be bishop Still ; but he was 
 under nine years of age at the date given. 
 It was acted in 1575, when Still was 32. 
 This was our second comedy). (See " Rois- 
 ter Doister" and " Mesogonus.") 
 
 Garcon de Ferine (Le), 1861, Brisebarre. D 
 
 Gay Deceivers, 1804, Colman. F. 
 
 Gazza Ladra (La), 1817, Rossini. CO. 
 
 Gemma di Vergi, 1835, Donizetti. O. 
 
 Generous Conqueror, 1702, Higgons. 
 
 Genevieve di Brabant, 19th cent., Offenbach. CO. 
 
 Gentle Shepherd, 1725, Ramsay. P. (altered in 
 1786, by Tickell). 
 
 Gentleman Dancing-Master, 1673, Wycherly. C 
 
 Gentleman Usher, 1617, Chapman. O. 
 
 Gentleman of Alsatia (The), 1638, Shadwell. C 
 (sometimes called The Squire of Alsatia). 
 
 Genviere, before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 
 George Barnwell, 1730, Lillo. T. 
 
 George Daudin, 1668, Moliere. 0. 
 
 George-a-Green, 1587, Greene. C 
 
 Geta, 1687, Pecbantre. T. 
 
 Gil Bias, 1750, E. Moore. C 
 
 Giovanni (Don), 1787, Mozart. O. (libretto by 
 L. da Ponte). (See " Don Juan.") 
 
 Giovanni (Don), 1839, Landor. (See "Don 
 Giovanni.") 
 
 Giovanni in London, 1687-1770, Moncrieff. O.Ex. 
 
 Gipsy Warning, 1838, Benedict. O. 
 
 Giralda, 1850, Adam. O.C. 
 
 Girl's Romance (^1), 1879, Boucicault. D. 
 
 Girls (The), 1879, H. J. Byron. C 
 
 Gisele, 1841, Adam. B. 
 
 Giulio Sabino, 1781, Sarti. O. 
 
 Giulio Sabino, 1784, Cherubiui. O. (a pupil of 
 Sarti). 
 
 Giuseppe, 1732, Metastasio. O. 
 
 Giustino, 1712, Metastasio. T. (aged 14). 
 
 Gladiateur, 1841, Altenheim. T. 
 
 Glencoe, 1840, Alford. T. 
 
 Gli Orti Esperidi. (See " Orti . . .") 
 
 Going to the Bad, 19 th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 
 Gold-Mine or Miller of Grenoble, 1854, Stir- 
 Ung. D. 
 
 Golden Pippin, 1765, O'Hara. 
 
 Good-Natured Man (The), 1768, Goldsmith. C 
 
 Good Soldier (The), about 1680, from R. Poisson. 
 
 Good for Nothing, 1851, Buckstone. CD. 
 
 Gorboduc. (See " Ferrex and Porrex.") 
 
 Gotham Election, 1715, Centlivre. C 
 
 Giitz von Berlichingen, 1773, Goethe. D. (trans- 
 lated by sir W. Scott). 
 
 Gracchus, 1792, Chenier. T. (See " Caio Gracco.") 
 
 Gracchus (Caius), 1815, Knowles. H.T. 
 
 Gracchus (Caius), 1825, Monti. H.T. 
 
 Grand Copnte. (See " Cophte.") 
 
 Grateful Servant, 1635, Shirley. PI. 
 
 Great Casimir (The), 1879, Leigh. Mu.D. (music 
 by Lecocq ; from the French). 
 
1144 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Great-Duke of Florence, 1630, Massinger. C. 
 
 Grecian Daughter, 1772, Murphy. T. 
 
 Green Bushes, 1845, Buckstone. D. 
 
 Green Domino, 1810, Korner. PI. 
 
 Green's Tu Quoque, ] 6th cent., Cooke. C. 
 
 Gregory VII., 1832, Home. T. 
 
 Grey {Lady Jane), 1715, Howe. T. (copyright 
 was £75 5s.). 
 
 Grey (lAidy Jane). 1876, Tennyson. T. 
 
 Grief &-la-Mode, 1702, Steele. C. 
 
 Griselda, 1774-1839, Paer. 0. 
 
 Groudeur {Le), 1691, De Brueys. C. 
 
 Grotius, 1761-1819, Kotzebue. 
 
 Grotto on the Stream {The), 19th cent., Stil- 
 ling. D. 
 
 Guardian {The), 1639, Massinger. C. (altered in 
 1759, by Garrick). 
 
 Gucbres, 1762, Voltaire. T. 
 
 Guglielmo Tell. (See " Tell.") 
 
 Gustave III., 1833, Scribe. 0. 
 
 Gustave or 1^ Napolitain, 1825, Anicet Bour- 
 geois. D. 
 
 Gustavus Vasa, 1733, Piron. T. 
 
 Gustavus Vasa, 1739, Brooke. T. 
 
 Gustavus Vasa, 1797, Kotzebue. T. 
 
 Guy Mannering, 1816, Terry. Mu.Pl. (music 
 by Bishop). (This is a dramatized ver- 
 sion of sir W. Scott's novel 60 called, 
 18150 
 
 Habit de Cour, 1818, Antier. D. 
 
 Haine d'Une Femme {La), before 1822, Scribe. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 Half-Pay Officer, 1706-1767, Molloy. C. 
 Halidon Hill, 1822, sir W. Scott. A dramatic 
 
 sketch, in three acts. 
 Hamlet Prince of Denmark, 1596, Shakespeare. 
 
 T. (printed 1603). 
 Handsome Hernani, 1879, H. J. Byron. B. 
 Happiest Day of My Life {The), 19th cent., 
 
 Buckstone. 
 Harlekin Patriot {The), 1772, Ewald. D. 
 Harold, 1875, Tennyson. H.P1. 
 Harry Gavlove {Sir), 1772, Miss Marshall. C. 
 Hartford Bridge, 1754-1829, Shield. Mu.F. 
 Haunted Tower {The), 1793, Cobb. Mu.D. 
 
 (music by Storace^ 
 Haydee, 1847, Auber. ' 0. 
 He Would if He Could, 1764, Bickerstaff. C. 
 He's Much to Blame, 1790, Holcroft. C. 
 Heaven and Earth, 1819, Byron. Mys. 
 Heir-at-Law {The), 1797, Colman. C. (See 
 
 " Lord'8 Warmingpan.") 
 Heir of Vironi, 1817, Pocock. Mu.D. (music by 
 
 Whittaker). 
 Heiress {The\ 1781, Burgoyne. C. 
 Helen and Paris, 1768, Gliick. 0. (libretto by 
 
 Calzabigi). 
 Helping Hands, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Helvctius, 1802, Andrieux. C. 
 Henri III., 1829, Dumas. H.D. 
 Henri IV., 1725, Brckingham. H.D. 
 Henri IV., 1834, Balfe. O. {Enrico IV.). 
 Henri IV. en Famille, 1828, Deforges. D. 
 Henrietta the Forsaken, about 1835, Buck- 
 stone. C. 
 Henriette Deschamps, 1863, Carre. D. 
 Henry II., 1773, a drama produced by adding 
 
 together the two subjoined. 
 Henry II. King of England, with the death of 
 
 Rosamond, 1693, ascribed both to Bancroft 
 and to Mountford. H.T. 
 Henry and Rosamond, 1749, Hawkins. H.T. 
 
 1 Henry IV., 1598, Shakespeare. H.P1. (printed 
 
 1598). 
 
 2 Henry IV., 1598, Shakespeare. H.Pl. (printed 
 
 1600). 
 
 Henry V., 1599, .Shakespeare. H.Pl. (printed 
 1600). (This play was suggested by that 
 called The Famous Victories of Henry V.) 
 
 Henry V., 1723, Hill. H.Pl. 
 
 1 Henry VI., 1592, Shakespeare. H.Pl. (alluded 
 
 to by Nash, in tierce Fenniless, 1592). 
 
 2 Henry VI., 1594, Shakespeare. H.Pl. 
 
 3 Henry VI., 1595, Shakespeare. H.Pl. 
 Henry VIII., 1601, Shakespeare. H.Pl. (Knight, 
 
 1613). 
 Henry VIII., 1791, Ch^nier. D.H. {Henri 
 
 VIII.). 
 Heraclides (Aes), 1752, Marmontel. T. 
 Hercule, 1643, Rotrou. Cl.T. (imitated from 
 
 the Hercules Furens of Euripides). 
 Hercules Furens, 1561, J. Heywood. T. (Seneca's 
 
 play done into English). 
 Hercules Oitaeus, 1581, Studley. D. (Seneca's 
 
 play done into English). 
 Hernani. (See " Ernani " and " Handsome Her- 
 nani.") 
 Hero and Leander, 1637, Marlowe. T. 
 Hero and Leander, * Jackman. O.Blta. 
 Herr Burckhurd and His Family, 1827, Herz. 
 
 Dom.D. 
 Hertford Bridge. (See " Hartford Bridge.") 
 Hieronimo. (See " Jeronimo.") 
 High Life Above Stairs, 1776, Garrick. F. 
 High Life Below Stairs, 1759, Townley. F. 
 High-Mettled Racer, 1771-1841, Dibdin. Mu.Tr. 
 Highland Fair, 1729, Mitchell. Bd.O. 
 Highland Reel, 1798, O'Keefe. 
 Hints for Husbands, 1806, Cumberland. C. 
 His Last Legs, 19th cent., B. Bernard. 
 History of Madoc, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 History of Orlando Furioso, posthumous 1594, 
 
 Greene. C. 
 Hit or Miss, 1782-1835, Poeock. C. 
 H.M.S. Pinafore. (See " Pinafore.") 
 Hoffman, 1631, Anon. 
 
 H< g hath lost His Pearl {The), 1613, R. Tailor. C. 
 Hollander {The), about 1620, Glapthorne. C. 
 Holofernes, 1554, Anon. T. 
 Home, 19th cent., Hobertson. C. 
 Home for Home. 1879, Lee. V. 
 Homme a Trois Visages {L'), 1801, Guilbert de 
 
 Pixerecourt. V. 
 Honest Lawyer, 1616, S.S. C. 
 Honest Man's Fortune, posthumous 1647, Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher. C. 
 Honest Thieves {The), 1774-1826, Knight. F. 
 
 {The Committee, C, reset). 
 Honest Whore {The), 1635, Dekker. C. 
 Honest Yorkshireman, 1736, Carey. F. 
 Honeycombe {Folly), 1760, Colman. D.N. 
 Honeymoon {The), 1804, Tobin. C. (&uggcst<d 
 
 by Shakespeare's comedy The Tamil. y of the 
 
 Shrew). 
 Honneur de Mamere, 1837, Boule. 
 Honourable Ambition, 1751, Holberg. C. 
 Honourable Delinquent, 1749-1811, Jovel» 
 
 lanos. C. 
 Hood. (See " Robin Hood.") 
 Horaces {Les), 1639, Corneilie. T. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1146 
 
 House or the Home (The), 19th cent., Tom 
 
 Taylor. 
 Housekeeper (The), 1835, Jerrold. C. (a story 
 
 of Jacobite times). 
 How to Grow Rich, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Huguenots (/,e.s), ls33, Meyerbeer. 0. (libretto 
 
 by Scribe). 
 Huitre et les Plaideurs (Le), 1769, Sedaine. O.C. 
 Humourist (The), 1671, Shadwell. C. 
 Humourous Lieutenant, posthumous 1647, 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 Hunchback (The), 1831, Knowles. C. 
 IIurlo-Thrumbo, 1729, S. Johnson. F. (not 
 
 Dr. S. Johnson). 
 Huron (Le), 1769, Marmontel. 0. (music by 
 
 retry). 
 Husband His Own Cuckold, 18th cent., C. 
 
 Dryden. C. 
 Husband at Sight, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Hussard de Feltheim, 1827, Dupenty. 
 Hussites (The), 1761-1819, Kotzebue. I). 
 Hypocrite (The), 1768, Bickerstaff. C. (This is 
 
 Tlie Nonjuror modernized, 1706 ; and The 
 
 Nonjuror is an English version of Moliere's 
 
 Tartuffe, 1664.) 
 Hyppolyte, 1733, Rameau. 0. 
 Hyppolytus, 1581, Studley. T. (Seneca's play 
 
 done into English). 
 Hyrden af Tolosa, 19th cent., Ingemann. 
 Hyren the Fair Greek, 1584, Peele. 
 
 Idle Business or Man who has no Time, 1750, 
 Holberg. C. 
 
 Idomeneo, 1781, Mozart. 0. 
 
 If I had a Thousand a Year, 1764-1838, Mor- 
 ton. C. 
 
 Ifigenia in Aulide, 1788, Cherubini. 0. (See 
 " Iphigenia.") 
 
 Ill Beginning hasa Good End (An), 1613, Ford. C. 
 
 Ill- Treated II Trovatore, 1855, H. J. Byron. F. 
 
 Illustrious Stranger, 1772-1849, Kenney. C. 
 
 Immanuel, 1853, Leslie. Or. 
 
 Impertinent (The), 1750, Desmahis. F. 
 
 Important de Cour (L'), 1693, De Brueys. C. 
 
 Impostor (The), 1789, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Impromptu de Campagne (L'), 17th cent., R. 
 Poisson. C. 
 
 Impromptu de l'Hotel de Conde, 1664, Mont- 
 fleury. C. (written in rivalry of Moliere's 
 Impromptu de Versailles). 
 
 Impromptu de Versailles, 1663, Moliere. C. 
 
 In Quarantine, * Ware. C. 
 
 Inconstant (The), 1702, Farquhar. C. 
 
 Indian Emperor, 1665, Dryden. He. PI. 
 
 Indian Queen ( Tlie), 1664, Dryden and Howard. 
 He.Pl. 
 
 Indians in England (The), 1761-1819, Kotze- 
 bue. D. 
 
 Indiscret (L'), 1725, Voltaire. C. 
 
 lues de Castro, 1723, Lamotte. T. 
 
 In£s de Cordoue, 1696, Bernard. T. 
 
 Inez de Castro, 1590, Ferreira. T. 
 
 Inflexible Captive (The), 1774, H. More. T. 
 
 Ingranno Infelice, 1812, Rossini. 0. 
 
 Inkle and Yarico, 1787, Colman. Mu.Pl. 
 
 Ino et Melicerte, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
 
 Insatiate Countess (The), 1613, Marston. T. 
 
 Insolvent (The), 1738, Hill. 
 
 Intrigue and Love, 1783, Schiller. T. (EdbaU 
 und Liebe). 
 
 Intriguing Chambermaid, 1 733, Fielding. F. 
 Invader of His Country, 1709, Dennis. T. 
 
 (This is Shakespeare's Coriolanus reset.) 
 Invincibles (The), 1820, Morton. C 
 Ion, 1803. Schlegel. Cl.T. 
 Ion, 1835, Talfourd. Cl.T. 
 Ipermestra, 1744, Metastasio. 0. (written in 
 
 nine days). 
 Iphigenia in Aulis, 1776, Gliick. 0. (libretto by 
 
 Calzabigi). 
 Iphigenia in Tauris, 1779, Gliick. 0. (libretto 
 
 by Calzabigi). 
 Iphigenia in Tauris, 1786, Goethe. Cl.D. 
 Iphigenia in Tauris, 1792, Piccini. 0. 
 Iphigenie, 1637, Rotrou. Cl.D. (imitated from 
 
 the Iphigenia of Euripides). 
 Iphigenie, 1674, Racine. Cl.D. (in imitation of 
 
 Euripides). 
 Iphigenie (Sacrifice a"), 1861, Dennery. Cl.D 
 Irato (V), 1807, Mehul. O.B. 
 Irene, 1749, Johnson. T. 
 Irish Lion (The), 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Irish Widow (The), 1757, Garrick. F.' 
 Irlandais (V) ou L'Esprit National, 1831, 
 
 Antier. 
 Iron Age, 1532, Heywood. C. 
 Iron Chest, 1796, Colman. Mu.D. (music by 
 
 Storace). 
 Isaac ComnenU3, 1830, H. Taylor. 
 Isabella or The Fatal Marriage, 1692, Southerne. 
 
 T. (same as Fatal Marriage). 
 Isabelle et Gertrude, 18th cent., Gretry. 0. 
 Isabelle or Woman's Life, about 1836, Buck- 
 stone. D. 
 Island Princess, posthumous 1647, Beaumou* 
 
 and Fletcher. 
 Isle of Palms (The), 1812, Wilson. 
 Israel in Egypt, 1738, Handel. Or. 
 Isse, 1699, Lamotte. P.O. 
 Issipile, 1732, Metastasio. 0. 
 Istamine, 1817, Victor Hugo. Cl.T. 
 Italiana en Algeri, 1813, Rossini. 0. 
 It's Never too Late to Mend, 1878, Reade. C. 
 
 (the novel so called dramatized). 
 
 Jack Drum's Entertainment, 1601, Anon. C. 
 
 Jack Juggler, about 1535, Anon (based on the 
 Amphitruo of Plautus). (See "Amphi- 
 tryon.') 
 
 Jaloux (Le), 1708, Dufresny. C. 
 
 Jaloux Desabuse (Le), 1700, Campistron. C. 
 
 James IV., posthumous 1594, Greene. H.P1. 
 
 Jane Grey (Lady). (See "Grey.") 
 
 Jane Shore, 1713, Rowe. T. (copyright was 
 £50 15s.). 
 
 Jane Shore, 19th cent., W. G. Wills. 
 
 Janet's Pride, 19th cent., Boucicault. Sen.D. 
 
 Janetta, 1840, Auber. 0. 
 
 Jardinier (Le), 1771, Sedaine. O.C. 
 
 Jealous Lovers (The), before 1630, Randolph. (J. 
 
 Jealous Wife (The), 1761, Colman the Elder. C, 
 (from Fielding's Tom Jones). 
 
 Jean Dacier, 1876, Lomon. T. 
 
 Jean de Paris, 1812, Boieldieu. O. 
 
 Jeannot et Colin, 1780, Florian. C. 
 
 Jephte (Fille de), * Plessis Mornay. 
 
 Jephte (Fille de), 1814, Meyerbeer. Or. 
 
 Jephtha, 1546, Christopherson. T. 
 
 Jephtha, 1554, Buchanan. T. 
 
 Jephtha, 1751, Handel. Or. 
 
1146 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Jeronimo, 1599, Kyd. T. (See "Spanish Tra- 
 gedy.") 
 
 Jeune Henri, 1797, Mehul. O.C. 
 
 Jeunesse de Luther, 1843, Carre. 
 
 Jeunesse de Richelieu (La), 1833, Ancelot. V. 
 
 Jew {The), 1795, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Jew and Doctor, 1771-1841, Dibdin. Mu.Tr. 
 
 Jew of Malta (The Rich), 1586, Marlowe. T. 
 (Shakespeare's Mercliant of Venice is 1598. 
 The two plays are evidently allied.) 
 
 Jeweller of Amsterdam {The), posthumous 1647, 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Jewess {Tut), 1835, Balfe. 0. 
 
 Joan of Arc, 1801, Schiller. T. {Jungfrau von 
 Orleans). 
 
 Joan of Arc, 1808-1870, Balfe. 0. 
 
 Joanna Montfaucon, 1S08, Cumberland. D.R. 
 
 Jocasta, 1566, Gascoigne and Kinwelmarsh. T. 
 (from the Fhcenusce of Euripides ; one of 
 our earliest dramas). 
 
 John {King), 1596, Shakespeare. H.T. (first 
 mentioned 1598). (This play was suggested 
 by that entitled The Troublesome Reign of 
 King John.) (See " Kynge Johan.") 
 
 John Bull, 1805, Colman. C. 
 
 John Cockle at Court {Sir), 1737, Dodsley. F. 
 
 John Felton, 1852, Stirling. H.P1. 
 
 John Jones, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 
 John Oldcastle {Sir), printed 1600, Munday and 
 Drayton (printed in 1601, with the name of 
 Shakespeare on the title-page, and contained 
 in Pope's edition of Shakespeare). 
 
 John Street, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 
 John Woodvil, 1802, Lamb. T. 
 
 John-a-lvent, etc., 1595, Munday. 
 
 John of Paris, 1782-1835, Pocock. C. 
 
 John of Procida, 1840, Knowles. T. 
 
 Joseph, 1816, Mehul. Or. 
 
 Joshua, 1747, Handel. Or. 
 
 Joueur (l.e), 1696, Regnard. C. 
 
 Journee a Versailles, 1814, Duval. 
 
 Journey to London. (See "Provoked Hus- 
 band.") 
 
 Juan. (See " Don Juan.") 
 
 Judas Maccabeus, 1746, Handel. Or. 
 
 Judith, 1857, Leslie. Or. 
 
 Judge Not or The Scales of Justice, 19th cent., 
 Stirling. D. 
 
 Jugement de Midas, 1741-1813, Gretry. O. 
 
 Jugglers (T,t), * Ware. D. 
 
 Jugurtha, 1689, Pcchantre. T. 
 
 Jugurtha, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
 
 J uif Errant {Le), 19th cent., Halevy. O. (libretto 
 by Scribe). 
 
 Juive (La), 1835, Halevy. O. (libretto by 
 Scribe). 
 
 Julia or The Italian Lover, 1786, Jephson. T. 
 
 Julian and Agnes, 1800, Sotheby. 
 
 Julius C«sar, 1605, earl of Stirling. H.T. 
 
 Julius Ca±sar, 1607, Shakespeare. H.T. (See 
 " Conspiracy of Brutus.") 
 
 Junius Brutus, 1828, Andrieux. T. (See 
 " Brutus.") 
 
 Jupiter, 1771, Sheridan and Halhed. Blta. 
 
 Killing no Murder, 1811, Hook. 
 Kindheart's Dream, 1592, Chettle. C. 
 King Arthur, before 1695, Purcell. O. 
 King Rene's Daughter, 19th cent., Herz. L.D. 
 (an English version by Martin). 
 
 King Sigurd, 19th cent,, BJje. T. 
 
 King and No King, 1619, Fletcher. T. 
 
 King and the Miller of Mansfield, 1737, Dodsley. 
 
 F. (See " Sir John Cockle at Court.") 
 King of the Alps, 1832, Buckstone (adapted from 
 
 the German). 
 King's Rival (The), 19th cent.. Tom Taylor, etc. 
 Kiolanthe, 1840, Balfe. O. 
 Knight of Malta, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 Knight of the Burning Pestle, 1613, Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 Knights (The), 1754, Foote. F. 
 Kn Your Own Mind, 1777, Murphy. C. . 
 Konif. Saul, 1839, Gutzikow. O. (See " Saul.") 
 Kynge .'ohan, 1550, * T. (See "John.") 
 
 Ladies' Battle, 1851, Robertson. C. (from the 
 
 French of Scribe and Legouve, 1851). 
 Ladie's Trial (;1), 1638, Ford. D. 
 Lady Jane Grey. (See " Grey.") 
 Lady of Lyons, 1838, lord Lyttou. C. 
 Lady of Pleasure (The), 1594-1666, Shirley. Q 
 Lady of the Desert (The), 1859, Stirling. D. 
 Lady's Frolic, before 1774, Love. 
 Lady's Last Stroke (The), 1703-1758, Theo. 
 
 Gibber. C. (copyright was £32 5s.). 
 Lady's Privilege, about 1620, Glapthorne. C. 
 Lame Lover, 1770, Foote. F. 
 Lancashire Witches (The), 1682, Shadwell. C. 
 Laodamia, 1689, Miss Bernard. T. 
 Lara, 1864, Cormon. 
 Last Days of Pompeii, 1835, Buckstone. D. (lord 
 
 Lytton's novel dramatized). 
 Last Year, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Last of the Family (The), 1795, Cumberland. C. 
 Latude, 1834, Guilbert de Pixerccourt. 
 Laugh When You Can, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Law of Java (The), 1822, Colman. Mu.D. 
 Law of Lombardy (The), 1779, Jephson. T. 
 Laws of Candy, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 Leap in the Dark (A), 1850, Buckstone. Dom.D. 
 Leap- Year or The Ladies' Privilege, 19th cent., 
 
 Buckstone. C. 
 Lear (King), 1605, Shakespeare. T. (printed 
 
 1608). (This play was suggested by one 
 
 called The Chronicle History of Leir King 
 
 of Enqland, 1578.) 
 L'Eclair, before 1860, Halevy. O.C. 
 L'ecoIc des Amants, 1718, Joly. C. (See 
 
 " School for Lovers.") 
 L'Ecole des Femmes, 1662, Moliere. C. (See 
 
 " School for Wives.") 
 L'EcoledeJaloux, 1640-1685, A. J.Montfleury. C. 
 L'tcole des Maris, 1661, Moliere. C. 
 L'tcole des Yieillards, 1823, Delavigne. C. 
 
 (See "School.") 
 Led Astray, 1873, Boucicault. C. 
 Legataire Universel, 1708, Regnard. C. 
 Legend of Florence, 1840, Hunt. D.R. 
 L'Elisire d'Amour, 1832, Donizetti. O. 
 Lend Me Five Shillings, 1764-1838, Morton. V. 
 Leonard, 1863, Brisebarre. D. 
 Les 20,000 Francs, 1832, Boule. D. 
 Lesson (^1) for Ladies, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Lethe, 1743, Garrick. 
 L'Etourdi, 1653, Moliere. C. 
 Liar (The), 1762, Foote. F. (See " Menteor.") 
 Libertine (The), 1676, Shadwell. C. 
 Liberty Asserted, 1704, Dennis. T. 
 Life, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1147 
 
 >Life-Buoy {The), 1566-1638, Hoskins. D. 
 Light Heart, 1574-1637, Jonson. 
 LTle du Prince Touton, 1854, Dennery. 
 Lily of Killarney, 1862, Benedict. 0. 
 Lily of the Desert {The), 1859. Stirling. R.D. 
 Linda di Chamourni, 1842, Donizetti. 0. 
 Lingua or The Five Senses, 17th cent., Brewer. D. 
 Lionel and Clarissa, 18th cent., Bickerstaff. 0. 
 
 (music by Dibdin). 
 Little French Lawyer, posthumous 1647, Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher. C. 
 Little Led Riding-Hood, 19th cent., Tom Tay- 
 lor. 
 Lock and Key, 1755-1834, Hoare (music by 
 
 Shield). 
 Lodoiska, 1791, Kemble. Mu.D. (music by 
 
 Storace). 
 Lodoiska, 1800, Mayer. Mu.D. 
 Lohengrin, 1848, Wagner. 0. 
 Lombardi, 1843, Verdi. 0. 
 London Assurance, 1841, Boucicault. C. 
 Long Strike, 19th cent., Boucicault. D. 
 Looking-Glass for London, etc., 1589, Greene 
 
 and Lodge. C. 
 Lord Dundreary Married and Done For, 19th 
 
 cent., H. J. Byron and Sothern. C 
 Lord of the Manor, before 1833, C. Dibdin, 
 junior. CO. (altered from Burgoyne, 1783 ; 
 music by Jackson). 
 Lord's Warmingpan {The), 1325 (same as 
 
 Col man's Eeir-at-ljxw). 
 Lorenzo, 1755-1798, Merry. T. 
 Lost at Sea, 19th cent., Boucicault. D. 
 Louis IX., 1819, Ancelot. T. 
 Louis XL, 1832, Delavigne. H.D. (An English 
 
 version in 1846 by Boucicault.) 
 Louise de Lignerolles, 1838, Legouve. D. 
 Love, 1840, Knowles. D. 
 Love-Chase {The), 1837, Knowles. C. 
 Love Laughs at Locksmiths, 1803, Colman. F. 
 Love, Law, and Physic, 1772-1849, Kenney. C. 
 Love Makes a Man, 1700, Cibber. C. 
 Love-Riddelig {chivalrous love), 1816, Inge- 
 
 mann. D. 
 Love Tricks, 1626, Shirley. C. 
 Love Triumphant, 1694, Dryden. C. 
 Love a-la-Mode, 1759, Macklin. F. 
 Love and Police, 19th cent., Herz. V. 
 Love and War, 1792, Jephson. F. 
 Love at First Sight, 1730-1805, King. C. 
 Love at a Venture, 1706, Centlivre. C. 
 Love for Love, 1695, Congreve. C. 
 Love in a Bottle, 1698, Farquhar. C. 
 Love in a Camp, 1747-1833, O'Keefe. C. 
 Love in a Maze, 1844, Boucicault. C. 
 Love in a Tub, 1664, Etherege. C. 
 Love in a Village, 1763, Bickerstaff. O.F. (music 
 
 by Arne). 
 Love in a Wood, 1672, Wycherly. C. 
 Love in the City, 1735-1787, Bickerstaff. C. 
 
 (See " The Romp.") 
 Love of King David, etc., 1596, Peele. S.D. 
 Love's Contrivances, 1703, Centlivre. C. 
 Love's Cure, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 Love's Disguises, 1838, Knowles. C. 
 Love's Dominion, 1668, Flecknoe. D.Pc. 
 Love's Labour's Lost, 1594, Shakespeare. C. 
 
 (printed 1598). 
 Love's Last Shift, 1696, Cibber. C. 
 Love's Metamorphosis, 1553-1600 Lyly. Myt.D. 
 love's Mistress, 1631, Heywood. C. 
 
 Love's Pilgrimage, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher. 
 Love's Riddle, 1618-1667, A. Cowley. C. 
 Love's Sacrifice, 1633, Ford. 
 Love's Stroke of Genius, 19th cent., Herz. V. 
 Love's Tricks or The School of Compliments. 
 
 1625, Shirley. C. 
 Lovers' Melancholy, 1628, Ford. 
 Lovers' Progress, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 Lovers' Quarrels, 1730-1805, King. Int. (See 
 
 " Mistake.") 
 Lovers' Vows, 1800, Inchbald. PI. (Kotzebue's 
 
 play, 1798, Anglicized). (By this play Mrs. 
 
 Inchbald cleared £150.) 
 Lovesick King {The), 17th cent., Brewer. C. 
 Loyal Brother {The), 1682, Southerne. T. 
 Loyal Subject, 1618, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 
 1616). 
 Lucia di Lammermoor, 1835, Donizetti. O. 
 
 (composed in six weeks). 
 Lucidi {T), 1539, Angelo. C. 
 Lucio Silla, 1773, Mozart. O. 
 Lucius Junius Brutus. (See " Brutus.") 
 Lucretia Borgia, 1831, Victor Hugo. R.T. 
 Lucrezia di Borgia, 1834, Donizetti. O. 
 Luisa Miller, 19th cent., Verdi. 0. 
 Luke the Labourer, 1828, Buckstone. Mel. 
 Lust's Dominion, * Marlowe (died 1593). T. 
 
 (finished by Dekker). 
 Lying Lover {The), 1704, Steele. C. 
 Lying Valet, 1740, Garrick. F. 
 
 Ma Tante Aurore, 1802, Boieldieu. 0. 
 Macbeth, 1606, Shakespeare. T. (music by 
 
 Lock, 1672). 
 Macbeth, 19th cent., Verdi. 0. 
 Mad Lover, 1617, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 
 1016). 
 Mad Ix>ver, 1637, Massinger. 
 Mad World, 1608, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 Mad World, My Masters {A), 1608, Middleton. C. 
 Madame Diogene, etc., 1854, Desarbres. C. 
 Madame Favart, 1878, Offenbach. CO. 
 Madame du Barry, 1836, Ancelot. V. 
 Madame du Chatelet, about 1834, Ancelot. V. 
 Maestro di Capeila, 1797, Dellamaria. 
 Magician no Conjuror, 1755-1798, Merry. 
 Magicienue {La), 19th cent., Halevy. 0. 
 Magnetic Lady, 1632, Jonson. C. 
 Magnifique {Le), 1672-1731, Lamotte. C. 
 Mahomet, 1738, Voltaire. T. (done into 
 
 English by Miller, 1740). 
 Maid Marian {The), 1822, Bishop. 0. 
 Maid in the Mill, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher, or Rowley and Fletcher. C. 
 Maid of Artois, 1836, Balfe. 0. 
 Maid of Bath, 1771, Foote. F. 
 Maid of Honour, 1637, Massinger. T.C. 
 Maid of Honour, 1808-1870, Balfe. 0. 
 Maid of Mariendorpt, 1838, Knowles. D. 
 Maid of Milan {ClaH, the), 1822, Payne. Mu.D. 
 
 (music by Bishop). 
 Maid of Orleans, 1801, Schiller. T. (See " Joan 
 
 of Arc") 
 Maid of Saxony, 1842, George Morris. 0. 
 Maid of the Mill, 1765, Bickerstaif. O.F. (music 
 
 by Arnold). (See " Maid in the Mill.") 
 Maid of the Oaks (7%e),l779, Burgoyne. D.E. 
 Maid's Metamorphosis. (See " Maydes Meta- 
 morphosis.") 
 
1148 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Maid's Tragedy, 1810, Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 
 
 (Waller altered the fifth act). 
 Maids and Bachelors, 18th cent., Skeffington. C. 
 Maids as They Are, etc., 1797, Incbbald. C. 
 Maiden Queen (The), 1667, Dryden. H.P1. 
 Maire du Palais (Lt), 1823, Ancelot. T. 
 Maitreen Droit (Le), 1760, Monsigny. O.C. 
 Malade Irnaginaire (Le), 1673, Moliere. C. (See 
 
 "Dr. Last in His Chariot.") 
 Malati and Madhava, 8th cent., Bhavahhouti. 
 
 R.T. (translated by Wilson in his Indian 
 
 Theatre). 
 Male Coquette, 1758, Garrick. F. 
 Malecontent (The), before 1600, Marston and 
 
 Webster. C. 
 Mamilia, 1593, Greene. 
 Man Bewitched, 1710, Centlivre. C. 
 Man of Honour (The), 19th cent., Boucicault. C. 
 Man of M<de, 1676, Etherege. C. 
 Man of the World, 1764, Macklin. C. (Tts ori- 
 ginal title was The Freeborn Scotchman.) 
 Management, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Manfred, 1817, Byron. T. 
 Manfredi, 1825, Monti. T. (A version in 
 
 French, by Duplissis, 1854.) 
 Maniac (The), 1810, Bishop. O. 
 ManliusCapitolinus, 1684, Lafosse. T. (imitated 
 
 from Otway's Venice Preserved). 
 Manteau (Le), 1826, Andrieux. C. 
 Manuel, 1817, Maturin. T 
 Maometto Secundo, 1822, Rossini. O. 
 Marechal Ferrent (Le), 18th cent., Philidor. O.C. 
 Marechaux de l'Empire (Les), 1856, Anicet Bour- 
 geois. D. 
 Margaret of Anjou, 1727-1812, Jerningham. T. 
 Margery or The Dragoness, 1696-1743, Carey. F. 
 Margherita d'Anjon, 1822, Meyerbeer. O. (See 
 
 "Margaret . . .") 
 Marguerite d' Anjou, 1810, Guilbert de Pixdre- 
 
 court. D. 
 Mari Impromptu, 1836, Duval. C. 
 Mari Retrouve, 1662, Dancourt. C. 
 Mari dans du Coton, 1862, Thiboust. 
 Mari qui Lance sa Femme, 1864, Deslande or 
 
 Labiche. C. (it is attributed to both). 
 Maria Padilla, 1838. Ancelot. T. 
 Maria Stuarda, 1785, A lfieri. T. (See " Mary 
 
 Stuart.") 
 Mariage Fait et Rompu, 1721, Dufresny. C. 
 Mariage Force, 1664, Moliere. C. 
 Mariage Infantin (U), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Mariage d'Argent (Le), 1827, Scribe. C. 
 Mariage de Figaro, 1784, Beaumarchais. C. 
 
 (See " Nozze . . .") 
 Mariage de Rieu (te), 1640-1685, Ant. J. Mont- 
 
 fleury. C. 
 Manages Samnites (Les), 1741 -1813, Gtetry. 0. 
 Mariamne, 1623, Hardy. T. 
 Mariamne, 1640, P. T. L'Ermite. T. 
 Mariamne, 1724, Voltaire. T. 
 Marian, 1754-1829, Shield. 0. 
 Marianne, 1718, Fenton. T. 
 Marie de Brabant, 1825, Ancelot. D.Pm. 
 Marino Faliero, 1819, Byron. T. 
 Marino Faliero, 1829, Delavigne. T. 
 Marino Faliero, 1835, Donizetti. 0. 
 Marion Delorme, 1829, Victor Hugo. R.D. 
 Maritana (a mosaic, by Wallace, of Huy Bias 
 
 and Notre Dame). 
 Marine, 1791, Arnault. T. 
 Marius (Caius), 1680, Otway. T. 
 
 Marius and Sylla, 1594, Lodge. H.P1. 
 Marmaduke Maxwell (Sir), 1827, Cunning' 
 
 ham. C. 
 Marplot, 1711, Centlivre. C. 
 Marquis Caporal, 1864, Sejour. D. 
 Marquis d'Argencourt, 1857, Dupenty. D 
 Marquis de Kenilis, 1879, Lomon. 
 Marriage a-la-Mode, 1674, Dryden. C. 
 Married Life, 1834, Buckstone. C. 
 Married Man (The), 1789, Inchbald. C. (realized 
 
 £100). V 
 
 Martha, 1858, Flotow. O. 
 Martyr of Antioch, 1821, Milman. T. 
 Martyrs (Les), 1840, Donizetti. O. (from Cor- 
 
 neille's Polyeucte). 
 [Mary] Queen of Scots, about 1693, Banks. T. 
 Mary (Queen), 1877, Tennyson. T. 
 Mary Stuart, 1800, Schiller. T. 
 Mury Stuart, 1840, Haynes. T. (See "Maria 
 
 Stuarda " and " Evasion de . . .") 
 Mary Tudor, 1833, Victor Hugo. T. 
 Masaniello, 1772-1849, Jatnes Kenney. 
 Masaniello, 1814, Ingemann. T. 
 Masaniello, about 1820, Carafa. O. 
 Masaniello, 1828, Auber. O. (libretto by 
 
 Scribe). (This is often called La Muette de 
 
 Portici). 
 Masks and Faces, 19th cent., Tom Taylor, etc. 
 Masnadieri (/), 19th cent., Verdi. O. 
 Masque ( The), 1612, Beaumont and Fletcher. O. 
 Masque de Velours, 1860, Delaporte. D. 
 Masque of Calisto, 1676, Crowne. M. 
 Massacre of Paris, 1590, Marlowe. T« 
 Massacre de Syrie, 1860, Sejour. 
 Match at Midnight, 1633, Rowley. C. 
 Matilda, 1775, T. Franklin. T. 
 Matrimonio Segreto (II), 1793, Cimarosa. O. 
 Matrimony (see above), 1794, Kenney. C. 
 Maures d'Espagne (Les), 1804, Guilbert de 
 
 Pixerecourt. J). 
 May Queen, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Maydes Metamorphosis, 1553-1600, Lyly. Myt.D. 
 Mayor of Garratt, 1763, Foote. F. 
 Mayor of Queenborough (The), 17th cent., Mid- 
 
 dleton. C. 
 Meadows of St. Gervaise (The), * Ware. F.C. 
 
 (translated from the French). 
 Measure for Measure, 1603, Shakespeare. C. 
 
 (based on Promos and Cassandra, 1578, by 
 
 Whetstone ; acted at Whitehall, 1604). 
 Medea, 1566, Studley. T. (Seneca's play done 
 
 into English). 
 Medea, 1761, Glover. T. 
 Medea, 1795, Cherubini. O. 
 Medea, about 1S20, Mayer. O. 
 Medecin Malgre Lui, 1666, Moliere. C. (See 
 
 "Mock Doctor.") 
 Medecins (Us), 1863, Nus. D. 
 Medee, 1635, Corneille. T. 
 Medee, 1695, Longepierre. T. 
 Medee, 1853, Legouve. T. 
 Medus, 1739, Deschamps. T. 
 Meduse, 1677-1758, Lagrange. O. 
 Melanie, 1770, Laharpe. T. 
 Meleagre, 1677-1758. Lagrange. T. 
 Melicerte, 1666, Moliere. C. 
 Melite, 1629, Corneille. C. 
 Melmoth, 1820, Maturin. T. 
 Menage en Ville, 1864, Barriere. PI. 
 Menechmes, 1637, Botrou. C. (imitated from 
 
 Plautus). 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1149 
 
 Menechmes {Us), 1705, Regnard. C. 
 Menteur, 1642, Corneille. C. (See " Liar.") 
 Merchant Pirate, 19th cent., Stirling. D. 
 Merchant of Bruges, before 1830, Kinnaird. PI. 
 
 faltered from Beaumont and Fletcher). 
 Merchant of Venice, 1598, Shakespeare. D. (See 
 
 "Jew of Malta.") 
 Mere Coupable (La), 1792, Beaumarchais. D. 
 Meridien, 1852, Deslandes. D. 
 Merlin in Love, 1759, Hill. C. 
 Merope, 1713, Maffei. T. 
 Merope, 1738, Voltaire. T. 
 Merope, 1749, Jefferys or Hill (ascribed to 
 
 both). 
 Merope, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Merope, 1859, Matthew Arnold. 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, 1596, Shakespeare. 
 
 C. (printed 1602). (See "Comical Gal- 
 lant.") 
 Mery Play between the Pardoner and the Frere 
 
 (A), 1533, J. Heywood. C. 
 Mesogonus, 1560, Thomas Rychardes. C. (only 
 
 four acts extant). 
 Messiah (The), 1741, Handel. Or. (libretto by 
 
 Jennens)., 
 Metamorphosed Gipsies, 1574-1637, Jonson. C. 
 Metamorphoses de 1' Amour, 19th cent., Brohan. 
 
 C. (See " Love's Metamorphoses.") 
 Metromanie ou Le Poete, 1738, Piron. C. 
 
 (said to be the best comedy in the French 
 
 language). 
 Michaelmas Term, 1607, Middleton. 
 Michel et Cristine, before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Microcosmus, about 1600, Nabbes. M. 
 Midas, 1553-1600, Lyly. Myt.D. 
 Midas, 1764, O'Hara. Blta. 
 Midas (Jugement de), 1741-1813, Grcfry. O. 
 Midnight Hour (The), 1793, Inchbald. Pt.C. 
 
 (realized £130). 
 Midsummer Night's Dream, 1592, Shakespeare. 
 
 Fy.C. (printed 1600). 
 Midsummer Night's Dream, 1843, Mendelssohn. 
 Milkmaid (The), 1771-1841, Dibdin. Mu.D. 
 Miller and His Men, 1813, Pocock. Mel. (music 
 
 by Bishop). 
 Miller of Mansfield (Tlie), 1737, Dodsley. D.E. 
 
 (The second part is Sir John Cockle at 
 
 Court.) 
 Mines de Pologne (Us), 1803, Guilbert de 
 
 Pixerecourt. 
 Minister (The), 1797, Lewis. T. (adapted from 
 
 Schiller). 
 Minna von Barnhelm, 1767, Lessing. D. 
 Minor (The), 1760, Foote. F. 
 Mirandola, 1821, Procter. T. (copyright was 
 
 £525). 
 Mirra, 1783, Alfieri. 
 Misanthrope, 1666, Moliere. C. 
 Misanthropy and Repentance, 1797, Kotzebue. 
 
 I), (called in English The Stranger). 
 Miser (The), 1672, Shadwell. (See below.) 
 Miser (The), 1707-1754, Fielding. C. (from 
 
 L'Avare, by Moliere, 1667). 
 Miserables (Les), 1864, Hugo, junior. D. (his 
 
 father's novel, 1863, dramatized). 
 Misogonist (The), 1780, Lessing. D. 
 Misogonus, 1560, printed 1577, Rychardes. C. 
 
 (one of our earliest plays). 
 Miss Sarah Samson, 1755, Lessing (music by 
 
 Mendelssohn and Nicolay). 
 Miss in Her Teens, 1747, Garrick. F. 
 
 Mistake (The), 1672-1726, Vanbrugh. C. (altered 
 
 by King into Lovers' Quarrels). 
 Mithridate, 1673, Racine. T. (imitated from 
 
 Euripides). 
 Mithridate, 1770, Mozart. O. 
 Mithridates, 1674, Lee. T. 
 Mock Doctor (The), 1733, Fielding. F. (This is 
 
 Le Medecin Malgre Lui of Moliere, 1666, 
 
 converted into a farce.) 
 Modern Antiques, 1747-1833, O'Keefe. C. 
 Mceurs de Temps (Les), 1750, Saurin. C. 
 Mogul Tale (The), * Anon. F. 
 Moise in Egitto, 1818, Rossini. O. 
 Mon Gigot et Mon Gendre, 1861, Antier. 
 Monastere Abandonna, 1816, Guilbert de Pixere- 
 court. 
 Money, 1840, Lytton. C. 
 Mons. Ragout, about 1669, Lacy. C. 
 Mons. Thomas, 1619, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 
 1616). C. 
 Mons. Tonson, 1767, Moncrieff or Taylor 
 
 (attributed to both). F. 
 Mons. D'Olive, 1557-1634, Chapman. C. 
 Mons. le Due, 1879, Val Prinsep. PL 
 Montargis. (See " Chien.") 
 Montezuma, 1772, Sacchini. O. 
 Montfort (De), 1798, Baillie. T. (the passiou 
 
 of " hate "). 
 Montrose, 1782-1835, Pocock. 
 More Ways than One, 1785, Mrs. Cowley. C. 
 Mort d'Abel, 1792, Legouve. T. (imitated from 
 
 Gesser and Klopstock). 
 Mort de Calas, 1791, Chenier. T. 
 Mort de Henri IV., 1806, Legouve. T. 
 Mother Bombie, 1594, Lyly. Ct.E. 
 Mother Goose, 1771-1841, Dibdin. Pn. 
 Mother Pantom, 1771-1841, Dibdin. C. 
 Mount Sinai, 1831, Neukomm. Or. 
 Mountaineers (Tlie), 1793, Colmau. C. 
 Mourning Bride, 1697, Congreve. T. 
 Mousquetaites (Les), 19th cent., Halevy. O.C. 
 M.P., 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 Much Ado about Nothing, 1600, Shakespeare. C. 
 Muet (Le), 1691, De Brueys. C. 
 Muetie de Portici (La). (See " Masaniello.") 
 Muette de la Foret, 1828, Antier. 
 Muse in Livery, 1732, Dodsley. C. 
 Muses in Mourning, 1749, Hill. C. 
 Muses' Looking-Glass (The), 1605-1634, Ran- 
 
 dolph. C. 
 Mustapha, 1739, Mallet. PI. 
 My Nightgown and Slippers, 1799, Colman. C. 
 My Spouse and I, 1771-1841, Dibdin. O.F. 
 Myrrha, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Mysteres d'Udolphe (Les), 1798, Guilbert de 
 
 Pixerecourt. Mel. 
 Mysterious Husband ( The), l783,Cumberland. C. 
 Mysterious Mother, 1768, Walpole. T. 
 
 Nabob (The), about 1779, Foote. F. 
 
 Nabob ( The), 1879, Burnard (an English ver- 
 sion of Les Trente Millions de Gladiateurs, 
 by Labiche and Gille). 
 
 Nabucco, 1842, Verdi. O. 
 
 Nabucodonosor, 19th cent., Verdi. O. 
 
 Nancy, 1696-1743, Carey. 
 
 Nanine, 1749, Voltaire. C. 
 
 Narlionne. (See " Count of Narbonne.") 
 
 Nathan the Sage, 1779, Lessing. D. 
 
 Nations (Les), 1851, Banville. O. 
 
1150 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Native Land, 1823, Bishop. 0. 
 
 Natural Daughter (The), 1792, Goethe. C. 
 
 Natural Son (The), 1786, Cumberland. C. (See 
 
 " Fils Natural.") 
 Neck or Nothing, 1766, Garrick or King, 
 
 (ascribed to both). 
 Nell Gwynne, 1832, Jerrold. C. 
 Nero, 1675, Lee. T. 
 Nerone, 1700, Handel. 0. 
 Nervous Man, 19th cent., B. Bernard. C. 
 Never too Late, 1590, Greene. C. 
 Never too Late to Mend (It's), 1878, Reade 
 New Inn or The Light Heart, 1630, Jonson 
 New Peerage (The), 1830, Miss Lee. C. 
 New Way to Pay Old Debts.. 1625, Massinger. 
 
 F. 
 
 1532, 
 
 New Wonder, a Woman Never Vext, 
 
 Rowley. C. 
 Nice Firm (4), 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Nice Valour, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 Nicholas Flam, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Nicomede, 1671, J. Dancer. T.C. (from P. Cor- 
 
 neille). 
 Niebelungen, 1850, Wagner. O. 
 Night Walker, 1640, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 Nine Points of the Law, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Ninette a la Cour, 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 
 Ninus II., 1814, Brifant. T. 
 No Song no Supper, 1790, Hoare. Mu.E. (music 
 
 by Storace). 
 No Wit like Woman's, 1657, Greene. C. 
 Noble Gentleman, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 Nobleman (The), 17th cent., Tourneur. T.C. 
 
 (The manuscript of this play was destroyed 
 
 by the cook of Mr. Warburton the Somerset 
 
 herald.) 
 Nobody and Somebody, 1606, Trundell. 
 Nocee de Gamache, 1827, Mendelssohn. 0. 
 Nonjuror (The), 1706, Cibber. C. (from Moliere's 
 
 Tartufe; copyright was £105). 
 Nonne Sanglante, 1854, Delavigne. O. (music 
 
 by Gounod). 
 Norma, 1831, Bellini. O. (libretto by Romani). 
 Northern Lass (The), 1632, Brome. C. 
 Northward Hoe! 1607, Dekker. 
 Not so Bad as we Seem, about 1851, lord Lytton.C. 
 Notaire Obligeant, 1650, Dancourt. C. 
 Note of Hand or Trip to Newmarket, 1777, 
 
 Cumberland. C. 
 Notoriety, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Notre Dame, 19th cent., Victor Hugo. D. 
 Nouveau Pourceaugnac, before 1822, Scribe. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 Nou veau Seigneur du Village, 1813, Boieldieu. 0. 
 Nozze di Figaro, 1786, Mozart. O. (See 
 
 "Mariage de Figaro.") (Sir H. Bishop 
 
 altered this opera.) 
 Nuit Blanche ( Une), 19th cent., Offenbach. O.Bf. 
 Nuit de Noel {La), 1848, Reber. 0. 
 Nuits Tenibles, 1821, St. Georges. O.C. 
 
 Oberon, 1616, Jonson. C. 
 
 Oberon, 1824, Weber. O. (libretto by Planche). 
 
 Oberto di Boniiazio, 1 839, Verdi. 0. 
 
 Octavia, 1566, Nucc. T. (Seneca's play done into 
 
 English). 
 Octavia, 1783, Alfieri. T. (See "Virtuous 
 
 Octavia.") 
 Octavius, 1761-1319, Kotzebue. H.D. 
 Octoroon. 1861, Boucicault. D. 
 Oden, 1756-1829, Leopold. T. 
 
 Odette, 1832, Deadde. D. 
 
 03dipe, 1659, Corneille. T. 
 
 OSdipe, 1718, Voltaire. T. 
 
 OEdipe, 1781, Sacchini. O. 
 
 CEdipe Rol, 1798, Chenier. T. 
 
 OZdipe a Colone, 1796, Chenier. T. 
 
 OZdipe chez Admete, 1778, Ducis. T. 
 
 CEdipus, 1563, Nevyle. T. (Seneca's play done 
 into English). 
 
 GMipus, before 1690, Dryden and Lee. 
 
 CEnone, 1804, Kalkbrenner. O. 
 
 CEuvres du Demon (Aes), 1854, Boule. D. 
 
 Old Bachelor, 1693, Congreve. C. 
 
 Old Fortunatus. (See " Fortunatus.") 
 
 Old Heads and Young Hearts, 1843, Bouci- 
 cault. C. 
 
 Old Law (TJie), 1599, Middleton and Rowley, a 
 (altered by Massinger). 
 
 Old Maid (The), 1761, Murphy. F. 
 
 Old Maids, 1841, Knowles. C. 
 
 Old Martin's Trials, 19th cent., Stirling. Dom.D. 
 
 Old Troop, 1672, Lacy. C. 
 
 Old Wives' Tale, 1590, Peele. C. (Milton's 
 Comus is indebted to this comedy.) 
 
 Oidcastle (Sir John), 1600, Munday and Dray- 
 ton. T. (one of the " spurious plays " of 
 Shakespeare). 
 
 Olimpiade, 1719, Leo. O. 
 
 Olive (W). (See " Mons. D'Olive.") 
 
 Olivia, 1878, W. G. Wills. C. (a dramatic 
 version of Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield). 
 
 Olympiade, 1761, Piccini. O. 
 
 Olympie, 1800, Kalkbrenner. O. 
 
 Olympie, 1820, Brifaut. O. (music by Spontini). 
 
 Oncle Valet, 1798, Dellamaria. O.C. 
 
 Ondine, 1816, Hoffmann. 0. 
 
 One or a Monarchy, posthumous 1805, Alfieri. 
 C. (subject, Darius chosen king by the 
 neighing of his horse). 
 
 One o'clock or The Wood Demon, 1811, Lewis. 
 G.O.R. 
 
 One Snowy Night, * Ware. C. (translated from 
 the French). 
 
 Opera Comique, 1799, Dellamaria. O.C. 
 
 Orators (The), 1762, Foote. F. 
 
 Ordinary (The), 1647, Cartwright. 
 
 Oreste, 1750, Voltaire. T. 
 
 Oreste et Pylade, 1695, Lagrange. T. 
 
 Orestes, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 
 Orfeo, 1483, Poliziano. (See " Orpheus.") 
 
 Orfeo, 1764, GlUck. 0. (libretto by Calzabigi). 
 
 Orientales (Les), 1828, V. Hugo. R.D. 
 
 Originaux (Les), 1693, Laniotte. 
 
 Orlandino, 1526, Folengo. B. 
 
 Orlando Furioso, 1594, Greene. (See " Bombaste* 
 Furioso.") 
 
 Ormasdes, 1612-1690, Henry Killigrew. 
 
 Oroonoko, 1696, Southerne. T. (Mrs. Behn a 
 novel dramatized). 
 
 Orphan (The), 1680, Otway. T. 
 
 Orphan of China (The), 1761, Murphy. T. (Vol- 
 taire's Orphelin de la Chine). 
 
 Orphan of the Frozen Sea, 1856, Stirling. N.D. 
 
 Orphee, 1677-1758, Lagrange. 0. 
 
 Orphelin de la Chine (U), 1760, Voltaire. T. 
 
 Orpheus and Eurydice, 1705, Dennis. T. (See 
 " Orfeo.") 
 
 Orpheus and Eurydice, 1730-1805, King. 
 
 Orti Esperidi (Gli), 1722, Metastasio. 0. (music 
 by Porpora). 
 
 Oscar and Malvina, 1754-1829, Shield. 0. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1151 
 
 Oteilo, 1816, Rossini. 0. 
 
 Othello, 1602, Shakespeare. T. 
 
 Othon, 1664, Corneille. T. 
 
 Our American Cousin, 19th cent.,TomTaylor. C. 
 
 Our Boys, 1875, H. J. Byron. G. 
 
 Our Clerks.. 19tli cent., Tom Taylor. 
 
 Our Mary Anne, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 
 Ours, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 
 Ours et la Pacha (Les), before 1022, Scribe. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 Outtara-Rama-Tscheritra, 8th cent., Bhava- 
 
 bhouti. Myt.D. (translated by Wilson in 
 
 his Indian Theatre). 
 Overland Route, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. C. 
 
 Padlock (The), 1768, Bickerstaff. O.F. 
 Page (The), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Palace of Truth, 19th cent., Gilbert. Fy.C. 
 Palsemon and Arcyte, 1566, Edwardes. D. 
 Palestine, 1775-1847, Crotch. Or. 
 Pallantusand Eudora, 1611-1685, T.Killigrew. T. 
 Pamela, before 1770, Love. C. 
 Panel (The), 1757-1823, Kemblo. (This is 
 
 Bickerstaffs comedy of "lis Well 'tis no 
 
 Worse reset.) 
 Panurge, 1785, Gretry. 0. 
 Papal Tyranny, 1745, Cibber. T. 
 Paracelsus, 1836, R. Browning. 1). 
 Parasitaster, 1606, Marston. C. 
 Paria (Le), 1821, Delavigne. T. 
 Paria (The), 1826, Beer. T. (the above in English). 
 Paris et Londres, 1827, Dartois. 
 Parisien (Le), 1838, Delaporte. 
 Parisina, 1833, Donizetti. O. 
 Parliament of Love, 1625, Massinger. C. 
 Parolle et Izidora, 1703-1758, Theo. Cibber. C. 
 
 (copyright was £36 10s.). 
 Parson's Wedding, 1666, Killigrew. 
 Parted, 1799-1838, Reeve. C. 
 Pasquale (Don), 1843, Donizetti. O. 
 Passions (Plays of tlie), 1798-1812, J Baillie. 
 
 C. and T. 
 Past Ten o'clock, 1771-1841, Dibdin. 
 Pastorale Comique, 1666, Moliere. 
 Patient Grissil, 160a. Chettle and Dekker. C. 
 
 (drawn from a novel by Boccaccio). 
 Patrician's Daughter, 19th cent., W. Marston. T. 
 Patron (The), 1764, Foote. F. 
 Pattie and Peggie, 1739, T. Cibber. B.O. 
 Paul, 1836, Mendelssohn. Or. 
 Paul Pry, 19th cent., Poole. F. 
 Paul and Virginia, 1756-1818, Cobb. Mu.E. 
 Paul and Virginia, 1768-1844, Mazzhingi. O. 
 Paul and Virginia, * Favieres. T. 
 Pauline, 1841, Labrousse. C. 
 Payable on Demand, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Pedre (Don), 1857, Cormon. D. 
 Pedro de Portugal (Don), 1828, Gil y Zarate. D. 
 Peep Behind the Curtain, 1767 (ascribed to 
 
 Garrick and to King). F. 
 Pelayo, 18th cent., Jovellanos. T. 
 Pelerin Blanc (Le), 1811, Guilbert de Pixere- 
 
 court. 
 Pelopidcs, 1763, Voltaire. T. 
 Penelope, 1785, Marmontel. 0. (music by 
 
 Piccini). 
 Percy, 1777, Hannah More. T. 
 Pere de Famille, 1758, Diderot. C. 
 Pericles Prince of Tyre, 1609, Shakespeare. T. 
 Perjured Husband, 1700, Centlivre. C. 
 
 Perkin Warbev,k, 1635, Ford. H.D. 
 
 Perie Noire, 1862, Sardou. 
 
 Perplexed Couple (The), 1706-1767, Molloy. C. 
 
 Perplexed Lovers, 1712, Centlivre. C. 
 
 Persian Prince, 1682, Southeme. T. 
 
 Pertharite, 1653, Corneille. T. 
 
 Pewterer (The), 1747, Holbery. B.C. 
 
 Phaidra and Hippolytus, 1680, Smith (realized 
 
 £501). 
 Pharamohd, 1736, Cahusac. T. 
 Phedre, 1677, Racine. T. (imitated from 
 
 Euripides). 
 Phedre et Hippolyte, 1677, Pradon. T. (a rival 
 
 play). 
 Philaster or Love Lies a-Bleeding, 1622, Fletcher 
 
 (Beaumont died 1616). T. 
 Philip II., 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Philip von Artevelde, 1834, H. Taylor. D.Pm. 
 Philippe II., 1764-1811, Chenier. D. 
 Philoctete, 1783, Laharpe. T. 
 Philosophe sans leSa voir (Le), 1765, Sedaine. C. 
 Philosopher's Stone (The), 19th cent., Tom 
 
 Taylor. 
 Philtre (Le), 1830, Scribe. O. 
 Phoenix (The), 1607, Middleton. 
 Phrenologist, 1835, Coyne. 
 Phrosine et Melidor, 1794, Mehul. O.C. 
 Piccolino, 1875, Guiraud. O. (libretto by 
 
 Sardou). 
 Picture (The), 1629, Massinger. 
 Pierce Penniless (Supplication of), 1592, Nask. 
 Pierre et Catherine, 1829, St. Georges. 
 Pierre le Grand, 1854, Meyerbeer. O. 
 Pilgrim (The), 1621, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 
 1616). (Altered by Vanbrugh in 1699.) 
 Pilot (The), 19th cent., Fitzball. KBlta. 
 Pinafore (H.M.S.), 1878, Gilbert and Sullivan. 
 
 N.C.Opta. 
 Piperman's Predicaments, * Ware. F. (trans- 
 lated). 
 Pippa Passes, 19th cent., R. Browning. 
 Pirata (II), 1806-1835, Bellini. O. 
 Pirates, 1763-1796, Storace. Mu.D. 
 Pizarro, 1799, Sheridan. T. (from Kotzebue's 
 
 drama The Spaniard in Peru, 1797). 
 Plaidcurs (Les), 1668, Racine. C. (imitated 
 
 from the Wasps of Aristophanes). 
 Plain Dealer, 1677, Wycherly. C. 
 Platonic Love, 1707, Centlivre. C. 
 Play, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 Plays of the Passions, 1798-1812, J. Baillie. T. 
 
 andC. 
 Plot and Passion, 19th cent., Tom Taylor, etc. 
 Plus Beau Jour de la Vie (te), before 1822, 
 
 Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Poetaster (The), 1601, Jonson. Sat.C. (in which 
 
 Dekker is satirized as " Crispinus "). 
 Poets (The), 1774, Alfieri. F. 
 Polidoro, 1788, Bandettini. 
 Polinice, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Polish Jew (The), * Ware. D. (altered into Tlit 
 
 Bells, 1874). 
 Polly Honeycombe, 1760, Colman. D.N. 
 Polyeucte, 1610, Corneille. T. 
 Polyxene, 1686, Lafosse. T. 
 Pompee, 1592, Gamier. T. 
 Pompee, 1641, Corneille. T. 
 Pompey the Great, 1595, Kyd. T. (borrowed 
 
 from the Pompee of Garnier). 
 Poor Gentleman, 1802, Colman. C. 
 Poor Jack, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 
1152 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Poor Soldier, 1798, O'Keefe. 0. (music by 
 
 Shield). 
 Pope als Metaphysiker, 1754, Lessing (music by 
 
 Mendelssohn). 
 Popping the Question, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Popularity 1838, Delavigne. C. 
 Postilion de Lonjumeau (Le), 1836, Adam. O.C. 
 Poulet et Poulette, 1878, Herve. B.O. 
 Pourceaugnac {Mons.), 1669, Moliere. C. 
 Precieuses Ridicules, 1659, Moliere. C. 
 Premier Jour de Bonheur {Le), 1868, Auber. 0. 
 Presumptive Evidence, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Pretty Esmeralda and Captain Phoebus of Ours, 
 
 1879, H. J. Byron. B. 
 Pride shall have a Fall, 1825, Croly. C. 
 Priestess {The), 1855, Sargent. 
 Prince Dorus, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Prince of Homburg, 1776-1811, Kleist. D. 
 Princesse Aurelie {Le), 1828, Delavigne. C. 
 Princesse d'Elide, 1664, Moliere. C. 
 Princesse de Navarre, 1743, Voltaire. 0. 
 Prisoner of State, 1847, Stirling. D. 
 Prisoner of War, 1H37, Jerrold. C. 
 Prisonnier (£e), 1796, Dellamaria. O.C. 
 Procureur Arbitre {Le), 1 7th cent., R. Poisson. C. 
 Prodigal Son {The), 1739-1802, Arnold. 0. 
 Prometheus Bound; 1850, E. Browning. T. 
 Prometheus Unbound, 1820, Shelley. Cl.D. 
 Promos and Cassandra 1578, Whetstone. C. 
 
 (This is the quarry of Shakespeare's Measure 
 
 for Measure.) 
 Proneurs {Les) or La Tartuffe Litteraire, 18th 
 
 cent., Dorat. Sat.I). (directed against 
 
 D'Alembertand his set). 
 Proof, 1878, Burnard. (This is an English version 
 
 of Une Cause Celcbre.) 
 Prophete {U), 1849, Meyerbeer. 0. (libretto by 
 
 Scribe). 
 Prophetess {T!ie), 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 Proserpina, 1804, Winter. 0. 
 Proserpine, 1801, Paisiello. O. 
 Protecteur (Le), 1781-1857, Brifaut. C. 
 Provoked Husband, 1726, Vanhrugh. C. (left 
 
 unfinished by Vanbrugh, and called The 
 
 Journey to Jjon-lon. Cibber finished the 
 
 play, and changed the mime). 
 Provoked Wife, 1697, Vanbrugh. C. 
 Provost of Bruges, 1836, Knowles. T. 
 Psyche, 1671, Moliere. C. 
 Psyche, 1675. Shadwell. 
 Pulcherie, 1672, Corneille. 
 Puritan {The) or The Widow of Watling Street, 
 
 1607, * 
 Puritani (f), 1834, Bellini. 0. (libretto by 
 
 Pepoli). 
 Puritan's Daughter, 1861, Balfe. 0. 
 Purse (The) or The Benevolent Tar, * Cross. 
 
 Mu'.E. 
 Pygmalion, 1809, Cherubini. 0. 
 Pygmalion and Galatea, 19th cent., Gilbert. D. 
 Pyrame et Thisbe, 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
 Pyrame et Thisbe, 1677-1758, Lagrange. 0. 
 Pyrrhus King of Egypt, 1695, Hopkins. T. 
 
 Quaker {The), 1777, Dibdin. CO. 
 Quarantine {The), * Ware. C. 
 Qneen Juta of Denmark, 19th cent., Boje. T. 
 Queen Mab, 1760, Burney. 0. 
 Queen Mary [of England], 1877 Tennyson. T. 
 (See '* Mary Tudor.") 
 
 Queen of Corinth, 1647, Beaumont and Fletchw. 
 Queen of Scots {The), about 1700, Banks. T. 
 Queens, 1616, Jonson. 
 Queen's Shilling {The), 1879, Godfrey. C. (an 
 
 English version of Un Fils de Famille; 
 
 see also " The Discarded Son.") 
 Qui Femme a, Guerre a, about 1830, Brohan. C. 
 Quitte ou Double, about 1830, Brohan. C. 
 
 Rabagas, 1872, Sardou. C. 
 
 Rage, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 
 Ragout. (See " Mons. Ragout.") 
 
 Raising the Wind, 1772-1849, Kenney. F. 
 
 Rake and His Pupil {The), 1834, Buckstons. C. 
 
 Ralph Roister Doister, 1534, Udal (the first 
 P^nglish comedy). (See " Gammer Gurton's 
 Needle" and " Mesogonus.") 
 
 Ram Alley or Merry Tricks, 1611, Barry. 
 
 Rambling Lady, before 1726, Southerne. C. 
 
 Rape of Lucrece {The), before 1565, Heywood 
 T. (See " Lucretia.") 
 
 Re Teodoro, 1785, Paisiello. 0. 
 
 Rebels {The), 1749-1832, Goethe. C. 
 
 Recess (The), 1785, Miss Lee. 
 
 Reconciliation Normande, 1719, Dufresny. C. 
 
 Reconciliation or The Two Brothers, 1797, 
 Kotzebue. D. 
 
 Recruiting Officer {The), 1705, Farquhar. C. 
 
 Recruiting Sergeant (T/ie), 1735-1787, Bicker- 
 staff. Mu.E. 
 
 Reculer pour Mieux Sauter, 1854, Dartois. C. 
 
 Red Cross Knight, 1794, Holman. 
 
 Regent {Le), 1831, Ancelot. V. 
 
 Register Office (77te), 1723-1787, Reed. F. 
 
 Regolo {Attilio), 1740, Metastasio. 0. (See 
 "Regulus.") 
 
 Regular Fix, 1764-1838, Morton. C. 
 
 Regulus, 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
 
 Regulus, 1734-1780, C. J. Dorat. T. 
 
 Rehearsal {The), 1671, duke of Buckingham. C. 
 
 Reinald, 19th cent., lngemann. 
 
 Reine de Chypre {La), 1799-1862, Halevy. 0. 
 
 Reine de Golconde. (See " Aline," etc.) 
 
 Peine de Saba, 1862, (Jounod. 0. (libretto by 
 Curre). 
 
 Relapse {The), 1697, Vanbrugh (altered by She- 
 ridan into The Trip to Scarborough, 1777). 
 
 Remorse, 1797, acted 1813, Coleridge. T. 
 
 Rendezvous Bourgeois {Les), 1794, Hoffmann. 
 O.C. (music by Mehul). 
 
 Renegado {The), 1624, Massinger. 
 
 Rent Day, 1830, Jerrold. C. (His offer of the 
 copyright for £5 was refused.) 
 
 Rescued, 1879, Boucicault. Sen.D. 
 
 Retaliation, 1752-1820, Macnally. F. 
 
 Retour de Nepol^on, 1841, Sejour. D. 
 
 Retribution, 1850, Bennett and Tom Taylor. H.P. 
 
 Revenge, 1721, Young. T. 
 
 Revenger's Tragedy {The), 17th cent., Tour- 
 neur. T. 
 
 Revers de la Medaille {Le), 1861, Demoliere. 
 
 Review {The) or Wags of Windsor, 1798, Col- 
 man. F. 
 
 Rich Jew of Malta, 1586, Marlowe. T. 
 
 Rich aud Poor, 1812, Lewis. CO. 
 
 Richard Coeur de Lion, 1781, Sedaine. 0. (music 
 by Gretry). 
 
 Richard Coeur de Lion, 1782, Burgoyne. H.R. 
 (the above Anglicized). 
 
 Richard Coeur de Lion, 1 752-1820, Macnally. 0. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1158 
 
 Rtchard Coeur de Lion, 1863, Benedict. 0. 
 Richard EL, 1597, Shakespeare. H.D. (imitated 
 
 from Marlowe's Edxoard II., 1592). 
 Richard III., 1597, Shakespeare. H.T. 
 Richard Duke of York, 1600, * 
 Richelieu, 1839, lord Lytton. H.Pl. 
 Richelieu (La Jeunesse de), 1833, Ancelot. V. 
 Rienzi, 1828, Miss Mitford. T. 
 Rienzi, 1841, Wagner. 0. (libretto by Jack- 
 son). 
 Right Woman, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 Rigoietto, 1852, Verdi. 0. (libretto from Victor 
 
 Hugo). 
 Rimini (Francesco, di), 1819, Pellico. T. (an 
 
 episode in Dante's Inferno). 
 Rinaldo, 1711, Hill. 0. (music by Handel ; 
 
 this was the first piece he set to music). 
 RiTal Candidates, 1775, Dudley. C. 
 Rival Ladies, 1663, Dryden. C. 
 Rival Modes, 1726, Moore. C 
 Rival Queens, 1678, Lee. T. (See " Alexander 
 
 the Great.") 
 Rivals (The), 1775, Sheridan. C 
 Rivals (The), 1830, Balfe. 0. (/ Rivali). 
 Road to Ruin, 1792, Hoicroft. C. 
 Roaring Girl (The), 1611, Middleton. C. 
 Rob Roy, 1832, Elotow. 0. 
 Rob Roy Mac Gregor, 1782-1835, Pocock. O.D. 
 
 (from sir W. Scott's novel). 
 Robbers (The), 1781, Schiller. T. 
 Robbers of Calabria, * Lane. D. (adapted). 
 Robert le Diable, 1831, Meyerbeer. 0. (lib.etto 
 
 by Scribe). 
 Robin Hood, pt. i. 1597, Munday. D. 
 Robin Hood, pt. ii. 1598, Chettle. D. 
 Robin Hood, 1741, Dr. Arne and Burney. 0. 
 Robin Hood, 1737, O'Keefe. 0. (music by 
 
 Shield). 
 Robin Hood, 1752-1820 Macnaily. CO. (See 
 
 " Death of Robert Earl of Huntington.") 
 Robin des Bois, 1824, Weber. O. 
 Robinson Crusoe^ 1805, Guilbcrt de Fixere- 
 
 court. V. 
 Robinson Crusoe, 1806, Pocock (the above in 
 
 English). 
 Rock of Rome, 1849, Knowles. H.Pl. 
 Roderigo, 1706, Handel. 0. 
 Rodogune, 1646, Corneille. T. 
 Rodolphe, before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pu. 
 Roef-Krage, 1770, Ewald. D. 
 Roi Faineant (Le), 1830, Ancelot. T. 
 Roi d'Yvetot (Le), 1842, Adam. O.C. (suggested 
 
 by Beranger's song). 
 Roi et le Fermier, 1762, Sedaine. O.C. (music 
 
 by Monsigny). 
 Roister Doister {Ralph), 1534, Udal. C. (This 
 
 was the first English comedy. For the first 
 
 European comedy, see *' Calandria.") 
 Roland, 1778, Piccini. 0. 
 Roland for an Oliver, 1819, Morton. C. 
 Rolla, 1798, Kotzebue. T. 
 Rolla, 1799, Lewis. T. (from the above). 
 Rollo, posthumous 1639, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 Roman Actor, 1626, Massinger. 
 Roman Comique (Le), 1861, Offenbach. O.Bf. 
 Roman Father, 1741, Whitehead. T. 
 Roman Revenge, 1753, Hill. 
 Roman d'Une Heure or La Folle Gageurc, 1*03, 
 
 Hoffmann. C. 
 Romance for an Hour, 1771, Kelly. 
 49 
 
 Rome Sauvee, 1752, Voltaire. T. 
 
 Romeo and Juliet, 1595, Shakespeare, if 
 (printed 1597). 
 
 Romeo et Juliette, 1828, Soulie. T. (imitated 
 from the above). 
 
 Romildare Constanza, 1819, Meyerbeer. 0. 
 
 Romp ( The), * Anon . CO. (altered from Bicker- 
 staffs Love in the City). 
 
 Rosalinda, 1762, Lockman. Mu.D. 
 
 Rosamond, 1728, Addison. O. (music by Arne). 
 
 Rosamond {Fair), 1879, Tennyson. T. 
 
 Rosamond (The Fairy, 1812, Korner. T. (See 
 " Rosmonda.") 
 
 Rose Blanche (La) et la Rose Rouge, 1809, Guil- 
 bert de Pixer6eourt. D. (See " Two Roses.") 
 
 Rose de St. Fleur (La), 19th cent., Offenbach 
 O.Bf. 
 
 Rose et Colas, 1764, Sedaine. O.C. 
 
 Rose of Arragon, 1842, Knowles. D. 
 
 Rose of Castille, 1857, Balfe. O. 
 
 Rosiere de Salency (La), 1774, Gretry. O 
 
 Rosiere et Norrice, 1842, Barriere. D. 
 
 Rosina, 1767, Mrs. Brooke. 0. 
 
 Rosina, 1783, Shield. O. 
 
 Rosmonda, 1525, Rucelleri. T. 
 
 Rosmunda, 1783, Alfieri. T. (based on Ban- 
 dello's novel). 
 
 Rosmunda, 1840, Gil y Zarate. (See " Henry " 
 and " Complaint.') 
 
 Rosten i Oerken, 1815, Ingemann. 
 
 Rough Diamond, 19th cent., Buckstone. Cdta. 
 
 Rover (The), 1680, Mrs. Behn. C 
 
 Roxana, 1772, Magnocavallo. T.<a prize play). 
 
 Royal Command (By), 19th cent., Stirling. CO. 
 
 Royal Convent, I70rf, Rowe. T. 
 
 Royal King and Loyal Subject (The), 1737, Hey- 
 wood. T.C 
 
 Royal Martyr (The), 1669, Dryden. T. 
 
 Royal Shepherdess, 1669, Shadwell. 
 
 Rubans d'lvonne, 1850, Thiboust. 
 
 Rugantio, 1805, Lewis. Mel. 
 
 Ruines de Babylone (Les), 1810, Guilbert do 
 rixerecourt. 
 
 Ruines de Vaudemont, 1845, Boule. 
 
 Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, 1640, Beaumont 
 and Fletcher. C (altered by Garrick). 
 
 Runaway (The), 1776, Mrs. Cowley. C 
 
 Rural Felicity, 1834, Buckstone. 
 
 Ruy Bias, 1840, Victor Hugo. R.D. (Fechter pro- 
 duced a bad English version about 1863.) 
 
 Sabots de la Marquis, 1854, Boulanger. O.C. 
 Sacrifice d'Iphigeuie, 1861, Dennery. T. (See 
 
 "Iphigenie.") 
 Sad Shepherd (left at death unfinished, 1637). 
 
 Jonson. P. 
 Sailor's Daughter (The), 1800, Cumberland. C. 
 St. Genest, 1641, Rotrou. T. 
 St. Patrick's Day, 1775, Sheridan. C. 
 St. Peter, 1866, Benedict. Or. 
 Saint's Tragedy, 1848, Kingsley. T. 
 Samor, 1818, Milman. 
 Samson, 1742, Handel. Or. 
 Samson Agonistes, 1671, Milton. C1.T. 
 Sapho, 1850, Gounod. 0. 
 Sappho and Phaon, 1584, Lyly. Myt.D, 
 Saratoga, 19th cent., B. Howard (brought cut in 
 
 London under the title of Brighton). 
 Sardanapalus, 1819, Byron. T. 
 Satanella, 1858, Balfe. 0. 
 
 4 K 
 
1154 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Satiro-mastix, 1602, Dekker. Sat.C. (in -which 
 
 Ben Jonson is satirized under the name of 
 
 " Horace, Junior "). 
 Saucy Valets, 1730-1805, King. 
 Saul, 1738, Handel. Or. 
 Saul, 1739, Hill. T. 
 Saul, 1782, Alfieri. T. 
 Saul, 1801, Kalkbrenner. Or. 
 Saul (Konig), 1839, Gutzikow. O. 
 Sawney the Scot, 1622-1681, Lacy. C. 
 Scapegoat {The), * Poole. F. 
 Scholar (The\ 1791-1868, Lover. C. 
 Scholar (The), 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 School, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 School for Arrogance, 1745-1809, Holcroft. C. 
 School for Authors, 1770-1804, Tobin. C. 
 School for Grown Children, 1826, Morton. C. 
 School for Grown Gentlemen, 1827, Morton. C. 
 School for Lovers, 1762, Whitehead. C. (See 
 
 " L'ficole des Amants.") 
 School for Scandal, 1777, Sheridan. C. ("Charles" 
 
 and " Joseph Surface " are copies of Fielding's 
 
 "Tom Jones" and "Blifil.") 
 School for Wives, 1774, Kelly. C. (See 
 
 " L'Ecole des Femmes.") 
 School of Reform, 1817, Morton. C. (See 
 
 "L'Ecole.") 
 Scipio Africanus, 1729, Beckingham. T. (from 
 
 Pradon's Scipion V Africain). 
 Scipion I'Africain, 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
 Scornful Lady, 161€, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 Scourge of Villanie, 1598, Mareton. 
 Scowerers {The), 1691, Sbadwell. C. 
 Scythes, 1761, Voltaire. T. 
 Sea-Captain (Tlie), 1839, Lytton. C. 
 Sea-Voyage {The), posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 Search after Happiness, 1773, H. More. P. (Her 
 
 first production. Aged 17.) 
 Seasons {The), 1800, Haydn. O. 
 Sebastian. (See " Don Sebastian.") 
 Second Maiden's Tragedy, before 1620, Anon. 
 
 T. (ascribed to Chapman). 
 Second Thoughts, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 Secret (Le), 1793, Hoffmann. O.C. (music by 
 
 Mehul). 
 Secrets Worth Knowing, 1798, Morton. C. 
 Secretaire et le Cuisinier (Le), before 1822, Scribe. 
 
 Pt.Pc. 
 Sejanus, 1603, Jonson. T. 
 Sejour Militaire, 1813, Auber. O. 
 Selindra, 1611-1685, Thomas Killigrew. 
 Semele, 1698, Congreve. O. 
 Semiramide, 1729, Metastasio. O. 
 Semiramide, 1819, Meyerbeer. O. 
 Semiramide, 1823, Rossini. 0. 
 Semiramis, 1748, Voltaire. T. 
 Serail, 1782, Mozart. O. 
 Serious Family, * Barnett. 
 Serious Family (A), about 1850, Buckstone. 
 Sertorius, 1662, Corneille. T. 
 Servius Tullius, 1826, Bouzique. T. 
 Sesostris, 1667, Amore. T. 
 Shaughraun, 19th cent., Boucicault. D. 
 She Stoops to Conquer, 1773, Goldsmith. C. 
 She Would and She Would Not, 1703, Cibber. C. 
 She Would if She Could, 1668, Etberege. C. 
 Shepherd of Tolosa, 1829, Ingemann. 
 Shepherd's Artifice, 1757, Dibdin. 
 Shoemaker's a Gentleman (.4), 17th cent., Row- 
 ley. C. 
 
 Shore. (See " Jane Shore.") 
 
 Si j'etals Roi, 1854, Adam. PtPc. 
 
 Sicilian Vespers, 1772-1849, Kenney. 
 
 Sicilian Vespers, 1819, Delavigne. T. (See 
 
 " Vespers.") 
 Sicilien ou L' Amour Peintre, 1667, Moliere. C 
 Siege of Aguileia, 1760, Home. 
 Siege of Belgrade, 1796, Cobb. CO. (music by 
 
 Storace ; an English version of La Ccia 
 
 Rara). 
 Siege of Berwick, 1727-1812, Jerningham. T. 
 Siege of Calais, 1762-1836, Column. H.D. 
 Siege of Damascus, 1720, Hughes. T. 
 Siege of Grenada, 1671, Dryden. H.P1. 
 Siege of Ischia, 1778-1824, Kemp. 0. 
 Siege of Rhodes, 1656, Davenant. O. 
 Siege of Rochelle, 1835, Balfe. O. 
 Siege of Sinope, 1765, Miss Brooke. 
 Siege of Urbin, 1611-1685, Thomas Killigrew. 
 Silent Woman (The), 1609, Jonson. C. 
 Silvia, 1731, Lillo. 
 Single, about 1835, Buckstone. C. 
 Sir Courtley Nice, 1685, Crowne. C. 
 Sir Fopling Flutter, 1676, Etherege. C. (the 
 
 second title of The Man of Mode). 
 Sir George Etberege's Comical Revenge, 164»- 
 
 1689, Mrs. Behn. C. 
 Sir Harry Gay love, 1772, Miss Marshall. C. 
 Sir Harry Wildair, 1701, Farquhar. C. 
 Sir Hercules Buffoon, 1622-1681, I^cy. C. 
 Sir John Cockle at Court, 1737, Dodsley. F. 
 Sir John Oldcastle. (See " Oldcastle.") 
 Sir Marmaduke Maxwell, 1827, Cunningham. C 
 Sir Salomon or The Cautious Coxcomb, 1715 
 
 Caryl. C. 
 Sir Thomas Overbury's Life and Untimely 
 
 Death, 1614, Ford. T. 
 Sir Thomas Overbury, 1726, Savage. T. (brought 
 
 him £200). 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, 1720, Sewell. T. 
 Sirene (La), 1844, Scribe. O.C. 
 Siroe (II), 1.728, Metastasio. O. 
 Sisters (The), 1769, Mrs. Lennox. C. 
 Slave (The), 1816, Bishop. O. 
 Slave Life, 19th cent., Tom Taylor, etc. 
 Sleeping Beauty, 18th cent., SkeflBngton. Pn. 
 Snake in the Grass, 1759, HilL C. (altered by 
 
 Buckstone, 19th cent.). 
 Society, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 Sofonisbe, 1718, Leo. O. (See "Sophonisba/* 
 
 etc.) 
 Soiree a. la Bastille, 1845, Decourcelle. C. 
 Soiree d'Auteuil (La), 1804, Andrieux. C. 
 Soldier (The), 1791-1868, Lover. 
 Soldier's Daughter (The), 1804, Cherry. C 
 Soldier's Fortune, 1681, Otway. C. 
 Soldier's Return, 1805, Hook. C. 
 Soliman II., 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 
 Solliciteur (U), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Solomon, 1748, Handel. Or. 
 Solomon, 1748, Klopstock. T. 
 Somnambule (La), 1819, Delavigne. D. 
 Sonnambula, 1831, Bellini. O. (libretto bj 
 
 Scribe). 
 Sophi ('Jhe), 1641, Denham. T. 
 Sophonisba, 1514, Trissino. T. (the first 
 
 Italian tragedy). (See " Ferrex," etc.) 
 Sophonisba or The Wonder of Women, 1M6» 
 
 Marston. T. (See " Sofonisbe.") 
 Sophonisba, 1729, Thomson. T. 
 Sophonisba, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1155 
 
 Sophonisbe, 1630, Mairet. T. (imitated from 
 
 Trissino ; the first French tragedy). 
 Sophonisbe, 17th cent., Corneille. T. 
 Sophonisbe, 1677-1758, Lagrange-Chancel. T. 
 Sorcerer (The), 1876, Gilbert and Sullivan. Opta. 
 Sorciere (Tm), 1863, Bourgeois and Barbier. 
 Sordella, 19th cent., R. Browning. 
 Sosies, 1639, Kotrou. C. 
 Sot toujours Sot, 1693, De Brueys. 
 Spaniard in Peru (The), 1797, Kotzebue. T. 
 
 (The English version is called Pizarro.) 
 Spanish Curate (The), 1622, Fletcher (Beaumont 
 
 died 1616). C. 
 Spanish Dollars, 1807, Cherry. M.D. 
 Spanish Fryar (The), 1680, Dryden. C. 
 Spanish Gipsy, 1653, Middletou and Rowley. C. 
 Spanish Tragedy (The) or Jeronimo Mad Again, 
 
 1605, Kyd. T. (forming pt. ii. to Jeronimo). 
 Spartacus, 1746, Saurin. T. 
 Spartan Dame (The), 1719, Southerne. T. 
 Speculation, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 Speed the Plough, 1793, Morton. C. 
 Sprigs of Laurel, 1747-1833, O'Keefe. M.F. 
 
 (music by Shield). 
 Squeeze to the Coronation, 1821, Thomson. 
 Squire of Alsatia (The), 1688, Shadwell. C. 
 
 (same as Gentleman of Alsatia). 
 Stage Coach, 1704, Farquhar. C. 
 Staple of News (The), Jonson. C. 
 Star of Seville, 1842, Mrs. Butler (born Kemble). 
 State Prisoner, 1847, Stirling. 
 State of Innocence, 1673, Dryden. D.Pm. ("a 
 
 dramatic version of Milton's Paradise Lost). 
 Statira, 17th cent., Pradon. T. 
 Stella, 1776, Goethe. D. 
 Stella, 1843, Anicet Bourgeois. D. 
 Stepmother (The), 1748-1825, earl of Carlisle 
 
 (Byron's uncle). T. 
 Steward (The). (This is merely The Deserted 
 
 Daughter, of Holcroft, 1785, reset.) 
 Stilicon, 1660, T. Corneille. T. 
 Still Waters Run Deep, 19th cent,, Tom Tay- 
 lor. C. 
 Stolen Heiress, 1703, Centlivre. C. 
 Stolen Kisses, 19ta cent., P. Merritt. C. 
 Strafford, 1836, R. Browning. H.T. 
 Stranger (The), 1797, B. Thompson. D. (from 
 
 Misanthropy and Repentance, by Kotzebue). 
 
 (Thompson's version was greatly altered 
 
 in 1798 by Sheridan. It is the latter alone 
 
 which is acted.) 
 Straniera (La), 1806-1835, Bellini. O. 
 Stratonice, 1792, Hoffmann. O.C. (music by 
 
 Mebul). 
 Streets of London. 1862, Boucicault. D. 
 Struensee, 1827, Beer. T. 
 Such Things Are, 1786, Inchbald. PI. (realized 
 
 £410 12s.). 
 Suite du Mentuer (La), 1803, Andrieux. C. 
 Sullen Lovers, 1668, Shadwell. C. 
 Sultan (The), 1775, Bickerstaff. F. 
 Summer's La^t Will, etc., 1600, Nash. 
 Summer's Tale, 1768, Cumberland. CO. (music 
 
 by Bach, Arne, and others. It was cut do'wn 
 
 by Cumberland into Amelia, an afterpiece). 
 Sun's Darling (The), 1624, Ford. M. 
 Supplication of Pierce Penniless, etc., 1592, 
 
 Nash. 
 Supplice d'un Homme, 1865, Thiboust. 
 Supposes, 1566, Gascoigne. C. (from Gli Sup- 
 positi, of Ariosto ; one of our earliest dramas). 
 
 Surena, 1674, Cornpille. T. 
 
 Surprise (Agreeable), 1798, O'Keefe. C. 
 
 Surrender of Calais, 1791, Colman. C. 
 
 Suspicious Husband (Tlie), 1747, Hoadly. C. 
 
 Svend Dyring's House, 19th cent., Herz. R.D. 
 
 Svend Grathe, 19th cent,, Boje. T. 
 
 Sweethearts, 1874, Gilbert. C. 
 
 Sweethearts and Wives, 1772-1849, Kenney. 
 Mu.C. (music by Nathan). 
 
 Sweetman, the Woman-Hater, 1640, Anon. C. 
 
 Swindler (The). 1764-1838, Morton. C. 
 
 Sword and the Hand, 1832, Beer. T. 
 
 Sylvain, 1770, Marmontel. O.C. (music by 
 Gretry). 
 
 Sylvana, 1809, Weber. O. (This ™ The Wood- 
 girl altered.) 
 
 Sylvester Daggerwood, 1795, Colman. C. 
 
 Sylvia, 1731, Lillo. 
 
 Tableau Parlant (Le), 1769, Gretry. O. 
 
 Tailors (77(e), * Anon. B.T. 
 
 Tale of Mantua, 1S30, Knowles. 
 
 Tale of Mystery, 1745-1809, Holcroft. Mel. 
 
 Tale of a Tub, 1618, Jonson. (His last comedy. 
 
 Its object was to hold up Inigo Jones to 
 
 ridicule.) 
 Tamburlaine, 1585, Marlowe. T. (See "Ti- 
 
 mour.") 
 Tamerlan, 17th cent,, Pradon. T. 
 Tamerlan et Bajazet, 1806, Bishop. BL 
 Tamerlane, 1703, Rowe. T. 
 Tamerlane, 1722, Leo. O. 
 Taming of the Shrew, 1593, Shakespeare. C. 
 
 (See " The Honeymoon.") 
 Tancred and Gismnnda, 1568, by Hatton and four 
 
 other members of the Inner Temple. T. 
 
 (based on an Italian novel). 
 Tancred and Sigismunda, 1745, Thomson. T. 
 Tancrede, 1760, Voltaire. T. 
 Tancredi, 1813, Rossini. O. 
 TannhSuser, 1845, Wagner. O. 
 Tante (La) et le Neveu, 1781-1857, Bri- 
 
 faut. C. 
 Tarare, 1787, Beaumarchais. O. 
 Tartuffe, 1664, Moliere. C. (See "The Non- 
 juror.") 
 Tasso (Torquato), 1790, Goethe. T. 
 Tasso Refriede, 1819, Ingemann. D. 
 Taste, 1752, Foote. F. 
 Taverne des Etudiants (La), 1854, Sardou. 
 Tekeli, 1803, Guilbert de Pixerecourt. Mel. 
 
 (done into English by Hook). 
 Tell (Guglielmo), 1829, Rossini. O. (Sir H. 
 
 Bishop altered this opera.) 
 Tell (Guillaume), 1766, Lemiere. T. 
 Tell (Guillaume), 1772, Sedaine. O. 
 Tell (Wilhdm), 1804, Schiller. T. 
 Tell (William), 1840, Knowles. T. 
 Tell (William), 19th cent,, Talfourd. F. 
 Temistocle, 1738, Metastasio. D. 
 Tempest (The), 1609, Shakespeare. C. (first 
 
 mentioned 1611). 
 Tempest (The), 1668, Dryden. C. (the above 
 
 altered). 
 Temple de la Gloire, 1744, Voltaire. O. 
 Tender Husband (The), 1703, Steele. C. 
 Tete de Mort (La), 1827, Guilbert de Pixere- 
 court, V. 
 Theagene et Chariclee, 1662, Racine. T. 
 Thebaide (La), 1664, Racine. T. 
 
1156 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Thebais, 1581, Newton. T. (Seneca's play done 
 
 into English). 
 Theniistocle. (See " Tenrigtocle.") 
 Theodoras or The Force of Love, 1676, 
 
 Lee. T. 
 Therese, the Orphan of Geneva, * Kerr. Mel.R. 
 
 (adapted). 
 Thesee, 1690, Lafosse. T. 
 Theseus, 1715, Handel. 0. 
 Thierry and Theodoret, 1621, Fletcher (Beau- 
 mont died 1616). 
 Thieves of Paris, 1856, Stilling. D. 
 Thimble Rig (The), 19th cent., Buckstone. F. 
 Thirty Years of a Woman's Life, before 1834, 
 
 Buckstone. 
 Thomas. (See " Mons. Thomas.") 
 Thomas a Becket, 1780, Tennyson. T. 
 Thomas and Sally, 1 696-1743, Carey. Mu.E. 
 Three BlacK Seals (Tlie), 1864, Stirling. H.D. 
 Three Strangers (The), 1835, Miss Lee. C. 
 Three Weeks after Marriage, 1776, Murphy. F. 
 Thyestes, 1560, J. Hey wood (Seneca's play done 
 
 into English). 
 Thyestes, about 1680, Crowne. T. 
 Tibere, 1764-1811, Che'nier. T. 
 Ticket-of-Leave Man, 1863, Tom Taylor. 
 Time Works Wonders, 1845, Jerrold. C. 
 Timocrate, 1656, T. Corneille. T. 
 Timocrate, 1723, Leo. O. 
 Timoleon, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Timoleon, 1794, Chenier. T. 
 Timon of Athens, 1609, Shakespeare. T. 
 Timon of Athens, 1778, Cumberland. T. (the 
 
 above altered). 
 Timon the Misanthrope, 1678, Shadwell. T. 
 Timour the Tartar, 1812, Lewis. Mel. (See 
 
 "Tamerlane.") 
 Tipperary legacy, 1847, Coyne. C. 
 'Tis Pity She's a Whore, 1633, Ford D. 
 'Tis Well 'tis no Worse, 1735-1787, Bickerstaff. 
 
 C. (See «' The Panel.") 
 Tito, 1791, Mozart. O. 
 Titus Andronicus, 1593, (?) Shakespeare. T. 
 
 (first mentioned 1600). 
 Titus and Berenice, 1K72, Otway. 
 To-Night, Uncle, 1878, II. J. Byron. 
 To Oblige Benson, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 To Parents and Guardians, 19th cent., Tom 
 
 Taylor. 
 Tobacconist {The), before 1780, Gentleman. F. 
 
 (This is merely Jonson's comedy, T/ie Alche- 
 mist, 1610, altered and reduced.) 
 Tom Jones, 1740, Reed. CO. 
 Tom Thumb, 1730, Fielding. B.O. (altered in 
 
 1778 by O'Hara, music by Dr. Arne). 
 Tom Tyler, 1661 (second edition), no name. 
 Tonson. (See " Mons. Tonson.") 
 Tony Lumpkin in Town, 1778, O'Keefe. 
 Too Many or Democracy, posthumous 1805, 
 
 Alfieri. C. 
 Toreador (Le), 1S49, Adam. O.C. 
 Tour de Londres, 1855, Nus. D. 
 Town and Country, 1807, Morton. C. (brought 
 
 him in £1000). 
 Toy-Shop, 1729, Dodsley. D.S. 
 Traitor (The), 1631, Shirley. T. (See '♦ Evadne.") 
 Traviata (La), 1856, Verdi. O. 
 'J 'rente Millions de Gladiateurs (Les), 19th cent., 
 
 Labiche and Gille. (See " Nabob.") 
 Tresor (Le), 1803, Andrieux. C. 
 Trial by Jury , 1875, Gilbert and Sullivan. Opta. 
 
 Trick upon Trick, 1710, HilL C. 
 Trinuzzia (La), 1540, Angelo. C. 
 Triomphe des Arts (Le), 1672-1731, Lamotte. O. 
 Trip to Calais (^1), 1721-1777, Foote. F. 
 Trip to Kissengen (^1), 19th cent., Tom Tay- 
 lor. 
 Trip to Scarborough (.4), 1777, Sheridan. (This 
 
 is The Relapse of Vanbrugh altered.) 
 Trip to Scotland (A), 1780, Whitehead. F. 
 Tristan and Isolde, 1865, Wagner. O. 
 Troade (La), 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
 Troas, 1559, J. Hey wood. T. (Seneca's play done 
 
 into English). 
 Troilus and Cressida, 1602, Shakespeare. T. 
 
 (printed 1609). 
 Troilus and Cressida, 1679, Dryden. T. (the 
 
 above altered). 
 Trois Cousins, 1664, Dancourt. C. 
 Trois Rivaux (Les), 1758, Saurin. C. 
 Trois Sultanes (Les), 18th cent., Favart. C. 
 Troja Distrutta, 1663, Andrea. T. 
 Troublesome Reign of King John, 1578, Anon. 
 
 H.P1. (the quarry of Shakespeare's King 
 
 John). 
 Trovatore (77.), 1853, Verdi. O. (based on the 
 
 drama of Gargia Guttierez, 15th cent.). 
 True Widow, 1679, Shadwell. C. 
 Tu Quoque, 1599, Greene. 
 Turcaret, 1708, Lesage. C. 
 Turco in Italia, 1814, Rossini. O. 
 Turk and No Turk, 1785, Colman. Mu.C. 
 Turkish Mahomet, 1584, Peele. 
 Turnpike Gate, 1774-1826, Knight. F. 
 Twelfth Night, etc., 1602, Shakespeare. C. 
 Twin Rivals, 1706, Farquhar. 
 'Twixt Axe and Crown, 1870, Taylor. H.P1 
 Two Foscari (The), 1821, Byron. (The Foscari, 
 
 1826, Miss Mitchell.) 
 Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1595, Shakespeare. 
 
 C. (first msntioned 1598). 
 
 Two Klingsbergs (The), 1761-1819, Kotzebue. 
 
 D. (his best play, but not yet translated 
 into English). 
 
 Two Loves and a Life, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 
 Two Misers, 1767, O'Hara. 
 
 Two Noble Kinsmen, posthumous 1634, Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher. 
 
 Two Roses (The), 1878, Albery. V. (from the 
 French). (See " Rose Blanche," etc.) 
 
 Two Strings to your Bow, 1792, Jephson. F. 
 
 Two to One, 1784, Colman. C. 
 
 Tyrannic Love, 1631-1701, Dryden. 
 
 Ulysses, 1706, Rowe. Myt.D. 
 
 Uncle, 19th cent., H. J. Byron. .C. 
 
 Uncle John, 1833, Buckstone. 
 
 Uncle Too Many, 1828, Thomson. C. 
 
 Under the Earth, 1868. R.D. (Hard Times, by 
 
 Dickens, dramatized). 
 Underbarnet, 19th cent.. Ingemann. 
 Une Cause Celebre. (See " Proof.") 
 Une Chasse a St. Germain, 1860, Deslandes. D. 
 Une Faute, before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Unequal Match (An), 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Unfinished Gentleman, * Selby. 
 Unnatural Combat, 1621, Massinger. 
 Up All Night, 1730-1805, King. Mu.D. (musia 
 
 by Dr. Arnold). 
 Upholsterer (The), 1758, Murphy. F. 
 Used Up, 1845, Boucicault. C. 
 
DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 
 
 1157 
 
 Vacancies (Les), 1659, Dancourt. C. 
 Val d'Andorre (£e), 19th cent., Halevy. O.C. 
 Valentine, 1820, Guilbert de Pixerecourt. 
 Valentinian, 1617, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 
 1616). T. (altered by the earl of Rochester). 
 Valerie, 1822, Scribe. C. 
 Valsei (i.e.. Wallace) or the Hero of Scotland, 
 
 1772, Perabo. T. (a prize play). 
 Vampire (Le), 1820, Carmouche (done into 
 
 English by Boucicault). 
 Vanderdecken, 1878, * A poetic drama (based 
 
 on The Flying Dutchman). 
 Vautour (Mons.), 1805, Duval. 
 Venceslas, 1647, Rotrou. T. 
 Vendanges de Suresnes, 1657, Dancourt. C. 
 Vendetta, 1846, Stephens. 
 Venice Preserved, 1682, Otway. T. (copyright 
 
 was £15). 
 Venitieune (La), 1834, Anicet Bourgeois. D. 
 Venoni, 1809, Lewis. D. 
 Venus and Adonis, 1703-1758, Theo. Cibber. C. 
 
 (copyright was £5 7s.). 
 Vepres Siciliennes (Les), 1819, Delavlgne. T. 
 Verre d'Eau (Le), 1842, Scribe. C. 
 Very Woman (A), 1631, Massinger. 
 Vespers of Palermo, 1823, Hemans. T. 
 Veuve de Malabar, 1799, Kalkbrenner. O. 
 Vicar of Wakefield (The). (This novel was 
 
 dramatized in 1819; turned into an opera 
 
 in 1823; S. Coyne produced a dramatic 
 
 version in 1850, in conjunction with Tom 
 
 Taylor; and W. G. Wilis in 1878, under 
 
 the name of Olivia.) 
 Victims, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
 Victorine, 1831, Buckstone. 
 Videna, 1854, Heraud. T. 
 Vie de Cafe, 1850, Dupenty. 
 Vieux Chateau, 1799, Dellamaria. O. 
 Vieux Fat (Le), 1810, Andrieux. C. 
 Vieux Garcon (Le), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Vieux Peches (Les), 1833, Dumanois. D. 
 Village (The), 1806, Cherry. C. 
 Village Coquettes, 1835, Hullah. O. 
 Village Wedding, before 1770, Love. P. 
 Vindimiatrice (l^e), 18th cent., G retry. O. 
 Vira-Rama-Tscheritra, 8th cent., Bhavabhouti. 
 
 Myt.D. (translated by Wilson in his Indian 
 
 Theatre). 
 Virgin Martyr, 1622, Massinger and Dekker. T. 
 Virgin Unmasked (The), about 1740, Fielding. 
 
 Mu.F. 
 Virgin of the Sun (77(e), 1*212, Bishop. O. (This 
 
 is Kot/.ebue's Lenyoictki.) 
 Virginia, 1654, Webster. T. 
 Virginia, 1760, Miss Brooke. T. 
 Virginia, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
 Virginia, 1756-1829, Leopold. T. 
 Virginie, 1683, Campi^tron. T. 
 Virginie, 1786, Laharpe. T. 
 Virginius, 1820, Knowles. T. 
 Virtuoso (The), 1676, Shadwell. C. 
 Virtuous Octavia, 1598, Brandon. IT .PI. 
 Visite a Bedlam (Une), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
 Vologese, 1744, Leo. 0. 
 Volpone or the Fox, 1605, Jonson. C. 
 Volunteers (The), 1693, Shadwe'l. C. 
 Vortigern and Rowena, 1796, Ireland. T. 
 Votary of Wealth (The), 1792, Holman. C. 
 
 Wags of Windbor. (See " Review.**) 
 
 Walking Statue, 1710, Hill. 
 Wallace. (See " Valsei.") 
 Wallenstein (Albertus), about 1620, jGlaptborae. 
 
 Wallenstein, 1799, Schiller. (An English ver- 
 sion by Coleridge, 1800.) 
 
 Walloons (The), 1782, Cumberland. 
 
 Walter Raleigh (Sir), 1720, Sewell. T. 
 
 War, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
 
 War to the Knife, 1865, II. J. Byron. 
 
 Warwick, 1763, Laharpe. T. (In 1767 appeared 
 the English version by Franklin.) 
 
 Wat Tyler, 1794, Southey. 
 
 Waterman (The), 1774, Dibdin. Bd.O. 
 
 Way of the World (The), 1700, Congreve. C. 
 
 Way to Get Married (The), 1796, Morton. C. 
 
 Way to Keep Him (The), 1760, Murphy. C. 
 
 Ways and Means, 1788, Colman. C. 
 
 We Fly by Night, 1806, Colman. F. 
 
 Weak Points, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 
 "Weathercock (The), about 1810, Allingham. 
 
 Wedding Day, 1629, Shirley. C. 
 
 Wedding Day, 1790, lnchbald. F. (realized 
 £200). 
 
 Welcome and Farewell, 1837, Harness. D. 
 
 Wenceslaus. (See " Venceslas.") 
 
 Werner, 1821, Byron. T. (based on one of Kiss 
 Lee's Canterbury Tales). 
 
 Werther, 1817, Duval. F. 
 
 West Indian. 1771, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Westward Hoe ! 1607, Dekker and Webster. C. 
 
 What Next ? 1771-1841, Dibdin. F. 
 
 What You Will, 1607, Marston. C. (What Ton 
 Will is the second title of Shakespeare's 
 comedy of Twelfth Night.) 
 
 Wheel of Fortune (The), 1779. Cumberland. C. 
 
 Which is the Man ? 1743-1809, Mrs. Cow icy. C. 
 
 White Devil (The), 1612, Webster. T. 
 
 White Lady of Berlin Castle, 1875, C. Win- 
 Chester. T. 
 
 Who is She ? 19th cent., Stirling. Pt.C. 
 
 Who wants a Guinea? 1805, Colman. F. 
 
 Who's the Dupe ? 1743-1809, Mrs. Cow- 
 ley. F. 
 
 Wicked World (The), 19th cent., Gilbert. Fy.C. 
 
 Widow (The), 1653, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Widow of Delphi, 1780, Cumberland. 0. 
 
 Widow's Tears (A), 1557-1634, Chapman. C. 
 
 Wife (The). 1S33, Knowles. D. 
 
 Wife for a Month, 1624, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
 1616). T.C. 
 
 Wife Well Managed, 1715, Centlivre. C. 
 
 Wife's Excuse, before 1726, Southerne. C. 
 
 Wives as They Were, etc.. 1797, lnchbald. C. 
 
 Wild Gallant, 1663, Dryden. C. 
 
 Wild-Goose Chase, 1619, Fletcher. C. (first pub- 
 lished 1652). 
 
 Wild Oats, 1798, O'Keefe. C. 
 
 Wildair (Sir Harry), 1701, Farquhar. C. 
 
 Will>elm Tell. (See " Tell.") 
 
 Will (The), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
 
 Winning a Husband, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
 
 Winter's Tale, 1604, Shakespeare. C. (first 
 mentioned 1611). (The source of this play 
 was a novel called Pandosto or The Triumph 
 of Time, 1588, by Robert Greene. See 
 " Zapolya.") 
 
 Wisdom of Dr. Dodypoll, 1600, Lyly. C. 
 
 Wit at Several Weapons, posthumous 1047, 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 
 Wit in a Constable, about 1620, Glapthorne. C 
 
1158 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Wit without Money, posthumous lG39,Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 Wit's Last Stake, 1730-1805, King. C. 
 Witch (The), 1604, Middletbn. T.C. (Shakespeare 
 
 borrowed his witches in Macbeth from this 
 
 play.) 
 
 Witch of Edmonton, 1658, Rowley, Tourneur, 
 e'x. T.C. 
 
 Wives. (See under " Wife.") 
 
 Woman Captain, 1680, Shad well; C. 
 
 Woman-Hater, 1607, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
 
 Woman in Red, 1849, Coyne. 
 
 Woman in the Moon, 1598, Lyly. Myt.D. 
 
 Woman Killed with Kindness (^1), before 1603, 
 third edition 1617, Heywood. T. - 
 
 Woman's Place, posthumous 1647, Beaumont and 
 Fletcher. C. 
 
 Woman's Prize, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 
 Woman's Wit, 1833, Knowles. C. 
 
 Woman's a Weathercock, 1612, Field. C. 
 
 Women, Beware of Women, 17 th cent., Middle- 
 ton. C. (from the Italian). 
 
 Women Pleased, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
 and Fletcher. C. 
 
 Wonder (TV), 1714, CenMivre. C. 
 
 Wonder of Women. (See " Sophonisba," Mars- 
 ton.) 
 
 Wonderful Year, 1603, Dekker. C. 
 
 Wood Demon (The), 1811, Lewis. Mel. 
 
 Woodgirl (The), 1800, Weber. O. (See "Syl- 
 van*-") 
 
 Woodman (Tlie), 1771, Dudley. CO. 
 
 Woodvil. (See " John Woodvil.") 
 
 Word of Nature (The), 1797, Cumberland. C. 
 
 Word to the Wise, 1767, Kelly. C. 
 
 World (The), 1772-1849, Kenney. C. 
 
 Wounds of Civil War, 1594, Lodge. H.PL 
 
 Wreck Ashore, 1830, Buckstone. MeL 
 
 X. Y. Z., 1810, Colman. F 
 
 Yorkshire Tragedy (The), 1604, Anon, (at om 
 time printed with the name of Shakespeare). 
 Young Admiral (The), 1633, Shirley. PI. 
 
 Zaire, 1733, Voltaire. T. 
 Zaire, 1815, Winter. O. 
 Zapolya, 1818, Coleridge. T. (founded on The 
 
 Winter's Tale, by Shakespeare). 
 Zara, 17 - *, Hill. T. (an English version oi 
 
 Volw_ e's Zaire). 
 Zauberflote (Die), 1791, Mozart. O. 
 Zelinda, 1772, Calini. C. (a prize play). 
 Zemire et Azor, 1771, MarmonteL O. (music by 
 
 Gretry). 
 Zenobia, 1758, Piccini. O. 
 Zenobia, 1768, Murphy. T. 
 Zobeide, 1772, Craddock. 
 Zoraide di Granata, 1822, DonizettL O. 
 ZorinaXi, 1809, Morton. 
 
 (Altogether, 2517.) 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 DATES OF POEMS, NOVELS, ETC., REFERRED TO 
 IN THIS BOOK. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Adv. 
 
 se 
 
 Adventure. 
 
 Alex. 
 
 = 
 
 Alexandrian (12 or 13 syl. 
 
 metre). 
 Allegory. 
 
 Alleg. 
 
 BS 
 
 altrh. 
 
 E= 
 
 Alternate rhyme. 
 
 Autobiog 
 
 S3 
 
 A utobiography. 
 
 b.v. 
 
 3= 
 
 Blank verse. 
 
 Bal. 
 
 SB 
 
 Ballad. 
 
 Biog. 
 
 = 
 
 Biography. 
 
 Biog.Rom. = 
 
 Biographical romance. 
 
 C.Bal. 
 
 3= 
 
 Comic ballad. . 
 
 Ch.Ode. 
 
 SB 
 
 Choral ode. 
 
 Col.Sat. 
 
 = 
 
 Colloquial satire. 
 
 d.m. 
 
 = 
 
 Different metres. 
 
 D.Pm. 
 
 = 
 
 Didactic poem or poetry. 
 
 Des.Pm 
 
 = 
 
 Descriptive poem. 
 
 Dial. 
 
 S3 
 
 Dialogue. 
 
 Dr.Pm. 
 
 5= 
 
 Dramatic poem. 
 
 E.Sap. 
 
 3= 
 
 English sapphic. 
 
 EcL 
 
 = 
 
 Eclogue. 
 
 Eleg. 
 
 SS 
 
 Elegy. 
 
 Ent. 
 
 — 
 
 Entertainment. 
 
 Ep. 
 
 r= 
 
 Epic poem. 
 
 Es. 
 
 sb 
 
 Essay or essays. 
 
 H.C. 
 
 — 
 
 Heroi-comic. 
 
 H.M. 
 
 — 
 
 Heroic or 10 syl. metre. 
 
 H.Hy. 
 
 = 
 
 Heroic hymn. 
 
 H.St. 
 
 r= 
 
 Heroic stanzas. 
 
 Hex. 
 
 — 
 
 Hexameter. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 — 
 
 History. 
 
 Hist.Nov. 
 
 — 
 
 Historic novel. 
 
 Hist.Rom 
 
 • = 
 
 Historic romance. 
 
 , i ENGLISH AND AMERICAN. 
 
 Addison 
 
 ' Joseph), 1672-1719. 
 
 Campaign, 1705. (The Victory of Blenheim.) 
 H.M. • *"** 
 
 Freeho 
 
 der, 
 
 1715. Es.; pr. 
 
 Guardian, 1713. Es. ; pr. 
 
 Poems, 
 
 171S 
 
 . 
 
 Spectator, 1711-12, 1714. Es.; pr. 
 
 Tatler, 
 
 1709-11. Es. ; pr. 
 
 (For 
 
 dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 
 Akenside (M 
 
 irk), 1721-1770. 
 
 Naiads, 
 
 1767. H.Hy. 
 
 Odes, 1745. 
 
 
 Pleasures of Imagination, 1744(3 bks.). H.M. ; 
 
 b.v. 
 
 
 
 Hy. 
 
 = 
 
 Hymn or hymns. 
 
 Iamb. 
 
 = 
 
 Iambic metre, w - 
 
 lron.Tr. 
 
 = 
 
 Ironical treatise. 
 
 Irr.m. 
 
 ES 
 
 Irregular metre. 
 
 Lg. 
 
 = 
 
 Legend. 
 
 Mon. 
 
 =. 
 
 Monody. 
 
 N.Ode. 
 
 ES 
 
 Naval ode. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 — 
 
 Novel. 
 
 oc. 
 
 S3 
 
 Octosyllabic metre. 
 
 otr. 
 
 = 
 
 Ottava rima. 
 
 p"'.Pr. 
 
 S3 
 
 Poetry. 
 
 SS 
 
 Poetic prose. 
 
 Past. 
 
 =3 
 
 Pastoral or pastorals. 
 
 Past.Bal 
 
 
 Pastoral ballad. 
 
 Pn. 
 
 SB 
 
 Pindaric metre or ode. 
 
 Pn.Ode. 
 
 SB 
 
 Pindaric ode. 
 
 ro.Epis. 
 
 SB 
 
 Political epistle. 
 
 Po.Roin 
 
 ES 
 
 Political romance. 
 
 Po.Sat. 
 
 SB 
 
 Political satire. 
 
 Po.Skt. 
 
 — 
 
 Political skit. 
 
 pr: 
 
 ES 
 
 Prose. 
 
 PrAUeg 
 
 
 Prose allegory. 
 
 Pr.Ep. 
 
 SS 
 
 Prose epic. 
 
 rh. 
 
 S3 
 
 Rhyme. 
 
 Rom. 
 
 SB 
 
 Romance. 
 
 Sat. 
 
 SB 
 
 Satire. 
 
 Sp.m. 
 
 S3 
 
 Spenserian metre. 
 
 St. 
 
 ES 
 
 Stanzas of 4 or more lines. 
 
 ter.rh. 
 
 S3 
 
 Ternary rhyme. 
 
 Topog. 
 
 rr 
 
 Topographical. 
 
 Troch. 
 
 S3 
 
 Tiochaic, i.e. - w 
 
 v. 
 
 S3 
 
 Verse or verses. 
 
 Akbcthnot (Dr. John), 1660-1735. 
 
 History of John Bull, 1712. Po.Skt. ; pr. 
 Armstrong (Dr. John), 1709-1779. 
 
 Art of Preserving Health (The), 1744 
 (4 bks.). D.Pm. ; H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Bailet (Philip James), 1816- 
 
 Age (The), 1858. Col.Sat. ; p. 
 
 Angel World (The), 1850 ; p. 
 
 Festus, 1839. Dr.Pm. ; d.m. 
 
 Mystic (The), 1855; p. 
 Barbour (John), 1320-1395. 
 
 Bruce (ZTie), 1375 (13,000 lines). Scotch Ep.; oc. 
 (Written at the request of David Bruce.) 
 Bv.ATTm(James), 1735-1803. 
 
 Minstrel, pt. i. 1773, ii. 1774 (2 bks.). Sp.m 
 
1160 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 Beckford (William), 1761-1844. 
 
 Vathek, 1784. Tale ; pr. 
 Blackmore (Sir Richard), 1650-1729. 
 Creation, 1712 (7 bks.). H.M.;rta. 
 Prince Arthur, 1696 (6 bks.). Ep. 
 Blair (Robert), 1699-1747. 
 
 Grave (The), 1743. H.M. ; b.v. 
 Browne ( Wi lliam), 1590-1645. 
 Britannia's Pastorals, 1613 (2 bks. ea. 5 soBgs); 
 
 d.m. 
 Shepherd's Pipe, 1614 (7 Eel.). 
 Bulwer. (See " Lytton.") 
 Bunyan (John), 1628-1688. 
 
 Holy War (The), 1682. Alleg. ; pr. 
 Pilgrim'sProgress,pt.i.l678,ii.l684. Alleg.; pr. 
 Burnet (Miss, afterwards Mde. d'Arblay), 
 
 1752-1840. 
 Evelina, 1778. Nov. 
 Burns (Robert), 1759-1796 (Scotch lyric poet). 
 Auld Lang Syne, 1793 (not original). 
 Cotter's Saturday Night, 1787. Sp.m. 
 Death and Dr. Hornbook, 1787 ; 6 line St. 
 Duncan Gray, 1792. 
 For a' that an' a' that, 1796 ; 8 line St. ; 8s, 
 
 alt.rh. 
 Green Grow the Bashes, O, 1787 ; 4 line St. ; 
 
 8s and chorus. 
 Hallowe'en, 1787 ; 8 line St. ; 8s and an 
 
 Adonic; alt.rh. 
 Highland Mary, 1792; 8 line St.; 8.7. 
 Mary Morrison, 1793; 8 line St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
 Scots wha hae, 1793. Sapphic. 
 Tam O'Shanter, 1791. lamb. ; 8s, rh. 
 To Mary in Heaven, 1788 ; 4 line St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
 To a Mountain Daisy, 1786. 
 To a Mouse, 1785. 
 Twa Dogs (Caesar and Luath), 1787. Dial. ; 
 
 8s, rh. 
 Burton (Rev. Robert), 1576-1640. 
 Anatomy of Melancholy, 1621. Mosaic of 
 
 Quotations; pr. 
 Butler (Samuel), 1612-1680. 
 Elephant in the Moon, 1654. Sat. on the 
 
 Royal Society ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Hudibras, pt. i. 1663, ii. 1664, iii. 1678 (ea. 3 
 
 cant.). Silt, on the puritans ; oc. 
 Byron (Lord George Gordon), 1788-1824. 
 
 Age of Bronze, 1821. (Napoleon.) H.M. ; rh. 
 Beppo, 1820. A Venetian story ; Sp.m. 
 Bride of Abydos, 1813. Irr.m. 
 Childe Harold, canto i. 1809, ii. 1810, iii. 1816, 
 
 iv. 1817. Des.Pm. ; Sp.m. 
 Corsair, 1814. H.M.; rh. 
 Don Juan, cantos i. ii. 1819, iii.— v. 1820, vi.-xvi. 
 
 1824 ; ter.rh. 
 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 1809. 
 
 Sat.; H.M.; rh. 
 "iaour, 1813. Irr.m. ; rh. 
 Hebrew Melodies, 1815 ; d.m. 
 Hours of Idleness, 1807 ; d m. 
 Island, 1819 (4 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Lament of Tasso, 1817. H.M. ; rh. 
 l^ara, 1814. (Sequel of The Corsair.) H.M. ; rh. 
 Mazeppa, 1819 ; oc. 
 Parisina, 1816. Irr.m. 
 Prisoner of Chillon, 1816. Irr.m. 
 Prophecy of Dante, 1819 (3 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Siege of Corinth, 1816. Irr.m. 
 Vision of Judgment, 1820. (George III.) Skit 
 
 on Southey's poem ; ter.rh. 
 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 
 Campbell (Thomas), 1777-1844. 
 Exile of Erin, 1801. Bal. 
 Gertrude of Wyoming, 1809 (3 pts.). Sp.m. 
 Hohenlinden, 1801. E.Sap. 
 Pilgrim of Glencoe, 1841. 
 Pleasures of Hope, 1799 (2 pts.). H.M. ; rb. 
 Reullura (i.e. beautiful star), 1817. Ode. 
 Theodoric, 1824. H.M. ; rh. 
 Ye Mariners of England, 1801. N.Ode. 
 Carlyle (Tltomas), 1795- 
 Frederick the Great, vols. i. ii. 1858, iii. iv. 
 
 1862. Biog. ; pr. 
 French Revolution, 1837. Hist. ; pr. 
 Sartor Resartus, 1833. Autobiog. of Teufels- 
 
 drb'ekh of Weissnichtwo, i.e. Mr. Shoddy oJ 
 
 Nowhere; pr. 
 Chaucer (Geoffrey), 1328-1400. 
 Assembly of Fowls (694 v.). 
 Book of the Duchess (1334 v.). 
 Canterbury Tales, 1388 (22 p.; 2pr.> H.M.;tU, 
 Chaucer's Dream (2235 v.). 
 Court of Love (1442 v.). 
 Flower of the Leaf (595 v.). 
 House of Fame (3 bks.) ; oc. 
 Parliament of Birds, 1358. 
 Romaunt of the Rose, about 1360 (from the 
 
 Roman de la Rose of Lorris and Meung) ; 
 
 7701 v. ; oc. 
 Treatise on the Astrolabie, 1391 (a fragment); 
 
 Troylus and Cresseyde, 1369 (5 bks.). Based 
 on the Filostrato of Boccaccio. 
 Churchill (Charles), "The British Juvenal," 
 1731-1764. 
 
 Apology to Critical Reviewers, 1761. Sat.; 
 H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Author (The), 1763. Sat. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Candidate (Tlie), 1764. Sat.; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Duellist (The), 1763. Sat.; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Epistle to Hogarth, 1764. Sat. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Farewell (The), 1762. Sat. ; H.M. ; rb. 
 
 Ghost (The), 1762. Sat. (directed against Dr. 
 Johnson) ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Gotham, 1764 (3 bks.). Sat. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Independence, 1764. Sat. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Night(an Epistle to Lloyd),1762. Sat. ;H.M.;rh. 
 
 Prophecy of Famine, 1762. Po.Squib. ;H.M.;rh. 
 
 Rosciad(77ie), 1761. Sat.; H.M.; rh. 
 
 Times (The), 1764. Sat.; H.M.; rh. 
 Coleridge (Samuel Taylor), 1772-1834. 
 
 Ancient Mariner, 1797 (7 pts.). St. ; 8.6. 
 
 Christabel.pt. i.l797,ii.l800,published 1816; oc. 
 
 Fears in Solitude, 1798. 
 
 France, 1797. Ode. 
 
 Friend (The), 1812; pr. 
 
 Juvenile Poems, 1794 ; d.m. 
 
 Love, 1797. 
 
 Ode to the Departing Year, 1798. Ch.Odfc 
 
 Religious Musings, 179G. H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Table Talk, posthumous 1835 ; pr. 
 Collins ( Wilkie), 1824- (novels). 
 
 After Dark, 1856. 
 
 Antonia, 1851. 
 
 Basil, 1858. 
 
 Dead Secrets, 1858. 
 
 Hide and Seek, 1853. 
 
 No Name, 1863. 
 
 Woman in White, 1861. 
 Etc., etc. 
 Collins (William), 1720-175& 
 
 Odes, 1745-46. 
 
DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 
 
 1161 
 
 Oriental Eclogues, 1742. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Passions (The), 1746. Pn.Ode. 
 Cooper (Fenimore), 1789-1851 (novels). 
 
 Afloat and Ashore, 1844. 
 
 Borderers. 
 
 Bravo (The), 1831. 
 
 Crater (The) or Vulcan's Peak, 1847. 
 
 Deerslayer (The), 1841. 
 
 Destroyer (The), 1841. 
 
 Eve Effingham. 
 
 Headsman of Berne, 1833. 
 
 Heathcotes. 
 
 Heidenmauer, 1832. 
 
 History of a Pocket-handkerchief, 1843. 
 
 Homeward Bound. 
 
 Jack Tier, 1848 (lied Bover recast). 
 
 Last of the Mohicans, 1.826. 
 
 Lionel Lincoln, 1825. 
 
 Miles Wallingford, 1844. 
 
 New Myers, 1843. 
 
 Notions of a Travelling Brother, 1828. 
 
 Oak Openings, 1848. 
 
 Outward Bound. 
 
 Pathfinder, 1840. 
 
 Pilot, 1823. 
 
 Pioneers, 1823. 
 
 rrairie, 1826. 
 
 Precaution, 1819. 
 
 Red Rover, 1826. 
 
 Sea Lions, 1849. 
 
 Spy, 1822. (The War of Independence.") 
 
 Two Admirals (Tlie), 1842. 
 
 Water Witch, 1830. 
 
 Ways of the Hour, 1850. 
 
 Wept of Wishton Wish (The), 1827. 
 
 Wing and Wing, 1842. 
 
 Wyandotte, 1843. 
 Etc., etc 
 Cotton (Dr. Nathaniel), 1707-1788. 
 
 (8) Visions in Verse, 1751 ; oc. 
 Cowley (Abraham), 1618-1667. 
 
 Carmina, 1662. 
 
 Davideis, 1635 (4 bks.). Ep. (incomplete); 
 H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Four Ages of England, 1657. 
 
 Mistress, 1647 (a collection of love verses). 
 
 Pindaric Odes, 1663. 
 
 Toem on the Civil War, 1662. 
 
 Poetic Blossoms, 1633. 
 
 Puritan and Papist, 1643. 
 
 Tragical History of Pyramus and Thisbe, 1628 
 (aged 1 0). 
 Cowper ( William), 1731-1800. 
 
 Boadicea, 1790. Bal.; St.; 7s. 
 
 Charity, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Conversation, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Expostulation, 1782. H.M.; rh. 
 
 Homer translated, 1791. H.M. ; b.T. 
 
 Hope, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 John Gilpin, 1782. C.Bal. ; St. ; 8.6. 
 
 Miscellaneous Poems, 1793 ; dJn. 
 
 Olney Hymns, 1779; d.m. 
 
 Progress of Error, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Retirement, 1782. H.M.; rh. 
 
 Table Talk, 1782. Dial.; H.M.; rh. 
 
 Task (The), 1785 (6 bks.). H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Truth, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 
 Ckabbe (George), 1754-1832. 
 
 Borough (The), 1810 (24 letters). H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Hallof Justice ( The), 1807 (2 pts.). Dial.; St. ; 8s 
 
 Library (17m:), 1807. H.M.; rh. 
 
 Newspaper (The), 1785. H.M. ; rh. 
 Parish Register, 1807 (3 pts.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Sir Eustace Grey, 1807. (Madhouse.) Dial | 
 St.; 8s. 
 
 (21) Tales, 1819 (bas«d on facts). H.M. ; rh. 
 
 (22) Tales of the Hall, 1819 (based on' facts). 
 H.M.; rh. 
 
 Village, 1807 (2 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Cunningham (John), 1729-1773. 
 
 Evening, 1766. Lyric ; 4 line St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
 Morning, 1766. Lyric; 4 line St.; 8s, alt.rh. 
 Noon, 1766. Lyric; 4 line St.; 8s, alt.rh. 
 
 Daniel (Samuel), 1562-1619. 
 A History of the Civil Wars between th* 
 
 Houses of York and Lancaster (8 bks.)| 
 
 8 line St.; H.M.; rh. 
 Defoe (Daniel), 1661-1731. 
 Apparitions (History of), 1727; pr. 
 Captain Carleton, 1728. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
 Captain Singleton, 1720. Biog.Rom.; pr. 
 Colonel Jack, . Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
 Dumb Philosopher (The), 1719 ; pr. 
 Duncan Campbell, 1720. Biog.Rom.; pr. 
 Fortunate Mistress (The) or Roxana, 1724 ; pr. 
 History of the Devil (The Political), 1726 ; pr. 
 Hymn to the Pillory, 1703; p. ; oc. 
 John Sheppard, 1724. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
 Jonathan Wild, 1725. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
 Jure Divino, 1706. 
 
 Moll Flanders, 1721. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
 Plague of London, 1722. Hist. Rom. ; pr. 
 Religious Courtship, 1722. 
 Robinson Crusoe. 1719. Tale of Adv. ; pr. 
 Shortest Way with Dissenters, 1702. (Against 
 
 the high-church party, for which he was 
 
 pilloried.) Iron.Tr.; pr. 
 Speculum Crape-gownorum, 1682. 
 True-born Englishman, 1699. (In defence of 
 
 William III.) Po.Sat.; p.; H.M.; rh. 
 Denham (Sir John), 1615-1668. 
 
 Cooper's Hill, 1643. H.M.; rh. 
 Dibdin (Charles), 1745-1814. 
 
 Sea Songs, 1790; d.m. 
 Dickens (Charles), 1812-1870 (novels). 
 American Notes, 18.42. 
 Barnaby Rudge, 1841. 
 Battle of Life, 1846. 
 Bleak House, 1852. 
 Chimes, 1844. 
 
 Cricket on the Hearth, 1845. 
 David Copperfield, 1849. 
 Dr. Marigold's Prescription, 1865 (Christmas 
 
 number). 
 Domoey and Son, 1846. 
 Great Expectations, 1860. 
 Hard Times, 1854. 
 
 Haunted House (The), 1859 (Christmas num- 
 ber). 
 Haunted Man, 1848. 
 
 Holly Tree Inn (7%e),1855 (Christmas number). 
 Little Dorrlt, 1857. 
 Martin Chuzzlewit, 1843. 
 Master Humphrey's Clock, 1840. 
 Message from the Sea (^i), 1860 (Christmas 
 
 number). 
 Mrs. Limner's Lodgings, 1863 (Christmas 
 
 number). 
 Mugby Junction, 1866 (Christmas number). 
 Mystery of Edwin Drood (a fragment), 1870. 
 Nicholas Nickleby, 183b. 
 
1162 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 No Thoroughfare, 1867 (Christmas number). 
 
 Old Curiosity Shop, 1840. 
 
 Oliver Twist, 1837. 
 
 Our Mutual Friend, 1864. 
 
 Pickwick Papers, 1*36. 
 
 Round of Stories (A), 1852 (Christmas num- 
 ber). 
 
 Sketches by Boz, 1835. 
 
 Somebody's Luggage, 1862 (Christmas num- 
 ber). 
 
 St. George and the Dragon, 1866 (Christmas 
 number). 
 
 Tale of Two Cities, 1859. 
 
 Tenants at Will, 1864 (Christmas number). 
 
 Tom Tiddler's Ground, 1867 (Christmas 
 number). 
 
 Uncommercial Traveller (The). 
 N.B.— The Christmas numl>ers are only in 
 
 part by Dickens. 
 Disraeli (Benjamin), lord Beaconsfield, 1805- 
 (novels). 
 
 Alroy (Wondrous Tale of). 
 
 Coningsby. 
 
 Contarini Fleming. 
 
 Henrietta Temple. 
 
 Lothair, 1870. 
 
 Revolutionary Epic, 1834 ; p. 
 
 Rise of Iskander. 
 
 Sybil. 
 
 Tancred. 
 
 Venetia. 
 
 Vivian Grey, 1827. 
 
 Young Duke. 
 (For Alurcos, see Appendix I.) 
 Drayton (Michael), 1563-1631. 
 
 Barons' Wars (T/ie), 1595. (The civil wars of 
 Fxlward II.) ; 8 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Battle of Agincoutt, 162'i ; 8 line St.; H.M. ; 
 rh. 
 
 England's Heroic Epistles, 1598 ; p. 
 
 Moses's Birth and Miracles, 1593. H.M. ; alt.rh. 
 
 Muse's Elysium (The), 1630; p. 
 
 Nymphidia or The Court of Fairy, 1627 ; 
 8 line St.; 8.7. 
 
 Polyolbion, songs i.-x. 1612, xl.-xviii. 1613, 
 xix.-xxx. 1622 (30 songs). Topog. ; Alex. 
 
 Shepherd's Garland, 1593 ; p. 
 Dryden (John), 1631-1700. 
 
 Absalom and Achitophel, pt. i. 1631, li. 1682. 
 (On Monmouth's rebellion.) Po.Sat. ; 
 H.M. ; rh. I't. ii. chiefly by Tate. 
 
 Alexander's Feast, 1697. Pn.Ode. 
 'Annus Mirabilis, 1667. (On the year 1666.) St. ; 
 H.M.; alt.rh. 
 
 Astrsea Redux, 1660. (On th* Restoration.) 
 H.M.; alt.rh. 
 
 Cromwell (Death of ), 1653. Eleg. ; H.M. ; 
 alt.rh. 
 
 Fables, begun 1698, finished 1700 (7500 v.). 
 
 Hind and the Panther, 1687 (3 pts). (In de- 
 fence of the Church of Rome. The "Hind" 
 is the Church of Rome, the "Panther" the 
 Church of England.) All g. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Lord Hastings (Death of). Eleg.; II. M.; rh. 
 (This was his first poem.) 
 
 MacFlcckuoe, 1682. Sat. on Shadwell ; H.M. ; 
 rh. 
 
 Rcligio Laid, 1682. (The faith of a Lryman of 
 the Anglican Church. Against deists, sec- 
 tarians and dissenters.) D.Pm. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 8ong lor St. Cecilia, 1687. Ch.Ode. 
 
 Virgil translated, begun 1694, finished 1696. 
 H.M. ; rh. 
 
 (For the 28 dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 Dunbar ( William), 1465-1530 (Scotch poet). 
 
 Golden Targe (The\ * 
 
 Thrissil and the Rose (The), 1504. (James 
 IV. was the ♦' thistle," and his bride Mar- 
 garet the " rose") ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Dtek (Rev. John), 1700-1758. 
 
 Fleece (The), 1758 (4 bks.), H.M.; b.v. 
 
 Grongar Hill, 1727. Des.Pm. ; oc. 
 
 Ruins of Rome, 1740. H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 English Spy (The), 1826, C. W. Westmacott, 
 44 The Turkish Spy," by John Paul MaTana, 
 1637-82. 
 
 Falconer (William), 1730-1769. 
 
 Shipwreck, 1762 (3 cant.). H.M.; rh. 
 Fielding (Henry), 1707-1754 (novels). 
 
 Amelia, 1751 (copyright was £1000). 
 (" Amelia " is sketched from Fielding's 
 wife, and " Booth " is Fielding himself.) 
 Jonathan Wild, 1743. 
 
 Joseph Andrews, 1742. (A quiz on Richard- 
 son's Pamela.) 
 Journey from this World to the Next, 1735. 
 Tom Jones, 1749 (copyright was £600 + 100). 
 
 (English life in the 18th cent.) 
 True Patriot, 1745. 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 Fletcher (Dr. Giles), 1580-1623. 
 Christ's V ictory and Triumphs (4 poems), 1610 ; 
 8 Hue St. ; 10 syl. and an Alex. 
 Fletcher (Phineas), 1584-1660. 
 Purple Island(27i€), 1633 (12 cant.). Alleg.Pm.; 
 7 line St.; 10 syl. and an Alex. (The 
 " Purple Island " is the human body.) 
 Fosbroke (TJwmas Dudley), 1770-1842. 
 Encyclopa'dea of Antiquities, 1824; pr. 
 Foreign Topography, 1828 ; pr. 
 
 Gall (Richard), 1776-1801 (Scotch lyric poet). 
 Farewell to Ayrshire, * (erroneously ascribed 
 
 to Burns) ; 8 line St. ; 8.7, alt.rh. 
 My only Jo and Dearie 0, * 8 line St. ; 8s, 
 alt.rh. 
 Garth (Sir Samuel), 1657-1719. 
 
 Dispensary (The), 1699 (6 caut.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Gay (John), 1688-1732. 
 (11) Ballads, 1725; d.m. 
 Biack-eyed Susan, 1725. Song; 6 line St.; 
 
 8.8 8.8.10.10. 
 Dione, * Past, tragedy ; H.M. ; rh. 
 (14) Epistles, 1709-22 ; p. ; d.m. 
 Fables, 1726 (pt. 1. 50 ; pt. ii. 16) ; oc. 
 Fan (The), 1713 (3 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Rural Sports, 1713 (2 cant.). H.M.; rh. 
 Shepherd's Week (The), 1714 (6 Past.). H.M.; 
 
 rh. 
 Trivia, 1712 (3 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Atpendix I.) 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, ? 1032-1154. 
 
 Historia Britonum, 1142. Lat. pr. 
 Gibbon (Ed<tard), 1737-1794. 
 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776- 
 88. Hist,; pr. 
 Glovkr (Richard), 1712-1785. 
 
 Admiral Hosier's Ghost, 1739. Bal.; Troch. 
 St. ; 8.7. (This was a vety parallel case to 
 that of sir Richard Grenville, the subject of 
 
DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 
 
 11G3 
 
 Tennyson's ballad (p. 405). The incident 
 
 is given p. 456, q.v.) 
 Athenais ( The), * (The Continuation of 
 
 Leonidas) ; b.v. 
 Leonidas, 1737 (12 bks.). Ep. ; b.v. 
 
 (For his two tragedies, see Appexdix I.) 
 Godwin (Francis), 1561-1633. 
 
 Man in the Moon, posthumoua 1638 ; pr. 
 Nuntius Inanimatus in Utopia, 1629 ; pr. 
 Godwin (William), 1756-1836. 
 Caleb Williams, 1794. Nov. 
 G-olden Leg-end (The), James de Varagine, 
 
 1230-1298. (See " Longfellow.") 
 Historia Lombardina, seu Legends. Sancta, 
 
 usually called " Legenda Aurea," about 1292. 
 Goldsmith (Oliver), 1728-1774. 
 Bee, 1759-60. Es. ; pr. 
 Citizen of the World, 1759 (123 letters) ; pr. 
 Deserted Village, 1769 D.Pm.; H.M.; rh. 
 
 (Griffin gave him £105 for the copyright.) 
 Double Transformation (The), 1765. A tale in 
 
 v.; oc. 
 Earth and Animated Nature (The), 1774; pr. 
 Edwin and Angelina. (See " Hermit.") 
 Elegy on a Mad Dog, 1765. St. ; 8.0. 
 (24) Essays, 1765 ; pr. 
 
 Haunch of Venison (A), 1765. Po.Epis. ; Alex. 
 Hermit (The), 1765. Bal.; 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
 Retaliation, 1774. Poem ; 11 syl., rh. 
 Traveller (The\ 1765, D.Pm. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Vicar of Wakefield. 1766. Nov. 
 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 Gower (John), 1327-1402. 
 (50) Balades, 1350 (in French). 
 ConfessioAniantis,1393. A poet. Dlal.inEng.; 
 
 oc (Written at the request of Richard II.) 
 Speculum Meditantis, 1370 (in French). No 
 
 known copy of this poem exists. 
 Vox Clamantis, 1381 (in Latin). This poem 
 
 was never printed. 
 Gray (Thomas), 1716-1771. 
 Bard, 1757. Pn.Ode. 
 Elegy in a Country Churchyard, 1749. H.M. ; 
 
 4 line St. ; alt.rh. 
 Eton College, 1747. Ode; 10 line St. ; 8.6. 
 Progress of Poesy, 1757. Pn.Ode. 
 
 Haliburton (Thomas C), 1796-1865. 
 
 English in America, 1851; pr. 
 
 Nature and Human Nature, 1855 ; pr. 
 
 Old Judge, 1849 ; pr. 
 
 Sam Slick or The Clockmaker (The), 1837 ; pr. 
 Hall (Joseph), "The Christian Seneca," 1574- 
 1656. 
 
 Satires, 1597 (3 bks.). H.M.; rh. 
 Ha wes (Stephen), in the reign of Henry VII. 
 
 Exemple of Vertu, 1530 ; p. 
 
 Passe-tyme of Plesure, 1506, printed 1517. 
 ( The History of Graunde Amoure and La 
 Belle Pucell) ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Hemans (Mrs.), 1793-1835 (poetry ; d.m.). 
 
 Domestic Affections, 1812. 
 
 Forest Sanctuary, 1826. 
 
 Hymns for Childhood, 1834. 
 
 Lays of Leisure Hours, 1829. 
 
 Records of Women, 1828. 
 
 Sceptic (The), 1821. 
 
 Songs of the Affections, 1830. 
 Henry the Minstrel (Blind Harry), 1355- 
 
 . 1446 (Scotch poet). 
 
 Wallace, 1407 (11 bks.). Ep.; H.M.; rh. 
 
 Herbert (George), 1593-1632. 
 Priest to the Temple (The) or The Country 
 
 Parson, 1652 ; pr. 
 Temple (Ihe) or Church, 1633; p.; d.m. 
 Herg-est (Tlie Red Book of) or " Mabinogion." 
 12th cent. (Tales of the early British) ; pr. 
 
 Johnson (Dr. Samuel), 1709-1784. 
 
 Idler, 1758. Es. ; pr. 
 
 Life of Savage, 1744; pr. 
 
 Ixmdon, 1738. Sat. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Rambler, 1750-52. Es. ; pr. 
 
 Rasselas, 1759. Tale ; pr. 
 
 Vanity of Human Wishes, 1749. Sat.;II.M.; rh. 
 (For Irene, see Appendix I.) 
 Johnson (Richard), ? 1560-? 1627. 
 
 Nine Worthies of London, 1592 ; pr. 
 
 Seven Champions, 1617 ; pr. 
 
 Keats (Jonn), 1796-1820 (poet). 
 Endymion, 1817. Rom. in v. ; H.M. , rh. 
 Eve of St. Agnes, 1820. Sp.m. 
 Hyperion, 1820. H.M. ; b.v. 
 Isabella, 1820. 
 Lamia, 1820. 
 
 Ode to the Grecian Urn, 1820. 
 Ode to the Nightingale, 1820; 10 lino St.; 
 H.M. and one short line. 
 
 Langland ( William), about 1332-1400. 
 
 Vision of Piers Plowman, 1362. Sat. poem 
 (Ang.-Sax. alliterative poetry). 
 Longfellow (Henry Wadsworth), 1807- 
 
 Ballads, etc., 1841. 
 
 Belfry of Bruges, 1846; 2 line St.; 15 syl., rh. 
 
 Evangeline, 1847 (2 pts.). Hex. 
 
 Golden Legend (The), 1851. Dr.Pm. 
 
 Hiawatha, 1855 (22 staves). An Indian Alleg. ; 
 Troch. ; 8 syl., not rh. (The most original 
 production of the cent.) 
 
 Hyperion, 1840. Rom. in pr. 
 
 Kavanagh, 1849. A poetico-philosophical tale. 
 
 Miles Standish, 1858. Hex. 
 
 Outre-mer, 1835. (His first work); pr. 
 
 Poems on Slavery, 1842 ; d.m. 
 
 Seaside (The) and the Fireside, 1850. 
 
 Spanish Student (The), 1843. Dr.Pm. 3 acts. 
 
 Tales of a Wayside Inn, 1863 ; p. 
 
 To a Child, 1848. Irr.m. 
 
 Voices of the Night, 1841 ; p. 
 Ltttelton (George, lord), 1709-1773. 
 
 Monody, 1747. Pn.Ode. 
 
 Progress of Love, 1727 (4 eel.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Lytton (Edward Lytton Bvlwer, lord), 1805- 
 1873. 
 
 Alice. 
 
 Arthur (King), 1848. Ep. ; 6 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Athens, its Rise and Fall, 1837 ; pr. 
 
 Caxtonia, 1863. Nov. 
 
 Caxtons, 1851. A domestic Nov. 
 
 Devereux, 1830. Nov. 
 
 Disowned, 1829. Nov. 
 
 England and the English, 1833 ; pr. 
 
 Ernest Maltravers, 1837. Nov. 
 
 Eugene Aram, 1831. Nov. 
 
 Eva, 1842. A poem. 
 
 Falkland, 1827. (His first Nov.; 
 
 Godolphin, * Nov. 
 
 Harold, 1850. Hist.Xov. 
 
 Ismael, 1820. An Oriental tale. 
 
 Kenelm Chillingly. Nov." 
 
1164 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 Last Days of Pompeii, 1835. Hist.Nov. 
 
 Last of the Barons, 1849. Hist.Nov. 
 
 Leila and Calderon, 1838. 
 
 Lucretia, 1849. Nov. 
 
 "Miletus (Lost Tales of). 
 
 My Novel, 1852. Nov. 
 
 New Timon, 1846 ; p. 
 
 Night and Morning, 1837. Nov. 
 
 O'Neil or The Rebel, 1826. Tale in v. 
 
 Parisians, 1873. Nov. 
 
 Paul Clifford, 1830. Nov. 
 
 Pelham, 1828. (His second Nov.) 
 
 Pilgrims of the llhine, 1834. Nov. 
 
 Rienzi, 1836. Hist.Nov. 
 
 St. Stephen's, 1861. A poem. 
 
 Sculpture, 1825. 
 
 Strange Story, 1861. Nov. 
 
 Weeds and Wildflowers, 1826; d.m. (His first 
 
 production.) 
 What Will He do with It? 1860. Nov. 
 Zanoni, 1842. Nov. 
 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 
 Mabinogrion {The) or the "Red Book of 
 Hergest," 12th cent. (Tales of the early 
 British) ; pr. (Welsh). 
 MACAULAT(2Viojnas Babington Macaulay, lord), 
 1800-1859. 
 Armada {The), 1832 (a fragment). Alex.; rh. 
 lvry, a Song of the Huguenots, 1824. Alex. ; rh. 
 (4) Lays of Ancient Rome, 1842 • p. 
 Mackenzie {Henri/), 1745-1831. 
 
 Man of Feeling, 1771. Nov. 
 Macphekson {James), 1738-1796. 
 
 Poems of Ossian, 1760-63. P.Pr. 
 Magazines and Reviews. 
 Academy, 1869. 
 Athenaeum, 1828. 
 Belgravia, 1866. 
 Blackwood, 1817. 
 Cornhill, 1859. 
 Edinburgh Review, 1802. 
 Gentleman's Magazine, 1731. 
 Notes and Queries, 1 849. 
 Quarterly Review, 18rt<*. 
 Saturday Review, 1855. 
 Mallei- {David), 1700-1765. 
 
 Edwin and Emma, 1760. Bal. ; 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
 William and Margaret, 1760. Bal.; 4 line 
 St.; 8.6. 
 Malory {Sir Thomas), 1430-P149S. 
 Morte d' An bur or History of Prince Arthur 
 1470. Rom. 
 Milton {John), 1608-1674. 
 Arcades, 1632. Eut. ; rh. 
 Death of an Infant, 1025 (Milton was 17). 
 
 H.M. ; 7 line St., with an Alex.; rh. 
 L 'Allegro, 1645. Troch.; 7s, rh. 
 Lycidas, 1638. Mon. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 May Morning, 1630. Song; 10.8. 
 Morning of Christ's Nativity, 1629. H.M. ; 
 7 line St., with an Alex. ; rh. It is followed 
 by " The Hymn;" 8 line St. ; 6.10.8.10, rh. 
 Paradise Lost, 1665 (12 bks.). Ep. ; H.M. ; b.v. 
 Paradise Regained, 1671 (4 bks.). Ep. ; H.M. ; 
 
 b.v. 
 Penseroso {II), 1645. Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 
 Psalms, 1623. 
 Smectymnuus {Apology for), 1642. (Against 
 
 Episcopacy) ; pr. 
 Vacation Exercise, 1627 (aged 19). H.M. ; rh. 
 
 (For Comus and Samson Agonistes, see 
 
 Appendix I.) 
 Montgomery {James), 1771-1854. 
 
 Greenland, 1810 (5 cant.). D.Pm. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Hymns, 1853 ; d.m. 
 
 Miscellaneous Poems, 1803-20 ; d.m. 
 
 Pelican Island, 1827. D.Pm. ; H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Prison Amusements, 1795, 1796 ; d.m. (He was 
 imprisoned in the castle of York for publish- 
 ing in the Iris, of which he was editor, 
 an article upon the taking of the Bastille.) 
 
 Songs of Zion, 1822 ; d.m. 
 
 Wanderer of Switzerland {The), 1806 (6 pts.); 
 4 line St.; 7s, rh. 
 
 West Indies, 1809 (4 pts.). (On the abolition 
 of the slave trade.) H.M.; rh. 
 
 World before the Flood, 1812 (10 cant.). Ep. ; 
 H.M.; rh. 
 Montgomery {Robert), 1807-1855 (poetry). 
 
 Death, 1828. 
 
 Luther, 1843. 
 
 Messiah, 1843. 
 
 Omnipresence of the Deity, 1828. H.M. ; Th. 
 
 Sacred Meditations, 1847. 
 
 Satan, 1829. 
 
 Vision of Heaven, 1828. 
 
 Vision of Hell, 1828. 
 Moore {Thomas), 1779-1852. 
 
 Anacreon, 1800 (translations from the Greek) 
 
 Ballads and Songs, from 1806; d.m. 
 
 Epicurean, 1827. Nov. ; pr. 
 
 (6) Fables of the Holy Alliance, 1822. 
 
 Fudge Family in Paris, 1818 (12 letters in v.). 
 
 Irish Melodies, 1807-14 (9 Nos/) ; d.m. 
 
 Lalla Rookh, 1817 (4 tales). Oriental Rom. ; 
 pr. and v. ; d.m. 
 
 Loves of the Angels, 1822 (3 stories in v.). 
 
 National Airs, 1823 (3 Nos.) ; d.m. 
 
 Odes, 1806, etc. 
 
 Ruymes on the Road, 1819 (8 extracts). 
 
 Sacred Songs, 1824 (2 Nos.) ; d.m. 
 
 Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress, 1818 (5 
 Nos.); p. 
 
 Tom Little, 1808. Poems, chiefly amatory, 
 published under this pseudonym ; d.m. 
 
 Torch of Liberty, 1S14 ; 4 line St. ; 8.9. 
 
 Twopenny Post-bag, 1813 (8 "intercepted" 
 letters versified). 
 •More {Mrs. Hannah), 1745-1833. 
 
 Ccelebs in Search of a Wife, 1809. Nov. 
 
 Sacred Dramas, 1782. H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Search after Happine t s, 1773. Past, drama. 
 (For acting dramas, see Appendix I.) 
 More {Sir Thomas), 1480-1535. 
 
 Utopia, 1516. Po.Rom.; pr. 
 Morris {George), 1802- 
 
 Woodman, Spare that Tree, 1853. Song. 
 Morris ( William), 1834- (poetry). 
 
 Defence of Guenevere, 1858. 
 
 Earthly Paradise, 1868. 
 
 Life and Death of Jason, 1867. 
 Otway {Thomas), 1651-1685. 
 
 Windsor, 1686. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Parnell {Thomas), 1679-1718. 
 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice, 1700 (3 bks.% 
 
 Mock Epic, from the Greek. H.M. ; rh. 
 Fairy Tale {A), Edwin and Sir Topaz, 1698. 
 
 (In the ancient Eng. style) ; 6 line St. ; 8.6. 
 
 (Probably suggested to Burns his JUm 
 
 O'Shanter.) 
 
DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 
 
 1165 
 
 Hermit (The), 1710. (From the Talmud.) 
 
 H.M.; rh. 
 Night-piece on Death ; 8s, rh. (Goldsmith 
 
 preferred this poem to Gray's famous 
 
 Elegy, which it probably suggested.) 
 Peter Pindar (John Wolcot), 1738-1819. 
 Birthday Ode, 1786. (The visit of George III. 
 
 to Whitbread's brewery.) Irr.m. 
 Bozzvand Piozzi, 1796. A town Eel. in 2 pts. ; 
 
 Dial. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Lousiad. An H.C. poem in 5 cantos. Canto i. 
 
 1786. (A lampoon on George III., who saw 
 
 a louse in his green peas served at table, 
 { and ordered his cooks to have their heads 
 
 shaved in future.) H.M. ; rh. 
 (15) Lyric Odes, 1782. Sat. on the Royal 
 
 Academicians; d.m. 
 Ode upon Ode, 1785. (The collection contains 
 
 "The King (George III.) and the Apple 
 
 Dumplings.") Irr.m. 
 Orson and Ellen, 1796. A legendary tale in 
 
 5 cantos ; 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
 Pilgrims and the Peas (The), 1782. (One of the 
 
 early Lyric Odes.) Irr.m. 
 Pindariana or Peter Pindar's Portfolio, 1796. 
 Razor Seller (The), 1782. (One of the early 
 
 Lyric Odes.) Irr.m. 
 Tristia or the Sorrows of Pindar, 1796. St. ; 
 
 H.M.; alt.rh. 
 Whitbread's Brewery visited by their Majes- 
 ties. (See " Birthday Ode.") 
 Philips (Ambrose), 1671-1749 (whig poet), 
 
 nicknamed Namby- Pamby Philips. 
 (6) Pastorals (called by Tickell "the finest in 
 
 the language"), 1748. H.M.; rh. 
 Philips (John), 1676-1708 (tory poet). 
 Blenheim, 1705. H.M. ; b.v. 
 Cyder, 1706 (2 bks.). Georgic; H.M.; b.v. 
 Splendid Shilling (The), 1703. (A parody on 
 
 the style of Milton.) H.M. ; b.v. 
 Poe (Edgar), 1811-1849. 
 Bells (2%e),about 1831. (Word-painting.)Irr.m. 
 Eureka, 1848. A prose poem. 
 Haven, about 1831; 6 line St.; 16.15, and 
 
 Adonic of 7. 
 Pollok (Robert), 1799-1827. 
 Course of Time (The), 1827 (10 bks.). Ep. ; 
 
 H.M. ; b.v. 
 Pope (Alexander), 1688-1744. 
 Bathos or The Art of Sinking, 1727. 
 Dunciad, pts. i.-iii. 1726, publ. 1728, iv. 1742. 
 
 H.M.; rh. 
 Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady, 1717. H.M. ; rh. 
 Eloisa to Abelard, 1717. H.M. ; rh. 
 Epilogue to the Satires, 1738. H.M. ; rh. 
 Essay on Criticism, 1709. D.Pm. ; H.M.; rh. 
 Essay on Man, 1733 (4 epist.). D.Pm.; H.M. ;rh. 
 Iliad, i.-iv. 1715, completed 1719 (begun 1713). 
 
 H.M.; rh. 
 Messiah, 1711. Sacred Eel. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Miscellaneous Poems, 1709 ; d.m. 
 Mural Essays, 1731 (5 epist.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, 1708. Pn. 
 Odyssey, 1725 (begun 1721). H.M. ; rh. 
 (4) Pastorals, 1709. H.M. ; rh. 
 Rape of the Lock, 1712. H.C. poem in 5 cantos. 
 
 H.M.; rh. 
 Satires, 1734. H.M. ; rh. (Free imitations 
 
 of the satires and epistles of Horace.) 
 Temple of Fame, 1711. H.M. ; rh. 
 Windsor Forest, 1704, 1713. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Prior (Matthevf), 1664-1721. 
 
 A.lma, 1717 (3 cant.). D.Pm. ; Limb. ; 8s, rh. 
 
 Carmen Seculare, 1700. Irr.m. 
 
 City Mouse and Country Mou^e, 1638. (In 
 ridicule of Dryden's Hind and Panther.) 
 
 Solomon, 1718 (3 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Pultock (Robert), ? 1724-? 1771. 
 
 Peter Wilkins, 1750. Rom. ; pr. 
 
 Quarles (Francis), 1592-1644. 
 
 Alphabet of Elegies (The), 1625. (On Dr. 
 
 Aylmer.) 
 Emblems, 1635; d.m. 
 Enchiridion of Meditations, 1641. Fd. aud 
 
 Aphorisms. 
 Loyal Convert, 1644. 
 Song of Anarchus. 
 
 Richard of Cirencester (Richardus Corinen- 
 sis), 1320-1401 (historian). 
 
 De Situ Britannia?,' 1355. Lat. pr. 
 
 Historia ab Hengista ad Ann. 1348. Lat. pr. 
 RrcHARDsoN (Samuel), 1689-1761 (novelist). 
 
 Clarissa Harlowe, 1748. 
 
 Pamela, 1740. 
 
 Sir Charles Grandison, 1753. 
 Ridley (James), ? 1722-P1777 (pseudonym, sir C. 
 Morell). 
 
 Tales of the Genii, 1751 ; pr. 
 Ritson (Joseph), 1752-1803. 
 
 Ancient Songs, etc., 1790 ; d.m. 
 
 Robin Hood Ballads, 1795 ; d.m. 
 
 Scottish Songs, 1794 ; d.m. 
 Rochester (John Wilmot, carl of), 1647-1680. 
 
 My Dear Mistress has a Heart, 1668 ; 2 St. 
 of 8 lines; 8.9. (Spoftorth selected these 
 words for a glee, 4 voices.) 
 
 Upon Nothing, * 3 line St. ; 10.10.14, triple rh. 
 Rogers (Samuel), 1763-1855. 
 
 Columbus, 1812 (12 cant.). H.M.; rh. 
 
 Human Life, 1819. D.P. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Italy, 1823 (pt. i. 22 subjects ; pt. ii. 24 sub- 
 jects). H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Jacqueline, 1814. Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 
 
 Pleasures of Memory, 1792 (2 pts.). D.Pm. ; 
 H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Superstition, and other Poems, 1786-1805; d.m. 
 
 Table Talk, posthumous 1856 ; pr. 
 
 Sackville (Thomas), earl of Dorset, 1536-1608. 
 Mirrour for Magistraytes, 1557. D.Pm. ; 7 line 
 
 St.; H.M.; rh. 
 
 (For Gorboduc, see Appendix I.) 
 Savage (Richard), 1698-1743. 
 Bastard (The), 1728. H.M.; rh. 
 Wanderer (The), 1729 (5 cant.). D.Pm. ; H.M.; 
 
 rh. 
 Scot (Reginald), 1545-1599. 
 Discoverie of Witchcraft, 1584 ; pr. (This book 
 
 was burnt by the common hangman. Sir 
 
 W. Scott wrote letters on demonology and 
 
 witchcraft.) 
 Scott (Sir Walter), 1771-1832. 
 
 Abbot, 1820 (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 
 
 Anne of Geierstein, 1829 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Nov. 
 Antiquary, 1816 (time, George III.). Nov. 
 Aunt Margaret's Mirror (time, William III.). 
 
 Tale. 
 Battle of Sempach, 1818. St. ; 8 6. 
 Betrothed, 1825 (time, Henry II.). Nov. 
 
1166 
 
 APPENDIX. II. 
 
 Black Dwarf, 1816 (time, Anne). Nov. 
 Border Minstrelsy, 1805 (Thomas the Rhymer, 
 
 pts.), etc. 
 Bridal of Triermain, 1813 (3 cant.). Eom. in 
 
 v. ; 8s, rh. 
 Bride of Lammermoor, 1819 (time, William 
 
 HI.). Nov. 
 Castle Dangerous, 1831 (time, Henry I.). Nov. 
 Count Robert of Paris, 1831 (time, Rufus). Nov. 
 Demonology and "Witchcraft, 1830 (letters) ; pr. 
 Fair Maid of Perth, 1828 (time, Henry IV.).Nov. 
 Fire King (The), 1801. Bal. ; Alex. ; rh 
 For a' that an' a' that, 1814. Song ; 8 line 
 
 St, ; 8.7. 
 Fortunes of Nigel, 1822 (time, James I.). Nov. 
 Frederick and Alice, 1801. Bal. ; St. ; 8s. 
 Guy Mannering, 1815 (time, George II.). Nov. 
 Harold the Dauntless, 1817 (6 cant.). Rom. 
 
 in v. ; 8s, rh. 
 Heart of Midlothian, 1818 (time, George II.). 
 
 Nov. 
 Helvellyn, 1805. Bal. ; 8 line St. ; Alex. ; alt.rh. 
 Highland Widow, 1827 (time, George 11.). Tale. 
 History of Napoleon, 1827. Hist. ; pr. 
 Hunting Song, 1808 ; 8 line St. ; 7s. 
 Ivanhoe, 1819 (time, Richard 1.). Nov. 
 Kenilworth, 1821 (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 
 Lady of the Lake, 1809 (6 cant.). Rom. in 
 
 v. ; 8s, rh. 
 Laird s Jock (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel, 1805 (6 cant.). Rom. 
 
 in v. ; 8s, rh. 
 Legend of Montrose, 1819 (time, Charles I.). 
 
 Nov. 
 Lord of the Isles, 1815 (6 cant.). Rom. in 
 
 v. ; 8s, rh. 
 Marmion, 1808 (6 cant.). Rom. in v. ; 8s, rh. 
 Monastery, 1820 (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 
 Noble Moringer (The), 1819. Bal. ; Alex. ; rh. 
 Old Mortality, 1816 (time, Charles II.). Nov. 
 Peveril of the Peak, 1823 (time, Charles 1L). 
 
 Nov. 
 Pirate, 1821 (time, William III.). Nov. 
 Quentin Durward, 1823 (time, Edward IV.). 
 
 Nov. 
 Redgauntlet, 1824 (time, George III.). Nov. 
 Rob Roy, 1817 (time, George I.). Nov. 
 Rokeby, 1813 (6 cant.). Rom. in v. ; 8s, rh. 
 St. Ronan's Well, 1825 (time, George 111.). Nov. 
 Surgeon's Daughter, 1827 (time, George II.). 
 
 Nov. 
 Tales of a Grandfather, 1827. Hist, of Scot- 
 land (3 series) ; pr. 
 Talisman, 1825 (time, Richard I.). Nov. 
 Tapestered Chamlvr (time, George III.). Tale. 
 Two Drovers, 1827 (time, George III.). Tale. 
 Vision of Don Roderick, 1811. Sp.m. 
 Waverley, 1814 (time, George II.). Nov. 
 Wild Huntsman (The), 1796. Bal. ; St. ; 8e, 
 
 alt.rh. 
 William and Helen, 1796. Bal. ; St. ; 8.6, rh. 
 Woodstock, 1826 (time, Commonwealth). .Nov. 
 Selden (John), 1584-1654. 
 
 Table Talk, posthumous 1689 ; pr. 
 Titles of Honour, 1614; pr. 
 Shakespeare (William), 1564-1616. 
 
 Lover's Complaint, 1609 ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Passionate Pilgrim, 1599 ; 14 line St.; H.M.;rb. 
 Rape of Lucrece, 1594 ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 (154) Sonnets, 1598. 
 Venus and Adonis, 1593 ; 6 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Shelley (Percy Bysshe), 1792-1822. 
 Adonais, 1821. A Mom on Keats. 
 Alastor or The Spirit of Solitude, Kit. 
 
 H.M.; b.v. 
 Arethusa, 1820. Ode. 
 Cloud (The), 1820. Ode. 
 Epipsycbidion, 1821. 
 J ulian and Maddalo, 1820. " A Conversation." 
 
 H.M. ; rh. 
 Ode to the West Wind. 
 Queen Mab, 1813 (aged 18), in rhythm not 
 
 rhyme. 
 Revolt of Islam, 1817 (12 cant.). Sp.m. 
 Rosalind and Helen. Dial. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Skylark (i/te), 1820. Ode; 5 line St. ; 7.7.7.7.13. 
 Witch of Atlas, 1820 (composed in three days). 
 
 (For his dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 Shenstoke (William), 1714-1763. 
 (26) Elegies, 1743-46. 
 Jemmy Dawson, 1745. Bal. ; 8s. 
 Judgment of Hercules, posthumous 1764. 
 
 D.Pm.; H.M.; rh. 
 Odes, Songs, and Ballads, 1750-54 ; d.m. 
 Pastoral Ballad, 1743(4 pts.) ; 8 line St.; 8s, rh. 
 Progress of Taste, posthumous 1764 (4 pts.) ; 
 
 8s, rh. 
 Schoolmistress, 1758. Sp.m. 
 AVritten at an Inn at Henley, 1741. (In praise 
 
 of inn life) ; 4 line St. ; 8s, rh. 
 Sidney (Sir Philip), 1554-1586. 
 
 Arcadia, 1580, published 1590-93. An heroic 
 
 romance ; P.Pr. 
 Astrophel and Stella (a collection of songs 
 
 and sonnets), posthumous 1591 ; d.m. 
 Defence of Poesie, 1583, published 1595 ; pr. 
 Smollett (Tvbias), 1721-1771 (novels). 
 Adventures of an Atom, 1769. 
 Ferdinand Count Fathom, 1763. 
 Humphry Clinker, 1770. 
 Peregrine Pickle, 1751. 
 Roderick Random, 1748. 
 Sir Launcelot Greaves, 1760. 
 Somerville (William), 1692-1742. 
 
 Chase (The), 1735. H.M. ; b.v. 
 Southey (Robert), 1774-1843. 
 All for Love or A Sinner Well Saved, 1829 
 
 (9 pts.) ; 5 line St. ; 8.6. 
 Battle of Blenheim, 1798. Bal.; 6 line St.; 8.6. 
 Bishop Bruno, 1798. Bal. ; 4 line St. ; 9s. 
 Bishop Hatto (eaten by rats), 1799. Bal. 
 (4) Botany Bay Eclogues, 1794. H.M. ; b.v. 
 Cataract of Lodore,1820.(Word-painting.)Irr.m. 
 Curse of Kehama, 1809 (24 subdivisions). A 
 
 Rom. in rh. ; Irr.m. 
 Devil's Walk (The), 1830. Bal. 
 Doctor (The), 1834. Nov. ; pr. 
 (9) English Eclogues, 1798-1803. H.M.; b.v. 
 Holly Tree (The), 1798. Ode; 6 line St.; 8.4. 
 Inchcape Rock (The), 1802. Bal.; 4 line St. ; 8s. 
 Joan of Arc, 1795 (10 bks.). Ep. ; H.M. ; b.v. 
 Madoc, 1805 (pt. i. in 18 subdivisions; pt. ii. 
 
 in 27 subdivisions). Ep ; b.v. 
 Mary, the Maid of the Inn, 1796. Bal. ; 6 line 
 
 St.; 8.6. 
 Metrical Tales, 1804; d.m. 
 Old Woman of Berkeley, 1793. Bal. ; 4 line 
 
 St.; 8.6. 
 Pig (Defence of the), 1798. "A colloquial 
 
 poem." H.M. ; b.v. 
 Pilgrim of Compostella (The), 1829 (4 pts.). A 
 
 Lg. in v. 
 
DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 
 
 1167 
 
 Roderick, the Last of the Goths, begun 1809, 
 
 finished 1814 (24 subdivisions). Ep. ; 
 
 H.M. ; b.r. 
 St. Patrick's Purgatory, 1801. Bal.; 6 line St. 
 Tale of Paraguay, 1814 (4 cant.). Sp.m. 
 Thalaba the Destroyer, 1800 (12 bks.). Dr.Pm. ; 
 
 rhythm not rhyme. 
 Vision of Judgment, 1822 (12 subdivisions). 
 
 (The apotheosis of George 111.) Hex. 
 Well of St. Keyne {The), 1798. Bal. ; 4 line 
 
 St.; 11.7. 
 (For Wat Tyler, see Appendix I.) 
 Spenser (Edmund), 1553-1599. 
 
 Astrophel, 1594. A Past. Eleg. ; 6 line St. ; 
 
 H.M.; rh. 
 Colin Clout's Come Home Again, 1591 (? 1594). 
 
 H.M. ; alt.rh. 
 Court of Cupid (The), * (lost). 
 Daphnaida, 1592 (7 fits). An Eleg. in 7 line 
 
 St. ; H.M., with an Alex. 
 
 E reams, 1580 (lost), 
 ying Pelican (The), 1580 (lost). 
 Epithalamium, 1595. A marriage song; 18 
 
 line St. ; H.M. ; rh, 
 Faery Queen, bks. i.-iii. 1590, iv.-vi. 1596 (Q 
 
 allegorical romances, partly connected). 
 
 Sp.m. 
 (4) Hymns, 1596 (Love, Beauty, Heavenly 
 
 Love, Heavenly Beauty). 
 Legends, * (lost). 
 '. Mother Hubberd's Tale, 1591. H.M. ; rh. 
 Muiopotmos or The Fate of the Butterfly, 
 . 1590. 55 8-line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Prothalamion, 1596. Spousal verses. 
 Purgatory of Lovers, * (lost). 
 Ruins of Rome, 1590 (33 sonnets of Bellay 
 
 translated). 
 . Ruins of Time, 1590 ; 97 St. ; Sp.ni. 
 Shepheardes Calendar, 1579 (12 Eel.) ; djn. 
 Slomber, 1579 (lost). 
 Sonnets, 1592-93 (lost). 
 
 Tears of the Muses, 1590 ; 6 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Virgil's Gnat, about 1588. (A translation of 
 
 the Oulex); 8 line St.; H.M., with an 
 
 Alex.; rh. 
 Visions of the World's Vanity, 1590 (12 
 
 sonnets). 
 
 (His nine " comedies" are all lost.) 
 Sterne (Lawrence), 1713 -1768. 
 Sentimental Journey, 1768; pr. (It was in- 
 tended to be jottings in a journey through 
 
 France and Italy, but he never reached 
 
 Italy.) 
 Tristram Shandy, 1759-67. Nov. 
 Stow (John), 1525-1605. 
 Annals of England, 1580 ; pr. 
 Summary of the Chronicles of England, 1561 ; pr. 
 Survey of London, 1598 ; pr. 
 Stowe (Mrs. Beecher), 1814- 
 Dred, 1856. Nov. 
 Minister's Wooing, 1859. Nov. 
 Pearl of Orr's Island, 1862 ; pr. 
 Sunny Memories, etc., 1854 ; pf. 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852. Nov. 
 Swift (Jonathan), 1667-1745. 
 
 Arguments for the Abolition of Christianity, 
 
 1708. Sat. ; pr. 
 . Battle of the Books, 1704. A burlesque Alleg. ; 
 
 pr. 
 Cadenus and Vanessa, 1713. Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 
 City Shower (Description of a), 1710. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Drapier's Letters, 1724. (Against Wood's 
 
 halfpence and farthings) ; pr. * 
 Gulliver's Travels, 1727. Tales; pr. 
 Polite Conversation, 1738 ; pr. 
 Predictions, 1708 (a jeu d'esprit under tho 
 
 pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff). 
 (26) Riddles, 1724; p.; 8s. 
 Stella (2b), 1720-26 (Birthday Ode each year) 
 
 Iamb.; 8s. 
 Tale of a Tub, 1704. Sat in pr. on Calvin, 
 
 Luther, and the pope. 
 Swinburne (Algernon ft)," 1837- 
 Poems and Ballads, 1866 ; d.m. 
 
 Tales of the Genii, by sir Chas.Morell (the 
 pseudonym of Rev. James Ridley), 1764 ; pr. 
 Tannahill (Rooert), 1774-1810 (Scotch poet). 
 
 Flower of Dumblane (The), 1807. Song; 8 line 
 St. ; Alex. ; alt.rh. 
 Tenntson (Alfred), 1809- 
 
 Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854. St. ; 7s. 
 
 Dying Swan, 1830 (3 subdivisions) ; d.m. 
 
 Early Poems ; d.m. 
 
 Enoch Arden, 1864. H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Hero and Leander, 1830. 
 
 (7) Idylls of the King, 1858-59. H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 In Memoriam, 1850 (131 subdivisions); 4 line 
 St.; 8s, rh. 1.4,2.3. 
 
 Lady Clara Verede Vere, 1833 ; 8 line St. ; 8s, rh. 
 
 Lilian, 1830. 
 
 Ix>cksley Hall, 1833 ; 2 line St. ; 15s, rh. 
 
 Lotus-Eater, 1833. H.M.;*rh. 
 
 Mariana, 1830 (2 pts.). 
 
 Maud, 1855 (3 pts.) ; d.m. 
 
 Mermaid, 1830 ; d.m. 
 
 Miller's Daughter, 1833 ; 8 line St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
 
 Oriana, 1830. Bal. 
 
 Princess (The), 1830 (7 pts.). H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Revenge (The), 1878. Naval song. 
 
 Siege of Lucknow, 1879. 
 
 Wellington (Death of the Duke of), 1852. Ode. 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 Thackeray (William Makepeace), 1811-1863. 
 
 Adventures of Philip, 1861. Nov. 
 
 Barry Lyndon, 1853. Nov. 
 
 Book of Snobs, 1848 ; pr. 
 
 English Humourists, 1853; pr. 
 
 Esmond, 1852. Nov. 
 
 Four Georges, 1860. Lectures ; pr. 
 
 Newcomes, 1855. Nov. 
 
 Pendennis, 1850. Nov. 
 
 Vanity Fair, 1846-48. Nov. 
 
 Virginians, 1859. Nov. 
 Thompson ( William), 1738-1766. 
 
 Sickness, 1746; p. 
 Thomson (Alexander), 1762-1803. 
 
 Paradise of Taste, 1790 (5 cant.) ; d.m. 
 Thomson (James), 1700-1748. 
 
 Autumn, 1730. Des.Pm.; H.M.; b.v. 
 
 Britannia, 1734. H.M. ; b.v. 
 
 Castle of Indolence, 1748 (2 cant.). Sp.m. 
 
 Liberty, 1735 (5 pts.). H.M. ; b.v. (Thought 
 by Thomson himself to be his best poem.) 
 
 Rule Britannia, 1740. Song; Iamb.; 8s; 4 line 
 St., with 2 of chorus Troch. (Written for 
 the masque called Alfred.) 
 
 Seasons (complete), 1730. 
 
 Spring, 1728. Des.Pm.; H.M.; b.f. 
 
 Summer, 1727. Des.Pm.; H.M.; b.v. 
 
 Winter, 1726. Des.Pm.; H.M.; b.v. 
 (For his dramatic pieces, see Appendix I ) 
 
1168 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 Tickell (Thomas), 1636-1740. 
 Colin and Lucy, about 1720. Bal. ; 8 line St. ; 
 
 lamb. ; 8.6. (Gray calls it " the prettiest in 
 
 the world.") 
 "Elegy on Addison, 1719. H.M.; rh. (Dr. 
 
 Johnson says, " A more sublime and elegant 
 
 funeral poem is not to be found. . .") 
 Imitation of the prophecy of Nereus, 1715. 
 
 (On the Jacobite outbreak.) Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 
 Kensington harden, about 1730. A Rom. in 
 
 v.; H.M.; rh. (He also translated bk. I. 
 
 of Homer's Iliad, which many prefer to 
 
 Pope's version.) 
 Tom and Jerry, by Fierce Egan, 1821-22 ; 8s. 
 Turkish Spy, by John Paul Marana, 1637- 
 
 82 ; pr. (See " English Spy.") 
 Tussek (Thomas), 1515-1580. 
 
 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, 
 
 1557 (57 chap.). D.Pm. ; d.m. 
 Points of Housewifery, about 1563. D.Pm.;d.m. 
 
 Valentine and Orson, 15th cent. ; pr. 
 Vaux (Thomas, lord), 1510-1557. 
 
 "I Loath that I did Love," 1550 ; 4 line St.; 
 6.6.8.6, alt.rh. (This poem is very interest- 
 ing, because the Gravedigger in Hamlet 
 quotes it: 
 
 A pickaxe and a spade. 
 
 And eke a shrouding sheet, 
 A house of clay for to be made 
 For such a guest most meet.) 
 
 Wacf. (Robert), about 1090-1183. 
 
 Brut d' Angleterre (Anglo-Norman Rom., 1 155). 
 
 Hist.Rom. in v. ; 8s. 
 Roman de Rou (i.e. Rollo), 1170 (2 pts.). (The 
 
 dukes of Normandy to 1170); pt. i. Alex. ; 
 
 pt. ii. 8s. 
 Waller (Edmund), 1605-1687. 
 Divine Love, 1685 (6 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Fear of God, 1686 (2 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
 Instructions to a l'ainter, 1665. H.M. ; rh. 
 Invasion and Defeat of the Turks, 1683. 
 
 H.M. ; rh. 
 To My Lord Protector, 1656. Panegyric; 4 
 
 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 To the King (Charles II.), on His Restoration, 
 
 1660. H.M.; rh. 
 Welcome to the Prince of Orange, 1677 ; 4 line 
 
 St.; 8s, alt.rh. 
 War ken (Samuel), 1807- 
 Diary of a Late Physician, 1830 ; pr. 
 Lily and the Bee, 1851. 
 Now and Then, * Nov. 
 Ten Thousand a Year, 1839-41. Nov. 
 Warton (Tlwmas), 172S-1790. 
 History of English Poetry, vol. i. 1774, ii. 
 
 1778, iii. 1781; pr. 
 Triumph of lsis, 1749. (A poetic reply ti 
 
 Mason.) H.M.; rh. 
 Watts (Isaac), 1674-1748. 
 Divine Songs, 1726 ; d.m. 
 Horae Lyricas, 1706; d.m. 
 Hymns, 1707 ; d.m. 
 Logic, 1725; pr. 
 Moral Songs, 1730; d.m. 
 Palinode (.4), 1721 ; 8s, rh. 
 Psalms of David, 1719; d.m. 
 Webstek (Bev. W.), 1827- 
 Basque Leg nds, 1877 ; pr. 
 Basque Poetry, 1875. 
 
 West (Dr. Gilbert), 1706-1756. 
 
 Pindar's Odes translated, 1749, Pn. 
 Wilkie (William), 1721-1772 (Scotch poet). 
 
 Epigoniad, 1753. (Called the Scotch TliadA 
 Ep. ; H.M. ; rh. 
 Willis (Nathaniel P.), 1807-1867 (poet). 
 
 Absalom, 1846. 
 
 Hagar, 1846. 
 
 I^per (The), 1846. 
 Wordsworth ( William), 1770-1850. • 
 
 Descriptive Sketches in Verse, 1793. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches, 1822 (3pts.). Sonnets. 
 
 Evening Walk, 1793. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Excursion, 1814 (9 bks.). D.Pm. ; H.M. ; Y.v. 
 
 Goody Blake and Harry Gill, 1798. Bal.; 8 
 line St. ; 9.8. 
 
 Idiot Boy (The), 1819 ; 5 line St. ; 8.6. 
 
 Lyrical Ballads, 1798 ; d.m. 
 
 Memorials of a Tour in Scotland, 1803, 1814 ; 
 d.m. 
 
 Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820; 
 d.m. * 
 
 Ode, 1803-6. 
 
 Pet Lamb (The), 1793. Past.Bal. ; Alex. 
 
 Peter Bell, 1819 (3 pts.) ; 5 line St. ; 8s. 
 
 Prelude, 1850. 
 
 Sonnets to Liberty, 1802-16. 
 
 Waggoner (Tfie), 1819 (4 cant.); 8s. 
 
 We are Seven, 1793. Bal. ; 8.7. 
 
 White Doe of Rhylstone, 1815 (7 cant.); 8s. 
 The poems of Wordstvorth are arranged 
 
 thus : — 
 
 1. Poems referring to the period of Child- 
 
 hood (15). 
 
 2. Juvenile pieces (4). 
 
 3. Poems of the Imagination (31). 
 
 4. Miscellaneous Sonnets (93). 
 
 5. Memorials of a Tour in Scotland, 1803 (15). 
 
 6. „ „ „ „ 1814(4). 
 
 7. Poems on the Naming of Places (6). 
 
 8. Inscriptions (13). 
 
 9. Sonnets to Liberty (25). 
 
 10. Odes (44). 
 
 11. Memorials of a Tour on the Continent (36). 
 
 12. Ecclesiastical Sketches, pt. i. (37), ii. (36), 
 
 iii. (33). 
 
 13. The River Duddon Sonnets (35). 
 
 14. Poems of Sentiment and Affection (35). 
 
 15. Poems referring to the period of Old Age 
 
 (5). 
 
 16. Epitaphs and Elegiac Poems (14). 
 
 17. The Waggoner. 
 
 18. Peter Bell. 
 
 19. The White Doe. 
 
 20. The Excursion. 
 
 Yodng (Edward), 1684-1765. 
 Centaur not Fabulous (The), 1754; pr. 
 Death of Queen Anne, 1714. H.M. ; rh. 
 Epistle to Lord Lansdowne, 1712. H.M.; rh. 
 (2) Epistles to Pope, 1730. H.M. ; rh. 
 Force of Religion or Vanquished Love, 17 15. 
 
 (On the execution of lady Jane Grey.) H.M. ; 
 rh. 
 Imperium Pelagi, 1729. A naval lyric (5 
 
 strains); 6 line St. ; 8.10. 
 Last Day, 1713. H.M. ; rh. 
 NightThoughts,1742-46(9nights). H.M.; b.v. 
 Resignation, 1761 (2 pts.) ; 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
 Universal Passion (The). Sat. (By tbu he 
 
 realized above £3000.) 
 
DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 
 
 1169 
 
 FOREIGN. 
 
 iEsop, Fables, about B.C. 570. Greek Ep. ; Hex. 
 Amadis de Gaul, b^gun by Vasco de Lobeira, 
 
 14th cent. ; finished by sundry hands, 15th 
 
 cent Old French pr. 
 Arabian Nigrhts, first published in Paris 
 
 by Antony Galland, 1704-17. The best are 
 
 Indian ; the sentimental love tales are 
 
 Persian; the witty, comical ones are Arabic. 
 
 Arabic pr. tales. 
 Argonauts {The), by Apollonius Rhodius, 
 
 about b.c. 200 (4 bks). Greek Ep. ; Hex. 
 
 Translated into English by Fawkes and 
 
 Green, 1780; and in English verse by W. 
 
 Preston 1803. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Chinese Tales, by Gueulette, 1723. French pr. 
 
 Chrestien de Troyes, the Chevalier au 
 Lion, Chevalier de l'Epee, Sir Lancelot du 
 Lac, in metrical French (before 1200). 
 
 Chronicles of Albericus Trium Fontium, 1242. 
 Latin pr. 
 
 Cid ( The), 1040-1099. The Spanish Chronicle of 
 tlie Cid, 13th cent., first printed in 1541, and 
 a second by Medina del Campo, in 1552. 
 The Spanish Poem of the Cid dates from 
 1207, aud 102 ballads on the Cid in Spanish 
 were published in 1615. Southey published 
 an excellent English Chronicle in 1808. 
 Lockhart has rendered eight of them into 
 English ballads; and George Dennis has 
 strung together, in prose and verse, a con- 
 nected tale of the great Spanish hero, 1845. 
 (The Cid, in Spanish romance, occupies the 
 same position as Arthur in English story, 
 Charlemagne in French, and Theodorick in 
 German.) 
 
 Contes de Fees, by Claude Perrault, 1697. 
 French pr. fairy tales. 
 
 Creation or La Premiere Semaine, by Du 
 Bartas, about 1570. French Ep. ; H.M. 
 English version by Joshua Sylvester, 1605. 
 
 Decameron, by Boccaccio, 1350. Italian pr. 
 
 tales. An English version by G. Standfast, 
 
 and by many others. 
 Diable Boiteux (Devil on Two Sticks), by 
 
 Lesage, 1707. French pr. tale. 
 Divina Comedia, by Dante : Inferno 1300, Pur- 
 gatory 1308, Paradise 1311. Italian Ep. 
 
 poems. English translations by Boyd, 1785 ; 
 
 Cary, 1814, b.v. ; Wright, 1833, triple rh. ; 
 
 Caley, 1851-55, ter.rh. ; Pollock, 1854, b.v. ; 
 
 etc. 
 Don Quixote, by Cervantes, pt. I. 1605, II. 
 
 1615. Spanish Nov. English versions by 
 
 Durfey, Jarvis, Motteux, Skelton, Smollett 
 
 1755, Wilmot, etc AU in pr. 
 
 Fables, by Lifontaine, 1668. French; d.m. 
 Fairy Tales, by la comtesse D'Aunoy, 1682. 
 Fi-ench pr. 
 
 Gargantua, by Rabelais, 1533. French Nov. 
 
 English version by Urquhart and Motteux, 
 
 1653. 
 Gil Blas, by Lesage, bks. i.-iii. 1715, iv.-vi. 
 
 1724, vii.-xii. 1735. French Nov. English 
 
 version by Smollett ; pr. 
 
 Goblin Stories, by the brothers Grimm, 1812. 
 
 German pr. 
 Goethe, 1749-1832 (German). 
 Achilliad (The), about 1800. 
 Farbenlehre, 18 L0. 
 
 Hermann and Dorothea, 1797. Poem. 
 Metamorphosis of Plants, 1790. Es. 
 Werther, 1774. Rom. 
 
 Wilhelm Meister, pt. i. 1794-96, ii. 1821. Rom. 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 Gulistan (Garden of Hoses), by Saadi, 13th 
 cent. Persian p. 
 
 Henrtade, by Voltaire, 1724 (10 chants). 
 
 French Ep. ; rh. 
 Herbelot (A)'), Bibliotheque Orientale, an 
 
 Oriental Miscellany, 1697. French pr. 
 HnoPADESA, an epitome of the Pancha Tantra, 
 
 5th cent. B.C. Hindu. 
 Homer, Iliad (24 bks.), composed in the prime 
 
 of his life, about B.C. 962. Greek Ep. ; Hex. 
 Odyssey (24 bks.), composed in maturer age, 
 
 about b.c. 927. Greek Ep. ; Hex. 
 These poems were first reduced to writing by 
 
 Pisistratos of Athens, B.C. 531. English 
 
 versions by Chapman, Alex., Iliad 1603, 
 
 Odyssey 1614; Cowper, H.M., b.v., 1791; 
 
 Pope, H.M., rh., Iliad 1719, Odyssey 1725 ; 
 
 lord Derby, Iliad 1864 ; Worsley, Odyssey, 
 
 Sp.m., 1861; etc., etc. 
 
 Jerusalem Delivered, by Tasso, 1575. Italian 
 Ep. English version by Hoole ; H.M. ; rh. ; 
 1762. 
 
 Lokman, Fables, contemporary with David 
 and Solomon. Arabian ; d.m. 
 
 Lusiad, by Camoens, 1572 (in 10 bks.). Portu- 
 guese Ep. English versions by Fanshawe, 
 1655 ; and by Mickle, H.M., .rh., 1775. 
 
 Messiah, by Klopstock, bks. i.-iii. 1748, iv.-xv. 
 1771. German Ep. There are English ver- 
 sions both in pr and v. 
 
 Metamorphoses, about a.d. 6, Ovid (in 15 
 bks.). Latin; Hex. English version by 
 Dr. Garth, assisted by Dryden, Congreve, 
 Rowe, and several others, 1716. H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Moral Tales, by Marmontel, 1761. Frenchpr. 
 
 Nibelungen Lied, 1210 (in 39 adventures). 
 From Snorro Sturlesou's Edda. Old Ger- 
 man Ep. Transplanted into Germany by 
 the minnesingers. English version by 
 Lettsom, 1850 ; Alex. 
 
 Oriental Tales, by comte de Caylus, 1740. 
 French pr. 
 
 Orlando Furioso, by Ariosto, 1516. Italian 
 Rom. ; p. English version by Harrington, 
 1634; an abridged version by Hoole, H.M., 
 rh., 1783; and a third by W. S. Rose, 1823 
 (unabridged). 
 
 Orlando Innamorato, by Bojardo, 1495 (in 3 
 bks., unfinished). Italian Rom. ; p. Three 
 mure books were added, in 1531, by Agos- 
 tini; and the whole was remodelled by 
 Berni. 
 
 Pancha Tantra, a collection of Hindu fable*, 
 
 6th cent. b.c. Hindu. 
 Pantagruel, by Rabelais, 1545. French Not. 
 
 4 F 
 
1170 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 English version by Urquhart and Motteux, 
 
 1653. 
 Paul and Virginia, by St. Pierre, 1788. French 
 
 tale; pr. 
 Phsedrus, Fables, about a.d. 25, chiefly from 
 
 JEsoy. Latin v. 
 Pharsalia {The), by Lncan, about a.d. 60 (in 
 
 10 bks.). Latin Ep. ; Hex. English version 
 
 byRowe, 1729; and a literal translation by 
 
 Riley, in Bohn's series. 
 Pilpay, Fables, compiled from the Pancha 
 
 Tantra and other sources, 4th cent. b.c. 
 
 Indian. 
 Pliny, Natural History, about a.d. 77. Latin 
 
 pr. English version by Bostock and Riley, 
 
 in Bohn's series. 
 Plutarch, Parallel Lives, about a.d. 110-13, 
 
 Greek pr. English version by Langhorne, 
 
 1771; another by Dryden and others, re- 
 edited by Clough. All in pr. 
 
 Reynard the Fox, 1498. German pr. 
 
 Romance of the Rosr, by Guillaume de Lords, 
 13th cent. Continuation by Jean de Meung, 
 14th cent. French Rom.; p. English 
 poetic version by Chaucer, in 8 syL v., about 
 1360. 
 
 Tklemachcs, by Fenelon, 1700 (in 24 bks.). 
 
 French pr. Ep. English version by Dr. 
 
 Hawkesworth, 1810; pr. 
 Thkbaid, by Statius, about a.d. 86 (in 12 bks.) 
 
 Latin Ep. ; Hex. An English version by 
 
 Pope, Stephens, Lewis, and Howard. 
 
 H.M. ; rh. 
 
 Undine, by De la Motte Fouque, 1813. An Eng- 
 lish version was published by Routledge 
 and Sons, in 18T5. 
 
 Victor Hugro, 1802- (French poet and 
 
 novelist). 
 
 Autumn Leaves, 1832 ; p. 
 
 Last Days of a Condemned Criminal, 1829. 
 
 Miserables (L«), 1862. Nov. 
 
 Notre Dame de Paris, 1831 . Nov. 
 
 Odes and Ballads, vol. i. 1822, ii. 1826 ; d.m. 
 
 Oiientales (Aes), 1828. 
 
 Travailleurs de la Mer, 1866. 
 (For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
 Virgil, iEneid (in 12 bks.), B.C. 27-20. Latin 
 Ep. ; Hex. English version by Dryden, 
 H.M., rh., 1697; another by Conington, 
 1866 ; and one iu literal pr. by Davidson, in 
 Bohn's seriM. 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT &> CO. 
 
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