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CHEONOLOGY 
 
 PAPER AND PAPER-MAKING 
 
 By JOEL MUNSELL. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION, 
 
 ALBANY : 
 
 J. MUNSELL, 82 STATE STREET. 
 
 1870. 
 
y^O 
 
 Qitt* 
 
 S*m'«ti Hay Kauffmann 
 
 26 MAR 1907 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 
 HE facts embraced in the 
 following pages have 
 been gathered from so 
 many sources, that it 
 would materially en- 
 cumber the work to give 
 authorities. The valua- 
 ble essay of Breitkopf, 1 published in 1784, and 
 the interesting history of Matthias Koops, 2 who 
 made extensive experiments in England in the 
 beginning of the present century, have furnished 
 numerous data. The Jury Report of the London 
 Industrial Exhibition has been used to a considera- 
 ble extent for more modern statistics of European 
 countries. For the remainder, almost every availa- 
 
 1 Versucli den Ursprung der Spielkarten, die Einfuehrung des Lein- 
 enpapieres, etc., Leipzig, 1784, 2 vols., 4to. 
 
 2 Historical Account of the Substances which have been used to 
 describe Events, and to convey Ideas, from the earliest Date to the 
 Invention of Paper, London, 1801, 8vo. 
 
iv Preface. 
 
 ble work has been consulted in English, French, 
 German, and Nederdutch, and the news papers. 
 
 It will be seen by the number of experiments 
 made for the attainment of the same object by the 
 same means in England and America especially, that 
 paper-makers have had but little intercommunica- 
 tion. There is great want of an American work, 
 practical and experimental, on this most important 
 art. An account of the modes that have been pur- 
 sued by the experimenters who have so long and 
 arduously sought after a substitute for rags in the 
 manufacture of paper, would of itself form an in- 
 structive volume. These experiments began in 
 Europe more than a century ago, and were induced 
 by the same cause which has ever since given rise 
 to efforts in the same direction, the scarcity of rags. 
 They have continually exercised the minds of man- 
 ufacturers and others in this country during the 
 present century, and the records of the patent office 
 attest the fertility of invention which has been ex- 
 pended in this field of discovery. The following list 
 of substances which have been experimented upon, 
 and of which it is claimed that paper has been pro- 
 duced of fair qualities, will show in a measure the 
 extent of the effort which has been made to procurp 
 material to meet the increasing demand for paper 
 fabrics : 
 
Preface. 
 
 Alga marina, 
 
 Aloe, 
 
 Animal substances, 
 
 Asbestos, 
 
 Asparagus, 
 
 Aspen, 
 
 Arroche, 
 
 Bagging, 
 
 Bamboo, 
 
 Banana leaves, 
 
 Bark, 
 
 Bass wood, 
 
 Bavarian peat, 
 
 Beech, 
 
 Beet root, 
 
 Blue grass, 
 
 Bracken, 
 
 Bran, 
 
 Brazilian grass, 
 
 Broom corn, 
 
 Bullen of plants, 
 
 Burdock, 
 
 Cabbage stumps, 
 
 Carduus nutans, 
 
 Clematite, 
 
 Cocoanut husks, 
 
 Conferva, 
 
 Coton du peuplier, 
 
 Corn husks, 
 
 Cotton seed, 
 
 Cotton stalks, 
 
 Cotton waste, 
 
 Couch grass, 
 
 Decayed wood, 
 
 Dwarf palm, 
 
 Elm, 
 
 Erigerone, 
 
 Esparto grass, 
 
 Fir, 
 
 Flag leaves, 
 
 Flax, 
 
 Floss silk, 
 
 Frog spittle, 
 
 Gnaphalium, 
 
 Grape vines, 
 
 Gutta percha, 
 
 Hay, 
 
 Hemp, 
 
 Hibiscus esculentus, 
 
 Hollyhock, 
 
 Hop vines, 
 
 Hornets' nests, 
 
 Ivory shavings, 
 
 Jute, 
 
VI 
 
 Preface. 
 
 Leather cuttings, 
 
 Leaves, 
 
 Lily of the valley, 
 
 Lime, 
 
 Linden, 
 
 Liquorice wood, 
 
 Manures, 
 
 Marsh mallow, 
 
 Masse d'eau, 
 
 Moss, 
 
 Moth wort, 
 
 Mulberry, 
 
 Mummy cloth, 
 
 Muscovy mats, 
 
 Nettles, 
 
 Oak, 
 
 Oakum, 
 
 Old sacks, 
 
 Pappus, 
 
 Paste board scraps, 
 
 Peat, 
 
 Pine, 
 
 Pine shavings, 
 
 Plantain, 
 
 Poplar, 
 
 Printed waste, 
 
 Raw cotton, 
 
 Reeds, 
 
 Rice straw, 
 
 Ropes, 
 Rushes, 
 Satin, 
 Saw dust, 
 Scotch ferns, 
 Sea weed, 
 Seratula ervensis, 
 Silk, 
 
 Sorghum, 
 Southern cane, 
 Spindle tree, 
 Stone, 
 
 Sultana bark, 
 
 Swingle tow, 
 
 Tan, 
 
 Thistles, 
 
 Tow, 
 
 Turkish cornstalks. 
 
 Ulva marina, 
 
 Water broom, 
 
 Wayfaring tree, 
 
 Wheat straw, 
 
 White wood, 
 Willow, 
 Willow twigs, 
 Wool. 
 
Preface. vii 
 
 In short, almost every thing has undergone a test. 
 Not only have numerous patents been procured for 
 useless modes of producing paper from many of the 
 above articles, for want of knowledge of what had 
 already been done in the same line, but costly 
 machinery has in some cases been erected to assist in 
 bringing them into use, after they had been experi- 
 mented upon repeatedly and condemned. This will 
 continue to be done until something is published 
 on the subject in such a shape as to be accessible to 
 the trade. It is hardly necessary to say that this 
 work does not aim to supply the desideratum, yet to 
 a considerable extent it will serve as an index to 
 those experiments. It also indicates what has been 
 done towards bringing machinery to perfection, while 
 those efforts were being made to discover new mate- 
 rials for paper stock. It is in this department that 
 great results have been attained. In a little more 
 than a quarter of a century, the machines have en- 
 tirely superseded the diminutive hand-mills which 
 sparsely dotted the country, and gigantic establish- 
 ments have risen up in their places. Paper-mill 
 villages, and banking institutions even, have grown 
 out of this nourishing branch of industrial art, and 
 we behold with satisfaction and amazement, what 
 has been brought about by the aid of a commodity 
 so insignificant in the eyes of the world as linen 
 and cotton rags. 
 
Papyrus. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 LL materials used for writing 
 upon in early times were such 
 as required but little mechan- 
 ical fashioning to fit them for 
 that purpose. Characters were 
 engraved on flat stones made 
 smooth, or were impressed in 
 clay, which' was afterwards 
 dried or hardened by sun or fire, as in the Babylonian 
 bricks. Thin boards of wood, covered with wax or a 
 similar composition, and plates of ivory and metal, 
 have been used ; but a more convenient material was 
 afforded by the leaves of certain species of trees. 
 The skins and intestines of animals have also been 
 made fit for writing upon ; and there still exists in the 
 Sorbonne at Paris a manuscript certified by an ancient 
 librarian to be written upon human skin; and an 
 elegant copy of the Bible which the Abbe Rive 
 believed to be on the skin of a woman. When the 
 Egyptian papyrus was introduced, all these things fell 
 into disuse, except parchment, which is still preferred 
 
 for certain purposes. 
 2 
 
2 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 The first successful attempt to manufacture an arti- 
 cle resembling modern paper, so far as we know, was 
 made in Egypt at a very remote time. An aquatic 
 plant, known to us as papyrus, having a soft cellular 
 flower-stem, afforded the material. The stem of the 
 plant grew from ten to twenty feet high, of a triangu- 
 lar shape, from the thin coats or pellicles of which 
 the paper was made. These were separated by means 
 of a pin, or pointed muscle-shells, and spread on a 
 table sprinkled with Nile water, in such a form as 
 the size of the sheets required, and washed over with 
 the same. On the first layer of these slips, a second 
 was placed cross-wise, so as to form a sheet of con- 
 venient thickness, which, after being pressed and dried 
 in the sun, was polished with a shell or other hard 
 and smooth substance. Twenty sheets was the utmost 
 that could be separated from one stalk, and those near- 
 est the pith made the finest paper. 
 
 With respect to the time when this paper was in- 
 vented, there are different opinions. Some authors have 
 attempted to prove its antiquity from the earliest Greek 
 writers; while Varro states that the invention was 
 unknown in the time of Alexander the Great, about 
 four hundred years before the Christian era. But 
 Herodotus, who lived nearly a century earlier than 
 Alexander, testifies that it was an article of commerce 
 and a material for writing long before his time. The 
 Romans at a later day improved upon the papyrus 
 made by the Egyptians ; they sized it in a similar 
 manner to that pursued with rag-paper, making their 
 
Introduction. 3 
 
 size of the finest flour. The paper of the Romans 
 was very white ; that of the Egyptians of a yellowish 
 or brown tinge. 
 
 The Egyptian paper was manufactured in Alexan- 
 dria and other cities of Egypt in such large quantities 
 that one individual boasted of the possession of so much 
 paper that its revenue would maintain a numerous 
 army. Alexandria was for a long time solely in the 
 enjoyment of this manufacture, and acquired immense 
 riches by it. Europe and Asia were supplied therefrom 
 during several centuries. The commerce of Egyptian 
 paper was flourishing in the third, and continued to the 
 fifth century, when Theodoric abolished the impost 
 upon it in Italy, where it was still used occasionally 
 until the eleventh century ; at which time the use of 
 parchment, and paper made of cotton, superseded it. 
 
 The art of making paper from fibrous matter re- 
 duced to a pulp in water, appears to have been first 
 discovered by the Chinese about eighteen hundred 
 years ago. The Chinese paper is commonly supposed 
 to be made of silk ; but silk alone can not be reduced 
 to a pulp suitable for making paper. Refuse silk is 
 said to be occasionally used with other ingredients, 
 but the greater part of the Chinese paper is made 
 from the inner bark of the bamboo and mulberry tree, 
 hempen rags, &c. The latter are prepared for paper 
 by being cut and well washed in tanks. They are then 
 bleached and dried ; in twelve days they are converted 
 into a pulp, which is then made into balls of about four 
 pounds weight. These are afterwards saturated with 
 
4 Taper and Paper-Making. 
 
 water, and made into paper on a frame of fine reeds ; 
 and are dried by being pressed under large stones. 
 A second drying operation is performed by fastening 
 the sheets on the walls of a room. The sheets are 
 then coated with gum size, and polished with stones. 
 They also make paper from cotton and linen rags, and 
 a coarse yellow sort from rice straw, which is used for 
 wrapping. They are enabled to make sheets of a large 
 size, the mould on which the pulp is made into paper 
 being sometimes ten or twelve feet long, and very wide, 
 and managed by means of pulleys. 
 
 The Japanese prepare paper from the mulberry as 
 follows : in the month of December, the twigs are cut 
 into lengths, not exceeding thirty inches, and put to- 
 gether in bund! es. These fagots are then placed upright 
 in a large vessel containing an alkaline ley, and boiled 
 till the bark shrinks so as to allow about a half an inch 
 of the wood to appear free at the top. After they 
 are thus boiled, they are exposed to a cool atmosphere, 
 when the bark is stripped from the wood and dried, 
 and laid away for future use. "When a sufficient quan- 
 tity has been thus collected, it is soaked in water three 
 or four days, when a blackish skin which covered it is 
 scraped off. At the same time also the stronger bark, 
 which is of a full year's growth, is separated from the 
 thinner, which' covered the younger branches, and 
 which yields the best and whitest paper. After it has 
 been sufficiently cleansed out and separated, it must be 
 boiled in a clear ley, and if stirred frequently, it soon 
 becomes of a suitable nature. 
 
Introduction. 5 
 
 It is then washed, a process requiring much atten- 
 tion and great skill and judgment ; for, if it be not 
 washed long enough, the paper, although strong and 
 of good body, will be coarse and of little value ; if 
 washed too long, it will afford a white paper, but will 
 be spongy and unfit for writing upon. Having been 
 washed until it becomes a soft and woolly pulp, it is 
 spread upon a table and oeat fine with a mallet. It 
 is then put into a tub with an infusion of rice and 
 breni root, when the whole is stirred until the ingre- 
 dients are thoroughly mixed in a mass of proper con- 
 sistence. The moulds on which sheets are formed are 
 made of reeds cut into narrow strips, instead of wire, 
 and the process of dipping is like that of other coun- 
 tries. After being allowed to remain a short time in 
 heaps, under a slight pressure, the sheets are exposed 
 to the sun, by which they are properly dried. Among 
 the remarkable uses to which they put the article of 
 paper, may be mentioned that of water-proof clothing. 
 
 The Arabians in the seventh century, appear to have 
 either discovered, or to have learned from the Chinese 
 or Hindoos, quite likely from the latter, the art of 
 making paper from cotton ; for it is known that a manu- 
 factory of such paper was established at Samarcand 
 about the year 706 a.d. The Arabians seem to have 
 carried the art to Spain, and to have there made paper 
 from linen and hemp as well as from cotton. 
 
 The art of manufacturing paper from cotton is sup- 
 posed to have found its way into Europe in the eleventh 
 century. The first paper of that kind was made of 
 
6 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 raw cotton ; but its manufacture was by the Arabians 
 extended to old worn-out cotton, and even to the 
 smallest pieces it is said. But as there are cotton- 
 plants of various kinds, it was natural that they should 
 produce papers of different qualities ; and it Was impos- 
 sible to unite their woolly particles so firmly as to form 
 a strong substantial paper, for want of sufficient skill 
 and proper machinery, using, as they did, mortars and 
 rude horse-mills. The Greeks, it is said, made use of 
 cotton paper before the Latins. It came into Germany 
 through Venice, and was called Greek parchment. 
 
 The Moors, who were the paper-makers of Spain, 
 having been expelled by the Spaniards, the latter, ac- 
 quainted with water-mills, improved the manufacture 
 so as to produce a paper from cotton nearly equal to 
 that made of linen rags. 
 
 It is not known when cotton paper was introduced 
 into England, but it appears that its use continued 
 until the latter part of the fourteenth century, when it 
 was gradually supplanted by linen paper, which began 
 to be used in 1342. 
 
 Paper manufactures early became a very flourishing 
 product in France, and the paper-makers in that coun- 
 try soon excelled their neighbors in the art, and were 
 therefore enabled to export considerable quantities, 
 which increased so much yearly, that in 1658 two mil- 
 lions francs in value was exported to Holland alone; 
 and it provided Spain, England, Switzerland, Den- 
 mark, Sweden, Russia, but chiefly Holland, and the 
 Levant, with paper for printing and writing ; and as 
 
Introduction. 7 
 
 late as the beginning of the present century twenty- 
 five thousand reams were annually exported to Switz- 
 erland and Germany. But at this time the art of 
 paper-making had arrived at a great degree of perfec- 
 tion in England and Holland, whereby the export 
 from France was so much reduced, that, of four hun- 
 dred paper-mills in two provinces, three hundred were 
 discontinued. 
 
 Peter the Great, of Russia, visited the paper-mill at 
 Dresden, in 1712, and was so much pleased with the 
 art, that he engaged paper-makers whom he sent to 
 Moscow, to establish a paper-mill at his own expense. 
 
 The first paper-mill of which we have found any 
 account in America, was that of "William Ritting- 
 huysen, at Roxborough, near Philadelphia, in 1690, on 
 a stream still called Paper-mill run. 
 
 In the manufacture of paper, any fibrous vegetable 
 substance may be used. "Wood and straw are much 
 employed, but the process of manufacture has hitherto 
 been found too expensive, except for news papers, and 
 other coarse qualities. 
 
 Although a French paper-maker claimed to have 
 obviated, by the aid of chemistry, all difficulties in the 
 use of straw, and the experiments of Mr. Beardslee 
 of Albany, were so far successful a few years since as 
 to lead many to hope for an economical mode of con- 
 verting the forests into paper to supply the all-devour- 
 ing maw of the press, yet it is still thought that Ave 
 shall never find anything to answer the purpose so 
 well as linen and cotton rags. The Chinese employ a 
 
8 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 vast number of fibrous substances for this manufacture, 
 and apply paper to a variety of uses little thought of 
 in other countries. But if, as is foreshadowed, we 
 come to construct houses and ships from this material, 
 they will in turn wonder at us, no doubt. 
 
 In all kinds of paper-making, whether from the bark 
 of trees or other fibrous matter, or from rags, the 
 general process is the same. The fibrous material is 
 cut and bruised in water till it is separated into fine 
 and short filaments, and becomes a sort of pulp. This 
 pulp is taken up in a thin and even layer upon a mould 
 of wire-cloth, or something similar, which allows the 
 water to drain off, but retains the fibrous matter, the 
 filaments of which are, by the process of reduction to 
 pulp, and subsequent drying and pressing, so inter- 
 woven and fitted together, that they cannot be sepa- 
 rated without tearing, and thus form paper. 
 
 But the manufacture of paper, though an interesting 
 process to witness, is difficult to describe intelligibly. 
 Like the art of printing, it has undergone a wonderful 
 change within the last half century, calling into use 
 immense steam and water power, and ponderous ma- 
 chinery, that consume the cast-off habiliments of the 
 population of the whole world, and now require other 
 material for consumption, to keep pace with the de- 
 mand for their fabrics. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF PAPER. 
 
 ggg^JTMA, who lived three hundred years 
 before Alexander, left several works 
 written upon papyrus, which were 
 
 S^B^ES^f s tiU found at Rome a long time after 
 .r^i^p^s^pr«p§ -fas death, and is perhaps the earliest 
 authenticated use of that substance. 
 
 600 b. c. Manufactories of Egyptian paper from 
 papyrus, are supposed to have existed at Memphis. 
 But papyrus manuscripts are found in the catacombs, 
 apparently several thousand years old. 
 
 500 b. c. In Confucius's time the Chinese were 
 innocent of ink and paper in the proper sense of the 
 terms ; their ink then being a sort of paint, their 
 paper bamboo tablets, and their pen simply a short 
 pointed stick. 
 
 440 b. c. Herodotus alludes to the general use of 
 parchment among the Ionians at this time, under the 
 term of sheep and goat skins. 
 
 300 b. c. For at least three hundred years before 
 
 Christ, papyrus was exported in large quantities from 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 3 
 
10 Taper and Paper-Making. 
 
 270 b. c. The Jewish elders, by order of the high 
 priest, carried a copy of the law to Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phia, in letters of gold upon skins, the pieces of which 
 were so artfully united that the joinings did not appear. 
 
 200 b. c. A better method of dressing parchment 
 was found at Pergamus about this time, which led to 
 the supposition that parchment was invented there, 
 and hence derived its name. 
 
 15 a. d. About this time, during the reign of Tibe- 
 rius, a popular commotion arose in consequence of 
 the scarcity of papyrus ; the commerce in which had 
 nourished a long time, but the supply seems to have 
 been always less than the demand. 
 
 79. Herculaneum was overwhelmed, a city so obscure 
 that very little account has been given of it by ancient 
 writers ; yet eighteen hundred manuscripts on papyrus 
 have been taken from its ruins. 
 
 95. Du Halde says it was in this year that a mandarin 
 of the palace manufactured paper of the bark of differ- 
 ent trees, and old rags of silk and hemp. During this 
 century they are said to have made sheets of paper ten 
 or twelve feet long, of the inner bark of the bamboo. 
 
 284. The Eomans sent to China a present of 30,000 
 sheets of strong brownish paper, made of tree bark. 
 The Chinese are said to have improved upon the 
 Roman hint, and subsequently brought their paper 
 manufacture to a greatly improved state. 
 
 290. About this time the value of papyrus was so 
 great that when Firmus, a rich and ambitious merchant 
 striving at empire, conquered for a brief period the 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 11 
 
 city of Alexandria, he boasted that he had seized as 
 much paper and size as would support his whole army. 
 
 500. About this time Theodoric abolished the duty 
 on papyrus, which contributed to the revenue of the 
 Roman empire, and fresh imposts had been laid upon 
 it by successive rulers, until they became oppressive. 
 Cassiodorus congratulates "the whole world on the 
 repeal of the impost on an article so essentially neces- 
 sary to the human race," " the general use of which," 
 as Pliny says, " polishes and immortalizes man." 
 
 572. There is a manuscript in the British Museum, 
 which appears to have been written at this time upon 
 a roll of papyrus eight feet and a half long, and twelve 
 inches wide. The longest specimen of papyrus known 
 is the one at Paris, measuring thirty feet. 
 
 600. About this time paper made of bark was used 
 by the Longobards, for the imperial protocols, in order 
 to render the forging of diplomas more difficult. 
 
 648. There was a manufactory of paper at Samar- 
 cand, similar to that which had long been made by 
 the Chinese. 
 
 650. The Saracens having become masters of Egypt, 
 the intercourse with Pome was so much interrupted 
 that the supply of papyrus became scanty and preca- 
 rious. Previously to that event, all public records had 
 been executed on papyrus, while it is found that at a date 
 immediately subsequent parchment was substituted. 
 
 704. The Arabians are supposed to have acquired 
 the knowledge of making paper of cotton, by their 
 conquests in Tartary. 
 
12 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 706. Casiri, a Spanish author, attributes the inven- 
 tion of cotton paper to Joseph Amru, in this year, at 
 Mecca; but it is well known that the Chinese and 
 Persians were acquainted with its manufacture before 
 this period. 
 
 900. The bulls of the popes in the eighth and ninth 
 centuries were written upon cotton paper. 
 
 900. Montfaucon, who on account of his diligence and 
 the extent of his researches is great authority, attempted 
 to show that charta bombycine, cotton paper, was disco- 
 vered in the empire of the east toward the end of the 
 ninth or beginning of the tenth century. But see 706. 
 
 1007. The plenarium, or inventory, of the treasure 
 of the church of Sandersheim, is written upon paper 
 of cotton, bearing this date. 
 
 1049. The oldest manuscript in England written 
 upon cotton paper, is in the Bodleian collection of the 
 British Museum, having this date. 
 
 1050. The most ancient manuscript on cotton paper, 
 that has been discovered in the Royal Library at Paris 
 having a date, bears record of this year. 
 
 1085. The Christian successors of Moorish paper- 
 makers at Toledo in Spain, worked the paper-mills to 
 better advantage than their predecessors. Instead of 
 manufacturing paper of raw cotton, which is easily 
 recognized by its yellowness and brittleness, they made 
 it of rags, in moulds through which the water ran off; 
 for this reason it was called parchment cloth. 
 
 1100. The Aphorisms of Hippocrates, in Arabic, the 
 manuscript of which bears this date, has been pro- 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 13 
 
 nounced the oldest specimen of linen paper that has 
 come to light. 
 
 1100. Arabic manuscripts were at this time written 
 on satin paper, and embellished with a quantity of 
 ornamental work, painted in such gay and resplendent 
 colors that the reader might behold his face reflected 
 as if from a mirror. 
 
 1100. There was a diploma of Roger, king of Sicily, 
 dated 1145, in which he says that he had renewed on 
 parchment a charter that had been written on cotton 
 paper in 1100. 
 
 1102. The king of Sicily appears to have accorded 
 a diploma to an ancient family of paper-makers who 
 had established a manufactory in that island, where 
 cotton was indigenous, and this has been thought to 
 point to the origin of cotton paper, quite erroneously. 
 
 1120. Peter the Venerable, abbot of Clum, who 
 flourished about this time, declared that paper from 
 linen rags was in use in his day. 
 
 1150. Edrisi, who wrote at this time, tells us that the 
 paper made at Xativa, an ancient city of Valencia, was 
 excellent, and was exported to countries east and west. 
 
 1151. An Arabian author certifies that very fine 
 white cotton paper was manufactured in Spain, and 
 Cacim aben TIegi assures us that the best was made 
 at Xativa. The Spaniards being acquainted with 
 water-mills, improved upon the Moorish method of 
 grinding the raw cotton and rags ; and by stamping 
 the latter in the mill, they produced a better pulp than 
 from raw cotton, by which various sorts of paper 
 
14 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 were manufactured, nearly equal to those made from 
 linen rags. 
 
 1153. Petrus Mauritius, who died in this year, has 
 the following passage on paper in his Treatise against 
 the Jews : " The hooks we read every day are made of 
 sheep, goat, or calf skin ; or of oriental plants, that is, 
 the papyrus of Egypt ; or of rags {ex rasauris veterum 
 pannorum)" supposed to allude to modern paper. 
 
 1170. The time when papyrus wholly ceased to he 
 used is not certainly known ; hut Eustathius, the scho- 
 liast on Homer, says it was disused "before this time. 
 
 1178. A Treaty of peace between the kings of Ara- 
 gon and Castile, is the oldest specimen of linen paper 
 used in Spain with a date. It is supposed that the 
 Moors, on their settlement in Spain, where cotton was 
 scarce, made paper of hemp and flax. The inventor 
 of linen-rag paper, whoever he was, is entitled to the 
 gratitude of posterity. 
 
 1200. Casiri positively affirms that there are manu- 
 scripts in the Escurial palace near Madrid, upon both 
 cotton and hemp paper, written prior to this time. 
 
 1221. Frederic II of Germany, in consideration of 
 the had quality of paper made of cotton, its subjection 
 to humidity, to alteration, and other defects, issued an 
 order, nullifying all public acts which should be upon 
 cotton paper, allowing two years to transcribe upon 
 parchment all such as then existed. 
 
 1239. One of the earliest specimens of paper from 
 linen rags, which has yet been discovered, is a docu- 
 ment, with the seals preserved, of this date, and 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 15 
 
 signed by Adolphus, count of Schaumburg. It is pre- 
 served in the university of Rinteln in Germany, and 
 establishes the fact beyond dispute that linen paper 
 was already in use in Germany. 
 
 1190. The oldest specimens of paper documents at 
 Paris are said to be bonds given to Jews by the chiefs 
 of Richard I of England, to aid the crusade of that 
 monarch. 
 
 1270. By far the oldest manuscript written in France 
 upon modern paper, is a letter from Joinville to St. 
 Louis, which bears date a short time before the death 
 of that monarch in 1270. 
 
 1270. Notwithstanding the most diligent search of 
 the learned antiquary Montfaucon, both in France and 
 Italy, he could find no book nor leaf of paper made of 
 linen rags, before this year ; whence it was concluded 
 that there was no hope of finding an exact date to the 
 invention. 
 
 1280. At this time very little use was made of 
 Egyptian paper for diplomas, in England and Germany, 
 but parchment was the universal substitute ; and yet 
 no map of parchment made before the sixth century 
 is known to have been discovered. 
 
 1308. Meerman satisfied himself that linen paper 
 was used in Germany at this time, but was not able to 
 decide in what country its invention originated. 
 
 1311. No other than Egyptian papyrus and cotton 
 paper, it is asserted, was known in France before this 
 time ; although a letter is produced which is claimed 
 to be linen paper, written before 1270. (See 1270.) 
 
16 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1314. The earliest undisputed French manuscript 
 on linen paper is of this date, but it is not conclusive 
 that it was fabricated in France. 
 
 1318. In Deutschland kommt leinenes Papier vor 
 1318 schwerlich vor ; von diesem Jahre aber hat das 
 Archiv des Hospitals Kauf beuern Urkunden auf 
 lienenem Papier aufzuzeigen. — Conversations-Lexikon. 
 
 1319. Linen paper is said to have been found at 
 Nuremberg by Von Murr of this date. (See 1342.) 
 
 1320. The earliest English manuscript on linen paper 
 with a date that has been discovered is of the fourteenth 
 year of Edward III. 
 
 1330. Mr. Plunter, of the London Society of Anti- 
 quaries, could find no water mark in specimens of 
 paper which he had investigated from 1302 to this 
 date. His researches were among account books ren- 
 dered to the English exchequer by officers employed 
 in Aquitaine, and in the public archives of England, 
 by which he determined that the earliest paper used 
 was all foreign, and without any manufacturer's sym- 
 bol. In a book of accounts of the constable of Bor- 
 deaux, of this date, he discovered the first mark, which 
 was a ram's face. 
 
 1338. Peter H of Valencia, issued a command to the 
 paper-makers at Valencia and Xativa, under pain of 
 punishment, to manufacture better paper, which was 
 to be equal to that formerly made ; showing that the 
 manufacture had degenerated. 
 
 1339. From a piece of very coarse cotton paper, 
 bearing this date, in the possession of Meerman, who 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 17 
 
 wrote about 1760, lie argues that the art of paper- 
 making was still neglected by the Spaniards, and that 
 prior to the middle of the fourteenth century no linen 
 paper had been manufactured in that country, yet the 
 connoisseurs of Spain still persist in terming it linen 
 paper. 
 
 1340. Tiraboschi, in his history of Italian literature, 
 places the establishment of paper-making at Padua in 
 this year, deriving his authority from a passage of the 
 ancient history of that city by Cortusius. 
 
 1340. Peignot says it was about this time that the 
 manufacture of paper was established in France, in 
 the neighborhood of Troyes and Essonne. Lombardy 
 furnished paper to the French before this time. 
 
 1342. It has been claimed that the earliest manu- 
 script in England on linen paper has the above date 
 (see 1320). In the Cottonian Library of the British 
 Museum, it is said there are several writings on this 
 kind of paper, as early as the year 1335. Linen paper 
 gradually supplanted that made of cotton. 
 
 1342. The Royal Society of Gottingen adjudged to 
 John Daniel Fladd a prize medal of twenty-five ducats 
 for the discovery of the most ancient linen paper, 
 which bears this date. It is claimed that earlier speci- 
 mens have been found. (See 1319.) 
 
 1350. There was a large manufactory of paper at Fab- 
 
 briano in Italy, which, according to the description of 
 
 Bartolus, had been long established, and enlarged 
 
 from time to time, till it consisted of several mills 
 
 4 
 
18 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 belonging to different persons, although, the whole 
 formed only one manufactory of cotton paper. 
 
 1350. Although cotton paper was early introduced 
 into Germany, and at the commencement of the ninth 
 century was known under the name of Greek parch- 
 ment, and although cotton and flax were spun and 
 wove in that country in the tenth century, the manu- 
 facture of paper can not he traced beyond the middle 
 of the fourteenth century, when it was made by stamp- 
 ing mills. 
 
 1352. Date of a bill which reads thus : " To George 
 Cosyn, for one quartern of royal paper, to make paint- 
 ers' patterns, 10d." 
 
 1360. Ulman Stromer began to write at Nuremberg 
 the first work ever published on paper-making. 
 
 1366. The senate of Venice granted an exclusive 
 privilege to the paper-mill at Treviso, that no linen- 
 paper shavings or offal should be exported from Venice 
 than for the use of that mill. This would seem to show 
 that linen paper was already in use there. 
 
 1367. It is thought that there was no linen paper 
 used in Italy before this time. The knowledge of 
 cotton paper came by means of the Greeks to Italy ; 
 and the art of making it in Sicily, through the inva- 
 sion of the Saracens. 
 
 1367. A document of a notary of this date proves 
 the use of linen paper in Italy ; and Maffei states that 
 he possessed a family manuscript of linen paper of the 
 same date, and he therefore attempts to appropriate 
 the invention of linen paper to Italy. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 19 
 
 1376. Du Cange cites the following lines from a 
 French metrical romance written about this time, to 
 show that waxen tablets continued to be occasionally 
 used till a late period : 
 
 Some with, antiquated style 
 
 In waxen tablets promptly write ; 
 
 Others with finer pen, the while 
 Form letters lovelier to the sight. 
 
 There are many ample and authentic records of the 
 royal household of France, of the thirteenth and four- 
 teenth centuries, still preserved, written upon waxen 
 tablets. 
 
 1377. A charter of this date, given at Fabbriano in 
 Italy, relates to the lease of a mill with a waterfall, 
 ad faciendas cartas. It was from the mills of this place 
 that Bodoni, at the commencement of the present cent- 
 ury, obtained the paper for his beautiful editions. 
 
 1390. Ulman Stromer established a large paper-mill 
 at Nuremberg, where were many Italian workmen. 
 He employed two rollers, which set eighteen stampers 
 in motion ; but when he would add another roller, he 
 was opposed by the Italians whom he employed, who 
 would not consent to the enlarging of his manufac- 
 ture ; but they were imprisoned by the magistrates, 
 when they submitted, renewing their oaths. He died in 
 1407. This is the first mill known to have been erected 
 in Germany, which is said to have made the first paper 
 from rags in Europe. But see 1350, 1366, etc. 
 
 1400. There were paper-mills at Colle in Tuscany, 
 which were moved by water power. 
 
20 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1450. It is said that copies of the Bible printed upon 
 parchment, by Gutenberg of this date, are found at 
 Berlin, Brunswick, St. Blaise Monastery, and Paris, 
 in three volumes, folio. But it is presumed to be a 
 mistake. 
 
 1453. After the fall of Constantinople some Greeks 
 established the manufacture of paper at Basle, in 
 Switzerland. 
 
 1468. An edict of Charles VIII attests that there were 
 manufactories of paper at Troyes, Corbeil, and Essonne. 
 
 1471. Sweynheim and Pannartz, in a petition to the 
 pope for assistance, informed him that the number of 
 books they had printed and which remained on their 
 hands was so great that he would admire how and 
 where they could have procured a sufficient quantity 
 of paper, or even rags, for such a number of volumes, 
 which amounted to 12,475. This would probably have 
 required about 1250 reams. 
 
 1498. An entry has been found in the privy purse 
 expenses of Henry VII, as follows : " For a rewarde 
 yeven at the paper my me, 16s. 8^.," which establishes 
 the fact that a paper-mill preceded that of Spilman 
 nearly a century, and was probably the mill mentioned 
 below. 
 
 1498. In Wynken de "Worde's edition De Proprie- 
 tatibus Merum, it is stated that the paper was made by 
 John Tate the younger, in these quaint lines : 
 
 " And John Tate the younger Joye mote he broke, 
 Whiche late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne, 
 That now in our englyssh this book is prynted Inne." 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 21 
 
 This mill was at Hartford. The water-mark he used 
 was an eight-pointed star within a double circle. A 
 print of it is given in Herbert's Typ. Antiquities, \, 200. 
 
 1500. Paintings of this date by Julio Clavio, on 
 parchment, are preserved in the Vatican. The art of 
 painting on parchment was common before the art of 
 painting with oil colors was discovered. 
 
 1514. John Tate died, who is supposed to have 
 erected the first paper-mill in England, about 1498. 
 
 1539. An ancient water-mark (erroneously so termed) 
 of this era, consisted of a hand with a star at the fin- 
 gers' ends, and is supposed to have given the name to 
 what is still termed hand paper. 
 
 1539. A favorite paper-mark of this time was the 
 jug or pot, and is supposed to have originated the term 
 pot paper, for a peculiar size. The fool's cap was of a 
 later date, and has given place in England to the figure 
 of Britannia. 
 
 1540. About this time Henry Yin of England, in 
 the wildness of his hatred of the pope, used for his 
 correspondence a paper of which the water-mark was 
 a hog with a mitre. 
 
 1558. Churchyard's Spark of Friendship was first 
 printed this year, and mentions the paper-mill of Spil- 
 man, which is often quoted as the first paper-mill in 
 England under the date of 1588, q. v. (See also 1498.) 
 
 1562. A work printed in this year mentions a paper- 
 mill at Fen Ditton, near Cambridge, England. 
 
 1564. Charles IX of France having put an impost 
 upon paper, the university brought the subject before 
 
22 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 the parliament, when Montholon and De Thou advo- 
 cated the abolition of the tax, and the university gained 
 its cause. 
 
 1565. Charles IX of France, at the remonstrance 
 of the university and the decision of the parliament, 
 abolished the duty which he had laid upon paper. 
 
 1588. Nicholas, in his Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 
 gives a poem with the following title : A Description and 
 Playne Discourse of Paper, and the whole Benefitts that 
 Paper brings, with Pehearsall, and setting foorth in Verse a 
 Paper-myll built near Darthforth, by a high Germaine, called 
 Master Spilman, Jeweller to the Queene's Majestic This 
 is supposed to have been the second paper-mill in 
 England, and is often mentioned as the first. It was 
 erected by a German named Spielman, or Spilman, in 
 reward of which he received from Elizabeth the honor 
 of knighthood. (See 1558.) 
 
 1591. A document in the Land Revenue Records of 
 England, reads thus : " Fenclifton, Co. Cambridge ; 
 lease of a water-mill called paper-mills, late of the 
 bishopric of Ely, to John George, dated 14th July, 
 34th Eliz." This is evidence of a third paper-mill in 
 England at this time. 
 
 1635. Under the reign of Louis XTTT of France, an 
 impost upon paper was established, but with the con- 
 dition that the fermier should pay each year the sum of 
 ten thousand livres to the royal printing office and the 
 university of Paris. 
 
 1640. The manufacture of wall paper was begun 
 about this time ; as a substitute for the ancient hangings 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 23 
 
 of tapestry, or cloth, they reached a high state of 
 beauty and perfection. 
 
 1646. Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit of the seventeenth 
 century, boasted of having paper, among other things 
 made of asbestos. 
 
 1652. Christina of Sweden having invited one of the 
 Jansens from Holland as a printer, granted him the 
 valuable privilege of importing all his paper duty free. 
 
 1654. Under Louis XIV, the indemnity established 
 by his predecessor for the tax upon paper was changed 
 to an exemption from duty of thirty thousand reams of 
 paper, of all qualities and fabrics, of which the distri- 
 bution was left to the superior of the university. 
 
 1658. The French paper-makers produced fabrics so 
 much superior to those of their neighbors, and their 
 export trade had become so flourishing in consequence, 
 that paper to the value of two millions of livres was 
 this year sent to Holland ; and they provided Spain , 
 England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, but 
 chiefly Holland and the Levant, with paper for print- 
 ing and writing. 
 
 1661. Fuller, writing of the paper of his time, says 
 that it partook in some sort of the characters of the 
 countries which made it; the Yenetian being subtil, 
 neat, and court-like ; the French light, slight and 
 slender, and the Dutch thick, corpulent and gross, 
 sucking up the ink with the sponginess thereof. He 
 complains that the English manufactories were not 
 sufficiently encouraged, considering the vast amount 
 expended for paper out of Italy, France, and Germany. 
 
24 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1663. England imported from Holland alone, paper 
 to the amount of £100,000. 
 
 1670. Post paper seems to have derived its name 
 from the post horn, which at one time was its distin- 
 guishing mark. It does not appear to have been used 
 prior to the establishment of the general post office, 
 here given, when it became the custom to blow a horn, 
 to which circumstance no doubt, we may attribute its 
 introduction. 
 
 1670. The manufacture of paper was still carried on 
 with so little success in England, that the deficiency of 
 that indispensable fabric was imported from the conti- 
 nent, and principally from France. 
 
 1678. At the end of a book with this date is the fol- 
 lowing singular advertisement : " To the king's most 
 excellent majesty, this book is humbly presented, being 
 printed upon English paper, and made within five miles 
 of Windsor, by Eustace Burneby, Esquire, who was 
 the first Englishman that brought it into England; 
 attested by Henry Million, who was overseer in the mak- 
 ing of this royal manufacture." (See 1498, 1558, 1588.) 
 
 1685. Among the French refugees who went over 
 to England, were a number of paper-makers, who are 
 supposed to have greatly improved the manufacture in 
 the latter country. 
 
 1687. A proclamation was made for the establish- 
 ment of a manufactory of white paper in England. 
 
 1688. It is stated in the British Merchant, that hardly 
 any sort of paper except brown, was made in England 
 previous to the revolution. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 25 
 
 1689. Edmund Bohun says in his Autobiography, that 
 " paper became so dear, that all printing stopped, 
 almost, and the stationers did not care to undertake 
 anything." 
 
 1690. Anderson states in his History of Commerce that 
 it was in this year paper was first manufactured in 
 England (see 1588) ; and that up to this time England 
 imported paper from France to the amount of £100,000 
 yearly ; but as the war with France occasioned very 
 high duties to be laid on foreign productions, some 
 French protestant refugees settled in England, and 
 introduced the manufacture of white writing paper. 
 
 1690. William Kittinghuysen, now spelled Kitten- 
 house, a native of Broich, in Holland, emigrated to 
 America and was among the early settlers of German- 
 town, Pa. In the year 1690, he in company with Wm. 
 Bradford, the printer, established a paper-mill, the first 
 in America, in Roxborough, near Philadelphia, on a 
 stream called Paper-mill run, which empties into the 
 Wissahickon, about two miles above its junction with 
 the river Schuylkill. This mill supplied Bradford with 
 paper while he lived in Philadelphia, and after he settled 
 in New York. The paper was made from linen rags, the 
 product of flax which was raised in the vicinity, and 
 manufactured into wearing apparel. (For a sketch of 
 this mill see Essay by Horatio G. Jones, of Philadel- 
 phia, in Pennsylvania Historical Society Transactions. 
 
 1695. A company was formed in Scotland " for mak- 
 ing white writing and printing paper," the articles of 
 which are preserved in the library of the British Museum. 
 5 
 
26 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1696. It appears by a document in the British 
 Museum entitled the Case of the Paper Traders, that a 
 bill was now pending for levying 20 per cent upon 
 foreign paper, parchment, vellum, and pasteboard, and 
 20 per cent upon English paper, &c. It is also stated 
 that there were not at this time one hundred paper- 
 mills in all England, and that the value of paper annually 
 made was only about £28,000. It is further said that 
 the paper-makers were generally very poor and could 
 scarce maintain their families. 
 
 1697. William Bradford leased his fourth part of 
 the paper-mill near Germantown, Pa., to William and 
 Nicholas Rittenhouse, for a term of ten years, upon 
 the following terms : that they should pay " y e full 
 quantity of seven ream of printing paper, two ream 
 of good writing paper, and two ream of blue paper, 
 yearly." 
 
 1700. Though several unsuccessful attempts had been 
 made to introduce the manufacture of paper into Bel- 
 gium, it was not until about this time that it became 
 regularly established, by the aid of government ; nor 
 was its progress rapid during the eighteenth century. 
 
 1700. There were four hundred paper-mills in the 
 provinces of Perigord and Angoumois, in France ; but 
 the art of paper-making had now attained such a 
 degree of perfection in England and Holland, that 
 the trade of these mills began to decline, and finally 
 three-fourths of them were shut up. 
 
 1701. An effort was made in parliament to affix a 
 tax upon cheap publications which had just come into 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 27 
 
 vogue, yet the quantity of paper consumed by them 
 was estimated at 20,000 reams a year. 
 
 1710. The second paper-mill in America was erected 
 in that part of Germantown, Pa., called Crefeld, on a 
 small stream that emptied into the Wissahickon creek 
 near the manor of Springfield, by William De Wees, 
 a brother-in-law of Mcholas Rittenhouse, son of the 
 first paper-maker. 
 
 1711. The excise duty on paper was first imposed in 
 England during the reign of Queen Anne, occasioned 
 by " the necessity of raising large supplies of money 
 to carry on the present war." The necessity seems 
 not to have ceased since. 
 
 1712. Peter the Great of Russia visited Dresden and 
 witnessed the operation of paper-making, with which 
 he was so much pleased that he immediately engaged 
 workmen to be sent to Moscow, where a mill was 
 erected with great privileges. 
 
 1713. Thomas Watkin, a London stationer, revived 
 the art of paper-making in England, which had gone 
 to decay ; he brought it to great repute and perfection 
 in a short time. 
 
 1716. John Bagford, the most extraordinary connois- 
 seur of paper ever known, died in England. His skill 
 was so great that it is said he could at first sight tell 
 the place where and the time when, any paper was 
 made, though at never so many years' distance. He 
 prepared materials for a history of paper-making, which 
 are now in the British Museum, numbered 5891 to 
 5988. 
 
28 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1719. Reaumur, in an essay published at this time, 
 seems to have been the first author who perceived that 
 paper might be produced from wood. Observing that 
 the fabric of wasps' nests was procured from wood, he 
 took the hint, and explaining his own conceptions on 
 the subject, desired that some one of those who had an 
 opportunity should make the experiment. 
 
 1720. The kings of Spain having granted monopo- 
 lizing privileges to many convents for the manufacture 
 of paper, and when it came again into private hands, 
 fixed such a low price upon printed books, the trade 
 went to decay. The Genoese, availing themselves of 
 the opportunity, and procuring considerable quantities 
 of rags from Andalusia, in this year sent back paper to 
 Spain to the amount of 500,000 piasters. 
 
 1721. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain annually was estimated at three hundred thou- 
 sand reams, which was equal to about two-thirds of the 
 whole consumption. 
 
 1723. The Dutch were importing large quantities 
 of paper from France, there being few paper-mills in 
 Holland. 
 
 1723. The value of the paper annually made in 
 Great Britain was estimated at £780,000. 
 
 1724. At a meeting of the legislative council of the 
 state of New York, a bill was brought in from the 
 assembly to encourage William Bradford and his as- 
 signs to make paper, and to prohibit all other persons 
 from making the same in the province during the 
 space of fifteen years, and desiring the concurrence 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 29 
 
 of that board. On the 18th July the motion was put 
 whether the said bill should be read a third time, and 
 was negatived. 
 
 1727. Dr. Brueckmann, a German naturalist, pub- 
 lished his work on stones, in which he treats of 
 asbestos, and four copies of the book were printed 
 on paper made of that material. 
 
 1728. A patent was granted by the general court 
 of Massachusetts to a company for the sole purpose of 
 manufacturing paper, for a term of ten years, on condi- 
 tion that in the first fifteen months they should make 
 115 reams of brown paper and 60 reams of printing 
 paper ; the second year 50 reams of writing paper in 
 addition to the above ; and the third year and after- 
 wards yearly, 25 reams of a superior quality of writing 
 paper in addition to the foregoing ; and that the total 
 annual produce of the various qualities should not be 
 less than 500 reams a year. 
 
 1728. William Bradford owned a paper-mill at 
 Elizabethtown, N". J., which Thomas thinks was the 
 first in that state. 
 
 1729. A paper-mill was erected upon Chester creek, 
 Delaware county, Pa., by Thomas Wilcox. The pre- 
 sent owner is a great-grandson of the above. The old 
 mill was taken down in 1829. Paper is still made at 
 the same place by hand. 
 
 1730. The first paper-mill in ISTew England went 
 into operation in Milton, Mass., under a patent granted 
 two years before. It was carried on several years, and 
 is supposed to have been discontinued for want of a 
 
30 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 workman. This was probably the paper-mill of Daniel 
 Henchman, an enterprising bookseller of Boston, who 
 is said to have petitioned for and received some aid 
 from the legislature of Massachusetts, and erected the 
 first paper-mill in that colony. 
 
 1731. Daniel Henchman, who with legislative aid 
 erected the first paper-mill in Massachusetts, produced 
 a sample of his paper before the general court. 
 
 1732. Richard Fry, stationer, bookseller, paper-maker 
 and rag-merchant, in Cornhill, Boston, returned the 
 public thanks for following the directions of his former 
 advertisement encouraging the gathering of rags, and 
 hoped they would continue the like method, having 
 received upwards of seven thousand weight already. 
 
 1734. Seba, a Flemish writer on natural history, 
 whose first volume was published this year, called 
 attention to the fact that his country " does not seem 
 to want trees fit for making paper, if people would give 
 themselves the necessary trouble and expense. Alga 
 marina, for example, which is composed of long, strong, 
 viscous filaments, might it not be proper for this pur- 
 pose, as well as the mats of Muscovy, if they were 
 prepared as the Japanese make their timber ? " 
 
 1746. The English had manufactures of papiers pants 
 about this time, and more recently the Messrs. Potter 
 erected at Manchester a colossal establishment, which 
 by an ingenious machine printed four colors at a time, 
 and which by the aid of eight machines, produced in 
 a single day from 8 to 10,000 rolls, which was more 
 than was produced by all the London manufactories. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 31 
 
 1748. The decrease of exports of French paper from 
 Rouen was so great that many of the mills were con- 
 verted to other uses, principally to fulling-mills. 
 
 1750. About this time the cylinder or engine mode 
 of comminuting rags into paper pulp appears to have 
 been invented in Holland, but received very little 
 attention abroad for several years after. 
 
 1750. It was in this year that Baskerville, to 
 obviate the roughness of the laid paper of that time, 
 had it made on wove moulds; Jbis beautiful edition 
 of Virgil (see 1757) was chiefly printed on this wove 
 paper. 
 
 1751. Many suitable vegetables had been discovered, 
 and schemes proposed for converting them into paper, 
 as a substitute for rags, but none were carried into 
 effect until now, when M. Guettard, in France, pub- 
 lished his experiments and communicated new speci- 
 mens of paper made from the bark, leaves, wood, &c, 
 of different plants, shrubs and trees. 
 
 1755. The Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen 
 offered a premium to trace the exact time of the dis- 
 covery of the manufacture of paper from linen. (See 
 1763.) 
 
 1756. \Yilliam Hutton opened the first paper ware- 
 house in Manchester, England. 
 
 1756. The first attempt to manufacture paper of 
 straw was now made in Germany, and was induced by 
 the scarcity of rags. A treatise was printed on the 
 subject, giving a plan for reducing all vegetables into 
 pulp, and bleaching the same. 
 
32 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1757. An edition of Virgil was printed by Basker- 
 ville in England, principally upon what the French 
 term papier velin. It was an English invention, and 
 this was the first work printed upon it. 
 
 1759. Until this period rags were reduced to pulp 
 by means of stampers, a slow process, requiring con- 
 siderable motive power ; to remedy this, cylinders with 
 sharp steel blades for tearing the rags (invented in 
 Holland, where the wind-mills, then used for propel- 
 ling machinery, were, found inadequate to put these 
 stampers in regular and constant motion), began to be 
 used in other countries. 
 
 1760. The first paper-mill in New England, supposed 
 to have been stopped for want of a workman to carry 
 it on, was revived by a citizen of Boston, who obtained 
 for a British soldier stationed there, a furlough long 
 enough to enable him to put the mill in operation. 
 
 1760. The making of paper in England had scarcely 
 reached any high degree of perfection until this time, 
 when the celebrated James Whatman established his 
 reputation at Maidstone. He had visited the most 
 celebrated paper-mills in Europe, which enabled him 
 to acquire a great celebrity in his profession, and his 
 successors have maintained the reputation of the esta- 
 blishment to the present time ; a medal having been 
 awarded them at the World's fair in 1851. 
 
 1762. Gerardus Meerman, a Hollander, who wrote 
 upon the origin of printing, offered a premium of 
 twenty-five ducats to discover the time of the first 
 manufacture of linen paper. Specimens were sent to 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 33 
 
 him from different countries, which were claimed to 
 be linen ; but all his researches were lost and reduced 
 to an uncertainty, through the existing remnants of 
 cotton paper, which was in use some centuries before 
 linen, because the two are in many respects similar, 
 and cotton and linen rags may have been at first mixed; 
 it was therefore rendered more difficult to ascertain 
 when the first paper was made from linen rags alone. 
 
 1763. The Royal Society of Science at Grottingen 
 renewed their premiums of 1755 for the discovery of 
 the period of the introduction of paper. 
 
 1765. Jacob Christian Schaffers, of Ratisbon, pub- 
 lished a work in octavo, upon the different sorts of 
 paper which he could make without the use of rags, 
 giving specimens, among which were the coton du 
 peuplier, hornets' nests, sawdust, moss, beech, willow, 
 aspen, mulberry, clematite, and pine ; with hop vines, 
 the peelings of grape vines, hemp, the leaves of aloes, 
 and lily of the valley; with arroche, moth-wort, masse 
 d'eau, barley straw, cabbage stumps, thistle stalks, 
 burdock, conferva, wheat straw, broom corn, and 
 Bavarian peat. (See 1772.) 
 
 1768. Christopher L effing well began to make paper 
 at Norwich, Connecticut, about this time, and was 
 encouraged by the legislature with the promise of a 
 bounty. 
 
 1768. Such was the reputation of the paper fabri- 
 cated in Holland, that the French Academy of Sciences, 
 at Paris, sent Demarets to that country for the purpose 
 of visiting the mills, and studying the process. 
 
34 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1769. It was announced in the Boston News Letter 
 that " the bellcart will go through Boston before the 
 end of next month, to collect rags for the paper-mill 
 at Milton, when all people that will encourage the 
 paper manufactory may dispose of them." The 
 annexed lines were appended to aid the public zeal : 
 
 " Rags are as beauties, which concealed lie, 
 But when iu paper how it charms the eye ; 
 Pray save your rags, new beauties to discover, 
 For paper, truly, every one's a lover : 
 By the pen and press such knowledge is displayed, 
 As wouldn't exist if paper was not made. 
 Wisdom of things, mysterious, divine, 
 Illustriously doth on paper shine." 
 
 1770. Christopher Leffingwell, who manufactured 
 paper at Norwich, Conn., under the official encourage- 
 ment of 2d. a quire on all good writing paper, and Id. 
 a quire on all printing and common paper (see 1768), 
 now received bount}?- on 4,020 quires of writing paper, 
 and 10,600 quires of printing paper, after which the 
 government patronage was withdrawn. 
 
 1770. There were eleven large paper-mills in Hol- 
 land in which wind-mills were used to drive the cutting 
 and grinding engines, which performed more labor in 
 an hour than the German water-mills with the stampers 
 would do in six hours. In Saardam 1,000 persons were 
 employed in paper-making. They imported nine- 
 tenths of their stock ; but exported great quantities of 
 paper. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 35 
 
 1770. In the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey 
 and Delaware, there were forty paper-mills, which were 
 supposed to make £100,000 worth of paper annually. 
 
 1772. There were two mills in operation in Italy 
 for the manufacture of paper from maize, or Turkish 
 wheat ; hut we have no account of their success, nor 
 that the manufacture was more than an experiment. 
 
 1772. A hook was printed in Germany, containing 
 upwards of sixty specimens of paper, made of different 
 materials, the result of one man's experiments alone. 
 The author was Jacob Christian Schaffers, 1 and a copy 
 is in the Smithsonian Institution library. 
 
 1774. Scheele discovered a gas now known as chlo- 
 rine, which, in combination with lime, came to be 
 employed in bleaching paper to a very great extent. 
 
 1775. There were, at the breaking out of the revolu- 
 tion, three small paper-mills in Massachusetts ; in New 
 Hampshire none ; and one in Rhode Island out of 
 repair. The paper which these mills could make fell 
 far short of the necessary supply. Paper, of course, 
 was very scarce, and what could be procured was badly 
 manufactured, not having more than half the requisite 
 labor bestowed upon it. It was often taken from the 
 mill wet and unsized. The people had not acquired 
 the habit of saving rags, and stock for the manufacture 
 of paper was obtained with great difficulty. Every- 
 
 1 This work of Schaffers, prediger zu Begensburg, is entitled Sammt- 
 liclie Papiei versuche. It seems to have been the second work by this 
 author on the subject (see 1765). Ratisbon is the more common 
 name for the ancient city of Regensburg. 
 
36 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 thing like rags was ground up together to make paper, 
 which accounts for the peculiar colors often observed 
 in the paper of this time. 
 
 1775. The Maryland convention resolved that the 
 sum of 400 pounds, common money, be advanced to 
 James Dorset, of Baltimore county, he giving bond 
 with sufficient security to repay the same within two 
 years, without interest, either in cash, or writing or 
 cartridge paper, or in such proportions of each as this 
 or a future convention, or council of safety, in their 
 recess shall direct and order ; that is to say : one-third 
 part thereof within twelve months, and the other two- 
 thirds within two years from the date of said bond ; 
 he at the same time engaging to build a mill for that 
 purpose within six months from the date of his said 
 contract ; and to sell to the inhabitants of this province 
 any kind of paper which he may make, as cheap as 
 the same can or shall be sold at any mill in the province 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1775. The provincial congress of South Carolina 
 offered a premium of £500 currency to the first person 
 who should erect and establish a proper paper-mill in 
 that colony, upon producing three reams of good 
 writing paper manufactured thereat. 
 
 1776. William Bellamy, having proposed to the 
 provincial congress of South Carolina, that with some 
 assistance from the public, he would erect and complete 
 a proper mill for the making of paper and cutting files 
 at the same time, a committee was appointed to take 
 his proposal into consideration. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 37 
 
 1776. A volume was printed in France upon white 
 looking paper, made from the bark of the linden (bass- 
 wood), at the end of which were some twenty speci- 
 mens of paper, made from as many different kinds of 
 vegetables. But the poor quality of the fabrics and 
 the cost of producing them seem to have discouraged 
 the inventors. 
 
 1776. The Massachusetts house of representatives, 
 in view of the scarcity of paper, resolved that the 
 committees of correspondence, and inspection, and 
 safety, in the several towns, be required to appoint 
 some suitable person in each town to receive rags for 
 the paper-mills ; and the inhabitants were desired to 
 be very careful in saving even the smallest quantity of 
 rags proper for making paper. 
 
 1776. Watson & Ledyard, having a paper-mill at East 
 Hartford, Ct., wholly supplied the press at Hartford, 
 which published about 8,000 papers weekly, as well as 
 the greater part of the writing paper used in Connec- 
 ticut, and much of that used by the Continental army. 
 
 1776. Thomas Loosley and Thomas Elms applied to 
 the New York Provincial congress to be exempted 
 from military duty as indispensable to the successful 
 pursuit of their business as paper-makers. (4 Force's 
 American Archives, vi, 615.) By a resolve of the con- 
 vention Aug. 14, the master workman and two attend- 
 ants at each paper-mill were exempted from military 
 duty.— 5 lb., i, 1510. 
 
 1776. The Pennsylvania council of safety took mea- 
 sures to prevent the paper-makers from joining the 
 
38 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 volunteers about to march to New Jersey, congress 
 having resolved that they should be detained. 
 
 1777. The French Academy of Sciences sent a 
 second deputation to Holland to visit the paper-mills 
 and learn the process by which their fine papers were 
 produced. 
 
 1778. May 9, congress ordered $200 to be paid to 
 Charles Cist and James Claypoole towards defraying 
 their expenses, on their employment by the treasurer 
 in superintending the making of paper for loan-office 
 certificates and bills of exchange. 
 
 1778. When the American army entered Philadel- 
 phia, in June, upon the evacuation of the British troops, 
 there was a want of paper fitted for the construction 
 of cartridges. It was advertised for and but a small 
 quantity procured. An order was then issued demand- 
 ing its instant production by all people in that city who 
 had it. This produced but little, and most probably 
 on account of its scarcity. A file of soldiers was 
 then ordered to make search for it in every place 
 where any was likely to be found. Among other 
 places visited in July, was a garret in the house in 
 which Benjamin Franklin had previously had his 
 printing office. Here was discovered about twenty- 
 five hundred copies of a sermon which the Rev. 
 Gilbert Tenant had written (printed by Franklin) 
 upon Defensive War, to rouse the colonists during the 
 French troubles. They were all taken and used as 
 cases for musket cartridges, and at once sent to the 
 army, and most of them were used at the battle of 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 39 
 
 Monmouth. The requisites in cartridge paper were, 
 of course, thinness, strength, pliability, and inflamma- 
 bility, and such paper was necessarily scarce then. — 
 Historical Magazine, viii, 151-2. 
 
 1779. M. Didot, the noted Parisian printer, having 
 analyized the vellum paper of the English, addressed 
 a letter to M. Johannot d'Annonay, a French paper- 
 maker, inviting him to attempt a similar fabrication, 
 which was successfully made by him. (See 1781.) 
 
 1779. There were ten paper-mills in the neighbor- 
 hood of Edinburgh. 
 
 1781. M. Didot, of Paris, having in 1779 encouraged 
 M. Johannot d'Annonay to attempt an imitation of the 
 English vellum paper, received from that manufacturer 
 a quantity of the desired fabric, which procured for 
 the latter a gold medal from the king, Louis XVI. It 
 is known among the trade as papier velin ; that is, like 
 parchment, or without water-marks, as they are called. 
 
 1781. The scarcity of paper in ISTew York at this 
 time was so great that the journal of the second session 
 of the assembly was not printed, the printer being 
 unable to procure the necessary paper. 
 
 1781. Stockholm imported 18,579 reams of paper. 
 The kingdom of Sweden had no more than twenty- 
 four paper-mills within its borders at a period about 
 twenty years later. 
 
 1782. Hamburg imported 80,000 reams of paper. 
 The city had but two paper-mills of two vats each, 
 which consumed about 60,000 pounds of rags in making 
 a dark purple paper for sugar bakers. 
 
40 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1784. The value of the paper manufactured in Eng- 
 land was reported at £800,000, the excise on which 
 was nearly £46,868. 
 
 1784. It was advertised in Albany that rags were 
 wanted at the paper-mill in Bennington, Vermont. 
 
 1785. According to Count Ewald von Hartzberg 
 there were in the Russian dominions 800 (?) paper 
 manufactories, the revenue from which was $200,000 
 annually. 
 
 1785. The legislature of Massachusetts passed an 
 " Act imposing duties on licensed vellum, parchment, 
 and paper." This was so unpopular that the same 
 body found it necessary to repeal it. 
 
 1785. A gentleman who had directed his researches 
 to national industry, stated that there were 400 paper- 
 mills in Germany, which furnished 20,000 bales, of 
 ten reams each, per annum. 
 
 1786. The Society of Sciences at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 offered a premium for the best remedy to protect paper 
 against insects, and another for the best method of 
 making paper for St. Domingo which would resist 
 insects. Several answers and samples were received, 
 all recommending to mix the size with sharp and 
 bitter or other ingredients which might kill the insects. 
 But they were all rejected. 
 
 1786. The works of the Marquis de Villette were 
 printed in London in 24mo, on paper made of marsh 
 mallow ; and at the end are specimens in single leaves 
 of paper made of the nettle, hops, moss, reed, three 
 species of conferva, couch grass, spindle trees, way- 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 41 
 
 faring tree, elm, lime, yellow willow, sallow willow, 
 poplar, oak, burdock, coltsfoot, and thistle. These 
 experiments were made at the manufactory of M. 
 Leorier, at Bruges, and served to show that paper 
 could be made of a multitude of articles ; but they 
 did not overcome the difficulty which existed, and 
 which still exists, of disclosing a substance which 
 should be more economical than linen and cotton rags. 
 1787. The consumption of French paper-hangings 
 in the United States was so great, that the French 
 government took off the export duty. 
 
 1787. A patent was granted to one Hooper, of 
 London, for a new method of manufacturing printing 
 paper, particularly designed for copperplate printing. 
 
 1788. Mr. Greaves, of Warrington, England, made 
 paper from the bark and leaves of willow twigs. 
 
 1788. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts 
 conferred a silver medal on a French manufacturer, 
 for the production of forty-four quires of paper from 
 the bark of the sallow tree. About 600 pounds of 
 the raw material were used in the production of that 
 quantity. 
 
 1789. The manufacture of paper in Angouleme gave 
 employment to 600 workmen, who produced annually 
 about 1,400,000 pounds. The beating was done with 
 mallets, which was still in practice quite recently. 
 The price of paper was about ten cents a pound. 
 
 1789. The paper-mill nearest to Albany was at 
 Bennington, Vt., which depended for stock upon the 
 cast-off rags of the children of the wilderness. The 
 7 
 
42 Papee and Paper-Making. 
 
 paper was frequently brought from the mill on horse- 
 back, and coarse and unbleached as it appears beside 
 the poorest paper of our day, was of such value that 
 it was customary to repair with paste the broken quires 
 which always came with hand-made paper, so that no 
 sheets were lost. There are several copies of the 
 Albany Register preserved in a volume in the Albany 
 Institute, which have undergone this process, and are 
 so ingeniously done as not to be detected unless held 
 up to the light. 
 
 1789. Homer, in his Bibliothcca Americana, informs 
 us that at this time the people of North America 
 manufactured their own paper, and in sufficient quan- 
 tities for home consumption ; but that the price of 
 labor was so high as to discourage publishing beyond 
 their own laws, pamphlets, and newspapers. 
 
 1789. ISTeuerdings versuchte Guttermann im Sera- 
 peum der Stadt Ravensburg in Wurtemberg, die Ebre 
 der Erfindung des Leinenpapiers zuzuwenden. 
 
 1789. The celebrated munitionnaire Ouvrard, son of 
 a paper-dealer in France, perceiving that the revolu- 
 tion would give birth to a multitude of publications, 
 contracted for all the paper which the manufactories 
 at Poitou and Angoumois could produce in two years, 
 by which he realized a hundred thousand crowns. 
 
 1789. Was sold in London, the completest specimen 
 known to exist of manuscript written upon papyrus, 
 dated 572 a. d. 
 
 1790. The paper-makers of France labored them- 
 selves as the head-workmen of their establishments, 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 43 
 
 assisted by their wives and children. This continued 
 until the era of the introduction of machinery. 
 
 1790. The government of France, to cure the 
 monopoly in paper, fixed by legislative act the price 
 of all merchandize. It had the effect to stop all 
 the mills. 
 
 1790. About this time the practice of blueing paper 
 pulp had its origin. A paper-maker's wife, superin- 
 tending the washing of some fine linen, accidentally 
 dropped her bag of powdered blue into the midst of 
 some pulp in a forward state of preparation. The 
 paper-maker beheld in great astonishment a peculiar 
 color in his pulp ; which his wife, perceiving that no 
 great damage had been done, took courage to disclose 
 the cause of. Being pleased with an advance of four 
 shillings a bundle upon his improved paper in the 
 London market, he purchased for his wife a costly 
 cloak, which he presented with much satisfaction to 
 the sharer of his joy. 
 
 1790. Samuel Hooper, of London, produced paper 
 of various qualities from leather cuttings and refuse 
 paper. 
 
 1790. The annual increase of printing presses in 
 Germany, and the want of rags and paper stock, 
 induced the manufacture of many more quires of 
 paper from a hundred weight of rags than formerly, 
 which rendered the German printing paper very 
 disagreeable. 
 
 1792. A Mr. Campbell of England obtained a patent 
 for a mode of bleaching rags for the manufacture of 
 
44 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 paper. His process was similar to that pursued in 
 bleaching cotton thread. — Hansard, 213. 
 
 1793. The first paper-mill in the northern part of 
 the state of JSTew York was erected at Troy by Messrs. 
 Websters, Ensign & Seymour, in which from five to ten 
 reams were manufactured daily. An earnest appeal 
 was made by the proprietors to the patriotism of the 
 ladies, who were invoked to aid domestic manufactures 
 by the preservation of rags. They were besought to 
 patronize the saving of all kinds of linen and cotton 
 rags, for which would be paid at the mill, 3c/. for 
 clean white, 2d. for white, blue, brown, and check, and 
 a proportionate price for all other rags. — Typographical 
 Miscellany, 97. 
 
 1794. A paper-mill was built at Fairhaven, Vt., by 
 CoL Lyon, at which paper for wrapping was manufac- 
 tured from the bark of the bass-wood tree. 
 
 1794. A patent was granted to Mr. Cunningham of 
 Edinburgh for an improved method of making paper. 
 
 1795. John Bigg, of England, obtained a patent for 
 a simple and effectual process of bleaching rags and 
 other substances suitable for the manufacture of paper. 
 It consisted in using manganese and sea-salt for the 
 bleaching department, and also in the vat. 
 
 1796. A Mr. Bidds undertook the manufacture of 
 paper from the saw-dust of sapwood, suitable for the 
 purposes of printing, somewhere in this country. 
 
 1798. M. Louis Robert of France, a workman in 
 the establishment of M. Didot, at Essone, announced 
 that he had discovered a way to make, with one man, 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 45 
 
 and without fire, by means of machines, sheets of 
 paper of a very large size, even twelve feet wide and 
 fifty feet long. 
 
 1799. The largest paper-mill in France was at Mon- 
 targis, having thirty vats, requiring 1,620,000 pounds 
 of rags, and 135,000 pounds of size. Another at 
 Yougeot had twelve engines and twenty vats. The 
 capacity of a mill in those times was computed by the 
 number of vats it contained, handwork usually requir- 
 ing a vat to each engine. 
 
 1799. The revenue from the excise duty on paper in 
 England amounted to £140,000. The importation of 
 rags from the continent was 7,307,117 pounds. It was 
 estimated that twenty-four million pounds of rags were 
 annually manufactured into paper. 
 
 1799. The first attempt to make paper in an endless 
 web was successfully made in France by M. Robert at 
 the paper-mill of Francois Didot, and a patent was 
 procured for the same this year. 
 
 1800. Sometime during this or the previous year 
 P. De Labigarre, who resided at Upper Red Hook, 
 brought a bag of frog-spittle to the paper-mill at Cats- 
 kill, which was manufactured into a poor kind of 
 paper. Several persons became interested in the 
 experiment, and it was supposed by them to be a 
 great discovery. — Hist. Mag., iii, 90. 
 
 1800. The first paper-mill in Columbia county, New- 
 York, was transformed from a flour-mill on the upper 
 great fall of Stuyvesant falls, by Elisha Pitkin. Its 
 capacity was one vat. 
 
46 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1800. The marquis of Salisbury presented to the 
 king of England a book printed upon paper manu- 
 factured of straw, which treated of the manner in which 
 the ancients employed different materials to perpetuate 
 the remembrance of events before the invention of 
 paper. 
 
 1800. Was printed by Burton, of London, an his- 
 torical account of the substances which have been 
 used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the 
 earliest date to the invention of paper ; printed on the 
 first useful paper manufactured only from straw. 
 
 1800. The duty on paper manufactured in England 
 was £315,802. 
 
 1800. The government of France awarded Louis 
 Robert, the inventor of the paper-machine, 8000 francs, 
 in consideration of the usefulness of his invention, and 
 a patent for fifteen years ; but the troubles in which 
 France was involved caused delay in the necessary 
 experiments, which were both tedious and expensive, 
 and permission was given to carry over the small 
 working model to England, with a view of getting 
 the benefit of British capital and mechanical skill to 
 bring it into an operative state on a large scale. 
 
 1800. A successful experiment was carried out in 
 England by Matthias Koops, by which 700 reams of 
 clean and white paper were turned out weekly from 
 old waste and written and printed paper alone, which 
 had previously been thrown away. 
 
 1800. A paper-mill at Jaroslow, in Russia, with 
 twenty-eight engines and seventy vats, manufactured 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 47 
 
 1100 reams of paper weekly, and consumed 800 tons 
 of rags annually ; there was another of thirteen engines 
 and thirteen vats ; they made paper-hangings princi- 
 pally for Moscow. 
 
 1800. There were upwards of 200 paper-mills in 
 Spain, of which thirty-one were at Alcoi, and it was 
 said that one Francisco Guarro manufactured paper as 
 good as any Dutch. 
 
 1801. M. Seguin, an inventor of some note, obtained 
 a patent in France for the manufacture of paper from 
 straw, hemp, and other vegetables, which he alleged 
 produced an excellent quality of paper when prepared 
 by his process ; but this was so lengthy and expensive 
 that it was not encouraged by paper-makers. 
 
 1801. John Gamble, an Englishman, who had 
 accompanied Leger Didot from Paris with Robert's 
 invention for making an endless web of paper, obtained 
 the first patent in England for that machine. Didot 
 had agreed to pay Robert 25,000 francs for the patent 
 and model. 
 
 1801. There were twenty-six paper-mills in Russia, 
 and notwithstanding the plenty of rags, the exportation 
 of which was prohibited, they imported paper annually 
 to the amount of 220,000 rubles. 
 
 1801. The number of paper-mills in Germany proper 
 was estimated to exceed 500, manufacturing two and 
 a half million pounds of paper annually. But they 
 made principally coarse paper, the finer qualities being 
 imported. 
 
48 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1801. The paper-mill of John Clark of Springfield, 
 IS". J. , was burnt, with a large quantity of paper stock. 
 
 1801. Matthias Koops succeeded in making " the 
 most perfect paper from straw, wood, and other vege- 
 tables, without the addition of any other known paper- 
 stuff." He printed a book on these fabrics, from 
 which many of the facts here given have been gathered. 
 He asserted that paper could be manufactured from 
 any vegetable substance. He seems to have been the 
 first to discover a mode of extracting printing and 
 writing ink from waste paper, and obtained a patent 
 for manufacturing paper from straw, hay, thistles, 
 waste and refuse of hemp and fiax, and different kinds 
 of wood and bark, fit for printing and almost all other 
 purposes for which paper is used. He claimed to have 
 produced the first useful paper that had ever been 
 made from straw alone. 
 
 1801. There were 500 paper-mills in France, not- 
 withstanding the diminution during a great number of 
 years caused by the gradual decrease of export, arising 
 from the activity with which the neighboring countries 
 pursued the manufacture at home. These mills were 
 supposed to consume annually twenty million pounds 
 of rags and coarse paper stuff; and that fourteen 
 million pounds of rags were annually exported, not- 
 withstanding the severe prohibition. 
 
 1801. Robert Bage, an English paper-maker, died. 
 William Hutton, the celebrated bookseller and author 
 at Birmingham, purchased nearly all the paper which 
 Bagc made during forty-five years. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 49 
 
 1801. Mr. David Buel, postmaster at Troy, New 
 York, published the following homily under the head, 
 "Please to save your Rags. The press contributes more 
 to the diffusion of knowledge and information than 
 any other medium ; rags are the primary requisite in 
 the manufacture of paper ; and without paper the 
 newspapers of our country, those cheap, useful and 
 agreeable companions of the citizen and farmer, which 
 in a political and moral view are of the highest national 
 importance, must decline and be extinguished. The 
 paper-mills of the state, could the poor and the opulent, 
 tbe farmer and the mechanic, be persuaded into the 
 laudable frugality of saving rags, would turn out ample 
 supplies of American paper to answer all demands. 
 The people of Massachusetts and Connecticut, with 
 true American zeal, have introduced this exemplary 
 saving into the economy of their houses. The latter, 
 by fair calculation, makes yearly a saving of rags to the 
 actual amount of $50,000. The ladies in several of 
 the large towns, display an elegant work bag, as part 
 of the furniture of their parlors, in which every rag 
 that is used in the paper-mill, is carefully preserved. 
 "Were this example imitated, this state would not be 
 drained of its circulating cash, for paper and other 
 manufactures, which American artists can furnish. 
 The poor by the mere saving of rags, may be enabled 
 to procure paper and books, for schools and family 
 use, or more agreeable articles of dress or consumption. 
 The rich, who regard the interests of their country, 
 will direct their children or domestics to place a bag 
 8 
 
50 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 or box in some convenient place, as a deposit for rags, 
 that none may be lost, by being swept into the street 
 or fire ; the sales of which savings will reward the 
 attention of the faithful servant, and encourage the 
 prosperous habit of prudence and enterprise." 
 
 1802. A patent was secured in England by "W". Plees 
 for a mode of coloring paper pulp, which consisted of 
 mixing with the pulp snuff, bran, hay, or any substance 
 possessing the color which was desired to be imparted 
 to the paper. 
 
 1802. Several patents were granted at this time in 
 England and France, for improvements in the paper 
 machine, most of which were of value, and caused 
 more progression in the art than the substances offered 
 for the production of paper. 
 
 1802. Burgess Allison and John Hawkins obtained 
 a patent for making paper of the husks of Indian corn. 
 
 1802. M. Lozanna offered to the Society of Agricul- 
 ture at Turin, a number of specimens of paper made 
 of the papus of the seratula ervensis, the carduus nutans, 
 and of the bark of the erigerone of Canada. 
 
 1802. The fourteen paper-mills at Alsace in France, 
 which manufactured about 40,000 reams annually, 
 exported about two-thirds thereof to Switzerland and 
 Germany. The manufacturers in Languedoc, Lyons, 
 Guienne, Bretagne, and Poitou, wrought also princi- 
 pally for exportation. 
 
 1803. Mr. Bryan Donkin, after nearly three years 
 of intense application, succeeded in producing a self- 
 acting machine on the plan of M. Robert of France. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 51 
 
 It was to him that Diclot and Gamble, on their arrival 
 in England, entrusted the attempt to construct the 
 novel automaton. It performed in such a manner, as 
 to surprise every body. 
 
 1803. The average yearly import of rags into Great 
 Britain was 3,111 tons for this and the two previous 
 years. 
 
 1803. In the cantons of Bern and Basil were several 
 paper-mills, which manufactured paper so much ad- 
 mired for its strength and whiteness, that it tended to 
 diminish the importation from France. 
 
 1803. The magistrates of a northern town in Eng- 
 land had the following notice painted on boards in 
 large letters, and fixed up in all places of public 
 resort. 
 
 "To the Ladies. — Genteel women, who amuse their 
 idle hours in working, frequently throw scraps of 
 linen and cotton of various kinds into the fire. 
 
 " It is requested most humbly, that every lady will 
 reserve these trifles, and direct their maid servants to 
 sell them, because their so doing will prevent £60,000 
 being annually exported to foreign countries for the 
 importation of old rags to make paper, and which in 
 consequence, will become cheaper." 
 
 1804. About this time "William Baily began the 
 erection of a paper-mill on the river Chateaugay, 
 above the town of that name, in Franklin county, 
 1ST. Y. ; but it was never completed. 
 
 1804. Peignot estimated the quantity of printing 
 paper consumed in Paris annually at 228,000 reams. 
 
52 Paper and Paper-Making, 
 
 1804. The American Company of Booksellers offered 
 a gold medal of the value of fifty dollars for the 
 greatest quantity of paper, of the best quality fit for 
 printing, not less than fifty reams, of other materials 
 than linen, cotton or woolen rags ; and a silver medal of 
 the value of $20, for the greatest quantity of wrapping 
 paper, not less than forty reams, manufactured of other 
 materials than those usually employed for that purpose. 
 
 1804. There was at this time a paper-mill at Bellows 
 Falls, owned by a Mr. Atkinson of New York and a 
 Mr. Casey of Middletown. — Ford's Ms. Journal. 
 
 1804. Messrs. Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, wealthy 
 stationers and paper manufacturers of London, pur- 
 chased the patents of Didot and Gamble in Robert's 
 paper machine. It was by their improvements and 
 extensive manufacture that the invention came to be 
 called the Fourdrinier machine, by which it is still 
 known, on both sides of the Atlantic. Their first 
 experiments were made at Boxmoor, where they 
 erected a machine and pursued their experiments at 
 great expense. 
 
 1804. Mr. Donkin, since so celebrated as a paper- 
 machine maker, put up his second machine at Two 
 Waters, in England, which was completely successful ; 
 and the manufacture of continuous paper became one 
 of the most useful discoveries of the age. 
 
 1805. Mr. Donkin, the builder of the Fourdrinier 
 paper-machine, altered the position of the cylinders, 
 so as to dispense with the use of the upper web, an 
 improvement by which the machine was much simpli- 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 53 
 
 fied (the paper on the web being slightly pressed 
 before passing through the pressing rollers) ; thus an 
 all-important advantage was attained. It was now 
 capable of doing the work of six vats in twelve hours. 1 
 
 1805. It was about this time that the rice-paper of 
 the Chinese, used for artificial flowers, was introduced 
 into England. It was an item of the gossip of the day 
 that the princess Charlotte paid seventy guineas for a 
 bouquet made of this paper, which is not a manufac- 
 tured article, but a vegetable production, cut spirally, 
 and afterwards flattened by pressure. It seems to 
 have come from the island of Formosa originally. 
 
 1806. Francis Guy, of Baltimore, procured a patent 
 for paper carpets, which he claimed were equal to 
 canvas floor cloths, much more beautiful, and above 
 fifty per cent cheaper. 
 
 1806. The patentees of the Fourdrinier machine laid 
 a statement before the public containing a comparative 
 estimate of the expense attending seven vats, and that 
 attending -a machine employed upon paper sized in the 
 engine, performing the same quantity of work as seven 
 vats, at the rate of twelve hours a day. The expense 
 of seven vats per annum was £2,604 : 125. ; a machine 
 doing seven vats' work was £734 : 12s. ; balance saved 
 by the machine per annum, £1,870. The expense of 
 making paper by hand at this time was 16s. per cwt. ; 
 by machine, 3s. 6d. 
 
 1 By the hand process it took three mouths to complete the paper 
 ready for delivery, from the time of receiving the rags into the mill ; 
 by the machine the paper may now be delivered the next day. 
 
54 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1806. The manufacturers at Angoulenie first pro- 
 duced vellum-paper, which had been made in Holland 
 since 1740, and at Annonay since 1781. An exhibi- 
 tion of manufactures was held at Paris, in this year, 
 at which seven Angouleme manufacturers sent their 
 products and obtained prizes. 
 
 1807. The paper-mill of Nathan Benjamin at Catskill 
 was burnt, with a stock valued at $9,000. 
 
 1807. Messrs. Fourdrinier stated before parliament 
 that they had withdrawn from their stationery business 
 the large sum of £60,000 to further the object of their 
 enterprise ; so many difficulties did they encounter, in 
 bringing the machinery to its then comparatively com- 
 plete state, and so little encouragement or support did 
 they receive from the paper manufacturers throughout 
 the kingdom. The prices of their machines were 
 from £715 to £1040. 
 
 1807. Gen. Walter Martin, proprietor of the town- 
 ship of Martinsburg, Lewis county, N. Y., erected a 
 paper-mill, which was run by John Clark & Co. They 
 gave notice that rags would be received at the principal 
 stores in Upper Canada and the Black river country, 
 which (like many of the advertisements of the early 
 paper-makers, both in England and America), was 
 accompanied by a poetic address to the ladies, one 
 stanza of which ran thus : 
 
 " Sweet ladies, pray be not offended, 
 
 Nor mind the jest of sneering wags; 
 No harm, believe us, is intended, 
 
 When humbly we request your rags." 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 55 
 
 1807. The paper-makers on the North Esk, in Scot- 
 land, made 681,000 pounds of paper during this year. 
 See 1863. 
 
 1808. The Sultan Selim III was assassinated, and 
 the printing office and paper manufactory which he 
 had established a few years before, at Scutari, the 
 Asiatic suburb of Constantinople, were destroyed. 
 
 1808. John Gamble, who had superintended the 
 construction and improved the paper-machine in Eng- 
 land, after losing both his time and money-savings 
 during eight years of irksome diligence, assigned over 
 to Messrs. Eourdrinier, the whole right of his share in 
 the patent to which he was entitled under the act of 
 parliament, for improvements. 
 
 1808. Van Veghten & Son, who printed the Western 
 Budget at Schenectady, issued their paper several 
 weeks on a half sheet, alleging that they had posted 
 to all the mills within thirty miles, without being able 
 to procure a full supply, but only the promise of a 
 sufficient quantity within two or three weeks. They 
 took occasion to request the ladies to pack up all their 
 rags, and send them to the office, where they would 
 be paid three cents a pound ready cash. 
 
 1808. S. & A. Hawley & Co. erected a mill at 
 Moreau, near Fort Edward, New York, and their 
 appeal to the ladies for their rags was larded with 
 these forcible and unique blandishments : 
 
 " Save your rags ! This exclamation is particularly 
 addressed to the ladies, both young, old, and middle- 
 aged, throughout the northern part of this state, by 
 
56 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 the subscribers, who have erected a paper-mill in the 
 town of Moreau, near Fort Edward — nor is it thought 
 that this appeal to our fair countrywomen will prove 
 unavailing when they reflect that without their assist- 
 ance they cannot be supplied with the useful article 
 of paper. If the necessary stock is denied paper-mills, 
 young maids must languish in vain for tender epistles 
 from their respective swains ; bachelors may be reduced 
 to the necessity of a personal attendance upon the fair, 
 when a written communication would be an excellent 
 substitute. For clean cotton and linen rags of every 
 color and description, matrons can be furnished with 
 bibles, spectacles and snuff; mothers with grammars, 
 spelling books and primers for their children ; and 
 young misses may be supplied with bonnets, ribbons 
 and ear-rings, for the decoration of their persons 
 (by means of which they may obtain husbands), or 
 by sending them to -the said mill they may receive 
 the cash." 
 
 1808. A paper-mill was built at Watertown, N". Y., 
 by Gurdon Caswell, from Oneida county ; the first 
 paper-mill in the place. It was afterwards (1816) sold 
 to Holbrook and Fessenden, of Brattleborough, Yt. — 
 Hough's Jefferson Co., 282. 
 
 1809. Mr. Dickinson, an English paper-maker of 
 note, invented another method of making endless 
 paper, which competed with the Fourdrinier machine. 
 Instead of the traveling wire-cloth, he conceived the 
 plan of a polished, hollow, brass cylinder, perforated 
 with holes, and covered with wire-cloth, which re- 
 
Paper and Paper-Making-. 57 
 
 volved over and in contact with the prepared pulp, 
 sucking up the water by rarefaction, and leaving the 
 filaments sufficiently strong to be carried by the usual 
 process to completion. 
 
 1809. A paper-mill was erected near the Schoharie 
 bridge, New York, on the Great Western turnpike, by 
 Wood & Reddingtou, and was ready for operation in 
 February. 
 
 1810. M. Didot having failed to fulfill his obligations 
 to Louis Robert, in the purchase of the paper-machine, 
 the latter instituted a suit at law, and recovered his 
 patent. 
 
 1810. The paper-mills in Massachusetts were con- 
 structed for two vats each, and could make, of the 
 various descriptions of paper, from two to three thou- 
 sand reams per annum. Such a mill required a capital 
 of $10,000, and employed twelve or more persons, 
 consisting of men, boys and girls. Collecting rags 
 and making paper gave an employment to not less 
 than 2500 persons at this time. The quantity gathered 
 of rags, old sails, ropes, junk, and other substances 
 of which the various kinds of paper were made, was 
 computed to amount to not less than 3500 tons yearly. 
 
 1810. Thomas estimated the number of paper-mills 
 in the United States at 185 ; of which seven were in 
 New Hampshire, thirty-eight in Massachusetts, four in 
 Rhode Island, seventeen in Connecticut, nine in Ver- 
 mont, twelve in New York, four in Delaware, three in 
 Maryland, four in Virginia, one in South Carolina, six 
 in Kentucky, four in Tennessee, sixty in Pennsylvania ; 
 
58 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 that they manufactured 50,000 reams of paper, averag- 
 ing $3 a ream, and weighing about 500 tons; and 
 70,000 reams of cheap book paper, at $3.50, weighing 
 630 tons; 111,000 reams of writing paper at $3, about 
 650 tons; and 100,000 reams of wrapping at 83 cents; 
 besides paper hangings and a number of other articles 
 sufficient for home consumption. 
 
 1810. The Chevalier Landolina died in Sicily, an 
 antiquarian who maintained that the ancients used the 
 pith of the papyrus for the purpose of making paper ; 
 and supported his opinion by ingenious experiments 
 made with a plant growing near Syracuse in that 
 country, and which corresponds to the description 
 given by the ancients of the papyrus. 
 
 1810. The census returned 28 paper-mills in the 
 state of New York, which manufactured 77,756 reams 
 of paper, the average value of which was $3 a ream. 
 
 1810. The second paper-mill in Columbia county, 
 E". Y., was erected at Stockport, on Kinclerhook creek, 
 by George Chittenden, whose sons still continue its 
 operation. 
 
 1810. The United States began to import rags 
 largely from Europe. Previous to this the materials 
 for paper-making were procured in the country. 
 
 1811. Edward Smith of London theorized on the 
 production of paper from nettles and the threads of 
 worn-out sacks; originating many valuable suggestions 
 relative to the manufacture. 
 
 1812. Gabriel Desetable, of Caen, in France, pre- 
 sented specimens of paper made from straw by means 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 59 
 
 of an instrument said to be so simple that any person 
 who pleased could make paper equal to the most prac- 
 tical workman. 
 
 1812. The number of paper-mills in the United 
 States was computed to be 190. 
 
 1813. Dr. Colquohoun estimated the value of paper 
 annually produced in Great Britain at £2,000,000 ; but 
 Mr. Stevenson, an incomparably better authority upon 
 such subjects, estimated it at about half that sum. 
 
 1813. It was announced that a discovery had been 
 made of a method of preparing paper, on which, by 
 writing with water only, the impression would be as 
 legible and durable as with ink. It soon proved to be 
 unworthy of notice. 
 
 1813. A machine was patented in England for 
 cutting waste paper, &c, into shreds, preparatory to 
 remanufacture. 
 
 1813. The Fourdrinier machine was now so much 
 simplified, that instead of five men formerly employed 
 upon one machine, three were fully sufficient without 
 requiring that degree of attention and skill which were 
 formerly indispensable. 
 
 1814. Bertholet introduced a new mode of bleaching 
 into the paper-mills of France, and important progress 
 was made. 
 
 1814. It was estimated that there were 187 paper- 
 mills in the United States, which manufactured annu- 
 ally 340,000 reams of paper, valued at $820,000. 
 
 1815. The manufacturers of France began to devote 
 their exertions to specialties ; Annonay, Angouleme, 
 
60 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 l'Auvergne, les Vosges, and le Limosin, had each its 
 peculiar style of product. This precluded much com- 
 petition between different centres of production, and 
 enabled each to arrive at greater perfection in its 
 specialty. 
 
 1815. The first paper machine was constructed in 
 France. Although the idea of producing an endless 
 web of paper was first attempted to be carried out in 
 that country sixteen years before (see 1799), strange 
 enough, this was the Fourdrinier machine, invented by 
 Louis Robert, which had been improved in England ; 
 but it was very imperfect when compared with an Eng- 
 lish machine imported about this time into France. 
 
 1816. It was a day's work, at this time, for three men 
 to manufacture four thousand small sheets of paper by 
 the hand process. 
 
 1816. A paper-mill went into operation at Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa., with a steam engine of sixteen-horse power, 
 on the principle of Oliver Evans, which employed 
 forty persons, consuming 10,000 bushels of coal and 
 120,000 pounds of rags per annum ; and manufactured 
 $20,000 worth of paper annually. 
 
 1816. Of a quantity of Bibles printed by the British 
 and Foreign Bible Society, one was found two years 
 later crumbling to dust, although it had not been used, 
 owing to the process used in bleaching the paper at 
 the mill. 
 
 1817. Thomas Amies, a noted paper-maker of Phila- 
 delphia, produced a quantity of paper for the purpose 
 of printing the Declaration of Independence, which was 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 61 
 
 designed to surpass everything that had been attempted 
 in that way in America. The mould and felts were 
 got up expressly for the purpose, the size of the sheet 
 was 26x36 inches, and nothing was used but the finest 
 linen rags. Each ream weighed 140 pounds, and the 
 price was $125. 
 
 1817. Thomas Gilpin & Co., paper-manufacturers at 
 Wilmington, Delaware, put in operation a machine 
 for making paper, at their mill on the Brandywine, 
 which appears by the notices of it to have been a 
 cylinder machine, and an American invention. The 
 first paper printed on the product of this machine, was 
 Poulson's Daily Advertiser. It was stated that it would 
 do the work of ten paper vats, and delivered a sheet 
 of greater width than any other made in. America, 
 and of any length required. — Eminent Philadelphians, 
 411. 
 
 1817. Mr. Heath, an English pasteboard manufac- 
 turer, first introduced high glazing, now universally 
 adopted ; but for many years his process was unknown. 
 
 1817. E. B. Ball, an English paper-maker, obtained 
 a patent for making paper by the combination of new 
 floss silk, flax, hemp, and Russia linen. These sub- 
 stances, under the usual process, were said to produce 
 a white and durable paper. 
 
 1818. Roger Didot, formerly a paper-maker in 
 France, but at this time carrying on the business in 
 England, obtained a patent for certain improvements 
 upon the machine already in use for making wove and 
 laid paper in continuous lengths or separate sheets. 
 
62 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1818. The Prince of Wales Island Gazette was printed 
 on paper which was said to have been made from rice, 
 by which was probably meant rice straw. 
 
 1818. The value of rags gathered in the United 
 States was estimated at $900,000 per annum. 
 
 1818. A bill was brought before congress to increase 
 the duties on certain articles manufactured in America ; 
 among which were, paper for copperplate printing, or 
 writing, 12J cts. a pound, and on all other papers 10 
 cts. a pound. 
 
 1818. The first paper machine at Berlin in Prussia. 
 
 1819. The London Society for the Encouragement 
 of Arts and Manufactures, awarded 30 guineas to 
 Mr. Finsley, for the invention of ivory paper, which 
 was said to possess a surface having many of the 
 properties of ivory, and at the same time the advan- 
 tage of a much greater surface than ivory can possibly 
 furnish. 
 
 1819. The paper-mill of Simonds, Case & Co., in 
 Farmiiigton, near Canandaigua, 1ST. Y., took fire from 
 a kettle of coals placed in the drying room to force the 
 process of drying a lot of paper which had begun to 
 mildew. Loss $5,000. 
 
 1820. Notwithstanding the great benefits derived 
 by the perfection of the Fourdrinier paper machine 
 and the immense quantity of paper produced by these 
 machines, the old and tedious process of drying in 
 lofts was still practiced. 
 
 1820. M. Huygeron, of France, secured a patent 
 for making paper from pure straw. The invention 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 63 
 
 related to a process of fabrication ; however, a white 
 and durable paper was the result of his improvements. 
 
 1820. About this time machinery for the manufac- 
 ture of paper began to be introduced into the United 
 States from England and France; but, being found 
 expensive, was not much encouraged. It is believed 
 to have been first used by Gilpin on the Brandywine. 
 
 1820. Solomon Stimpson, of Putney, Vt., advertised 
 that he had discovered the art of making green paper 
 for writing and printing, the utility of which was " to 
 strengthen and preserve the eye." 
 
 1820. A patent was granted for five years by the 
 government of Denmark, to the inventor of a mode of 
 making paper from seaweed. It was claimed to be 
 whiter and stronger than the paper in common use, 
 and cheaper. 
 
 1820. The paper manufacturers of Baltimore peti- 
 tioned congress for a tariff of 25 per cent on foreign 
 paper. Congress was at this time using English 
 paper, although the Gilpins on the Brandywine, with 
 a capital of half a million, were manufacturing paper 
 which was claimed to be equally as good as the Eng- 
 lish, which they desired to furnish 25 per cent less. 1 
 
 1820. The paper manufactures of the United States 
 were estimated at an annual average of three millions 
 of dollars ; and the cost of materials and labor at two 
 millions ; employed 5000 persons, of which 1700 were 
 
 1 It is said in Allen's Biog. Dictionary that Simeon and Asa Butler, 
 of Suffleld, Ct, manufactured the first letter paper used in the senate 
 of the United States, the product of this country. 
 
64 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 males over 16 years of age, and the rest women and 
 children. 
 
 1820. The paper-makers of Pennsylvania and Dela- 
 ware, petitioning congress for a tariff on paper, say 
 that in their district there were 70 paper-mills with 95 
 vats in operation until the importations after the war, 
 since which they had been reduced to 17 vats. When 
 paper was taxed, the amount paid by a vat was from 
 $200 to $250. That these establishments cost about 
 $500,000, and had employed 950 persons, consuming 
 2600 tons of rags, and producing paper to the amount 
 of $800,000 annually. 
 
 1821. M. Janbeaurt, an inventor, of Marseilles, 
 obtained a patent in France for the production of 
 paper from beaten hemp and liquorice wood, which 
 were reduced to a pulp and prepared for paper in the 
 usual manner. 
 
 1821. A very useful improvement was added to the 
 paper machine by T. B. Crompton, of England, who 
 obtained a patent for drying and finishing paper by 
 means of a cloth against heated cylinders, and the 
 application of a pair of shears to cut the paper off" 
 into suitable lengths, as it issued from the machine or 
 rollers. The paper was much better finished and cut 
 than had been found possible until this improvement. 
 
 1821. A paper-mill containing two vats, was de- 
 stroyed by fire at Esperance, Schoharie county, 1ST. Y., 
 owned by Henry W. Starin. 
 
 1822. A flood of unprecedented violence in the 
 Brandywine carried away the extensive paper-mill of 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 65 
 
 the Messrs. Gilpin, although the building in which 
 their costly machinery was placed, had been erected, 
 it was thought, beyond all possibility of danger from 
 such a cause, and had been guarded by every precau- 
 tion which anxiety and mechanical skill could suggest. 
 The flood rose to the top of the building. For two 
 days the whirling torrent swept along with fearful 
 turbulence, and when the water at length subsided, 
 the edifice itself was a mass of ruins. Buried beneath 
 these, the fragments of machinery, broken into shape- 
 less parts, could hardly be recognized, and the costly 
 portions, framed with necessary delicacy and minute- 
 ness, had totally disappeared. The labor of years and 
 the expenditure of thousands of dollars had vanished 
 in a moment. Advanced in years, Mr. Gilpin looked 
 upon the wreck of his exertions and the injury to his 
 fortune, with a certainty that he could not hope to 
 replace what he had so suddenly lost. — Eminent Phila- 
 delphians, p. 411. 
 
 1822. The Philadelphia publishers consumed 30,000 
 reams of paper in printing Rees's Cyclopedia. It was 
 the largest work in the English language. 
 
 1822. The paper-makers united with the printers 
 
 and booksellers in memorializing congress not to 
 
 reduce the duty on imported books, stating that the 
 
 cash value of books manufactured in this country was 
 
 considerably more than a million of dollars annually 
 
 (every article used in which was manufactured here), 
 
 and a very important item, rags, of no value whatever, 
 
 except for this purpose. 
 10 
 
66 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1822. An extensive paper-mill on Bronx river, New 
 York, owned by David Lydig, was destroyed by fire, 
 with all tbe machinery and a large quantity of paper 
 stock. It was insured for $32,000. 
 
 1823. A roll of papyrus measuring eleven inches in 
 length and five in circumference was discovered in the 
 island of Elephanta, in the East Indies. It contained 
 a portion of the I Iliad written in large capitals, such as 
 were in use during the time of the Ptolemies and 
 under the earlier Roman emperors. 
 
 1823. It was complained by the newspapers that 
 congress was using paper with a French water-mark, 
 " Napoleon empereur et roi, 1813." 
 
 1823. There were 192 paper-merchants in France. 
 
 1823. France possessed only one manufactory of the 
 papier continue, that of M. Canson, at Annonay, who had 
 one of the Fourdrinier machines, made in England. 
 
 1823. A manufactory of straw paper was established 
 at Okainon, near Warsaw, by Asile Henrick, who 
 proposed to make paper suitable for roofing, which 
 should be fire and water proof. The finer qualities 
 were expected to diminish the cost of paper. — Revue 
 Bib. du Pays Bas, ii, 224. 
 
 1823. The paper-makers of England were in the 
 practice of using sulphate of lime and gypsum in the 
 manufacture of paper to give it weight, to the extent 
 of 12 per cent. This is the first complaint of the kind 
 heard of. — Hansard, 232. 
 
 1823. A paper-mill was erected in England for the 
 purpose of manufacturing paper from old sacks, ropes, 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 67 
 
 &c. The paper produced was used only for wrapping 
 purposes. 
 
 1824. M. Laferet, of France, obtained a patent for 
 making paper of beaten hemp, macerated in water. The 
 Japanese macerate the same substance in lime-water. 
 
 1824. J. McG-uaran patented in England a mode 
 of producing paper from hop-vines, which was of a 
 dusky-brown color, and employed for wrapping. The 
 vines were immersed in water, by which the rind was 
 separated from the woody portion, when it was cut in 
 small pieces and sent to the engine. 
 
 1824. A. Nesbit procured a patent in England for a 
 mode of producing paper from moss, which afforded a 
 pulp suitable for the manufacture of coarse paper. 
 
 1824. A beautiful paper was produced by the Japan- 
 ese at this time from the mulberry tree, which was 
 also of an excellent quality. It was prepared for 
 manufacture in the usual manner. 
 
 1824. Louis Lambert, a Frenchman, took out a 
 patent in England for certain improvements in the 
 material and manufacture of paper. They consisted 
 in reducing straw to pulp and extracting the coloring 
 and other deleterious matter, so that it could be intro- 
 duced into the ordinary rag engine, and employed in 
 making paper. 
 
 1824. The Sieur Brepols, manufacturer of colored 
 paper at Turnhout, in Belgium, produced in great 
 perfection a style of paper which was termed veau 
 vacine at from 80 to 100 francs per ream of grand raisin 
 size. Rev. Bib. du Pays Bas, iii, 128. 
 
68 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1825. William Yan Houten, a Hollander, had a 
 patent taken out in England, for a mode of manufac- 
 turing moss into paper and felt. He had patented 
 the same in France a year earlier. 
 
 1825. One of the paper-mills belonging to Messrs. 
 T. & J. Gilpin, on the Branclywine, was destroyed by 
 fire. 
 
 1825. Messrs. D. & J. Ames, Springfield, Mass., were 
 said to have the most extensive paper manufactory in 
 the United States ; employing 12 engines, and more 
 than 100 females, besides the requisite number of males. 
 
 1825. Specimens of brown wrapping and bleached 
 and unbleached writing papers were exhibited in 
 Boston, which were manufactured in England from 
 pine shavings. The fabric was said to be firmer than 
 that of any paper manufactured from the ordinary 
 materials. 
 
 1826. A letter from Paris states that " There is 
 much talk here about a new sort of paper, made of 
 hemp stock, which is to be so cheap that a handsome 
 octavo volume of 420 pages, manufactured of it, may 
 be sold for about Is. 2^d. sterling. 
 
 1826. About this time a Mr. Sharp took out a patent 
 in England for a mode of manufacturing paper of pine 
 shavings. He had a mill at Hampshire. 
 
 1826. M. Canson, of France, applied to the Four- 
 drinier machine the principle of Mr. Dickinson, of 
 England, of rarefying the air below the surface of 
 the web (see 1809), by means of suction pumps ; an 
 improvement which he kept secret for six years. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 69 
 
 1826. M. Firnrin Didot introduced into his mill at 
 Mesnil, the drying process invented by Mr. Crompton, 
 of England, which was the first employment of it in 
 France. 
 
 1826. The first machine for making paper that was 
 put up in Denmark, was huilt this year by Messrs. 
 Donkin, of England. The first paper-mill in that 
 country had been established at Fredericksburg by 
 order of Christian III. 
 
 1826. There were 80 printing offices in the city of 
 Paris besides the government establishment, which 
 consumed 280,800 reams of paper annually. 
 
 1827. Messrs. Canson Brothers, paper-makers of 
 Annonay, in France, obtained a patent for a method 
 of sizing paper. With respect to sizing machine- 
 made paper, it is well known that sizing in the vat 
 offers many advantages ; but as a gelatine can not be 
 employed without injury to the felt during the process 
 of manufacturing paper, substitutes for gelatine were 
 desirable. The base used by M. Canson was wax. 
 M. Delcambre in the same year made another, the 
 base of which was rosin. 
 
 1827. A three story brick building, occupied as a 
 store house for paper and rags at the South TIadley 
 canal, on the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts, was 
 accidentally burnt, 24th July, with most of its con- 
 tents ; damage upwards of $6,000. 
 
 1827. Mr. Obry conceived a plan of using alum and 
 rosin previously dissolved in soda, and combining it 
 with potato starch, for the purpose of sizing paper in 
 
70 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 the vat, which is the method now generally followed 
 in France for writing and printing papers. 
 
 1827. MM. Firmin Didot Brothers and Lefevre 
 established the first paper machine, under a patent of 
 importation, in Sicily. 
 
 1827. White & G-ale, of Vermont, obtained a patent 
 for a mode of finishing paper. 
 
 1827. Louis Pierre Poisson, of Paris, obtained a 
 patent in France, for a process of making paper of 
 liquorice root and paste-board scraps ; which were 
 mixed together, macerated, and converted into paper 
 in the usual manner. 
 
 1827. Pierre Balilliat, of Macon, in France, obtained 
 a patent for a chemical substance to substitute for linen 
 rags in the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1827. A patent was granted to the Count de la 
 Garde, in England, for a method of making paper 
 of various descriptions, from the bullen or ligneous 
 parts obtained from certain textile plants, which were 
 prepared by a rural mechanical brake ; which sub- 
 stances were to be used alone in making paper, or 
 mixed with other suitable articles, such as refuse paper 
 and rags. 
 
 1827. Benjamin Devaux, of Paris, obtained a patent 
 for a mode of making paper and pasteboard of hemp. 
 
 1827. The paper-mill of E. Peck & Co., of Rochester, 
 N. Y., was destroyed by fire, with a quantity of paper 
 and rags, Dec. 21 : loss about $6,000, half insured. 
 
 1827. William Van Houten made experiments with 
 moss, and succeeded in producing paper from it. He 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 71 
 
 had taken out patents in England and France two 
 years before. (See 1825.) 
 
 1827. There were but four paper machines in France, 
 although they had now been used in England about 
 twenty-five years. 
 
 1827. William Magaw, of Meadville, Pa., obtained 
 a patent for a mode of preparing hay, straw, or other 
 vegetable substances, in the manufacture of paper ; 
 which was represented as being of a yellow color, 
 but even and strong, and receiving the ink as well as 
 common writing paper. 
 
 1828. Paper was made at Chambersburg, Pa., from 
 straw and blue grass, according to a patent obtained 
 by William Magaw. The paper was said to be firm 
 and strong, and that machinery was being constructed 
 sufficient to make 300 reams a day. 
 
 1828. It was estimated that the newspapers printed 
 in !STew York consumed 15,000 reams of paper a year, 
 worth from four to five dollars a ream. And that 
 the newspapers in the whole United States required 
 104,400 reams, the cost of which was $500,000. 
 
 1828. James Palmer, an English paper manufacturer, 
 obtained a patent for the invention of certain improve- 
 ments in the moulds, or other apparatus for making 
 paper. 
 
 1828. George Dickinson, an English paper manufac- 
 turer, obtained a patent for improvements in paper- 
 making machinery, which came into extensive use. 
 The lateral shaking motion of the wire-web in the 
 Fourdrinier machine, as originally made, was injurious 
 
72 Paper and Paper-Marino. 
 
 to the fabric of the paper, by bringing its fibres more 
 closely together breadthwise than lengthwise, thus 
 tending to produce long ribs or thick streaks in its 
 substance. This he proposed to obviate by giving a 
 rapid up and down movement to the traveling web of 
 pulp. A similar contrivance was introduced by Mr. 
 Donkin, in which the vibrations were actuated in a 
 much more mechanical way. 
 
 1828. Elisha Hayden Collier, of Plymouth county, 
 Mass., obtained a patent for the invention of a mode 
 of manufacturing paper from a marine production, 
 called ulva marina. 
 
 1828. Moses Y. Beach, of Springfield, Mass., after- 
 wards publisher of The Sun newspaper in New York, 
 invented a machine for cutting rags in the manufacture 
 of paper, for which he obtained a patent. 
 
 1828. Victor Odent, of Courtalin, in France, ob- 
 tained a patent for a machine to manufacture paper 
 with economy and ease. 
 
 1828. Prof. Cowper, of England, obtained a patent 
 for a paper cutting machine. As other machines 
 were introduced, his ingenious arrangement ceased to 
 be used except as a model for others to improve upon. 
 
 1828. Richard Waterman and George W. Annis, of 
 Providence, R. L, obtained a patent for a mode of 
 making double paper. It consisted in bringing a sheet 
 previously formed in contact with the stuff on the felt, 
 and passing both between the press rollers. They 
 claimed that any number of thicknesses might be 
 treated in that way successfully. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 73 
 
 1828. T. B. Crompton and Enoch Miller obtained a 
 patent for cutting the endless web of paper lengthwise, 
 by revolving circular blades, fixed upon a roller parallel 
 to a cylinder, round which the paper was lapped, and 
 progressively unwound. , 
 
 1828. This 21st November, says Cobbett, I have not 
 only received a parcel of paper made of the husks of 
 my corn, but have sent it to have printed on it the title 
 page of this very book. He alludes to his Treatise on 
 Corn, an unique work on this account. 
 
 1828. April 16. The paper-mill of Goss & Reed, at 
 Montpelier, Vt., took fire while the workmen were at 
 breakfast, and was damaged to the extent of about 
 $3,000 : partly insured. 
 
 1828. A paper-mill was erected at Camden, Maine, 
 by Ebenezer Barrett and John Swann, at a cost of 
 $5,000. They manufactured $40 worth of paper a day. 
 It was burnt in 1841. 
 
 1828. Cyprian Prosper Brard, of Frejus, in France, 
 obtained a patent for a mode of making paper from 
 decayed wood, which was converted into pulp, and 
 mixed with old waste paper. 
 
 1828. Mason Hunting, of "Watertown, Mass., ob- 
 tained a patent for an improved top-press roller, by 
 means of which paper of any thickness might be made 
 by a single and simple operation. 
 
 1828. A mode of sizing, glazing and beautifying 
 paper was patented in England, which consisted of 
 the use of a fluid compound of alkalies dissolved in 
 water with beeswax and alum. 
 11 
 
74 Paper and Papeb-Making. 
 
 1828. A patent was taken out in France by Berna- 
 dotte and others, for a mode of making paper of animal 
 substances, called aporentype. 
 
 1828. Marsden Haddock, of New York, obtained a 
 patent for a machine to manufacture paper in the 
 sheet by the dipping process. It seems to have been a 
 mode of dipping faster than by the old hand process. 
 
 1829. William Debit, of East Hartford, Ct., obtained 
 a patent for a machine for cleansing rags and preparing 
 them for use in the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1829. Feb. A paper-mil] at Milton, Vt., owned by 
 Ayers, and occupied by Wellington & Hunting, was 
 totally consumed by fire at night. The loss was com- 
 puted at $5,000, on which there was an insurance of 
 $2,800. 
 
 1829. John Dickinson, an English paper manufac- 
 turer, obtained a patent for a new improvement in the 
 method of manufacturing paper by machinery, and 
 also a new method of cutting paper and other materials 
 into single sheets or pieces by means of machinery. 
 He also announced an improvement in the manufacture 
 of paper, which consisted of introducing cotton, flaxen, 
 or silken thread, web, or lace, into the paper, in such 
 a way as to form the inner part. 
 
 1829. John W. Cooper, of Washington township, 
 obtained a patent for an improvement in the art of 
 making white paper from rags of cotton, linen or 
 silk, be their colors ever so various, and of extract- 
 ing from all kinds of rags all kinds of mineral colors, 
 &c, &c. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 75 
 
 1829. Rondeaux & Henn patented in France a pro- 
 cess of making paper from leather cuttings, mixed 
 with refuse paper. (See 1790.) 
 
 1829. Messrs. Sprague, paper-makers at Fredonia, 
 New York, obtained a patent for a mode of making 
 paper from husks of Indian corn. Their process was, 
 to 128 gallons of water, put 10 quarts of good lime, or 
 6 pounds of good alkalies, and 110 pounds of clean 
 corn husks or flag leaves ; heat over a moderate fire 
 two hours, when they will be ready for the engine. 
 
 1829. Louis Bomeisler, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
 patent for making from straw, white and handsome 
 writing paper. From 120 pounds of straw, after the 
 knobs were cut off, he claimed that he could produce 
 100 pounds of pulp, which would make fine, white and 
 handsome writing paper, not before known or used. 
 
 1829. Isaac Saunderson, of Milton, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for improvements in the cylinder machine, 
 which obviated the defect of cylinder-made paper, the 
 inequality of its strength when tried lengthwise and 
 across, in consequence of the greater number of fibres 
 running in one direction than the other, and a conse- 
 quent want of that perfect interlocking which takes 
 place upon mould-made paper. To effect this im- 
 provement he introduced a horizontal whirl-wheel, 
 and sheet-forming rollers, by which he was enabled to 
 manufacture press papers, pasteboard, and bandbox 
 paper. 
 
 1829. Reuben Fairchild, of Trumbull, Ct., obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in the mode of manufac- 
 
76 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 taring paper, the object of which was to obviate the 
 defect in the paper made upon cylinder machines, in 
 its being easily torn in one direction, in consequence 
 of the fibres being mostly arranged longitudinally 
 with the length of the sheet. The improvement 
 was effected by what was called an agitator, a semi- 
 cylindrical cradle of metal lying in the vat, and 
 vibrating in the direction of the length of the cylinder. 
 Culver & Cole, of Massachusetts, applied at the same 
 time for a patent for a machine identical in principle 
 with the above, but afterwards arranged a mutual 
 ownership. 
 
 1829. The excise duty on paper in England amounted 
 to £728,000. 
 
 1829. M. Julien obtained a patent in France for a 
 mode of manufacturing paper from hay ; also for a 
 process of coloring paper. 
 
 1829. Paper was obtained from the maguey in 
 Mexico, equal to that made of rags ; and congress 
 passed a law prohibiting the government from using 
 any other paper. 
 
 1829. Quirini obtained a patent in France for the 
 production of paper from straw and refuse pasteboard. 
 
 1829. The paper-makers of Turin, during this and 
 the previous year, produced various qualities of paper 
 from willow twigs, poplar, &c, which were extensively 
 used. Schaffers had made the same experiment more 
 than sixty years earlier. (See 1765, 1772.) 
 
 1829. The French paper-makers sought for the 
 Fourdrinier paper machine in England alone, and a 
 
Papee and Paper-Making. 77 
 
 French author makes the following painful acknow- 
 ledgment for his countrymen: "La construction de 
 ces machines, qui n'ofire pourtant rien de difficile, est 
 restee jusq'a ce jour exclusivement dans les mains des 
 Anglaise." 
 
 1829. It is stated that a French paper machine was 
 introduced into "Windham, Conn., which is now used 
 in the best mills in that state. 
 
 1829. Thomas Cobb, of England, obtained a patent 
 for a mode of manufacturing tinted paper and emboss- 
 ing during the process of ' making, by pressing the 
 pulp between rollers or plates, engraved with suitable 
 devices. He claimed to have invented a mode of 
 producing an embossed surface, giving a beautiful 
 effect to papers colored in the pulp, and not stained 
 after the paper is made, as usual with paper-hangings; 
 and by which also silks, velvets, or other colored goods 
 could be put upon the surface of paper, and when 
 embossed produced a rich and beautiful appearance. 
 
 1829. There were about 60 paper-mills in Massa- 
 chusetts, six of which had machines. They were all 
 supposed to consume about 1,700 tons of rags, &c, and 
 produced about $700,000 worth of paper in a year. 
 
 1829. M. Montgolfier introduced a new fabric called 
 papier linge, for table-cloths and hangings, which was 
 said to be as soft to the touch as the finest Silesian 
 linen, but sold at Lyons for the price of mere paper. 
 They were made in imitation of silk, or stamped with 
 the most graceful arabesques, and sold at four and five 
 sous the French yard. 
 
78 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1829. Straw paper was used for packing Niks' s Weekly 
 Register, which circulated to the remotest parts of the 
 country, and was regarded as the best paper then made 
 for that purpose, and was cheap. It was manufactured 
 at Chambersburgh, Pa., at less than $2 a ream, imperial 
 size, and was machine-made. 
 
 1829. It was estimated that the quantity of paper 
 manufactured in the United States amounted to nearly 
 seven millions of dollars, and employed more than ten 
 thousand persons. The quantity of rags and paper- 
 stock saved annually was computed to be two millions 
 of dollars in value. 
 
 1830. A French writer slates that at this time the 
 English introduced a mode of sizing their paper, which 
 gave it a great advantage, over the French ; that the 
 house of Lacroix, however, soon acquired the process, 
 which was in vogue as long as the manufacture by 
 hand was continued. It was about this time that the 
 struggle began in competition with machinery, and the 
 victory of the latter was not decided until some years, 
 to such perfection had the hand process attained. The 
 French seem to have introduced sizing before this 
 time. (See 1827). ' 
 
 1830. M. Brand, a French officer, made successful 
 experiments in producing coarse paper from the pine 
 tree, an account of which was published in the Courier 
 Francaise of Nov. 27, 1830, issued in JSTew York city. 
 
 1830. At Whitehall mill, in Derbyshire, England, 
 a sheet of paper was manufactured which measured 
 13,800 feet in length, and 4 feet in breadth. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 79 
 
 1830. At the custom house in London, a duty of 
 £2,200 was levied on rags ; £1,400 on superior kinds 
 of papers for artists; and £701,000 upon paper. 
 
 1830. "Wooster & Holmes of Meadville, Pa., obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in the mode of making 
 paper from wood, by which one hundred pounds of 
 wood should be productive of from five to seven reams 
 of paper, according to their estimates. 
 
 1830. Joseph E. Holmes and Lewis "Wooster, of 
 Ohio, manufactured paper of the lime and aspen, upon 
 which an edition of the Crawford Messenger was printed. 
 They also made wrapping paper and bookboard of 
 superior quality. They had a process of reducing 
 wood to shavings with great rapidity. But Magaw, 
 who had obtained a patent for making paper of " straw 
 and other vegetable substances," claimed that their 
 use of alkalies was an infringement of his patent, and 
 the process was abandoned. 
 
 1830. Richard Ibotson, of England, invented an 
 apparatus for separating the knots from paper-stuff, 
 which the sieves or strainers in use were inadequate to 
 do effectually. It superseded the operation of picking 
 the lumps from paper after it was made, which caused 
 much damaged paper, and freed it from imperfections 
 that caused serious damage to types and wood cuts. 
 
 1830. About this time Messrs. Phelps and Spafford, of 
 Connecticut, succeeded in constructing paper machines 
 which did good execution. 
 
 1830. Ephraim F. and Thomas Blank, of the city of 
 New York, obtained a patent for a composition called 
 
80 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 leather paper. The art consisted of making paper 
 from the refuse shavings or parings of leather, adapted 
 to sheathing vessels. The process was the same as 
 with rags. 
 
 1830. S. Aimes's paper-mills near Philadelphia, were 
 destroyed by fire (May 10). 
 
 1830. Mr. Sanderson, owner of a mill at Milton, 
 Mass., manufactured binders' boards from three differ- 
 ent kinds of salt grass, which grew in abundance near 
 his mill ; for which he obtained a patent. 
 
 1830. John Hall obtained a patent in England 
 for a modification of Dickinson's cylinder-mould con- 
 tinuous paper machine, communicated to him by a 
 foreigner. The leading feature of the invention 
 was a mode of supplying the vat in which the wire 
 cylinder is immersed, with a copious flow of water, 
 for the purpose of creating a considerable pressure 
 upon the external surface of the cylinder, and thereby 
 causing the fibres of the paper-pulp to adhere to 
 the mould. 
 
 1830. John Wilks, an English machinist, improved 
 the Fourdrinier machine by adding a perforated roller 
 to facilitate the escape of the water from the pulp-web, 
 previously to its being subjected to the pressing rollers, 
 which was denominated a dandy. 
 
 1830. John Dickinson, of England, patented a mode 
 of making paper in two layers or strata, which were 
 brought together on the second cylinder, and formed 
 into a single substance, a mode chiefly advantageous 
 in producing thick paper. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 81 
 
 1830. A patent was granted to Thomas & Wood- 
 cock, of Brattleborough, Vt., for an improvement in 
 the manufacture of paper by means of a machine 
 called a pulp-dresser. 
 
 1830. Thomas Gilpin, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the mode of finishing 
 paper, which consisted of calenders, or cylinders 
 between which the paper passed to give it a polished 
 surface. 
 
 1830. Thomas Barratt, an English paper-maker, 
 obtained a patent for inserting the water-mark and 
 maker's name to continuous paper, so as to resemble 
 in every respect paper made by hand. It is to this 
 ingenious man that we are indebted for the improved 
 means of finishing paper, owing to the perfection he 
 attained in making cast iron rollers truer than was 
 possible by the old mode of turning them in a lathe. 
 This consisted in grinding the rollers together, allowing 
 merely a small stream of water to flow over them, 
 without emery or any other grinding material ; and 
 by continuing the operation for many weeks, true 
 cylinders were obtained. This is the mode now adopted 
 in finishing rollers for all purposes requiring great 
 accuracy. 
 
 1831. Jean Jaques Jaquier obtained a patent for 
 making continuous paper with wire marks, similar to 
 the laid papers usually made by hand ; to which the 
 preference was still given for their greater strength 
 and peculiar appearance. 
 
 12 
 
82 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1831. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., patented 
 an improvement in making pasteboard or other paper 
 intended for sheathing. 
 
 1831. The Annsville paper-mill, owned by Gen. 
 Pierre Van Cortlandt, of Westchester Co., N. Y., and 
 occupied by Mr. Ritter, was destroyed by fire on the 
 15th March, with a loss of $3,000, and no insurance. 
 
 1831. May 10. The steam paper-mill at Cleveland, 
 Ohio, occupied by J. Kellogg, was destroyed by fire. 
 The loss was estimated at $7,000 ; no insurance. 
 
 1831. The Franklin Repository, printed at Chambers- 
 burgh, Pa., announced that there was being erected in 
 that borough, a mill-house 150 feet long by 50 wide, 
 and three stories high, in which it was contemplated 
 to place eight machines, for the manufacture of straw 
 paper, to go into operation the following spring. 
 
 1831. Edward Pine, of Troy, patented a machine 
 for cutting paper made by cylinder machines, while it 
 was wet. 
 
 1831. George Carvil, of Manchester, Ct., obtained 
 a patent for a mode of cleaning rags. His apparatus 
 was a common screen, with or without pins and knives, 
 having wings composed of thin pieces of wood or 
 metal, affixed upon its outside, extending from end to 
 end, in order to create a wind by their motion. 
 
 1831. An impetus was now given to the manufacture 
 of paper in the United States, by the recent introduc- 
 tion of machinery, and changes in the mode of manu- 
 facture, as well as the materials used. Old junk, 
 rope, hemp, tow, bagging, raw cotton, cotton waste, 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 83 
 
 colored and filthy rags, and other material which had 
 previously only been used in the making of coarser 
 papers, were gradually brought into use for the finest 
 grades, by the introduction of chlorine and other 
 means of cleansing and bleaching, until they had risen 
 300 per cent in value. 
 
 1831. E. N". Fourdrinier invented a very ingenious 
 apparatus for cutting the web of paper transversely 
 into any desired lengths, which performed its duty well. 
 
 1831. Mr. Turner, an English paper-maker, obtained 
 a patent for a peculiar strainer, designed to arrest the 
 lumps mixed with the finer paper-pulp, whereby he 
 could dispense with the usual vat and hog in which the 
 pulp is agitated immediately before it is floated upon 
 the endless wire web of the Fourdrinier apparatus. 
 It could also be applied advantageously to hand paper 
 machines. 
 
 1831. The chiffonniers, or rag collectors of Paris, rose 
 against the police because it was ordered in certain 
 municipal regulations, that the filth of the streets should 
 be taken away in carts, without time being allowed for 
 its examination by those diligent savers of capital. 
 
 1831. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., introduced 
 a wire cloth cylinder for carrying off the dirt and filth 
 which is beaten from the rags in the engine, as a sub- 
 stitute for the screens or washers then in use. 
 
 1831. There were about 600 persons engaged in the 
 manufacture of paper in Ireland. 
 
 1832. James Sawyer, of Newbury, Vt., took out a 
 patent for a machine for cleansing paper, called the 
 
84 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 piston pulp-strainer, which differed in its mode of 
 action from that of Thomas L. "Woodcock. 
 
 1832. Francis Goucher, of Pennsylvania, made an 
 improvement in the machinery for washing pulp, for 
 which he took out a patent. 
 
 1832. April 14. The paper manufactory of Taft, in 
 Dedham, Mass., was burnt. 
 
 1832. Samuel Foster, of Brattleborough, Vt., intro- 
 duced a machine for cleaning and dusting rags. 
 
 1832. Nearly 12,000 quintals of paper were im- 
 ported into Germany to supply the deficiency of its 
 manufacture. 
 
 1832. Thomas French, of Ithaca, patented a filtering 
 machine, which was designed to supersede the pulp- 
 dresser. 
 
 1832. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the mode of sizing paper 
 by machinery, and for a pulp-dresser. 
 
 1832. M. Goumar received a medal of 200 francs 
 value for a mode of neutralizing the acid in paper 
 used for lithographic work. He simply passed it 
 through lime water. 
 
 1832. The excise duty on paper in England had in- 
 creased nearly £100,000 in three years, being £815,000. 
 
 1832. It was said by the ISTew York Journal of Com- 
 merce, that the improvements of paper machinery had 
 been so great in five years, that though they used a 
 sheet a quarter larger, it cost them a quarter less money. 
 
 1832. Henry Brewer, of England, modified the 
 parallel rod-strainer of Mr. Ibotson, by constructing 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 85 
 
 square boxes with gridiron bottoms, giving a powerful 
 up-and-down vibration in the pulp-tub, by levers, 
 rotary shafts and cranks. 
 
 1832. Joseph Amies, an English paper-maker, im- 
 proved the paper machine by a peculiar mode of 
 constructing the bottom of a strainer or sieve for 
 arresting the knots and lumps in pulp. 
 
 1832. Jarvis & French, of Tompkins county, 1ST. Y., 
 invented a mode of pressing paper by passing it between 
 two hollow metallic rollers, which was used at the 
 Falls Creek mill at Ithaca, by which the quality of the 
 paper was improved and much labor saved. 
 
 1832. The manufacture of paper in the United States 
 was estimated at $7,000,000 per annum, of which 
 $3,500,000 was paid for rags, and $1,200,000 for labor. 
 The price of paper had declined from 20 to 25 per 
 cent, while the quality had advanced in about the 
 same ratio. 
 
 1832. Coleman Sellers, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
 patent for a pulp-dresser, for separating knobs and all 
 gross articles from pulp. 
 
 1832. Mr. Towgood, of England, patented a paper- 
 cutting machine, which dispensed with the reel and 
 cut the paper as it came from the steam cylinders. 
 
 1832. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for paper designed for covering buildings. 
 He mixed finely ground coal and sulphur in the pulp, 
 and added salt and lime to render it less combustible. 
 
 1832. Samuel E. Foster, of Brattleborough, Vt., 
 patented a mode of cleansing paper-makers' felts. 
 
86 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 They were passed over a perforated roller filled with 
 water or steam. 
 
 1832. The paper-mill erected at Martinsburgh, 1ST. Y. 
 (see 1807), fell into ruin. It manufactured writing, 
 wrapping and wall paper by the hand process, having 
 no machinery but an engine for grinding. 
 
 1832. The first machinery for making paper, in 
 Jefferson county, N". Y., was introduced this year by 
 Knowlton & Rice, at Watertown, where they had 
 commenced paper-making about eight years before. 
 Their mills were repeatedly burned. 
 
 1832. The paper made in the state of Connecticut 
 was valued at $564,000, much of which was consumed 
 in Hartford, then noted for its manufacture of books, 
 in which it was surpassed only by Boston, E"ew York 
 and Philadelphia. 
 
 1833. Henry Davy, of England, patented a rag- 
 cutting and lacerating machine, the invention of a 
 foreigner, which consisted of an endless feeding cloth, 
 which conducted the rough rags to a pair of feed rollers, 
 on passing through which they were subjected to the 
 operation of rotatory cutters ; thence passed down an 
 inclined sieve, upon which they were agitated to sepa- 
 rate the dust. 
 
 1833. Feb. The paper-mill of Wiswall & Flagg in 
 Exeter, 1ST. H., was destroyed by fire with all its con- 
 tents. The loss was estimated at more than $12,000, 
 of which only $4,000 was insured. 
 
 1833. M. Tripot, of France, patented a process of 
 manufacturing paper from seaweeds. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 87 
 
 1833. A dinner was given by a Dublin printer to a 
 large number of persons who had exerted themselves 
 for the preservation of his premises from fire on a 
 previous occasion, when the table was covered by a 
 sheet of paper 125 feet long and 5 feet wide. 
 
 1833. 'Nov. 2. The paper-mill of Messrs. Laflin in 
 Lee, Mass., was destroyed by fire, and $20,000 loss 
 sustained. 
 
 1833. Paper was exported from France during this 
 year to the amount of 5,323,261 francs in value ; or, 
 more than one million dollars. 
 
 1833. Howland & Griswold patented a mode of 
 applying the shearings or flocks of cloth, taken from 
 the same m the manufacture thereof, for the purpose of 
 covering the surfaces of paper, muslin, linen, leather 
 and wood, for useful and ornamental purposes. 
 
 1833. Sydney A. Sweet, of Tyringham, Mass., 
 invented a pulp-sifter, which was simply a sieve with 
 a slight modification of similar machines. 
 
 1833. The Penny Magazine of the Society for the 
 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, in London, consumed 
 14,000 reams of paper a year. This required the 
 constant working of two machines through the year. 
 At the same time a paper-mill with one machine was 
 held to carry on a notable business, requiring the labor 
 of forty workmen. 
 
 1833. Edmund Blake, of Alstead, K IL, invented 
 an apparatus for sizing paper in the sheet, without 
 handling it in the usual manner, thereby preventing 
 the liability to tear, and facilitating the operation by 
 
88 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 sizing a much larger portion at once than could be 
 done in the way ordinarily pursued. 
 
 1834. Of an edition of 30,000 copies of a book 
 published in England in 1818, it was said that not a 
 perfect copy existed ; all of them having fallen to 
 pieces owing to the process of excessive bleaching 
 with chlorine, in manufacturing the paper. 
 
 1834. The quantity of paper annually manufactured 
 in Great Britain during the five years ending with 
 1834, was 70,988,131 pounds. 
 
 1834. Clark Rice, of Watertown, N. Y., made an 
 improvement in the washers for paper engines, which 
 consisted in the peculiar manner in which the vellum 
 or wire cloth is kept free from rags or pulp, in the 
 various stages of washing, and in which the egress of 
 water is accomplished. 
 
 1834. A French inventor patented a mode of pro- 
 ducing paper from the leaves of trees and the ligaments 
 of asparagus. It was of no utility whatever. 
 
 1834. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., invented 
 an apparatus for cutting machine-paper into sheets of 
 any required length, as it comes from the drying 
 cylinders. He at the same time patented machinery 
 for cutting or trimming paper in the ream, which was 
 said to have been an old and well known contrivance. 
 
 1834. Writing paper was introduced in England, 
 which, by means of a chemical operation it underwent, 
 became perfectly black where it was touched with a 
 fluid. On writing with a pen dipped in water, a legible 
 character was produced. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 89 
 
 1834. Joseph Truman, of Bridgeport, Pa., conceived 
 a mode of preventing the fibres, in the manufacture of 
 paper, from arranging themselves in one direction, as 
 they were inclined to do. He did not seem to know 
 what had already been done to obviate that difficulty 
 by the agitator. 
 
 1834. A book was published this year in Sweden, 
 the paper of which was made entirely of beet root. 
 The paper was strong and durable, but not of a fine 
 texture, nor white in appearance. Paper was also 
 manufactured in that country at the same time, of 
 husks and of Russia matting. 
 
 1834. There were about a dozen paper machines in 
 operation in France at this time, mostly constructed in 
 England. They were henceforth to afford the only 
 mode of manufacturing paper which could be pursued 
 without loss ; before which the ancient system of 
 hand-work was rapidly to disappear. 
 
 1834. May. The paper-mills at Newtown Lower 
 Falls, owned by Lyons, were burnt. Loss estimated 
 at $50,000. 
 
 1834. The net produce of the duty on first and 
 second class paper in England this year was £718,043; 
 of which only £101,023 was from second class paper. 
 
 1835. In November, the mills of Brown, Tower & 
 Co., in Hampden, Me., were destroyed by fire ; loss 
 $20,000 ; no insurance. 
 
 1835. Paper was made in Ireland from peat, but was 
 of inferior quality. 
 
 1835. Hayti exported 31,192 pounds of rags. 
 13 
 
90 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1835. "William Debit, of Hartford, Ct., improved 
 the common duster by a combination with it of a shaft 
 and knives and beaters. 
 
 1835. The Thibetans had a process of reworking 
 old paper made from the bark of the sultarua, which, 
 however, was inferior to the paper of the Hindoos, 
 made of the same material. 
 
 1835. The home duty on paper in England was 
 recommended to be reduced one-half, and that it be 
 fixed at l^d. per pound on all descriptions of first and 
 second class paper ; and that the duties on pasteboard 
 should be reduced in like manner ; and that mill- 
 boards, glazed paper for clothiers, and hot-pressers, 
 sheathing-paper and button paper, and button-board, 
 paying a duty of £1 : Is. per cwt. should be placed on 
 the same footing as pasteboard, and be subject to a 
 like duty of 14s. per hundred weight. 
 
 1835. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., took out 
 a patent for an improvement in the machinery for 
 manufacturing paper, which seems to have been the 
 manner of applying a drying cylinder to the machines 
 in use. 
 
 1835. The quantity of paper manufactured in Eng- 
 land was 70,655,287 pounds, on which the government 
 duty was £838,822. 
 
 1835. The royal printing office at Paris consumed 
 about three hundred reams of paper a day, nearly a 
 hundred thousand reams a year. 
 
 1835. There were 750 paper-mills in operation in 
 England, and the annual value of paper manufactured 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 91 
 
 is stated by McCulloch as high as £6,000,000. Paper 
 was burdened with an excise duty amounting to more 
 than three times as much as the total wages of the 
 workmen employed in making it, and the quantity 
 annually produced did not exceed 50,000,000 pounds 
 of first class, and 16,000,000 of second class paper, 
 requiring a supply of about 100,000,000 pounds of 
 rags. 
 
 1836. James Brown, of Esk Mills, near Edinburgh, 
 adopted a new contrivance for rarefying the air under 
 the web of the paper machine, by using a rectangular 
 box transversely beneath the horizontal wire-cloth 
 without the interposition of any perforated covering. 
 
 1836. Robert Rose's administrator, of East Hartford, 
 Ct., patented an improvement in the paper machine, 
 which consisted of a mode of sustaining the web of 
 wire in a slanting position, so as to form the end and in 
 part the bottom of the vat containing the stuff, which 
 by draining through the web was properly deposited 
 on the web for the formation of the paper. 
 
 1836. The quantity of paper charged with duties of 
 excise in the United Kingdom was 82,145,287 pounds, 
 and 8,032,577 yards of paper-hangings. The amount 
 of duty was £812,782. 
 
 1837. April 17. The paper-mill of Peabody, Daniel 
 & Co., at Franklin, E". H., was destroyed by fire. Loss 
 $20,000 ; insurance $8,000. 
 
 1837. June 16. The paper-mill of Carleton & Co., 
 at Shirley, Mass., was destroyed by fire ; loss estimated 
 at $25,000; insured $16,000. 
 
92 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1837. The paper-mill of Mr. Buddington, at Hotch- 
 kisstown, near New Haven, was destroyed by fire, 
 Sept. 9 ; loss about $8,000. 
 
 1837. Edmund Shaw, of London, claimed to have 
 made an improvement in the manufacture of paper, 
 by the application of a certain vegetable substance 
 not before used for that purpose. This was none 
 other than the husks and stalks of Indian corn. He 
 was aware that some attempts had been made to pro- 
 duce paper from these materials, and also that they 
 were abandoned because of the failure to produce good 
 white paper from them. 
 
 1837. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., patented a 
 machine for sizing paper, without the use of feltings 
 or jackets. 
 
 1838. The gross amount of paper-duty in Great 
 Britain for the year, ending on the 5th January, was 
 £554,497. 
 
 1838. J. V. Degrand, of London, obtained a patent 
 for a certain pulpy product or material for manufac- 
 turing paper and pasteboard. He claimed to use only 
 white woods, such as poplars, and excluded every 
 possible bark or epidermis. 
 
 1838. Homer Holland, Westfiekl, Mass., obtained a 
 patent for preparing the fibrous portion of corn husks, 
 so as to be a suitable base for paper. His patent was 
 for a process of macerating the husks in a solution of 
 carbonated alkali, and then rendering the alkali caustic 
 by adding the hydrate of lime, leaving the fibre strong 
 and capable of being perfectly bleached. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 93 
 
 1838. M. De Breza, of Paris, invented a chemical 
 compound for rendering paper and other substances 
 indestructible by fire, and for preserving them from the 
 ravages of insects. 
 
 1838. The paper-mill of Messrs. R. L. Underhill & 
 Co., at Urbana, IS". Y., was destroyed by fire; loss 
 $32,000 ; insurance $2,000. The owner of the build- 
 ing lost $4,000 ; insured $2,000. Mr. Underhill had 
 been burnt out twice before within a twelve month. 
 
 1838. May 23. The paper-mill of E. Camp in Jef- 
 ferson county, !N". Y., was destroyed by fire. It was 
 new and had been in operation but a short time. The 
 loss was about $8,000; no insurance. 
 
 1838. June 22. The paper-mill of A. Bradley & Sons 
 in Dansville, 1ST. Y., was burnt. It was nearly new, 
 having been in operation but little more than a year, 
 and cost $20,000 in its construction. There was an 
 insurance of $10,500. 
 
 1838. The quantity of paper imported into the United 
 States during this year was $164,179 ; the quantity 
 exported $94,335. The import of rags was $465,448. 
 
 1839. The import of paper into the United States 
 amounted to $186,418 ; the export was $80,146. The 
 import of rags was $588,318. 
 
 1839. Henry Crosby, of London, obtained a patent 
 for manufacturing paper from refuse tan (after it had 
 been used for tanning, or any other purpose in which 
 the fibre had not been destroyed), and hops. The latter 
 substance was only used in combination with the tan (a 
 species of bark) when it retained its fibre. These sub- 
 
94 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 stances, when combined, were treated the same as rags. 
 The claim of the invention was to the combination and 
 products. 
 
 1839. Mr. T. B. Crompton, of England, succeeded 
 in producing a uniform rarefaction under the wire-cloth 
 of the paper machine, by means of a fan. 
 
 1839. At the French exhibition of this year were 
 specimens of paper made of the leaves of the banana 
 tree and similar plants, but the experiments showed 
 great waste in converting them into paper. "With a 
 view of reducing the cost of carriage by freeing the 
 substances from foreign matter, M. Rocques established 
 powerful works at Havana, to wash and convert them 
 into pulp for the European markets ; but even in 
 this state the absolute necessity of strong bleaching 
 caused a waste of more than one-third of the original 
 weight. 
 
 1840. The number of paper-mills in England was 
 computed to be 700 ; nearly 80 in Scotland, and an 
 inconsiderable number in Ireland. About 27,000 
 individuals were supposed to be engaged in the trade 
 in the United Kingdom, producing about £1,200,000 
 worth of paper. 
 
 1840. The paper-mill of Phelps & Field, of Lee, 
 Mass., was destroyed by fire, ISTov. 27. But a small 
 part of the machinery was saved ; loss $20,000 ; insur- 
 ance $15,000. 
 
 1840. Dec. 10. The Eagle paper-mill of Peter 
 Simmons, at Chatham, Columbia county, IS". Y., was 
 burnt, with all its contents. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 95 
 
 1840. There were 13 paper manufactories in New 
 ■Hampshire, giving employment to 111 workmen, pro- 
 ducing $258,600 worth of paper annually, and having 
 a capital of $104,300 invested. 
 
 1840. The development of paper-making in Russia 
 is said scarcely to have taken place before this time 
 (see 1785) ; that the Russians entered upon the fabri- 
 cation of paper long after they had been engaged in 
 other manufactures. (See 1712.) 
 
 1840. Lagrange Bull, of Martinique, made known 
 the invention of a paper-pulp which was manufactured 
 from the leaves of the banana tree. 
 
 1840. The quantity of paper imported by the United 
 States this year was $146,790; the export $76,957. 
 The import of rags was $564,580. 
 
 1840. Nothing, says Dr. Ure, can place the advantage 
 of the Fourdrinier machine in a stronger point of view 
 than the fact of there being 280 of them now at work 
 in the United Kingdom, making collectively 1,600 miles 
 of paper, of from four to five feet broad, every day ; 
 that they have lowered the price of paper fifty per cent, 
 and that they have increased the revenue, directly and 
 indirectly by a sum of probably £400,000 per annum. 
 
 1841. The rags used in the manufacture of writing 
 paper in Great Britain were collected at home. But 
 those used in the manufacture of the best printing 
 paper were imported principally from Italy, Hamburg, 
 and the Austrian states, by the way of Trieste. 
 
 1841. Feb. 12. The paper-mill of M. Safer, near 
 Raleigh, N. C, was accidentally burnt. Loss $6,000. 
 
96 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1841. March 10. The paper-mill of Henry Church 
 & Co., at Rochester, 1ST. Y., was burnt. 
 
 1841. Barrett & Swann's paper-mill at Camden, Me., 
 was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1841. The United States imported paper this year 
 to the amount of $60,193 ; and of rags $496,227. The 
 export of paper was $83,483. 
 
 1842. Es gingen zwar noch ungefahr 10,000 Ctr. aller 
 Gattungen, ganz abgesehen von den Papiertapeten, 
 welche das Ausland noch zum grossen Theil liefert, 
 ein, besonders nach Sachsen und Schlesien aus Boh- 
 men, nach Baden aus der Schweiz, dafur aber auch 
 liber 12,000 Ctr. wieder aus. 
 
 1842. Der Zollverein besass 950 Fabriken fur Papier, 
 worunter mindestens 50 fur Maschinenpapier ; die 
 Total production ist, da alle Anhalte fehlen, schwer zu 
 berechnen, steigt aber alle Jahre, ohne der Consum- 
 tion vorauszueilen. 
 
 1842. March 3. The paper-mill at Fall creek, Ithaca, 
 owned by Mack, Andrus & Woodruff', was destroyed 
 by fire ; loss about $8,000, insured $8,100. 
 
 1842. According to an estimate made at a con- 
 vention of paper-makers, in New York city, the 
 machinery and paper-mill property in the United 
 States, were valued at $16,000,000 — the paper manu- 
 factured amounted to $15,000,000 per annum — the 
 raw stock collected in the United States, to about 
 $6,000,000 per annum, and the amount of stock 
 consumed at about 175,000,000 pounds. From fifty 
 to sixty thousand persons were employed in the 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 97 
 
 various operations connected with the trade for a 
 livelihood. 
 
 1842. June 6. The paper-mill of Charles Perham, 
 Groton, Mass., was burnt. Loss $16,000; insured 
 $8,000. The fire was occasioned by the friction of the 
 machinery. 
 
 1842. Oct. The paper-mill of William T. Parker, 
 at Sudbury, Mass., was burnt. 
 
 1842. The importations of paper into the United 
 States amounted to $92,771 ; and $468,230 of rags. 
 The export of paper was $69,862. 
 
 1842. There were 356 paper machines employed in 
 the mills of Great Britain and Ireland, having 372 vats. 
 
 1843. James Phelps, of West Sutton, Mass., made 
 improvements in the washing machine, which consisted 
 of an adjustable, rotating water elevator and strainer, 
 which could be raised or lowered in the vat of the 
 washing or beating engine. Also a rotating prismatic 
 screen, or strainer, for straining the water from the 
 paper stock, in the vat of a washing or beating engine, 
 in combination with devices for discharging the strained 
 water, being not only more efficient than a cylindrical 
 screen, but also admitting of more ready repair. 
 
 1843. The number of machines employed in the 
 paper-mills of England, Ireland, and Scotland, was 
 367, requiring 362 vats. 
 
 1843. The English, although they made a sufficient 
 
 quantity of most sorts of paper for their own use, and 
 
 exported annually about £100,000 worth of books, still 
 
 continued to import certain descriptions of paper for 
 
 14 
 
98 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 engravings, from France, and a small supply of paper- 
 hangings; the duty on both of which amounted to 
 about £2,800 a year. 
 
 1843. The United States imported paper amounting 
 to $19,997; and exported $51,391; the import of rags 
 $79,853 : a great diminution in the annual business of 
 these articles, owing to the enforcement of a new duty 
 upon rags, which affected the paper trade also. 
 
 1844. There were 600 paper-mills in operation in 
 the United States, giving active use to a capital of 
 $16,000,000, manufacturing at least a sum equal to its 
 capital per annum, and affording maintenance to at 
 least 50,000 persons. 
 
 1844. Roberts's paper-mill at "Weston, Mass., was 
 burnt. Loss $6,000; insured $1,000. 
 
 1844. October 28. The paper-mill of Messrs. Sharp- 
 less, Huskins, & Wallace, on Redstone creek, Fayette 
 county, Pa., was destroyed by fire. Loss estimated 
 at $20,000. 
 
 1844. The amount of paper imported into the 
 United States was $104,648, and of rags $295,586. 
 The export of paper was $83,108. 
 
 1844. The paper-mills of England, Scotland and 
 Ireland employed 370 machines, and 359 vats. 
 
 1844. The German Zollverein imported annually 
 about 8,000 thalers worth of gray blotting and packing 
 paper, and exported papers of finer qualities, to the 
 amount of more than 256,000 thalers. 
 
 1845. The quantity of rags consumed in the United 
 States was estimated to amount to $6,000,000. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 99 
 
 1845. There were 89 paper-mills in Massachusetts, 
 which consumed annually 15,886 tons of stock, pro- 
 ducing 607,175 reams of paper, valued at $1,750,200, 
 and employing 1,369 workmen. 
 
 1845. The amount of paper imported into the United 
 States was $98,000 ; the export $106,190. The import 
 of rags amounted to $421,080. 
 
 1845. The number of paper-mills in Austria having 
 machines was 40 ; the number working by the old 
 process was 940. The total product was 314,000 
 quintals, selling at an average of 13 cents a pound. 
 The number of persons employed was 12,000, besides 
 rag-sorters. 
 
 1845. R. A. Brooman, of London, obtained a patent 
 for producing paper from gutta percha, and an inter- 
 mixture of other substances. The fibre of the gutta 
 percha tree is said to be very strong. 
 
 1845. The quantity of paper charged with duties 
 of excise in the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, was 124,247,071 pounds. The exports 
 amounted to 4,864,185 pounds. 
 
 1846. The import of paper into the United States 
 this year was $194,220 ; of rags $385,397, being 3.89 
 cents per pound. The export of paper was $122,597. 
 
 1846. The Thuringian states of Germany had 41 
 paper-mills, with 53 vats, and employing 274 persons. 
 
 1846. E. F. Vidocq, of Paris, secured a patent for 
 obtaining paper, by the usual process, from a combina- 
 tion of leather cuttings, scraps, &c, hemp, cotton, 
 wool, oakum, and other substances. 
 
100 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1846. There were in Prussia 394 paper-mills, em- 
 ploying 6,393 workmen, and having 503 vats and 72 
 paper machines. 
 
 1846. Bavaria had 176 paper-mills, with 257 vats 
 and 11 machines, giving employment to 1,884 workmen. 
 
 1846. The number of paper-mills in Saxony was 66, 
 having 68 vats, and 6 machines, giving employment 
 to 997 workmen. 
 
 1846. There were in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 21 
 paper-mills, employing 170 workmen ; having 18 vats 
 and 1 paper machine. 
 
 1846. The electorate of Hesse, belonging to the 
 Zollverein, had 28 paper-mills, having 39 vats and 
 6 machines, giving employment to 299 workmen. 
 
 1846. Baden, in Germany, had 32 paper-mills, hav- 
 ing 33 vats and 14 machines, and employing 624 
 workmen. 
 
 1846. Nassau, in Germany, employed 196 persons in 
 the manufacture of paper; having 27 mills, with 30 
 vats and 6 machines. 
 
 1846. The annual imports of paper by the German 
 Zollverein were upwards of 9,000 Prussian dollars; 
 the exports $270,589. The exports were mostly fine 
 papers, and the imports were of the coarser qualities. 
 
 1846. Genoa exported 1,178 tons of paper to Mexico, 
 Spain, and the Brazils. 
 
 1846. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
 States from all countries was 9,837,706 pounds, of which 
 8,002,865 pounds came from Italy. The aggregate value 
 was $385,397, or 3.89 cents per pound. (See p. 99.) 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 101 
 
 1846. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 127,412,482 pounds, of which 
 4,836,556 pounds were exported. The paper-mills of 
 those countries employed 384 machines and 378 vats. 
 
 1846. Dec. The Hollister paper-mills, at Windsor 
 Locks, Conn., were burnt. Loss $12,000; insured for 
 $8,000. 
 
 1846. May 23. The paper-mill of Mr. Craig at 
 Fondasbush, Montgomery county, N". Y., was burnt. 
 The loss was $4,000 ; insurance $1,000. 
 
 1847. Figuier and Poumarede, of Paris, invented a 
 kind of parchment paper, similar to that patented by 
 Gaine in England, in 1857, q. v. 
 
 1847. August 6. David Ames died at Springfield, 
 Mass., aged 87. He was a manufacturer of paper more 
 than half a century, and was the first to introduce 
 modern improvements. He was a man of great enter- 
 prise, for some time held the office of superintendent 
 of the United States armory under the government, 
 and was actively engaged in business until a very short 
 period before his death. 
 
 1847. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 121,965,315 pounds, of which 
 5,852,979 pounds were exported. This gave employ- 
 ment to 405 machines, with 373 vats. 
 
 1847. Denmark imported about 300 tons of paper 
 from Belgium, France, and other countries. 
 
 1847. The paper machine had been so universally 
 introduced into all the new, as well as the old vat-mills 
 in the United States, that there were now only two mills 
 
102 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 of any note engaged in making paper by hand, and 
 those were employed in producing particular sorts, 
 requiring great strength and firmness. 
 
 1847. The Netherlands imported chiefly from Bel- 
 gium and the Zollverein, 219 tons of paper valued at 
 $7,167.60. The importation of rags was 700 pounds 
 only. The exportation of paper the same year was 
 148 tons ; principally to Java. The exportation of 
 rags was only 1,200 pounds. 
 
 1847. There were 66 paper-mills in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, with 6 machines, employing 992 persons. 
 The exports and imports were trifling. 
 
 1847. The proprietors of the New Orleans Bul- 
 letin announced that they printed their paper on an 
 article manufactured by themselves, at a mill in the 
 third municipality, which they believed to be the 
 only successful attempt to manufacture paper so far 
 south. 
 
 1847. The quantity of paper manufactured in the 
 United States at this time was computed at 18 millions 
 of dollars in value per annum. 
 . 1847. Two paper-mills were erected in Georgia this 
 year, an event which the editor of the Savannah Repub- 
 lican remarked, that a few years before he despaired of 
 living long enough to see. 
 
 1847. The quantity of rags imported into the 
 United States this year was 8,154,886 pounds, of which 
 6,519,234 pounds came from Italy; the aggregate value 
 was $304,216, being 3.73 cents per pound; of paper 
 $195,571. The export of paper was $88,731. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 103 
 
 1847. The quantity of paper imported into Denmark 
 this year was 334,000 kilogrammes, paying $13,020 
 duties. 
 
 1848. The import of rags from Denmark was 53,290 
 pounds, amounting to $1,614. 
 
 1848. The United States imported paper amounting 
 to $415,668; and of rags $626,607. The quantity 
 imported from all countries was 17,014,587 pounds, of 
 which 13,803,036 pounds came from Italy ; the average 
 price per pound was 3.68 cents. The export of paper 
 was $78,507. 
 
 1848. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 121,820,229 pounds, of which 
 5,180,286 pounds were exported. The number of 
 machines employed was 407, with 367 vats. 
 
 1848. Zenas M. Crane, of Dalton, Mass., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in machinery for cutting 
 paper. Patents were also obtained for the same 
 purpose by George L. Wright, of Springfield, Mass. ; 
 by Mark Wilder, of Peterborough, 1ST. H. ; by J. C. 
 Kneeland and George M. Phelps, of Troy, N. Y. ; 
 and Alonzo Gilman, of Troy, ~N. Y. 
 
 1848. The importation of paper in Hamburg was of 
 the estimated value of $239,568. 
 
 1848. Sardinia produced paper which amounted in 
 value to $2,400,000, none of which was exported. 
 
 1848. Spain exported 140,000 reams of paper, to the 
 following countries : Cuba, 94,000 reams ; Chili, 16,000 
 reams ; Porto Pico 10,000 reams ; to other countries, 
 20,000 reams. 
 
104 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1848. Leghorn exported rags and paper amounting 
 to 30,000 pounds, about half to England, and the other 
 half to the United States. 
 
 1849. There were 74 paper manufacturers in Belgium, 
 employing 1,893 persons ; 22 steam engines of 254 
 horse power in the aggregate ; 2 horse mills of 2 horses 
 each ; 68 water mills, and 7 wind mills. The United 
 States imported paper from Belgium amounting to 
 19,950 francs. 
 
 1849. "W. Brindly obtained a patent in England for 
 a mode of rendering paper water-proof. This was 
 accomplished by saturating the web of paper as it 
 passed from the machine, with linseed oil, and subject- 
 ing it to a high temperature until dried, by which it 
 was rendered impervious to water. 
 
 1849. Grimpe & Colas, of France, invented paper 
 for bank notes, which was intended to defy fraud and 
 forgery. A committee of the Academy of Sciences 
 had encouraged rival artists to make all possible ex- 
 periments to test the infallibility of the paper, and no 
 effort was spared to the accomplishment of that end, 
 but without avail. 
 
 1849. An Englishman invented a method of splitting 
 paper. The Bank of England sent him a one pound 
 note, much worn, to test his skill. He returned it in 
 two sections. 
 
 1849. The United States imported paper this year 
 to the amount of $395,773; and of rags $524,755. 
 The quantity imported from Italy was 11,009,668 lbs.; 
 the aggregate quantity brought from all countries was 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 105 
 
 14,941,236 pounds, at an average of 2.51 cents. The 
 exports were $86,827. 
 
 1849. The export of paper from Belgium amounted 
 to £36,040. 
 
 1849. France exported paper-hangings to the United 
 States, to the amount of 214,000 pounds ; and imported 
 upwards of 1,620,000 pounds of rags. The total export 
 of paper was over 9,250,000 pounds. 
 
 1849. Messrs. Chambers, of Edinburgh, petitioned 
 parliament for a removal or reduction of the excise 
 duty on paper, which was especially severe on low- 
 priced books. 
 
 1849. The importations of rags and other materials 
 into Belgium for the manufacture of paper, amounted 
 to only 14J tons. Their exportations of paper were 
 about $12,000. 
 
 1849. Amos & Clarke obtained a patent in England 
 for a strainer used in the paper machine. 
 
 1849. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 132,132,660 pounds, of which 
 5,966,319 pounds were exported. 
 . 1849. Messrs. Amos & Clarke, of England, patented 
 a paper-cutting machine, which obviated the difficulty 
 that grew out of the increased velocity of the machines, 
 by which the sheets were cut into irregular lengths. 
 
 1849. The number of paper machines employed in 
 the mills of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was 406, 
 with 353 vats. 
 
 1849. The exports of rags during this year from 
 Trieste to the United States were $9,656. 
 15 
 
106 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1850. The German Zollverein consumed annually, 
 over 1,180,000 cwts. of rags in the manufacture of paper; 
 employing 794 paper-mills, having 116 paper-machines, 
 producing annually about 36,964 tons of paper. 
 
 1850. Henry Pohl, of Paterson, 1ST. J., improved 
 the regulator, or pulp-meter, to measure the quantity 
 of pulp for webs of different thicknesses. 
 
 1850. M. Didot stated that there were 200 paper 
 machines in France, producing 195 tons each per year, 
 making a total of 39,000 tons ; and 250 vats, producing 
 over 2,000 more tons per year ; being a gross amount 
 of 41,000 tons, of all kinds of paper. A paper machine 
 occupied about 60 persons, and a vat 10. 
 
 1850. The export of paper and stationery from the 
 United States to foreign countries was not less than a 
 hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1850. The number of paper-mills in England was 
 327 ; in Scotland, 51 ; in Ireland, 37. The number of 
 beating engines in England was 1,374 ; in Scotland, 
 286 ; in Ireland, 86. The number of machines em- 
 ployed was 412, with 344 vats. 
 
 1850. A German by the name of Ebart, owning a 
 large manufactory in Neustadt Elberwald, invented an 
 incombustible and impermeable paper, which he termed 
 stone paper, suitable for roofing houses, not easily 
 broken, and capable of being produced at a low price. 
 
 1850. Specimens of paper were made in Algiers from 
 the dwarf palm, which abounds in that country, and of 
 which it was thought that four millions of quintals 
 could be obtained every year, by causing it to be 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 107 
 
 gathered by women and children, at a cost of abont 
 18 cents a hundred pounds ; which if beat into half 
 stuff in its green state, would yield 36 per cent of its 
 weight; and dry, 50 per cent: and that two hours 
 beating would be sufficient to render this half stuff fit 
 for making fine paper. 
 
 1850. The amount of capital employed in the manu- 
 facture of paper in the United States was estimated at 
 18 millions of dollars ; the annual product of paper, 
 17 millions ; the number of mills, 700 ; the number of 
 operatives employed, 100,000. 
 
 1850. The quantity of paper charged with excise 
 duty manufactured in Great Britain and Ireland, was 
 141,032,474 pounds. 
 
 1850. The amount of duty paid on paper in Eng- 
 land was £693,741 ; in Scotland, £187,687 ; in Ireland, 
 £44,096. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 141,032,674 pounds, of which 
 7,762,686 pounds were exported. 
 
 1850. Great Britain imported 8,124 tons of rags, 
 among which were 32 tons from the United States, 
 and 23 tons from Egypt. 
 
 1850. The United States imported rags from nine- 
 teen countries. The quantity imported was 20,696,875 
 pounds at 3.61 cents a pound. Of these 15,861,266 
 pounds came from Italian and Austrian ports. The 
 total value was $748,707. Paper was imported to the 
 amount of $496,563. 
 
 1851. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 150,903,543 pounds, of which 
 
108 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 8,305,590 pounds were exported. The number of 
 machines employed in those countries was 413, with 
 330 vats. 
 
 1851. The United States imported rags of the value 
 of $903,747, at 3.46 cents a pound. Of the 26,094,701 
 pounds imported, 18,512,673 were from Italy. 
 
 1851. There was exhibited at the World's fair in 
 London, a roll of paper, being a. continuous sheet 
 2,500 yards long. 
 
 1851. The export of paper and stationery from the 
 United States was to the amount of $155,664 for the 
 year ending June 30. 
 
 1851. It was estimated that there were produced at 
 this time in Great Britain, 5,500,000 pieces of paper- 
 hangings, valued at £400,000. 
 
 1851. In the kingdom of the Two Sicilies there 
 were 12 paper machines, and 12 vats, employing 300 
 persons. The whole produce amounted to 306 tons 
 annually, and paper was exported to Rome, Sicily, 
 Leghorn, Malta, the Ionian Isles, and Greece. 
 
 1851. Messrs. Donkin & Co., of England, who per- 
 fected the Fourdrinier paper machine, constructed 
 their 191st machine. Of these 83 were made for Great 
 Britain, 23 for France, 46 for Germany, 22 for the 
 north of Europe, 14 for Italy and the south of Europe, 
 2 for America, and 1 for India. It was Mr. Bryan 
 Donkin, who, as engineer, carried out the desired plans 
 in perfecting the Fourdrinier machine, and produced, 
 after intense application, a self-acting model, of which 
 he afterwards constructed so many for home use and 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 109 
 
 for exportation, which were perfectly successful in the 
 manufacture of continuous paper. 
 
 1851. The quantity of paper produced in Austria 
 was stated at 650,000 cwts. per annum. There were 
 900 vat-mills, and 49 mills using machines ; two-fifths 
 of the product of paper was from the latter, which 
 were chiefly driven by water-power. 
 
 1851. Brewer & Smith, who had made improvements 
 in paper-moulds in England, patented the same in the 
 United States. 
 
 1851. The paper-mill belonging to the Goodman 
 Manufacturing Company, at South Hadley, Mass., was 
 destroyed by fire. The company had failed a short 
 time before, involving a loss of $20,000. 
 
 1851. There were 6 paper machines in operation in 
 Denmark, besides one in Holstein, and 20 vats, pro- 
 ducing altogether about 1,312 tons per year. 
 
 1851. There were five paper-mills employing seven 
 machines, in Sweden, and eight vat-mills. 
 
 1851. There were 17 paper machines in operation 
 in Spain, which were imported from England, France, 
 and Belgium ; also 250 vats. The annual produce of 
 paper was 4,741 tons. 
 
 1851. There were 12 paper machines and 60 vats in 
 the kingdom of Sardinia. 
 
 1851. M. Adolphe Roque, who had bestowed many 
 years of patient investigation on the improvement of 
 the manufacture of paper, succeeded in adapting to 
 that purpose the fibres of certain filaceous plants, 
 especially the banana and the aloe, whereby it was 
 
110 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 expected that " the present costly, laborious, patchy, 
 rag process might be superseded by a raw material 
 easily procurable in large quantities, and safely and 
 economically worked into a clear, strong and durable 
 texture." 
 
 1851. The paper employed in the manufacture of 
 books in Great Britain paid an excise of 14 guineas a 
 ton, being about one-fifth the selling price of the article. 
 
 1851. Samples of paper made from alfa fibre were 
 exhibited at the London exhibition, in the Algerian 
 section of French products. The plant is abundant 
 on both shores of the Mediterranean. 
 
 1851. There were 20 paper-mills in Tuscany, and 2 
 English machines at the mill near Florence. 
 
 1851. In Switzerland there were 26 paper machines 
 and 40 vat-mills, producing together annually 11,607 
 tons. The wages of the men are about 16 cents a day, 
 and of women about 11 cents. ISTo paper was exported. 
 
 1851. There were six paper machines distributed 
 among four mills in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom 
 of Italy. 
 
 1851. There were three paper machines in operation 
 in the Roman states. 
 
 1851. There was a paper-mill at Smyrna, having a 
 machine, and a vat-mill at Constantinople, which was 
 all the Turkish empire proper afforded. 
 
 1851. There was a paper-mill in Egypt, at Boulac, 
 near Cairo, which was a vat-mill. 
 
 1851. There were 13 paper manufacturing com- 
 panies in Lee, Mass., running 25 mills, and producing 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. Ill 
 
 at the rate of about 25,000 pounds of paper per day, 
 valued at $6,300, or two millions a year. 
 
 1851. George West, of Tyringham, Mass., invented 
 an improvement in the pulp-strainer, which consisted 
 of a better separator of the impurities by a strainer, 
 operated upon by a bellows. 
 
 1852. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 154,469,211 pounds, valued 
 at two millions sterling, of which 7,328,886 pounds 
 were exported. 
 
 1852. The number of paper-mills at work in Eng- 
 land was 304 ; in Scotland, 48 ; in Ireland, 28 ; total, 
 380. There were 1,616 beating engines at work, and 
 130 silent. Sharp's Gazetteer states the number of 
 paper-mills to have been 800, employing 30,000 work- 
 men ; but the Jury Report of the London Exhibition 
 of Industry, gives the number of mills as being only 
 415, including England, Scotland, and Ireland ; some 
 of which were idle. 
 
 1852. J. Mansell, of London, patented a mode of 
 ornamenting paper, which consisted of imparting to it 
 a resemblance to plain damask weaving, by passing it 
 between plates. 
 
 1852. Jean A. Farina, of Paris, obtained a pulp for 
 the manufacture of paper from the plant called spartum, 
 or waterbroom, using both the stalks and the roots. 
 
 1852. G. W. Turner, of London, improved the paper 
 machine by the application of the endless wire-web in 
 combination with and passing round the cylinder, and 
 taking the pulp up from the vat, carrying it forward 
 
112 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 and submitting it to the action of the dandy roller 
 and pneumatic trough, taking the place of the fixed 
 wire-web and endless felt, in the cylinder machine, 
 and the wire-web upon which the pulp flows in the 
 Fourdrinier machine. Also for a mode of passing the 
 paper through a trough of size, between two endless 
 felts, obtaining a uniform and thorough saturation. 
 
 1852. Joseph Kingsland, of Saugerties, and Norman 
 "White, of New York, patented an improvement in the 
 mode of drying sized paper. 
 
 1852. The United States exported to foreign coun- 
 tries paper and stationery to the amount of $119,535, 
 during the year ending June 30. 
 
 1852. The export of paper from Germany was 40,000 
 quintals, a country which twenty years earlier imported 
 largely. 
 
 1852. The prices of rags in England were.: 
 For 1st quality 265. per cwt. 
 2d " 16s. 
 3d " lis. U. 
 4th " 7s. " 
 
 1852. The export of rags from England had seldom 
 exceeded 500 tons a year, but this year no less than 
 2,462 tons, mostly British and Irish, were exported. 
 
 1852. The United States imported rags from thirty- 
 two countries, to the amount of 18,288,458 pounds, at 
 3.46 cents a pound, amounting to $626,729. The 
 consumption of paper was equal to that of England 
 and France together. Of the supply of foreign rags 
 12,220,570 pounds came from Italy. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 113 
 
 1852. There were exported from Cape Haytien dur- 
 ing this year, 1,436 pounds of rags. 
 
 1853. The value of rags imported into the United 
 States from abroad for the year ending June 30, was 
 $982,837, the quantity being 22,766,000 pounds at 4.31 
 cents. Of this quantity 2,666,000 pounds were obtained 
 in England. Italy was the greatest source of supply, 
 the quantity furnished being 14,171,292 pounds. Rags 
 were imported from twenty-six different countries. 
 
 1853. The value of paper and articles manufactured 
 of it, imported into the United States for the year 
 ending June 30, was $602,659, exclusive of books. 
 
 1853. The export of paper and stationery from this 
 country was $122,212. 
 
 1853. The import of rags into Great Britain during 
 this and the two preceding years averaged yearly 9,332 
 tons. 
 
 1853. The quantity of paper manufactured annually 
 in Great Britain during the five years ending with this 
 year, was 151,234,179 pounds ; which was an increase 
 of 114 per cent in twenty years, while the whole 
 population in that period had increased not more than 
 16 per cent. 
 
 1853. It was estimated that in France about 70,000 
 tons of paper were produced yearly; in England 
 66,000 tons ; and that the production in this country 
 was nearly equal to both France and England. 
 
 1853. France, with a population of 36,000,000 turned 
 into paper annually 105,000 tons of rags, of which 6,000 
 tons were imported. Great Britain, with 28,000,000 
 16 
 
114 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 population, required yearly 90,000 tons of rags, of 
 which 15,000 were imported. The annual value of 
 paper manufactured in Great Britain was estimated at 
 $17,760,000. 
 
 1853. Watt & Burgess patented in England a mode 
 of producing paper from wood. The wood was first 
 reduced to shavings or fine cuttings. They took out 
 a patent for the same in the United States in the 
 following year. 
 
 1853. Brown & Mcintosh, of Aberdeen, invented 
 hollow moulds, composed of perforated metal, wire, or 
 other suitable material, covered with felt, within which, 
 after their immersion in pulp, a partial vacuum is cre- 
 ated, so as to cause the pulp to adhere or be deposited 
 on the felt surface in a layer of uniform thickness. 
 
 1853. B. A. Lavender and Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, 
 Md., produced samples of paper from southern canes, 
 and from white pine shavings. They were sanguine 
 that with proper apparatus, paper could be made of 
 reeds, or wood, as the main staple, by their process, 
 worth from 12| to 16 cents a pound, at a cost not 
 exceeding 6J cents a pound. 
 
 1853. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 177,633,010 pounds, of which 
 13,296,874 pounds were exported. The import of 
 paper during the year was not far from 200,000 pounds ; 
 the consumption therefore was about 5.40 pounds per 
 capita of the population. 
 
 1853. J. P. Conly, of Dayton, Ohio, patented an 
 improvement for separating paper by single sheets. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 115 
 
 1853. A German patented in England a machine for 
 manufacturing paper from wood. It planed and cut 
 the wood into small particles and shavings preparatory 
 to being acted upon by the engine. The inventor 
 stated that paper was manufactured in the cheapest 
 manner from fir, pine and willow trees. 
 
 1853. G. Stiff obtained a patent in England for 
 forming paper by using lime water in place of the 
 ordinary alkaline solution, in making paper of straw, 
 grass, and other materials. 
 
 1853. The importation of paper into France did not 
 exceed 337,104 pounds ; the exports were 17,053,667 
 pounds. This gave 16,716,553 excess of exports. 
 Deduct this amount from 156,800,000 pounds, the 
 quantity manufactured, and we have left for consump- 
 tion, 140,083,447 pounds, or 3.89 pounds per capita of 
 the population. 
 
 1853. The value of paper imported into the city of 
 New York was computed to amount to $340,824. By 
 another account it was stated to consist of 3,418 pack- 
 ages, valued at $860,628. 
 
 1854. Samuel Nolan and Prof. Antisel announced 
 the invention of a new paper-making machine, for the 
 purpose of working a new material into paper, which 
 should greatly reduce the high price to which paper 
 had arisen. 
 
 1854. A practical chemist exhibited in New York 
 specimens of paper made entirely of straw, and others 
 of grass, of a superior quality, which he asserted that 
 he could produce for about half the cost of rag paper. 
 
116 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 He claimed the knowledge of a process for depriving 
 straw of its silex, and other properties detrimental to 
 the strength, opacity and pliability requisite in paper 
 for general use. 
 
 1854. It was stated on the authority of the Bemarara 
 Royal Gazette, that paper of a good quality had been 
 successfully manufactured in that region from the 
 plantain. 
 
 1854. Mons. Vivien, of Paris, attempted to convert 
 leaves into a paper suitable for wrapping. The leaves 
 were collected at a suitable season, and cut into small 
 pieces and pressed into a kind of cake, which was 
 afterwards steeped in lime water and reduced to pulp 
 in the ordinary manner. 
 
 1854. The quantity of rags annually consumed in 
 Great Britain and France combined was computed at 
 436,800,000 pounds, producing 291,200,000 pounds of 
 paper, which was 4.55 pounds per capita ; while the per 
 capita of the United States was 10.80. 
 
 1854. The entire body of paper-makers in Holland, 
 more than 160 in number, petitioned the government 
 against the free export of rags, which they alleged 
 would destroy their business, the neighboring states 
 having prohibited such exports or charged them with 
 high duties. 
 
 1854. M. Kelin, of Belgium, invented a process for 
 converting straw into paper, which differed from any 
 other in use. The straw was steeped in water sixty 
 hours, when the liquid was run off and the straw 
 washed with a plentiful supply of water. It was then 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 117 
 
 flattened by being passed between two rollers while 
 in a damp state, and afterwards cut into fibres of 
 suitable length, and exposed to the sun's rays, until 
 sufficiently bleached. It was now submitted to another 
 steeping process, of three or four days, and subjected 
 to the action of a solution of hyper-chloride of potash 
 or soda until the straw acquired a sufficient degree of 
 whiteness, when it was put into the engine. 
 
 1854. T. G. Taylor patented a mode of manufactur- 
 ing paper from the stalks of the hop plant, in England. 
 1854. John Evans also obtained a patent in the 
 same country for a new manufacture of paper from 
 Brazilian grass ; and John Jeyes for the manufacture 
 of paper from twitch or couch grass. 
 
 1854. S. G-. Levis, of Delaware county, Penn., 
 patented an improvement in the mode of making 
 thick paper. 
 
 1854. E. Maniere obtained a patent in England for 
 fire-proof paper. The invention consisted in applying 
 asbestos to the manufacture of paper. The asbestos 
 was rendered very fine and pulpy, and was mixed with 
 the pulp of rags. 
 
 1854. Messrs. John Richmond and Ephraim Cush- 
 man, of Amherst, Mass., patented an improvement for 
 drying thick paper. " We claim drying thick paper, 
 and at the same time preventing it from warping out 
 of shape, to wit, by placing the sheets in a pulpy state 
 upon heated tables or platforms, and allowing them to 
 remain until they harden to such a degree as to begin 
 to warp out of shape, and then causing open or lattice 
 
118 Papee and Paper-Making. 
 
 weights to be let down upon them, which rest upon 
 their edges or points at different parts of the sheets, 
 and preserve them in flat positions until entirely dry."— 
 C. Gen. 339. 
 
 1854. E. L. Perkins, of Roxbury, Mass., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in polishing paper. 
 
 1854. A French paper-maker experimented with 
 wood in the manufacture of paper. Having taken off 
 the bark, the wood was cut into shavings, and the 
 shavings, which were very thin, were placed in water 
 six or eight days ; then dried ; then reduced to the 
 finest powder possible. This was mixed with rag pulp 
 and subjected to the ordinary process. All white 
 woods, such as poplar, lime, and willow, were deemed 
 suitable. 
 
 1854. A French paper-maker exhibited at the World's 
 fair in New York, specimens of paper made of straw, 
 which for whiteness, strength and beauty of finish 
 appeared to be nearly equal to rag paper. It was 
 manufactured by Coupier & Mellier, who patented the 
 process in this country. Their success was superior to 
 any of the 150 inventors who had patented as many 
 different processes in England and France alone. 
 
 1854. The Ledger, a Philadelphia daily paper, having 
 a very large circulation , perhaps 20,000 or 30,000 a day, 
 was printed on paper made of straw, costing 9 cents a 
 pound. It was a very inferior quality for the purpose. 
 
 1854. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain, chargeable with excise duty, was 179,896,222 
 pounds, being an increase of more than a hundred 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 119 
 
 million pounds', in twenty years. Of this quantity the 
 exports were 16,112,020 pounds. The estimated value 
 of the paper manufactured was £2,000,000 sterling. 
 
 1854. There were 6 paper-mills in North Carolina, 
 consuming over 3,000,000 pounds of stock. 
 
 1854. There were 750 paper-mills in the United 
 States, in active operation, having 3,000 engines, and 
 producing annually about 250 million pounds of paper, 
 averaging about 10 cents a pound. This required 405 
 million pounds of rags, costing 4 cents a pound, for 
 which our seamen had to scour every quarter of the 
 globe. The cost of labor was estimated at If cents a 
 pound ; the cost of labor and stock united would be 
 nearly twenty millions of dollars. The total cost of 
 manufacturing $27,000,000 worth of paper was sup- 
 posed to be $23,625,000. The demand, however, still 
 exceeded the supply, so that the price was advanced 
 2| cents a pound. 
 
 1854. The annual consumption of rags in Great 
 Britain was computed to exceed 120,000 tons, three- 
 fourths of which were imported, principally from Italy 
 and Germany. 
 
 1854. The imports of paper and its manufactures 
 into the United States during the year ending June 
 30, amounted to $727,829. 
 
 1854. The prices of rags in England were : 
 1st quality, 32s. to 34s. per cwt. 
 2d " 20s. " 
 
 3d " 15s. " 
 
 4th " 10s. " 
 
120 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1854. The demand for paper in England affected 
 the market in Jamaica so much that the two principal 
 journals were compelled to reduce the size of their 
 papers. 
 
 1854. The rise in the price of paper, 1\ cents a pound, 
 obliged the publishers of cheap papers to increase their 
 prices or reduce their sizes. Complaints of the price 
 and scarcity of paper were universal. The New York 
 Tribune was forced to go back to its former size. The 
 Journal of Commerce said that it paid from forty to fifty 
 thousand dollars a year for paper. The New York Times 
 said that their bill for paper was sixty thousand dollars. 
 The Daily Evening Register of Philadelphia was discon- 
 tinued on account of the high price of paper. The 
 Sun, the oldest of the penny papers, was also reduced 
 in size. Others put up their prices. 
 
 1854. George W. Beardslee, of Albany, made ex- 
 periments with basswood, which resulted in obtaining 
 a beautiful paper ; the woody fibre was reduced to a 
 pulp of fine whiteness, and the paper was soft and 
 strong, but it was supposed to contain a large per 
 centage of rags. 
 
 1854. A paper manufacturer in Otsego county, N". Y., 
 patented a mode of working the fibrous parts of swingle 
 tow into paper, in such a way as to produce a firm and 
 very white article. 
 
 1854. By the reciprocity treaty with Great Britain, 
 rags, the growth of the British North American colo- 
 nies or of the United States, were to be admitted into 
 each country, respectively, free of duty. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 121 
 
 1854. R. & J. C. Martin secured a patent in England 
 for obtaining a pulp from wood, by first saturating 
 with, water, planks and other pieces of wood, then 
 subjecting their surfaces to a toothed cylinder, or other 
 instrument having teeth resembling a saw or rasp ; by 
 which the wood was reduced to a suitable pulp. 
 
 1854. A patent was granted to Alexander Brown, in 
 England, for the production of paper from the bracken, 
 or fern plants, of Scotland. Every part of the plant 
 possesses strong fibres, producing a powerfully coher- 
 ing pulp, requiring little or no sizing. 
 
 1854. James Sinclair patented in England the dis- 
 covery of the use of thistles in the manufacture of 
 paper, which had been known and experimented upon 
 nearly a century. 
 
 1854. C. Hill manufactured paper in England from 
 the stem and roots of horseradish, the rush and flag, 
 and the vegetable remains of manures, which were 
 bleached and reduced to pulp by the usual modes. 
 
 1854. The exports of paper and stationery from the 
 United States is said to have been $187,325, and of 
 books and maps, $191,843. 
 
 1854. J. Lallemand, of Besancon, France, patented 
 a mode of making paper from peat. 
 
 1854. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
 States this year was 32,615,753 pounds, of which 
 24,240,999 pounds came from Italy. The total value 
 of them was $1,010,443, at 3.09 cents a pound. 
 
 1854. Obadiah Marland, of Boston, Mass., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in paper-making machines. 
 17 
 
122 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1854. Herr von Parmewitz, inventor of a process of 
 making wool from pine trees, presented to the king of 
 Prussia specimens of paper made of the same mate- 
 rial. Paper was also made of the red pine at Giersdorf, 
 which was said to be so white and good as to be fit for 
 writing or drawing, and needed no sizing because of 
 its resinous quality. 
 
 1854. "Woodward & Bartlett, of Massachusetts, pa- 
 tented an improvement in the machines for cutting 
 rags. 
 
 1855. A specimen of paper manufactured from the 
 common cane, the bamboo of the Mississippi river, 
 was exhibited at St. Louis, and highly approved of. 
 
 1855. Watt & Burgess, of London, made elaborate 
 experiments for the conversion of woody fibre into 
 pulp. The wood was first boiled in caustic soda ley, 
 and washed free from alkalies ; it was then subjected 
 to the action of chlorine, or an oxygenated compound 
 of chlorine, and again washed to remove the hydro- 
 chloric acid, when the wood was again treated with 
 caustic soda ley, and became immediately reduced to 
 pulp ; which being well washed and bleached was 
 ready to be manufactured into paper. Paper of this 
 material, it was claimed, would cost only £24 a ton, 
 but if made of rags would cost £40. 
 
 1855. Henry Fourdrinier, surviving partner of the 
 great firm engaged in the paper manufacture, in Eng- 
 land, died, aged 90. The Messrs. Fourdrinier exhausted 
 a vast fortune in perfecting the paper machine which 
 bears their name, and died in poverty. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 123 
 
 1855. J. 1ST. Kevin, of Scotland, succeeded in fab- 
 ricating rope and paper from the common garden 
 holyhock. It had the appearance and texture of such 
 paper as was used for bags and parcels by grocers, and 
 was very clean and firm. 
 
 1855. A French paper-hanger was engaged in pro- 
 ducing a design requiring upwards of three thousand 
 blocks, at a cost of $10,000, the design alone costing 
 $6,000. 
 
 1855. March 6. Daniel Joseph Patrick Hennessy 
 died at Brussells aged 74 ; proprietor of the extensive 
 paper-mills at La Huepe in Brabant. He introduced 
 improvements which completely changed the mode of 
 manufacturing paper in that country, for which he 
 received at various industrial exhibitions the gold 
 medals awarded on such occasions. He claimed 
 descent from the Irish kings, and his immediate ances- 
 tors were Jacobin emigrants. — Jour, de I'Imprimerie 
 JBelgique, part xn, feuilleton. 
 
 1855. The London Economist asserted that, so great 
 was the consumption of paper by the reading and 
 writing population of Great Britain, rags could not be 
 procured in sufiicient quantity to meet the demand. 
 
 1855. The paper-mill belonging to Messrs. Parker, 
 at Westville, New Haven, Conn., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1855. The paper-mill of B. B. Bradley, at Niagara 
 Falls, was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1855. James 1ST. Kellogg, foreman of Dupont's paper- 
 mill at Louisville, Ky., made experiments in manufac- 
 turing paper from undressed flax. 
 
124 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1855. The Saratoga Whig was printed on paper made 
 principally of straw by Messrs. Buchanan & Kilmer at 
 Rock City. These manufacturers employed a French 
 process of bleaching, and were successful in making 
 printing and writing paper of good quality from three- 
 fourths straw. 
 
 1855. The consumption of paper by The Times of 
 London, was nearly 9 tons a day; a quantity which, 
 the sheets being laid open and piled upon each other, 
 would rise to the height of fifty feet ; so that the supply 
 for eight days would exactly equal the height of St. 
 Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 1855. The rise of one-halfpenny a pound in the price 
 of paper in England affected the public journals so 
 much, that the loss thereby sustained by The Times 
 alone, was upwards of $10,000 per annum, inducing 
 the proprietors of that journal to offer a reward of 
 £1,000 for the discovery of a new and readily available 
 material for paper stock. 
 
 1855. An Englishman by the name of Watts patented 
 a mode of producing paper from wood shavings and 
 bran, which he expected would take the premium 
 offered by the proprietors of The Times for the discovery 
 of a new material for the production of paper. 
 
 1855. The extensive paper-mill of Gaunt & Derrick- 
 son, at Trenton, 1ST. J., was almost totally destroyed by 
 fire. The loss was estimated at $150,000. 
 
 1855. A paper-mill which had stood twenty years at 
 Essex, Vt., was destroyed by fire, with its contents; 
 loss $12,000. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 125 
 
 1855. It is stated in the New York Paper-makers' 
 Circular, that the number of mills in operation in 
 Austria at this time, was 535, giving employment to 
 12,000 workmen ; and that there were 165 mills in 
 the various kingdoms and duchies constituting the 
 Zollverein states of Germany. But as this is less than 
 half the number in operation ten years earlier, there 
 would seem to be some mistake, or the machines had 
 greatly diminished the number of hand-mills. 
 
 1855. M. D.Whipple, of Charlestown, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for preparing wood for paper-pulp. 
 
 1855. George W. Beardslee having made satisfactory 
 experiments for the conversion of woody substances 
 into paper, commenced the erection of a mill at Little 
 Falls, N". Y., for the purpose of manufacturing paper 
 of bass-wood and other ligneous substances, under the 
 auspices of a joint stock company. The enterprise was 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 1855. S. R. Andries, of Chamblee, Canada, exhibited 
 paper made of gnaphalie, or life everlasting, which he 
 claimed could be produced cheaper than any other 
 substance for the purpose of being manufactured into 
 paper. 
 
 1855. Horace W. Peaslee, of Maiden Bridge, obtained 
 a patent for a machine for washing paper stock. 
 
 1855. G. E. Simon obtained a patent in England for 
 a mode of manufacturing paper* from plants of the 
 different species of the family sparganium. 
 
 1855. G. Martonoi patented in England a peculiar 
 process for producing paper from seaweed. 
 
126 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1855. "W. Barabee undertook the introduction of 
 perfumes into the pulp of paper, which he thought of 
 sufficient importance to secure by a patent, in England. 
 
 1855. The drawback on paper used in printing 
 Bibles and Prayer Books in England, was £9,958 ; in 
 Scotland, £2,088. 
 
 1855. The United States imported 40,013,516 pounds 
 of rags, of which 23,948,612 came from Italy. The 
 value of these rags was $1,235,151, or very nearly 3.06 
 cents a pound. 
 
 1855. Richard Herring published a work, in London, 
 on ancient and modern paper and paper-making, with 
 25 specimens of paper, and an engraving of the paper- 
 making machine. 
 
 1855. Henry Glynn, of Baltimore, Md., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the manufacture of paper 
 pulp. 
 
 1855. Improvements in machinery and mode of 
 manufacture, and the application of steam, had reduced 
 the number of mills in Great Britain and Ireland to 
 380, or nearly one-half, in twenty years ; while the 
 quantity of rags annually consumed had risen to 
 201,600,000 pounds, or over a hundred per cent. 
 
 1855. Louis Koch, of K~ew York city, patented an 
 improvement in manufacturing paper-pulp. 
 
 1855. Charles H. Hall, of Portland, Maine, made 
 experiments with barks of trees, and succeeded in 
 producing wrapping paper advantageously. He fitted 
 up a mill at Waterville for the purpose of manufactur- 
 ing on a large scale. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 127 
 
 1855. Kayaderosseros paper-mill, near Ballston Spa, 
 N". Y., erected in 1854, was stopped. It was designed 
 for the manufacture of hanging paper, and had four 
 engines of 500 pounds capacity, one of Gavit's 72 inch 
 machines, revolving iron bleach, and all the modern 
 machinery for staining, printing, and decorating in the 
 highest style of the art, costing about $85,000. 
 
 1855. The paper-mill of C. & O. Clark, at "Woodville, 
 Jefferson county, N. Y. , four engines, was burnt ; loss 
 $12,000. It was rebuilt the next year, and furnished 
 with four large engines, and a 62 inch machine, and 
 turned out one ton of print a day. 
 
 1856. The ISTew York Mercantile Library received 
 a unique work on paper manufactures, prepared by 
 T. H. Saunders, of London, for the Paris exposition. 
 It contains a history of this department of industry, 
 followed by specimens of the different varieties of 
 hand and machine made paper, and of papers destined 
 to special uses, as bank notes, checks, photographs. 
 It is estimated that the work could not have cost less 
 than a thousand dollars. 
 
 1856. The consumption of paper in the United States 
 was computed to equal that of England and France 
 together. Thus in France, with 35 millions of inha- 
 bitants, only 70,000 tons of paper were produced in a 
 year, of which one-seventh was for exportation. In 
 Great Britain, with 28,000,000 of inhabitants, only 
 66,000 tons were produced. While in the United 
 States, young and but little advanced in manufactures, 
 200,000 tons were annually manufactured. 
 
128 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1856. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore county, Maryland, 
 made an experiment with southern cane, and produced 
 a creditable specimen of paper, which was used in 
 printing the Baltimore County Advocate. His mill was 
 employed exclusively in manufacturing wrapping paper. 
 
 1856. The sum of £9,094 was paid in England for 
 drawback of duty on paper used in printing Bibles, 
 Testaments and Prayer Books, and £1,200 in Scotland. 
 
 1856. The mills of the Chelsea manufacturing com- 
 pany at ISTorwich, Ct., were producing 7 tons of paper 
 daily ; and the Pacific mills at Windsor Locks were 
 supposed to be unsurpassed in their capacity by any 
 mills in the world. 
 
 1856. The extensive paper-mills of Piersse & Brooks, 
 at Windsor Locks, Conn., were burnt, involving a loss 
 of $75,000, two-thirds of which was insured. 
 
 1856. Edward Grantless, a marble cutter, of Glas- 
 gow, obtained a patent for a mode of making paper of 
 stone ! 
 
 1856. It was claimed that an excellent pulp for 
 paper was obtained by subjecting to a newly invented 
 process, the Scotch fern plant, the stems, stalks, and 
 even the roots of which possessed a strong fibre, which 
 was found to be peculiarly adapted to the manufacture 
 of a powerfully cohering paper-pulp ; that the plants 
 might be used either green or dry, but the latter was 
 preferable. 
 
 1856. Paper for wrapping purposes was made at a 
 mill near Hagarstown, Md., from refuse leather scrap- 
 ings about currier's shops. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 129 
 
 1856. It was estimated that if all the paper consumed 
 in one year by the newspapers in the city of New 
 York was put upon wagons, containing two tons each, 
 they would form a procession thirty miles in length, 
 requiring 6,000 wagons. 
 
 1856. Lasare Ochs, of Belgium, patented a mode 
 of obtaining paper from cuttings, waste, and scraps of 
 tanned leather. The scraps were placed in sieves on 
 the ends of arms or spokes on a wheel, and then made 
 to revolve in a stream of water ; which operation, if 
 continued long enough, washed out the tannin from 
 the leather. After this about 20 per cent of old hemp 
 rope was mixed and the whole cut up and reduced to 
 pulp, from which a coarse wrapping was the result. 
 A fair quality of paper was also obtained by the usual 
 process, it was claimed. 
 
 1856. ¥m. Clark, of Dayton, 0., patented improve- 
 ments in making paper of the bark of the cotton stalk. 
 Instead of using lime or other alkalies, he boiled coal 
 tar with the material used, in a peculiar manner. 
 
 1856. Horace W. Peaslee, of Maiden Bridge, K Y., 
 obtained a patent for a drying cylinder. He employed a 
 spiral tubular heater, upon a nonconducting cylinder, in 
 combination with an exterior metallic casing as set forth. 
 
 1856. The amount of paper imported into France 
 during this and the two preceding years, was 23,000 
 tons, having a value of about $7,500,000. The amount 
 exported was 114 tons, valued at $200,000. 
 
 1856. P. H. Wait, of Sandy Hill, 1ST. Y, patented 
 an improvement in felt guides. 
 18 
 
130 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1856. Francis Burke, of Montserrat, "West Indies, 
 invented a mode of preparing paper-pulp from the 
 fibres of endogenous plants, without having recourse 
 to the process of separating the fibrous matter from 
 the component parts of vegetable substances, which is 
 described in "Wells's Annual of Scientific Discovery for 
 1857, p. 89. 
 
 1856. Pierre J. Davis, of Paris, patented an im- 
 provement in bleaching paper, which is described in 
 the same work as the above. Also, H. Hodgkins, of 
 Belfast, Ireland. 
 
 1856. M. Didot, of Paris, patented a new method of 
 bleaching paper-pulp. He immersed the pulp in a 
 solution of bleaching liquor, made by saturating chlo- 
 ride of lime in water, and using the clear liquor, and 
 then passed carbonic acid gas through it. 
 
 1856. Cowley & Sullivan, of England, patented a 
 mode of bleaching straw pulp. The liquor (chlorine) 
 is 1 J to 2° in Twaddle's hygrometer, in strength ; but 
 a lower strength will not bleach the pulp, and a 
 stronger liquor will injure it, and not produce so good 
 a color. While the straw is undergoing bleaching, it 
 is carefully watched, and as soon as it assumes a red- 
 dish color, just merging on the white, a jet of steam 
 is cautiously let on and continued two hours, until the 
 liquor has attained a blood heat, or 90°, which is kept 
 up about two hours longer, when the straw will be 
 completely bleached, and fit for the beating engine. 
 Unless the steam is gradually introduced, the color 
 will not be good. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 131 
 
 1856. Vespasian 0. Balcom, of Bedford, Massachu- 
 setts, obtained a patent for an improvement in grinding 
 paper-stock, which consisted of a revolving pulp-tub, in 
 combination with a grooved grinding roller, revolved 
 thereon at a greater or different speed than the tub. 
 
 1856. Joseph Kingsland, Jr., of Franklin, 1ST. J., 
 patented an improvement in the engine for grinding 
 pulp — a process of reducing fibrous matter in water 
 to pulp, by grinding it under hydraulic pressure, which 
 creates a current that feeds the fibres into the grinder, 
 and removes it therefrom as fast as it is sufficiently 
 reduced, and renders the feeding independent of the 
 grinding. 
 
 1856. The straw paper-mill of John R. Hoes, at 
 Stuyvesant Falls, Columbia county, New York, was 
 destroyed by fire, with all the stock and machinery. 
 The loss was $8,000, there being no insurance upon 
 any part of it. 
 
 1856. The Overland Mail, published at Hong Kong, 
 China, was printed on stout and heavy paper, of fine 
 texture, made from the shavings of bamboo. 
 
 1856. There were twenty paper-mills with seventy- 
 five engines in the town of Lee, Mass. These con- 
 sumed 1,100,000 pounds of rags annually, and gave 
 employment to 1,000 people; the quantity of paper 
 manufactured was 780,000 reams, worth $1,300,000. 
 Much of this was a cheap writing paper. 
 
 1856. July 31. The paper-mill of G. W. Ingalls, at 
 Ballston Spa, was destroyed by fire. Loss $20,000 ; 
 insured $12,000. 
 
132 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1856. Israel Kinsey, of Hohokus, ]ST. J., patented 
 an improvement in feeding pulp to machines. 
 
 1856. "William Clark, of Dayton, Ohio, patented a 
 mode of making paper from straw. 
 
 1856. An English manufacturer produced paste- 
 board from beet roots. 
 
 1856. Dr. Terry, of Detroit, experimented upon a 
 species of moss obtained in the Lake Superior region, 
 and obtained a beautiful white paper, without any 
 peculiar process. The moss existed in great quanti- 
 ties, on Isle Royal and other localities, and could be 
 procured at a very moderate cost. 
 
 1856. An unusual freshet occured in the Kayaderos- 
 seras river, by which the paper-mills situated upon it 
 suffered to great extent by the loss of their dams or 
 damage to the mills and machinery. 
 
 1856. The Syracuse Standard boasted that its issue 
 was printed on paper made of rags imported directly 
 from the land of the Pharaohs, on the banks of the 
 Nile. These were said to have been stripped from the 
 mummies. 
 
 1856. M. Maurice Diamont, of Bohemia, laid before 
 the minister of finance a project relative to the manu- 
 facture of paper from maize, or Turkish wheat, and 
 experiments were made at the imperial manufactory, 
 which resulted in the production of various kinds of 
 writing and printing paper, but at considerable addi- 
 tional expense over rag made paper. Another attempt 
 was made three years later, with better success ; but 
 the result was still unsatisfactory. A manufactory was 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 133 
 
 then established at Temesvar to obviate the expense of 
 transportation of the raw material; but the experi- 
 ments were unsuccessful. (See 1862.) 
 
 1857. Messrs. Laflin Brothers disposed of their 
 extensive paper-mill at Herkimer, New York, for 
 $70,000, to the Kent Paper company, an unsuccessful 
 enterprise. 
 
 1857. It was announced that a new mode of prepar- 
 ing straw for white paper had been discovered, which 
 was expected to become valuable. 
 
 1857. The paper-mills of Russia, 181 in number, 
 gave employment to 11,730 persons, and produced 
 paper to the value of $3,250,000. 
 
 1857. Edward B. Bingham, of Brooklyn, K Y., 
 made an improvement in the cylinder machine, con- 
 sisting in the employment of an endless apron, placed 
 at each end of the cylinder, and close to it, and having 
 a traversing motion to that of the cylinder ; the apron 
 laying the pulp like a cross-lap on a web of cotton 
 batting, thereby rendering the paper made by such 
 machine much stronger, and of a more uniform texture. 
 
 1857. Louis Koch, of JSTew York city, patented an 
 improvement in the manufacture of paste-board. 
 
 1857. J. S. Blake, of Claremont, 1ST. H., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in making paper, which 
 was designed to embrace a superior method of trimming 
 the edges of the paper cut from the pulp, the proper 
 discharging of the strips cut from it, and the keeping 
 of the felt apron properly distended, to prevent creas- 
 ing the paper, and preventing considerable waste. 
 
134 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1857. J. A. Poth, of Philadelphia, patented the 
 combined application of sulphuric acid upon woody 
 fibres, with that of the chlorine bleaching agents. 
 
 1857. Patrick Clark, of Pah way, 1ST. J., patented a 
 mode of cleaning felts and cylinders with the water 
 that has been separated from the pulp, thus avoiding 
 the necessity of introducing for that purpose water 
 from any other source, into the machine. 
 
 1857. C. F. Sturgis, of Carlowville, Ala., patented 
 a process of manufacturing pulp from the bark of the 
 root and stalk of the cotton plant. 
 
 1857. M. A. C. Mellier, of France, patented a mode 
 of making pulp, by boiling in a solution of caustic 
 soda in a temperature not less than 310° Fahr., after it 
 had been soaked and cleaned, and before submitting it 
 to the action of a solution of chloride of lime ; and 
 the use of a rotary vessel separate from that containing 
 the steam heat. 
 
 1857. A paper-mill at Nassau, Rensselaer county, 
 N. Y. , was destroyed by fire. It belonged to A. P. Van 
 Alstyne, and was uninsured. Loss estimated at $12,000. 
 
 1857. P. H. Collyer, of Camden, N". J., claimed the 
 exclusive use and employment for making paper and 
 paper manufactures, in any combination or proportion 
 whatsoever of the residue prepared, so as to retain and 
 preserve the albumino-mucilaginous substance, or in 
 any other manner substantially the same as of beet-root, 
 mangel-wurtzel, and other species of the genus beta, 
 left after the sugar-making and distilling processes 
 have extracted the saccharine matter. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 135 
 
 1857. A company was formed with a capital of 
 ),000, for the manufacture of paper in Havana, 
 Cuba. The enterprise was induced by the great con- 
 sumption of paper in that island, and the high price it 
 commanded. 
 
 1857. The paper of the notes of the Bank of Eng- 
 land was distinguished by its color — a peculiar white, 
 such as was neither sold in the shops nor used for any 
 other purpose ; by its thinness and transparency, 
 qualities which prevented any of the printed part 
 of the note from being washed out by turpentine, or 
 removed by the knife, without making a hole in the 
 place thus practiced on ; by its characteristic feel, a 
 peculiar crispness and toughness, by which those 
 accustomed to handle it distinguished the true notes 
 instantly; the wire or water-mark, which was produced 
 on the paper when in the state of pulp, and which was 
 easily distinguished from a mark stamped on after 
 the paper was completed ; the deckle edges — the mold 
 contained two notes placed lengthwise, which were 
 separated by a knife at a future stage of the process — 
 this deckle producing the peculiar effect seen on the 
 edges of uncut paper, and this edging being caused 
 when the paper was in a state of pulp, precluded any 
 successful imitation after the paper was made ; also by 
 the strength of the paper, which was made from new 
 cotton and linen. In its waterleaf or unsized condi- 
 tion, a bank note would sustain 36 pounds ; and when 
 one grain of size had been diffused through it, it would 
 lift 100 pounds. 
 
136 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1857. L. C. Stuart took out a patent in England for 
 an improvement in drying sized paper, which consisted 
 in passing it over and between a series of oblong 
 cylinders, placed one above the other, and having 
 their surfaces perforated with small holes, through 
 which currents of graduated heated air were forced, 
 which escaped and came in contact with both sides of 
 the paper after leaving the sizing vat. The series of 
 cylinders and the paper between them were exposed to 
 the open air, so that the vapor should be free to escape, 
 and not run with the paper to be again absorbed by 
 them. The novelty of this improvement consisted 
 solely in the perforated cylinders, as the employment 
 of steam-heated rollers for the same purpose was 
 common in this country. 
 
 1857. House & Co., paper manufacturers at Haddam 
 Neck, Ct., made experiments with ivory shavings, and 
 produced a quantity of paper upon which a part of an 
 edition of the Connecticut Courant was printed. The 
 paper was said to be inferior to rag paper, but it was 
 thought that it could be improved upon. The fact 
 was, undoubtedly, that there was just enough ivory 
 shavings used to spoil it, as has been the case with 
 most of the samples produced of paper made of new 
 substances in part. 
 
 1857. William N. Clark, of Chester, Conn., obtained 
 a patent for the use of ivory as stock to make pulp 
 for the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1857. A paper-mill was burnt at Brattleborough, 
 Vt., early in September, belonging to Esty. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 137 
 
 1857. It appears by the returns of the paper tax in 
 Great Britain, which is three cents a pound, that the 
 whole amount of paper manufactured in that country 
 during this year was 191,000,000 pounds. 
 
 1857. June 19. The paper-mill of James Howard 
 & Co., at Manchester, near Pittsburgh, was burned with 
 all its contents. It was the work of an incendiary. 
 The loss was $25,000, and the insurance 10,000. 
 
 1857. Samples of writing paper, said to be of very 
 excellent quality, were exhibited at an industrial exhi- 
 bition in Vienna, manufactured from the leaves of 
 Indian corn. (See 1828.) 
 
 1857. The importation of rags into the United 
 
 States was 44,582,080 pounds, valued at $1,448,125. 
 
 Of 35,591 bales from Italy, more than one-third were 
 
 linen ; the rest a mixture of cotton and linen. About 
 
 2,000 bales were from the cities of Hamburg and 
 
 Bremen. The exportation of rags from France and 
 
 Rome was prohibited, and the few procured from 
 
 Ancona were obtained by special permission upon the 
 
 payment of large fees. The trade with Prussia and 
 
 Germany was also prohibited by the high export duty. 
 
 The exports from Alexandria and Smyrna were chiefly 
 
 collected in Asia Minor by agents having license from 
 
 the government, and could only be shipped after the 
 
 domestic demand was supplied. In Trieste also, only 
 
 the surplus was allowed to come away. The Trieste 
 
 rags were collected all over Hungary. The largest 
 
 shipping port was Leghorn. New York and Boston 
 
 were the largest receiving ports. 
 19 
 
138 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1857. June. All the old books, papers, drafts, 
 checks, letters which had been preserved in the United 
 States Bank, in the long course of its immense busi- 
 ness, were sold at Philadelphia to a paper-maker, to 
 be worked over into blank paper. The whole mass 
 weighed over forty tons. Ten tons of it consisted of 
 autograph letters of the first statesmen, politicians and 
 financiers of this and other countries. 
 
 1857. W. E. Game, of England, invented and 
 patented parchment paper. He discovered that when 
 paper is exposed to a mixture of two parts of concen- 
 trated sulphuric acid and one part of water for no 
 longer time than is required to draw it through the 
 fluid, it is immediately converted into a strong, skin- 
 like material. It must be instantly washed with water. 1 
 
 1857. James Brown patented in England a mode of 
 treating paper and paper material with glycerine, for 
 printing and other purposes. 
 
 1 It lias been found that common unsized paper, if immersed in a 
 solution of sulphuric acid — three parts of water to one of acid — 
 and suffered to remain there three minutes, becomes, when taken out 
 and well washed in cold water, almost exactly like parchment. It 
 shrinks somewhat, but it is increased fully eight fold in strength, 
 while no change in its weight takes place. A number of scientific 
 men in this city, professional and amateur, have been experimenting 
 on it, and with the most astonishing results. It has been brought 
 before the Academy of Natural Sciences and the Franklin Institute, 
 and the accomplished gentlemen of those institutions confess that 
 they are wholly unable to account foj' the change that is produced 
 in the paper by this very simple process. The only thing known is 
 that the change takes place, and that the commonest kind of paper 
 acquires all the properties of parchment. There must be care taken 
 in its preparation, and the paper, before drying, must be ironed, or 
 calendered ; but nothing else is necessary. — Philadelphia Bulletin. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 139 
 
 1858. Feb. 24. The paper-mill at North Benning- 
 ton, Vt., was burnt, with all the stock and machinery, 
 involving a loss of $30,000, of which only $6,000 was 
 insured. It was owned by Houghton & Graves. 
 
 1858. Mr. Barry, manufacturer of a substitute for 
 paper from animal substances, was prosecuted by the 
 crown, in England, for not having taken out a paper- 
 maker's license, and for not submitting his works to 
 the usual discipline of the excise. The defendant 
 contended that the article in question, being manufac- 
 tured from hides, was parchment, and not paper. It 
 so much resembled parchment, that a good many 
 acquainted with such fabrics could not discover the 
 difference. The court decided that the article being 
 in the nature of paper, was paper within the meaning 
 of the act, and the jury finding for the crown, the 
 damages were put at £100. 
 
 1858. Thomas Bonsor Crompton, the English paper 
 manufacturer, died, at the age of 66, leaving a very 
 large fortune. Besides the Farnworth Paper Mills, he 
 became the proprietor of the extensive manufactory 
 at Worthington ; supplied the principal newspapers 
 and merchants of London with paper ; invented the 
 continuous drying apparatus now in general use ; was 
 also an extensive manufacturer of cotton, and for 
 some time the proprietor of the Morning Post, and 
 other newspapers. Indefatigable in business, he was at 
 the same time an ardent sportsman, public-spirited, a 
 conservative in politics, and noted for his hospitality. — 
 Appleton's Cyclopedia. 
 
140 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1858. The oldest rag picker in Paris, died at the 
 age of ninety-one. This old man, like most of his 
 profession, was once rich, and his money being squan- 
 dered, he fell down the ladder of society, rung by 
 rung, until he reached the bottom. He was well 
 educated, and his brethren of the rag tie, looked up 
 to him with respect. The rag pickers reserved him a 
 number of streets into which no one was allowed to 
 venture on his picking excursions, and gave him a 
 monthly allowance of pocket money for his gin and 
 tobacco. His comrades buried him, and his funeral 
 was largely attended by rag pickers. 
 
 1858. Stephen Rossman, of Stuyvesant, New York, 
 invented a lifting-roll to prevent the breaking or tear- 
 ing of the paper as it passes from the upper of the 
 second press-rollers to the dryer. This was attained 
 by passing the web of paper between the lifting-roll 
 and the upper press-roll. The slight cohesion of the 
 web to the roll eases it off, and prevents it breaking, 
 and if a slight break should occur in the web, it 
 prevents the edge of the break from being carried 
 under the doctor, and thereby increased. It was 
 claimed that it affected a great increase in the quantity 
 of paper produced in a given time, by saving nearly 
 all the time that is expended when breakages of the 
 web occur. — Scientific American. 
 
 1858. A patent was reissued to Ladd & Keen, as- 
 signees of "Watt & Burgess, of England, for a mode of 
 pulping or disintegrating shavings of wood and other 
 similar vegetable matter for making paper. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 141 
 
 1858. J. & P. McMurray, of New York, patented 
 an invention, the object of which was to obtain a very 
 rigid frame, that would retain its form, so as to ensure 
 a perfect cylindrical wire-cloth surface — designed to 
 be used in paper machines, but applicable to other 
 purposes also. 
 
 1858. S. S. Mills, of Charleston, S. C, patented a 
 machine for separating the fibre from pulp in hemp 
 leaves. The invention consisted in the use of a shred- 
 ding cylinder, heckling device, and scutching cylinder, 
 in connection with reciprocating clamps, or holders, 
 arranged so that the separation of the fibrous portion 
 of the leaves of hemp from the soft, pulpy portion, is 
 readily affected, and in a perfect manner. 
 
 1858. Charles Marzoni, assignor of J. Gandolfi, 
 patented the use of "the peculiar stone called ada- 
 mantine," as a means of tearing the woody fibre into 
 a state suitable for pulp. 
 
 1858. March 3. The paper-mill of S. A. Parks & 
 Co., at Ballston, was destroyed by fire at night. 
 
 1858. March 18. The paper-mill of the Westville 
 Manufacturing Company in North Amherst, Mass., 
 was destroyed by fire. The building and machinery 
 were insured for $4,000. 
 
 1858. The Housatonic paper-mill of Platner & Smith, 
 at Lee, Mass., was burnt. Loss estimated at $150,000, 
 on which there was an insurance of nearly $30,000. 
 It was one of the most costly mills in New England, 
 the proprietors having procured the most perfect 
 machinery that could be obtained. 
 
142 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1858. May 4. Tlie paper-mill of Messrs. Hanna & 
 Sons, at Steubenville, Ohio, was burned. Loss esti- 
 mated at $50,000 ; insured for $9,000. 
 
 1858. May 24. The paper-mill of Croswell & Son, 
 near the village of ISTew Baltimore, Greene county, 
 1ST. Y., was destroyed by fire, together with $1,000 
 worth of paper. The loss was about $15,000. 
 
 1858. At a meeting in Leipsic of the Booksellers 
 and Publishers Union, it was unanimously determined 
 to erect at their own cost, a paper-mill, in consequence 
 of the extortionate prices demanded by manufacturers, 
 and the combination among them to keep it at the 
 great price to which they had raised it. 
 
 1858. Sept. 14. A paper-mill at Chatham Four 
 Corners with the dwelling house and outhouses belong- 
 ing to it were burnt, and an old man named Levy 
 G-arvey was with difficulty rescued from the flames. 
 The mill belonged to Mr. Isaacson. 
 
 1858. Henry Lowe stated that previous to his inven- 
 tion it had been found impossible, practically, to 
 manufacture paper from reeds; he now obtained a 
 patent for a mode of producing reed fibre from arundi- 
 naria macro-sperma of Michaux, and its employment in 
 the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1858. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, patented a mode 
 of making paper from reeds, by first disintegrating the 
 reeds by boiling in a solution of caustic soda, accom- 
 panied by agitation, and then reducing them directly 
 to pulp without reducing to half stuff by the machine 
 technically called the old rag engine. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 143 
 
 1858. Sept. 20. David Carson, an eminent paper 
 maker, died at Pittsfield, Mass., aged 75. He esta- 
 blished himself in business at 
 Dalton in 1811, and during 
 a period of thirty-one years 
 obtained a wide-spread repu- 
 tation as a manufacturer. 
 He had retired with a com- 
 petency in 1842. 
 
 1858. Aug. 12. The paper- 
 mill on Bath Island, near Magara Falls, was entirely 
 destroyed by fire. . Loss about $100,000. The New 
 York Tribune was supplied by this mill. 
 
 1858. An effort was made to introduce the residue 
 of beet root from the sugar manufactories of Europe 
 for paper stock, Dr. Collyer having patented a mode 
 of producing paper from that material. 
 
 1858. Martin Mxon, of Philadelphia, patented an 
 improvement in the preparation of straw for pulp, 
 which consisted in applying the steam whereby the 
 solution was automatically and continuously delivered 
 on top of the straw ; and the process of boiling the 
 whole straw by the combined action of an upward 
 current of steam, and a downward current of alkaline 
 solution, permeating the mass, and acting upon it in 
 conjunction. 
 
 1858. Nov. 24. The storehouse connected with the 
 extensive paper-mill of Tileston & Hollingsworth, 
 Milton, Mass., was destroyed by fire. Loss $20,000 ; 
 insured $10,000. 
 
144 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1858. A water-proof packing paper was brought 
 into use in England, consisting of common paper 
 covered with a very thin coat of gutta percha, dissolved 
 in turpentine and put on the paper in a liquid form 
 with rollers. 
 
 1858. D. Lichtenstadt obtained a patent in England 
 for making pulp for paper and other fabrics from 
 leather or any kind of animal fibrine, whether in 
 large or small pieces, shavings or shreds, either tanned 
 or untanned. The fibrine was first cleaned by being 
 mixed for about two hours in a composition of water, 
 caustic lime, and potash ; then washed in cold water, 
 and mixed with gypsum, or alumina, when it was 
 ready for the pulping engine. When in the tanned 
 state, it was treated with caustic lime or limy matter 
 mixed with sal ammoniac, ammonia, or ammoniacal 
 compounds, to extract the tannin, and afterwards 
 washed successively in an acid liquid and water to 
 remove the caustic liquor, when it was pressed and 
 converted into pulp in the usual way. 
 
 1858. Thomas Lindsay, of Westville, and "William 
 Geddes, of Seymour, Conn., invented a mode of vary- 
 ing the width of paper while the machine was in 
 operation. The invention consisted in having the lip 
 or basin which conducts the pulp from the endless wire- 
 apron constructed in two parts, so that one part may 
 slide over the other, and having the parts connected 
 with the deckles, which, as well as the deckle-straps, 
 were by a novel mechanism rendered susceptible of 
 lateral adjustment. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 145 
 
 1858. Isaac N. Creliore and Francis Stiles patented 
 an improved lead plate, composed of sheet-metal knives, 
 corrugated, or formed with a series of angles, or curved 
 lines, through their entire length, for a rag engine ; the 
 lead plate in use being objectionable from its liability 
 to breakage, and the difficulty of repairing it when 
 once injured or broken at any point. 
 
 1858. Oct. 3. The extensive paper-mill of Thomas 
 Rice, Jr., at Newton Lower Falls, Mass., was totally 
 destroyed by fire ; loss nearly $15,000, insured. 
 
 1858. June 30. There was a decrease of six million 
 pounds in the quantity of paper charged with duty in 
 Great Britain in the half year ending with this date, 
 against 1857, the relative quantities being 99,483,635 
 pounds, and 93,462,130 pounds. 
 
 1859. Paper was so scarce in Madrid that several 
 printing offices were forced to suspend business, and 
 the journals pressed the government to allow foreign 
 paper to be imported free, or at a greatly reduced duty. 
 
 1859. John Meyerhofer, of the city of New York, 
 claimed an improvement in making paper impervious 
 to water, mixing the alkaline solution of rosin with 
 the pulp, and then adding what is known as English 
 sulphuric acid; and after the sheets have been formed, 
 drying them in contact with heated metallic surfaces. 
 
 1859. Morris L. Keen, of Rogers Ford, Pa., claimed 
 an improvement in boilers for making pulp from wood; 
 for boiling, under pressure, wood and ligneous materials 
 for making paper-pulp, constructed with an expansion 
 
 chamber, stirrers and discharge valve. 
 20 
 
146 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1859. Martin Nixon, of Philadelphia, patented an 
 improvement in boilers for treating paper-stock : the 
 boiler constructed to boil stock under a heavy pressure, 
 by the combined action of an upward current of steam, 
 and a downward current of hot alkaline solution, and 
 admitting of the ready inversion of the boiler for the 
 discharge of its contents when cooled. 
 
 1859. Palser & Howlancl, of Fort Edward, claimed 
 an improvement by boiling straw or other stock for 
 about four hours under a pressure of from 110 to 130 
 pounds, in a solution of caustic alkali, of a strength 
 indicating from 3f-° to 3|° P. 
 
 1859. Palser & Howland patented improvements in 
 apparatus for the manufacture of pulp. 
 
 1859. The quantity of paper charged with duties of 
 excise in the British kingdom, was 217,827,197 pounds, 
 the exports were 20,142,350 pounds. 
 
 1859. Crocker & Marshall, of Lawrence, Massa- 
 chusetts, patented a combination of internally-heated 
 drying cylinders, with a steam-box for the purpose of 
 continuously first thoroughly drying paper, and then 
 superficially moistening it, by the direct application of 
 steam prior to the operation of calendering; .second, 
 the combination of steam boxes so arranged as to 
 moisten paper superficially by the steam therein con- 
 tained, with rolls which calender by pressure. 
 
 1860. F. De Compoloro, of France, obtained a patent 
 for an improvement in the manufacture of pulp, claim- 
 ing the employment of the cobs of Indian corn, either 
 alone or with the husks. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 147 
 
 1860. Jordan & Keney (in connection with Grant, 
 Warren & Co.), claimed a reissue for an improvement 
 in machines for grinding and sizing paper-pulp — con- 
 structed of a simple conical grinder and outer shell, 
 and with pipes for the introduction of the rags and 
 size, and the eduction of both, arranged with reference 
 to the axis and ends of the grinder, so as to enable it 
 to reduce the rags to pulp and mix the sizing therewith. 
 
 1860. The patent of Messrs. Kendall expired, which 
 had been taken out in 1846, for bleaching paper-pulp. 
 
 1860. Xavier Karcheski, of New York city, patented 
 an improvement in the manufacture of vegetable parch- 
 ment ; claiming the application to certain parts of the 
 paper, of starch or some other gelatinous substance, 
 either plain or colored, for the purpose of producing 
 a vegetable parchment, equal, or nearly so, in strength, 
 to the animal parchment, and of a uniform transpa- 
 rency, with indelible water-marks, in such a manner 
 that it could be used with particular advantage for 
 bank bills and other paper of the same character. 
 
 1860. The paper manufactured in Massachusetts 
 amounted to nearly six millions of dollars, which was 
 over 58 per cent of the product of the whole Union 
 ten years earlier. 
 
 1860. The Messrs. Smart, of Troy, K Y., claimed 
 an improvement in the manufacture of straw paper, 
 which consisted in treating the fibre for making white 
 paper by the successive operations of boiling, washing, 
 and separating, or beating, and then applying the 
 chemicals used for bleaching to the pulp. 
 
148 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1860. Thomas G-. Chase claimed to have made further 
 improvements in rendering paper incorrodible, by the 
 interposition of a mixed powder of calcined feldspar, 
 sulphate of lime, with the metallic oxide of magne- 
 sium, calcium, and iron, between the block of caustic 
 alkali coated with paraffine and rosin and the paraffine 
 wrapper. He also claimed the composition of paraffine 
 and rosin for the purposes described. 
 
 1860. Howland & Palser, of Fort Edward, K Y., 
 patented an improvement in the preparation of straw 
 for paper-pulp. Their staple fibre, as they termed it, 
 was made from common rye or wheat straw, or other 
 stalks. In preparing it, the substance was first cut 
 into short lengths by machinery, and winnowed to 
 remove impurities, then crushed and abraded by being 
 passed between iron rollers, after which it went through 
 a process of steaming, boiling, &c. 
 
 1860. Messrs. Howland & Palser claimed a reissue 
 for an improvement in the manufacture of paper-pulp, 
 in the destruction or carbonization of the gummy, 
 resinous, and other matters from which the fibre is to 
 be set free, without injury to the fibre itself. 
 
 1860. Edward L. Perkins claimed a reissue for an 
 improvement in machines for drying paper and other 
 fabrics, consisting of the combination of a drying 
 chamber with inlet and outlet passages for insuring a 
 circulation through it, an apparatus for heating the 
 same, and suitable carrying-rolls for suspending the 
 fabric vertically in the drying-chamber, and for carry- 
 ing it into and through the same. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 149 
 
 1860. This year was unusually disastrous to paper- 
 mills, by fire and explosions. The paper-mill of Sam- 
 uel Hanna, in "West Fitchburg, Mass., was partially 
 destroyed by fire ; loss about $2,000. The paper-mill 
 of ¥m, Clark & Co., at Northampton, Mass., was 
 destroyed by fire ; loss upwards of $40,000 ; insured 
 $41,000. The paper-mill of Goss & Kussel at Dover 
 mills, Mass., was burnt. The Greenleaf & Taylor 
 paper-mill was burnt at Springfield, Mass. ; loss $25,000, 
 insured $18,000. A paper-mill at Ashland, owned by 
 
 Morse, was destroyed by fire ; there was an 
 
 insurance of $8,000 on the building and stock. The 
 paper-mill at Saccarappa, owned by Josiah F. Day, of 
 Portland, was burnt : the building was about 100 feet 
 long and four stories high : loss estimated at $25,000 ; 
 insured for $19,700. A steam boiler in the paper-mill 
 of Platner & Smith, at Lee, Mass., was destroyed by 
 explosion. A workman was dangerously injured; the 
 damage to property was about $600. 
 
 1860. Ephraim and John R. Cushman obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the manufacture of 
 leather-paper stock; which consisted in heating the 
 stock while it was in the beating engine, and removing 
 the impurities as they arose. 
 
 1860. The rapid increase in the consumption of 
 paper, especially of all kinds of book and news paper, 
 during the period of a quarter of a century, was with- 
 out a parallel ; yet it was almost wholly supplied by 
 American manufacturers. The long established policy 
 of the government, combining revenue with the en- 
 
150 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 couragement of home industry, had drawn a very large 
 capital into this branch of business, and the production 
 of paper fully kept pace with the demand. Notwith- 
 standing the fact that capital and labor were so much 
 cheaper in Europe than here, prices of paper ruled so 
 low in this country, that under a revenue duty of 
 twenty-four per cent — the rate for many years prior 
 to this time — the quantity imported was never very 
 large, and was pretty much confined to French writing 
 papers. Competition reduced the profits below the 
 average of other branches of manufacture ; the market 
 also became overstocked, and prices at this time were 
 reduced beyond precedent, resulting in an actual loss, 
 and many mills were compelled to close business. 
 
 1860. About sixty-five per cent of the whole amount 
 of paper-stock was derived from domestic rags of cot- 
 ton fabric, and twelve per cent from cotton waste, and 
 rope and bagging used in baling cotton. 
 
 1860. Ebenezer Clemo, of Toronto, Canada, patented 
 a mode of using nitric acid, the aqua fortis of com- 
 merce, in the conversion of straw and grasses into 
 pulp ; and for a subsequent treatment with a solution 
 of hydrate or carbonate of an alkali, for the purpose of 
 reducing the stock to a fine fibrous pulp, without sub- 
 jecting it to the beating or other mechanical operation. 
 
 1860. The census returns reported the consumption 
 of five million dollars worth of paper, ink, &c, per 
 annum, in the city of New York, producing over 
 eleven million dollars worth of books, newspapers, 
 &c, employing more capital than any other business. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 151 
 
 1860. Another plant, suitable for the manufacture 
 of paper, was declared of easy growth in Algeria — 
 the hibiscus esculentus, resembling the flax plant, also 
 admirably adapted for the manufacture of coarse linen, 
 being far stronger than cotton. Its culture was highly 
 recommended in the African colonies, to replace the 
 deficiency of rags, so severely felt. 
 
 1860. A new kind of paper for making cigarettes 
 was discovered, and a manufactory established in Al- 
 giers for working this new invention. The paper in 
 question was made from the refuse stalks and portions 
 of the leaves which had been hitherto thrown away or 
 burnt as useless. It was calculated that the value 
 of the rags from which the paper for the cigarettes 
 had been usually made, amounted annually to from 
 9,000,000 to -10,000,000 francs. 
 
 1860. It was reported that England at this time 
 required upwards of 120,000 tons of rags yearly, a 
 large proportion of which were derived from foreign 
 sources. 
 
 1860. In all the countries of "Western Europe, in- 
 cluding Holland, Belgium, France, Spain and Portugal, 
 the export of rags and other paper-making material 
 was prohibited, and an artificial cheapness thus pro- 
 duced ; so that rags which were 3d. per jpound in 
 England, cost but 1J<£ in France. 
 
 1860. Joseph Storm, of Woonsocket, E. I., patented 
 an improvement in paper-rag engines, or rag-pickers, 
 of which an engraving is given in the Scientific American 
 of March 17, 1860. 
 
152 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1860. A step towards the final cessation of paper 
 duties in England was made by the house of commons, 
 in the import duties of paper, as follows : 
 
 Mill-boards, per cwt., 
 
 - - - £1 3 4 
 
 £0 16 
 
 Pasteboard, do 
 
 - - - 1 3 4 
 
 15 
 
 Brown paper, do 
 
 - - - 13 4 
 
 16 
 
 Paper hangings, do 
 
 - - ■ ■ 180 
 
 14 
 
 Fancy papers, do 
 
 - - - 13 4 
 
 16 
 
 "Waste paper, do 
 
 - - - 1 3 4 
 
 16 
 
 The duty which was established in the reign of 
 Queen Anne, the house of commons, by a majority of 
 fifty-three, resolved to repeal. 
 
 1860. Stephen M. Allen, of Niagara Falls, K Y., 
 claimed a new mode of treating fibrous materials, such 
 as flax, hemp, jute, manilla, grass, sugar-cane, &c, in 
 subjecting them to the action of air charged with 
 moisture or vapor. 
 
 1860. May. The machinery for the first paper-mill 
 in Minnesota, arrived at the Falls of St. Anthony, 
 where it was proposed to erect a manufactory. The 
 consumption of paper in St. Paul was estimated at 
 over fifty tons a year. 
 
 1860. There was exhibited in England a sheet of 
 tissue paper which measured four miles (21,000 feet) 
 in length, and six feet and three inches in breadth, the 
 weight of which was but 196 pounds. It was manu- 
 factured in 12 hours. 
 
 1860. The quantity of paper supplied to the station- 
 ery office in London during the year ending March 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 153 
 
 31, was 3,601,119 pounds. The comptroller calculated 
 that there was a saving to government, by the repeal 
 of the paper duty, of £12,000. The sales of waste 
 paper during the same period, amounted to £6,269, 
 which was £1,000 more than any previous year. — 
 Bookseller, May 26, 1860, p. 282. 
 
 1860. C. S. Buchanan, of Ballston Spa, patented an 
 improvement in boilers for preparing paper stuff: 1. 
 The combination with a rotary boiler, or vessel, of a 
 cylindrical strainer arranged within the boiler. 2. In 
 rotary boilers, provided with cylindrical and concentric 
 strainers, he claimed the construction and arrangement 
 of ribs in the form of gutters. 3. He claimed provid- 
 ing the hollow journals of boilers constructed to operate 
 as described, by rotation with a tubular plug capable 
 of being shifted on its axis, such plug having one or 
 more openings at the inner end so arranged as to allow 
 of their coinciding with the channels or ways on the 
 boiler heads, for the discharge from the boiler of liquid 
 or steam, or both. 
 
 1860. J. L. Jullion, of Aberdeen, Scotland, obtained 
 a patent in this country for an improvement in the 
 preparation of paper. He used compounds, prepared 
 by precipitation, from watery or other solution of 
 earths and acids, to consolidate and harden paper. 2. 
 The use of chloride or oxy-chloride of zinc with 
 glutinous matter as a size for paper. 3. The use of 
 any of the before-mentioned prepared inorganic bodies, 
 mixed with the sizing agent, to facilitate the absorp- 
 tion of writing and printing ink. 
 21 
 
154 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1861. July 20. The paper-mill of Hunter and Pat- 
 ton, at North Bennington, Vt., was wholly destroyed 
 by fire. Loss $20,000; insured $18,000. The mill had 
 been closed three weeks, and the fire was attributed to 
 spontaneous combustion. 
 
 1861. James Piercy, of Bloomfield, E". J., patented 
 an improvement in washers for pulp. 
 
 1861. J. E. Malloy, of New York city, patented an 
 improvement in the preparation of fibre, claiming a 
 process of separating fibre from fibre-yielding plants, 
 consisting of the separate and successive steps of com- 
 bining, rubbing and washing the plants in cold water ; 
 the whole forming one continuous operation performed 
 while the fibre is fresh and the plant undesiccated. 
 
 1861. J. H. Patterson, of Schaghticoke, patented 
 an improvement for drying pasteboards, designed to 
 facilitate the curing or drying wet paper or pasteboard 
 sheets, by placing them in frames. 
 
 1861. Feb. 13. At a meeting of paper manufacturers 
 at Pittsfield, Mass., to consult upon the depressed con- 
 dition of the trade, twenty-one of the thirty-six fine 
 writing paper-mills of the country, and three-fourths 
 of the capital invested (some $4,000,000), were repre- 
 sented. It appeared that the production of fine paper 
 had been doubled within the previous ten years. An 
 association was formed for the purpose of securing 
 the members from the recurrence of a similar glut in 
 the market, and it was decided, that for three months 
 from the first of March, the production should be 
 reduced one-third. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 155 
 
 1861. Joseph Jordan, Jr., of East Hartford, Conn., 
 obtained a patent for an improvement in mills for 
 grinding pulps by a peculiar arrangement of the knives. 
 
 1861. Experiments having been made with success 
 at Baltimore, for converting the cane of the southern 
 swamps into paper stock, mills were erected at "Wil- 
 mington, N. C, for preparing the fibre upon a large 
 scale for supplying paper-mills. 
 
 1861. Gelston Sanford, of New York city, patented 
 an improvement in mills for grinding pulp. He con- 
 structed the side of conical-shaped staves, with rough- 
 ened surfaces, set alternately in reverse position, so 
 that the space between them can be adjusted as set 
 forth, in combination with the serrated rubbers. 
 
 1861. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, Md., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the process of recovering 
 soda used in the manufacture of stock. He reclaimed 
 the soda from the spent solution of caustic soda after 
 its action upon reeds, straw, or other fibrous material, 
 by charging the solution with carbonic acid gas, in 
 a suitable vessel, so that the organic matter will be 
 precipitated. 
 
 1861. Oct. 1. The excise and import duty upon 
 paper in England was abolished. (See London Pub- 
 lishers' Circular, October, 1861.) 
 
 1861. Harlow Kilmer, one of the proprietors of the 
 manilla paper manufacturing company, at Rock City, 
 Saratoga county, slipped from the wheel and was caught 
 in the cog gearing of the machinery, and his body cut 
 entirely in two. He was 50 years of age. 
 
156 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1861. The state of Georgia having seceded from the 
 United States, the Macon Telegraph, which had been 
 printed upon paper manufactured in Georgia and 
 South Carolina during the previous three years, was 
 now printed on paper imported from Belgium. 
 
 1861. May 29. A paper-mill at Lee, Mass., owned 
 by Prentice C. Baird, was burnt with all it contents. 
 There was an insurance of $14,000 on it. 
 
 1861. June 11. The straw paper-mill of G. Chit- 
 tenden & Son, at Stockport, Columbia county, E". Y., 
 was destroyed by fire, together with 500 reams of 
 paper and 300 tons of straw. Loss estimated at $15,000, 
 of which $4,000 was insured. 
 
 1861. There were 15 paper-mills in the seceded 
 states, which produced 75,000 pounds of paper daily, 
 while the consumption was over 150,000 pounds, and 
 the entire suspension of newspapers was apprehended. 
 
 1861. T. H. Dodge, of Washington, D. C, patented 
 an improvement in letter paper, which consisted in 
 tinting the whole or a portion of the blank side, and 
 combining with it the official embossed postage stamps. 
 
 1861. A. Randel, of New York city, patented an 
 improvement in preparing stock, by a combination of 
 differentially moving crushing rollers with the shred- 
 ding cylinder and spiked concave. 
 
 1861. Straw paper, which was first made in Phila- 
 delphia in 1854, of a poor quality, was now so much 
 improved as to be used by one of the daily papers. 
 There were two or more manufacturers in New York 
 state, and one in Cincinnati. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 157 
 
 1861. Benjamin Lambert, of England, patented an 
 improvement in the treatment of printed paper to 
 remove ink and recover the pulp, to render it fit to be 
 remade into paper. 
 
 1861. Moritz Diamant, an Austrian, invented a 
 mode of preparing pulp from corn leaves, which was 
 accounted a great discovery, and was stated to have 
 been " an industrial fact confirmed by success," cal- 
 culated considerably to influence the price of paper. 
 This discovery was not a new one ; in the eighteenth 
 century the manufacture had been in operation in Italy 
 with remarkable success ; but, strange to say, the secret 
 was kept by the inventor, and was lost at his death. 
 Many attempts since made to revive the manufacture, 
 recoiled before the difficulty of removing the silica 
 and resinous matter contained in the leaves, and which 
 obstructs the conversion of pulp into §heets. It was 
 claimed that Diamant, a Jewish writing master, had 
 rediscovered the process, and it was applied on a large 
 scale at the imperial manufactory of Schlogelmuhle, 
 with such success that the paper obtained left nothing 
 to be desired in strength, homogeneity, polish, and 
 whiteness ; in short, that in several respects the paper 
 was superior to that made from rags ! (See Scientific 
 American, vol. v, 1861, p. 203.) 
 
 1862. All the paper-mills in Trenton, E". J., sus- 
 pended operations because they could not get cash for 
 the manufactured article, and had been heavy losers 
 by the failure of consignees in the city of New York. 
 The number of mills in Trenton was four. 
 
158 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1862. Jan. 16. The paper-mill of Messrs. Bestow (?) 
 & Fairchild, at "Williams ville, was destroyed by fire, 
 at a loss of $20,000, partially covered by insurance. — 
 Buffalo Express. 
 
 1862. A. S. Lyman, of New York city, patented 
 an improved process of separating the fibres of wood 
 and other substances for the manufacture of pulp, by 
 subjecting them in a close vessel to the combined 
 simultaneous action of a whipping, beating, rubbing, 
 grinding or picking apparatus, and of water at a high 
 temperature and pressure. 
 
 1862. The paper-makers held a meeting at the 
 Astor House in the city of New York, in the autumn 
 of this year, and resolved to increase the prices of 
 printing paper. The result was that paper which had 
 usually been sold for nine cents a pound was gradually 
 increased to twenty-two, of the ordinary news quality, 
 notwithstanding a vast quantity of old paper was pro- 
 cured from all quarters for stock. 
 
 1862. The catalogue of the Austrian department of 
 the London International Exhibition, drawn up in three 
 languages, was printed partly on paper made from the 
 stalks and husks alone of maize, or Turkish wheat, 
 and partly from a mixture of maize with linen and 
 cotton rags. 
 
 1862. Feb. 15. The paper-mill of Charles Van 
 Benthuysen at Cohoes was burnt. He stated his loss 
 at $15,000. It had been constructed in the best man- 
 ner, three stories high, and was just ready to commence 
 operations. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 159 
 
 1862. April 21. The paper-mill of E. P. Russell, 
 at Manlius, !N\ Y., was burnt. 
 
 1862. James Harper, of East Haven, Conn., patented 
 an improvement in machinery for making paper. He 
 combined, with the Fourdrinier wire-cloth apron, the 
 couching belt, so arranged as to couch the paper from 
 the wire-cloth by direct contact of the perforated cylin- 
 der, when those parts are so arranged that the cylinders 
 support the wire-cloth and the couching-belt, respect- 
 ively, directly opposite their points of contact with 
 each other, and the combination with each other, when 
 arranged, of the Fourdrinier wire-cloth, couching-belt, 
 and beater. 
 
 1862. An association was formed among the manu- 
 facturers of fine writing paper in the early part of this 
 year, who met at Springfield, Mass., and raised the 
 price of writing paper from thirteen and fourteen 
 cents a pound to seventeen cents for flat cap, and from 
 fifteen to twenty-five cents for letter and note paper. 
 
 1862. William McFarlane, of Glasgow, called atten- 
 tion to the value of the trash of the sugar cane as a 
 material of paper, assuming that for every 2,200 tons 
 of it, 2,000 tons of finished pulp might be obtained. 
 The cost in London was estimated thus : fuel, £1,000 ; 
 wages of a skillful workman one year, £200 ; capital 
 invested (£300), at ten per cent, £30 ; loss by wear and 
 tear, £30 ; freights from Jamaica to London, £7,000 ; 
 and profits on the whole transaction, £10 ! the price 
 of 2,000 tons of palp, £14,000 in London, being £7 
 per ton, or less than one-half the price of rags. 
 
160 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1862. Henry Hayward, of Chicago, patented an 
 improvement in safety paper ; claiming the described 
 means of designating varieties in the value or character 
 of printed sheets of paper, in which threads of fibrous 
 material are incorporated into and among the pulp, as 
 described, to wit, the use of threads of different colors 
 or characters arranged as specified. 
 
 1862. Oct, 6. The paper-mill of D. & D. 8. Mason 
 & Co., at Bristol, ~N. H., was burnt. The building 
 and machinery cost $18,000, and was insured. 
 
 1862. June 27. Louis Piette, editor of the Journal 
 des Fabricants de Papier, died at Paris, aged 59. He 
 published in 1831, a treatise on paper-making, which 
 went through several editions, and had prepared the 
 second edition of a treatise on the coloring of paper- 
 pulp, which was published the year after his death, 
 with 229 specimens of colored paper. Although 
 educated for the bar, he devoted his life with eminent 
 success to the improvement in the manufacture of 
 paper, and received medals in England, France, and 
 Germany for specimens which he produced at industrial 
 exhibitions in those countries from 1842 to 1855. 
 
 1862. K W. Taylor and J. W. Brightman, of Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, patented an improvement in machines for 
 drying sized paper. 
 
 1862. It was stated by the London Mechanics' Maga- . 
 zine that excellent paper was now made in Europe 
 from the leaves of Indian corn ; there being a paper-mill 
 in operation in Switzerland, and another in Austria, 
 which made paper exclusively from that material. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 161 
 
 1862. S. S. Crocker, of Lawrence, Mass., patented 
 an improvement in machinery for cleaning pulp, by the 
 combination of large and small receptacles, arranged 
 to work together. 
 
 1862. H. D. Pochin, of England, prepared an anhy- 
 drous rosin-soap for sizing paper, as follows : take 
 150 parts by weight of rosin, 75 of soda ash, such as 
 contains 46 per cent of alkali, and make the rosin-soap 
 by beating and grinding. Then take 10 parts of such 
 rosin-soap, and 18 of the ammoniate of alum, and 
 form a solution of such a strength as may be required 
 for paper of a common class. For fine paper, a rosin- 
 soap was made with 165 parts of rosin, and 165 parts 
 of soda ash. 
 
 1862. The Niagara Falls Paper-Mill Company re- 
 ceived orders from New York to run paper on reels 
 in quantities equal to about 2,000 sheets, as by an 
 improvement in feeding the cylinder press, the paper 
 was fed, cut, and printed, at one operation, saving the 
 labor of eight men. 
 
 1862. Nov. 21. Ordinary news paper, which sold 
 early in the year at 8 cents net cash, was now 17 cents 
 cash ; all writing papers were at 40 cents a pound, 
 and No. 1 printing, 30 cents. 
 
 1862. The war between the north and south having 
 caused an enormous rise in the price of cotton, twine 
 was now made of paper. 
 
 1862. A paper-mill on the Fox River, Illinois, was 
 using considerable quantities of sorghum in the manu- 
 facture of paper for wrapping and printing. 
 
162 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1863. Henry Pemberton, of East Tarentum, Pa., 
 procured a patent for a mode of manufacturing pulp 
 from the stalks of the sorgo, or Chinese sugar cane 
 (a plant of the genus sorghum), as a substitute for 
 linen and cotton rags in the manufacture of the better 
 qualities of paper. 
 
 1863. A safety paper was invented in England, 
 designed to prevent forgery or alteration of notes, or 
 any paper demanding security. It consisted of a sin- 
 gle sheet formed of several layers of pulp, superposed, 
 of different nature and colors, according to require- 
 ment. The middle layer of the paper required only 
 to be colored of a delible or destructible color ; the 
 chemical acid employed in obliterating the writing 
 would also destroy this color, and it could not again 
 be restored while the paper surface remained white. 
 
 1863. Gr. E. Rutledge, of Dayton, Ohio, improved 
 the process of manufacture by a current in that portion 
 of the fluid pulp in which the sieve-cylinder rotates, 
 in the direction corresponding therewith, by which the 
 periphery of the cylinder and the fluid pulp in which 
 it rests are relatively at rest. 
 
 1863. The paper-makers on the North Esk, in Scot- 
 land, near Edinburgh, were reported to manufacture 
 more than 11 million pounds of paper, and to use 
 964 tons of chloride of lime for the bleaching. See 
 1807. 
 
 1863. John F. Schuyler, of Philadelphia, patented 
 some new machinery for the purpose of planishing 
 paper. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 163 
 
 1863. Dr. Aloyse Chevalier Auer de Welsbach, of 
 Austria, procured a patent in this country for a process 
 of obtaining and separating the textile material con- 
 tained in the husks, leaves, and stalks of Indian corn, 
 by exposing the same, together with a solution of 
 lime and soda, or equivalent substances, to the action 
 of hot or boiling water, and preparing the material in 
 a peculiar manner. 
 
 1863. John F. Jones, of Rochester, K Y., invented 
 an improvement which consisted in a certain con- 
 struction of what are termed the cylinder moulds, and 
 the various kinds of boards produced from fibrous 
 materials whereby provision is made for carrying away 
 the water from their interiors through hollow journals, 
 thereby dispensing with the use of packing inside of 
 the vat by the substitution of stuffing boxes outside, 
 thereby facilitating the repacking, and obviating much 
 of the waste of stuff which is unavoidable with inside 
 packing. 
 
 1863. Stephen M. Allen, of Woburn, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for the manufacture of paper from wood, by 
 cutting the wood in suitable lengths, crushing it in 
 such a manner as to preserve the integrity of the fibre 
 in its longitudinal direction, alternating, steeping, and 
 washing the same at increased temperatures, and finally 
 boiling, grinding, and bleaching the same. 
 
 1863. A company was formed, composed of pro- 
 prietors of the wood-pulp patent, who purchased the 
 interest of C. S. Buchanan in his patents for making 
 paper of straw. 
 
164 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1863. James E. McElfatriek, of Fort Wayne, Ind., 
 obtained fibrous material from the bolls of the sycamore 
 tree, for stock. It furnished a short staple of a buff 
 color, which was thought to be as suitable as any other 
 fibre, and could be procured in unlimited quantities in 
 the Western states. 
 
 1863. A. H. Tait, of Jersey City, and W. H. Hol- 
 brook, of ]STew York city, made an improvement in 
 the manufacture of pulp, passing the straw between 
 grinding surfaces, and treating the stock, after it has 
 passed through a weak alkaline and chlorine treatment 
 with or without acid, to a second application of weak 
 alkali and chlorine, with or without acid. 
 
 1863. P. A. Chadbourne, of Williamstown, Mass., 
 patented a mode of manufacturing stock from wood, 
 which consisted in rasping, filing, or scraping wood, 
 while submerged in water, or saturated therewith, by 
 the action or flow of a stream, whereby the fibre of 
 the wood is strengthened or made sufficiently tough to 
 avoid injury by the action of the rasps and other tools 
 employed in the reducing of the wood, and a perfect 
 separation of the individual or ultimate fibre from 
 several united or connected fibres attained, and the 
 rasps or other tools also kept, while in operation, in a 
 perfectly clean state in proper working order. 
 
 1863. Jonathan Faw, of Lockland, Ohio, obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in the rag engine. 
 
 1863. A new pulp-strainer was invented by Henry 
 Watson, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Joseph Millbourn, 
 of Dartford, England. 
 
Paper and -Paper-Making. 165 
 
 1863. The importation of esparto grass, or alfa 
 fibre, into Great Britain during this year, was about 
 18,000 tons, and the use of it was estimated to have 
 caused an increased consumption of 4,000 tons per 
 annum of soda ash and bleaching powders. Nearly 
 all the news paper used contained portions of it, and 
 some of the cheaper grades consisted of only one-fourth 
 rag material. 
 
 1863. John Cowper, of England, made an im- 
 provement in the mode of reducing rags and waste 
 substances generally, by means of an endless feeder, 
 upon which the material to be operated on is fed 
 between a pair of fluted rollers, which deliver it to a 
 rotating cylinder provided with teeth. 
 
 1863. Congress reduced the duty on printing paper 
 to three per cent, at the request of the publishers, who 
 asked for a total repeal of all duty. The high price of 
 exchange nullified all benefit to them of the reduction 
 of the custom. 
 
 1863. Stephen M. Allen, of Wobum, Mass., claimed 
 the invention of a new article of manufacture, which 
 he denominated tibrillia leather, or leather paper, con- 
 sisting of leather scraps and vegetable fibre combined ; 
 also, the combined leather scraps steeped in warm 
 water previous to being immersed in alkaline solution 
 with the unrotted and reduced fibre of flax, hemp, or 
 other like vegetable fibre. 
 
 1863. May 10. Tallman's paper-mill at Ogdens- 
 burgh, 1ST. Y., was burnt. 
 
166 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1863. A joint stock company with a capital of several 
 hundred thousand dollars was formed, and preparations 
 were made on a large scale for the manufacture of 
 paper from bamboo, which grows in unlimited quanti- 
 ties in the island of Jamaica, and which, be} T ond serv- 
 ing to form partitions between the various ships' cargoes 
 leaving that island, had never been exported, and was 
 only used on the island for a few purposes. It now 
 suddenly became an article of export, and the vast 
 jungles of bamboo promised to become almost as 
 valuable as fields of waving grain. The bamboo, after 
 being taken out of the ship, was tied in bundles about 
 five feet long, which were soaked in a large tank for 
 about 24 hours. The bundles were then placed in five 
 large steam guns, each 24 feet in length and 15 inches 
 in diameter. Here for half an hour the bamboo was 
 subjected to a pressure of 180 pounds of steam, which 
 reduced it to such a condition, that when, upon a given 
 signal, the guns are discharged by the opening of one 
 of the ends, the bamboo, in the shape of a quantity of 
 fibrous material, looking as much like hemp as possible, 
 was thrown out. This fibrous matter was then placed 
 in a tank, and soaked in a solution of spent alkali. It 
 was next washed, and went into what were termed the 
 egg-boilers, so called from their likeness to that useful 
 article of- domestic consumption. Here the matter 
 was subjected to another boiling and steam pressure, 
 and from thence it was conveyed to the pulp-boilers, 
 where it was boiled in a strong solution of alkali at 90 
 pounds pressure. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 167 
 
 1863. J. F. Jones, of Rochester, N. Y., improved 
 the machine for making paper and paper boards. He 
 claimed: 1. The arrangement and combination of two- 
 or more cylinder-moulds, vats, felts, and press-rolls, 
 whereby, in the same machine, any desired number of 
 continuous webs of pulp of indefinite length may be 
 either deposited one upon another for the continuous 
 manufacture of boards, or may be kept separate from 
 each other for the manufacture of several continuous 
 distinct sheets of paper. 2. The combination with such 
 a system of cylinder-moulds, vats, felts, and press-rolls, 
 of a series of guide-rolls, for separating the several 
 webs of pulp as they are delivered from the press-rolls. 
 3. The combination of such system of cylinder-moulds 
 as herein before specified, and a continuous series of 
 drying cylinders and calendering rolls, in such manner 
 that the manufacture of boards or of several webs of 
 paper may be carried on by a continuous process. 4. 
 The arrangement of several spouts, pipes, and valves, 
 and self-acting feed-gate, in combination with each 
 other and with the several vats. 5. The save-all, 
 composed of a vat, a cylinder-mould, a coucher and a 
 scraper combined and applied in connection with one 
 or more paper-making machines. 6. The combination 
 of press-rolls, to obtain two pressures from three rolls. 
 7. The employment of calendering rolls on the top of 
 drying cylinders, to equalize the water in the board, 
 and make it of uniform dryness as it passes over the 
 dryers, and partially effect the glazing and calendering 
 process while the board is being dried. 
 
168 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1863. G. S. Sellers, of Hardin county, Illinois, made 
 an improvement in preparing woody fibre for paper 
 stock, by pressure in tbe line or nearly so of the fibre. 
 
 1863. J. B. Fuller, of Claremont, N". H., discovered 
 a new mode of preparing vegetable fibre for paper. 
 He claimed : 1. Curing vegetable fibre in a vessel by 
 means of jets of steam. 2. An open grinder, receiving 
 the fibrous material directly from the curing vessel, so 
 that the grinding operation is independent of that of 
 the curing, but the vegetable fibre is ground while 
 hot. 3. Separating the fibre from the overflow water 
 by means of the sieve and brush. 4. Heating the 
 interior of the grinder by the introduction of steam. 
 5. A column of water rising sufficiently above the 
 grinder to produce the hydrostatic pressure necessary 
 for curing the fibrous materials to pass through the 
 grinder, as specified. 6. The double volute, a spiral 
 channel for cooling the cured vegetable fibre and 
 imparting the heat thereof to the uncured vegetable 
 material traveling in the intervening volute channels 
 in the opposite direction, was composed of three lay- 
 ers of different thicknesses, of which the central was 
 colored with a delible or easily removable color, and 
 the external layers charged with silicate of magnesia 
 or other mineral or vegetable matter. 
 
 1863. M. L. Keen, of Roger's Ford, Pa., patented a 
 boiler for making pulp, provided with a perforated 
 diaphragm or well ; also an arrangement of the dis- 
 charge pipe and valve for the purpose of blowing out 
 or discharging the contents of the boiler under pressure. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 169 
 
 1863. The imports of paper at the port of New York 
 were $125,141, yielding a revenue of $39,684 ; at 
 Boston, $306,840, yielding a revenue of $90,688 ; at 
 Baltimore and Philadelphia, none ; giving a total 
 revenue of $130,372. The secretary said it was im- 
 possible to state how much of this was for printing 
 paper, but expressed the opinion that the diminution 
 of the tariff would considerably increase the revenue. 
 An effort was made by publishers to get the duty 
 removed, on account of the high price of paper. 
 
 1863. Feb. 16. The newspaper and book publishers 
 of Boston appeared before the legislature of Massa- 
 chusetts to urge the importance of memorializing 
 congress for relief against the paper monopoly, as it 
 was termed. It was shown that the cost of school 
 books alone was five millions of dollars annually, and 
 that this combination added twenty per cent thereto. 
 
 1863. Jan. 14. The entire edition of the Boston 
 Journal was for the first time printed on paper made 
 of basswood, tilia americana. 
 
 1863. Feb. 28. The paper-mill of G. & W. IT. Moore, 
 on the Kater kil, was destroyed by fire. Loss $8,000 ; 
 insured $4,000. 
 
 1863. Rags were exported from Madras this year to 
 the amount of 2,022 cwts., being the first time that 
 this article had appeared in the list of exports from 
 that place. 
 
 1863. Experiments were made in England with 
 
 potatoes for the production of half-stuff, for coarse 
 
 and fine paper, by one Sellers. 
 23 
 
170 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1868. It was stated that paper was made at this time 
 in large quantity from the swamp-nag, or cat-tail, and 
 that the demand for it was greater than the supply ; 
 that it was used for card-board, and paper-hangings, 
 for which it was well adapted. 
 
 1863. "William Boaler, of Manchester, England, 
 invented an improved dryer fabric for paper-making ; 
 which consisted in the substitution of a more suitable 
 kind of cloth for the ordinary dryer felt in use for 
 expelling and absorbing moisture. 
 
 1863. Joseph Prosper Olier, of Paris, France, took 
 out a patent in this country for a safety paper, which 
 was composed of three layers of different thicknesses, 
 of which the central was colored, with a delible or easily 
 removable color, and the external layers charged with 
 silicate of magnesia, or other mineral or vegetable 
 matter. 
 
 1864. Philip Lichtenstadt, of New York city, pa- 
 tented a process for preparing fibre from the bamboo ; 
 separating and disintegrating the fibre contained in 
 that article, by treating it with a solution of lime, 
 nitrate of soda, and oxalic acid, and preparing the 
 textile material for manufacturing purposes. He made 
 experiments under disadvantages at a mill near New 
 York. 
 
 1864. The official statistics of the French customs 
 exhibit the following returns for the first five months 
 of three years, on paper and pasteboard : 
 
 1862. 1863. 1864. 
 
 6,156,000 francs. 6,993,000 fr. 8,159,000 fr. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 171 
 
 1864. Feb. 19. The paper manufacturers and paper 
 companies of Great Britain and Ireland, 211 in num- 
 ber, representing 271 mills, petitioned parliament for 
 an abatement of taxes and the exertion of the govern- 
 ment for the removal of all restrictions abroad upon 
 the export of all paper-making materials — the export 
 duties in some parts of Italy having been doubled in 
 amount ; that in France and Belgium a duty of £5 
 per ton was levied on the export of rags ; in Holland 
 upwards of £4 per ton ; and more than £9 per ton in 
 Prussia and the Zollverein ; while the export from 
 England was free. 
 
 1864. Feb. 21. The steam paper-mill of Chauncey 
 "Watson, at Middleburgh, 1ST. Y., was burnt. Loss 
 $8,000 ; insured for $4,000. 
 
 1864. Feb. 13. The boiler in Buchanan & Bullard's 
 paper-mill at Schuylerville, N". Y., exploded, and passed 
 through eleven buildings, killing two persons, and 
 destroying the building in which it had been used. 
 
 1864. J. A. Poth, of Philadelphia, patented a mode 
 of preparing fibrous material from corn stalks, by 
 solving and abstracting the components of the stalks 
 by the application of one or more water baths in a 
 boiling state, over 212° Fahr. 2. The use of the 
 chemical agent, after the water bath or the boiling of 
 the material under treatment has been completed. 3. 
 The combination of treatment or process of the fibres 
 of the stalks, and also the neutralizing of substances 
 still adhering to the fibres after being washed by the 
 application of sulphuric acid or its equivalent. 
 
172 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1864. George A. Corser, of Leicester, Mass., in- 
 vented an angular bed-plate for engines, for working 
 stock; it is described as composed of two or more 
 sets of angular plates, arranged in suck a manner that 
 the angles of the adjoining sets are inverted in relation 
 to each other. 
 
 1864. The price of news paper reached 28 cents a 
 pound, and of fine book paper 45 cents a pound. A 
 renewed research was made among the garrets and 
 store-rooms, induced by the payment of 8 cents a 
 pound for waste paper. Thousands of tons of old 
 books and newspapers, school and account books, 
 correspondence and business papers of all sorts, were 
 turned over to the mills, without lessening the price 
 of white paper. 
 
 1864. During the last thirty years calico had been 
 the favorite material for book covers ; but it was so 
 increased in price, owing to the war, that an enter- 
 prising firm conceived the idea of forming a paper 
 substance having all the strength and flexibility of 
 cloth, to take its place outside of books. This sub- 
 stance appears to receive gilt impressions with the 
 distinctness of morocco, and as it can be washed with 
 soap and water when dirty, it may be surmised that 
 hereafter the phrase, " musty " literature, will fall into 
 disuse. It is said that its cost will be something like 
 one-half the price of the present embossed cloth. 
 
 1864. July 20. The extensive paper-mill of 
 
 Nixon at Manayunk, near Philadelphia, was destroyed 
 by fire. Loss over $100,000. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 173 
 
 1864. W. F. Laclcl, of Tarrytown, and S. A. Walsh, 
 of New York city, invented a boiler for pressing vege- 
 table substances. In this improved apparatus the 
 material to be reduced to pulp is to be treated either 
 with or without alkali, and is at all times submerged in 
 the liquor or solution employed in the boiling process. 
 By an arrangement of a perforated diaphragm in the 
 boiler the material is kept at a certain point while the 
 liquor rises above it, and the heat is applied either by 
 a coil of steam, or by a traveling furnace arranged to 
 run back and forth under the boiler ; this furnace can 
 be removed when it becomes necessary to stop the 
 boiling ; the contents can then be discharged through 
 a grate into any suitable receiver. 
 
 1864. Henry F. Anthony, of New York city, in- 
 vented a mode of albumenizing paper by combining 
 or mixing the nitrate of ammonia directly with the 
 albumenizing fluid. 
 
 1864. John F. Jones sold the Genesee paper-mills 
 at the Lower falls to the Rochester Paper Company, 
 for $25,000. They commenced business with a capital 
 of $100,000, and contemplated an extensive business, 
 including the manufacture of straw and junk board. 
 
 1864. The exports from France of paper and paste- 
 board, for the first four months of this year, were 
 6,269,000 francs; against 5,624,000 francs for same 
 period in 1863, and 4,925,000 francs in 1862. 
 
 1864. Richard Magee, of Philadelphia, invented a 
 mode of coating writing paper, which he obtained a 
 patent for as a new article of manufacture. 
 
174 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1864. It was announced that an active trade was 
 carried on in Chester county, Pa., in poplar wood, 
 designed for the manufacture of paper. The mills at 
 Springfield were run by New York capitalists, and 
 were extensive. The price given for the wood deli- 
 vered on the line of Chester Valley Rail Road, was four 
 dollars a cord. 
 
 1864. George Escor Sellers, Sellers Landing, 111., 
 discovered a method of preparing disintegrated vege- 
 table fibre for paper stock, by the removal or change 
 in the nature of the incrusting or adhering nonfibrous 
 matter by fermentation and washings, previous to 
 bleaching with chlorine. 2. The use of chlorine as a 
 solvent for the nonfibrous portions of vegetable sub- 
 stances that have become discolored and hardened by 
 heat in the process of disintegration, combined with 
 boiling and hot-water washing to remove them from 
 the fibre previously to bleaching. Mr. Sellers also 
 patented a mode of forming, drying, and packing 
 paper stock; claiming the above described mode of 
 reducing pulp to a condition for transportation, by a 
 system of alternate exhaustion and compression ; also 
 the use of the same mode for the combination of pulp 
 or fibre and other matters of various qualities, for the 
 purpose of producing boards or cards suitable for use 
 in the arts. 
 
 1864. Jacob Storer, of Portsmouth, N\ H., invented 
 a mode of preparing vegetable fibre by the use of steam 
 and vapor of water for conveying alkalies and other 
 chemicals. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 175 
 
 1864. The duty on rags exported from Russia by its 
 western frontier was reduced one-half; that is, from 
 14§ francs to 7J francs per kilometer. 
 
 1864. For the accommodation of the manufacturers 
 of paper in the departments, docks were established 
 in Paris, to facilitate trade in their products. 
 
 1864. W. B. Newbery, of Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
 patented a mode of producing paper from espartero, or 
 Spanish grass, either alone, or in combination with 
 manilla, jute, gunny, or other fibrous materials. 
 
 1864. The paper-makers of Great Britain made 
 complaint of the injury which their avocation sustained 
 by the recent commercial treaty with France. Mr. 
 Maguire addressed the house of commons on the 
 20th July, representing the grievances of the trade, 
 and demanding an investigation. The complaint was 
 of the tax of 12 per cent on rags exported from 
 France. Notwithstanding the tax, Great Britain im- 
 ported 4,215,630 kilograms during the year preceding, 
 from France. 
 
 1864. A. K. Eaton, of New York city, patented a 
 process of manufacturing paper-pulp from straw or 
 other substances. 1. Subjecting it to a grinding pro- 
 cess, commencing in the early stages of the treatment 
 with hot alkalies, and continuing the grinding in connec- 
 tion with the alkaline treatment. 2. Purifying the 
 alkali held in solution in the refuse liquor by passing 
 it through a filter, rendering it suitable for use again, 
 and completely reproducing it when necessary by 
 making it into combustible cakes. 
 
176 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1864. The manufacturers of straw paper in several 
 departments of France met at Avignon 22d May, 
 and resolved to form an association, and to establish 
 a minimum price for their fabrics. They decided 
 to augment their prices from 1 to 2 francs per 100 
 kilograms (about two to four dollars per ton). The 
 manufacturers of another portion of France met at 
 Avignon on the 16th June, and resolved to increase 
 their prices 2 francs on thick and 4 francs on thin 
 paper per 100 Ml. A general meeting of the straw 
 manufacturers of the empire was to be held at Paris on 
 the 5th August ; and on the 11th of the same month a 
 convention of the paper-makers of all denominations 
 was called at Paris, to consult upon affairs of trade. 
 
 1864. The Journal des Fabricants de Papier, of France, 
 calculated the annual consumption of paper in the 
 world at from thirty-one to thirty-two millions of 
 quintals ; that the English employed annually 15 mil- 
 lions ; France 5 millions ; the German states, 1 million ; 
 Austria J million ; and the rest of the world 10 millions 
 of quintals. 
 
 1864. Lucien Bardoux, of Poitiers, France, took out 
 a patent for a process of making pulp for paper and 
 pasteboard, adapted to vegetable as well as animal 
 substances, which had been patented in his own coun- 
 try in 1861. 
 
 1865. Jan. 5th. At a meeting of Ohio newspaper 
 publishers in Columbus, a committee was appointed 
 to memorialize congress against a prohibitory tariff" on 
 paper. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 177 
 
 1865. The following scale of prices in the city of 
 New York, for January, was published in The Printer. 
 Note paper, first class, - - - - 55 @ 60 per lb. 
 
 " " good, - - - - 50 @ 55 " 
 
 " " common, - - - - 45 @ 50 " 
 Letters and foolscaps, first class, - 50 @ 55 " 
 
 " " second, - - 45 @ 50 " 
 
 " " common, - 40 @ 45 " 
 
 Flat caps and folios, first class, - - 45 @ 48 " 
 
 " " second class, - 40 @ 44 " 
 
 " " common, - - 35 @ 40 " 
 
 Common news, straw, etc., - - 20 @ 22 " 
 
 Good " rag, - - - - 22 @ 25 " 
 
 Fair white book, 25 @ 28 " 
 
 Extra book, 28 @ 32 " 
 
 Sized and calendered book, - - 30 @ 33 " 
 Extra " " " - - - 35 @ 40 " 
 
 Manilla wrapping, - - - - 18 @ 20 " 
 
 1865. Feb. 2. The large paper-mill of Elizur Smith, 
 at Lee, Mass., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1865. Congress was memorialized for a removal 
 of the duty on paper, and in view of foreign paper 
 being admitted free, news paper fell in price 8 cents a 
 pound, contracts being made as low as 18 cents a pound. 
 
 1865. The operation of many paper-mills was stopped 
 by the long continued drouth, and the price of fine 
 sized and calendered printing paper was advanced 
 from 35 to 40 cents a pound. 
 
 1865. Sept. 26. The paper-mill of Russell & Co., 
 at Lawrence, Mass., was nearly destroyed by fire. 
 24 
 
178 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1865. There were seven paper-mills in Ballston, 
 E". Y., four of them devoted to printing paper, and 
 three to wrapping, paper collars, and tissue paper. 
 These mills averaged twenty-eight tons a day, esti- 
 mated to be worth about $9,000. 
 
 1865. Dec. 13. The pasteboard mills at South 
 Dedham, Mass., owned by J. Ellis & Co., were nearly 
 consumed by fire. Loss estimated at $20,000 ; insured 
 for $8,000. The mills were new, having replaced those 
 burnt about eighteen months before. 
 
 1865. A company was organized at Glen's Falls, 
 !N". Y., for manufacturing straw paper of an improved 
 quality. 
 
 1865. Dec. 20. The Black River paper-mill, owned 
 by A. J. Fullum, at Springfield, Vt., was burned: 
 insurance small. 
 
 1865. The value of the paper manufactured in 
 Massachusetts this year was computed at $9,008,521. 
 
 1866. Feb. 4. The St. Charles paper-mill, at St. 
 Charles, Illinois, the largest establishment of the kind 
 in the west, was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of 
 $110,000, on which there was an insurance of $20,000. 
 
 1866. June 16. Howland's extensive paper-mill, 
 situated in Saratoga county, on the banks of the Hud- 
 son river, between Mechanicsville and Stillwater, about 
 one mile above the former place, was destroyed by 
 fire. The loss was stated at $75,000, with no insurance. 
 There was $10,000 worth of paper in the mill at the 
 time ready for shipment, but not a dollar's worth of it 
 was saved. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 179 
 
 1866. The editor of the Banker Hill Aurora said, 
 that a few Sundays before, he heard a clergyman, in 
 illustrating a point in his discourse, state that during 
 the late war, a JSTew York merchant at Alexandria, in 
 Egypt, having occasion to furnish a ship with a freight 
 homeward, was led, partly through fear of pirates, 
 to load her with mummies from the famous Egyptian 
 catacombs. On arriving here, the strange cargo was 
 sold to a paper manufacturer in Connecticut, who 
 threw the whole mass, the linen cerement, the bitumen 
 and the poor remains of humanity, into the hopper, 
 and had them ground to powder. " And," added the 
 speaker," the words I am now reading to you, are 
 written on some of this paper. 
 
 1866. March 3. The Agawam paper-mill was 
 burnt; loss $56,000. 
 
 1866. May 3. Howland, Palser & Co.'s paper-mill 
 was destroyed by fire, at Fort Edward. Loss $50,000 ; 
 insured $18,000. • 
 
 1866. The Carew Paper Company of South Hadley 
 Falls, Mass., declared a yearly dividend of 100 per 
 cent, reserving a fund sufficient to build an addition 
 to their mill. Their dividend of the previous year 
 was 120 per cent. Their capital was merely nominal. 
 
 1866. A girl employed at sorting rags at the Colum- 
 bia mill, at Lee, Mass., found four $100 bills among 
 the paper stock. 
 
 1866. It was announced that the paper-mills of 
 Great Britain manufactured 28,500 tons of paper a 
 month. 
 
180 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1866. The great bamboo enterprise was thrown 
 into the shade by another which was organized for 
 the production of paper from poplar, and located at 
 Manayunk, on the Schuylkill river. It had been dis- 
 covered that poplar could be manufactured into paper 
 in twenty-four hours, and with so much economy that 
 it could be sold so as to afford a profit at ten cents a 
 pound ! "^orks were accordingly constructed of stone 
 and brick in the most substantial manner, occupying 
 a space 1,000 feet long by 350 wide, at a cost of over 
 $500,000. United with the Flat Eock mills they were 
 represented to embrace an area of about ten acres; 
 and were thought to be the most extensive works of 
 the kind in the world, and to be capable of producing 
 from ten to fifteen tons of pulp a day. It was an- 
 nounced in the newspapers, which always exercise an 
 unbounded liberality in figures in such cases, that the 
 subscribed capital in this enterprise was upwards of 
 ten millions of dollars. The grandest calculations 
 were indulged in the abundant supply of poplar, with 
 the aid of willow and other softwoods, nearly valueless 
 for fuel ; and were to result in as great a boon to civiliza- 
 tion as the steam engine and the magnetic telegraph ! 
 
 1866. Jan. 6. K, Paulin's paper-mill at Manchester, 
 Va., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 '1866. The price of leather was so enhanced as to 
 stimulate efforts to produce paper of a consistence to 
 form a substitute, in the manufacture of traveling 
 trunks, and the success was so great that the deception 
 was almost complete. (See 1830.) 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 181 
 
 1866. The prices of the various kinds of printing 
 and writing papers had increased 200 per cent in five 
 years, so that news paper which before the internecine 
 war sold at 8 cents a pound was now 25 ; and fine 
 hook paper which had been furnished at 16 cents on 
 six months time, was 40 cents cash. ISTew York and 
 Boston publishers resorted to European markets, at a 
 saving of twenty-five per cent. The Harpers imported 
 from Belgium, and Ticknor & Fields from London. 
 
 1866. The proprietor of Lloyd's Newsjmper in Lon- 
 don imported 270 tons of esparto grass from Algeria 
 for the manufacture of paper for that journal. It was 
 claimed that the cost of this kind of paper was one- 
 half that of the linen fabric. 
 
 1866. McKerry's paper-mill at Rockton, Illinois, was 
 destroyed by fire. Loss $15,000. 
 
 1867. It was announced that L. Murray Crane, 
 paper-maker in Saratoga county, 1ST. Y., had invented 
 a process of manufacturing paper which would prevent 
 counterfeiting. His mode was to run minute threads 
 of gutta percha through the sheet, that could not be 
 imitated. 
 
 1867. The importations of paper into Prance in this 
 year were 296,637 kilograms; of rags 5,136,569 Ml. 
 The exports 4,918,520 Ml. of paper; 1,429,055 Ml. of 
 rags. (The Mlogram being the 24th part of an ounce.) 
 
 1867. There were six mills in Saratoga county, E". Y. , 
 manufacturing paper from straw ; using 9,000 tons of 
 straw per annum, costing $100,000, and producing 
 about 4,500 tons of paper. 
 
182 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1867. The end wall of a paper-mill at Greenville, 
 Conn., owned by Campbell, Hall & Co., of New York, 
 was undermined by a freshet, and fell into the She- 
 tucket river, entailing a loss of $20,000. 
 
 1867. Feb. 20. The boiler of the Wisconsin Paper 
 Company's mill exploded in Milwaukie. Pour persons 
 were killed and three others injured. The damage to 
 the mill is estimated at $20,000. 
 
 1867. It was announced that the following substi- 
 tutes for rags in paper-making were actually in use : 
 abacca (manilla hemp), agave of Cuba, cultivated hemp, 
 white hemp of Hayti, Indian hemp, cotton, acacia, 
 fibres of aloes, Spanish broom, silk weed, hops, jute 
 (Bengal hemp), down of date tree, flax, Chinese hemp, 
 mallows, mulberry, Chinese nettle, New Zealand flax, 
 esparto grass, linden, or basswood, yucca, bamboo or 
 Jamaica and canes from the Carolinas. 
 
 1867. Dec. 16. A. L. Dunwell's paper-mill at New- 
 ark, N. J., was burnt; loss $50,000. 
 
 1867. The demand for paper was so great in Prance 
 this year, that numerous new mills were erected. 
 
 1867. The mills in the United States had been 
 increased during the last four years nearly one-half. 
 Instead of running night and day, as was the custom 
 before 1861, by a combination among the trade, they 
 kept up the price of paper by running on short time ; 
 nevertheless towards the close of this year there was 
 a considerable reduction in price. News paper was 
 reduced from its maximum of 25 cents a pound to 16 
 cents. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 183 
 
 1867. May. To counteract the downward tendency 
 of news paper, the Saratoga mills were run upon half 
 time. This quality of paper now sold at about 16 
 cents, largely straw stock. 
 
 1867. May. The paper-mills at Marietta, Georgia, 
 destroyed by the northern army under Sheridan, were 
 now rebuilt and running under favorable auspices. 
 
 1868. Jan. 4. The paper-mill of J. G. Parker & Co., 
 at Greenwich, Washington county, N". Y., was burnt. 
 Loss $25,000 ; insured for $20,000. 
 
 1868. Complaint was made in England of the heavy 
 twine and paper used by the manufacturers in wrap- 
 ping, which amounted to 2J per cent of the whole sum. 
 
 1868. Jan. 23. The mill of the Auburn Paper Com- 
 pany was destroyed by fire. It was situated near the 
 city of Auburn, 1$. Y., and was insured for $16,500 ; 
 loss $80,000. 
 
 1868. March 15. The paper-mill at Waterville, Me., 
 was burned. Loss $20,000 ; insured. 
 
 1868. Paper was now manufactured in various ways 
 as substitutes for wood in roofing ; for boxes and table 
 tops ; for pails, spittoons, wash bowls, buckets, and 
 barrels ; as resisting wear and tear, and the action of 
 the elements, better than wood and iron ! It was also 
 employed for cuffs, collars, shirt bosoms, buttons, hats 
 and bonnets ; for tapestry, curtains and carpets, and 
 belting for machinery. It was not now so much a 
 matter of inquiry of what paper could be made, as 
 of what could be made of it, so that it bade fair to enter 
 into about every thing in use. 
 
184 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1868. Jan. 23. Perrin's paper-mill at Marshall, 
 Michigan, was burnt. The loss was stated at $27,000, 
 with an insurance of $9,000. 
 
 1868. Jan. 5. The paper-mill at Shushan, belong- 
 ing to James Partridge, was destroyed by fire. The 
 mill was valued at $8,000, on which there was an in- 
 surance of $6,000. 
 
 1868. March 25. The paper-mill of H. E. Eodgers, 
 at Cheney ville, Ct., was destroyed by fire. Loss 
 $50,000 ; insurance, $27,000. 
 
 1868. A French paper stated that the annual con- 
 sumption of paper in England was 220 millions of 
 pounds ; that France consumed 195 millions ; but that 
 the United States consumed more than both England 
 and France, the total consumption being 440 million 
 pounds. 
 
 1868. There was not a single paper-mill in Greece, 
 the whole supply of paper being imported from Aus- 
 tria, Italy and France. About twelve thousand tons 
 of rags, collected by four hundred persons, were annu- 
 ally sold to France and England. 
 
 1868. The ten paper-mills at Holyoke, Mass., manu- 
 factured twenty-six tons of paper daily. About four- 
 fifths of this was writing paper, the remainder collar, 
 envelope, and tissue paper. 
 
 1868. The twenty-one paper-mills in Lee, Mass., 
 worked up fourteen million pounds of rags during this 
 year ; and the thirty-five mills in the county of Berk- 
 shire, which comprehends those of Lee, consumed 
 twenty-eight million pounds. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 185 
 
 1868. The importations of paper into France were 
 348,164 kilograms ; of rags, 4,699,155 kils. The ex- 
 ports were 4,828,944 kils. of paper, and 1,503,134 kils. 
 of rags. 
 
 1868. March 31. Taylor & Co.'s paper-mill at West- 
 field, Mass., was burnt. Loss $10,000. 
 
 1868. J. E. Hover, of Philadelphia, invented a kind 
 of writing paper, charged with an earthy carbonate, 
 by which common writing ink of the palest descrip- 
 tion, when applied to it, became intensely black. It 
 was claimed that it took printing ink more readily, 
 producing a black and smooth impression. 
 
 1868. A paper-mill in Massachusetts was engaged 
 in the manufacture of paper belting as a substitute for 
 leather machine belts. 
 
 1868. June 4. The works of the American Fibre 
 Disintegrating Company, at Red Hook, Brooklyn, 
 IS". Y., were burnt. Loss $95,000. This company had 
 expended large sums of money in experiments of blast- 
 ing cane and bamboo from steam guns, to be used in 
 the manufacture of paper, instead of submitting them 
 to the ordinary grinding and saturating process in water. 
 
 1868. It was estimated that twenty-seven tons of 
 paper a day were used in Paris by journals, reviews 
 and pamphlets. The Times newspaper, London, con- 
 sumed eleven tons of paper a day. 
 
 1868. Aug. 26. Hogan's paper-mill at Rhinebeck 
 was burnt. Loss stated at $30,000. 
 
 1868. Oct. 17. The Penfield paper-mill at Rochester 
 was burnt, having an insurance of $60,000. 
 25 
 
186 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1868. The manufacture of fine paper, for writing 
 and printing, was commenced near Melbourne, Aus- 
 tralia, on the bank of the Yatra. The colony had 
 previously been supplied from Europe and the United 
 States. 
 
 1868. Aug. 1. It was announced that A. C. Mellier, 
 whose patent for making paper from straw and wood 
 had caused much litigation among various manufac- 
 turers throughout the country, had procured its ex- 
 tension for seventeen years. 
 
 1868. Nov. 17. The paper-mill at Chatham Four 
 Corners, owned by Smith, Tompkins & Co., was burned. 
 
 1869. Jan. 21. The paper-mill of Mosher, Haight & 
 Co., at Stillwater, K Y., was destroyed by fire. Loss 
 $40,000 ; insured $7,000. 
 
 1869. Feb. 27. A paper-mill at Tyringham, Mass., 
 leased and occupied by "Watkins, Cassidy & Brother, 
 was burnt. Loss $25,000 ; insured $12,000. 
 
 1869. March 4. The Pioneer paper-mill at Balls- 
 ton, N. Y., was burnt. Loss estimated at $160,000. 
 It was one of the largest in the state. 
 
 1869. March 4. Carpenter's paper-mill at Milton, 
 Saratoga county, was burnt. Loss $50,000 ; insured 
 for $20,000. 
 
 1869. Lucius Clarke, paper manufacturer at North- 
 ampton, Mass., died. The entire firm, father and two 
 sons, had died within a year. 
 
 1869. March 20. The Cascade paper-mills, near 
 Clyde, K Y., were burnt. Loss over $100,000; in- 
 surance $47,000. The company failed in July. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 187 
 
 1869. March 22. The Waban mills at JSTeedham, 
 Mass., which manufactured sheathing paper, were 
 destroyed by fire. Loss $25,000 ; insured $20,000. 
 
 1869. To the various paper productions of this 
 paper age — paper collars, paper shirts, and even paper 
 waistcoats, bonnets and hats — was now added paper 
 coffins. M. Szelelmey, their inventor, seemed to have 
 a belief in the universal adaptability of paper to all the 
 needs of civilized life. He undertook to coat ships 
 with it, and make them impervious to shot ; he em- 
 ployed it in the manufacture or construction of rocket 
 cases, powder canisters, railway carriages, drain pipes 
 and party walls. He claimed that it was at once lighter, 
 stronger, harder and cheaper than any other material 
 hitherto in use for these purposes, not excepting iron 
 and steel and stone. His object in introducing it in 
 the manufacture of coffins was to obtain what so many 
 people rather absurdly consider a desideratum — a per- 
 fectly air-tight, water-proof and damp-defying shell, 
 which nothing from without can penetrate, and nothing 
 from within can escape. The Zopissa paper coffin, in 
 which these conditions were said to be fulfilled, was a 
 solid looking structure, very much resembling in build 
 and thickness the ancient mummy cases preserved in 
 the British Museum. 
 
 1869. May. The boiler of the paper-mill of W. B. 
 Mullin & Sons, at Mount Holly Springs, Pa., bursted. 
 Damage, two men fatally injured, and loss $5,000. 
 
 1869. June 8. A paper-mill was burned at Barry- 
 town, K Y. 
 
188 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1869. The reed cane of the Carolinas was subjected 
 to the explosive force of steam, and then converted into 
 a long fibre, which being cleansed by the application 
 of cold water, presented a valuable article of commerce, 
 which could be baled like cotton. It was sold in that 
 form in the Eastern states at $20 per ton, to be made 
 up into wall paper, and to be mixed with manilla for 
 wrapping paper ; also for mixture with wool to make 
 roofing-felt, and various other manufactures. 
 
 1869. The largest mill for the manufacture of writing 
 paper was at Holyoke, Mass., which turned out five tons 
 of paper daily. The engine room was 208 X 54 feet and 
 contained 18 engines. 
 
 1869. June 8. James A. Weed's paper-mill, at Port 
 Dickinson, Broome county, ~N. Y., was burnt. Loss 
 about $15,000 ; insured $13,000. 
 
 1869. In the town of Chatham, Columbia county, 
 1ST. Y., 7,500 tons of rye straw were consumed in the 
 manufacture of paper, yielding about 1,200,000 reams 
 of various sizes. In the neighboring towns of Kinder- 
 hook and Stockport were numerous mills also engaged 
 in the manufacture of straw paper for wrapping, and 
 the price of straw had increased to $20 per ton. 
 
 1869. June 21. Beach & Co.'s steam paper-mill at 
 Sandy Hill, was burned. Loss $20,000 ; mostly insured. 
 
 1869. July 7. The paper-mill ofNoonan & McFab, 
 at Humboldt, Wis., was burnt. 
 
 1869. Sept 3. The paper-mill of G-eorge Benton & 
 Son, at Bennington, Vt., was burned. Loss $40,000 ; 
 only partially insured. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 189 
 
 1869. Sept. 14. J. H. Herrin's paper-mill, at "War- 
 ner, Mass., was burnt. Loss $14,000 ; insured for 
 $10,000. 
 
 1869. Sept. 13. The paper-mill of John Carroll, at 
 Mill river, Berkshire county, Mass., was burnt. Loss 
 $60,000, uninsured. 
 
 1869. The Advertiser, published at Portland, Maine, 
 was printed on paper made of Zisania aquatica, or water 
 rice. It grew in great quantity in the north-west, it 
 was said ; and a great reduction in the price of paper 
 was predicted to result from the use of it. 
 
 1869. Oct. 22. Crane's paper-mill at Dalton was 
 burnt. Loss stated at $60,000. 
 
 1869. A Buffalo manufacturer claimed to be able to 
 make better, tougher, and cheaper wrapping paper 
 from wire grass, than from any other article in use. 
 He procured it from Michigan at $30 a ton. 
 
 1869. Nov. 15. The steam boiler in the paper-mill of 
 Storms & Corsa, at Catskill exploded, and was thrown 
 three hundred feet over the tops of the ice houses, 
 and landed in the creek. The damage was estimated 
 at $15,000. 
 
 1869. The rage for newspaper selling in London 
 became so great that the girls took up the calling, and 
 adopted a new device to attract attention, namely, the 
 wearing of paper aprons, on which the names and 
 contents of the papers they dealt in were conspicuously 
 printed. The first female that had to go abroad for 
 a living is said to have worn an apron of fig leaves, the 
 latest resorted to the produce of straw ! 
 
190 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1869. The English cultivated paper grass, a ton of 
 which made a half ton of tough and durable paper, 
 scarcely inferior to that made of rags, it was claimed. 
 
 1869. Experiments were made in California with 
 tule, a product of the swamp land, which was said to 
 give a good quality of white paper. There were at 
 this time two paper-mills in California, hut it was 
 complained that they found it more profitable to make 
 wrapping than printing paper. 
 
 1869. The importations of paper into France were 
 414,457 kilograms; of rags, 4,507,585 kils. The 
 exports were 4,739,269 kils. of paper, and 2,549,511 
 kils. of rags. There was a tendency to a decrease of 
 exports and an increase of imports compared with the 
 two preceding years. 
 
 1869. Dr. Matthiessen, of England, presented an im- 
 provement which consisted of submitting disintegrated 
 wood, as saw-dust and shavings, to a rotting process, by 
 steeping in running or stagnant water, by which pro- 
 cess certain constituents of the wood were decomposed 
 and removed, and the subsequent treatment of the 
 residual ligneous fibre for the production of pulp was 
 rendered more economical, and the process of boiling 
 and bleaching more easily effected. 
 
 1869. It was discovered that paper could be made 
 transparent for the purpose of tracing by dampening it 
 with benzine; and that the paper would resume its 
 opacity on the evaporation of the benzine — thus ena- 
 bling the use of thicker paper than when prepared by 
 other processes. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 191 
 
 1869. Machinery was invented for crushing bamboo, 
 to fit it for shipment from the "West India islands, to 
 be used for paper stock. The difficulty of pro- 
 curing the canes of the Southern states during the 
 war of the rebellion, forced a search for similar material 
 farther south, and it was largely exported from Jamaica 
 to New York, in bales and bundles. The bulk of the 
 article, however, stood much in the way of shipment. 
 The hold of a vessel was soon filled with it, and 
 shippers did not care to take it as freight, any vessel 
 so laden becoming top heavy. To prevent this, the 
 vessel had first to be stowed with heavy articles, and 
 the remaining space filled with bamboo. To obviate 
 all difficulty, mill rollers were introduced to crush the 
 bamboo, and by screw-pressing, to pack it in bales, as 
 was done with espartero and other bulky fibres. 
 
 1869. A French technical paper stated that any 
 alterations or fabrications of writings in ordinary ink 
 may be rendered impossible by passing the paper 
 through a solution of one milligram of gallic acid in 
 as much pure distilled water as would fill an ordinary 
 soup plate. After the paper thus prepared has become 
 thoroughly dry, it may be used as ordinary paper for 
 writing, but any attempt to alter, falsify, or change 
 anything written thereon will be left perfectly visible, 
 and may be readily detected. 
 
 1869. Among the fibres of Southern India to which 
 attention was called for use in paper and rope making, 
 were the tchuma (Urtica nivea) of Assam, and ramee 
 ( Urtica tenacissima) of Malay, identical with the ramie 
 
192 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 cultivated in the Southern states, brought originally 
 from Java. The rheea, from China, a strong and 
 lustrous fibre, but costly. The jettee, moorva, and 
 pine-apple of India; also the Pederia foetida, and 
 Bromelia penguin, the latter furnishing the surprisingly 
 beautiful Manilla handkerchief, as well as the cele- 
 brated pigna cloth, and sometimes called silk grass. — 
 Annual of Scientific Discovery, 1870, p. 98. 
 
 1870. Feb. 20. The Royal River paper-mill at Yar- 
 mouth, Maine, occupied by Brown & Denison, was 
 destroyed by fire, with all the machinery and stock. 
 There was an insurance on the building and machinery. 
 
 1870. Among the sensations produced at this time 
 by paper products, was that of petticoats, at 15 cents 
 a piece. 
 
 1870. A French inventor claimed that he could so 
 cleanse printed paper as to make it suitable for receiv- 
 ing a fresh impression. He stated that by immersing 
 the printed sheet in a slight alkaline solution the ink 
 would disappear, and leave the sheet of a pure and 
 spotless white. This was thought to be bad for the 
 trunk makers ! 
 
 1870. March 27. The mills of the Hampden Paper 
 Company at Holyoke, Mass., were destroyed by fire. 
 Loss estimated at $250,000 ; insured $200,000. 
 
 1870. Jefferson Evarts, of Jefferson, patented a mode 
 of preparing pulp for the manufacture of coffins; 
 claiming that when prepared of the requisite thickness, 
 saturated in oil, baked, japanned, and polished, it 
 would resist acid, and become imperishable. 
 
Paper and Paper-Making. 193 
 
 1869. The immense proportions of the paper busi- 
 ness may be judged by the extent of the importation 
 of rags during the year, which amounted at New York 
 alone to 104,661 bales, valued at $2,149,202, added to 
 which the home production must have been very large. 
 
 1870. April 6. The paper-makers in the north of 
 England held a meeting at Manchester, and agreed to 
 advance the price of all kinds of paper ten per cent, 
 owing to the dearness of rags. 
 
 1870. April 20. The paper-makers of the United 
 States were called upon to meet in New York to esta- 
 blish a union, and take measures to prevent overpro- 
 duction, which, it was alleged, had reduced prices below 
 cost. About a dozen mills only were represented, and 
 it was resolved to call a general meeting of the trade 
 to be held on the 20th of May. 
 
 1870. May 5. Tenney's bamboo paper-mill at Bloom- 
 field, N. J., was destroyed by fire, with all the stock 
 and machinery. The boiler and revolving cylinder 
 exploded, throwing fragments in every direction. Loss 
 $100,000 ; mostly insured. 
 
 1870. The English cheap press was seriously annoyed 
 by the advances in the price of paper, occasioned by 
 the scarcity of espartero, it was said. Low priced 
 papers advanced a farthing a pound, and an effort was 
 made to force the price up to a halfpenny advance. 
 
 1870. June. The paper trade in Paris was so active 
 that the manufacturers could not satisfy all demands, 
 particularly for printing paper, the consumption of 
 
 which was daily increasing. 
 25* 
 
194 Paper and Paper-Making. 
 
 1870. June 30. The Lisbon paper-mill at Lisbon 
 Plains, burned, involving a loss of $10,000, partially 
 insured. 
 
 1870. July 5. The boiler of D. A. Bullard & Co.'s 
 paper-mill at Schuylerville exploded, throwing portions 
 of the boiler in different directions, and subjecting the 
 owners to a loss of $8,000. 
 
 1870. July 9. The paper-mill of Beard & Crouse, 
 at Fayetteville, was totally destroyed by fire. Loss 
 $25,000, of which $14,000 was insured. 
 
 1870. A paper-maker in Lancashire, Eng., claimed 
 to have succeeded in turning to profitable account 
 particular kinds of cotton seed as a material for the 
 manufacture of the best kinds of paper. It was sup- 
 posed that the material could be procured in quantities 
 sufficient to supply the wants of all the paper-mills in 
 the country; also to produce a fibre of the finest 
 quality, at a price that would bring it into lively com- 
 petition with esparto grass. Of all the substances 
 hitherto suggested as a substitute for rags, the best 
 practical judges were said to regard this as the most 
 desirable; and as it required but little alteration in 
 the ordinary machinery of paper-mills, it was hoped 
 that it would in a great measure overcome the difficulty 
 of the river pollution caused by esparto. 
 
 1870. The paper-mill at Quincy, 111., belonging to 
 H. A. Geis, was burnt Sept. 27, with a large stock of 
 paper and valuable machinery. Loss estimated at 
 ,000, on which there was an insurance of only $7,000. 
 
 1870. There were 156 paper-mills in Holland. 
 
Paper asd Paper-Making. 
 
 195 
 
 1870. The Mobile Register was printed on paper 
 made from the okra plant. 
 
 1870. The war in France stopped the export of fancy 
 paper and envelopes, the consumption of which in this 
 country was much larger this year than had been known 
 for many years, and prices advanced about ten per cent. 
 The French fancy papers were almost the only thing 
 imported that were not successfully imitated by manu- 
 facturers here. After one or two attempts to get up 
 a really good imitation of snow flake and frosted papers, 
 it was abandoned and the French had control of that 
 branch of the market. 
 
 PAPYRUS. 
 
BABYLONIAN, OR CHALDEAN BRICK. 
 
 Mode of impressing characters in clay, on a cylinder, which was afterwards 
 baked hard for preserving records. See p. 1. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abacca (manilla hemp), substi- 
 tute for rags, 182. 
 
 Aberdeen, Scotland, 114, 153. 
 
 Acacia, substitute for rags, 182. 
 
 Academy of Natural Sciences, 
 138. 
 
 Acid neutralized, 84. 
 
 Adamantine stone, 141. 
 
 Adolphus, court of Schaumburg, 
 15. 
 
 Advertiser, Portland, 189. 
 
 African colonies, 151. 
 
 Agave of Cuba, substitute for 
 rags, 182. 
 
 Agawam paper-mill burnt, 179. 
 
 Agitator, 89 ; in cylinder ma- 
 chines, 76. 
 
 Aimes, S., his mills burnt, 80. 
 
 Albany Institute, 42. 
 
 Albany, rags wanted at, 40 ; mill 
 nearest to in 1789, 41 ; scarci- 
 ty of paper in, 42. 
 
 Albany Register, 42. 
 
 Albumenizing paper, 173. 
 
 Alcoi, mills at, 47. 
 
 Alexander the Great, 2. 
 
 Alexandria, Egypt, 11, 137, 179; 
 monopoly in paper, 3. 
 
 Alfa fibre for paper, 110, 165. 
 
 Alga marina for paper, v, 30. 
 
 Algeria, 151, 181. 
 
 Algiers, mill at, 151. 
 
 Alkalies, use of, 79. 
 
 Allen, Stephen M., 152; inven- 
 tor, 165; patentee, 163. 
 
 Allen's Biog. Dictionary, 63. 
 
 Allison, Burgess, patentee, 50. 
 
 Aloe, fibre of the, for paper, 109. 
 
 Aloes for paper, v; leaves of, 
 for paper, 33. 
 
 Alsace, No. of mills in 1802, 50 ; 
 exports, 50. 
 
 Alum, ammoniate of, 161 ; siz- 
 ing, 69. 
 
 America, paper maker emigrated 
 to, 25 ; first paper mill in, 25 ; 
 second paper-mill in, 27. 
 
 American Company of Book- 
 sellers, gold and silver medal 
 offered by, 52. 
 
 American Fibre Disintegrating 
 Co.'s works burnt, 185. 
 
 Ames, David, died, 101. 
 
 Ames, D. & J., mill, 68. 
 
 Ames, John, 83; patentee, 88, 
 90, 92. 
 
 Amherst, Mass., 117. 
 
 Amies, Joseph, 85. 
 
 Amies, Thomas, 60. 
 
 Ammonia, 144 ; nitrate of, 173. 
 
 Ammoniacal compounds, 144. 
 
 Ammoniate of alum, 161. 
 
 Amos & Clarke, patentees, 105. 
 
 Amru, Joseph, 12. 
 
 Ancona, 137. . ' 
 
 Andalusia, 28. 
 
 Anderson, 25. 
 
 Andries, S. R, 125. 
 
 Angouleme, France, 59 ; manu- 
 facturers obtain prizes at 
 Paris, 54 ; product of mills in , 
 41 ; vellum paper first pro- 
 duced at, 54. 
 
 Angoumois, France, 26 ; mills at, 
 42. 
 
 Angular bed-plate, 172. 
 
 Anhydrous rosin-soap for sizing, 
 161. 
 
 Animal fibrine for paper, 144 ; 
 substances for paper, v, 74, 
 139, 144, 176. 
 
 Anne, queen, her impost, 27 ; duty 
 established in the reign of, 152. 
 
 Annis, George W., 72. 
 
 Annonay, 54, 59, 66, 69. 
 
 Annsville paper-mill burnt, 82. 
 
 Annual of Scientific Discovery, 
 130, 192. 
 
198 
 
 Index. 
 
 Anthony, Henry F., 173. 
 
 Antisel, Prof., inventor, 115. 
 
 Aphorisms of Hippocrates, 12. 
 
 Aporentype for paper, 74. 
 
 Appleton's Cyclopedia, 139. 
 
 Aprons, paper, worn by news- 
 girls, 189. 
 
 Aqua fortis, 159. 
 
 Aquitaine, 16. 
 
 Arabesques, 77. 
 
 Arabians, 11 ; carried the art of 
 paper-making to Spain, 5 ; 
 manufacture of paper by the, 
 5. 
 
 Arabic manuscripts, 13. 
 
 Aragon and Castile, kings of, 14. 
 
 Arroche for paper, v, 33. 
 
 Arts, cards and boards suitable 
 for use in the, 174. 
 
 Arundinaria macro-sperma, reed 
 fibre from, for paper, 142. 
 
 Asbestos for paper, v, 23, 29, 117. 
 
 Ashland, mill at, 149. 
 
 Asia Minor, 137. 
 
 Asparagus for paper, v; liga- 
 ments of, for paper, 88. 
 
 Aspen for paper, v, 33, 79. 
 
 Assam, tchuma of, 191. 
 
 Astor House, New York, meet- 
 ing of paper-makers at, 158. 
 
 Atkinson, Mr., 52. 
 
 Auburn, N. Y., mill at, 183; 
 Paper Company's mill burnt, 
 183. 
 
 Australia, manufacture com- 
 menced, 186. 
 
 Austria, 160; number of mills 
 in, 1845, 99 ; product in 1845, 
 99; product in 1851, 109; 
 number of mills in 1855, 125 ; 
 annual consumption of paper 
 in, 176 ; exports to Greece, 
 184. 
 
 Austrian states export rags, 95 ; 
 department London Indus- 
 trial Exhibition, 159. 
 
 Avignon, meeting of straw pa- 
 per-makers at, 176. 
 
 Ayer's mill burnt, 74. 
 
 Babylonian bricks, 1, 196. 
 
 Baden in Germany, number of 
 mills in 1846, 100. 
 
 Bage, Robert, died, 48. 
 
 Bagford, John, connoisseur of 
 paper, 27. 
 
 Bagging for paper, v, 82, 150. 
 
 Baily, William, 51. 
 
 Baird, Prentice C, his mill 
 burnt, 156. 
 
 Balcom, Vespasian O., patentee, 
 131. 
 
 Balilliat, Pierre, patentee, 70. 
 
 Ball, E. B., 61. 
 
 Ballston, mill at, 141, 186 ; num- 
 ber of mills and product in 
 1865, 178. 
 
 Ballston Spa, 153 ; mill at, 131. 
 
 Baltimore County Advocate, 128. 
 
 Baltimore Co., Md., mill at, 128. 
 
 Baltimore, Ind., 126. 
 
 Baltimore, Md., 114, 126, 142, 
 155, 169 ; requests tariff, 63. 
 
 Bamboo for paper, v, 166, 185 ; 
 bark of, for paper, 10 ; inner 
 bark of the, for paper, 3; 
 Mississippi river, for paper, 
 122; shavings of, for paper, 
 131 ; process of preparing 
 fibre from the, 170 ; machin- 
 ery invented for crushing, 
 180; Jamaica, substitute for 
 rags, 182. 
 
 Banana tree leaves for paper, v, 
 94, 95, 109. 
 
 Bank note paper, 104, 127. 
 
 Bank of England, 104 ; notes, 135. 
 
 Barabee, W., patentee, 126. 
 
 Bardoux, Lucien, patentee, 176. 
 
 Bark for paper, v, 7, 10, 11, 31, 
 48, 126; of the cotton stalk, 
 for paper, 129. 
 
 Barley straw for paper, 33. 
 
 Barratt, Thomas, patentee, 81. 
 
 Barrels, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Barret & Swann's mill burnt, 
 73, 96. 
 
 Barry, Mr., prosecuted, 139. 
 
 Barrytown, N. Y., mill burnt 
 at, 187. 
 
 Bartolus, 17. 
 
 Basil, canton of, mills in, 51. 
 
 Baskerville, his edition of Virgil, 
 31, 32. 
 
 Basle, Switzerland, 20. 
 
 Basswood for paper, v, 37, 44, 
 120, 125, 169; substitute for 
 rags, 182. 
 
 Bath Island, 143. 
 
 Bavaria, number of mills in 1846, 
 100. 
 
Index. 
 
 199 
 
 Bavarian peat for paper, v, 33. 
 
 Beach & Co.'s mill burnt, 188. 
 
 Beach, Moses Y., inventor, 72. 
 
 Beard & Grouse's mill burnt, 194. 
 
 Beardslee,' George W., experi- 
 menter, 7, 120, 125. 
 
 Beaten hemp, for paper, 64, 67. 
 
 Beating engine, 97, 106, 111. 
 
 Beating, process of, 41. 
 
 Bedford, Mass., 131. 
 
 Bed-plate, angular, 172. 
 
 Beech for paper, v, 33. 
 
 Bees-wax used for sizing and 
 glazing, 73. 
 
 Beet root for paper, v, 89 ; resi- 
 due of, for paper, 143. 
 
 Belgium, 116, 129 ; manufacture 
 introduced into, 26 ; exported 
 to Denmark, 101 ; export to 
 the Netherlands, 102 ; num- 
 ber of manufacturers in, 104; 
 exported to the United States, 
 104; imports and exports in 
 1849, 105 ; machines, exported 
 from, 109; export of rags 
 prohibited, 151 ; paper ex- 
 ported to the seceded states, 
 156 ; export duty on rags, 
 171. 
 
 Bellamy, William, proposal by, 
 36. 
 
 Bellows, 111. 
 
 Bellows Falls, paper-mill at, 52. 
 
 Belting for machinery, paper 
 used for, 183. 
 
 Benjamin, Nathan, mill burnt, 
 54. 
 
 Bennington, Vt., 188 ; mill at, 40, 
 41. 
 
 Benton, George & Son, their 
 mill burnt, 188. 
 
 Benzine for tracing paper, 190. 
 
 Berkshire, Mass., consumption 
 of rags in 1868, 184. 
 
 Berlin, Prussia, 20 ; first machine 
 at, 62. 
 
 Bern, canton of, mills in, 51. 
 
 Bernadotte, patentee, 74. 
 
 Bertholet, 59. 
 
 Besancjon, France, 121. 
 
 Bestow (?) & Fairchild's mill 
 burnt, 158. 
 
 Bible, made of the skin of a wo- 
 man, 1 ; printed upon parch- 
 ment, 19. 
 
 Bibles crumbling to dust, 60 ; 
 and prayer books, drawback 
 duty on, 126, 128. 
 
 Bibliotheca Americana, 42. 
 
 Bidds, Mr., 44. 
 
 Bigg, John, patentee, 44. 
 
 Binder's boards, 80. 
 
 Bingham, Edward B., 133. 
 
 Birmingham, 48. 
 
 Black River country, 54. 
 
 Black River paper mill burnt, 
 178. 
 
 Blake, Edmund, inventor, 87. 
 
 Blake, J. S., patentee, 133. 
 
 Blank, Ephraim F. and Thomas, 
 patentees, 79. 
 
 Bleaching, 147; new mode, 43, 
 44, 59, 130 ; material for, 35 ; 
 injurious effect of, 60; exces- 
 sive, 88 ; straw pulp, 130 ; 
 improvement in, 130 ; pow- 
 ders, 165. 
 
 Bloomfield, N. J., 154; mill at, 
 193. 
 
 Blotting and packing paper, 98. 
 
 Blue grass for paper, v, 71. 
 
 Boaler, William, inventor, 170. 
 
 Bodleian collection, 12. 
 
 Bodoni, printer, 19. ^ 
 
 Bohemia, 132. 
 
 Bohun, Edmund, Autobiography 
 of, 25. 
 
 Boiler for pressing vegetable sub- 
 stances, 173. 
 
 Boilers, improvement in, 145, 146, 
 153. 
 
 Bolls of the sycamore tree for 
 paper, 164. 
 
 Bomeisler, Louis, patentee, 75. 
 
 Bonnets, paper used for, 183, 
 187. 
 
 Book board, 79 ; covers, paper 
 for instead of calico, 172. 
 
 Books destroyed by excessive 
 bleaching, 60, 80 ; low priced, 
 duty severe on, 105 ; heavy 
 excise in Great Britain on 
 paper for, 110. 
 
 Bookseller, 153. 
 
 Booksellers and Publisher's un- 
 ion, 142. 
 
 Booksellers' medal, 52. 
 
 Bordeaux, 16. 
 
 Bosoms, paper for, 183. 
 
 Boston Journal, 169. 
 
200 
 
 Index. 
 
 Boston, Mass., 86, 121, 137; im- 
 ports in 1863, 169 ; papers 
 exhibited in, 68; publishers 
 memorialize congress, 169. 
 
 Boston News Letter, announce- 
 ment in, 34 
 
 Boulac, near Cairo, 110. 
 
 Bounty to paper maker, 33. 
 
 Boxes, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Boxmoor, 52. 
 
 Bracken, or fern plants for paper, 
 v, 121. 
 
 Bradford, William, 25 ; his mill, 
 
 26, 29; encouragement given 
 to, 28, 29. 
 
 Bradley, A. & Sons, their mill 
 burnt, 93. 
 
 Bradley, B. B., his mill burnt, 
 123. 
 
 Bran for paper, v. 
 
 Brand, M. experimenter, 78. 
 
 Brandywine, 63, 68 ; mill on the, 
 61 ; flood on the, 64. 
 
 Brard, Cyprian Prosper, paten- 
 tee, 73. 
 
 Brattleborough, Vt,, 56, 81, 84; 
 mill at, 136. 
 
 Brazilian grass for paper, v, 117. 
 
 Brazils, imports, 100. 
 
 Breitkopf , iii. 
 
 Bremen, import of rags into the 
 United States, 137. 
 
 Brepols, Sieur, manufacturer of 
 colored paper, 67. 
 
 Bretagne, exports, 50. 
 
 Brewer & Smith, patentees, 109. 
 
 Brewer, Henry, 84. 
 
 Breza, M. de, 93. 
 
 Bridgport, Pa., 89. 
 
 Brightman, J. W., patentee, 160. 
 
 Brindly, W., patentee, 104. 
 
 Bristol, N. H., mill at, 160. 
 
 British and Foreign Bible Socie- 
 ty, 60. 
 
 British Kingdom, excise and ex- 
 ports in 1859, 146 ; See Great 
 Britain and England. 
 
 British Merchant, 24. 
 
 British Museum, 12, 17, 25, 26, 
 
 27, 187 ; papyrus manuscript, 
 in, 11. 
 
 Broich, Holland, 25. 
 
 Broken paper, 41. 
 
 Bromelia penguin for paper, 192. 
 
 Bronx river, N. Y., mill on, 66. 
 
 Broom corn for paper, v, 33. 
 
 Brooman, K. A., patentee, 99. 
 
 Brown, Alexander, patentee, 121. 
 
 Brown & Dennison, 192. 
 
 Brown & Mcintosh, inventors, 
 114. 
 
 Brown, James, 91, 138. 
 
 Brown paper, 24 ; duty on, 152. 
 
 Brown, Tower & Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 89. 
 
 Brueckmann, Dr., 29. 
 
 Brunswick, 20. 
 
 Brussells, 123. 
 
 Buchanan & Bullard's boiler ex- 
 ploded, 171. 
 
 Buchanan & Kilmer, Messrs., 
 124. 
 
 Buchanan, C. S., patentee, 153, 
 163. 
 
 Buckets, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Buddington, Mr., his mill burnt, 
 92. 
 
 Buel, David, 49. 
 
 Buffalo Express, 158. 
 
 Bull, Lagrange, 95. 
 
 Bullard, D. A. & Co., their boiler 
 exploded, 194. 
 
 Bullen of textile plants for paper, 
 v, 70. 
 
 Bulls of the popes on cotton 
 paper, 12. 
 
 Bunker Hill Aurora, 179. 
 
 Burdock for paper, v, 33, 41. 
 
 Burke, Francis, inventor, 130. 
 
 Burneby, Eustace, 24. 
 
 Burton, printer, 46. 
 
 Butler, Asa, 63. 
 
 Butler, Simeon, 63. 
 
 Button-board, duty on, 90. 
 
 Button paper, duty on, 90. 
 
 Buttons, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Cabbage stumps for paper, v, 33. 
 
 Caen, France, 58. 
 
 Calcined feldspar in paper, 148. 
 
 Calcium, 148. 
 
 Calendering rolls, 167. 
 
 Calenders, 81. 
 
 Calico for book covers, substi- 
 tute for, 172. 
 
 California, No. of mills in 1869, 
 190. 
 
 Cambridge, England, 21. 
 
 Camden, Me., mill at, 73, 96. 
 
 Camden, N. J., 134. 
 
 Camp, E., his mill burnt, 93. 
 
Index. 
 
 201 
 
 Campbell, Hall & Co., 182. 
 
 Campbell, Mr., patentee, 43. 
 
 Canada; Upper, 54. 
 
 Cananclaigua, N. Y., 62. 
 
 Cane, for paper, 185 ; of the 
 southern swamps for paper, 
 155. 
 
 Canes from the Carolinas, sub- 
 stitute for rags, 182. 
 
 Canson Brothers, patentees, 69. 
 
 Canson, M., 66; secret improve- 
 ment, 68. 
 
 Cape Haytien, export of rags 
 from, 113. 
 
 Capital invested, 154. 
 
 Carbonated alkali used, 92. 
 
 Carbonic acid gas in bleaching, 
 130, 155. 
 
 Carbonization, 148. 
 
 Cardboard, 170. 
 
 Carduus nutans for paper, v, 50. 
 
 Carew Paper Company, 179. 
 
 Carleton & Co.'s mill burnt, 91. 
 
 Carlowville, Ala., 134. 
 
 Carpenter's mill burnt, 186. 
 
 Carpets of paper, 53, 183. 
 
 Carroll, John, his mill burnt, 189. 
 
 Carrying rolls, 148. 
 
 Carson, David, died, 143. 
 
 Cartridge paper, requisites in, 39. 
 
 Cartridges, want of paper for, 38. 
 
 Carvil, George, patentee, 82. 
 
 Cascade paper-mills burnt, 186. 
 
 Case of the paper traders, 26. 
 
 Casey, Mr., 52. 
 
 Casiri, 14; on the invention of 
 paper, 12. 
 
 Cassim ben Hegi, 13. 
 
 Cassiodorus, 11. 
 
 Caswell, Gurdon, 56. 
 
 Cat tail (swamp flag), for paper, 
 170. 
 
 Catacombs, papyrus manuscripts 
 found in, 9. 
 
 Catalogue of the Austrian de- 
 partment of the London In- 
 ternational Exhibition, 158. 
 
 Catskill, 189; mill at, 45; mill 
 burnt at, 54. 
 
 Caustic alkali, 148; lime, 144; 
 soda ley, 122 ; soda, 142, 155 ; 
 soda for bleaching, 134. 
 
 Chadbourne, P. A., patentee, 164. 
 
 Chambers, Messrs., petition par- 
 liament, 105. 
 
 2(> 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa., 71, 78, 82. 
 
 Chamblee, Canada, 125. 
 
 Charles IX, of France, 21, 22. 
 
 Charles VIII, of France, 20. 
 
 Charleston, 8. C, 141. 
 
 Charlotte, Princess, 53. 
 
 Charta bombycine, 12. 
 
 Chase, Thomas G, 148. 
 
 Chateaugay river, mill on the, 51. 
 
 Chatham Four Corners, 186 ; mill 
 at, 142. 
 
 Chatham, N. Y., 94, 188. 
 
 Check paper, 127. 
 
 Chelsea Manufacturing Co., 128. 
 
 Chemical substance for rags, 70. 
 
 Cheney ville, Ct., mill at, 184. 
 
 Chester Co., Pa., 174. 
 
 Chester creek, Pa., mill on, 29. 
 
 Chester, Ct., 136. 
 
 Chester Valley rail road, 174. 
 
 Chicago, 160. 
 
 Chiffonniers of Paris, insurrec- 
 tion of, 83. 
 
 Chili imported from Spain, 103. 
 
 China, 192 ; paper sent from 
 Rome to, 10. 
 
 Chinese, 11, 12 ; hemp, substitute 
 for rags, 182 ; nettle, substi- 
 tute for rags, 182; paper, 9; 
 paper, first discovered, 3 ; 
 rice paper, 53 ; sorgho, or 
 sugar cane, 162. 
 
 Chittenden, G & Son, their mill 
 burnt, 156. 
 
 Chittenden, George, 58. 
 
 Chloride, for size, 153 ; of lime 
 for bleaching, 130, 154, 162. 
 
 Chlorine, 122, 164; discovered, 
 35 ; excessive bleaching with, 
 88 ; in bleaching, 83, 130, 134, 
 174. 
 
 Christian III, of Denmark, 69. 
 
 Christina of Sweden, 23. 
 
 Church, Henry & Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 96. 
 
 Churchyard's Spark of Friend- 
 ship, 21. 
 
 Cigarettes, paper for, 151. 
 
 Cincinnati, 156. 
 
 Cist, Charles, employed by con- 
 gress, 38. 
 
 Claremont, N. H, 133, 168. 
 
 Clark, C. & O., their mill burnt, 
 127. 
 
 Clark, John, mill burnt, 48. 
 
202 
 
 Index. 
 
 Clark, John & Co., 54. 
 
 Clark, Patrick, patentee, 134. 
 
 Clark, William, patentee, 129, 
 132 
 
 Clark, William N, patentee, 136. 
 
 Clark, Wm, & Co., their mill 
 burnt, 149. 
 
 Clarke, Lucius, died, 186. 
 
 Clavio, Julio, 21. 
 
 Claypoole, employed by con- 
 gress, 38. 
 
 Cleansing paper, 83 ; rags, 74. 
 
 Clematite for paper, v, 33. 
 
 Clemo, Ebenezer, patentee, 150. 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, 160 ; paper-mill 
 at, burnt, 82. 
 
 Chun, abbot of, 13. 
 
 Clyde, N. Y., mills near, 186. 
 
 Coal mixed with pulp, 85. 
 
 Coal-tar for bleaching, 129. 
 
 Coating writing paper, 173. 
 
 Cobb, Thomas, patentee, 77. 
 
 Cobbett's Corn, 73. 
 
 Cobs of Indian corn for paper, 
 146. 
 
 Cocoa-nut husks for paper, v. 
 
 Coffins, paper, 187, 192. 
 
 Cohoes, N. Y., mill at, 158. 
 
 Collars, paper used for, 183, 184, 
 187. 
 
 Colle, Tuscany, 19. 
 
 Collier, Elisha Hayden, patentee, 
 72. 
 
 Collyer, Dr., patentee, 143. 
 
 Collyer, R. H., 134. 
 
 Colored paper, 67 ; rag paper, 67, 
 74. 
 
 Coloring paper, process of, 76 ; 
 pulp, 50, 77. 
 
 Colors on manuscripts, 13 ; pecu- 
 liar, 36. 
 
 Colquohoun, estimate by, 59. 
 
 Coltsfoot for paper, 41. 
 
 Columbia county, N. Y., first 
 mill in, 45. 
 
 Columbia mill, 179. 
 
 Columbus, meeting of publishers 
 in, 176. 
 
 Combustible cakes, 175. 
 
 Comminuting rags, 31. 
 
 Company formed, 163. 
 
 Compoloro, F. de, 146. 
 
 Compounds, prepared by pre- 
 cipitation, 153. 
 
 Concentric strainer, 153. 
 
 Conferva for paper, v, 33, 40. 
 
 Confucius, 9. 
 
 Congress, resolution by, 38 ; sub- 
 sidy by, 38; bill brought 
 before, to increase duties, 62 ; 
 petitioned for a tariff, 63, 64 ; 
 use foreign paper, 63 ; memo- 
 rialized not to reduce duty, 
 65 ; complaint against, 66 ; 
 prohibition of, 76; duty re- 
 duced by, in 1863, 165 ; me- 
 morialized for relief against 
 the paper monopoly, 169 ; 
 memorialized against a prohi- 
 bitory tariff, 176; memorial- 
 ized for a removal of duty on 
 paper, 177. 
 
 Conical grinder, 147. 
 
 Conical-shaped staves, 155. 
 
 Conly, J. P., patentee, 114. 
 
 Connecticut, 37, 179 ; number of 
 mills in 1810, 57; value of 
 paper in, 1832, 86. 
 
 Connecticut Courant, 136. 
 
 Connecticut river, 69. 
 
 Constable of Bordeaux, 116. 
 
 Constantinople, 20, 55; mill at, 
 110. 
 
 Consumption of paper, 176; of 
 ink, paper, etc., in New York, 
 150. 
 
 Continental army, 37. 
 
 Continuous drying apparatus, 
 139; paper, 81, 88. 
 
 Convention of paper-makers in 
 New York city, 96. 
 
 Convents, monopolies granted 
 to, 28. 
 
 Conversations Lexikon, 16. 
 
 Cooper, John W., 74. 
 
 Copier & Melier, 118. 
 
 Corbeil, mills at, 20. 
 
 Corn cobs, 146 ; husks for paper 
 v ; husks, base for paper, 92 
 leaves, paper from, 157 
 stalks, for paper, 171. 
 
 Corser, George A., inventor, 172. 
 
 Cortusius, 17. 
 
 Cost of manufacturing, 119. 
 
 Cosyn, George, 18. 
 
 Coton du peuplier for paper, v, 
 33. 
 
 Cotton for paper, 11, 74, 99; for 
 Arabian paper, 5 ; for Span- 
 ish paper, 6 ; 
 
Index. 
 
 203 
 
 Cotton, first paper made of, ; 
 substitute for rags, 182 ; 
 paper, 18 ; paper, introduction 
 into England, 6; paper, early, 
 13, 14; paper, erroneous ori- 
 gin of, 13 ; paper, invention 
 of, 11; paper, linen sup- 
 planted by, 17; plant, root, 
 and stalk of tbe, for paper, 
 134 ; rags, for Chinese paper, 
 4; seed for paper, v, 194; 
 stalks for paper, v ; waste for 
 paper, v, 82, 150. 
 
 Cottonian library specimen, 17. 
 
 Couch grass for paper, v, 40. 
 
 Coucher and scraper combined, 
 167. 
 
 Couching belt, 159. 
 
 Counterfeiting prevented, 181. 
 
 Courant, 136. 
 
 Courier Francaise, 78. 
 
 Courtalin, France, 72. 
 
 Covering buildings, 85. 
 
 Cowley & Sullivan, patentees, 
 130. 
 
 Cowper, John, 165. 
 
 Cowper, Prof., patentee, 72. 
 
 Craig's mill burnt, 101. 
 
 Crane, L. Murray, inventor, 181. 
 
 Crane, Zenas M., patentee, 103. 
 
 Crane's mill burnt, 189. 
 
 Crawford Messenger, 79. 
 
 Crefeld, mill at, 27. 
 
 Crehore, Isaac N., patentee, 145. 
 
 Crocker & Marshall, patentees, 
 146. 
 
 Crocker, S. S., patentee, 161. 
 
 Crompton & Miller, 72. 
 
 Crompton, Thos. Bonsar, paten- 
 tee, 64, 69,73,94; died, 139. 
 
 Crosby, Henry, patentee, 93. 
 
 Croswell & Son's mill burnt, 142. 
 
 Cuba imported from Spain, 103. 
 
 Cuffs, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Culver & Cole, patentees, 76. 
 
 Cunningham, Mr., patentee, 44. 
 
 Curtains, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Cushman, Ephraim, patentee, 
 117, 149. 
 
 Cushman, John R, patentee, 149. 
 
 Cutting apparatus, 83 ; machine, 
 73, 74, 82, 103 ; paper in the 
 ream, 88. 
 
 Cylinder, non-conducting, 129 ; 
 machine, 112 ; 
 
 Cylinder, machine invented, 31, 
 32 ; machine improved, 61, 
 75, 76, 133; mould, Dickin- 
 son's, 80; moulds, 163, 167; 
 printing press, improvement 
 in feeding the, 161. 
 
 Cylinders, 81 ; perforated, 136. 
 
 Cylindrical screen, 97; strainer, 
 * 153. 
 
 Daily Evening Register, Phila- 
 delphia, 120. 
 
 Dalton, Mass, 103, 143 ; mill at, 
 189. 
 
 Dandy, 80; roller, 112. 
 
 D'Annonay, M. Johannot, imi- 
 tates English vellum paper, 
 39 ; receives gold medal from 
 the king, 39. 
 
 Dansville, N. Y., mill at, 93. 
 
 Dartford, England, 164. 
 
 Darthforth, mill near, 22. 
 
 Davis, Pierre J., patentee, 130. 
 
 Davy, Henry, patentee, 86. 
 
 Day, Josiah F., his mill burnt, 
 149. 
 
 Dayton, Ohio, 114, 132. 
 
 Debit, William, patentee, 74, 90. 
 
 De Breza, M., inventor, 93. 
 
 Decayed wood for paper, v, 73. 
 
 Deckles, 144. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 60, 
 61. 
 
 De Compoloro, F., patentee, 146. 
 
 Dedham, Mass., 82, 85. 
 
 Defensive War, discovery of the 
 sermon on, 38. 
 
 Degrand, J. V., patentee, 92. 
 
 De Labigarre, P., 45. 
 
 De la Garde, patentee, 70. 
 
 Delaware Co., Pa., 117. 
 
 Delaware, product, 35; No. of 
 mills in 1810, 57 ; petition for 
 a tariff, 64. 
 
 Delcambre's sizing, 69. 
 
 Demarara Royal Gazette, 116. 
 
 Demarets sent to Holland, 33. 
 
 Denmark, import, 101; imports 
 from France, 7, 23; patent 
 granted by, 63 ; first machine 
 in, 69 ; imports and duties in 
 1847, 103; No. of machines 
 in 1851, 109. 
 
 De Proprietatibus Rerum, 20. 
 
 Deputation to Holland, 38. 
 
 Derbyshire, England, mill in, 78. 
 
204 
 
 Index. 
 
 Dei- Zollverein, 9G. 
 
 Desetable, Gabriel, 58. 
 
 Design, expensive, 128. 
 
 De thou, 22. ■ 
 
 Devaux, Benjamin, patentee, 70. 
 
 De Wees, William, 27. 
 
 De Worde, Wynken, 20. 
 
 Diamant, Moritz, 157. 
 
 Diamont, M. Maurice, 132. 
 
 Dickinson, George, patentee, 71. 
 
 Dickinson, John, patentee, 74, 80. 
 
 Dickinson, Mr., inventor, 56, 68. 
 
 Diclot, 51 ; patent, 52. 
 
 Didot, Firmin, 69. 
 
 Didot, Firmin and Brothers, pa- 
 tentees, 70. 
 
 Didot, Francois, 45. 
 
 Didot, Leger, 47. 
 
 Didot, M., 89, 44, 106, 130; law 
 suit, 57. 
 
 Diclot, Roger, patentee, 61. 
 
 Differentially moving crushing 
 rollers, 156. 
 
 Dipping process, 74. 
 
 Discharge pipe and valve, 168. 
 
 Discovery, fallacious, 59. 
 
 Docks established to accommo- 
 date paper-makers, 175. 
 
 Dodge, T. H., patentee, 156. 
 
 Donkin, Bryan, inventor, 50, 108. 
 
 Donkin & Co., Messrs., machin- 
 ists, 108. 
 
 Donkin, Mr., 52, 72. 
 
 Donkin, Messrs., machinists, 69. 
 
 Dorset, James, assisted by the 
 Maryland convention, 36. 
 
 Double paper, mode, 72, 86 ; vo- 
 lute, 168. 
 
 Dover Mills, Mass., mill at, 149. 
 
 Down of date tree, substitute for 
 rags, 182. 
 
 Drain pipes, paper for, 187. 
 
 Drawback, 126, 128. 
 
 Dresden, 27 ; paper mill at, visited 
 by Peter the Great, 7. 
 
 Drouth, mills stopped by long- 
 continued, 177. 
 
 Dryer fabric, improved, 170. 
 
 Drying, in lofts, 62 ; chamber, 
 148 ; cylinder, 64, 90, 129, 146, 
 167 ; pasteboards, improve- 
 ment for, 154 ; process, 69 ; 
 thick paper, 117; sized paper, 
 machines for, 160 ; sized pa- 
 per, 112, 136. 
 
 Dublin printers' dinner, 87. 
 
 Du Cange, 19. 
 
 Du Halde, 10. 
 
 Dun well, A. L., his mill burnt, 
 182. 
 
 Dupont's mill, 123. 
 
 Duster, 84. 
 
 Dutch import, 28 ; paper of the, 
 characteristics of, 23. 
 
 Duty, repealed in England, 151 ; 
 effect of repeal, 153 ; reduced, 
 165. 
 
 Dwarf palm for paper, v, 106, 
 107. 
 
 Eagle paper-mill burnt, 94. 
 
 East Hartford, Ct., 74, 90,155; 
 mill at, 37. 
 
 East Haven, Ct., 159. 
 
 East Indies, 66. 
 
 East Tarentum, Pa., 162. 
 
 Eaton, A. K., patentee, 175. 
 
 Economist, London, 123. 
 
 Ebart, German paper-maker, 106. 
 
 Edinburgh, 91, 162. 
 
 Edrisi, 13. 
 
 Edward III, of England, 16. 
 
 Egg-boilers, 166. 
 
 Egypt, 11 ; papyrus exported 
 from, 9 ; exports rags, 107 ; 
 mill in, 110. 
 
 Egyptian papyrus, 1 ; paper, 2, 
 3, 15. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen, 22. 
 
 Ellis, J. & Co., their mills burnt, 
 178. 
 
 Elm for paper, v, 41. 
 
 Elms, Thomas, exempt from 
 military duty, 37. 
 
 Ely, bishopric of, 22. 
 
 Embossing process, 77. 
 
 Eminent Philadelphians, 61, 65. 
 
 Endless apron, 133. 
 
 Endless feeder, 165. 
 
 Endless feeding cloth, 86. 
 
 Endless web produced, 45, 56. 
 
 Endless wire web, 111. 
 
 Endogenous plants for paper, 
 130. 
 
 Engines introduced, 31 ; im- 
 proved, 172. 
 
 England, 15, 20, 22, 51, 66, 67, 68, 
 69, 71, 85, 101, 115, 125, 126, 
 136, 139, 160, 169; introduc- 
 tion of cotton paper, 6 ; im- 
 ports from France, 7 ; 
 
Index. 
 
 205 
 
 England, earliest manuscript in, 
 on linen paper, 17 ; first pa per- 
 mill erected iu, 21 ; import, 24 ; 
 import from France, 23, 24; 
 French refugees in, 24, 25 ; 
 number of mills in 169(5, 26 ; 
 paper first manufactured in, 
 25 ; art improved in, 26, 27 ; art 
 decayed in, 27 ; excise duty on 
 paper, 40; value of paper 
 manufactured, 40 ; excise duty 
 in 1799, 45 : imports, 45 ; du- 
 ties, 46; patents, 50; Four- 
 drinier machine improved in, 
 60 ; machinery of, introduced 
 into the United States, 63 ; 
 excise duty in 1829, 76 ; ex- 
 cise duty in 1832, 84; ma- 
 chines constructed in, 89; 
 product in 1834, 89 ; quantity 
 manufactured in 1835, 90; 
 home duty in 1835, 90 ; num- 
 ber of mills in 1835, 90, 91 ; 
 excise duty in 1835, 1836, 91 ; 
 number of mills in 1840, 94 ; 
 Ireland and Scotland, num- 
 ber of machines in 1843, 97 ; 
 Scotland and Ireland, number 
 of machines in 1844, 98 ; im- 
 ported rags from Leghorn, 
 104; Scotland and Ireland, 
 number of machines in 1849, 
 105 ; number of mills in 1850, 
 106; duty in 1850, 107; ma- 
 chines exported from, 109 ; 
 number of mills in 1852, 111 ; 
 yearly product, 112 ; price of 
 rags in 1854, 119 ; demand for 
 paper in, 120 ; drawback duty 
 on printing paper, 126, 128; 
 product in 1856, 127; rags 
 required in 1860, 151 ; duty 
 repealed in, 151 ; duty on 
 paper abolished in, 155 ; ex- 
 port duty free on rags, 171 ; 
 annual consumption of paper 
 in, 176; consumption of pa- 
 per in 1868, 184. See Great 
 Britain. 
 English, manuscript in, the ear- 
 liest on linen paper, 16 ; manu- 
 facture depressed, 23, 24, 25 ; 
 wrapping paper, 66 ; paper, 
 adulteration of, 66; paper, 
 annual product of, 97 ; 
 
 English inventors, 118; cheap 
 press annoyed by advance in 
 paper, 193. 
 Engravings, English, paper for, 
 imported from France, 98. 
 
 Envelope paper, 184. 
 
 Erigerone for paper, v. 
 
 Erigone of Canada, bark of the, 
 for paper, 50. 
 
 Escurial palace, 14. 
 
 Esk mills, 91. 
 
 Esparto grass for paper, v, 115, 
 150, 152, 165, 181, 194; sub- 
 stitute for rags, 122. 
 
 Espartero, or Spanish grass, for 
 paper, 175 ; scarcity of, 193. 
 
 Esperance, N. Y., 64. 
 
 Essex, Vt., mill burnt at, 124. 
 
 Essonne, 17, 44 ; mills at, 20. 
 
 Estimate of consumption in New 
 York, 129. 
 
 Esty's mill burnt, 136. 
 
 Europe, art of manufacturing 
 cotton paper introduced into, 
 6 ; exports rags to the United 
 States, 58; first paper made 
 from rags in, 19; supplied 
 Austria with fine paper, 186. 
 
 European markets, pulp prepared 
 for, 94 ; New York and Bos- 
 ton publishers resort to, 181. 
 
 Eustathius, 14. 
 
 Evans, John, patentee, 117. 
 
 Evans, Oliver, 60. 
 
 Evarts, Jefferson, patentee, 192. 
 
 Excise duty first imposed in Eng- 
 land, 27. 
 
 Exemption, French, 22. 
 
 Exeter, N. H., mill in, 86. 
 
 Experiments with barks of trees, 
 126. 
 
 Fabbriano, Italy, 19; manufac- 
 tory at, 17. 
 
 Fabricants de Papier, Journal 
 des, 160. 
 
 Fairchild, Reuben, patentee, 75. 
 
 Fairhaven, Vt., mill at, 44. 
 
 Falls Creek mill, Ithaca, 85, 96. 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony, mill at, 
 152. 
 
 Fancy paper and envelopes, 
 French, 195. 
 
 Fancy papers, duty on, 152. 
 
 Farina, Jean A., 111. 
 
 Farmington, N. Y., 26. 
 
206 
 
 Index. 
 
 Farming-ton, N. Y., 62. 
 Farnworth paper mills, 139. 
 Faw, Jonathan, patentee, 164. 
 Felt-guides, 129. 
 Fellings, or jackets dispensed 
 
 with, 92. 
 Fenclifton, Cambridgeshire, mill 
 
 at, 22. 
 Fen Ditton, England, mill at, 21. 
 Fern plants (bracken) for paper, 
 
 v, 121. 
 Fibre, process of separating, 154. 
 Fibres of aloes, substitute for 
 
 rags, 182. 
 Figuier & Poumarede, inventors, 
 
 101. 
 Filaceous plants, fibres of, for 
 
 paper, 109. 
 Filter, 175. 
 
 Filtering machine, 84. 
 Finishing, 70, 81. 
 Finsley, inventor of ivory paper, 
 
 62. 
 Fir for paper, v, 115. 
 Fire, protection against, 93. 
 Firmus, merchant, 10. 
 Fladd, John Daniel,medal award- 
 ed, 17. 
 Flag for paper, 121; leaves for 
 
 paper, v, 75. 
 Flat rock mills, 180. 
 Flax for paper, v, 14, 61, 152, 
 - 165; refuse of, for paper, 48; 
 
 substitute for rags, 182. 
 Flaxen thread introduced into 
 
 paper, 74. 
 Florence, machines at, 110. 
 Floss silk for paper, v, 61. 
 Fluted rollers, 165. 
 Fondasbush, N. Y., mill at, 101. 
 Foolscap, 21. 
 
 Force's American Archives, 27. 
 Ford's Manuscript Journal, 52. 
 Forgery, difficult, 11 ; paper for 
 
 preventing, 104, 162, 191. 
 Formosa, island of, 53. 
 Fort Edward, N. Y., 146, 148; 
 
 mill at, 79. 
 Fort Wayne, Ind., 164. 
 Foster, Samuel, 84. 
 Foster, Samuel E., patentee, 85. 
 Fourdrinier machine, 52, 53, 56, 
 
 59, 60, 66, 68, 71, 76, 80, 83, 95, 
 
 112; perfected, 108; wire 
 
 cloth apron, used in, 159. 
 
 Fourdrinier, E. N, inventor, 83. 
 
 Fourdrinier, Henry, died, 122. 
 
 Fourdrinier, Messrs. Henry and 
 Sealy, experimenters, 52. 
 
 Fourdrinier, Messrs., statement 
 to parliament, 54; assignment 
 of John Gamble to, 55 ; their 
 fortune exhausted, 122. 
 
 Fox river, 111., mill on the, 161. 
 
 France, 47, 50, 59, 64, 68, 69, 70, 
 134, 160, 176; early paper 
 manufactures in, 6; export, 
 6, 25, 28, 87 ; exports reduced, 
 7; oldest manuscript in, 15; 
 duty abolished in, 22; flourish- 
 ing* state of the art in, 23 ; 
 trade declines in, 26; bass- 
 wood used in 1776, for making 
 paper, 37 ; paper-makers of, 
 42, 43 ; mills stopped in, 
 through legislative interfer- 
 ence, 43 ; largest paper mill 
 . in 1799, 45; first attempt to 
 make an endless web in, 45 ; 
 award to Louis Robert, 46 ; 
 No. of mills in 1801, 48; ex- 
 ports, 48 ; patents, 50 ; imports 
 diminished, 51 ; first paper 
 machine, constructed in, 60 ; 
 machinery of, introduced into 
 the U. S., 63; No. of paper 
 merchants in 1823, 66 ; No. of 
 machines in 1827, 71 ; export- 
 ed to Denmark, 101 ; No. of 
 machines in 1850, 106; ma- 
 chines exported from, 109 ; 
 yearly product, 113 ; rags im- 
 ported in 1853, 113 ; consump- 
 tion, per capita, 115 ; product 
 of paper, per capita, 116 ; pro- 
 duct in 1856, 127 ; imports and 
 exports in 1856, 129 ; export 
 of rags prohibited, 137, 151 ; 
 export duty on rags, 171 ; ex- 
 ports in 1864, 173 ; commer- 
 cial treaty with, 175 ; annual 
 consumption of paper in, 176 ; 
 imports and exports in 1867, 
 181 ; great demand for paper 
 in 1867, 182 ; exports to Greece, 
 184; consumption of paper in 
 1868, 184; imports and ex- 
 ports in 1868, 185 ; imports 
 and exports in 1869, 190. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 38. 
 
Index. 
 
 207 
 
 Franklin Institute, 138. 
 Franklin, N. J.', 131. 
 Franklin, N. H., mill at, 91. 
 Franklin Repository, 82. 
 Frederic II, of Germany, 14. 
 Fredericksburg, Denmark, 69. 
 Fredonia, N. Y., 75. 
 Frejus, France, 73. 
 French, the earliest manuscript 
 in, 16 ; paper, characteristics 
 of, 23 ; refugee paper makers, 
 24, 25; Academy, 33, 38; 
 paper hangings, 4l ; water 
 mark, 66 ; sizing, 69, 70 ; ex- 
 hibition, 94 ; inventors, 118 ; 
 process of bleaching, 124 ; 
 writing papers, imported to 
 the United States, 150 ; cus- 
 toms, official statistics of, 170 ; 
 fancy paper andenvelopes, 195. 
 French, Thomas, patentee, 84. 
 Freshet, damages by, 64, 132. 
 Frog spittle for paper, v, 45. 
 Frosted paper, 195. 
 Fry, Richard, 30. 
 Fuller, 23. 
 Fuller, J. B., 168. 
 Fulling mills, paper mills con- 
 verted to, 31. 
 Fullum, A. J., his mill burnt, 
 
 178. 
 Gaine, 101. 
 
 Gaine, W. E., patentee, 138. 
 Gallic acid, 191. 
 Gamble, John, patentee, 47, 51, 
 
 52, 55. 
 Gandolfi, J., patentee, 141. 
 Garde, Count de la, patentee, 70. 
 Garvey, Levi, 142. 
 Gattungen, 96. 
 Gaunt & Derrickson's mill burnt, 
 
 124. 
 Gavit's machine, 127. 
 Geddes, William, inventor, 144. 
 Geis, H. A., his mill burnt, 194; 
 
 195. 
 Gelatine sizing, 69. 
 Genesee paper-mills, 173. 
 Genoa, exports, 100. 
 Genoese, export, 28. 
 George, John, 22. 
 Georgia, 156 ; mills in, 102. 
 German states, annual consump- 
 tion of paper in, 176; work 
 with specimens, 35; 
 
 German water-mills, 34; paper 
 deteriorated, 43. See Ger- 
 many. 
 Germany, 15, 18, 31, 35, 160; in- 
 troduction of cotton paper 
 into, 6; imports, 7, 84; first 
 mill erected in, 19; number 
 of mills in 1785,40; inferior 
 quality of paper in 1790, 43 ; 
 imports from Alsace, 50 ; ex- 
 ports in 1852, 112; exports 
 rags to Great Britain, 119; 
 high export duty in, 137. 
 Germany proper, number of 
 
 mills in 1801, 47. 
 Germantown, Pa, 25, 26. 
 Giersdorf , 122. 
 
 Gilman, Alonzo, patentee, 103. 
 Gilpin, Messrs., their mill flooded, 
 64, 65 ; European machinery 
 first used by, 63. 
 Gilpin, T. & J., their mill burnt, 
 
 68. 
 Gilpin, Thomas & Co., 61. 
 Gilpin, Thomas, patentee, 81. 
 Glasgow, 159. 
 Glazed paper for clothiers, duty 
 
 on, 90. 
 Glazing, introduced, 61 ; process, 
 
 167. 
 Glen's Falls, 178. 
 Glycerine, 138. 
 Glynn, Henry, patentee, 126. 
 Gnaphalium, or life-everlasting, 
 
 for paper, v, 125. 
 Goat skins, 9. 
 
 Goodman Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, their mill burnt, 109. 
 Goss & Reed's mill burnt, 73. 
 Goss & Russel's mill burnt, 149. 
 Gottingen, 17, 33. 
 Goucher, Francis, patentee, 84. 
 Gourmar, M., receives medal, for 
 mode of neutralizing acid in 
 paper for lithographing, 84. 
 Grant, Warren & Co., patentees, 
 
 147. 
 Grantless, Edward, patentee, 128. 
 Grape-vines for paper, v; peel- 
 ings of, for paper, 33. 
 Grass, esparto, for paper, 115, 150, 
 152, 165, 175, 181, 195; sub- 
 stitute for rags, 122 ; scarcity 
 of, 193. 
 Gray blotting-paper, 98. 
 
208 
 
 Index. 
 
 Great Britain, 165 ; quantity 
 manufactured in 1721 and 
 1723, 28 ; import of rags, 51 ; 
 annual product, 59 ; annual 
 manufacture of, 88; duty in 
 1838, 92 ; imported rags from 
 the United States and Egypt, 
 107 ; product of paper hang- 
 ings in, 108 ; heavy excise on 
 paper for hooks in, 100 ; rags 
 imported in 1853, 113 ; annual 
 product for five years, 113; 
 rags exported from, 114; an- 
 nual value of paper manu- 
 factured in, 114; product of 
 paper, per capita, 116 ; con- 
 sumption of rags in 1854, 119 ; 
 increase of manufacture in, 
 118; exports in 1854, 119; 
 value manufactured in 1854, 
 119; United States reciprocity 
 treaty with, 120; product in 
 1857, 137; decrease of duty 
 in 1858, 145 ; complaint of 
 paper-makers in, 175; import 
 of rags from France in 1863, 
 175 ; monthly manufacture 
 in, 179. See England. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland, num- 
 ber of machines in 1842, 97 ; 
 product in 1846, 101; num- 
 ber of machines in 1846, 1847, 
 101; product in 1847, 101; 
 product in 1848, 103; number 
 of machines in 1848, 103 ; 
 product and exports in 1849, 
 105 ; excise duty in 1850, 107 ; 
 product in 1850, 107 ; product 
 in 1851, 107; exports in 1851, 
 107; machines employed in 
 1851, 108; export and pro- 
 duct in 1852, 111; product, 
 import and export in 1853, 
 114; mills reduced, 126; con- 
 sumption of rags in 1855, 126 ; 
 paper manufacturers petition 
 parliament, 170. See Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Greaves, Mr., 41. 
 
 Greece, not a single mill in 1868, 
 184; imports from Austria, 
 Italy and France, 184 ; paper 
 imported from the Two Sici- 
 lies, 108. 
 
 Greek parchment, 6, 18. 
 
 Greeks, 18, 20 ; use of cotton pa- 
 per among the, 6. 
 
 Greenleaf & Taylor's mill burnt, 
 149. 
 
 Green paper, 63. 
 
 Greenville, Conn., mill at, 182. 
 
 Greenwich, N. Y., mill at, 183. 
 
 Grirnpe & Colas, inventors, 104. 
 
 Grinder, open, 168. 
 
 Grinding paper stock, improve- 
 ment, 131, 155, 175. 
 
 Groton, Mass., mill at, 97. 
 
 Guarro, Francisco, 47. 
 
 Guettard, M., experimenter, 31. 
 
 Guide-rolls, 167. 
 
 Guienne, France, exports, 50. 
 
 Gum used for size, 4. 
 
 Gunny for paper, 175. 
 
 Gutenberg's Bibles, 20. 
 
 Gutta percha, 144; for paper, v, 
 used to prevent counterfeit- 
 ing, 181. 
 
 Guy, Francis, patentee, 53. 
 
 Gypsum, 144; used to give 
 weight, 68.' 
 
 Haddam Neck, Ct., 136. 
 
 Haddock, Marsden, patentee, 74. 
 
 Hagerstown, Md., mill at, 128. 
 
 Hall, Charles H, experimenter, 
 126. 
 
 Hall, John, patentee, 80. 
 
 Hamburg, export of rags, 95; 
 imports, 39 ; No. of mills, 39 ; 
 import of rags into the United 
 States, 137. 
 
 Hampden Paper Co.'s mills 
 burnt, 192. 
 
 Hampden, Me., mill in, 89. 
 
 Hampshire, 68. 
 
 Hand paper, 21 ; abolished, 101 ; 
 improved, 71 ; in Austria, 99 ; 
 process, 60 ; superseded, 101. 
 
 Hanging paper, 127. 
 
 Hangings, ancient, superseded 
 by paper, 22. 
 
 Hanna, Samuel, his mill burnt, 
 149. 
 
 Hanna & Sons, Messrs., their mill 
 burnt, 142. 
 
 Hansard, 44, 66. 
 
 Hardening paper, 153. 
 
 Hardin Co., Ill, 168. 
 
 Harper, James, patentee, 159. 
 
 Harpers import from Belgium, 
 131. 
 
Index. 
 
 209 
 
 Hartford, Ct., 37, 86, 90; No. of 
 papers published in 1776, 37. 
 
 Hartford, England, 21. 
 
 Hats, paper used for, 183, 187. 
 
 Havana, Cuba, 94, 135 ; company 
 formed at, 135. 
 
 Hawkins, John, patentee, 50. 
 
 Hawley, S. & A., &Co., 55. 
 
 Hay for paper, v, 48, 71, 76. 
 
 Hayward, Henry, patentee, 160. 
 
 Hayti, rags exported by, 89. 
 
 Heated tables, 117. 
 
 Heath, Mr., 61. 
 
 Heckling device, 141. 
 
 Hegi, Cacim aben, 13. 
 
 Hemp, for paper, v, 14, 33, 47, 70, 
 82, 99, 152, 165 ; for Spanish 
 paper, 5; paper, early, 14; 
 refuse of, for paper, 48 ; stock, 
 68 ; leaves for paper, 141 ; cul- 
 tivated, substitute for rags, 
 182. 
 
 Hempen rags for Chinese paper, 
 3,4. 
 
 Henchman, Daniel, his mill, 30. 
 
 Hennessy, Daniel Joseph Patrick, 
 died, 123. 
 
 Henrick, Asile, 66. 
 
 Henry VII, of England, 20. 
 
 Henry VIII, of England, his 
 water mark, 21. 
 
 Herbert's Typ. Antiquities, 21. 
 
 Herculaneum, manuscripts taken 
 from the ruins of, 10. 
 
 Herkimer, N. Y., mill at, 133. 
 
 Herodotus, on parchment, 9. 
 
 Herrin, J. H, his mill burnt, 188. 
 
 Herring, Richard, 128. 
 
 Hesse, grand duchy of, No. of 
 mills in, 100. 
 
 Hibiscus esculentus for paper, v, 
 151. 
 
 High glazing, 61. 
 
 Hill, C, 121. 
 
 Hindoos, paper of the, 90. 
 
 Hippocrates, 12. 
 
 History of Commerce, 25. 
 
 Historical Magazine, 39, 45. 
 
 tt ^kins, H, patentee, 130. 
 ..s, John R, his mill burnt, 
 131. 
 
 Hogan's mill burnt, 185. 
 
 Hog dispensed with, 83. 
 
 Hohokus, N. J., 132. 
 
 Holbrook 6z Fessenden, 56. 
 
 Holbrook, W. H, 164. 
 
 Holland, 23, 28, 31, 32, 54; im- 
 ports of, from France, 6, 7, 
 23 ; export, 24 ; art improved 
 in, 26 ; reputation of the paper 
 of, 33 ; No. of mills in 1770, . 
 34 ; deputation sent to, 38 ; 
 paper-makers' petition, 116 ; 
 export of rags prohibited, 
 151 ; export duty on rags, 171 ; 
 No. of mills in 1870, 193. 
 
 Holland, Homer, patentee, 92. 
 
 Hollister paper mills burnt, 101. 
 
 Hollow journals, 163. 
 
 Hollow moulds, 114. 
 
 Hollyhock for paper, v, 123. 
 
 Holstein, machine in, 109. 
 
 Holyoke, Mass., mills at, 192; 
 mill at, daily product of, 188 ; 
 product of mills in 1868, 184. 
 
 Holmes, Joseph E., 79. 
 
 Home industry encouraged in 
 the United States, 150. 
 
 Homer, 14, 42. 
 
 Hong Kong, 131. 
 
 Hooper, patent granted to, 41. 
 
 Hooper, Samuel, 43. 
 
 Hops for paper, 40 ; substitute for 
 rags, 182. 
 
 Hop vines for paper, v, 33, 67. 
 
 Horizontal whirl wheel, 75. 
 
 Horse mills in Belgium, 104. 
 
 Horse radish, stem and roots of, 
 for paper, 121. 
 
 Hornet's nests for paper, v, 33. 
 
 Hotckkisstown, mill at, 92. 
 
 Hot-pressers, duty on, 90. 
 
 Houghton & Graves's mill burnt, 
 139. 
 
 Hough's Jefferson Co., 56. 
 
 Housatonic paper mill burnt, 141. 
 
 House & Co., experimenters, 136. 
 
 Houten, Wm. Van, experimenter, 
 70. 
 
 Hover, J. E., inventor, 185. 
 
 Howard, James, 137. 
 
 Howland & Griswold, patentees, 
 87. 
 
 Howland Palser & Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 179. 
 
 Howland & Palser, patentees, 148. 
 
 Rowland's mill burnt, 178. 
 
 Hudson river, mill on the, 178. 
 
 Huepe, la, mills at, 123. 
 
 Humboldt, Wis., mill at, 188. 
 
210 
 
 Index. 
 
 Hungary, rags collected in, 137. 
 
 Hunter, Mr., 16. 
 
 Hunter & Pattern's mill burnt, 
 154. 
 
 Hunting, Mason, patentee, 73. 
 
 Husks of Indian corn for paper, 
 50, 73, 75, 89, 92, 163. 
 
 Hutton, William, 31, 48. 
 
 Huygeron, M., patentee, 62. 
 
 Hydrate of lime used, 92. 
 
 Hydraulic pressure employed, 
 131. 
 
 Hydrochloric acid, 122. 
 
 Hydrostatic pressure, 168. 
 
 Hyperchloride of potash for 
 bleaching, 117. 
 
 Ibotson, Mr., 84, 79. 
 
 Iliad, 66. 
 
 Imported books, 65. 
 
 Imposts, 10, 84, 118. 
 
 Improvement in boilers, 1 46. 
 
 Improvements in 1802, 50; in 
 1829, 74. 
 
 Incombustible paper, 85. 
 
 Incorrodible paper, 148. 
 
 Indian corn, leaves of the, for 
 paper, 137. 
 
 Indian hemp, substitute for rags, 
 182. 
 
 Industrial exhibition, Vienna, 
 137. 
 
 Ingalls, G. W., his mill burnt, 
 131. 
 
 Ink rendered indelible, 192. 
 
 Insects, premium offered to pro- 
 tect paper against, 40; pro- 
 tection against, 93. 
 
 International Exhibition, Lon- 
 don, 158. 
 
 Introducing thread, etc., into 
 paper, 74, 160. 
 
 Ionian Isles, paper imported 
 from the Two Sicilies, 108. 
 
 Ionians, 9. 
 
 Ireland, 89, 94 ; number of per- 
 sons engaged in manufacture, 
 83; number of beating en- 
 gines in 1850, 106; duty in 
 1850, 107 ; number of mills in 
 1852, 111. 
 
 Iron, 148. 
 
 Isaacson, Mr., his mill burnt, 142. 
 
 Isle Royal, 123. 
 
 Italian workmen imprisoned, 19 ; 
 machines, 108. 
 
 Italy, 15, 18, 157 ; duty on paper 
 abolished in, 3; claim of , to 
 the invention of linen paper, 
 18 ; paper made from maize, 
 in 1772, 35 ; exports rags from, 
 95; exports rags to Great 
 Britain, 119; exports rags to 
 the United States, 100, 103, 
 104, 108, 112, 113, 121, 126, 
 137; export duties in, 171; 
 exports to Greece, 184. 
 
 Ithaca, mill at, 85. 
 
 Ivory for paper, 136. 
 
 Ivory paper, 62. 
 
 Ivory shavings? for paper, v, 136. 
 
 Jackets dispensed with, 91. 
 
 Jamaica, 159, 166, 191 ; market, 
 affected, 120. 
 
 Janbeaurt, M., inventor, 64. 
 
 Jansen, printer, 23. 
 
 Japanese, mode of preparation 
 by the, 4, 5 ; beautiful paper 
 of the, 67 ; process by the, 67. 
 
 Jaquier, Jean Jaques, patentee, 
 81. 
 
 Jaroslow, mill at, 46. 
 
 Jarvis & French, inventors, 85. 
 
 Java, 192; imports, 102. 
 
 Jefferson Co., N. Y., first ma- 
 chinery in, 86; mill in, 93. 
 
 Jersey city, 164. 
 
 Jette for paper, 192. 
 
 Jewish elders, their manuscripts, 
 10. 
 
 Jews, bonds given to, 15. 
 
 Jeyes, John, patentee, 117. 
 
 Joinville, 15. 
 
 Jones, John F., inventor, 163, 
 167, 173. 
 
 Jordan, Joseph, Jr., 155. 
 
 Jordan & Keney, patentees, 146. 
 
 Journal des Fabricants de Pa- 
 pier, 160, 176. 
 
 Jour, de 1'Imprimerie Belgique, 
 123. 
 
 Journal of Assembly of New 
 York not printed in 1781, 39. 
 
 Journal of Commerce, 120. 
 
 Julien, M., patentee, 76. 
 
 Jullion, J. L., patentee, 153. 
 
 Junk paper, 82. 
 
 Jury report of the London Exhi- 
 bition, iii, 111. 
 
 Jute (Bengal hemp), v, 152, 175 ; 
 substitute for rags, 182. 
 
Index. 
 
 211 
 
 Karcheski, Xavier, patentee, 147. 
 Kater kil, mill on the, 169. 
 Kayaderosseros mill stopped, 
 127. 
 
 Kayaderosseras river, freshet, 
 
 132. 
 Keen, Marris L., 145, 168. 
 
 Kelin, M., inventor, 116. 
 
 Kellogg, J., 82. 
 
 Kellogg, James N., experimen- 
 ter, 123. 
 
 Kendall, Messrs., patentees, 147. 
 
 Kent Paper Company, 133. 
 
 Kentucky, number of mills in 
 1810, 57. 
 
 Kilmer, Harlow, killed, 155. 
 
 Kinderhook creek, 58. 
 
 Kinderhook, N. Y., mills at, 198. 
 
 Kingsland, Joseph, Jr., patentee, 
 131. 
 
 Kingsland, Joseph, patentee, 112. 
 
 Kinsey, Israel, patentee, 132. 
 
 Kircher, Athanasius, Jesuit, 23. 
 
 Kneeland, J. C, patentee, 103. 
 
 Knot, separator, 79, 85. 
 
 Knowlton & Rice's mills burnt, 
 86. 
 
 Koch, Louis, patentee, 126, 133. 
 
 Koops, Matthias, patentee, iii, 48 ; 
 successful experimenter, 46. 
 
 Labigarre, P. de, 45. 
 
 Labor high, 42. 
 
 Lace introduced into paper, 74. 
 
 Lacroix, 78. 
 
 Ladd, W. F., inventor, 173. 
 
 Ladd & Keen, patentees, 140. 
 
 Laferet, M, patentee, 67. 
 
 Lanin Brothers, Messrs., 133. 
 
 Laflin, Messrs., their mill burnt, 
 87. 
 
 La Huepe, in Brabant, mill at, 
 123. 
 
 Laid paper, rough, 31 ; imitated, 
 81. 
 
 Lake Superior, 132. 
 
 Lallemand, J., patentee, 121. 
 
 Lambert, Benj., 157. 
 
 Lambert, Louis, patentee, 67. 
 
 Lancashire, England, 194. 
 
 Landolina, Chevalier, died, 58. 
 
 Land Revenue Records of Eng- 
 land, 22. 
 
 Languedoc, exports, 50. 
 
 Latins, use of cotton paper 
 among the, 6. 
 
 L'Auvergne, 59. 
 Lavender, B. A., 114. 
 Lavender & Lowe, 1 14. 
 Lawrence, Mass., 146, 161 ; mill 
 
 at, 177. 
 Leather, material for paper, 144 ; 
 paper of, 80 ; cuttings of, for 
 paper, vi, 43, 75 ; substitute 
 for paper, 180 ; cuttings and 
 scraps of, for paper, 99 ; ma- 
 chine belts, paper substituted 
 for, 185 ; scrapings of, for pa- 
 per, 128 ; scraps of, for paper, 
 165. 
 
 Leaves, for paper, vi, 31, 116 ; of 
 Indian corn for paper, 160, 
 163. 
 
 Ledger, Philadelphia, 118. 
 
 Lee, Mass., 131, 149; mill in, 87, 94, 
 156, 177, 179; product, 131; 
 number of companies in, 110 ; 
 annual product of, 111 ; con- 
 sumption of rags in 1868, 184. 
 
 Leffingwell, Christopher, 33 ; 
 bounty granted to, 34. 
 
 Leghorn, 137; exported rags to 
 England and United States, 
 104; paper imported from 
 the Two Sicilies, 108. 
 
 Leicester, Mass., 172. 
 
 Leipsic, 142. 
 
 Le Limosin, 59. 
 
 Leorier, M., experiments made 
 at the mill of, 41. 
 
 Les Vosges, 59. 
 
 Letter paper, improvement in, 
 156. 
 
 Levant, the, imports from France, 
 7,23. 
 
 Levis, S. G-., patentee, 117. 
 
 Lichtenstadt, D., patentee, 144. 
 
 Lichtenstadt, Philip, patentee, 
 170. 
 
 Lifting roll, 140. 
 
 Ligneous parts of textile plants 
 for paper, 70. 
 
 Ligneous substances for paper, 
 125,145. 
 
 Lily of the valley for paper, vi, 
 33. 
 
 Lime for paper, vi, 41, 79, 85, 
 118; solution of, 170. 
 
 Lime water used, 67, 75, 85, 115. 
 
 Linden for paper, vi, 37 ; substi- 
 tute for rags, 182. 
 
212 
 
 Index. 
 
 Lindsay, Thomas, inventor, 144. 
 
 Linen for Spanish paper, 5. 
 
 Linen paper, 16 ; supplants cot- 
 ton paper in England, 6 ; old- 
 est specimen of, 13 ; oldest 
 specimen in Spain, 14; early 
 nse in Germany, 15 ; .earliest 
 English manuscript on, 17 ; 
 supplanted by cotton, 17 ; in 
 Italy, 18 ; shavings for paper, 
 18. 
 
 Linen rag paper, 14. 
 
 Linen rags, for paper, 25 ; for 
 Chinese paper, 4. 
 
 Linseed oil used, 104. 
 
 Liquorice root for paper, 70. 
 
 Liquorice wood for paper, v, 64. 
 
 Lisbon paper-mill burnt, 194. 
 
 Lisbon Plains, mill at, 194. 
 
 Lithographic paper, 84. 
 
 Little Falls, N. Y., 125. 
 
 Lloyd's Newspaper, 181. 
 
 Lockland, Ohio, 164. 
 
 Lombardo- Venetian mills, 110. 
 
 Lombardy, exports, 16. 
 
 London, 42, 79, 87, 92, 111, 122, 
 126, 127, 159; Custom-house 
 at, 79 ; exhibition in, hi, 110 ; 
 international exhibition in, 
 158. 
 
 London Economist, 123. 
 
 London Mechanics' Magazine, 
 160. 
 
 London Publishers' Circular, 155. 
 
 London Society for the Encou- 
 ragement of Arts and Manu- 
 factures, award by, 62. 
 
 London Society of Antiquaries, 
 16. 
 
 London Times, consumption of 
 paper, 124. 
 
 Longobards, 11. 
 
 Loosley, Thomas, exempt from 
 military duty, 37. 
 
 Louis XIII, of France, 22. 
 
 Louis XIV, of France, 23. 
 
 Louis XVI, of France, 39. 
 
 Louisville, Ky., 123. 
 
 Lowe, Henry, 114, 142 ; experi- 
 menter, 128 ; patentee, 155. 
 
 Lower Falls, mills at, 173. 
 
 Lozanna, M., specimens, 50. 
 
 Lydig, David, his mill burnt, 66. 
 
 Lyman, A. S., patentee, 158. 
 
 Lyon, Col., 44. 
 
 Lyons, 77 ; exports, 50. 
 
 Lyon's mill burnt, 89. 
 
 Machine, Robert's, 47; first in 
 Denmark, 69 ; for cutting 
 rags, 72; Odent's, 72; paper 
 cutting, 72 ; for sizing paper, 
 92; at Smyrna, 110; im- 
 proved, 111 ; separating paper, 
 114 ; for cutting rags, 122 ; 
 Gavit's, 127. 
 
 Machines, success of, 50; dryer 
 for, 64 ; economy of, 72 ; for 
 cutting paper lengthwise, 73 ; 
 paper ,"79 ; for cutting paper, 
 72, 82 ; cutting wet paper, 82 ; 
 cheapened paper, 95 ; patent- 
 ed, 121 ; improvement in, 121 ; 
 for drying sized paper, 160; 
 in America, 108; in Austria, 
 99, 109; in Baden, 100; in 
 Bavaria, 100 ; Connecticut, 79 ; 
 in Denmark, 109 ; in Europe, 
 108; in England, Scotland 
 and Ireland, 97, 98, 105, 106; 
 at Florence, 110; in France, 
 89, 106, 108 ; in Great Britain 
 and Ireland, 97, 101, 103 ; in 
 Germany, 108 ; in Great Bri- 
 tain, 108 ; in Hesse, 100 ; in 
 India, 108 ; in Prussia, 100 ; in 
 Sardinia, 109 ; in Saxony, 100, 
 102 ; in Spain, 109 ; in Sweden, 
 109 ; in Switzerland, 110 ; in 
 the Roman states, 100 ; in 
 the Lombardo-Venetian king- 
 dom, 110 ; in Massachusetts, 
 77 ; in the Two Sicilies, 108 ; 
 in the Zollverein, 106. 
 
 Mack, Andrus & Woodruff's mill 
 burnt, 96. 
 
 McCullock, 9. 
 
 McElfatrick, James R., 164. 
 
 McFarlane, William, 159. 
 
 McGuaran, J., patentee, 67. 
 
 McKerry's mill burnt, 181. 
 
 McMurray, J. & R.,patentees, 141. 
 
 Macon, France, 70. 
 
 Macon Telegraph, 156. 
 
 Madras, export of rags from, 169. 
 
 Madrid, 14 ; scarcity of paper in, 
 145. 
 
 Maffei, 18. 
 
 Magaw, William, patentee, 71, 79. 
 
 Magee, Richard, inventor, 173. 
 
 Magnesia, silicate of, 168, 170. 
 
Index. 
 
 213 
 
 Magnesium, metallic oxide of, 148. 
 
 Maguey for paper,' 76. 
 
 Maguire, Mr., 175. 
 
 Maidstone, 82. 
 
 Maize, or Turkish wheat, for 
 paper, 35, 132, 158. 
 
 Maiden Bridge, 125. 
 
 Mallows, substitute for rags, 182. 
 
 Malloy, J. E., patentee, 154. 
 
 Malta, paper exported to from the 
 Two Sicilies, 108. 
 
 Manayunk, near Philadelphia, 
 mill at, 172, 180. 
 
 Manchester, Ct., 82, 137. 
 
 Manchester, England, 30, 31, 170 ; 
 meeting of paper-makers at, 
 193. 
 
 Manchester, Ya., mill at, 180. 
 
 Manganese, used for bleaching, 
 44. 
 
 Maniere, E., patentee, 117. 
 
 Manilla for paper, 152, 175. 
 
 Manilla handkerchief, 192. 
 
 Manilla Paper Manufacturing 
 Company, 155. 
 
 Manlius, N. Y., mill at, 158. 
 
 Mansell, J., patentee, 111. 
 
 Manures, for paper, vi ; vegeta- 
 ble remains of for paper, 121. 
 
 Marland, Obadiah, patentee, 121. 
 
 Marseilles, 64. 
 
 Marsh mallow for paper, vi, 40. 
 
 Marshall, Mich., mill at, 184. 
 
 Martin, Gen. Walter, 54. 
 
 Martin, R. & J. C, patentees, 121. 
 
 Martinque, 95. 
 
 Martinsburg, N. Y., mill at, 54, 86. 
 
 Martonoi, G., patentee, 125. 
 
 Maryland, convention at, 35 ; No. 
 of mills in 1810,57. 
 
 Marzoni, Charles, patentee, 141. 
 
 Mason, D. & D. S. & Co., their 
 mill burnt, 160. 
 
 Massachusetts, 69, 76, 185 ; gene- 
 ral court of, grant patent, 29 ; 
 first mill erected in, 30 ; No. 
 of mills in 1775, 35-; hotise of 
 representatives of, resolution 
 by, 37; duties in 1785, 40; 
 mills of product of, 57 ; No. of 
 mills in 1810, 57 ; No. of mills 
 in 1829, 77; No. of mills in 
 1845, 99 ; product in 1860, 147 ; 
 legislature of, Boston publish- 
 ers appear before the, 169 ; 
 
 Massachusetts, value manufac- 
 tured in 1865, 178. 
 
 Masse d'eau for paper, vi, 33. 
 
 Mats of Muscovy for paper, 30. 
 
 Matthiessen, Dr. 190. 
 
 Mauritius, Petrus, died, 14. 
 
 Meadville, Pa,, 71, 79. 
 
 Mecca, 12. 
 
 Mechanics' Magazine, London, 
 60. 
 
 Mechanicsville, 178. 
 
 Medal, bookseller's, 52 ; French, 
 
 lrJO. 
 
 Mediterranean, alfa plant abund- 
 ant on the, 110. 
 
 Meerman, 15, 16. 
 
 Meerman, Gerardus, 32. 
 
 Melbourne, Australia, manufac- 
 ture of fine paper, commenced 
 near, 186. 
 
 Mellier, A. C, patentee, 186. 
 
 Mellier, M. A. C, patentee, 134. 
 
 Memphis, manufactories at, 9. 
 
 Mesnil, mill at, 69. 
 
 Metal plates for writing upon, 1. 
 
 Mexico, 76 ; imports, 100. 
 
 Meyerhofer, John, goes after 
 machines, 145. 
 
 Michaux, 142. 
 
 Michigan, 189. 
 
 Middleburgh, N. Y., mill at, 171. 
 
 Military duty, paper-makers ex- 
 empt from, 37. 
 
 Millboards, duty on, 90, 152. 
 
 Millbourn, Joseph, inventor, 164. 
 
 Miller, Enoch, patentee, 73. 
 
 Million, Henry, overseer, 24. 
 
 Mill river, Mass., 189. 
 
 Mills in state of N. Y., 57. 
 
 Mills, S. S., patentee, 141. 
 
 Milton, Mass., 29, 80, 143. 
 
 Milton, mill at, 34. 
 
 Milton, N. Y., mill at, 186. 
 
 Milton, Yt, mill at, 74. 
 
 Milwaukie, mill at, 182. 
 
 Mineral colors extracted, 74. 
 
 Minnesota, first mill in, 152. 
 
 Mississippi bamboo for paper, 
 122. 
 
 Mobile Register, 194. 
 
 Monopoly, remonstrance against, 
 169. 
 
 Montargis, mill at, 45. 
 
 Montfaucon, 12, 15. 
 
 Montgolfier, M., patentee, 77. 
 
214 
 
 Index. 
 
 Montholon, 22. 
 
 Montpelier, Vt., mill at, 73. 
 
 Montserrat, West Indies, 130. 
 
 Moore, G & W. U., their mill 
 burnt, 169. 
 
 Moorish paper-makers, 12 ; ex- 
 pelled from Spain, 6. 
 
 Moors, 14 
 
 Moorva for paper, 192. 
 
 Moreau, N. Y., mill at, 55. 
 
 Morning Post, 139. 
 
 Morse's mill burnt, 149. 
 
 Moscow, 47; mill at, 27; paper- 
 makers sent to, 7. 
 
 Mosher, Haight & Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 186. 
 
 Moss for paper, vi, 33, 40, 67, 68, 
 70, 132. 
 
 Mothwort for paper, vi, 33. 
 
 Moulds, improvement, 71. 
 
 Mount Holly Springs, Pa., 187. 
 
 Mulberry for paper, vi, 33 ; tree, 
 substitute for rags, 182 ; tree 
 for paper, 67 ; inner bark of 
 the, for paper, 3 ; twigs of the, 
 for Japanese paper, 4. 
 
 Mullen, W. B. & Sons, their boil- 
 er burst, 187. 
 
 Mummies for paper, 179 ; stripped 
 for rags, 132. 
 
 Mummy cloth for paper, vi. 
 
 Muscovy mats for paper, vi. 
 
 Nassau, Germany, mills at, 100. 
 
 Nassau, N. Y., mill at, 134. 
 
 Needham, Mass., mill at, 187. 
 
 Nesbit, A., patentee, 67. 
 
 Netherlands imported from Bel- 
 gium, 102. 
 
 Nettles for paper, vi, 40, 58. 
 
 Neutralizing' acid in paper, 84. 
 
 Nevin, J. N, 123. 
 
 Newark, N. J., mill at, 182. 
 
 New Baltimore, N.Y., mill at,142. 
 
 Newbery, W. B., patentee, 175. 
 
 Newbury, Vt,, 83. 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, 164. 
 
 New England, 141 ; first mill in, 
 29. 
 
 New Hampshire, 35 ; No. of mills 
 in 1810, 57 ; No. of mills in 
 1840, 95. 
 
 New Haven, 92. 
 
 New Jersey, 38 ; product, 35. 
 
 New material for paper, 115 ; 
 premium offered for, 124. 
 
 New Orleans Bulletin, 102. 
 
 Newspaper selling in London, 
 rage for, 189. 
 
 Newstadt Elberwald, mill in, 106. 
 
 Newtown Lower Falls mills, 
 burnt, 89. 
 
 Newtown, mill at, 89. 
 
 New York, 25, 72, 74, 78, 86, 115, 
 126, 137, 141, 145, 154, 155, 
 156, 157, 170, 173, 191 ; scarcity 
 of paper in, 39 ; No. of mills 
 in 1810, 57; census of 1810, 
 58 ; consumption of paper in 
 1828, 71; imports in 1863, 
 169; scale of prices in 1865, 
 177; import of rags in 1869, 
 193 ; meeting of paper-makers 
 in, 193. 
 
 New York assembly encourage 
 Bradford, 28. 
 
 New York Journal of Commerce, 
 84. 
 
 New York Mercantile Library, 
 127. 
 
 New York provincial congress, 
 application to, 37 ; resolution 
 by, 37. 
 
 New York Times, 120. 
 
 New York Tribune, 120, 143. 
 
 New Zealand flax, substitute for 
 rags, 182. 
 
 Niagara Falls, N. Y., 143, 152; 
 mill at, 123. 
 
 Niagara Falls Paper Mill Com- 
 pany, 161. 
 
 Nicholas, 22. 
 
 Nile, river, 132. 
 
 Niles's Weekly Register, 78. 
 
 Nitrate of ammonia, 173. 
 
 Nitrate of soda, 170. 
 
 Nitric acid, 150. 
 
 Nixon, Martin, patentee, 143, 
 146. 
 
 Nixon's mill burnt, 172. 
 
 Nolan, Samuel, inventor, 115. 
 
 Noonan & McNab's mill burnt, 
 188. 
 
 North Amherst, Mass., mill at, 
 141. 
 
 North Bennington, Vt., mill at, 
 139, 154. 
 
 North Carolina, No. of mills in 
 1854, 119 ; consumption in 
 1854, 119. 
 
 North Esk, Scotland, 55, 162. 
 
Index. 
 
 215 
 
 Northampton, Mass., 186; mill 
 at, 149. 
 
 Norwich, Ct., mill at, 33, 34, 128. 
 
 Notes, Bank of England, 135. 
 
 Numa, 9. 
 
 Nuremberg, 16, 18 ; mill at, 19. 
 
 Oak for paper, vi, 41. 
 
 Oakum for paper, vi, 99. 
 
 Obry, Mr., 69. 
 
 Ochs, Lasare, patentee, 129. 
 
 Odent, Victor, patentee, 72. 
 
 Offal for paper, 18. 
 
 Ogdensburgh, N. Y., mill at, 165. 
 
 Ohio, 79; newspaper publishers, 
 meeting of, 176. 
 
 Okainon, 66. 
 
 Okra plant for paper, 194. 
 
 Old junk, for paper, 82. 
 
 Old sacks for paper, vi. 
 
 Olier, Joseph Prosper, patentee, 
 170. 
 
 Oneida county, 56. 
 
 Open grinder, 168. 
 
 Oriental plants for paper, 14. 
 
 Ornamenting paper, mode, 111. 
 
 Otsego county, N. Y., 120. 
 
 Ouvrard, contractor, 42. 
 
 Overland mail, 131. 
 
 Oxalic acid, 170. 
 
 Oxychloride of zinc, 153. 
 
 Oxygenated compound of chlo- 
 rine, 122. 
 
 Pacific mills, 128. 
 
 Packing paper, 98 ; waterproof, 
 144. 
 
 Padua, establishment of paper- 
 making at, 17. 
 
 Pails, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Painters' patterns, paper used 
 for, 18. 
 
 Paintings on parchment, 21. 
 
 Palm for paper, vi, 106, 107. 
 
 Palmer, James, patentee, 71. 
 
 Palser & Howland, patentees, 
 146. 
 
 Pannartz, petition to the pope, 
 20. 
 
 Paper belting, substitute for lea- 
 ther machine belts, 185. 
 
 Paper carpets, 53. 
 
 Paper collar paper, 178. 
 
 Paper cutting machine, 71, 85, 
 105. 
 
 Paper-grass for paper, 190. 
 
 Paper-hanger, a French, 123. 
 
 Paper-hangings, 170 ; French, 
 duty aboltshed, 41 ; English 
 imported from France, 98; 
 hangings, duty on, 152. 
 Paper, Japanese, used for water 
 proof clothing, 5 ; Egyptian, 
 9 ; satin, 13 ; parchment sub- 
 stituted for, 14, 15 ; manufac- 
 ture of, degenerated, 16; 
 French, impost upon, 21 ; im- 
 post established in France, 
 22 ; limited quantity duty free 
 in France, 23; premium of- 
 fered for the discovery of the 
 introduction of, 33 ; scarcity 
 of, for cartridges, 38, 39 ; scar- 
 city of, in New York, 39 ; 
 Massachusetts duties on, 40 ; 
 repeal of duty on, 40 ; requi- 
 sites in, for general use, 116 ; 
 duty on, repealed in England, 
 152 ; duty on, abolished in 
 Eno-land, 155 ; twine made 
 of, 161 ; price of, in 1862, 161 ; 
 price of, in 1866, 181 ; advance 
 of price of, 120, 124, 172, 193. 
 
 Paper-makers' Circular, 125. 
 
 Paper-makers, Moorish, 12; an- 
 cient family of, 13; poverty 
 of, 26 ; exempt from military 
 duty, 37 ; prevented from vo- 
 lunteering, 38 ; convention of, 
 in New York city, 96 ; meet- 
 ing of, at Astor House, 158. 
 
 Paper-making machine, new, 
 115; improvement in, 121. 
 
 Paper-making, process of, 8 ; 
 analogy of, to the art of print- 
 ing, 8 ; neglected by the Spa- 
 niards, 16 ; first work on, 18. 
 
 Paper-mark, first, 16. 
 
 Paper-mill, first, in Northern 
 New York, 44 ; mode of com- 
 puting capacity of, 45; first 
 erected in England, 21. 
 
 Paper-mill run, 25. 
 
 Paper-mills converted to fulling 
 mills, 31 ; idle, 111. 
 
 Paper moulds patented in the 
 United States, 109. 
 
 Paper trade, number of persons 
 employed in 1842, 96, 97. 
 
 Paper tree, Chinese, 3. 
 
 Paper warehouse, first, in Eng- 
 land, 31. 
 
216 
 
 Index. 
 
 Papier continue, 66. 
 
 Papier linge, 77. 
 
 Papiers peints, 30. 
 
 Papier velin, 82 ; definition of, 39. 
 
 Pappus for paper, vi. 
 
 Papyrus, viii, 2, 15 ; earliest au- 
 thenticated use of, 9 ; Numa's 
 works upon, 9 ; scarcity of, 
 10 ; value of, 10 ; taken from 
 the ruins of Herculaneum, 10 ; 
 supply of, precarious, 11 ; 
 parchment substituted for, 11 ; 
 manuscript of, in the British 
 Museum, 11 ; specimen of, 
 at Paris, 11 ; duty on, abol- 
 ished, 11 ; used for books, 14; 
 disused, 14; complete speci- 
 men of, sold, 42 ; Landolina's 
 theory concerning, 58 ; disco- 
 vered in Elephanta, 66. 
 
 Parafflne, 148. 
 
 Parchment cloth, 12. 
 
 Parchment, Greek, 6, 18 ; alluded 
 to by Herodotus, 9 ; mode of 
 dressing, 10; substituted for 
 papyrus, 11 ; substituted for 
 paper, 14, 15; Bible printed 
 upon, 20 ; paintings on, 21 ; 
 duties on, 40; substance re- 
 sembling, 139 ; vegetable, 147. 
 
 Parchment paper, 101, 138. 
 
 Parings of leather for paper, 80. 
 
 Paris, 15, 20, 47, 51, 68, 70, 116, 
 130, 160; specimen of papy- 
 rus at, 11 ; exhibition of manu- 
 factures at, 54; quantity of 
 paper consumed in 1826 ; 69 ; 
 chiff'onniers of, 83 ; exposition 
 at, 127; docks established to 
 accommodate paper-makers, 
 175 ; meeting of straw paper- 
 makers at, 176; daily con- 
 sumption of paper in 1868, 
 185 ; increased consumption 
 of paper in, 193. 
 
 Parker, J. G. & Co., their mill 
 burnt, 183. 
 
 Parker, Messrs., their mill burnt, 
 123. 
 
 Parker, William T., his mill 
 burnt, 97. 
 
 Parks, S. A., & Co., their mill 
 burnt, 141. 
 
 Parliament petitioned for an 
 abatement of taxes, 171. 
 
 Parmewitz, Herr Von, inventor, 
 122. 
 
 Partridge, James, his mill burnt, 
 184. 
 
 Party walls, paper for, 187. 
 
 Pasteboard scraps for paper, vi, 
 70. 
 
 Pasteboard, made of hemp, 70 ; 
 refuse of, for paper, 76 ; for 
 sheathing, 82 ; from beet roots, 
 132 ; improvement in manu- 
 facture of, 133 ; duty on, 90, 
 152. 
 
 Patent infringed, 79, 
 
 Paterson, N. J., 106. 
 
 Patterson, J. H., patentee, 154. 
 
 Paulin, R, his mill burnt, 180. 
 
 Peabody, Daniel & Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 91. 
 
 Peaslee, Horace W., patentee, 
 125 129. 
 
 Peat for paper, vi, 89, 121. 
 
 Peck & Co.'s mill burnt, 70. 
 
 Pederia fcetida, for paper, 192. 
 
 Peignot, estimate by, 51. 
 
 Pemberton, Henry, patentee, 162. 
 
 Penfield paper mill burnt, 185. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 36, 84; No. of 
 mills in 1770, 35 ; product in 
 1770, 35 ; council of safety of, 
 prevent paper-makers from 
 volunteering, 37 ; No. of mills 
 in 1810, 57; "petition for a 
 tariff, 64. 
 
 Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 Transactions, 25. 
 
 Penny Magazine, 87. 
 
 Perforated cylinders, 136; diaph- 
 ragm, 168, 173 ; metal used, 
 114 ; roller, 80, 85. 
 
 Perfumed paper, 126. 
 
 Pergamus, improved parchment, 
 10. 
 
 Perham, Charles, his mill burnt, 
 97. 
 
 Perigord, France, 26. 
 
 Perkins, E. L., patentee, 118. 
 
 Perrin's mill burnt, 184. 
 
 Persians, 12. 
 
 Peterborough, N. H., 103. 
 
 Peter II, of Valencia, 16. 
 
 Peter the Great, 27 ; established 
 paper-mill at Moscow, 7. 
 
 Peter the Venerable, 13. 
 
 Petticoats, made of paper, 192. 
 
Index. 
 
 217 
 
 Pharaohs, land of the, 132. 
 Phelps & Pields's mill burnt, 94 
 Phelps & Spafford, Messrs., ma- 
 chinists, 79. 
 Phelps, George M., patentee, 103. 
 Phelps, James, 97. 
 Philadelphia, 25, 38, 60, 75, 80, 
 81, 85, 86, 134, 138, 146, 156, 
 162, 169, 171, 173, 185; con- 
 sumption of paper in 1822, 65. 
 Philadelphia Bulletin, 138. 
 Philadelphia Daily Evening Re- 
 gister, 120. 
 Philadelphia Ledger, 118. 
 Philadelphus, Ptolemy, 10. 
 Photograph paper, 127. 
 Pierey, James, patentee, 154. 
 Piersse & Brooks's mill burnt, 
 
 128. 
 Piette Louis, his medals, 116; 
 
 died, 160. 
 Pigna cloth, 192. 
 Pine-apple of India for paper, 
 
 192. 
 Pine, Edward, patentee, 82. 
 Pine for paper, vi, 33, 78, 115 ; 
 shavings of. for paper, vi, 68, 
 114 ; wool from, for paper, 122. 
 Pioneer paper-mill burnt, 186. 
 Piston pulp strainer, 84. 
 Pitkin, Elisha, 45. 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., 137 ; mill at, 60. 
 Pittsfield, Mass., 143, 154. 
 Planing machine, 115. 
 Planishing paper, new machin- 
 ery for, 162. 
 Plantain for paper, vi, 116. 
 Plants, paper from, 31. 
 Platner & Smith's mills burnt, 
 
 141 ; boiler exploded, 149. 
 Plees, W., patentee, 49. 
 Plenarium of the treasure of the 
 
 church of Sandersheim, 12. 
 Pliny's monograph on papyrus, 
 
 11. 
 Pneumatic trough, 112. 
 Pochin, H. D., 161. 
 Poetic advertisement, 34. 
 Poisson, Louis Pierre, patentee, 
 
 70. 
 Poitiers, France, 176. 
 Poitou, mills at, 42 ; exports, 50. 
 Polishing, 81. 
 
 Pope, petition to, 20 ; king's ha- 
 tred of, 21. 
 
 28 
 
 Poplar, for paper, vi, 41, 76, 92, 
 
 118, 174, 180. 
 Port Dickinson, N. Y., mill at, 
 
 188. 
 Portland Advertiser, 189. 
 Portland, Me., 126. . 
 
 Porto Rico, exported from Spam, 
 
 103. 
 Portugal, export of rags prohi- 
 bited, 151. 
 Postage stamps, embossed, 15b. 
 Post paper, 24. 
 Potash, 144. 
 Potatoes for paper, 169; lor 
 
 half stuff, 169. 
 Potato starcb, in size, 69. 
 Pot paper, 21. 
 Potter, Messrs., 30. 
 Poulson's Daily Advertiser, 61. 
 Powder canisters, paper for, 
 
 187. 
 Pressing paper, 85. 
 Press-rolls, 167. 
 Price of paper, 181 ; reduced, 85, 
 
 182 ; advanced, 193. 
 Prices, scale of, 177 ; in Jan., 
 
 1865, 117 ; increased, 181. 
 Prince of Wales Island Gazette, 
 
 Printed paper, remade, 157; 
 
 waste for paper, vi. 
 Printer, the, 177. 
 Printers, paper-makers and book- 
 sellers united, .65. 
 Printers' Register, 193. 
 Printing offices in Paris, 69. 
 Printing paper cleansed to re- 
 ceive a fresh impression, 192. 
 Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 
 
 22 
 Protocols, imperial, bark paper 
 
 used for, 11. 
 Providence, R. L, 72. 
 Provincial congress of boutli 
 
 Carolina, 36. 
 Prussia, No. of mills in 1846, 
 100; king of, specimens of 
 paper presented to, 122; ex- 
 port duty of, on rags, 171; 
 high export duty in, 137. 
 Ptolemies, 66. 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, 10. 
 Pulp boilers, 166. - 
 
 Pulp-dresser, 81 ; superseded, 84. 
 Pulp-feeder, 132. 
 
218 
 
 Index. 
 
 Pulp, improvement in manufac- 
 ture, 126 ; mode of coloring, 
 50; mode of making, 134; 
 origin of blueing, 43 ; threads 
 incorporated into, 160. 
 
 Pulp-sifter, 87. 
 
 Pulp-strainer, improved in, 111 ; 
 new, 164. 
 
 Putney, Vt., 63. 
 
 Quality of paper advanced, 85. 
 
 Queen Anne's impost, 27. 
 
 Quincy, 111., mill at, 195. 
 
 Quirini, patentee, 76. 
 
 Rag cutting machine, 86; pro- 
 cess superseded, 110; engine 
 improvement in, 145, 164; 
 picker of Paris, oldest, died, 
 140 ; pickers, engines, 151. 
 
 Rags, of silk and hemp for paper, 
 10 ; for paper, 12 ; from An- 
 dalusia, 28 ; gathering of, 30 ; 
 scarcity of, 31 ; substitute for, 
 31 ; advertised for in Albany, 
 40 ; Indian, 41 ; in Massachu- 
 setts, 37; collected in Boston, 
 36; in Troy, N. Y.,44; plen- 
 tiful in Russia, 47 ; exporta- 
 tion prohibited' in Russia, 47 ; 
 prohibition to export from 
 France, 48 ; homily on sav- 
 ing, 49, 50 ; appeal for, in 
 England, 51 ; in Martinsburg, 
 N. Y., 54; at Schenectady, 
 55 ; at Moreau, N. Y., 55 ; be- 
 gan to be imported to the 
 United States, 58 ; yearly 
 value of, gathered in the 
 United States, 62 ; duty on, in 
 England, 79 ; cleaning, mode, 
 82 ; colored and filthy, for 
 paper, 83 ; exported by Hayti, 
 89 ; in Great Britain, 95 ; con- 
 sumed in the United States 
 in 1845, 98; imported into 
 the United States, 100 ; prices 
 of, in England, 112 ; consump- 
 tion of, in England and 
 France, 116 ; price of, in Eng- 
 land, 119 ; duty free into 
 Canada and the United States, 
 120; value of, in 1854, 121; 
 machine for cutting, 122; 
 from Hamburg and Bremen, 
 137; from Trieste, 137; col- 
 lected in Asia Minor, 137 ; 
 
 Rags, artificial cheapness of, pro- 
 duced, 151 ; exported from 
 Madras, 169; duty on, in 
 France and Belgium, 171 ; 
 collected in Greece, 184. 
 
 Rah way, N. J., 134. 
 
 Railway carriages of paper, 187. 
 
 Raleigh, N. C, mill new, 95. 
 
 Ramee of Malay (urtica tenacis- 
 sima) for paper, 191. 
 
 Ramie of the Southern states for 
 paper, 191. 
 
 Randel, A, patentee, 156. 
 
 Rarefaction, 91, 94. 
 
 Ratisbon, 33, 35. 
 
 Raw cotton for paper, vi, 182. 
 
 Reaumur, 28. 
 
 Reciprocating clamps, 141. 
 
 Reciprocity treaty, 120. 
 
 Reclaiming spent soda, 155. 
 
 Red Hook, Brooklyn, works at, 
 185. 
 
 Red pine for paper, 122. 
 
 Redstone creek, Pa., mill on, 98. 
 
 Reed cane of the Carolinas, for 
 paper, 188. 
 
 Reed fibre from arundinaria ma- 
 cro-sperma for paper, 142. 
 
 Reeds for paper, vi, 40, 114, 142. 
 
 Reel dispensed with, 85. 
 
 Rees's Cyclopedia, 65. 
 
 Refuse paper for paper, 43, 75. 
 
 Refuse tan for paper, 93. 
 
 Regensburg, 35. 
 
 Regulator, or pulp meter, 106. 
 
 Revolution, number of mills at 
 the breaking out of, 35. 
 
 Revolving iron bleach, 727. 
 
 Revue Bib. du Pays Bas, 66, 67. 
 
 Reward offered for new paper 
 materials, 124. 
 
 Rheea for paper, 192. 
 
 Rhinebeck, mill at, 185. 
 
 Rhode island, 35 ; number of 
 mills in 1810, 57. 
 
 Ribs, construction of, 153. 
 
 Rice, Clark, 88. 
 
 Rice-paper, Chinese, 53. 
 
 Rice straw for paper, vi, 62. 
 
 Rice, Thomas, Jr., his mill burnt, 
 145. 
 
 Richard I, of England, 15. 
 
 Richmond, John, patentee, 117. 
 
 Rinteln, University of, 15. 
 
 Rise in price, 181, 193. 
 
Index. 
 
 219 
 
 Rittenhouse, Nicholas, 27. 
 
 Rittenhouse, W. & N., 26. 
 
 Ritter, Mr., 82. 
 
 Rittinghuysen^ittenhouseXWil- 
 liam, 25. 
 
 Rive, Abbe, 1. 
 
 River pollution caused by es- 
 parto, overcome, 194. 
 
 Robert, M. Louis, inventor, 44, 
 45, 46, 50, 60 ; permission to 
 take his model to England, 
 46 ; law suit, 57 ; his inven- 
 tion patented in England, 47 ; 
 his paper machine, 52. 
 
 Robert's mill burnt, 98. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y., 70, 163, 167; 
 mill at, 96, 185. 
 
 Rochester Paper Company. 173. 
 
 Rock city, 155. 
 
 Rocket cases, paper for, 187. 
 
 Rocques, M., 94. 
 
 Rodgers, H. E.,his mill burnt,184. 
 
 Rod strainer, 84. 
 
 Roger, king of Sicily, 13. 
 
 Rogers Ford, Pa., 145, 168. 
 
 Roll of paper, long, 108. 
 
 Rollers, use of, 19 ; method of 
 making, 81 ; differentially 
 moving crushing, 156. 
 
 Roman empire, revenue derived 
 from duty on papyrus, 11 ; 
 paper, 2, 3 ; states, number of 
 machines in the, in 1851, 110. 
 
 Romans send paper to China, 10. 
 
 Rome, 11 ; export of rags pro- 
 hibited, 137 ; paper imported 
 by, from the Two Sicilies,108 ; 
 papyrus, found at, 9. 
 
 Rondeaux & Henn, patentees, 75. 
 
 Roofing felt, 188. 
 
 Roofing, paper for, 66, 85, 106, 
 183. 
 
 Rope made from the hollyhock, 
 123. 
 
 Ropes for paper, vi, 82, 150. 
 
 Roque, M. Adolphe, 109. 
 
 Rose, Robert, administrator, 91. 
 
 Rosin, 148 ; sizing, 69 ; alkaline 
 solution of, 145. 
 
 Rosin-soap for sizing, 161. 
 
 Rossman, Stephen, inventor, 140. 
 
 Rotary boiler, 153. 
 
 Rotating prismatic screen, 97 ; 
 toothed cylinder, 165 ; water 
 elevator and strainer,. 97. 
 
 Roth, J. A., patentee, 134, 171. 
 
 Rotting process, 190. 
 
 Rouen, decay of trade in, 31. 
 
 Roxborough, Pa., 25. 
 
 Roxbury, Mass., 118. 
 
 Royal Library at Paris, 12. 
 
 Royal Printing Office at Paris, 
 consumption in, 90. 
 
 Royal River paper-mill burnt, 
 192. 
 
 Royal Society of Science at Got- 
 tingen, 33 ; premium offered, 
 31 ; prize medal for the disco- 
 very of the most ancient linen 
 paper, 17. 
 
 Rubbers, serrated, 155. 
 
 Rushes for paper, vi, 121. 
 
 Russell & Co.'s mill burnt, 177. 
 
 Russell, E. P., his mill burnt, 158. 
 
 Russia, export duty on rags re- 
 duced in, 175 ; imports from 
 France, 7, 23 ; number of 
 mills in 1785, 40 ; revenue 
 from mills, 40; mills in, 46, 
 47 ; imports in 1801, 47 ; num- 
 ber of mills in 1801, 47; 
 matting for paper, 89 ; paper- 
 making in, 95 ; number of 
 mills and product in 1857, 133. 
 
 Rutledge, G. E., 162. 
 
 Rye straw for paper, 148, 188. 
 
 Saardam, No. employed in paper- 
 making in 1770, 34; exports 
 from, 34. 
 
 Saccarappa, mill at, 149. 
 
 Sacks, threads of, worn out, for 
 paper, 58. 
 
 Safer, M., his mill burnt, 95. 
 
 Safety paper, 162, 170 ; improve- 
 ment in, 160. 
 
 St. Blaise monastery, 20. 
 
 St. Charles paper mill burnt, 178. 
 
 St. Domingo, 40. 
 
 St. Louis, death of, 15. 
 
 St. Louis, Miss., 122. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn., paper consumed 
 at, 152. 
 
 St. Paul's cathedral, 124. 
 
 Sal ammoniac, 144. 
 
 Salisbury, Marquis of, 46. 
 
 Sallow tree for paper, 41. 
 
 Saltarua, 90. 
 
 Salt grass for paper, 80, 85. 
 
 Samarcand, 11 ; manufactory 
 at, 5. 
 
220 
 
 Index. 
 
 Sammtliche Papierversuche, by 
 Schaffers, 85. 
 
 Sanderslieim, 11. 
 Sanderson, Mr., patentee, 80. 
 Sandy Hill, mill at, 188. 
 Sanford, Gelston, patentee, 155. 
 Sapwood, sawdust of, for paper, 
 
 44. 
 Saracens, 11, 18. 
 Saratoga Co., N. Y., No. of straw 
 
 paper mills in 1867, 181 ; mills 
 
 in, run on half time, 183. 
 Saratoga Whig, 124. 
 Sardinia, No. of machines in 
 
 1851, 109. 
 Sardinia, product, 103. 
 Satin for paper, vi. 
 Satin paper, 13. 
 Saugerties, N. Y., 112. 
 Saunders, T. H., 127. 
 Saunderson, Isaac, patentee, 75. 
 Savannah Republican, 102. 
 Save all, 167. 
 Saw dust for paper, vi, 33 ; and 
 
 shavings for paper, 190. 
 Sawyer, James, patentee, 83. 
 Saxony, No. of mills in 1846, 
 
 100 ; No. of mills in 1847, 102. 
 Scarcity of paper, 38, 120; in 
 
 Madrid, 145. 
 Scarcity of papyrus, 10. 
 SchafFers, Jacob Christian, 33, 35, 
 
 76. 
 Schagticoke, 154. 
 Schaumburgh, count of, 15. 
 Scheele, discoverer of chlorine, 
 
 35. 
 Schlogelmuhle, mill at, 157. 
 Schoharie Bridge, N. Y., mill 
 
 near, 57. 
 School books, annual cost, 169. 
 Schuyler, John F., patentee, 162. 
 Schuylerville, N. Y., 194; mill 
 
 at, 171. 
 Schuylkill river, 25, 180. 
 Scientific American, 140, 151, 157. 
 Scotch ferns for paper, vi, 128. 
 Scotland, 25 ; No. of mills in 
 
 1840, 94 ; No. beating engines 
 
 in 1850, 106; duty in 1850, 
 
 107 ; No. of mills in 1852, 111 ; 
 
 drawback duty on printing 
 
 paper, 128. 
 Scutari, manufactory at, destroy- 
 ed, 55. 
 
 Sea salt, used for bleaching, 44. 
 
 Sea weed for paper, vi, 63, 86, 125. 
 
 Seba, a Flemish writer, 30. 
 
 Seceded states, mills .in, 156 ; con- 
 sumption of paper in the, 156. 
 
 Seguin, inventor, 47. 
 
 Self-acting feed gate, 167. 
 
 Self-acting machine, 108. 
 
 Selim III, sultan, assassinated, 55. 
 
 Sellers, Coleman, patentee, 85. 
 
 Sellers, experimenter, 169. 
 
 Sellers, George Escor, 174. 
 
 Sellers, G. S., 168. 
 
 Sellers Landing, 111., 174. 
 
 Separating paper, 114. 
 
 Separator, 134. 
 
 Serapeum, 42. 
 
 Sera tula ervensis for paper, vi, 50. 
 
 Serrated rubbers, 155. 
 
 Seymour, Conn., 144. 
 
 Sharp, Mr., patentee, 68. 
 
 Sharpless, Haskins & Wallace's 
 mill burnt, 98. 
 
 Sharp's Gazetteer, 111. 
 
 Shavings, pine, for paper, 114; 
 mode of producing, 79; ex- 
 clusive privilege for using, 
 18. 
 
 Shaw, Edmund, 92. 
 
 Shearings, or flocks of cloth, 
 used, 87. 
 
 Sheathing paper, 187; duty on, 
 90. 
 
 Sheathing vessels, paper for, 80. 
 
 Sheet-forming rollers, 75. 
 
 Sheet, mammoth, of great length, 
 79, 87. 
 
 Sbetucket river, 182. 
 
 Ships, coated with paper, 187. 
 
 Shirley, Mass., mill at, 91. 
 
 Shirt bosoms, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Shirts, paper, 187. 
 
 Shredding cylinder, 141, 156. 
 
 Shrubs, paper from, 31. 
 
 Shushan, mill at, 184. 
 
 Sicily, 18, 58 ; paper imported 
 from the two Sicilies, 108 ; 
 first paper machine establish- 
 ed in, 70. 
 
 Sieve-cylinder, 162. 
 
 Sieves, or strainers, superseded, 
 79. 
 
 Silesian linen, 77. 
 
 Silicate of magnesia, 168, 170. 
 
 Silk for paper, vi. 
 
Index. 
 
 221 
 
 Silk-grass, 192. 
 
 Silk, refuse, for Chinese paper, 3 ; 
 unsuitable for making paper, 
 3. 
 
 Silk-weed, substitute for rags, 
 182. 
 
 Silken thread into paper, 74. 
 
 Simmons, Peter, 94. 
 
 Simon, G. E., patentee, 125. 
 
 Simonds, Case & Co.'s mill burnt, 
 62. 
 
 Sinclair, James, patentee, 121. 
 
 Size trough, 112. 
 
 Sizing, 69, 92, 122, 147; and glaz- 
 ing, 73; English mode, 78; 
 French, 78 ; in the sheet, 87. 
 
 Skins used for books, 14; used 
 for writing upon, 9. 
 
 Smart, Messrs., 147. 
 
 Smith, Edward, theorist, 58. 
 
 Smith, Elizur, his mill burnt, 177. 
 
 Smith, Tompkins & Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 186. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution library, 
 35. 
 
 Smyrna, mill at, 110. 
 
 Snow flake papers, 195. 
 
 Society for the Diffusion of Use- 
 ful Knowledge, 87. 
 
 Society for the Encouragement of 
 Arts, confer medal, 41. 
 
 Society of Sciences (Pa.), premi- 
 um offered by, 40. 
 
 Soda ash, 165 ; mode of recover- 
 ing, 155. 
 
 Solution of lime, 170. 
 
 Sorbonne, Paris, 1. 
 
 Sorghum for paper, vi, 161. 
 
 Sorgo, Chinese sugar cane, 162. 
 
 South Carolina, 156 ; No. of mills 
 in 1810, 57 ; provincial con- 
 gress of, offered a premium for 
 mill, 36. 
 
 South Dedham, Mass., mills at, 
 178. 
 
 South Hadley Palls, Mass., mill 
 at, 179. 
 
 South Hadley, Mass., mill at, 
 109 ; store house burnt, 69. 
 
 Southern cane for paper, vi, 114. 
 
 Southern India, 191. 
 
 Spain, 14, 17 ; indebted to the 
 Arabians for the art of paper- 
 making, 5 ; imports from 
 France, 7, 23 ; 
 
 Spain, art decayed in, 28 ; No. of 
 mills in, 47 ; imports, 100 ; ex- 
 ported to Cuba, etc., 103 ; pro- 
 duct in 1851, 109 ; export of 
 rags, prohibited, 151. 
 
 Spaniards expel the Moorish pa- 
 per-makers, 6. 
 
 Sparganium for paper, 125. 
 
 Spartum, or water broom, for 
 paper, 111. 
 
 Specialities, 59, 60. 
 
 Specimens of paper, 14, 15, 16, 
 17, 32, 35, 37, 40, 50, 58, 68, 94, 
 106, 110, 114, 115, 118, 122, 
 126, 127, 160. 
 
 Spielman, 22. See Spilman. 
 
 Spiked concave, 156. 
 
 Spilman, 20. 
 
 Spilman, Master, 22. 
 
 Spilman's mill, 21. 
 
 Spindle tree for paper, vi, 40. 
 
 Spiral tubular heater, 129. 
 
 Spittoons, paper used for, 183. 
 
 Splitting paper, 104. 
 
 Spontaneous combustion, 154. 
 
 Sprague, Messrs., patentees, 75. 
 
 Springfield, manor of, 27. 
 
 Springfield, Mass., 71, 83, 88, 90, 
 92, 101, 103, 159 ; mill at, 149, 
 174. 
 
 Springfield, N. J., 48. 
 
 Springfield, Vt., mill at, 178. 
 
 Stalks of India corn for paper, 
 92, 163 ; of the hop plant, for 
 paper, 117. 
 
 Stampers, 32. 
 
 Stamping mills, 18. 
 
 Staple fibre, 148. 
 
 Starin, Henry W., his mill burnt, 
 64. 
 
 Stationery office, London, quan- 
 tity of paper supplied to, 153. 
 
 Steam, application of, 126, 174 
 used for separating fibre, 166 
 in bleaching, 130 ; for boiling 
 pulp, 143 ; curing vegetable 
 fibre by, 168 ; used for disin- 
 tegrating fibre, 188. 
 
 Steam boxes, 146. 
 
 Steam engines in Belgium, 104. 
 
 Steam guns for blasting cane and 
 bamboo, 185. 
 
 Steubenville, Ohio, mill at, 142. 
 
 Stevenson, Mr., estimate by, 59. 
 
 Stiff, G., patentee, 115. 
 
222 
 
 Index. 
 
 Stiles, Francis, patentee, 145. 
 
 Stillwater, 178, 186. 
 
 Stimpson, Solomon, inventor, 63. 
 
 Stockholm, imports, 39. 
 
 Stockport, N. Y., mill at, 56, 58, 
 188. 
 
 Stone for paper, vi, 106, 128. 
 
 Stones, 29. 
 
 Storm, Joseph, patentee, 151. 
 
 Storms & Oorsa's boiler exploded, 
 189. 
 
 Storer, Jacob, inventor, 174. 
 
 Strainer, 83, 105, 111. 
 
 Straw for paper, 7, 46, 47, 48, 58, 
 62, 66, 67, 71, 75, 76, 79, 82, 
 115, 116, 124, 132, 143, 147, 
 148, 150, 163, 175, 183, 186; 
 first useful paper manufac- 
 tured from, 46 ; paper, first 
 attempt to manufacture, 31 ; 
 paper used for packing, 78 ; 
 deprived of its silex, process, 
 116; paper improved, 156,178. 
 
 Stromer, Ulman, first author on 
 paper-making, 18 ; died, 19. 
 
 Stuart, L. C, patentee, 136. 
 
 Stuffing boxes, 163. 
 
 Sturgis, C. F., patentee, 134. 
 
 Stuyvesant Falls, mill at, 45, 131. 
 
 Stuyvesant, N. Y., 140. 
 
 Suction pumps, 68. 
 
 Sudbury, Mass., 97. 
 
 Sugar cane for paper, 152; trash 
 
 of the, for paper, 159. 
 . Sulphate of lime used to give 
 weight, 66 ; in paper, 148. 
 
 Sulphur, mixed with pulp, 85. 
 
 Sulphuric acid, 138, 171 ; in 
 bleaching, 134; English, 145. 
 
 Sultana bark for paper, vi. 
 
 Sun, New York, 72, 120. 
 
 Sun's rays for bleaching, 117. 
 
 Swamp flag for paper, 170. 
 
 Sweden, 89 ; imports from France, 
 7, 23; No. of mills in 1800, 
 39 ; No. of mills in 1851, 109. 
 
 Sweet, Sydney A., inventor, 87. 
 
 Sweynheim, petition to pope, 20. 
 
 Swingle tow for paper, vi, 120. 
 
 Switzerland, 160 ; imports from 
 France, 7, 23 ; imports from 
 Alsace, 50 ; machines in 1851, 
 110. 
 
 S3 r camore tree, bolls of the, for 
 paper, 164. 
 
 Syracuse, 58. 
 Syracuse Standard, 132. 
 Szelelmey, M., inventor, 187. 
 Table-cloths of paper, 77. 
 Table-tops, paper used for, 183. 
 Tablets, paper bamboo, 9. 
 Taft, Frederick A., 82, 85. 
 Taft's mill burnt, 84. 
 Tait, A. H., 164. 
 Tait & Holbrook, 164. 
 Tallman's mill burnt, 165. 
 Tan for paper, vi. 
 Tan paper and hops, 93. 
 Tanned leather, waste, for paper, 
 
 129. 
 Tannin extracted, 144. 
 Tapestry, paper used for, 183; 
 
 ancient, superseded by paper, 
 
 22. 
 Tariff in paper reduced, 165. 
 Tarry town, 173. 
 Tartary, 11. 
 Tate, John, died, 21. 
 Tate, John, the younger, 20. 
 Tax upon cheap publications, 26. 
 Taylor & Co.'s mill burnt, 185. 
 Taylor, N. W., patentee, 160. 
 Taylor, T. G., patentee, 117. 
 Tchuma of Assam (urtica nivea) 
 
 for paper, 191. 
 Temesvar, mill at, 13$. 
 Tenant, Rev. Gilbert, 38. 
 Tennessee, number of mills in 
 
 1810, 57. 
 Tenney's mill burnt, 193. 
 Terry, Dr., experimenter, 132. 
 Testaments, prayer books and 
 
 Bibles, 128. 
 Theodoric abolished duty on 
 
 paper, 3 ; abolished duty on 
 
 papyrus, 11. 
 Thibetans, 90. 
 Thick paper, 80, 117. 
 Thistle stalks for paper, 33. 
 Thistles for paper, vi, 41,48, 121. 
 Thomas, 29. 
 Thomas & Woodcock, patentees, 
 
 81. 
 Threads incorporated into pulp, 
 
 160. 
 Thuringian states of Germany, 
 
 number of mills in 1846, 99. 
 Tiberius, 10. 
 
 Tibrillia leather, or leather pa- 
 per, 165. 
 
Index. 
 
 223 
 
 Ticknor & Fields import from 
 
 London, 181. 
 Tileston & Hollingswortli's store- 
 house burnt, 143. 
 Tilia americana for paper, 169. 
 Times, London, 124; daily con- 
 sumption of paper in 1868,185. 
 Tiraboschi, historian, 17. 
 Tissue paper, 178, 184; large 
 
 sheet, 152. 
 Toledo mills, Spain, 12. 
 Tompkins Co., N. Y., 85. 
 Toothed cylinder, 121. 
 Top-press roller, 73. 
 Toronto, Canada, 150. 
 Tow for paper, vi, 82. 
 Towgood, Mr., patentee, 85. 
 Transparent paper, benzine used 
 
 for, 190. 
 Trash of the sugar cane for pa- 
 per, 159. 
 Traveling furnace, 173. 
 Treatise against the Jews, 14. 
 Tree bark, for paper, 10. 
 Trees, leaves of, for paper, 88. 
 Trenton, K J., mill at, 124; mills 
 
 suspended in, 157. 
 Treviso, mill at, privileged, 18. 
 Trieste, 95, 137; export rags to 
 
 the United States, 105. 
 Trimming in the pulp, 133. 
 Tripot, M., patentee, 86. 
 Trov, N. Y., first mill at, 44 , 82, 
 
 103. 
 Troyes, 17. 
 Troyes, mills at, 20. 
 Truman, Joseph, 89. 
 Tubular plug, 153. 
 Turin, experiments, 76. 
 Turkish cornstalks for paper, 
 vi; wheat, 35; mill, 55; em- 
 pire, 110. 
 Turner, G. W., 111. 
 Turner, Mr., patentee, 83. 
 Turnhout, Belgium, 67. 
 Tuscany, number of mills in 
 
 1851, 110. 
 Twaddle's hygrometer, 130. 
 Twine and paper in wrapping, 
 complained of in England, 
 183 ; made of paper, 161. 
 Twitch, or couch-grass, for pa- 
 per, 117. 
 Two Sicilies, number of ma- 
 chines in 1851, 108. 
 
 Two "Waters, England, 52. 
 Typographical Miscellany, 44. 
 Tyringham, Mass., 87, 111 ; mill 
 
 at, 186. 
 Ulva marina for paper, vi, 72. 
 Underbill, Mr., 93. 
 Underbill, R. L. & Co.'s mill 
 
 burnt, 93. 
 Undressed flax for paper, 123. 
 United Kingdom, number of in- 
 dividuals engaged in the trade 
 in 1840, 94; excise duty in 
 1836, 91 ; number of machines 
 in 1840, 95; duties of excise 
 in 1845, 99 ; exports in 1845, 
 99. See Great Britain, Eng- 
 land, Scotland and Ireland. 
 United States, number of mills 
 in 1810, 57 ; began to import 
 rags, 58 ; quantity manufac- 
 tured in 1810, 58 ; number of 
 mills in 1812, 59 ; number of 
 mills in 1814, 59 ; quantity 
 manufactured in 1814, 59 ; 
 yearly value of rags gathered 
 m the, 62 ; annual product, 
 63, 113 ; machinery began to 
 be introduced from Europe, 
 63 ; news paper required in 
 1828, 71 ; product in 1829, 78 ; 
 impetus given to the manu- 
 facture in , 82 ; value of manu- 
 facture in 1832, 85 ; imports 
 of rags and paper in 1838, 
 1839, 93 ; imports and exports 
 in 1840, 95 ; imports and ex- 
 ports in 1841, 96 ; imports and 
 exports in 1842, 97 ; rags con- 
 sumed in 1845, 98 ; imports 
 and exports in 1844, 98 ; num- 
 ber of mills iu 1844, 98 ; im- 
 ports and exports in 1843, 98 ; 
 imports and exports in 1845, 
 99 ; imports and exports in 
 1846, 99 ; rags imported from 
 Italy, 100; product in 1847, 
 102 ; rags imported in 1847, 
 102; export, in 1847,102; ex- 
 ports and imports in 1848, 
 103 ; import from Belgium, 
 104 ; imported rags from Leg- 
 horn, 104; imports in 1849, 
 104, 105 ; paper hangings, im- 
 ported, 105; export of rags 
 from Trieste, 105 ; 
 
224 
 
 Index. 
 
 United States, value exported 
 in 1850, 106; capital in- 
 vested in 1850, 107; product 
 in 1850, 107; number of mills 
 in 1850, 107 ; number of opera- 
 tives in 1850, 107; import 
 rags from nineteen countries, 
 107; imports, 1850, 107; ex- 
 port rags to Great Britain, 
 107; imported rags in 1851, 
 108; exports in 1851, 108; 
 English paper-moulds pa- 
 tented in the, 109; import 
 rags from thirty-two coun- 
 tries, 112; consumption of 
 paper in 1852, 112 ; exports 
 in 1852, 112; value of rags 
 imported in 1853, 113; im- 
 ported rags from twenty-six 
 countries, 113 ; value of pa- 
 per imported in 1853, 113; 
 value exported in 1853, 113 ; 
 English patent in, 114; pro- 
 duct of, per capita, 116; im- 
 ports in 1854, 119 ; number 
 of mills in 1854, 119 ; product 
 in 1854, 119 ; reciprocity treaty 
 with Great Britain, 120; im- 
 port of rags in 1854, 121 ; ex- 
 ports in 1854, 121 ; imported 
 rags in 1855, 126; consump- 
 tion in 1856, 127; import of 
 rags in 1857, 137; reduced 
 price of paper in 1867, 182; 
 consumption of paper in 1868, 
 184 ; supplied Australia with 
 fine paper, 186 ; paper-makers 
 called to establish a union, 193. 
 
 United States Bank papers sold 
 for paper stock, 138. 
 
 University of Paris, 22. 
 
 Upper Red Hook, 45. 
 
 Urbana, 1ST. Y., mill at, 93. 
 
 Ure, Dr., 95. 
 
 Valencia, 13 ; manufacturers, 16. 
 
 Value of manufactures, 119 ; rags 
 imported, 126. 
 
 Van Alstyne, A. P., his mill 
 burnt, 134. 
 
 Van Benthuysen, Charles, his 
 mill burnt, 158. 
 
 Van Cortlandt, Gen. Pierre, his 
 mill burnt, 82. 
 
 Van Houten, William, patentee, 
 68, 70. 
 
 Van Veghten & Son, printers, 55.' 
 
 Varro, 2. 
 
 Vat, requiring an engine, 45; 
 
 dispensed with, 83. 
 Vatican, 21. 
 Veau vacine, 67. 
 Vegetable fibre, 165; mode of 
 
 preparing, 174. 
 Vegetable parchment, 147. 
 Vegetable substances for paper, 
 
 176; boiler for pressing, 173. 
 Vellum, duties an, 40. 
 Vellum paper, 54 ; analyzed, 39. 
 Velvets put upon paper, 77. 
 Venetian paper, characteristics 
 
 of, 23. 
 Venice, 18 ; sent cotton paper to 
 
 Germany, 6. 
 Vermont, 70 ; number of mills in 
 
 1810, 57. 
 Vidocq, E. F., patentee, 99. 
 Vienna, Industrial exhibition at, 
 
 137. 
 Villette, Marquis de, works of, 
 
 40. 
 Virginia, number of mills in 
 
 1810, 57. 
 Virgil, Baskerville's edition of, 
 
 31, 32. 
 Vivien, Mons., 116. 
 Von Hartzberg, Count Ewald, 40. 
 Von Murr, 16. 
 Vosges, les, 59. 
 Vougeot, mill at, 45. 
 Waban mills burnt, 187. 
 Waistcoats, paper, 187. 
 Wait, P. H., patentee, 129. 
 Wall paper, manufacture begun, 
 
 22 
 Walsh, S. A., inventor, 173. 
 Warner, Mass., mill at, 189. 
 Warsaw, 66. 
 
 Wash bowls, paper used for, 183. 
 Washers for engines, 88; for 
 
 pulp, improvement in, 154. 
 Washing pulp, 84 ; machine, 97. 
 Washington, D. C, 156. 
 Washington township, 74. 
 Wasps' nests, 28. 
 Waste paper, for paper, 46, 48, 
 
 59 ; duty on, 152. 
 Water broom for paper, vi, 111. 
 Water mill, 22. 
 Water mills in Belgium, 104. 
 Waterman, Richard, patentee, 72. 
 
Index. 
 
 225 
 
 "Water mark, 81 ; ancient, 21. 
 Water power, 19 ; in Austria, 109. 
 Water proof paper, 104, 145. 
 Watertown, N. Y., 86, 88; first 
 
 mill at, 56. 
 Waterville, Me., mill at, burnt, 
 
 183. 
 Waterville, mill at, 126. 
 Watkin, Thomas, 27. 
 Watkins, Cassidy & Brother's 
 
 mill burnt, 186. 
 Watson & Ledyard, mill, 37. 
 Watson, Chaimcey, his mill 
 
 burnt, 171. 
 Watson, Henry, inventor, 164. 
 Watt & Burgess, patentees, 114, 
 
 140 ; experimenters, 122. 
 Watts, patentee, 124. 
 Waxen tablets, 19. 
 Wax sizing, 69. 
 
 Wayfaring tree for paper, vi, 41. 
 Websters, Ensign & Seymour, 
 
 Messrs., 44. 
 Web sustainer, 91 ; endless, 45. 
 Weed, James A.., his mill burnt, 
 
 188. 
 Wellington & Hunting, 74. 
 Wells's Annual of Scientific Dis- 
 covery, 130. 
 Welsbach, Dr. Aloyse Chevalier 
 
 Auer de, 163. 
 West, George, inventor, 111. 
 Westchester Co., N. Y., 82. 
 Western Budget, Schenectady, 
 
 55. 
 Westfield, Mass., 92 ; mill at, 185. 
 West Fitchburg, Mass., mill at, 
 
 149. 
 West India islands, 191. 
 Weston, Wass., mill at, 98. 
 West Sutton, Mass., 97. 
 Westville, 144 ; New Haven, Ct., 
 
 mill at, 123. 
 Westville Manufacturing Com- 
 pany's mill burnt, 141. 
 Whatman, James, his celebrity, 
 
 32. 
 Wheat straw for paper, vi, 33, 
 
 148. 
 Whipple, M. D., patentee, 125. 
 Whitehall mill, 78. 
 White & Gale, patentees, 70. 
 White hemp of Hayti, substitute 
 
 for rags, 182. 
 White, Norman, patentee, 112. 
 
 29 
 
 White paper from straw, 75, 133. 
 
 White pine shavings for paper, 
 114. 
 
 White wood for paper, vi. 
 
 Wilcox, Thomas, 29. 
 
 Wilder, Mark, patentee, 103. 
 
 Wilks, John, machinist, 80. 
 
 Williamstown, Mass., 164. 
 
 Williamsville, mill at, 158. 
 
 Willow for paper, vi, 33, 118, 
 180; trees for paper, 115; 
 twigs of the, for paper, vi, 76 ; 
 twigs, bark and leaves of the, 
 for paper, 41 ; sallow, for pa- 
 per, 41 ; yellow, for paper, 41 . 
 
 Wilmington, Del., 61. 
 
 Wilmington, N. C., mills at, 155. 
 
 Windham, Ct., 77. 
 
 Windmills, 32 ; in Belgium, 104. 
 
 Windsor, England, 24. 
 
 Windsor Locks, Ct., mill at, 101, 
 128. 
 
 Wire cloth cylinder, 83. 
 
 Wire grass for paper, 189. 
 
 Wire marks, 81. 
 
 Wire web, 112; improved, 71. 
 
 Wisconsin Paper Company's 
 mill, boiler explosion at, 182. 
 
 Wissahickon creek, 25, 27. 
 
 Wiswall & Flagg's mill burnt, 86. 
 
 Woburn, Mass., 163, 165. 
 
 Wood & Reddington, 57. 
 
 Woodcock, Thomas L., 84. 
 
 Wood for paper, 8, 28, 31, 48, 79, 
 114, 115, 118, 121, 125, 140,. 
 145, 163, 164, 168, 186. 
 
 Wood for paper, vi, 99 ; from 
 pine trees, 122. 
 
 Wood, price of, 174 ; disintegrat- 
 ed, 140 ; shavings of, for pa- 
 per, 124. 
 
 Wood-pulp patent, 163. 
 
 Woodville, N. Y., mill at, 127. 
 
 Woodward & Bartlett, patentees, 
 122. 
 
 Woody fibre for paper, 122 ; sub- 
 stances for paper, 125. 
 
 Woonsocket, R. I., 151. 
 
 Wooster & Holmes, patentees, 79. 
 
 Wooster, Lewis, 79. 
 
 Workman, mill stopped for want 
 of a, 32. 
 
 Workmen, Italian, imprisoned. 
 19 ; in England, 26 ; sent to 
 Moscow, 27; scarcity of, 29,30 ; 
 
226 
 
 Index. 
 
 Workmen in Ireland, 83 ; in New 
 Hampshire, 95 ; in Austria, 
 99 ; in Massachusetts, 99 ; in 
 Baden, 100 ; in Bavaria, 100 ; 
 in Hesse, 100 ; in Prussia, 100 ; 
 in Grand Duchy of Hesse, 
 100; in Saxony, 100,102; in 
 Nassau in Germany, 100; in 
 Belgium, 104; in the United 
 States, 107 ; wages of, in Swit- 
 zerland, 110; number of, in 
 England in 1852, 111 ; in Rus- 
 sia, 123 ; in Austria, 125 ; in 
 Lee, Mass., 131. 
 
 World's Fair, medal, 32 ; long 
 roll of paper at, 108 ; in New 
 York, 118. 
 
 Worthington, mill at, 139. 
 
 Wove moulds invented, 31. 
 
 Wrapping paper, 67, 79, 116, 126, 
 128, 129, 178, 188, 190 ; 
 
 Wrapping paper from sacks and 
 ropes, 66; from wire grass, 
 189. 
 
 Wright, George L., patentee, 103. 
 
 Writing paper, 184, 185 ; coating, 
 173. 
 
 Writing with water, 88. 
 
 Wynkin de Worde, 20. 
 
 Xativa, 13 ; manufacture of pa- 
 per degenerated in, 16. 
 
 Yatra river, Australia, 186. 
 
 Yarmouth, Me., mill at, 192. 
 
 Yucca, substitute for rags, 182. 
 
 Zisania aquatica, for paper, 189. 
 
 Zollverein, 100 ; imports and ex- 
 ports, 100 ; export to the Ne- 
 therlands, 98, 102; consump- 
 tion, 106 ; number of mills in 
 the, in 1855, 125 ; export duty 
 on rags, 171. 
 
 Zopissa paper coffin, 187. 
 

 
 
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