Glass L-L-L2l. Book ^■■^'^ A Concise Guide to the Town and University of Cambridge In an Introduction and four Walks By John Willis Clark M.A., Hon. LittD. (Oxf-X F.S.A. Registrary of the University Formerly Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge Macmillan and Bowes 1906 First Edition, August 1898. pp. xvi + 162. Second Edition, June 1902. pp. xvi4-175. India pa'per copies, pp. xxiv+175. [Special Edition for the British Association 1904.] Third Edition, August 1906. pp. xxiv + 191. PEEFACE. IN tlie Co?mse Guide here offered to the public, I do not profess to give an exhaustive account of Cambridge, but merely to draw the attention of a Visitor, who has only a short time at his disposal, to those places and things which appear to me to be the most important. With his convenience in view, I have made my descriptions as brief as possible ; I have given no historical references ; and I have rigorously excluded all matters requiring special knowledge or detailed examination. In one direction only have I attempted fuller accounts than are usually to be found in guide-books. With the kind cooperation of the Professors and others (whom I take this opportunity of thanking) I have described in some detail the Scientific Museums and Laboratories which of late years have been so largely developed by the University ; as also the Botanic Garden, the Observatory, the Fitzwilliam Museum, and the Museum of General and Local Archeology and of Ethnology. Students who require fuller information on the history of the Town and the University are referred to the following works : The Architectural History of the University. By the late Rob. Willis, M.A., edited by J. W. Clark, M.A., Camb. 1886. Cambridge described and illustrated. By T. D. Atkinson. Camb. 1897. The University of Cambridge. By J. B. Mullinger. 2 vols. Camb. 1873—84. I have often heard strangers complain of the loss of time entailed by the difficulty of finding their way about Cambridge. I have therefore constructed Four Walks, in vi Preface the course of which, with the help of the Plan, everything of importance can be at least looked at ; and, lastly, for the convenience of those who are too much hurried to undertake these, I have constructed a Fifth Walk, in which those places only are mentioned which in my judgment are indispensable. I have prefixed to these walks an Introduction, in which I have attempted to trace, very briefly, the history of the Town, the University, and the Colleges ; and I have appended to them a Chronological Table, divided into the reigns of sovereigns, in which I have included a few leading events of general importance, to serve as landmarks to connect the history of the Town and University with that of the Kingdom. The friends who have helped me in the preparation of this work are too numerous to mention individually ; and I must ask them to accept this collective expression of my gratitude. Special thanks are due to : 1. The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, for permission to use the text of their Architectural History of the University and Colleges — a permission of which I have largely availed myself — , and also for the loan of the following woodcuts : North West corner of the exterior of the Old Court of King's College (p. 22), Library of Trinity Hall (p. 26), Gate of Virtue (p. 30), Bookcases in Library of S. John's College (p. 59), Old Hall, Corpus Christi College (p. 125), Tower of S. Benedict's Church (p. 127), River Front of Queens' College (p. 134). 2. The Cambridge Antiquarian Society, for the loan of a woodcut from their Proceedings and Communications : Section of the Castle Hill (p. 72). 3. Messrs Cassell and Co., for the loan of the following woodcuts : Great S. Mary's Church (p. 4), Senate-House (p. 9), King's College Chapel, S. Porch (p. 12), Do. interior (p. 13), S. John's College Chapel (p. 51), Round Church, exterior (p. 63), Pitzwilliam Museum (p. 108), Pitt Press (p. 123). Preface vii 4. Messrs Macmillan and Co., for the loan of a woodcut from Green's Short History : Bound Church, interior (p. 63). 5. Messrs Seeley and Co., for the loan of the following woodcuts from Cambridge : Brief historical and descriptive Notes, by J. W. Qark, M.A. King's College, from the left bank of the Eiver (p. 20), Clare College, Gateway in East Kange (p. 23), Trinity College, Great Court (p. 41), S. John's College, Third Court (p. 60), Magdalene College, Pepysiau Library (p, 68), Christ's College Garden (p. 86), Jesus College, Entrance- gateway (p. 95). I proceed in the next place to give an outline of the Walks, with the page of the volume on which each place mentioned is described. The names of those places that are merely alluded to in passing are indented, and marked with an asterisk. This enumeration serves also as a table of contents. FIKST WALK. PAGE Great S. Mary's Church 3 University Library 6 Senate-House 9 *King's Parade 10 King's College 10 West court of Library, with gateway 21 Clare College 22 Trinity Hall 25 Gonville and Caius College 28 Church of S. Michael 82 *Ro8e Crescent 32 ♦Turk's Head Coffee-House 33 Trinity College 33 *Site of All Saints' Church 48 vm First and Second Walk PAGE Selwyn Divinity School 48 S. John's College 48 Church of Holy Sepulchre ........ 62 Church of S. Clement 65 Great Bridge 65 *Fisher Lane 66 Magdalene College 66 *The Cross Keys Inn 69 Church of S. Giles 69 Church of All Saints by the Castle 70 Church of S. Peter by the Castle 70 *Shire Hall 71 Castle Hill 71 *School of Pythagoras 74 *Westminster Theological College .... 74 Observatory 74 *Erasmus' Walk 75 Girton College 75 SECOND WALK. Market- Place .... *Kose and Crown Inr Guildhall .... *Coru Exchange *Free Library *Mortlock's Bank 1 77 78 79 79 79 79 Church of S. Edward . 79 Petty Cury .... *Eed Lion Hotel 80 80 Falcon Inn .... *Wrestlers' Inn *Barnwell Gate ♦King's Ditch . 80 80 80 81 Church of S. Andrew the Great . 82 Christ's College . *Wesleyan Chapel ♦Fosters' Bank . 82 87 87 Church of the Holy Trinity . 87 Henry Martyn Hall . , , 87 Sidney Sussex College . ♦University Pitt Club ♦Friends' Meeting Ho ♦Amateur Dramatic C use lub 88 90 90 90 Second and Third Walk IX Jesus College Church of All Saints *MicIsummer Common and The Kiver Stourbridge Fair .... Stourbridge Chapel Church of S. Andrew the Less *Abbey House . Barnwell Priory .... * Christ Church Parker's Piece .... *University Arms Hotel New Theatre *New Police Station . *Baptist Chapel Castle Inn Downing College .... *Presbyterian Church Emmanuel College Fair PAGE 91 99 99 99 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 102 103 103 103 103 103 104 105 THIRD WALK. Fitzwilliam Museum . . . . . Addenbrooke's Hospital Fitzwilliam Hall Peterhouse Church of S. Mary the Less Museum of General and Local Archeology and of Ethnology Fitzwilliam Museum of Classical Archeology *Emmanuel Congregationalist Church Pembroke College University Printing- Press *Trumpington Gate Church of S. Botolph Corpus Christi College *London and County Bank .... Church of S. Benedict *BuU Hotel S. Catharine's College Queens' College * Small Bridges King's Mill and Bishop's Mill C. b 107 110 111 111 114 115 118 118 119 122 123 123 124 126 126 128 128 131 134 134 Fourth and Fifth Walk PAGE Ridley Hall 135 Newnham College 136 Selwyn College 137 *Eme Eange 138 FOUKTH WALK. Museums of Science 139 The Medical School 143 Zoology .... 146 Physiological Laboratory 151 Human Anatomy 152 Mineralogy 153 Zoological Laboratory 155 Cavendish Laboratory of Experimental Phys ics 156 Mechanism and Engineering Laboratory 159 Chemical Laboratory .... 160 The Squire Law Library and Law School 163 The Botany School .... 165 The Sedgwick Museum of Geology . 170 Botanic Garden .... . . 177 FIFTH WALK. (Supplemen tary. ) Great S. Mary's Church 3 King's College 10 Clare College . .22 Walk down Avenue to Backs of Colleges and return through Trinity College Avenue Trinity College 33 S. John's College 48 Church of Holy Sepulchre 62 Jesus College 91 Walk to "Four Lamps," and thence diagonally across Christ's Pieces to Christ's Lane, and Christ's College 82 Petty Cury 80 Market-Place 77 Fifth Walk xi PAGE Church of S. Benedict . 126 Corpus Christi College . 124 S. Catharine's College . 128 Cross the court of S. Catharine's College to Queens' College . 131 Pembroke College . 119 Peterhouse . Ill Fitzwilliam Museum . 107 Chionological Summary . 185 Index . 189 b-2 CAB FARES. The following rates or fares shall be paid for hackney coaches and other carriages licensed to ply for hire from seven in the morning to eleven o'clock at night. Between eleven o'clock at night and seven o'clock in the morning, fares shall be one and a half times those stated in the following tables. The hirer shall decide whether the hiring is to be taken by time or distance, but if nothing be said on the subject it shall be taken to be by distance. Fares for Time. Description of Carriage and ISTo. of Passengers to be carried. Pebiod of Time. Carriage drawn by one , horse, conveying not more than three per- sons. Carriage drawn by two horses, conveying not more than seven per- sons. Carriage drawn by one horse, conveying more than three persons, for each additional person beyond that number. If the time does not exceed one hour If the time exceeds one liour: For the first hour For each succeeding quarter of an hour or part thereof For the whole time whatever period . . s. d. 2 6 2 6 6 s. d. 4 6 4 6 1 s. d. 6 Fares for Distance. Description of Carriage. Distance. Carriage drawn by one horse, and con- veying one person. Carriage drawn by two horses.and con- veying one person. If the distance does not exceed one mile and a half : For the whole distance If the distance exceeds one mile and a half : For the first mile and a half For each succeeding half mile or part thereof . . For each additional person for the whole journey . . s. d. 1 1 6 6 s. d. 1 6 1 6 9 9 Luggage not exceeding 112 lb. in weight shall be carried in or upon a hackney carriage without any additional charge. When in excess of 112 lb. there shall be charged and payable a sum after the rate of sixpence for every 56 lb. in weight, or any part thereof. Every driver of a hackney carriage shall afford all reasonable assist- ance in loading and unloading any luggage to be conveyed, or which has been conveyed, in or upon such carriage, and belonging to or in the charge of any person hiring or being conveyed in such carriage. TIME TABLE. A. SERVICES IN COLLEGE CHAPELS. Open on Week-days. 10 a.m. — 4 p.m. 11 a.m. — 12 noon. 2—3 p.m. 12 noon — 1 p.m. 2—3 p.m. 11 a.m. — 12 noon. 3—4 p.m. King's College. Sunday 10.30 a.m. 3.30 p.m. Week-days 5 p.m. Trinity College. Sunday 11 a.m. 6.45 p.m. Week-days 7.15 p.m. S. Jolin's College. Sunday 10.30 a.m. 6 p.m. Week-days 6.30 p.m. Jesus College. B. SERVICES IN PARISH CHURCHES. * before an hour (e. ^All Saints. -S. Andrew tlie Great. ^S. Andrew the Less. Ctirist Cimrch. Abbey Churcli. 2s. Benedict. 2S. Botolpli. 2S. Clement. -S. Edward. *8 a.m.) means that the Holy Communion will be celebrated at the Service indicated. Sunday *8 a.m. 11 a.m. 7 p.m. (*lst in month, 11.45). Tuesday 10.30 a.m. Thursday * 8 a.m. Daily (except Wednesday) 8 a.m., 6.30 p.m. Sunday *8 a.m. 11 a.m. (* 1st and 3rd), 6.45 p.m. Week-days 10.30 a.m. 4 p.m. (Advent and Lent). Wednesday 7.30 p.m. Sundays *8 a.m. 11 a.m. (*lst and 3rd), 6.45 p.m. {* 2nd). Week-days 9.30 a.m. 7.30 p.m. Sunday 11a.m. (*lst), 6.45p.m. (*3rd). Thursday 7.30 p.m. Sunday *8a.m. 11a.m. (*lst and 3rd), 6.45 p.m. Sunday *8 a.m. 11 a.m. (*every Sunday and Saints' Day), 7p.m. Week-days 11a.m. Sunday *7.45 a.m. *10.30a.m.ll.30a.m.6.45p.m. Week-days 7 a.m. *7.30a.m. 8p.m. Sunday *8a.m. 11a.m. (*12 noon 2nd and 4th), 7 p.m. 1 Open 10—6. - Open. 3 Not open. XIV IS. Giles. ^S. Peter's. 1 S. Mary tlie Great. ^S. Mary the Less. ^S. Matthew's. S. Michael's. ^S. Paul's. ^Holy Sepulchre. ^Holy Trinity. 1 Open. Time Table Sunday *8 a.m. (also *lst 7 a.m.), 10.15 a.m. '■'11 a.m. 6.45 p.m. Week-days ^^7.30 a.m. Wednesday and Friday 7.45 p.m. Other days 6p.m. Week-days 10 a.m. Sunday *8a.m. 11a.m. *10a.m. (1st) (*12 noon every Sunday), 6.45p.m. Week-days 9.15a.m. 6.30 p.m. Sunday *8a.m. (also *lst 7 a.m. *2nd 6 a.m.), 10.45 a.m. 3.15, 4, 6.45 p.m. Week-days *7.30a.m. Sunday *8a.m. 11a.m. (*2nd and last), 3.15p.m. (*lst), 6.45 p.m. Sunday *8a.m. 11 a.m. (*12 noon every Sunday, Choral 1st), 6.45 p.m. Holy Days *8 a.m. 11a.m. 5 p.m. Sunday *8 a.m. 11 a.m. (*lst), 3 p.m. 7 p.m. (*4th). Week-days 7.45 a.m. Wednesday and Friday 11a.m. Wednesday 7.30 p.m. Sunday *8a.m. 11a.m. (^^Ist and 3rd), 6.45p.m. Week-days : Wednesday 7.30 p.m. Simdays *8 a.m. 11 a.m. (*lst), 3.15 p.m. 6,45 p.m. (*3rd). Week-days : Wednesday 7.30 p.m. a Open 7.30—10.30. 3 Not open. 5 Until sunset (except Saturday). 4 10-4. C. SERVICES OTHER CHURCHES. Baptist. Congregational. Prestoyterian. Roman Catholic. Wesleyan. St Andrew's Street. Sunday 10.30 a.m. 6.30 p.m. Wednesday 7.30 p.m. Zion Chapel, East Eoad. Sunday 10.30 a.m. 6.30 p.m. Wednesday 7.30 p.m. Emmanuel Church, Trumpington Street. Sunday 11a.m. 7 p.m. Wednesday 8 p.m. S. Columba's, Downing Street. Sunday 11 a.m. 7p.m. Hills Eoad. Sunday 8.30a.m. 11a.m. 3p.m. 7p.m. Week-days : Monday 7.30 a.m. and 9.15 a.m. Other days 7.30 a.m. 8 a.m. (Friday 8 p.m.). Saturday 8 a.m. Tuesday 4.25 p.m. Hobson Street. Sunday 10.30 a.m. 6.30 p.m. Tuesday 7.30 p.m. Hills Eoad. Sunday 11a.m. 6.30 p.m. Tuesday 7.30 p.m. Time Table xv D. ADMISSION TO MUSEUMS. Archeology, Classical : same hours as Fitzwilliam. ,, General and Local and Ethnology (Curator, Baron A. von Hiigel, M.A,, Croft Cottage, Barton Eoad) : 10 a.m. — 6 p.m. in summer; 10a.m. — 4p.m. in winter. Fitzwilliam (Director, Dr M. K. James, King's College): 10a.m. — 4p.m. 1 Sept. — 30 Apr.; 10a.m. — 6p.m. 1 May — 24 June; 10a.m. — 5p.m. 25 June — 31 Aug. Geology, Woodwardian (Curator, Mr H. Keeping): 9a.m. — 5 p.m. Museums of Science: inquire of the Porter, Mr H. Lunn, at the entrance in Free School Lane. Botanical: 9 — 5p.m. Botanic Garden: 8a.m. — dusk, during the winter months; 8a.m. — 8p.m. during the summer months : the precise hour being indicated by a notice posted at each gate. The plant-houses may be visited by strangers after 2 p.m. Free Library : 10 a.m. — 9.80 p.m. Observatory : by application to the Director, Sir E. Ball. Trinity College Library : 2 — 4 p.m. ; if accompanied by a Fellow of the College, 11 a.m. — 4 p.m. University Library : 9.30a.m.— 3.80p.m. 15 Nov. to 31 Jan. ; 10a.m. — 4 p.m. 1 Feb. to 14 Nov. ; 9 a.m. — 2 p.m. on Saturdays. Squire Law Library : 10 a.m. — 1 p.m. INTEODUCTION. IN the following Introduction I propose to give a general account of the Town, the University, and the Colleges ; with the relations that subsist between those three bodies. Such an account need not be long ; but without some explanation a visitor will lose much of the advantage that he would otherwise derive from his examination of the place and the buildings. It is natural to imagine that the Town grew up very gradually, as an appanage to the University, just as the dwellings of retainers might nestle at the feet of a castle, or outside the gates of a monastery. This explanation of the relations of the Town to the University is less erroneous now-a-days than it was in the Middle Ages. It must be admitted that the University (in which term the Colleges are included) is the principal object of interest in Cambridge; and the most ardent supporter of the right of the Town to independence cannot deny that if the University did not exist there would be but little reason for the existence of the Town. If, however, we transport ourselves back to a remote period, some seven or eight centuries ago, we shall find a town of peculiar and considerable importance before the University had come into existence. It was not "a marsh town," as it has been contemptuously designated, but it was Introduction xvii "a frontier town," beyond which stretched the great Fen, impassable except to those who were in the secret of its solitudes. It had a river — "the life of the trafficke to this Towne and Countie," as it could still be called in the reign of James the First — which enabled it to draw an inexhaustible supply of all the necessaries of life from the surrounding country, and also from the continent through the port of Lynn ; it was traversed by one of the great roads which, whether Roman or not, led direct from London ; it afforded, by its Great Bridge, a means of communication between the eastern counties of England and the midlands ; and, lastly, it had a Fair which was one of the most extensive marts of the Middle Ages, and must have made it a much frequented centre of trade. Ancient Cambridge was spread out along the right bank of the Cam from the Mills to the Great Bridge; and the busiest part of it lay between the street leading to those Mills and the river. Here were the numerous wharfs or hythes at which the merchandise brought in barges up the stream was landed, and the numerous lanes connecting the hythes with Milne Street or High Street. On the side remote from the river the extent of the town was defined, by a ditch, called the King's Ditch, planned by King John, and completed by King Henry the Third in 1267. The area included between these boundaries was in shape like the section of a pear ; and near the end where the stalk would grow was the Bridge, leading to a steep road which climbed the Castle Hill. What- ever may be the date of that mound, it seems certain that the castle at its foot was not built on the site of a Boman Station, as the antiquaries of the eighteenth century main- tained ; and further, that it was never more than a third-class fortress, which may have lent a certain dignity to the town, but could not have afforded it any serious protection. The river was originally called the Granta, or, more xviii Introduction familiarly, le Ee and le Ree. The earliest form of the town's name was Grantanbrycge or Grentebi'ige, which in process of time became Ganthrigge and Caumhrege. Lastly, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when it became necessary to find a name for the river, the old name of the town having been forgotten, Cam was adopted from Cam-bridge the shortened form of Caumbridge. Thus the river derived its name from the town, and not the town from the river, as was formerly supposed. The streets in medieval Cambridge were narrow and tortuous, and their condition, as regards want of repair and want of cleanliness, such as would have driven a modern sanitator distracted. Even in ancient times many references to this subject are to be met with. The houses, for the most part, were of wood. A stone-house is so described, as though it were a rarity. Many of the private dwellings had gardens, in some of which ' a parcel of vines ' is referred to, and in the very centre of the town we meet with Piron-Lane, so-called, says a medieval writer, from the pear-trees which grew near it. The wharfs above mentioned were doubtless as busy as the corresponding parts of a seaport town ; and I can myself remember the long trains of barges which, even for many years after the railroad was constructed, arrived almost daily from Lynn, and the bustle which they occasioned round the Mill Pool or at the Great Bridge, where they used to unload their cargoes. Further, in estimating the way in which medieval Cambridge grew up, it should be remembered that Norman architecture is confined to the neighbourhood of the castle, the foundations of which were laid by the Conqueror. The churches of S. Griles and S. Peter both bear traces of Norman influence ; but, on the other side of the river, the only Norman work within the King's Ditch is the church of the Holy Sepulchre. The church of S. Benedict, in the heart of the medieval town, Introduction xix is pre-Norman, and may very likely have been the church of the small town or village which was in existence when the Normans came. On the high ground where the castle was afterwards built there were houses — some of which, as Domesday Book records, were destroyed to make way for the stronghold. As time went on more houses would be built along the street leading to the river ; and, in a similar way, the village on the opposite bank would extend itself along the other portion of the road until the two had nothing between them except the Bridge. To the commercial interests of Cambridge there was added, at an unknown period, and by an unknown agency, the corporation of teachers which we describe as the University. It must not, however, be supposed that someone said : " Let us found a University at Cambridge." No University, so far as we know, was ever founded anywhere. Such an institution started from very small beginnings, and " broadened slowly down, from precedent to precedent," till, in this case, it became one of those stately associations of learned men of which the two English examples are now the sole survivors. Nor, again, must it be supposed that the word Universitas or University meant in the Middle Ages what it means now. It meant simply "the whole of" any persons to whom a document was addressed. In early days the word was "never used absolutely. The phrase is always 'University of Scholars,' ' University of Masters and Scholars,' ' University of Study ' or the like. It is a mere accident that the term has gradually come to be restricted to a particular kind of Guild or Corporation, just as the terms ' Convent,' 'Corps,' 'Congregation,' 'College,' have been similarly restricted to certain specific kinds of association i." What, then, was the probable beginning in Cambridge of what we call the University ? Some teacher on his travels — perhaps at the time of Stourbridge Fair — may have attracted ^ Rashdall, Universities of Europe, i. 7. XX Introduction an audience ; his lectures may have been popular, and he may have been asked to repeat them in the following year ; the great monasteries of the Fenland, and the smaller houses of the same Orders in Cambridge, may have associated them- selves with this educational movement ; the required element of permanency may have thus been gained; and so, very gradually, the little body may have developed an organisation of the required type, with a Eector and a body of Masters ; after which the distinction of being called a Studium Generale — the medieval equivalent for a modern University — w^ould in a very short time be conferred upon the new body. There is no doubt that the University, whatever may have been its origin, grew and flourished in Cambridge ; for when we first become aware of its existence — in the reign of Henry III. — it comes before us as a powerful, self-asserting corporation, pluckily defending itself against aggression, and, it must be admitted, assuming an air of superiority not wholly justified either by its length of days or by its intellectual achievements. It must be admitted with regret that from the first appearance of a corporation of scholars in this place there dates also a long series of bitter feuds with the Town; the scholars claiming for themselves complete immunity from authority and taxation, and, further, insisting upon their rights to carry the war into the camp of the common enemy, by testing their weights and measures, by prescribing what amusements should be allowed and v/hat forbidden, and by tr3dng to enforce morality by action in the court of the Vice- Chancellor. This state of things has now, we may hope, been definitely put an end to by Act of Parliament, the University surrendering the points of jurisdiction which seemed to cause special annoyance. The buildings required for such a corporation as this must have been at the outset were simple enough; they Introduction xxi consisted of a place of meeting ; a library ; and schools for teaching, or, to use a modern phrase, a number of lecture-rooms. These wants were supplied at first by- certain detached houses standing close together in School Street — now represented by the flagged pathway leading from Senate House Hill to the University Library, and past it to the Gate of Honour of Gonville and Caius College — bearing names which indicate their original destination very clearly — as, for instance, Gramerscole, Artscole, Law School, Theology School, etc. Each of these was probably the lecture-room of a single teacher. Subsequently, in 1278, a plot of ground was given to the University, on which, in after years, a School of Theology was built, with what we should call a Senate House above it. Other pieces of ground were added gradually, with other buildings, and by the end of the fifteenth century a quadrangular structure was finished, which — after undergoing many fundamental changes — is now almost entirely appropriated to the University Library. It should be remembered, however, that until the Museums and Lecture Rooms on the site of the old Botanic Garden were begun some forty years ago, these were almost the only buildings in which University, as opposed to Collegiate, in- struction was carried on. In the thirteenth century both those who taught and those who learnt lived where they pleased, the former main- taining themselves by the fees paid to them by their pupils. In process of time this system was found to be inconvenient, in the first place as regarded the teachers ; and it was to supply them with board and lodging that the collegiate system was started. The undergraduate of those days, like a German student at the present time, lodged where he pleased, and kept such company as suited his age and his tastes, without let or hindrance from Proctors or other University authorities. The one thing the University really cared about XXll Introduction was to keep their students out of the hands of the town authorities. The Senate took effectual steps, in conjunction with the burghers, to prevent extortion in the matter of the rent charged for lodgings, but with that exception young men in medieval Cambridge were left to manage their own affairs. It was not till after they had themselves inaugurated a system of Hostels or lodging-houses, in which a number lived together with a Master to look after their studies, their food, and their morals, that the Colleges made arrangements for receiving within their precincts young men who had not proceeded to any degree. "^ It will be readily understood that the buildings required for these early Colleges were extremely simple. The Founder generally selected a site on which a house large enough to contain his benefici&ries was already standing ; and if there was a parish church in the immediate neighbourhood, so much the better, for then less time would be lost in going to and from the daily services. The chapel, the library, the Master's lodge, and the stately gateways, which form so distinctive a feature in the later Colleges, were wholly absent from the earlier. In fact, as Professor Willis has pointed out, '' until the collegiate system had stood the test of a long trial, it was impossible to determine which arrangement of buildings would be best adapted for its practical working, while the continual growth and improvement of the system in each successive foundation demanded enlargements and changes \" I need not say more upon this matter in this place, for in my account of each College I have been careful to point out the successive dates of the different portions, so that a visitor can trace the gradual development for himself. There can be little doubt that, when the collegiate system 1 Architectural History^ iii. 248. Introduction xxiii had become an assured success, the plan of collegiate buildings was modelled on that of the manor-houses which had gradually superseded the castles as residences for the nobility. If the plan of Queens' College be compared with that of Haddon Hall, or any other fifteenth century mansion, the truth of this theory will be at once recognised. It would be interesting, were space and materials at my disposal, to trace the course of education at Cambridge, as divided between the University and the Colleges. At first, as I have already shewn, the Colleges provided shelter for teachers engaged in University work. The University, in its corporate capacity, provided lecture-rooms, and conducted the examinations, then entirely oral, which preceded the degree. A degree, it must be remembered, was merely a license to teach ; and only those proceeded to it who proposed to follow that profession. In the sixteenth century, when Professor- ships began to be founded, as for instance by the Lady Margaret and by Henry the Eighth, it was as University officers that the Professors delivered their lectures. After the Reformation, however, when most of the Colleges had received undergraduates within their walls, they began to resent inter- ference with what they regarded as their own special province. They could not do away with University examinations, but they could, and did, control the education which prepared students for them. College lectures were developed ; and the system of private tuition was introduced. The lecture-rooms of the Professors were deserted, unless they dealt with a subject too technical to be taught elsewhere, as for instance Divinity, and the courses required for degrees in Medicine or in Law ; or unless they were men of special popularity, who were listened to whether their lectures were useful or not as preparation for a degree. Our own day has witnessed a remarkable change. On the scientific side education has reverted to the Universitv, and xxiv Introduction within the last forty years a splendid series of Museums and Lecture Rooms has been built, while others are still in build- ing. These are thronged with students, whose studies are directed by the Professors, the Readers, the Lecturers, and the Demonstrators required by each science. In many de- partments the teaching, supplemented as it is by the most modern appliances and instruments, is probably more thorough than any that can be met with either in England or in Europe ; while the original research that is being constantly carried forward is fruitful in results of great scientific value. The University, speaking generally, has no corporate funds, and the annual income derived from the fees of students is entirely inadequate to meet such an outlay as modern scientific education demands. Parliament has therefore sanctioned an increase in the income of the University by taxation of the Colleges. After all charges have been met the net divisible income pays a certain percentage to the University, the disposal of which is regulated by the Senate. Thus the Colleges at the present day are in even closer relation to the general teaching of the University than when they merely supplied board and lodging to those who gave instruction. JOHN WILLIS CLARK. August, 1906. CAMBEIDGE. GENERAL DIRECTIONS TO A STRANGER. On leaving the Railway Station a visitor may either walk into the centre of the town (a distance of about Ij miles) or take a cab or tram-car. In either case he passes down Station Road, and then turns to the right into a road which, under the various names of Hills-Road, Regent Street, St Andrew's Street, Sidney Street, Bridge Street, Magdalene Street, and Castle Street, passes through Cambridge from south to north, and represents the Roman Via Devana. On entering this road he passes, left, the Wesley an Chapel, a Gothic building, built 1872 ; right, S. Paul's Church, built 1842 ; and on the same side of the street the Perse Grammar School, founded 1615, by Stephen Perse, M.D., Fellow of Gonville and Caius College. It was rebuilt on this site in 1890. The Perse School for girls is at a little distance in Panton Street. Opposite to this School, at the corner of Hills Road and Lensfield Road, is the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady and the English Martyrs, built at the sole cost of Mrs Lyne-Stephens, 1887 — 1890 ; and consecrated 8 October, 1890. It was designed by Messrs Dunn of New- castle-on-Tyne. It is 165 ft. long, and 83 ft. broad, with a spire 216 ft. high. A rectory-house, of red briclv, adjoins the church. At this point the visitor should turn to the left along Lensfield Road, which joins the Hills Road to the Trumpington Road. On his right are the newly-built houses called Downing c. 2 Roman Catholic Church Grove, behind which, are the grounds of Downing College (p. 103> SPIRE OF^ THE CHURCH OP OUR LADY AND THE ENGLISH MARTYRS. On reaching the Trumpington Road, or Trumpington Street, the visitor finds himself in what was formerly the usual Great S, Mary^s Church 3 entrance to Cambridge, when approaclied by coach or carriage from London. On his left, at the corner of Lensfield Road and Trumping-ton Road, is the old stone Conduit, erected on the Market Hill in 1614, when a supply of fresh water was brought into the town from the springs of Nine Wells, in the parish of Shelford. This conduit was removed to its present position in 1855. On the opposite side of Trumpington Road a glimpse may be obtained of the Leys School, founded in 1875 for the education of the sons of Wesleyan Methodists. It is not, however, confined to any sect. The number of boys is now about 170. Proceeding down Trumpington Street the following build- ings, to be described subsequently, are passed : right, Adden- brooke's Hospital; left, Fitzwilliam Museum; right, Fitzwilliam Hall, the headquarters of the non-collegiate students ; lefty Peterhouse, the parish church of S. Mary the Less, and the Congregational Meeting-House or Emmanuel Church ; 7'ight, Pembroke College ; left, between Mill Lane and Silver St., the University Press ; right, S. Botolph's Church, Corpus Christi College, and S. Benet's Church ; left^ S. Catharine's College, and King's College. The tramway ends at the north-west corner of the Market- place, where we will suppose the visitor to begin his FIRST WALK with a detailed examination of Great S. Mary's Church, the largest and most important church in Cambridge. It is a parish church, and is also used by the University for sermons on Sundays, the Litany on Ash- Wednesday, and occasionally at other times. A church in this position was consecrated 1351 ; the existing church, an excellent specimen of Perpendicular Gothic, 142 ft. long, by 65 ft. broad, was begun 1478, but proceeded very slowly, notwithstanding the strenuous efforts of the University to obtain subscriptions by sending the Proctors on horseback through England with begging-letters. The nave- roof was not framed till 1506 ; the tower was begun 1491, and 1—2 4 Great S. Mary's CJmrch carried up to top of west window 1530. The belfry-stage was begun 1593, and finished 1608. A west door of the Renais- sance existed till 1851. when Sir G. G. Scott replaced it by the present one. GREAT S. MARY'S CHURCH. On entering, note nave of five bays, with clerestory, two windows to each bay. The font, dated 1632, is a good specimen of Jacobean Gothic. The oak benches, with poppy- heads, may be referred to same period. The galleries, designed by James Gibbs, were added 1735, with funds bequeathed by W. Worts, M.A., of Catharine Hall. Between 1738 and 1760 the University built a huge structure in the chancel called the Throne, but commonly known as Golgotha, for the Vice-Chan- cellor, Doctors, Professors, and University Ofiicers to sit in. As part of the same work, a huge pulpit stood in the centre of the nave, which was seated with benches standing east and west. This part was nick-named The Pit. The appearance of the whole was so unusual and indecorous that Archdeacon Hare called it Gi^eat S, Mary's Church 6 'an example of the world turned topsy-turvy.' In 1863 the Rev. H. K. Luard, M.A., Vicar, effected the present excellent arrangement, at a cost of nearly £7,000, mostly raised by sub- scription. The following special gifts deserve commemoration. The altar was given by the English Church Union, and the reredos by Rev. J. B. Lightfoot, D.D. (1865). The latter work represents the Crucifixion, between S. Paul at Athens (right), Samuel and the Schools of the Prophets {left). The piscina and sedilia in the south wall, probably part of the original church, were restored by subscription in 1866. In the same year the altar-rails, steps, sacrarium pavement, and gas-standards, were given by A. A. VanSittart, M.A., Trinity. The lectern was given by Mr W. H. Hattersley (1867), and the altar-chairs by Mr A. H. Moyes (1868). The east window was given by the Rev. H. R. Luard, Vicar, 1869 ; and the window on the north side, representing the Resurrection, by the same in memory of Mrs Luard, 1890. The subjects in the East Window are: I. Above the transom, The Virgin and Child between the Adoration of the Kings (left) and the Adoration of the Magi (right) : II. Below the transom, from left to right : The Annunciation ; The Visitation ; The Angels appearing to the Shep- herds ; The Presentation ; The Flight into Egypt. The window on the south side commemorates Rev. Ch. Hardwick, M.A.., Archdeacon of Ely, died 18 August, 1859. The niches in the east wall were restored by Trinity College, to whom the chancel belongs, in 1867 ; the sculptures, repre- senting the Brazen Serpent (north), and Abraham and Isaac (south), commemorate Rev. W. H. Mill, D.D., Regius Professor of Hebrew, died 25 Dec. 1853. The monument of Wm. Butler, M.A., fellow of Clare Hall, a celebrated physician (d. 29 Jan. 1618) who attended Prince Henry in his last ill- ness, has been restored and placed on the north wall of the chancel. Note the inscription : Medicorum omnium quos prcesens cetas vidit facile p7nnceps. The screens at the east end of the aisles were made out of the eighteenth century pulpit. The south porch, destroyed in 1783, was rebuilt in 1888 by Mr W. H. Hattersley, after the view of the original by Loggan, 1688. The aisle- windows, beginning with the N.-W. window, contain the coats of arms of the subscribers to the rebuilding of the nave, 1478-1519, given by S. Sandars, M.A., Trinity, 6 The University Library 1892. The windows in the clerestory are being filled, by various donors, with stained glass to illustrate the three verses of the Te Deum : The glorious company of the apostles ; The goodly fellowship of the prophets ; The noble army of martyrs. The series begins at the N.-W. corner with the Prophets. One of the bells is rung according to ancient custom every evening from 9 p.m. to 9.15 p.m., when the ringing ends with the number of the day of the month. The chimes were com- posed about 1790 by Dr Jowett, Tutor of Trinity Hall. A smaller bell rings from 5.45 a.m. to 6 a.m. Opposite Great S. Mary's Church is the open space called Senate House Hill; and on the west side of this, separated from the street by massive iron railings, put up when the Senate House was completed in 1730, is Senate House Yard. In the centre of tlie lawn is a copy of the Warwick Vase, pre- sented in 1842 by the Duke of Northumberland, then Chancellor of the University. Enter Senate House Yard by the gate at the S.-E. corner, and pass along the broad flagged walk to the University Library. The entrance is opposite the west end of the Senate House, through a lofty door inscribed BIBLIOTHEGA. This was completed at the beginning of the October Term, 1905. A visitor will be taken round by one of the Assistants : but there is little to interest those who are not students. The Library consists of three portions : (1) the east quad- rangle ; (2) the west quadrangle ; (3) Cockerell's Building, Ascend the staircase from the new vestibule, and enter the catalogue-room. This was the Senate House of the Uni- versity (called Regent House or New Cliapel) until 1730. Note the beautiful plaster ceiling of the 17th century. Turn left and enter the east room, built, with the fagade, 1754—61, after the design of Mr Stephen Wright, an architect recommended to the University by the Duke of Newcastle, Chancellor (1748—68). Note the effective plasterwork of the ceiling, and the busts of Rev. Cha. Simeon, M.A., d. 1836, and Rev. Fre. Denison Maurice, 8 The University Library M.A., d. 1872. Leave this room by the south door, and note among the portraits on the staircase Queen Elizabeth, given by Vincent Skinner, 1589 ; Charles I. when a boy, 1613 ; William Cecil, Lord Burghley, d. 1598 ; Robert Cecil, d. 1612 ; Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, d. 1588 ; Prof. Porson, d. 1808 ; Hen. Martyn, M.A., d. 1812. From the top of the stairs enter the south room, originally "the common library." The roof is original (1457 — 70). The bookcases, the oldest in the Library, were made in 1649. The three next rooms, called the Dome Room, the West Room, and the Catalogue Room which you entered first, were fitted up as part of the Library between 1719 and 1734, to contain the books collected by John Moore, D.D., Bishop of Ely, and given to the University by George I. in 1715. This quadrangle (1) is still called the Schools Quadrangle, because it originally contained the schools, or as we should now say, lecture-rooms, required for University teaching, in addition to the Senate House and Library. The latter has now absorbed all the rooms on both floors. Behind this quadrangle is the west quadrangle (2) which is practically modern. The south side was built by Sir G. G. Scott in 1864, on the site, and in part on the foundations, of the Old Court of King's College, bought by the University in 1829 (see p. 21) ; and the west side, by J. L. Pearson, R.A., architect, in 1889, out of a bequest of £10,000 made to the University by the Rev. E. G. Hancock. The gateway is that of the Old Court (see p. 21). Most of the rooms can only be visited by special leave. They contain MSS. and early printed books, reserved books, private rooms for the Librarian, staff, and students, and, on the ground floor. Lord Acton's library, given to the tjniversity by John Morley, M.P., in 1902. The north side of the west quadrangle is formed by (3) a building begun in 1837 from a design by Cha. Rob. Cockerell, architect, as part of a grand quadrangular structure which would have occupied the whole site, and necessitated the destruction of all the older buildings ; but want of funds prevented its completion. The first-floor is entered from the Catalogue Room. At the west end are statues of George I. by Rysbrack, and of George 11. by Wilton; and on the north side the bust of Henry Bradshaw, M.A., Librarian The Sefiate House 9 1867 — 1886. The stained glass in the east and west windows is by Thomas Willement, d. 1870. The East Window contains the following arms : The University. Abp. Rotherham (f 1483). Bp. Tunstall (1474— 1559). John Jeffreys Pratt, Marquis Camden, K.G., chancellor of the University (1834—1840). Gilbert Ainslie, D.D., master of Pembroke College (1820—70), vice-chancellor, 1836—7. Thomas Worsley, M.A., master of Downing College (1836—1885), vice-chancellor, 1837 — 8, William Hodgson, D.D., master of Peterhouse (1838 — 1847), vice- chancellor, 1838—9. Ealph Tatham, D.D., master of St John's College (1839-1857), vice-chancellor, 1839—40. The West Window contains the arms of Hugh Percy, third duke of Northumberland, E.G. (1784—1847), successively High Steward (1830— 40), and Chancellor of the University (1840—47). In this room are the show-cases for manuscripts and other objects. On leaving the Library it will be well to visit The Senate House, built 1722 — 1730, from a design by James Gibbs. It contains statues of Charles Duke of Somerset, Chancellor of the University 1689 — 1748, by Rysbrack ; and of William Pitt, by Nollekens, completed 1812. The woodwork, of the period of the first construction, is particularly fine. THE SENATE HOUSE. SOUTH FRONT. 10 King^s College Next walk along Trumpington Street, here called King's Parade, to the gate of King's College, founded by King Henry VI., on first site, 1440. Second site bought 1443 — 49. First stone of Chapel laid, 1446 ; fabric finished, 1515 ; Fellows' Build- ing, 1724 ; Hall, Library, Provost's Lodge, Screen, 1824; Scott Building, 1870; Bodley Building, 1893. The fa(^ade of King's College to Trump- ington Street is formed by the east gable of the Chapel, the screen and gate designed arms of by Wilkins, the east gable of the range king's college. designed by the same on the south side of the court, and Sir G G. Scott's range. The Chapel— 289 ft. long, 40 ft. wide, and 80 ft. high, from the floor to the central point of the stone vault — was designed by Henry the Sixth as the north side of a closed quadrangle, with buildings abutting against both its ends. The white stone (magnesian limestone, from Hudleston, in Yorkshire) marks the part built by the Founder, for the supply ceased at his death. Note the heraldic animals on the four westernmost buttresses on the south side, and the five westernmost on the north side. These mark the portions built out of the funds provided by Henry the Seventh, whose executors finished the stonework of the Chapel. On entering the antechapel note that the coats-of-arms, the roses, portcullises, and other heraldic devices which so profusely decorate the walls, all commemorate Henry the Seventh ; and, as on the exterior, mark the portions added out of his money. Note also the ingenious devices employed to make the fan- vault, begun 1512, fit piers built for a difi"erent design. The organ-screen, a splendid specimen of Italian work, was set up while Anne Boleyn was queen, 1532-36. Note the A. R. {Anna Regina) and H. A. {Henricus, Anna) on different parts of it, and the Boleyn arms impaled with those of England on the west side, close to the south wall. The doors are dated 1636. The organ-case, so far as the general design is concerned, may be referred to Ren^ Harris, and dated 1688 ; but he very probably used portions of the case of the older organs, the first of which was set up by 12 King's College Dallam in 1606. The organ was much enlarged by Messrs Hill in 1859. KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. SOUTH PORCH. Kings College 13 The lower part of the stalls is of the same period as the organ-screen: but the coats-of-arms in elm wood were KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL, INTERIOR, LOOKING EAST [cis it appeared hefore 1897.) 14 King^s College given by Thomas Weaver, 1633 ; and the canopies (except those against the screen) were added by subscription, 1675-78. The panel-work east of the stalls was constructed 1678-79. That shewn behind the altar in our view of the interior was constructed 1774, with the stone niches on each side of the east window. Both were removed 1897. The ''Depo- sition," by Daniele da Volterra, which hangs over the altar, was given by Frederick, Earl of Carlisle, in 1780. The lectern was given by Provost Hacomblen (1509-1528). The stained glass in the east window and in the windows on the north and south sides was executed between 1515 and 1531, by Barnard Flower, the "King's Glazier," and four Englishmen and two Flemings, all resident in London. These windows contain the finest series in the world of pictures in glass on a large scale. The glass has never been taken out, except for repair, nor has it ever been wilfully damaged. The stories of what happened to it during the Civil War are all false. The tracery is filled with heraldic devices, commemorating, as a rule, Henry the Seventh. In each side-window there are four pictures, each occup3dng the two side-lights above and below the transom : while the central light contains in each of the same subdivisions two figures, called Messengers, because they bear scrolls or tablets or some other device for the exhibition of a legend descriptive of the pictures at the sides. The main subject of the windows, taken as a whole, is the Life of the Virgin, and the Life of Christ, illustrated by types from the Old Testament and elsewhere. The series begins with the Birth of the Virgin in the westernmost window on the north side, and proceeds through the principal events of our Lord's Life to the Crucifixion in the east window. This is followed, on the south side, by the subse- quent events recorded in the Gospels, of which the last depicted is the Ascension in the sixth window, counting from the west. Next to this comes the history of the Apostles, as recorded in the Acts, occupying the fifth, fourth, and third windows ; and lastly, the legendary history of the Virgin is resumed in the second and first windows. The pictures in the upper tier are not in regular sequence, but are selected out of the Old Testament, the Apocrypha, or legendary history, becausa they correspond with the former King^s College 16 on the principle of type and antitype. There are^ some exceptions to this arrangement, as in the first two windows on the north side, and in those illustrating the Acts ; but the general arrangement is as above stated. I will first enumerate, very briefly, the heraldic devices in the tracery lights at the top of the side windows. In the central light at the top, the arms of Henry VII., encircled with the garter. In the other small lights the following badges, on shields held by angels : 1. The Lancaster Rose (red). 2. The Hawthorn Bush. 3. The Portcullis. 4. The Fleur-de-lys. 6. The Tudor Rose (red and white). 6. The White Rose in a Sun (for York). 7. Initials, H. E. (for Henry VII. and EHzabeth of York). 8. , H. R. = Henricus Rex. 9. , H. K. (for Henry VIII. and Katherine of Aragon). The subjects of the windows are as follows : NORTH SIDE. Window I. [loesternmost) The High Priest rejects the offering An Angel bids Joachim return to of Joachim and Anna, legendary Jerusalem, where he should meet parents of the Virgin. his wife at the Golden Gate of Joachim and Anna at the Golden the Temple. Gate of the Temple. Birth of the Virgin. Window II. Presentation of a golden table Marriage of Tobias and Sara. (found by fishermen in the sand) in the Temple of the Sun. Presentation of the Virgin in the Marriage of Joseph and Mary. Temple. *^* In this Window there is a small compartment at the bottom of each light containing a half figure of a man or angel bearing a legend. Window III. Eve tempted by the Serpent. Moses and the Burning Bush. The Annunciation. The Nativity. Window IV. The Circumcision of Isaac. The Queen of Sheba visits Solo- mon. The Circumcision of Christ. The Adoration of the Magi. 16 King's College Window V. The Purification of Women under Jacob's Flight from Esau. the Law. The Purification of the Virgin. The Flight into Egypt. Window VI. The Golden Calf. The Massacre of the Seed royal by Athaliah. The Idols of Egypt falling down The Massacre of the Innocents, before the Infant Jesus. Window VII. Naaman washing in Jordan. Esau tempted to sell his Birthright. The Baptism of Christ. The Temptation of Christ. Window VIII. Elisha raises the Shunammite's David with the Head of Goliath. son. The Eaising of Lazarus. Entry of Christ into Jerusalem. Window IX. The Manna in the Wilderness. The Fall of the Eebel Angels. The Last Supper. The Agony in the Garden. Window X. Cain killing Abel. Shimei cursing David. The Betrayal of Christ. Christ blindfolded and mocked. Window XI. Jeremiah imprisoned. Noah mocked by Ham. Christ before the High Priest. Christ mocked before Herod. Window XII. Job vexed by Satan. Solomon crowned. The Flagellation of Christ. Christ crowned with thorns. East Window. Christ nailed to The Crucifixion. The Deposition. the Cross. Ecce Homo. Pilate washing Christ bearing his hands. the Cross. SOUTH SIDE. Window XII. [easternmost). Moses and the Brazen Serpent. *^* The upper portion of this window formerly contained what is now below. The old glass was moved into the lower liglits in 1841 ; in 1845 the upper half was filled with new glass, forming a single picture intended to serve as a type to the Crucifixion in the East Window. Naomi and her Daughters-in-law. Christ bewailed. King's College 17 Window XI. The Casting of Joseph into the Pit. The Exodus. The Burial of Christ. The Eelease of the Spirits from Prison. Window X. Jonah cast tip by the Whale. Tobias returning to his Mother. The Eesurrection of Christ. Christ appearing to the Virgin. Window IX. Eeuben, seeking Joseph, finds the Dariua finds Daniel alive in the Pit empty. Lions' Den. The three Maries at the empty Christ recognised by Mary Mag- Sepulchre, dalene. Window VIII. The Angel Raphael appearing to Habakkuk feeding Daniel. Tobias. Christ appearing to Two Disciples The Supper at Emmaus. on the way to Emmaus. Window VII. The Return of the Prodigal Sou. Joseph welcoming Jacob. The Incredulity of S. Thomas. Christ blessing the Apostles. Window VI. Elijah carried up to Heaven. Moses receives the Tables of the Law. The Ascension of Christ. The Descent of the Holy Spirit. Window V. S. Peter and S. John heal the The Arrest of S. Peter and S. Lame Man at the Beautiful Gate John. of the Temple. S. Peter preaching on the Day of Ananias struck dead. Pentecost. Window IV. The Conversion of S. Paul. S. Paul disputing with Jews at Damascus. S. Paul and S. Barnabas wor- S. Paul stoned at Lystra. shipped at Lystra. Window III. S. Paul casting out a spirit of S. Paul before Festus, divination. S. Paul's farewell at Miletus (?). S. Paul before Nero. Window II. The Death of Tobit. The Burial of Jacob. The Death of the Virgin. The Burial of the Virgin. 0. 2 2. S. Philip. 4. Zephaniah, or Daniel. 6. A Doctor. 8. S. James the Great. ii] King^s G allege Window L {icesternniost). The Translation of Enoch. Solomon receiving his mother Bathsheba. The Assumption of the Virgin. The Coronation of the Virgin. The west window, representing the Last Judgment, was given in 1879 by Fra. Edm. Stacey, M.A., formerly Fellow. It was executed by Messrs Clayton and Bell. The easternmost side-chapel on the south side (righi as you face the Organ-Screen) is the chantry of Dr Rob. Brassie (Provost 1556-58). Note the oak door, the panel work, and the traces of an altar. The glass in the screen contains only his initials, E. B. : in the window next the court are eight interesting figures, brought from elsewhere. They are part of a series older by many years than any other glass in the Chapel, being early fifteenth century. They represent, from left to right : 1. S. Peter. 3. A Bishop. 6. King David. 7. S. Erasmus (?). The next Chapel westwards is the chantry of Robert Hacomblen (Provost 1509-28). Note on the glass of the screen his initials E. H. ; and also the initials E. h. which may stand for Rex henricus. In the tracery-lights are the following figures, from left to right as you stand inside the Chapel : 1. S. Christopher. 2. S. Ursula. 3. The Angel Gabriel. 4. The Blessed Virgin. 5. S. Anne. 6. S. John Baptist. In the upper lights of the window next the court are various badges and angels, and {right) the four Evangelistic Beasts, {left) the four Latin Doctors. In the lower lights are two half-length figures. That on the left is King Henry the Sixth ; that on the right S. John the Evangelist. Note further in this chantry the brass with effigy of Provost Hacomblen ; and the tomb of John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford, only son of the great Duke of Marlborough, who died a student of this College 28 February, 1703, set. 16. It is worth while to ascend to the roof for the sake of the view. On the way up note the construction of the great stone vault and of the wooden roof above it. A small charge is made for each person. Leaving the Chapel by the south-west door, follow the King's College 19 gravel walk to the opposite side of the court. On the right, opposite to the gate of entrance, is the Fellows' Building. The death of King Henry VI. stopped his scheme for the erection of a college, and the Fellows and Scholars were housed in the small quadrangle behind the University Schools, called "Old Court," until 1723, when this range of chambers was built by James Gibbs. Here the Rev. Cha. Simeon (d. 1836) resided, first in the southern rooms on the ground-floor of the southern staircase (that furthest from the Chapel) ; and secondly in the set above the central archway with a large semicircular window looking towards the Town. The iron handrail may still be seen which in his old age was placed on the staircase to assist him in the long ascent. It is still called The Saint's Best. The fountain in the centre of the lawn, surmounted by a statue of King Henry the Sixth, was designed by H. A. Armstead, R.A., and completed in 1879. At the end of Fellows' Building turn to the left and visit the Hall. This building, with the rest of the range on the south side of the College, the Screen, and the gate of entrance, was built by Wilkins (1824-28). His design was selected against those of eighteen competitors, but he was subsequently compelled by the College to accept the sug- gestions of three other architects, ]\Iessrs Jefiery, Nash, and Wyatt. The general design of the Hall was derived from Crosby Hall, London ; but the College insisted upon two lanthorns instead of one, as usual in medieval halls. Among the portraits note the follo"\ving : Left : Henry Bradshaw, d. 1886 ] Eev. Rich. Okes, Provost, d. 1889 I- by Hubert Herkomer. Viscount Stratford de Kedcliffe, d. 1880J Right (on dais) : Rev. Cha. Simeon, d. 1836. On leaving the Hall turn left to the Bridge, passing, left, the Librar}^ the Provost's Lodge, and the buildings erected by G. F. Bodley, architect (1894). These, when completed, will form a court with three sides, open to the river on the west. The view from the Bridge (removed to its present position in 1828 from a point opposite to the centre of the Gibbs Building) is specially beautiful. On the south (le/l; as you approach the Bridge) are the buildings, bridge, and grove of Queens' College, with the town-bridge formerly called Small 2—2 20 King^s College Bridges and the Mill beyond. On the opposite side is Clare College with its bridge, and beyond, Garret Hostel Bridge and Trinity College Bridge. In the centre of the meadow beyond the river may still be seen the remains of the avenue, which was planted on a raised causeway, and connected the Bridge in its old position with the road on the west of the College grounds. From the Bridge turn right along the gravel walk by the river and under the garden-wall and buildings of Clare College. Fine views are obtained of the Fellows' Building and the west end of the Chapel. Here the Founder intended a cloister- KING'S COLLEGE: from the field west of the river; the old avenue in the foreground. cemetery, with a belfry- tower 120 feet high on the side next the river. The ground was consecrated, and burials took place in it. King's College 21 Leaving King's College by the iron gate on the north side of the Cliapel, on the right is the exterior of tlie west court of the University Library (see above, p. 6). Note the Gothic gateway through which it is entered — a good specimen of the gateway-towers characteristic of Cambridge collegiate archi- tecture, and the second in order of date, the first being that of King's Hall (1427), now altered into King Edward the Third's gate in Trinity College. This gateway originally gave entrance to King's College in its first position, when the Founder intended to confine it to a small quadrangle behind the University Schools afterwards called " Old Court." The foundation-stone of the gateway was laid by Henry VL in person, 2 April, 1441, and the south range, with the return along the west side as far as the gateway, was completely finished, but the gateway itself was carried up only to the level of the second floor. The great beauty of the finished portion makes the loss of the upper part greatly to be regretted. The walls of the remainder of the west range, and of the kitchen, were carried up only as high as was the gate- way. The work was then suspended, and these unfinished portions were subsequently roofed over in a less substantial style. In this College the chambers were in three floors, instead of in two floors as in other Colleges. On the ground floor they were lighted by small windows, each of two lights, two of which, one on each side of the gateway, still remain. Our illustration (taken in 1815) shews the exterior of the old Hall and Kitchen, from the north. The gateway was evidently the work of a first-rate architect. Note the beauty of the west front, with the ornamentation of the spandrils, the panels below the windows, and the row of angels ornamenting the straight line above the arch. The wooden doors are probably original. Enter the court, and note the east front, much plainer than the other, and the larger turrets, containing staircases. The turrets next to the street were merely buttress-turrets. The gateway was spared in 1835, when the rest of the buildings of Old Court were destroyed to make way for Cockerell's Library- quadrangle : and it was completed by Pearson (1889), with the ranges north and south of it, as part of the Hancock Building (p. 8). The south range, having been destroyed in 1835, was rebuilt by Sir G. G. Scott in 1864 (p. 6). 22 Clare College NORTH-WEST CORNER OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE OLD COURT OF KING'S COLLEGE, with the east front of Trinity Hall, as it appeared before the fire of 1852. Returning into the street, cross it, and visit Clare College, founded by the University as University Hall, 1326 ; refonnded by Lady Elizabeth de Clare as Clare Hall, 1338. Kebuilt, 1638—1715. Name changed to Clare College, 1856, On the right, projecting beyond the quadrangle to the east, is the Chapel. The rest of the buildings are disposed round a single quadrangle. The east and south sides and half the west side ^^^^^ qp contain chambers ; on the north side glare college. Clare College 23 {;right on entering) is the Hall (approached by a flight of steps), and beyond it the Kitchen, with Combination Eoom and Library above. The north half of the west range contains the ]\laster's Lodge. The gateway in this range, opposite to that by which we entered, gives access to tlie gardens, and over a bridge to the avenne leading to the ground west of the Colleges, popularly called " The Backs." GATEWAY IN EAST RANGE OF CLARE COLLEGE; from the interior of the Court. These beautiful buildings, 'more like a palace than a college,' as Professor Willis said, should be carefully studied 24 Clare College as an example of the late use of Gothic forms (e.g. the fan- vault of the gate of entrance), and of ingenious adaptation at different periods to ensure a general harmony of style. The first buildings of Clare Hall consisted of one small quadrangle close to the street. By the beginning of the seventeenth century these had become ruinous, and it was determined to build a new College in a new position. A piece of ground on the west side of the river having been obtained from King's College, the east side of the present College was begun in 1638. The work went steadily forward till the south range was finished (1642). The style is Jacobean, and Loggan's print (1688) shews that the walls were originally finished with parapets instead of balustrades as at present, and that the windows were tref oiled. The west range was begun 1640, but was not carried far before the work was interrupted by the Civil War. When it was resumed in 1669 the southern half of the west range was made to correspond, towards the court, with the south and east ranges ; but towards the river it is quite different, with Ionic pilasters, and windows having pediments and architraves. These windows have since been twice altered. They had originally transoms and muUions and lixgh sills. The north range was begun 1683 and finished 1693. The unfinished half of the west range, containing the Master's Lodge and the gateways towards both court and river, was built between 1705 and 1707 ; but not completely finished till 1715. The quadrangle had therefore occupied seventy- seven years in building. The Chapel, begun 1763 and consecrated 1769, has been but little altered. The Annunciation over the altar is by Cipriani. The easternmost stained glass window on the south side, representing the Foundress, was given in 1863 by the Rev. Joseph Power, Fellow ; the remaining nine were executed by Wailes (1867-68) from a bequest of Rev. Tho. Hen. Coles, D.D. In the Hall the plaster- ceiling, and the fireplace, orna- mented with large oak figures, were designed, with other improvements, by Sir M. Digby Wyatt, architect (1870-72). The Library contains some beautiful bookcases, originally made about 1627 for the old library, and transferred, with some alterations, to the new one. Trinity Hall 25 Note the ironwork of the entrance-gate, and of the gate on the west side of the bridge, both probably made about 1714. The bridge was built 1640, by Robert Grumbold, a master- mason, who very probably suggested, if he did not actually design, much of the stonework. Leave Clare College by the gate through which you entered, and visit the College adjoining it on the north, Trinity Hall, founded by Wm. Bateman, Bp. of Norwich, 1350. This College has three courts; two towards the street, and one on the west side of the principal court. The entrance is now through the east building of the principal court, but originally the only entrance was Ihrough the smaller court. The gatehouse there had two archways, a large one for carriages, and a postern for foot-passengers. These archways, removed when the building of which they formed part was rebuilt in 1873, now stand at the back entrance in Garret T-r , 1 T ARMS OF Hostel Lane. ^ trinity hall. The buildings on the east and north sides of the court are occupied by chambers ; at the south- west corner is the Chapel ; and on the west (facing the entrance) the Hall, Buttery, and Kitchen. These buildings were all either built by the Founder or soon after his deatli ; but they have since been much altered, especially in 1745, when they were faced with stone in a classic style. The east range was destroyed by an accidental fire, and rebuilt by Salvin, in 1852. The Hall has lately been enlarged and a new oak roof added. Beyond it is a new Combination Room, given by the Rev. Hen. Latham, M.A., the late Master. Among the portraits in the Hall note the following : East Wall : Sir Alex. Cockburn, d. 1880, by Watts. Richard Viscount Fitzwilliam (d. 1816) when an under- graduate. Copied by Lowes Dickinson from the original in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Sir Hen. Ja. Sumner Maine, Master 1877-88. By Lowes Dickinson. 26 Trinity Hall West Wall: Eev. Hen. Latham, M.A., Master, 1888-1902. Hen. Fawcett, M.A., M.P., d. 1884. Edw. Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, Ipt Earl of Lytton, d. 1873. The Library is approached by a staircase opposite to the door of the Hall. It is a most interesting room, and a visit to it should on no account be omitted. It was built in the reign of Elizabeth, but preserves earlier traditions in its plan and bookcases. Note that it is a long, narrow room, with windows of two lights at no great distance apart. The bookcases stand at right angles to the walls, between the windows, a seat for the reader being placed in front of each LIBRARY OF TRINITY HALL. window. The books were chained to their cases, and the original iron bars and locks still remain. The chains now attached to some books are modern, and quite unlike those which would have been used originally. The cases are of an unusual construction, arranged so that a reader could either Trinity Hall 27 stand or sit, as he pleased. There was only one shelf for books ; and beneath this a desk that could be drawn out for the convenience of a seated reader. Leaving the Library enter the west or Library Court, of which the Library forms the north side. Opposite to it is the Master's Lodge ; and between it and Trinity College is a range of Chambers built 1892, and called the Latham Building, TRINITY HALL: West Gahle of Library, with 'pC''>'t of LkTHkU BUILDING. in commemoration of the late Master, who contributed largely to it. The Fellows' Garden, between the Master's Lodge and the 28 Gonville and Cams College river, with its gigantic chestnut-trees, and terrace overlooking the water, should on no account be missed. The side of the street opposite Trinity Hall, from Senate House Passage to Trinity Lane, is occupied by Gonville and Caius College, which should be next visited ; but, in order fully to realise the curious conception of Dr Keys, or Caius, the second founder, walk up Senate House Passage, and, turning to the left into Trinity Street, enter by the gate opposite S. Michael's Church. Gonville and Caius College, founded, as Hall of the Annunciation, by Edmund Gonville, 1348. Eemoved to present site, 1351. Court in building, 1351 — 1490. Second foundation by Dr Caius, 1557. The first court entered, commonly called Tree Court, has on its north, east, and south sides buildings erected by Waterhouse 1868— 70, to replace either dwelling-houses or ranges of chambers erected by the College after the death of Dr Caius. Before his mastership (1559-73) the College, as set out by Gonville's executor, was limited to a single court, which, though much altered, can still be seen at the north- west corner of the site and will be described below. Caius acquired ground to the south and east of Gonville's court, and built the additional court which bears his own name. A curious love for symbolism appears in his architectural works. His college was entered through a small and insignificant doorway, situated where the present entrance is, called the Gate of Humility. Thence the student passed along a straight road, shaded as now by trees, till he reached the Gate of Virtue, which leads into the court built by Caius. Notice the word virtvtis on the frieze over the arch, and the female figures holding : (1) a palm-branch and a wreath ; (2) a purse and a cornucopia. On the west side of the gate are the words lo. caivs posvit sapienti^ 1567, copied from the inscription which Caius is known to have placed on the foundation-stone. Hence the gate is sometimes, but wrongly, called Gate of Wisdom. Passing through the gate, ARMS OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. GonvlUe and Cains College 29 we find ourselves in the second, or Caius Court, with Gonville's chapel on the right, and on the left a wall connecting tlie two ranges of chambers built by Caius. In these, practising SOUTH FRONT OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. huUt by Waterlwuse, 1870. 30 GonviUe and Gaius College Virtue, and cultivating Wisdom, the student passed his three years, after which he passed through the Gate of Honour GATE OF VIRTUE, EAST FRONT. (opposite the Chapel) to the Schools, where the University honoured him with a degree. This gate, designed by Caius himself, was probably suggested, at least in its general out- line, by a Roman tomb. Originally its appearance was very different from what we now see. At each angle, immediately above the lowest cornice, there was a tall pinnacle reaching almost to the second cornice. Another group of pinnacles rose from the junction of the middle stage with the hexagonal tower. On each face of the hexagon there was a sundial, and Gonvllle and Caius College 31 at its apex a weathercock In the form of a serpent and dove. In the spandrils of the arch next the Court are the arms of Dr Caius on an oval shield. On the frieze is the word honoris. At first the whole of the stonework was painted white, and some parts, such as the sundials, the roses in the circular panels, and the coats-of-arms, were gilt. To the north of Caius Court is Gonville Court. It was originally entered on the north from Trinity Lane ; and, small as it is, it contained all the buildings required for the collegiate life. On the west side (left as we enter from Caius Court) was the Hall, Library, and Master's Lodge ; on the south the Chapel ; on the east and north ranges of chambers. The classical facing was imposed in 1753. On the left, in the passage from Caius Court, is the door of the Master's Lodge : on the right, that of the Chapel. The medieval character of the Chapel was completely changed 1716-26, when the ex- terior was cased with freestone, the heavy buttresses built, and the interior fitted up in the style of that period. In 1870 Mr Waterhouse added an apse, and a turret-staircase in Caius Court ; the fittings were a good deal modified at the same time. The first window on the right on entering com- memorates Edwin Guest, LL.D.. Master 1852-80 ; the second A. W. W. Steel, Fellow and Tutor, d. 1885. Beyond this notice the tomb of Tho. Legge, who succeeded Dr Caius as Master, d. 1607. On left notice tomb of Stephen Perse, M.D., d. 1615 ; window to commemorate G. J. Romanes, M.A., d. 1893 ; and the very interesting tomb of Dr Caius, by Theo- dore Havens of Cleves, put up 1575, two years after his death. The Hall, Kitchen, Combination Room, and Library, built by Salvin, 1853, are approached from a vestibule on the left of Gonville Court. Among the portraits in the Hall note the following : Above High Table : John Caius, d. 1573. John Warren, D.D., Bp. of Bangor, d. 1800. Norman Macleod Ferrers, D.D., Master, West Wall: Wm. Kirby, d. 1850. Jeremy Taylor, d, 1G67. Geo. Edw. Paget, M.D., d. 1892. East Wall : Ch. Fre. Mackenzie, M.A., d. 1862. Sir John Eob. Seeley, d. 1895. John Venn, Litt.D. 32 Parish Church of S. Michael North Wall: Sam. Clarke, D.D., d. 1729.' Gabriel Harvey, d. 1630. Edw. Hall Alderson, M.A., d. 1857. On leaving Gonville and Gains College cross the street to the Church of S. Michael, a unique specimen of a church which accommodated both a parish and a college. It was rebuilt by Hervey of Stanton, Canon of York and Wells, and Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward 11. , after he had founded, 1323, the College called Michael House, absorbed in Trinity College by Henry VHI. When the collegiate system began, colleges, or, as they were then often called, " Houses of Scholars/' had no separate chapel; but their inmates used the nearest parish-church, without any special privileges. In this case the church was appropriated to the College, so that the scholars (who were to be all priests and Masters of Arts) might perform all their religious duties in it at the appointed hours. The church has been but little altered. The plan is a parallelogram, divided into five bays, all on the same level. The central aisle is about twice as wide as the side aisles. The easternmost bay forms a chancel, separated by walls from the south and north aisles respectively. At the end of the former is a chapel, at the end of the latter a vestry. Notice the sedilia and piscina in the chancel, and the niches in the south chapel, all of good Decorated work. The Founder probably intended to enclose the quire of his scholars, where he was himself buried, with a stone screen, a fragment of which is now used as the entrance to the south aisle, just beyond the sedilia. The present stalls probably represent his intentions, but they are of the 15th century. The stained glass in the east window commemorates Rev. W. J. Beamont, vicar, d. 1868. On leaving S. Michael's Church turn to the right, down Trinity Street. Rose Crescent, the first thoroughfare on the right, marks the site of the yard of the Hose and Grown, formerly one of the principal inns of Cambridge. The house faced to the Market Hill. A short distance further on on the same side of the street is a house with gables and a pretty plaster- work front, one of the few old houses left in Cambridge. Trinity College 33 It was once the Turh's Head coffee-house, and is now the Oriental Cafe. Next to this is the Blue Boar Hotel, after which we reach Trinity College, founded by King Henry VIII., 1546. There were absorbed in the new College : (1) King's Hall, founded by Edward III., 1336 ; (2) Michael House, founded by Hervey de Stanton, Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II., 1323; (3) Physwick's Hostel, belonging to Gonville Hall; (4) some minor hostels. Before entering the College note the building opposite to the Great Gate, containing Whewell's Courts. The first of these, entered from Trinity Street, was built by Dr Whewell (Master 1841-66) in 1859, the second immediately after his death by his exe- cutors. The architect of both courts was Mr Salvin. The site and buildings were bequeathed to the College in trust to provide accommodation for students, and an endowment for a Professor, and eight scholars in International Law. ARMS OF TRINITY COLLEGE. Before entering Trinity College we will note briefly the history of the buildings surrounding the Great Court. We give below part of the Plan of Cambridge drawn by John Hamond in 1592, one year before the election to the Mastership of Dr Thomas Nevile (Master 1593 — 1615), to whose taste and courage, aided by the architect Kalph Symons, who had been already employed at S. John's College and elsewhere (p. 56), the present noble quadrangle is due. This plan shews the difficulties he had to surmount before he could reduce to order a confused and inconvenient mass of buildings, partly inherited from King's Hall and Micbael House, partly due to ill-directed efforts to alter and adapt previous structures to the use of one large College. The plan shews the Great Gate, in all essentials as at present. This was the last work of King's Hall, built 1518— 1535. North of the gate is the Chapel, built 1555 — 1564, on ground previously occupied by the Hall and Chapel of King's Hall. The range of chambers between the Chapel and the Gate, and a similar range south of the Gate, were built 1557. The range at right angles to the last-mentioned, jutting out into the court, had been built by King's Hall in 1490. At the north-west corner of the Chapel a small court is shewn, or rather part of one, for it was curtailed to some extent by the erection of the Chapel of Trinity College. This represents the original court of King's Hall, built 1375 — 1425. The west side of it, much altered, still exists at the east end of the Bowling Green of Trinity College. The range of building running south from the west end of the Chapel, with a gateway-tower and a return in the C. 3 34 Trinity College direction of the Great Gate, M'as built by King's Hall 1427-37. The gate is King Edward's Gate, the first gateway-tower with four turrets erected in Cambridge (see above p. 21). It then stood at the end of a lane called Le Foule Lane, which opened out of the lane called TRINITY COLLEGE AND S. JOHN'S COLLEGE: from Hamond's Plan of Cambridge, i592. S. Michael's Lane or Trinity Lane south of the College, and provided the sole means of approach to King's Hall before the Great Gate was built. On the west side of the court a building is shewn with an oriel and a row of four windows. This probably represents the Hall of Michael House. To the right of it is a large chimney, no doubt indicating the kitchen of the same House. These offices were used by Ti'inity College 35 Trinity College, and the range containing them was prolonged, and returned to King Edward's Gate in 1551, to provide a Lodging lor the Master. On the south side of the court, opposite the Chapel, is a row of houses — probably portions of Michael House and Physwick Hostel. Between these and the Great Gate are gardens and a tennis-court. Nevile's first work was the completion of the range on the east side of the quadrangle. This was succeeded by the erection of the southern range, with the Queen's Gateway, and the removal of the chambers which projected into the court from the east range. Next, keeping for a time the old Hall and Kitchen, he prolonged the western range north- wards, and returned it in the direction of the Chapel. This must have been the most difficult part of his work, for it involved the destruction of two ranges of building, with the evidently venerated gateway of King Edward the Third, which was rebuilt against the west end of the Chapel. We will now examine the Great Gate. Note the unusual arrangement of a large and small gate side by side, separated by a stone pier ; and the four flanking turrets, of which the internal are larger than the external. Note also the style of the ogee panels and other details of the ornamentation. The whole composition appears to be much earlier than the known date of the construction of the gate (1518-1535). The space between the crown of the arch and the window is divided into seven panels, commemorating King Edward the Third and his six sons, as follows, proceeding from left to right : 1. France ancient and England (inarterly, label of three points each charged with a torteau. Edmondus d. Ebor. c. Cantabrugik. [Edmund, Duke of York, b. 1341 ; d. 1402.] 2. France ancient and England quarterly, label argent ; on each point a canton between two roses. Leoneilus d. Clakencie. c. de Vlster. [Lionel, Duke of Clarence, b. 1338 ; d. 1368.] 3. France ancient and England quarterly, label of three points argent. Edvardus p. Wallie. v°. Black Puince. On the stone work on each side of the shield are painted 3 ostrich-featliers, with the motto Icli dien. [Edward the Black Prince, b. 1330 ; d. 1376.] 4. France ancient and England quarterly on a stone shield supported by two lions, for Kino Edwaejd the Thikd, founder of King's Hall. Beneath this shield is a very small one, on which are three stags trippant, for Geoffrey Bltthe, Master of King's Hall (1498 — 1528), during whose mastershii) the gate was begun. Beneath the panel, on a sheet of metal, are the words ; Edvaedus Tertivs fundator Ayle Begis Mcccxxxvn. 5. Shield blank. Guill'mus de Hatfeld. Demortuus infans. [WilHam of Hatfield, b. 1336 ; d. in infancy.] 6. France ancient and England quarterly, label ermine. Iohannes D. Lancasxrie. v°. John of Gadkx. [John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, b. 1340 ; d. 1399.] 3—2 36 Trinity College 7. France ancient and England quarterly, label of three points argent ; on the points a fleur-de-lis and two crosses, all in a bordure argent. Tho^ d. GijOvcestkie. c. Essexie. [Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, b. 1355 ; d. 1397.] GREAT GATE OF TRINITY COLLEGE: EAST FRONT. Trinity College 37 The statue of King Henry the Eighth, in the niche between the windows, was added by Nevile in 1615.^ The panel between the upper windows contains a quatrefoil and shield bearing France modern and England quarterly. The west front is quite different, and bears trace of hasty completion in a different material and style from what was originally intended. The three niches, by their style, were added by Nevile. In the central niche is King James the First; on his right his Queen, Anne of Denmark ; on his left Prince Charles. Above the upper window are the Royal Arms, supported by the Lion and the Unicorn ; and over each lateral niche a stone shield with supporters, probably "the Queene and Princes Amies," put up 1614-15.^ The whole composition commemorates the two visits of King James in 1615. Turn to the right along the flagged walk leading to the Chapel. The rooms on the first-floor next to the Gate were occupied by Sir Isaac Newton from 1679-1696 ; those beneath by William Makepeace Thackeray ; and those on the opposite side, next the Chapel, by Thomas Babington Macaulay. Enter the Chapel. The porch was built 1872, Sir A. W. Blomfield, architect. The building was finished about 1564 (see inscription on east gable) and at once fitted up for service. But the fittings of that period no longer exist, and the organ-screen, stalls, panelwork, and baldacchino over the altar were put up during the mastership of Dr Bentley (1700-42), and have not been seriously altered since. The decoration of the roof and walls, and the filling of most of the windows with stained glass, were undertaken 1871-75, the cost being defrayed by subscription. The general scheme (for the quire) was suggested by Dr Westcott and Dr Lightfoot, and carried out by Messrs Heaton, Butler, and Bayne. The decoration of the roof represents, in subjects illustrating the Benedicite, the Hymn of Creation, leading up to the manifes- tation of the Divine Glory which occupies the four easternmost bays ; the decoration of the walls, advancing from west to east, the preparatory discipline of the patriarchal, legal, and prophetic periods, leading up to the figures of the Baptist and the Blessed Virgin on the east wall. The altar piece, between these figures, represents the Triumph of Christ, in the En- tombment crowned by the Ascension. The windows, advancing 38 Trinity College from east to west, represent the historical development of the course of Christian Life. The subjects of the wall-paintings between the windows are as follows, beginning from the west end : South Side. Adam : the Apple, freshly tilled ground, and the four rivers of Paradise below. Melchisedec : the Vine, wheat below. Gen. xiv. 18. Jacob : the Palm. David : the Cedar, as the royal tree. Psalm xcii. 12 ; Ezek. xvii. 22—24. JosiAH : the Oleander : selected, as being one of the most striking shrubs of Palestine, to symbolize the reform under Josiah. EzEA : the Almond: intended to mark the fresh organization of the law under Ezra. Numbers xvii. 8 ; Jeremiah i. 11. North Side. Noah : the Olive ; a rainbow, dove and olive branch above ; a dead raven lying in the water below; a pair of peacocks stand under the olive-tree. Abraham : the Oak ; beneath is a ram, caught in a bramble by his horns. Gen. xii. 6, xiii. 18, xxii. 13. Moses : the Papyrus ; a pair of the sacred Ibis, mth the Nile, below. Aaron : the Acacia ; a species of Acacia [Acacia seyal) has been iden- tified with the tree called Shittah, out of the wood of which the Ark and the table for the shewbread were constructed. Exodus XXV. xxvi. Joshua: the Pomegranate, Fig, and Vine. Dent. viii. 8. Elijah : the Juniper ; the waters of the brook Cherith, below. Daniel : the Willow ; the waters of Babylon, below. Malachi : the Frankincense Tree, in reference to the prophecy of Malachi (i. 11), which foreshadows an abiding and universal worship. *^* The wider wall-space opposite to the organ bears, on each side, an angel carrying a scroll. On these scrolls is inscribed the first verse of the Latin hymn Jesus dulcis memoria, generally attributed to S. Bernard, with the old tune in plain-song notation. Above is a square medallion, in which is an angel blowing a trumpet. The 15 windows of the quire contain figures of men and women, eight to each window, arranged as nearly as possible in historical sequence. The order of the windows, and of the figures, is from east to west, the lower lights preceding the upper lights in each window. In order to obtain an exact historical sequence the windows on the north side must be considered in conjunction with those on the south side ; but the grouping of each individual window is mainly determined by unity of subject. The figures in the different periods are Trinity College 39 chosen with the view of representing characteristic features or movements of the time in which they lived. For instance, in the window ilkistrating Latin Christianity, Charlemagne repre- sents Empire ; S. Thomas Aquinas, Scholasticism ; Louis IX., the Crusades ; Dante, Medieval thought ; Columban, Missions ; Gregory VIL, Ecclesiastical Organization ; S. Francis, Devout Life; Giotto, Art. As the name of each figure represented is given in the glass, we need only indicate the subject which the whole window is intended to illustrate. South Side. Evangelists and Teachers. The Church of the First Days. The Eastern Church. The Anglo-Saxon Church. English National Life be- fore the Reformation. The Eni^hsh Eeformation. VII. University and College Worthies. Note also the intarsia work of the panels in the sacrarium. It was given by A. J. B. Beresford-Hope, M.A., and executed in Kent, by workmen instructed by himself. The organ was built by Father Smith (1708), virtually rebuilt by Messrs Hill (1870), and further enlarged by the same firm (1889). In the Ante-Chapel are the following memorial statues ; 1. Sir Isaac Newton, by Eoubiliac ; given by Dr Smith, Master, 1755. 2. Lord Bacon, by Weekes ; given by Dr Whewell, Master, 1845. 3. Dr Isaac Barrow, by Noble ; given by Lord Lausdowne, 1858. 4. Lord Macaulay, by Woolner ; given by subscription, 1868. 5. Dr Whewell, by Woolner ; executed for the College, 1872. Among the graves of distinguished members of the College the following may be mentioned : Richard Bentley, d. 1742, on north ide of altar; Richard Porson, d. 1808, between statue of Barrow and the wall, tablet with bust by Chantrey on west wall above ; Peter Paul Dobree, d. 1825, on corre- sponding space on opposite side ; John Wordsworth, d. 1839, North Side. I. Disciples of Christ. I. II. The Ante-Nicene Church. IL III. The Western Church. III. IV. Latin Christianity. IV. V. English Ecclesiastical Life before the Eeformation. V. VI. Founders and Benefactors of the University and College. VI. VIL) VIII. [ Worthies of the College. VIL 40 Trinity College in front of Newton's statue, with tablet on south wall ; William Whewell, d. 1866 ; Adam Sedgwick, d. 1873, both in centre of ante-chapel. On leaving the Chapel examine first King Edward's Gate. As explained above it was rebuilt in this position by Nevile, about 1600. Its original position may be roughly indicated by that of the sundial. It had originally four turrets, one of which was a large staircase-turret. The statue of King Edward, with the niche, and most of the ornamentation, was added by Nevile. The doorway next beyond the gate leads to the Bowling- Green, a picturesque spot, whence good views may be had of S. John's College, and (from the terrace at the end) of the river and S. John's College Bridge. On leaving the Bowling-Green note the fagade and oriel window of the Master's Lodge (right), built 1842-3. Next cross the court to the Fountain, a beautiful specimen of Renaissance work built by Nevile, 1602, and rebuilt with a few changes, 1716. It is supplied with water from a field on the Madingley road, distant about 1834 yards from the College. The conduit was originally laid down by the Fran- ciscans (now represented by Sidney Sussex College, p. 88) in 1325 ; annexed, in part, by King's Hall in 1439 ; and confirmed to Trinity College by Henry the Eighth. Notice next the Queen's Gate in the south range, built by Nevile, and finished in 1597, when the statue of Queen Elizabeth was placed on it. It was evidently intended to be a pendant, both in position and style, to King Edward's Gate. The structure between the Hall and the corner of the court, in a plain classical style, was built by James Essex 1770-75. It contains the Combination Booms on the first- floor, with part of the kitchen-ofiices below, and chambers above. The Hall, built by Nevile, 1604-8, should next be visited. Note the beautiful Renaissance porch at the top of the steps. Before entering the screens take a view of the Great Court, best seen from this point. Note that none of the angles are right angles ; that no side is of the same length as the side opposite to it ; that no principal building on any side is in the centre of that side ; and that the Fountain is not at the intersection of the diagonals. Trinity College 41 The Hall was copied from that of the Middle Temple, London, both in dimensions and ornament. Note especially the open roof and the carved work of the screen. Among the numerous portraits note the following : Left: Cha. John Vaughan, D.D., d. 1897 : Ouless, 1894. Henry Jackson, Litt. D. : Furse, 18S9. 42 Trinity College Fenton John Ant. Hort, D.D., d. 1892 : G. P. Jacomb Hood. Will. Whewell, D.D. (d. 1866), as a young man : Lonsdale. Tho. Jones, M.A., Tutor 1787—1807. In Oriel : Jos. Barber Lightfoot, D.D. , Bp. of Durham, d. 1889 : Eichmond, 1889. Edw. White Benson, Abp. of Canterbury, d. 1896 : W. E. Miller. Left wall of dais : Richard Bentley, D.D., d. 1742 : Hudson, 1710. Will. Makepeace Thackeray, d. 1863 : Lockhart Bogle. Will. Hepworth Thompson, D.D., d. 1886 : H.Herkomer, 1881. Right wall of dais: H.E.H. the Duke of Gloucester, as a child: Sir Joshua Eeynolds. Alfred Tennyson, d. 1892 : Watts, 1890. Right wall : Sir Michael Foster : H. Herkomer, 1893. Art. Cayley, d. 1895 : Lowes Dickinson, 1874. Hen. Eichards Luard, D.D., d. 1891: Lowes Dickinson, 1897. Fre. Denison Maurice, M.A., d. 1872. Edw. Hen. 15th Earl of Derby, K.G. : after G. Eichmond^s Ja. Clerk Maxwell, M.A., d. 1879 : Lowes Dickinson. The Kitchen, entered from a door in the screens opposite to those of the Hall, was built 1605. Leave the screens by the door opposite to that by which you entered, and pass into Nevile's Court, sometimes called the Cloister Court. The terrace at the east end, with balus- trades and steps, and niches surmounted by a pediment, was built in 1682, probably after a design by Wren. Nevile's Court was built at the sole expense of Dr Nevile, and completed about 1612 in a florid style of Jacobean architecture, as we learn from Loggan's print (1688). It then extended for only three-fifths of its present length, and was terminated, westwards, by a wall, in the centre of which was a lofty stone gate, now used as the entrance to the New Court (p. 47). The two westernmost divisions, or eight arches, were added 1676-81. The whole was altered 1755. Lord Byron had rooms in this court. They are said to have been those nearest to the Library on the first-floor of the central staircase on the north side. Turn to the right, and walk down the north cloister to the door of the Library, which closes the court towards the west. This noble building, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, was built 1676-95. The general plan was evidently suggested by the Library of S. Mark, Venice, built by Sansovino about Trinity College 43 1536. The Italian architect, like Wren, raised his library on a cloister in the Doric style, while the superstructure is Ionic; but the arcades are open, because there was no 44 Trinity College necessity for accommodating the height to that of adjoining buildings. Wren, on the contrary, felt himself obliged to place the floor of his library on the same level as that of the chambers on the first-floor of the adjoining court. Note the genius with which he overcame this difficulty, and also that of providing a lofty wall for the bookcases to stand against, with broad and high windows above it. The tympanum of the central arch contains a bas-relief representing King Ptolemy the Second receiving the Septuagint from the Translators. The four figures on the balustrade, by Gabriel Gibber, represent Divinity, Lavsr, Physics, Mathematics. On entering the Library note the excellence of (1) the proportions (200 feet long, 42 feet wide, and 37 feet high) ; (2) the lighting ; (3) the general effect produced by a combination of books, bookcases, and statuary. The arrangement of the bookcases was suggested by "Wren himself. " The disposition of the shelves both along the walls and breaking out from the walls, " he says in a letter explaining his design, " must needes prove very convenient and gracefull, and the best way for the students will be to have a little square table in each Celle with two chaires." The lining of the walls of a library with shelves was then unusual, the medieval practice of arranging the cases at right angles to the walls (as at Trinity Hall, p. 26) being still in use. These bookcases (of Norway oak) were made by Cornelius Austin, a carpenter of Cambridge, under Wren's supervision. Note especially the wreaths of fruit, flowers, and arabesques carved in lime-wood, by Grinling Gibbons. Wren intended to place statues on the ends of the cases, and square pedestals were provided for them, but their places have been taken by busts. The four classes (two at each end of the room) closed with doors, for the safe keeping of MSS. and papers, were also designed by Wren. Marble busts of distinguished members of the College are ranged round the room. As each bust bears the name of the person represented, and also that of the sculptor, it is not necessary to enumerate them. Note the long series by Rou- biliac, viz. : Bacon, Barrow, Bentley, Coke, Cotton, Newton, Bay, Trevor, Whitworth, Willoughby. At the south end of the room is Thorwaldsen's statue of Lord Byron, originally executed (1831) in the expectation Trinity College 45 that it would be placed in either S. Paul's Cathedral oi VV^estminster Abbey. On its arrival in England it was refused admission to the Abbey by Dean Ireland, and again (in 1842) by Dean Turton. Thereupon a member of the College, Charles de la Pryme, M.A., informed the Master (Dr Whewell) of what had been done, and that the statue had been lying ^for about 12 years in the vaults of the Custom House. The subscribers were presently informed that Trinity College would gladly receive it, and they, in public meeting assembled, agreed to present it, on condition that it was placed in the Library. The following description is from the Life of Thorwaldsen: The Poet, in modern costume, is seated upon the ruins of some Greek columns. His head is uncovered. He holds in his hand his poem Childe Harold, and raises towards his chin his left hand, holding a pen. On one side of the Greek fragment is A9HNH with the owl; on the other Apollo's lyre and a gryphon. A Death's head is upon the broken column. The bas-relief represents the Genius of Poetry, who tunes his lyre, and rests his foot upon the prow of a skiff. Note the cast of Sir Isaac Newton's face, taken shortly after death ; and the ancient telescope associated with his name, though it may be doubted whether it was ever actually used by him. In a table-case near this end of the Library is a manuscript book which once belonged to Milton. It contains Lycidas, Comus, and other poems, with the first sketch of Paradise Lost, when the poet intended to write it in the form of a drama. Other cases contain the MSS. of Thackeray's Esmond ; of Tennyson's In Memoriam^ and of the Poems by Two Brothers by Charles and Alfred Tennyson. Some interesting illuminated manuscripts are also exhibited. On leaving the Library turn to the right into the grounds between it and the river. Note the iron- work of the two gates, and of the arches on the west side of the cloister, made 1691-92 by "Mr Partridge the London Smith," pre- sumably under AVren's direction. Walk to the bridge (built by Essex 1763-65) to see the Avenue and view of S. John's College. The chestnut trees along the edge of the stream separating Trinity College from S. John's College were planted 1676-77 ; the avenue west of the bridge 1671-72 ; and the part between the bridge and the College 1717. The iron gates at the end of the avenue were 46 Trinity College given (1733) by the Hon. Hen. Bromley, of Horseheath, M.P. for Cambridgeshire, but the date of their construction is not known. TRINITY COLLEGE, BRIDGE AND AVENUE, with part of Library and Gate leading into the Neio Court. From the bridge enter the New Court, or King's Court, built from the design of Wilkins 1823-25. Arthur Hallam Trinity College 47 had rooms in this court, on the first-floor of the central staircase opposite Nevile's Court — the set on the right as you face the staircase. The lines of Tennyson and last Up that long walk of limes I past To see the rooms in which he dwelt, have frequently been held to imply that liis friend's rooms looked on to the walks. Tennyson himself did not reside in college. Leave the New Court by the gate opposite to that by which you entered. You pass {right) Bishop's Hostel, a separate building erected 1670 at the sole charge of Dr John Hackett, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, for the use of members of the College, the rents to increase the income of the Library. Behind this are two ranges of chambers in red brick, built on the site of the stable-yard, 1878, after the design of Sir A. W. Blomfield, architect. The gate of entrance from the street at Bishop's Hostel is Nevile's Gate (p. 42). It bears the following arms : East Front. The Royal Arms, as in the Hall, encircled with the garter, and supported by the lion and the unicorn. On the south side is a rose, and on the north side a thistle ; the badges of England and Scotland respectively. On each pier of the gate, below these badges, is a shield : that on the south side bears Trinity College, that on the north side Magdalene College ; both impaling Nevile. In the span- drels of the arch are two smaller shields ; one charged with the saltire ; the other fretty with a canton ermine, being the first and second quarter of the Nevile arms. West Front. The arms of Nevile, quartered as follows : 1 and 2 Nevile, 3 Bulmer, 4 Alban of Middleham, 5 Glanville, 6 Clavering. On each side is one of the Nevile crests ; on the north side a pied bull's head charged with a red rose, on the south side a galley. On the piers, below these, are two shields : that on the north side bears the Deanery of Canterbury, that on the south side the Deanery of Peterborough, both impaling Nevile. In the spandrels of the arch are the arms of Trinity College on the north side ; and on the south side a bend raguly with a portcullis on a canton, for W. H. Thompson, D,D., Master ; im- paling three annulets on a bend cotised (the Selywn arms), for Mrs Thompson. Return to the Great Court through a passage opposite Bishop's Hostel ; cross it, and pass through the Great Gate into Trinity Street. Then turn to the left and walk towards S. John's College. The open space on the right marks the 48 S. John's College site of the Cliurch of All Saints, or, All Saints in the Jewry, pulled down 1865. Beyond this is The Selwyn Divinity School, completed 1879 after a design by Basil Champneys, architect, at the joint cost of the University and the Rev. Wm. Selwyn, B.D., Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity (1855-75), who contributed nearly £9000. Part of the building contains rooms for the use of the Literary Professors. Opposite to this is S. John's College, founded by the Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Eichmond and Derby, mother of King Henry the Seventh, 1511, on the suppression of the Hospital of S. John the Evangehst founded 1135. Note the picturesque facade, almost unaltered, and then the gate of entrance, the most beautiful of all the Cambridge gateway-towers. Like the others it is in two floors, with four turrets, of which that at the south- west angle is the largest, as it was built to contain the staircase leading to the original Library, the room with windows close together on the first-floor next to the gate. The ornamentation of the gate com- memorates the Lady Margaret. The string-course between the first and second stages is formed of the branch of a vine bearing leaves and fruit. Two portcullises and two roses are set among the foliage. Below this string-course is a band of daisies, or marguerites, in allusion to the name of the Foundress. These bands project outwards in the centre of the facade and form a bracket for the niche containing the statue of S. John. This statue was set up in 1662, probably to replace an older one destroyed in the Civil War. Below the bracket the hood- mold of the arch terminates in a bold finial. The shield beneath the finial bears the arms of France and England quarterly, crowned, and supported by the antelopes of Beaufort. Beneath the shield in the triangular space formed by the arch ARMS OF S. JOHN'S COLLEGE. ^S'. Johns College 49 ENTRANCE GATEWAY OF S. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 0. 50 S. John's College and the rising branches of the hood-mold is a rose. To the right of the central device is a portcullis, to the left a rose, both crowned. The crown of the former has the points composed of bnnches of daisies, and the whole ground of the spandrel-space is covered with daisies and other flowers. In the second stage the window to the left of the niche is surmounted by a rose, and that to the right by a portcullis, both crowned. This gateway admits to the First Court, built 1510-20. The south side was rebuilt in a classical style by Essex 1772. The Kitchen, Butteries and Hall form the west side. The original Master's Lodging and Chapel, which formerly stood on the north side, were pulled down 1869, but their extent may still be traced. Turn to the right and visit the New Chapel designed by Sir Geo. Gilb. Scotfc, and built 1864-69, of Ancaster stone in a style intended to be that prevalent in England about 1280, and used for the Hospital which preceded the College. The Chapel is 172 feet long and 34 feet broad internally ; the transeptal ante-chapel 32 feet long and 75 feet broad; the tower 140 feet high, or, to the top of the pinnacles, 163 feet. On entering the ante-chapel note (left) the arches through which the chantry of Bishop Fisher, on the north side of the old Chapel, was entered. The central arch is original, the lateral arches new. Note the defacement of the Bishop's arms. The glass in the west window, by Messrs Clayton and Bell, representing the Last Judgment, was given by the Bachelors and Undergraduates, 1869. The fragments of stained glass that were in the east window of the old Chapel now fill the central window of the three on the west face of the tower immediately above this window. The seated statue of James Wood, p.D. (Master 1815-39) is by E. H. Baily, R.A. Behind this against the wall (left) is a tablet to commemorate the poet Henry Kirke White, d. 1806. The medallion is by Chantrey; the verses by Professor Smyth. Note next the monument of Hugh Ashton, a learned ecclesiastic, comptroller of the household to the Lady Margaret, and founder of four fellowships and scholarships in this College. It stood originally in his chantry on the north side of the old S. Johns College 51 Chapel. On the 'ledger' lies a painted recumbent effigy of Ashton vested in his academic robes. Beneath is a second 52 8, John's College effigy representing him as an emaciated corpse, according to the directions in his Will. Eound the edge of the ' ledger ' is an inscription on a bronze label, recording his benefactions and the date of his death. Over the whole tomb is a stone canopy, formed of two four-centered arches, joined by panel- work, in the spandrels of which Ashton's rebus, an ash leaf growing out of a tun, is carved. The whole is finished above by a stone cresting. A grating of contemporary ironwork, also bearing his inscription, protects the sides of the tomb. The rebus occurs again at the four corners of this grating, and in the middle of each side. In the north transept the two windows on the north face commemorate Ralph Tatham, D.D. (Master 1839-57) ; and the window on the east face, John James Blunt, B.D. (Lady Margaret Professor 1839-55). The tower opens into the quire by one large arch, and into each of the transepts by two arches. The piers are of Ketton stone. The piers which subdivide the arches opening to the transepts to the north and south have each four detached shafts of red Peterhead granite. The other piers have clusters of shafts of Devonshire, Irish, and Serpentine marbles. The abaci of all the piers are of black Derbyshire marble. There are shafts of Devonshire, Irish and Serpentine marbles at the sides of the windows in the ante-chapel, except of those in the second stage of the tower. The quire is of seven bays, with a five- sided apse. The vaulting-shafts are of different British marbles, like those in the ante-chapel. Their capitals are on a level with those of the window-shafts ; and above each capital is an ornamental niche, containing statues of the following Saints, taken in order from east to west : NORTH SIDE. SOUTH SIDE. s. John, as Evangelist. S. John, as Apostle. s. Luke. S. Paul. s. Mark, S. Peter. s. Matthew. S. Thomas. s. Bartholomew. S. Philip the Apostle. s. James the Great. S. Andrew. s. Jude. S. James the Less. s. Matthias. S. Simon. s. Stephen. S. Barnabas, s. Philip the Deacon. S. Silas. S, Johns College 53 The ' sacrarium ' is enriched by an arcade, formed of pairs of arches placed within larger ones, and decorated with shafts of Devonshire, Irish, and Serpentine marbles. The abaci are of the red marble known as the Duke of Devonshire's marble, and were presented by the late Duke, then Chancellor of the University. Within each of the larger arches, and above the two included smaller ones, is a quatrefoil bearing an angel, issuing from a cloud, and playing on an instrument of music. The spandrels of the larger arches are carved in diaper work. Note the piscina, of good Early English work, brought from the old Chapel. The roof of the quire, of a very high pitch, is composed of quadripartite vaulting in oak. This is decorated by a con- tinuous line of full-length figures. In the central bay at the east end is Our Lord in Majesty. The other bays contain a series of figures illustrative of the eighteen Christian centuries, proceeding in order from east to west. The stained glass windows in the quire are by Messrs Clayton and Bell. They represent scenes from Scripture at which S. John was present. His figure, vested in ruby and green, occurs in each picture. There are two pictures in each window, extending across all the lights. In the following list of subjects, which begins at the west end of the north side, the numbers (1) and (2) designate the upper and lower subjects respectively. The commemorative inscription is placed just above the cill in each window. I. 1. Marriage at Cana. 2. Testimony of S. John Baptist to Christ. II. 1. Baising of Jairus' daughter. 2. CaU of S. John. III. 1. Transfiguration of Christ. 2. SS. James and John, with their mother, ask Christ for the highest places. IV. 1. Raising of Lazarus. 2. SS. Peter and John sent to prepare the Passover. V. 1. Last Supper. 2. Manna in the Wilderness. 54 S. John's College We now come to the apse, in which there are five windows, each of two lights, with a sexfoil in the head. Each sexfoil contains a half-length figure of Christ, except that in the central window, which contains a Lamb and Banner. Each of the two lights below contains three pictures, the upper representing figures in contemplation, the two lower scenes from the Passion, Crucifixion, and Resurrection of Christ. The glass in these five windows was given by the Earl of Powis. In the following list the windows are counted from the north side, and the subjects from the top of each light. I. 4. Kings. 5. The Agony in the Garden. 1. Patriarchs. 2. Christ washing the Disciples' feet. 3. Mary anointing the feet of 6. The Betrayal. Christ. n. 1. Prophets. 4. Priests. 2. Christ before the High Priest. 5. Pilate shewing Christ to the people. 6. The Flagellation. 3. Christ taken prisoner. 1. Apostles. 2. The Crucifixion. 3. Christ bearing the Cross. III. 4. Men of Apostolic Times. 5. The Deposition. 6. S. John leading the Virgin home. IV. 4. Martyrs (women). 5. The Entombment. 1. Martyrs (men). 2. The Body of Christ prepared for burial. 3. Joseph of Arimathea begs the 6. Nicodemus bringing spices. Body of Christ. V. 1. Bishops and Doctors. 4. Priests and Deacons. 2. The Kesurrection. 6. Christ appears to Mary Magda- lene. 3. SS. Peter and John at the 6. Mary Magdalene at the sepul- sepulchre. chre. The following are the subjects in the windows on the south side, counting from the east : I. 1. Christ appears to the Disciples. 2. Consecration of Aaron. S. Jolin^s College 65 n. 1. The Ascension. 2. Elijah carried up to Heaven. in. 1. The Descent of the Holy Spirit. 2. Moses with the Tables of the Law. IV. 1. S. Peter's inquiry touching S. John. 2. The great draught of fishes. V. 1. SS. Peter and John heal the Lame Man. 2. The Lame Man before the Council. VI. 1. SS. Peter, James and John give to SS. Paul and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship. 2. SS. Peter and John confirming at Samaria. The quire, from the screen to the ' sacrarium,' is paved with Purbeck and Sicilian marble and encaustic tiles. The six steps leading up to the altar are of Devonshire marble. The space between the first and second steps is paved with Purbeck, Sicilian, and black Derbyshire marbles, with a border of encaustic tiles. The space between the second and third steps is elaborately decorated with a series of subjects in inlaid work. The figures are of white marble, on a ground of black Devonshire marble. Each subject is so arranged as to form a square, set lozenge-wise, round which an inscription runs; and encaustic tiles, of the same colour and pattern as those used in other parts of the Chapel, form borders round the subjects, and, intermixed with marbles of other colours, a general groundwork to the whole composition. In the central portion of the pavement the above-mentioned subjects are set in two rows, five in each row ; and round the outer edge, in the small triangular spaces which intervene between the squares, are the signs of the zodiac, also in white marble on a black ground. The subjects are as follows, counted from left to right : Uppeb Eow. 1. Abel watching his burnt of- 3. Melchizedek blessing Abra- fering. ham. 2. King Solomon. 4. King David. 6. Sacrifice of Isaac. 66 S. John^s College LOWBB Eow. 1. Moses. 4. The Manna in the Wilder- 2. The Burning Bush. ness. 3. Zechariah. 5. Malachi. Of the 98 stalls, 22 on each side, counting from the east, came from the old Chapel. The others were designed by Sir G. G. Scott. The brass lectern was given in 1840 by Rev. Tho. Whytehead, M.A., Fellow. On leaving the Chapel walk along the west side of the First Court to the passage leading through the Screens. Note over the door the statue of the Lady Margaret, 1674. Pass through the Screens into the Second Court. This beautiful specimen of Elizabethan brickwork was built 1598- 1602, chiefly at the expense of Mary Cavendish, Countess of Shrewsbury. The architect was Ealph Symons, Avho had been already employed to build Emmanuel College (p. 105), and to alter Trinity College (p. 33). Return to the Screens, and first enter {right) the Kitchen, to note the memorial inscription to the poet Wordsworth in the upper window on the left in the south wall. He has himself said of the rooms which he occupied while an under- graduate (1787-91) in The Prelude: The Evangelist Saint John my patron was: Three Gothic courts are his, and in the first Was my abiding-place, a nook obscure. Eight underneath the college kitchens made A humming sound, less tuneable than bees, But hardly less industrious; with shrill notes Of sharp command and scolding intermixed. The rooms in question were described by one who visited them with Wordsworth in 1839 as "mean and dismal," but he said that he had been " as joyous as a lark " in them. For some years previous to 1893 they had been used as a store- room, and in that year were added to the kitchen, to gain additional height. A recollection of the poet is maintained by the words "William Wordsworth, 1787-91. My abiding- place a nook obscure. The Prelude," introduced into the glass of the window. On entering the Hall note the early " linen " panels on the screen, and the somewhat later panels of the same character on the walls. The open roof is original. S. Johns College 57 The Hall was extended forty feet towards the north, and a second oriel built, 1863-65. Note the lofty screen at the back of the dais, removed from the old Hall. Among the portraits in the Hall note the following : Against the Screen. Tho. Baker, B.D. Historian of the College, d. 1740. Left, Hen. Martyn, B.D,, d. 1812: T. Hickey (copy). Ja. Atlay, D.D., Bp of Hereford, d. 1894. Edw. Hen. Palmer, M.A., d. 1882: Hon. J. Collier. William Wordswortli,B.A., d. 1850 : H. W. Pickersgill. Benj. Hall Kennedy, D.D., d. 1889: Ouless, 1885. Ja. Jos. Sylvester, M.A., d. 1897: A. E. Emslie. John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor, M.A. : H. Herkomer. Herb. Marsh, D.D., d. 1839: Ponsford. Riglit. Ch. Cardale Babington, M.A., d. 1895 : Wm. Vizard. Eev. Pet. Hamnett Mason, M.A., President. Ja. Wood, D.D. (Master 1815—39). John Williams, D.D., Bp of Lincoln 1621—41; Abp of York 1641—44. Above High Table. John Fisher, D.D., d. 1535. The Foundress. Sir Kalph Hare, d. 1623 : Mark Garrard. Sarah Duchess of Somerset, d. 1692. Leave the Hall by the door on the left near the high table, and ascend the staircase (built 1863) to the Gallery, now used as a Combination Room for the Fellows. It was built originally as part of the Second Court for tlie use of the Master. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a Gallery formed part of every important dwelling-house. In Colleges the Master represented the Lord of the Castle or Manor-house, and his lodging, like the "withdrawing room" of the former, was usually entered from the dais of the hall, and had a similar arrangement of rooms. At Trinity, Christ's, and Queens', he had even a small window openiAig trom his chamber into the hall, so that he could both see and hear what was passing there. In Cambridge the gallery is usually described as "the Master's walking-place" (ambidatoriam magistri), and may perhaps have been intended in the first instance for exercise in bad weather. This gallery, with its panelled walls and ceiling of rich plaster-work, is one of the finest specimens of this class of building left in England. It was originally 148 feet long, but has now been reduced to 93 feet. 58 S. John's College Among the portraits note the following : Geo. Augustus Selwyn, D.D., d. 1878: G. Eichmond, 1854. Sir John Fre. Wm. Herschel, d. 1871 : H. W. Pickersgill. The Foundress, John Couch Adams, d. 1892 : T. Mogford. Wm. Wilberforce, d. 1833: G. Eichmond, 1834. Tho. Clarkson, d. 1846 : H. Eoom, 1838. Tho. Baker, d. 1740: C. Bridges (copy). Sam. Parr, d. 1826 : G. Dawe. GALLERY OF S. JOHN'S COLLEGE. Walk through the gallery to the Library, built 1623-28, chiefly at the cost of John Williams, D.I)., then Bp of Lincoln and Lord Keeper. He is commemorated on the picturesque gable towards the river, by the letters L L. C. S., for Johannes Lincolniensis Gustos Sigilli. The building is an interesting specimen of Jacobean Gothic, and the bookcases, put up at the same time, are not only beautiful in themselves, but of great value in the history of library-fittings. Note that they are no longer detached from the side-walls, as in the older examples, but that their cornice is continuous with that of the panelwork which lines the walls and window-jambs. >S^. John's College 59 Lower detached cases, in the same style and of the same date as the others, stand in front of each window. Note the two BOOKCASES IN THE LIBRARY OF S. JOHN'S COLLEGE. of these nearest to the door, which are of the original height, with a sloping desk at the top on which books could be laid for study. The others have all been raised, to give more room for books ; and, for the same reason, the taller cases have all been altered. The plinths, now visible at the ends 60 8, John's College only, origmally ran round the sides, as did the broad band of wood-work above the arches ; and there was a rich pilaster in the middle of each, below the central bracket. S. JOHN'S COLLEGE: gateway in centre of tvest range of Third Court. Descend the staircase (finished 1628), a rich and charac- teristic specimen of the style then in fashion, and walk along S. John's College 61 the Second Court to the entrance leading westwards into the Third Court. Note, over the gateway, the statue of the Countess of Shrewsbury, by Burman, 1671. The buildings on the south and west sides of the Third Court were built 1669—73. Note the date, 1671, on the west gable (towards the river) and on one of the spouts at the S.W. angle of the court. Thomas Baker the antiquary, d. 1740, occupied the westernmost set of rooms on the first- floor in the first staircase on the south side. Note the greater width of the arch of the west cloister opposite to the gate of entrance from the Second Court, and the treatment of the building above it so as to form a gateway front, ornamented with shields, roses, and portculhses, and crowned by a circular pediment. This gateway was constructed for the use to which it is now put, namely, as the approach to a bridge. Sir C. Wren was consulted, and he submitted a design for a bridge, but it was not adopted. Note the south side of the Library, with pointed windows of two lights, and then pass through the western archway and over the Bridge into the New Court, built from the designs of Messrs Rickman and Hutchinson, 1826-30. The bridge, commonly called "The Bridge of Sighs," was designed by Mr Hutchinson. The view, both up and down the river is very beautiful. Walk down the cloister of the New Court, and turn left into the walks. If you have time, turn to the right along the broad gravel walk, and, crossing the brook which traverses the grounds, explore the Wilderness; the gate at the end of the walk out of which tlfe entrance to the Wilderness opens is called the Field-gate, and leads into the high road. Beturning from the Wilderness choose the walk by the side of the stream separating S. John's College from Trinity College, called Bachelors' Walk, and then walk along the river to the Old Bridge, built 1696-1712. Before reaching it there is a charming view of the building of 1671, with the bridge and its picturesque piers in the foreground. Cross the bridge, and pass under the south gable of the building next the river. Before reaching the gateway (built 1712), each of the piers of which bears a stone eagle, is a passage leading into the Third Court. Pass through this. 62 Church of the Holy Sepulchre and thence through the Second and First Courts into S. John's Street. Turn to the left, and passing the apse of the new Chapel of S. John's College, you see before you, opposite the junction of S. John's Street with Bridge Street, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, commonly called the Round Church, one of the four round churches in England. To judge by the style of the archi- tecture it was built between 1120 and 1140. In its original form the church consisted of the present nave with its ambulatory (see plan p. 64), and, probably, a semicircular apse on part of the site of the modern chancel. There is ground for believing, on evidence discovered in 1841, that in the thir- teenth century this apse was replaced by a chancel in the Early English style ; and we know, from actual remains that existed down to 1841, that this later chancel had been replaced in the fifteenth century by one in the style of that period, presumably larger. When this change was carried out a wide four-centered arch was made between the chancel and the nave (plan 6, e), with a window on each side of it (ibid, a, f) ; and there were doorways in the same style in the north and south walls (ibid, k, I). The north aisle was probably built at the same time, for its roof is of the 15th century. The nave was altered to suit the new chancel by raising the wall of the clerestory so as to get room for a belfry above the Norman corbel-table, which was fortunately preserved. This new stage was polygonal, with a slender buttress at each angle, and a window of two lights on each face. In the lower stage, the Norman windows, with a single exception, were altered into windows of three lights ; a process repeated in those of the ambulatory below. In 1841 a "thorough restoration," which aimed at putting back the architecture of the church to the Norman period, did much mischief in obliterating ancient work, and constructing modern additions for which there was no authority. The chancel was rebuilt except the east wall (coloured black on plan), with a new arch (ibid, c, d) into the nave, narrower than the old one, and a pierced stone screen above it ; the north aisle was rebuilt and extended eastwards so as to make CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE. CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE: INTERIOR OF THE NAVE. 64 Church of the Holy Sepulchre it of equal length with the chancel ; and a new south aisle was added. In the nave the belfry was pulled down (perhaps [ZU... Existing old work; Walls rebuilt in the same positions as formerfgt Windows of Ambulatory destroyed //) 1841, and windows of Chancel and Aisle in new positions. Old work destroyed. 10 JOth. Century. t 1 1 Scale of Feet iValAer£r£ou(aU GROUND PLAN OF CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE: measured and drawn by T. D. Atkinson, Architect. Church of S. Clement 65 wisely) and replaced by a conical roof. The fifteenth century windows were all removed, and Norman windows inserted, copied from the single old one which had survived. The am- bulatory received similar treatment both in roof and windows ; and the west doorway, of a bold Norman design, was restored so drastically that not a single old stone is left. Behind S. Sepulchre's Church are the buildings of the Cambridge Union Society, erected from the designs of Alf. Waterhouse, architect, 1866, and increased in 1882 and 1884. The objects of the Society are the promotion of debates, the maintenance of a library, and the supply of newspapers and other periodicals. Turn to the right down Bridge Street, in which, from this point as far as the Castle, a good many remnants of ancient house-architecture may still be seen. On the right is the Church of S. Clement, a small and not particularly interesting building. It consists of nave, north and south aisles, chancel, vestry on north side of chancel, and west tower. The nave may be assigned to the end of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth century. The two arcades are not quite alike, but are probably of the same, or nearly the same, date. The aisles were rebuilt late in the fifteenth or early in the sixteenth century. The roof of the north aisle is dated 1538, when the clerestory was added or rebuilt. The font is of the fifteenth century. Note the richly molded south door, which is of good Early English work, much earlier than the rest of the aisle, and may have been brought from elsewhere. The chancel, of brick, is said to have been built in or about 1726. The tower and sj^ire were erected in 1821 with a legacy from the Rev. Wm. Cole, M.A., the well-known antiquary, d. 1782. He is commemorated by the motto Deum Cole, carved on the west face of the tower. Passing on the left the entrance to the Master's Lodge of S. John's College, built 1863, we come to The Great Bridge, an iron structure, built 1823, to replace one of stone built by James Essex 1754. Up to that date the bridge had been of C. 5 66 Magdalene College wood. Looking left, towards S. John's College, note the small wharf on the right, called Fisher Laiste, bordered by picturesque houses and gardens. It is the last of the numerous hithes which lined the banks of the river in the Middle Ages, and derived their names either from the goods landed at them, or from their owners, as Corn Hithe, Flax Hithe, Salt Hithe, Dame Nichol's Hithe, etc. From the opposite side of the bridge note the river-front of Magdalene College, restored in 1873 by F. C. Penrose, architect. We will next visit Magdalene College, founded by Thomas Lord Audley, 1542, to replace Buckingham College, the site of which had been granted by Henry VI., 1428, to the English Benedictines, as a Hostel for Monks of their Order. Note the front of the College, as restored (after Loggan's print, 1688) by Mr Penrose, 1875. The entrance gateway, of the Renaissance, was probably built by Sir Christopher Wray, 1585. On entering the court note that the Library and Chapel are on the north side (left). Between them is a passage to the Master's garden and Lodge. The east side of the court is occupied by the Hall and Kitchen, over which is the Combination Room. It is recorded that ,,,^^,, ^^^t^!", ^^^ ,, , f -r» 1 • 1 /^ n ,1 MAGDALENE COLLEGE. m the days oi Buckmgham College the chambers were built at the cost of different Houses of the Benedictine Order ; and so late as 1777 the arms of the Monastery of Ely were to be seen over a doorway at the north-west corner of the court. The similar Benedictine house at Oxford, Gloucester College, now Worcester College, was built in the same way. Subsequent changes have made it impossible to identify the component parts of this College. The Chapel is, in part at least, that of Buckingham College. It was thoroughly restored between 1847 and 1851, when it was lengthened, and the windows filled with glass by Hardman. The Hall was built for Buckingham College by Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, in 1519, but it has been much altered since. It was wainscotted 1585, but the present Magdalene College 67 wainscotting dates from 1714. The pilasters over the high table, with Ionic capitals, bearing bunches of fruit and flowers, are fragments of the earlier work. Note the picturesque staircases at the south end of the Hall leading to the Combination Room. They were built 1714 from the design, it is believed, of Sir John Vanbriigh. Among the portraits note the following : Left. Charles Kingsley, d. 1875: by Lowes Dickinson. Right. Samuel Pepys, as a young man : by Sir Peter Lely. Turn to the left on leaving the Hall, and entering the Second Court, pay particular attention to the beautiful building it contains. This range of chambers, commonly called the Pepysian Library, is a valuable example of the architecture of the seventeenth century, and it is greatly to be regretted that neither the name of the architect nor the exact date of the design should be known. It is said to have been projected during the mastership of Dr Hen. Smyth (1626-42) because the College could not "lodge with conveniency all students and members thereof" ; begun in that of Dr John Peachel (1679-90) ; and finished in that of his successor Dr Gabriel Quadring (1690-1713). Mr Pepys gave, in various instalments, a sum of £60 towards building it. It must have been nearly finished by 1703, when Pepys bequeathed his library to the College, to be placed in a room "in the New Building." His books arrived in 1724, when the arms of Pepys in the pediment of the central window, his motto mens cujusque is est quisque, and the inscription Bibliotheca Pepysiana, 1724, were added. His books were first placed in a large room on the first-floor, lighted by five windows ; but, after several migrations, they now occupy a fireproof room at the back of the south wing. The twelve bookcases, of red oak, wherein Pepys had arranged his treasures in his own house, are still in use. If possible visit the back of the building, which has the appearance of a gentleman's house. Two projecting wings enclose a small court, with square towers for staircases at the junction of the centre and the wings. These wings are curiously irregular. The south wing is rather shorter than the north wing, and is more inclined towards the central 5-2 68 Magdalene College part. On the west side these wings project beyond the central wall only seven inches on the ground and four inches As J J' on the first-floor. ' Here again the construction is irregular. Church of S. Giles 69 The middle window is not in the centre of the facade, and the space between the second and third windows counting from the north is greater than the corresponding space between the seventh and eighth windows. The carved enrichments are subsequent additions to give greater dignity to a building originally designed to contain only ordinary chambers. Loggan (1688) shews it without them. The Master's Lodge, built 1835, stands in a garden at the north-west corner of the site. The terrace on the north side of the Fellows' Garden, by the side of the road leading to Chesterton, is believed to rest on part of the outworks of the Castle. On leaving Magdalene College, before proceeding to the right up the street, note the picturesque old house opposite, with two overhanging floors, and brackets carved with grotesque figures. It was until recently an inn, called The Cross Keys. The yard should be entered for the sake of the view of the rest of the house, which has been but little altered, and gives a good idea of a medieval hostelry. It contains some quaint carving. At the corner of Magdalene Street and Chesterton Road is the Church of S. Giles, built 1875 to replace a small ancient church which modern additions had transformed into a strange and most unsightly structure (see woodcut). It consisted originally of a small nave and chancel. The chancel-arch (preserved in the south aisle of the new church) is of Norman, or late pre-Norman work, and may be dated 1050 or 1075. The south doorway (preserved in the passage leading to the vestry from the door on the north side of the chancel in the new church) was probably built a century later. It has a sharply pointed arch, charged with chevrons ; its jamb once contained three detached shafts on each side with carved capitals ; and the arch was surmounted by a gable. Over the doorway was a small niche for a statue. The old church retained its original plan, and probably to a great extent its early appearance, till about the beginning of the present century, when the Rev. WiUiam Parish, M.A., Jacksonian Professor 1813-37, and . Vicar of the parish 70 Church of S. Giles 1800-37, pulled down the north wall of the nave, and built a room of white brick large enough to accommodate an extensive PARISH CHURCH OF S. GILES S.W. vieio of old chufch. congregation. Parish was renowned for his mechanical contri- vances, and in order to facilitate his ministrations devised a pulpit and sounding-board of such an ingenious construction that not only could he be heard himself in all parts of the building, but the slightest whisper uttered by any member of his flock could be carried back to his ears. The new church is a large and convenient structure of white brick, and needs no further description. Besides the two fragments above mentioned it contains a fifteenth century font brought from the old church, and some monumental tablets. There was once another parish in this part of Cambridge, called All Saints by the Castle. It was united with that of S. Giles in 1361 because the parishioners were for the most part dead in the pestilence, the nave of the church was ruinous, and the bones of the dead exposed to wild beasts. On the left, nearly opposite S. Giles's Church, is the church of S. Peter, sometimes called S. Peter's by the Castle. The key is kept at 29, Castle Street. This church had become ruinous at the end of the 18th century, and was rebuilt on its present scale in 1781, with the The Castle Hill 71 exception of the tower and spire. The south door also is, at least in part, of old work. Note the font, with grotesque sculptures at each angle. It stands on an absurd made-up pedestal. Further up the street, on the right, is the Shire-hall, completed 1842. This marks the site of The Castle, whose spacious and massive gatehouse was removed to make way for the new building. Behind the Shire-hall is the Gaol, built 1802. The Castle Hill, approached through a gate just before you come to the Shire- hall, should on no account be missed. It is a lofty conical mound commanding an extensive view over Cambridge and its neighbourhood. Recent investigation has proved it to be artificial. The Castle and all the earthworks immediately about it were constructed on a natural promontory which forms the end of a terrace abutting on the river at its bend near Magdalene College. This promontory (see annexed section) is composed as follows, beginning with the lowest stratum : the gault, a stiff impervious clay, here about 125 feet thick (No. 6) ; the basement-bed of the chalk with phosphate nodules (No. 5); a solid mass of chalk marl (No. 4); an irregular bed of sand and gravel (No. 3) ; a still more irregular layer of made earth (No. 2). The mound itself, on the other hand, is composed of earth, gravel, and large quantities of chalk. Chalk cannot in this district occur naturally above gravel, and therefore, whatever the origin of the mound may be, it must be artificial. The occurrence of chalk in it is easily explained on the supposition that the end of the promontory (along the line CD in the section) was cut away to form a steeper scarp, the material tlirown on to the top, and then pounded down to form a compact mound. With what object, then, was the mound raised ? It is not sepulchral, because (1) had it been so it would have been composed of materials obtained close at hand, and not, as is the case, from a distance ; (2) because careful search has found no remains, or traces of remains, in it. It is evidently a mound of defence, a Burh, such as were raised in the ninth n The Castle Hill and tenth centuries as the substructure of wooden forts, or the residences of chiefs. «3S— 4 r k-i CQ.. ^..-; o- ■^ '-^ 'S s 5^ o' o -« c: -« I- e O n3 O O c3 O) S w ,0 S S S § s^ «o ff'i'PH''^'pi'P'tiii"ir '!^ .^ IKIBBW ''''l7J^'*y'!''':-f|-,y.,{ PETERHOUSE: Front of College to Trumpington Street. corner, behind the classical facing added to the whole court in 1754. In 1460 the Combination Room, here called Stone Parlour, with the Master's Lodging over it, was built. Note the staircase on the side next the garden, by which the Master Peter house 113 could reach the Parlour and the Hall without going into the court. By this last addition just a century and three-quarters after the foundation, the College obtained a quadrangle of three sides, closed on the east by a wall, between which and the street the primitive houses acquired by the Founder still existed. The entrance to this quadrangle was fi'om the churchyard of S. Mary the Less, under the gallery leading to the Chancel (see below, p. 114). In 1590, 130 years after the last recorded work, Dr Perne, Master (1553-89), bequeathed to the College his books, and funds to build a room to contain them. This building, next the Combination Room, was continued to the street in 1633 (note the date on the gable), forming the left side of the front court as you enter the College. The extent of the two pieces of building can be readily seen on the south side. In 1632 Dr Matthew Wren (Master 1625-34), uncle of the celebrated architect, got the old houses next the street pulled down, and replaced by a range of chambers on a site nearly the same as that on which the present north side of the entrance court stands. While this work was proceeding he began the Chapel and Cloisters, but they were not completely finished till after the Restoration. In the Chapel note the woodwork, probably original, with the addition of some medieval panelling, brought from elsewhere. The east window may possibly have been glazed at the same time. Those in the north and south walls were executed by Prof. Ainmiiller of Munich 1855-58, as a memorial to William Smyth, M.A., Prof, of Modern History (1807-49). Note that the arches on the west front of the Chapel are of the original design, while those of the cloister-arcades have been rebuilt (1709), but with the old materials. The building on the north of the entrance-court was designed by Burrough (afterwards Sir J. Burrough) in 1732. It was at that time intended to pull down the cloisters and Perne's Library, and to replace them by buildings like the one erected, but this scheme was fortunately abandoned. Beyond the principal Court is the Gisborne Court, built 1825 by the munificence of the Rev. Fra. Gisborne, formerly Fellow. The Hall was almost rebuilt under the direction of Mr c. 8 114 Church of 8. Mary the Less G. G. Scott, 1868-71. Note the portraits of distinguislied members of the College, and the stained glass windows by Morris & Co. The Grove and Fellows' Garden are worth a visit (entrance through the passage between Hall and Buttery). Note the massive wall next the Fen (here called Coe Fen) built 1501-2; and the ancient doorway leading to the Fen, with the arms of John Hotham, Bp. of Ely 1316-37, on the outside, and those of John Alcock, Bp. of same see 1486-1500, on the inside. In connection with Peterhouse visit the Church of S. Mary the Less, used as the College chapel until the new chapel was built. This church, originally dedicated to S. Peter, dates from the 12th century. A fragment of the tower of the church of that date is still standing at the N.W. angle of the present building. The present church was built 1340-52. In the course of extensive repairs undertaken 1857 remains of an arch were found opposite the sixth buttress, counting from the east, shewing that the eastern portion would have formed a collegiate quire, the western a parochial nave, but of what extent is unknown. The west wall with its window, and the western- most window on the south side, are of later date than the rest of the church. There were chantry-chapels on the north and south sides : that on the north was founded by Tho. Lane, Master of Peterhouse 1439-73 ; that on the south by Hen. Horneby, Master 1516-24. Note the beautiful Decorated east window, the remains of piscina and sedilia, and the window over these panelled in stone for half its height to allow for the vestry. The stained glass in the east window was given by J. Hamblin Smith, M.A., 1892. Go round the west end of the church and note the north wall of the College, which has been left with its successive patchings and alterations unchanged, and the gallery con- necting the College with the church. The vestibule under this gallery, originally vaulted, was provided for the use of the parishioners, who entered the churchyard on the south side before the College building of 1732 was set up, and the church by a south porch (recently rebuilt). The gallery Museum of Archeology 115 enabled the members of Peterhoiise to reach the church without going beyond the College precincts. Beyond the churchyard to the west is the building erected by Basil Champneys, architect, 1883, to contain the Archeo- logical Collections : I. Museum of General and Local Archeology AND OF Ethnology. This Museum practically derives its existence from the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, which, since its foundation in 1840, has realised the importance of securing such antiquities as may be found in the neighbourhood, and of forming an archeological library. The collec- tions thus brought together were offered by the Society to the University, when the erection of a Museum of Archeology was in contemplation, on condition that they should be adequately housed, and recognised under the name of " The Cambridge Antiquarian Museum and Library." This offer was accepted in 1883, and the Museum was formally opened on May 6, 1884. The Society's gift included a large collection of stone and bronze implements, fine examples of Eoman and Saxon personal ornaments, imple- ments and weapons, as well as the following distinct collections : (1) the fine series of Koman pottery (cinerary urns, jugs, drinking cups, culinary vessels, etc.), found at Litlington, Cambridgeshire, in 1821 by the late Rev. William Webb, D.D., Master of Clare College (1815-56) ; (2) the beautiful Roman glass, pottery, etc. from Shefford, Bedfordshire, acquired 1826-1832 b}' the late Mr Thomas Inskip of that town ; (3) a collection of Roman and Late Celtic pottery from Water Newton, Huntingdonshire, formed by the late Rev. R. Knipe, Vicar of Water Newton, about 1861 ; and (4) a collection of miscellaneous antiquities, chiefly local, formed by the late Mr I. Deck of Cambridge, prior to 1854. Since the opening of the Museum there has been a steady increase in the antiquarian collections, largely helped by the liberality of the Society and of private donors. Among the most noteworthy of these accessions are : (1) a series of casts and photographs of sculptures taken in the forest-buried cities of Guatemala, by the donor A. P. Maudslay, M.A., Trinity Hall; (2) a collection of Roman antiquities, including some fine glass and sculp- tured stone, from France and Italy, presented by J. Barratt, Esq., M.D. ; (3) a large series of Roman antiquities (chiefly pottery) found at Great Chesterford, Essex, and other localities, 1878-1881, by the donors Professor Hughes, F.R.S., and F. J. H. Jenkinson, M.A., Trinity College ; (4) a remarkable series of cinerary urns and food-vessels (many richly decorated), personal ornaments of bronze, glass, amber, etc., iron weapons and implements, from a Saxon burial-ground near St John's College, excavated in 1888 under the supervision of the Curator ; (5) a collection of over five hundred shell and stone implements, ornaments, etc., from Barbados ; and (6) two collections of selected stone implements from 8—2 116 Miiseum of Archeology South Africa given by Colonel H. W. Feilden, C.B. ; (7) a collection of over 4500 objects, including stone and bronze implements, pottery (British, Eoman, Saxon and Medieval) ; a magnificent series of personal ornaments, etc., from the Saxon burial-ground at Barrington, Cambridge- shire, found in 1878 by the donor ; a series of objects from the Swiss Lake Dwellings ; and a large number of miscellaneous antiquities from Great Britain and the Continent bequeathed by Walter K. Foster, Esq., 1891 ; (8) a Late Celtic metal-worker's hoard, found in Suffolk, 1898, which includes bronze and iron tools and implements, and a fine bronze jug, fibulffi, etc., of Eoman workmanship, given by the Cambridge Antiquarian Society ; (9) a finely worked, gold and garnet, Saxon brooch given by Mrs Flatman ; (10) a set of typical Irish stone implements given by M. J. Knowles, Esq., K.I.A. ; (11) the Murray Collection of Msh Antiquities, including in its remarkable series of weapons, ornaments, etc. of the bronze age, the only celt attached to its wooden handle which has been found in the British Islands, purchased by private subscription, 1900 ; (12) two extensive collections of flint implements from upper Egypt and the Fayum presented by Baron A. von Hligel and Prof. Bevan respectively; and a large series of pre-dynastic antiquities of stone, pottery, etc. given by the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1901 ; (13) mediaeval and other pottery from Cambridge given by Mr S.J. Freeman ; (14) a col- lection of stone implements from St Vincent, West Indies, presented by C. J. P. Cave, M.A. ; and (15) Roman bronze ornaments, and pottery found at Godmanchester, Hunts., in 1903, by the donor the Rev. F. G. Walker, M.A. The aim of the Museum being to present to the student an unbroken record of man's civilization as exemplified in his manufactures, the ethnological collections of the University have found here a fitting resting-place side by side with those of antiquarian interest. Some of the most important additions to the Ethnological section are : (1) Three comprehensive collections of native manufactures, including weapons, implements, utensils, dresses and ornaments, from Fiji and other islands of the Western Pacific, Australia and New Zealand. Two of these collections were presented, respectively, by the Hon. Sir Arthur H. Gordon (now Lord Stanmore), G.C.M.G., M.A., Trinity College, and by A. P. Maudslay, M.A., Trinity Hall. The third, the most extensive of the three, including a series of New Zealand objects, was deposited by Baron Anatole von Hiigel, M.A., Trinity College, in 1885 ; (2) a series of objects from the Islands of the Western Pacific, including an enormous, bird-shaped bowl, carved in wood and inlaid with shell, from the Solomon Islands, presented by the Eight Rev. J. R. Selwyn, D.D., Bishop of Melanesia, 1887 ; (3) a plank-built canoe, inlaid with shell, from the Solomon Islands, presented by the Hon. Sir Arthur H. Gordon ; (4) a collection of native manufactures collected in New Guinea by the late General Sir Peter H. Scratchly, K.O.B., and received on loan from Lady Scratchly, 1889 ; (5) a collection of native objects from the Solomon, the Banks, and the Santa Cruz Islands, presented by Bishop Selwyn, 1890; (6) a collection of native manufactures formed in the islands of Museum of Archeology 117 Torres Straits by the donor, A. C. Haddon, Sc.D. , Christ's College ; (7) a series of bronze and alabaster images from India, Burma, and Japan, transferred from the Fitzwilliam Museum ; (8) a series of selected weapons and implements from New Guinea and other South Sea Islands, be- queathed by H. B. Brady, F.K.S.; (9) a collection of native manufactures from the Friendly Islands and the Eastern Pacific, formed 1835 to 1837, presented by George Brady, M.D,, F.K.S., 18*J2 ; (10) a complete set of the manufactures of the Andaman Islanders presented by Colonel Sir E, C. Temple, Bart., and (11) a smaller collection from the Nicobar Islands, presented by K. H. Man, Esq.; (12) various selected Australian weapons, implements, and ornaments, presented by E. C. Stirling, M.D., Trinity College, 1895 ; (13) a collection illustrative of extant superstitions in Scotland and Ireland ; the Starr Collection of Mexican Folk-Lore ; and the Owen Collection of Wampum (American Indian bead-work), etc., deposited by the Folk-Lore Society ; (14) a series of objects from the Ellice Islands collected by the donor, J, S. Gardiner, M.A., Caius College, 1898; (15) a collection of over one thousand specimens of Malay and Sakai manufactures from Selangor, Malacca, formed by the donor, W. W. Skeat, M.A., Christ's College, District Magistrate of Larut ; (16) Bornean dresses, ornaments and implements, presented by R. W. C. Shelford, M.A. ; (17) a series of native manufactures from British New Guinea, given by H.E. Sir Wm. Macgregor, G.C.M.G. ; (18) a collection comprising over fourteen hundred articles of dress and ornaments, weapons, implements, etc., from New Guinea and adjacent islands, received from the Cambridge Torres Straits Expedition ; (19) a valuable collection of Bornean native manufactures, given by Ch. Hose, Hon. Sc.D. ; (20) a fine series of dresses, ornaments, weapons, etc., from the Solomon and other South Sea Islands, presented by Mrs Selwyn, 1901 ; (21) a representative collection of native objects obtained by the donor, J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A., in the Maldive and Laccadive Islands ; (22) a number of highly finished personal ornaments, etc., from the Solomon and the Santa Cruz Islands, given by the liev. John Still, M.A. ; (23) a valuable set of carved objects from New Zealand, presented by Professor Bevau and C. J. P. Cave, M.A. ; (21) the Skeat Collection of Malay and Siamese native objects, purchased 1902 ; (25) a set of native charms received from the Katikiro of Uganda; aud (26) two important collections illustrative of the native tribes of British Guiana, presented, respectively, by the collector Major W. Cooke Daniels, U.S. Army, and by Sir Alexander Swettenham, K.C.M.G., Governor of British Guiana. The Museum is specially uoteworthy for its collection of Anglo Saxon objects, which includes a large series of cinerary urns, and is probably the finest in the United Kingdom. The collection of local stone and bronze implements, Roman pottery, etc., is of great extent. Among the Late Celtic cinerary urns, observe a tall specimen of shale, from Old Warden, Bedfordshire. Note also the two bronze shields from Coveney Fen, Ely. The series of native manufactures from the South Sea Islands is very large and interesting, embracing as it does a unique 118 Fitzivilliam Museum of Classical Archeology collection from the Fiji Islands. The Library, which includes works on Archeology, Topography, Ethnology, Geography, Travel, and Philology, is of considerable size. The collections have quite outgrown the Museum, and they can no longer be properly displayed. In 1897 the Senate assigned a site for a new Archeological Museum on the ground bought from Downing College. This site is adjacent to the other scientific Museums and is excellent in every way, but in the present state of the finances of the University it cannot be utilised, and the building must be indefinitely postponed, unless the generosity of some benefactors should enable the Senate to undertake its erection. 11. FiTZwiLLiAM Museum or Classical Archeology. This Museum, really part of the Fitzwilliam Museum, contains casts of ancient sculptures, a Library, and a Lecture- room. The casts are arranged in four galleries, A, B, C, D, as follows^ : A. (From door to central pillar) : Archaic period — from the earliest times to the fifth century B.C. B. (Turn sharp to right at central piUar) : Age of Pericles. 0. (Central, entered from B, or from A, by passing central pillar) : Age of Philip and Alexander, fourth century b.c. D. (Left, entered from C) : Hellenistic schools of Pergamon and Ehodes and the Grseco-Eoman period, with portrait statues and busts. The Library contains the works on Art and Archeology bought under the Will of Lieut. -Colonel Leake; to which have been added about 800 volumes bought out of a subscription promoted by Professor Colvin in 1883; others, as required, are bought out of the Fitzwilliam Fund, or are added by private gift. At the corner of Little S. Mary's Lane and Trumpington Street is Emmanuel Church, built by the Congregationalists in 1874. Opposite to this is ^ See Catalogue of Casts in the Museum of Classical Archceology. By Ch. Waldstein, Litt.D., 1889. Price Is. Pembroke College 119 ARMS OF PEM- BROKE COLLEGE. Pembroke College, founded 1346 by Marie de Saint Paul, widow of Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke. The Foundress lived for nearly thirty years after the foundation of the College, and it is probable that the whole of the original quadrangle was completed before her death. The original fagade extends from the corner of Pembroke Street to the south side of the gable containing a pointed window of three lights. The Chapel (at the corner of Pembroke Street) has been remodelled, and the whole fagade was ashlared 1712, but with these exceptions it has been but little changed. Note the gate of entrance, a plain arch with a hoodmold, and a pair of oriel windows, separated by two coats-of-arms ; the whole composition belonging to a period before gate-houses with flanking turrets had come into fashion. Enter the court, and note that the original chapel (the first collegiate chapel built, for which the Foundress obtained papal sanction 1355) stood at the N.W. corner (left) ; the vestry and bell-turret (still marked by a sht in the wall) were east of the chapel, and succeeded by chambers ; the kitchen, butteries and Hall (over which was a Library built 1452) occupied the east side ; the Combination Room with Master's Lodge above was in the angle between the east and south sides ; the south and west sides were occupied by chambers. This primitive quadrangle was very small (95 feet long by 55 feet broad) but it sufficed for more than 250 years. Enter the old chapel, fitted up as a library after the erection of Wren's chapel (see below), and as a lecture-room after the erection of the new library, 1875. Note the beautiful ceiling of plaster- work, with the date, 1690 ; and the bookcases of the same period, some of which still remain. The south side of this court, with the Hall, Combination Room, and Master's Lodge, on the east side, were destroyed by the advice of Alfred Waterhouse, architect, 1874; and 120 Pembroke College the present Hall was begun in the same year. Note in it the bust of Pitt ; and that of Gray, by Thornycroft, placed here by subscription, 1885. PEMBROKE COLLEGE. Pass through the Screens, and enter the Second Court. The range of chambers on the north side (left) was built about 1633, as was the eastern half of that on the south side (right), as far as the staircase nearest to the Hall. The rest of this range may be dated 1659, when the College was said to flourish 'sub dispensacione Mosaicd,' i.e. the Mastership of Mr Serjeant Moses (1654-60). The two portions may be readily distinguished by their style. The latter building is Pembroke College 121 usually called "The Hitcham Building" because built with funds derived from an estate at Framlingham in Sufiblk, bequeathed by Sir Eob. Hitcham (1636). Keturn to the First Court, and cross it to the new Chapel, built 1663-64 at the sole cost of Dr Matth. Wren, formerly fellow, then Bp. of Ely, in fulfilment of a vow made during his imprisonment in the Tower of London. The architect was his nephew Sir Chr. Wren. It was lengthened by Sir G. G. Scott, 1880. Note the woodwork of the original construction, and the four splendid columns of Italian marble introduced by Scott. On the completion of the Chapel (1664) it was connected with the College by a range of chambers and a cloister, consecrated for interments. The external face of this range was built in a style to correspond with the front of the old College, whiles the cloister was Italian, to correspond with the Chapel. This building, with the end of that destroyed by Waterhouse, was brought to its present aspect by Geo. G. Scott, M.A. (1881). Beyond the Chapel, with a frontage to Trumpington Street, is the range of chambers designed by Waterhouse (1872), and, behind, the Library and Lecture Room, by the same (1875). Leave the College by the gate of entrance, turn right down Pembroke Street, and passing the Master's Lodge, designed by Waterhouse (1873), reach the Scott Building, designed by G. G. Scott, M.A. (1883). It consists of two ranges of chambers, at right angles to each other. The poet Spenser entered this College as a sizar in May 1569, and proceeded to the M.A. degree 1576. The poet Gray resided here from 1756 to his death in 1771. He is believed, by tradition, to have occupied rooms on the first- floor in the Hitcham Building, in which he was succeeded by William Pitt (1773-76). The cause of Gray's removal to Pembroke is worth telling. Gray came to Cambridge as a Fellow-Commoner of Peterhouse in 1742, and occupied rooms at the top of the building erected 1732. The window of his bedroom, on the side next the churchyard of S. Mary the Less, may still be distinguished from the others by irons fastened to the wall outside it. The poet had a morbid dread of fire, and had provided a rope-ladder with these irons to fix it to. Some undergraduates of Peterhouse, wishing to amuse themselves at his expense, placed a tub of water under the window, and then cried "Fire." Gray descended, and 122 University Press found himself in the tub. The punishment meted out to the offenders by the authorities of Peterhouse did not satisfy the poet, and he sought the hospitality of a college where, as he says, everybody was "as civil as they could be to Mary de Valence in person." PEMBROKE COLLEGE: part of the Scott Building. Nearly opposite to Pembroke College is the University Printing Press. The erection of these buildings began 1804. In 1824 the Committee for erecting in London a statue to Mr Pitt offered Church of S. Botolph 123 their surplus funds to the University "for the erection of a handsome building connected with the University Press... near or opposite to Pembroke College." This offer was accepted ; UNIVERSITY PRESS. Mr Blore was appointed architect ; and the first stone of the building forming the frontage to Trumpington Street was laid 18 October, 1831. Hence the whole building is often called The Pitt Press. Further additions have been made in subsequent years as required. Visitors must be accompanied by a member of the Senate. Opposite the Press, near the corner of Trumpington Street and Pembroke Street, must have stood Trumpington Gate, with, probably, a bridge over the King's Ditch, like Barnwell Gate in S. Andrew's Street (p. 80). Visit next the Church of S. Botolph. This Church contains but little of interest. The pointed arches of the nave arcade may, by their style, belong to the first half of the fourteenth century ; and the roofs of the nave and chancel are perhaps of the same date. The aisles were 124 Corpus Christi College rebuilt in the fifteenth century, to which date the porch and chapel next to it, with the chancel-screen, and the tower, may be referred. The west window of the latter was designed by Professor Willis (1841). The chancel was rebuilt by G. F. Bodley, architect, 1872. Note the font and cover, of the sixteenth century ; and, in the south chapel, the tomb of Tho. Plaifere, D.D., Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity, d. 1609. Adjoining this Church is Corpus Christi College, founded 1352 by the Gilds of Corpus Christi and S. Mary. This College consists of two completely separate groups of building : (1) that of the gilds ; (2) that designed by Wilkins, and erected 1823-27, The modern Court, entered from Trumpington Street through a gateway with flanking turrets imitated from those of the older colleges, has the Hall on the north side (left) ; the Chapel and the Master's Lodge on the east side ; and the Library on the south side (right). Pass through the passage at the east end of the Hall, and examine the old Court, the first closed quadrangle built in Cambridge. It has been a good deal altered, but it stills retains a more ancient appearance than any other collegiate structure here. Note the eaves instead of battlements, and some of the original two-light windows. The buttresses were added after the first construction. The original chambers in this court were of the roughest description; the ground-floor was of clay ; the walls were destitute of plaster; and the windows were probably half-shuttered, half-glazed. On the first-floor they were open to the roof, like workshops. The garrets were added during the reign of Henry the Eighth. The scholars used the neighbouring Church of S. Benedict for their devotions; but, with the exception of a chapel, this small court contained all the buildings required for the collegiate life: viz. chambers on the north, east, and west sides; and on the south, in the following order from west to east. Kitchen with Library over it, Buttery, Hall, Common Parlour, Master's Lodge above. The entrance was thi-ough a plain archway on the north side, along a path skirting the west side of the churchyard. ARMS OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. Corpus Cliristi College 125 When the new Court was bnilt, the Kitclien and Buttery were pulled down, and the Hall fitted up as a kitchen. The oriel (see woodcut), quite different to that shown by Loggan (1688), was built at the end of the eighteenth century. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE: Old Hall, and part of Old Court. The Chapel retains the stall work from the old one, which had been constructed by Sir Nich. Bacon, 1579. It was lengthened eastwards 1870, from the design of A. W. Blomfield, architect. The Library, approached by a staircase at the east end, contains the unique collection of MSS. collected by Matth. 126 Church of 8. Benedict Parker, Arclibp. of Canterbury, 1559-75. Some of the most interesting are exhibited in glazed cases. In one of the rooms under the Library is the Lewis Collection of coins, gems, vases and other objects of anti- quarian interest, bequeathed by the Rev. Sam. Savage Lewis, M.A., Fellow and Librarian^ From the College turn right, and then right again along Bene't Street, past the London and County Bank, to the Church of S. Benedict, the oldest building in the town. The parisli is a very large one, and curiously scattered. Mr Atkinson suggests that "perhaps in early times it included a very large area, from which parts have been cut off and formed into new parishes, leaving others detached." The size of the parish, taken in conjunction with the architecture of the older part of the church, is in favour of Mr Freeman^s theory that we have here the church of a separate village, when the town of Cambridge was confined to the district immediately surrounding the Castle. The tower, and those fragments of the original church which have survived numerous modern repairs and enlarge- ments, are pre-Norman. The tower is divided into three well-marked stages, each rather narrower than the one below it. The quoins are of " long-and-short work." The belfry windows are of two designs ; the central window on each face is of two lights divided by a mid-wall baluster shaft, supporting a massive horizontal stone, reaching right through the wall. On each side of this window is a plain lancet at a somewhat higher level, with rubble jambs. Above each of these, with one exception, is a small block of stone pierced with a round hole. The tower was probably terminated originally by gables or a low spire. Note that the rough edges of the quoins are worked with a rebate to receive the rough-cast which originally covered the whole surface of the tower. Enter the church, and note that the arch between the tower and the nave springs from bold imposts, above which are rude pieces of sculpture ; and that on each side of the tower there are quoins which shew that the original nave was 1 See The Lewis Collection of Gems and Rings : by J. H. Middleton, 8vo. Camb. 1892. Church of S. Benedict 127 not wider than the tower. This nave was probably without aisles. Moreover at the east end there are similar quoins PHELPS. tCL TOWER OF S. BENEDICT'S CHURCH. which shew that it was no longer than at present ; and the chancel also is probably of the same size and shape as that of the early church. The nave was pulled down in the thirteenth century, and rebuilt as at present with aisles. A new chancel-arch — not the present one, which is later — was built at the same time, and the bases of its piers are still visible above the floor. Below them are the piers of a still older arch ; and in the side walls are fragments of arches which belong to some 128 8. Catharine's College arrangement of the east end anterior to that of the thh^teenth century. The ruins of sedilia and piscina in the south wall are of the fourteenth century. The north aisle was rebuilt and carried further west 1853 ; the south aisle, with the north and east walls of the chancel, and the chancel-arch, were rebuilt 1872. Note in the south aisle a brass to commemorate Ri. Billingford, D.D., d. 1432. Near the west end of this aisle is preserved a large iron fire- hook, for dragging down blazing thatch. It formerly stood in the churchyard. Go round the west end of the Church and note the south door, as at S. Mary's the Less ; and further on, the arched passage (vault now destroyed) that provided access to the church from the lane beyond. The building over this archway was built 1417-1515 to provide (1) a chapel on the first- floor where the services in the quire could be witnessed by members of Corpus Christi College, (2) a covered passage from the college to the church, as at Peterhouse (p. 114). The doorway from the room under the above-mentioned chapel into the quire still exists, as does the staircase down to it from the gallery connecting the College with the chapel. It is worth while to go round S. Benedict's Church into Free School Lane to see the east face of this curious gallery, and also to note the external walls of Corpus Christi College, built of uncoursed rubble. This is the oldest collegiate work in Cambridge, having been begun not later than 1352. Return to Trumpington Street, cross it, and, passing {right) the Bull Hotel, visit S. Catharine's College, founded 1475 by Dr Eob. Wodelarke, third Provost of King's College. Cross the Court and pass through the gate, into Queens' Lane, anciently Milne Street. This street was one of the principal thorough- fares of Cambridge, leading from the two mills on Coe Fen (see below p. 134) across the site of King's College to what is now the entrance to the New Court of Trinity College, whence, under the name of S. Michael's Lane, it joined High Street. Several lanes ran from it to the different wharves on the river-bank, and in the opposite direction to High Street. It is now represented by Queens' Lane and arms of Trinity Hall Lane. s. Catharine's '' COLLEGE. ;S^. Catharine's College 129 Provost Wodelarke bought a small site facing Milne Street, in length equal to about two-thirds of the present front of S. CATHARINE'S COLLEGE: West side of Court. the College ; and extending in depth from the street to a line dra^Mi across the court at a right angle from the west c. 9 130 >S^. Catharine's College end of the Chapel to the opposite side. The buildings erected on this site, or on the first addition to it, have entirely dis- appeared, with the exception of the range of chambers at the north end, built 1634-36. The rebuilding of the College was due to John Eachard, D.D., Master 1675-97. He built, partly out of his own purse, partly by subscription, the Hall, Buttery, west range, and south range as far as the Eamsden Building. Dr Eachard died in 1697, leaving the design half executed, for Loggan's print OLD HOUSES IN SILVER STREET, now destroyed. Queens' College 131 (1688) shews a complete quadrangle, the east side of which was to have contained the library. The Chapel was built by subscription (1704); and about fifty years afterwards the building corresponding to it on the opposite side of the court, out of funds bequeathed by Mrs Mary Ramsden. The architect was Ja. Essex. The original idea of a closed court seems to have been abandoned at this time, and instead the low wall and railings were set up, and the grove was planted. A considerable part of the north-east portion of the site consisted of the house, stables, and yard of Thomas Hobson, the celebrated carrier. His house, which stood between the entrance to the College and the houses north of it, had a frontage of some sixty feet to the street, while the yard extended back as far as the west end of the Chapel. Leaving the College by the grove, turn right, and then right again along Silver Street. At the corner of this street and Queens' Lane you pass the new Master's Lodge of S. Catharine's College, built 1875 from the design of W. M. Fawcett, M.A., architect. Opposite to this corner there stood, until recently, some picturesque old houses (see p. 130) ; now replaced by modern shops. Visit next Queens' College, founded on this site 1447 by Andrew Doket, under the patronage of Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry the Sixth ; refouuded 1465 by Elizabeth Widvile, Queen of Edward the Fourth. The first, or principal. Court was built immediately after the foundation. The first building- contract provides for the erection of the north and east sides of the quadrangle with part of the south side (note the seam in the brickwork where the first work ended) ; the second for the rest of the south side and the west side. The material is red brick ; and the plan includes square corner-turrets, and an entrance-gateway flanked by towers (the third built in Cambridge). The original eaves have been replaced by battlements, and the foliations cut out of the windows buildings are unaltered. ii ARMS OF QUEENS' COLLEGE. Otherwise the 9—2 132 Queens' College The Old Chapel (at east end of north side of court) is now used as a Lecture-room and Library. The reredos was designed by Bodley, 1858. West of the Chapel is the Library, now occupying both upper and lower floors. The original Library, on the first- floor, may be readily distinguished by its six equidistant windows. The bookcases are Jacobean, but beneath them may be detected the remains of the original desks, which had sloping tops, like an elongated church-lectern. The Sun-dial over the entrance to the Chapel is often ascribed to Sir Isaac Newton : but it was painted after his death to replace one that had existed before he was born. The wooden turret and clock were put up in 1848. The classical woodwork in the Hall was put up under the direction of Sir Ja. Burrough, 1732-34, together with a flat ceiling and other changes popular at that time. These latter were removed, the original roof restored, the windows altered, and the fireplace opened, 1846-61, by Eob. Moon, M.A., Fellow. The decoration, by Bodley, was executed 1875, at the expense of Dr Campion and Rev. Geo. Pirie, M.A., Fellows. Enter the second Court, or Cloister Court. The range facing you, along the river, is coeval with the first Court. Note that the two lateral cloisters are evidently later, for the plinth of the former building is continued behind them, and their arches are not bonded into it. Above the north cloister, occupying the whole side of the court, is the Gallery of the President's Lodge. Note that by the time this College was founded (164 years after Peterhouse and 102 years after Pembroke) the plan of a Manor House had been accepted as the best for College buildings. Accordingly this College affords a close copy of such a house as, for example, Haddon Hall. The arrangement of the princij)al court is the same ; and in the second or subordinate court, approached by the passage through the Screens, we find the apartments of the President occupying the same position as those of the lord at Haddon. As you look back on the Hall-range from the Cloister- court, note the projecting building at the north end of the Hall. A person entering this can either pass into the Hall, or into the Combination Room north of it, or, by ascending the staircase, reach the President's original chamber over the Combination Room. From this chamber the President could pass into the Library, and from the Library into the Chapel ; see and hear what was going forward in the Hall through a Queens' College 133 narrow window in his south wall ; and command the principal Court by a window in the angle between the north and west ranges. About 1540, a Gallery was provided for his use, as at S. John's College (p. 55). It is easy to see, by the arrangement of the brackets, that it was built long after the cloister. By means of this Gallery the President could reach the building next the river, now part of the Lodge. The Gallery is a singularly beautiful and unaltered specimen of the domestic architecture of the sixteenth cen- tury. It was panelled by Humphrey Tindall, D.D. (President 1579-1614). The President's study has lately been panelled with the linen-panelling placed in the Hall in 1532, and turned out by Burrough. His dining-room, in the west building, has also some good Jacobean panel- work\ Cross the south cloister into the small Pump Court. The south and west sides are occupied by a building in white brick by Jas. Essex (1756); but on the east side you get a good view of part of the original buildings. The turret at the south-west angle of the principal Court, adjoins the rooms in which, according to tradition, Erasmus lived when here as Greek Professor (1511-13). The top storey of the turret is said to have been his study. Leave the Cloister-court by the door in the north-east corner, and visit Walnut-tree Court, north of the principal Court. Note as you enter the windows in the Library (right). They are unaltered, and shew the original design of the windows in the principal Court. The range of chambers on the east side of this court (opposite to you as you enter) was built 1616-18. The date 1618 is on the street-front. The New Chapel, on the north side of this court, was built by Messrs Bodley and Garner, 1891. Note the altar- piece, a work of 16th century German Art ; the east window, and the windows in the north wall, all designed by Mr C. E. Kempe. The latter are intended to form a series illustrative of Church History, and also to commemorate certain notables of the College. Beyond the Chapel is a range of chambers built 1885 from the design of W. M. Fawcett, M.A., architect. 1 The President's Lodge is shewn to strangers on application at the door at the north end of the West cloister. 134 Queens' College m Return to the Cloister-court, and passing out by the door the centre of the west range cross the wooden bridge (designed 1749 by Mr Etheridge, and built by Jas. Essex). Turn right along the river-bank to the end of the walk. The views are extremely beautiful ; especially, as you return, those QUEENS' COLLEGE: River-front, loolcing south. of the garden-front of the President's Lodge, and the river- front of the College. As you leave the College grounds by the gate on the left bank of the river, note the bridge, built 1841, to supersede a picturesque structure of wood. There were in ancient times two branches of the river Cam here (one of which is now carried underground), and the bridges over them were called The Small Bridges, to distinguish them from the Great Bridge in Bridge Street. This name was applied to the single bridge for many years after its construction. The Mill on the opposite side of the pool represents two ancient mills, called King's Mill and Bishop's Mill, to which led the street called Milne Street described above. Ridley Hall 135 The ditch called King's Ditch left the river at this point, ran down Mill Lane, and Pembroke Street, and then crossed the site of the New Museums to S. Andrew's Church (p. 82). Turn right along the road till you reach Sidgwick Avenue. Pass along this for a short distance, and you come {left) to Ridley Hall, founded 1879 by members of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England, with the object of providing a residence, and tuition in Theology, for graduates of the University who are candidates for Holy Orders. 7 HrjSM* RIDLEY HALL. The first building was opened in January, 1881 ; a new 136 Newnham College block was added, 1892 ; and at the same time a Chapel, the gift of an anonymous donor, who had formerly studied in the College. Note the memorial windows. Turn right, having Ridley Hall on your right, and then right again to reach Newnham College. An Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge was formed in October, 1873, to carry on and develop the 11 liispiiiilli jii mm HI 'MM 'M^ '%(i'&«fi!:iiiMwt!^^^^^^i NEWNHAM COLLEGE. Sehvyn College 137 Lectures for Women first started in January, 1870. Part of Newnliam College was opeued, under the care of Miss Clough, in October, 1875. The east front of Newnham College, through which the visitor enters, was erected 1(S93, and is called the Pfeiffer Building, to commemorate a gift of £5000 from the trustees of Mr and Mrs Pfeiffer. The bronze gates were presented as a memorial of Miss Clough, d. 1892, by students who had been in residence during her lifetime. This building is connected by corridors with Old Hall on the south, built 1875 ; and with Sidgwick Hall or North Hall, built 1880, on the north. Beyond the latter is Clough Hall, built 1888. This Hall includes a dining-room large enough to contain, if necessary, the whole body of students. These buildings, though built at different times, and once separated by a public footpath (now closed), form a harmonious group. They accommodate the Principal, the Vice-Principals, resident Lecturers, and about 150 students. A commodious Library was built in 1898 at the sole charge of Mr and Mrs Henry Yates Thompson. It opens out of the passage connecting Clough and Sidgwick Halls, and is thus in a central position, readily approached from all parts of the College. The bookcases against the walls and projecting from them into the room are of solid oak, and a light gallery renders all books accessible without a ladder. The whole College has been designed by Basil Champneys, architect. At the corner of Sidgwick Avenue and Grange Eoad you come to Selwyn College, founded 1882 in memory of Geo. Aug. Selwyn, D.D., Bp. of Lichfield and previously of New Zealand, d. 1878. It was incorporated by Eoyal Charter, 12 September, 1882 ; and recognised by the Senate as a Public Hostel, 8 February, 1883. The range of chambers facing Grange Road, containing the gate of entrance, was finished 1882, with a temporary Hall and Chapel. The west part of the north range, and a Lodge for the Master, were built 1884. The east half of this range was added 1889. The Chapel was begun 1893, and opened 19th October, 1895. The architect of the whole College was Sir A. W. Blomfield. Turn right along Grange Road. Opposite to the junction 138 Selwyn College of this road with West Road is the Rifle Range, belonging to the University Volunteers, acquired 1861. SELWYN COLLEGE: THE CHAPEL. From this point you can either turn down West Road, or proceed along Burrell's Walk to the Backs of the Colleges, whence you can choose various ways of returning to King's Parade or Trumpington Street. Museums of Science 139 FOURTH WALK. This part of our Guide will be devoted exclusively to the Museums of Science. As the visitor passes along Pembroke Street, he will see, OD both sides of the street, a succession of lofty buildings. These are the museums, lecture-rooms, class-rooms, and work- rooms, belonging to the following scientific departments, the names of whicli, for convenience sake, have been arranged in alphabetical order. They will be described below. For their relation to each other consult the plan (p. 141). Medicine Mineralogy Anatomy Botany Chemistry Experimental Physics (Cavendish Laboratory) Geology Pathology Physiology Surgery Zoology. The site on the north side of the street is, in the main, that of the Augustinian Friary, the gate-house of which has been already mentioned (p. 75). This ground was bought in 1760 by Ei. Walker, D.D., Vice- Master of Trinity College, and by him given to the Univei'sity for a Botanic Garden. It served that purpose until 1852, when the plants were removed to a new garden (described below, p. 173). Dr Walker's garden had an open frontage to Downing Street, but on the east and west sides it was separated by the properties of various owners from Slaughter House Lane (now Corn Exchange Street) and from Free School Lane. The University has bought these at different times, as occasion offered, and, lastly, in 1896, the greater part of the garden along the north boundary, so that further extension on that side will one day be practicable. This part of the site is usually termed the Botanic Garden site. Subsequently, in 1896 and 1897, the University bought from Downing College two acres and two-fifths of an acre, situated at the north end of their site, with the entire frontage from Tennis Court Eoad to Downing Place. On this ground, termed the Downing site, the Sedgwick Memorial Museum of Geology, the Squire Law Library (built from funds be- queathed by Miss K. F. Squire), the Law School, and the Botanical School have been erected. The erection of Lecture-rooms on this site dates fi'om 1784, when it had become necessary to provide a lecture-room for the Professor of Botany and for the newly-appointed 140 Museums of Science Jacksonlan Professor of Natural Experimental Philosophy. It was then decided that "the piece of ground at the south- east corner of the Botanical Garden is a proper spot," and a lecture-room and two private rooms were built, and used by the two Professors above mentioned until 1863 (see plan, p. 141). A building adjoining these rooms, in the angle of the ground between Downing Street and S. Andrew's HiU (formerly Hog Hill), was built for the Professor of Anatomy (1832-33) ; and at the same time some small accommodation for the Professors of Chemistry and Physic was added to the older building. This very inconvenient structure, with the building of 1784, was pulled down in 1900. The establishment of a Natural Sciences Tripos (1848) drew the attention of the University to the immediate need of Museums, Laboratories, and Lecture-rooms on a totally different scale from that hitherto attempted ; and the removal of the Botanic Garden (1852) suggested a site. The usual steps were taken ; the usual opposition was offered ; much time was wasted in overcoming it; and finally (1863) the central buildings were begun from designs drawn by A. Salvin, architect, but suggested and controlled by Bob. Willis, M.A., Jacksonian Professor. They were intended to accommodate Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Mechanism (then dealt with by the Jacksonian Professor) ; and the Lucasian, Lowndean, and Plumian Professors. These buildings (occupied 1865) were fortunately con- structed of a material and in a style which readily admitted of extension, addition, and alteration. In consequence space has been found for a central Library on the ground-floor of the south building (1880) ; Morphology has been accommodated by placing an additional floor upon the south and west buildings (1882-84) ; class-rooms intended for Physiology and Botany, but now used for other purposes, have been added to previously existing structures ; and lastly, a drawing-office for the use of Mechanism has been built in the principal quadrangle. The appointment of Mr Michael Foster to the post of Trinity Prselector in Physiology (1870) made provision for the teaching of this science necessary. This was at first found in two rooms on the ground-floor of the central block (now the Library) ; but before long new buildings were begun Museums of Science ]41 (1876), in continuation of the east wing, for Physiology and Comparative Anatomy (Physiology being on the first-floor) ; and subsequently continued to their present extent (1890-91). In 1874 the Cavendish Laboratory was built and stocked with apparatus at the sole expense of the late Duke of Devonshire, Chancellor of the University. This Laboratory has since been increased (1895) by the addition of rooms on the south of the entrance-gateway. 142 Museums of Science The new Chemical Laboratory, designed by J. J. Stevenson, architect, in accordance with the requirements of Professor Liveing, was built 1887-88. A Professorship of Mechanism having been established (1875), accommodation was found for the Professor and his class in the old Jacksonian rooms, and in temporary workshops constructed in_ the garden behind the Department of Botany. New buildings for Human Anatomy, with a lecture-room common to that science and Physiology, were designed by W. M. Fawcett, M. A., architect, and built 1890-91. In 1893 a new Engineering Laboratory was begun, partly by adapting the old buildings of the Perse Grammar School (bought 1888), partly by the erection of a new building designed by W. C. Marshall, M. A., architect. It was formally opened 15 May, 1894. In 1898, after the death of the well-known engineer, John Hopkinson, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, with his son, by an accident in the Alps, Mrs Hopkinson, in conjunction with her surviving son and daughter, offered £5000 to com- memorate her husband and son by an extension of the Laboratory. This generous gift was accepted, and a John Hopkinson Memorial Wing, designed by the same architect, was formally opened 2 February, 1900. In 1900 a Syndicate which had been appointed "to con- sider what steps should be taken for the erection of new buildings for the Medical School upon the site assigned for the purpose," issued a report (22 February), stating that they had considered the accommodation required for Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology, Pathology, and Public Health ; that they had consulted E. S. Prior, M.A. (Gonv. and Cai.), architect ; and that they had obtained plans from him for a Museum which they recommended should be called The Humphry Museum, in commemoration of the services rendered to the University by the late Sir Geo. Murray Humphry, M.D., and for two ranges of building, one on each side of it. They were authorised by Grace (14 June, 1900) to obtain detailed plans and tenders for the Downing Street Wing ; and (31 January, 1901) for the Museum. Leave had previously been given (6 December, 1900) to pull down the old buildings on the site. The tenders were accepted by Grace, 23 May, 1901, and the work was begun soon afterwards. Towards the The Medical School 143 cost of these buildings (besides special gifts in the Benefaction Fund) the State Medicine Syndicate contributed £2000 ; and, for the fittings in the Museum, Lady Humphry and others .£350. The Downing Street Wing and the Humphry Museum were formally opened by Their Majesties the King and Queen, 1 March, ] 904. The Corn Exchange Street Wing will be built so soon as funds are forthcoming. This rapid sketch will give some idea of the way in which these buildings have been extended and developed. We will next describe the different Departments, supposing the visitor to have entered the grounds through the iron gates in Pembroke Street and to begin (^right of the gate of entrance) with The Medical School. For 18 years after the appointment of a Professor of Pathology (in 1884), that science was housed, with Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery, in the range of old buildings (mentioned above) which had been discarded by the Professors of Anatomy, Botany, and Chemistry, in turn. The New Medical Buildings (for history see above) afford accommodation for teaching and research-work in Pharma- cology, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine — both curative and preventive. When completed they will be in the shape of an irregular L. One limb, with the main entrance, faces Downing Street; the other limb will face Corn Exchange Street. In the Downing Street Wing Pharmacology, Surgery, Medicine, Midwifery, Morbid Histology, Experimental Patho- logy, Hygiene and Medical Jurisprudence are accommodated. The greater part of the Pathological Department will be housed in the Corn Exchange Street Wing. The Museum, situated at the angle, and placed obliquely to the other wings, is 62 feet long, 38 feet broad. Here will be housed the Humphry Collection, which will be well displayed in this convenient and well-lighted building. Below the main Museum is a type-Museum, whilst the floor above is devoted to the display of specimens to be accessible to the student of Pathology. The large lecture-theatre accommodates about 200 students. It is entirely lighted and ventilated by artificial means. 144 The Medical ScJiool MEDICAL SCHOOL: HUMPHRY MUSEUM, 1904. The Medical School 145 Above this theatre is the Library, which may also serve for examinations ; it is lighted from the roof. The book-cases are blocked in stacks on either side of the room, each separate case being moveable, so that it may be pulled forward to give access to the shelves. In the basement are good workshops, store-rooms, combus- tion and other experimental rooms, photographic rooms, and accommodation for tlie engines, heating plant, and the electric lighting and ventilation installations. On the ground-floor are provided experimental and research rooms, demonstration, preparation and work-rooms for Surgery, and private rooms for the Lecturers in Medicine, Surgery, Mid- wifery and Medical Jurisprudence. On the first-floor are work-rooms for Pharmacology and Pathology, a small well- lighted lecture-theatre, private rooms for the Eegius Professor of Physic, the Downing Professor of Medicine, and the Professor of Surgery, and rooms for classes in Medicine and Surgery. Here also are excellent Pharmacological Laboratories, and a small Museum for the storage of specimens in Materia Medica. Two of these will be temporarily occupied by the Pathological Department until the building is completed. On the second-floor are the class-room for Morbid Histology, preparation room, rooms for experimental and clinical patho- logical work, rooms for the Professor and Demonstrator of Pathology, the Lecturer on Bacteriology and Preventive Medicine, and the John Lucas Walker Research Scholar. A collection of morbid specimens, prepared by Kaiserling's formalin method, some of which are exhibited in the large practical class room, are of interest and great beauty, as they retain their natural colouring. A view of these will repay a visit to the Pathological Laboratory. In all the research rooms and practical class rooms hot and cold water, gas, and electric light have been laid on to the tables, and arrangements have been made for the reception of "pressure" and "exhaust" pipes. The fittings in all the rooms are simple and inexpensive, but strong and well suited for the purpose for which they are designed. Concrete floors have been used throughout, the paving being of wood block and granolithic cement, with glazed surface channels to take the waste immediately outside. All the supply pipes and electric wires are carried in covered chases c. 10 146 Zoology and can be reached without breaking the walls or floors. The walls and ceilings are finished smooth in adamant cement, all angles are rounded, the skirtings and cornices plain hollows. The doors and furniture are made plain and flat, with no mouldings or projections to carry dust. The window sashes, of cast-iron, are so divided as to give proper light for microscope work, except in the smaller lecture-theatres and Museum, where a new form of lead glazing has been used. These buildings are heated and ventilated by means of warmed or cooled air driven in on the Plenum system. The part of the building not yet begun, but urgently needed, is designed to afibrd additional accommodation for Pathology and Physiological Chemistry. Hygiene also will be housed here until the University can afibrd to build an Institute of Hygiene. The teachers of Clinical Medicine and Surgery give their instruction at Addenbrooke's Hospital, to which a small Clinical Laboratory under the charge of the Professor of Pathology has recently been added. There are about 500 students preparing for Medical and Surgical Degrees, but the larger number of these take the later stages of their Clinical Studies in the London Hospitals, returning to Cambridge for their final examinations. In each year there is an increasing number of medical students who stay in Cambridge for two extra terms to study Pharmacology, Pathology, and the elementary methods employed in Medical and Surgical diagnosis, in order that they may early acquire a knowledge of scientific methods of investigation and treatment, and that they may be prepared to utilise to the full the large field for clinical observation offered to them in London. Zoology. The Department of Zoology can be entered from the door (A) in the east wing of the main building ; or from the door (B) in the south-east corner of the court (see plan, p. 141). The ground-floor of the east building {right of door A) is occupied by store-rooms, work-rooms, and the private rooms of the Superintendent, etc.; and (left), (1) private room of the Professor of Zoology; (2) staircase leading to gallery of Museum, Bird Room, Department of Physiology, etc.; (3) Lecture-room. Museum of Zoology 147 Opposite to the latter is the door leading to the Museum or Zoology. Principal room, ground-floor. The collection of skeletons of Vertebrates was begun by Sir Busick Harwood, M.D., Professor of Anatomy (1785-1814) ; but it owes its present development to the exertions of Wm. Clark, M.D., Professor of Anatomy (1817-66), of Professor Newton, of J. W. Clark, M.A., Superintendent (1866-91), and of Dr Harmer, the present Superintendent. The bust of Professor Clark faces you as you enter. The collection has outgrown the room ; and therefore it has been found impossible to carry out completely any definite zoological arrangement, or even (in many cases) to place together the larger and smaller skeletons, skulls, and separate bones. The following groups, or isolated specimens, deserve special attention ; 1. Cetagea (in wall-case left of door, and suspended from roof). Note the skeleton of a Fin- Whale [Balaenoptera viusculus), and of a Narwhal [Monodon monoceros) with two tusks. A series of organs in spirit has been placed near the osteology, with stuffed specimens, models, and special parts, as whalebone, teeth, etc., so that the internal and external structure may be studied together. 2. Proboscidea (in wall-case right of entrance, and on stage in centre of room). Note the skeletons of the Indian and African Elephants side by side, with bones, tusks and molar teeth of Mastodon and other extinct forms. 3. SiRENiA (in and on wall-case right of entrance, and suspended from roof). Note the skeleton of the extinct Northern Manatee {Rhytina stelleri), partly of the real bones, partly restored. 4. PiNNiPEDiA (in and on wall-case at end of room, right, in front of same). Note the extensive series of skeletons and skulls of this group, the skeletons of the Jamaica Seal {Monachus tropicalis) and the Sea Elephant [Morunga elephantina), and the stuffed specimens of the Northern Fur Seal {Otaria ursina). 5. Ungulata (in wall-case at end of room (left), on floor right and left of entrance, skulls and horns suspended on walls or edge of gallery- floor). Note the series of sub-fossil forms from the Fens of Cambridgeshire and adjacent Counties ; including an almost unique associated skeleton of Urus {Bos primi genius), with two skeletons and a long series of antlers of Eed Deer {Gervus elaphus). Skeletons oi three races of Wild Cattle, the Chilliugham, Chartley, and Cadzow, have been placed near that of the Urus ; while skeletons of the European and American Bisons are near skulls and horn-cores of the Bison from the Cambridgeshire gravels. Note also the skeletons of different species of Boar (wall-case at end 10—2 148 Museum of Zoology of room, table-case), and of Hippopotamus, with allied forms from the gravel (floor, table-case), and skeleton of the extinct Hippopotamiis lemerlei from Madagascar. The odd-toed Ungulata are represented by skeletons of Khinoceros : note that of the White Rhinoceros {R. sivms), Tapir, Horse, etc., with extinct forms represented bj^ the actual bones, or by casts (floor and table-case). 6. Edentata (in table-case and on adjoining floor). Note remains of Glyptodon and a nearly complete skeleton of Megatherium, presented by A. E. Currie, Esq., of Buenos Ayres. 7. EoDENTiA. Note representatives of the chief groups from the Capybara [Hydrochoerus) downwards, including a nearly perfect skeleton of the Beaver [Castor fiber) from the Fens in this neighbourhood. 8. MarsupiaijIA (in detached case, table-cases). Note the series of specimens by which this group is represented, including nearly all the Australian forms, extinct and living, and especially those of the mole-like Marsupial, Notoryctes typhlops, and of the S. American Gaenolestes ohscurus. 9. MoNOTKEBiATA (in glazcd case against wall, left). Note the speci- mens of Proechidna brmjni. The Gallery contains Fishes, Amphibia, Reptilia : and a comparative series of organs of Mammaha in spirit derived (in part) from the collections of Sir Busick Harwood; Dr Macartney, Professor of Anatomy in Trinity College, Dublin, and Professor Schroder van der Kolk, of Utrecht, but largely increased in recent years by preparations made in the labora- tory attached to the Museum. Among the Fishes note some beautiful specimens of Lepidos'iren paradoxa, recently collected in the Paraguayan Chaco, by J. Graham Kerr, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College. A series of Fishes collected by Charles Darwin, M.A,, F.E.S., of Christ's College, during the voyage of the Beagle, is kept in closed oases in the gallery of the Bird Eoom. Among the Reptilia note the skeleton and stuffed specimen of the gigantic Aldabra Tortoise {Testudo elephantind), pre- sented by the late Lord Lilford, and casts of Iguanodon hernissartensis, recently presented by H. M. the King of the Belgians, temporarily placed in the Lecture-room of Compara- tive Anatomy. It is hoped to remove them before long to the Museum, when funds are available for the building of a much needed extension. The Invertebrate Annexe, on the east side of the principal room, has Molluscs and Tunicates on the ground-floor, and the rest of the Invertebrates in the gallery. Museum of Zoology 149 This part of the collection consists of : 1. Specimens selected as an educational series, including a number of preparations in spirit, exhibited by the Naples Zoological Station at the Fisheries Exhibition in London (1883) and bought by the University. Note also (at north end of room) the beginning of an exhibited series of (A) Insects in general ; (B) British Insects. 2. Special collections : principally of Mollusca and Foraminifera. The Molluscan series includes the collections of S. P. Woodward, author of the Manual of the Mollusca (bought 1866) ; of Robert MacAndrew, F.R.S. (bequeathed 1873) ; and of Miss Jane Saul (bequeathed 1895) ; and contains numerous type-specimens or figured specimens. No less interesting is the collection of Foraminifera, formed by Mr H. B. Brady, F.R.S., and bequeathed by him to the University. Besides a very large number of slides kept in cabinets, a fine selection of specimens, with illustrative figures, was arranged by Mr Brady himself shortly before his death, and is exhibited in the gallery. The collection of Polyzoa (not exhibited) is based on the donations of Miss E. C. Jelly, author of the Synonymic Catalogue of Marine, Bryozoa, but it includes numerous specimens received from other sources. The Insects (kept in the Curator's private room and not shewn to the general public) are comprised in the collections of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (given to the Uni- versity 1860) ; of the late G. R. Crotch, M.A., S. John's College ; of Miss Walcott, and others. In the Bird Room, on an upper floor, is lodged the Ornithological Museum. This originated with the general collection of the well-known zoologist William Swainson, containing most of the typical specimens described by him. Through the activity of the late Professor Sir George Paget it was secured for the University in 1840, and was at first placed, together with a fine collection from Australia made by Capt. Blackwood, R.N., in an apartment of the Cockerell Building of the University Library, originally intended for a Zoological Museum ; but, owing to the increase of the geological collections in the adjoining room, it was removed in 1855 by the then Vice-Chancellor (Dr Whewell) to the ground- floor of the Pitt Press, where it suffered much damage from damp. On the completion in 1865 of the new Museum of Zoology, both collections were placed in it ; and imme- diately after, those possessed by the Philosophical Society, containing among others a nearly perfect series of "British Birds," were transferred to the same room. In 1867 the Museum received a great addition in the general collection 150 Museum of Zoology of Hugh Edwin Strickland (containing more than 6000 speci- mens referable to 3000 species), a catalogue of which by the late 0. Salvin, M. A., of Trinity Hall (the first Strickland Curator), was published in 1882 ; and another addition in 1869, by the deposit by the trustees of Prideaux John Selby (author of many works on Natural History) of his collection, which contains a long series of specimens obtained in South Africa by Sir Andrew Smith; while in 1870, the large collection formed in California and British Columbia by the late James Hepburn, of S. John's College, was presented by his devisees. The extensive series of specimens from Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, collected by the late Sir Edward Newton, of Magdalene College, including the most perfect skeletons of the Dodo and of the Solitaire of Eodriguez to be seen in England, beside remains of many other extinct species, and a very considerable set of specimens of those which survive, has been added at various times; as well as a large number illustrating the expiring faunas of New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands, the former chiefly through the kindness of Sir James Hector, Capt. Hutton, and Sir Walter Buller, the latter through the liberality of Mr Scott B. Wilson, late of Magdalene College, and of the Joint Committee of the Royal Society and the British Association for the Zoological exploration of that Archipelago. A considerable portion of the ornithological collections of Henry Guillemard, M.D., of Gonville and Caius College, including a fine series of Birds of Paradise, made during the voyage of the Marchesa, is also in the Museum. The arrangement of the Bird Room requires some explana- tion. In the cases along the west and north walls is displayed the mounted series of "British Birds," while those in the middle and along the east wall of the room contain mounted specimens from the general collection, according to the taxo- nomic views of Dr Gadow, F.R.S. (the Strickland Curator); some cases being devoted to preparations illustrative of mor- phology. The cabinets underneath the glass cases contain the general collection of unmounted skins and skeletons ; while in a compartment along the south wall is placed the Strickland collection of unmounted skins. Turn left on leaving the Museum of Zoology and go up the staircase to the first-floor; or, if you have last visited the Physiological Laboratory 151 BiRP Room, you have one flight only to mount in order to reach the Physiological Laboratory. The rooms used by the Department of Physiology, though in connection with each other, are somewhat widely scattered over various floors of an extended block of buildings, of which one portion faces towards Downing Street, while the remainder abuts on Corn Exchange Street. In the former the rooms are situated on the middle floor, and are reached by the staircase described above. The first room to be entered is the private room of the Professor, but it also contains the library, in which there is a very complete collection of standard journals and current works of reference. Next to this is a small workshop, suflicing for the simpler repairs of daily breakages. Adjoining is the room devoted to research-vivisections, and beyond this a larger room divisible by curtains into smaller portions for research-purposes. Here also at present are placed the pump and apparatus for gas- analysis. The remaining four rooms on this floor are used for private and experimental purposes by the senior staft' of the Laboratory, and contain also the chief part of the more elaborate research-apparatus. Beyond the rooms so far described is the chemical labora- tory for advanced students, one corner of which is walled off" so as to provide a dark room for photographic and similar purposes. Leading out of the advanced chemical laboratory is a long room facing towards Corn Exchange Street, and used for teaching Histology to the senior students. A striking feature here is the economy of space obtained by the intro- duction of a gallery, which nearly doubles the accommodation, while making the room barely one-third larger than it need otherwise be. Connected with one end of this class-room are several smaller ones for histological preparation and research. Running parallel to the latter is one long room fitted with running-gear, drums, pendulum myographs, etc., and con- taining all the appliances necessary for teaching to large classes, both elementary and advanced, the ordinary funda- mental phenomena of Experimental Physiology ; here also are the galvanometers for class-work. Connected with this room 152 Human Anatomy is a small one devoted to experimental work on the special senses. On the floor above the portions just described are situated the two rooms reserved entirely for teaching Histology and Chemistry to the elementary students. Of these the histo- logical class-room is remarkable for the economy of space provided by the gallery and the rest of the seating, and for the uniform excellence of the lighting. On the ground-floor of this part of the building is a demonstration theatre, with seats arranged so that a large number of students can obtain a clear view of experiments subsequent to and in illustration of the various lectures, both elementary and advanced. Adjoining this on the one side are three small rather ill-lighted rooms for preparation and research, and on the other side there is the main lecture- room, used conjointly by the Professors of Anatomy and Physiology. In the basement there is a gas-engine, which drives a large and very eflicient centrifugal machine and provides motor power for the running-gear in the experimental class-room and elsewhere. At the end of this range, beyond the large lecture-theatre, are the rooms allotted to Human Anatomy. This Department can be entered either directly from the Court, or from the Lecture-theatre. The latter also communicates with the Departments of Physiology and Human Anatomy, and has a separate entrance from the Court. The ground-floor of the Department of Human Anatomy contains store-rooms, preparation rooms, and the private room of the Professor. On the first-floor is the Museum, 75 feet long, by 60 feet broad, chiefly occupied by the large collection of crania of the different Races of Man. The number of skalls in this collection at present exceeds 4000. Note, right of entrance, the British series, including the collection made by Dr Thurnam, in which are many of the type-specimens described in Crania Britannica. There is also a large series of Ancient British skulls from a burying-place of the Iceni near Brandon, as well as other Mineralogy 153 important series of Roman, Anglian, Saxon and Medieval crania. In the middle of the room is a long case running E. and W., containing skeletons illustrative of the osteology of the races of man ; and beside this are four large cases containing the foreign series of crania. The most noteworthy portions of this are the Cooper collection of ornamented crania from New Britain ; the Willey collection of Melanesian crania from New Britain ; the Flinders Petrie series of Egyptian skulls of the fifth and eighteenth dynasties, of the period of the Ptolemies, and of the early Christian period ; the Budge collection of Egyptian skulls of tlie twelfth, eighteenth, and twenty-first dynasties ; and the Green collection of modern Egyptian crania. The Egyptian collection numbers altogether more than 1500 specimens. There is also an interesting series from the N.-W. Provinces of India, presented by Prof Havelock Charles ; from N.-W. America collected by Mr Hepburn ; and from Peru, collected by Consul Hutchinson. In the other cases are specimens illustrating variations in human osteology ; and in an annexe are models used for teaching-purposes. On the same landing is the Anthropo- logical Laboratory. On the second-floor is the Histological Laboratory and the Gallery of the Museum, in which are numerous dissections and preparations illustrative of visceral anatomy, including the dissections by Dr Lee of the nerves of the heart. In the annexe to the Gallery is a collection of human bones mounted and displayed for teaching-purposes. On the third-floor is the Dissecting-room, a spacious apartment fitted with electric light and capable of accom- modating 250 students. Mineralogy. From the Department of Human Anatomy cross the court, and visit the Museum of Mineralogy. To reach this you can either ascend the staircase in the north-west angle of the court (Door D), or that at the opposite end (C). In the following description you are supposed to have ascended the latter staircase, and to have entered at the south end (see plan, p. 141). On entering the Museum note in the window {right) a small case containing a valuable collection of Meteorites. On the end wall {left) is a glazed case, containing a series of polished agates, serpentines, and ornamental stones, together 154 Mineralogy with a number of other specimens remarkable for size and beauty. Note in the first compartment some slabs of Labra- dorite, and implements made of New Zealand Jade ; a large transparent cleavage-flake from a twin crystal of Gypsum is a prominent feature of the third ; while further on is a suite of fiue green and purple crystals of Fluor Spar. The general collection, which the University owes largely to the munificence of many individual benefactors, contains specimens formerly in the possession of Dr Clarke and Dr Wollaston, Messrs Warburton, Forbes-Young, and Sir Abraham Hume. The collection belonging to the latter, presented in 1841 by Viscount Alford, was catalogued upwards of a century ago by Count Bournon, and the manuscript is preserved in the Museum. Recent discoveries are well represented in a very large and valuable collection presented to the University by the Rev. T. Wiltshire, Hon. Sc.D. ; while Cornish minerals form the distinctive feature of the Carne collection from Penzance purchased by subscription in 1899. The minerals are arranged according to their chemical composition, but the order in which they are placed is liable to alteration. In the first table-case may be noted groups of Stibnite from Japan and good crystals of Galena and Blende, including fine specimens of the latter mineral from the Binnenthal. The rest of the Sulj)hides will be found in case II. Among them are typical specimens of Chalcopyrite, Bournonite, and Fahlerz from Cornwall, and a unique twin of Mispickel from the same district. The Fluors (case III) are a fine series, British localities being well represented. In the same case are the rare oxy chlorides, Matlockite and Mendipite ; and on the other side are exhibited many well-developed crystals of quartz, as also specimens of amethyst, jasper, opal, etc. Passing by Hematite, Corundum (with its two varieties Ruby and Sapphire), the Spinels and Chrysoberyl, we reach Cassiterite ; the series includes many Cornish Tinstones. The numerous varieties of Calcite occupy the whole of case VI ; the Cumberland, Dauphind and Hartz specimens are interesting. Note also the Chalybite from Cornwall, the Sicilian Aragonite, and the beautiful groups of Azurite, which, with the rest of the Carbonates, are to be found in case VII. Zoological Laboratory 155 Case VII also contains fine specimens of Apatite, Pyro- morphite and Mimetite, while many of the rarer Cornish minerals, such as Liroconite and Ludlamite, are well re- presented among the phosphates and arsenates in the next two cases. The small covered wall-case at the end of this room contains a large series of Redruthites, which are liable to alteration when exposed to light. The crystallography of the Felspars is illustrated in the wall-case in the next room by an exceptionally fine series of specimens. In the next table-case are many large crystals of Beryl and Garnet, including a green crystal of the former mineral on the matrix from the Mourne Mts., Co. Down. The Topazes, Axinites, Euclases, the Apophyllite from India and some of the Zeolites are also worthy of attention. The remaining cases are devoted to the sulphates and elements ; the former are chiefly represented by Barytes from Cumberland, Celestine from Sicily and Gloucestershire, and by many good crystals of Gypsum. Among the elements we may notice a diamond on the matrix from Kimberley. In the same case are placed numerous crystals of Gold. The wall-case contains the rest of the elements. In this room are placed two cabinets containing the Brooke collection, remarkable for the perfection of its specimens : it afforded the late Professor Miller material for many of his researches. Adjoining the Museum are the private rooms of the Pro- fessor, a lecture-room, etc. On the ground-floor are laboratories and demonstration-rooms. ZooLOGiOAL Laboratory. To reach this Laboratory ascend the same staircase (Door C) as that which leads to the Museum of Mineralogy, on the floor above which it is situated. In the autumn of 1875 Professor Newton put his private room at the disposal of F. M. Balfour, M.A., of Trinity College, and A. M. Marshall, M.A., of S. John's College, in order that they might give practical instruction in Comparative Anatomy, This room, now used as the Balfour Library, was large enough to accommodate a class of about 12 students. In a year or 156 Cavendish Laboratory of Experimental Physics two more space was required ; and the Laboratory, which after the first year was conducted by Balfour alone, Marshall having left Cambridge, entered upon a series of removals, until at last it came to rest in the smaller of the two rooms into which it is now divided, that, namely, which occupies the upper floor of the central building towards Downing Street. The construction of this room for the special use of Mr Balfour was sanctioned by the Senate 11 May, 1882 : on which day they also estab- lished a chair of Animal Morphology, of which he was the first occupant, elected 31 May, 1882. Professor Balfour met his death by a fall in the Alps during the following summer, and did not see his room completed. It was first used in the Michaelmas Term, 1882. This room, with the two adjacent private rooms, sufficed, for the Zoological classes of the University until 1884 ; but in that year the establishment of the class in Elementary Biology, and the increase in the classes of Zoology, rendered necessary the erection of the large Laboratory above the Museum of Mineralogy. Three rooms, at present used as the Advanced Laboratory, the Biological and the Zoological Laboratories, were then built, and of late years, in consequence of the increase in the number of zoological workers, several smaller rooms over part of the Department of Physiology and others from the old Botanical Laboratory have been annexed to the Zoological Laboratory, for purposes of research. The present Laboratory affords accommodation for about 130 students, and for about 17 persons engaged in zoological research. After Balfour's death his Library was given to the Labora- tory by his sister, Mrs Sidgwick. This was placed in a room on the floor below the main Laboratory, and is called the Balfour Library. Since its institution it has been main- tained by the Department. The Laboratory contains a bronze bust of Balfour, by Hildebrandt of Florence, presented by J. W. Clark, M.A., Trinity College, and Professor Darwin. Cavendish Laboratory of Experimental Physics. Entered from Free School Lane (plan, p. 141, E). Entrance left under the gateway. The older part of the Laboratory is that to the north of the entrance in Free School Lane. Cavendish Laboratory of Exjyerimetital Physics 157 The basement contains the workshops and the battery- room. Special care is taken to make the workshops as efficient as possible, as in a laboratory where a good deal of original research is carried on it is of the greatest importance to have the means of maldng the requisite apparatus in the laboratory itself. The room for standardizing resistance coils, and a suite of four rooms used by those engaged in original research, are also on this floor. CAVENDISH LABORATORY. 158 Cavendish Laboratory of Experimental Physics As you ascend the staircase note the portrait of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, donor of the Laboratory, by Miss Humphry, after Watts. This picture was formerly at Cavendish College, and when that institution was closed was presented by the Trustees to the Laboratory. Near to this hang the portraits of J. Clerk Maxwell, M.A., first Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics, by Mrs Black- burne, and of J. J. Thomson the present Professor, by A. Hacker. Here are also photographs of Henry Cavendish, Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, Sir George Stokes, and the certificate of the Volta prize awarded to Clerk Maxwell. The first-floor contains a large lecture-room, with a room adjoining for the preparation of lecture experiments ; two large rooms in which demonstrations for students preparing for the first part of the Natural Sciences Tripos are held, and a large apparatus-room. The apparatus includes many pieces of historical interest ; among which may be mentioned, Maxwell's original model of the dynamical top, his model to illustrate the induction of electric currents, his model of Saturn's rings, the coil which he used to determine the absolute measure of the resistance of the ohm, as well as the larger coil used by Lord Eayleigh and Mrs Sidgwick for the same purpose ; a portion of Babbage's calculating machine ; the system of levers used by Wollaston to solidify platinum dust ; and an old Italian thermometer, presented by Babbage. On the second-floor there is a large room used for demonstrations to advanced students, a dark room for photo- graphy, and a number of small rooms used by students doing original research. The new part of the Laboratory, on the south side of the entrance from Free School Lane, contains a very large room used for demonstrations to large classes of medical students, underground rooms for experiments requiring a constant temperature, a small lecture-room, the library, and the Professor's private room. This part of the building will be completed by the addition of another floor, so soon as funds are available. On leaving the Cavendish Laboratory, turn to the left along Free School Lane (so called because the free Grammar School, erected from funds bequeathed by Dr Perse (see p. 1) originally stood in it), until you reach the department of Mechanism and Engineering 159 Mechanism and Engineering. This Laboratory was opened in 1894, to meet the requirements of students taking the then newly-established Mechanical Sciences Tripos. The University Workshops, which adjoin the Laboratory, were purchased by the University in 1886. The cost of building the new Laboratory was in great part met by public subscription, which included a gift of £1000 from the present Chancellor, the Duke of Devonshire, and many of the more expensive pieces of plant have been gifts. In 1901 the north wing was added in memory of the late Dr John Hopkinson, of Trinity College, at a cost of £5000, the gift of his widow and family. Further extensions, comprising a new drawing-office, lecture-theatre, and mechanical labora- tory, were opened in October, 1903. These extensions were rendered possible by the removal of Botany to the Downing site (see below). During recent years the number of students attending the Engineering department has rapidly increased ; the number is now fully 200. The teaching is carried on by the Professor, two Lecturers and nine Demonstrators, with workshop-in- structors in carpentry, pattern-making, fitting, and forging. Lectures are given on the subjects of the Mechanical Sciences Tripos, namely, Mathematics, Mechanics, Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, Principles of Mechanism, Heat and Heat-Engines, Applied Electricity ; along with practical work in Mechanics and Elasticity, Heat, Surveying, Drawing, Me- chanics, and Electricity. The rooms now in use comprise, in addition to two large lecture- theatres and a number of class-rooms : (1) The Steam Laboratory, which is furnished with a number of steam-engines of different types arranged for ex- perimental use, air-engines, gas-engines, oil-engine, steam- turbine, refrigerating machines, dynamo-electric machines for continuous and alternating currents. (2) The boiler house, with two steam-boilers for the supply of the experimental engines. (3) The Elasticity Laboratory, which contains a 50-ton testing machine and other smaller machines for testing the strength of the materials used in Engineering construction, many appliances for measurements of Elasticity, and a set of tanks, turbines, pumps, and apparatus for Hydraulic experi- ments. (4) The Mechanical Laboratory, containing apparatus for mechanical experiments and measurements. 160 Chemical Laboratory (5) The Electrical Laboratories, furnished with numerous dynamos, motors and appliances for practical electrical tests and measurements. A large part of the electrical plant has been presented by the British Westinghouse Company, Messrs Siemens Brothers, and other electrical engineers. (6) The Museum, containing a number of models of mechanical motions, most of which were designed and con- structed by the late Professor Willis, whose Elements of Mechanism was one of the earliest works treating of this subject. (7) The Drawing Office, where instruction is given in engineering, drawing, and design. The Workshops contain a large number of screw-cutting lathes and other machine tools. The ground-floor is used for turning and fitting, forging, and instrument-making; the upper floor for carpentry and pattern-making. On leaving the Engineering Laboratory turn left along Free School Lane, and again left along Downing Street, until you reach the Chemical Laboratory. Entered from Downing Street (see plan, p. 141, G). The architect of this Laboratory was compelled to work under two conditions : (1) that nothing which was needful to render the interior as well fitted as possible for the special use for which it was intended should be sacrificed to architec- tural effect: (2) that his building should not interfere with the ancient lights of the neighbours. These conditions will account for the plainness of the style and the irregularity in the height of the difierent parts. The material is Ancaster stone, or red brick with Ancaster stone dressings. On entering the principal building from Downing Street you ascend a short flight of steps to a vestibule with marble columns, and a floor paved with tesserae — the only attempt at ornamentation in the whole building. Note the glass cases containing specimens illustrative of the metallurgy of iron, steel, lead, etc. Entered from this vestibule are two small lecture-rooms (left)^ and the suite of elementary laboratories Chemical Laboratory 161 {right). ^ These latter consist of three large rooms communi- cating with one another : 1. The largest and most northerly, accessible by a separate entrance at that end, is 62 feet long by 45 feet 11 162 Chemical Laboratory wide, and contains benclies for 84 students. Most of these divide their time between chemistry and physics, and the same bench is occupied by two students coming on alternate days, so that the accommodation is practically sufficient for 168. The cupboards and drawers at each bench are in duplicate, so that every student can lock up his own pre- parations. This room is used mainly for qualitative analysis. At the north-west corner is a small octagonal room with windows on seven sides, so that a thorough draught can always be had, no matter what wind is blowing. It is intended for work with such choking chemicals as chlorine and bromine. In it the operator can always get to windward of the fumes. 2. The middle room of the suite, intended for the making of gases, accommodates 24 students at least. 3. The elementary quantitative laboratory, with benches for 38 students. It is connected by a lobby with the balance- room. The ventilation of these rooms is effected by the tall chimney-shaft, 100 feet high and 6 feet square in internal section. Return to the Hall and visit the two lecture-rooms {left). Each will seat 70 persons. Behind them are the preparation- room, and the specimen-room ; and beyond these again a third lecture-room forming the main part of the building, of less height, on the left of the street elevation. It seats 250 persons. This room has a separate entrance from Downing Street, and also from the yard behind. Return again to the Hall, and ascend the staircase. In the mezzanine is a room for organic analyses, over the balance- room, and also the Professor's private room. On the first-floor are laboratories for 20 advanced students, over the elementary laboratories (2), (3), on the floor below. Also over the largest elementary laboratory (1) is the laboratory for medical students in pharmaceutical and hygienic chemistry. This room ac- commodates 32 students. On this level are also a research laboratory for organic chemistry ; a lecture-room ; and the private room of the Jacksonian Professor. Other rooms, at a higher level, are used for special research, as a library, and as dwelling-rooms for two assistants and a housekeeper. Here, too, space is found for mounting one of Rowland's large concave gratings of 21 feet focal length, for spectroscopic work. The Squire Laiv Library and Law School 163 In the basemeut are boilers which supply steam for heating the whole building, and for two small engines which drive the dynamo, air-pumps and other machinery ; also laboratories for metallurgical chemistry and assaying, and for agricultural chemistry, and various store-rooms. On leaving the Chemical Laboratory, visit the buildings on the Downing site. To reach these turn to the left along Downing Street, until you are opposite to the Squire Law Library, easily recognised by five lofty windows. Beneath this Library three round arches give access to the quadrangle. Turn to the right on entering, and visit first The Squire Law Library, and Law School. The public teaching of law was carried on in this University from the most ancient times in what is still called The Schools Quadrangle (see above, p. 6). On the ground-floor of the south side were the original Schools of Law (probably Civil Law and Canon Law) ; and there the School of Civil Law remained when a new School of Canon Law had been built, about 1470, on the west side of the quadrangle. The study of Canon Law was forbidden by King Henry VIII in 1535 ; but to Civil Law he assigned a Readership in 1540. In the course of the last century the more obviously useful subjects of English Law and International Law were added to Civil Law, as part of the recognised course of study for University degrees ; but the latter is still *' read " by its Eegius Professor, and, in all probability, will always retain its position as part of the liberal education desirable for a high class lawyer. Further, the oral instruction of former times has been greatly improved and extended by the ap- pointments of a Downing Professor of the Laws of England, a Whewell Professor of International Law, a Reader in English Law, and a number of able College lecturers. This increase in the number of teachers has, of coui'se, been correlated with a corresponding increase in the number of pupils ; and not only would the old School have become wholly inadequate, even if it had not been required for the University Library, but there was no space in or near it for a special legal library, suitable to the enlarged requirements of the Legal Faculty. Several efforts to obtain a central site for a new Law School were made, but without success ; and when part of the Downing Site was offered, it was decided to accept it, notwithstanding the incongruity of placing Law side by side with Science. Many distinguished lawyers offered help, and rather more than £2000 was received, with which sum, joined to what the University could afford, a building of modest dimen- sions and unpretending character was projected. While this scheme was being debated, the University received a munificent bequest from Miss Eebecca Flower Squire. By her Will ample funds were left to the University for the foundation of Scholarships 11—2 164 The Squire Law Library and Law School SQUIRE LAW LIBRARY, 1904. The Botany School 165 in Law, and for the provision of a Law Library, with furniture and books for the same. The University, thus relieved from the expense of providing a Library, was enabled to meet the other requirements of the legal Faculty, and to build a spacious Law School, so arranged as to be obviously distinct from the Squire Library, but to be approached by an external staircase belong- ing to the latter, and erected out of Miss Squire's bequest. The Squire Library, with the adjoining Law School, has been designed by Mr T. G. Jackson, R.A., architect, who is also the architect of the adjoining Sedgwick Museum. The Library, with its three archways, forms an imposing centre to the fagade of the new quadrangle. The main repository for books — still unfinished — is a lofty room measuring 85 feet long by 30 feet broad, with cases projecting between the windows at right angles to the walls, and galleries at each end. An upper storey, with a height, in the centre, of 14 feet, will serve to contain duplicates, and, on occasion, may be used for purposes of examination. Note, on the street fagade, a tablet bearing the arms granted to "The Lawe Reader" in 1540 ; and over the door by which the staircase is entered, a noble figure of Justice, by Mr Pegram, A.R.A., with the mottoes Justitia elevat gentem, and Discite justitiam moniti. Cross the quadrangle, the west side of which has been reserved for the Museum of General and Local Archeology and of Ethnology, and visit The Botany School. The new building for the above School, formally opened by their Majesties the King and Queen, 1 March, 1904, was designed by W. C. Marshall, M.A. (Trinity College), architect, and built by Mr Sindall of Cambridge. The building is a simple and comparatively plain structure, depending on its proportions and materials for its excellent effect. Without aiming at close imitation of old work, it is reminiscent of the Renaissance Architecture of the end of the 17th century. The material is reddish-brown brick, with facings and mullioned windows of Clipsham stone. The north, or principal fagade, has a central pilastered projection, built of stone up to the first-floor and surmounted by a plain pediment ; and on either side of this are the entrances 166 The Botany School and staircases. This central feature faces the principal entrance to the quadrangle from Downing Street. The building, which is 200 feet long by 40 feet wide, com- prises a basement and three floors, with a mezzanine between the first and second floors. There is also a flat roof available for experimental purposes. It is lighted throughout by elec- tricity. Basement. The central part of the basement is occupied by the lower part of the large Lecture-room, adjacent to which are prepara- tion-rooms and store-rooms. It also includes an attendant's office, coal-cellars, and boiler-room. A lift, for conveying materials and apparatus, runs from basement to top. Ground-Floor. The large Lecture-room, which measures 52 ft. by 35 ft., accommodates about 200 students. The Herbarium, an oblong room measuring 45 ft. by 39 ft. 6 in., is lighted by windows on the north and south. It contains the extensive and valuable collections contributed by a succession of former Professors since the appointment of a Professor of Botany in 1724, and by various travellers, or purchased from time to time, including those of Lindley, Henslow, and Babington, Gray's Algw, a series of Lichens, Fruits, and Seeds collected by Sir C. Bunbury, certain in- teresting plants brought by Charles Darwin from the Galapagos Islands and elsewhere, as well as additions made from time to time by others, among which may be mentioned the collection formed in the Pyrenees by Mr C. Packe, the Buhi of M. Genevier, etc., etc. Here also are a room for the A&sistant Curator, a library of monographs and books on Systematic Botany, and accommodation for those engaged in research. The Museum, a beautiful oblong room on the east of the Lecture-room, is of the same size as the Herbarium, well lighted on three sides by tall windows. A room for mounting and preparing specimens, and a bay to the north for specialists engaged in research, are also provided. The extensive collections, obtained from various parts of the world, here exhibited, comprise a series of specimens The Botany Sclwol 167 BOTANY SCHOOL, 1904. 168 The Botany School specially designed to display the chief biological and systematic features of all the great classes of the Vegetable Kingdom. For many of the specimens the Museum is indebted to donors at home and abroad. The Fungi are represented by a comprehensive series carefully chosen, with the object of illustrating both the general biology of the plants, and the part they play as parasites in causing diseases and galls in plants and animals. Among the specimens illustrating the biology and morphology of the Vascular Cryptogams there are several exhibits deserving special attention. There is also a valuable collection, made by the late Professor Henslow, of woods, grafts, excrescences, and normal and abnormal growths on Forest-trees, etc. The Museum also contains representative collections of Gymno- sperms and Flowering-plants, with a number of Algw, Mosses, and Lichens. It also possesses a remarkable section of the trunk of the Mammoth Tree of California, showing over 1300 annual rings. Among other striking specimens may be men- tioned an example of the "Vegetable Sheep" of New Zealand {Eaoulia), giant Bamboos, inflorescences of Palms, etc. First-Floor. The first-floor may also be regarded as divided into three portions, comprising laboratories, research rooms, etc., not open to the public. The centre, on the south side, is occupied by the Library, containing nearly 5000 volumes and pamphlets on all branches of Botany, properly catalogued and arranged on open shelves, and in glazed cases. The fact that 37 botanical scientific serial publications are taken in, shows that thorough provision is made for all branches of botanical study and research. Opposite to the Library, to the north, are the private working rooms of the two lecturers in Botany, Mr Seward and Mr Blackman. The west end is occupied by two Laboratories. To the north is the Morphological Laboratory for the practical study of the Advanced Morphology and Anatomy of Plants ; to the south the Chemical Laboratory for experimental study and research in the Chemistry of Plants. In the latter is also a photographic dark room. The Botany School 169 The rest of this end of the building is occupied by a room for research, to the north, and on the south by a work-room, where carpenter's repairs, glass-blowing, etc., can be carried on. The east end is occupied by the Professor's private room, and rooms for Incubators, Sterilizers, preparation and stores on the south ; and by the Professor's Laboratory and two rooms for research on the north, while a small Greenhouse at the extreme east affords accommodation for experimental work on plant diseases and similar problems. Second-Floor. The western half of this floor is occupied by the large Laboratory for the practical study of General Botany by students attending the Professor's lectures. This is a large room nearly 100 feet long by about 40 feet wide at the broadest end, with accommodation for about 150 students. The facilities offered by the Botanic Garden for the study of fresh specimens ensure adequate supplies of material. The two University Demonstrators, Mr Hill and Mr Gregory, have private work-rooms opening into the Laboratory. Adjoining the large Laboratory is a small Lecture-room for Advanced Lectures, and next to this is a store-room for Laboratory material. The east end of the second-floor is occupied by the La- boratory for Plant Physiology, a nearly square room measuring about 45 ft. by 40 ft., lighted from three sides, and very fully equipped with apparatus for the experimental study of the Physiology of Plants. It contains a dark room, and has a door to the west leading to a Greenhouse, which is so sunk in the building that it is not exposed to the heating effects of direct insolation at any time of the year. The private room of the Reader in Botany, Mr Francis Darwin, and a room for research, occupy the north side, between the two laboratories just mentioned. The Roof. The large flat roof is fitted with conveniences for experi- mental work. There is also a well-lighted Greenhouse. The flat area is surrounded by gables on three sides so as not to interfere with the architectural effect from the Quadrangle. 170 The Sedgwick Museum of Geology Taken as a whole, the building may fairly be said to com- prise the finest Botanical Laboratories in the kingdom. Turn right on leaving the Botany School, and passing along the east side of the quadrangle, visit The Sedgwick Museum of Geology. The study of Geology in the University of Cambridge originated with the bequest of the eccentric physician Dr John Woodward, who by Will dated 1 October, 1727, directed his executors to convert into money his personal estate and effects, to purchase land of the yearly value of one hundred and fifty pounds, and to convey the same to the University of Cambridge. Out of this rent a yearly salary of one hundred pounds is to be paid to a lecturer, who is to "read at least four lectures every year," and to defend therein the doctrines promulgated by the founder in his Natural History of the Earth, and other works. In the next place he bequeaths to the University his collections of English fossils, with the two cabinets containing them, and their catalogues. The executors are to " cause and preserve the same to be lodged and reposited in such proper room or apartment as shall be allotted by the said University " ; the lecturer is to have charge of them and their catalogues ; and he is to attend daily ' ' in the room where they are reposited from the hour of nine of the clock in the morning to eleven, and again from the hour of two in the afternoon till four three days in every week, to show the said Fossils, gratis, to all such curious and intelligent persons as shall desire a view of them for their information and instruction." To these cabinets two others, containing foreign fossils, were presently added by purchase for the sum of one thousand pounds; and in 1734 a small room was contrived for their accommodation — now the Novel-Eoom of the University Library — by cutting off a space about fifteen feet in length from the north end of the Axts School. So long as the collection could be contained in Wood- ward's cabinets this room was not ill-adapted to its purpose, but when new acquisitions had to be displayed, it was found to be wholly in- adequate. Many abortive attempts to replace it by something better were made ; but none of them were accepted, and there the Geological col- lections of the University remained for at least one hundred and seven years. The first lecturer was appointed, as Dr Woodward had directed, in 1731, and between that date and 1818, when Adam Sedgwick was elected, six gentlemen occupied the chair. They did not do much to advance the knowledge of Geology ; it is in fact doubtful whether any of them ever lectured ; and it has been whispered that one, who went so far as to publish a Plan of a Course of Lectures on Mineralogy , received an intima- tion from high quarters which caused him to be silent for the rest of his tenure of office. In 1818, as stated above, Sedgwick was appointed. He is said to have known nothing whatever of Geology before he was selected to teach it ; but, if this improbable legend be true, he rapidly supplied his want of previous education, by unwearied application, both in the study and in The Sedgwick Museum of Geology 171 the field. His intellectual force, his varied attainments, and his most attractive personality soon made themselves felt, and before long his lecture-room was crowded with eager listeners, while his demonstrations of geology out of doors, when he conducted a large party of horsemen across country, were some of the most popular engagements of the term. It does not always happen that a first-rate lecturer is an equally good collector ; but Sedgwick never forgot the importance of a large series of specimens, carefully selected and well displayed in a good Museum. To acquire these he used not merely his scientific knowledge, but his social influence ; and, whether it was a question of donation or purchase, he pleaded so irresistibly that a specimen was surrendered, or a subscription paid with almost incredible swiftness. His endeavours were rewarded by the accumulation of a vast collection, which filled not merely the Woodwardian apartment, but turned his own College rooms into a store- house. In 1837 the first stone was laid of a new Library, with museums and lecture-rooms beneath it. The funds were raised, in part at least, by subscription, and Sedgwick, though by no means a rich man, contributed one hundred guineas. Moreover, he was active in soliciting subscriptions from others. The north side only of the intended quadrangle was built ; but the ground-floor and the basement of the part constructed were large enough to enable Sedgwick to display his collections ; and, with the help of the most skilful scientific experts in each department, he soon made the whole available for educational purposes. This removal took place in 1841 ; and for a time, by judicious annexation of some neighbouring territories, the Museum was large enough for its contents ; but gradually, as purchase after purchase was made, at Sedgwick's suggestion, and gift after gift received through his influence, the need for enlarged quarters became as manifest as it had been in 1837. But the poverty of the University, not its will, stood in the way, and no change was possible. In January, 1873, at the ripe age of eighty-eight, Sedgwick passed away ; and what he could not effect in life, was brought to pass, slowly but surely, by his death. Two months later, a great meeting of his friends was held in the Senate House ; and speaker after speaker, dealing with the subject from different points of view, agreed in one thing, namely, that the one suitable memorial to Sedgwick would be a new Geological Museum, to bear his name for ever, as the Professorship bears that of Woodward. The eloquence of that day was succeeded by the more prosaic labours of a hard-working committee, who before many months were over had collected a sum of money which ultimately, before the Museum was begun, amounted, with interest, to £26,125. This sum, supplemented by a considerable grant from the Benefaction Fund, has enabled the University to erect the present noble building, from the designs of T. G. Jackson, R.A., architect. Ascend the double staircase, which, with the tower ad- joining, breaks the uniformity of the south front of the building in so picturesque a manner, and enter the Museum, which occupies the whole of the first-floor of the two wings. 172 The Bedgwick Mmeimi of Geology SEDGWICK MUSEUM, 1904. The Sedgwick Museum of Geology 173 called Downing Street Wing and Downing Place Wing respectively (see plan), into which the building is divided. Turn right on entering the Museum, and walk to the south end of the Downing Place Wing. On your way note, in a niche of the wall which separates the two divisions of the Museum, a bronze statue of Professor Sedgwick, given by his old friend the Reverend William Selwyn, D.D., and executed by Onslow Ford, R.A. On the opposite fac"e of the wall is hung a portrait of Sedgwick, in oils, by William Farren, of Cambridge. It was taken when he was a very old man, and is an excellent likeness of him at that date. At the end of the Museum, close to the door admitting to the Professor's private room, are two compartments dedicated to the safe keeping of Dr Woodward's collections, still contained in the venerable cabinets in which they arrived at Cambridge a hundred and seventy-six years ago. A catalogue of this collection was published in 1729, called : An Attempt towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England ; in a Catalogue of the English Fossils in the Collection of J. Woodward, M.D. Containing a Description and Historical Account of each ; with Observa- tions and Experiments made in order to discover as well the Origin and Nature of them as their Medicinal, Mechanical, and other Uses. This was succeeded by: A Catalogue of the Foreign Fossils in the Collection of J. Woodward, M.D., brought as well from several Parts of Asia, Africa, and America ; as from Sioeden, Germany, Hungary, and other Parts of Europe. Near this compartment hangs a portrait of Sedgwick in crayons, by Lowes Dickinson, taken in 1860. This, on the whole, gives the best idea of Sedgwick in his years of greatest energy and activity. A portrait of Woodward, in oils, in an oval frame, hangs near it. The noble collection which occupies the whole of the first- floor, due as explained above to the energy of Sedgwick and .his friends, is arranged in stratigraphical order, the older fossils being placed at the south end of the Downing Place Wing (near Woodward's cabinets) and the more recent at the west end of the Downing Street Wing. We will take the noteworthy objects in this series, beginning with the oldest rocks. A representative selection of the oldest known fauna (that of 174 The Sedgwich Museum of Geology the Olenellus beds of the Cambrian rocks) was presented by the Hon. C. D. Walcott, Director of the United States Geological Survey. Of other Lower Palaeozoic collections note those of Colonel Fletcher (a fine set of Wenlock Limestone organisms), and those of the late M. Barrande (Bohemian fossils) which were purchased ; also the collections presented by Dr Hicks, Professor H. A. Nicholson, and Mr Kinsey Dover. The collection of Lower Paheozoic forms is the expansion of that originally made by Professor Sedgwick when working out the succession of the older rocks of Wales. Among the Upper Palaeozoic fossils, note a fine series of Old Red Sandstone fishes, partly presented by James Binnie, partly obtained from other sources ; the Whidborne Collection of Devonian t3rpes figured by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne in the Palaeontographical Society's monographs, and presented by him to the Museum ; and the following Carboniferous specimens : the Burrows Collection from Settle in Yorkshire, the Binnie Collection of Coal Measure plants, and the Aitken Collection of plants, mollusca, and fishes from the Millstone Grit and the Coal Measures. The Mesozoic fossils are in cases occupying the eastern portion of the Downing Street Wing. The Count Miinster Collection of foreign Triassic and Jurassic fossils contains a fine group of specimens from the Lithographic Stone of Solenhofen, some of which are figured in his Petrefaktenkunde (1839). The Leckenby Collection consists of Jurassic and Cretaceous fossils, mostly from Yorkshire. A fine series of Saurians from the Jurassic beds are partly arranged down the centre of the Museum, partly in cases at the sides. Specially valuable are the Liassic reptiles presented by Mr T. Hawkins, those from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough (collected by Dr H. Porter and others), and also those from the Kimmeridge Clay of Ely. The Strickland Collection is also largely com- posed of Jurassic fossils. The Cretaceous faunas are very well represented. Besides* those in the Leckenby Collection we may notice the organisms in the collection presented by the Rev. T. Wiltshire, M.A., Hon. Sc.D., which includes many choice echinoderms and mollusca, a remark which also applies to the Forbes Young Collection from the Chalk of Kent and Sussex. The collection of the late Montagu Smith, B.A., of The Sedgtoick Museum of Geology 175 Trinity College, has many interesting fossils, especially those from the Middle Chalk, of which this is the best existing series. The collection of the late C. J. A. Meyer consists chiefly of Cretaceous fossils from south-eastern England, and from the London Clay of Portsmouth docks. It is specially valuable on account of the exact horizons from which the fossils were obtained being known. It includes many figured specimens. The collection made by the late James Carter, M.KCS., and presented by his daughter Mrs J. E. Foster, is worthy of note for its local Cretaceous fossils, and the fine suite of Crustacean remains. Note especially the fossils from the local seam known as the Cambridge Greensand, as being the best collection from this seam, and as containing the only British representatives of Mesozoic birds. The Tertiary fossils occupy the westei-n portion of this building. Thanks to the collection made and presented by the Rev. Osmond Fisher, M.A., Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, from the Lower Tertiary beds of Hampshire, and that made during many years by the present Curator, Mr H. Keeping, the Museum possesses a remarkably representative series of Eocene and Oligocene fossils. Note the plants from the Bagshot beds of Alum Bay and Bournemouth (also collected by the Curator). The Pliocene fossils are enriched by the specimens collected by Mr Montagu Smith, and by the Curator. The latter obtained a specially fine set from the St Erth beds, Cornwall. Among the Pleistocene fossils the mammahan bones are fine. Of Cavern bones the Museum possesses specimens from Belgium and Pembrokeshire, the latter collected and presented by the late T. Roberts, M.A., of S. John's College. Of bones from the river-gravels, which are chiefly local, note especially the fine series found at Barrington. Among these are heads of Hippopotamus and Rhinoceros. There is a good series of peat-bones, including a skeleton of an Irish Stag (^Cervus megaceros). From the Cambridgeshire Fens note bones of Beaver, Pelican, Urus {Bos primigenius), the smaller Ox {Bos longifrons), and Wolf. On the second-floor, in addition to rooms devoted to teaching, are tlie Petrological Museum and the Library. The former is in the Downing Place Wing. The rock-collections 176 The Sedgwick Museum of Geology are mostly of later growth than the fossils, and their arrange- ment is not yet completed. Two large table-cases contain a general collection of Igneous rocks, while the upper glazed portion of the same cases is devoted to a series of British Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks, and to various local and special collections. The upright glazed cases are for the most part not yet arranged, but in those against the eastern wall are a variety of specimens illustrating rock-structures, and a collection of British Tertiary igneous rocks, arranged chrono- logically. Cabinets in the Petrological Laboratory contain a number of special collections of rocks, many of them illustra- tive of published memoirs ; and in the same room are stored the microscopical collections, including some 5000 slides. The Library is at the west end of the passage in the Downing Street Wing. It is a handsome room with oak fittings, the cost of which was defrayed from the sum be- queathed by the late Master of Trinity Hall (Rev. H. Latham, M.A.). The collection of books, which represent all branches of the Science, has been specially enriched by the gifts of the late E. B. Tawney, M. A., of Trinity College, and the late Rev. T. Wiltshire, M.A. Workers in the Museum should notice books which refer to portions of the Collections of specimens. In addition to the Catalogue of the Woodward Collection already mentioned, note the following : A Synopsis of the Classification of the British Palseozoic Eocks ; by the Eev. Adam Sedgwick, M.A., F.R.S., with a systematic description of the British Palaeozoic Fossils in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge by Frederick McCoy, F.G.S. (Camb. Univ. Press, 1854). Index to the fossil remains of Aves, Ornithosauria, and Eeptilia from the Secondary System of Strata, arranged in the Woodwardian Museum in the University of Cambridge by H. G. Seeley (Cambridge, 1869). The Ornithosauria : an elementary study of the bones of Pterodactyles made from fossil remains found in the Cambridge Greensand, and arranged in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge, by H. G. Seeley (Cambridge, 1870). A Catalogue of the Collection of Cambrian and Silurian Fossils contained in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge by J. W. Salter, F.G.S. With a preface by the Eev. Adam Sedgwick, LL.D. , F.E.S. (Camb. Univ. Press, 1873). Catalogue of the type-fossils in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, by Henry Woods (Camb. Univ. Press, 1891). The third-floor of the Museum contains duplicates, and has space for the future expansion of the Collection, Botanic Garden \77 Botanic Garden. This Garden occnpies rather more than 20 acres ; while rather more than 17 acres, now let in allotments, are available for future extension. The Garden contains an extensive and efficient range of plant -houses, built 1888 and 1891 on the most modern system ; a considerable Arboretum, which includes fine Coniferae and many choice trees and shrubs ; an extensive collection of hardy herbaceous and Alpine plants; a Eockery, and a Water or Bog garden. The out-door collections are arranged, with some exceptions, according to the Natural Sjstem of De Candolle. We will suppose the visitor to enter from Bateman Street. After passing the walls devoted to climbers you come to the Curator's office (right), and next to the Plant-houses (left). The Corridor, more than 90 yards long, which you enter first, connects the various houses and the laboratory, and serves also for the cultivation of climbers, one of the most interesting of which is Arauja cericifera, famous for the moth-catching propensity of its flowers. More important economically is perhaps the small-fruited grape-vine {Vitis vinifera carinthiaca) which produces the " currant " commonly used in cakes. It grows near the Conservatory. Further on will be found also the vine which bears the " Sultana " raisin. Ornamental plants are numerous, and among them may be mentioned the Passion Flowers {Passifloi^a), Hibbertias, and Daturas, especially D. suaveolens of Mexico, the flowers of which are said to be cross-pollinated by Humming-birds. In the east porch are plants of Ocimum viride, a Labiate of Tropical Africa with reputation for efficacy in keeping off Mosquitos. The leaves are used as a febrifuge. The houses open on the south side, while on the north is a laboratory for advanced students, potting sheds, a reading-room, a library for gardeners, and other offices. The first house is the Temperate House, in which are cultivated the plants of Australia, the Cape, and countries of similar climate. Inside the door is a magnificent specimen of Todea harbara from the Australian Alps, not distant either in habit or relationship from our own Royal Fern. Note also the Fan Palm of the south of Europe (Jjhamaerops humilis), New Zealand Flax, Tree Ferns, various species of Eucalyptus, the Rice Paper-tree, and the Date Palm. Among the Eucalypti observe E. amygdalina, which grows to be the 0. 12 178 Botanic Garden tallest tree on earth (about 470 ft.) ; the Blue Gum, E. globulus, valuable for planting in moist malarial districts, and the Karri, E. diversicolor, the wood of which makes the best street pavement. The Jarrah, also used for paving, is E. marginata. Here also will be found the Camphor- tree {Cinnamomum camphor a) of China and Japan ; Acacia melanoxylon^ curiously bearing both phyllodes and true leaves ; the Bird-plant of Mexico {Heterotoma lohelioides), and the Abyssinian Musa ensete, the leaf-blade of which attains 17-18 ft. in length. At the end of the house is a collection of tender Coniferae, formed chiefly for students in Palisobotany for comparative purposes. The Cool Fern House, in addition to a general collection, contains many British kinds. Note Gymnogramma lepto- phylla, an annual fern found in Jersey, and fine specimens of Platycerium alcicorne, Davallia pyxidata, and Polypodium Schneider i, a remarkable hybrid fern showing the characters of two very distinct plants. In water contained in a bell-jar notice a fine plant of Quillwort {Isoetes lacustris), which grows in alpine and sub-alpine lakes, and is an ally of the very different-looking Selaginellas and Lycopodiums. The Conservatory is devoted to the ornamental flowering plants of special botanical service, with others not ordinarily found in gardens. Its contents vary with the time of the year. The Stove contains choice Tropical plants, the majority of the Cycads, of which all the genera are represented, and a set of the more important economic plants. The Cycads, hand- some as they are in foliage, represent the lowest type of flowering plant. They flourished about the end of the Triassic and beginning of the Jurassic period. Here may be seen the plant upon which the species Pilocarpus Jahorandi, Holmes, was established. Note on the roof a peculiar form of the Yam {Dioscorea sativd) bearing tubers in the axils of the leaves. Close to it is a fine variety of Gloriosa supei'ha, which, like its allies, climbs by means of prehensile leaf-tips. Here will be found several genera of Caoutchouc-producing plants, the Mahogany-tree, the Cola nut^ Tamarind, Papaw, Coca, Ginger, Cinnamon, and Arrowroot. On the same shelf is Ahrus precatorius, which obtained an absurd notoriety a few years ago as the "Weather-plant," and was said even to predict volcanic disturbances. Its seeds, known as Crab's-eyes, Botanic Garden 179 are used in India by jewellers and druggists as weights. Among Palms is Fhytelephas macrocarpa, the Ivory-nut palm, the seeds of which are used in large quantities for the manu- facture of buttons and similar small articles. Physiologically interesting is Gymnema sylvestre, the leaves of which contain an alkaloid which paralyses the nerves of taste for sweets and for bitters. On the east shelf is a plant of the Baobab {Adansonia digitata)^ which produces a trunk 30 ft. in diameter, but of small height. Some trees were supposed by Humboldt to be older than any other of the organic monuments of our planet. One of the most interesting subjects is Acacia sphaerocephala, in the large spines of which in Central America an ant "resides, forming a garrison for its protection from leaf-cutting ants. It is interesting that the Acacia grows special food for its protecting army. Plants which afford shelter for ants are termed " myrmecophilous," and another in this house is Cecropia peltata. It has hollow stems to which the ants make a door, at a thin place ap- parently provided for the purpose, and food-bodies are produced on a "pulvinus" at the base of the petiole. On application Myrmecodia Antoinii may be seen in one of the "Pits." It has a tuberous base with galleries of which the ants make use, but it produces no special food. With it is Dischidia Rafflesiana^ which makes leaves into pitchers to catch water and debris, and sends in roots to extract the nourishment. In the Palm House are numerous choice Palms, the Banana, specimens of Dioon edule and Cycas. One of the finer Palms is Arenga saccharifera \ a saccharine juice is obtained from the floral sheaths, the stems provide a kind of sago, and the black fibrous investment is used for man}?- purposes, as for instance the making of cordage. Among the climbing Aroids observe in the corner to left on entering the remarkable Monstera deliciosa, which bears an edible fruit, and has leaves with large round holes. On the east shelf notice Ficus sycamorus, the Sycamore-tree of Scripture. Its soft w^ood is almost imperishable, and was used for mummy- cases by the Egyptians. In the Aquarium adjoining, in addition to the Water plants, will be found the Sacred Bean, Papyrus, Sugar-cane, Rice, Cotton, the Bottle-gourd, and an interesting vine ( Yitis 12—2 180 Botanic Garden gongylodes), the branches of which, in autumn, terminate in bell-pull-like tubers. In summer numerous interesting Gucu/r- hitaceae are trained around the sides of the house. Among them are the Wax gourd {Benincasa cerifera), the Bottle gourd {Lagenaria vulgaris)^ the Vegetable sponge {Luffa aegyptiaca), the Snake gourd {Trichosantkes anguina), and a few others of peculiar beauty. Among curiosities in this house are Salvinia, some leaves of which are dissected and perform the function of roots, and Azolla caroliniana, each tiny leaf of which has a cavity where resides Anahaena Azollae, a low type of Alga allied to Nostoc. At the end of the house is a collection of the striking Stag's-horn Ferns {Platy- cerium). The Tropical Fern House contains a representative col- lection of Ferns. A climbing fern {Lygodium scandens) may be found in beautiful fructification on the roof. Opposite the door is a fine specimen of Polypodium quercifolium, striking in the contrast of its barren and fertile fronds, and on the left Selaginella Wildenovi always claims attention. On side shelf to right is a fine plant of the rootless Psilotum triquetrum, the root-function performed by underground branches of the stem. Lycopodium squarrosum and L. phlegmaria, suspended in baskets from the roof, are representatives of an interesting genus allied to the latter. The Orchid House, in addition to Orchids, contains some of the Insectivorous plants, among which is the rare Heliam- phora nutans from Roraima in British Guiana. Nepenthes are represented by rare original species, as well as by the more common hybrids, N. Mastersi among these being the best. On the trophy opposite the door note the " Old Man's Beard" {Tillandsia usneoides), of the Pine-apple order, which flourishes hanging from a wire. In this house (S.-W. corner) are several of the tropical epiphytic species of Utricularia, which, like our British aquatic species, are provided with bladders for the capture of insects. All the principal genera of Orchids are represented, a number also of hybrids, and besides a variety of the most striking and scientifically interesting. The Vanilla plant ( Vanilla planifolia), one of the very few of economic interest, will be found inside the door on the left. The Succulent House and Cactus House are always highly instructive on the effect of environment in evolution, and the Botanic Garden 181 collections are very efficient from this point of view. In the Succulent House will be found Aloe plicatilis, exceptional in its branching habit (central stage), Centaurea crassi/olia, the only plant native of Malta that is not found elsewhere ; the Senecios or Groundsels of S. Africa, the Mesembryanthemums and most of the choicest of similar plants grown in this country. The insectivorous genera, Sarracenia, Dros&i^a, Dionaeay Cephalotus, Darlbigtonia and Drosophyllum, are exhibited here in the summer. At other times they are grown in a private " Pit." On the roof, next Corridor, is Solanum Wendlandi, perhaps the finest of all the Potato genus. In the Cactus House are numerous choice Stapelias and Euphor- bias, in addition to the Cacti. Particularly fine on the roof is Epiphyllum Gaertneri, a cactus with orange-red flowers. On leaving the range observe on further side of border a good example of the Cork Oak (Quercus Suber). In autumn Cotoneaster horizontal is, nearly opposite the door, is a beautiful feature with its red berries. At the back of the range are four houses used chiefly for nursery purposes, to which the public are not usually admitted. In one of these houses, however, are the Filmy ferns, Liverworts, the so-called Luminous Moss, and other plants not grown elsewhere, which may be seen on application by those who are especially interested. Close to the east end of the Plant-Houses is the Rockery, upon which many choice plants from the Alps, Pyrenees, Himalayas, and other mountainous regions are cultivated. The plants of interest are numerous, and include a fine specimen of Hedysarum multijugum^ Aphyllanthes monspeli- ensis, or Flowering rush, Erinacea pungens, the Edelweiss, rare species of Erodium or Stork's-bill, and many Saxifragas, etc. West of the rockery will be found several new beds containing plants which are arranged from the point of view of physiology. In one bed are Xerophytes, selected to repre- sent the types of vegetation which, in different parts of the world, are adapted to dry climates, and aU structurally suited, on different plans, to withstand drought. In another bed are the Halophytes, or plants which grow more or less exclusively in the presence of salt. Another bed contains those plants which mostly require peat, and are poisoned by chalk or lime. A fourth bed contains the plants that are native on chalk in 182 Botanic Garden the neiglibourhood, and a fifth the plants which also need chalk but which are not native of the county. Pass next in front of the houses and note many plants flourishing in the sheltered borders, and among them a variety of choice bulbs. Notice the Japanese hardy Orange {Citrus trifoliata), which recently has been used to cross with common Orange in order to obtain hardier forms. It is growing against the end of the Tropical Fern-house, where its strong green spines and branches at once fix attention. Crinums are particularly fine, so also Kniphofia caulescens, and especially the hardy Cacti, at present unequalled in this country. Immense masses of Opuntia cantabrigiensis, a fine mass of 0. bicolor and 0. monacantha may be noted among others. One of the great successes is Gerhera Jamesoni, a splendid Cape Composite which flowers in summer. Here may be found the Caper plant {Capparis spinosa), the Olive (Olea emropaed) and a full collection of the New Zealand Veronicas. Con- tinuing in the same direction along the path that goes round the garden we pass a mixed border of ornamental hardy plants, in which is a specimen of the Compass Plant {SilpMum laciniatum), well known on the North American prairies for the north and south disposition of its young leaves. Long- fellow writes in his Evangeline : "Look at this delicate flower that lifts its head from the meadow, See how its leaves all point to the north, as true as the magnet ; It is the Compass flower that the finger of God has suspended Here on its fragile stalk, to direct the traveller's journey Over the sea-like, pathless, limitless waste of the desert. Such in the soul of man is faith." On our left is a fine collection of Willows, complete as to British species. In the immediate foreground may be noticed an oval bed which in summer is planted with ornamental economic plants, such as Hemp, Tobacco, Castor- oil, Maize, etc., etc. Beyond in the same direction is the Bog Garden or Water Garden, in which the plants of the Fens are represented. Here, besides water plants, are grown Ferns and other mois- ture-loving plants. Around are specimens of Bamboo, and outside the gate is an exceptionally fine mass of Lathraea dandestina, parasitic on willow. Near it also the British L. squamaria is well established. Close by on the opposite Botanic Garden 183 side of the stream is the finest plant known in this coimtry of the North American Papaw (Asimina triloba). Ahnost over- hanging is a fine tree of the Californian Redwood {Sequoia sempervirens\ wliich, attaining a height of nearly 300 ft., takes the second place in size among the gigantic Coniferous trees of North-West America. The first place in size is taken by Wellingtonia gigantea, which reaches a height of over 300 ft., and as we presently pass the Trumpington Koad Gate a good specimen will be seen on our left. This garden is usually locked, but those who are interested are admitted on application at the Office. At the end of the border just quitted commences the botanical arrangement of the belt of trees which goes round the garden. It commences here with Magnolia and ends with Oak on the far side of the houses. By the stream where it goes under the path observe a magnificent mass of Pterocarya caucasica, an ally of the Walnut. Close by is an example of. the Black Walnut {Juglans nigra), a valuable timber tree of North America, and of fast growth in Europe. The fine tree on the left is Ailantus glandulosa^ a native of China and India, upon which is fed the silk moth {Bomhyx Cynthia). From this point {right) as far as the gate are the Sycamores and Horse-chestnuts. On the left side are beds filled with a variety of choice shrubs, and among them may be mentioned the peculiar graft-hybrid Cytisus Adami. It was produced by grafting C. purpureus on laburnum, the result being that inflorescences of these species, and of an intermediate, are liable to appear in different places all over the tree. By the pond observe fine specimens of Gimnera manicata, a gigantic herbaceous plant from Brazil, allied to the insignificant Mare's- tail growing in the pond itself. Passing the entrance from the Trumpington Road note the Lime-tree planted 2nd November, 1846, by the Rev. R. Tatham, D.D., Master of S. John's College, to record the commencement of the planting of the garden on this site. From this point a broad walk flanked with various Coniferae extends to the lawn in front of the Plant-Houses, from the middle of which another broad walk, crossing the first like the top of a T, extends to the opposite side of the garden. Continuing our former course we pass {light) a collection of 184 Botanic Garden Limes, among which is a fine specimen of Tilia petiolaris. Further on is a handsome example of Ulmus montana pendula, and beyond are the Oleaceae and the Bosaceae. Note the Herbaceous ground {left) where plants with annual stems are arranged in natural orders for study. At the foot of the rising ground is a bed of medicinal plants, and on the further side of this bed is an exceptionally fine specimen of the Judas- tree {Cercis siliquastrum). Near the last is a specimen of the Kentucky Coffee-tree {Gymnocladus canadensis), valuable for its timber and much planted for ornament. Its seeds were used by early settlers as a substitute for coffee. Further on is a bed devoted to samples of the more uncommon agri- cultural crops, and behind is an interesting collection of Vines growing on arched supports. Having reached the end of the broad walk leading to the Plant-Houses we have a good view of the belt of Coniferae. This most important and interesting natural order is allied to that of the tropical Cycads, both belonging, with a third order, the Gnetaceae, to the ancient group of flowering plants which has not evolved so far as to enclose its seeds within an ovary. There are many fine specimens, and one of those nearest to us, Biota orientalis pendula, is probably the finest in the country. It is quite unlike B. orientalis, of which it is only the juvenile form continued to mature age. Behind the belt of Goniferae are many trees to which reference might be made. Nearly all the catkin-bearing trees are there situated, the principal among which are the Birches, Alders, Planes, Oaks, and Hornbeam. On reaching the houses we complete the circuit of the garden ; the central groups also deserve inspection, but we can only note, further, a remarkable specimen of Ephedra distachya, which grows near the pond by the collection of Roses, no doubt the finest of its kind in Britain. It represents the order Gnetaceae mentioned above. A Catalogue of the Ferns and Fern Allies may be purchased at the Curator's Office. Price 4d. CHEONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. William I. (1066-1087). 1068. Cambridge Castle built, William II. (1087-1100). Henry I. (1100-1135). 1101. Town granted in fee-farm to Burgesses. 1112. Augustiuian Priory of S. Giles removed to BarnwelL 1133. Benedictine Nunnery of St Eadegund founded. 1135. Hospital of S. John founded. Stephen (1135-1154). Henry II. (1154-1189). EicHARD I. (1189-1199). John (1199-1216). 1199. Hospital of Lepers at Sturbridge founded. 1201. Charter granted to Burgesses. 1211. Sturbridge Fair granted to Hospital of Lepers. 1215. Town enclosed : ditch probably dug. Henry IIL (1216-1272). 1224. Arrival of Franciscan Friars. 1229. Sheriff to expel all clerks (scholars) excommtinicated for adhesion to Louis of France (earliest allusion to University). 1231. Writs issued for regulation of scholars. 1249. Arrival of Carmelite Friars. 1267. King's Ditch dug or enlarged. Edward I. (1272-1307). 1274. Merton College (Oxford) receives final statutes. 1284. Peterhouse founded. Edward IL (1307-1327). 1317. The King supports scholars at Cambridge. 1324. Michael House founded. 1326. Clare Hall founded. 186 Chronological Summary Edward III. (1327-1377). 1337. King's Hall founded. 1340. Hostel assigned to student-monks from Ely, now part of Trinity Hall. 1347. Pembroke Hall founded. 1348. Gonville Hall founded. 1350. Trinity Hall founded. 1352. Corpus Christi College founded. KiCHARD II. (1377-1399). Henry IV. (1399-1413). Henry V. (1413-1422). Henry VI. (1422-1461). 1428. Hostel assigned to student monks from Croyland, afterwards Buckingham College. 1430. Diocesan authority of Bishop of Ely over University abolished. 1440. Eton College: first scheme issued by the King. 1441. King's College : site of Old Court conveyed to King. Foundation laid of Old Court by King (2 April). 1443. Eton College opened. Final scheme for the two Colleges at Eton and Cambridge published by King. 1446. King's College : foundation of Chapel laid by King (25 July). 1448. Queens' College: foundation laid (15 April). Edward IV. (1461-1483). 1475. S. Catharine's Hall founded. EiCHARD III. (1483-1485). Henry VII. (1485-1509). 1496. Jesus College founded. 1503. Lady Margaret's Professorship of Divinity founded. 1505. Christ's College founded. 1508. Work at King's College Chapel resumed. Henry VIIL (1509-1547). 1510. Erasmus begins residence at Cambridge. 1511. S. John's College founded. 1515. Stone-work of King's College Chapel finished. 1521. John Siberch printing at Cambridge. 1539. Suppression of the Monasteries. 1540. Creation of Begins Professorships in Divinity, Law, Physic, Hebrew, and Greek. 1542. Magdalene College founded. 1546. Trinity College founded. Edward VI. (1547-1553). Philip and Mary (1553-1558). 1557. Gonville Hall refounded as Gonville and Caius College. Chronological Summary 187 Elizabeth (1558-1603). 1570. Statutes given to the University. 1584. Emmanuel College founded. 1594. Sidney Sussex College founded. James I. (1603-1625). 1616. Queens' College: Walnut Tree Court building begun. 1624. St John's College: Library built by Abp Williams. Charles I. (1625-1649). 1628. Sidney Sussex College: building on S. side of Second Court begun. „ Peterhouse : Chapel begun. 1632. Emmanuel College: Brick Building begun. 1638. Clare College : rebuilding begun. ,, Jesus College : range on east side of Entrance Court begun. 1640. Christ's College : first stone of Fellows' Building laid. Commonwealth (1649-1660). 1659. Pembroke College : Hitcham Building begun. Charles II. (1660-1685). 1663. Pembroke College : new Chapel begun. 1668. Emmanuel College : new Chapel begun. 1673. S. Catharine's College : rebuilding begun. 1676. Trinity College : foundation of new Library. 1679. Magdalene College : Pepysian Library in progress. James IL (1685-1688). William and Mary (1689-1702). 1696. Dr Bentley undertakes renovation of University Press. Anne (1702-1714). 1704. S. Catharine's College : new Chapel consecrated. George I. (1714-1727). 1715. Bishop Moore's Library given by the King. 1722. Senate House begun, 1724. King's College: Fellows' Building begun (25 March). George II. (1727-1760). 1755. Facade of University Library begun. George III. (1760-1820). 1800. Downing College founded. 1815. Battle of Waterloo. 188 Chronological Summary George IV. (1820-1830). 1821. Sidney Sussex College altered by Wyatt. 1823. King's College : design by Wilkins for new buildings accepted (30 June). ,, Corpus Christi College : first stone laid of New Court (2 July). „ Trinity College : first stone laid of New Court (12 August). 1825. Peterhouse : first stone of Gisborne Court laid (30 August). 1827. S. John's College : New Court begun. William IV. (1830-1837). 1831. University Press : first stone of new building laid (18 October). Victoria (1837-1901). 1850. Appointment of a Eoyal Commission of Inquiry. 1863. New Museums of Science begun. 1869. College for Women (afterwards Girtou College) founded at Hitcbin. 1870. Courses of Lectures for Women begun in Cambridge. ,, Provision for teaching Physiology. 1871. Act to alter Law respecting Religious Tests. 1872. Girton College opened. 1874. Cavendish Laboratory built. 1875. Old Hall, Newnham, opened. 1879. Eidley Hall founded. 1882. Selwjn College, Public Hostel, incorporated. „ University Statutes approved by Queen in Council. 1888. Chemical Laboratory finished. 1894. Act to amend jurisdiction of Vice- Chancellor. „ Laboratory for Mechanism and Engineering opened. Edward VII. 1903. Squire Law Library and Law School begun. 1904. New buildings for Medicine, and „ Sedgwick Memorial Museum, and „ Botany School opened. INDEX. Abbey Church, 101 Abbey House, 10*2 Addenbrooke's Hospital, 110 All Saints in the Jewry : ancient site, 48; modern, 99 All Saints by the Castle, 70 ; pro- bable site of church, 73 Amateur Dramatic Club, 90 Anatomy, Humao, 152 Andrew (S.) the Great ; Church, 82 Andrew (S.) the Less: Church, 101 Antiquarian Society, 115 Archeology, Museums of, 115 Ashton, Hugh : monument, 50 Augustinian Canons, 102 Augustinian Friary, gatehouse, 79 ; site, 139 Backs of the Colleges, 75 Bacon, Lord : statue, 39 Baines, Sir Tho. : monument, 83 Baker, Tho.: rooms, 61 Baptist Chapel, 103 Barnwell Gate, 80 Barnwell Priory, 102 Barnwell suburb, 101 Barrow, Isaac : statue, 39 Benedict (S.) : Church, 126 Benedictines, 91 Bishop's Mill, 134 Boat races : course for, 100 Botanic Garden, 177 Botany School, 165 Botolph (S.): Church, 123 Bull Hotel, 128 Byron, Lord : rooms, 42 Carmefield, 75 Castle Hill, 71 Castle Inn, 103 Catharine (S.), College, 128 Cavendish Laboratory, 156 Chemical Laboratory, 160 Christ Church, 102 Christ's College, 82 Clare College, 22 Clare Hall Piece, 75 Classical Archeology, Museum of, 118 Clement (S.): Church, 65 Columba(S.): Presbyterian Church, 104 Conduit, of 1614: 3, 77 ; of 1855, 78 Congregationalists, 118 Cook, Ja., Captain : tablet to commemorate, 82 Corn Exchange, 79 Corpus Christi College, 124, 128 Cricket Club, University, 102 Cromwell, Oliver : portrait, 90 Cross Keys Inn, 69 Divinity School, 48 Dominicans, 105 Downing College, 103 Edward (S.) : Church, 79 Emmanuel Church, 118 Emmanuel College, 105 Engineering Laboratory, 159 Erasmus : college rooms, 133 ; walk called after, 75 Ethnology : Museum, 115 Experimental Physics : Cavendish Laboratory, 156 Falcon Inn, 80 Farish, Wm. : pulpit, 70 190 Index Fenner, F. P. : cricket-ground, 102 Finch, Sir Joh. : monument, 83 Fisher Lane, 66 Fitzwilliam Hall, 111 Fitzwilliam Museum, 107 ; of Classical Archeology, 118 Foster, Messrs, Bank, 87 Franciscans, 88 Free Library, 79 Gaol, 71 General and Local Archeology and Ethnology, Museum of, 115 Geology : Sedgwick Museum, 170 Giles (S.) : Church, 69 Girton College, 75 Gonville and Caius College, 28 Gray, The: college rooms, 121 Great Bridge, 65 Great S. Mary's Church, 3 Guildhall, 79 Haddon Hall, imitated at Queens' College, 132 Hallam, Art. : rooms, 46 Henry Martyn Hall, 87 Hobson, Tho. : house, 131 Holy Sepulchre : Church, 62 Holy Trinity: Church, 87 Human Anatomy, Department of, 152 Humphry Museum, 142, 143 Hygiene, 143 Jesus College, 91 John (S.) the Baptist: Church, 79 John (S.) the Evangelist: College, 48 King's College, 10 ; Old Court, 21 King's Ditch, 81, 91, 135 King's Mill, 134 King's Parade, 10 Law School, 163 Lewis Collection, 126 Leys School, 3 Little S. Mary's Church, 114 London and County Bank, 126 Macaulay, Tho. Babington : rooms, 37 } statue, 39 Magdalene College, 66 Market-Place, 77 Martyn, Hen. : Hall, 87 Mary Magdalene (S.), Hospital of, 101 Mary (S.) the Great : Church, 3 Mary (S.) the Less : Church, 114 Mechanism, Department of, 159 Medical Jurisprudence, 143 — School, 143 Michael (S.): Church of, 32 Midsummer Fair, 99 Midwifery, 143 Milne Street, 134 Milton, Joh.: mulberry tree, 86 Mineralogy, Department of, 153 Morbid Histology, 143 ^ Mortlock's Bank, 79 Museums of Science, 139 Newall Dome, 74 New Theatre, 103 Newnham College, 136 Newton, Sir I. : rooms, 37 ; statue, 39 Northumberland equatorial, 74 Observatory, 74 Old Houses : in Trinity Street, 32 ; Bridge Street, 65, 69 ; Petty Cury, 80; Silver Street, 131 Oriental Cafe, 33 Our Lady and English Martyrs : Church, 1 Parker's Piece, 102 Pathology, Department of, 143 Paul's (S): Church, 1 Pembroke College, 119 Pepys, Sam.: library, 67 Perse Grammar School, 1 Peter (S.): Church, 70 Peterhouse, 111 Petty Cury, 80 Pharmacology, 143 Philosophical Library, 140 Physiological Laboratory, 151 Pike and Eel Inn, 100 Pitt Club, 90 Pitt, Wm. : college rooms, 121 LION HOTEL, PETTY CURY, CAMBRIDGE. A. A. MOVES, Proprietress. NATIONAL TELEPHONE: 153 CAMBRIDGE. -N-^iV Edmujid Roman Cat Churches. A. S. Peter B. S. Giles C.S.Clement D. Holii Sepulchre E. All Saints P.S.Michael G. Holy Trinity H. S. Mary the Great i. S. Edward J. S.Andreui the Great K.S. Benedict L. S.Botolph M.S.Mary the Le$3 N.S.Mar* O.S.Paul P. S. Barnabas Q- S.Matthew R. Christ Church S. Abbey Church ly^nlker &'i>outaLl sc 2l9QBri3 :o^ u ^ . ( 8:»»Ilo'1 %4viil I a;»iforf;<*"ioVJ'' Index 191 Pitt Press, 123 Police Station, 103 Post-Office, 80 Printing-press, 123 Queens' College, 131 Eed Lion Hotel, 80 Eidley Hall, 135 Eifle Eange, 138 Eiver (The), 99 Eose and Crown Inn, 32, 78 Eound Church, 62 Eudd's Hostel, 103 School of Pythagoras, 74 Sedgwick Museum of Geology, 170 Selwyn College, 137 Selwyn Divinity School, 48 Senate House, 9 — — Hill, 6 — — Yard, 6 Sepulchre, Holy : Church, 62 Shire Hall : New, 71 ; Old, 78 Sidney Sussex College, 88 Simeon, Eev. 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This First- Class Family Hotel affords every home comfort and contains Spacious Coffee Rooms, Smoking Roonty' Private'^Sittijtg Rooms, Single and Double Bed Rooms, S'c. RESTAURANT OPEN TO NON-RESIDENTS Good Cuisine and Attendance. gtine ^ines & liqueurs*, g^arges ^Uobcxaie, TABLE d'HOTE from 7 to 9 p.m. Served at separate Tables. LU N CHE^DN^^ E R S A-la-Carte at any time. Proprietor M. KIEFFER. Formerly Midland Grand Hotel, St. Pancras, and Savoy Hotel, London. F. J. & T. E. PRIME BUILDERS & CONTRACTORS 25 & 26, BURLEIGH STREET, CAMBRIDGE. Cabinets for Natural History Collections, etc., and Bookcases made to any desigrn. Estimates given for all kinds of Work and Repairs. *-» Funerals Furnished, &c. ( xix ) Facsimile of the Manuscript OF Milton's Minor Poems. MANY of those visitors to the Library of Trinity College Cambridge, who have seen the open pages of this precious volume of MS. displayed in the glass case, must have wished for an opportunity of examining the whole volume. As this was not possible with the original, the Council of the College have had pro- duced a most accurate facsimile, primarily for the members of their own Society, but with a limited number for the general public. The volume consists of 47 written pages, of which 40 are in Milton's autograph. Many of the poems have been written out two or three times, and great interest attaches to the list of subjects which had suggested themselves to him as suitable themes for his great poem, and to the notes and lists of persons for Paradise Lost as a drama. With regard to the Minor Poems Professor Masson says : " Even had Milton not given his Minor Poems to the world in print during his lifetime, those interesting productions of his genius would not have been wholly lost." The facsimiles are collotype from photographs by Mr. A. G. Dew Smith, and the Introduction is by Mr. Aldis Wright. The remaining copies are offered in half roxburghe, gilt top, 42s. nett. Unbound in case, 31s. 6d. net. ATHEN^UM. — ''T\\e piety of Trinity takes a worthy form in this magnificent memorial of a famous Cambridge poet. It consists of a photo- graphic facsimile of the well-known MS. of Milton's Minor Poems, together with a page-by-page reproduction of the text, with its complicated erasures and insertions, in ordinary type." GUARDIAN. — "There can be no doubt that Mr. Aldis Wright and Trinity College have done a good work in setting the contents of this precious manuscript beyond the risk of destruction, and both ihe facsimiles and the ingenious methods adopted for transcribing them, so as to show erasures and corrections, are worthy of all praise, " -»* MACMILLAN & BOWES, CAMBRIDGE. ( XX ) BOOKS PUBLISHED BY MACMILLAN AND BOWES, CAMBRIDGE LOGGAN. CANTABRIGIA ILLUSTRATA. By David Loggan (first pub- lished in 1690). A Series of views of the University and Colleges, and of Eton College. Edited, with a life of Loggan, an Introduction, and historical and descriptive Notes by J. W. Clark, M.A., Hon. Litt.D. (Oxon), F.S.A., Registrary of the University of Cambridge, formerly Fellow of Trinity College. A reproduction in folio, the plates averaging 11x9 inches, the scarce portrait of the Duke of Somerset in Photogravure, the Centre Section of Hamond's Map of 1592. Price £2 2s. net, or in morocco extra in the style of the Original Work, ^5 5^. net. Mr. Clark's Notes are in each case printed to face the Plate to which they refer. ^ THE PROVOST OF KING'S {Dr. M. R. JAMES) in the 'Cambridge Review.' — "Our present purpose ... is to advertise to the Cambridge public the appearance of a most fascinating work. Mr. Clark [has re-edited Loggan's Cantabrigia Ilhtstrata with explanatory comments by himself, and no Cambridge man, who cares at all about the history of his own and of other Colleges, can long deny himself the pleasure of procuring the joint work of the engraver to both Universities and the Registrary of our own . . . What the Registrary has added from the treasure of his own knowledge is, like all his work, lucid, concise, relevant, and thoroughly helpful . . . To sum up, we have nothing but praise for the book, pictures and text alike. Messrs. Macmillan and Bowes have been most happily inspired in its production, and the two collaborators, without whom it could never have existed, have— not for the first time — earned our warmest thanks." A THENM UM.—'' Mr. J. W. Clark, the Registrary of the University, has rendered no ordinary service to Cambridge . . . But even the great task of giving to the world in 1885 the ' Architectural History of Cambridge ' of his uncle, the late Prof. Willis, is scarcely a more important service than the publication of Loggan's Cantabrigia Illustrata.'" SCOTSMAN — "A work which cannot fail to win appreciation . . . for the remark- able beauty of design and accuracy of draughtsmanship revealed in the views." TIMES. — ' ' Reproducing the University of Cambridge with great architectural fidelity in 1690." OXFORD MAGAZINE.— ^' In this sumptuous book, which should be almost as popular in Oxford as Cambridge, all Loggan's engravings are beautifully reproduced, together with his title-page, dedication, and preface . . . All Loggan's plates are excellent, but the knowledge and appreciation of them is not nearly widely enough spread." ETON COLLEGE CHRONICLE.-" This edition of Loggan with descriptive notes by J. W. Clark, than whom none is a greater authority on Cambridge, should appeal to all lovers of architecture that can afford it . . . Eton was included by Loggan in his survey of the Cambridge Colleges. This fact was of course due to the connexion of Eton with King's and to Loggan's views we owe much of our early knowledge of the Eton buildings." Preparing for Publication. HAMOND'S PLAN OF CAMBRIDGE, 1592. The only copy of the whole of Hamond's map is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, from which the reproduction of the nine sheets by Collotype process will be made, together with the Plans of Lyne 1574, Fuller 1634, Loggan, full size 2 sheets, 1688, Custance 1798. The Plans will be accompanied by a description written by J. W. Clark, M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Litt.D. (Oxford), Registrary of the University. Price in Portfolio, 25^. net. ( xxi ) MACMILLAN & BOWES' lAST— continued. BISHOP FISHER'S MORNYNGE REMEMBRAUNCE. This famous biography of the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, the mother of King Henry VII., and first made public in the form of her funeral oration, is one of the earliest of English classics. 2is. net. It was first printed by Wynkyn de Worde, probably in 1509 ; and there has been no edition of it, with the exception of the Early Enghsh Text Society's complete edition of Fisher's works, since 1840. It is printed in red and black, and contains as a frontispiece a symbolic portrait of the Lady Margaret by Mr, C. R. Ashbee, bound in white vellum wrapper. This edition printed at the Essex House Press is limited to 125 copies, and we have bought the copies not taken by subscribers. A Book of Wit and Humour. THE WORKS OF ARTHUR CLEMENT HILTON (Marl- borough, and St. John's College, Cambridge), Author of "The Light Green," with two illustrations, together with his Life and Letters, by Sir Robert Edgcumbe (of King's College, Cambridge), Author of "Zephyrus," &c. Price 5^. net, also in Vellum, gilt top. 12s. 6d. net. PALL MALL GAZETTE.— ''Wit on the wings of metre. Highly remarkable, Sir Robert Edgcumbe's memoir is a model of affectionate and tributary sympathy. There are parodies brilliant enough to persuade one almost that the same hand wrote the parent and the parasite. There are things in this delightful little book that will live among the best examples of English wit." ATKINSON, T. D.— CAMBRIDGE DESCRIBED AND Illustrated. A History of the Town and University. By T. D. Atkinson, with an Introduction by J. W. Clark, M.A. With 29 Steel Plates, numerous Illustrations, and Maps. Medium 8vo. Cheaper Issue, 12s. 6d. net. GUARDIAN. — "Gives in convenient form and with abundance of excellent illus- trations the result of the best and most recent researches into Burgh and College history, and on a scale that will suit the requirements of the general reader." BOWES, ROBERT.— A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS PRINTED at or relating to the University, Town, and County of Cambridge from 1 52 1 to 1893, with Bibliographical and Biographical Notes by Robert Bowes. 98 Illustrations of head and tail-pieces, initial letters, etc. With Index, 2 vols, in i, cloth. 7j. 6d. net. 2 vols, handmade paper, buckram, 15^. net. '* Mr. Bowes' interesting ' Catalogue of Books printed at or relating to the University, Town, and County of Cambridge ' although the compiler modestly describes it ' as only a bookseller's catalogue, not a bibliography, and it therefore describes only the books we actually possess,' is certainly very much more than a bookseller's catalogue, being an accurate and adequate description of 1418 works, and with the compiler's ' Biographical Notes on the University Printers from the commencement of Printing in Cambridge to the present time,' only needs supplementing to form a complete bibliography of Cambridge books," — Mr. R. C. Christie, " Special Bibliographies," read before the Bibliographical Society, May 15, 1893. On parts i to 3. CAMBRIDGE REVIEW.— THE BOOK OF THE CAM- bridge Review, Selections from 1879— 1897. Fcap. 8vo. d net. No. XXXIX. The Verses formerly inscribed on the Twelve Windows in the Choir of Canterbury Cathedral. Edited by M. R. James, Litt.D. pp. 42. 1901. 2s. net. No. XXXVIII. Accounts of the Churchwardens of Saint Mary the Great. Ed. by J. E. Foster, M.A. viii + 598. 1905. 21s. net. No. XXXV. Liber de obitibus [Christ Church, Canterbury], Autore JOH. Stone [141 5— 1472]. Edited by the Rev. W. G. Searle, M.A. pp. 196. 1902. ss. net. No. XXXIV. The Manuscripts in the Library at Lambeth Palace. By M. R. James, Litt.D. pp. 64. 1900. 35-. 6d. net. No. XXXIII. The Sources of Archbishop Parker's Collection of MSS. at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. By M. R. James, Litt.D. pp. 84. 1899. 5^ net. No. XXXII. The Priory of Saint Radegund, Cambridge. By Arthur Gray, M.A. pp. viii + 197 + plan and illustrations in the text. 1898. 5^. net. No. XXXI. EXTRA PUBLICATIONS. LUARD MEMORIAL SERIES: Records of the Univer- sity. Subscribers, 21s. net. Vol. I. *' Grace Book A," containing the Proctors' Ac- counts and other Records of the University of Cambridge for the years I4';4— T488. Edited by Stanley M. Leathes, M.A. pp. xliv + 276. 1897. A THENMUM. " Many a biographer who has grieved over the fact that Cooi>er's AihencB began in 1500 and no earlier will find in "Grace Book A" a most precious appendix." Vol. II. "Grace Book B,'» Part L, 1488— 1511. Edited by Mary Bateson. pp. xxvii + 309. 1903, Vol. III. *' Grace Book B," Part II. Edited by Mary Bateson. 1905. A Catalogue with titles and prices ^ showing which parts are still in prints can be had on application. ( xxiii ) MACMILLAN & BOWES' lA^T— continued. CAMBRIDGE FIRST PRINTING, 1521^1522. Reproductions in Facsimile of the following Works, printed at Cambridge, by John SiBERCH : Henry Bullock. Oratio habita Cantabrigiae. Cant. 1521. With a Biographical Introduction. By Henry Bradshaw. 5^. net. Cujusdam Udells Christiani Epistola ad Christianos omnes, cScc. Subsequitur Divi Augustini sermo ITANTHNMETABOAH. Cant. 1 52 1. Reproduced from the only known copy in the Bodleian Library. 5>r. net, Galeni Pergamensis de Temperamentis et de Insequali In- temperie Labri tres. Thoma Linacro Anglo Interprete, 1521. Repro- duced in exact facsimile. With an Introduction by J. Frank Payne, M.D., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and a Portrait of Linacre. loj-. 6d. net. Papyrii Gemini Eleatis Hermathena, seu de eloquentise victoria. Cant. 1522. ^s. net. Reproduced from the copy in St. John's College library, with an Appendix taken from Mr. Bradshaw's notes, illustrated by two title-pages in different states, viz. Mr. Brad- shaw's own copy, and that belonging to the Duke of Devonshire. John Siberch. Bibliographical Notes 1886—1905. By Robert Bowes and G. J. Gray. Supplementary to the Notes of the late Henry Bradshaw, printed in 1886. With facsimile of Title pages, Colophons, Ornaments, Initial Letters, Woodcuts, &c,, used by John Siberch. Small 4to. Ts. 6d. net. (Limited to 150 copies.) CLARK, J. W.— lilBRARIES IN THE MEDIEVAL AND the Renaissance Periods. The Rede Lecture, delivered June 13, 1894. 7 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net. A CONCISE GUIDE TO THE TOWN AND UNIVER- sity of Cambridge in P'our Walks. With Map and 65 Illustrations. i2mo. IS. net. See also Atkinson, Loggan. CONCISE GUIDE TO ELY CATHEDRAL IN ONE Walk. 6d. net. OLD FRIENDS AT CAMBRIDGE AND ELSEWHERE. Crown 8vo. Reduced price, 2s. 6d. net. WilUam Whewell, Connop Thirlwall, R. M. Milnes (Lord Houghton), E. H. Palmer, F. M. Balfour, H. Bradshaw, W^ H. Thompson, Coutts Trotter, Richard Okes, H. R. Luard, and Richard Owen. CONYBEABE, J. W. E.— MAP TO ILLUSTRATE HIS His- tory of Cambridgeshire. Marked with Roman Roads, British Dykes, Religious Houses, Shrines, etc., Parish Churches. 4to. is. 6d. net. A few copies of the History, 8vo, handmade paper, with the map, 6s. net ; 4to, 12s. net. DE MORGAN, A.— THE BOOK OF ALMANACS, with an Index of Reference, by which the Almanac may be found for every year, from any Epoch, up. to A.D. 2000, etc. 2nd edit. 1871. Cloth, 6^. net. " My main object is, in matters purely chronological, to supply the place of the old almanac, which is never at hand when wanted — of the older almanac, which never was at hand — of the future almanac, which is not yet to hand — and of the universal almanac in every shape." — Author's Preface. ( xxiv ) MACMILLAN & BOWES' lAST— continued. FARREN, ROBERT.— ETCHINGS: THE GRANTA AND the Cam. From Byron's Pool to Ely. Drawn and Etched by Robert Farren. Large Imperial 4to, cloth. 31J. 6d. net. Proofs on large paper, half morocco, nearly out of print. £^ ^s. net. SA TURDA Y REVIEW. — " Here is a collection of etchings which are a pure de- light to every lover of river scenery." CAMBRIDGE AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. A Series of Forty Etchings. With an Introduction by John Willis Clark, M.A. Large Imperial 4to, cloth. 31^'. (>d. net. Proofs on large paper, Columbier 4to, half-bound. £\ 4J. net. SATURDAY REVIEW.— '■'T\\& artist has by these engravings established his reputation as a spirited and successful etcher, while he has been fortunate enough to se- cure the assistance of Mr. J. W. Clark for the letterpress." CROMWELL. An Etching of the Portrait of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper [or Sir Peter Lely ?] at Sidney College. Numbered proofs. £2 2s. Prints at 12s. each net. The whole number of copies is limited to 75. THE FEN LANDS OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Fifty Artist's proofs. Large folio. £2 12s. 6d. net. CATHEDRAL CITIES. The 3 vols. £4 4s. net. Proofs ^8 Ss. net. Or separately as follows : CATHEDRAL CITIES: YORK, LINCOLN, AND Beverley. Drawn and Etched by Robt. Farren, with an Intro- duction by Prof. Freeman, D.C.L. 75 copies, proofs, in folio, half roxburghe. £^ 3^. net. 200 copies, Columbier 4to, handsomely bound in cloth. 31^-. 6d. net. TIMES. — "The subjects are generally well chosen, and the drawings, not being overburdened with detail, give a good and pleasing impression of the buildings." CATHEDRAL CITIES : ELY AND NORWICH. Drawn and Etched by Robert Farren, with an Introduction by Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L. 100 proofs folio on Japanese paper, half- bound. £^ 3^, net. 300 copies, Columbier 4to, on Dutch paper. 3 1 J. 6d. net. SA TURDA Y REVIEW.— "The singular interest and beauty of these two East- Anglian Minsters and their singular difference give an excellent subject for both needle and pen. Mr. Freeman's competence for his own part of the matter needs no comment. Mr.'Farren has executed his thirty-five plates with immense care and with great success." CATHEDRAL CITIES: PETERBOROUGH WITH THE Abbeys of Crowland and Thorney. Drawn and Etched by Robert Farren, with an Introduction by Edmund Venables, M.A., Pre- centor of Lincoln. 45 copies, proofs, folio, half roxburghe. £^ 3^. net. 125 copies, Columbier 4to, bound in cloth 31J. 6d. net. BATTLE GROUNDS OF THE EIGHTS : THE Thames, the Isis, the Cam. 9 Etchings. 7^. 6d. net. TWENTY ETCHINGS FROM "THE MEMORIALS of Cambridge." India paper, i^s. net. FARREN R. and M.— A ROUND OF MELODIES. A Series of Twenty-four Etchings. Proofs on Japanese paper, in portfolio. 21s, net. Only 200 copies printed, of which but 30 now remain. See a/so Greek Plays. ( XXV ) MACMILLAN & BOWES' lA^T— continued. GREEK PLAYS PERFORMED AT CAMBRIDGE : - 1883 and 1903. The Birds of Aristophanes, with English Version by B. H. Kennedy. 2s. net. The Birds of Aristophanes, trans, by J. Hookham Frere. is. net. The Music of the Birds by Sir Hubert Parry, with English Version by A. W. Verrall. ^s. net. The Music, smaller edit., 3^-. net. 1885 and 1906. The Eumenides of -aSschylus, with English Version by A. W. Verrall. 2s. net. The Music by Sir C. V. Stanford. 1887. The CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles, with translation in prose by Sir R. C, Jebb, and translation of the Songs of the Chorus in verse by A. W. Verrall. 2$. net. The Text with the Incidental Music by Sir C. V. Stanford. 4j. 6d. net. 1890. The Ion of Euripides, with a translation in prose by M. A. Bayfield. 2s. net. The Text with the Incidental Music by Charles Wood. 4i^. 6d. net. 1894. The Iphigenia in Tauris of Euripides, with a transla- tion in prose by A. W. Verrall. 2s. net. The Music by Charles Wood, with English translation by A. W. Verrall. 3^. net. 1897. The Wasps of Aristophanes, with verse translation by B. B. Rogers. 2s. net. The Music by T. Tertius Noble, with English translation by B. E. Rogers and Wilfred A. Gill. 3^. net. 1900. The Agamemnon of wSEschylus, with verse translation by Miss Anna Swanwick. 2s. net. The Music by Sir Hubert Parry. 3^. net. ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE ABOVE. The few copies that still lemain of the following Illustrations of the Greek Plays are offered at the reduced prices affixed — By ROBERT FARREN. 1888. The Birds of Aristophanes. Paper covers, ds, net ; cloth, 9^. net. Proof, paper covers, 18 J. net ; cloth, 2\s. net. 1885. The Eumenides of iEschylus. Paper covers, 5j. net ; cloth, "js. 6d. net. — Proofs, paper covers, 9^. net; cloth, 12s. net. 1887. The OSdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles. Paper covers, Ss. net; cloth, ^s. 6d. net, — Proofs, paper covers, 9^. net; cloth, I2s. net. 1894. The Iphigenia in Tauris of Euripides. One hundred copies 4to, in paper covers, 5^. net ; cloth, 7^. 6d. net. — Fifty copies proofs in paper covers, 9^. net ; cloth, 12s. net. ( xxvi ) MACMILLAN & BOWES' lA'^T— continued. KELLETT, E. E. -CARMINA EPHEMERA, or Trivial Num- bers. By E. E. Kellett, Author of "Jetsam," "The Passing of Scyld," etc. Fcap. 8vo. t,s. 6d. net. GLASGOIV HERALD.— ''The title of this volume explains its character and value. Yet there are things in it that the title does not exactly cover. It is wonderfully clever, and sometimes Mr. Kellett touches a theme in a manner which is much beyond the ephemeral and trivial." PUNNETT, R. C. -MENDELISM. A Brief Account of Mendel and his experiments with Plant Hybridization, and his discovery in heredity, *' of which the story forms one of the most romantic chapters in the history of science. " i6mo, cloth, 2j.net. ZOOLOGIST.— '' Gr&gOT Mendel, the future Abbot of Brunn, prepared this paper in the cloister, which reminds us of Porelli writing his ' Te Motu_ Animalium' under somewhat similar circumstances. Mr. Punnett has given us some interesting traits in the life of Abbot Mendel. . . . He has produced a particularly concise statement of the experiments which have prompted the teachings of what is styled ' Mendelism,' and has contributed a valuable addition to our ever increasing evolutionary literature." GLASGOIV HERALD.—"' This is an excellent little book explanatory of the now much-discussed experiments of Mendel on the crossing of different plant forms and on the subsequent results obtained in the way of hybrids." POWELL, HELENA L. (Principal of the Cambridge Training Col- lege). — Religious Teaching in Schools. Crown 8vo. 3^/. net. SCHOOL G UA RDIA N.—' ' We agree with it entirely, and hope that many teachers will read it . . . its thoughtful words concerning what to aim at in teaching and how to draw out the hidden lessons from the sacred narrative ..." STEPHEN, J. K.— LAPSUS CALAMI. New Edition, with con- siderable omissions and additions. 1891. Svo, large handmade paper, each copy signed by the Author. Reduced price, ds. 6d. net. ClUO MUSA TENDIS. First Edition, 1891. 3^. 6^. net ; large . handmade paper, reduced price, 6j. 6d. net. LAPSUS CALAMI AND OTHER VERSES. Third com- plete Collected Edition, 1905. With a Biographical Introduction and Photogravure Portrait after a Chalk Drawing by F. Miller. Fcap. Svo, cloth, 5 J. net. TIMES.— '' Many admirers of the late James Kenneth Stephen will be glad to have in one volume ' I-apsus Calami and other verses ' a complete edition of his verse. Messrs. Macmillan and Bowes, of Cambridge, have thrown together the two volumes known as ' Lapsus Calami' and ' Quo Musa Tendis,' and these, with a short sketch of the Author's life, and with the prose that is buried in the pages of the dead 'Reflector,' must now represent for us one of the most individual talents of our time." SCOTSMAN.—" If he left little behind him, that little is almost perfect of its kind, and will not soon be forgotten. Those who have read and enjoyed his verses will be glad of them in this complete form." SPECTATOR. — "J. K. S.'s parodies are of more than moderate merit . , . they make one almost think that the parody must have been written by the poet parodied in a moment of amused self-ridicule." THE LIVING LANGUAGES : A Defence of the Compulsory Study of Greek at Cambridge. 1891. is. net. STOKES, Prof. Sir G. G.— MEDAL DESIGNED BY Mr. DE Saulles and presented to Professor Sir G. G. Stokes, Bart., by the University of Cambridge. Copies in bronze, enclosed in leather case, can still be obtained, price 15^. net. ( xxvii ) MACMILLAN & BOWES' LlST—con^mued. WARDALE, J. R,.— CLARE COLLEGE LETTERS AND Documents. Edited with Notes by J, R. Wardale, M.A., Fellow of Clare College. With Portrait of the Foundress in Photogravure, six other Portraits, Latimer, Tillotson, Bishop Gunning, Nicholas Ferrar, Whiston and Moore, and Facsimiles of Signatures. Crown 8vo. 5.f. net. — Separate copies of the portrait of the Foundress. 2s. 6d. net. — And with the Arms in Colours. 7^. 6d. net. GLOBE. — "Some very interesting sidelights are thrown on history, and it is hoped that the excellent example thus set will lead to further researches in College Muniment rooms." WHERRY, GEORGE.— ALPINE NOTES, AND THE CLIMB- ing Foot. With map and 21 Illustrations. Reduced price, is. dd. net. WHETHAM, CATHERINE D., and W. C. D., M.A., F.R.S.— Studies in Nature and Country Life. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net. Contents : Part I. Chapter I. Nature and Observation ; IL Earth ; IIL Air ; IV. Water ; V. Heat ; VI. Sound ; VII. Light and Colour ; VIII. The Weather. Part II Chapter IX. The Country and its Names ; X. Roads ; XL Springs and Streams ; XII. Soil ; XIII. Fields and Hedgerows; XIV. Trees and Woods; XV. Villages. TIMES. — "A useful little book, not quite liice any other. It is to teach children to look on nature with observation and understanding ; touching not so much on fauna and flora, but giving chapters on 'Earth,' 'Heat,' 'The Weather,' 'Roads,' 'Light and Colour,' Villages,' etc." WILSON, JOHN DOVER.— JOHN LYLY. The Harness Prize for 1904. Crown 8vo. 3^'. net. SPEAKER. — "Mr. Wilson's summary of the researches ot previous scholars upon the problem of the genesis of Euphuism, together with his own observations on that much-vexed question, forms the most valuable part of his work. There can be little doubt that he has satisfactorily established his main contention — that the euphuistic style owed its origin in England neither to the mere force of Spanish example, nor to the mere genius of Lyly." OXFORD MAGAZINE.— '' K useful little contribution to literary history." PALL MALL GAZETTE.— '^ It gives in moderate compass and with concise accuracy an account of the life and writings of one whose name means much in the history of English literature." MANCHESTER GUARDIAN.— "We have great satisfaction in recommending this scholarly dissertation to the students of the early Elizabethan drama." Gothic Ornaments in the Cathedral Church at York. Drawn and etched by JOSEPH HALFPENNY, 1795. With a preface by the late Rev. Canon Raine, 1894. Folio, bound in half morocco. Published at £i ^s. ; now offered for 25^. 100 copies issued, and only 16 remain for sale. MACMILLAN & BOWES, CAMBRIDGE. ( xxviii ) IMPORTANT REMAINDERS ON SALE BY MACMiLLAN AND BOWES THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF ADAM SEDGWICK, 1785- 1873, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Prebendary of Norwich, Woodwardian Professor of Geology 1818 — 1873. By John Willis Clark, M.A., F.S.A., Formerly Fellow of Trinity College ; and Thomas McKenny Hughes, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., Woodwardian Professor of Geology. 2 vols. 8vo. Contain- ing 12 full-page Illustrations, Portraits of Sedgwick {2), John Dawson,. John Woodward, Rev. R. Sedgwick, Maps of Dent Dale, Geological Plates, Views in Dent Dale, &c., and 24 illustrations in the text. Published 36/-, offered for 7/6. Tlie Life of Adam Sedgwick in Cambridge throws much light on Univer- sity history for 70 years of the nineteenth century (1804—1873). No one was more widely known, and his lectures were attended not only by geological students, but by successive generations of men eminent iiL other branches of University study. Opinions of the Press on the publication of the * Life and Letters.' NA TURE. — " Mr. Clark has had at his disposal a large amount of material, from which he has drawn a picture no less vivid than accurate — as we feel sure those who knew the original will admit — of a man of remarkable genius and almost unique per- sonality. He has told us the story of Sedgwick's life, he has woven into it Sedgwick's^ letters, and the result is a book which is worthy to be classed with the two best biographies, at any rate of recent date, of distinguished sons of Cambridge — those of Charles Kingsley and Charles Darwin." JOHN STEVENS HENSLOW [1796— 1861], Prof of Botany.— Memoir. By Leonard Jenyns. With photographic portrait. Crown 8vo, cloth. 1862. Published 7^-, dd., offered at 2s. dd. net. Henslow was Professor of Botany at Cambridge from 1827 until his death in 1861,. and the work he did for the advancement of the study of Botany in Cambridge as a distinguished and successful teacher and by the foundation of the Botanical Museum have been specially brought to the notice of the present generation by the recent opening of the new buildings by the King. Henslow was also associated with Sedgwick, Wbewell, and other men af science in Cambridge in founding the "Cambridge Philosophical Society." It was he who recommended Charles Darwin as Naturalist of the Beagle (See '' Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," Vol. I., p. 191 and following). THE SEALS AND ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF THE Uni- versity of Cambridge. By W. H. St. John Hope. 4to. Plate>. y. net. MACMILLAN & BOWES, CAMBRIDGE. ( xxix ) A Beautijully Illustrated Vohmie at a Greatly Reduced Price. Quarto, Cloth, gilt top. Published in 1896 at Two Guineas net. NOW OFFERED AT 10s. 6d. NET. CHOIR STALLS AND THEIR CARVINGS A Series of Examples of Misericords in some English Cathedrals and Churches WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND DESCRliPTIVE NOTES By EMMA PHIPSON Containing 300 Examples Illustrated on 100 Photo-Lithographic Plates Reproduced from the Original Sketches of the Author NO work has yet appeared dealing exclusively and exhaustively with these old carvings, rich as they are with their wealth of myth, beauty, humour, and antiquarian interest. In most of the choirs of our Cathedrals we find a range of fifty or sixty carved pictures in which the costume and the manners and customs of our ancestors in Medieval times are quaintly portrayed, the groups of figures being frequently enriched with sprays or bosses of foliage, in many cases exquisitely carved. In the fragmentary literature already existing on this subject only a small number of the examples illustrated and described in the present work have been included, and it is hoped that the amusing specimens of the Carver's skill depicted herein may prove acceptable to all those who take an interest in the Minor Arts as practised in England during the Middle Ages. CHURCH TIMES. — "No student of church carvings should be with- out this book." THE ANTIQUARY. — "Miss Phipson has produced an excellent book, and one which has long been wanted. A systematic study of the carving and devices of the misericords of the choir stalls of our English Chuirches has never before been attempted ; and now, for the first time, it is possible to compare their different types and characteristics in a dated sequence from the thirteenth to the end of the seventeenth century." BUILDER. — " A very extensive treasury of illustrations of this branch of medieval art The whole collection is most curious, and affords a continual surprise* to the reader in turning over the pages. It ought to be quite a popular book of illustrations of medieval jest and fancy." SA TURDAY REVIEW. — " For the first time, as we believe, here is an attempt to record and illustrate, in some sense proportionately to their importance, these most interesting relics of medieval arts." MACMILLAN & BOWES, CAMBRIDGE. ( XXX ) Sculptures in the Lady Chapel at Ely. Illustrated in 55 Collotype Plates. With descriptions and identifications by MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES, Litt.D. Preface by the LORD BISHOP OF ELY. 4to, cloth. 1895. 2 IS. The Lady Chapel is surrounded in the interior by a wonderfully rich and beautiful arcade ; each compartment of it consists of a niche and two spandrels, and in each spandrel is a group of figures. These figures furnish the first and largest part of the iconography of the chapel. The second class consists of bosses m the vaulting of the roof, of which a certain number have figured representations upon them. "I have long felt that it is most desirable that the beautiful sculptures of the Lady Chapel of the Cathedral of Ely should be published, not merely on account of the danger of their perishing, but also on account of their value as examples of Gothic stone work of the best period." — Preface of the Lord Bishop of Ely. MACMILLAN & BOWES, CAMBRIDGE. INDEX OF ADVERTISEMENTS. Albany Cafi5, St. Mary's Passage, vi Allen, George, Publisher, xiii Bemrose & Son, Publishers, vii Blue Boar Hotel, Trinity Street, x Buol's Restaurant, &c., xvi Cambridge University Press, iii Cassell & Co., Publishers, xi Ye Old Castel Hotel, St. Andrew's St., iv Coulson & Lefts, Builders, &c., xv Cox & Allen, Bookbinders, &c., vi Dent & Co., Publishers, v Favell, Ellis & Sons, Decorators, &c., xii Great Northern Hotel, Station Road (A. A. Burn), ii Hattersley Brotheis', Grocers, &c., page 3 of Cover G. P. Hawkins, Confectioner, &c., facing page e of Cover Hoop Hotel, Bridge Street, xix Johnson Harry & Nephew, Booksellers, Stationers, i Leach F. R. & Sons, Art Workmen, &c., xi H. Liddiard, Cycle and Motor Depot, xviii Lincolne & Son, Grocers, &c., xvi Lion Hotel, (A. A. Moyes) on Map Macintosh A. & Sons, Ltd. Ironmongers, &c., iv MacLehose, James & Sons, Publishers, Glasgow, xiv Macmillan & Bowes, xvii, xx — xx.\i Macmillan & Co., London, viii, ix The Caf6, Trinity Street, (Matthew & Sons) page 4 of Cover Miller & Sons, Organ Builders, &c., i Neal, James & Sons, Tailors, &c., ii Newnes' Thin Paper Classics, London, xvii Palmer, J. S., Hatter, &c., iv Perse Grammar School, xxxii Phillips, E M., Ecclesiastical and Art Embroiderer, xviii Prime, F. J. & T. E., Builders, xix Shippey & Son, Ironmongers, &c., ii Smiths' Fruit Shops, Station Road, &c., ii Smiths' Dairy, &c., Station Road, xvii George Stace, Milliner, &c., page 192 Stoakley & Son, page 192 Tredgett & Sons, Bouquets, &c., xii University Arms Hotel, page 2 of Cover Weatherhead's, Stationers, vii Whitmore & Co , Wine Merchants, &c., facing Title-page ( xxxi ) PERSE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, CAMBRIDGE. IbeaD /iRaster. W. H. D. ROUSE, Esq., Liit.D., Christ's College. Governors of the Perse School Trust. Ald. a. I. TILLY ARD, M.A., J. P., St. John's College, {Chairman). Dr. H. F. baker, F.R.S., St. John's College. W. G. BELL, Esq., M.A., Trinity Hall. ROBERT BOWES, Esq. Very Rev. H. M. BUTLER, D.D., Master of Trinity College. Ald. W. W. CLEAR, J, P. Ald. Dr. J. H. C. D ALTON, J. P., Trinity College. E. O. FORD HAM, Esq., J. P., C.C. E. G. GALLOP, Esq., M.A., Gonville and Caius College. Rev. J. B. LOCK, M.A., Gonville and Caius College. W. L. MOLLISON, Esq., M.A., Clare College. M. M. PATTISON MUIR, Esq., M.A., Gonville and Caius College. Rev. W. B. SELBIE, M.A., Trinity Hall. Ald. W. p. SPALDING, J.P. The Governors desire to call attention to THE ADVANTAGES OFFERED BY THIS SCHOOL, which PREPARES BOYS FOR THE UNIVERSITIES AND FOR PROFESSIONAL AND COMMERCIAL CAREERS. Under the Head- Mastership of Dr. Rouse, efforts have been made to improve on the ordinary methods of teaching. Of the distinctive features of the School work, the following may be specially mentioned : — (i) Improved teaching of the Classics, resulting in a great saving of time. (2) Spoken French and German. (3) Teaching of English and English Literature in all the classes. (4) A carefully graded Science course. (5) Drawing leading up to the Engineering Tripos. The work of the Preparatory School is also specially suited for can-, didates for the Navy. A detailed Account of the Work of the School has been drawn up, and may, together with the ordinary Prospectus, be had of the Clerk to the Governors, J. F. EADEN, Esq., 15, Sidney Street, Cambridge. ( xxxii ) EST. 1838. Telephone Nos. 0275, 0349. THE DOROTHY CAF^, 21, SIDNEY STREET (nearly opposite Market St). THE CAMBRIDGE CAF^, 47 & 48 SIDNEY STREET (opposite Sidney Sussex College). HIGH CLASS LUNCHEON AND TEA ROOMS. SMOKE ROOM. LADIES^ ROOM. PRIVATE ROOMS FOR PARTIES. High Class English and Continental Fancies prepared under conditions of the utmost cleanliness, fresh daily from our Model Bakery. ICES. LUNCHEON AND TEA HAMPERS. Balls, Wedding Receptions, Picnics catered for. G. P. HAWKINS, Proprietor, 21, 47, 48, Sidney Street, 19 & 20, Fitzroy Street, Bakery, Parsonage Street. Telephone: No. 16. Telegrams: Whitmore, Camb. WHITMORE & Co. Ltd. WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANTS, DOWNING STREET, 27, TRINITY STREET, AND 10, MARKET HILL, CAMBRIDGE. AGENTS FOR— Messrs Cunliffe, Dodson & Co. ... Bordeaux , Deinhard & Co . . . Coblenz , Cossart, Gordon & Co. . . . . Madeira , Moet et Chandon ... Epernay , Lanson, pere et fils ... Reims Delbeck & Co ... Reims , Ackerman Laurance . . . Saumur , de Rosnay freres... . . . Reims , Burgoyne & Co . . . Australia , John Jameson & Son .. ... Dublin , Ross & Cameron... ... Inverness , John Hopkins & Co., " Old Mull" Blend , Otard & Co ... Cognac , Drahonnet & Co. ... Cognac , AUsopp & Sons ... Burton , Bass & Co. Burton , Guinness, Son & Co. Dublin , Greene, King & Sons . Bury , Aitchison & Co Scotland , Jacob Lager Frankfort-on- M aine SOLE AGENTS AND EXPORTERS OF LEJL 'iO PERRIER WATER. a7u A^''. « rr, " % \^-'' / . .— • — ^ \ ■':' f ,. C.anihridfTc igo6 m the College ;v»tp.y I "I. '^"^t.'^ ! Excellent Stabling and Carriages. Large Garage, Petrol stored. tPi0iton3 to Cambri&ge 6boul& mxee the opportunity of taUino awa^ with 11 a copv of '']^c ©l^c Carnbri&oc aie I/' nia&c b^ Mc&dwoo<) in 6i3ce, with arm0 on, in cither (Bolb or (roIourt5. Iginal, 5uppo6c^ to Ik Carli? IRoman, liecovercb in biooino founbatione of fc prcmi6C6 BJS>. 1850 anb can be seen be Hrcbacological fIDuseunu RSIJ wool j I • RROTHFRS /\ .ISHED 1761 ELEPHONE ■\. THE CAFE, M, TRINITY STREE' o ■Mai t/) Luncheons, Dinners, Teas, etc. Home-made Cakes, Pastry, Tea Cakes, etc. fresh daily. Caterers for Qarden Parties, Weddings, Balls, etc. SMOKING ROOM.