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 BACKGAMMON 
 
 AND . ' 
 
 DRAUGHTS 
 
 {OR CHECKERS) 
 
 COMPRISING G. F. PARDON'S COMPLETE WORK 
 
 AND MANY VALUABLE PARTS OF ANDREW 
 
 ANDERSON'S ' * CHECKERS. ' ' 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY 
 
 I^BLISHE^RS 
 
ESTATE 9f \^ 
 
 4apr 
 
 6^^^ 
 
 THOIUS EWiNfl df 
 
 IBRUY OF CtMHtft 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 BACKGAMMON. 
 
 PACK. 
 
 Origin of the Game , • 7 
 
 Technical Terms of the Game lo 
 
 How the Game is Played 1 1 
 
 Hoyle*s Hints ^ Observations^ and Cautions 13 
 
 Directions for Bearing your Men 15 
 
 The Laws of Backgammon 17 
 
 General Instructions 18 
 
 Playing at Setting Out the thirty -six Chances of the Dice 
 
 for a Gammon or a Single Hit 19 
 
 How to Play for Chances when you play only for a Hit, ... 22 
 
 Back-Game 23 
 
 A Case of Curiosity 24 
 
 Critical Case for a Back-Game 25 
 
 Calculation of Chances 25 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 CMAPTBR. PACK. 
 
 /. Introductory 31 
 
 II, The Moves ^ and the Method of Notation 37 
 
 III, Names of the Gam^s^ or Openings^ and How 
 
 Formed 43 
 
4 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER. PAGM. 
 
 ^V, standard Laws of the Game 46 
 
 A Few Hints to Players 49 
 
 Standing the Huff, . , 52 
 
 Winning with Three Kings to Two 54 
 
 75? Know when you Have the Move 56 
 
 V, Anderson* s Theory of the Move and its Changes^ 
 
 Practically Explained and Illustrated, 60 
 
 The Losing Game 65 
 
 VI, Elementary Positions 67 
 
 VII, Illustrative Games 71 
 
 VIII, Critical Situations and Endings of Games 96 
 
 Problems 99 
 
 Solutions to Problems 113 
 
 IX, Polish Draughts 122 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Backgammon remains in precisely the condition in 
 which it was left over a hundred years ago, by 
 **Edmond Hoyle, Gent." In this short account 
 of the game are given the preliminary instructions 
 which Hoyle and others almost invariably omit. 
 Hoyle presumes on his reader's general knowledge 
 of the manner of playing the various games, and 
 begins his account of Backgammon with a calcu- 
 lation of chances and a table of odds against throw- 
 ing certain numbers on two dice. This, the mere 
 gambling element of the game, is not primarily 
 necessary for the amateur's instruction. When he 
 knows how to play Backgammon, he will soon 
 acquire facility in making wagers on his success. 
 It is a pleasant evidence of advancement in morals, 
 that most of the games our forefathers played for 
 heavy stakes are now ordinarily played ''for love/' 
 Chess, Draughts, Backgammon, Whist, and most 
 of the card games, are better played for amusement 
 than for money. 
 
BACKGAMMON. 
 
 Backgammon and Draughts go very well together, 
 for almost all the folding Draught-boards contain a 
 Backgammon-board inside. 
 
 As to the origin of the game there is little to be 
 said, except that it was known to our Saxon ances- 
 tors, as a game of mingled chance and skill. Strutt 
 and Bishop Kennett derive its name from two Saxon 
 words — bac, back ; and gamen, a game — a back- 
 game, or one in which the player is liable to be 
 sent back. Dr. Henry and other writers claim for 
 it a purely Welsh origin, and say that its name 
 comes from back, little ; and cammon, a battle — the 
 little battle. Chaucer called it Tables, by which 
 title the game seems to have been known in his 
 time. As to the Draught-men and dice with which 
 it is played, of the introduction of the first we have 
 no certain knowledge ; and with regard to the 
 spotted cubes, their origin cannot now be traced 
 to any one people. Representations of dice are 
 seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs and on Etruscan 
 tombs. It has always been a game for the higher 
 classes, and has never been vulgarized or defiled 
 by uneducated people. Bacon, the philosopher, 
 recommends it as a good game ; Shakspeare draws 
 morals from its chances ; Spenser mentions dice in 
 
8 
 
 BACKGAMMON. 
 
 his ' ' Faerie Queene " ; Addison, Dryden, and other 
 writers mention it as a gentlemanly pastime ; and 
 Dean Swift tells us that it is the only game that a 
 clergyman can consistently play ! 
 
 Backgammon is played by two persons on a 
 board divided into two sections, and figured with 
 twenty-four points or fleches, of different colors, 
 placed alternately. Here is the board, with the men 
 arranged for the game : 
 
 Black. 
 Black's Home, or Inner ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 1284:66 789 10 11 13 
 
 it"l 111 -lamnrnrT 
 
 4A»JVH.*Lm.« ' .«»L.A»J ' . ' .U. 
 
 .^--^. -.--..... 
 
 .-« ' *t.4.;w»»w«» ' >.^« ' . ' .».<nj » « i»i 
 
 1284:56 789 10 1112 
 
 White's Home, or Inner ,,t, .. , ^ . rp , i 
 'p^jjjg White's Outer Table. 
 
 White. 
 
ARRANGING THE BOARD. 9 
 
 The very first thing is to *' set the board/' which 
 is done according to the scheme shown in the dia- 
 gram, in which for easy reference the points on 
 either side are numbered from i to 12. The player 
 using the black men is seated atthe upper side of the 
 table, and the one with the white men at the lower. 
 In the case supposed, it is the object of the player 
 to bring all his men '^home"; that is, into his 
 own inner table. He who first succeeds in moving 
 or ' ' bearing '' his men off the board, wins the 
 game. In arranging the board, two men are 
 placed upon the ace-point in the adversary's inner 
 table, five upon the sixth point of his outer table 
 (12 in the diagram), five upon the sixth point in 
 your own inner table, and three upon the cinque 
 point in your outer table (8 in the diagram). Your 
 adversary places his men in the tables in a pre- 
 cisely corresponding manner. 
 
 The moves of the men are made in accordance 
 with the numbers thrown by two dice, with which, 
 in a box, each player is provided, in addition to 
 fifteen draughtmen. 
 
 To further explain the motif oi the game. It is 
 the object of the player to get all his men into his 
 inner compartment or *'home,'' and '"bear" or 
 remove them from the board in accordance with 
 the numbers indicated by the successive throws of 
 the dice, before his adversary can accomplish the 
 
10 BACKGAMMON-, 
 
 same end, after he has succeeded in removing his 
 men into his own ''home." But before going far- 
 ther, it will be well to explain the 
 
 TECHNICAL TERMS OF THE GAME. 
 
 The terms used for the numbers on the dice are — 
 I, ace ; 2, deuce; 3, trois^ or tray; 4, quaire ; 5, 
 cinque ; 6, six. 
 
 Doublets, — Two dice with the faces bearing 
 the same number of pips, as two aces, two sixes, 
 etc. 
 
 Bearing your Men, — Removing them from the 
 table. 
 
 Hit, — To remove all your men before your ad- 
 versary has done so. 
 
 Blot, — A single man upon a point. 
 
 Home. — Your inner table. 
 
 Gammon. — Two points won out of the three 
 constituting the game. 
 
 Backgammon. — The entire game won. 
 
 Men. — The draughts used in the game. 
 
 Making Points. — Winning hits. 
 
 Getting Home. — Bringing your men from your 
 opponent's tables into your own. 
 
 To Enter. — Is to place your man again on the 
 board after he has been excluded by reason of a 
 point being already full. 
 
 Bar, — The division between the boxes. 
 
HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED. il 
 
 Bar-point. — That next the bar. 
 Having got thus far, let us see 
 
 HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED. 
 
 The first most advantageous throw of the dice is 
 of aces, as it blocks the six-point in your outer table, 
 and secures the cinque-point in your inner table ; 
 so that your adversary's two men upon your ace- 
 point cannot escape with his throwing either from 
 five or six. This throw is, therefore, often asked 
 and given between players of unequal skill, by way 
 of odds. 
 
 If doublets are thrown, or similar numbers on 
 each die, double the number of points are reck- 
 oned. Thus, if two cinques be thrown, twenty 
 points are counted. 
 
 The points on the board are counted from one to 
 six in each of the four compartments respectively, 
 each player commencing from the point in the table 
 opposite to him. 
 
 Two men can be advanced at once, one for each 
 number thrown on the dice ; or one man may be 
 moved forward as many points as the numbers on 
 the dice amount to, taken together. 
 
 When any point is covered by two of an oppo- 
 nent's men, the player cannot put any of his upon 
 that point ; but if one only be there, which consti- 
 tutes what is called ' ' a blot, " that man may be 
 
12 BACKGAMMOJSr. 
 
 removed and placed on the centre ledge of the 
 board, and the point occupied. This man must be 
 ''entered" on any vacant point in the ''home" 
 section of the tables belonging to the opponent of 
 the player whose man has been taken up, provided 
 the number turned up on either die corresponds 
 with that point, and must then be brought round 
 from the commencement, like the men on the ace- 
 points in either table. 
 
 To win a "hit " is to remove all your men from 
 the table before your adversary has removed his : 
 this counts one. To win a "gammon," which 
 counts two, is to remove all your men before your 
 adversary has brought all of his " home " ; and if 
 your men are entirely removed while your antago- 
 nist has one remaining in your home section of the 
 tables, you win a "backgammon," which counts 
 three. 
 
 For the choice of the first play, each player 
 throws a single die. " He who throws the highest 
 number wins, and may, if he choose, adopt and 
 play the joint number of the preliminary throw. 
 If he reject, then the first step is made by his throw- 
 ing both the dice, and moving any one of his men 
 to an open point at the distance indicated by one of 
 the dice, and then moving another man (or the same 
 man farther on, if he think proper) to another open 
 point indicated by the number of the second die. 
 
BOYLE'S HINTS, OBSERVATIONS, ETC. I3 
 
 This completes his move ; his adversary then fol- 
 lows in a similar manner, and so on alternately to 
 the end of the game. Thus, double aces (which 
 count as 4) w^ould entitle you (say White) to move 
 two men from 8 w. to 7 w., and two from 6 w. to 
 5 w., which covers the bar-point (7), and also 
 covers the cinque point in your inner table, and 
 then, should your next throw be 5 and 6, you would 
 play the five from 12 b. to 8 w., and so cover the 
 blot before left ; and you would play the six from 
 12 b. to your bar-point. Pairs count double ; thus, 
 sixes entitle you to move four men, each six points 
 forward, and you may either move four together, 
 say, from 12 b. to 7 w., or two together, as, say, 
 two from I b. to your adversary's bar-point (7), 
 and two from 12 b. to 7 w. (your own bar-point), 
 or singly — as, say, a single man from i b. to i w. 
 in your own inner table, presuming that your ad- 
 versary had ceased to occupy it. " 
 
 The direction in which your men move is from 
 the adverse inner table over the bar, through the 
 adversary's outer table. 
 
 hoyle's hints, observations, and cautions. 
 
 By the directions given to play for a gammon, 
 you are voluntarily to make some blots ; the odds 
 being in your favor that they are not hit ; but should 
 that so happen, in such case you will have three 
 
14 BACKGAMMON. 
 
 men in your adversary's table ; you must then en- 
 deavor to secure your adversary's cinque, quatre, 
 or trois-point, to prevent a gammon, and must be 
 very cautious how you suffer him to take up a fourth 
 man. 
 
 Take care not to crowd your game, that is, put- 
 ting many men either upon your trois or deuce- 
 point in your own table ; which is, in effect, losing 
 those men by not having them to play. Besides, 
 by crowding your game, you are often gammoned ; 
 as, when your adversary finds your game open by 
 being crowded in your own table he may then 
 play as he thinks fit. 
 
 By referring to the calculations, you may know 
 the odds of entering a single man upon any certain 
 number of points, and play your game accordingly. 
 
 If you are obliged to leave a blot, by having 
 recourse to the calculations for hitting it, you wull 
 find the chances for and against you. 
 
 You will also find the odds for and against being 
 hit by double dice, and consequently can choose a 
 method of play most to your advantage. 
 
 If it be necessary to make a run, in order to win 
 a hit, and you would know who is forwardest, begin 
 reckonmg how many points you have to bring home 
 to the six-point in your table the man that is at the 
 greatest distance, and do the like by every other 
 man abroad ; when the numbers are summed up, 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR BEARING YOUR MEN. 15 
 
 add for those already on your own tables (suppos- 
 ing the men that were abroad as on your six-point 
 for bearing), namely, six for every man on the six, 
 and so on respectively for each ; five, four, three, 
 two, or one, for every man according to the points 
 on which they are situated. Do the like to your 
 adversary's game, and then you will know which 
 of you is forwardest, and likeliest to win the hit 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR BEARING YOUR MEN. 
 
 If your adversary be greatly before you, never 
 play a man from your quatre, trois or deuce points, 
 in order to bear that man from the point where 
 you put it, because nothing but high doublets can 
 give you any chance for the hit ; therefore, instead 
 of playing an ace or a deuce from any of the 
 aforesaid points, always play them from your 
 highest point ; by which means, throwing two 
 fives, or two fours, will, upon having eased your 
 six and cinque points, be of great advantage : 
 whereas, had your six point remained loaded, you 
 must perhaps be obliged to play at length those 
 fives and fours. 
 
 Whenever you have taken up two of your ad- 
 versary's men, and happen to have two, three or 
 more points made in your own table, never fail 
 spreading your men, either to take a new point in 
 your table, or to hit the man your adversary may 
 
i6 BACKGAMMON, 
 
 happen to enter. As soon as he enters one, com- 
 pare his game with yours ; and if you find your 
 game equal, or better, take the man if you can, 
 because it is twenty-five to eleven against his hit- 
 ting you ; which being so much in your favor, you 
 ought always to run that risk, when you have 
 already two of his men up : except you play for a 
 single hit only. 
 
 Never be deterred from taking up any one man 
 of your adversary by the apprehension of being hit 
 with double dice, because the fairest probability is 
 five to one against him. 
 
 If you should happen to have five points in your 
 table, and to have taken up one of your adversary's 
 men, and are obliged to leave a blot out of your 
 table, rather leave it upon doublets than any other, 
 because doublets are thirty-five to one against his 
 hitting you, and any other chance is but seventeen 
 to one against him. 
 
 Two of your adversary's men in your table are 
 better for a hit than any greater number, provided 
 your game be the forwardest ; because having 
 three or more men in your table gives him 
 more chances to hit you, than if he had only two 
 men. 
 
 If you are to leave a blot upon entering a man 
 on your adversary's table, and have your choice 
 where, always choose that point which is the most 
 
THE LAWS OF BACKGAMMON. 17 
 
 disadvantageous to him. To illustrate this : sup- 
 pose it is his interest to hit or take you up as soon 
 as you enter ; in that case leave the blot upon his 
 lowest point; that is to say, upon his deuce, 
 rather than upon his trois, and so on ; because all 
 the men your adversary plays upon his trois or his 
 deuce points are in a great measure out of play, 
 these men not having it in their power to make his 
 cinque-point, and consequently his game will be 
 crowded there and open elsewhere, whereby you 
 will be able also much to annoy him. 
 
 Prevent your adversary from bearing his men to 
 the greatest advantage, when you are running to 
 save a gammon : suppose you should have two 
 men upon his ace-point, and several others abroad ; 
 though you should lose one point or two, in put- 
 ting the men into your table, yet it is your interest 
 to leave a man upon the adversary's ace-point, 
 which will prevent him bearing his men to his 
 greatest advantage, and will also give you the 
 chance of his making a blot, that you may hit. 
 But if, upon calculation, you find you have a throw, 
 or a probability of saving your gammon, never 
 wait for a blot, because the odds are greatly against 
 hitting it. 
 
 THE LAWS OF BACKGAMMON. 
 
 If you take a man or men from any point, that 
 man or men must be played. 
 
i8 BACKGAMMON. 
 
 You are not understood to have played any man 
 till it is placed upon a point, and quitted. 
 
 If you play with fourteen men only, there is no 
 penalty attending it, because with a lesser number 
 you play to a disadvantage, by not having the ad- 
 ditional man to make up your tables. 
 
 If you bear any number of men before you have 
 entered a man taken up, and which, consequently, 
 you were obliged to enter, such men, so borne, 
 must be entered again in your adversary's tables, 
 as well as the man taken up. 
 
 If you have mistaken your thrown and played it, 
 and your adversary have thrown, it is not in your 
 power or his choice to alter it, unless both parties 
 agree. 
 
 The following are Hoyle's 
 
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 If you play three up at Backgammon, your prin- 
 cipal view, in the first place, is to secure your 
 own, or your adversary's cinque-point, or both ; 
 when that is effected, you may play a pushing 
 game, and endeavor to gammon your adversary. 
 
 The next best point (after you have gained your 
 cinque-point) is to make your bar-point, thereby 
 preventing your adversary's running out with 
 doublet sixes. 
 
 When you have proceeded thus far, prefer the 
 
THE THIRTY-SIX CHANCES. 19 
 
 making your quatre-point in your own tables, 
 rather than the quatre-point out of them. 
 
 Having gained these points, you have a fair 
 chance to gammon your adversary, if he is very 
 forward : for, suppose his tables are broke at home, 
 it will be then your interest to open your bar- 
 point, and to oblige him to come out of your tables 
 with a six ; and having your men spread, you not 
 only may catch that man which yoiir adversary 
 brings out of your tables, but you will also have a 
 probability of taking up the man left in your tables 
 (upon supposition that he has two men there.) If 
 he should have a blot at home, it will then be your 
 interest not to make up your tables ; because, if he 
 should enter upon a blot, which you are to make 
 for the purpose, you will have a probability of get- 
 ting a third man ; which, if accomplished, will 
 give you at least 4 to i of the gammon ; whereas, 
 if you have only two of his men up, the chances 
 are that you do not gammon him. 
 
 If you play for a hit only, one or two men taken 
 up by your adversary renders it surer than a greater 
 number, provided your tables are made up. 
 
 Hoyle gives the following directions for 
 
 PLAYING AT SETTING OUT THE THIRTY-SIX CHANCES OF 
 THE DICE FOR A GAMMON OR A SINGLE HIT, 
 
 Two aces — best of first throws to be played on 
 
20 BA CKGAMMON. 
 
 your cinque-point ; and then two on the bar-point 
 for a gammon, or for a hit 
 
 Two sixes (second best throw) to be played ; two 
 on your adversary's bar-point, and two on your 
 bar-point, for a gammon or a hit. 
 
 Two trois, two to be played on the cinque-point, 
 and the other two on your trois-point in your own 
 tables, for a gammon only. 
 
 Two deuces, to be played on the quatre-point in 
 your own tables, and two are brought over from the 
 five men placed in your adversary's outer tables, for 
 a gammon only. 
 
 Two fours, to be brought over from the five men 
 placed in your adversary's outer tables, and to be 
 put upon the cinque-point in your own tables, for a 
 gammon only. 
 
 Two fives, to be brought over from the five men 
 placed in your adversary's outer tables, and to be 
 put on the trois-point in your own tables, for a gam- 
 mon or a hit. 
 
 Size ace, you are to make your bar-point, for a 
 gammon or for a hit 
 
 Size deuce, a man to be brought from the five 
 men placed in your adversary's outer tables, and to 
 be placed on the cinque-point in your own tables, 
 for a gammon or a hit 
 
 Six and three, a man to be brought from your 
 adversary's ace-point, as far as he will go, for a 
 gammon or a hit 
 
THE THIRTY-SIX CHANCES. 21 
 
 Six and four, a man to be brought from your 
 adversary's ace-point, as far as he will go, for a 
 gammon or a hit. 
 
 Six and five, a man to be carried from your 
 adversary's ace-point, as far as he can go, for a 
 gammon or a hit. 
 
 Cinque and quatre, a man to be carried from your 
 adversary's ace-point, as far as he can go, for a 
 gammon or a hit 
 
 Cinque-trois, to make the trois-point in your 
 table, for a gammon or a hit. 
 
 Cinque-deuce, to play two men from the five 
 placed in your adversary's outer tables, for a gam- 
 mon or a hit. 
 
 Cinque-ace, to bring one man from the five placed 
 in your adversary's outer tables for the cinque, 
 and to play one man down on the cinque-point 
 in your own tables for the ace, for a gammon 
 only. 
 
 Quatre-trois, two men to be brought from the five 
 placed in your adversary's outer tables, for a gam- 
 mon or a hit. 
 
 Quatre-deuce, to make the quatre-point in your 
 own tables, for a gammon or a hit. 
 
 Quatre-ace, to play a man from the five placed 
 in your adversary's outer tables for the quatre, 
 and for the ace, to play a man down upon the 
 cinque-point in your own tables, for a gammon only. 
 
22 BACKGAMMON. 
 
 Trois-deuce, two men to be brought from the 
 five placed in your adversary's tables, for a gammon 
 only. 
 
 Trois-ace, to make the cinque-point in your own 
 tables, for a gammon or a hit. 
 
 Deuce-ace, to play one man from the five placed 
 in your adversary's tables for the deuce ; and for 
 the ace, to play a man down upon the cinque-point 
 in your own tables, for a gammon only. 
 
 HOW TO PLAY FOR THE FOLLOWING CHANCES WHEN YOU 
 
 PLAY ONLY FOR A HIT. 
 
 Two trpis, two of them are to be played on your 
 cinque-point in your own tables, and with the other 
 two take the quatre-point in your adversary's tables. 
 
 Two deuces, two of them are to be played on 
 your quatre-point in your own tables, and with 
 the other two take the trois-point in your adver- 
 sary's tables. 
 
 [The two foregoing cases are to be played in this manner, 
 that you may avoid being shut up in your adversary's 
 tables, and have the chance of throwing high doublets to 
 win the hit.] 
 
 Two fours, two of them are to take your adver- 
 sary's cinque-point in his tables ; and for the other 
 two, two men are to be brought from the five placed 
 in your adversary's tables. 
 
 Cinque-ace, play the cinque from the five men 
 
BACK'GAME. 2^ 
 
 placed in your adversary's tables, and play the ace 
 from your adversary's ace-point 
 
 Quatre-ace, play the quatre from the five men 
 placed in your adversary's tables, and the ace from 
 the men on your adversary's ace-point 
 
 Deuce-ace, play the deuce from the five men 
 placed in your adversary's tables, and the ace from 
 your adversary's ace-point 
 
 Hoyle gives the following example of a 
 
 BACK-GAME. 
 
 Suppose A to have two men upon his six-point 
 in his own tables, three men upon his usual point 
 in his outer table, two men upon the point where 
 his five men are usually placed in his adversary's 
 tables, five men upon his adversary's ace-point, 
 and three men upon his adversary's quatre-point : 
 
 And suppose B to have two men upon his six- 
 point in his own tables, three men upon his usual 
 point in his outer table, two men upon the point 
 where his five men are usually placed in his ad- 
 versary's tables, five men upon his adversary's ace- 
 point, and three men upon his adversary's trois- 
 point : 
 
 Who has the fairest chance to win the hit ? 
 
 A has, because he is to play either an ace, or a 
 deuce, from his adversary's ace-point, in order to 
 make both these points as occasion offers ; and 
 
24 BACKGAMMON, 
 
 having the quatre-point in his adversary s tables, 
 he may mare easily bring those men away, if he 
 finds it necessary, and he will also have a resting 
 place by the conveniency of that point, which at 
 all times in the game will give him an opportunity 
 of running for the hit, or staying, if he thinks 
 proper ; — whereas B cannot so readily come from 
 the trois-point in his adversary's tables. 
 
 A CASE OF CURIOSITY. 
 
 Let us suppose A and B place their men in the 
 following manner for a hit :— 
 
 Suppose A to have three men upon his six-point 
 in his own tables, three men upon the usual 
 point in his outer table, and nine men upon his ad- 
 versary's ace, deuce, and trois-points, three men to 
 be placed upon each point ; and suppose B's men 
 to be placed in his own, and in his adversary's 
 tables, in the same order and manner. 
 
 The result is, that the best player ought to win 
 the hit ; and the dice are to be thrown for, the 
 situation being perfectly equal in A's and B's game. 
 
 If A throws first, let him endeavor to gain his 
 adversary's cinque-point ; when that is effected, 
 .let him lay as many blots as possible, to tempt B 
 to hit him ; for every time that B hits them will be 
 in A's favor, because it puts B backward ; and let 
 A take up none of B's men for the same reason. 
 
CALCULATION OF CHANCES. 25 
 
 CRITICAL CASE FOR A BACK-GAME. 
 
 Let US suppose A plays the fore-game, and that 
 all his men are placed in the usual manner : 
 
 For B s game let us suppose that 14 of his men 
 are placed upon his adversary's ace-point, and i 
 man upon his adversary's deuce-point, and that B 
 is to throw : 
 
 Which game is likeliest to win the hit ? 
 
 A's is the best by 21 /or, to 20 against ; because, 
 if B misses an ace to take his adversary's deuce- 
 point, which is 25 to II against him, A is, in that 
 case, to take up B's men in his tables, either singly, 
 or to make points ; and if B secures either A's deuce 
 or trois point, in that case A is to lay as many men 
 down as possible, in order to be hit, that thereby 
 he may get a Back-game. 
 
 When you are pretty well versed in the game of 
 Backgammon, by practising this Back-game you 
 will become a greater proficient in the game than 
 by any other method, because it clearly demon- 
 ^ates the whole power of the Back-game. 
 
 CALCULATION OF CHANCES. 
 
 In playing Backgammon, it is of course neces- 
 sary that the amateur should know how many 
 points he ought to throw upon the two dice, one 
 %'ow with the other. 
 
 The following demonstration of the chances is 
 
26 BACKGAMMON. 
 
 given by Hoyle, and adopted by all succeeding 
 writers on the game, simply because the matter, 
 being one of fact, cannot be altered or improved: — 
 
 On the two dice there are thirty-six chances. 
 
 In these thirty-six chances there are the follow- 
 
 ]ing points, namely: — 
 
 Points. 
 
 2 aces 4 
 
 2 deuces 8 
 
 2 trois 12 
 
 2 fours l6 
 
 2 fives 20 
 
 2 sixes 25 
 
 6 and 5 twice 22 
 
 6 and 4 twice 20 
 
 6 and 3 twice 18 
 
 6 and 2 twice 16 
 
 6 and I twice 14 
 
 5 and 4 twice 18 
 
 5 and 3 twice 16 
 
 5 and 2 twice .....*. 14 
 
 5 and J twice 12 
 
 4 and 3 twice 14 
 
 4 and 2 twice 12 
 
 4 and I twice lO 
 
 3 and 2 twice lO 
 
 3 and I twice 8 
 
 2 and X twice 6 
 
 Divided by 36)294(8 
 288 
 
CALCULATION OF CHANCES. 27 
 
 Thus we see that 294 divided by 36 gives 8 and 
 a little more as the average throw with two dice. 
 The chances upon two dice are : — 
 
 2 sixes 
 
 2 fives 
 
 2 fours 
 
 2 trois 
 
 2 deuces 
 
 *2 aces 
 
 6 and 5 twice 2 
 
 6 and 4 twice 2 
 
 6 and 3 twice 2 
 
 6 and 2 twice 2 
 
 *6 and i twice 2 
 
 5 and 4 twice 2 
 
 5 and 3 twice 2 
 
 5 and 2 twice 2 
 
 *5 and I twice 2 
 
 4 and 3 twice 2 
 
 4 and 2 twice 2 
 
 *4 and i twice 2 
 
 3 and 2 twice 2 
 
 *3 and i twice 2 
 
 *2 and I twice 2 
 
 To find out by this table what are the odds of 
 
 being hit upon a certain or flat die, look in the 
 
 table where thus * marked, 
 
 *2 aces I 
 
 *6 and i twice 2 
 
 *5 and i twice. 2 
 
28 BACKGAMMON. 
 
 *4 and I twice 2 
 
 *3 and I twice 2 
 
 *2 and I twice 2 
 
 Total II 
 
 Which deducted from.. 36 
 The remainder is 25 
 
 By this it appears that it is twenty-five to eleven 
 against hitting an ace upon a certain or flat die. 
 
 The like method may be taken with any other 
 flat die, as with the ace. 
 
 What are the odds of entering a man upon one, 
 two, three, four, or five points } 
 
 For. Against. 
 To enter it upon I point is about 4 to 9 
 tt 44 2 " ** 5 to 4 
 
 «( 
 
 " 3 
 
 (( 
 
 
 (« 
 
 3 to I 
 
 (t 
 
 " 4 
 
 (( 
 
 
 <c 
 
 8 to X 
 
 (( 
 
 " 5 
 
 (( 
 
 
 I< 
 
 35 to I 
 
 The odds against hitting with double dice are :— 
 
 
 
 
 
 For 
 
 . Against. 
 
 To hit 
 
 upon 7 
 
 is 
 
 about 
 
 5 
 
 to I 
 
 •( 
 
 ** 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 to I 
 
 <c 
 
 " 9 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 to I 
 
 C( 
 
 *' 10 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 to I 
 
 iC 
 
 ** II 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 to I 
 
 (( 
 
 ** 12 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 to I 
 
 To further explain how to make use of the table 
 of '^(i chances, when at a loss to find the odds of 
 
CALCULATION OF CHANCES. 29 
 
 being hit upon a certain or flat die, another example 
 is added. By the following we find the odds of 
 being hit upon a six : — 
 
 Points. 
 
 2 sixes I 
 
 2 trois I 
 
 2 deuces i 
 
 6 and 5 twice 2 
 
 6 and 4 twice 2 
 
 6 and 3 twice 2 
 
 6 and 2 twice , 2 
 
 6 and i twice 2 
 
 5 and I twice 2 
 
 4 and 2 twice , 2 
 
 Deduct this 17 from 36 — the number of chances 
 upon two dice — and we have 19. From this table 
 then, we find that it is 19 to 17 against being hit 
 upon a 6. 
 
 The odds of 2 love is about 5 to 2 
 *' ** 2 to I " 2 to I 
 
 ** ** I love ** 3 to 2 
 
 Here, then, we have the game of Backgammon 
 as played in the politest circles. I trust I have 
 made the method of playing it plain to the com- 
 prehension of the reader. 
 
DRAUGHTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The game of Draughts is decidedly scientific ; 
 and though perhaps somewhat less so than Chess, 
 is equally amusing and equally an exercise for the 
 mind. It is governed entirely by calculation, and 
 he who, by study and practice, becomes a good 
 player at it, has really effected something more ; 
 for he has schooled his intellect in a system of 
 logical discipline, and accustomed himself to find 
 recreation in a rational and interesting study — no 
 slight ends, I take it. Chess is said to be more 
 than four thousand years old ; but Draughts boasts 
 a yet more remote ancestry, if we may believe its 
 historians. The game of Draughts is to Chess 
 what Arithmetic is to Algebra. Antiquarians agree 
 in giving precedence, in point of age, to Draughts, 
 on the ground that, among the New Zealanders and 
 other savage tribes, the game is generally known. 
 
32 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Some, however, assert that it is the offshoot of 
 Chess. It is, they say, the Chess of ladies. There 
 would appear to be some truth in the argument ; 
 for in nearly all the European languages. Draughts 
 is called the Game of Ladies. With the French 
 it is the '* Jeu des Dames''; the Germans, 
 '' Damenspiel " ; the Italians, *'I1 Giuco delle 
 Dame'' ; the Portuguese, '*0 Jogo das Damas" ; 
 and so forth. In Gaelic there is but one word, 
 **Taileasg," both for Chess and Draughts ; and the 
 Scotch call the Draught-board a '' dam-brod, " prob- 
 ably from the German ''Damenbrett, " or ladies' 
 board. 
 
 We have no authoritative record that Draughts 
 was much practiced in Europe till the middle of 
 the sixteenth century. In 1668 a treatise upon it 
 was published in Paris by M. Mallet, a professor 
 of mathematics. Nearly a century later, Mr. William 
 Payne, also a teacher of mathematics, published 
 his celebrated ''Introduction to the Game of 
 Draughts" (London, 1756). In 1767 appeared *'A 
 Companion for the Draught-player," by W. Painter. 
 Until 1800 no other work on the game was issued 
 by English writers, but in that year Joshua Sturges 
 published his well known and most able work, 
 *' The Guide to the Game of Draughts." J. Sinclair 
 (Glasgow, 1832) was the next to issue a treatise on 
 the game, and was the first of the Scottish school of 
 
INTROD UCTIOJSr. 
 
 33 
 
 writers and players who have done so much to 
 popularize a scientific study of the pastime ; then 
 followed J. Drummond's first edition (Falkirk, 
 1838), andW. Hay (Stirling, 1838). In 1848 Mr. 
 Anderson published, at Lanark, his first work, fol- 
 lowed, in 1852, by his celebrated ''Second Edi- 
 tion." 
 
 It is played, on a board exactly like a Chess- 
 board, by two players. The board is placed so 
 that a double corner is at the right hand of the 
 player. The following is a representation of the 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 WHJ^ 
 
 
 Draught-Board, with the Men Arranged 
 in their proper order. 
 
34 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 It is unimportant whether the players choose the 
 black or the white squares, so that the double 
 corner is at the right hand. 
 
 Each player has twelve men, which move in 
 diagonal lines, and take by passing over the oppo- 
 nent on to the empty square beyond. A man 
 enabled to pass on to the last row of his adversary's 
 side becomes a King, which has the power of mov- 
 ing backwards as well as forwards. The game is 
 over when one player succeeds in either taking all 
 his adversary's men or in blocking them so that 
 they cannot move. 
 
 The instructions of Edmond Hoyle are so plain 
 and satisfactory, that I give them, despite the 
 necessity of repeating what I have already stated. 
 
 ''The players may place their men on either the 
 black or white squares, but the whole of them 
 must be placed on squares of one color only. In 
 Scotland, the black squares are generally played 
 on ; in England, the play is on the white ; conse- 
 quently, in the former method, a white square in 
 the corner of the board is left to the right hand, 
 and by the latter mode a black one. The opera- 
 tion of the game is very simple ; the ' men' are 
 moved always diagonally, never sideways or 
 straight forward, and only one square at a time. If 
 one of the enemy's men stand in the way, no 
 move can be effected, unless ther^ be a vacant 
 
INTRODUCTION. 35 
 
 square beyond him, in which case he is leaped 
 over; and being thus taken, is removed from the 
 board. As the pieces can only be moved diago- 
 nally, and one square at a time, there can be no 
 taking until the antagonists have moved their men 
 into close quarters; and in pushing the pieces 
 thus cautiously forward at the opening, consists 
 the chief art of the game — the grand object being 
 to hem-in the enemy in such a manner that he can- 
 not move his men. When the men of either oppo- 
 nent have made their way to the opposite end of 
 the board, either by taking or through an open 
 path left by preceding moves, they receive in- 
 creased power : they are then * crowned, ' which is 
 performed by placing one of the enemy's captured 
 men on the top of the piece which has penetrated 
 to the enemy's first row of squares ; and thus 
 *■ crowned ' the piece may be moved backwards as 
 well as forwards — but still diagonally only, and 
 one square at a time. To get a man 'crowned' 
 is therefore of the first importance, as the more 
 pieces either player has thus invested with the 
 privilege of backward or forward movement, the 
 greater are his chances of beating his adversary's 
 men off the board and winning the game. " 
 
 In brief, the men move one square at a time, 
 and take in the direction in which they move, 
 either right or left, by jumping over any adverse 
 
36 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 piece or pieces that may lie immediately in their 
 path with a white square behind. Arrived at the 
 last squares on the adversary's side, the men be- 
 come Kings, and are crowned by placing one man 
 on the top of the other. Kings take and move 
 either forward or backward. 
 
THE MOVES. AND METHOD OF NOTATION. 37 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE MOVES, AND THE METHOD OF NOTATION. 
 
 For the convenience of noting the moves of the 
 game, it has been agreed among modern players 
 to number the white squares from i to 32 in the 
 following manner : — 
 
 The Board Numbered. 
 This system of numbering does not necessarily 
 
38 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 take place on the board itself, but is rather employed 
 for the purpose of enabling the players to note the 
 moves on paper, and to play without seeing the 
 board. 
 
 The moves of the pieces — we repeat ourselves, 
 in order that the student may remember fully the 
 preliminaries of the game — are all made in one 
 direction — diagonally forward, one square at a time, 
 A King, however, can move forward or backward 
 at pleasure. All the pieces move on one colored 
 square. Thus, if you play on the white you must 
 keep on the white. 
 
 The pieces are captured by jumping over to the 
 vacant square beyond, and nut by assuming the 
 place of the man taken, as in Chess ; the captured 
 piece is then removed from the board. 
 
 On arriving at its eighth square on the opposite 
 side of the board from which it started, the man 
 is crowned, and becomes a King ; the operation of 
 crowning is very simple — one piece being placed 
 on the top of the other. 
 
 A man or King can take one or more men or 
 Kings that may be en prise ; that is to say, if there 
 be a vacant square beyond each piece captured. 
 
 The game is won by either taking all your ad- 
 versary's men, or by blocking them in such a way 
 as that they cannot move without being taken, or 
 have no squares in which to move. 
 
THE MOVES, AND METHOD OF NOT A TION 39 
 
 Each player moves alternately ; the first move in 
 the game being usually determined by choice of 
 color. It is common for black to play first, and 
 to change the men with each game. 
 
 Let us now, in order to more fully show the 
 modus operandi^ pl^y ^ short game, or, rather, part 
 of one. 
 
 The players determine by lot which shall have 
 the first move. After the first game, the first move 
 is taken in rotation, it being usual for the first move 
 to be made with the black, the board being turned 
 for this purpose. 
 
 Black plays a mail from square 11 to square 15 ; 
 which White answers by playing a man from square 
 22 to 18. Black jumps over to square 22, takes 
 the man, and removes it from the board ; and the 
 game proceeds thus, the moves in which a piece is 
 taken being marked by a star.* 
 
 The first moves were — 
 
 Then 
 
 Blacl( 
 
 k* 
 
 II to 
 
 15 
 
 15 to 
 
 22* 
 
 8 to 
 
 II 
 
 4 to 
 
 8 
 
 12 to 
 
 16 
 
 White* 
 22 to 18 
 
 25 to 18* 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 25 to 22 
 24 to 20 
 
4d DRAUGHTS, 
 
 8 to 12 21 to 17 
 This move ought to lose White the game. 
 
 9 to 14 18 to 9* 
 5 to 21* 
 
 You see that White loses two pieces for one, and 
 has a bad position. 
 
 28 to 24 
 3 to 8 32 to 28 (bad) 
 
 ID to 14 22 to 18 
 
 1 to 5 - 18 to 9* 
 
 5 to 14* 26 to 22 
 
 6 to 10 31 to 26 
 10 to 15 22 to 17 
 
 7 to 10 17 to 13 
 
 2 to 6 
 
 This move stops White's advance to king. 
 
 26 to 22 
 15 to 19 24 to 15* 
 
 10 to 26* 30 to 23* 
 
 Though this is only an exchange of two for two. 
 Black is enabled presently to make a king. 
 
 14 to 17 22 to 18 
 
 21 to 25 . i8 to 15 
 
 11 to 18* 20 to 4* 
 
 Taking two pieces and making a king. 
 
THE MO VES, AND ME THOD OF NO TA TION. 41 
 
 18 to 22 23 to 19 
 
 22 to 26 27 to 24 
 
 26 to 31 
 
 Making a king, which speedily becomes effective. 
 
 24 to 20 (a) 
 25 to 30 
 
 becoming a king 20 to 16 
 
 30 to 27 16 to n 
 
 27 to 24 19 to 15 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 And Black wins the man and the game. 
 
 (a. ) Suppose instead of playing 24 to 20, White 
 plays 19 to 15, it will be found that he equally 
 loses the game. 19 to 15 
 
 31 to 27 24 to 20 
 17 to 22 15 to II 
 22 to 25 II to 7 
 
 25 to 29 
 
 becoming a king 7 to 2 
 
 also becoming a king. 
 6 to 10 2 to 6 
 
 10 to 15 6 to 10 
 
 15 to 18 28 to 24 
 
 And now, if White play carefully, he can draw 
 the game, with two kings against two. 
 
 This system of notation will enable any ono 
 
42 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 thoroughly learning it to play a game without see- 
 ing the board. This is by no means difficult. I 
 have seen a player engage in half a dozen games 
 simultaneously without the board. In Draughts, 
 as well as in Chess, this is a mere effort of memory, 
 and is by no means necessary to good play. 
 
NAMES OF THE GAMES^ ETC. 43 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 NAMES OF THE GAMES, OR OPENINGS, AND HOW FORMED. 
 
 1. The *' Ayrshire Lassie,** counting the play on both sides, 
 is formed by the first four moves : — 11-15, 24 20, 8-1 1, 28 24. 
 
 2. The *' Bristol " is formed by the first three moves : — ii- 
 16, 24 20, 16-19. I^ '^^s s^ named in compliment to the players 
 of that city for services rendered to Mr. Anderson. Other 
 authors, however, give the name ' ' Bristol * ' to all games pro- 
 ceeding from Black's first move, 11-16. 
 
 3. The "Cross" is formed by the first two moves : — 11-15, 
 23 18. It is so named because the second move is played across 
 the direction of the first. 
 
 4. The ' ' Defiance ' ' is formed by the first four moves : — 
 1 1 -1 5, 23 19, 9-14, 27 23. It is so named because it defies or 
 prevents the formation of the '* Fife " game. 
 
 5. The "Double Corner" is so named from its first move — 
 9-14 — being from the one double corner toward the other. 
 Although Anderson mentions the game in his list of the stand- 
 ard openings, he published no play upon it. Every variation 
 in this edition, therefore, has an asterisk at it. 
 
 6. The " Dyke " is formed by the first three moves : — 11-15, 
 22 17, 15-19- The name has probably arisen from the observed 
 resemblance of many of the positions in this game to a "dyke " 
 {i. ^., a fence or stone wall), for at various stages the pieces are 
 frequently formed into straight lines. 
 
44 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 7. The *'Fife'* is formed by the first five moves : — ii-ij, 
 23 19, 9-14, 22 17, 5-9. It has been so called since 1847, when 
 Wyllie, hailing from Fifeshire, played it against Anderson. 
 
 8. The "Glasgow" is formed by the first five moves: — 
 11-15, 23 19, 8-1 1, 22 17, 1 1-16. It has been generally known 
 by this name since Sinclair, of Glasgow, played it against 
 Anderson at their match in Hamilton in 1828. 
 
 9. The ' ' Laird and Lady ' ' is formed by the first five moves : 
 — 11-15, 23 19, 8-1 1, 22 17, 9-13. It was so called from the 
 fact of its having been the favorite of Laird and Lady Gather, 
 who resided in Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire. 
 
 10. The "Maid of the Mill" is formed by the first five 
 moves :— 11-15, 22 17, 8-1 1, 17 13, 15-18. It was so named in 
 compliment to a miller's daughter in Lanarkshire, who was an 
 excellent player, and partial to this opening. 
 
 11. The "Old Fourteenth" is formed by the first five 
 moves: — 11-15, 23 19, 8-11, 22 17, 4-8. It was so named 
 through being familiar to players as the 14th game in Sturges' 
 original work. 
 
 12. The " Second Double Corner " is formed by the first two 
 moves: — 11-15, 2419. Like the "Double Corner," it is so 
 named because the first move of the second player is from the 
 one double corner toward the other. This opening appeared 
 in Anderson's first edition under the very inappropriate name 
 of the "Invincible." 
 
 13. The " Single Corner " is formed by the first two moves : 
 — 11-15, 22 18. It is so named from the fact of each of these 
 moves being played from one single corner toward the other. 
 
 14. The " Souter " is formed by the first five moves : — II-15, 
 23 19, 9-14, 22 17, 6-9. The game has been known by this 
 
NAMES OF THE GAMES, ETC, 45 
 
 name amongst players in Scotland for many years, and was so 
 named owing to its being the - favorite of an old Paisley shoe- 
 maker {Scottice^ souter). 
 
 15. The "Whilter'' is formed by the first five moves: — 
 II-15, 23 19, 9-14, 22 17, 7-11. There was no play published 
 on this opening previous to its appearance in Anderson's first 
 edition. "Whilter" or " Wholter '' (in Scotch) signifying an 
 overturning, or a change productive of confusion, is remarkably 
 applicable to many of the unexpected changes which occur in 
 this game. 
 
 16. The **Will o' the Wisp " is formed by the first three 
 moves: — 11-15, 23 19, 9-13. It was so named by Mr. G. 
 Wallace, of Glasgow, from the peculiarity of some of the va- 
 riations, where the player finds to his loss he has been pursuing 
 an ignis fatuus. 
 
 We need scarcely remark that the games formed by an odd 
 number of moves refer to the first side, while those formed by 
 an even number refer to the second. For instance, if one says 
 that he played the ' ' Ayrshire Lassie, " * ' Defiance, " " Cross, ' ' 
 ** Second Double Corner," or "Single Corner" against his 
 opponent, we at once understand that he played the second 
 side of the games. 
 
46 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 STANDARD LAWS OF THE GAME. 
 
 The established rules of the game of Draughts 
 are few, and easy to remember. If my readers 
 will carefully follow the directions I now give 
 them, they will soon become acquainted with all 
 that the best players acknowledge as leading 
 rules. The paragraphs within brackets are merely 
 explanatory. 
 
 1. The Stardard Board must be of light and dark squares, 
 not less than fourteen and one-half inches nor more than sixteen 
 inches across said squares. 
 
 2. The Standard Men, technically described as Black and 
 White, must be light and dark (say Red and White or Black 
 and White), turned, and round, not less than one and one- 
 eighth inch, nor more than one and one-foiu*th inch in diameter. 
 
 3. The board must be placed so that the White double comer 
 is at the right hand of the player. 
 
 [This is important, as all the games are given on this pre- 
 sumption. Otherwise, it is of no consequence on which 
 colored squares you play.] 
 
 4. The first move of each game must be taken alternately by 
 each player, whether the last be won or drawn. 
 
 [The usual plan is for the Black to move first. This Is simply 
 
STANDARD LAWS OF THE GAME. 47 
 
 done by changing the men. The player who had Black in 
 the first game will have taken White pieces, which he pro- 
 ceeds to arrange for the second game, and so on.] 
 
 5. Pointing over the board, or using any action to interrupt 
 the opponent in having a full view of the game, is not allowed. 
 
 [There is no penalty for this practice ; but the fact that it is 
 disagreeable and ungentlemanly, ought to be sufficient to 
 deter any player.] 
 
 6. It is optional with the player either to allow his opponent 
 to stand the huff, or to compel him to take the offered piece. 
 
 [ ' '- Standing the huff ' ' is when the player has a piece offered 
 to him and he refuses to take it, but makes another move. 
 His opponent then removes the man that should have 
 played from the board , and makes his own move. ] 
 
 7. If either player, when it is his turn to play, hesitate to 
 make his move for more than five minutes, his opponent may 
 call upon him either to move or resign the game. A delay of 
 another minute in moving loses the game. 
 
 [This is the rule ; but it may, of course, be varied by consent 
 of the players. ] 
 
 8. Neither player is allowed to quit the room during the 
 progress of a game without his opponent's consent. 
 
 9. In the losing, equally with the winning game, it is com- 
 pulsory upon the player to take all the men he can legally take 
 by the same move. On making a King, however, the latter 
 must remain on his square till a move has been made on the 
 opposite side. 
 
 10. When there is only one way of taking one or more pieces, 
 **Time " shall be called at the end of One Minute ; and if the 
 move be not completed on the expiry of another minute, the 
 game shall be adjudged as lost through improper delay. 
 
 11. Either player is entitled, on giving intimation, to arrange 
 
48 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 his own or his opponent's pieces properly on the squares. 
 After the first move has been made, however, if either player 
 touch or arrange any piece without giving intimation to his 
 opponent, he shall be cautioned for the first offence, and shall 
 forfeit the game for any subsequent act of the kind. 
 
 12. After the pieces have been arranged, if the person whose 
 .turn it is to play touch one, he must either play it or forfeit the 
 
 game. When the piece is not playable^ he is penalized accord- 
 ing to the preceding law. 
 
 13. If any part of a playable piece be played over an angle of 
 the square on which it is stationed, the play must be completed 
 in that direction. 
 
 14. When taking, if a player remove one of his own pieces, 
 he cannot replace it ; but his opponent can either play or insist 
 on his replacing it. 
 
 15. When a small number of men only remain in the game, 
 the player having the minority of pieces, may call upon his 
 opponent to win in fifty moves, or declare the game drawn. 
 With two Kings opposed to one, the game is declared drawn, 
 unless it be won in, at most, twenty moves. 
 
 [This, again, is a rule for expert players. With amateurs it 
 is not well to act upon it witn severity. With two men 
 against one, however, it is always easy for the player with 
 the superior number to drive his opponent into the double 
 comer ; and, when he is there, to win the game in, at 
 most, eight moves.] 
 
 16. All disputes are to be decided by the majority of the per* 
 sons present. 
 
 17 A false move must be remedied, or the game is lost. 
 
 18, The player who refuses to abide by the rules, loses the 
 game. 
 
A FEW HINTS TO FLA YEFS. 49 
 
 A FEW HINTS TO PLAYERS. 
 
 It is judicious to keep your men towards the 
 centre of the board, in the form of a pyramid. Be 
 careful to back up your advanced men so as not to 
 leave a chance of your opponent taking two for one. 
 A man on a side square is deprived of half his 
 offensive power. 
 
 Be careful to look well over the board before 
 making your move ; but let not your caution de- 
 scend to timidity. Resolve the consequences of 
 every move before making it. 
 
 Never touch a man without moving it. 
 
 Avoid the inelegant act of pointing with your 
 finger across the board. Determine on your move, 
 and make it without hesitation. 
 
 Avoid conversation that is likely to be annoying 
 or confusing to your adversary. If you prove the 
 conqueror, endeavor to act the part of a noble one, 
 and triumph not over a fallen enemy. Even when 
 often defeated, let your loss act rather as a spur to 
 increased care, watchfulness, and practice, than as 
 a provocative of ill-blood. 
 
 He who abandons the game, loses it. 
 
 Keep your temper. 
 
50 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 A correspondent writes: — **In playing with 
 some friends of mine, I have often met with cases 
 of cowardly play ; by which I mean their giving 
 man for man, when they have more men than my- 
 self. Please state whether you consider it cowardly 
 or not, and if there is a rule against so doing. It 
 requires little science to play in that manner ; and 
 if it is lawful to play so, I think it spoils the game ; 
 but kindly enlighten me a little on this point." — It 
 is not cowardly to give man for man when you are 
 a piece a-head ; but it is considered the high game 
 not to do so. There is no rule against the practice 
 of *" manning ; '' and if there were, it could not be 
 carried out, because in some situations it is almost 
 impossible to win when you have advantage of a 
 piece without reducing your adversary to a single 
 man. Then you drive him into the double corner 
 and beat him in a regular number of moves. 
 
 General rules for manning cannot well be given, 
 seeing that each game necessarily differs in many 
 important respects. The young player will do 
 well, however, to remember that it is better to 
 keep his men in the middle of the board than to 
 play them to the side squares, when half their 
 power is lost. The advice of Sturges, whose work 
 is the foundation of all that has been written on the 
 game since the beginiiing of the present century, 
 may be safely followed. He says : — "When you 
 
A FEW HINTS TO PLAYERS. 51 
 
 have once gained an advantage in the number of 
 pieces, increase the proportion by exchanges ; but 
 in forcing them, take care not to damage your 
 position. Accustom yourself to play slowly at first, ^ 
 and, if a beginner, play w^ith those who agree to 
 allow an unconditional time for the consideration 
 of a difficult position. Never touch a man without 
 moving it, and do not permit the loss of a few 
 games to ruffle your temper, but rather let contin- 
 ued defeat act as an incentive to greater efforts both 
 of study and practice. When one player is de- 
 cidedly stronger than another, he should give odds, 
 to make the game equally interesting to both. 
 There must be a great disparity indeed if he can 
 give a man, but it is very common to give one man 
 in a rubber of three games, the superior player 
 engaging to play one game with 1 1 men instead of 
 12. Another description of odds consists in giving 
 the drawn games ; that is, the superior allows the 
 weaker player to reckon as won, all games he 
 draws. Never play with a better player without 
 offering to take such odds as he may choose to 
 give. If, on the other hand, you find yourself 
 superior to your adversary, that you feel no in- 
 terest in playing— offer him odds, and should he 
 refuse, cease playing with him unless he will play 
 for a stake ; the losing which, for a few games in 
 succession, will soon bring him to his senses. 
 
52 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Follow the rules of the game rigorously, and com- 
 pel your antagonist to do the same ; without which, 
 Draughts are mere child's play. If you wish to 
 improve, play with better players, in preference to 
 such as you can beat ; and take every opportunity 
 of looking on when fine players are engaged. 
 Never touch the squares of the board with your 
 finger, as some do, from the supposition that it as- 
 sists their powers of calculation ; and accustom 
 yourself to play your move off when you have 
 once made up your mind. " 
 
 STANDING THE HUFF. 
 
 With many players, some uncertainty appears 
 to exist on the subject of *' Standing the Huff." 
 There should be no misunderstanding on this point, 
 as it is of importance that the player offering the 
 piece should be allowed all the advantages arising 
 from his skill and ingenuity. 
 
 The following, from the valuable treatise of 
 Sturges, as revised by Walker in 1835, and ad- 
 mitted by all good players, sets the matter in a very 
 clear light. 
 
 *'In the case of standing the huff, it is optional 
 on the part of the adversary, to take the captur- 
 ing piece, whether man or King, or to compel you 
 to take the piece or pieces of his, which you 
 
STANDING THE HUFF. 53 
 
 omitted by the huff. The necessity of this law- 
 is evident, when the young player is shown that 
 it is not unusual to sacrifice two or three men in 
 succession, for the power of making some decisive 
 ' coup! Were this law different, the players might 
 take the first man so offered, and on the second's 
 being placed * en prise, ' might refuse to capture, 
 and thus, by quietly standing the huff, spoil the 
 beauty of the game, which consists in brilliant re- 
 sults arising from scientific calculation. It should 
 be observed, however, that on the principle of 
 * touch and move,' the option ceases the moment 
 the huffing party has so far made his election as to 
 touch the piece he is entitled to remove. — After a 
 player entitled to huff has moved without taking 
 his adversary, he cannot remedy the omission, un- 
 less his adversary should still neglect to take or to 
 change the position of the piece concerned, and so 
 leave the opportunity. It does not matter how 
 long a piece has remained ' en prise '/ it may a1 
 any time either be huffed or the adversary be com- 
 pelled to take it. — When several pieces are taken 
 at one move, they must not be removed from the 
 board until the capturing piece has arrived at its 
 destination ; the opposite course may lead to dis- 
 putes, especially in Polish draughts.— The act of 
 huffing is not reckoned as a move ; *a huff and a 
 move ' go together." 
 
54 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the adversary must take 
 the piece offered, if the player insists on his so 
 doing. The usual plan is to offer the piece and say, 
 ''Take that,'' after which the huff is not allowed 
 among players of reputation. 
 
 WINNING WITH THREE KINGS TO TWO. 
 
 It has often been a question with players, whether, 
 towards the end of a game, when one player was 
 left with a man more than his opponent, it was al- 
 together honorable to give man for man. Now, as 
 there is nothing contrary to rule in this practice, so, 
 I think, there can be nothing in it that can be said 
 to be unfair. Indeed, it is sometimes almost impos- 
 sible to finish the game without exchanging men. 
 In some situations the player with two Kings can 
 so move them as to render the winning of the 
 game by his opponent with three Kings, impracti- 
 cable. Obviously, therefore, the proper plan is, for 
 the player with the superior force to reduce his ad- 
 versary to a single King, drive him into the double 
 corner, and win. This is very easy. Remember- 
 ing the position of the board, with the white square3 
 marked from i (at the left-hand upper corner) to 32 
 (the right-hand lower white square), we will sup- 
 pose that Black has a single King in square 28 ; the 
 
WINNING WITH THREE KINGS TO TWO, 55 
 
 White then brings up his men so as to occupy the 
 squares 23 and 19. He then moves — 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 23 to 27 
 
 28 to 32 
 
 19 to 23 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 27 to 32 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 20 to 16 
 
 18 to 15 
 
 
 Black then moves either to square 20 or 12. In 
 either case White moves to square 11, when Black's 
 next move must be his last, as he must move into 
 a square commanded by one of his opponent's 
 pieces. Thus it will be seen that the single man 
 can always be driven out of the double corner and 
 beaten in from seven to fifteen moves, no matter in 
 what part of the board the two Kings may happen 
 to be. The grand principle is, to bring up your 
 men to the two squares in front of the double 
 corner with only one vacant square on each line 
 intervening. From that position the superior force 
 can, as we have seen, win the game, in seven 
 moves, whether he has the move or not. 
 
 Now let me advise those of my friends who are 
 anxious to arrive at the honor of being considered 
 good players, to study the position of the numbered 
 
$6 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 board. They will thus become so familiar with 
 the notation as soon to be able to play the printed 
 games without even feeing the board. 
 
 TO KNOW WHEN YOU HAVE * ' THE MOVE. " 
 
 The best and easiest method of ascertaining when 
 you have the move has been stated by Mr. Martin, 
 a player of great skill. To know when you have 
 the move is a matter of considerable importance, 
 especially towards the end of the game. In criti- 
 cal situations the possession of the move enables 
 you to force the game and win. But if it happen 
 that your own men are in a confined and cramped 
 position, the knowledge as to which player will 
 have the last move in the game is of little moment 
 This is a plan of discovering the player with the 
 move : — Count all the pieces, both black and 
 white, which stand on the columns — not the diag- 
 onals — which have a white square at the bottom. 
 If the number be odd, and White has to play. 
 White has the move : if the number be even. Black 
 has the move. 
 
 Another method, which holds good, like the 
 foregoing, with any number of men, is this : — If 
 you desire to know whether any piece of yours 
 has the move of any piece of your adversary's, you 
 must examine the position of both. If '^ou find a 
 
TO KNOW WHEN YOU HA VE ** THE MOVE:' 57 
 
 black square on the right angle under his man, 
 you have the move. The most familiar example 
 usually given by players is that quoted by Painter, 
 who, in 1767, brought out a revised edition of 
 Payne's Treatise on Draughts. And, by the way, 
 Payne's book was probably founded on that of M. 
 Mallett, a Parisian professor of mathematics, who 
 a century earlier wrote a highly ingenious work on 
 the game. Suppose you have a White man on 
 square 30, and your opponent to have a Black man 
 on square 3 ; in this position it will be seen that 
 the right angle is in a black square between 3 1 and 
 32, directly under his man ; consequently you have 
 the move. Had your man been on square 29, the 
 right angle would have been found on the black 
 square between 30 and 31; or if it had been on 
 square 31 the right angle would have fallen on the 
 black square at the right-hand corner of the board, 
 and the move would have been with your ad- 
 versary. 
 
 There is yet another method. In order to know 
 if you have the move, you must count the men 
 and the squares. If the men are even and the 
 squares odd, or if the squares are even and the men 
 odd, you have the move ; with even squares and 
 even men, or with odd squares and odd men, the 
 move is with your antagonist. See this diagram : — 
 
58 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 We reckon the square thus — From the White king 
 on square 26 to the Black king on 28, the white 
 squares are odd and the men even. From the 
 White man on 32 to the Black man on 19 the 
 squares are again odd ; then which has the move ? 
 It will be seen that though the men are even, two 
 to two, the squares are five in number — odd. In 
 the giving of man for man it is very important to 
 know with which player the move lies, as that 
 often determines the game ; or in driving a man 
 into a corner — as with three kings to two — you 
 cannot give well the exchange without you have 
 the move. 
 The player who begins the game certainly has 
 
TO KNOV/ WHEN YOU IIA VE " THE MOVE:' 59 
 
 not the move, the men and the squares being both 
 even ; but though the second player has the move, 
 it is no manner of advantage to him at that period 
 of the game. While the players continue to give 
 man for man, the move belongs alternately to each, 
 the one having it with an odd number of men — 11, 
 
 9, 7, 5, 3, I ; the other with an even number — 12, 
 
 10, 8, 6, 4, 2. Till some mistake be made by one 
 or other of the players, the move cannot be forced. 
 
 The ultimate fate of the game cannot be affected 
 by the first move if it is made towards the centre 
 of the board ; but in the subsequent moves, if the 
 game is not opened well, it must or ought to be 
 lost. No bystander should be allowed to interfere, 
 even if he sees a false move. Above all, the young 
 player is recommended to use caution with prompt- 
 itude, and decision with courtesy. 
 
6o DRAUGHTS. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 - Anderson's theory of the move and its changes 
 
 PRACTICALLY EXPLAINED AND ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 When the men are so situated that, in the ordinary course of 
 the play, you can force your opponent's pieces into a confined 
 position, you have what is technically termed **the Move/' 
 *^The Move" in many positions wins the game, in others it 
 enables a draw to be secured, while in some instances, from 
 the peculiarity of the situation, the player having the move 
 loses the game. Hence the importance of the knowledge 
 which enables one to judge whether or not he should seek to 
 gain " the Move." 
 
 The Move. 
 
 To have the move, signifies the occupying of that position on 
 the board, which (in playing piece against piece, without regard 
 to the others, till one square intervene between the pieces in 
 each pair), will eventually cause the player who occupies that 
 position to have the last play. 
 
 Calculation of the Move. 
 
 For convenience, the squares of the board are divided into 
 two systems of four columns each. The columns of one system 
 are those reckoned upward from Black's crown-head — that is, 
 from the squares numbered I, 2, 3, 4. The columns of the 
 other system are those reckoned downward from White's 
 crown-head — that is, from the squares numbered 29, 30, 31, 32. 
 
 Reckoning upward^ the squares i, 9, 17, 25 — 2, 10, 18, 26 — 
 3, II, 19, 27 — ^4, 12, 20, 28 — form the columns of one system ; 
 
ANDERSON'S THEORY. 
 
 6i 
 
 and reckoning downward^ squares 29, 21, 13, 5 — ^30, 22, 14, 6 — 
 31, 23, 15, 7 — ^32, 24, 16, 8 — form the columns of the other 
 system. The following may more clearly show what is meant 
 by two systems — the figures in ordinary type showing the 
 columns of one system, and those in heavier type the columns 
 of the other. 
 
 The columns of each system being situated alternately between 
 those of the other, it is evident that one system is the reverse of 
 the other. 
 
 When the two players have an equal number of pieces, \i is 
 obvious that the total number of pieces must always be even. 
 
 Now, as an even number can only be divided into two even or 
 two odd numbers, it is clear that if the pieces be counted in each 
 of the two systems separately, the numbers will in the two cases 
 be both even or both odd. 
 
 In the course of the play each move will be out of one system 
 
62 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 into the other, and will therefore make one system count one 
 more, and the other one less; so that if both systems were before 
 odd, they will now be both even, and after another move they 
 will again be both odd, and so on alternately, according to the 
 player whose turn it is to play. 
 
 To know if you have the move WHEN IT IS YOUR TURN TO 
 PLAY, apply the followi7ig rules : — 
 
 Rule I. — Add together all the pieces, both Black and White, 
 in either system of squares, and ii their sum is odd you have the 
 move ; but if even, your opponent has the move. 
 
 As an illustration, take the toilowing position : — 
 
 You play Black, and have the move, because either system 
 contains an odd number of pieces ; one contains one, the other 
 three. (To aid the beginner in mastering the idea of the two 
 systems into which the board is divided, we have distinguished 
 the one system from the other by a series of dots.) 
 
ANDERSON'S THEORY, 
 
 63 
 
 Abbreviation of the Rule. 
 
 Add together all the single pieces and all the single vacant 
 squares on the rows of either system, and H their sum is odd, 
 you have the move : but if even, you have not. 
 
 Let it be observed that you will find the single pieces only on 
 such rows of the set as contains one piece ; and the single vacant 
 squares only on such as contain three pieces. You omit all 
 rows of the set which contain two or four pieces, because an 
 even number does not affect the result. In using this shortened 
 form of the rule, you will never count more than one on any 
 given row ; and three will be the greatest number in the whole 
 set when you have the move, and four when you have not. 
 
 To have the move is often an advantage, though to have it in 
 some cases may occasion the loss of the game. 
 
 As an illustration, take the following position ; — 
 
64 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 You play White first, and have the move, but lose the game, 
 through Black forcing your man on 9 into 5— a confined posi- 
 tion. The Black king has then the move on your king, though 
 |you have the move if all the pieces are counted. 
 
 An exchange usually alters the move ; consequently, when 
 you wish to obtain the move, make such an exchange as will 
 alter it. 
 
 Take the following position as an illustration :— Place Black 
 men on 13 and 17, and White men on 26 and 30. You play 
 Black and have not the move ; but play 17-22, White takes 26 
 17, you retake by 13-22, and gain the move. 
 
 In every single exchange of one for one, when only one of the 
 capturing pieces remains on the board, the move is changed. 
 
 To find what kind of exchanges do, or do not change the 
 move, apply the following rules : — 
 
 Rule II. — ^When the sum of the capturing pieces is even and 
 in reverse systems, and the captured pieces are odd on each side, 
 the move is changed ; but if the capturing pieces are in the same 
 system, the move is not changed.* 
 
 Place the following as an illustration : — Black man on 11 and 
 king on 26 ; White man on 22 and king on 7. You play White 
 first and have not the move ; take 7 16, Black takes 26-17, and 
 you gain the move, because the capturing piece on 7 is in reverse 
 system to the capturing piece on 26. Place also the following : — 
 Black man on 15 and king on 26 ; White man on 22 and king 
 on 10. You play White first and have not the move. Take 10 
 19, and Black takes 26-17, ^Jid this exchange does not change 
 the move, because the capturing piece on 10 is in the same sys- 
 tem as the capturing piece on 26. 
 
 * !ifou must apply the rules at the squares the pieces capture and are cap» 
 tured from. 
 
THE LOSING GAME. 65 
 
 Rule III. — When the sum of the capturing pieces is even and 
 the captured pieces are even on each side, the move is not 
 changed. 
 
 Rule IV. — When the sum of the captiu-ing pieces is odd and 
 the captured pieces are even in each system, the move is 
 changed ; but if the captured pieces are odd the move is not 
 changed. \ 
 
 As a summary of the illustrations of the exchanges which do 
 or do not change the move, the following will be found of uni- 
 versal application in the most complex positions ; — 
 
 Rule V. — ^Add together all of the capturing pieces in both 
 systems, and if they are the same as the captured pieces in each 
 system (that is, both odd or both even), the move is not changed; 
 but if they are reverse to each other (one odd and the other 
 even), the move is changed. 
 
 THE LOSING GAME. 
 
 A very pleasing variety in Draughts is made by 
 playing what is called the Losing Game. He who 
 first loses all his men wins the game. This losing 
 your men is not so easy as might at first sight ap- 
 pear. The secret of success lies, however, in a 
 very simple series of moves. What you have to 
 do is, to open your game by giving piece for piece 
 for the first three or four moves, and then open 
 your back squares, and leave spaces between them 
 and the advanced pieces, so as to enable you at a 
 favorable opportunity to give two men for one. 
 
66 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Having lost a man more than your opponent, be 
 careful to retain that advantage by giving man for 
 man. But you must not be too anxious to crown 
 your men, or to pass the squares protected by your 
 opponent's pieces. If you do, he will presently 
 regain his loss, and perhaps turn the tables upon 
 you. Sometimes it will happen that with a single 
 King you can compel your adversary to give up 
 piece after piece till you find yourself able to offer 
 yourself as a sacrifice and win. In the Losing 
 game you must take the piece offered, and he who 
 refuses it loses the game, of course. There is no 
 such thing as standing the huff in the Losing 
 Game. 
 
 In the Losing Game it is well to gain the side 
 squares ; as, when your opponent advances, as he 
 must after a while, you are enabled to offer your 
 men with the certainty of losing them. All pieces 
 that can be taken must be taken. Great care is 
 necessary in order to keep the move, for the player 
 who has it ought always to win. 
 
ELEMENTARY POSITIONS. 
 
 67 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 BLBMENTARY POSITIONS. 
 
 FIRST POSITION. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to play and win. 
 
 27-32 
 
 8 II 
 
 10- 6 
 5 I 
 
 15-18 
 17 13 
 
 I 
 
 5 9 
 10-15 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 32-27 
 
 14-10 
 
 18-15 
 
 30 25 
 
 2-95 
 
 9 H 
 
 11 7 
 
 « 5 
 
 9 14 
 
 23-18 
 
 15-18 
 
 I- 5 
 
 27-23 
 
 6- I 
 
 I- 5 
 
 10 6 
 
 5 9 
 
 21 17 
 
 7 10 
 
 5 9 
 
 14 17 
 
 18-14 
 
 i- 5 
 
 5- I 
 
 22-26 
 
 »- S 
 
 S-15-10 
 
 6 1 
 
 9 6 
 
 17 13 
 
 1-/0 6 
 
 9 13 
 
 17 22 
 
 26-30 
 
 18-15 
 
 I- S 
 
 26-31 
 
 10-14 
 
 10-14 
 
 25 21 
 
 21 17 
 
 14 17 
 
 6 9 
 
 13 9 
 
 22 25 
 
 30 25 
 
 5- I 
 
 15-10 
 
 3»-26 
 
 14-18 
 
 5 1 
 
 i 5 
 
 6 9 
 
 
 9 6 
 
 9 6 
 
 25 22 
 
 25 22 
 
 15-18 
 
 Same as 
 
 26-22 
 
 18-15 
 
 I- 6 
 
 5 I 
 
 9 5 
 
 trunk at s* 
 
 6 10 
 
 30 25 
 
 22 25 
 
 22-18 
 
 18-22 
 
 
 23-18 
 
 15-18 
 
 6-10 
 
 I 5 
 
 17 14 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 10 
 
 25 22 
 
 18 15 
 
 I- 6 
 
 
 18-14 
 
 5- I 
 
 10 15 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 ' 
 
 
 6 I 
 
 25 21 
 
 22 25 
 
 15-10 
 
 6- 2 
 
 
 22-18 
 
 '- 5 
 
 15 18 
 
 I 5 
 
 i 5 
 
 
 I 6 
 
 10 6 
 
 25 21 
 
 10 6 
 
 22-17 
 
 
 18-15 
 
 18-15 
 
 18-22 
 
 5 I 
 
 14 9 
 
 
 6 I 
 
 31 17 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 14-10 
 
 17-14 
 
 
 15-10 
 
 5 i 
 
 
 I 5 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 
 I 5 
 
 6 9 
 
 
 6 1 
 
 
 
68 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 SECOND POSITION. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to play and win. 
 
 
 i- 5 
 
 27-31 
 
 [ 27-24 
 
 f 18-14 
 
 
 
 8 II 
 
 32 28 
 
 32 28 
 
 4 8 
 
 
 
 5- 9 
 
 31-27 
 
 24-19 
 
 9- I 
 
 
 
 II 15 
 
 28 32 
 
 28 32 
 
 8 II 
 
 
 
 9-14 
 
 27-23 
 
 19-15 
 
 14- 9 
 
 
 
 15 11 
 
 32 28 
 
 32 28 
 
 n 6 
 
 
 
 14-18 
 
 23-18 
 
 15-10 
 
 l-IO 
 
 
 
 II 16 
 
 28 23 
 
 28 24 
 
 11 16 
 
 
 
 18-15 
 
 18-14 
 
 10- 6 
 
 10-15 
 
 
 
 16 20 
 
 24 19 
 
 24 19 
 
 16 20 
 
 
 
 15-11 
 
 6-to 
 
 14-10 
 
 J5-'9 
 
 
 
 20 24 
 
 19 23 
 
 19 24 
 
 
 
 
 3- 7 
 
 10-15 
 
 10-15 
 
 B. wins 
 
 
 
 24 19 
 
 23 27 
 
 24 28 
 
 
 
 
 7-10 
 
 15-19 
 
 15-19 
 
 
 
 
 19 23 
 
 27 32 
 
 28 32 
 
 
 
 
 10-15 
 
 19-24 
 
 19-24 
 
 
 
 
 23 27 
 
 32 28 
 
 32 28 
 
 
 
 
 15-19 
 
 24-27 
 
 11-16 
 
 
 
 
 27 32 
 
 28 24 
 
 28 19 
 
 
 
 
 19-24 
 
 27-32 
 
 16-23 
 
 
 
 
 32 28 
 
 24 28 
 
 12 8 
 
 
 
 
 24-27 
 
 32-27 
 
 23-18 
 
 
 
 
 28 32 J 
 
 28 32 J 
 
 8 4 J 
 
 
 
ELEMENTARY POSITIONS. 
 
 69 
 
 THIRD POSITION. 
 
 WHITE 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to play and win. 
 
 13- 9 
 22 18 
 
 27-23 
 3-22 25 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 9-6 
 
 2- 7 
 
 14 18 
 
 14 17 
 
 14 !0 
 
 22 18 
 
 18 22 
 
 25 22 
 
 5- 9 
 
 5- 9 
 
 23-19 
 
 23-27 
 
 6- I 
 
 7-n 
 
 18 23 
 
 A-17 21 
 
 10 14 
 
 18 22 
 
 1-22 18 
 
 4-22 25 
 
 I- 6 
 
 9^14 
 
 19-^5 
 
 II-IS 
 
 2 1-25 
 
 ii-iS 
 
 23 26 
 
 18 9 
 
 14 9 
 
 22 26 
 
 3-18 15 
 
 25 22 
 
 6-10 
 
 I- 5 
 
 15-10 
 
 27-24 
 
 1- 6 
 
 23-27 
 
 26 30 
 
 21 30 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 26 22 
 
 14 17 
 
 22 26 
 
 10-15 
 
 5-M 
 
 
 24-20 
 
 6- 2 
 
 27-24 
 
 30 26 
 
 30 26 
 
 
 22 26 
 
 17 14 
 
 26 22 
 
 '5-19 
 
 14-18 
 
 
 20-16 
 
 25-22 
 
 24-20 
 
 26 30 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 
 26 22 
 
 15 10 
 
 22 26 
 
 19-23 
 
 
 
 16-12 
 
 22-26 
 
 20-16 
 
 22 26 
 
 A 
 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 14 18 
 
 26 22 
 
 23-18 
 
 i8 15 
 
 
 
 5- 9 
 
 16-12 
 
 26 31 
 
 25-21 
 
 
 
 10 6 
 
 22 26 
 
 18-22 
 
 17 22 
 
 
 
 9-13 
 
 12- 8 
 
 31 27 
 
 21-17 
 
 
 
 6 10 
 
 26 22 
 
 21-17 
 
 22 6 
 
 
 
 26-3 r 
 
 8-3 
 
 27 3« 
 
 „ '.-^9 
 
 
 
 10 14 
 
 14 9 
 
 .> ^'^ 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 
 
 31-27 
 
 15-10 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 
 
 
 18 22 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 
 
 
 
70 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 FOURTH POSITION. 
 
 WHITE, 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to play and win. White to play and draw. 
 
 
 
 B. to play. 
 
 W. to play. 
 
 
 
 
 28-24 
 32 28 
 24-20 
 28 32 
 22-18 
 31 27 
 23-19 
 27 31 
 
 31 27 
 23-19 
 27 31 
 19-24 
 
 32 27 
 24-20 
 
 27 32 
 22-18 
 
 
 
 
 19-24 
 32 27 
 24-28 
 
 27 32 
 
 18-22 
 
 31 27 
 28-24 
 27 31 
 18-23 
 31 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 3' 27 
 22-26 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 23 
 28-24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p.. wins. 
 
 
 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 71 
 
 CHAPTER VII . 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 In the following games the notation shown on 
 page 13 is observed. Of course it will be under- 
 stood that the moves are not always the very best 
 that could be made ; otherwise the first player 
 would always be the winner. But by the study 
 of them the young player will soon discover the 
 reasons for the several combinations displayed. 
 Each game is capable of many variations ; and 
 each variation in some measure alters the result. 
 In Draughts, as in Chess, the different styles of 
 opening the games lead to different styles of play. 
 
 Game I. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 22 to 27 
 
 8 to II 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 15 to 18 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 II to 15 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 8 to II 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 31 to 26 
 
72 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 13 to 6 
 
 2 to 9 
 
 26 to 22 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 32 to 28* 
 
 I to 6 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 14 to 21 
 
 23 to 4 
 
 10 to 26 
 
 19 to I 
 
 13 to 17 
 
 30 to 23 
 
 21 to 30 
 
 I to 6 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 6 to 2 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 
 And the game is drawn. The move of White at 
 which the star is placed, was bad, and all he 
 could hope to do, was to draw the game. If, in- 
 stead of playing 32 to 28, he had moved from 20 
 to 16, he would have won ; thus — 
 
 20 to 16 
 II to 20 22 to 17 
 
 13 to 22 21 to 17 
 
 14 to 21 23 to 14 
 10 to 17 25 to 2 
 
 I to 6 2 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 19 to 15 
 
 3 to 8 24 to 19 
 
 Of course it will be understood that the moves 
 given are not absolutely necessary in order to win 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES, 73 
 
 the game. Try variations from the 4th and 5 th 
 moves of the Black, and you will produce a differ- 
 ent result If, for instance, Black plays as his 4th 
 move, instead of 15 to 18 — 
 
 9 to 14 ; 
 White replies by playing — 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 And the game ought to be either drawn, or won 
 by the Black. But if, as his 5th move, he plays 
 10 to 14 instead of 11 to 15, the chances are in 
 favor of his winning ; certainly of making a draw. 
 
 Game II. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 15 to 22 
 
 25 to 18 
 
 8 to II 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 ID to 25 
 
 27 to 24t 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 21 to 16 
 
 15 to 19 
 
 24 to 15 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 18 to 9 
 
 II to 25 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 16 to 12 
 
 8 to II 
 
 28 to 24 
 
DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Black. 
 25 to 29 
 29 to 22 
 II to 15 
 15 to 18 
 18 to 27 
 14 to 18 
 7 to 16 
 18 to 23 
 
 21 to 27 
 
 27 to 31 
 31 to 27 
 
 27 to 21 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 18 to 15 and wins. 
 
 White. 
 
 30 to 25 
 26 to 17 
 20 to 16 
 24 to 20 
 
 31 to 24 
 16 to II 
 20 to II 
 II to 8 
 
 8 to 4 
 4 to 8 
 
 24 to 20 
 8 to II 
 
 II to 8t 
 
 The moves marked with a dagger are those 
 which lost White the game. 
 
 
 Game III. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 8 to II 
 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 
 19 to 10 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 3 to 7 
 
 
 2'] to 23 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. yc 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 II to l6A 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 8 to iiB 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 i6 to 20 
 
 18 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 II to 16 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 10 to 19 
 
 24 to 15 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 Drawn 
 
 Game. 
 
 Variation A. 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 I to 6 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 2 to 6 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 22 to 15 
 
 II to 27 
 
 31 to 24 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 7 to II 
 
 30 to 25 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 22 to 15 
 
 II to 18 
 
 Drawn Game. 
 
 Variation B. 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 8 to II 
 
 18 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 24 to 20 
 
76 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 20 to II 
 
 7 to 16 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 I to 6 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 21 to 7 
 
 18 to 25 
 
 30 to 2 1 - 
 
 2 to 20 
 
 Drawn Game. 
 
 The following game, with the variations, will 
 give the young player a better insight into the 
 art and mystery of Draughts than any merely 
 verbal instructions. 
 
 
 Game IV. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 8 to II 
 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 
 19 to 10 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 2 to 7 
 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 II to 16 A 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 
 18 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 B 
 
 23 to 16 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 11 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 I to 6 
 
 27 to 21 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 21 to 14C 
 
 ID to 17 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 18 to 25 
 
 Drawn Game. 
 
 Variation A. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 8 to 1 1 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 15 to 19 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 3? to 27 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 2y to 23 
 
 II to 15 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 15 to 19 
 
 16 to II 
 
 7 to 16 
 
 Drawn Game. 
 
 Variation 
 
 B. 
 
 8 to II 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 16 to 23 
 
 26 to 10 
 
 II to 15 
 
 30 to 26 
 
 7 to II 
 
 26 to 23 
 
78 
 
 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 Black. 
 
 15 to j8 
 18 to 27 
 II to 15 
 
 White wins. 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 6 to 10 
 19 to 24 
 15 to 24 
 10 to 15 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 14 to 23 
 3 to 10 
 
 M to 27 
 
 15 to 24 
 27 to 31 
 31 to 27 
 27 to 23 
 13 to 27 
 23 to 14 
 
 Variation C 
 
 White. 
 
 31 to 26 
 
 32 to 23 
 
 25 to 23 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 28 to 19 
 
 20 to 16 
 
 16 to 12 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 21 to 7 
 
 26 to 19 
 12 to 8 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 8 to 3 
 3 to 7 
 7 to 14 
 
 14 to 21 
 
 Drawn Game. 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 23 to 19 
 25 to 22 
 17 to 14 
 
 Game V. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 8 to II 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 10 to 17 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 79 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 19 to 10 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 2 to 7 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 6 to 10 A 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 12 to 16 B 
 
 27 to 24 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 5 to 9C 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 ID to 19 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 14 to 23 
 
 21 to 5 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 19 to 28 
 
 26 to 10 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 Drawn Game. 
 
 
 Variation A. 
 
 II to 16 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 16 to 20 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 14 to 23 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 27 to 18 
 
 20 to 27 
 
 32 to 21 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 8 to II 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 II to 16 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 16 to 23 
 
 26 to 19 
 
 I to 6 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 21 to 17 
 
8o 
 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 White. 
 
 7 to II 
 
 
 
 14 to 7 
 
 3 to lO 
 
 
 
 19 to 16 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 ID to 26 
 
 
 Drawn Game, 
 
 
 Variation B. 
 
 
 ID to 15 
 
 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 14 to 23 
 
 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 '7 to 10 
 
 
 
 27 to 18 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 5 to 9 
 
 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 16 to 23 
 
 
 
 26 to 10 
 
 17 to 26 
 
 
 
 30 to 23 
 
 13 to 17 
 
 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 17 to 22 
 
 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 22 to 26 
 
 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 26 to 30 
 
 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 30 to 26 
 
 
 
 15 to 8 
 
 26 to 22 
 
 
 
 14 to 9 
 
 22 to 6 
 
 
 
 9 to 2 
 
 
 Drawn 
 
 Game. 
 
 
 
 Variation C. 
 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 5 to 9 
 
 
 
 22 to 18 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 8i. 
 
 Bkck. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 17 to 22 
 
 
 26 to 17 
 
 13 to 29 
 
 
 18 to 15 
 
 II to 18 
 
 
 20 to 2 
 
 8 to II 
 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 14 to 21 
 
 
 23 to 7 
 
 II to 16 
 
 
 Drawn Game. 
 
 Game VI. 
 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 
 II to 16 
 
 27 to 24 
 
 
 8 to II 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 
 16 to 20 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 
 II to 16 A 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 
 7 to II 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 17 to 10 
 
 
 2 to 7 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 
 7 to 23 
 
 27 to 18 
 
 
 20 to 27 
 
 12 to 7 
 
 
 
 White Wins, after sev^ 
 
 eral 
 
 more moves, which 
 
 I leave the reader to play 
 
 out for himself. 
 
 Variation 
 
 A. 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 
 18 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 
 19 to 16 
 
S2 
 
 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 
 White 
 
 
 12 to 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 24 to 
 
 15 
 
 7 to 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 15 to 
 
 6 
 
 I to 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 23 to 
 
 19 
 
 14 to 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 27 to 
 
 18 
 
 20 to 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 26 to 
 
 22 
 
 ID to 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 19 to 
 
 10 
 
 2 to 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 28 to 
 
 19 
 
 7 to 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 19 to 
 
 15 
 
 II to 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 22 to 
 
 15 
 
 8 to 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 15 to 
 
 8 
 
 3 to 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 25 to 
 
 28 
 
 2 to 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 22 to 
 
 18 
 
 And the 
 
 game 
 
 is 
 
 drawn. 
 
 
 The following games are taken from Sturges. 
 Supposing that Black plays first. White follows ; 
 and each plays moves alternately. In order to 
 save space, the distinction between the White men 
 and the Black has been omitted. But amateurs 
 will as easily follow tnis as the other plan. 
 
 
 Game VII. 
 
 
 II to 15 
 
 25 to 18 
 
 12 to t6 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 8 to II 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 7 to 10 Var. 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 15 to 22 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 8 to 12 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 83 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 2 to II 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 26 to 10 
 
 18 to 9 - 
 
 27 to 24 
 
 6 to 15 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 22 to 26 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 5 to 9 
 
 16 to 23 
 
 I2^tO 19 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 26 to 19 
 
 13 to 9 
 
 I to 6 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 6 to 22 
 
 31 to 26 
 
 31 to 26 
 
 15 to 6 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 15 to 18 
 
 I to 10 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 22 to 15 
 
 24 to 6 
 
 3 to 7 
 
 II to 18 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 
 W. wins. 
 
 2 to 7 
 
 Van 
 
 
 30 to 25 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 A. 
 
 7 to II 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 26 to 17 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 23 to 7 
 
 II to 25 
 
 14 to 10 
 
 W. wins. 
 
 20 to 16 
 
 7 to 23 A. 
 
 
 15 to 18 
 
 16 to 7 
 Game VIII. 
 
 
 II to 15 
 
 8 to II 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 15 to 22 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 16 to 20 
 
 25 to 18 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 28 to 24 Van A. 
 

 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 20 to 27 
 
 23 to 16 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 27 to 31 
 
 18 to 9 
 
 19 to 10 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 7 to 14 
 
 31 to 26 
 
 16 to 12 
 
 30 to 25 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 II to 15 
 
 II to 16 
 
 26 to 22 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 18 to 15 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 14 to 10 
 
 8 to II 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 23 to 14 
 
 10 to 7 
 
 15 to 18 
 
 9 to 18 
 
 18 to 23 
 
 30 to 25 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 7 to 3 
 
 2 to 6 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 23 to 27 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 23 to 14 
 
 3 to 7 
 
 II to 15 
 
 9 to 18 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 5 to 10 
 
 7 to 11 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 8 ton 
 
 27 to 31 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 ID to 7 
 
 II to 16 
 
 I to 6 
 
 II to 15 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 7 to 3 
 
 16 to 20 
 
 7 to II 
 
 2 to 7 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 19 to 16 
 
 3 to 19 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 3 to 7 
 
 16 to 32 
 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 Van A. 
 
 15 to 31 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 22 to 8 
 
 31 to 24 
 
 ID to 19 
 
 W. wins. 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES, 
 
 
 Game 
 
 IX. 
 
 
 22 to l8 
 
 15 to 
 
 24 
 
 I to 6 
 
 II to 15 
 
 28 to 
 
 19 
 
 30 to 25 
 
 18 to II 
 
 I to 
 
 6 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 30 to 
 
 26 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 3 to 
 
 8 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 26 to 
 
 23 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 8 to 
 
 II 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 8 to II 
 
 23 to 
 
 18 
 
 14 to 7 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 II to 
 
 16 
 
 3 to 10 
 
 9 to 13 Van 
 
 27 to 
 
 23 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 18 to 14 
 
 16 to 
 
 20 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 31 to 
 
 27 
 
 26 to 22 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 6 to 
 
 9 
 
 14 to 17 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 18 to 
 
 15 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 9 to 
 
 18 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 23 to 
 
 14 
 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 12 to 
 
 16 
 
 Var. 
 
 2 to 6 
 
 19 to 
 
 12 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 10 to 
 
 19 
 
 18 to 14 C. 
 
 25 to 14 
 
 12 to 
 
 8 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 28 to 19 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 22 to 13 
 
 6 to 10 A. 
 
 
 
 16 to 20 B. 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 A. 
 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 13 to 22 
 
 II to 
 
 16 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 26 to 17 
 
 27 to 
 
 23 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 II to 15 
 
 6 to 
 
 9 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 22 to 
 
 18 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 8s 
 
86 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 15 to 18 
 30 to 25 
 10 to 15 
 
 17 to 10 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 25 to 18 
 
 15 to 22 
 
 23 to 19 
 6 to 15 
 
 19 to 10 
 
 22 to 25 
 
 24 to 19 
 2 to 7 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 B. 
 9 to 14 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 27 to 24 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 II to 15 
 
 18 to II 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 I to 6 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 19 to 23 
 
 26 to 19 
 
 18 to 23 
 
 2'] to 18 
 15 to 22 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 14 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 13 to 9 
 
 14 to 17 
 9 to 5 
 
 17 to 21 
 5 to I 
 
 Game X. 
 
 22 to 25 
 31 to 26 
 Drawn. 
 
 C. 
 24 to 20 
 16 to 19 
 27 to 23 D. 
 9 to 13 
 B. wins. 
 
 D. 
 
 27 to 24 
 
 10 to 14 
 20 to 16 
 14 to 23 
 31 to 27 
 
 11 to 20 
 27 to II 
 
 7 to 16 
 24 to 15 
 Drawn. 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 4 to 8 
 21 to 19 
 
 8 to II 
 
 17 to 13 
 9 to 14 
 
 27 to 23 
 5 to 9 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 14 to 17 
 29 to 25 
 
 17 to 21 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 87 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 17 
 
 to 
 
 10 
 
 3 to 
 
 9 20 to 1 1 
 
 II to 16 
 
 6 to 
 
 24 
 
 16 to 
 
 19 7 to 16 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 13 
 
 to 
 
 6 
 
 23 to 
 
 16 I to 5 
 
 7 to II 
 
 I 
 
 to 
 
 10 
 
 12 to 
 
 19 16 to 20 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 22 
 
 to 
 
 17 
 
 9 to 
 
 5 5 to 9 
 
 15 to 24 
 
 24 
 
 to 
 
 28 
 
 19 to 
 
 24 24 to 27 
 
 28 to 19 
 
 17 
 
 to 
 
 13 
 
 5 to 
 
 I Drawn. 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 3 
 
 to 
 
 7 
 
 II to 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 Game XL 
 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 
 
 23 to 
 
 18 
 
 29 to 22 
 
 II to 15 
 
 
 
 II to 
 
 16 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 18 to II 
 
 
 
 27 to 
 
 23 A. 
 
 23 to 14 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 
 
 16 to 
 
 20 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 
 
 32 to 
 
 27 
 
 15 to 6 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 
 
 10 to 
 
 14 Var 
 
 2 to 25 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 
 
 17 to 
 
 ID 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 8 to II 
 
 
 
 7 to 
 
 14 
 
 25 to 30 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 
 
 18 to 
 
 9 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 
 
 5 to 
 
 14 
 
 20 to 27 
 
 25 to 21 
 
 
 
 13 to 
 
 9 
 
 31 to 24 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 
 
 6 to 
 
 13 
 
 30 to 26 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 
 
 19 to 
 
 15 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 
 
 I to 
 
 6 
 
 26 to 22 
 
 30 to 26 
 
 
 
 24 to 
 
 19 
 
 18 to 14 
 
 15 to 18 
 
 
 
 3 to 
 
 7 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 26 to 17 
 
 
 
 28 to 
 
 24 
 
 16 to II 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 
 
 22 to 25 
 
 Drawn. 
 
88 
 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 18 to 
 
 15 
 
 II to 2 
 
 i8 to 14 
 
 7 to 
 
 II 
 
 27 to 31 
 
 i6 to 23 
 
 23 to 
 
 18 
 
 2 to 9 
 
 27 to 18 
 
 II to 
 
 16 
 
 5 to 23 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 27 to 
 
 n 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 18 to II 
 
 20 to 
 
 27 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 7 to 16 
 
 31 to 
 
 24 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 13 to 9 
 
 16 to 
 
 20 
 
 31 to 26 
 
 6 to 13 
 
 15 to 
 
 II 
 
 14 to 10 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 8 to 
 
 15 
 
 22 to 25 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 18 to 
 
 II 
 
 29 to 22 
 
 
 20 to 
 
 27 
 
 26 to 17 
 
 Van 
 
 23 to 
 
 18 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 2 to 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Game XII. 
 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 14 to 
 
 18 
 
 18 to 15 
 
 II to 15 
 
 26 to 
 
 23 
 
 19 to 23 
 
 18 to II 
 
 18 to 
 
 22 
 
 1 5 Ho II 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 23 to 
 
 18 Var. 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 II to 
 
 16 
 
 II to 8 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 18 to 
 
 II 
 
 22 to 26 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 16 to 
 
 23 
 
 31 to 22 
 
 8 to II 
 
 27 to 
 
 18 
 
 14 to 17 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 7 to 
 
 16 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 24 to 
 
 20 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 35 to 21 
 
 16 to 
 
 19 
 
 13 to 6 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 89 
 
 1 to 26 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 8 to 4 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 
 30 to 25 
 
 18 to 14 
 
 Van 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 31 to 26 
 
 14 to 9 
 
 5 to 9 
 
 22 to 31 
 
 II to 15 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 20 to 16 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 18 to 25 
 
 19 to 12 
 
 17 to 10 
 
 29 to 22 
 
 10 to 19 
 
 7 to 23 
 
 31 to 24 
 
 12 to 8 
 
 19 to 10 
 
 28 to 10 
 
 9 to 6 
 
 6 to 15 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 8 to II 
 
 13 to 6 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 6 to 2 
 
 2 to 9 
 
 19 to 23 
 
 II to 8 
 
 27 to 18 
 
 10 to 6 
 
 19 to 23 
 
 I to 5 
 
 23 to 26 
 
 8 to II 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 6 to 2 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 26 to 31 
 
 II to 16 
 
 18 to 9 
 
 2 to 6 
 Game XIII. 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 17 to 14 Var. 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 5 to 18 
 
 21 to 14 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 3 to 14 
 
 8 to II 
 
 23 to 19 
 
 9 to 18 
 
 24 to 20 
 
 18 to 22 
 
90 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 25 to 18 
 II to 16 
 20 to 1 1 
 
 8 to 22 
 
 30 to 25 
 
 9 to 18 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 18 to 27 
 25 to 18 
 
 5 to 9 
 
 ^2 to 21 
 
 4 to 8 
 29 to 25 
 12 to i5 
 
 19 to 3 
 
 2 to 6 
 
 3 to 10 
 6 to 29 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 Van 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 8 to II 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 10 to 14 
 24 to 20 
 
 11 to 15 
 28 to 24 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 30 to 26 
 
 8 to II 
 
 26 to 22 
 
 3 to 8 
 32 to 28 
 
 7 to 10 
 24 to 19 
 15 to 24 
 28 to 19 
 II to 15 
 27 to 24 
 18 to 27 
 13 to 9 
 6 to 13 
 22 to 17 
 13 to 22 
 25 to 4 
 27 to 32 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 32 to 2^ 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 5 to 9 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 8 to II 
 
 I to 5 
 
 II to 8 
 
 2 to 7A. 
 
 8 to 3 
 
 7 to II 
 
 3 to 7 
 
 27 to 2'^ 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 A. 
 2 to 7 
 
 22 to 15 
 
 11 to 18 
 31 to 26 
 
 8 to II 
 19 to j6 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 23 to 16 
 14 to 17 
 21 to 14 
 
 10 to 17 
 
 16 to 12 
 
 11 to 15 
 
 12 to 8 
 
 17 to 21 
 25 to 22 
 
 18 to 25 
 Drawn. 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES, 91 
 
 Game XIV. 
 
 22 to 18 4 to 8 21 to 17 16 to 23 
 
 II to 16 22 to 17 I to 6 31 to 2^ 
 
 25 to 22 7 to 10 17 to 13 7 to 10 
 
 10 to 14 25 to 22 6 to 7 26 to 19 
 
 29 to 25 10 to 19 28 to 24 II to 16 
 
 16 to 20 17 to 10 12 to 16 18 to II 
 
 24 to 19 6 to 15 26 to 23 16 to 23 
 
 8 to II 23 to 7 8 to 12 27 to 18 
 
 19 to 15 2 to II 23 to 19 W. wins. 
 
 Game XV. 
 
 II to 15 13 to 6 5 to 14 
 
 22 to 17 2 to 9 19 to 15 
 8 to II 26 to 22 3 to 8 
 
 17 to 13 9 to 13B. 24 to 19 
 
 4 to 8 20 to 16 W. wins. 
 
 23 to 19 II to 20 
 
 15 to 18 22 to 17 A. 
 
 24 to 20 13 to 22 17 to 22 
 II to 15 21 to 17 19 to 15 
 28 to 24 14 to 21 21 to 25 
 
 8 to II 23 to 14 30 to 31 
 26 to 23 10 to 17 22 to 26 
 
 9 to 14 25 to 2 15 to 10 
 31 to 26 I to 6A. 26 to 31 
 
 6 to 9 2 to 9 29 to 25 
 
92 
 
 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 12 to l6 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 16 to 19 
 24 to 15 
 31 to 24 
 
 15 to II 
 
 24 to 19 
 II to 7 
 19 to 15 
 2 to 6 
 15 to II 
 
 7 to 2 
 20 to 24 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 II to 16 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 W. wins. 
 
 B. 
 
 I to 6 
 
 30 to 26C. 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 B wins. 
 
 C. 
 32 to 28 
 9 to 13 
 20 to 16 
 II to 20 
 Drawn. 
 
 Game XVI. 
 
 II to 15 
 
 22 to 17 
 8 to II 
 
 17 to 13 
 4 to 8 
 
 23 to 19 
 15 to 18 
 
 24 to 20 
 II to 15 
 28 to 24 
 
 8 to II 
 26 to 23 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 31 to 26Var. 
 
 14 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 17 
 22 
 
 15 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 o 17 
 o 14 
 o 17 
 o 14 
 o 10 
 
 O 22 
 O 21 
 
 o 17 
 o 18 
 
 O 22 
 
 o 25 
 
 O 22 
 
 o 15 
 o 9 
 
 7 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 22 
 
 I 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 27 
 
 15 
 19 
 
 to II 
 to 7 
 to 10 
 to 6 
 to 9 
 to 13 
 to 14 
 to 17 
 to 6 
 to 28 
 to 9 
 to 23 
 to 18 
 to 15 
 
 n. 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 93 
 
 l8 to 2^ 
 
 15 to 8 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 8 to 3 
 
 W. wins. 
 
 Van 
 
 5 to 9 
 21 to 17 
 14 to 21 
 
 23 to 5 
 15 to 18 
 
 26 to 2^ 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 25 to 18 
 10 to 10 
 
 19 to ID 
 6 to 2 2 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 7 to 10 
 
 12 to 28 
 ID to 15 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 22 to 26 
 
 18 to 14 
 15 to 18 
 23 to 19 
 26 to 31 
 14 to 9 
 W. wins. 
 
 Game XVII. 
 
 II to 15 30 to 26 9 to 14 31 
 
 22 to 17 II to 15 16 to II 28 
 8 to II 26 to 17 12 to 16 26 
 
 17 to 13 15 to 18 19 to 12 24 
 
 4 to 8 22 to 14 15 to 18 23 
 
 23 to 19 9 to 38 22 to 15 15 
 15 to 18 27 to 23 10 to 28 22 
 
 24 to 20 18 to 27 17 to 10 27 
 II to 15 32 to 23 6 to 15 18 
 28 to 24 7 to II 8 to II 23 
 
 8 to II 29 to 25 28 to 32 8 
 
 26 to 23 5 to 9 8 to 4 18 
 
 18 to 22 25 to 22 32 to 28 13 
 
 25 to 18 II to 15 4 to 8 I 
 15 to 22 20 to 16 2 to 7 17 
 
 o 26 
 o 24 
 o 22 
 o 27 
 o 18 
 o 19 
 o 17 
 o 23 
 o 14 
 o 18 
 o 4 
 o 9 
 o 6 
 o 10 
 o 13 
 
94 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 7 to II 
 
 4 to 8 
 
 lo to 15 
 
 13 to 9 
 
 19 to 24 
 
 II to 16 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 8 to n 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 4 to 8 
 29 to 25 
 10 to 14 
 24 to 19 
 
 7 to 10 
 27 to 24 
 16 to 20 
 
 II to 16 
 22 to 18 
 
 10 to 14 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 16 to 20 
 29 to 25 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 9 to 6 
 24 to 28 
 
 6 to 2 
 28 to 32 
 
 2 to 6 
 
 32 to 28 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 28 to 32 
 17 to 14 
 32 to 28 
 
 Game XVIIL 
 
 19 to 16 
 
 20 to 27 
 16 to 7 
 
 2 to II 
 
 31 to 24 
 12 to 16 
 24 to 19 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 32 to 27 
 16 to 20 
 
 21 to 17 
 
 14 to 21 
 
 19 to 16 
 
 12 to 19 
 
 23 to 7 
 
 ID to 14 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 3 to 10 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 18 to II 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 Game XIX. 
 
 18 to 15 
 8 to 12 
 
 15 to II 
 
 7 to 10 
 22 to 18 
 10 to 15 
 25 to 22 
 
 6 to ID 
 24 to 19 
 15 to 24 
 28 to 19 
 
 9 to 13 
 18 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 14 to 10 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 6 to 2 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 22 to 18 
 6 t o 9 
 
 II to 7 
 
 13 to 17 
 18 to 15 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 23 to 14 
 9 to 18 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 17 to 22 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 19 to 15 
 10 to 19 
 22 to 17 
 13 to 22 
 26 to 10 
 19 to 26 
 30 to 13 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 95 
 
 3 to 8 
 
 15 to 19 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 27 to 31 
 
 II to 7 
 
 23 to 18 
 
 15 to 10 
 
 18 to 14 
 
 2 to II 
 
 19 to 23 
 
 19 to 24 
 
 8 to II 
 
 II to 7 
 
 18 to 15 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 10 to 7 
 
 II to 15 23 to 26 24 to 27 Drawn. 
 7 to 3 31 to 22 23 to 18 
 
g6 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 CRITICAL SITUATIONS AND ENDINGS OF GAMES. 
 
 The endings of games are worthy particulai 
 study. Let young players amuse themselves for 
 an hour or two by trying their skill at the follow- 
 ing : the men are to be placed in the positions in- 
 dicated. The White pieces in each case occupy 
 the lower half of the board, and move upward. 
 
 WHITE TO MOVE AND DRAW. 
 
 Black. White. 
 
 King on 19 King on 32 
 
 King on 18 King on 27 
 
 Man on 28 
 
 In this position it seems very easy for Black to 
 
 win ; but White with the move must draw. Try 
 
 this ; there are not above four moves on each side. 
 
 WHITE TO MOVE AND DRAW. 
 
 Black. White. 
 
 Man on 5 King on 7 
 
 King on 9 
 In this situation — one that often occurs in play — it 
 
CRITICAL SITUATIONS, 97 
 
 would seem that Black ought to win, from the fact 
 that he has the advantage of a man, but he cannot 
 extricate it, and so White is enabled to draw. Try 
 this : — 
 
 WHITE TO MOVE AND WIN. 
 
 Black men on squares i, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, I5> 
 16, and 18. 
 
 White men on squares 13, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 
 27, 28, 31, and 32. 
 
 This is an instructive position, and will afford the 
 amateur good practice. 
 
 Black men on squares i, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 
 16, and 18. 
 
 White men on squares 13, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 
 27, 28, 31, and 32. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 13 to 9 
 
 5 to 14 
 
 17 to 13 
 
 16 to 23 
 
 24 to 19 
 
 15 to 24 
 
 22 to 6 
 
 2 to 9 
 
 13 to 6 
 
 I to 10 
 
 27 to 9 
 
 8 to II 
 
 28 to 19 
 
 II to 16 
 
 31 to 27 
 
 16 to 23 
 
 27 to 18 and wins. 
 
 
98 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 And again — 
 
 13 to 9 16 to fj 
 17 to 13 5 to 14 
 
 24 to 19 15 to 24 
 22 to 6 I to 10 
 
 27 to 9 8 to II and wins. 
 
 A few more examples of critical situations will 
 be found useful to the student. 
 
 BLACK TO MOVE AND WIN. 
 
 White. Black. 
 
 Man on 6 Man on 12 
 
 Man on 24 K on 15 
 
 WHITE TO MOVE AND WIN. 
 
 White. Black. 
 
 K on 14 K on 6 
 
 K on 18 K on 14 
 K on 23 
 
 EITHER SIDE TO MOVE AND WIN. 
 
 Black. White, 
 
 K on 26 K on 25 
 
 K on i"! Man on 21 
 
 Black Kings on squares 19, 18 ; man on square 
 
CRITICAL SITUATIONS, 
 
 99 
 
 2%. White Kings on 12, 2^. White moves and 
 draws, thus — 
 
 White. 
 2"] to 24 
 24 to 20 
 20 to 24 
 24 to 20 
 
 White draws by keeping command of square 20* 
 
 Black. 
 
 18 to 15 
 15 to II 
 
 19 to 15 
 
 Problem I. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
too 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 Problem II. 
 
 White to move and draw. 
 Problem III. 
 
 Black to move and White to win. 
 
PROBLEMS. 
 Problem IV. 
 
 lOt 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem V. 
 
 White to move, B. wins ; or Black moves, and White draws* 
 
I02 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 Problem VI. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem VII. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
PROBLEMS. 
 Problem VIII. 
 
 103 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem IX. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
104 
 
 DRAUGHTS, 
 Problem X. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XI. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
PROBLEMS. 
 Problem XII. 
 
 105 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XIII. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
io6 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 Problem XIV. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XV. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
PROBLEMS. 
 Problem XVI. 
 
 107 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XVII. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
io8 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 Problem XVIII. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XIX. 
 
 Black to move and v\^in. 
 
PROBLEMS, 
 Problem XX. 
 
 109 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XXI. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
no 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 Problem XXII. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XXIII. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
PROBLEMS. 
 Problem XXIV. 
 
 Ill 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XXV. 
 
 Black to move and White to win. 
 
112 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 Problem XXVI. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 Problem XXVIL 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS. 
 -Problem XXVIII. 
 
 "3 
 
 if/hltfc \M iiiuvG aiiu win. 
 
 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS. 
 
 Problem I. 
 
 The * denotes a piece taken. In each of the 
 Problems the White men move upward. 
 White. Black. 
 
 20 to 16 12 to 19* 
 
 14 to 18 5 to 14* 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 Taking man and king. Black loses a man at his 
 next move. 
 
114 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Problem II. 
 
 White. Black. 
 
 15 to II 3 to 8 
 
 10 to 15 8 to 3 
 
 15 to 19 12 to 8 
 
 And so on, Black never being able to get away 
 
 from the corner without sacrificing a man. 
 
 Problem III. 
 
 White. Black. 
 
 6 to 10 19 to 23 
 
 If Black take the two kings, 27 to 9, he loses im- 
 mediately, by White taking from 7 to 5. If Black 
 take from 10 to 17, White takes from 21 to 32, and 
 has two kings to one. 
 
 Problem 
 
 IV 
 
 • 
 
 White. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 
 15 to 22* 
 
 17 to 26* 
 
 
 28 to 32 & crowns 
 
 27 to 24 
 
 
 19 to 28* 
 
 26 to 23 
 
 
 
 Black has the advantage of a man, but he must 
 lose, as every piece is blocked, and he loses them 
 successively. This is a very neat solution. 
 
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS, 115 
 
 Problem V. 
 
 White to move and Black to win. 
 
 White. Black. 
 
 32 to 28 24 to 20 
 
 28 to 12 22 to 18 
 
 31 to 27 2^ to 19 
 
 'i'] to 31 19 to 24 
 
 32 to 27 24 to 28 
 
 27 to 12 18 to 22 
 
 31 to 27 22 to 26* 
 
 30 to 23 28 to 24 
 
 And same position — Black to move and White to 
 draw. 
 
 Black. 
 24 to 28 
 
 23 to 19 
 19 to 24 
 
 24 to 20 
 22 to 18 
 
 White. 
 
 31 to 27 
 28 to 31 
 
 32 to 27 
 
 2"] to 32 
 
 3 to 2^ 
 
 Problem VI. 
 
 23 to 19 24 to 15* 
 
 14 to 17 5 to 14 
 
 1 7 to 1 1 
 
 Taking a man and king, and blocking the rest. 
 Black can sacrifice a man and get a king, but can- 
 not gain the double corner to make a draw. 
 
Il6 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 Problem VII. 
 
 19 to 23 26 to 19* 
 
 17 to 26* 30 to 23* 
 
 14 to 18* 23 to 14 
 
 10 to 17 21 to 14 
 3 to 17 
 
 Leaving Black with three men to two. 
 
 Problem VIII. 
 
 
 14 to 10 
 
 7 to 14* 
 
 20 to 16 
 
 12 to 19* 
 
 27 to 23 
 
 19 to 26* 
 
 31 to 6* 
 
 
 Faking three men and winning. 
 
 
 Problem IX. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 4 to 18 
 
 22 to 15* 
 
 17 to 22 
 
 26 to 17* 
 
 19 to 26* 
 
 30 to 21* 
 
 6 to 9 
 
 13 to 6* 
 
 I to 26* 
 
 
 Taking three men, making a king at his next 
 move, and winning. 
 
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS. 
 
 Problem X. 
 
 117 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 
 
 32 to 23* 
 
 2 to 7 
 
 
 
 30 to 21* 
 
 22 to 17 
 
 
 
 13 to 22* 
 
 14 to 17 
 
 
 
 12 to 14* 
 
 ID to 3* 
 
 
 
 
 Taking five men. 
 
 A 
 
 most ingenious series of 
 
 moves leading up 
 
 to this result, 
 
 leaving Black man 
 
 blocked in 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Problem XL 
 
 > 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 25 to 22 
 
 
 
 23 to 16* 
 
 15 to II 
 
 
 
 6 to 15* 
 
 13 to 6 
 
 
 
 I to 10* 
 
 28 to 24 
 
 
 
 16 to 7* 
 
 2 to 9 
 
 
 
 
 Taking three and winning. 
 
 Problem XII. 
 
 15 to 10 19 to 12* 
 
 3 to 7 2 to II* 
 
 32 to 27 12 to 3* 
 
 27 to 24 28 to 19* 
 
 18 to 23 
 
 Now, wherever Black move% he loses the game. 
 
Il8 DRAUGHTS, 
 
 Problem XIII. 
 i8toi5 iitoiS* 
 
 24 to 19 2 to II* 
 
 20 to 16 II to 20* 
 
 29 to 25 22 to 29* 
 
 17 to 22 18 to 25* 
 
 19 to 24 20 to 27* 
 
 14 to 10 
 
 It will be seen that, by a judicious system of losses, 
 
 the White is enabled at last to completely block 
 
 eleven men with a single king. His own men on 
 
 squares 30 and 32 greatly assist this extraordinary 
 
 blockade. 
 
 Problem XIV. 
 
 15 to II 8 to 15* 
 
 30 to 26 22 to 31 king. 
 32 to 28 31 to 24 
 
 28 to I* 
 
 Takes three men, makes a king, and wms the game 
 in four moves. This is a very neat combination. 
 
 Problem XV. 
 24 to 20 19 to 10* 
 
 20 to II* 10 to 7 
 
 29 to 25 7 to 16* 
 
 31 to 26 17 to 21 
 
 4 to 8 20 to 30* king. 
 
 8 to 12 30 to 23* 
 
 12 to 26* 
 Takes two kings, and wins in three moves. 
 
SOLUTIONS 
 
 TO PROBLEMS. \ 
 
 Problem 
 
 XVI. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 29 to 25 
 
 
 
 21 to 30* king. 
 
 31 to 26* 
 
 
 
 30 to 23* 
 
 22 to 18 
 
 
 
 21 to 14* 
 
 15 to 10 
 
 
 
 14 to 7* 
 
 2 to 27* 
 
 
 
 
 ins in four moves. 
 
 
 
 
 Problem XVII. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 
 «•■ 
 
 Black. 
 
 10 to 6 
 
 
 
 I to ID* 
 
 14 to 7* 
 
 
 
 3 to 10* 
 
 17 to 14 
 
 
 
 10 to 17* 
 
 13 to 29 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 Taking man and king, and winning in three moves. 
 
 Problem XVIII. 
 
 White. 
 26 to 23 
 19 to 16 
 30 to 7* 
 
 Takes three pieces, and wins. 
 
 Black. 
 17 to 26* (best) 
 27 to 18* 
 
I20 
 
 DRAUGHTS. 
 Problem XIX. 
 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 13 to 9 
 
 II to 20* (best) 
 
 
 9 to 2* 
 
 20 to 24 
 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 24 to 28 
 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 28 to 32 
 
 
 19 to 24 
 
 
 
 Problem XX. 
 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 19 to 24 
 
 20 to 37* 
 
 
 18 to 22 
 
 
 A good 
 
 instance of blockade. 
 
 Problem XXI. 
 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 II to 8 
 
 3 to 19* 
 
 
 15 to 22* 
 
 
 
 Problem XXII. 
 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 18 to 15 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 
 26 to 22 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 
 15 to II 
 
 
 Problem XXIII. 
 
 White moves from 7 to 10, when Black takes the 
 king and loses. This is introduced merely to show 
 the position in which two kings may Wv^ against 
 three or more. 
 
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS. I2I 
 
 Problem XXIV. 
 
 White retires to lo, when Black takes and is re- 
 taken ; showing how three kings win against two. 
 The positions in both these problems occur fre- 
 quently in ordinary play. 
 
 Problem XXV. 
 Black. White. 
 
 28 to 24 20 to 16 
 
 24 to 8 17 to 14 
 
 Problem XXVI. 
 
 White. Black. 
 
 18 to 22 17 to 26 
 
 19 to 24 20 to 27 
 
 This curious position could not occur in actual 
 play ; but it is, nevertheless, illustrative. 
 
 Problem XXVII. 
 
 White moves from 15 to 10, when Black loses in 
 a few moves. 
 
 Problem XXVIII. 
 White moves from 22 to i8 — Black from 13 to 22. 
 
iZH DRAUGHTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 POLISH DRAUGHTS. 
 
 This is an interesting variety of the regular game 
 of Draughts. It used to be played on a board of a 
 hundred squares, but the regular English board is 
 now almost universally employed. The men are 
 placed in the same way and the moves are made 
 with the same number of men, precisely as in the 
 English game, but with a difference — the board is 
 placed with a double corner to the right hand of the 
 player, and the men take either backwards or for- 
 wards. They always move forwards, however, 
 and only take by a backward jump when a man 
 belonging to the adversary is en prise. The man 
 must proceed as long as there is a piece that can 
 be taken ; but a man once passed over, cannot be 
 repassed in the course of the same coup. It is 
 allowable, however, to pass and repass the same 
 square any number of times, provided the same 
 man is not twice leapt over. In other words, the 
 vacant squares are free to the player, but he can- 
 not twice pass over a covered square. In order 
 that there may be no confusion, in consequence of 
 
POLISH DRAUGHTS. 123 
 
 the intricacy of the moves, the pieces taken are not 
 removed from the board till the move of the attack- 
 ing man is completed. 
 
 Kings are made in the same manner as in the 
 English game, by placing one man on the top of 
 the other. But it must be observed, that the man 
 does not become a King if in the course of his 
 march he arrives at the back square on his oppo- 
 nent's side of the board and there is still another 
 piece that may be taken. In such a case he must 
 continue to take all he can, wherever there is a- 
 vacant square between the last man taken and the 
 next man in the same angle. 
 
 The player is bound to take all he can legally 
 and practically — there is no huffing ; but if he fails 
 to take the largest number possible, he may be 
 huffed, or compelled to take the men, at the option 
 of his adversary. 
 
 The King, in Polish Draughts, is exceedingly 
 powerful. He can traverse the board over all the 
 angles, and take a man lying in the angle. Thus, 
 if he stands on square i, he may take pieces on 
 squares 19, 26, 21, 7, 16, 27, 17, &c., wherever they 
 are en prise, without regard to the number of vacant 
 squares between each man. In fact, his power is 
 precisely that of the Bishop at Chess, with the ad- 
 ditional advantage of not pausing when he has 
 taken a man or any number of men. 
 
124 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 The advantage of possessing a King is therefore 
 much greater in the Polish than in the EngHsh 
 game, as the young player will soon discover. 
 Mr. Bohn, in his essay on Polish Draughts, has the 
 following on the general conduct of the game : 
 
 '^ When a player at the end of the game has a 
 King and a man against three Kings, the best way 
 is to sacrifice the man as soon as possible, because 
 the game is more easily defended with the King 
 alone. 
 
 ''In Polish Draughts especially, it is by ex- 
 changes that good players parry strokes and pre- 
 pare them ; if the game is embarrassed, they open 
 it by giving man for man, or two for two. If a 
 dangerous stroke is in preparation, they avoid it 
 by exchanging man for man. If it is requisite to 
 strengthen the weak side of your game, it may be 
 managed by exchanging. If you wish to acquire 
 the move, exchange will produce it. Finally, it is 
 by exchanges that one man frequently keeps many 
 confined, and that the game is eventually won. 
 
 ''When two men of one color are so placed that 
 there is an empty square behind each, and a vacant 
 square between them, where his adversary can 
 place himself, it is called a lunette, and this is much 
 more likely to occur in the Polish than in the Eng- 
 lish game. 
 
 **In this position one of the men must'necessa- 
 
POLISH DRAUGHTS, 125 
 
 rily be taken, because they cannot both be played, 
 nor escape at the same time. The lunette fre- 
 quently offers several men to be taken on both 
 sides. As it is most frequently a snare laid by a 
 skilful player, it must be regarded with suspicion ; 
 for it is not to be supposed that the adversary, if 
 he be a practised player, would expose himself to 
 lose one or more men for nothing. Therefore, be- 
 fore entering the lunette, look at your adversary's 
 position, and then calculate what you yourself 
 would do in a similar position. Towards the end 
 of a game, when there are but few pawns left on 
 the board, concentrate them as soon as possible. 
 
 ''At that period of the game the slightest error 
 is fatal. The King is so powerful a piece, that 
 one, two, or three pawns may be advantageously 
 sacrificed to obtain him. But in doing so, it is 
 necessary to note the future prospects of his reign. 
 Be certain that he will be in safety, and occupy a 
 position that may enable him to retake an equiva- 
 lent for the pawns sacrificed without danger to 
 himself An expert player will endeavor to snare 
 the King as soon as he is made, by placing a pawn 
 in his way, so as to cause his being retaken. '' 
 
 These are the only games of Draughts played in 
 Europe, but I believe there are several modifica- 
 
126 DRAUGHTS. 
 
 tions in the game as played by the natives of vari- 
 ous parts of India and China, Bayard Taylor, the 
 American traveller, gives an account of Chess and 
 Draughts in Japan ; and, curiously enough, we 
 find that the latter game was played by the abori- 
 gines of New Zealand in precisely the Japanese 
 manner. A vast deal of learned research has been 
 expended as to the origin of these games of skill 
 and calculation. Chess has gradually improved 
 into its present scientific aspect ; but Draughts, be- 
 ing simpler in its method, and capable of less 
 variety and modification, has probably remained 
 in much the same condition for centuries. Never- 
 theless, as a mental exercise and a relaxation from 
 physical toil. Draughts is a capital game. Its main 
 principles may be learned in an hour, while its 
 practice provides reasonable amusement for a life* 
 time. v*^ 
 
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