> -. <■ V > ^ '^. o- V ^ V ' ^ • v. -P. o v << \ \ v "<< c ^ % >•■ x 0o ^ LOVER I NTS CHART OF TIME, CENTOGRAPH AND SLATE HISTOBIOAB KZE^ST. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. TEMPOS OMNIA VINCET. Nc vx §>o,wac lea- lovU: J> ^INTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 1882. i^^cv-t. EXPLANATION OF COLORS. mpi m msTonr of home . L\ SARACENS AND TURKS 2 ■ BIBLE AND CRUNCH CRUSADES 3 U ANCIENT CREECE BC . m ENGLAND AD . a SCOTLAND AD. 4 PERSIAN EMPIRE DC f NANCE AD IRELAND AD. CHICLES INDICATE COLONIAL HISTORY iiOye mars Historical* GhartofTime. irjp&Xdey^ N9SM HISTORY OF EGYPT B.C. GERMANY PRUSSIA. A.O. 6 ASSYRIA B.C. . ■ SPAIN AD A PORTUGAL AD. 7 POLAND AD. RUSSIA Sa CHINA JAPAN »■ UNITED STATES D RfPRCSEHTS REMARKABLE EVENTS mmBmmaaamm\vmaaamammm i saammmmamia I mmntmz-zi-is'.&.si Ixzim-wnzisiiSuisi ■ ;nnit?2izii. iz-zva".- I ■■■■■■■s^-jS-n-sn-K i &■«■:::::•:! -an-sin-™ I =n:::;n-:::~:::::::::: s : I :::■!■:■:•■ THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by N. Loverin, M.D., and registered by the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C., United States of America. ■ April 23rd, 1882. TO MY ESTEEMED DAUGHTER, ELIZABETH, THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. N. LOVERIN, M.D. im Historical GhakjofTime. B.C A.D. S m iiiiiiiiil iiiiiiini ^ism fiiiiiiiii i B;?l?ilBplM]HiiS|saUMI^ PREFACE. Tins work will place within the reach of professors and teachers, sis well as students and others, means by which the memory, easily and effectively, may become possessed of histo- rical events in theirehronolouie.il order, through the faculties of localization and association, based upon the decimal system 6f reckoning, at once the most simple and practical. It cannot he contravened thai the chronology of history has been almost wholly neglected or ignored by the early writers. That such should have been line in regard to the compara- tively modern historians seems incredible; and that at no period until the nineteenth century a chart or map of time is to be found will undoubtedly increase our astonishment and wonder. THE FACT NEVERTHELESS EXISTS ! No science is more instructive, nor need there be any more interesting, than history. Whatever efforts, therefore, are in the direction of supplying a want so universal, and of making its study more practical, will be received with approbation by the whole literary world. The mistaken notion (forced), that figures are representatives of time, has long since endowed the subject with the necessity for extraordinary mental effort, and spread the mantle of indif- ference so effectually that few are found who consider it attrac- tive. 4 PREFACE. This has been recognized by those who have supplied their places with rivers, streams, trees, etc., in order that they might, with less effort, more understandingly impress the memories of their students with correct ideas concerning the grand divisions of history. Figures mark dates as they do quantities. They are not, however, representatives of time any more than of place, a self-evident proposition requiring no proof. Hence, all works of whatever kind, and wherever found, presuming to represent chronology by figures, letters, or both, fail to fulfil their pretensions quite as much as those that would indicate geo- graphy without the use of maps. Under such circumstances the useful and instructive science of history becomes irksome, uninteresting, and, perhaps, even repulsive. What might have been a source of pleasure and profit, sooner or later, is one of indifference ; and the unpopular condi- tion of the whole subject, at the present time, is the result. What is the Remedy ? Let the science of history , as well as geography, have its chart. Let both time and place be recognized, and the students be encouraged to localize facts, on the one as on the other, where they respectively belong. Cultivate the memory by using the eyes, and their nerves of induction as feeders of the grand optic centres, the reservoirs of the mind. Then will the two branches of study progress, side by side, in the most pleasing, interesting and instructive manner. PEEFACE. 5 The Chart has been constructed so that, in one view, it represents to the vision, thence to the understanding, with mathematical accuracy, all the portion of time with which historians have been acquainted, holding in its folds or years the various periods and epochs of the past in the position and order they are known to have transpired, as well as more than one century of the unwritten future. Tlie Past, the Present and the Future see! United in a web that none can sever : Time was ; Time is ; and Time will always be Continued on its course through space forever! Even without symbolization this map of time is an invalu- able adjunct to the study of history, and will amply repay those who might, through curiosity, carefully examine it. Marked oft' into years, lustra, decades, centuries, millenuials, etc., divided by a space, conspicuously representing before and after Christ, respectively designated by their appropriate symbols, B. C. and A. D., on the margin, such a picture shows more clearly and concisely than words, however cleverly used, a correct idea of the whole subject of chronology. When, now, are added symbols registering and giving character to the events of history, clothed in colors that declare to the eye the various countries in which they happened, we possess a grand panorama of the past simultaneously opened out to the special sense of vision, that cannot be equalled by any other plan of representation. It is to such a chart that many of the following pages are devoted, and to which the careful and candid attention of all who are interested in the study of the noble science of history is invited. 6 PREFACE. The Key to the Chart of Time, page 61, contains a synopsis of the facts of the past, century by century, which will be found of value even without the presence of the Chart itself, because of the sum of orderly chronicled matter therein con- tained. Instances of doubtful chronology have been carefully exam- ined, strict search having been made amongst the best authors, in order that the most satisfactory results may have been obtained ; and while exactness in every particular is not claimed, it has been the ambition of the author to arrive as nearly it as possible. The chronology of Biblical history has been taken from the Bible. The histories of Greece B. C. and Rome have been faithfully symbolized, and together with those of England, France and Germany, form the back ground of the compara- tively recent histories of the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada, to which special attention throughout this work has been directed. The periods and epochs, page 161, of the various histories will be found practical, and well adapted to the exercising of the memory over the whole field of chronology, where each of the epochs mentioned may be specially pointed to the vision of the pupil. They have been arranged in the order of their representation as lithographed on the upper margin of the Chart of Time. N. Loverin, M.D. Chicago, Nov. 1882. INDEX. PAGE Wood Out 1. Bird's-eye View of the Chart 11 " 2. Slate, open and closed 12 " 3. Centograph (both frames in view) 13 " 4. " undivided years 14 " 5. Plates 1 and 2, the Century 16 " 6. Centograph with Compartments 27 Description of the Chart of Time 15 Symbolization 18 Geographical Representation by Color 19 Localities Changed into Figures 20 Examples for Practice 24 Description of the Centograph 27 Symbols 29 Instructions for Using the Centograph 30 Description of the Historical Slate 33 Advantages of the Chart, Centograph and Slate 33 Statistical Application 34 Definitions Worthy of Special Attention 36 Remarks 37 Definitions of History 42 Extracts from Various Authors 44 Historical Key to the Chart of Time 61 (In this key each century is an index of its own facts wherein im- portant events, from creation to date, may be readily found.) t»AOfi The Periods and Epochs of History 161 The Universe 162 Roman History , 162 History of the Saracens 165 The Turks, or Mogul Tartars 166 The Bible 168 The Church 169 Grecian History, B. C 172 History of England > 174 " Scotland 178 " the Persian Empire 180 " France 181 " Ireland 182 " Egypt, B. C 184 " Germany 185 " Prussia 187 " Austria 188 " Assyria, B. C 189 " Spain 190 " Portugal 192 " Poland 193 4; Russia 195 " China 196 " Japau 198 " The United States 199 " Canada (uuder the French Regime) 203 " (under British government) 206 11 Historical Gha^TofTime B.C A.D. Fig. 1. Black points mark the following facts in the exact order of their occurrence. b. c. The Creation (Biblical) 4004 Fo-Hi (about) 2951 Egyptian Monarchy (Menes) (?) 2412 The Deluge 2348 Assyrian Empire (Nimrod) (?) 2234 Sicyon (founded) 2089 Call of Abraham 1921 The Exodus 1491 Monarchy in Israel 1095 The Ten Tribes revolt 974 Olympic Games revived 776 Rome founded (Romulus) 753 Fall of (Ten Tribes) Kingdom Israel .... 721 Fall of Judah and Benjamin. .. 587 Expulsion of the Roman Kings. 509 First Persian Invasion 496 Death of Alexander 323 The Septuagint Bible 277 Greece, a Roman Province 146 The Roman Empire established. 27 Nativity of Christ (Vulgar era). 1 Britain, a Roman Province. ... 85 Christianity Triumphant 312 A. D. Merovingian Dynasty 419 Kent. 1st of the Heptarchy .... 455 Fall of the Western Empire ... 476 The Hegira (Mahomet) 622 Carlovingian Dynasty 752 Papal Temporal Power 755 Charlemagne's Empire 800 Union of the Heptarchy (Egbert) 827 Romano-German Empire 962 Capetian Dynasty 987 The Norman Conquest. 1066 The Crusades (first) 1096 The Plantagenets 1154 The last Crusade 1270 The Schism 1378 Fall of the Eastern Empire 1453 The Tudors 1485 Discovery of America (?) 1492 The Relbrmation 1517 Bourbon Dynasty 1589 The Stuart Family 1603 The Brunswicks 1714 American Independence 1776 The Bourbons Expelled 1792 Restoration of the Bourbons . . . 1814 British American Confederation 1867 France, aRepublic (3rd), Thiers 1871 12 Fig. 5. LOYERIN'S HISTORICAL SLATE. 1, Shut — 2, Opened — 3, partly unfolded, showing the slate proper — 4, Symbols. The open slate (Fig. 2) unfolds the facts of the century, and bv the figures at the top represents our own time. Eighteen centuries of the Christian Era are understood as having parsed, by the number thus registered, and must always be counted in addition to the years of the part of the century in order to arrive at the exact date of the event under consideration. The following will illustrate the meaning, the color to be understood as written. First Symbol. — A large yellow — " remarkable event " in France — upon the first row, two before the centre line, in the nineteenth century of which four years are included, and these, added to the eighteen hundred at the top, give the date; which, with key, read thus : a. n. France becomes an Empire under Napoleon 1804 Second Symbol. — A small red, half painted, nineteenth century, upon the second row, one before the centre line, in the first compart- ment — battle — To be read thus (key) : The battle of Waterloo, Napoleon's final overthrow 1815 Third Symbol. — A small red multiplication cross — nineteenth century, upon the second row, four beyond the centre line, in the fourth compartment — birth of an illustrious personage : The birth of Alexandrina Victoria at Kensington Palace 1819 Fourth Symbol. — A small red, half painted, nineteenth century upon the fourth row, two beyond the centre line, in the fifth compart- ment — an English lady succeeds to royal power : Victoria becomes the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1837 By association, facts that transpired in any particular year can be added and impressed upon the memory. Fig. 2. Loverix's Historical Centograph. (Both Frames, Curtain and Drawer in view.) Fig. 3. With Undivided Years. The unmarked blackboard above the Centograph causes it to represent the first century of the Christian Era. Assuming colors of Symbols suspended in the above diagram, it will be thus : First. — A large blue third row, five beyond centre line — remarkable event in Church History. A. D. Read: The baptism of Jesus Christ by John 30 Second. — Large blue — fourth row — three before the centre line — Eemarkable event in Church History. Read: The Crucifixion 33 &c, &c, &c. LOVERIN'S HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME Is a map of seventy diagrams, comprising a bird's-eye view of all the portion of Time with which Historians are acquainted. These (diagrams) are arranged decimally in seven rows, and so placed that five are above a wide space and two below ; being also centrally divided by another space cutting the former one at right angles, and which are respectively named, the trans- verse or horizontal and the central or vertical. The horizontal space is the dividing line between the histories before and after the nativity of Christ, while the vertical, divides the rows of Centuries equally, and is a resting line for the eye during rapid calculations. Each diagram encloses a square, divided into ten rows of smaller squares, ten in the row, of which five are before a wide centre line and five beyond. The rows, five above and five below, a wide middle line, each containing ten squares, give one hundred ; and as each square represents one year, the diagram indicates one hundred years or one century, and hence the seventy are a chart of seven thousand years. the centuries. Each century of the map, and each year of the century, in construction, is exactly like the other, differing not in the least particular. To understand the mechanism of the whole of Loverin's Chart of Time consists, therefore, in properly knowing one century, and one year of a century. A good idea of this fact may be obtained from the following cuts, which will also show the manner of reckoning, towards and fxom the Creation. Either diagram is a representative of any century of the Chart. 16 Plate 1. _fl 90 J- H SO jj — £„._ ■„__. _____ - __J "70'' i— . ' 70 p- r - i i; _______ 1 -„„.-»■■■-■■. J An 1 - bO f | r/-> 5 ( i " j 4U L, t ou j ~j n ..,, „ j on l-l 1 1 ' 20 ph r j B | 1 1 10 9876 5 4321 (No. 1 shows the counting from the Christian Era towards the Creation, i.e., from the lower right, to the upper left.) 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 f^^^^B^^BEmsmmmsmmm | 1_| _L 1 B 1 1 1 KM | 1 H Is! 1 ' § := -i __::+!_:_:: i:: =i: :_z±: B H ' 1 ■ H l D 1 H H H_ H H i Plate 2. HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 17 (No. 2 indicates the reckoning of the Christian Era, i.e., from the upper left, to the lower right, as in reading.) Behold, each is a square, equally divided by two heavy straight lines cutting each other at right angles, which are respectively named the transverse or middle, and the vertical or central ; and which, besides being resting points for the vision, are guiding lines in connection with the placing of the symbols. The diagram is also divided into ten rows — five above and five below the middle line, and each row is divided into ten squares — five before and five beyond the centre line. Ten rows each having ten squares, give one hundred ; and, as these are the representatives of years, we have therefore one century. THE YEARS. If we now examine the years, we find each like the other subdivided into nine equal compartments by two straight lines, cutting two other straight lines at right angles. These are for the reception of symbols that give character or meaning accordingly as placed in one or the other of them. COMPARTMENTS. COMPARTMENTS. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6 th 7th 8th 9th Fig. 1. Contention Acquisi- tion. Destruc- tion. Distinction Domina- tion. Invention. Legislation and Civiliza- tion. Insubordi- nation. Concilia- tion. Fi-. 2. They are known by their numerical order, beginning at the upper left hand corner and counting to the lower right, as in Fig. 1. B 18 HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. SYMBOLIZATION. They are also specially named, as in Fig. 2, so that some idea of the meaning of their symbols, the square, half square and multiplication cross will be suggested to the mind, inasmuch as they will indicate something of the nature of the event therein placed. Besides the above three symbols, in each compart- ment, an addition cross is used in the fourth, to mark the death of a distinguished or conspicuous person. When, now, is added the large symbol for the remarkable event, we find that twenty-seven different kinds of representa- tion can be effected by the symbols of one year. In order that their meanings may be more easily remembered, the fol- lowing classification has been arranged. The compartments are known by the names given them, which prepare the mind to understand the symbol whenever used in connection with them, and are numerically recognized, thus : !■ Invasion, War. r Battle, Siege. X Civil War. f ■ By Conquest. X V By Purchase, by Marriage, &c. y X Colonization, Bequest, Gift. ■ Persecution, Disease, Slavery. r Fire, Massacre, Earthquake, Storm. X By War, Pillage, Loss. f u Eminent Men. I r " Women. 1 x Birth of a remarkable person. { + Death " " ■ Autocrats, Kings, Emperors, Presidents, r Queens, Empresses, &c. X Two or more governing at the same time. C m Geographical discovery. < r Scientific " (_ X Industries, utilizing Inventions, Public Works. ■ Parliaments, Councils, Diets, &c. r Edicts, Proclamations, Commands, Codes of Laws. X Colleges, Publication of Books, &c. 2nd. Acquisition. 3rd. Destruction. 4th. Distinction. 5th. Domination. Oth. Invention. 7th. Legislation and Civilization. HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME. 19 8th. Insubordination. \ ■ Revolution. r Unsuccessful Revolt. X Conspiracies, Riots. ■ Peace. 9th. Conciliation. -j r Treaty in time of Peace. (_ x Confederation, Union, Orders, Association. A Iudicates the Histories as marked on the Chart. J | Remarkable event. O Colonial History. * B. C, (blue) indicates the kings of Israel, distinguishing them from those of Judah. k Refers to the emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire. The small symbols, bracketed opposite each compartment, give specific meaning as above described. COLORS. Colors give the geography, or nationality of the event which, as marked over the Chart, is explained as follows : Black. The History of Rome. a triangles. u tt Saracens and Turks. Blue. a a Bible and Church. it triangles. a a Crusades. Red (B. C.) a a Ancient Greece. a (A.D.) a a England. a triangles. a a Scotland. Yellow • (B. C.) a u Persian Empire. a (A. D.) a a France. a triangles. a a Ireland. Green (B. C.) a ti Egypt. . u (A. D.) a a Germany. a triangles. it a Prussia. Orange (B. C.) ,t a Assyria. it (A.D.) a a Spain. u triangles. a u Portugal. Pink. it a Poland. it triangles. a a Russia. Lilac. a tt China. tt triangles. a a Japan. Gold. u a The United States. 20 HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. Circles indicate Colonies belonging to their respective colors: — for instance, Canada in Yellow circles denotes it under the French Kegime — and, in red circles, refers to it under British rule; as well as to the Special Colonies of Great Britain that occupied America contemporaneously with the French. LOCALITIES CHANGED INTO FIGURES. Having described the construction of the Chart, the mean- ing of the compartments and symbols as well as the uses of color, the attention is now called to the localities and the manner by which they are converted into dates. To find the number of any year upon the Chart there must be an established point from which to reckon. The two grand epochs from which dates have been counted are " The Creation " and il The Nativity of Christ, " the represent- ative letters of which are, from the Latin, respectively A. M. and A. D. Inasmuch as great differences of opinion exist in regard to the exact time of the Creation, we have chosen the Nativity of Christ as our grand starting-point. Whatever dates occur before, are marked B. C. and those after, A. D. This the better answers our purpose from the fact that histo- rians have more generally adopted it than any other. We have already said that the wide horizontal space separates the Christian era from all preceding time ; and that, in reading the Chart, the Nativity of Christ (Vulgar era) will be in the first year of the first century below. This will be the first year, counting from the upper left-hand corner, where we find a large blue symbol surrounding the margin of it. Here, remember, is the grand point from which all events of history are reckoned. We can now readily understand that, in marking or looking for an event that happened before, we must ascend towards the Creation; and, if after, we must descend towards the present. This will hold good in regard to any fixed point upon the Chart. Hence the following rule: — In counting time from any period to the present, we reckon from the upper left towards the lower right hand, HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 21 century after century and decade after decade, as reading a book ; and, in counting from any event towards the Creation, we reckon from the lower right, receding, year after year, decade after decade, and century after century, in the reverse order until the desired event is readied. In no case, however, will this affect the compartments of the year, or the meaning of the symbolization. If we would look for " The Creation," 4004 B. C. (the Biblical date), we begin at the first year of the first cen- tury before the birth of Christ, which we find at the lower right-hand corner, above the wide horizontal space, and reckon from left to right, year after year, decade after decade, century after century ; and, when \*e shall have passed over four rows of the latter, we arrive at the forty-first, in which, on the first decade, two before the centre line, will be found the date required, — it is marked by a blue line surrounding the year square — a remarkable event which (counting the year in which it is placed), the key will tell us, is "the Creation," B. C. 4004. If, now, we continue back to the fiftieth century, on the seventh decade, three before the centre line, we see a heavy diagonal line, blue, running from corner to corner of the year square ; this represents the Creation as recognized by the Benedictines, B. C. 49(*>3. It is well to remember this, because some authorities recognize it. I have produced it in order to give a reason why there are sometimes such great differences in dates. In the same way of proceeding we find the remark- able event of the Deluge, B. C. 2348 in the one instance and 330S in the other. For different dates in regard to the Creation see another part of this work. Let us look for a remarkable event in the Christian era, say, the discovery of America by Columbus, A. D. 1492. To find this, begin at the upper left-hand corner, below the wide horizontal space— The Nativity of Christ, OUK GRAND STARTING-POINT,— and count toward the lower right, year after year, decade after decade, century after century, until we arrive at the last row of years in the fifteenth, on which, HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. four before the centre line, is a remarkable event painted in orange color, representing a circumstance to have taken place under Spanish authority in 149:2. The key will tell the event, and the Chart, by locality and color, instructs us in regard to the rest. In order that localities may receive from beginners all the attention their importance demands, and that the central and middle lines may be well impressed upon the understanding, I am pleased to introduce the fol- lowing diagrams. IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 6 1 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 IO 9 9 7 6 6 5 4 3 1 10 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Plate 3. In Plate 3, the years number from the lower right-hand corner of the century as in Plate 1, page 16. Each year on the rows above indicates the same figure, from bottom to top, thus, over the unit all are units, over the five all are fives, over the eight all are eights, etc., etc. HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 23 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 IO 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 1 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I Plate 4. The same thing is also true of Plate 4, where the counting or unity begins at the upper left-hand corner and proceeds to the lower right : under the unit all are units, under the five all are fives, under the eight all are eights, etc., but the order is reversed. If, now, an event be placed in any year of Plate 3, in the one represented by five, then without effort we have the year sought ; if, however, it be raised to the second row or decade, then to its number five we add the first row below and it becomes fifteen ; if we raise it to the last or tenth decade ; then to the number five are added the previous nine decades giving ninety-five, which will be the year of the century in which it rests. The same will be true of the event if placed in any year of Plate 4, only the tens from above, instead of below, must be added. Plates 1 and 3, pages 16 and 22, represent the reckoning from the Nativity of Christ, or the Christian era, back towards- the Creation, marked B. C. upon the Chart. Plates 2 and 4, pages 16 and 23, show the reckoning from the Creation towards the present time, A. M. ; but, if the Nativity 24 HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. of Christ be the starting-point, and only the Christian era is called for, the initial letters are A. D. A little practice upon the Chart, taking the Christian era first under consideration, will soon prepare the mind to under- stand the whole map of time. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. For practical illustrations, let the attention be placed upon the century before Christ; and then, upon the first century of the Christian era. The first century of the Chart of Time, before the Christian era, is found at the lower right of the five rows of centuries above the wide horizontal space, and has upon its first decade, two before the centre line, in the fourth compartment, a blue multiplication cross, indicating the birth of a distinguished person in church or biblical history. Two before the centre line in Plate 3, is 4, the number of the year supplying the event ; hence, from the key and chart read thus : Four years before the Vulgar era, the birth of Christ. Again, on the same row or decade, three beyond the centre line, in the fourth compartment, an addition cross, black, death of an eminent Roman. Plate 3 shows the figure eight, the key gives two names, one of which must be remembered by Association, Maecenas and Horace. Read : In the year S B. C, the deaths of Maecenas and Horace. Again, upon the second decade, four beyond the centre line, a black addition cross, fourth compartment, death of an eminent Roman. Plate 3 indicates four beyond the centre line to be 9, to which add the decade below making it 19 ; Key : Virgil. Read : Death of the Poet Virgil, B. C. 19. Again, upon the third row or decade, tw r o beyond the centre line, large black, remarkable event in Roman history, locality, seven, as shown by Plate 3 ; add the two decades be- low, and 27 is the date. Key : In the year 27 B. C. the name of Augustus was conferred upon Caius Octavius Caesar by the Senate of the Roman people. — And so on, to the Creation. HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 25 Let us now turn our attention to the first century of the Christian era, which we will find on the upper left- hand corner, below the wide horizontal space of the Chart. On the first row or decade, counting from the upper left to the right, as in reading a book, five before the centre line, is a large blue remarkable event in church history, in the year, one as marked in Plate 4. Key : The beginning of the Christian era A. D. 1. Again, on the same row or decade, in the second com- partment, one beyond the centre line, full black, meaning a conquest by the Eomans, number of the year, 6. Key: Judeea. Read : In the year 6 A.D. Judaea was conquered by the Romans, and, of course, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. Again, on the same row, four beyond the centre line, in the first compartment, half black, battle. Key : Teutoberg. Read : In the year 9 A. D. the Romans were defeated by Arminius (Herman). Again, on the second row or decade, two before the centre line — fifth compartment, full black, a Roman Caesar comes into power, year 4, as shown by Plate 4 ; to this add the first decade and the date will be fourteen. Key : Tiberius. Read : In the year 14 A. D. Tiberius became the Roman Csesar, etc., etc., until the whole diagram is completely under the control of the mind ; after which, proceed in the same manner with the next century. If the attention of a class, or a pupil, be continuous, two, four or six hours regularly during the week, the whole Chart, in an incredible manner, will soon be in possession of the memory ; each century will have indelibly j)hotographed itself upon the retinae of vision, as well as the localities of the events, from which the dates will be easily inferred, and also the colors by which will be recognized the countries to which they belong. If other events than those upon the Chart are required, they may, with little difficulty, be added ; or, should any change in the locality of the symbol be desired, it can be made. Let it be remembered, however, that the figures marking the dates in the Key, are not to be used when reading the 26 HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME. events from the Chart. They are only to be examined by the teacher in cases of uncertainty, and to readily assist in finding any particular event. The best authorities of history must ever be at hand, and reading, in order to examine the philo- sophy of subject, must be as persistent as possible, consistent with health, which is always a matter of primary importance. No anxiety whatever need be entertained in consequence of a fear that the dates and names of events will not be retained in the mind. Locality in reference to the central and middle heavy lines of the .century, and in regard to the central and horizontal spaces of the chart, mark the former; and location in the compartment of the year square, with form and color of the symbol, stimulate to the latter. This is so important that, at the expense of repetition, we add, if these be the means by which the understanding is made to grasp, soon, with very little effort, the whole Chart of Time will become a painting on the memory, where it must remain for future use. The sister science, geography, will, at the same time, also receive careful attention. Their combination, if during child- hood and youth, either at home, in the school, the academy, or at college, with the advantages of careful instructors, will make the acquisition of knowledge in the more advanced and thoughtful period of life easy and satisfactory. Fig. 6. THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. After having carefully studied the construction of the His- torical Chart of Time, it will become an easy matter to com- prehend the Centograph, inasmuch as their principles are one. 28 THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. By referring to Fig. 2, page 13, you can examine a diagram which is an exact representation of the Historical Centograph forwarded to the United States Centennial. It consists of a base holding a drawer of symbols, from which arise, vertically, trunnions that support two large frames, three feet square each. They (the frames) are so fixed upon pivots that they can be easily adapted to any angle best suited to the wishes of the student. Each frame, a square, is divided into one hundred smaller squares, which, in their application to the science of History, are called years. These latter are numbered when reckoning the Christian era from the upper left to the right, row after row, and year after year, until the lower corner of the frame upon the right represents the complete one hundred years— one century. One of the frames, Fig. 6, page 97, is further divided, each year, into nine smaller squares or compartments, which are numerically named from the upper left to the lower right, — exactly as was the case with the years in the century of the Chart of Time. These are intended to receive symbols that give character to the event, accordingly as placed in one or other of the nine ; their color representing the geography of its occurrence, while its chronology is indicated by the exact year in which it appears. Above each year, upon both frames, is a small projecting pin upon which to suspend symbols that are indicative of remark- able events. A black-board is attached above and may be fixed as well at the bottom of the century, where it should be, in counting time from the Christian Era to the Creation ; in which case the reckoning begins at the lower right hand corner and proceeds to the left, decade by decade, and year after year, until the upper left hand square or year completes the century. Between the two pair of uprights supporting the frames is also another pair, containing grooves, in which is a slide that rises and lowers according to the wnsh ; upon these rests a cross-bar that holds the curtain suspended between them, the object of which is to furnish a light back-ground to either, THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. 29 and direct the symbols, when pushed through, to the drawer below. The vertical or central, and transverse or middle partitions, cutting each other at right angles, dividing the century into four equal parts, are constructed larger than the others : thus, they afford strength, while offering a view that gives full command of the century, when rapid calculation is necessary. In locating the symbols, these guiding lines must be kej)t continually before the vision ! " Before and beyond the centre line," " Above and beloiv the middle line," are terms with which it is necessary to become very familiar. The frame with undivided years, Fig. 3, page 14, is intended for students, who should only be required to acquaint them- selves with the Map of Time and remarkable events : for Academies and Colleges, it will not be necessary; inasmuch as the other contains all that can be seen upon it — viz., one hundred years, arranged into ten rows or decades, five above and five below the middle line, each row possessing ten squares, five before and five beyond the centre line. The subdivision of the years into compartments permits of the representation of the same variety of circumstances that have been so graphi- cally described in the explanation of the Chart. SYMBOLS. The symbols, of which we will next speak, when inserted, represent distinct ideas of the character of events, accordingly as they are placed in one or other of the compartments; which latter are always known, in their numerical order, from the first sub-division at the upper left, to the ninth at the lower right-hand corner of the year. They are of two varieties as regards size. 1st. Large, that represent remarkable events, consisting of the square, triangle, octagon, circle, star, &c. ; in fact, arbi- trarily, any figure whatsoever constructed to hang upon the pin over the center of each year, in front of the nine com- partments. 30 TIIE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPII. 2nd. Small cubes, adapted to the compartments. When used, they are the representatives of small squares, half squares, crosses, circles, semi -circles and triangles. They can represent six different histories by variety of color, or six distinct characters of events, if the same color be upon every side. For instance : black, blue, red, yellow, green and gold may cover the respective sides of a cube. It, hence, may indicate, in the first compartment of a year, war in any of the countries represented by these colors ; or, if the same color be upon all sides of the cube, it can afford us the fully painted square, the half square, two crosses, the circle and triangle. For other marks than these, a second set of cubes will be necessary. When in position, the symbols represent the same characters and are read in the like manner as are those upon the Chart of Time. Properly constructed, the Centograph is a neat and useful piece of school furniture, as lasting as the school-house itself, possessing the means of representing the past in so accurate a manner, that no single year can be mentioned which cannot be brought before the class and pointed to the vision ! It is also an intelligent piece of furniture for the Academy, the College, or the Parlor, allowing, whenever and wherever advantage is taken of it, excellent opportunities for mental improvement. The black-board permits of the registration of all past centuries, while the diagram of one hundred years offers the opportunity of directing the attention to the exact time sought. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOGRAPH. 1st. Place it where all may have a good opportunity of seeing it. 2nd. Open the drawer in which are the symbols by remov- ing the lid, if practicable ; or, if not, let it be turned back upon its hinges and held in position by the iron hooks attached for that purpose. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOGRAPH. 31 3rd. Adapt the curtain so that a light back-ground will appear ; and, that the cubes, when pushed through, will be directed to the drawer. 4th. Arrange whatever preliminaries the common-sense on any particular occasion may suggest, after which, the In- structor should call the attention to the black-board ; inasmuch as, throughout every lesson, it performs an important part. If the history of the first century, before or after Christ, be under consideration, no figures must appear upon it, as that one hundred years is represented by the Centograph itself, which is recognized accordingly as the black-board is attached above or below the frame. If the events of the second cen- tury are demanding attention, the black-board becomes the representative of the first, which must be plainly and legibly written upon it. If the third century contain the facts of the lesson, then, of course, two hundred will appear upon the board. In this way it will be seen that the object of the black-board is to represent the complete centuries of the past, while the Centograph offers the opportunity of registering the parts or whole of the one hundred years under consideration. The Instructor now directs the student to set the first cen- tury of the Christian Era in the following manner : — Take from the drawer a large blue symbol; suspend it upon the first row, shelf, or decade, five before the centre partition or bar, always counting the one in which the symbol is placed. What does it signify ? A remarkable event in the Church. In what year 1 One. The key or teacher may now tell its meaning — the Nativity of Christ. The student then reads the Centograph thus: In the year (A.D.) ], vulgar era, Christ was born. This is the grand point from which all reckonings of the Christian Era are made. Take a cube, black and fully painted ; place it upon the first row, one beyond the centre line, in the second compartment. What does it indicate ? A conquest by the Romans. In what year 1 Six. The key again supplies the required information concerning the terri- tory conquered — Judea. The student reads it thus : In the year 6 (A.D.), during the reign of Augustus Caesar, Judea was 32 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOGRAPH. conquered by the Romans. Take another cube, black, half painted ; place it upon the same row, four beyond the centre line, in the first compartment. What does it represent? A battle, in which the Romans took an active part. Again the key supplies the information — Teutobnrg. The student now reads : In the year 9 the Romans were defeated by Herman, a German prince, at the battle above-named. What next If Take a cube, fully painted, black; place it upon the second decade, two before the centre line, in the fifth compartment. What does it indicate ? Sovereign power among the Romans. The key : Tiberius made Caesar at Rome. In what year ? Fourteen. It may now be read thus from the Centograph : A.D. 14. Tiberius became the Roman Caesar. Thus, century after century may be written during lessons of one-half hour each with great advantage, profit, and interest. In reckoning from the birth of Christ back to the Creation attach the black-board to the bottom of the century, when the first square on the lower right, becomes the first year before Christ. To locate, Rome founded by Romulus : put 700 upon the board and the Centograph will represent the 8th century B.C. • Take a remarkable event symbol — suspend it upon the sixth row, counted from the bottom, upwards — three before the centre line. The key explains if necessary, &c, &c. When the lesson is completed, the Centograph may remain where an occasional glance will more effectually register its contents upon the memory. If, however, it is determined to free it of the symbols, the cubes are easily pushed through against the curtain and fall into the drawer, where they can be orderly arranged. By keeping this fact in view, the habit of order (a desirable one in all things) can be enforced. The Centograph is more practical than the Chart. It admits to rectify mistakes without the loss of material of any kind. This cannot be done upon paper blank charts, when variously colored crayons have been used. It has the power of attracting the attention of children, making History appear more like a play than real study. It requires the pupils to tell, what they are being taught, in their THE HISTORICAL STATE. 33 own language, affording the teacher an opportunity to correct their style and manner of describing events. It, like the Chart, permits to follow any particular historian in his divi- sions and sub-divisions of the subject. Upon it can be regis- tered Universal or Special History. In following a particular History, any color may be chosen, by which, for the time being, to register facts and dates. It is adapted to all ages and powers of intellect, permitting as much and as little historical matter as may be desirable- THE HISTORICAL SLATE. This is a square, constructed to hold within its folds a diagram of one hundred years, which, when opened, it exposes to view. The margin surrounding the century is slated, to permit of its answering the purposes of a black board. Its symbols, made of leather or paper, can be placed upon it in the manner already described for adapting them to the Cento- graph. In their application to History, they are also possessed of the same meaning as are those in the Centograph or upon the Chart. Upon the Slate time can be accurately marked, and histo- rical events, by practice, may be orderly impressed upon the minds of very small children, without much seeming fatigue. When the lesson is finished, the symbols may be placed in their box and the diagram closed ; it then offers all the advan- tages of a slate upon which to practice registering the dates with the slate pencil. Now that the time for a change of subject has arrived, it may again be folded in book form and set at rest. — (See page 12). From what has been said in the foregoing pages, a careful consideration will doubtless bring us to the following conclu- sions : — 1st. That the Chart, Centograph, and Historical Slate repre- 34 STATISTICAL. sent Time, arranged upon the decimal system, with mathe- matical accuracy. 2nd. That they are wonderfully simple and within the com- prehension of all. 3rd. That each, though in a manner seemingly dependent upon the other, may be independent of the other. 4th. That while the Chart represents the most extended view of Time, the Centograph and Slate afford superior advantages for practical operations before a Class. 5th. That their principles are one and the same. 6th. That it is hardly possible to be a correct and thorough universal historian without their use. 7th. They offer effectual and practical means by which teachers can organize the minds of children ; indelibly photo- graphing their memories with substantial facts that, later in life, are sure to become the subjects or nuclei of thought ; and which, besides forming useful food for mental digestion, are certain to stimulate the powers of the understanding when the brain is more fully developed. STATISTICAL. To represent the population of country, in round numbers, upon the Centograph or Slate, proceed as follows : — 1st. Assume the nine compartments of the year square, in the same order as already known, to become the nine digits, and the remakable event to take the place of the cypher, with the unit to the left—?', e., let it represent the number 10. It now is in our power to count from one to ten inclusive. 2nd. Fix a value upon the cube possessing the color of the country whose population is to be represented ; let it be 100,000. 3rd. Then let it be understood that into whatever compart- STATISTICAL. 35 ment the cube will be pushed, it will stand multiplied by the digit therein represented ; hence, if placed in No. 5, it must be read 500,000 ; if in No. 9, it will indicate 900,000, &c. The remarkable event must then be understood to complete the million. It denotes the highest capacity of the square, and is only required when the number is complete. Wherever found, the remarkable event indicates as many millions, as is the number of the year square over which it has been suspended. Let a cube now be placed in any particular square of the century, say upon the sixth row, three be- fore the centre line, in compartment sixth. What color ? Gold. What does it mean ? Gold being the representative of the his- tory of the United States,refers to the population of that couiv try ; and as it must be understood that all the years before the one in which is the cube are the representatives of complete mil- lions, — i.e., that each, in counting, represents 1,000,000, — it therefore follows that the cube above placed must be the representative value of 52,600,000 — the population of the United States. If more than 100,000,000 is required, as is the case with China, the first one hundred millions must be marked upon the black-board, and thus the process continues. In reckonings of whatever kind, that which has been marked upon the board must be added. Before drawing attention to the Facts of the various periods and Epochs, I think it well to again notice the propriety of reading all events from the Chart, Centograph or Slate, from which the dates must be given without the slightest reference to the figures opposite the event in the key. This is particu- larly applicable to students. They should never be allowed to look for the date of a fact, in. any other place, than in its position with reference to the central and middle lines in the web of Time, where, by careful practice, it will be sure to manifest itself With surprising readiness. 36 loverin's DEFINITIONS WORTHY OF SPECIAL ATTENTION. History is the science of past events. Events are facts that have happened or transpired in the world, and have reference to time and place. Time is the period of duration passing while events are transpiring, the science of which is called chronology. Place is the locality where an event happens ; and, its description referring to the earth's surface is called geography. Obs. 1. Geography and chronology have long since been termed " the two eyes of history.'" Obs. 2. The place where and the time when an event happened are inseparable. They of necessity exist conjointly, and hence the science of the time is worthy of the highest consideration. Obs. 3. Time, in the abstract, is the period or portion of duration that transpires or passes while planets are revolving on their axes in their orbits through space. Space is the entity, or expanse of Creation, where or in which their revolutions take place. Obs. 4. Each planet has its own time, measured by its revolutions upon its axis around its orbit, which are so regularly performed that computations made from them are nearer exactitude than any others. Obs. 5. The beginning and end of the time, in reference to a planet, is synonym- ous to, or coincident with, the commencement and termination of its existence. Obs. 6. Our time is measured by the cycles of the earth's motion, either in regard to itself upon its axis, or in its orbit around the sun, its controlling body. A Cycle is a complete period or circuit of time. The Solar Year is measured by the earth's cycle around the sun, and consists of three hundred and sixty-five days and six hours (nearly). Each year of the Chart of Time consists of one solar year. A Period is a cycle or circuit of time, varying according to its prescribed boundaries. A Lustrum is a period of five years. A Decade is a period of ten years. An Epoch is a point of time from which a new reckoning begins. An Era denotes any grand period or division of time. A Generation is the space of thirty, or thirty-three years. An Age is about the same as a generation. CHART OP TIME 37 Obs. 7. Chronologers, however, have used the latter in many senses — as : The Ages of the Creation, The Dark Ages, The Golden, Silver, Brazen, Iron and Stone Ages, The Seven Ages of Man (Shakspeare), &c. A Millennium consists of one thousand years. A Decamillennium is ten thousand years. Obs. 8. When the Chart of Time will have extended to and reached this latter number, it then will have become a grand square wherein, if we consider the spaces, central and middle, analogous to the central and middle lines of the dia- gram of one hundred years, we will have no difficulty in recognizing that one hundred of Centuries are completed. A Centimillennium embraces a period of one hundred thousand years. EEMAEKS. It is self-evident that time is absolutely necessary for the production of an event, however brief, inasmuch as it is the period during which anything happens. At the first moment of existence we are brought in imme- diate contact with it. As soon as life is perceptible its sands are in active motion, and the processes of change are begun, to continue through the various stages of advancement and decay. Immediately the seconds, minutes, hours, weeks, months, seasons and years of human life are on the wing ; from the first to the last inspiration of our existence ; therefore, time to us is practically a subject of the highest importance. Thus it is from the cradle to the grave ; and, what is true of individuals is not less so of nations, as well as of our earth and the world around us, of which we are but a very small portion ! To the student of history an event and the time of its having transpired are each of value, and while the knowledge of one without the other may afford some satisfaction, it is not to be compared with the cognizance of both, respectively named Fact and Date. They supply the basis or groundwork of history, and are as essential to a good understanding of the subject as a knowledge of anatomy is to the practical surgeon. Time might reasonably be compared to the osseous struc- ture of the human body, in, and upon which, facts and dates are held and supported in an orderly manner. It being that portion of duration in which events occur, suggests the pro- 38 loverin's priety of chart representation with the circumstances pro- perly arranged n their places. Let us, to use a familiar expression, weave time, and in our web mark off the periods, epochs, eras, centuries, decades and years, with their events carefully and correctly arranged and fastened where we may study their position, nature, causes and effects. This having been done, suspend them upon the wall for future examination, and then, if wholly on the decimal system, and all time known to historians is before the eye, we will have become possessed of " LOVERIN'S GRAND HIS- TORICAL CHART OF TIME." By gazing upon this we are able to consider and submit to the field of vision seven thousand years at one view without the least inconvenience. If we except the Chinese Annals, we can examine history from the Creation to the present time ! and as rapidly as elec- tricity or thought, oscillate from point to point, backwards and forwards — now dilating upon this and now upon that event ; until, soon, the complete panorama of universal history is indelibly registered upon the retina and passed into the " storehouse " of the mind, where it will ever remain ready for use. Thus the wonderful agents of the special sense of sight, the optic nerves, take the place of the imagination in inducting facts and registering them upon the marble tablet of the mind. Their centres or ganglia are in proximate communication with the entire cerebral structures. Ihe mind, the intelligent power, is the faculty of thought, the understanding, and the possessor of the memory. The various avenues to it are through the nerves of common and special sensation, of which those of vision are the most impor- tant. It has been compared to " a clean sheet of paper," " a blackboard," " a marble slab," upon which may be marked or engraven whatever would be best adapted to assist its pos- sessor through life. Hence the propriety of great care and good judgment in the selection of material for early and con- tinuous culture. CHART OF TIME. 39 In order to effect the happiest results the mind must be sub- jected to system, order, method, etc. ; so that it will, like the skillful artisan, be able at any moment, without the assistance of a taper, to place itself in possession of whatever fact it may wish to use. The brain being the originator and receptacle of our ideas, much will depend upon its condition. A good storehouse must be a sound building, well ven- tilated and cleanly, with every facility present to permit of its beina: thus continued. Like the contents of such a building, so also the mind. It must be dependent upon a. healthy brain, which generally presupposes a sound body j an active pulmonary and vascular system, good agents ever ready to continuously oxidise the blood ; and emunctories equal to every emergency. A vigorous body, possessed of a healthy brain, to which there is free access of properly oxygenated blood, affords the best condition for the greatest development of the mind.* To be able to command knowledge in the right time and place is a matter of importance ; and, as history is the great arsenal from which we derive the supplies, it is proper to give it the attention it merits. No one will deny that it is a science for the study of nations as well as individuals. Its pages are filled with examples of virtue, and warnings of vice ; where valuable lessons may be had by those whose duty it is to act for the best interests of society, in which respect it is suited to all ranks and classes of individuals. The superior and inferior, the king and humble peasant, the governor and the governed, can each, and every one, learn from it what may be useful for practical consideration. So much can hardly be said of any other subject of study : hence, the propriety of endeavoring to ascertain how best to comprehend what is of such importance ! Is it not well, therefore to obtain a general knowledge of its * " Mens sana in cor pore sano." 40 loverin's facts in such a way, as, in the meantime, to possess our memo- ries with the exact dates of their occurrences ? In a word : is it not a duty devolving upon us, to give this valuable and instruc- tive science all the attention its usefulness demands ? Volumes, offering years of labor and toil to the ambitious student, are printed and published that, alas ! sparingly reward his industry. These, when considered in connection with the brevity of human life, forbid a very extensive knowledge of the subject of history without some means whereby we can, im- mediately, seize upon the facts and readily extract them from the (Ubris, where they are too often by opinionated writers wordily placed. To supply this great want, the Chart of Time is pressed forward for examination and consideration. Its advantages consist in its capacity for at once including the whole subject ; placing it where facts can be localized and indelibly registered upon the memory. History and chronology, orderly linked together, are seized upon by the sense of vision, the most important agent of the mind ; and without the painful necessity of committing to memory a long list of meaningless figures. Facts localize themselves in the same way as do villages, cities, towns, rivers and ranges of mountains upon the geographical map, but with much greater accuracy. Through proper use of the Chart of Time, the general out- lines of the whole subject can be more easily and effectually obtained than by any other means heretofore introduced; but, as previously mentioned, books must be sought and examined for the philosophy of history. Standard works and carefully selected incidents, frequently related by intelligent teachers, are the principal means by which the w 7 isdom of this valuable branch of science must be acquired ! And, while facts and dates do not constitute all that is necessary for the student, they are nevertheless the substructure or basis, and whoever would become a practical and useful historian must neither ignore the one nor despise the other. They are, of necessity, his foundation CHART OF TIME. 41 for the superstructure, and must be known in order to appre- ciate the higher and more ennobling part — the philosophy — so much admired by some of our leading historians. In the matter of cause and effect, whereby we arrive at con- clusions, discretion must be a prominent virtue, lest plausible deception creep in upon us unawares, especially in those nicer points where double reasoning may press us onward to very different conclusions. To illustrate, allow me to call to your attention the words of John Lingard, the late great Catholic writer of English History. He says : " I advance but few pretensions to that which has been called i the philosophy of history,' and which on a former occasion I had the temerity to denominate i the philosophy of romance.' It is the privilege of the novelist, as I then remarked, to be always acquainted with the secret motives of those whose conduct and character he delineates ; but the writer of history can know no more than his authorities have disclosed, or the facts themselves necessarily suggest. If he indulge in imagination, if he pretend to detect the hidden spring of every action, the real origin of every event, he may embellish his narrative, but he will impose upon his readers, and probably upon himself. " Much research and experience have entitled me to form an opinion ; and, I have little hesitation in saying that, few writers have done more to pervert the truth of history than philosophical historians. They may display great acuteness of investigation, a profound knowledge of the human heart; but little reliance can be placed on the fidelity of their statements. In their eagerness to establish some favorite theory, they are apt to overlook every troublesome or adverse authority, to distort facts in order to form a foundation for their system, and to borrow from their own fancy whatever may be wanting for its support and embellishment. Of the ease with which history may thus be made to bend to any hypothesis, a strong illustration is furnished by the controversy respecting the un- fortunate Mary Stuart. The leading facts of her story admit of no dispute : but her enemies have attributed to the Scottish Queen one set of motives, her advocates another ; from either, 42 loverin's the explanation of her subsequent conduct naturally follows • and, in the one case, she stands before us convicted of adultery and murder; in the other, she appears an innocent and much injured woman." (Vol. 1, page xxvii., preface to Lingard's last edition.) Pope in his Essay on the Life, Writings and Learning of Homer in reference to these philosophers says : " They begin with acquainting us that the time in which he lived has never been fixed beyond dispute, and that the opinions of authors are various concerning it. But the controversy, in its several conjectures, includes a space of years, between the earliest and latest, from twenty-four to about five hundred after the siege of Troy." It is well, therefore, to remember the propriety of guarding somewhat against those who are only too ready to philosophize upon facts of which they can have no conceivable idea further than their existence; and yet, it ought not to be forgotten that in the study of the science of history, our reason must be exer- cised, in order to arrive at principles involved, and to free them from as much doubt as possible, consistant with justice and dignity. Before introducing the facts, constituting the body of this work, or calling attention to the Periods and Epochs it will be well to understand the following definitions of history, as represented by various authors of undoubted reputation who have specially examined and written upon it. DEFINITIONS OF HISTORY. 1. " (luropia), — A narration of events and facts delivered with dignity." — (Pope.) 2. Narration, relation," ("Wiseman) 3. The knowledge of facts and events." (Watts) — Dictionary, hy Samnel Johnson, A.M. second edition, a. d. mdcclx. CHART OF TIME. 43 " (Historia, from histor, a witness G.). — A narration or descrip- tion of several transactions, actions or events of a state, king or jirivate person, delivered in the order in which they happened ; a narration or relation. In painting it denotes a picture com- posed of divers figures or persons, representing some transaction either real or feigned. " Natural History is a description of the productions of nature whether plants, animals, vegetables, rivers, etc." — Barclay's enlarged and improved English Dictionary, not dated " Historia, ae. f. (iaropia'), 1. — A relation of actions and events, history, erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, Cic : h. testis temporum, Id. ; pater historia?, Id. — 2 (Meton, gen. A.) — Any particular history, a record, a narrative, tale, si quid in ea epistolo fait historia dignum, Cic, etc., etc." — Charles Ant lion's. Latin-English, and English-Latin Dictionary. " 'iaropia ac, y, the knowledge acquired by observation, examina- tion or inquiry ; the narration of facts ; history. 'larpti^a, arog, to, that which has been seen or examined into ; that which has been related ; a fact ; a history." — Donnegan's Greek and English Lexicon, 1846. " 'iaropia, as, ■>). 1. Cognoscendi studium ; 2. Lustratio locorum ; 3. Percontatis, inquisitis ; 4. Commentatis ; 5. historia, rerum gesta- rura expositis; 6. Scientia; 7. Sensus scripturae historicus sive liberalis." " 'Iaropia, u.j. tjcu, inquiro, sciscitor, exploro." (verb). — Henderice Lexacon, T. Tayoa, London, 1803. " The term History comprehends a record of all the remarkable transactions which have taken place among the human family. It is the collected result of individual experience in every ago and nation, and is, consequently, a source of practical wisdom to legislators and rulers, and of profitable reflection to private persons." — Robbin's Outlines of History. 44 EXTRACTS FROM " History is the narration of past events in the regular order of their occurrence, togethor with the consideration of their causes and effects. EXTEACTS FEOM VAEIOUS AUTHOES. Numerous and diverse are the epochs of the Creation, as will be seen by the following extracts from a popular work of the last century. " History is, without all doubt, the most instructive and useful, as well as entertaining part of Literature : more espe- cially, when it is not confined within the narrow bounds of any particular Time or Place, but extends to the Transactions of all Times and Nations " * * * " This variety of Computations hath left room for Chrono- logers to enlarge or contract the Space of Time befciwixt the Flood and the Birth of Christ, by adhering to one Copy rather than another ; or by rejecting or retaining the whole Numbers or the Particulars just as it Suited their Humour of making the Sacred History agree with the Prophane ; or otherwise of reducing the Prophane to the Sacred. And as the Disa- greement among the heathen Writers is great also, and every author hath followed the Historian he liked best, hence a wide difference hath arisen amongst Modern Chronologers, as ap- pears by the various Computations, Several of them have made of the years of the World to the Birth of Christ, which we give here as collected by Strauchius and Chevreau and others" *'a table of years of the world to THE BIRTH OF CHRIST, ACCORDING TO THE COMPUTATION OF SEVERAL CHRONOLOGERS. B.C. < Years. Mths. Alphonsus, King of Castile [in Midler's Tables] 6984 The same [in Strauchius] C4S4, 9 Onupbrius Panvinius 6310 Suidas G000 Lactantius Philastrius 5S01 VARIOUS AUTHORS. 45 B.C. Years. Mths. Nicephorus , 5700 Clemens Alexandrinus , 5624 The author of the Fasti Siculi 560S, 9 Isaac Vossius, and the Greeks 5598 The same [in Chevreau] 5590 Theophilus Antiochenus 5515 The Constantinopolitans and Grabe's Septuagint 550S, 3 Cedremus [in Chevreau] 5506 Julius Africanus, Theophanes, Eubychius, etc 5500 The Ethiopians 5499, 9 Cedrenus [in Strauchius] 5493, 9 Panodorus 5493 Maximus Monachus 5491, 9> Sulpitius Severus 5469 Victor Giselius, in his remarks on Sulpitius 5419 St. Austin [in Genebrard] 5351 Isodorus Pelusiota 5336 Abunazar 5328 Rabanus Mauru s 5296 Isador Hispalensis [in Strauchius] 5210 Paulus de Fossembrona 5201 Eusebius 5200, 5 Beda [in Strauchius] 5199 Phillippus, Bergamensis, Orosius, etc 5198 Philo, the Jew, Sigebert 5096 Epi phanius 5049 Metrodorus 5000 * [Selon la chronologie des Benedictines] 4963 Ado, Archbishop of Vienna 4832 Josephus, corrected 4698 Odiato or Ebwico 4320 Maurian us Scotus 4192, 9 Laurentius Codomannus 4141, 8 The same [L. Godmeau in Chevreau] 4140 * Par Ed. Wautier D'Halluvin. 46 EXTRACTS FROM B.C. Years. Mths. Ribera 4095 Oenebrard 4090 Arnold de Pontac 40S8 Michael Maestlinus 4079,3 F. Baptist Ricciolus 4062, 3 R. Moses Maimonides 405S Jacobus Salianus [in Strau chins] 4053, 9 The same [in Chevreau] 4052 Henr Spondanus 4051, 9 Tormellus 4051 Gul. Laugius [in Strauchius] 4041,9 The same [in Chevreau] 4040 Erasmus Reinbold 4021, 3 Jacobus Cappellus 4005, 3 John Wickman 4004,9 Thomas Lydiat and Laurence Eichstadt 4004 Edward Simpson and Archbishop Usher 4003,9 M. Ant. Cappellus and Arch'p Usher [in Chevreau]... 4000 Dionysius, Petavius, Decker, Kepler, &c. [in Chevreau] 39S4 Petavius [in Strauchius] 39S3, 3 Krentzheim 3971, 9 Abraham Bucholtzer [in Strauchius] 3970,9 The same, J. Cluverius [in Chevreau] ^ 3970 Pantaleon, Boxbornius, Jansenius, M. Dresser S Christ Matthias, J. Cluverius [in Strauchius] 3968, 9 Henry Bunting [in Strauchius] 3967,9 The same [in Chevreau] and Andrew Soelmatter 3967 Christ Longomontanus 3966, 3 Peter Opeemer 3966 Christ Longomontanus in his hypothesis in Astrono- i mian Danicam, Tostatus, Philip Melancthon, > 3964 Funccius and others [in Strauchius] ) Melancthon, Funccius, &c. [in Chevreau] 3963 Jacobus Hynlimus ^ 3963, 3 Sextus Senensis 3962 VARIOUS AUTHORS. 47 B.C. Years. Mths. Job Lucidas, Sculter, John Lightfoot and several \ others, Alph Salmeron [in Chevreau], John > 3959 Picus, Count of Mirandola and others ) Lamburg and Salmeron [in Strauchius] 3958 J. G. Herwart ab Hobenburg 3955 Beda Hermannus Contractus, George Herwart [in ^ „ q _ g Chevreau] 5 Cornelius a Lapide 3951 Scaliger, Calvisius, Ubbo Emmius, Behmius, and > _- q . q Helvicus [in Strauchius J S Origen, Argoli, John Seybor 3949 Christiannus Schotanus 3948, 3 Johannes Micraelius 394S Scaliger Calvisius Helvicus [in Chevreau] , 3947 Alfred, &c Hermannus Contractus [in Strauchius] 3945,9 •John Carrion 3944 St. Jerom, in his Hebraic questions 3941 Gerard Mercator 3928 Matthaeus Beroaldus 3927, 3 B. Arius Montanus • 3S49 Andreas Helvigius 3836 Some Talmudists 3784 The Jews' vulgar computation 3760 3 R. David Ganz [in Strauchius] 3760 Hieron a Sancta Fide, Paulus de S. Maria Galatinus ) Georgius Venetus ^ R. Habson, in his treaties of the Cycles of the Pass- , 3740 over R. Jason Nosen 3734 R. Abraham Zaccuth 3671 The lesser chronicon of the Jews 3670 R. Lippoman 3616" "It would be an endless as well as useless task to particu- arize the causes of the difference between the above-named authorities. 48 EXTRACTS FROM "As to the chronology of the ancients there is no depend- ing on it." " The Chronology of the ancient Greek authors is no less uncertain." " The chronology of the Latins is still more uncertain." " On strict view and due examination of the antiquities of nations, and the records which have been left us, those of the Jews, exclusive of Divine Authority, will evidently (?) appear to be the most certain and authoritative, and, consequently, the surest foundation to build our chronology upon." Preface Ixvii, Ixviii, Ixix, and Ixxii, A.D. mdccxliv. From original authors. Vol. 1. Universal History. In M. Lavoisne's History and Geography may be found the following referring to History and Chronology — Introduction : " History is very justly esteemed a considerable branch of polite literature : few accomplishments are more valued than an accurate knowledge of it, and scarcely any literary produc- tions are more regarded than well-written histories. The justice of this observation has been acknowledged by the wisest and best of men in all civilized countries. Cicero has said of history, that it enables us to triumph over time itself, by carrying us back through the vast and devouring space of numberless lapsed ages, and making us eye witnesses of all the revolutions that have happened in the world, and he pro- nounces a sentence of perpetual childhood on the man who continues ignorant of what has passed prior to his birth. * * * In unfolding the transactions of past ages, she [history] enables him [Man] to appreciate existing circumstances, and by a train of reasonings and deductions, to anticipate consequences in years to come. Hence a knowledge of History becomes es- sential to his well being." * * * " It is acknowledged that the chronology of the early ages has difficulties which the most learned writers have acknow- ledged, without being able to solve them : there being no less VARIOUS AUTHORS. 49 than 132 opinions, or different modes of calculation of the years between the Creation of the world and the Nativity of Jesus Christ ; those who reckon the greatest number of years estimate them at 7,000, and those who give the least, 3,700 ; while the more prevalent opinion fixes the birth of Christ in the 4000th year of the world. In the intermediate space between these two most important events there are, however, certain fixed points, from which the chronologer may reckon backward or forward with very considerable precision, and though he cannot satisfy himself as to particulars till about the time of David's reign over Israel, -he may obtain such a general view of the state of affairs in the world at any given period as will answer all the purposes of information and amusement : unless, indeed, his object be critical disputation, in which case he will find himself involved in a labyrinth, without licrht or clue that can assist in his extrication." " The fixed points just alluded to are denominated 2Eras or Epochas ; and though they rather apply to the chronology of the country from whose history they are taken, they never- theless admit of application to that of the world at large, serving as boundaries of distinct portions of time, within which the less important events are included. Thus the Greeks dated many of the events of their history, first, from the Argonautic Expedition ; next, from the Siege of Troy ; then from the settlement of Cecrops in Attica, and the Foundation of Athens ; and lastly from the Olympic Games ; the estab- lishment of the latter took place 776 years before the Christian 2Era, in the reign of Uzziah, king of Judah ; and from this epocha only can we rely on the accuracy of the Grecian annals. The epochas of the early Assyrians and Egyptians are too much mixed with legendary exaggeration to admit of the least reliance being placed on them. The Babylonish vEra of Nabonassar does not commence till the year 747 B. C, when that prince ordered the records of his predecessors to be destroyed, and directed regular annals to be kept of the political and civil concerns of the kingdom, as also of the eclipses, it being in his reign that the study of Astronomy D 50 EXTRACTS FROM was restored, and the science matured to a comparative degree of perfection. The epochaof the Romans commenced with the- building of the city of Rome in the year 753 B. C. These three epochas commence about the middle of the eighth century before the Christian ^Era, and furnish data sufficient to enable us to fix the subsequent events of history with tolerable preci- sion. But during the antecedent lapse of upwards of 3000 years, the chronology of profane history is professedly uncer- tain, and it is only when we catch a glimpse of some of the principal nations- which are incidentally mentioned in the Holy Scriptures that the epochas of those dark ages can be brought to any approximation to the truth. In Sacred History we have seven important epochas, viz. : 1. The Creation ; 2. The Deluge ; 3. The Call of Abraham ; 4. The Deliverance of Israel from Egypt, and the Promulga- tion of the Laws at Sinai ; 5. The Foundation of Solomon's Temple ; 6. The Restoration of the Jews by Cyrus ; 7. The Nativity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. The number of years contained in most of these epochas is variously stated in the different texts and versions of the Scriptures, as will be easily perceived by the following comparative table : Hebrew Samaritan Septuagint No. of years. No. of years. No. of years Epocha I. 1656 1656 (oi- 1307) 2262 II. 427 lO 18 (or 10^ 78) 1257 " III. 430 430 430 " IV. 479 581 873 V. 476 479 521 " VI. } 532 532 532 Add for error of Dionysius. 4000 4 4696 4 5S75 4 4004 4700 5879 Of these modes of calculation the Hebrew is most generally followed." Introduction of Lavoisne's Atlas, A. D. 1821. VARIOUS AUTHORS. 51 1. "The value of any science is estimated according to its tendency to promote improvement, either in private virtue, or in .those qualities which render man extensively useful in society. * * * Under this description falls the science of History." 2. " History," says Dionysius of Halicarnassus, " is philosophy teaching by examples. "The superior efficac}'' of example to precept is universally acknowledged. All the laws of morality and rules of conduct are verified by experience, and are constantly submitted to test and examination. History, which adds to our own experience an immense treasure of the experiences of others, furnishes innumer- able proofs, by which we may verify all the precepts of morality and of prudence. 3. " History, besides general advantages, has a distinct species of utility to different men according to their several ranks in society and occupations in life. 4. " In this country it is an indisputable duty of every man of liberal birth to be acquainted, in a certain degree, with the science of politics ; and history is the school of politics. It opens to us the springs of human affairs ; the causes of the rise grandeur, revolutions and fall of empires. It points out the reci- procal influences of government and of rational manners. It dissipates our prejudices, nourishes the love of our country, and directs to the best means of its improvement. It illustrates equally the blessings of political union and the miseries of factions ; the danger, on the one hand, of uncontrolled liberty, and, on the other, the debasing influence of despotic power. * * * " For these purposes it is necessary to bestow particular atten- tion on the manners of nations, their laws, the nature of their governments, their religion, their intellectual improvements, and their progress in the arts and sciences." — Tyt/er's Elements of General History. Introduction to 8th edition, pages 1,2,3,4,5, published 1821. Alexander Fraser Tytler (Lord Woodhouselee) , 1801. " History is, without all doubt, the most instructive and useful, as well as entertaining part of literature ; more especially when it is not confined within the narrow bounds of any particular time and place, but extends to the transactions of all times and nations. Works of this nature carry our knowledge, as Tully 52 EXTRACTS FBOM observes, beyond the vast and devouring space of numberless years, triumph over time, and make us, though living at an immense distance, in a manner eye-witnesses to all the events and revolutions which have caused astonishing changes in the world. By these records it is that we live, as it were, in the very time when the world was created ; we behold how it was governed in its infancy, how overflowed and destroyed in a deluge of water, and again re-peopled; how kings and kingdoms have risen, flourished and declined, and by what steps they brought upon themselves their final ruin and destruction. From these and other like events, occurring in history, every judicious reader may form prudent and unerring rules for the conduct of his life, both in a private and public capacity. But, as the eminent advantages accruing to us from this valuable branch of learning have been sufficiently displayed by many others, we shall not trouble our readers with a minute detail of them, but hasten to what is peculiar to the work which we now offer to the public." — An Universal History, Vol. I, Preface, page v, from the earliest account of times to the present, compiled from original authors. MDCCXLIV. To his Grace, the Duke of Marlborough 11 History is the most useful of all sciences ; it gives the exper- ience of the past, and enables us to presage the future ; it is the universal book in which every one possessed of discernment is sure to find the lesson that suits him ; it instructs the soldier, enlightens the merchant, prepares the statesman, and points out to the philosopher the interesting and curious progress of the human mind ; in a word, it forms the judgment and nourishes the conversation of all the members of society." — Lesage's Histo- rical {and Geological) Geneological and Geographical Atlas,. Second edition, A. D. 1818. " Chronology is a science which treats of time and its several divisions, and adjusts these to past transactions by proper notes and characters for the benefit of History. * * * "When Chronology and History unite their efforts in tracing the connection and ^dependence of events, and distributing these into proper periods, ight arises out of darkness ; our knowledge of human life is VARIOUS AUTHORS. 53 improved; our acquaintance with the world is cultivated; our views of Providence are enlarged." " A work, therefore, which professes to illustrate a science of so great utility and importance must be received with some degree of approbation, if the plan and execution bear any proportion to the dignity of the subject." — Playgair's System of Chronology — James Play/air, D.D., member of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland. " Though the value of Chronology, as one of the great land- marks of History, be generally admitted, the reduction of the different eras and other epochs by which time was formerly com- posed to the present mode of calculation, has not received the attention in this country to which it is entitled. " Every event of History arose from some preceding transac- tion, and became, in its turn, the parent of others, either more or less important : hence, however trifling in themselves, or, viewed without relation to other circumstances, however immaterial the precise time of their occurrence may be, there are few that had not some influence on the state of the nation in which they took place, and not unfrequently also on the affairs of neighboring countries. " The mere knowledge that any circumstance did happen, is of little use for the legitimate purposes of History, the utility of which depends on tracing events to their causes ; and when these are known, to discover their general consequences. Abstractedly, even the greatest event of modern or ancient History can claim but little consideration. What would it matter to posterity, for example, whether the battle of Waterloo was or was not fought, much less the precise day and year when it occurred, were it not the first link of a long chain of events, the operation of which on Europe, and indeed on the whole civilized world, it would be the province of the future historian to describe? Hence arises the value of Chronology ; for a mistake in the date of that battle might induce a writer to confound cause with effect by supposing that Napoleon's second abdication preceded, instead of being the result of his defeat at Waterloo. " If then History should be studied as a science, that mankind may learn from the past what to expect in the future, it neces- sarily follows that all the facts which History records ought to be referred with mathematical precision to their proper dates ; 54 EXTRACTS FROM for, if one of them be misplaced, the inferences drawn from it will be founded upon false premises. " Chronology and Geography have been justly called the eyes of History, without the light of which all is chaos and uncertainty ; but perhaps a better simile would be, that dates are to History what latitude and longitude are to navigation — fixing the exact position of the objects to which they are applied." After demonstrating the surprising indifference to this depart- ment of science, he concludes as follows : " The consequence of this neglect of a subject on which all dates in English Histoiy, all records, and consequently all historical accuracy depend, is shown in a manner which is humiliating to our national literature." — Chronology of History 1 by Sir Harris Nicholas, K.C.M.G. " Eien n'est plus ne"cessaire pour la connaissance de l'histoire que la Chronologie ; mais aussi rien n'est plus difficile que de con- cilier les anciens historiens pour les mettre d'accord ensemble sur l'epoque des ev^nements dont ils nous font le rdcit. " La longueur de l'annee n'est pas la meme chez tous les peuples, ni dans tous les terns ; les eres sont differentes; il faut en deter- miner les commencements et la raarche, afin de comparer les unes aux autres et de faire une echelle fixee par le moyen de laquelle on puisse mesurer les diverses epoques." L'art de verifier les dates des faits Historiques des inscriptions, des chroniques et autres anciens monuments, avant l'ere Chr^tienne, dans le Discours Pre" liinin aire. " The importance of Chronology as a science need not, I sup- pose, be insisted upon in the preface of a work addressed to the literary world in the nineteenth century. The number of learned and ingenious men who have devoted a great portion of their lives to the elucidation of the subject, and the encouragement given by the public to every work of the kind which appears to possess any claim to its attention, shew that. a lively and deep interest in enquiries of this nature still exists : that neither the public atten- tion nor the subject itself is yet exhausted. Page 2. " History is fully entitled to the honorable character which it has received 'Philosophy teaching by example.' Incal- culable, therefore, must be its value to the human race. VARIOUS AUTHORS. 55 " Histor} 7 is the great instrument which brings, as it were into a focus, all the light which the united experience of the world, since its creation, can supply on any subject. We have here every experiment, whether moral or political, exhibited again and again with all possible variety of situation and circumstance. These, in their countless modifications, supply the historian with a fund of materials rich and inexhaustible. — Crostliwaite s synchronohgy : A Treatise on History, Chronology and Mythology, by the Rev. Charles Crostliwaite, MDCCCXXXIX. Page v. " The use of History is not to load the rnemoiy with facts, but to scoi*e the mind with principles — to collect from the experience of past ages rules for our conduct as individuals and as member of society. —Every historical work, therefore, professes to give only a selection of events; and the writer's choice is deter- mined by the nature of his history : the general historian directs attention to the occurrences that have changed the general aspect of society, the revolutions of states and empires, the causes that led to them, and the consequences by which they were followed. The special historian confines his attention to one class of facts, specified in the title of his work; thus, the ecclesiastical historian writes only of the affairs of the church ; the military historian confines his narrative to wars and battles ; and the commercial historian devotes his attention exclusively to trade. " But even general historians may in some degree be regarded as special ; their object may be called ' political,' that is, they profess to describe the destinies of nations, both in their external relations with foreign States, and their internal affairs ; under the first head are comprised, wars, treaties of peace or alliance; under the second, governments, institutions and manners." Page vi. :< The necessary companions of History are Chronology and Geography; they determine the time when, and the place where, each event occurred. The difficulties of Chronology arise both from the imperfection of records and from varieties in the mode of computation ; the former cannot be remedied ; but to prevent the mistakes which may arise from this cause uncertain dates have been marked with an asterisk ; the second source of confusion is removed by using throughout solar years for a 56 EXTRACTS PROM measure of time, and the Birth of Christ as an era from which to reckon." — Taylor s Manuel of History : A Manual of Ancient and Modem History, by W. C. Taylor, LLD., M.R.A.S. MDCGCLVI. [Introduction.] Page 1. "The word 'History' which etymologically means 'enquiry' or ' research,' and which has many slightly differing uses is attached in modern parlance pre-eminently and especially to accounts of rise, progress, and affairs of nations. The considera- tion of man prior to the formation of political communities, and apart from them, belongs to Natural History — and especially to that branch of it called Anthropology — but not to History Proper. " History Proper is the history of states or nations, both in respect to their internal affairs and in regard to their dealings one with another. Under the former head, one of the most impor- tant branches is Constitutional History, or the history of govern- ments. Under the latter are included not only the accounts of the wars, but likewise of the friendly relations of the different States, and of their commercial or other intercourse." Amc. a.D. ! Ancient 1 476 J Middle Age. (Modern 476 1882 Page 6 (9). " The fact that all historical events must occur at a certain time and in a certain place attaches to History two branches of knowledge as indispensable auxiliaries : viz., Chro- nology and Geography. By the universal historian these sciences should be known completely : and a fair knowledge of them ought to be acquired by every historical student. " A fixed mode of computing time, and an exact or approx- imate reckoning of the period occupied by the events narrated, is essential to every methodised history ; nor can any history be regarded as complete without a more or less elaborate description of the countries which were the theatres of events recorded in it." (10). " Exact Chronology is difficult, and a synchronistic view of history generally is impossible without the adoption of an era. Nations accordingly, as the desire of exactness or the wish to synchronise arose, invented eras for themselves, which generally remained in use for many hundred years. VARIOUS AUTHORS. 57 " Ancient works on Chronology were numerous, but not many- have come down to our times." Page 9 (12). " The field of Ancient History may be mapped out either synchronistically according to certain periods and epochs, or, ethnographically, according to the States and nations. Neither of these two methods is absolutely superior to the other, each having merits in which the other is deficient — it would be embar- rassing to have to choose between them ; but, fortunately, this difficulty is obviated b}^ the possibility of combining the two into one system." — Rcwlinson's History : A Manual of Ancient History, by George Rawlinson, M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford, MDCGCLXIX. Page vii. " The story of the whole race, like that of each separate nation, has ' a beginning, a middle, and an end.' " That story we propose to follow from its beginning in the sacred records, and from the dawn of civilization in the East. " Through successive Oriental Empires — the rise of liberty, and the perfection of the heathen polity, arts and literature in Greece and Eome — the change which passed over the face of the world when the light of Christianity sprung up, etc., etc." In his proposition to lay out his work he continues in the introduction page 3 : "Amidst all the severing forces of climate, colour, language, interest and animosity, our race forms a com- plete whole. One in its origin, one even in its true interests, it is destined to be one in its final consummation. " And it is this that gives a unity to its history. Page 4. •' It is not denied that all the facts which have occured in the world are bound together by those hidden laws, physical , moral and spiritual, which constitute the whole moral govern- ment of God. Nor is the historian unconcerned in the working of those laws. " The actions he has to relate are so connected with the motives of the actors, the general external facts with their causes in human nature, that his subject must often be regarded in the light of science and philosophy.** " Page 6. There is one science, however, which can scarcely be separated from history — the science of Chronology. The dates of events are but a means of giving a more accurate expression to their moving series which it is the province of history to describe. 58 EXTRACTS FROM To this the fixed epochs and methods of tochincal chronology are merely subsidiary ; and the primary modes of reckoning time may be considered as a branch of astronomy." " Candour and toleration are the vital breath of historic truth, and are never violated with impunity.' 1 Division of the work f -, A • . ( Creation A.M. I 1 Ancient - J to 476 AD. 476 A.D. 1453 A.D. 1453 A.D. to present time." A history of the world from the earliest records to the present time, by Philip Smith, B. A., A. D., 1864. (Vol. I.) " History. 2 Mediaeval 3 Modern .. " History is very justly esteemed a considerable branch of polite literature ; few accomplishments are more valued than an accurate knowledge of it ; and scarcely any literary productions are more regarded than well-written histories. The justice of this observation has been acknowledged by the wisest and best of men in all civilized countries. Cicero has said of history that it enables us to triumph over time itself, by carrying us back through the vast and devouring space of num- berless lapsed ages, and making us eye-witnesses of all the revo- lutions that have happened in the world ; and he pronounces a sentence of perpetual childhood on the man who continues ignorant of what has passed prior to his birth. (Nescire quad antea quam natus sis acciderit, id est semper esse puerum — Cic. in Orat)." " Man is a creature not merely born for the present : his powers of reflection lay hold upon the past ; his hopes anticipate the future. History is the handmaid by which both are subserved. In unfolding the transactions of past ages she enables him to appreciate existing circumstances, and, by a train of reasonings and deductions, to anticipate the consequences in years to come. Hence a knowledge of History becomes essential to his well- being ; for, by giving him experience of the past, he is not only prepared for whatever may occur during the period of his existence, but enabled to transmit lessons of wisdom to his posterity." Idem. — " The ancients were so convinced of tho importance of History, that they deified and raised altars to it ; they gave it VARIOUS AUTHORS. 59 the first place among the sciences, and esteemed it before all others, because, they said, the study of it required a combination of them all. They considered those who devoted themselves to this charming study, who were possessed of the necessary talents for writing History, as men privileged above their fellows, worthy of the greatest recompense and of the highest honors. Kings and Rulers of States admitted them to their councils, and into their most intimate society : in short, the historian held the first rank among his fellow citizens. Herodotus, Thucydides, and many others, were loaded with honors equal to those conferred upon the most renowned Generals of their age." — M. Lavoisne's History and Geography. tl And what depths of knowledge and light do we not discover in exploring the immense magazine, wherein is exhibited the astonishing fluctuation of characters, sects, opinions, laws, and customs ; which, while it extends the circle of our knowledge, develops the powers of reason, reveals truth to the mind, and leads the heart cordially to embrace the cause of virtue. But, on the other hand, we must expect to behold weaknesses, follies, misfortunes and crimes. Considerations such as these cannot but remind us of the part we have individually to sustain on the theatre of the world ■ the due performance of which not only involves our own happiness, but will have a material influence over that of our kindred, our friends, our countiy, and mankind at large." " Chronology presents the order of time in which the several transactions recorded in history occurred. This science has often been erroneously neglected by readers of histoiy, from a supposi- tion that it could afford them no instruction ; or that its office was merely to decide controverted points of uncertain date : but historical facts derive a strength and energy from Chronology, which may distinguish them from legendary tales, and character- ise them as identical links in the chain of human affairs. Chro- nology, therefore, is of the first importance to a right under- standing of History, as, without it, no just estimate could be formed of what must ever be a primary consideration — the state of the world at large during the period of which we read." " To read History to advantage, it is requisite to be well acquainted with the sister-sciences of Geography and Chronology, which have emphatically and justly been called " The Eyes of 60 EXTRACTS. History,'" on account of the light and perspicuity they impart to it, without the assistance of which the reader will soon find himself bewildered and perplexed in the attempt to draw a perfect whole from the various detached events presented to his view ; and will probably be induced to relinquish his study as a vain pursuit." History and Geography by M. Lavoisne. May 22nd, 1821. " Les eludes historiques doivent necessairement commencerpar un coup d'ceil sur l'ensemble des faits, avec une histoire generate de l'humanite', et hon avec des abre'gds d'histores particulieres. Une nation est toujours a l'humanite ce qu'un personnage impor- tant est a une nation. Chaque peuple a sa mission de rneme que chaque homme a la sienne." E. Wautier D'Halluvin, Elements aV Histoire universelle. " To have at least a general acquaintance with geography and history of the country in which we reside is essential to our intel- ligent appreciation of its physical resources and civil institu- tions." * * * Prefatory note to the first edition of Canadian History, &c, by J. George Hodgins, 1866. " Patriotism will increase in Canada as its history is read." Extract from an educational address of the Hon. T. D. McGee. " Exactness of historical knowledge depends greatly upon Chro- nology and Genealogy." W. F. Collier, L.L.D., Preface 1875. " The experience of all teachers witnesses to the lamentable deficiency in historical kowledge among their pupils." * * * Barnes's History of the United States, 1878. HISTORICAL KEY TO LOVERIN'S CHART OF TIME. History lias been, and is, divided into Ancient and Modern. The Chart of Time represents Ancient History as extending from the Creation to the Nativity of Christ, and Modern History from the birth of Christ to the present time. Authors differ as to the separating line ; some taking the Fall of the Western Roman Empire ; some the Hegira of Mahomet, and some the establishment of Charlemagne's Empire, etc., etc. However this be, each and every point of division can be recog- nized upon the Chart, where the professor or student may follow whichever one is the most agreeable. The Middle Ages, of which some writer speaks, can be viewed as including from the fall of the Western Empire to that of the Eastern — from the com- mencement of the Christian Era to the discovery of America by Columbus — or, from, any one point to any other, that historians have thought proper to fix. In the following, the remarkable events are in large, and those of lesser importance in small, capitals. Hence, they can be readily singled out and used as a special practice upon the Chart, where the Grand Facts will have their representative characters also prominently marked in their res- pective localities. 62 KEY TO LOVERIN'8 BEFORE CHRIST. CENTURY 50. B. C. THE CEEATION| aCC01 t ir,St ^! I f t, p 10r T■V••••;• 1q^ ( " The Benedictines 4963 CENTURY 41 THE CREATION, according to the Bible 4004 The birth of Cain 4003 The birth of Abel 4001 CENTURY 39 The death of Abel 3875 Birth of Seth 3814 CENTURY 38 The birth of Enos 3769 CENTURY 37 Birth of Cainan 3079 Birth of Malaleel 3609 CENTURY 36 Birth of Jared 3544 CENTURY 34 Birth of Enoch 3382 Birth of Methuselah 3317 THE DELUGE (Benedictines) 3308 CENTURY 33 Birth of Lamech 3230 CENTURY 31 The death of Adam 3074 The translation of Enoch 3017 CHART OF TIME. 63 CENTURY 30 B.C. FO-HI (3300, 2460, 2240,) about 2951 Birth of Noah 2948 CENTURY 29 Death of Fo-Hi 2837 CENTURY 25 Noah forewarned of the Deluge and commanded to build ) 24f8 the Ark J Birth of Japheth 2448 Birth ofSbem 2446 THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY (2188), Menes 2412 CENTURY 24 THE DELUGE (Biblical) , Death of Methuselah The Covenant of the Rainbow 2347 CENTURY 23 The construction of the Tower of Babel and dispersion of ) 9247 mankind J THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE, Nimrod 2234 The First Chinese Family from Fo-Hi (Hia) 2206 CENTURY 22 Job, the most patient man (1520) 2180 THE HYKSOS OR SHEPHERD KINGS, " Second •) Dynasty," I 2159 Timane or Concharus, first of the Shepherd Kings of Egypt ) Hieroglyphics, invented by Athotes of Egypt (about) 2112 CENTURY 21 SICYON FOUNDED, jEgialus 2089 CENTURY 20 Death of Noah 1998 Birth of Abram (Abraham) 1996 THE CALL OF ABRAHAM 1921 64 KEY TO LOVERIN'S B.C. Abraham defeats Chord orlaomer, King of Elam, as well as the Assyrian Princes, and rescues Lot 1913 Birth of Ishmael 1910 CENTURY 19 Expulsion of the Shepherd Kings of Egypt ~i 1QOO THE PHARAOHS, "Third .Dynasty" J 1899 The destruction of Sodom proclaimed to Abraham ) The Covenant op Circumcision j Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed by fire 1897 Birth of Isaac 1896 Hagar (and Ishmael) expelled ) Syphoas introduces the Egyptian alphabet j Abraham commanded to offer up Isaac 1872 Argos colonized by Inachus (1872) 1856 Machpelah (the field of Ephron) purchased from the') sons of Heth, for a burying-place > 1849 The death of Sarah J Esau and Jacob born 1836 The Egyptian alphabet by Memnon (?) 1822 Death of Abraham *Amenophis I, King of all Egypt (1778) , CENTURY 18 | 1821 Death of Ishmael 1773 Second Family from Fo-Hi (Tanga) 1765 The Deluge of Ogyges 1764 Birth of Joseph 1745 Benjamin born 1731 Joseph sold by his brethren 1728 Death of Isaac 1716 The corn of Egypt purchased during seven years of plenty j .. ,_, ~ Joseph becomes Governor of Egypt i Famine in Egypt and Syria 1708 The descendants of Abraham make a treaty with) ^-^ Pharaoh and settle in Goshen j CENTURY 17 Death of Jacob 1689 * " The name of several kings of Egypt, of uncertain date, but many ages B. C." Appleton's Biography. CHART OP TIME. 65 B.C. Death of Joseph 1635 The children of Israel multiply and prosper though per- "\ secuted hy hard labor, building the treasure cities, >■ 1621 Pitbom and Eaamses, (about) ) CENTUEY 16 Birth of Aaron 1574 Pharaoh commands all male Hebrew children to be thrown into the Nile (about) 1573 Birth of Moses 1571 Athens colonized by Cecrops 1556 Scamander founds the Kingdom of Troy 1546 The Flight of Moses 1531 Job, most patient man (2180) 1520 Sparta, founded by Lelex 1516 Council of the Areopagi 1507 The Deluge of Deucalion 1503 CENTUEY 15 The Amphictyonic Council 1498 Thebes colonized by Cadmus, and Phoenician letters intro- duced to the Greeks 1493 Amenophis 11 (1687) 1492 * The ten Plagues The Institution op the Passover }■ 1491 EXODUS OF THE CHILDREN OF ISEAEL *The Ten Commandments f The Great Sanhedrim (council of seventy) established. ^Egyptus, Amenophis III ? (1493) 1485 * If we except the construction of the Ark, the length of which was ten times its height, the plagues and the commandments (Decalogue) are the first practical instances of the decimal system on record in the Bihle. t The Sanhedrim Council was undoubtedly suggested to Moses by his father-in-law, ■Jethro, priest of Midian. See Exodus XVIII, 13-27 verses inclusive. In a portion of the advice given, the decimal system of reckoning is very prominently recommended — verse 21 : " Moreover thou shalt provide, out of all the people, able-bodied men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness, and place such over them to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, and rulers of fifties, and ruiers of tens." Its Divine origin may he found at Numbers XI., 16-30 inclusive: "And the Lord said unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to be the elders of the people and officers over them ; and bring them unto the taberna- cle of the congregation, that they may stand and be there with thee." D | 1490 66 KEY TO LOVERIN'S B.C. Dathan, Abiram and families destroyed by earthquake") ,.».. Eebellion in the Wilderness , 3 Death of Miriam, sister of Moses "\ OLYMPIC GAMES ESTABLISHED BY THE IDiEI V 1453 DACTYLI J The death of Aaron -\ The Pentateuch, by Moses , [ 1452 Balaam blesses the children of Israel J Jericho destroyed by Joshua.... Death of Moses on Mount Nebo } Death of Joshua..... 1426 Destruction of the Virgins at Shiloh , 1406 CENTURY 14 Othniel, Judge of Israel 1394 Ehud 1354 Shamgar 1336 Moeris, wisest and best of Egyptian kings 1327 Corinth founded by Sisyphus, Isthmian Games established. 1326 Pelops celebrates the Olympic Games 1321 Buth 1312 Sesostris, " The Great " , 1308 CENTUBY 13 | 1296 Milesius colonizes Ireland (eonquest), 500 1300 Deborah and Barak... Jael, wife of Heber, slays Sisera Bampses or Pheron " The Indolent " 1275 Jason, commander of the Argonauts . 1263 MiTHRiEUS or Ninus II. (Second Assyrian Dynasty) 1252 Gideon 1249 The Midianites defeated by Gideon 1248 Hercules celebrates the Games of Olympia 1218 Tautanes or Teutamus 1215 Proteus or Bamesses 1214 Theseus 1212 Abimelech 1209 Tola 1206 CENTURY 12 Helen abducted by Paris, son of Priam, the King of Troy.. 1198 The Trojan War 1194 CHART OF TIME. Troy Sacked by the Greeks. Jair Eli Amenophis IV (1322) , Jephthah Alba Longa founded by Ascaneus, son of iEneas , Jephthah defeats the Ammonites and performs his vow. The battle of Ebenezer , Loss of the Ark of the Covenant , The death of Eli The Philistines restore the Ark to the Israelites , Samson Ibzan Elon 1117 Rampsinitus, patron of the Eleusinian Mysteries The Third Dynasty, or Family, from Fo-Hi (Cheu). The destruction of the temple of Dagon ] Death of Samson j Abdon Samuel, last of the Judges of Israel The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus... 67 B.C. 1184 1183. 1171 1164 1161 1152 1143 1141 1140 1137 1130 1124 1121 1120 1116 1104 CENTURA 11 Saul anointed King of Israel by Samuel MONARCHY ESTABLISHED IN ISRAEL Cheops, builder of the first Pyramid Goliath of Gath, slain by David God commands Samuel to anoint David The death of Samuel The battle of Gilboa, death of Saul (killed) David anointed king by the men of Judah The conquest of Syria by Israel under David The birth of Homer (about) , The birth of Solomon Cephrines, Cephres, or Shisak, builder of the second Pyramid and other national monuments Rebellion and death of Absalom (slain by Joab) , Solomon anointed king by Zadok and Nathan The commencement of the building of the Temple The Temple finished and dedicated .... 109 1082 1063 1060 1055 1047 1044 1034 1032; 1023: 1015, 1004 68 KEY TO LOVERIN'S CENTUEY 10 B.C. The Queen of Sheba visits King Solomon at Jerusalem 992 Homer flourishes (about) 984 Eehoboam succeeds Solomon as king of Israel... ■) i 9*75 Jeroboam becomes king of the Ten Tribes that revolt.... J Judah and Benjamin forbidden by Shemiah, the Prophet, to war against the ten revolting Tribes 974 Jerusalem sacked by the Egyptians 972 The death of Mycerinus, builder of the 3rd Pyramid 966 Abijah becomes king of the Tribes of Judah and Benjamin. 958 Asa succeeds Abijah 955 Nadab becomes king of the Ten Tribes 954 Baasha succeeds Nadab 953 Hesiod flourishes (about) 944 Elah 930 Zimri 929 Omri 925 Ahab 918 Jehoshephat 914 CENTUEY 9 Iberia (Cadiz) colonized by the Phoenicians 900 Ahaziah 897 Jehoram or Joram 896 Elijah taken up to heaven j Tibernus drowned in the Albula, since called " The Tiber" j JjYcurgus, the Spartan Law-giver 894 Jehoram or Joram 889 Ahaziah 885 Jehu ") ^The Spartan Code and detached pieces from Homer >■ 884 introduced into Greece by Lycurgus 3 Joa.sh or Jehoash 878 Jonah, the Prophet 862 *The Oxford Tables date the Legislation of Lycurgus B.C. 817, and after referring to liim as the principal cause of Spartan splendor, conclude as follows : " His celebrated Constitution (which lasted about six hundred years) was a mixture of monarchy, aris- tocracy, and democracy : two kings ; senate of twenty-eight nobles ; five yearly-elected ephori ; assemblies of the people, composed, however, only of the citizens of Sparta ; equal division of land among 39,000 families , no trade ; iron money ; public and equal education ; no walls ; no fleets ; common tables ; all luxury forbidden ; no theatre I harsh treatment of the Helots, who alone attended to agriculture and trade." CHART OF TIME. 69 B.C. Jehoahaz 856 Thonus Concolerus, last of the Second Assyrian Dynasty. 842 Jehoash 841 Peace purchased from Hazael of Syria by spoils from } The Temple of Jerusalem sacked by Jehoash. Amaziah 839 The death of Elisha 838 Jeroboam II. (823) 825 Bocchoris or Asychus " The Wise " 815 Uzziah or Azariah 810 CENTUEY 8 THE OLYMPIC GAMES REVIVED, Victory of Corabus 776 Zechariah 773 Shallum ■) l 77<> Menahem j Anysis (blind) 771 Pul, first king of the Third Assyrian Dynasty (759) 770 So, or Salaco, Ethiopian Usurper 769 Pekahiah 761 Isaiah the Prophet flourishes 760 Pekah 759 Jotham 758 EOME FOUNDED BY ROMULUS 753 The death of Eemus 752 The rape of the Sabine virgins 750 Tiglath Pilesar (Tilgath Pilneser) succeeds Pul "\ Nabonassar, younger Son of Pul, becomes King of >- 747 Babylonia , ) Tarpeia, her ignominious death } Union of the Sabines and Romans j The first Messenian war (civil).... 743 :::::::: } The death of Titus Tatius, king of the Cures. Ahaz 742 Romulus commands the construction of the Temple of Janus, and the work is begun... 740 The Conquest of Damascus by the Assyrians 738 Hoshea 730 Shalmaneser 729 Hezekiah 726 70 KEY TO LOVERIN'S B.C. ■Conquest of Messenia "\ Destruction of Ithome >- 724 Peace of the first Messenian war J Rhegium (Italy) founded by Messenian fugitives 723 Samaria conquered by the Assyrians 1 Israel carried captive into Assyria by Shalmaneser j „_.. PALL OF THE KINGDOM OF ISEAEL. " The j" 1AY Assyrian captivity " J Anysis restored 719 'The death of Eomulus 716 Numa Pompilius, son-in-law to Titus Tatius 715 Sennacherib invades Egypt, Sais chosen Seat of Royalty ~\ Sennacherib \ 714 The 'Temple op Janus finished and closed J Sethon (Usurpei*) | t-^3 Sais proclaimed the Seat of Royalty i Sennacherib's army of 185,000 mysteriously destroyed... "} ^., Esarhaddon, or Sardanapalus J Code of Laws establishing the Priesthood, Augurs and Vestals 710 The Roman Calendar often months re-formed to twelve... 709 CENTURY 7 Manasseh 698 The death of Isaiah the Prophet 696 Asordanes or Aphronadius 693 Adrameles, or Sammhughes 691 The Second Messenian war 685 The game of Chess published by Palmedes 680 Tullus Hostilius 673 Axerdis 670 The Roman Calendar established (about) 669 Combat of the Horatii with the Curatii >. -Conquest of Ira j Expulsion of the Messenians j End of the Second Messenian war J Destruction of Alba Longa 667 JAPAN (NIPON) FOUNDED BY SYMNU 660 Nabuchodnosor (Sardanapalus II.) 650 Judith decapitates Holofernes (655) about 645 CHART OP TIME. 71 B.C. Ammon 643 Josiah 641 Ancus Martius 640 Saracus (Sardanapalus III) 630 Jeremiah the Prophet 629 Ostia, the mouth of the Tiber, colonized 627 * Draco, Legislator of Athens ■) Draco's Sanguinary Code of laws for Athens j Destruction of Sardanapalus and family, by himself 621 Tarquinius Priscus ^ Pharaoh Necho y 616 Canal projected between tbe Mediterranean and Red Seas J Josiah slain by Pharaoh Necho (609) ^ Jehoahaz i Eliakim named Jehoiachim j The Canal across the Isthmus begun J Pharaoh Necho loses 120,000 workmen and abandons the construction of the Suez Canal 609 Nineveh captured by the Medes and Babylonians. ~\ Jerusalem taken and the Temple pillaged y 606 The Jews carried into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar... ) Pharaoh Necho defeated at Circesium by Nebuchadnezzar, who founds the Chaldeo-Babylonian Empire, extending from the Nile to beyond the Tigris 604 CENTUEY 6 Massilia (Marseilles) colonized by Ionic Phocians ] Psammis succeeds to the Egyptian throne j The birth of Cyrus (about) -\ Jehoiachin y 599 Zedekiah J Apries 595 * " Draco was a man of unblemished integrity, great talent, and highly cultivated mind but he was deficient in political experience, and wanted that knowledge, the most im- portant to a statesman — the knowledge of human nature. He prepared a Code of Laws so absurdly severe that they could not be put into execution ; the consequence was, that criminals enjoyed perfect impunity, and the disorders of the State became worse than ever. Draco's laws were said to be written, not with ink, but blood ; his own remark is fully sufficient to show how unfit he was for the office that he had under taken—' small crimes,' said he, ' deserve death, and I know of no heavier punishment for greater'." — Pinnock's Goldsmith's Greece, p 107. 72 KEY TO LOVERIN S * Solos, chosen Archon, prepares a Code of laws for Athens The fall of the kingdom of Judah and Benjamin The Jews carried off to Babylon Jerusalem sacked and destroyed Cloicae and Circus Maximus constructed at Rome The Conquest of Syria FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH AND BEN- JAMIN. " The Babylonish Captivity" Servius Tullius Ezekiel's vision Egypt conquered by Nebuchadnezzar jEsop flourishes (about) Amasis, a wise king The first census published Evil Merodach Peisistratus (Usurper) Neriglissar or Belshazzar Cyrus becomes king of Persia THE GREAT PERSIAN MONARCHY FOUNDED... Narbonadius , Birth ofConfucius (Chinese Philosopher) ! Comitia Centuriata Comitia Curiata Comitia Tributa Rome fortified by Servius Tullius (about) Pythagoras flourishes fSage and Philosopher) Babylon captured by Cyrus Daniel cast into the lion's den Return op the Jews from captivity Destruction of Babylon by Cyrus END OF THE GREAT ASSYRIAN EMPIRE B.C. 594 588 587 578 573 570 569 566 561 560 559 555 551 550 545 540 538 536 * " The laws of Draco, B. C. 621, were too severe to be carried into effect. The following are those of Solon, the benefactor not only of Athens, but of the whole human race. 1. Division of the people into four classes, according to property. 2. Offices of State to be filled only by citizens of the first three classes. 3. Nine annual archons at the head of affairs. 4. Council of four hundred chosen annually by lot to debate upon all matters pre- viously to their being submitted to the Commons. 5. To the people was left the right of confirming the laws, electing Magistrates, and debating all matters referred to them by Council. 6. Restoration and renovation of the Areopagus." —Oxford Tables. CHART OP TIME. 73 B.C. The Jews rebuild the Temple and Jerusalem 535 Lucius Tarquin ius Superbus 534 Three Sibylline books purchased for 300 pieces of gold 531 Homer's Poems collected and published by Pisistratus 530 Cambyses succeeds Cyrus " The Great " 529 Hippias and Hipparchus 527 Psammenitus, last of the Pharaohs, murdered by Cam- byses 526 Conquest of Egypt by the Persians...- | END OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MONARCHY- } 525 Massacre of the Egyptians by Cambyses 524 Darius Hystaspes 521 Revolt at Babylon 518 Destruction of Babylon 517 The completion and dedication of the Temple 515 Death of Hipparchus 514 The law of Ostracism introduced by Cleisthenes Expulsion of Hippias, Athens a Republic ^ 510 Conspiracy of Tarquin against Lueretia Esther becomes the queen of Ahasuerus L. Brutus and Collatinus chosen consuls i 509 The expulsion of Tarquin j ROYALTY ABOLISHED AND ROME A REPUBLIC J Commercial treaty with Carthage 508 "War with Porsenna 507 TheNaxian War 501 CENTURY 5 Destruction of Sardis by the Ionians 499 Battle of Lake Regillus ; third and last effort for Tarquin \ ,gg Titus Lartius, the first Dictator [50i] J Death of Pythagoras 497 Persia declares war against Greece ^ The death of Tarquin at Cumae I -q R THE FIRST GREAT PERSIAN INVASION OF f * yb GREECE J Birth of Sophocles 495 Laws establishing the Tribunes. i Insurrection of the Plebeians on the Sacred Mount J Mardonius (Persian; defeated by the Greeks 492 477 471 74 KEY TO LOVERIN'S B.C. Coriolanus proscribed 491 Defeat of the Persians under Datis and Ataphernes by) .qq the Greeks at Marathon under Miltiades j Confucius revises and publishes his Sacred Books 489 Death of Sp. Cassius | fi The first agrarian law j Xerxes becomes king of Persia 485 Aristeides ostracised 483 Xerxes invades GREECE(Second Invasion) 481 Battle of Salamis, Xerxes totally routed 480 Mardonius defeated and slain at the battle of Platsea ■) Destruction of Athens Y 479 Death of Confucius J War with the Veienti | Athens rebuilt and the Pira>us constructed { Birth of Thucydides f The Publilian law established j Death of Simonides 467 Earthquake at Sparta, 20,000 destroyed 466 The third Messenian war ^ Xerxes assassinated by Arti banes Y 465 Artaxerxes, I " Longomanus " J League between the Eomans, Latins and Hermicians 458 Ezra returns to Jerusalem ; reforms Jewish worship 457 Conquest of Ithome* ") Expulsion of the Messenians >■ 455 End of the third and last Messenian war J Death of L. Licinius Dentatus ~\ The Decemviri , Y 451 Laws of the Twelve Tables../ ) THE BIBLE, collected and arranged by Ezra about 450 The Persians defeated at Salamis in Cyprus Virginia slain by Virginius, her father The second charter of Plebeian rights Insurrection ; the Plebeians retire to the Sacred Mount. Persia recognizes Asiatic Grecian independence Nehemiah encourages the rebuilding of Jerusalem Herodotus reads at the Olympic Games [■ 445 Lex Camileia ; intermarriage of Patricians and Plebeians 449 Death of Sophocles Artaxerxes II.," Memnon ". 405 CHART OF TIME. 75 B.C. Birth of Xenophon "\ First appointment of Military Tribunes V 444 First appointment of Censors (about) J Famine at Bome ) Death of Cincinnatus J Death of Pindar 439 The first Peloponnesian war (civil) 431 The Plague 430 Death of Pericles, statesman and orator 429 Xerxes II. slain by Sogdianus 425 Darius II., ".Nothus " 424 Deaths of Cleon and Brassidas at the Siege of Amphipolis.. 422 Peace of Nicias ; truce of fifty years 421 Battle of Syracuse j Deaths of Demosthenes and Nicias j The death of Herodotus, " Father of profane History " 408 Standing army organized 406 Death of Alcibiades 404 "War with the Veientians 403 The battle of Cunaxa, death of Cyrus the Younger 401 CENTURY 4 Famous retreat of " the Ten Thousand " under Xenophon. 400 The death of Socrates, by drinking poison 399 Agesilaus j 397 Malachi, last of the prophets (about) j Conquest of the Veii, by | Camillus (Mai-cus Furius) j Camillus proscribed 391 Bome burned by the Gauls under Brennus "j Camillus comes to the rescue, a second Bomulus j Bome rebuilt "\ The peace of Antalcidas, a disgraceful surrender of the v 387 Grecian Colonies in Asia Minor ) Manlius hurled from the Tarpeian Rock 384 The birth of Demosthenes 382 The Licinian Bogation Code 376 The battle of Leuctra 371 76 KEY TO loverin's B.C. L. Sextus Chosen first Plebeian Consul 367 Sextus passes the Licinian Rogations 366 The battle of Mantinaoa, Epaminondas ■) Pestilence at Rome >■ 362 Deaths of Camillus and M. Curtius 3 The Carthagenians colonize Iberia (Spain) 360 Artaxerxes III, " Ochus " 359 Social and Sacred wars (civil) i Death of Hippocrates, " The Father of Medicine " } The Temple of Diana burnt at Ephosus y Birth of Alexander at Pella [• 356 C. Martius Rutilas, first Plebeian Dictator ) Philip of Macedon covets Greece 353 Egypt invaded by Ochus " Artaxerxes III " ~\ The whole land of Egypt laid desolate >■ 350 Demosthenes proclaims against Philip ) Phocion 349 Peace of the Sacred War 348 The conquest of Olynthus by Philip 347 The first Samnite war 343 Peace with the Samnites 341 The Latin war (civil; 340 The Publilian Laws proposed 339 Battle of Chseronea — Theban Sacred Band cut to pieces" by Alexander Conquest of the Latins and Campanians Philip chosen Generalissimo of Greece and controls the Amphictyonic Council Athenian and Theban League, against Philip War proclaimed against Persia Death of Timoleon 1- 338 337 •::::■:=:: } Philip murdered by Pausanias at iEgea | Darius III., " Codomanus " j I 335 Destruction of Thebes by Alexander Revolt of Thebes Invasion of Persia Alexander succeeds his Father, Philip [ Battle of the Granicus The Battle of Issus, Darius defeated 333 Alexandria founded by Alexander 332 1 CHART OF TIME. 77 B.C. The Battle of Arbela Conquest of Persia by Alexander Death of Darius III., " Codomanus " [ FALL OF THE GREAT PERSIAN EMPIBE and the MACEDONIAN MONARCHY ESTABLISHED... The second " Great Samnite " war 326 Deaths of Alexander " The Great" and Diogenes >. Ptolemy I. " Soter " King of Egypt l FALL OF THE GREAT MACEDONIAN MONARCHY [ 3■ 264 established 3 Conquest of Agrigentum (Sicily) 262 Aratus revives the Achaean League (about) 261 Naval victory of Duilius 260 Duilius' second Naval victory 257 Xantippus defeats the Romans, thirty thousand slain and Eegulus taken prisoner 255 The death of Eegulus 250 Ptolemy III., " Evergetes " 247 Fourth Chinese Family from Fo-Hi, (C I N) 244 Siege of Lylibseum 242 Conquest of Sicily ■} Peace with Carthage signed by Hamilcar Barca j Historical and Public Records burned by Ching ~\ Death of Callimachus (about) >- 240 The Great Chinese Wall begun by Xi Hoam Ti ) Conquest of Sardinia and Corsica 238 Edict, closing the Temple of Janus 235 Birth of Cato 234 Agrarian Laws passed by Flaminius (Gallic) 232 The first Illurian war 229 Defeat of the Gauls 225 Conquest of the Boii 224 Ptolemy IV., " Philopater " 222 War between the Achsean and iEtolian Leagues 220 Second Punic war 218 Battle of Raphia, Antiochus defeated 217 The Battle of Cannae 216 The Oppian Laws, against luxurious living 215 The first Macedonian war «■ 214 Death of Aratus 213 * " The most celebrated collection of marbles are those in the University of Oxford, in England, called the Arundelian Marbles, from the Earl of Arundel, by whom they were brought from Greece. Of these inscriptions, the most important is the chronicle of Paros, which contains the chronology of Athens from the time of Cecrops, A. C. 1582 to A. C. 264." Kerney. " They were collected by Mr. W. Petty, purchased by Lord Arundel and given by his grandson, Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, to the University of Oxford in 1667 ; and are therefore called also Oxford Mabbl.es." Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. 208 207 CHART OF TIME. 79 B.C. The conquest of Syracuse 1 The death of Archimedes j Defeat of Hannibal on the Eiver Metaurus... Philopoemen elected General of the Achaean League The battle of Mantinaea, Spartans defeated Conquest of Spain by Scipio The Fifth Family from Fo-Hi (HAN) 206 Ptolemy V., " Epiphanes " 205 Death of Cn. Naevius, Roman Poet 203 The battle of Zama 202 Scipio honored with a Triumph ^ Peace with Carthage j CENTUEY 2 The second Macedonian war. 200 Loss of Syria 198 The battle of Cynoscephalse 197 Flaminius proclaims Grecian independence at the Isthmian Games 194 Battle of Magnesia 190 Destruction of Sparta by Philopoemen 188 Death of Scipio Africanus 184 Deaths of Philopoemen and Hannibal "i The Messenians revolt from the Achaean League j Ptolemy VI., " Philometer " 181 Defeat of the Celtiberians 179 The third Macedonian war 171 Battle of Pydna, Persians defeated -. Conquest of Macedonia i L IRQ Persecution of the Jews f Matthias, father of the Maccabees , j Judas Maccabaeus restores Jewish worship 166 Birth of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 164 Jonathan Maccabaeus 153 Eeturn of the Achaean Exiles .. 151 j Conquest of Lusitania (about) The third Punic War 149 Critolaiis (be) heads the Achaean League 148 War between the Achaean League and Sparta, the latter ~\ calling in the Eomans > 147 Scipio Africanus, the younger, chosen General ) $0 KEY TO LOVERIN'S B.C. * Destruction of Carthage (" Delenda est Carthago," Cato.) -. Corinth sacked by Lucius Mummius I 1 ._ Ptolemy VII « Evergetes " f 146 GREECE BECOMES A ROMAN PROVINCE J Simon Maccabaeus 143 End of Apocryphal history 135 Conquest of Numantia | Death of Tiberius Gracchus j Scipio the Younger murdered 129 The Sempronian Laws 123 Death of Caius Gracchus 121 Marius (Plebeian) elected Tribune 119 Ptolemy VIII., " Soter II." 117 Jugurthine war Ill Alexander I. and Cleopatra | Judas Hyrcanus assumes the title " King of the Jews " . } Births of Cicero and Pompey 106 Death of Jugurtha (about) 104 Defeat of the Teutons and Cymbri by Marius | Triumph of Marius at Rome CENTURY 1 } The birth of Caius Julius Caesar j 10Q Agrarian Laws, Gaul for the soldiers of Marius j Mucius Scsevola banished 92 The Social (Marsic) war j The Lex Julia j Oleopatra, conspires against her son Alexander, but is>. slain by him I Ptolemy VIII. restored j Peace of the Social war J The first Mithridatic war 88 Civil war between Marius and Sulla i Sulla (Sylla) destroys Athens [ Death of Marius 86 * ' 'Carthage, founded by Dido or Elissa, 878 B. C. She fled from her brother Pygmalion, king of Tyre, who killed her husband, and took refuge in Africa. Carthage disputed the empire of the world with Rome, which occasioned the Punic wars. The Carthaginians tore the character of a faithless people, hence the term Punic faith. Cato, the censor, 43 Antony, Lepidus and Octavius, Second Triumvirate j Civil War, Battle of Philippi ■) Deaths of Brutus and Cassius f Cleopatra makes Antony joint ruler of Egypt 41 Herod, son of Antipater, by assistance and permission of the Roman Senate, is decreed " King of the Jews" 40 Cleopatra visits Syria | Lepidus rejected from the Triumvirate j C. Sallustius Crispus 34 Civil War between Octavius and Antony ~\ Death of Sallust j The Battle of Actium, Antony defeated. 31 Conquest of Egypt ~\ Deaths of Cleopatra and Marc Antony (Marcus Antonius) > 30 END OF THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY J * Octavius becomes the Dictator -j The Temple of Janus shut by proclamation \ The name of Augustus conferred upon Octavius Caesar "\ by the Senate of the Roman People > 27 THE ROMAN EMPIRE ESTABLISHED ) Death of Virgil 19 Deaths of Horace and Maecenas 8 The birth of Christ 4 * " Augustus Caesar, Emperor, B.C. 30— 14 A.C. (Augustus, 27 B.C.) Government : A monarchy with republican forms. The dignities of consul, tribune, imperator, and pon- tif 'ex maximus are united in his person . The Senate continues the gre •it council of state, besides which there was a privy council of Ccesars. During a period of forty-four years, Octaviauus Caspar possesses the sole dominion of the empire. Subtle, reserved and calcu- lating, he showed himself enterprising in the field and cautious in the cabinet. To avoid the appearance of usurpation, he at first accepted the sovereign power only for ten years, and afterward had it renewed from time to time for five or ten years ; and by this apparently disinterested conduct he gained the respect of the great, the esteem of the good, and the love of his subjects. Devoted to the society of the learned, he lived in an age distinguished for the successful pursuit of literature."— Oxford Chronological Tables. THE CHRISTIAN ERA. CENTUEY 1. A.D. THE NATIVITY OF CHRIST, "Vulgar Era" 1 Conquest of Judea 6 Battle of Teutoberg 9 Tiberius becomes the Roman Caesar 14 Deaths of Celsus and Livy , 17 Death of Ovid 18 Death of Germanicus 19 Pontius Pilate made Governor of Judea 26 John " the Baptist" •) Baptism of Christ J The Crucifixion 33 St. Stephen, first Martyr 35 Paul converted to Christianity 36 Caligula succeeds Tiberius , 37 The Gospel of St. Matthew published 39 Claudius becomes the Caesar ., 41 St. Peter 42 Invasion of Britain by the Romans Aulus Plautius ::=■::::.} Gospel of St. Mark published 44 Invasion of Britain 46 London founded (about) 1 Ostorius Scapula, General in Britain j Caractacus, King of the Silures 51 Apostolic Council at Jerusalem 52 Nero becomes Caesar 54 Gospel of St. Luke published 55 Destruction of the Druids in Britain ■» f. 59 Suetonius Paulinus ; j Battle of Sunbury, Britons defeated , •} Boadicea } Death of Burrhus 62 First Persecution of the Christians Rome burned by Nero j 64 84 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Deaths of Seneca and Lucan 65 Sts. Peter and Paul martyred (about) 67 ! Galba, the Roman Caesar Buddhism in China, from Tndia (about) Otho ; Vitellius ; Vespasian, Caesars 69 Jerusalem destroyed by Titus 68 Death of St Andrew, Scotland's Patron Saint. The Caledonians pillage the Britons 1 Agricola J Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruptions from Mount Vesuvius Death of Agricola Antiquities of the Jews published by Joseph us. 93 79 Death of Pliny, the elder i Titus succeeds his father, Vespasian Caesar J Plague, 100,000 perish 80 Domitian, last of the Caesars 81 Sallus Lucullus, General in Britain 84 BRITAIN, A ROMAN PROVINCE 85 } Second Persecution of the Christians 94 Nerva, first of the Emperors 96 The Gospel of St John written (about) 97 Trajan 98 Deaths of Josephus and Tacitus 99 Britain pillaged by the Caledonians 100 CENTURY 2 Pliny the Younger, Governor of Bithynia 102 Conquest of Daecia 103 Third Persecution 107 Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch 108 Death of Pliny 110 Trajan's Column erected , 114 Conquest of Mesopotamia 115 Adrian 117 Insurrection of the Jews 118 Death of Plutarch, Greek Biographer (about) 119 Adrian's Wall 120 Juvenal, Decius Junius 128 Eternal Edict 132 CHART OP TIME. 85 A.D. Insurrection of the Jews under Barcochabus 133 Antoninus Pius 138 Justin defends the Christians 139 Wall of Antoninus built in Britain 140 Edict in favor of Christians 152 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 161 Fourth Persecution 163 Martyrdom of Justin (about) 164 The Plague | Death of Polycarp of Smyrna } The Plague 169 Blandina Martyred at Lyons 177 War with the Marcomani 178 The Marcomani defeated 179 Commodus 180 The pillaging Caledonians and Picts driven from Britain by Ulpius Marcellus , 183 The Plague 189 Pertinax 192 Julius Didianus -». Septimus Severus v 193 Niger J The Battle of Lyons -> Albinus Claudius slain j CENTUBY 3 Death of Galen, Physician 201 Fifth Persecution •> Martyrdom of Iraenus, Bishop of Lyons j Caledonians repelled by Severus 208 Wall of Adrian repaired 210 Caracalla 211 Macrinus 217 Heliogabalus 218 Sixth Dynasty from Fo-Hi (HE L-H AN) 220 Alexander Severus 222 The death of Ulpian 227 Sixth Persecution ■) Maximinus I 235 86 KEY TO LOVERIN's A.D. Balbinus -\ Gordian I I 237 Gordian II ) Gordian III 238 The death of Tertullian 240 Philip " the Arabian " 244 Games proclaimed in honor of the Thousandth Year of Eome 248 Decius 249 The Seventh Persecution 1 Plague } 250 Gallus 251 Yalerian 253 The death of Origen 254 Eighth Persecution of the Christians ") f 258 Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage j War with Persia 259 Galienus 260 The Seventh Chinese Dynasty (C I N) 264 The Plague 265 Claudius II 268 Naval defeat of the Goths, 2000 ships sunk 269 The death of Plotinus, Alexandrian Philosopher "} Aurelian } The Ninth Persecution 272 Conquest of Palmyra •» f 273 Zenobia in chains j Tacitus 275 Probus ... 276 The death of Manes, founder of Manichean Heresy 280 Carus 282 Carinus 283 Diocletian 284 Diocletian and Maximian 286 Insurrection and usurpation of Carausius in Britain 287 The death of St. George, England's Patron Saint ] Gregorian and Hermoginian Codes j The death of Carausius (slain) "i Unsuccessful Eevolution j Anthony, founder of Monastic life 294 CHART OP TIME. 87 A.D. Death of Allectus ") l 296 The first division of the Roman Empire j CENTUEY 4 London walled in by the Romans (about) 301 The Tenth Persecution (last) 303 The death of Porphyry 304 The martyrdom of St. Albans, Proto-Martyr of Britain... •> Constantius Chloru and Galerius j The Scotti, from Ireland, invade the Caledonians and ~\ Picts. hence Scotland, (about) > Galerius, Maximian and Constantine 3 306 CHRISTIANITY TRIUMPHANT 312 Silvester, head of the Church i Edict of Milan, in favor of Christianity.... j Controversy of Arius 318 Constantine I., " The Great " 323 The Scots and Picts ravageBritain (about) 325 *Council of Nice (First 03 -umenical). Constantinople built, formerly Byzantium ^ The Seat op Government removed prom Rome to > 330 Byzantium (Constantinople) J Pagan Temples plundered and destroyed 331 Constantine II., Constans and Constantius 337 The death of Eusebius, historian (about) 340 Constantius reigns alone 350 Ulphilas, apostle of the Goths, Biblical translator 360 Julian, the Apostate 361 Jovian , 363 Valentinian and Valens 364 The Saxon invaders of Britain, defeated b} 1 - Theodosius .... 368 Picts, Scots and Saxons ravage Britain (about) } The death of Athanasius j Valentinian II and Gratian 375 The battle of Adrianople, Valens defeated and slain 378 Theodosius I, " The Great" 379 Council at Constantinople (second (Ecumenical)... 381 Augustin converted to Christianity 387 Edict for the destruction of Pagan Temples 388 * Constantine the Great presided- 412 415 419 88 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Permanent division of the Roman Empire "i Honorius and Arcadius, succeed their father ) Chrysostoinus, Patriarch of Constantinople 397 CENTURY 5 Innocent I. condemned the Pelagians 402 Abolition of the Gladiatorial games 404 The Vulgate Bible, from Hebrew into Latin by St Jerome 405 Roman war with the Goths and Vandals 406 Theodosius " The Younger " 40H Rome sacked by Alaric, king of the Goths 410 The Roman Legions called from Britain 411 Spain colonized by the Visigoths ) THE GOTHIC MONARCHY P^STABLISHED f Hypatia slain by a Christian mob 415 Pharamond THE KINGDOM OE THE FRANKS FOUNDED The death of St Jerome Nankin proclaimed the Capital of China j- 420 Eighth Chinese Dynasty (S U M) Valentinian III ] The Salique law instituted by Pharamond j Vortigern (about) 425 Clodion " le Chevelu " 428 Africa invaded by Genseric 429 Plague in Britain Death of St. Augustin Palladius, papal envoy, visits Ireland ~\ Christian Council at Ephesus (Third CEcumenical) > 431 CHRISTIANITY IN IRELAND ) St. Patrick Sent as Missionary to Ireland 432 The Theodosian Code 438 Pope Leo "The Great" 440 Roman War with the Huns under Attila 441 Dermod, king of Ireland 444 Tho Picts and Scots ravage Britain ) , An 446 424 1 430 1 The Britons proclaim their misfortunes toyEtius.... Merovius 448 War in Britain, Saxons called in to aid ~\ The Picts and Scots plunder the Britons > 449 Sau Chiu (San Chin) Chinese atheistical Philosopher J j 450 CHART OP TIME. 89 A.D. Marcian Revolt of the Saxons Attila defeated at Chalons | Christian council atChalcedon (Fourth (Ecumenical) . . . j Venice founded by refugees from the Sword of the Huns... 452 The battle of Aylsford > A portion of Britain conquered by the Saxons Eome sacked by Genseric ■. , ._- The death of Horsa THE KINGDOM OF KENT ESTABLISHED BY HENGIST . Majorian 456 Leo 1 457 Childeric 458 Severus 461 Vortimer (about) 464 The death of St. Patrick ) ■n r 465 .freargus j Anathemius 467 Yortigern restored as commander 471 Nepos 472 Glycerius 473 Zeno and Leo II 474 Massacre of 300 British nobles by Hengist (?) ~\ Romulus Augustulus >- 475 Conspiracy — Vortigern captured by the Saxons J FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE 476 Invasion of the Saxons, war in Britain 477 *Aurelius Ambrosius (Comes littoris Saxonici) | Clovis j The battle of Soissons 486 Ninth Chinese Dynasty from Fo-Hi (C Y) 489 Sussex founded by conquest ) Ella, IstBritwalda \ Anastasius 491 Pope St, Gelasius 492 The Ostro-Gothic Kingdom colonized by Theodoric 493 * " In the third century of the Christian era, they (the Saxons.) were a numerous, warlike and piratical people, whose devastations on the British and Belgian coasts gave rise to the appoinment of a particular officer (comes littoris Saxonici) to defend these regions."— British Cyclopaedia. 90 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. The battle of Tolbiac, Clovis defeats the Allmanni ■} Clotilda introduces Christianity amongst the Franks } Fusang (America?) discovered by Chinese Buddhists 499 Prince Arthur " Pendragon " Count of the Saxon Shore... 500 CENTURY 6 Birth of Belisarius. 505 Battle of Badon Hill, near Bath -\ Childebert I I 511 Salique law ratified in council ) Christian Era arranged by Dionysius Exiguus 516 Justin, Emperor 518 Wessex founded, by conquest, Cerdic 519 Tenth Chinese Family Dynasty (L E A M) 523 Antioch destroyed by an Earthquake 525 Death of Boetius ,,. ~j Felix IV } 526 Essex pounded, Erchenwin 1 T .. . ' j. 527 Justinian , j St Benedict (order of Benedictines) ] Code Justinian j Death of Prince Arthur, Pendragon. 530 Nika riots of Constantinople 532 Justinian's Pandects published 533 Conquest of Africa 534 Conquest of Home 530 Conquest of Italy 537 Birth of St David, patron saint of Wales 540 War with the Goths , 541 Death of St Benedict 542 Belisarius defends Eome from Totilla "i Northumberland founded by Ida j Silk, by two Monks of St. Basil, brought from China 551 Buddhism introduced into Japan 552 Fall of the Ostrogoth's Kingdom 553 Fifth General Council (Fifth (Ecumenical) 553 555 Clotaire 1 558 Ceavvlin, second Bretwalda ) 560 De Excidio Britannicas, Gildas Charibert 1 562 } CHART OF TIME. 91 A.D. St. Columbo (Columbkill) ^ Death of Belisarius >■ 565 Justin II J Chilperic I 567 Invasion of Lombardy j Death of Narses } Birth of Mohamed 569 East Anglia founded by Uffa 575 Pelagius, the Infallible I 584 586 Tiberius II Eleventh Dynasty from Fo-Hi (CHIN) 580 Maurice 582 Clotaire II "i Feudal laws introduced by Autharis j Mercia, Seventh Kingdom of the Saxons } Crida, founder of Mercia J Bthelbert, 3rd Bretwalda 589 Gregory 1 590 Death of Columba, Saint of the Hebrides 596 Conversion of Kent, St. Austin 597 The Plague | Kedwald, 4th Bretwalda j CENTUKY 7 Death of St. David 601 Phocas 602 War with Persia 603 Sabianus, church bells introduced 604 Narses, the traitor, burned -\ Chinese canals begun and the Great Wall repaired V 606 Proclamation commanding the work to proceed ) Mahomet preached at Mecca 609 Heraclius 610 Twelth Family from Fo-Hi (S U I) 613 Edwin, the wisest of the Bretwalda 617 FLIGHT OF MAHOMET FKOM MECCA TO MEDINA (Hegira) 622 Pope Honorius 625 Chosroes defeated, and driven beyond the Tigris 627 Daerobert 1 628 92 KEY TO LOVERIN's A.D. Conquest of Mecca 629 Abuboker succeeds Mahomet, first Caliph 632 Omar j The Koran, written by Mahomet (610) pub. (about) } Oswald, sixth Bretwalda "> Christianity admitted into China j Conquest of Persia 636 Conquest of Jerusalem 637 Clovis II 638 Conquest of Alexandria "> Destruction of its Library by Aram j Constantine III 641 Battle of Oswestry, Penda defeats Oswald Oswy, seventh Bretwalda ..... Constans II Thirteenth Chinese Dynasty (T A M) University of Cambridge founded 643 Othman 644 Conquest of Cyprus 648 Conquest of Ehodes 653 Battle of Loidis (Leeds), Oswy defeats Penda > Ali } b5 ° Clotaire III 656 Vitalianus becomes the Pope of Eome 657 Ommiades (Ommeiyades), new dynasty of Caliphs. 661 Constantine IV 668 Childeric II 670 I Thierry I Greek fire invented by Callinious Death of Csedmon ") Qft Sixth General Council at Constantinople j Leo II. institutor of Holy Water... 682 Justinian II 685 Ina 689 Clovis III .' 690 Quinisex Council 692 Conquest of Armenia 693 Childebert II ) ___ -r . > 695 Deontius ) Conquest of Syria "> Aspimar Tiberius j CHART OF TIME. 93 CENTURY 8 A.D. John VI, Firm and Wise 701 Al-Walid 704 John VII | Justinian restored , j Death of Aldhelm 709 Roderic, last Gothic Monarch of Spain 710 Dagobert II , | Philippicus j Battle of Xeres, Roderic slain 1 End of the Gothic Monarchy j Anastasius 713 Gregory II j Clotaire IV j ' 1D Chilperic II Theodosius III Defeat of the Saracens at Constantinople Destruction of their fleet by Greek Fire j- 717 Leo III, the Isaurian Asturias colonized by Gothic fugitives ^ Don Pelagio elected King of Asturias S 718 ASTURIAS BECOMES A KINGDOM ) Thierry II 720 Edict in favor of Peter's Pence 725 Iconoclastic insurrection at Constantinople 727 Edict proclaiming the Bishop of Rome chief Magistrate 730 Gregory III j Historia Ecclesiastica, by Bed e j The Saracens defeated by Carles Martel, at Tours 732 Death of Bede 735 Favilla 737 Alfonso 1, the Catholic 739 Constantine V 741 OhildericIII 742 Constantinople sacked by the army 743 Abdul Abbas : ") > 750 Abassides, a revolution, Merwan II slain \ Stephen ~\ Pepin "leBref" [ 752 CARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY ESTABLISHED ) 94 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Al-Mansur (Manusur) .' 754 W* ) 7 cc TEMPORAL POWER CONFERRED ON THE POPE j iDD Caliphate op Cordova, Abderahman 756 Froila, of Asturias and Leon 757 CALIPHATE OF BAGDAT, ALMANSOR 762 Carloman and Charles ] R Aurelis j The Plague 772 Conquest of Lombardy - j -_. Silo, "the Saracen" j Leo IV | ^ Olfa's Dyke built j Conslai tine VI 780 Mauregato, usurper 783 Bertric 784 * Haroun Al Raschid, Encourager of Learning 786 Invasion op the Danes ) 1 Seventh General Council (2ndNicene) Battle of Roncevalles ) _ g g Ber-mudo I j Alfonso II, "the Chaste" 791 Irene '^- J f The first Danish invasion of Ireland j Council at Frankfort ) "War in Ireland ") „„? Pope Leo III j Hugh VI. of Ireland 797 Bertric poisoned by his Queen, Eadburga "1 Egbert, King of Wessex Charlemagne crowned, and proclaimed Emperor of the I -^ "West... CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE CONFIRMED BY THE POPE CENTURY 9 Nicephorus 802 Death of Alcuin 804 * This is regarded as the Augustan Age of Arabic literature. t " Ireland and England were almost exclusively the seats of learning during this period." — M - J- Kerney's Compendium— 1870, p. 120. j 829 CHART OF TIME. 95 A.D. Nicephorus purchases peace from the Saracens 805 Michael 1 811 Leo V 813 Louis I, " Le Debonnaire " (France and Germany) 814 Michael II 820 Gregory IV | UNION OF THE HEPTARCHY, EGBERT } °^* Theophilus The Witenagemot confirm Egbert as " king of England" Nial III 833 Kenneth MacAlpine 834 Ethel wolf 838 Charles II.," The Bald " ■) T ., . I 840 Lothaire j Battle of Fontenoy '. 841 Michael III -\ Ramirus I. of Spain > 842 THE KINGDOM OF POLAND, Piast (absolute king) ) Peace op Verdun, division of the Empire ■} PICTS DEFEATED, SCOTLAND UNITED UNDER [ 843 KENNETH ) Sergius II 844 Rome beseiged by the Saracens from Africa 846 Pope Leo IV 847 The Saracens routed and their fleet dispersed "» Birth of Alfred } 849 Ordonol 850 Donald V 854 Louis II., son of Lothaire 855 Ethelbald 857 Nicholas 858 Ethelbert 860 Ziemowit 861 Death of St. Swithin "v RUSSIA FOUNDED BY RUR1C j 862 Ethelred -» Alfonso III.," The Great " \ 866 Basil 867 Eighth General Council at Constantinople 869 96 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Battle of Asendon i Alfred " The Great " j &tl John VIII. (Pope) 872 Ethns 874 Charles II., " The Bald," becomes Emperor of Germany.... 875 Gregory " The Great " of Scotland 876 Louis II., " The Stammerer " 877 Defeat of the Danes at Ethandun 878 Louis III. and Carloman II 879 Charles III.," The Fat," King of Germany 881 Carloman, alone ...: 882 Deaih of John Scotus," Erigena," of Ireland 883 Charles " The Fat " usurps the crown of France from ) fiR . Charles " the Simple" j University of Oxford established 1 886 } Leo VI .," The Philosopher " , Dismemberment of Charlemagne's Empire Arnold (Arnulf) [■ Alfred's Code, basis of English Law Eudes, Count of Paris, " Hugh," Usurper 888 Leshek 892 Constantine II., Son of Kenneth 893 Danes defeated at Farnham 894 Naval victory, England's supremacy on sea established 897 Charles III., (IV) " the Simple," restored 898 Louis III.," The blind" j % Louis IV.," Son of Arnulf } Germany / 899 * England divided into counties, &c, by Alfred (about)... j Benedict IV 900 * Alfred's division of England into counties or shires, hundreds and tithings is a fact in favor of the decimal system. " That he might render the execution of justice strict and regular, he divided all England into counties : these counties he subdivided into hundreds, and the hundreds into tithings. Every householder was answerable for the behavior of his family and slaves, and even of his guests, if they Uved above three days in his house." — Hume Vol. 1. This partition would seem to indicate that King Alfred had carefully considered those parts of the Bible referring to the Great Sanhedrim Council, which was originated by Moses in consequence of advice received from his father-in-law, Jethro, Priest of Midian. See Exodus chap. XVIII. and Numbers, chap. XL 911 912 923 CHART OF TIME. 97 CENTURY 10 A.D. Edward (I) " the Elder " 901 Constantine IIL Son of Ethus 903 Garcias 1 910 Constantine Vll. (Zoe, his mother, ruling-) , Conrad I, Duke of Franconia * Neustria acquired by Rollo Duchy of Normandy Ziemomyslaw 913 Ordono*II 914 University of Oxford completed 915 War with the Huns, Danes, Vandals and Bohemians -\ Henry I.," The Fowler " I 918 HOUSE OF SAXONY ESTABLISHED ) Eomanus 1 919 Robert L, brother of Eudes 922 Raoul (Uudolph) Froilall , Alfonso IV 924 Athelstan 925 Ramiro II 927 Fourteenth Dynasty, from Fo-Hi (H E U — L E A M).... 932 Anlaf defeated at Brunanburgh by Athelstan (937J.... Had hi or Razi (Kaher deposed) Otho I., " The Great : ' Louis IV.," D'outre Mer," Son of Charles the Simple, Malcolm I. of Scotland Bible published in the Saxon tongue by Athelstan Edmund I 941 Death of Anlaf ] Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury J * " Rollo, the Dane, forces Charles to confer on him the province of Normandy, and becomes, by baptism, A. D. 912, Robert duke of Normandy— Capital Rouen. Dukes op Normandy. Rollo, died 917 William, his son * 943 Richard 1 1002 Richard H 1026 Robert II 1635 William the Conqueror." Oxford Tables. F } 934 936 938 941 942 98 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Constantine VII. restored } j 955 945 Olga, widow and regent Bdred ' 946 Fifteenth Dynasty (IIEU-LEAM) 948 Ordono III 950 Indulf 952 Lothaire 954 Sancho I Edwy Pope John XII 956 Rom anus II ] Edgar } 959 Dunstan founds the Abbe}^ of Glastonbury 960 Duff i Sixteenth Dynasty (H E U— H A N) j 961 Mieozyslaw I ^ EOMANO-GEEMAN EMPIRE, Otho crowned Emperor t QQ2 by Pope John XII ) Nicephorus II 963 Cullen (Colon) | Conversion of Poland j Eamiro III 967 John Zimisces 969 Kenneth II 970 Seventeenth Dynasty (H E U-H A i\) 972 Otho II 973 Edward (II.) " The Martyr " 975 Basil II. | ") Constantine VIII. j ' 976 Eighteenth Dynasty (H E U— C H E U) » Ethelred II.," The Unready " 978 Bermudo II 982 Otho III 983 Nineteenth Dynasty (H E U— S U M) 985 Louis V., " Le Faineant " | Bjorne Herufulson during a storm discovers America (?) j Bulgarians defeated by Basil II. Hugh Capet, Count of Paris [. 937 CAPETIAN DYNASTY ESTABLISHED CHART OP TIME. Death of Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury v Vladimir, brother-in-law to Basil II (. Conversion of Russia ) Peace purchased of the Danes by " the Unready ".. Boleslaw I " The Great " The Danes paid to retire from England Constantine IV. of Scotland Kenneth IV.," The Grim," Usurper Robert II., son of Hugh Capet l Paris proclaimed the capital op France j Ethelred purchases peace of the Danes ) St. Adalbert slain in Prussia Silvester II Alfonso V North America discovered by Leif Ericson CENTURY 11 Massacre of the Danes , Henry II. of Germany Bryan Boru (Boroihme) King of Ireland Invasion of England (Danish) under Sweyn Malcolm II Feudal laws introduced into Scotland The Plague The Danes invade England and Scotland Ethelred gives £48,000 and 16 counties for peace. Battle op Clontarp, Danes defeated in Ireland (1039) Death of Brian Boroimhe, Boru, Borooa Fifteen thousand Bulgarians blinded by Basil Swiatopalk Edmund II., " Ironsides " Canute " The Great " becomes also King of England and conjointly reigns with Edmund Canute alone Prussia and Germany invaded by the Poles Conquest of Bulgaria Conrad II HOUSE OF FRANCONIA Mieczyslaw II 99 A.D. 988 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 999 1000 1002 1003 1004 1006 1010 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1024 1025 100 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Bermudo III "> Revolt in Poland } 10J7 Romanus III 1028 Musical Gamut written by Gus Aretino 1030 Henry I. of France 1031 Duncan 1033 Michael IV Rixa (Queen Regent) of Poland Harold I., " Hare foot " ^ l 1034 THE KINGDOM OF ARAGON, Romiro I THE KINGDOMS OF LEON AND CASTILE, Ferd j 1053 [ 1035 inand « The Great " J Seljukian Turks under Togrul Beg 1038 Henry III | Macbeth } 1039 Hardicanute 1040 Michael V ) Casimir I. " The Restorer " j 41 Edward (III.) " The Confessor " (1041) | Con stan ti n e IX j Common laws (Leges non Scripts) collected 1044 Death of Earl Godwin , Schism of the East (Greek & Latin churches separate), Theodora, last of the Macedonian Dynasty 1054 Malcolm III 1055 Henry IV 1056 Isaac I., Comnenus 1057 Boleslaw II.," The Bold " 1058 The War of Investiture j Constantine X., " Ducas " j" Philip 1 1060 Alp Arslan 1063 gancho II 1065 Battle of Hastings ^ England conquered by the Normans i Death of Harold II., son of Godwin )- 1066 William I., " TheConquerer," King of England I THE NORMAN FAMILY J Constantine XI | _ Feudal System introduced into England , } 1 CHART OP TIME. 101 A.D. Revolt of the Saxons ^England completely suppressed by the Conquerer. Edgar Atheling flees to Scotland , )■ 1071 Rom anus IV, " Diogenes " ") I Michael VI. ) J Duke Robert's war , ^ Alfonso VI [ 1072 Malek Shah (1074) ) Gregory VII.," Hildebrand " 1073 Death of Earl Waltheof 1075 Conquest of Jerusalem 1076 Nicephorus III j Tower of London commenced ... j Wladyslawl 1080 Alexis L, Comnenus 1081 The New Forest laws 1085 Pope Urban II j iogfi Domesday Book completed j William II., " Rufus " 1087 Death of Berengarius 1088 Death of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 1089 Frederick, first duke of Suabia ~\ -(-KINGDOM OF THE ASSASSINS, founded by Hassan- ,' 1090 ben-Sabah (Sheik) in Persia about J Battle of Alnwick, Malcolm slain ^ Malek Shah, first victim of the Assassins >• 1093 Donald Bane J Plague in London 1094 Don Henrique created Count of Portugal Council of Clermont. The Holy War } COMMENCEMENT OF THE CEUSADES. } 1096 * " A rigid police is established — tlie curfew — domestic peace maintained. Norman French is taught in all Schools, and made use of in all legal proceedings. In short, by the Norman conquest, the English become the poor, the miserable, and oppressed, the serfs and villains of past ages, and the middle and lower classes of the present — the Normans become the rich, the nobles and the oppressors." Oxford Tables. t " Hassan I., Sheik, first of the ' Old men of the mountain,' and founder of the Order of Assassins." Haydn. 102 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Edgar 1097 Conquest of Jerusalem by Godfrey de Bouillon -^ Death of the Cid (Don Eodrigo Laney) L 1099 Order of the Knights of St John instituted j Henry I., " Beauclerc " 1100 CENTUEY 12 Boleslaw III 1102 Battle of Tinchebray (Robert defeated). a Conquest of Normandy L 1106 Henry V ) Alexander I, " The Fierce " 1107 Louis VI, " Le Gros " 1108 Urraca (Uracca) 1109 The Plague 1111 Alphonso Henrique (Portugal) 1112 John Conmenus "i Order of the Knights Templar } CalixtusII 1119 Death of Prince William by drowning 1120 Concordat at Worms 1122 Ninth General (First Lateran') Council 1 f 1123 End of the War of Investiture ) David I, son-in law to Earl Waltheof 1124 Lothaire II, the Saxon, Usurper 1125 Alfonso VII 1126 Zenghi 1127 Death of Duke Robert, (imprisoned 28 years) 1134 Civil war, Matilda against Stephen ) Stephen of Blois, Usurper J Louis VIL," Le Jeune " Justinian's Pandecti (Manuscripts) found at Amalfi . Battle of the Standard (Northallerton) 1138 Battle of Om-iques, Henrique defeats the Moors Conrad III Wladyslaw II , Tenth Oecumenical (2nd Lateran) Council C 1139 HOUSE OP HOHENSTAUFEN, OR SUABIA KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL ESTABLISHED, Alphonse Henrique crowned j I 1137 103 Battle of Wei The Order of La Trappe foundc Battle of Lincoln, Stephen captured 1141 Alphonso I. of Portugal 1142 Manuel Comnenus 1143 Conquest of Edessa 1 Nuraddin } 1U5 Second Crusade "i Boleslaw IV j 1147 Jurie (George L), built Moscow 1149 Frederick I. " Barbarossa " 1152 Malcolm IV. " The Maiden 1153 Peace of Wallingford j *Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakshire) -\ Henry II I 1154 THE PLANTAGENET FAMILY ESTABLISHED ) Papal Bull of Adrian authorizing the invasion of Ireland .. 1155 Sancho III. and Alfonso VIII 1158 Alexander II., " The Learned " 1159 Order of the Carmelites established (about) 1160 Destruction of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa 1162 Constitution of Clarendon 1164 William « The Lion " 1165 Roderic O'Connor , \ Dermot MacMurrough's rebellion j The Lombard League 1167 Invasion of Ireland by Henry Richard, earl of Pembroke, "Strongbow" Death of Thomas a Becket 1170 Saladin ,. 1171 Conquest of Ireland END OF THE IRISH MONARCHY Catana swallowed by an earthquake Rosamond Clifford, " The fair Rosamond " \- Mieczyslaw III. " The Old " Second battle of Alnwick, William the Lion defeated 1174 Treaty declaring English kings " Lords Paramount op Ireland forever " 1175 * The ouly Englishman that was ever a Pope. } 1172 104 YZ.1 TO LOVERIN's A.D. Carfmir II., " The Just " 1177 Persecution of the Waldenses 1178 Eleventh (Ecumenical (Third Lateran) council 1179 Philip II., " Augustus " Alexis II., Cornnenus. Andronicus 1183 Isaac II., Angelus ] Sancho I. of Portugal j Conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin 1187 Alfonso IX 1188 Terrible Massacre of the Jews in England 1 Kichard" The Lion Hearted " [ 1189 The Third Crusade, under Kichard and Philip 1190 Henry VI. Order of the Teutonic Knights instituted 1191 Treaty between Kichard and Saladin 1192 Death of Saladin 1193 Richard ransomed for £100,000 1 LeshekL, " The White" j 1194 Alexius III., Usurper 1195 Death of Roderick O'Connor, last king of Ireland i Innocent III j John I. " Lackland " 1199 Mieczyslaw III. restored 1200 CENTURY 13 The Fourth Crusade, under Baldwin Death of Prince Arthur, murdered \- 1202 Leshek the White, restored. Conquest of Normandy ..... Constantinople besieged and captured j* 1204 Baldwin of Flanders, Emperor, Genghis Khan," Temoutchin," becomes a General 1205 Henry 1206 Stephen Langton made Cardinal 1207 Otho IV., Duke of Brunswick } Interdict laid on England by the Pope j Persecution of the Albigenses ) Simon de Montford j AlphonsoII., "The Fat" 1211 Second battle of Lincoln, the French defeated Ferdinand III. of Spain CHART OF TIME. 105 A.D. Frederick II 1212 Pandolph receives the English crown from John, for the -\ Pope, and accepts in lieu a yearly sum of 1000 marks... ]■ 1213 Jurie II., (George) J Battle of Bouvines "» Alexander II.," The Wise " ) 12U Twelfth (Ecumenical Council (Fourth Lateran) -\ * Magna Chaata, signed and sealed at Runnymede j Henry III 1216 Fifth Crusade, under the King of Hungary >. [ 1217 Peter J Death of Simon de Montfort at the Seige of Toulouse 1218 Robert 1221 Louis VIII., " The Lion " | Sancho II. " The Idle " j 1223 Louis IX., < : The Saint " 1226 Death of Genghis Khan Boleslaw V., " The Modest " Death of Stephen Langton ") > 1??8 Baldwin II., John de Brienne regent J The Sixth Crusade 1229 Coal discovered at Newcastle 1233 Grand Duke Jurie killed -\ RUSSIA FALLS UNDER THE YOKE OF THE I 1237 TARTARS 3 Jarislaw II , 1238 * The Magna. Charta is the great Document of Agreement touching English Liberty. Its sole object was the protection of the people by carefully guarding against the infringement of their rights, from any direction, but more particularly that of Royalty. It was demanded by the people, for the people " the Clergy " " the Barons " and " the Vassals "—the latter on all occasions constituting the " bone and sinew " of the British Nation. It is the grand electric light of the dark ages from which has been received the stimulus by which lesser tapers have been kindled and caused to emit a benign refulgence, which has proven more or less practically beneficial to all subjects of Britain since the time of King John. The Charter of Henry I. was its basis, though every agreement from the time of Alfred " the Great " down to the meeting at Kunnymede was considered as a means, of affording wisdom by which its construction might be the more perfect and satisfactory. The infringement of this Charter on the part of George III. and his Parli unent was undoubt- edly the cause of the American Declaration of Independence, a scintilation of no mean order. 1 1227 106 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Russia and Poland plundered by the Tartars | Ilanseatic League j Innocent IV., originator of red hats for Cardinals 1243 Thirteenth (Ecumenical Council, Emperor Frederick II. deposed 1245 The seventh Crusade under Louis IX J -, 91 q Alphonso III J Alexander III 1249 Conrad IV 1251 Alfonso X., " The Wise" 1252 Richard, Earl of Cornwall 1254 Rhinish League 1255 Invasion of China by the Tartars ~\ The Mad Parliament Y 1258 * Bagdad fallen. End of the power op the Saracens.. 3 Russia pillaged by the Tartars | Pekin declared the seat of the Chinese Government } The Greek Dynast} 7 recovers Constantinople | Michael Palseologus j Battle of Lewes, Henry III. captured , 1264 Battle of Evesham, Henry restored , "\ Montfort slain V 1265 The First Regular Parliament in England J Japan invaded by the Tartars | 1 q« q CONQUEST OF JAPAN by Kublai Khan j 1Z ™ Eighth and last Crusade, under Louis IX . Philip III., « The Hardy " [ 1270 END OF THE CRUSADE WARS J Edward I., (IV.)." Longshanks " 1272 Rodolph I | HOUSE OF HAPSBURG j X4,l ° Death of Thomas Aquinas " The Angelic Doctor "... Fourteenth CEcumenical Council Marco Polo introduces Missionaries to China 1275 Dennis, " The father of his Country " | Statute of Mortmain j Death of Llewellyn III. by assassination 1282 I 1274 * " Bagdad was taken by Hulaku, grandson of the celebrated Genghis Khan ; Al Mostasem, the last of the Caliphs, was put to death, the Caliphate abolished and the Saracen Empire terminated." — Kerney. CHART OF TIME. 107 A.D. Conquest of Wales ) 19 „o Andronicus Palseologus ) Sancho IV., " The Brave " 1284 Philip IT., " The Fair " 1285 Margaret " The Fair Maid of Norway " 1286 The Plague and Persecution of the Jews 1290 Adolphus of Nassau 1291 Death of Roger Bacon ) 19 _ John Baliol ) Pope Celestine V 1294 Premyslaw I ~\ Ferdinand TV, of Spain J- 1295 Mariner's Compass introduced by Marco Polo ) Battle of Dunbar, Baliol a prisoner ~\ The Mongol Tartars destroy the Chinese Navy V 1296 Twentieth family from FO-HI (YVEN) ) Battle of Stirling William Wallace bravely defends Scotland Falkirk Albert of Austria 0thman 1 logo EISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE j ww Wenceslaus j ison The Christian Jubilee J CENTURY 14 Flavio Gioia of Amain adds the needle to the compass 1302 Roslin, Comyn defeats the English 1303 Wallace infamously executed at Smithfield Clement IV Wladyslaw III., " Lokietek " Battle of Methven John Comyn assassinated by Robert Bruce [■ 1306 Robert Bruce Edward II., (V.) " Caernarvon " | Revolution of William Tell j Henry VII 1308 Papal See removed to Avignon 1309 Fifteenth Oecumenical Council, order of Knights Templars suppressed 1311 | 1297 | 1298 108 KEY TO LOVERIN's A.D. Death ofGaveston \ Alfonso XI I 1312 Edict suppressing the order of Templars J Battle of Bannockburn, Bruce triumphant Death of Philip " The Fair " Louis X., " The Wrangler " y 1314 Lewis IV. of Bavaria ) Frederick III., of Austria j rival Emperors of Germany j Battle of Morgarten 1315 John I., infant, lived 4 daj'S ■> Philip V., " The Long " j 1316 Death of John Govver -\ Ivan I I 1320 Gunpowder invented by Schwartz (?) ) iEtna erupts ■) Death of Dante j 1321 Charles IV., " The Handsome " 1322 Death of Marco Polo 1323 John Wycliff born 1324 Alphonso IV., " The Brave " 1325 Orchan, Sultan 1326 Edward III., (VI) » Windsor " 1327 Philip VI., of Valois -\ AndronicusIII I 1328 THE VALOIS BEANCH OF CAPETIANS ) David II., (Bruce) 1329 Mortimer executed 1 Louis of Bavaria reigns alone J Halidon Hill (Baliol restored a brief period by Edward), j Casimir III., " The Great," Last of the Piast Dynasty... j 1333 Edward III, of England, proclaims himself heir to the") French throne, by right of his mother Isabella, >- 1337 daughter of Philip " The Fair " ) Invasion ofFrance by Edward of England 1338 Battle of Helvoetsluys— English naval superiority... ~\ Simeon I., " The Proud " } 1340 John Palreologus 1341 Battles of Cressy and Neville's Cross (Gunpowder used)... 1346 CHART OF TIME. 109 A.D. Conquest of Calais Charles IV i 1350 John Cantacuzene f Diet at Vislica, first written laws promulgated J The Plague, " Black Death " 1348 The Plague l Order of the Garter established j l349 John II, " The Good " Peter " The Cruel " of Spain Ivan If 1353 Death of Rienzi 1354 Inez de Castro murdered -\ John Palaeologus > 1355 The Golden Bull (German diet instituted) \ Battle of Poictiers, John II. of France captured 1356 Peter " The Severe " of Portugal 1357 Jacqueries headed by Caillot 1358 Demetrius II 1359 Amurath I ~\ Janizaries, Turkish order of Infantry, organized > 1360 Peace of B re tig try ) The Plague 1361 Demetrius III Edict for law pleadings in English. Charles V., " The Wise " 1364 Ferdinand I., of Portugal 1367 Henry II., of Trastmare, Spain 1368 Louis " The Great " of Hungary, Piast Dynasty extinct , 1370 "} Gregory XI Death of Sir John Mandeville Kobert II., first of the Stuarts }■ \y t THE HOUSE OF STUART IN SCOTLAND.... Death of Petrareh 1374 Death of Edward, " The Black Prince " .... ) Death of Boccaccio j Richard II, of Bordeaux, son of the Black Prince 1377 Civil war in the church, two or more Popes ~\ Wenceslas [■ 1378 THE GREAT SCHISM J 110 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. J ° hn X • 1379 } Twenty-first Chinese Dynasty (M I N) Charles VI., " The Maniac " i Wickliffe's Bible published f L ^ 80 Death of Wat Tyler , Wat Tyler's insurrection Moscow sacked by Tamerlane ") Maria, eldest daughter of Louis " The Great " j lo0 -' Poland ravaged by Timur 1383 Jadwiga, the younger daughter, crowned 1 1381 Death of John Wickliffe. John I., " The Illegitimate " 1385 Battle of Sempach >. William of Wykeham, founder of New Oxford College.... i _ _ Wladislas IV. (Jagiello), marries Jadwiga j 100 ° THE JAGIELLON DYNASTY, Constitutional Monarchy J Battle of Otterburn (Chevy Chase) Douglas killed 1388 Bajazet " Lightning " . 1389 Invasion of Turkey by Tamerlane ~\ Henry II., of Spain I 1390 Bobert III., " Stuart the second " ) Manuel II 1391 The Code Premunire 1392 Bussia invaded by Timur (Tamerlane) | Destruction ofMoscow j The Duke of Gloucester murdered. 1397 Henry IV, " Bolinbroke " -\ Deposition of Richard II., Bevolution > 1399 The Order of the Bath ) Death of Chaucer Rupert (Bobert) Coal introduced as fuel into London y 1400 Rebellion of Owen Glendower, great-grandson of | Llewellyn J CENTURY 15 William Sawtre burned as a heretic 1401 Battle of Homeldon 1402 Battle of Shrewsbury ~\ Death of Sir Henry Percy [ 1403 Soliman I J CHART OP TIME. Ill A.D. Death of William Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester 1404 Death of Tamerlane, maternal descendant from Ghengis ^ Kahn Y 1405 James I., (Duke of Albany regent) ' J John II 1406 Plague in London 1407 The Sixteenth (Ecumenical Council, Gregory and Benedict deposed • 1409 Battle of Grunwalden ) Musa } Sigismund 1411 Mahomet 1 1412 Henry V.,' " Monmouth " 1413 Council of Constance, Seventeenth (Ecumenical 1414 Battle of Agincourt ") Conquest of Ceuta (Septa) Africa >■ 1415 John Huss burned as a heretic ' Jerome of Prague, burned | Frederick VI. of Nuremburg becomes 1st of Brandenburg, j Madeira discovered by the Portuguese 1419 Treaty of Troyes, England's acquisition of France (?)... | Peace between England and France \ Amurath II 1421 Alphonso created " Duke of Braganza " (Portugal) ~\ Henry VI, "Windsor" (Gloucester and Bedford regents) (■ 1422 Charles VII, " The Victorious " ) John VII, " Palreologus " ) „ Basil IV J U2 ° Battle of Patay Jeanne d'Arc crowns Charles at Rheims f- 1429 End of the war of the Popes Jeanne d'Arc burned at Eouen 1.... I Eighteenth (Ecumenical Council Edward I, " Duarte " 1433 Wladyslaw V., (Wladyslaw II, Jagiollon) | \±%± Azores discovered hy the Portuguese i James II 1437 Alphonso V.," The African " Albert II \ HOUSE OF AUSTKIA 112 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Frederick III 1440 Moors reduced to slavery by the Portuguese } Birth of Columbus (about) } 1441 White Moors exchanged for Negroes (Negro slavery) 1443 Battle of Varna. Wladyslas killed ) 1444 ! | 1445 Slavery introduced into Spain Casimir IV Printing invented by Laurens John Koster (about). Revolution of the Teutonic Knights 1446 Pope Nicholas V 1447 Constantine XII, " Palseologus " 1448 Battle of Sevenoaks Sir Humphrey Stafford killed Mazarin's Bible printed f 1450 Jack Cade's insurrection J Bishop Turn bull ") Mahomet II I 1451 St. Andrews University founded by Turnbull J Constantinople captured by Mahomet II 1 1ylKO FALL OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE } 1453 Henry IV. of Spain 1454 The War op the Roses (civil) ^ BattleofSt. Albans !• 1455 Duke of Somerset killed J Battle of Blore Heath » , tmn Sir Andrew Trollop betrays the Yorkists j Battle of Wakefield -\ The Luke of York killed I 1460 James III J Second Battle of St. Albans -. Battle of Towton (Lancastrians fatally defeated) i Edward IV, son of Richard, Duke of York j Louis XI J Ivan III., " Basilovitz " 1462 Battle of Hexham, Yorkists completely victorious.... Death of JohirFaust (Fust) Peace op Thorn, East Russia subjected to Poland . 1466 Death of John Giittenberg 1468 RUSSIA SHAKES OFF THE YOKE OF THE TAR- TARS 1469 I 1464 CHART OF TIME. 113 AD. Bichard Neville, Earl of Warwick 1470 Battle of Barnet j *} Battle of Tewkesbury J I Death of Warwick, " The King Maker " I . „. The death of Thomas a Kempis [ The Prince of Wales murdered by Edward IV. and his i brothers ; Henry VI. found dead soon after J Birth of Nicholas Copernicus 1473 Isabella becomes " Queen of Leon and Castile. " ") „ L 1474 Book on Chess printed by Caxton (translation) J Fire-arms and cannon, by Ivan 1475 Birth of William Tyndale 1477 The Plague | ^s The Duke of Clarence drowned in a butt of Malmsey ) Ferdinand II., of Arragon, " The Catholic," "\ Ferdinand and Isabella unite dowries by marriage >• 1479 Union of Castile and Arragon J Bajazetll | John II., " Great and Perfect " } 1401 Edward V, (VIII.) and 1 , , . , m . The Duke of York [murdered in the Tower 1 Bichard III. Usurper , j Charles VIII, " The Affable " J The Inquisition, Torquemada Inquisitor-general 1484 Battle of Bosworth ^ Sweating Plague i 1 Henry VII <► 1485 Pe^ce of the War of the Boses THE TUDOR FAMILY Cape of Good Hope rounded by Captain Diaz -\ Marriage of Henry VII, of Lancaster, and Elizabeth "> 1486 of York J Lambert Simnel's rebellion 1487 James IV 1488 Conquest of Grenada by Gonzalvo de Cordova ^ Death of Lorenzo de Medici i John Albrecht (Albert) y 1492 DISCO VEEY OF AMERICA BY CHRISTOPHER I COLUMBUS J G 114 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.IX Maximilian 1 1495 At Seville, 500 Indians sold into slavery by Columbus... ^ Birth of Jacques Cartier > 1494 * Poyning's Act ) Emmanuel I -> The Imperial Chamber instituted at Worms j Vasco de Gama, first navigator to India -\ f NOKTH AND SOUTH AMERICA VISITED BY I 1497 THE CABOTS ) Louis XII, Duke of Orleans, " Father of the People " 1498 Newfoundland discovered by the Cabots, John and -\ Sebastian I 1499 Perkin Warbeck's Rebellion J The Plague Brazil discovered by Cabral 1500 ) 1502 CENTUKY 16 Alexander I, of Poland "\ St. Helena and Greenland discovered by Cortereal ^ 1501 Aulic Council Death of Arthur, Prince of Wales , Second expedition of Vasco de Gama Institution of the Order of the Thistle (about) 1503 Jane, (Joanna), " The Insane," l The " Great Harry'' (£14,000), first of the PoyalNavy } Basil V 1505 Death of Columbus ) Sigismundl., "The Great " .. j Henry VIII, heir of both houses, York and Lancaster 1509 The Portuguese colonize Goa in India "> Empsonand Dudley, executed j * " The most important measure of all was one which provided that thereafter no legis- lation whatever should be proceeded with in Ireland, unless the bills to be proposed were first submitted to the king and council in England, and were returned, certified under the great seal of the realm. This is usually and specially called ' Poyning's Act. ' " McGee's History of Ireland. ■f John and Sebastian Cabot, father and son, were the first Europeans who are known to have debarked on the mainland of North and South America, if we except the disco- veries of the tenth century- CHART OF TIME. 115 A.D. Conquest of Navarre from John d' Albert n Ferdinand V, of all Spain ( Selim " The Ferocious " j U Nineteenth (Ecumenical Council (Fifth Lateran) J Battle of Flodden Field Pope Leo X., de Medici | James V., Dake of Albany Regent.... ^ 1513 Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez de Balboa Thomas Wolsey created Bishop of Lincoln 1514 Francis I. King of France 1515 Charles I., King of all Spain and the Netherlands 151G Death of Nunez de Balboa ^ Luther's rebellion in the Church > 1517 THE REFORMATION ) Discovery of Mexico by Juan de Grijalva lolS Conquest of Mexico by Fernando Cortez -\ Fernando Magellan begins his celebrated voyage ^ 15\$ Charles I. of Spain becomes also Charles V. of Germany. ) Papal Bull burned at Wittemburg by Martin Luther n Birth of William Cecil i Death of Raphael )■ 1520 Soliman II., " The Magnificent " I Field of the Cloth of Gold. Royal interview.... •> Conquest of Belgrade Magellan killed at the Philippine Islands Don John III )■ 1521 The Diet at Worms proclaims Henry VIII. " Defender I of the Faith " ) Sebastian del Cano completes the first circumnavi- ~\ gation of the earth in Magellan's ships v 1522 New Testament, by Martin Luther ) Clement VII 1523 John Verazani names the Atlantic coast," New France " -\ Death of Bayard. [• 1524 Birth of Camoens J Battle of Pavia " Tout est perdu, madame, fors l'honneur " " Albert of Brandenburg acknowledged Duke of East Prus- sia, a fiefdom of Poland ( The New Testament by Tyndale I 1530 116 KEY TO LOVERIN'S AD. War between France and Spain "\ Eome stormed and captured in war against the Pope >■ 1527 Death ofNicolo Machiavelli , J The Sweating Plague 1528 Diet at Spires for the condemnation of Eeformers 1529 Death of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey Augsburg Confession of Faith, by Melancthon The Teutonic Knights expelled from Prussia Protestant League at Smalcald, origin of the appela- [ 1531 tion " PEOTESTANT " Ivan IV., "The Terrible" "\ Henry VIII., assisted by Archbishop Cranmer, obtains a > 1533 divorce from Catharine of Arragon ) Pope Paul III n Henry VIII. declares himself " Head of the Church " . The Order op the Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola NEW FRANCE VISITED BY JACQUES-CAETIER. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro... Sir Thomas Moore beheaded Cartier discovers the Eiver St. Lawrence , Insurrection of the Anabaptists at Munster Anne Boleyn beheaded 1536 Thomas Cromwell, created Earl of Essex | Cranmer's " Great Bible " printed by authority j Ignatius Loyola recognized by the Pope -* Cromwell disgraced and beheaded on Tower Hill 1534 1535 Scotland circumnavigated )■ 1540 Papal Bull of Paul III, confirming the Order of the I Jesuits • • ' John Calvin , ~\ Pizarro assassinated by Almagro > 1541 Discovery of the Mississippi by Fernandez de Soto J Efforts to colonize New France "1 M. de la Roque disembarks at Stadacona I St. Francois Xavier arrives a Missionary atGoa, India.... I Death of De Soto Mary becomes " Queen of the Scots " (one week old)... Henry VIII. proclaims himself" King of Ireland "... Death of Copernicus j ~-.~ Japan admits the Portuguese at Nagasaki j CHART OP TIME. 117 A.D. Council of Trent, twentieth (Ecumenical (1545-1563) Luther and Calvin condemned 1545 Death of Martin Luther 1546 Battle of Pinkey \ Edward VI. (IX.)..... ' 1547 Henry II. of France ) Sigismund II, " Augustus " 1548 Colonization of Brazil, St. Salvador the capital M. de la Roque and vessels lost during storm Death of de la Roque de Rober val at sea (* " First Book of Common Prayer " printed in English J Birth of Robert Cecil 1550 Birth of Edmund Spenser -^ Death of Somerset, father of Lady Jane Grey i Death of St. Francois Xavier ( 1552 Treaty of Passau, religious freedom established J Fifth Franco-Spanish war -\ Miguel Servetus burned at Geneva [• 1553 Mary succeeds Edward YI of England ) Lady Jane Grey beheaded 1554 Philip II. of Spain 1 Pope Paul IV } 1555 Death of Ignatius Loyola | ) Thomas Cranmer burnt at Oxford j >• 1556 Ferdinand I ) Don Sebastian 1557 Conquest of Calais by the Duke of Guise -\ Death of Charles V. of Germany >- 1558 Elizabeth " The Virgin Queen " ) Francis II , 1559 Charles IX -\ * Treaty of Edinburgh. The Queen of the Scots assumes > 1560 to be the heiress to the English throne ) *" After the death of Mary queen of England, and daughter to Henry VIII., the Prince of Guise insisted on the claim of Mary queen of the Scots to the crown of England, in preference to that of Elizabeth whom they looked upon as illegitimate. This claim was supported by the king of France, who prevailed upon the queen of the Scots herself to assume the title of queen of England, and to stamp money under that character. The arms of England were quartered with those of France and Scotland and employed as ornaments for the plate and furniture of Mary and the Dauphin. " British Cyclopaedia. 118 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Sir John Hawkins introduces Slavery into England 1562 Second book of Common Prayer 1563 Florida Settled by the Huguenots at St. Augustine.. Birth of William Shakspeare J- 1564 Maximilian II , Florida conquered by Melandez. St. Augustine destroyed, and the inhabitants massacred. . j- 1565 Potatoes from Santa Fe, by Sir John Hawkins. Selim II 1566 Lord Darnley murdered ) «„-_ 1567 } Parker's Bible, " The Bishop's Bible " | Imperial Guard, " Strelitz," established by Ivan j | 1571 | 1574 James VI, of Scotland , TCisVirm's Tlihlfi " "k 1568 Lithuania united to Poland , 1569 Battle of Lepanto, the Turks defeated , .Birth of Johann Kepler Massacre of St. Bartholomew , Death of John Knox Pope Gregory XIII j Camoens' Lusiada (Epic Poem) J Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected king of Poland "> -_„ ELECTIVE MONAECHY ESTABLISHED in Poland. . j 15 ' 3 Amurath III. Henry III. (abdicates the Polish Throne) Stephen Bathori elected, succeeds Henry 1575 Podolph II 1576 Circumnavigation op the Earth by Sir Francis Drake 1577 Don Henry, "The Cardinal" 1578 Death of Camoens 1579 Portugal falls under Spanish rule ~\ Don Anthony. Deposed by Philip II. of Spain > 1580 English version of the K. Catholic N. Testament ) The Calendar reformed by Gregory XIII 1582 Red Cross Flag planted in America by Sir H. Gilbert 1583 Colonization (unsuccessful) of Virginia by Sir Walter ^ Paleigh | The loss of " the Squirrel " by storm at sea }■ 1584 Death of Sir Humphrey Gilbert by drowning I Feador or Theador I '■ I 1594 CHART OP TIME. 119 D.A. The Jesuits and Portuguese expelled from Japan 1585 The Babington Plot against the life of Queen Elizabeth.... 1586 Virginia Dare, first of English parents in America. ~\ Sigismund III., Vasa [■ 1587 Mary, " Queen of the Scots," beheaded 3 The Spanish Armada defeated 1588 Assassination of Henry III, by James Clement, a monk. "\ End of the House of Valois, and commencement of > 1589 THE BOURBON DYNASTY, Henry IV ) Massacre^ of the Christians in Japan "> The "Faerie Queene," by Spenser J The Crotian Massacre, 65,000 Christians slain 1592 The Jesuits expelled from France -Chatel's conspiracy to assassinate Henry IV Death of Tasso " Torquato," poet "i Mahomet III j The death of Admiral Drake ... 1596 Battle of Blackwater, O'Neil defeats the English , .. v JJeath of Lord Burleigh (William Cecil) M, de la Roche, second Viceroy of New France. Philip III, of Spain [ 1598 Boris G-odonof, usurper, institutor op Serfdom ... Edict op Nantes Peace of Vei'vins, mutual restoration of conquests... Death of Spenser The fur trade monopolized in N. France by Chauvin [• 1599 and Pontgrave First Charter granted to the East India Company ■» Japan, by treaty, permits commerce with the Dutch j CENTURY 17 Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, executed 1601 James VI. op Scotland becomes James I. of England. Ahmed I. (Achmet) The Main and Bye Plots , f 1603 THE HOUSE OF STUART J Acadia, Port Royal, colonized by France The Jesuits readmitted to France , } 120 KEY TO LOVERIN 8 Battle of Kirkholm Death of John Zamo} 7 ski Feador II The Gunpowder Plot, Guy Fawkes Great Fire at Constantinople The first Colonial Charter, granted by James I Virginia colonized by the English at Jamestown, Captain John Smith Pocahontas THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA Birth of John Milton John Sigismund Quebec founded by Champlain THE FIEST PERMANENT FRENCH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA Second "Virginian Colony by Lord de la "Ware English version of the Douay Bible published Newfoundland colonized by Governor Sir John Guy Assassination of Henry IV by Ravillac Mary de Medici. Regent Louis XIII. succeeds Henry IV Hudson's Bay discovered by Henry Hudson (1606) Fathers Masse* and Briart, Jesuits, arrive at Port Royal . Plague at Constantinople, 200,000 perish Gustavus Adolphus Factories built at Surat, Goa The Bible published, as " authorized by James I." Champlain returns to N. France as Lieut.-Governor Mathias John Rolfe receives Pocahontas in marriage Michael Feodorwitz THE ROMANOFF DYNASTY ESTABLISHED New Netherlands, Manhattan or New Amster- dam (now New York) colonized by the Dutch, and called New England by Captain John Smith ( Clergy The States General 1 Nobility (^ Commons prior to the French Revolution The last meeting A.Dt 1605 1606 )■ 1607 1608 160C< y i6ia I J 1611 1612 i6ia }■ 1614- 1615* 1616- CHART OF TIME. 121 A.D.. The Recollet Fathers brought to New France (Quebec)... Negro Slavery introduced into the English colonies by James Smith and Thomas Keyser " Don Quixote " published J China invaded by the Manchou Tartars n Death of Shakspeare Death of Cervantes, author of "Don Quixote" Baffin's Bay discovered by William Baffin Mustapha 1 161T The Thirty Years' War -. Sir Walter Raleigh executed I - MC> rkiu tt r lnl» Othman II f Synod at Dort in Holland J Ferdinand II. -s Discovery of the circulation of the blood by William I Harvey The First Colonial Assembly, at Jamestown, Virginia The Battle of Prague ^ English Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock, and found a colony Twenty slaves landed from a Dutch man-of-war, on the |- 1620 James River I Helen, wife of Champlain, arrives at Quebec The earliest American Covenant (41 signatures) J Philip IV ) Cotton introduced into Virginia ) N. Hampshire colonized by Mason and Gorges "\ AmurathlV. (Murad) [■ 1623: Pope Urban VIII , ) Richelieu becomes chief minister of Louis XIII n History of Virginia, N. England, and the Summer Isles, | by Captain John Smith }■ 1624 The Novum Organum by Bacon I The Society of St. Joseph J The Jesuits arrive in New France Charles I 1621 1625 The death of Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam) 1626- 122 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Boston founded. ^ Delaware and Pennsylvania colonized by Swedes and | Fins I 1627 * The Company of one hundred Associates Chartered by Eichelieu, Champlain being made President j Massachusetts Bay colonized by Captain John Endicot. -\ The Duke of Buckingham assassinated by Felton i- 1628 The Petition of Eight J Conquest of Quebec by Admiral Kirkt 1629 Death of Captain John Smith, " Father of Virginia " 1631 Battle of Lutzen Births of John Locke and Christopher Wren 1 Death of Gustavus Adolphus . Wladislas VI., Vasa (1633) I 1632 Quebec restored to the French by treaty, in honor of which the Church " Notre-Dame de la Eecouvrance " was built j Colonization of Maryland by Calvert, " Lord Baltimore " n Massacre of Christians in Japan (about) I Champlain becomes Governor of New France ( Edict expelling Christians from Japan J Academie de France founded by Richelieu 1634 Connecticut colonized by Fenwick at Say-Brook -\ Rhode Island by Roger Williams and brethren [• 1635 Death of Samuel de Champlain 3 M. de Montmagny, Governor of New France > Institution of the ceremony of" Trampling on the Cross.", f Death of Ben Jonson First Printing Press in America, at Cambridge, by Samuel Greene I 1637 Ferdinand III | Harvard University founded by John Harvard J 1633 1636 * " Cardinal Richelieu was the founder of 'the Society of 100 Associates.' The new company formed in Paris to lfiiiT to take the place of that to which the de Caens be- longed * * The Company of Associates received from the king the powers and privileges which had previously been granted to the Viceroys and chartered companies. It was bound to provide for the settlement of the country, and for the religious care of the colonists, as well as the conversion of the savages ; 4000 colonists were to be taken out and settled on the lands before the year 1643. Every inhabitant was to be a French sub- ject and only one religious faith was to be tolerated. The religious missions for the conversion of the heathen tribes were to be entrusted to only one order of priesthood. The governor, or chief officer of the Company in the colony, was to be appointed by the •Society, also the officers of justice, subject to the king's approval." — H. H. Miles, History of Canada, page 26. CHART OF TIME. Death of Jansen, Bishop of Ypres ] League with the Covenanters j Madame de la Peltrie founds the Ursuline convent, Quebec") •Colonization of Madras, Fort St. George built >■ Hotel Dieu founded at Quebec (School and Nunnery) ) Ibrahim I., Sultan ^ Frederick William, " The Great Elector " Dom John, Duke of Braganza, proclaimed king of Portugal The Long Parliament The Company of Montreal founded Portugal becomes independent of Spain and establishes THE HOUSE OF BRAGANZA Massacre of Protestants at Ulster (St. Ignatius) (?) n Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Straffoi'd, executed I The Star Chamber and Court of High Commission abol- y ished I Moore and Maguire's rebellion in Ireland ' Civil war, Roundheads vs Cavaliers Ville Marie (Montreal) founded by Paul Chomedy de Maisonneuve Birth of Newton (Isaac) Death of Gallileo I _ . „ f VanDiemen's Land ") Discovery of j New Ze&]&nd j by Tasman J Battle of Chalgrove Field, Hampden killed -. Death ofPym, lieutenant of ordnance i Mazarin succeeds Cardinal Richelieu y Louis XIV | Papal edict against too many holidays J Battle of Marston Moor, Prince Rupert defeated China overpowered by the Manchou Tartars Birth of William Penn Oliver Cromwell rises into power " Directory for Public Worship " published Twenty-second (present) Dynasty (C I M) J Battle of Naseby, Charles I. totally defeated \ William Laud, Ai'chbishop of Canterbury, beheaded [■ Alexis I., "Father of his Country " ) Charles I. surrendered to Parliament for £400,000 123 A.D. 1638 1639 y 1640 1041 Y 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 124 KEY TO LOVERIN S A.D. y 164& V 1649 Massacre of the missionaries by the Indians ^ M. d'Aillebout, Governor of New France John Casimir, Vasa Mahomet or Mahomed IV * The Falls of Niagara discovered by the Rev'd. Jesuit Priest, Paul Ragueneau The Rump Parliament, " Pride's Purge " Peace op Westphalia. End of the Thirty Years "War. > Civil war, capture of Drogheda by Cromwell Massacre of the garrison of Drogheda Destruction of the Huron s by the Iroquois Charles I. executed Monarchy and the House of Lords abolished The Commonwealth. Revolution complete The Battle of Dunbar Birth of John Churchill I Birth of William, Prince of Orange j Montrose (James Graham) executed J Battle of Worcester, Charles II. defeated, flees to France, >. thence to Scotland, where he is crowned at Scone by : the eighth Earl of Argyle } M. Jean Lauzon, Governor of N. France I The Navigation Act ' Naval war with England and Holland 1652 Battle of Texel, VanTromp defeated by Blake off Ports- \ mouth Marguerite Bourgeois founds the Notre Dame Convent at Montreal [ 1653 Oliver Cromwell, " Lord Protector " of England Barebone's Parliament Peace between England and Holland „ 1650 1651 * " De la mesme Nation Neutre tirant presque au Midy, on trouue vn grand Lac, quasi de deux cens lieues de tour, nomine Erie, qui se forme de la decharge de la Mer douce, et qui va se preeipiter par vne cheute d'eaux d'vne effroyable hauteur, dans vn troisieme Lac, nomine Ontario, que nous appellons le Lac Saint Louys, dont nous par- lerons cy-apres." — Relation of the Jesuits 1648, page 46 Translation : From the Neutral Nation, bearing nearly south, we find a grand Lake about two hundred leagues in circumference, named Erie, which is formed from the discharge of the gentle Sea (Lake Huron), and whicb is precipitated over a fall of water of a fearful height into a third Lake, named Ontario, which we call Lake St. Louis, of which we will speak hereafter." CHART OP TIME. 125 A.D. Conquest of Jamaica by Admiral Penn v Charles de Lauzon, Governor of N. France i Death of Miles Standish y 1656 Death of Archbishop Ussher I Alphonso VI., " The Imbecile " J The Sulpicians, under M. de Queylus, arrive at Montreal, n Death of Admiral Blake i Death of Dr. Harvey, discoverer of the circulation j Prussia proclaims her independence of Poland J M. d'Argenson governs N. France v Death of Oliver Cromwell... i Leopold I I 1658 Richard Cromwell succeeds his father J M. de Laval arrives at New France -\ The reassembling of" the Rump " Parliament V 1659 Revolution •'< The Rump expelled " ) Dollard with his band of heroes massacred by Indians.... s Christian Ernest institutes " The Order of Concord " The Restoration op Charles II, by acclamation )- 1660 Tea introduced into England from China I The Convention Parliament, called by General Monk... . J France purchases Dunkirk from England for £400,000... ^ The Eighth Earl of Argyll, Archibald Campbell, executed M. d'Avaugour, Governor of N. France , [ 1661 Colbert succeeds Mazarin as Prime Minister of France.../ The Sulpicians acquire the whole Island of Montreal n M. de Mesy becomes the Gorernor of N. France i The Sovereign Council : Bishop, Governor, and Royal y 1663 Intendant | =* CANADA BECOMES A ROYAL COLONY J * " By a royal edict, dated in February, 1663, the King of France took into his own hands all the rights which had been conferred in 1628. The reasons assigned were the Compa- ny's failure to send out enough of colonists, and its present inability to provide properly, either for the settlement of the country or its defense against the Iroquois. " " Next, by another edict, of April, 1663, New France was declared to be a Royal government, that is, a province under the direct rule of the King. To carry out this measure a local body was created, called the Sovereign Council. " * * * " The new constitution for the province was as follows :— All acts of government were to be in the name of the King. A Sovereign or Supreme Council was appointed, consis- ting of the Governor, the Eishops and the Royal Intendant, together with an Attorney General, chief clerk, and four counsellors named by the three first-mentioned officials." ■"The Royal Intendant was to preside and take notes at Meetings of the Council. The prin- cipal function of the Council was to sit as a High Court of Justice." * * H. H. Miles' History of Canada, pages 63, 64. J 126 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. War between Holland and England (commercial jea-N lousy) I New Netherlands (Manhattan) acquired from the Dutch j- 1664 and named after the Duke of York — New York.. Seigniorial Tenure introduced into New France The Carignan Regiment sent to Canada, Marquis de Tracy commanding The Plague, 100,000 deaths I Chevalier de Courcelle, Governor of Canada j M. Talon succeeds * M. Eobert as Eoyal Intendant i Charles II., Anne of Austria (his mother) regent J The Great Fire in London, 13,000 houses burnt 1666. The Earl of Clarendon, Edward Hyde, impeached and-s exiled i Milton's works published j Peace ofBreda , , J Small-pox in New France (Canada) severe ~\ The Triple League : England, Holland and Sweden >■ 1668 versus France , • ) Carolina colonized by Governor Sayle ") \Qpn Michael Korybut ) Laval created " Bishop of Quebec " New France \ ige/y History of the Rebellion (by Clarendon), published ) Louis Baude, Count de Frontenac, Governor of New ~\ France j Battle of Choezim •) Discovery of Mississippi Eiver by Joliette and Marquette >■ 1673 The Test Act *. 3 The death of John Milton ) \q^± John Sobieski i Pope Innocent XI ~\ Theador III [ 1676 Bacon's rebellion at Jamestown — Berkeley defeated J Whigs and Tories (civil war) -\ Titus Oates' plot I 1678 The Peace of Nimeguen J * " The first Intendant named under the proclamation of 1663 was M. Robert ; but he never came to Canada to fill bis office, and it was not till the summer of 1665 that Jean de Talon arrived at Quebec as the first real Intendant, with) the Viceroy de Tracy, and the Carignan Regiment. Lemoine's Picturesque, Quebec, Page 221. CHART OF TIME. The Habeas Corpus " Writ of Eight " passed | The Meal Tub plot } Pekin, capital of China, destroyed by earthquakes , Pennsylvania sold to the Penn family in lieu of £16,000... ) William Penn i Philadelphia purchased a second time from the Indians, and founded as a colony by William Penn M. de la Barre, Governor of Canada Ivan Y. and Peter (Peter alone 1689) Battle of Vienna, Sobieski defeats the Turks Death of Colbert Dom Pedro II Edict against the Christians in China The Charter of Liberties demanded by Colonists The Eye House Plot M. de Denonville Battle of Sedgmoor, Monmouth defeated , Monmouth beheaded Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyle, executed James II Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Monmouth's Rebellion in England ) Argyle's Rebellion in Scotland j Sir Edmund Andrew, Governor of New England , Judge Jeffreys, of the Bloody Assizes I Penal laws against Roman Catholics suspended \ Conspiracy of M. de Denonville against the Iroquois at Cataracoui, whereby many were sent to the galleys in France Death of John Alden 1 Soliman III j The Connecticut Charter secreted in an oak by Joseph f Wadsworth of Harwood j M. de St. Valier succeeds Laval as Bishop of New N France Death of John Bunyan Frederick III, son of the Great Elector.... The Declaration of Indulgence Act Revolution ; and expulsion of James II 127 A.D„ 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683; 168* } 1685 1 168S 168T )■ 1688 323 KEY TO LOVERIN 8 A.D. King William's war (civil) Massacre at Lachine Frontenac returns as Governor of New France Peter, alone. " The Great" William III and Mary Declaration of the Bill of Eights War in Ireland. Battle of the Boy ne.. Admiral Phipps repulsed at Quebec Schenectady burnt by the French and Indians Medal struck and a Church, " Notre-Dame de la Victoire," built in honor of victory over Phipps Englebert Ksempfer visits Japan Ahmed II \ *THE TREATY OF LIMERICK } Naval victory of LaHogue by the English and Dutch. . Origin of the National Debt Massacre of the McDonalds of Glencoe Persecution and burning of witches in New England ... Hanover declared an Electorate The death of Queen Mary, from small-pox William III. (alone) The Bank op England established by Charter.... Mustapha II., son of Mahomed IV The death of John Sohieski Frederick Augustus II., Elector of Saxony The Barclay Plot The Battle of Zenta, Turks defeated by Prince Eugene. Frederick Augustus elected Peace op Ryswick The death of Frontenac at Quebec Russian Order of St. Andrew by Peter "The Great".... Louisiana colonized by the French Chevalier de Calliere, Governor of New France Construction of Fort William at Calcutta , The Peace of Carlowitz, Ottoman power broken J }. 1689 1690 1691 1692 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 * " This celebrated treaty (after the battle of Aughrim) provided that all Roman Ca- tholics should enjoy the free exercise of their religion, as in the reign of Charles II., and that the Catholic gentry should be allowed to have arms, and should be required to take lio oath but that of allegiance." — Kerney. CHART OF TIME. 129 A.D. The Battle of Narva, Peter " The Great " totally defeated ^| by Charles XII of Sweden j Death of the Duke of Gloucester (Heir presumptive) } 1700 Philip V., grandson of Louis XIV becomes King of Spain- | ABOUEBON DYNASTY ESTABLISHED IN SPAIN, j CENTURY 18 Civil war in Spain 1 The death of James II Death of Dryden The Act of Settlement j General Peace Conference with the Indians under \ 1701 Kondiaronk, at Montreal | FBEDERICK III., SON OF THE GREAT ELECTOR, CEOWNS HIMSELF « FREDEEICK I., KING OF PEUSSIA." The Succession War. "Queen Ann's war" Mobile (Alabama) colonized by the French John Churchill created " Duke of Marlborough " )■ 1702 Queen Anne succeeds William III I Abjuration of the Stuarts ) St. Petersburg founded by " Peter the Great " -\ M. de Vaudreuil, Governor of New France (■ 1703 Achmet III... ) Battle of Blenheim, Marlborough victorious ^ Conquest of Gibraltar by Admiral Eooke Deerfield massacre by the French and Indians l 1704 Death of John Locke ,' Stanislaus Leszezynski (1706) i The " Strelitz " abolished by " Peter the Great " J Joseph 1 1705 The Battle of Eamillies, Marlborough victorious "\ Birth of Benjamin Franklin I 1706 Dom John V. j The Battle of Almanza, English, Dutch and Portuguese^ defeated by the French and Spanish England and Scotland unite their Parliaments and j become GEEAT BEITALN" ) I 1711 130 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Battle of Oudenardc, Marlborough defeats Vendorae \ Birth of William Pitt (■ 1708 Death of Bishop Laval ) Battle of Pultowa, Charles XII. of Sweden defeated by Peter "The Great" i 1709 Battle of Malplaquet, Marlborough victorious Frederick Augustus restored Conquest of Port Royal, name changed to Annapolis "> Sacheverell riots in London j Charles VI Sir Hovenden Walker's Armada shipwrecked Frederick William I Papal Bull against the Jansenists (Unigenitas) i- 1713 * The Peace op Utrecht George I., Elector of Hanover, " Guelph '' becomes king of Great Britain J- THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK Louis XV., " The Well Beloved " 1715 Mississippi colonized at Natchez l The Septennial Act J New Orleans founded ) „„„.. i 1717 Conquest of Belgrade by Prince Eugene j Death of Charles XII. of Sweden/' Madman of the North" \ The Death of William Penn !■ 1718 The Quadruple Alliance , ) The Death of Joseph Addison 1719 The South-Sea Bubble exploded j Sir Robert Walpole created " Lord of the Treasur}*- ".... } Birth of Charles Edward Stuart, " The Young Pretender " \ PETER "THE GREAT" ASSUMES THE TITLE OF I 1721 " EMPEROR OF ALL THE BUSSIAS" ) Death of the Duke of Marlborough (John Churchill) 1722 Vermont colonized bj'the English -* Louis I. (a few months) i Expulsion of the Jesuits from China, and Christianity f proscribed, except at Canton J * " Perpetual separation of the crowns of France and Spain : acknowledgment of the Hanoverian succession in England : Dunkirk dismantled : England acquires from Spain, Minorca, Gibraltar, and the right of trading with its colonies ; from France, Newfoundland, Acadia and Hudson's Bay ; France renounces all right of trading with Spanish Colonies, signs a treaty of commerce with England and Holland, and acknow- ledges Prussia as a Kingdom." —Oxford Chronological Tables. I 1732 CHART OP TIME. 131 A.D. * The Death of Vaudreuil | Catherine I., widow of Peter " The Great " J M. de Beauharnois, Governor of N. France 1726 Death of Sir Isaac Newton ^ The death of Bishop de St. Valier, successor of Laval V 1727 George II ' M. de Mornay, third Bishop of New France ) -.yog Discovery of diamonds in Brazil ) North Carolina colonized separately. Division of the Carolinas 1729 Pope Clement XII -\ Anne, niece of Peter " The Great " I Mahomet V., " Mahmud I " Unsuccessful revolt of the Janizaries Earthquake at Pekin, 180,000 perish (1730) 1731 Birth of George Washington Charter granted by George II. to the colony of Georgia. Savannah (Georgia) founded by Oglethorpe 1 Small-pox ravages New France [ -tnoo William Pitt "the elder " eaters Parliament f Frederick Augustus III., crowned by Kussian influence. . J John Wesley visits Georgia in America 1735 Birth of James Watt, inventor of the double steam engine.^ Patent obtained by Jonathan Hulls for ideas on steam y 1736 navigation J Conquest of Porto Bello 1739 War of the Austrian Succession (Civil). Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI. of Germany I Frederick II., "The Great" \ 1740 Ivan VI., " The Infant" J Elizabeth Petrowna, youngest daughter of Peter 1741 Charles VII. of Bavaria (elected) 1742 The Battle of Dettingen, the French army defeated ") Discovery of the Rocky Mountains by Verandiye J War between France and England i "™ e °™ French War" -j I " King George's War " [• 1744 Death of Alexander Pope - ) * " Six French Governors died and were buried in Quebec— Samuel de Champlain, Count de Frontenac, M. de Mesy, De Callieres, Marquis de la Jonquiere, and Marquis d e Vaudreuil. Two English Governors— Lieut. Gen. Hope and the Duke of Richmond." —Picturesque Quebec, page 19— Note by J. M. LeMoine, 1882. 132 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Invasion of England by Charles Edward Stuart, "The ^ Young Pretender." (Prince Charlie) The Battle of Fontenoy, the British army defeated Louisburg captured by the Colonists under Sir Wm. Pepperell }■ Death of Dean (Jonathan) Swift, satirist Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa , THE HOOSE OF LORRAINE > Battle of Culloden, the Young Pretender defeated \ The birth of Kosciusco I 1746 Ferdinand VI., "The Wise" *. ) M. de Galissonniere, Governor of New France > * Francois Bigot, thirteenth and last Intendant of New (■ 1747 France > ) f The Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle, Louisburg restored \ 1( _ , fi to France \ Halifax founded by 3,800 colonists from Great Britain... n M. de la Jonquiere governs New France I > 1749 Unsuccessful revolution of the Wahabees (Arabian Fan a- ( tics) J Dom Joseph Emmanuel 1750 Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and father of George III. 1751 M. de Quesne, Governor of New France ^ Electricity obtained from the clouds by Benjamin Franklin y 1752 The Gregorian Calendar published and adopted in Britain. ) George Washington despatched by Dinwiddie to demand } .-„ the removal of French forts from the Ohio Valley j *" In 1748, the evil genius of New France "La Pompadour's protf.gS" Francois Bigot, thirteenth and last Intendant, had landed at Quebec. Born in Guienne, of a family dis- tinguished at the bar, Bigot, prior to coming to Canada had occupied the high post of Intendant of Louisiana. In stature he was small— but well formed active — full of pluck — fond of display and pleasure— an inveterate gambler. Picturesque Quebec. Page 215 t " At first between France and the maritime powers, who were weary of a war in which they bad no longer any direct interest : acceded to afterwards by the others. Mutual restitution of conquest by France and England (in America, India, &c.) — Dunkirk to remain fortified on the land side— the Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed— Don PhiUp receives Parma, Placenlia, Guastilla, with remainder to the junior Princes of Spain — the Asiento question with Britain settled by the treaty of Buen Retiro, 1750, by which Spain pays Britain £100,000 in full of all demands. " —Oxford Chronological Tables. CHART OP TIME. Conquest of Fort Necessity by DeVilliers. Death of Jumonville Osman III Benjamin Fr\nklin's Confederation, Philadelphia its 133 A.D. )■ 1754 seat. Peace with the Iroquois " Six Nations " Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake..... -\ Expatriation of the Acadians for refusing to take the | oath of allegiance, etc )■ M. de Vaudreuil, Governor of New France I Defeat and death of General Braddock ' The Seven Years' War of Austria and Prussia >> The " Black Hole " in Calcutta, garrison suffocated ! General Montcalm and several meritorious officers come to New France Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm n Massacre at Fort William Henry by the French and | Indians )■ Death of Admiral Byng,shot for failing to relieve Minorca. Mustapha III iLouisbourg Frontenac Fort Duquesne Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Wolfe and Mont-*) calm) Conquest of Quebec by the British and Colonial troops* Death of Wolfe Death of Montcalm Birth of Robert Burns Charles III., King of Spain Battle of St Foye Road (Quebec) ^Montreal surrendered by De Vaudreuil to Gen. Amherst George III. becomes King of Great Britain The Conquest of New France by Great Britain and her ' North American Colonies. END OF THE FRENCH DOMINATION IN CANADA. by the English and Co- lonists of Britain 1755 1756 1757 1758 Y 1759 1760 *"De Vaudreuil, when the English were about to carry the place by storm, at onca capitulated on the best conditions Amherst could be induced to grant. * * * He, how ever, granted most of the conditions sought, but refused the honors of war." History of Canada by H. H. Miles, page 160. 134 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. Spain goes to war with Portugal -v Peter III. (six months) • Catherine II (• '1762 "North Briton," published by John Wilkes ) General Murray, first Governor of the Province of Quebec >. * Peace op Paris, (France, Spain and England) i Peace of Hubertsburg, Germany and Prussia f *«'*«' NEW FRANCE CEDED TO GREAT BEITAIN J Francis Marie Arouet de Voltaire Benjamin Franklin sent to London to oppose taxation.... Stanislaus Paniatowski The Quebec Gazette published, " The first paper in f Canada " , i Chief Pontiac's conspiracy J Death of James Francis Edward Stuart, " The Old Pre-" tender " Joseph II., co-regent with his motber, Maria Theresa.. . f The Jesuits College of Quebec, appropriated for quarters ' and barracks for the troops The Stamp Act passed , Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carleton), Governor of Canada Revocation of the Stamp Act Duties laid upon Tea, Glass, Paper, &c, in the American colonies by Great Britain 1767 Captain James Cook's first voyage >. James Watt obtains a patent for his Expansion Steam i Engine y 1768 The Royal Academy op Arts, Sir Joshua Reynolds first I President J {Arthur Wellesley (Wellington) Napoleon Bonaparte Soult Clement XIY The American Colonies determine non-importation. (League) , * " At the Treaty of Paris France cedes Canada, Cape Breton, Grenada, Tobago, and other West India Islands: Senegal, etc., in Africa: and Minorca (restored) to England : — England restores to France, Pondicherry, Carical, etc., in the East Indies, a share in the Newfoundland fishery and the isle of Goree: to Spain, Havana, Trinidad and Manilla : — Spain cedes the Floridas to England ; receiving Louisiana from France (a transfer not made till 1769)." — Oxford Chronological Tables. t " It had been claimed as a 'Magazine for the army contractor's provisions on 14th November, 1760.' " — Picturesque Quebec, page 137 [ 1766 )■ 1769 CHART OP TIME. Great Britain abolishes all duties except on tea Riots at Boston (Massacre) Birth of Walter Scott England obtains the Falkland Isles from Spain The first partition of Poland Tea thrown overboard at Boston, by the Colonists Papal Brief suppressing the Jesuits, by Clement XIV Louis XVI ^1 Abdul Ahmed Declaration op Colonial Rights, at Philadelphia (First Continental Congress) * The Quebec Act. (Treaty favoring Catholics in Canada) r f Lexington Battles of-j Bunker Hill, General "Warren killed (.Quebec, J Montgomery killed Crown Point ) , , ^captured Montreal j l 135 A.D. 1770 1771 1772 1773 y 1774 1775 " * This Act is referred to and considered in its relation to Great Britain and Quebec as a grand stroke of national Policy. " Canadian Constitution — full toleration to Catholics." — Oxford Tables. " The Roman Catholic religion was established, and the whole body of the French Civil Law introduced. Quebec was in effect constituted a French Province, all the difference being that the Canadians had George III. instead of Louis XVI- for King. During the debate upon the Bill in the House of Commons, Charles Fox and Edmund Burke denounced it as a despotic measure that threatened the liberties of the English Colonies. " * * * The new Constitution, &c, &c. " The new Constitution was calculated to please the clergy and the mass of the people ; and if that Government is the best that gives contentment to the greatest number then the Quebec Act of 1774 may be considered a successful piece of legislation. " — Archer's Canada, page 244. " The English inhabitants were dissatisfied with it, and even petitioned against it. In this proceeding they were joined by people of the other English Colonies in America, who declared that the favor shown towards the Roman Catholics by the Quebec Act was contrary to the law of England. " — Dr. H. H. Miles, Canada, pages 172-73. t Italicized battles indicate American successes. % " In noticing characters whose signatures were attached to a memorial addressed to George III. asking for land in Quebec to build a Presbyterian Church, J. M. LeMoine give6 the following ; — " Another signature recalls days of strife and alarm : that of sturdy old Hugh McQuarters, the brave artillery sergeant who, at Pres-de- Ville on that momentous 31st of December, 1775, applied the match to the cannon which consigned to a snowy shroud Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, his two aides, McPherson and Cheeseman, and his brave but doomed followers, some eleven in all. " — Picturesque Quebec, 1882, page 100. " Old Hugh McQuarters lived in Champlain street, and closed his career there in 1812. "—Idem. 136 KEY TO LOVcRIN S Battles of ^ Pope Pius VI Washington elected Commmander-in-chief by the Colo- nists Eevolution of the American Colonies The revolutionary war > f Charleston Long Island White Plains {Trenton Fort Washington captured The death of David Hume, the historian Publication of "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine THE AMERICAN COLONISTS DECLAEE INDEPEN DENCEOF GREAT BRITAIN { Princeton % Bennington I Stillwater or Bemis Heights Battles of A j Brandywine Saratoga | Germantown Philadelphia j tured Ticonderoga ) Marquis de Lafayettte Baron von Steuben Kosciusko, Polish Officer Maria-Frances-Isabella and Dom Peter III American Flag adopted by Congress r Monmouth, " Captain Molly " Pitcher Battles of } Savannah (.Wyoming, Brant and the Tories Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley Death of William Pitt, "Lord Chatham" Death of Voltaire American Independence recognized by France, in con. sequence of the efforts of Benjamin Franklin ( Naval, between the Serapis and Bon Homme'} Richard, Paul Jones Battles of \ Stony Point j Briar Creek ^ Savannah A.D. 1776 y 1777 join the Colonists. y 1778 CHART OF TIME. The Serapis by Paul Jones \ Stony Point >■ captured Verplank's Point ) Captain James Cook killed at Owhyhee Island Ten thousand of the United Empire Loyalists find homes in Canada ! Hanging Rock, S. Carolina Camden, DeKalb mortally wounded — Kings Mountain Charleston captured by the British Major Andre" executed American Academy of Sciences founded at Boston... Arnold's conspiracy The Gordon Biots against popery \ 137 A.D. 1779 y 1780 r The Coivpens, Tarleton defeated. ' Guilford Court house Battles of .J 1 Hobkirk's Hall ^-Eutaw Springs Capture of Yorktown ; Cornwallis surrenders, with 7000 men, to Washington and Bochambeau Watt patents his double steam-engine Papal jurisdiction abolished from Austria by Joseph II. Poyning's law repealed Birth of Daniel Webster >. George Washington resigns his commission I * Peace of Versailles, COLONIAL INHEPEN- [ DENCE OBTAINED J William Pitt, " The Younger," forms his first Ministry. "i American Congress ratifies the Treaty of Versailles j Warren Hastings deposed (India) Irish agitation in favor of Boman Catholics Frederick William II. ■) Maria I., of Portugal (alone) > The Cotton Plant introduced into Georgia ) Russo-Turkan war ^ Conquest of New South Wales, and Botany Bay (now I Sidney) settled. Captain Arthur Phillip first Governor. I * " Britain acknowledges the independence of tlie United States : restores Tobago to France and Florida to Spain." — Oxford Chronological Tables. 17S1 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 138 KEY TO LOVERIN'S A.D. 1787 1788 A Convention at Philadelphia signs and adopts the i * The New Constitution established, known as " THE )■ FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF AMERICA." ] Delaware ~\ Pennsylvania gratify the new Constitution New Jersey 3 Germano-Turkan war Death of Carles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (the Young Pretender) Charles IV.... New Hampshire " Massachusetts Connecticut New- York Maryland Virginia South Carolina Georgia Civil war in France Conquest of Belgrade John Adams, First Vice President f George Washington unanimously elected and inaugu- rated " The First President " of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . Selim III V The Federal Constitution ratified, by the thirteen original States of the United States * " A Free Democracy — Government in a president and vice-president, elected for four years by universal suffrage — all legislative powers in congress, or two houses of representatives, chosen every two years by universal suffrage. Power in one Supreme Court appointed by Congress. Religion, no establishment, full toleration. Freedom ot the speech and of the press — trial by jury — right of every citizen to petition and bear arms." — Oxford Tables. t " On the 14th April, 1789, Washington received an official announcement that he had been unanimously elected president of the United States under the new Constitution. Two days afterwards he bade adieu to Mount Vernon and set out for New York, where Congress was in session. Official receptions, addresses, and triumphal arches, awaited him every "where on the route. On reaching the city he was received by Gov. Clinton and conducted with military honors, in the midst of a vast concourse, to a residence which was placed at his disposal. On the 30th of April, he was inaugurated, at Federal Hall, on the site of the present subtreasury. The oath of office was administered by Chancellor Livingston, on the balcony in front on the Hall, in the presence of a great multitude. Immediately after the ceremony, Washington proceeded to the senate-chamber and delivered an address replete with exalted sentiments." —United States, by G..P. Quackenbos, page 312. 1789 CHART OP TIME. 139 A.D Rhode Island j rat;f u Thfi New ConstitutionA .. North Carolina j The States General THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION The Indian war (Little Turtle) Death of Benjamin Franklin Leopold II Thomas Paine's " Rights of Man" published Vermont admitted into the Union, New York i*eceiving- $30,000 Death of John Wesley Dom John VI., regent of Portugal (1792) *The Society of United Irishmen instituted The Constitution of the 3rd May proclaimed in Poland... The Province of Quebec divided, into " UPPER AND LOWER CANADA " Confiscation of church property in France Francis II., (Francis I. of Austria only, 1804) Decree for the perpetual banishment of" the Bourbons". )■ 1792 ROYALTY ABOLISHED AND FRANCE DECLARED A REPUBLIC The second partition of Poland Dr. Mountain created 1st Protestant Bishop of Canada Louis XVI. I executed Marie Antoinette (Queen) j Louis XVIL, died in prison Girondists proscribed ; the " Reign of Terror." , Lord McCarty seeks commercial relations with China. Society of United Irishmen, Wolf Tone (1791), about. Little York, " Toronto," founded Death of Edward Gibbon, historian The Indian war terminated by General Wayne End of the "Reign of Terror." 1 \ 1790 i J 1 y 1791 1 I [ J I i y 1793 1794 * In the month of November during the year of 1791, the Society of United Irishmen was instituted in the City of Dublin for the purpose of forwarding a brotherhood of affection, a communion of rights and a union of power among Irishmen of every reli- gious persuasion, and thereby to obtain a complete reform in the Legislature, founded on principles of civil, political and religious liberty. Catholic emancipation and parlia- mentary reform were the avowed objects of their pursuit. — Kekney. 140 KEY TO LOVERIN's Invasion of German} 7 by France Battle of the Diamond (Ireland) The third and last partition of Poland between Russia, Germany and Austria "The Directory " (a wise governing body for France). * The Orange Society organized at Armagh Sir Robert Prescott, Governor of Canada Death of General Amherst The Death or Robert Burns, " Scotia's Bard" Paul I., Czar of Russia Lithograph}' invented by Sennefelder Battle of Cape St. Vincent; Spanish fleet defeated by Jarvis Battle of Camperdown, Admiral Duncan defeats the Dutch Conquest of Trinidad Death of Edmund Burke, " The Irish Orator" Frederick William III John Adams, second President of the United States Battle of the Nile, " Aboukir," French fleet defeated by Nelson f Carlow 1 t, , +1 n \ Oulart Hill . T . , Battles of < _, ,, .. . > in Ireland Ballynahinch I Vinegar Hill J Death of Theobald, Wolf Tone, by suicide Discovery of Vaccination by Edward Jenner, M.D The Irish Rebellion Robert Shore Milnes, Lieutenant Governor of Canada... The death of George Washington The Directory deposed The Consulato established, and Napoleon Bonaparte first Consul Conquest of Malta Birth of George Bancroft, the American historian A.D. V 1795 1 )- 1796 } 1797 1798 1 I )■ 1799 I J 1 * " The first Orange lodge was formed on the 21st of September, 1795, at the house of a man named Sloan, in the village of Loughall. The members pledged themselves, by the most solemn oath, to support and defend, to the utmost of their power, the king and his heirs, so long as he or they shall support the Protestant ascendancy." — Kerney. CHART OF TIME. Death of Jean Casot, the last Canadian Jesuit Pope Pius VII Washington City declared " the seat " of the American » Government r l he Jesuits' estates set apart to defray the cost of general education, and for the purpose of spreading the know- ledged and use of the English language in Canada CENTUKY 19 The Tripolitan war with the United States The Battle of Alexandria ; Abercrombie defeats the French Copenhagen bombarded by Nelson Alexander I., Paul having been murdered Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States.. Ireland united to Great Britain in Parliament Treaty of peace between Portugal and France Ohio admitted to the Union ~\ The Concordat ' Peace of Amiens 3 Battle of Assaye, Wellesley's first great victory (India)... ") Louisiana purchased prom France for $15,000,000 Arthur Wellesley knighted for services in India Death ofEobert Emmet, because of his unsuccessful in- surrection in Ireland * Slavery abolished in Lower Canada Francis II., of Germany bocomes Francis I. of Austria... Napoleon Bonaparte crowned " Emperor of France." . ... FRANCE BECOMES AN EMPIRE The Battle op Trafalgar Death of Nelson The third coalition against France Peace with Tripoli and the United States Battles of ^ Jena - 141 A.D. 1800 y i8oi 1802 Y 1803 1804 1 \ 1805 J 1 Auerstadt * " ' Slavery was not abolished in Lower Canada till 1803. In Upper Canada, as a sepa- rate Province, it hardly ever existed.' Quotation from M. Reade's contribution of the Neiv Dominion Monthly." — Picturesque Quebec, Leinoine, 1882, page 43. 142 KEY TO LOVERIN 8 A.D. y 1806 y 1807 The Cape of Good Hope captured by the English.... The death of William Pitt, " Pitt the Younger " Death of Fox (Charles James), 1807 The Berlin Decree The fourth coalition against France Confederation op the Ehine — Napoleon, Protector ... Portugal occupied by France, Dom John fleeing to Brazil Birth of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Sir James Craig, Governor of Canada Mustapha IV First Steamboat on the Hudson Eiver by Eobt- Fulton " Orders in Council " — Eesponse to the Berlin Decree The Peace ofTilsit Battle of Vimiera, Wellesley defeats Junot Ferdinand VI [., forced by Napoleon to resign 1 1808 Mahomet VI i The Treaty of Bayonne > The Battle of Talavera, Wellington defeats Victor .. Battle ofCorrunna, Sir John Moore killed t,. ,, -f Alfred Tennyson Births of ] j 11 n i (.Oliver Wendell Holmes James Madison, fourth President of the United States... y First Steamboat, " The Accommodation," on the St. Lawrence, by John Molson A decree from the Senate divorcing Napoleon from Jose- phine The Battle of Busaco, Wellington repulses Massena i Maria Louisa, of Austria, becomes the Empress of France ) -r- . n J Fuentes de Onoro, Massena's second defeat, n 1 Albuera, Beresford defeats Soult Bequest of the Burnside Estate and £10,000 by the Hon James McGill, to "the Eoyal Institution for the Ad- vancement of Learning" Birth of Napoleon, Francis, Charles, Joseph Bonaparte "Napoleon II." King of France Sir George Prevo.it, Governor of Canada 1809 1810 )■ 1811 CHART OF TIME. * the war op 1812 (England and United States) ^ June 12th, Isle aux Noix July 1st, Raid on Plattsburg " 6th, Amherstburg " 17th, Fort Mackinaw " 29th, Near Amherstburg August 9th, Detroit " 16th, Detroit captured, "Hull's sur- render " September 29th, Gananoque October 4th, Ogdensburg ' " 9th, Brigs; Detroit and Caledonia " 13th, Queenstown Heights, General Brock killed October 23rd, St. Regis November 20th, Kingston bombardment " 20th, Lacolle " 23rd, Salmon River post conquered. " 27 th, Fort Chippewa Louisiana becomes a State Moscow destroyed by fire , Birth of Charles Dickens Death of General Brock Chinese edict against Christianity Peace of Bucharest (Russia and Turkey) Vittoria, Wellington defeats King Joseph Leipzig, Napoleon defeated by the Allied Powers January 19th, skirmishing on Raisin River.... February 6th, Brockville , " 22nd, Ogdensburg (captured).... April 27th, Toronto (York) May 5th, Fort Meigs (captured) " 27th, Fort George (taken) " " Sackett's Harbor June 5th, Stoney Creek 143 A.D. )■ 1812 '■ American successes are italicized. 144 KEY TO LOVERIN S A.D. June 8th, Provisions depot captured near ' Stoney Creek " 19th, Provisions depot captured at Sodas " 24th, Beaver Dam July 4th, Chippewa \ Battles. " 11th, Niagara River " 21st, Military train captured near the Thousand Islands " 25th, Fort Meigs " 31st, Burlington Heights Sept. 10th, Put in the Bay, Perry's Victory (naval) " 29th, Old Town Oct. ord, Four Corners " 5th, Thames (Tecumseh killed) " 2t5th. Chateauguay Nov. 11th, Chrisler's Farm Dec. 12th, Burning of Niagara Village " 1 8 1 b , Forts Niagara and Lewiston cap- tured " 29th, Fort Erie taken The Fort Minis massacre by the Creeks under Tecumseh Birth of Otto Bismark, Schonhausen .. Ferdinand VII., restored to Spain Sixth and last great coalition against France March 15th, Burtonville. " " 27th, Horse Shoe Band (Tohopeka) May 6th, Oswego captured " 31st, Sackett's Harbor July 3rd, Fort Erie captured " 5th, Chippewa " 19th, Prairie du Chien " 25th, Lundys Lane (?) " " St. David's Village burned Augt. 4th, Michillimackinack " 14th, Fort Erie Sept. 5th, the Tigress and Scorpion captured near Mackinaw " 11th, Plattsburg and Lake Chaniplain y 1813 )■ Battles... y 1814 CHART OF TIME. Sept. 13th, Fort McHenry bombarded * I " 17th, near Fort Erie J Washington captured and burned by the British, Aug. 24th Louis XVIII : Order of the Jesuits readmitted to France Peace of Ghent The right of Great Britain to New Zealand recognized.... Ferd i n and VII . restored The Bourbon Dynasty restored to France. . Jan. Sth, New Orleans, Packingham defeated. Waterloo, Napoleon's final overthrow Marshal Ney executed The Treaty of Ghent ratified by United States Congress. Congress of Vienna The Germanic Confederation (League) Indiana admitted to the Union Sir John Sherbrooke, Governor General of Canada DomJohn VI., previously regent Common Schools established in Canada The United States Bank incorporated, $35,000,000 cap'l. Mississippi becomes a State (admitted) Death of Kosciusko. James Monroe, fifth President of the United States fThe commencement of the construction of the Erie Canal J Illinois admitted The Duke of Bichmond, Governor General of Canada %... Steamboats introduced on the Ottawa 145 A.D. Battles., "j 1815 1 i ! y 1816 y 1817 1818 * During this engagement "The Star Spangled Banner" was composed by Francis S. Key, and is now the National Song of the United States. "Mrs. Margaret Sanderson, who made the flag for Fort McHenry which inspired Key to write ' The Star Spangled Banner,' died in New York on Saturday, aged 85." — Montreal Witness, July 31st, 1882. t " Under the auspices of DeWitt Clinton and other public-spirited men, a bill was passed by the Legislature of that State, authorizing the construction of a canal 363 miles long to connect Lake Erie at Buffalo with Hudson at Albany. The work was commenced jn July, 1817, and was not completed till the summer of 1825. * * * and originally cost 87,602,000." Quackenbos. t " His son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitland, having been appointed lieutenant-governor of the Western Province." Jkffbks. 146 KEY TO LOVERIN S ::1 Death of A.D. 1819 ► 1820 y 1821 Alabama admitted Birth of Victoria Death of Blucher (Gebhard) Dealh of the Duke of .Richmond from hydrophobia The First Steamer " The Savannah," crosses the Atlantic Florida purchased from Spain \ Maine admitted, taken from Massachusetts Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of Canada Death of Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Victoria Duke de Berry, assassinated George IV. becomes the King of Great Britain and Ireland The Missouri Compromise, drawn up by Henry Clay The Cato Street conspiracy Missouri admitted into the Union ") Death of Napoleon I., "The Great," at St. Helena j Dom John returns to Portugal Construction of the Lachine canal begun Congress confirms the Missouri compromise Peace in Spain, by change of the ministry J Pirates driven from the Florida coast by Com. Porter Pope Leo XII Death of Lord Byron (George Gordon) * LaFaj^ette visits the United States Charles X. succeeds to the throne of France f Bishop Plessis, Koman Catholic (Bishop Mountain, Anglican John Quincy Adams, sixth President Nicholas I. of Eussia The Russo-Persian war Destructive fire at Constantinople, 6,000 houses burned. Death of-j j ff -j (ex-Presidents) > July 4th Peter IV. (Dom Pedro) prefers Brazil and abdicates Donna Maria II., " de Gloria," Queen of Portugal Abolition of the Janissaries Battle of Navarino, Turco-Egyptian fleet destroyed Eideau canal begun by Col. John By ; First Stone laid by Sir John Franklin | * The United States Congress voted $200,000 and a township of land in Florida to the Marquis de La Fayette for services rendered in the Revolutionary war. 1823 1824 1825 y 1826 I I i J 1 CHART OF TIME. McGill and Toronto Universities founded Montreal Natural History Society established London Treaty between England, Eussia and France in favor of Greece Don Miguel, usurper Test and Corporation Acts repealed Noah Webster's Dictionary published Peace between Russia and Persia Pope Pio Octo (Pius VIII.) >> Sir James Kempt succeeds Earl Dalhousie I Andrew Jackson, "Old Hickory," seventh President f Roman Catholic Emancipation Act passed, Dan O'Connell ) Death of William Huskisson by accident William IV. succeeds to the British throne Louis Philippe, House of Orleans, becomes king Railroad opened between Liverpool and Manchester . . Revolution in France, expulsion of Charles X Unsuccessful revolution of the Poles at Warsaw Cholera throughout Europe Chicago Founded or Settled Lord John Russell introduces the Reform Bill Black Hawk war, Osceola Cholera in Canada 147 A.D. 1827 1828 1829 1830 D th of i Napoleon II. at Schonbrunn 1 Sir Walter Scott The Reform Bill passed Victoria College founded Slavery abolished from the Colonies, £20,000,000 beings paid as recompense to owners of slaves Isabella II. ascends the Spanish throne , Donna Maria restored \. Jackson commands the United States bank deposits to be removed Treaty abolishing slavery from all British Colonies The death of LaFayette Slavery expunged from all British possessions J The " 92 Resolutions ", embodying Canadian grievances J Free Trade treaty with China _... J 1831 1832 1833 1 1834 148 KEY TO LOVERIN S A legacy of £1 00,000 bequeathed to the United States by James Smithson "for the general diffusion of know- ledge among men ". Great fire in New York ; 529 houses and $18,000,000 worth of property consumed The Dade massacre by the Seminoles, under Osceola Ferdinand IV Electric Telegraph model completed by S. F. B. Morse.... Arkansas admitted Sir Francis B. Head, Governor of Canada Michigan admitted to the Union Lieutenant Weir murdered Martin VanBuren, eighth President of the U. S Victoria becomes " Queen of Great Britain and Ireland." The Electric telegraph patented by Morse Chicago incorporated (March 4th) Rebellion in Canada John George Lambton, " Earl of Durham, " Governor General of Canada Marshal Soult present at the crowning of Victoria * Chartists' Rebellion Charles Poulett Thompson, "Lord Sydenham," Governor of Canada Rev'd. John Strachan, 1st Bishop (Protestant) of Upper Canada Abdul Medjid becomes Sultan of Turkey Gold discovered in Australia by Count Strzelecki , M.Thiers, Minister of Foreign affairs Frederick William IV Act of Union of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, passed by theParliament A.D. y 1835 1836 1837 y 1839 1838 1840 * The Chartists endeavored to obtain more influence in the Government by petitioning he Parliament of Great Britain, demanding in their, " the People's," Charter the follow- ing six points : 1st. Universal suffrage; 2nd. Vote by Ballot ; 3rd. Annual Parliaments ; 4th. Payment of Members ; 5th. The abolition of the property qualifications; and, 6th. Equal Electoral Districts. They are said to have been dispersed in the following year. In 1848 another demonstration was made by the chartists. They were, however, so promptly opposed (150,000 police specials, among whom was the late Louis Napoleon III., immediately marching again them) that, after a few slight encounters, their " Monster Petition, in detached rolls, was sent to the House of Commons." Haydn. CHART OF TIME. 149 A.D Birth of Albert, Prince of Wales ") William Henry Harrison, ninth President I John Tyler, tenth President of the United States Sewing Machine patented by Elias Howe UNION OF THE TWO CAN ADAS {Responsible Govern- j ment) J Sir Charles Bagot, Governor of Canada * Ash burton Treaty Peace of Nankin Sir Charles T. Metcalfe, Governor General of Canada Death of Bobert Southej The Young Men's Christian Association, instituted by-. George Williams, London, England I Canadian Parliament removed from Kingston to Montreal y Dr. Eyerson appointed Superintendent of Education I X The first telegram, from Baltimore to Washington — > I admitted to the Union ...I Texas j Great fire at Quebec Birth of the Grand Duke Alexander of Bussia J> 1845 Earl Cathcart, Governor General of Canada Death of Thomas (Tom) Hood James K. Polk, eleventh President War declared against Mexico by the United States " Palo Alto ,.. Eesaca S*B Monteroy \ 1841 1842 184; 1844 * " One of these (important public interests) was the settlement of a boundary line on the north-east, between the possessions of Great Britain and the United States. War was at one time threatened ; but the excitement that pervaded the country, particularly those parts of Maine and New Brunswick which bordered on the disputed line, was set at rest by a treaty made by Lord Ashburton and Daniel Webster on the parts of their respective countries, and ratified by the Senate, August 20th, 1842." — Quackenbos History United States, p. 415. % " The announcement of Polk's nomination was the first news ever sent by Magnetic Telegraph. It was transmitted from Baltimore to Washington, May 29th, 1844, over a line built with $30,000 appropriated by Congress to test Professor Morse's invention. This was the grandest event of this administration, and has largely influenced the civilization and prosperity of the country. Thus the steamboat and the Magnetic Telegraph were the first fruits of American liberty and industry." Barnes' United States History, Note, p. 184. 150 KEY TO LOVERIN S Iowa admitted to the Union The Irish Famine PioNino (Pius IX.) • Smithsonian Institute established — * Treaty establishing the N. W. Boundary at 49° North Latitude between Great Britain and the United States- _ Buena Vista 1 Vera Cruz J Cero Gordo (Sierra Gorda) ^Battles... Molino del Ray i A.D. 1846 J Chapultepec Conquest of Mexico, General Seott Lord Elgin, Governor General of Canada ! Daniel O'Connell Sir John Franklin Doctor Chalmers Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, California, (1848). Wisconsin admitted into the Union Y 1847 V 1849 ( Bishop Maut, theologian and poet Deaths of j Q eorge Stephenson, "Father of Railways." Francis Joseph )■ 1848 Revolution; expulsion of Louis Philippe Peace of the Mexico-American war - FRANCE AGAIN A REPUBLIC Burning of the Parliament buildings and library at"] Montreal by rioters General Zachary Taylor, twelfth President Rkbellion-Loss-Bill passed Riot at Montreal, Lord Elgin disgracefully assaulted in the streets by the mob California admitted into the Union Alfred Tennyson becomes Poet Laureate of England r Sir Robert Peel Deaths of < T , n n i. [ John C. Calhoun Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President Omnibus Bill of Henry Clay. "Mutual concession and compromise." } 1850 *By this treaty Great Britain became possessed of Vancouver's Island and the free navigation of the Columbia River. CHART OF TIME. Library of the United States Congress burned Death of Marshal Soult Electric Submarine Telegraph between Eng. and France. Exhibition at London, Prince Albert Announcement of the discovery of Gold in Australia by E. H. Hargraves Coup d'Etat Great fire at Montreal, Canada f Tom Moore, the Irish poet J The Duke of Wellington \ Daniel Webster . I Henry Clay Napoleon III. declared Emperor of France Laval University chartered FEANCE AGAIN AN EMPIEE The Eusso-Turkan War (Crimean) Dr. Kane makes a second journey to the Arctic region in search of Sir John Franklin Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President Dom Peter (Pedro) V . The World's Fair at New York Alma ~\ Balaclava (-Battles... Inkermann J Cholera in Canada Sir Edmund Head, Governor of Canada Miss Florence Nightingale arrives at Scutari [ Seignioral tenure abolished from Canada Commercial relations between England and Japan Commodore Perry, for the United States, makes a treaty I with Japan ' Capitulation of Kara s Earthquake at Yeddo, Japan, 30,000 destroyed Death of Lord Raglan . Alexander II. succeeds his late father Nicholas f Austria, by permission of the Allies, proposes peace to the Eussias at St. Petersburg J Birth of the Imperial Prince Napoleon Peace between Eussia and Turkey, concluded at Paris :} 151 A.D. 1851 1852 > 1853 1854 1855 18 5 152 KEY TO LOVERIN'S Chinese fleet destroyed by Commodore Elliott N The Cawnpore massacre by Nana Sahib (India) Birth of Alphonso, Prince of Asturias Sir Colin Campbell marches to Cawnpore k . James Buchanan inaugurated fifteenth President I Normal Schools established in the Province of Quebec... J Belief of Lucknow -\ Nana Sahib defeated at Jorway Pass by Sir Hope Grant, I Atlantic Cable laid between Europe and America Decimal currency introduced into Canada I Ottawa declared The Capital of Canada by the Queen... ' Victoria assumes the Government of India Orsini plots to assassinate Napoleon III Peace Treaty of Tien Tsin, signed by Lord Elgin The Franco-Austrian war The battle of Solferino, Austria defeated ... Oregon admitted a State of the Union Birth of Frederick William, " Crown Prince " Death of Washington Irving John Brown's insurrection and death at Harper's Ferry. The peace of Villa Franca China invaded by England and France. Garibaldi salutes Victor Emmanuel "King of Italy.".... Death of Je'rome Bonaparte * Completion and inauguration of the Victoria Bridge by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales The Japanese Embassy visit America Eebellion in South Carolina. Treaty of Tien Tsin ratified at Pekin f CIVIL WAR in the United States (North against ^ the South. Freedom versus Slavery) | A.D. )■ 1857 1858 Y 1859 1860 * Dr. Miles in his School History, says : "A vast platform had been constructed, stand- ing upon which the Prince then performed the ceremony of placing the last stone which crowns the arch of the grand entrance to the bridge. Proceeding next to the middle ot the bridge, he inserted with his own hand the last of the million bolts or rivets by which the plates of the enormous tubes ware fastened together." t The successes of the South are in italics. )■ Battles. CHART OF TIME. Philippi Big Bethel Boonsville Carthage Rich Mountain Carrick's Ford Bull Run ' Panic.' Wilson's Creek Carnifex Ferry Lexington , Ball's Bluff , Belmont Dranesville Kansas admitted to the Union Lord Monck becomes Governor of Canada Death of Prince Albert... Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, by consentof Parliament Dom Louiz, King of Portugal * The Teleharmoniphone constructed by Philip Reiss of Friederichsdorf Lincoln issues a proclamation for 75,000 men, and soon after for an additional 82,000 Russia decrees the emancipation of 23 millions of serfs. The United States Congress return Mason and Slidell . 153 A.D. T 1861 Will Spring '. Fort Donelson Pea Ridge The Ram " Alerrimac" sinks the Cumberland. The Monitor defeats the Merrimac Shiloh Williamsbunr Fair Oaks (Seven Pines) Cedar Mountain 1 * " The earliest experiments in the production of musical sounds, at a distance, by means of electromagnetism appear to have been made by Philip Reiss of Friederichs- dorf Germany."— George B. Prescott, page 9. 154 KEY TO LOVERIN'S \ Battles. Second Bull Run Richmond Chantilly South Mountain Harper's Ferry Antietam (Sharpsburg) luka Corinth Perry ville Fredericksburg Murfreesboro Bismark becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs Lincoln proclaims for 300,000 men Russia celebrates her thousandth anniversary Port Gibson Chancellorville, Stonewall Jackson fatally wounded Raymond ^ Jackson Champion's Hill Big Bethel River Gettysburg (?) Confederates defeated at Helene Morgan defeated Sabine Pass , Chickamauga Lookout Mountain Missionary Ridge Chatanooga West Virginia admitted to the Union Prince Satsuma of Japan accedes to the demands of the English, French and American naval commanders, paying £25,000, his share of damages to their vessels done at the straits of Simonosaki LINCOLN PROCLAIMS FREEDOM TO THE SLAVES Insurrection at Warsaw (Poland)....; Slavery abolished from the United States of America Olustee, Fla ^ Cane River, La | A.D. 1862 Battles. \ 1863 y Battles. CHART OF TIME. Mansfield, La Pleasant Hill, La Fort Pillow, Ten. (massacre) The Wilderness, V& Spottsylvania Va Eesaca, La •• New Market, Va Dallas Ga The Kearsage sinks the Alabama (naval) Cold Harbor, Va Lost Mountain, Ga Kenesaw Mountain, Ga Monocoey, Md Atlanta, Ga Union assault repulsed at Petersburg, Va Mobile Bay, Ala Janesboro, Ga Winchester, Va Fisher's Hill, Va Chapin's Bluff, Va j Cedar Creek, Va St. Alban's raid from Canada, Vt Bam Albemarle sunk (naval) Franklin Tenn Fort Fisher bombarded Nashville, Tenn Nevada admitted to the Union Ulysses S. Grant, raised to Lieutenant General ; 200,000 and 500,000 men called by President Lincoln 1 Battles. Moor's Cross Road, N. C Averysboro, K. C Bentonville, N. C , Big Five Forks, Va Fort Fisher, N. C Columbia, S. C Charleston, S. C Petersburg, Va Bichmond, Va Lee's Army j over Fort Johnston's Army | Sumpter captured and the Union Flag raised 155 A.D. > 1864 156 KEY TO LOVERIN 8 Arkansas Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana North Carolina South Carolina }► restored to the Union. J £150,000, balance of £500,000, given the London poor at^ three-several times by George Peabody, also various | A.D. 1865 Jefferson Davis | The Southern Confederacy J Cholera at Constantinople Death of Lord Palmerston (Henry John Temple) President Lincoln assassinated by Wilkes Booth Lincoln reinaugurated Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President Conditional Amnesty proclaimed Peace of the long and bloody American Civil war j Prusso-Austrian war, " Seven Weeks War " Tennessee restored -to the Union The Freed man's Bureau -\ . ... . . _, . . , mu r<- -i r>- i i ' bills passed over the President s The Civil Eights ^ ' y 1866 The Tenure of Office ) Vel ° Peace between Prussia and Austria, the latter having been defeated j The U. States purchase Eussian America for $7,200,000 Nebraska admitted to the Union Lord Monck first Viceroy Exhibition at Paris, France New Parliament at Ottawa British North American Act Confederation of the Provinces of Canada THE DOMINION OF CANADA ESTABLISHED J Lord Lisgar, Sir John Young, Viceroy of Canada > !Lord Brougham Hon. Thos. D'Arcy McGee, assassinated at Ottawa Unconditional amnesty to all Secessionists of the U. S.... The " Fourteenth Amendment " ratified Y 1867 y 1868 CHART OP TIME. large sums to the United States for educational purposes. Ulysses S. Grant, eighteenth President of the U. S The Pacific Railroad opened up THE TWENTY- FIRST (ECUMENICAL COUNCIL .... The Fran co-Prussian war The Tien Tsin massacre, French consul, priests, nuns and even native christians slaughtered Death of the Earl of Clarendon Amadeo I., King of Spain Mississippi, Virginia and Texas restored The " Fifteenth Amendment " proclaimed a part of the Constitution, with power to enforce it The Dogma op Infallibility promulgated Franco-Prussian war continued Chicago burned, $196,000,000 and 200 lives lost King William of Prussia becomes Emperor of ail Germany The Treaty of Washington, agreeing to arbitration on the Alabama claims Peace between France and Prussia, signed at Frankfort. France becomes a republic, M. Thiers, President HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN— Germany united The U. States receive the award of damages, $15,500,000 in gold, for settlement of the Alabama claims, &c Great fire in Boston, $80,000,000 lost r W. H.Seward Deaths of ) Horace Greeley ( William Bresee Morse Lord Dufferin, Sir Frederick Temple, Viceroy of Canada. First Railway from Yokohoma to Shinagawa A distinguished embassy from Japan visits America and England Y Credit Mobilier frauds (loss) Assassination of Peace Commissioners by the Modocs {Napoleon III. at Chiselhurst Hon. Chief Justice Chase Edward Bulwer Lytton MacMahon succeeds Thiers Exhibition at Vienna 157 A.D. 1869 y 1870 Y 1871 1872 Y 1873 158 KEY TO LOYERIN 8 A.D. Franco-German Treaty; Germans, on payment of indem- nity, to leave France SPAIN BECOMES A REPUBLIC, Amadeo abdicating. Death of Senator Sumner Alphonzo XII. of Asturias elected King of Spain Eiots in New Orleans ; 26 persons killed Disraeli purchases the controlling interest of the Suez Canal, for £4,000,000 Colorado admitted to the Union Elisha Gray patents an invention for transmitting mu- sical sounds ; The death of Guizot Murad Effendi deposed Abdul Hamid II The Teleharmoniphone by Elisha Gray The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia Queen Victoria, by Parliament, declared " Empress of India." , Abdul Aziz deposed Victoria assumes the title of Empress of India Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President * Telephone, by Elisha Gray and Alex. Graham Bellf.... The Marquis of Lome, Viceroy of Canada ; accom- panied by Her Roj^al Highness, the Princess Louise... Pope Leo XIII Humbert I. King of Italy J Electric Light, by Thomas Alva Edison Death of the " Prince Imperial" in Africa Death of William Cullen Bryant Expulsion of the Jesuits from France 1874 1875 \ 1876 1877 \ 1878 I J 1879 1880 * Professor Elisha Gray of Chicago patented an invention for transmitting musicaj sounds telegraphically, July 27th, 1875. Feb. 14th, 1876, he filed a specification for an " invention to transmit tones of the human voice through a telegraphic circuit and to reproduce them so that actual conversations can be carried on at long distances apart." t In 1876, Feb. 14th (the same day), Professor Alexander Graham Bell, of Salem, Massa- chusetts, " invented a certain new and useful improvement in telegraphy — Telephone. In 1875 he had patented (April 6th) an apparatus for transmitting two or more telegraphic signals simultaneously along a single wire " — multiple telegraphy. \ Edison's patent is dated Wednesday, Oct. 23rd, 1878, on the face of which is the follow- ing : " Method of and means for developing electric currents and lighting by Electri- city." Assassination of I CHART OF TIME. Alexander II. of Russia President Garfield , Death of f Thomas Carlyle , I Benjamin D'Israeli " Lord Beaconsfield " 159 A.D. y i88i Alexander III. of Russia General James Abram Garfield, twentieth President General Chester A. Arthur, twenty-first President Bombardment of Alexandria by England Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke in Phcenix Park, Dublin f Henry Wadsworth Longfellow * | Doctor Ryerson Death of \ Doctor Darwin Ralph Waldo Emerson * General Garibaldi, "the Liberator" atCaprera The Royal Canadian Society instituted, Marquis of Lome, its founder and patron Cetewayo restored as King of the Zulus ► 1882 It will be observed by those who examine the foregoing facts that their order of registration does not represent them in the role of cause and effect. A close attention to the construction of the years of the Chart and the meaning of the symbols, will give all the necessary light that this apparent peculiarity need require. It may not be amiss, however, to state that the circumstances of history have been arranged thus : the fact or facts belonging to the first compartment of the year (represented by the square, half square and cross) are first mentioned ; those of the second compartiment, next ; and so on in numerical order for any year under consideration : then follows the remarkable event, having * At the literary reception given Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe on the celebration of her seventieth birthday, by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., among other good things the following may be found in the remarks that fell from the lips of Mr. Houghton : " We have met two or three times, as it were, within the last few years to set up mile-stones in the lives of some of those who are justly esteemed as the creators of American litera- ture. On this occasion one thought oppresses us all. Two of the most eminent, whose grace and benignity cheered and exalted our former gatherings, are with us in bodily presence no more. The voice of our beloved Longfellow is hushed, but the cadence of his sweet songs will vibrate in our memories while life lasts. We shall never look again upon the benign countenance of our revered Emerson, but his precepts are written, as with the point of a diamond, upon our hearts." 160 KEY TO LOVERIltt's CHART OF TIME. no reference to any one compartment more than another, and generall}' found written in capitals. It will also be noticed, that some of the facts are not marked upon the Chart ; as, for instance, where several battles or other circumstances belong to the one compartment of the same date. They, nevertheless, have been written in the key opposite where they belong, so that they may be remembered by association, a faculty most worthy of cultivation. PERIODS AND EPOCHS OP HISTORY. * The PERIOD of a history includes the whole time of its existence as recognized by historians, from beginning to ending or up to the present ; and the great facts that are known to have occurred after seated intervals, noted for their special im- portance in reference to the particular history under considera- tion, are called EPOCHS. In the following pages a very brief synopsis of the history men- tioned will be succeeded by a tabular arrangement of its Periods and Epochs specially adapted to the foregoing, during the examin. ation of which it is well to have the Charts of Time and Place suspended where the eye can at any moment utilize them. A careful study of these, as represented upon the Chart of Time, will familiarize the mind with facts in their proper order as they happened, each bearing its date and the country to which it belongs, through the respective faculties of localization and RECOGNITION OF COLOR. The " two eyes of history" are thus concertingly brought into requisition, one acting upon the map of place, " GEOGRAPHY, " while the other with equal advantage is occupied with the more accurate map of time, "CHRONOLOGY." Exercises regularly and prudently conducted by a good and careful instructor will prove not only attractive but of great value to pupils of all ages ; causing the periods, epochs and events of history to be intelligibly symbolized and indelibly fixed upon the tablet of the memory. Contemporaneous circumstances not marked on the Chart can of course, be recognized; and, by association, their remembrance is encouraged and secured. * The portions of time between the Epochs are also very properly eallod Feriodi. K 162 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. THE UNIVERSE. The world is not a matter of conjecture, bat an incontrovertible fact that unmistakably impresses itself upon the senses of the human family. When it was brought into being cannot be exactly indicated, any more than can be satisfactorily answered the thousand and one questions which thinking men are apt to put concerning it. The subject is one, however, that may be profitably pondered by our wisest philosophers to the disadvantage of none. In this we think Deity, the God of the Universe, its Maker, can be recog- nized ; more especially if we consider and remember that His existence is not less a truth than that of His works. AGES of AGES have passed away since the Creation, and while no one has revealed to us its date, many have professed so to do, not even neglecting to include the months, or parts of an additional year (see pages 44, 45, 46 and 47), and have left us in possession of figures which are the more curious as our knowledge of the earth and its surroundings increases. The period of the existence of the world extends from the Crea- tion, B. C. 4004 according to the Holy Bible, to the present, A.D. 1882 ; during which there were many epochs (see page 11), the most important being the Creation, the Deluge, the Nativity of Christ, etc., etc., which may be tabulated thus : B.C. A.M- Epoch 1st, the Creation 4004. 1 " 2nd, " Deluge 2348. 1656 " 3rd, Birth of Christ A.D. 4004 " 4th, The present 1882. 5886 THE WHOLE PEEIOD OF THE WOELD FEOM THE CREATION TO DATE IS, THEREFORE, 4004 + 1S82 == 5886 YEARS. THE WOELD. ROMAN HISTORY. Begins at the founding of the City of Rome by Romulus, B.C. 753, and extends to the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks under Mahomet II., A.D. 1453. Romulus (its founder) and Bemus are said by the poets to have been twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia, a vestal virgin, and the grandsons of Numitor, fifteenth king of Alba in the direct PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 163 line from iEneas, whose son Ascanius founded Alba Longa, B.C. 1152. The regal line continued during the reigns of seven kings, of whom Romulus was the first and Tarqumius Superbus the last. Royalty was abolished, B.C. 509, and an aristocratic Common- wealth substituted, over which Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were chosen the first consuls. During the early part of the fourth centmw, B. C. 390, Rome was invaded by the Gauls and burnt to the ground. They were, however, ultimately defeated by Camillus and with Brennus, their leader, driven from the country. " Steel " and not " Gold " was that which ransomed their nation ; for the successful accomplishment of which Camillus, who had been appointed dictator, was honored as the father and second founder of Rome. Lucius Sextus, B.C. 367, was chosen the first Plebeian consul. The first Punic war, of which there were three, began, B.C. 264, from which time to the destruction of Carthage, B C. 146, hostilities were conducted with various successes. Civil wars followed, but in spite of them Rome apparently prospered. The first Triumvirate, composed of Cassar, Pompey and Crassus, came into existence, B.C. 60. After various changes, Julius Caesar was appointed dictator, but being assassinated in the Senate Chamber, B.C. 44, his mantle fell upon his nephew, Octavius, who, after many contentions, became master of the Commonwealth at the battle of Actium, B.C. 31 ; four years after which, B.C. 27, the Roman Empire was established, and the name of Augustus Caesar conferred upon him by the Senate of the Roman People. There were twelve Caesars, of whom Julius was the first, and Domilian the last; the succeeding rulers being more generally known as " Emperors." The seat of Government was removed from Rome to Byzantium by Constantine "The Great," A.D. 330, and in honor of him named Constantinople. Theodosius " The Great," the last monarch of the whole Empire, died, A.D. 395, leaving Honorius and Arcadius, his sons, to succeed him ; at which time the Kmpire was divided into the Eastern and Western, Honorius becoming Emperor of the latter and Arcadius of the former. 164 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. The invasions of the Goths were continued with more success than during the reign of their father. Their famous leader Alaric, A.D. 410, captured Rome, and entering with his army com- mitted fearful ravages. During six days the city was sacked and thousands were put to the sword in spite of the orders of their General to the contrary. Rome was again captured and plundered by Genseric, the cele- brated king of the Vandals, A.D. 455. He had been invited by the Empress to avenge the murder of her husband, Valentinian III. Eleven days the pillaging continued. Many monuments spared by Alaric were now destroyed by the Moors and Vandals under Genseric, who having enriched himself returned to Carthage whence he came. From this time forward the Empire of the West continued a precarious existence until A.D. 476, when it fell; having been conquered by Odoacer, the chief of the Heruli, who assumed the title of " King of Italy." Romulus Augustulus, diminutively named in contradistinction of the Great Augustus, was the last emperor of the West. The Eastern Empire continued almost another thousand years, and ended with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks under Mahomed II. during the reign of Constantine (Palaeologus) XII., who died acting nobly and heroically in its defence, A. D. 1453. TABULATION. B.C. Rome founded 753 The Commonwealth 509 Empire Established 27 A.D. The Seat of Government removed to Byzantium (Constantinople) 33 Division of the Empire... 395 Fall of the Western.... 476 Fall of the Eastern.... 1453 ROMAN HISTORY. { Epoch 1. u 2. it 3. u 4. (t 5. u 6. (C 7. THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ROMAN HISTORY EXTENDS FROM B.C. 753 TO A.D. 1453 = 2206 YEARS. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 165 THE HISTOEY OF THE SAEACENS. The Saracens, whose leaders were called Caliphs, were disciples of Mahomet of Arabic origin. They were a brave but cruel race that, when gentler means failed, propagated their religion by the sword. Their history extends from the Hegira of Mahomet, A.D. 622, to the fall of Bagdad, A.D. 1258. In the eighth century they conquered Spain, having overcome and killed Bodrique, the last of the Gothic monarchs, at the battle of Xeres, A.D. Til or 712. In their great battle against the French they were defeated, A.D. 732, at Tours by Charles Martel. Besides the appellation of " the hammerer " being applied to the victor, Europe, by this good fortune, was spared the degradation of compulsory conversion to the faith of Mahomet. They established the Caliphate of Cordova on the Guadelquiver in Spain, A.D. 756, and the grand Caliphate of Bagdad on the Eiver Tigris in Asia, A.D. 762. A singularly fanatical sect of Saracens called " Assassins " or- ganized themselves at Almoot, in the northern part of Persia, under their chief, Hassan I., " The Old Man of the Mountain" about A.D. 1090. Their young men were secretly trained to treacher- ously destroy whomsoever they found to be offensive. Malek Shah, Sultan of Turkey, was their first victim, A.D. 1093. The Saracens were finally conquered by the Mogul Tartars- Bagdad was captured by Hulaku, a descendent of Genghis Khan, A.D. 1258. Al Mostasem, last of the Caliphs, being put to death, the Caliphate was abolished, and a termination of the dominion of their empire was the result. They are now in possession of Arabia, and known as " the wandering Arabs." TABULATION. A.D. f Epoch 1. The Hegira 622 HISTORY OF j « 2 . Caliphate op Bagdad.. 76^5 THE S \EACENS " ^' K INGD0M 0F Hassan 1090 " 4. Conquest op Bagdad... 1258 THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE SARACENS EXTENDS FROM A.D. 622 TO A. D. 1258 = 636 YEAKS. 166 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. THE TURKS OR MOGUL TARTARS. Considered by their own historians "descendants of Japhet," are supposed to have derived their origin from the Huns, a wander- ing race of people that dwelt in Great Tartary. They were ori- ginally a tribe of Tartars, but by conquest and incorporation they have become a mixed race. Their history properly begins at the establishment of the Otto- man Empire and extends to the present time, i.e. from A.D. 1299 to A.D. 1882. Having been driven from their own country they divided themselves into small colonies and settled in various localities near the Caspian and Black Seas. Being hai'dy and warlike they renounced pastoral life, forti- fying small towns and castles, gradually increasing their power by conquest and otherwise, until at the end of the thirteenth century they established what is now known as the Ottoman or Turkish Empire, A.D. 1299, under Osman or Othman I., a descendant of the celebrated Genghis Khan. Under Mahomet II., they captured Constantinople, and possessed themselves of the Eastern Roman Empire, A.D. 1453. Like the Saracens, whom they subdued, they are Mahometans, but their chiefs are called " Sultans." The Janissaries, "New Soldiers," were first employed by Amurath I., about A.D. 1330, but carefully organized by Orchan, A.D. 1360. They were originally composed of young men, captives, taken from the districts belonging to the Christians, caused to assume the Mahometan faith and become a bodyguard, in the place of disbanded Turkish soldiers. About the middle of the twelth centuiy, A.D. 1163, during the Crusades, Egypt hal been conquered by the Turks and made the home of the Mamelukes. These grew powerful, and becoming disgusted with the authority of the Turks, rebelled, A.D. 1250, and succeeded in establishing themselves under their own rulers, called Beys, until A. D. 1493, when war broke out, the result of which was the conquest of Syria and Egypt. The Mamelukes having been captured were des- troyed in the following manner, A.D. 1517 : Selim, when he thought he had them all assembled, erected a PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 167 superb throne on the banks of the Nile, without the gates of Cairo ; and having placed himself thereon, he commanded these unhappy wretches to be brought before him, where they were murdered before his eyes and their bodies thrown into the river, it is said to the number of thirty thousand, hence the propriety of his name, '•'the Ferocious." Torman Bey, the last of their princes, was hanged, and the Monarchy of the Mamelukes abolished. Selim, however, permit- ted their aristocracy to continue, on condition that they paid an annual tribute, were obedient to the Mufti of Constantinople in mattei*s of faith, and inserted the name of the Ottoman Emperor in the prayers and on the coin. They again grew powerful, and becoming objectionable were massacred A.D. 1811, by Mehemet Ali at Cairo. Napoleon I. invaded Egypt, and after having possessed himself of the greater portion of it, A.D. 1798, was forced by Great Britain and Ireland to leave the country, when it was restored to Turkey, A.D. 1801. Mehemet Ali was made hereditary Viceroy of Egypt, A.D. 1841. The direct succession of Viceroyalty was granted, A.D. 1865, by the Porte (Turkish Parliament), two years after which the Viceroy was known as the Khedive, and held his position subject to the Sultan of Turkey. The Janissaries deposed Mustapha IT., A.D. 1703, and substi- tuted his brother, Achmet III., whom they caused to be succeeded by his nephew, Mahomet V., during a rebellion, A.D. 1730, which resulted in a change in the Government by which the Sultan assumed much of the powers of his Viciers, whom by advice of his Council he caused to be frequently changed. The Janissaries were always an over-officious body of soldiers, often causing revolutions by the destruction of the Sultan. They were consequent^ suppressed and destroj-ed, A.D. 1826. Eg} 7 pt, now belonging to Turkey, has recently been invaded by England, A.D. 1882, in consequence of rebellion threatening her interests in the Suez Canal. Alexandria was effectively bombarded • and under the command of Sir Garnet Wolseley a great victoi*y Luis just been obtained by the conquest of Tel-el-Kebir and capture of Arabi Pasha, supposed to have been the chief rebel. 168 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. TURKISH HISTORY. TABULATION. A.D. Epoch 1. The Ottoman Empire 1299 2. Conquest op Constantinople. 1453 Destruction op the Mamelukes Revolution of the Janissaries Massacre of the Janissaries. 1517 1730 1826 3. 4. 5. 6. Rebellion in Egypt 1882 THE WHOLE PERrOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE TURKS EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1299 TO A.D. 1882 = 583 YEARS. THE BIBLE. The Holy Bible (from the Greek /3i6Aof a book) contains what are known as the Sacred writings, so called from the belief that its various authors were inspired. It is devoted principally to the children of Israel, their descendants and the nations with whom they came in contact during their journeyings through the world. Biblical history extends from the Creation as described by Moses, B. C. 4004, to the nativity of Christ, or more strictly speaking to the end of the Apocrypha, B.C. 135. The greater part of the Bible was collected and arranged by Ezra before or about B.C. 450. Malachi, written by the last of the prophets about B.C. 397, and the Apocrypha have since been added, the latter of which is not considered as inspired by either Protestants or Jews. * Many opinions are registered (see page 44) concerning the exact date of the Creation, and of which it is evident that not one of them is literally true. Nevertheless that given in the Bible, where the book of Genesis tells us of the Creation, as written by Moses in the fifteenth century B.C., and dated 4004, is the one offered in this work. The grand epochs of the Holy Bible may be summed up in tabular form, as follows : * " The books not in the Jewish Canon were rejected at the Council of Laodicea about A.D. 366, but were received as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent on 8th April, 1546. Parts of the Apocrypha were admitted to be read as lessons by the Church of England by the 6th Article, 1563." —Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 169 B.C. ' Epoch 1. 2. The Creation 4004 2348 (i 3. " Call op Abraham 1921 a tt 4. 5. " Exodus 1491 THE PEKIOD Accession of Saul (Mo- ") 1095 OF BIBLICAL HISTOKY. it 6. Eevolt op the Ten Tribes. 975 tt 7. The Fall op the Kingdom ^ op Israel, "ASSYRIAN ► CAPlIVITY" 3 The Fall op Judah and>. Benjamin, " BABYLO- I NIAN CAPTIVITY " J tt 6. 721 587 a 9. 277 a 10. End op the Apocrypha 135 THE WHOLE PEEIOD OF BIBLICAL HISTOEY FROM THE CREATION, B.C. 4004, TO THE END OF THE APO- CRYPHA, B.C. 135 = 3869 YKAES. IF, HOWEVEE, TO THE NATIVITY OP CHRIST (VULGAR EEA] BE RECKONED IT WILL CONSIST OF 4004 YEARS. THE CHURCH, By which is meant the Christian Church, in its history includes that of the Crusades. It is known also as Ecclesiastical history and extends from the Nativity of Christ to the present time, a period of almost nineteen centuries. During the early part of Ecclesiastical history persecutions were many and severe. Of these, however, only ten are specially men- tioned and located upon the Chart of Time. A.D. 312 Christianity triumphed, no doubt in consequence of Constantino I. "The Great" having become a Christian. The Church now oi'ganized, and Christian leaders assembled in general councils to arrange the differences that were ever springing up amongst them. Of these General or Oecumenical Councils that of Nice, A.D. 325, was the first, over which Constantine himself presided, and the great Council of A.D. 1879, over which His Holiness " Pio Nino " presided, was the last; known in history as XXI, at 170 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. which the dogma of Infallibility was proclaimed, A.D. 1870, and admitted by all " the faithful " of the Roman Catholic Church. From the time of the Council of Nice the Church prospered and the power of its Pontiffs increased both spiritually and tempo- rally, so that in the eighth century, A.D. 755, the Pope was invested by Pepin "le bref" with temporal power or sovereignty. This was afterwards recognized by Charlemagne, who enforced payment of the tithes for the benefit of the bishops, clergy, churches, schools and the poor. In the latter part of the ninth century, about A.D. 880, the Greek and Latin Churches separated. The schism, however, became more complete in the eleventh century, A.D. 1053, when the Patri- arch of Constantinople was actually excommunicated.* Soon after this event, A.D. 1059, began the war of Investiture, which sprang up between the Popes and Temporal Sovereigns ; the former claiming the right of nominating Bishops and Abbots and of investing them with the cross and ring, the latter denying and absolutely refusing to accede to it. This struggle came to an end in the following century, A.D. 1123, being settled in the ninth (Ecumenical (first Lateran) Council. THE CEUSADES were holy wars undertaken by the Christian world in order to obtain possession of the Saviour's tomb, which was being desecrated by the Seljukian Turks. Stimulated by Peter the hermit," A council was called at Cler- mont, A.D. 1095, in consequence of which a large miscellaneous army of inexperienced Christians, filled with enthusiasm, set out on their journey as soldiers, each bearing a red cross upon the right shoulder, hence the name. The crusades were eight (or more) in number, and were the cause of the loss of over 2,000,000 people, not to mention the destruction of property which must have been immense ! The first crusade began A.D. 1096 ; the last was in A.D. 1270. A Division known as " The Great Schism " occurred again, A. D. 1378, during which the authority of the Pontiffs was considerably lowered from the fact that two, three, or more claimed the position of the Pope at the same time. * " In consequence of some slight diffprences in their respective creeds, the followers of the eastern and western churchps hated each other more cordially than either did the infidels. During the Crusades, the Greek emperors frequently betrayed the Latin adven* turers, and the latter, in their turn, looked on the Greeks with equal contempt and detes- tation." — Pinnock's Goldsmith's Greece, page 404. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 171 This schism came to an end, about A. D. 1429, after having lasted over fifty years. The Eeformation is the next great division in the Church. It began A.D. 1517 under the influence of Martin Luther, an Augustin friar and professor in the University of Wittemberg, who denounced the abuses committed by the Dominicans. In the year A.D. 1534 Ignatius, better known as St. Ignatius de Loyola, encouraged a few noble-minded young friends to assemble themselves together, where, upon a certain occa- sion, they vowed to promote the service of God by seeking the salvation of souls. Having afterwards repaired to Rome they were, A.D. 1540, organized into a religious order. The Pope issued a bull in their favor and named them The Society op Jesus, which is at present generally known as " The Order of the Jesuits." They do all in their power to check the efforts of the Reforma- tion, and have from time to time been expelled from almost every country in Christendom. St. Francis Xavier, one of the first com- panions of Ignatius, visited India immediately after their organiza- tion, where he preached the gospel, A.D. 1542; he next visited Japan and baptized great numbers during the brief period of his mission which lasted ten years. He died, A.D. 1552. Henry VIII., king of England, threw off his allegiance to the Supreme Pontiff and declared himself " Head of the English. Church," A. D. 1534, from which time the Sovereign of England has been considered such by the Episcopalians, now known as "the Established Church of England." Since the Reformation many misfortunes have been alternately brought upon Catholics and Protestants, causing martyrdom and bloodshed that would not have taken place had the spirit of unity been more complete. It would perhaps hardty be too much to say the " mortifica- tion " or downfall of the one was the uprising or glory of the other, and vice versa. We pass over the various massacres and war* resulting from religious bigotry and notice a new power rising in the history of the Church, which, though at present is in its infancy, is soon to become a great one should it progress as it has begun. The Young Men's Christian Association, which is here alluded to, was established or rather organized A.D. 1844 by George 172 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. Williams in London, England ; who, with a few others as did Loyola three hundred years before, consecrated himself to the services of God. The twenty-first (Ecumenical Council, already referred to, was a grand epoch in the Roman Catholic Church, since which to the present, A.D. 1882, she continues, as do also the various denominational Protestant bodies, in the paths pointing to the best and most hopeful results as considered by their respective councils. TABULATION. A.D Epoch 1. The birth of Christ 1 " 2. " Triumph op Christianity.. 312 " 3. " Temporal power 755 " 4. " Schism of the East 1053 " 5. " "War of Investiture 1059 " 6. " First Crusade 1096 " 7. " Last Crusade 1270 '< 8. " Great Schism 1378 " 9. " Reformation 1517 " 10. " Order of the Jesuits 1540 " 11. " Christian Association... 1844 " 12. " Twenty-first Council... 1869 13. " Present date 1882 ECCLESIAS- TICAL HISTORY. v. THE WHOLE PERIOD OF CHURCH HISTORY EX- TENDS FROM THE NATIVITY OF CHRIST, A.D., TO A.D. 1882 = 1882 YEARS. GRECIAN HISTORY, B.C. Ancient Grecian History deservedly holds a distinguished place amongst the archives of the nations. Greece was called Hellas, and its inhabitants Hellenes. Other appellations have been given by the historians and poets, such as Pelasgi, Danai, Argivi, Achivi, etc. The Greeks are said to have descended from Javan, fourth son of Japhet. Their history extends from the founding of Sicyon, PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 173 B.C. 2089, to their subjugation by the Eomans, B.C. 146, when Greece became a Roman province. The Greeks were renowned for genius, patriotism and learning. Their civilization has produced many examples of heroes in every way worth}^ of the admiration of posterity. The more prominent of these, and somewhat allied to the Gods, were Pelops, colonizer and founder of the Peloponnesus B. C. 1321 ; Jason, commander of the Argonautic expedition, B. C. 1263 ; Hercules, etc., etc. The Olympic games were originally established by the Idsei Dactyli, B.C. 1453. The Trojan war, B.C. 1194, was the theme of Homer's great work " the Iliad," of which Ulysses is the hero. Homer nourished about B.C. 984, a period nearly midway between the invasion of Troy and the victory of Coroebus at the Olympic games, B.C. 776, from which period commences the Olympiads, a method of counting time by the Greeks. Horner is up to the present time without a rival in epic poetry, being ever since his great work considered as "the father op song." The important epochs of Grecian history during its authentic period begin at the first Olympiad, B.C. 776, and may be named in order as follows: the Persian invasion, B.C. 495 ; the "retreat of the ten thousand" under Xenophon, B.C. 400 ; the invasion and conquest of Persia; the establishment of the Macedonian Empire, B.C. 331, by Alexander "the Great;" the fall and division of that empire at his death, B.C. 323, about eight years after its having been established. Misfortune now appeared among the Greeks, and in consequence of treachery and civil war they fell an easy prey to the Eomans, by whom they were conquered, B.C. 146, and the land became a Boman province. Grecian history is divided into Fabulous and Authentic. TABULATION. B.C. f Epoch 1. SrcYON pounded by jEgialus. 208S I " 2. Olympic Games Established.. 1453 FABULOUS u 3 The Argonautic Expedition. 1263 HISTOEYOF " 3. The Elective Monarchy 1573 POLAND " 4. The Last Partition op Poland. 1795 [ « 5. To date 1882 THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF POLAND EXTENDS FROM A.D. 842 TO A.D. 1795 = 953 YEARS. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 195 THE HISTORY OF EUSSIA is obscure, uncertain and uninteresting in its early time. It is- the largest and probably the coldest Empire in the world. Can casians and Mongolians are its inhabitants, who in the fourth cen- tury of the Christian Era were divided into various tribes. Euric, a great Prince, established a government and founded Eussia into a monarchy, A.D. 862. In the thirteenth century Eussia was overrun by the Tartars 5 , and did not free herself from that restless people until during many struggles up to 1469, when the yoke was broken and the count? v united under one monarchy by Ivan III., Basilovitz, who came to the throne, A.D. 1462. He was an able as well as despotic prince, and may be said to have founded the Monarchy on its present firm basis. He introduced cannon and fire arms, A.D. 1475. Ivan IV., the Terrible, came to the throne, A.D. 1533. He established an imperial body guard, " the Strelitz," which was abolished by Peter "the Great" on his return from England, about 1697. Ivan IV., A.D. 1584, was succeeded by Feador I. After several successions Michael Feodorovitz, a descendant of Ivan Basilovitz of the house of Romanoff, ascended and estab- lished the Romanoff Dynasty. Peter I., "the Great," ascended the Russian throne, A.D. 1689, and by means of prudence, perseverance and industry brought pros- perity and power to the nation. He took upon himself the title of Czar and Emperor of all the Eussias, A.D. 1721, raising the country to one of Empire. He founded St. Petersburg, which was named after him. He was succeeded by his Empress, Catherine I., A.D. 1725. Catherine II. of Anhault, wife of Peter III., whom she assisted to murder, came to the throne, A.D. 1762. Through her able administration Eussia increased in territory and power. Her armies defeated the Turks, and during her reign unhappy Poland was voraciously dismembered by three powers, Eussia, Prussia, and Austria of which Eussia got the lion's share, A.D. 1772, 1793, 1795. Paul I., her son, was crowned, A.D. 1796, but was strangled in 1801. 196 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. Alexander I., his son, succeeded, and after many defeats was forced to form an alliance with France. During their struggles Napoleon invaded Russia, where, A.D. 1812, after the burning of Moscow, the cold of winter, while retreating, caused the destruction of his army. Nicholas I., his brother, began to reign, A.D. 1825. He will be well remembered in consequence of the Russo-Turkan war of 1853, which was closed 1856 without dishonor to Russia. Alexander II. succeeded in 1855 during the Crimean war, which he conducted with spirit and bravery equal to that of his father, until all parties engaged were glad to cease the strife. In 1861 Alexander decreed the emancipation of 23,000,000 serfs, and in the following year a grand Jubilee in honor of the 1000th anniversary of Russia was held. He was assassinated by the Nihilists, A.D. 1881, since which his son Alexander III. has become and is now the Czar of all the Russias. TABULATION. A.D. TTmTORY f Epoch 1. Russia founded by Ruric 862 " 2. Subjected to the Tartars 1237 OF i " 3. Freedom from the Tartars 1469 " 4. Romanoff Dynasty 1613 BUSSIA. ^ « 5 To DATE 1882 THE WHOLE PERIOD OF AUTHENTIC RUSSIAN HIS- TORY EXTENDS FROM A.D. 862 TO 1882=1020 YEARS. THE HISTORY OF CHINA. According to their own annals China was an established gov- ernment 80 or 100 thousand years before the Christian Era. Fo-Hi, the reputed founder of the Chinese Empire, supposed to have been Noah, established a dynasty named after him, B.C. 2951, since which there have been twenty-two distinct reigning families to the present time ; the last of which, TSIN, came into power, A.D. 1644. China, " The Celestial Empire," (Tsing of the Chinese) is the most populous country on the globe. By means of a great wall PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 19? the contraction of which was begun, about B.C. 240, all other nations have been excluded; and, hence, before the present century little^was known of their history. Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, born B.C. 551, was a contemporary with Pythagoras of the Greeks. San Chin, their Atheistical philosopher, flourished in the fifth century of the Christian era. The Buddhist priests, A.D. 499, are said to have discovered America, which they called Fusang. The Tartars invaded and carried on a destructive warfare with China about A.D. 1258. St. Francis Xavier unsuccessfully endeavored to introduce Christianity amongst the Chinese, A.D. 1551. In the seventeenth century the Manchou Tartars, A. D. 1616, invaded the country, and after a struggle of twenty-eight years, succeeded in establishing the present Manchou Tartar Dynasty, A.D. 1644 (TSIN). During the present century, A.D. 1812, the Emperor of China proclaimed an edict against Christianity. At Nankin, once the Capital of China, a treaty permitting free trade with England was concluded. The peace of Nankin was signed by Sir Henry Pottinger on board the Cornwallis for England, A.D. 1842. In consequence of the obstinacy and indifference of the Emperor of China in carrying out the considerations of the Treaty or Peace of Nankin, and of Tien Tsin signed by Lord Elgin, China was invaded by England and France, after which Tien Tsin was again signed, A.D. I860, and ratified at Pekin. A cruel massacre was perpetrated A.D. 1870 at Tien Tsin, by which the French consul, catholic clergy and many Christians were slaughtered. China made an excellent representation of her productions at the United States Centennial, A. D. 1876. From the establishment of the Empire by Fo-Hi, the twenty-two distinct families that have reigned are all marked upon the Chart of Time in their respective localities, and may be easily recog- nized, in their history and chronology. 198 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. TABULATION. B.C. Epoch 1. Chinese Empire founded 2951 " 2. Birth of Confucius 551 " 3. The Great Wall begun 240 A.D. ' 4. Buddhism introduced from India 68 : ' 5. Discovery of Fusang (America) 499 '• 6. Invasion of the Tartars 1258 : - 7. Christianity by Francis Xavier 1551 < • 8. Manchou Tartar dynasty 1644 " 9. The present time 1882 THE WHOLE PERIOD OF CHINESE HISTORY FROM FO-HI, B.C. 2951, TO A.D. 1882=4833 YEARS. OF CHINA. THE HISTORY OF JAPAN is obscure from the foundation of the Empire by Simnu, B. C. 660, even to the present century. Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who visited the country in the latter part of the thirteenth century, is the first European that has left any knowledge of Japan. Mendo Pintez,who is said to have discovered Japan, visited it with three ships, A.D. 1542, and during the following year his country- men, the Portuguese, were permitted to settle at Nagasaki. In the same year Francis Xavier, the celebrated Jesuit Mis- sionary, introduced Christianity among the Japanese. It was much opposed, however, by the higher orders, and in the years 1585 and 1632 cruel massacres of the Christians resulted. A decree was issued, A.D. 1636, by the Micaddo, requiring the Japanese to assemble annually for the special purpose of trampling on the cross. The traveller and naturalist, Engelbert Kaempfer, a native of Lippe-Detmold in Germany, visited Japan, A.D. 1690, and is said to have written a history of the country interspersed with plates. Commodore Perry, commander of an American expedition, A.D. 1853, entered Yeddo, and was favorably received. In the following year, 1854, commercial relations were established between Japan and the United States. Later in the year, Great Britain was also successful in the same direction. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 199 A Japanese embassy, A.D. 1860, visited Washington and New Yoi-k. Another embassy of very distinguished persons paid their respects to the United States and Great Britain, A.D. 1872, in the interest of civilization and commerce. At the great American Centennial Exhibition, A.D. 1876, the Japanese gathered many laurels by their excellent exhibits and unpresumptious manner, which elicited the highest encomiums from all who had the good fortune to behold them. TABULATION. B.C. ( Epoch 1. Japan founded by Simnu 660 A.D. HISTORY « 2. Invaded by the Tartars 1269 " 3. Nagasaki settled by Portuguese 1543 OF " 4. A distinguished Embassy visits the United States and Great Britain 1872 " 5. To date 1882 JAPAN. THE WHOLE PERIOD OF JAPANESE HISTORY EX- TENDS FROM B.C. 660 TO A.D. 1882=2542 YEARS. THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES of America, may consistently be arranged under two periods, the Colonial and the Constitutional ; neither of which is in the least degree obscured by the misty embraces of antiquity. The Colonial period extends from the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, A.D. 1492, to the declaration of Indepen- dence, A.D. 1776. The Constitutional period extends from the declaration of independence to the present time, A.D. 1882. The discovery of America, by Columbus, is one of the most important epochs of history, marking as it does the dividing line between middle and modern time. Other and earlier discoverers have their record, of whom it is thought a very few words here will not be out of place. 200 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. It is said that " Professsor Neumann and others, eminent scholars, have satisfied themselves that proofs exist that FUSANGr must have been a portion of the American continent; most likel}*, the Mexican coast. Neumann, in 1841, published from the original Chinese annals the narrative of Hoei Shin, a Buddhist Missionary, who, A.D. 499, returned from a long journey to the East, in which he describes a country to which he gave the name " Fusang," and certainly the account is not only very curious, but is shown by Mr. Leland * to fairly describe Old and New Mexico." Iceland had been .discovered by the Norwegians as early as A.D. 860, and after about fifteen yeai'S was colonized by them. About fifty or one hundred }'ears later they colonized Green- land towards its southern extremity, where ruins may yet be found. These Norsemen are said to have discovered America in the tenth centuiy. Lief Ericson with thirty-five men set sail from Greenland to investigate the discovery of Bjorne Herjulfulson, who had spoken of a strange land to the south upon which he had been driven by a storm, A. D. 986. Ericson succeeded in finding land A. D. 1000, which from its most prominent characteristics he named Helluland, Markland and Vinland. It is known that Columbus visited Iceland, amongst whose manuscripts these discoveries of Ericson are registered, during the latter half of the fifteenth centuiy, and the inference is, that their contents were in some way or other made known and served as a strong incentive to his enthusiasm and perseverance, which was so well and persistently demonstrated in and during his applications to the European courts for the means by which to accomplish his ends. Ultimately successful with Isabella, Queen of Spain, on the 3rd of August, 1492, Columbus set sail, and on the 11th of October of the same year discovered St. Salvador, the name of which was given the small island by himself. He made other voyages, on the third of which, A.D. 1498, he eet his foot upon the mainland of America, and in fact, so far as- he is concerned, discovered America. * From Charles G. Leland's most interesting volume "Fusang ; or, the Discovery ot America by the Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century." PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 201 John and Sebastian Cabot, however, had planted the banner of England upon the soil of the New World at Prima Vista r fourteen months before Columbus beheld the mainland, and hence were the discoverers of the continent of America during the fifteenth century. With all due respect to Columbus, from whom it would be base to withhold one iota of the fame so richly merited ; if discovery means the first to find out or to uncover to the gaze of others, it cannot be established from historical records that he was the discoverer of the great continent that afterwards, through the accounts and publications of the Florentine, Amerigo Vespucci, was called " America." Receding to the tenth century, it is quite as doubtful in regard to Ericson. Biorne (Bjorne) had already, fourteen years previously, seen and described the land, which acted on the mind of Ericson, as did the Icelandic manuscripts and writings of Marco Polo upon that of Columbus. In virtue of the discovery of the Cabots, A. D. 1497, and the planting of the red cross flag in America by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, A.D. 1583, England based her claim of right to islands and possessions upon the North American continent. Her first effort at colonization was made at Roanoke, Virginia, A.D. 1584, by Sir Walter Raleigh, a half brother of Gilbert. It was unsuccessful, however, and not until A.D. 160*7 was the first colonization by England effected at Jamestown, Virginia, under the management and care of Captain Smith, who gave the name "New England" to the English possessions on the continent of America. The Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, A.D. 1620, and settled what is now known as New England. The French had already established themselves in New France, and they claimed New England under the discoveries of John Verazzani, a Florentine, who had visited the country, A.D. 1524, and Jacques Cartier ten years later. In consequence of these facts and the difference of religion, not to mention the animosities, etc., incited by the fur trade, and the fact that England and France were ever engaged one against the other in war, massacres and strifes were frequent among 202 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. the Colonists, wherein much bloodshed resulted, either party- using the Indians as best it could for the destruction of the other. Thus matters continued more than a century, until it was found necessary, by means of war, that the whole country should become an English or French Colony. War was consequently declared by the mother countries, and upon the Plains of Abraham (after various straggles) resulted in favor of the English and their colonists. A.T). 1759. In the following year at Montreal, the French and their colon}*, through the Governor de Vaudreuil, surrendered to General Amherst, three years after which, Great Britain, by the treaty of Paris, A.D. 1763, became possessed of the whole country. It would now be thought that harmony might follow, but such was not the fact. Man's inhumanity to man sprang into existence, bringing civil war and cruel strife among a people of the same origin and destiny. In consequence of diffidence, arrogance and oppression on the part of Great Britain, the Colonists, except the French Canadian of New France, thirteen years afterward. A.D. 1776, declared their independence which, after a war of seven years with the mother country, A.D. 1783, was recognized. The new country now organized itself and formed a Constitution, whence begins the second period of our history as marked upon the Chart of Time, the most important epochs of which are the declaration of independence already mentioned; the convention at Philadelphia for the signing of the new Constitution, A.D. 1787; the purchase of Louisiana, A.D. 1803; the civil war of 1861; and the abolition of slavery proclaimed by Abraham Lincoln. January 1st, 1863; thence to date 1882, in which year the American Association of Arts and Sciences honored the Dominion of Canada, by its presence at Montreal, where many in- teresting and instructive papers were presented. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 203 •HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. TABULATION. A.D. Epoch 1. Discovery op America 1492 " 2. Raleigh's Unsuccessful Coloni- zation of Virginia 1584 " 3. First Successful Colony at Jamestown, by Smith 1607 " 4. Landing of the Pilgrims 1620 " 5. Cession of Arms by the French 1760 " 6. Declaration of Independence. . 1776 " 7. The New Constitution Signed. 1787 " 8. The Acquisition of Louisiana. 1803 » 9. War of 1812 1812 " 10. Civil War 1-61 " 11. Abolition of Slavery 1863 t « 12. A. A. A. & S., at Montreal 1882 THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1492 to 1882 = 380 YEARS. THE HISTORY OF CANADA, like that of the United States, is unobscured by the dusty clouds of antiquity. It will be considered as Canada under the French Regime, and Canada under the British Government. The extent of the country called " Canada " has, in fact, never been satisfac- torily designated in history. Its various boundaries may be seen in different Geographies ; and without being very particular on this point, it may also be said that the New France of Canada is not the Canada of to-day ; but bears about the same relation to the Dominion of Canada aw does the New England of the Eastern States to the United States of America. As the name implies, New France was settled by the French whose rights of territory were based upon the discoveries of John Verrazani, A.D. 1524, and of Jacques Cartier' 1534, the latter of whom in the following year discovered and ascended the noble river St. Lawrence as far as Stadacona, now Quebec. 204 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. From this epoch Canadian history under the French Regime- properly begins, i.e., 1534, and extends to the conquest of New France by the English, A.D. 1760. The points most worthy of note are the discovery and efforts at colonization, the first of which, A.D. 1642, under Roberval and the second under de la Roche on Sable Island, were unsuccessful. The earliest successful colony was established at Port Royal, A.D. 1604, Quebec was founded by Samuel deChamplain, A.D. 1608. The Recollet Fathers were brought into New France A.D- 1615, and settled at Quebec. Ten years later, they received the Jesuits ; where, together with the aid of a few Sisters of Charity, they established Roman Catholicism and its monastic institu- tions. The Jesuits have left a valuable record (Jesuits' Relations)* concerning their doings in the early history of New France. The Government was under the control of the King of France who, at first, acted through the companies of the peltry traffic* the most important of which were " The One Hundred Associates,' established by Cardinal Richelieu A.D. 1627, and the Montreal Company of A.D. 1640. Paul Chomedy de Maisonneuve, a prominent member of the latter, A.D. 1642, founded Montreal, first known as Villa Maria. The Sulpicians under M. de Queylus, established their seminary at Montreal, A.D. 1657. M. de Laval arrived in New France, A.D. 1659, where he received full ecclesiastical powers, and was created the first Bishop of Quebec, A.D. 1670. The Government of the country was more fully established, A.D. 1663, under the Sovereign Council, in which church and state were combined; the Governor, Bishop and Royal Intendant being the tripod upon which reposed the welfare of New France. Dignity required the heads of the Government to have been born in France, whence they must be brought — no colonist being per- mitted to act in capacity of Viceroy or Governor. As early as A. D. 1629 New France had been conquered by Admiral Kirk, but through the influence of Champlain it had been restored, A.D. 1632, to France, in honor of which a church, " Notre Dame de la Recouvrance," was built. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 205 Admiral Phipps laid siege to Quebec, A.D. 1690; but by the determined resistance of Frontenac was repelled, in honor of which the Church of " Notre Dame de Victoire " was erected. The natives of the country, by French and English colonists, were incited to commit cruelties, of which many shocking examples are on record. It followed as a natural result that, in consequence of nationality, religion, massacres, disputed boundaries, etc., etc., both France and England determined each upon the annihilation or expulsion of the other from the Colony. The English under Nicholson, with their colonists and fleet under Admiral Walker, invaded Acadia, and possessed themselves of Port Royal, which, in honor of Queen Anne, they named Anna- polis, A.D." 1710. Later, A.D. 1744, began the old French war, when Fort Louisburg was captured by the British Colonists, but, much to their chagrin, was restored to France, at the treaty of Aix-la-Cha- pelle, A.D. 1748. Mutual jealousies, deceptions, etc., etc., brought on another war, which resulted in the capture of Louisburg a second time ; and ultimately in the complete subjugation of New France, A.D. 1760, after which, by the treaty of Paris, A.D. 1763, it was ceded to Great Britain. The Roman Catholics, so numerous in the country, were left to their own freedom of worship, and nowhere in the world are there brighter prospects for them than in the Province of Quebec. TABULATION. A.D. Epoch 1. Discovery of New France... 1534 " 2. Unsuccessful Colonization 1542 3. Port Eotal Colonized 1604 " 4. Quebec Founded 1608 " 5. Montreal " 1642 " 6. The Sovereign Council 1663 " 7. The Old French War 1744 " 8. Conquest of New France.. 1760 HISTORY OF CANADA, 206 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. THE HISTOEY OF CANADA, under the British Government, begins at the conquest of New Prance A.D. 1760, and extends to the organization of the Canadian Pacific Railway Syndicate, A.D. 1881, or rather to the present time, A.D. 1882. From the Conquest to the treaty of Paris. A.D. 1763, a military form of government was established, with General Murray, yet an officer under Amherst, at its head. After this treaty, by which it was ceded to Great Britain, it was called the Province op Quebec, and General Murray was appointed the first Governor, which position he held with honor until succeeded by Sir Guy Carlton, A. D. 1776, both of whom had been officers under General Wolfe before Quebec. Pontiac, the famous Ottawa chief, raised a conspiracy, A. D. 1764, that resulted in much bloodshed and loss of valuable property. Great Britain now possessed, as a colony, nearly the whole of North America, and in regard to her governors differed nothing from the custom of France — dignity requiring them to be born outside of the country, and with as much gentle blood as possible. Circumstances began to transpire, however, that resulted in the loss of a great portion of the best of the Colony. The fact of taxation without representation was a great factor in causing the revolu- tion that was followed by the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, A.D. 1776. The French Canadians did not join in the issue, because, although a conquered people, in 1760, they had been guaranteed their religious rights ; and as these had again been confirmed by the Quebec Act, A.D. 1774, they were very properly convinced by their clergy that they had nothing to gain ; hence they remained faithful to Great Britain, and their country was the recipient of the United Empire Loyalists who found occasion for new homes during the struggle. The (United States) revolutionary colonists were eventually, after a seven years' war, successful ; and on the third of Septem- ber, A.D. 1783, a treaty of peace was signed by Great Britain, which in the following year was ratified by the American Con- gress. PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 207 George Washington their, Commander in Chief, who had faith. fully served his country, was sought from his happy retreat on the right bank of the Potomac, and unanimously elected the first President A.D. 1789, since which they have become a great as well as powerful nation. The Province of Quebec, A.D. 1791, was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, each of which was permitted to have a Legislative Assembly. One-seventh of the waste lands were donated to Protestant clergy, "Clergy Reserves," and the Rev. Jacob Mountain was raised to the Protestant Bishopric, A.D. 1793. In consequence of the war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States many battles were fought in Canada, much to her inconvenience. A rebellion broke out, A.D. 1837, which was quelled during the following year, when the thirteen Canadian citizens (rebels) paid the death penalty in the City of Montreal ; at Kingston ten, and London three, were also hanged. The bill for the Union of Upper and Lower Canada came into practical operation A.D. 1841. This was the year of the birth of the Prince of Wales, who, A.D. 1860, visited Canada and inaugu- rated the opening of the Victoria bridge, built at Montreal under the supervision and direction of the great engineer, Stephenson. In consequence of the passage of a bill to indemnify losses result- ing from the Rebellion of 1837-8, that received the approbation and signature of Lord Elgin, the Governor of Canada, A.D. 1849, a rough mob collected, and, under the pretended garb of loyalty, besides insulting His Excellency in the streets, set fire to the Parliament buildings, burning them and their very valuable library to ashes; after which Quebec and Toronto became, alter- nately, the seat of Government, until it was finally and permanently located at Ottawa, A.D. 1858, by command of Her Majesty, the Queen of England. Appropriate buildings were ordered to be erected in that city and devoted to the Dominion Parliament, A. D. 1867, when the Act of the Union of Canada (Upper and Lower), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick was passed. It went into effect July 1st, and the inauguration was celebrated by general rejoicings throughont the 208 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. Dominion, the first Governor or Viceroy of which was Lord Monck who had heen in office since 1861. Other Provinces have since joined. The Canadian Pacific Eailway, the great rising sun of the Dominion op Canada, is said to have been begun as a political necessity, and owes its origin to the confederation of the Provinces. After several efforts and as many failures, a syndicate was formed, A.D. 1881, and liberally * subsidized, that is now rapidly pushing the road to its completion, which by the terms of agreement must be finished within ten years. There will then be an artificial bond of great value uniting all the Provinces. Lord Dufferin became the Viceroy of the Dominion A.D. 1872, where he remained two terms, well-beloved by all. He •was succeeded by the Marquis of Lome, A.D. 1878, accompanied by Her Eoyal Highness the Princess Louise, both of whom are well received in the Colony, being enthusiastically welcomed by those who have the good fortune to meet them. Only yesterday, September 13th, they were congratulated at San Francisco by their Eoyal Mother, Queen Victoria, concerning the success of British arms in Africa at the fall of Tel-el-Kebir, and the termination of the war, in consequence of the brilliant efforts of the army and navy under General Wolseley and Ad miral Seymour. During the months of September and October, in the South- Eastern horizon throughout the United-States and Canada, there appeared a beautiful and brilliant comet, which was much admired by the Scientific world. *" The Syndicate received a land grant of every alternate section for twenty-f our miles on either side of its line, amounting to 25,000,000 acres, and a practical endorsement of their bonds to the amount of §25,000,000, besides an absolute gift of the completed section of the road. * * * The whole amount of completed road to be turned over by the Government to the syndicate is 700 miles, valued at §28,000,000. * * * The Syn- dicate receives certaiu incidental privileges from the Government, such as exemptio* from taxation of its right of way, depot buildings in insettled eouutry, and its lands until sold, and exemption from duty of materials used in construction. On the other hand, it must submit to Government regulation of its tariffs. * * * The length of the old Govern- ment line was 2,200 miles, 400 in the Thunder Bay, 1,200 in the valley and 600 in the British Colombia section. Of course, the new line cannot yet be measured, but it is certainly much shorter." The British North West. PERIODS AND EPOCHS, 209 HISTORY OF CANADA. I TABULATION. AD. Epoch 1. Conquest of New France 1760" " 2. The Treaty of Paris, Canada ceded to Great Britain 1763 " 3. The Quebec Act 1774 " 4. Division of the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada. 1791 ' c 5. Union of the two Canadas 1841 " 6. British American Confeder- ation ,. 1867 " 7. The C P. R. Syndicate 1881 " 8. The Queen of Comets 1882 Now, in conclusion, the author feels constrained to add, even though it be repetition ; figures are not representatives of time, but ■markers of it as of quantities of anything else. Throughout the whole of the Periods and Epochs the sense w T ill remain unimpaired if the dates, in almost every instance, be passed without being read. They will be found useful, however, in assisting to readily fix localities upon theChart, from which, as well as from the Cento- graph and Slate, all the events must be given by the pupils. Should these instructions be literally followed, the foregoing work, it is hoped and believed, will possess qualities that will be appreciated by the student of history: its success, however, in whatever light it may be viewed, must depend upon its practical utility in the field to which it will be adapted. :-^, INDEX. PAOB Preface 5 Wood Cut 1. Bird'e-eye View of the Chart 11 " 2. Slate, open and closed 12 " 3- Centograph (both frames in view) 13 " 4. " undivided years 14 " 5. Plates 1 and 2, the Century 16 " 6. Centograph with Compartments 27 Description of the Chart of Time 15 Symbol ization 18 Geographical Representation by Color 15 Localities Changed into Figures 20 Examples for Practice 24 Description of the Centograph 27 Symbols 29 Instructions for Using the Centograph 30 Description of the Historical Slate 33 Advantages of the Chart, Centograph and Slate 33 Statistical Application 34 Definitions Worthy of Special Attention 36 Remarks 37 Definitions of History 42 Extracts from Various Authors 44 Historical Key to the Chart of Time 61 (In this key each century is an index of its own facts wherein im- portant events, from creation to date, may be readily found.) 212 PAOE The Periods and Epochs of History 161 The Universe 162 Rjman History 162 History of the Saracens 165 The Turks, or Mogul Tartars 166 The Bible L68 The Church 169 Grecian History, B. C 172 History of England 174 « Scotland 178 " the Persian Empire 180 " Fiance 181 « Ireland 182 " Egypt, B. C 184 " Germany 185 " Prussia 187 " Austria 188 '•< Assyria, B. C 189 " Spain 190 " Portugal 192 " Poland 103 '• Russia , 195 " China 19G " Japan '. 198 " The United States 199 " Canada (under the French Regime) 203 ■** " (under British government) 206 , IkU -y ■ - ■> -oo^ ,V 0^ rO v *U, ri- /v; i '^o^ ^ '^ ^/ <*