nMn-w^ff\rn ffr'T'r''iW'* mM'i«'«*^^ lii i i i t ii .1111 ii > iii ii.»i » i to>i » i ii V i V »ii i M ii ' l i i iiiwSwwivvsSa < i«« i i wi i»\ HsaiisnaKtstwassnwBSwatimcms^^ ^':>'^^'H^SMiMi^^^ SCHOOL HISTORY SRisS««N«WW .Xs.-«N\\ .;:. .,<,W;^•^^'<^i;«K^SC*««»NWC^^^ mmmmmmmmmmmmm tum m'ummimm m »mmtmmMim ''><»i^ mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmam ^:^'^m:>^m: F. F. HANSELL & BROm Publishor^, NEW ORLEANS, ■*bo^ •^y- V^ -^^ V ^9^. X^-'VV- .^'-tr^-V' V'^v ..V \; ^ v^ -^0 A HISTORY OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS FOR THE USE OK SCHOOLS. y BY FAY HEMPSTEAD, of Little Rock. NEW ORLEANS: Published by F. F. HANSELL & BRO. \^ -K ^\ PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL SERIES, PUBLISHED BY F. F. HMSELL & BRO., NEW ORLEANS. CHAMBERS' TWENTY LESSONS IN BOOK-KEEPING. DUVAL'S STUDENTS' HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI. HANSELL'S PRIMARY SPELLER. HANSELL'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. HANSELLS PRACTICAL PENMANSHIP, 8 Nos. HANSELL'S TRACING BOOKS, 3 Nos. HANSELL'S PRACTICAL DICTIONARY. HEMPSTEAD'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. NICHOLSON'S PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S INTERMEDIATE ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S COMPLETE ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S ADVANCED ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. PRACTICAL SCHOOL RECORD. PRACTICAL SCHOOL REGISTER. COPYRIGHT 1S89. F. F. HANSELL iSr BRO. PRESS OF L. Graham & Son, NKW ORLEANS. HLBCTROTYPED BY T. A. Slattery & Bro. NEW ORLEANS. r-Mi PREFACE. In offering this work for the use of Schools the author has endeavored to put in a small space the principal incidents connected with the history of the State of Arkansas, in such form as to be serviceable to both teacher and scholar. Of course, the limits of a work of the kind prevent any extended account of incidents or particulars. Wherever these are desired, resort must necessarily be had to larger works on the subject. The aim of the work is to furnish an outline or general sketch of the State's history, sufficient to give an understanding of its leading features; to set forth the manner of its rise and progress from earliest times to the present date. Striving always to make it accurate and exact, the extent to which I may have been successful therein must now be left to the judgment of a considerate public, FAY HEMPSTEAD. Little Rock, Ark., March 15th, 1SS9. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I.— THE COLONIAL PERIOD. PAGE. From earliest times to the year 1S03 7"4- Chapter I. — Preliminary. I, Acquisition. 2, Area. 3, Indian Occupants. 4, Osages and Quapaws. 5, Treaties. 6, Cession by the Quapaws. 7, The Arkansa Indians. S, Their name. 9, Spelling of the name. Pro- nunciaton. 10, Supposed meaning of the name 8-13 Chapter II — 1541 to 16S6 — De Soto, La Salle, and the Early Explorers. 1, De Soto. 2, His journey. 3, De Soto at Hot Springs. 4, His death. 5, Marquette and Joiiet. 6, Hennepin. 7, La Salle. S, Taking possession. 9, La Salle's return. 10, First White Settle- ment 14-22 Chapter III — 16S4 to 1699 — La Salle, De Tonti and Iberville. , La Salle in. France. 2, Sailing of the Fleet. 3, Loss of the Ships. 4, Fort St. Louis. 5, Death of La Salle. 6, Joutel in com- mand. 7, At the Arkansas Post. 8, Ascending the Mississippi. 9, Reaching the L^pper Country. 10, De Tonti. 11, Iberville. 12, Sailing of the Expedition. 13, Entering the Mississippi. De Tonti's letter 22-28 Chapter IV — 1700 to 1800 — French and Spanish Governors. I, Colonization. 2, Sauvolle, first Governor. 3, Crozat. 4, The Company of the West. 5, John Law's grant. 6, French Gov- ernors. 7, Cession to Spain. 8, Spanish Governors. 9, Grants of lands. 10, Grant to the Winter families. 11, Census taken. 12, Retrocession to France. 13, Settlement of Upper Louisiana 29-36 Chapter V — iSoo to 1803 — The Louisiana Purchase. I, Trouble with Spain. 2, Closing the port of New Orleans. 3, Proposals of purchase. 4, Negotiations. 5, France agrees to sell. 3 TABLE OF CONTENT^. PACK. 6, Conclusion of the transaction. 7, General rejoicing over the matter. The amount paid. 8, Extent of the cession. 9, Obtaining possession 36-42 Review Questions 43-45 • II.— THE flNTE-TERRITORIilL PERIOD. From 1S03 to 1S19 46-60 Chapter VI — 1S03 to 1S13 — Missouri Territory. I, Territories. District of Louisiana. 2, Territory of Louisiana. 3, District of "Arkansaw." 4, Explorations. 5, Merriwether Lewis, Governor. Osage Treaty. 6, Benjamin A. Howard, Gov- ernor. 7, The New Madrid Earthquake. 8, Missouri Territory. 9, Organization 46-51 Chapter VII — 1813 to 1S19 — Arkansas Territory Formed. 1, Arkansas County. 2, Arkansas Post. 3, Postoffice. 4, Law- rence County. 5, F'irst Treaty with the Quapaws. 6, Counties of Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead. 7, Pulaski County. 8, The city of Little Rock. 9, Laid out as a town. Limits. 10, Clark County. II, Hempstead County. 12, Arkansas Territory. 13, First Governor 51-60 III.— THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. From 1S19 to 1836 61-93 Chapter VIII — 1819 to 1S24 — Progress of the Territory. 1, Governor James Miller. 2, Organization of the Territory. 3, First Legislature. 4, William E. Woodruff. The Gazette. 5, First Legislature with delegates. 6, Miller County. 7, Phillips County. 8, Crawford County. 9, Independence County. 10, Northern boundary line. 11, Chicot County. 12, Second Treaty with the Quapaws 61-69 Chapter IX — 1S24 to 1S2S — Counties Formed. First Steamboat. Cherokees. I, Governor George Izard. 2, Conway County. 3, Crittenden County. 4, Izard County. 5, Loveley County. 6, St. Francis County. 7, Lafayette County. 8, Ambrose H. Sevier. 9, First TAfiLE OF CONtfi>fTS. ^ ^AGE. isteamboat. lo, Second Treaty with Cherokees. ii, Sevier County. 12, Washin<^ton County ^9-77 Chapter X — 1S29 — Governor Pope's Administratiox. 1, John Pope, Governor. 2, Governor Pope's services. 3, The Ten Sections of land. 4, Counties formed. 5, Pope County. 6, Union County. 7, Hot Spring County. 8, Monroe County. 9, Jefferson County. 10, Jackson County 77"83 Chapter XI — 1S30 to 1S33 — Emigration and Counties. I, Emigration. 2, Southern boundary line. 3, Emigration of Indians. 4, Great overflow of the rivers. 5, Mississippi County. 6, Carroll County. 7, Pike County. 8, Greene County. 9, Scott County. 10, Van Buren County. 11, Johnson County 83-89 Chapter XII — 1S33 to 1S36 — Admission into the Union. I, Improvement of the rivers. 2, William S. Fulton, Governor. 3, White County. 4, Randolph County. 5, Saline County. 6, Marion County. 7, Proceedings for admission into the Union. 8, The Convention. 9, Admission into the Union 89"93 Review Questions 93"96 lY.— THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. From 1S36 to 1S61 97-133 Chapter XIII — The Administration of Governor James S. Conway. I, James S. Conway, first Governor of the State. 2, Madison County. 3, Benton County. 4, Banks. 5, The State Bank. 6, In liquidation. 7, The Real Estate Bank. S, The Ilolford Bonds. 9, Assignment. 10, Trustees of the Bank. 11, Funding the Holford Bonds. 12, The FishbJick Amendment. 13, First Presidential vote of Arkansas. 14, Political parties. 15, Men of the different political parties in Arkansas. Presidents elected by the several parties 97-106 Chapter XIV— 1S37 to 1S40 — The Administration of Governor James S. Conway [Continued]. I, Franklin County. 2, Poinsett County. 3, Desha County. 4, Searcy County. 5, Boundary line between Arkansas and Texas. 6, Archibald Yell, second Governor. 7, Yell County. 8, Bradley County. 9, Perry County. 10, William Henry Harrison, President. II, Census 107-113 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS, Chapter XV — 1S40 to 1S46 — The Administration- of Governors Archibald Yell axd Samuel Adams ; ^vxd tart of that of Governor Thomas S. Drew. PAGE. I, New Counties. 2, Ouachita County. 3, Alontgomery County. 4, Newton County. 5, Fulton County. 6, Samuel Adams, Acting Governor. 7, Thomas S. Drew, third Governor. 8, James K. Polk, President. 9, Polk County. 10, Dallas County 112-116 Chapter XVI — 1S46 to 1S49 — Ix the Administr^vtiox of Governor Thomas S. Drew. I, The War with Mexico. 2, The Texas Revolution. 3, The An- nexation of Texas. 4, The War begins. 5, Organization of troops. 6, Battle of Buena Vista. 7, End of the War. S, Prairie County. 9, Drew County. 10, Ashley County. 11, Resignation of Governor Drew. 12, Zachary Taylor, President 117-123 Chapter XVII — 1S49 to 1S61 — The Administration of Governor John Selden Ro^vne; that of Governor Elias N. Conway, two Terms, and the Election of Governor Henry M. Rector. I, John Selden Roane, Governor. 2, Federal Judges. 3, Popula- tion in seventh census. 4, Calhoun County. 5, Sebastian County. 6, Elias N. Conway, Governor. 7, Columbia County. 8, Franklin Pierce, President, g, Robert W. Johnson, Senator. 10, Railroads. II, Governor Conway's second term. 12, James Buchanan, Presi- dent. 13, Craighead County. 14, Abraham Lincoln, President. Secession of Southern States. 15, Henry M. Rector, Governor. 16, First Railroad and Telegraph line :23-i3i Review Questions 131 -133 v.— THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR. From 1S61 to 1S65 134-148 Chapter XVIII — 1861 — The Beginning of the War. I, Origin of the War. 2, The Missouri Compromise. 3, Opposi- tion to Slavery. 4, Events leading to the War. 5, The election of Abraham Lincoln. 6, The State Convention of Arkansas. 7, The War Begins. The Ordinance of Secession. S, Organization of Troops. 9, Field of Operations of Arkansas Troops. 10, General Patrick R. Cleburne 134- 141 TABLE OK CONTENTS. ^ Chapter XIX — 1S62 to 1S65. PAGE. 1, Harris Flanagin, Governor. 2, Cross County. 3, Woodruff County. 4, Emancipation of the Slaves. 5, Battle of Pea Ridge. 6, The Trans-Mississippi Department. 7, Battle of Prairie Grove. 8, Hardships in Domestic Life. 9, Capture of Arkansas Post. 10, Battle of Helena. 11, Capture of Little Rock. 12, Isaac INIurphy, Governor. 13, Battle of Jenkins' Ferry. 14, Price's raid into Mis- souri. End of the War 141-14S VI.— THE PERIOD SINCE THE WM. From 1S65 onward 149-1S1 Chapter XX — 1S65 to 1S71 — The Administration' of Governor IsjVAC Murphy, and that of Governor Powell Clayton. I, Resumption of Civil Concerns. 2, The Reconstruction Meas- ures. 3, The State Constitution of 1S6S. 4, Powell Clayton, Gov- ernor. 5, Little River County. 6, Sharp County. 7, Public Measures. S, Grant County. 9, Boone County. 10, The Census of 1S70. II, Nevada County. 12, Logan County. 13, Lincoln County. 14, The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad. .149-154 Chapter XXI — 1S71 to 1S74 — The Administrations of Governors O. A. Hadley and Elisha Baxter. I, O. A. Hadley, Acting Governor. 2, L^. S. Grant, President. 3, The Election between Brooks and Baxter. 4, Elisha Baxter, Governor. 5, His Administration. 6, Clay County. 7, Baxter County. S, Garland County. 9, Faulkner County. 10, Lonoke County. II, Cleveland Countv. 12, Howard County. 13, Lee County. 14, Stone County. 15, The Brooks and Baxter War. The Constitution of 1S74 155-162 Chapter XXII — 1S74 to 1SS3 — The'Administrations of Governors A. H. Garland, William R. Miller and Thomas J. Churchill. I, Augustus H. Garland, Governor. 2, Finances of the State. 3, Governor Garland's Administration. 4, William R. Miller, Governor. 5, Rutherford B. Hayes, President. 6, J. D. Walker, Senator. 7, Governor Miller's Administration. The Census of iSSo. 8, Thomas J. Churchill, Governor. 9, James A. Garfield, President. 10, The Fishback Amendment. 11, Chester A. Arthur, President 162-168 6 TABLE OF COXTENf§; Chapter XXIII — 1SS3 to 1SS9 — The Admixistratioxs of Goverxors James II. Berry axd Simon P. Hughes. PAGE. 1, James II. Berry, Governor. 2, Cleburne County. 3, Death of Chiv;f Justice E. H. English. 4, Grover Cleveland, President. 5, Simon P. Hughes, Governor. 6, James K. Jones, Senator. 7, Governor Hughes' Administration. S, Benjamin Harrison, Presi- dent. 9, James P. Eagle, Governor 169-175 Chapter XXIV — CoxcLUSiox. Gexeral Summary. I, Review. 2, The Resources and Advantages of Arkansas. 3, Agricultural Products, 4, Geographical Situation. 5, Railroads. 6, Educational facilities. 7, Distinguished Citizens. S, Climate. .175-179 Review Questions iSo-iSi APPENDIX A. List of Governors of Arkansas and of the country out of wliich Arkansas was formed 1S2-1S5 APPENDIX B. Chronological summary of leading events 1S6-203 APPENDIX C. Table of population of the State and the counties at various dates.. 204-205 Table of gains in population at various dates 206 APPENDIX D. The Civil Government of the Country 207-227 The Military Government of the Country 227-229 I.-THE COLONIAL PERIOD. EXTENDING FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO THE TEAR 1SO;i, WHEN THE COUNTRE PASSED INTO THE POSHESSION OF THE UNITED STATES, IN THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. CHAPTER I. Preliminary. I. Acquisition. The territory of which the present State of Arlvansas consists was acquired by tlie United States from France, in the year 1S03, in what is known as tlie Louisiana Purchase. In the year 16S3 France acquired, by riglit of discovery and by taking possession, an immense region in America, extending from the Gulf of Mexico on the south, northward to what arc now the British possessions, and from the Mississippi River on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west, above Mexico, wliich they named Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV, then King of France. This Province of Louisiana they held from tliat time until 1763, when it was ceded to Spain in the Treaty of Paris. .Spain held the country until iSoo, when she ceded it })ack to France in the Treaty of St. Ildefonso {Sai/ii cc/-da-fo/i-zo). and in 1803 France Chapter I. — What is the first period treated of in this history called? To what time does it extend? ^^'hy terminating at that date? 1. — At what date and in what transaction was the coimtry of which the State of Arkansas consists acquired bv the United States? At what date and in what manner had France accjiiired the coimtry? Describe its extent and how named and for whom. How long did France hold it on her first ownership? To what country was it then ceded, and in what treaty? How long did Spain hold it? To what country was it then ceded, and in what treaty? How did France dispose of it, and at what date? What number of States and Territories ha\e been formed in whole or in part out of the country so acquired? S THE COLONIAL PERIOD. sold it to the United States. Out of the country thus purchased there have been twelve whole States and three whole Territories, formed ; Arkansas being one of the States formed. 2. Area. The present State of Arkansas comprises an area stated at 52,198 square miles, or about 33,406,720 acres of land. In point of fact the area is constantly changing along the banks of the Mississippi river, sometimes gaining and sometimes losing. It contains seventy-five counties, and in the Government Census of 1S80 contained a population of 802,525 persons. The popula- tion in iSSS was estimated to be over 1,000,000. 3. Indian Occupants. From earliest times the country was in possession of the Indians, whom Columbus so named when he discovered America, from the belief that the coast he had touched upon was a part of India. As thcv had occupied the land from time immemorial, they were called the Aborigines (^ab-o-ridge-i- nccs^ of America — a word meaning people occupying the land from the beginning. 4. Osages and Quapaws. The immediate tribes occupying what is now the State of Arkansas were the Osages ( 0-sagcs') and Quapaws (^^iiazv-paivs^ ^ with whom were the Ozarks ; both Qua- paws and Ozarks being portions of the Arkansa tribe. The Osages occupied the country north of the Arkansas River, into Missouri, eastward to the Mississippi River, and westward into the Indian Territory. The Quapaws occupied principally south of the Arkansas River, eastward to and even beyond the Mississippi, southward into Louisiana and westward into Texas. They also occupied some little of the country north of the river. 2 — What is the area of the present State of Arkansas in square miles? What in acres? How many counties does it contain? What was the popuhition in the tenth census of iSSo? 3. — Who were the original occupants of the land? Why were they so named and by whom? By what other name are they called and what is the meaning of it? 4. — What tribes occupied the country of which the State of Arkansas now consists? State what portion of the State each tribe occupied. PRELIMINARY. 9 5. Treaties. The United States obtained the land from these tribes by treaties made with the Osages in 1808 and 1818, and with the Quapaws in 18 18 and in 1824. In the Quapaw Treaty of 1818 they ceded to the United States, for an agreed consideration, all of their lands lying in Arkansas, except a body of about 1,500,- 000 acres lying in the centre of the Territory, and running from a point on the south bank of the Arkansas River, opposite the Post of Arkansas, in a southwesterly course to the Ouachita River; thence up the Ouachita River and up the Saline River, "until a due north line would strike the Arkansas River at the Little Rock." This reservation was surveyed for them by the United States in 18 18, the western line of it terminating in what was called the "point of rocks" in the eastern portion of the city of Little Rock. Ever since that time this line, called the Quapaw line, has been used as the basis of making surveys, and property is still described in deeds and conveyances as to whether it lies east or west of the Quapaw line. The west line of the United States Arsenal or Garrison grounds in Little Rock lies along this boundary line, and for a long time the line was the eastern boundary of the town. 6. Cession by the Quapaws. In 1824 the Quapaws ceded to the United States the lands embraced in this reservation, whereby their title to lands in the State became extinct. For certain con- siderations they moved out of the State and settled on the Red River in Louisiana, near the great Raft. There many of their tribe died from the sickly nature of the country, and their crops were destroyed year after year by the overflow of the river ; so they broke up their settlement there and moved back to Arkansas. As 5 — How and at what dates did the United States obtain the lands from these tribes? What did the Quapaw tribe cede in their first treaty? What did they reserve? State where the boundary line of this reservation ran. What is it still referred to as? 6 — At what date did the Quapaws cede this reservation to the United States? What became of the tribe? lO THE COLONIAL PERIOD, they had no place where they could rightfully remain, the govern- ment in 1S33 made a third treaty with them, by which they were moved to the extreme northeast corner of the Indian Territory, where they now are, Init their numbers have dwindled do\^•n to less than 300. The following map will show the portions obtained from these treaties : MAP 6H0WINQ VAKfOUS PORTIONS OF ARKANSAS OBTAINED THROUGH INDIAN TREATIES, TOQETHER WITH AREA AND ACREAGE OF EACH. PRELIiMlNARY. I I 7. The Arkansa Indians. One of the tribes of Indians living along the banks of the Mississippi River, near the .mouth of the Arkansas river, was called the Arkansa Indians, and it is from them that the State takes its name. The Quapaws were a branch or division of the Arkansa tribe. According to Gravier, a Jesuit Mis- sonary in the country of the Illinois fi'om 16S4 to 1708, the Arkansa Indians once lived along the banks of the Ohio River, but after a long struggle were driven back by their more powerful adversaries, the Illinois, and being gradually forced down the Mississippi, established themselves on its banks, and along the river which took its name from them. A similar recital was made by a very old Quapaw chief to an Indian agent when the United States Government was negotiating with them concerning the bound- ai'ies o"f certain of their lands, some years after the Louisiana purchase. The Arkansa Indians were first mentioned by Mar- quette in 1673, but the name Quapaw is found mentioned in DeSoto's expeditions of 1541, under the name of Kappa (^Kah-paJi). 8. Their Name. Their name is variouslv given by the early explorers and writers. Marquette, calls them A-kan-sea, and speaks of a village which they had at the mouth of their river. La Salle's party spoke of their arriving at "the Kapaha (^Kah- ^ak-hah) village of Arkansa" (^Ar-kah7i-sah). Joutel (^Zhou- teW) gives their name as Ac-can-cea (^Oc-con-sah). Henri de Tonti (^de Ton-tee) spoke of them as Akancas i^Ah-kahn-sah')^ and mentions several of their villages as being along the river. It is probable that the terminal s which he gives to their name, the first instance of it, was meant to indicate the plural. The Indian names by which they called the river named after them were the So-to- nis and Sma-ha-na {Smah-hah-7iah)^ and the names of their 7. — From what does the State take its name? Where had this tribe formerly lived? When and by whom are they first mentioned? When and where was the Quapaws' name first found? 8. — Mention the different ways in which the name was spelled by early explorers and writers. What were the Indian names for the Arkansas river? 13 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. villages were Os-o-to-nee, To-ri-man, Ton-ning-gua and Cap-pa (^Cah-pali). From Cap-pa we have the modern name Quapaw. La Salle's party spoke of their largest village as being named ^ Im-a-ha (^Im-ah-hah, accent on second syllable). 9. Spelling of the Name. Their name is nsually spelled by these early writers without either the terminal xu or terminal s, as we now have it, but was undoubtedly pronounced Ar-kan-saw or Ah-kan-sah, a system which we still maintain in the pronunciation of such names as Wichita ( Wish-e-tazu^^ Ouachita ( Wash-e-taw) and the like. In all the early laws and official documents of the Government as late as 1S26 the name is spelled with the terminal s-a-w. In the act of Congress of 1819, creating the Territory, the name occurs ten times, and is spelled s-a-iv nine times and s-a-s only once. The original method of spelling many of the Indian names which we nowspell with a terminal wwas with terminal amerely ; as, for instance, the name Quapaw was spelled Kap-a-ha by La Salle's party, Caj^-pa by De Tonti, Cap-pa by Joutel and Kap-pa by Charlevoix (^Shar-lee-vwah') ; all ending in a, but pronounced Kah-pah, or something like our present form of Quaw-paw. The names which we now spell Choctaw and Chickasaw were origin- ally spelled Chacta or Chocta and Chick-a-sa, and in the same manner the name Arkansas, which was early spelled with the terminal w, but is now spelled with the terminal s^ was originally spelled without either of them, but was Akansa or Ar-kan-sa {^Ah-kah7t-sah') . A considerable discussion as to the proper method of pronounc- ing the name having arisen, and found its way into public atten- 9. — How was the name usually spelled by the early writers men- tioning it? How pronounced? How spelled in the early laws and records of the United States Government? Mention an instance. What was the original method of spelling many of the Indian names which we now spell with the terminal 5 or w? Give instances. What declaration did the Legislature of Arkansas make as to their opinion of the proper pronuncia- tion of the name? In what year was this? PRELIMINARY. I3 tion, some pronouncing it Ar-kan-sa\v, and others Ar-kan-zas, the Legislature in iSSi passed what is called a concurrent resolution — that is, a resolution agreed to by both the Senate and the House of Representatives, in which they gave it as their opinion, "that the only true pronunciation of the name of the State, is that received by the French from the native Indians, and committed to writing in the French word i-epresenting the sound ; and that it should be pronounced in three syllables, with the final s silent, the a in each syllable with the Italian sound, and, the accent on the first and last syllables — ])eing the pronunciation formerly universally and now still most commonly used ; and that the pro- nunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of a in 7Ha7i^ and the sounding of the terminal s, is an innovation, to be discouraged." 10. Supposed Meaning of the Name. It is frequently stated that the word Arkansas means, in the Indian language, "bow of smoky water," and that it is compounded of the word Kansas^ meaning " smoky water," with the French prefix " arc," meaning " a bow." This is an evident error. The word Kansas is most probably a variation of the word Kanses, which is the possessive case of the word Kans, the name of a tribe of Indians existing in considerable strength as late as 1810, in the country now occupied by the State of Kansas. There is no perceptible affinity between Kans and Akan-sa, the original form. With relation to "arc" being a French prefix meaning "a bow," it is to be observed that Marquette, the first Frenchman who ever encountered the tribe, fotind the prefix already there, in the word Ar-kan-sea, or, according to Joutel, Ac-can-cea ; and hence it could not have been afterwards prefixed. The word is of Indian derivation and its meaning is unknown. 10. — What common errors exist as to the meaning of the word Arkansas? 14 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. CHAPTER II. 1541 to 1686 — De Soto, La Salle and the Early Explorers. 1. De Soto. The fii-st white person to traverse the country of which the State of Arkansas now consists, was Hernando De Soto, who, in 1539, sailed from Havana and landed on the coast of Florida, and from there made explorations westward and north- westward in search of gold. In 1541 he reached and discovered the Mississippi River, near an Indian village called Chisca (^Chiz-cah). He spent nearly a month in making preparations to cross the river, and at the end of that time crossed to the west bank, landing in what is now the State of Arkansas. The precise locality of his crossing is uncertain, but is believed to have been a little below Helena, between the mouth of White River and Helena. Having effected the crossing he marched northward along the bank of the Mississippi until he came to a considerable town called Pa-ca-ha (^Pah-cah-hah^^ which he entered, June 19th, 1 54 1. It is not improbable that the town of Pa-ca-ha was located at or near the place where the city of Helena now stands. 2. His Journey. He remained at Pa-ca-ha for forty days, and on the 29th of July, 1541, resumed his journey, going northward and northeastward to Casqui {^Caz-kee)^ then southwestward to a village called Ouigaute ( Wee-gaw-tay^ or Qui-gau-te, which was probably on the White River. From here he journeyed north- westward through a plain and marshy country until he reached an Indian town called Col-i-go-a, among the mountains. It is believed that these were the Ozark Mountains, as high up probably as Franklin or Washington County. This was the northern and Chapter. II. — 1. — Who was the first white person to traverse the country which is now the State of Arkansas? In what year was it? At what point is he supposed to have entered? At what village did he stop? 2. — IIovv long did he remain there? In what direction did he jour- ney? What was the northern and western limit of his expedition? In what direction did he then travel? DE SOTO, LA SALLE AND THE EARLY EXPLORERS. 1 3 western limit of his expedition. From here he turned his course southward, and crossed the Arkansas River at some point between the present cities of Dardanelle and Fort Smith. 3. De Soto at Hot Springs. He continued his journey south- ward until he reached and crossed the Ouachita ( Wash-e-tarv) River, and in doing so discovered the celebrated Hot Springs, of what is now Garland County. Shortly afterwards he went into winter quarters at an Indian village called Aut-i-am-que, which is believed to have been somewhere lower down on the banks of the Ouachita River, where he passed the winter of 1541-1542. 4. His Death. In the spring of 1543 he broke up his camp, and moving down the banks of the Ouachita River, in a southeast- erly course, passed out of what is now the State. He reached the Mississippi at the mouth of Red River, where there was an Indian village called Gua-cho-ya (^Gvjah-cho-yaJi). While remaining here he was seized with a fever and died May 21st, 1542, at the age of forty-six years. His body was first secretly buried inside the town, but the Indians having seen him in his illness, and now seeing the freshly-turned earth of his grave, began to suspect that he was dead. To prevent them from actually discovering the fact his body was taken up and was wrapped in a mantle, heavily filled with sand, and at midnight was taken out on the river, where it was sunk in the middle of the stream. When he was about to die he appointed Luys de Moscoso (^j\Ios-co-so^ his successor. After the burial of De Soto, Moscoso set out on a journey overland toward Mexico, hoping to reach New Spain, as it was called, by this route. They traversed the country as far as the great plains of Texas, but, finding it difficult to sustain life, they turned back and retraced their steps over all of that long and weary way until 3. — What river did he next reach? What celebrated place did he dis- cover on the line of his march? At what place did he pass the winter of 1541? 4. — In what direction did he travel in the spring of 1542? Where did he reach the Mississippi River? Give the narrative as to his death and i6 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. they came again to Red River, near where they formerly were. They halted at a village called Minoya {Min-o-yah)^ which was near to the village of Gua-cho-ya, the place where De Soto died. They reached this place in December, 1542. Here they built seven brig- antines, and on the 2d of July of the follow- ing year, 1543, they launched upon the river, determined to try and reach New Spain by means of the sea. After en- count er i n g m a n y hardships in decend- ing the Mississippi and sailing on the sea, they reached the river and town of Pannco, in INIexico in, Septeinbcr, 1543. Here they were hos- pitably received, for the inhabitants of Pa- n u c o were their countrymen. From here they eventually made their way back, some to Cuba and some to Spain. MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED ROUTE OF DE SOTO AND HIS MEN, WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVEB. burial. What was his age at the time of his death? Whom did he name as his successor.^ Narrate the incidents of Moscoso's subsequent journeys? DE SOTO, LA SALLE AND THE EARLY EXPLORERS. I7 When the news of De Soto's death was communicated to his faithful wife, Isabella Bobadilla i^Bo-bah-tcc-lya') ^ who was await- ing him in Havana, hei" heart broke under the intelligence, and in three days she died. She had not received any tidings ot him in five years. 5. Marquette and Joliet. History gives no account of any other European travcrbing this particular country until 1673, a period of 131 years. At that date Jacques Marquette (^Mar-kett) and Louis Joliet i^Zho-Icc-aigh') ^ two French Catholic priests, with an exploring party, entered the ISIississippi River, June 17th, 1673, a few miles below Prairie du Chien (^Pra-rce du She-en) in Illinois, and descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas River, where the natives exhibited to them European implements, and satisfied them of their contact with Europeans. Having ascertained that the river they were descending emptied into the Gulf of INIexico, and not into the Pacific Ocean, as had been supposed, and believ- ing themselves to be only a short distance from the coast, not more than two or three days' journey, but fearing imprisonment by the Spaniards if they proceeded lower down, wherebv the entire fruits of their discoveries would be lost, they turned back from this point and ascended the river. Marquette wrote an account and made a map and drawings of the country he traversed, derived from what he himself knew, and what was told him by the Indians, and this is the earliest map of the country that was ever made. Its date is about 1673. On it the Arkansa Indians appear under the name Arkansea, located near the mouth of their river. This is the first and earliest time at which their name is found written. 5 — How long a period elapsed before anv other Europeans visited this country so far as history discloses? At what date did any others come? Who were they? Give the narrative as to their journey. Did either of them make a map of the country? If so, who made it? What is its date? Is the location of the Arkansa Indians shown on it? If so, under what name? l8 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 6. Hennepin. The next European explorer to visit the country is said to have been Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan Friar, better known as Fatlier Hennepin, who, toward the close of the summer of i6So, with an exploring party, entered the Alississippi by way of Wisconsin, and descended the river for some distance. His- torians are not agreed as to how far he descended. Some sav that he went no further down than the mouth of the Illinois River, but others say he went as far as the mouth of the Arkansas River, the point previously reached by Marquette. At any rate he went no further than this, where, learning that the seacoast was much further away than had been anticipated, he turned back from this point and ascended the river to the place of starting. 7. La Salle, The next exploration was made in 16S3 by Robert Cavelier (^Cav-dl-yea), Sieur {Sc'-z/r) de la Salle, usually called La Salle (^Ld/i-sal), a French explorer, who, in the early part of that year, started from Fort Miami (J/ce-dd/i- mcc), a trading point which he had established at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, in the country of the Illinois. He took with him a company containing Henry de Tonti, Father Zenobius Membre {^Zcn-o-be-i/s J\fa7n-bray')^ a Recollet Missionary, and twenty French and Canadians, in canoes, and explored the Mississippi to its mouth. On his way down he camped at the Chickasaw Bluffs, where Memphis now is, and touched at the Quapaw village at the mouth of the Arkansas River, which he reached March i3th, 16S2. On the 6th of April he arrived at the place where the river divides, near the sea, and proceeded to explore each of the three channels leading to the sea, and on the 9th of April, 16S3, took formal possession of the coun- 6. — Who is said to ha\'e been the next European explorer? At what date did he come? What of his journev? 7. — Who was the next explorer? At what date did he come? How far did he descend the river? By whom was he accompanied? Gi\e inci- dents of his journey. What is the meaning of the word Sieur? What is a Recollect Missionary? DE SOTO, LA SALI.E AND THE EARLY EXPLORERS. 19 LA SALUE TAKINQ FORMAL POSSESSION. try, which, in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV, then King of France, he named Louisiana. The word Sieur (^Sc'-?ir) in his name is a title of respect used by the French people. The Recol- lets, of which order Father Zen-o-be was a member, were a reformed order of Franciscan Friars. 8. Taking Possession. On taking possession La Salle claimed for France all the country watered by the Mississippi or 8. — Give an account of the ceremonies of taking possession of the coun- 2C THE COLONIAL PERIOD. its tributaries. The act of taking possession was accompanied with some ceremony. On the Sth of April they were at the coast itself, but ascended the river somewhat to find suitable dry land for the purpose of erecting a column to mark their act of taking possession. When a suitable place had been found, out of the reach of the tides, they constructed a column and a cross. To this column, on the 9tli of April, 1683, the arms of the king were affixed. The voyagers, who were mustered in line under arms, then chanted a Latin hymn and fired a salute, followed by cries of "Long live the King! " La Salle then, standing by the column, made a proclamation in a loud voice, saying he took possession, in the name of France, of all of Louisiana and all that it contained. After this he affixed the cross to a neighboring tree, saying that " His ISIajesty, as eldest son of the church, v.'ould annex no coun- try to his crown without implanting therein the Christian religion," and that its symbol should now be planted. Then there was more singing of hymns and firing of salutes and cries of " Vive Ic Roi !" and the ceremonies were ended. In addition to this La Salle buried at the foot of the tree where the cross was planted a leaden plate, on which was the inscription in Latin: ''In the reign of Louis the Great. On the 9th of April, 16S2, Robert Cavelier, with Sieur de Tonti, envoy, Rev. Father Zenobe Membre, Recol- let Missionary, and twenty Frenchmen, the first in this river,* having explored from its highest village even to its mouth, makes this attestation, the 9th of April, in the year 16S3." An attesta- tion of the facts of his journey and the taking possession was also made to him in writing by a notary public, one of the party. On their exploring the river the Frenchmen gave to it the name *La Salle's claim that he was the first who had descended the river to its mouth was not strictly and literally correct, for wc have seen that IMoscoso, with the remnant ot De Soto's band, had descended from the mouth of Kcd River 139 years previously. IMoscoso, how- ever, was not on an exploring expedition, but was simply trying to escape from the country. try. What extent of country was claimed.^ What name did the French explorers give to the Mississippi River? DE SOTO, LA SALLE ANP THE EARLY EXPLORERS. 21 Colbert (^Kul-bair')^ in honor of Jean Baptiste (^Zhcan BahtecsV) Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay (^Sci-nee-lay')^ a noted minister inider Louis XIV. The name, however, did not prevail, but the river continued to be called by the name by which the natives knew it, Mes-cha-se-be {Mes-chah-see-bce) or Mississippi. 9. La Salle's Return. Having completed the ceremonies of formally taking possession, La Salle with his party ascended the river to Fort Miami, and prepared to return to France to report his discoveries and bring back a colony with him. He departed for France in November of 16S3, and reached Paris in the early part of 1683. De Tonti being left in command, remained at Fort St. Louis, or with that place for his headquarters, until 1685, when, receiving the intelligence that La Salle had ^,====-s==_ sailed from France with a fleet, and was coming by way of the Missis- sippi to join him, he determined to go to the mouth of the Missis- sippi to meet his chief. 2\ccord- ingly, in the middle of January, 1 686, he set out down the JSIissis- sippi for the sea, w'ith thirty French- men and five Indians. Arriv- ing at the mouth of the Missis- sippi River, and not meeting La Salle, he sent two searching par- ties along the coast in opposite directions, one in the direction of Mexico and the other in the direction of Carolina or Florida. After having each proceeded about ninetv miles on the search, both parties returned unsuccessful. De Tonti then gave up the search for the time and prepared to return to Fort St. Louis. On — After tlie ceremonies of taking possession where did the ex- plorers go? What did De Tonti do? At what date did he begin his voy- 33 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. ascending the river he left with the chief of the BayagouLn (/yy-a- goo-laJi^ tribe, a tribe of Choctaw affinity living aloag the banks of the Mississippi, a letter which he had written to La Salle, and told the Indians to deliver it to the white man whom they should find ascending the river (meaning La Salle), whom he expected to return by tliat way. 10. First White Settlement. Wlien the party arrived at the Arkansas River, on their return journey, some of the men wished to settle on its banks., on a grant of lands which La Salle had made to De Tonti. De Tonti granted their request, and six of them built a house there, surrounded with stakes, while the rest of the party accompanied De Tonti to Illinois. I'his was the first white settlement in Arkansas, and the date of it was in the year i6S6s The location of the place, as shown on Jcutel's map of La Salle's expedition, published in 1695, corresponds with the location of the present Post of Arkansas. CHAPTER III. 1684 to 1699 — La Salle, De Tonti, and Iberville. I. La Salle in France. Upon his return to France, La Salle was received with great favor by Louis XIV, who assisted him to obtain a fleet to transport his colonists, and made him a present of one ship called " La Belle," carrying six guns. A company of 3S0 persons was made up to return with La Salle, among whom was one of his brothers and two of his nephews. Bv a patent, dated April 14th, 16S4, he was appointed commandant of Louisi- age? What efforts did he make to find liis chief? Relate the incident of the letter. 10. — What was the first white settlement made in Arkansas? Of what did it consist, and by whom made? At what date? What is to be said of its location?. Chapter III. — 1. — How was La Salle received on his return to France? Wliat assistance did he receive from the king? LA SALLE, DE TONTI, AND IBERVILLE. 23 ana, but he did not live to reach the country and exercise the duties of the office. 2. Sailing of the Fleet. The fleet sailed from La Rochelle {Lah-ru-sheil), France, July 34th, 1684, and the course was directed so as to reach the mouth of the Mississippi River, but by mistake they sailed too far to the west, and instead of striking the mouth of the river they landed, in January, 1685, near Corpus Christi (^Cor-fus Chris-tee)^ on the coast of Texas. La Salle was convinced of the mistake in direction, and wished to alter the course, but he was opposed by the sailing-master, Beaujeu (^Bo-zhuli)^ wb.o persisted in keeping on until they reached the land. Endeavoring to rectify their mistake, -they set sail again and proceeded up the coast northeastward and made a landing in the Bay of San Bernardo (^Sa)i Bair-nar-do^^ at what is now IVIatagorda, Texas. 3. Loss of the Ships. In making the landing the store-ship of the expedition was driven upon an island and sunk. In a short while the sailing-master sailed away to France, taking two of the ships with him ; so that La Salle was left with only one ship (La Belle) with which to prosecute his discoveries ; and in the course of the following summer even this one, being sent across the bay on an excursion, and meeting with an accident, was also sunk. 4. Fort St. Louis. Being thus left without any ships with which to journey by water. La Salle endeavored to maintain him- self on the land by building a fort called Fort St. Louis, on the coast of Matagorda Bay, at a place now called Dimitt's Point. Here he sustained himself for a while by tilling the soil, but by January, 16S7, so many of his colonists had been killed by Indians or had died from disease that only forty remained. 2. — When did the fleet sail from France? Narrate the circumstances of the journey. At what phice did they land? 3. — Give an account of the loss of the ships? 4. — IIow did La Salle endeavor to maintain himself after the loss of the ships? 24 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. U DEATH OF LA SALLE LA SALLE, DETONTI, AMD IBERVILLE. i^ 5. Death of La Salle. Leaving half of these at Fort St. Louis he set out on foot with the remainder, endeavoring to reach Canada by a journey overland. He proceeded in a northeasterly direction luitil March 20th, 16S7, when on the banks of the Trinity River in Texas, he, with Moranget (^Mo-ran-zhay^^ one of his nephews, was cruelly murdered by Duhaut (^Du-ho) and L'Archeveque (^Larsh-a-vakc)^ two of his followers. Of these Duhaut was shortly afterwards killed by Hiens, one of the conspi- rators ; and L'Archeveque went off and joined the Indians. La Salle's body was buried by his faithful friend and follower, Father Anastasius Douay {^AJui-ahs-taz-i-zis Doo-ai')^ who was with him when he was killed. With his own hands he dug the great explorer's grave, and planted a cross to mark the spot. 6. Joutel in Command. Upon the death of La Salle, Joutel i^ZJioH-tcll^^ a commander in the expedition, organized the re- maining followers into a band, among whom were La Salle's brother and the remaining nephew, and proceeded on their journey. After enduring many hardships and privations, but being guided and assisted by friendly Indians, they arrived July 24th, 16S7, at the fort established on the banks of the Arkansas River by De Tonti's men the year before. 7. At the Arkansas Post. A short distance before they reached the river they met Indians with axes in their hands, going to gather bark with which to cover the-ir cottages. The axes indi- cated that the Indians had obtained them from Europeans, as they had no such implements of their own make, and thev were guided by these Indians to where the men were. On reaching the river, as they approached it from the Texas side, they were on the south 5. — Narrate the circumstances of his assassination and burial. 6. — Upon liis death who took charge of the expedition? At what place did they finally arrive, and when? 7. — Upon coming near the place what did they meet? On reaching the river what did they discover? Narrate the incidents of their arrival? Whom did they find? 26 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. bank, and looking across to the north bank they discovered a large cross erected, and near it a house built in the French fashion ; seeing which, they fell down on their knees, and with uplifted hands gave thanks to Heaven for having effected their deliverance. Presently they saw two men, clothed like themselves, coming out, who, on perceiving them, fired each a shot into the air as a salute. On crossing the river they found that the two men were French- men named Couture (^Koo-tiir') and De Launay (^Dch Lo-nay)^ from Rouen (A'cc^-t^w), France, two of the party whom De Tonti had sent to establish the post, the other four having abandoned it and gone back to De Tonti in Illinois. This house or post they found was located near the Indian village called Ot-so-cho-ne. 8. Ascending the Mississippi. The party spent a few days visiting the other Indian villages near by, and on the 2d of August, 1687, embarked in the Mississippi in a canoe and began their journey up the stream to Fort St. Louis, which they reached September ist. The party consisted of five Frenchmen and four Indians. Couture and De Launay remained behind, and with them a boy named Bartholomew, a Parisian, sixteen years of age, who had come with Joutel from Texas, and had stood the rigors of the journey, although he was " none the ablest of body.'' On taking leave of them, M. Cavalier, the brother of La Salle, whom all looked up to since the death of the great explorer, made an exhortation to Couture " to persevei"e and have patience in hope of the relief which would be sent him." They concealed the death of La Salle from the Indians for the purpose of keeping them in the belief that he would shortly come among them, as they looked upon him with awe. 9. Reaching the Upper Country. On reaching Fort St. Louis the party did not find De Tonti there ; he was east in Cana- 8. — At what date did the party embark for the Upper Mississippi? Of how many did the party consist? Who remained behind? At what time did they reach the Fort St. Louis? 9. — Did they find De Tonti there? When did they return to France? LA SALLE, DE TONTI, AND IBERVILLE. 27 da; but oil coming to the fort in the autumn of 1687 he found the party there awaiting him. They likewise concealed from De Tonti the fact of La Salle's death, and took their departure for Canada in the spring of 16SS. On the 37th of July of that year they sailed from Canada for France, and reached Rouen, October 7th. They left De Tonti under the impression that La Salle was on the coast of Texas, alive and well ; nor did he know differently until after they had gone ; when, on the 7th of April, 16SS, Cou- ture, coming from the Arkansas post, reached Fort St. Louis with two Ai'kansa Indians, and gave him the intelligence of La Salle's death. 10. De Tonti made many explorations up and down the Mis- sissippi. In 1700 with twenty Canadians he descended from Rock Fort, Illinois, as far as Natchez, Mississippi, to meet Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville (^Pc-eer leh AToyn^ scc'ur dc-l>atr-veel'), the new commandant of Louisiana. After this date he never left the gulf region of Lower Louisiana, and died in Mobile in 1704. 11. Iberville. In 169S, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Ibei-ville, obtained from Louis XIV a commission to establish direct inter- course between France and Louisiana, and in the autumn of that year began prepai'ations to colonize the Province. He sailed from France, October 17th, 169S, with a fleet consisting of two frigates and two smaller vessels, having a company of marines and 200 settlers, one of whom was his younger brother, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville (^Zhcan Bahteest Ich Jlfoyn, sceUir deh byahn-veel)^ usually called Bienville. These le Moynes were two of eleven sons of Charles le Moyne, a citizen of Montreal, Was De Tonti informed by them of La Salle's death? When and how did he hear of it? 10. — Give an account of the remainder of De Tonti's career. 1 1. — Who was next commissioned to establish direct intercourse between France and Louisiana? What did he do towards colonizing the Province? 2^ THE COLONIAL PERIOD. who had emigrated from Normandy to Canada at an early date. All eleven of the sons became distinguished men. 12. Sailing of the Expedition. The expedition sailing from Brest, in France, October 34th, 169S, landed on Dauphin (^dazv- Jin) Island, on the Alabama coast, in January, 1699. A few huts were put up on Ship Island, and in May a fort was built on a sandy shore at the head of Biloxi Bay, the first fort built by the French and which was all that France had to vindicate her claim to the immense sweep of territory comprising the Province of Louisiana. 13. Entering the Mississippi. De Tonti's Letter. On the 27th of February, 1699, Iberville (^c-bai7--vccl) set out with an exi^edition, including his younger brother Bienville, Father Anas- tase Douay, and forty-eight men, for the Mississippi, which they entered March 3d. They ascended as high as the mouth of Red River, and on the way halted awhile at the Bayagoula village. Here the chief of the tribe delivered to him the letter which De Tonti had left with them for the white man whom they should find ascending the river (meaning La Salle), who was expected to come by that way, but Ibei'ville coming instead they delivered it to him. The letter contained the statement that De Tonti, the writer, had been to the mouth of the river to meet La Salle, and was greatly disappointed at not finding him ; that he had sent searching parties to look for him, but which had returned unsuc- cessful ; and that finding the column which La Salle had erected, with the arms of the king thereon, thrown down, he had caused a new one to be erected about seven leagues (twenty-one miles) from the sea. The letter had been safely preserved among the Indians with wonder and amazement for thirteen years. 12. — When and where did his expedition land? When and where did they build a fort? 13. — When and with whom did Iberville enter the Mississippi? How far did he ascend? Relate the incident of the letter of De Tonti to La Salle being delivered to him. To what did the letter relate? How long had it been safely kept by the Indians? FRENCH AND SPANISH GOVERNORS. ip CHAPTER IV. 1700 to 1S00 — French and Spanish Governors. 1. Colonization. Iberville was active in bringing colonists to settle the newly acquired region. He not only brought the colony of 200 in 169S, but again in 1701 he brought a second company, but so many perished from fevers that in 1703 only thirty French families remained in Louisiana. His own health was bi'oken through this cause, and he was obliged to leave the country and retire to Havana to recuperate, at which place he died in the year 1706. 2. SauvoUe, First Governor, Bienville. In the year 1699, Sauvolle (^So-vtil), who had come to Louisiana under Iberville, was appointed Governor of the Province of Louisiana. He was the first colonial governor, and held the office until his death, which occurred July 22d, 1701. Ujoon his decease, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, the younger brother of Iberville, suc- ceeded him. Bienville was then only twenty-two years of age, but he held the office of governor for twenty-six years under three different appointments, to-vvit: 1701 to 1712, 171810 1724, and 1733 to 1742. 3. Crozat. On his accession to the governorship in 1701 he governed the country for eleven years, or until 17 12, when he was superseded by La Mothe Cadillac (^La-mote Kak-de-yak)^ who had founded Detroit in 1701. Cadillac, however, did not long remain at the head of affairs, for, on the 14th of April, 1712, Louis XIV granted to Antoine Crozat {An-tzuine Kru-zah), a merchant, a monopoly of the entire Louisiana trade, and Cadillac became a sharer in the enterprise. Cadillac was succeeded in 1716 by de Chapter IV. — 1. — What efforts were made by Iberville to colonize Louisiana? What success attended his efforts? _2. — VVho was the first Colonial Governor of Louisiana? W^ho succeeded him and how long did the successor govern the coiuitr\? 3. — When did Cadillac became Governor? At what date did Crozat 30 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. L'Epinay {Dck-lcp-ccn-ay), and in 171S De L'Epinay was super- seded by Bienville. On beginning his second term of office, Bienville, in 1718, founded the city of New Orleans on a site selected by him in 1717, and named it after the Duke of Orleans. It was made the temporary capital of the Province, it being intended that Natchez should be made the permanent capital. Bienville built a few huts in the midst of a canebrake, and an immigration company brought Soo emigrants to Louisiana, and settled a number of them at New Orleans ; but after three years, by 1721, the settlement contained only 200 persons, most of whom camped in the canebrakes around the settlement. 4. The Company of the West. Crozat held his charter for five ycais, or until 1717, wlien he surrendered it to the Crown, and it ^vas tlien transferred to a comjjany with extensive powers called "the Company of the West" or "the Mississippi Company." John Law, a financier of ability of that time, was the organizer and a large supporter of the enterprises of this company. The company did much to promote tlie colonization of the country, but, after all, the increase of population from this source was but slow. In 17 1 2 it was by enumeration only twenty-eight families in the whole Province, and in 171 7 numbered only 700 persons all told. By 1730 it was scarcely more advanced than at the beginning. 5. John Law's grant. In 1718 John Law obtained a grant of lands four leagues (twelve miles) square, lying on the Arkansas River, near the Quapaw village, which he erected into a Duchy and appointed M. Levens (^Lay-vanns') as trustee for it. He settled at it a colony which had been brought from Germany obtain a grant of the trade of Louisiana? How long did he hold it? When did Bienville become Go\ernor the second time? Wh.en did lie found New Orleans? For whom was it named? Wliat efforts were made to settle tiie place, and with what success? 4- — State the efforts of the *' Company of the West" to colonize the Pro\ ince, and what success tiiey met with? 5. — Give the particulars of John Law's settlement on the Arkansas River? . FRENCH AND SPANISH GOVERNORS. 3I and France by the Company of the West. In a short while Law's schemes failed, and upon his bankruptcy ensuing the settlement was broken up and abandoned. The German colonists at first settled eight leagues (twenty-four miles) higher up the river, but they broke up from there and descended the Mississippi to a short distance below New Orleans, where they settled on what is still called "the German Coast." Charlevoix (^Shar-le-vwah)^ a French explorer, who saw the remains of Law's settlement on the Arkansas River in 1721, spoke of it as being in ruins. 6. French Governors. In 1724 Bienville was relieved of com- mand, and during his absence Boisbriaut {^Bivah-bre-ahnf) was placed in command, which he held until 1726, when Perrier i^Pai-re-aigli) was made Governor, and held the ofKce until 1734, when Bienville was reappointed and came back to the colony with the rank of Lieutenant-General, and governed the colony until 1742. In 1730 a terrible massacre of the French was made by the Natchez and Yazoo tribes of Indians. In 1736 Bienville engaged in a war with the Chickasaws, in which he whs worsted, and which was concluded in 1740 by his making peace with them. In 1742 he was recalled to France a':d never again returned to the colony. He died in France in 176S at the age of eighty-eight years. At this date (1742) the white population of the Province of Louisiana is given as being about 5000. Maps of the English, French and Spanish possessions of about this date, published in 1745, show a place called the Post of Arkansas on the north bank of tlie Arkan- sas River, which corresponds very closely with the location of the present town of that name, and in old French maps of the year 1700 a post is shown as being at the place. 7. Cession to Spain. Upon Bienville being relieved of com- 6- — What changes took place in the French Governors from 1724 to 1742? What massacre ot the French took place, and when? In what war did Bienville engage and its result? What v.as the white population of Louisi- ana at this time? 7- — What French Governors were there from 1742 to 1763? To what 32 THE COLOKIAL PERIOD. mand in 1743 he was succeeded as Governor by Pierre de Rigaiid, Marquis de Vaudreuil (^Pc-ccr dcli Ree-go^ JMar-qteis dch Vo-drcr- ye//),who governed the country until 1753, when he was succeeded by the Baron de Kerlerec (^Kcr-Ic-rcck'), who hckl until 1763, when he was succeeded by D'Abbadie {^Dch-ab-ba-de)^ who was in charge of affairs when the Spanish took possession of the coun- try. D'Abbadie held until his dcatli in 1765, when he was suc- ceeded by Aubry. Aubry remained at the head of affairs from 1765 until 176S, governing jointly with Antonio de Ulloa, the Span- ish appointee, because, although the country had been ceded to her by France in 1763, Spain did not take actual possession of it until 1765, five years later. This cession of the country to Spain took place in the Treaty of Paris. In 1756 war had arisen in Europe, participated in by England, France and Spain. It came to an end in 1763 by a treaty between the three countries made at Paris, and hence called the Treaty of Paris, of date February loth, 1763. By its terms France ceded to Spain all of the Province of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi River, and thus this country passed under Spain's dominion after having been in the possession of France for eightv-one years. 8. Spanish Governors. The country remained in Spanish possession for thirty-seven years, or until iSoo, when it was ceded back to France. Upon its passing to the Spaniards, Antonio de Ulloa i^An-to-ne-o dch Oo-Jyo-aJi) was appointed Governor in 1766, but after having taken possession of the country was expelled by the French Colonists in the month of October, 176S. Upon his expulsion, Count Alexander O'Reilly {O-ri-ley^ was sent in 176S with a fleet to take possession of the country. In doing so he dealt very harshly with the colonists who had expelled Ulloa, and country was the Province of Louisiana ceded in 1763, and in what treaty? How long had the country been in French possession? 8. — How long did the country remain in Spanish possession? Until what date? What Governors were there? i FREXCH AXD SPANISH GOVERNORS. 44 caused many of them to be put to death. In 1770 O'Reilly was succeeded by Louis de Unzaga {Loo-cy dch Oon-thah-gah^, who was Governor till 1777, and he by Bernardo de Galvez {Batr- nar-do dch Gal-vaith), from 1777 to 17S4. This was the period of the xVmerican Revolution, and in it De Galvez gave great and important aid to the Americans. Then came Estevan Miro (J/tv-zv), from 17S4 to 1791 ; Francisco Louis Hector, Baron de Carondclet (^Ca/i-ron-dc-lay), ^79^ to 1797; Manuel Gayoso de Lemos (^^lan-ti-cl GaJi-yp-so dch Lay-inos')^ '^l9l to 1799; next, Sebastian de Casa Calvo, from 1799 until June, iSoi, when he was succeeded by Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo (^Don H^van j\/an-u-el dch Sal-thc-do')^ who was in charge when the country passed back into the actual possession of France in 1S03, 9. Grants of Lands. During the governorship of the Baron de Carondclet he made many grants of lands in Arkansas, some of wliich proved to be valid and effectual, and persons at this date h(dd perfect titles inidcr them, but others of them became invalid for indeliniteness or from the failure of tlie grantees to perfect tliem. An;iong the largest of these was one made in 1793 to Cap- tain Don Joseph Valliere, of land lying on White River, thirty miles on both banks. This grant was invalidated by the courts in i8-j7 on a suit by his heirs to recover it. Another grant was made in 1799 to the Baron de Bastrop (^Baks- tro^ of one million arpens of land lying on the Ouachita River, a portion being in Arkansas. De Bastrop, who was a Prussian, and hated the French, on finding that the country had been ceded to France, moved into Texas and ijecame a citizen of San Antonio, >\here he died in 1S29. An arpen is a Spanish measure of land about eightv-five hundredths of an acre. A third grant made in 1795 ^vas to Don Carlos de Villemont, 9. — Give particulars of some of tlie larger grants of land made by the Baron de Caronciclet: to Don Joseph N'aliicre: to the Baron dc Bastrop; to Don Carlos de Villemont, and to the Winter families. 34 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. who was the Spanish commandant at Arkansas Post from 1793 to 1S03, of 14.000 arpens of huid lying on the Mississippi River at what was called "Chicot Island." This grant was invalidated by the courts for indefiniteness in 1S4S on a suit by the heirs to recover It. After the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, Don Carlos de Villemont became a citizen of the' United States, and lived in St. Louis as late as 1S13. 10. Grant to the Winter Families. Another grant made by the Baron de Carondelet was of date 1797 to Elisha Winter, William Winter, Gabriel Winter, William Russell and Joseph Stillwell, of one million arpens of land located near the Post of Arkansas. The Winter families and Stillwell moved on their lands in 179S. They made extensive improvements, erected per- manent buildings, brought cattle and sheep and other live stock, the first that were brought there. This grant was also invalidated by the courts in 1S4S for indefiniteness in location and description. 11. Census Taken. In 179S Governor de Lemos caused a census of the inhabitants to be taken, which was completed in 1799. In it the population of the District of Arkansas was put down at 36S persons. At that time tl.e District or " Command " of Arkansas, as it was called, embraced more than the present State of Arkansas. It extended from New Madrid along the Mississippi down to Point Coupee {Coo-pay^, in Louisiana, and far west into the Indian Territory. Don Carlos de Villemont was in command of it, having his headcjuarters at the Post of Arkansas. 12. Retrocession to France. In the year iSoo Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become the conqueror of Europe, concluded 10-^ — What census of the iiihahitants of Louisiana was made in 1798, and by whom? What was the white population of the District or Command of Arkansas? What was its extent and who was in command of it? 12. — To what country was the I'io\ince of Louisiana ceded in iSoo and in what treaty? Wliy w'as this made u secret treaty? FRENCH AND SPANISH GOVERNORS. 35 a treaty with the King of Spain, called the Treaty of St. Ildefonso (Saint Ecl-da-fQ7i-zo')^ in which Spain ceded back to France all of the Province of Louisiana lying west of the Mississij^pi River, which they had received from France, and with the same extent that it had when they received it. The making of this treaty was kept a secret — so much so that it v\'as not generally known that France owned the country until 1S02, or two years after it was made. The reason of this was that France and Englarid were on hostile terms and seemed to be on the eve of engaging in a war, and the French were afraid that if the English knew of their own- ing Louisiana, they (the English) would take it away from them. The French did not even appoint ar.y French Governor for the coiuitry, but left it in cliarge of ihe last Spanish Governor, the Marquis dc Casa Calvo. 13. Settlement of Upper Louisiana. During this time settle- ment of the upper portion of the Province of Louisiana was taking place. As early as ij"30 the mines and minerals there, the exist- ence of whicli had been noted on early maps, had l;cgun to attract attention. In 1755 the town of St. Genevieve {Saint Zhen-a- vavz>e), the first and oldest town in what is now tlie State of Missouri, was foimded. By 177^ its population was about Soo persons. Li February, 1764, the town of St. Louis, which was originally a depot for tlie fur trade, was founded and settled by a company under Pierre Ligueste Laclede (Pe-eer Lig-gxvcst Laak- cladc)^ and by i775 ^'oiitained about the same number. About the time of its settlement, or sbiortly before, another settlement was made in the same neighborhood, named Carcndclet, after the Baron de Cai'ondclct. situated a few miles south of St. Louis on the same side of the river, and nicknamed Vide Poche {yeed- foash'), meaning "empty pocket." It was thought that this set- 13. — What settlement of the upper part of the Province was being made during the progress of tliese e\ents? jSame some places which were settled and the progress of their growth. 36 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. tlement would prove to be a larger town than St. Louis, but the growth of the great ciry has been such as to entirely absorb Caron- tlelet, which no longer maintains a separate existence as a city. CHAPTER V. 1800 to 1803 — The Louisiana Purchase. 1. Trouble with Spain. As soon as it became known that France owned the country (which was in 1803), Thomas Jefferson, who was at that time President of the United States, conceived the project of purchasing from her the city of New^ Orleans as a port of entry and deposit for American merchandise being shipped down the jMississippi River. Certain recent events had made such a purchase a necessity. As long as any foreign power owned the country on the west bank of the river there was constant trouble over the subject of the joint navigation of the stream. All during the Spanish occupation there had been trouble over the subject, which, however, had been partly allayed by a treaty between the two na- tions, by which it was agreed that the Americans should be allowed to use the city of New Orleans as a port of deposit for their mer- chandise for three years, or, if the privilege was at any time with- drawn, then that some other port should be .designated for the p-.npose. 2. Closing the Port of New Orleans. Under this treaty matters went along somewhat smoothly until 1S02, when Don Moi'ales (^Mo-raJt-Iazc'). the Spanish Intendant of Louisiana, issued his proclamation prohibiting the further use of the port of New Orleans by the Americans, but not designating any other place for the purpose. This produced a great storm, and for a while it looked like serious trouble would arise out of it ; but after a protest being made by Congress and by various State Legislatures the proclamation was countermanded and the former i-elations were restored. Chat'te'i V. 1 -f3. — What circumstances led to President Jefferson's efforts to purchase the city of New Orleans from France? THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 37 3. Proposals of Purchase. This circumstance determined Mr. Jefferson to purchase a suitable port on the river for Ameri- can merchandise, and he accordingly instructed the Amei'ican minister at Paris, Robert R. Livingston, to open negotiations with Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then at the head of the French Republic, under the title of First Consul, for the purchase of the city of New Orleans and the so-called island on which it is situated ; together with the Peninsula of Florida. 4. Negotiations. Mr. Livingston made proposals for the pur- chase of tliese, but Bonaparte was averse to selling. He had a different project in view. His intention was to occupy the coun- try as a colony of France, and appoint Bei'uadotte who afterwards became King of Sweden, Governor of the country. His plans were so far matui^ed that the French fleet, which was lying at the Island of San Domingo, had orders to be ready to sail at any day ; the troops designed for the expedition were under marching orders, and the necessary stores were being moved aboard. Mr. Livingston reported this to President Jefferson, who, with the consent of Congress, appointed James Monroe of Virginia, aftenvards President, to go to France, as " Envov Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary," to assist iNIr. Living- ston in the nego'.'.ations. Mr. ^Monroe set sail for France, and aiTived at Paris, ^\]3ril 12th, 1S03. 5. France Agrees to Sell. In the meantime, while Mr. Tvlonroe was making his voyage, a complete change took place in Bonaparte's plans. War with England was becoming more imminent every day. The English papers having now learned that France was the owner of Louisiana, were chmiorous that Eng- land should seize the country, and it was rumored that a large 3 — In what manner did he be^in the matter of nes^otiations? 4- — llow were the prop-^sa'.s at Hrst received? What were Bonaparte's plans with reference to the Province? Wiio was sent to Fra-.ice to aid tiie nejxotiations? 6- — From what circumstances did a change in Donaparte's plans arise? 3$ THE COLONIAL PEUIOD. English fleet was on the way for the purpose. In this critical juncture of affairs, Talleyrand, one of the ablest French ministers, advised Donaparte to sell the country to the United States before the tlesign of the English could be consummated. Accordingly summoning his minister of Finance, Francis Barbe ?vIarbois (^Bar- bay JSIar-bivah')^ Bonaparte directed him to sell the country to the Americans if he could get 50,000,000 francs for it. 6. Conclusion of the Transaction. jNIarbois at once opened negotiations with 'Wx. Livingston on the subject, and the timely arrival of Mr. JNlonroe enabled the commissioners to proceed without interruption. The Americans had been directed to pur- chase only the city of New Orleans, but Bonaparte said he would not sell anything less than the whole country. Alarbois thinking the price \\liich Bonaparte had named was too low, on his own motion fixed the price at So. 000, 000 francs for the whole country. The American commissioners then proposed that 20,000,000 francs should be taken off antl applied by the United States to the claims \\iiich American citizens had against France for spoliation of then commerce m a recent season of unpleasantness between the two countries, leaving 60.000,000 francs to be paid to France. To this Aiarbois assented, and so the stupendous transaction was concluded. The United States agreed to create a stock of $11,250,000 in bonds, eciuivalent to 60,000,000 francs, the first mstal'n cut of $3,000,000 to be paid at the Treasury of the United States m fifteen years, and $3,000,000 annually thereafter initd all should be paid, with interest at six per cent. ])er annum, payable semi annually. The interest amounted to $675,000 a year. Tire amount of ]:)rincipal and interest was fully paid to France, but the amount due to American citizens on sj^oliatlon Whom did he appoint to negotiate for him? For how much did Bonaparte direct the counti v to be sold? 0. — Cjjve tlie incidents ot the negotiation. Wliat was tlie amount to be paid to Franre, and wliai on spoliation claims? Have the agreed amounts THE LOfl.SIANA PL'ltCHASE. 39 claims has never }et been paid. Histories usually state that the United States paid France $15,000,000 for Louisiana. That is a mistake. They paid France 60,000,000 francs, or $11,250,- 000 of principal, with six per cent, interest thereon to maturity, and engaged to pay to American citizens the sum of 20,000,000 francs, or $3,750,000, making total to be paid by them So, 000, 000 francs, equivalent to $15,000,000; but while the amount due to France was paid to her, the amount assumed to be paid to American citi- zens, part of the $15,000,000, has never yet been paid.* 7. General Rejoicing Over the Matter. Upon the consum- mation of the treaty. Napoleon signed it at once without waiting for the reciprocal signature of commissioners on the part of the United States, and having thus put the title of the country entirely in the United States, as far as France was concerned, he declared war against England that very day, and at once began hostilities. *The Amount Paid. The exact amount paid to Frarice bv the United States for the Louisiana purchase can be ascertained by the following sum: The amount in 1S03 $11,250,003 00 Inlcre t at 6 per cent, to 1S18, \% years, at $675,000 per annum, wliich was paid c ich year ol lliat time $!0,i25,ooo 00 Paid on principal, iSiS 3,000,010 00 Haltmcc of principal dne 8,250,000 00 Fntere t thereon 10 1S19, i year, paid 495,000 00 Paid on principal, 1819 ■?,ooo,ooo m T2alance of principal due 5,250,000 00 Interest thereon to 1S20, i year, paid 315,000 00 Paid on principal, 1820 3,000,000 00 ■Ralance of principal due 2,250,00000 Interest tlicreon to 1S21, i year, paid 135,000 00 Principal paid, 1S21 2,250,00000 Total intercut paid 11,070,00000 Amount of principal paid 11,250,00000 $22,320,000 00 Total of principal and interest paid, twenty-two million three hundred and twenty thou- sand dollars. been paid? What misstatement as to the price paid to France is usually made? 7- — What act of Bonaparte followed the making of the cession? 40 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. Everybody was pleased at the result of the purchase. The Eng- glish were joleased because they had frustrated Bonaparte's designs to that extent ; he was pleased for similar reasons with relation to them, and because he had aided in creating a formidable rival to England ; and the Americans were pleased because they had acquired so vast a territory, an empire in itself. ]Mr. jMonroe always regarded the part he took in effecting the Louisiana pur- chase as the greatest achievement of his life ; and when the nego- tiations were concluded JNIr. Livingston said: "We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives. It will change vast solitudes into flourishing districts. From this day the L^nited States take their place among the powers of the first rank." It was a noble prophecy, and it has been nobly fulfilled. 8. Extent of the Cession. It was the largest cession of coun- try ever made by one nation to another. It embraced country which extended from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to the British possessions on the north ; from the Mississippi River on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west, at least above Texas. The Ainericans claimed that Texas itself was included in the pur- chase, and made their claim the basis on which they ceded Texas to Spain in 1819. Leaving out Texas, it comprised 1,183,745 square miles, or 756,956,800 acres. From it the States of Louis- iana, Arkansas, ^Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, JMinnesota Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and W'asliing- ton, and the Territories of Idaho, AV^yoming and Indian Territory, in whole or in part, were formed, besides adding parts to the States of Alabama and Mississippi. A\'ithout the possession of this immense region the United States never could have risen to the high pitch of grandeur they have attained. How was the treaty received? 8. — What was the extent of the cession geographically? What in square miles and acres? What States and Territories have been formed from it in whole or in part? THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 4* g. Obtaining Possession. Upon the ratification of the treaty by the United States Mr. Jefferson took measures to obtain actual possession of the country. He appointed Governor William C. C. Chiiborne, a distinguished hxwyer and statesman, at the time Governor of Mississippi Territory, and General James Wilkinson, a Brigadier-General in the United States Army, as commissioners to receive the country from France, and Bonaparte ap- pointed Citizen Pierre Cle- ment Laussat {Lo-za/i) to receive it from Spain, and then deliver it to the United States. On the 30th of November, 1S03, the Span- ish Intendant, the Marquis de Casa Calvo, as the com- missioner of Spain, with Governor de Salcedo, de- livered possession of the country to Citizen Laussat, as the representative of France, and on the 20th of December, 1S03, Citizen Laussat met the American commissioners in confer- ence at the City Hall in New Orleans, and there formally delivered to them the country. After the ceremonies of the official delivery had taken place the transfer of sovereignty was symbolized by hoisting the American flag, and the transfer was concluded. Mr. Jefferson appointed Governor Claiborne Governor •;';^' WILLfAM C. C. CLAIBORNE, FIRST AMERICAN GOVERNOR, PROVINCE Of LOUISIANA 0. — State the proceedings incident upon the United States taking actual 42 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. of the Province, and on assuming the duties of his office he issued a patriotic address, in which he assured the people that all their rights of j:)roperty and personal liberty should be faithfully secured to them, and their religious beliefs respected. Governor Claiborne was therefore the fiust American to serve as Governor over the country out of which the State of Arkansas was afterwards formed, and Thomas Jefferson was the first President under whom the people of that country had an existence as part of the United States. ISIr. Jefferson was anxious to have James Monroe Gov- ernor of the Province, but he preferred to remain Minister to England. lie then tendered the appointment to La Fayette, but he declined, being unwilling to leave France. ISIr. Jefferson then appointed Governor Claiborne. 10. Transfer of Sovereignty in Upper Louisiana. The transfer of sovereignty in the upper part of the Province was sig- nalized at St. Louis, March loth, 1S04, by the lowering of the French ensign, and the hoisting of an American flag from the balcony of the residence of Cliarles Gratiot, who, in the presence of a large crowd of people, saluted with respect the emblem of the new nationality to which they were transferred. St. Louis at that time contained a population of about one thousand souls, with but few English-speaking families. It had not a brick house or a brick chimney in it anywhere. It had only three streets, one hundred and fifty houses and one log church. It was as thoroughly French in manner's and customs as any provincial town of France to-day. possession? At what date was it formally delivered to them? Who was the first American Go\ernoi? lO- — By what incident was the transfer of sovereignty in tlie upper part of the Province symbolized? Where and at wliat date did it take place? What was the population and extent of iit. Louis at that time? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 43 REVIEW QUESTIONS. (PERIOD I.) General. — What length of time is embraced in this Period? From wliat date to what date? With what incident does it terminate? Chapter I. 1 . — From whom did the United States obtain the territory of which the present State of Arkansas consists? How did France acquire it? 2. — What is the present area of the State in square miles and acres, and what was the population in the tenth census, the one of iSSo? 3- — What people at first occupied the country? 4- — Of what tribes were they, and where were the tribes located? 5. — How and when did the United States obtain the lands from them? What reservation was made in one of their treaties, and when? 6- — At what date did the tribe cede this reservation, and what was their subsequent history? 'J. — From what does the State take its name? 8- — How was their name called by early writers? Q. — How was it spelled by them? How in early laws and official docu- ments? Give an instance. What declaration has the State Legislature made on the subject of pronunciation of the name? 10- — What common error exists as to the meaning of the name? Chapter II. 1 . — Who was the first white person to traverse the country which is now Arkansas, and at what date did he come? 2. — In what direction and to what points did he journey? 3- — What celebrated place did he discover in his wanderings? Where did he pass the winter? 4- — What of his farther journey? 5- — Who were the next explorers to come, and at what date? How far did they explore? How long a period was this after the previous explorer? What is the earliest map of the country made? 6. — Who is said to have been the next explorer, and how far did he explore? 7- — Who was the next explorer, and how far did he explore? At what date was this? 8- — Of what did he claim possession? What name did he give to it, and for whom? What name did they give the river, and for whom? 9- — At what date did he return to France? Who was left in command? What search did he make for his chief? IQ. — What and where and by whom was the first white settlement made in Arkansas? 44 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. Chapter III. 1. — How was La Salle received on his return to France, and what assistance did he receive? 2. — When and from whence did the fleet sail, and where did it land? 3. — How were the ships lost? 4. — How did the explorers endeavor to maintain themselves, and with what success? 5. — What of their journey and La Salle's death? Q. — Who commanded the expedition after La Salle, and at what point did he arrive and when? 7. — Whom did they find there, and how did they discover them? 8. — When did they take their departure for the upper Mississippi? 0. — When and where did they find De Tonti? 10. — What of De Tonti's expeditions? 1 1. — Who next came in command of the country, and when? 12. — When and where did the fleet land? What habitations were built? What fort? 13- — When did they enter the Mississippi River? Relate the incident of the letter delivered by the Indians. Chapter IV. 1. — What efforts did Iberville make to colonize the province, and with what success? 2 Who was the first Colonial Governor? Who the next, and how long was he in office? 3. — What successions of governors from 1701 to 1724? 4. — What efforts were made by the " Company of the West" to induce immigration? 5. — What of John Law's colony? Q. — What successions of governors from 1724 to 1742? What was the white population of the province in 1742- 1745? 7. — What successions of governors to 1763? To what nation was the coun- try ceded in that year, and in what treaty? 8. — Give the succession of Spanish governors from 1763 to iSoo? 9-10- — Mention certain grants of lands made by the Baron de Carondelet and their subsequent history? 11.— What was the population and extent of the district of Arkansas in 1798-1799? Who was in command? 12-— In what treaty and at what date did France recover the country? 13.— What settlement of the upper part of the Province was being made? Chapter V. — 1 -2-3-— Why were efforts made to purchase the city of New Orleans, and by whose direction? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 45 4. — How were the proposals received at first? What were Bonaparte's plans as to the Province? 5. — What change took place in the plans, and why? 6- — What negotiations took place? What was the agreed price? How much was to be paid to France, and at what times? How much was to be paid to American citizens for spoliation claims, and what was the full amount paid to France? What misstatement is usually made concerning the amoimt paid? 7- — How was the treaty received? 8- — What was the geographical extent of the cession? What the area by square miles and acres? What States and Territories have been formed from it in whole or in part? 9-— Relate the incidents of the United States taking formal possession at New Orleans? Who was the first American Governor of the Province? 10- — How was the transfer of sovereignty in the upper part of the Province symbolized, and where and when? II.-THE ANTE-TERRITORIAL PERIOD. EXTENDING FROM ISOti, WHEN THE COUNTRl' BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE UNITED STATES, TO 1819, WHEN THE TERRITORT OF ARKAN- SAS WAS FORMED. CHAPTER VI. 1S03 to 1813— Missouri Territory. 1. Territories. District of Louisiana. In the next year after the purchase of Louisiana — to-wit: on the 26th of March, 1S04 — Congress created two Territories out of the country which had been ceded by France, the lower one called the Territory of Orleans, extending from the Gulf of Mexico northward as far as the thirty-third degree of north latitude, which is the present northern boundary line of the State of Louisiana, or dividing line between Louisiana and Arkansas, WMth the seat of government located at New Orleans. All the remainder of the Province was organized into a Territory called the District of Louisiana, or, as it was commonly called, L^pper Louisiana ; with the seat of govern- ment at St. Louis. The executive power was vested in the Governor and judges of Indiana Territory. In the autumn of 1804 General William Henry Harrison, who was Governor of Indiana Territory, afterwards President of the United States, visited St. Louis and organized courts for the District. 2. Territory, of Louisiana. In the following Spring, to-wit: March 3d, iSo^, Congress organized the Territory of Louisiana, being what had previously been the District of Louisiana. Pres- Ch.\pter VI. 1. — What Territories were created out of the country ceded by France.' Under whose government was the upper Territory placed.' 2. — What Territory was organized the next year.' Who was appointed MISSOURI TERRITORY. 47 ident Jefferson appointed General James Wilkinson, who had been one of the commissioners to receive the country from France, Governcr of the Territory ; with Frederick Bates as secretary, and Judges R. J. Meigs and John B. C. Lucas as Judges of the Superior Court. 3. District of " Arkansaw." In the organization of the Ter- ritory of Louisiana all of the present State of Arkansas, together with the lower part of tlie present State of Missouri, was laid off into a district called the District of New Madrid. By an act of the Legislature of the Territory of Louisiana, of date June 27th, 1S06, the lower part of this District of New Madrid, being about two-thirds of the present State of Arkansas, was laid off into a new district called the " District of Arkansaw;" spelled s-a-w. 4. Explorations. As soon as the vast and imknown region em- braced in tlie Louisiana purchase had been acquired from France, explorations into it began to be made. In 1S03 Captain Merri- wether Lewis, of Charlottesville, Virginia, who had been private secretary to President Jefferson, together with Captain William Clarke, commanded an expedition which set out in 1803, and was gone two years and four months, reaching the Pacific Coast and returning in 1806. Their explorations were commenced higher up than the present .State of Arkansas. In 1806 Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, an officer of tjie United States Army, conducted an exploration into the Louisiana countrv and JNIexico. When on the upper waters of the Arkansas River he detached Lieutenant James B. Wilkinson of his party, to make a descent of tlie Arkan- sas River. Lieutenant \\'ilkins6n, with Sergeant Ballcnger and two men in two canoes, made the journey down the river from October 27th, 1806, reaching the Post of Arkansas, January 9th, Governor? Who Secretary, and who Judges? 3. — What comprised the District of New Madrid? Wliat "the District of Arkansaw "? 4. — What explorations were made in tlie new region, and when? Who 4S THE ANTE-TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 1807. This was the first official exploration of the Arkansas River made after the Louisiana purchase. Lieutenant Wilkinson made a map of the river, the date being 1S07. It shows the Hot Springs, somewhat near the river ; a few French hunters camped along the banks ; Quapavv and Choctaw villages near the Post of Arkansas, but no white settlement on the entire river, except at the Post. 5. Merriwether Lewis, Governor. Osage Treaty. In 1807 General Wilkmson was succeeded as Governor by Captain Merri- wether Lewis, who had commanded the famous exploring expedi- tion. Captain Lewis served as Governor until 1S09, when he met his death at Nashville, Tennessee, while on a journey eastward. It was during the administration of Governor Lewis that the first treaty was made with the Osage Indians, of date, November loth, 1808, by which a large quantity of land lying in the pixsent State of Arkansas was ceded to the United States. The boundaries of the cession extended from the Arkansas River northward to the Missouri River, eastward to the IMississippi, and westward to a line due south from Fort Clark on the Missouri River, striking: the Arkansas River at Frog Bayou, in what is now Crawford County. The entire quantity of land ceded in this treaty was something over 48,000,000 acres, of which 14,830,433 acres lay in the present State of Arkansas'; being from the Arkansas River north to the State line, and from the Mississippi River on the east to a south line, striking the Arkansas River at Frog Bayou, on the west.* 6. Benjamin A. Howard, Governor. In 1S09, on the death of Governor Lewis, General Benjamin A. Howard of Lexington, *See map, pnge :o. ^ first explored the Arkansas River, and when? What is shown on his map? 5. — Who succeeded General James Wilkinson as Governor, and when? What treaty was made dining his administration? What number of acres in Arkansas was ceded bj this treaty? Q, — Who was next appointed Governor, and when? Who afterwards, and MISSOURI TERRITORY. 49 Kentucky, was appointed Governor of the Territory of Louisiana, and served as such until October 31st, 1S13, when, war having arisen with Great Britain, he resigned his commission as Governor and accepted a brigadier-generalship in the American Army. He was succeeded at that date by Captain Williani Clark, who re- mained as Governor from that date until 1S30; but Frederick Bates, Secretary of the Territory, served as acting Governor in the year iSiS, and as such acted on several laws relating to Arkansas. In iSio the population of ^Vrkansas was 1063 persons. 7. The New Madrid Earthquake. In iSii a great earth- quake occurred at New Madrid, in the Territory of Louisiana, which reached into the upper regions of the present State of Arkansas. It extended for the distance of three hundred miles southward along the Mississippi River from the mouth of the Ohio River. Humboldt, speaking of it, remarks that it presents one of the few examples of incessant quaking of the ground far awav from any volcano. The ground rose and sunk in great tmdulations, and lakes were alternately formed and drained again. The surface burst open in great fissures, which extended northeast and southwest, and were sometimes more than half a mile long, and from these fissures mud and water were thrown as high as the tops of trees. In the T^Iississippi River, islands disappeared, and the channel was changed many times. The disturbances continued until March 26th, iSi3, when they ceased. In Craighead Countv, Arkansas, and adjacent counties, there are portions of the country called "The Sunk Lands," which were submerged by this earth- quake in February, 181 3. The St. Francis River filtered its course and followed the lowest places, leaving its former bed dry, and lakes formed in places where it used to run. In order to recom- pense people who had lost lands in this earthquake the Government how long did he serve? What was tlie population of Arkansas in iSio? 7. — Give the particulars of the New Madrid earthcpiake. At what date did it take place? What part of Arkansas was affected by it? How ^O THE AXTE-TEnRITOKIAI, PERIOD. passed a law in 1S15 wliich allowed them to select an amount of land not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, and locate their selections on any of the unoccupied Government lands in the Territory. Several of these locations, called New Madrid certifi- cates, were located in Arkansas, the most noted oi which was one located at Hot Springs, and another located at Little Rock ; the latter embracing land comprising a part of that on which the city of Little Rock is built. 8. Missouri Territory. On the Sth of April, 1S13, the Terri- tory of Orleans was admitted into the L'nion as a State, under the name of the State of Louisiana, and on the 4th of June, iSi3, Congress provided that the Territory previously called the District of Louisiana should thereafter be called INIissouri Territorv. The name is derived from a tribe of the Dakota family, which ]\Iar- quette in his account of his explorations of 1673, spoke of as the first tribe living along the banks of the river which bears their name after leaving the Mississippi. Their real name was Nu-dar- cha (^Nczv-dar -kah^ ^ but the name Missouri had been given them by the Illinois tribes, from whom Alarquette learned of them. The name in the Indian tongue means " muddy water," and refers to their river, of which Joutel says " the watei's are always thick." 9. Organization. The act of Congress creating the Territorv proviilcd that the legislative power should be vested in a general assembly, consisting of a Governor, a Legislative Council of nine members, and a House of Representatives of thirteen members. The seat of government was directed to be at St. Louis, and the Governor was directed to divide the State into convenient election districts for the election of the delejrates to the Legislature. were people who lost lands recompensed? Name some instances of location of certificates. 8 — At what date was the Territory of Missouri formed? From whence is the name deiivod? What does it mean? Q. — In what was the legislative jiower of the new territory vested? Where ARKANSAS TEKUITORV FORMED. 5I On the ist of October, 1S13, Goveinor Benjamin A. Howard, as Governor of the Territory, issued his prochimation, announc- ing that the new Territory of Alissouri would be in operation on the 1st day of December, iSi3 ; providing for an election of the delegates, designating Arkansas Post to be the seat of justice of a district comprising the greater part of the present State of Arkan- ffas, and providing for the election of a delegate to Congress. At this last named election, Edward Hempstead, who was born in New London, Connecticut, June 3d, 17S0, was elected delegate. He took his seat in Congress, January 4th, 1S13, and served until November 13th, 1S14. He was the first delegate to Congress liom Missouri Territory, and represented all the country west of the JSIississippi River except the Stale of Louisiana. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives of Missouri Territory of 1S16, and died in 18 17. He was succeeded as delegate to Congress by Rufus Easton in 1S14, and he by John Scott in 1S16 to 1S20. CHAPTER Vn. 1813 to 1819 — Arkansas Terr/toy Formed. I. Arkansas County. On the 3Tst of December, 1S13, the Legislature of Missouri Territory formed the cpunty of New Madrid out of the southeastern part of the pixsent State of Mis- souri, and the northeastern part of the present State of Arkansas, and at the same date, December 31st, 1S13, formed the county of Arkansas, embracing the remainder of the State. The county of Arkansas was the eighth county formed in the Territorv of JMis- souri, and is the first county formed of those no\v comprising the State of Arkansas. The seat of justice was directed to be " at Avas the seat of government? What did Governor Howard's proclamation set forth? Who was tlie first delegate to Congress from the territory? ^\'ho succeeded him? And who next? CiiArxER VII. — 1, — At what da*e was the county of New Madrid formed? At what date che county of Arkansas? What was made the seat of justice 52 THE AXTE-TERRITORIAL PERIOD. the village of Arkansaw." This is the name by which the Post of Arkansas was known on the Government records. The Post remained the county seat until 1S55, when the seat of justice was moved to De Witt, where it now is. 2. Arkansas Post. The Post of Arkansas, w\as, as we have seen, shown as a Post on maps of the year 1700, and on maps of 1745, and probably began as such in the settlement made by De Tonti's men, as shown on Joutel's map of 1695. The county records run back to the year 1760, and the town is believed to have been actively settled shortly after the Spanish occupation, which took place in 176S, the treaty of cession having been made five years previously. The records of the Catholic church there run back to 1772. Among them are records of burials performed, in the absence of any Priest, by Captain Don Joseph Valliere, of dates from 17S6 to 1790. Don Joseph Valliere has been mentioned as one to whom a large grant of land was made bv the Baron de Carondclet i^CaJi-ron' -da-lay'). Don Carlos de Villemont was the Commandant there from 1793 to 1S03. In 179S the Wmter fami- lies and Joseph Stillwell settled there, as has been stated. The first Protestant sermon preached in Arkansas was preached there by Reverend John P. Carnahan of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in iSi I. 3. Postoffice. On the ist of July, 1S17, a postoftice was estab- lished there under the name of Arkansas, ISIissouri Territory, and Eli J. Lewis was appointed postmaster. It remained under this name until after 1S19, when the name became Arkansas, Arkansas Territory, and continued under this name on the Department of the latter? How long did it remain snch? What is now the county seat? 2 — At what date is the Post of Arkansas thought to have been settled? To what dates are there records? Mention persons who were there at early dates? At what date was the first Protestant sermon preached in Arkansas, and by whom? 3. — At what date and under what name was there a postoffice established I ARKANSAS TERRITORY FORMED. 53 records until December 27th, 1S31, when tne name of the post- office was changed to Arkansas Post, Arkansas Territory. 4. Lawrence County. On the 15th of January, 1S15, the LegisKature of Missouri Territory formed the county of Lawrence out of the lower part of New Madrid County, in the northeast part of the pi-esent State. It was the second county formed in what is now the State of Arkansas, and received its name from that naval hero of the war of 181 3, Captain James Lawrence, wlio commanded the Chesapeake in her engagement with the Shannon, June 1st, 1S13, and whose last words, as he was bemg borne below mortally wounded, were, " Don't give up the ship." The town of Davidsonvllle, which was founded in the year 1S15, became the county seat of the county, and so remained until 1S29, when the seat of justice was moved to a place called Jackson, from which place it was moved to Smithville about 1S33. It was moved from there to Clover Bend in 1S6S, and in 1S69 from there to Powhatan, where it now is. On the 2Sth of June, 1S17, a post- office was established at Davidsonville, and Adam Ritchey was appointed postmaster. This was the first postoffice established in Arkansas. The one at Arkansas Post was established four days later. At that time there was only one mail-route in all of Arkansas. It was from St. Louis through Davidsonville, and the Post of Arkansas to Mo.'.roe Courthouse, Louisiana. Mail was carried on horseback, and was delivered between these points onte in thirty days. 5. First Treaty with the Quapa^vs. On the 24th of August, iSiS, occurred the fust treaty with the Quapaw Indians, by which at Arkansas Post? 4 — At what date was the county of Lawrence formecl? Out of what county formed? Who was it named tor? What was made the county seat? What other coimty seats has the coiuity had, and the dates thereof? At wliat date was a postoHice established at Da\ idsonville? N\'as tliis the first postoflice in Arkansas? What was the only mail route in Arkansas at the time? 5. — W^hen did the first Quapaw treaty occur? Wliat did they reserve? 54 THE ANTE-TERRITORIAI. PERIOD. a large quantity of land, estimated at 16,000,000 acres, was ceded by them to the United States. They reserved a portion of about 1,500,000 acres in the centre, bounded east by a line from the river, opposite Arkansas Post, southwesterly to the Ouachita River, and west by a line running north from the Saline River to the Arkansas, terminating at the " Point of Rocks " on the Arkan- sas River.* The chiefs of the tribe, with whom the treaty was negotiated, were Ileckaton, "The Dry ]\Ian," Hrad-a-pa-ah, "The Eagle's Bill," Te-hon-ka (^Tc-hong'-kaJi^^ "The Tame Buffalo," and others. In 1S17 a treaty was made between the United States and the Cherokee Indians, who lived east of the Mississippi River, by which they were moved to Arkansas and settled north of the Arkansas River, between White River and a line running northeast from Point Remove in Conway County " to Chataunga {C7iai-ia-zinoi'-ora/i) Mountain, or the hill first above Shield's Ferry " on White River, a point a little above Batesville. They were 5000 in number. They remained here until 1S3S, when by another treaty they were moved to the Indian Territory, where they novv- are.* 6. Counties of Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead. On the 15th of December, 1S18, the Legislature of JNIissouri Territorv created the counties of Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead, all of which were formed out of portions of Arkansas County. They were immense counties in size, and from them many counties have since been formed. Pulaski County was named after Count Pulaski, the Polish Patriot; Clark, after Governor William Clark, who was at that time Goveimor of Missouri Territory, and Hempstead County was named after Edward Hempstead, the first delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory. ♦See map, page lO. Give the names of chiefs of the tribe making the treaty. What is said of the location of the Cherokee Indians in Arkansas? 6. — When were the counties of Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead formed, and tor whom were they named? ARKANSAS TERRITORY 1-ORMED. :)3 7. Pulaski County, the third county to be formed, to count them in the order in which they were mentioned in the hiws, is an interior county, near the centre of the State, and in it the State capital is situated. At the time of its formation there was no tcnvn in it wliich coukl serve as the county seat, so the courts were directed to be held at the house of Samuel McHenry. In 1S20 the Territorial Legislature established the county seat at a place called the Cadron, then in Pulaski, but now in Faulkner County, where a settlement had been begun in iSiS; but in iSsi, after the Territorial capital had been moved from the Post of Arkansas to Little Rock, the county seat was moved to Little Rock also, and has since remained there. 8. The City of Little Rock, the Capital and chief city of the State, is situated on the south side of the Arkansas River in Pulaski County, and takes its name from the "Point of Rocks," which forms one of the abutments of the lower bridge in the east- ern part of the city. From very early times this point was called "the Little Rock," or "the Little Rocks," to distinguish it from " the Big Rock," a precipitous cliff, three miles higher up the river. This "'Point of Rocks," or "Little Rock," is tlie first rock to be met with from the mouth of the river to tliis point. The earliest general settlers at the place were in iSiS and 1S19, though there were some in the neighborhood as early as 1S13 and 1S14. By 1S20 settlei^s began to arrive at it. One of the earliest liouses, a mere board cabin, was built at the " Point of Rocks " by Moses Austin in the latter part of 1S19. A postofHce was estal)lished at the place, April loth, 1S20, and Amos \Vheeler was appointed postmaster. He served until October 17th, 1S21, when he was succeeded by Henry W. Conway, afterwards dele- gate in Congress. 7. — What was made the seat of justice of Pulaski county? What is now the cow'nty seat, and when dij it hcconie such? 8- — From what does the city of Little Rock take its name? At what date was it settled? At what date was there a postofHce established there? sA THE AXTE-TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 9. Laid Out as a Town. The place was twice laid out as a town. First at some time prior to October, 1S20, by William O'Hara, Stephen F. Austin, James Bryan and others, under a New Madrid certificate, which was claimed to have been previously located in the laud office at St. Louis, and in this proceeding the town was given the name of Arkopolis {Ark-op' -o-lis). It was a second time laid out, November 20th, 1821, by William Russell, H»2nry W. Conway, Robert Crittenden, William Trimble, Robert C. Oden, Thomas P. Eskridge and Joseph Hardin, under pre- emption certilicates. It was surveyed by Allen Martin, and was given the name of Little Rock. Neither of these entries of the land proved to be valid, and in 1S38, Dr. Matthew Cunningham, who had settled at the place in January, 1S20, located a preemption on part, and Chester Ashley and Roswcll Beebe located the remainder on what were called "floats" — that is, land claims which could be located in any place. In 1S39 the United States granted patents to Ashley and Beebe for the land, upon their executing an agreement to convey to the State, county, city and to individuals the same rights they had under the previous loca- NoiE. — For the benefit of pupils in the schools at Little Rock, but which will not be of imporiance to those elsewhere, the loUowing town limits and street names are given. As originally laid out the town ot Little Rock commenced at the Quapaw line on the east, or nearly ilie cast line ot Hock btreet,as all east of that point belonged to the Quapaw Indians. It rati west to Arch street, a distance of eight blocks and a halt, according to the plat now in existence, but from which plat a part tho\viiigthe most we.-terly part of the town has been torn off, and the streets were named Kock, Cunibeiland, Scott, East Main (now called Main street), Louisiana, Centre, Spring, West Main (now Broadway), and Arch. Commencing ai the river and running souihw.ud it extended eleven blocks, and the streets were named North s.reet, W" atcr, Markain, Cherry (now Second), Mullonn), a Frenchman, who had served as interpreter in the making of the Quapaw Treaty of iSiS. In 1S30 commissioners for the purpose located the county seat at the same ])lace. called Pine Bluff. In April, 1832, the county seat was moved three miles down the river to a place owned by Antoine Barraque (^An-t-vine Baar-ra-kay^^ but in August of the same year a vote of the people was had on the subject, and it was moved back to Pine Bluff, where it has since remained. Jefferson County is an extremely fertile and productive county, Iving along, 8- — Monroe County — when created? Its number? From what counties taken? For whom named? What places have been the seat of justice, and dates? Its principal towns? 0. — Jefferson County — when created? Its number? From what counties 82 THE TEURITORIAI, PERIOD. and on both sides of, the Arkansas River, southeast of centre. Pine Bluff, which is one of the most thriving and important cities in the State, is its cliief town. It contains many handsome churches, fine business and school buildings — one of the lat- ter being the Colored Normal College — and possesses many public enterprises and elegant residences. It was founded as a A COTTON FIELD. town in 1S32 bv John W. and James T. Pullen, proprietors of the land. A postoffice, called Pine Bluff was there as early as 182S, James Scull being postmaster. The first settler at the place where the city now is was Joseph Bonne, who, in 1S19, pitched his camp in the pine forest on the bank of the river, and lived with no neigh- bor near for several yeai's, when John W. Pullen came from North Carolina, with his familv, and pitched his tent near that of Bonne's, and bought land. After a while other settlers came, and from that time on it gradually grew to become a settlement of import- ance, and eventually to become the thriving city that it is. taken? For whom named? What have been the county seats? Its situa- tion? Its chief town? When founded? Its earliest settlers? EMIGRATION AND COUNTIES. 83 10, Jackson County, the twenty-fourth county created, was formed November 5th, 1S29, out of territory taken from Inde- pendence County, and was named after General Andrew Jackson, the hero of the War of 1S13, then President. The temporary seat of justice was directed to l)e at the house of Thomas Wide- man. In 1S32 the town of Litchfield was made the county seat, and so remained until 1S39, when the town of Elizabeth was chosen. This remained the county seat until 1853, when the town of Augusta, now in Woodruff County, was made such ; and in 1S54 the county seat was located at Jacksonport, where it now is. When the county was created it was but very sparsely settled. For more than a year after its formation Tt had neither postoffice, postmaster, nor postroad, in its limits ; the nearest postoffice being Batesville, fortv miles awav, in the neighboring county of Inde- pendence. It had no roads, but mere bridle paths, to connect scattered settlements, and five years after itS formation its popu- lation was only 333 persons. The county is an interior northeast county, lying along White River. Black River forms its north- western boundary. The principal towns are Jacksonport and Newport. Of these Newport is the largest and most important. Jacksonport was founded in 1S40 by Thomas Truesdale. It is at the junction of W^hite and Black Rivers. Newport dates its exist- ence from about 1S73, when the railroad was built there. It con- tains many valuable buildings, and is a growing and thriving place, CHAPTER XT. 1830 to 1833 — Emigration and Counties. I. Emigration. The year 1S30 was one of great emigration to the Territory. . There were now several boats regularly plying 10. — Jackson County — when created? Its number? From what county taken? The county seats, and dates? What is said of its condition at its formation and for some time afterwards? Its situation? Its principal, town? When founded? Chapter XI. 1. — What was the condition of steamboating in 1830?' 84 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. the Arkansas Rivei' — to-\vit : the Waver/y, Captain Pennywit ; the Saratoga^ the Laurel and the Reindeer. The latter was commanded by Captain David Miller, a famous man in steamboat circles of that day. Captain Pennywit also navigated White River, for the first time, in the Winter of 1S30-1831, with the Waverly^i and, finding it a good river for steamboating, other boats also engaged therein. The Bob Ha7idy went regularly into the running of the river in 1S31 and 1S32, and also made trips on Black River. In June, 1831, Colonel Benjamin R. IMilam, of Lost Prairie, jMiller County, Arkansas, navigated a steamboat (the Alps) through the Raft in Red River, and up the river beyond, being the first boat to ascend above the Raft. All of these boats brought numbers of emigrants, and in addition to this there were numbers of Indians removing to the Territory allotted to them west of the Mississippi River, thus making business in steamboat- ing very active at that time. The population of the Territory of Arkansas in 1S30 stood 30,388, an increase of 16,133 over what it was in 1820. 2. Southern Boundary Line, Toward the close of the year 1830, the boundary line between Arkansas and Louisiana was sur- veyed, by commissioners appointed for the purpose from the two. James S. Conway, of Lafayette County, afterwards Surveyor- General, and then Governor, and William Pelham, of Batesville, were appointed by the President to represent Arkansas, and R. A. Crane, of Alexandria, Louisiana, was appointed by the Governor of Louisiana to represent that State. The parties appointed met at Villemont, Chicot County, and began their labors November 1st, 1S30. The line commenced on the 33rd degree of north latitude, and ran west i-\g}4 miles, when it reached Red River. The line as established has since remained the dividing line be- 2. — When and bv whom was the boundary line between Arkansas and Louisiana sur\eyed? Where did tlie line commence, and where run to? When finished? Under what difficulties was the survey made? EMIGRATION AND COUNTIES. 85 tween the two States. The survey was finished January 30th, 1S31, and was made in the worst possible weather. Out of the ninety-one days they were engaged, there were only three days in which they were not wading or breaking the ice to make progress ; as the line ran through an interminable stretch of fiat, marshy country, made all the more impassable by the great amount of rain and snow which fell in the season. 3. Emigration of Indians. In the year 1S33, also, there was g^-eat emigration of Indians through Arkansas Territory, who were being moved to their reservation by the United States Gov- . ernment. In all, upwards of 13,000 of them, of all tribes, passed through Arkansas Territory. Many ascended the Arkansas River to "Cantonment Gibson," as it was then called; others were landed at Roc Roe, on White River, and marched overland through Dardanelle to Fort Smith ; and still others passed through Ecore a Fabre and Washington. The emigration in the Autumn was much distressed by the existence of cholera, which prevailed with great fatality, and many of the emigrating tribes died on the jour- ney. Great efforts were made to prevent the disease from spread- ing through the Territory in epidemic form, and by this means its existence was confined chiefly to individual cases. 4. Great Overflow of the Rivers. The month of May, 1833, was a season of almost incessant rain. There was hardly a fair clay in the whole month. As a consequence all the streams and water courses were full to overflowing. It proved to be the occa- sion of the GREATEST FRESHET that was ever known in the Arkan- sas River. From Crawford Courthouse to the mouth of the river every bottom along the river was under water, and the whole country was inundated. Thousands of acres of corn and other crops, together wath the dwellings, barns, stables and fences of farmers were swept away. Many plantations were ruined by the 3. — What is said of the emigration of Indians in 187,2^ 4. — What is said of the overflQW ot 1S33? S6 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. caving in of the river banks, and by the water making deep chan- nels through hinds never known to have been overflowed before ; and much loss was sustained by the drowning of cattle and stock. In all, the river rose thirty feet, and the water stood fifteen feet high on trees in the bottoms. By the 26th of June the water had fallen twelve feet, and continued to recede until it reached the usual stage again. No such rise has ever been known in the his- tory of the river before or since. It was two feet and six inches higher than the highest point ever reached before that date. 5. New Counties. The Legislature which assembled in the Autumn of 1S33 devoted its labors largely to the formation of new counties, creating seven in all — to-wit : the counties of Mississippi, Carroll, Pike, Greene, Scott, Van Buren and Johnson. ]MississipPi County, the twenty-fifth county created, was formed November ist, 1S33, out of ten'itory taken from Crittenden County, and took its name from the great ri\ er that it lies along. The seat of justice was established at the house of Peter G. Reeves, but in 1S36 was located at Osceola, where it now is. MississijDpi County is an extreme northeast countv, bounded north by Missouri and east by the Mississippi River. Osceola is its chief town. 6. Carroll County, the twenty-sixth countv created, was formed November ist, 1S33, and is believed to have been named in honor of Charles Can-oil of Carrollton, who had been the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, and whose death had occuiTed a short while before. It was formed out of territory taken from the county of Izard. The temporary seat of justice was estab- lished at the house of William Sneed. Jr., and in 1S34 was located at Carrollton. It remained here imtil iSj:6. when it was moved to 5- — Mississippi County — when formed? Number? From what county taken? From what named? Seat of justice? Situation? 6- — Carroll County — when formed? Number? From what county taken? For whoiij ;iamed? Where is the seat of justice? Situation? Chief town ' EMIGRATION AND COUNTIES. 87 Benyville, \vhere it now is. Carroll is a northwestern border countv, bounded north by the Missouri line and west by Benton County, which alone separates it from the Indian Territory. Its chief town is Eureka Sprint^s, which has, in a few years, be- come a famous \vatering place, on account of the wonderful curative properties of the waters at the place. 7. Pike County, the twenty-seventh county created, was formed November ist, 1S33, out of territory taken from the coun- ties of Hempstead and Clark, and was named in honor of General Zebulon ISIontgomery Pike, a distinguished officer of the War of iSi3, killed at the Battle of York in i5i3, who, it has been men- tioned, conducted an exploring expedition into the interior of the Louisiana purchase in 1S06-1S07; a detachment of which expedi- tion explored the Arkansas River in 1S07, making the first official exploration of the river after the country became the property of the United States. The seat of justice of the county was established at the house of Paschal C. Sorrells, but in 1S34 was located at ^Slurfreesboro, where it now is. Pike is an interior southwestern county, and jSIurfreesboro, which was founded in 1S31, when it became the countv seat, is its principal town. 8. Greene County, the twenty-eighth county created, was formed November 6th, 1S33, out of territory taken from Lawrence County. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of Benjamin Crowlev, and was next located at Paris, five miles northeast of the present town of Gainesville. This remained the countv seat until 1S47 or 1S4S, when it was located at Gaines- ville, and remained there until 1SS4, when it was moved to Para- gould, where it now is. Greene is an extreme northeastern county, lying along the St. Francis River, which alone separates 7- — Pike County — when formed? Number? From what coimty taken? For whom named? The county seat? Situation? 8- — Greene County — when formed? Number? From what county taken? County seat? Situation? Chief town? When founded? How name deiived? QQ THE TEURITORIAL PEUIOD. it from ^Missouri on the east, \vhile only Clay Conntv separates it from Alissonri on the north. Paragoukl is its principal town, but Gainesville is also a place of importance. Paragoukl was founded in iSSi, when the railroad was built there, and its name is compounded of parts of the names of two prominent railroad men — to-wit: J. W. I^aramorc, the president of the company building the narrow-guage road first reaching the place, and Jay Gou/d, the great railroad magnate. g. Scott County, the twenty-ninth county created, was estab- lished November 5th, 1S33, out of territory taken from the coun- ties of Crawford and Pope, and was named in honor of Judge Andrew Scott. The county seat was located in 1S34 at Cauthron, but was moved to Waldron, where it now is. Scott County is a western boi'der county, lying along the Indian boundary line, and Waldron is its chief town. 10. Van Buren County, the thirtieth county created, was formed November nth, 1S33, out of territory taken from the counties of Conway, Izard and Independence, and received its name from Martin Van Buren, the Secretary of State under President Jackson, and who was aftei^wards President. The seat of justice was at the house of Nobadiah ]SIarsh until 1S34, when it was established at Bloomington, on Little Red River, eight miles east of Clinton, where it remained until 1S44, when the county seat was moved to Clinton, where it now is. Van Buren is an interior northern county, and Clinton, which was founded in 1S42, is its chief town. 11. Johnson County, the thirty-first county created, was formed November i6th, 1S33, out of territory taken from Pope 9- — Scott County — when formed? From what county taken? For whom named? County seat? Situation? 10- — Van Buren County — when formed? From what counties taken? For whom named? Seat of justice? Situation? Chief town? XI. — Johnson County — when formed? From what county taken? For ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 89 County, and was named in honor of Judge Benjamin Johnson. The seat of justice was established at the house of Elijah B. Alston, and so remained until 1836, when it was located at Clarksville, where it now is. Johnson County is an interior county northwest, and lies along the Arkansas River, which is its south- ern border. The county is particularly rich in coal, and is traversed from east to west by the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad which follows the river. Clarksville, on the railroad, is its chief town. CHAPTER XII. 1833 to 1836 — Admission into the Union. 1. Improvement of the Rivers. Among the many favors which Congress granted to the Territory of Arkansas, was a libei'al appropriation of money, to assist in imj^roving the condition of her rivers. In January, 1834, Captain H. M. Shreve, the inventor of snagboats, was sent to the Arkansas River to engage in the woi'k of removing snags therefrom. After doing a great work in the Arkansas River, he was transferred to Red River, and assigned to the duty of removing, as far as possible, the obstruction of the Raft. 2. William S. Fulton, Governor. On the 23d of February, 1S35, President Jackson appointed Secretary William Savin Fulton Governor of the Territory, to succeed Governor John Pope, and appointed Lewis Randolph, a grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Secretary. Governor Fulton was born in Cecil Couiitv, Mary- land, June 2d, 1795; came to Arkansas, upon being appointed Secretary, in April, 1S29, from Florence, Alabama, where he whom named? County seat? Situation? Productions? Chief town? Chapter XII. 1. — What was done in 1S34 toward the improvement of the rivers? 2. — Who was appointed Governor to succeed Governor Pope? Who Secretary? Give an account of Governor Fulton. go THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. resided. He served as Secretary until February, 1S35 ; when, being appointed Governor, he served until 1S36, when the Terri- tory was admitted into the Union as a State. He was then elected United States Senator, and served as such until his death. He died at his family residence at Little Rock, August 15th, 1S44, in the 50th year of his age. 3. White County. At the session of the Legislature in the Autumn of 1S35 there were four new counties created — to-wit : the counties of White, Randolph, Saline, and what is now called Marion County. White County, the thirty-second county created, was formed October 33d, 1835, out of parts of the counties of Pulaski, Independence and Jackson, and received its name from White River, which bounds it on the east. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of David Crease, and in 1S37 the county seat was located at Searcy, where it now is. White is an interior central county. Searcy is its chief town a place of considerable importance, being one of the noted watering places of the State, from the excellence of the sulphur and other mineral sprmgs, there and in the vicinity. 4. Randolph County, the thirty-third county created, was formed October 291)1, 1S35, out of territory taken from Lawrence County, and was named in honor of John Randolpli of Roanoke. The temporary seat of justice was located at the house of James G. Russell. Commissioners being appointed to establish the perma- nent county seat, located it at a place called Bettis' Bluff, on Black River, where, in February, 1S36, a towai was laid off, called Pocahontas, which has since remained the county seat. Randolph 3 — What counties %vere formed at the session of the Legislature of 183^? White Countv — wlien formed? From what counties taken? Num- ber? From what named? County seat? Situation? Chief town? For what is the town noted? 4- — Randolph County — when formed? From what county taken? Number? For whom named? County seat? When and where located? Town founded? Situation of county? I II ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. Cfl is a northeast border county, lying along the Missouri line, and Pocahontas is its chief town. 5. Saline County, the thirty-fourth county created, was estab- lished November 2d, 1835, out of territory taken from Pulaski County, and took its name from the Saline River, which runs through it. The temporary seat of justice was established " at the Baptist meeting-house, near Duncan's," but in May, 1836, was established at Benton, which was, at that date, laid out as a town, and which has since remained the county seat. Saline is an inte- rior central county. Benton is the principal town. 6. Marion County. The county which is now called Marion, the thirty-fifth county created, was formed November 3d, 1S35, out of territory taken from Izard County. The petition of citizens praying for its formation requested that it might be given the name of Marion County, but instead the Legislature gave it the name of Searcy County, in honor of Judge Richard Searcy, and by this name it was known for nearly a year. But the change in name did not prove satisfactory to the petitioners, and at the next meeting of the Legislatiu'e, September 9th, 1S36, the name was changed to Marion County, being in honor of General Francis Marion. A county called Searcy was formed later — to-wit: December 13th, 1838. The tow'n of Yellville was made, and is now, the county seat. Marion is a northern border county, the Missouri State line being its northern boundary, and Yellville is its principal town. 7. Proceedings for Admission into the Union. The events of this time about which the most interest centered, was a move- ment looking to the Territory being admitted into the Union as a State. The subject had been agitated in 183 1, but at that time 5. — Saline County — when formed? From what county taken? Number? From what named? County scat? When town foundcci? Situation? 6, — Marion County — its original name? Why changed to Marion? When created? Number? From what county' taken? County seat? Situation? 7. — What was the sentiment of the people relative to admission into the ^2 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. the general sentiment of the people was against it, as their num- bers were small, and the condition of public affairs was unsuitable. But considerable advances had been made in four years, and by 1835 the sentiment of the people was now largely in favor of it. A Constitutional Convention was called by the Legislature, to frame a Constitution and petition Congress for admission. The population of the State at that time was given at ^'exceeding 47,700." 8. The Convention. The Convention met January 4th, 1836. John Wilson of Clark County was made President, and Charles P. Bertrand of Little Rock, Secretary. A Constitution was framed and was forwarded to Washington to be laid before Congress. A considerable delay ensued in the transmission of the document. Colonel Sevier, the delegate in Congress, waiting impatiently for the arrival of the instrument, received a copy of the Gazette^ with the Constitution printed in it as an extra or supplement. He at once laid this extra before Congress as the Constitution, to be considered in that shape, and when the real instrument should arrive, to substitute it for the newspaper copy. 9. Admission into the Union. When the matter was pre- sented before Congress great opposition was made to the admis- sion of the Territory. The ground of the objection was that the State proposed to allow slavery to exist in its limits. This opposi- tion to her admission had been active for two years. In 1834 Colonel Sevier had presented a Bill in Congress for her admission, but the passage of the Bill had been delayed until now. Upon the- Union? What steps were taken to secure it? What was the population of the State at the time? 8- — \Vhen did the constitutional convention assemble? Who were its ofiicers? What proceedings took place in the formation of a Constitution and the presentation of it before Congress? 0. — How was the petition for admission received by Congress? What proceedings took place thereon? When was the Bill for her admission passed, and when was it approved by the President? What other State was admitted at the same time? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 93 presentation of the Constitution the opposition arose stronger than ever. The act of the people was declared to be revolutionary, in that they had formed a Constitution and petitioned for admission, without first obtaining the consent of Congress to do so. This opposition was even carried to the extent of taking the opinion of the Attorney-General, Benjamin F. Butler, as to whether it was legal or not. Mr. Butler gave his opinion that it was the right of the people at all times peaceably to assemble, and by petition to make aiiv request of Congress that they saw fit ; that the holding of the Convention was nothing more than their jDcaceably assembling, and their request to be admitted into the Union was nothing more than the exercise of their undoubted right to make, by petition, whatever request thcv chose; and hence there was no illegality in it whatever. After this the Bill for her admission, was passed, June 15th, 1S36, and received the signature of the President the next day. At the same time the Bill admitting Michigan, was passed. Thus Arkansas became one of the United States — the twelfth State to be admitted Into the American Union, after the formation thereof by the original thirteen colonies. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (PERIOD II.) Heading. — What is this period called, and wliat time does it embrace? From what incident to what incident? Chapter VI. 1. — When was the Territory of Orleans created? When the District of Louisiana? Of what did each consist? Who was Governor of the District of Louisiana? 2- — When was the Territory of Louisiana created? Out of wliat? Who was made Governor? 3. — What were the Districts of New Madrid and Arkansas? 4. — What explorations of the new county were made? What was the first exploration of the Arkansas River after the Louisiana purchase, and hy whom ? ^4 TilE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 5. — Who was the next Governor of Missouri Territory. What treaty was made in his term? 6. — Who was the next Governor of Missouri Territory, and how long did he serve? 7. — What great convulsion of Nature occurred in Missouri Territory? Where and when? In what manner was Arkansas affected by it? 8. — When was Missouri Territory formed? From what is the name derived, and what does it mean? 9. — What proceedings took place in the organization of Missouri Territory? Chapter VII. 1. — Wiiat is said of the formation of Arkansas County? 2. — How early is the town of Arkansas Post believed to have been settled? Give account of its early settlement? 3. — When was a postoffice established there, and under whom? 4- — What is said of . Lawrence County? 5. — Give an account of the first treaty with the Quapaw Indians. 6- — When were the counties of Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead formed, and for whom named? 7. — What is said of Pulaski County? 8.— Of the city of Little Rock? 9. — When and by whom laid out as a town? Its first name? The title.' 10.— Of Clark County? 1 1 . — Of Hempstead County? 12- — Of the formation of the Territory of Arkansas? Its boundaries? 13- — Who was api:>ointed Governor, and who Secretary? What is said of each? (PERIOD III). Heading. — What time is covered by this period? From what incident to what incident? Chapter VIII. 1. — Who organized the Territory of Arkansas? What is said of Governor James Miller? 2. — What difficulties were experienced in organizing the Territory? 3. — Who composed the first Legislature? When did it sit, and what officers were appointed in the Territory? Who was the first delegate to Congress? 4. — At what date, where and by whom was the first newspaper estab- lished in Arkansas? Relate particulars as to it. How long was it published there? When moved to Little Rock? The first issue at the latter place? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 95 5. — At what date was the Territorial Capital established at Little Rock? Q. — What is said of Miller County? 7.— Of Phillips County? 8.— Of Crawford County? 9. — Of Independence County? 10. — When and by whom was the northern boundary line surveyed? Relate particulars. 11. — What is said of Chicot County? 12. — Relate particulars of the second treaty with the Quapaw Indians. CiiAi'TER IX. 1. — Who succeeded Governor Miller as Governor? Who was he? 2. — What is said of Conway County? 3. — Of Crittenden Coimt}? 4.— Of Izard County? 6. — Of the County of Loveley? 6 —Of St. Francis County? 7.— Of Lafayette County? 8. — Who became delegate in Congress after Henry W. Conway? Give an account of his services. Q. — When did the first steamboat ascend the Arkansas River? What was her name? Her commander? Give an account of him. What is said of steamboat journeys of those days? When was White River first navigated? 10- — Relate particulars of the second treaty with the Cherokees? 1 1. — What is said of Sevier County? 12. — Of Washington County? Chapter X. 1. — Who succeeded Governor Izard as Governor, and when? Who succeeded Robert Crittenden as Secretary? Give an account of Mr. Crittenden. 2- — What is said of Governor Pope? 3. — What public improvements did he conduct? 4- — Relate what is said of accommodations tor public offices. 5. — What is said of Pope County? 6.— Of Union County? 7.— Of Hot Spring County? 8.— Of Monroe County? 9- — Of Jefferson County? IC— Of Jackson County? Chapter XI. 1 . — What is said of the steamboat business of 1S30? 2- — When and by whom was the southern boundary line of the State surveyed? Relate particulars. 96 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. .3' — What is stated as to emigration of Indians in 1S32? 4. — What is said of the great freshet of 1S33? 5- — Wiiat is said of Mississippi County? 6.— Of Carroll County? 7.— Of Pike County? 8. — Of Greene County? 9.— Of Scott County. 10— Of Van Buren County? 1 1 . — Of Johnson County? Chapter XII. 1. — Wlien was the first improvement of the rivers of Arkansas? By whom made? 2. — Wlio succeeded Governor Pope as Governor? Wlien? Wiio became Secretary? Give an account of Governor Fulton. 3- — Give an account of White County. 4.— Of Randolph County. 5. — Of Saline County. 6. — Of Marion County. V- — State the proceedings looking to admission into the Union. 8- — Give an account of the Constitutional Convention and the Constitu- tion. 9. — Wiiat took place on the matter being laid before Congress? At what date was the Territory admitted as a State? What Territory was admitted at the same date? IV.-THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. FROM 1836, THE DATE OF ADMISSION AS A STATE, TO 1S61, THE DATE OF THE CIVIL WAR. CHAPTER XIII. 1836 — The Admin sraUon of Governor James S. Conway. I, James S. Conway, First Governor of the State. Being ad- mitted into the Union as a State made it necessary that there should be a general election of officers. At the election which was held in x\ugust, 1S36, James Sevier Conway, at that time a resident of Hot Spring County, was elected Governor, and was therefore the first Governor of the State. Pie was born in Greene County, Tennessee, December ^th, i79^' ^°^^ °^ Thomas and Ann Con- way ; the second of seven sons, all of whom became distinguished men. In 1S16 he emigrated to St. Louis, Missouri, and from there came to Arkansas on a surveying expedition, in 1S30, and in 1S33 came to the Territory to live ; and settled on a farm on Red River, in Lafayette County. In 1S25 he surveyed the western boundary line of the Territory, and in 183 1 surveyed the southern boundary, as has been stated. In 1832, on the creation of the office, he became Surveyor-General of the Territory, and was in the discharge of its duties up to the tmie he was elected Governor. He served as Governor one term of four years, ending in 1840. He died at Walnut Hills, Lafayette County, March 3d, 1S55, in the 59th year of his age. At the election for Congressman, Archibald Yell was elected Representative in Congress, and when the Legislature assembled Ambrose H. Sevier and William S. Fulton were elected United States vSenators. All other necessary State and county officers being likewise elected, the State began its career with a full com- plement of officials for its government. Heading.— What time is covered by this period.' From what incident to what incident? 98 THE AXTE-BELLUM PERIOD. JAMES S. CO 2. Madison County. The Legislature which convened in September, besides ti'ansacting much business necessary for tlie beginning of the State's career, created two new counties — to- wit : the counties of Madison and Benton. Chapter XIII — 1. — Who was the first Governor of the State? Give an account of him? i 2. — What were the two next counties created? What is said of Madison County? THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. JAMES S. CONWAV. 99 Madison County, the thirty-sixth county created, was formed September 30th, 1S36, out of territory taken from Washington County, and was named after President James Madison. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of John Saunders, where it remained until July 33d, 1S39, when the county seat was located at Iluntsville, the chief town, where it now is. JMadison County is a northwest county, separated from Missouri by Carroll County, and from the Indian Territory by Washington County. Huntsville was laid out as a town on becoming the county seat, July 33d, 1S39. 3. Benton County, the thirty-seventh county createtl, was formed September 30th, 1S36, out of territory taken from Wash- ington County, and was named in honor of Missouri's greatest statesman, Thomas H. Benton, who, at all times, proved himself to be a good friend to Arkansas. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of George P. Wallace, and in 1S37 was established at Bentonville, where it now is. Bentonville is one of the thriving and important cities of the northwest, dating its existence from 1S37, when it became the county seat. Benton is the extreme northwest corner of the .State, having the Missouri line for its northern boundary, and the Indian Territory for its western border. 4. Banks. At the first session of the Legislature under the State Government certain important financial matters occupied the attention of the assembly. With the view of providing a circulat- ing medium among the people, and relieving the financial stringency resulting from the fact that many persons owned lands, wliile but few had ready money, the Legislature chartered two banks, known respectively as the State Bank and the Real Estate Bank. The State Bank was a State institution, owned 3.— Of Benton County? 4 — What two Banks were chartered hv the Legislature? How was the State Bank operated? lOO THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. exclusively by the vStatc, and with officers appointed by the Legis- lature. The capital stock was put at one million dollars, and the State issued to the bank one thousand bonds of the denomination of one thousand dollars each, which the bank sold ; the proceeds of which were to constitute the banking capital. 5. The State Bank. The principal bank was at Little Rock, with Major Jacob Brown of the United States Army as president, but branches were established at Fayetteville, Batesville and Arkansas Post. They began business in 1S37, but in 1S42, after a career of five years, the bank failed and was put into liquidation, with liabilities amounting to nearly $3,000,000, and nominal assets amounting to about the same ; but of which assets about one and a half million of dollars was owing by individuals on princi- pal and interest for money borrowed of the bank, and out of which nearly three-quarters of a million was uncollectible. Of the amount owing by the bank the State stood responsible for nearly one million three hundred thousand dollars, being on account of the issue of the bonds to the bank with the interest thereon ; for the payment of which the State had pledged her faith and credit, and as to which she now stood in the attitude of an endorser, whose principal has become insolvent, and has left him with the debt to pay. 6. In Liquidation. When the State Bank went into liquida- tion there began a long struggle to convert its assets into money, but much delay and expense and much loss were experienced in the effort, from the inability of debtors to pay and from the failure of securities; until, by the year 1858, sixteen years after the efforts at collection had been commenced, and after all the assets in the least degree available had been realized, there still remained a deficiency of nearly $1,200,000, for which the State stood responsi- ble as endorser. 5. — Give an account of the State Bank. Q. — What progress was made in settling its affairs? THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. JAMES S. CONWAY. lOI 7. The Real Estate Bank. The course of affairs with refer- ence to the Real Estate Bank was even more disastrous still. This institution was operated in a manner somewhat similar to the State Bank, but, in some respects, different. Its capital stock was jDut at $2,000,000 — twice that of the State Bank. For tliis amount the State issued and delivered to it, two thousand bonds of one thousand dollars each, which were to be sold by the bank at par, and the amounts received from the sale of the bonds, were to con- stitute the banking capital. A stockholder in the bank could, by being a stockholder, obtain credit to the extent of one-half of the amount of his stock, and any person, whether he was a stock- holder or not, could borrow money from the bank by giving a mortgage on his lands, with ten years time to pay it back. When the books of subscri2:)tion for stock were opened so great was the desire to subscribe that nearly twice the amount of stock was taken that the law allowed, and it was only by a considerable number of subscribers afterwards withdrawing that the subscrip- tions could be scaled down to the amount allowed by law. The principal bank was located at the Capital, with John Wilson of Clark County as president, and branches of it were established at Washington, Columbia, Helena and Van Buren. 8. The Holford Bonds. The bank at first had some difficulty in selling the bonds on the market, but finally sold five hundred of them to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, for the Smithsonian Institute, and one thousand of them to the North American Trust and Banking Company of New York. Having thus secured its capital the bank began business, and in a short while loaned out all of its funds, with mortgages on lands as security for much of it. At the expiration of about a year and a half the bank suspended specie payment, and by the end of four 7. — Give an account of the Real Estate Bank. 8. — How were its bonds disposed of? Give tlie particiilais as to tlie s^le of certain of thetn to James llolford. 103 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD.. years it failed tntirely, ar.d made an assignment to trustees, selected from among its directors. Some little time before it failed, finding itself in a pinch to pay the interest on the bonds, which was about to fall due, the bank borrowed money of the North American Trust and Banking Company, and gave as security the live hundred bonds which were in its hands unsold. The bank expected to receive $3^0,000 from this borrowing, but in point of fact only received $I2I;336. Without waiting for the Real Estate Bank to repay the loan and take up the security, as is the usual course of business in such matters, the North Ameri- can Trust and Banking Company, in a short while, by a breach of faith, sold the five hundred bonds, left with it as collateral, to James Holford, a baidcer of London, receiving from him $32^,- 000. The Trust and Banking Company then itself failed and made an assignment, having made something over $300,000 by its methjd of handling the Arkansas bonds. This was a subject which gave much after-trouble, as will be presently explained. 9. Assignment. At the time of makmg the assignment the liabilities of the Bank amounted to nearly $3,400,000, and their assets nxjininally amounted to nearly $3,500,000. Here again began a h^ig effort to convert the assets intcj money, but with no better success than in the case of the State Bank. Debtors were unable to pav, and, the debts having long time to run, collection could not be forced ; men who had mortgaged lands let the lands go for the debts, and the general effect of both banks was to involve thousands of persons in financial disasters and distresses. 10. Trustees of the Bank. The management of affairs con- tinued in the hands of the trustees for thirteen years, when, by legal proceedings, it was taken away from them and placed in charge of officers of the court, and the collection of the resources Q — What progress was made in realizing the assets of the bank? - 10. — What proceedings took place with reference to the management of I THK ADMIMSTKATION OF GOV. JAMES S. CONWAY. 103 was pushed as rapidly as possible ; but by 1S5S the bank still owed nearly $2,200,000, for the payment of which the available assets only amounted to about $900,000, leaving a deficiency of nearly $1,300,000, for which the State stood responsil)le, by reason of its guaranty of the boufls, or say two and a half millions of dollars on account of both banks. 11. Funding the Holford Bonds. The matter of this in- debtedness was revived after the Civil War, and, in 1S69. the Legislature passed an act allowing these bonds, the disputed " Holford Bonds," as the five hundred were called, which were sold to James Holford by the North American Trust and Banking Company, as well as others, to be " funded " that is surrendered, and new bonds issued for them; and as to the lands mortgaged, the courts, in 1S74, made decrees, giving fifteen years to parties to pay thein out bv annual instalments. 12. The Fishback Amendment. With reference to the Hol- ford Bonds, Colonel W^illiam JNI. Fishback of Fort Smith, in the Legislature of 1S79, proposed an amendment to the State Constitution, prohibiting the payment of these bonds, as they had been hypothecated, or pledged, contrary to law. The proposed amendment, taking the name of its author, was known as the Fishback Amendment. It was twice voted on by the peo- ple. It was defeated at the first election in 1S80; but was presented agam in 1SS4, and this time was adoptee^. It now stands as Amendment No. i to the present State Constitution, and bv it the payment of the disputed bonds, or interest, is pro- hibited. the bank's affairs? Tor what amount was the State finally made responsible on account of the two banks? 11. — What was done toward the funding of the bonds and the jiaymcnt of mortgages? 12.— What is the "Fishback Anicmhnent," and what was the result of it? I04 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. 13. First Presidential Vote of Arkansas. In the Autumn of 1S36 occurred the first I'rebidentiiil election iu which Arkansas took part. There were at that time two political parlies in the United States, known as the Whig and the Democratic parties. Alartin Van Buren of New York was the candidate of the Demo- cratic party, and William Henry Harrison of Ohio the regular candidate of the Whig party. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts was also made a candidate by a portion of the Whig party, and Hugh L. White of Tennessee was an independent canditlate for the office. Mr. Van Buren was elected to the position, and became the eighth President of the United States, with Richard M. Johnson as Vice-President. The vote of Arkansas, her first electoral vote cast, was given for the successful candidates. 14. Political Parties. i he political parties existing in the United States have been as follows : At the time of the Revolu- tionary War they were called Whigs and Tories ; the'Whigs rep- resenting the Americans, struggling for their independence, and the Tories, those'who adhered to, or sympathized with, the British. The Tory party became extinct on the establishment of the inde- pendence of the United States. The two parties then became known as Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The Federalists were- those who advocated making a Government with strong cen- tral powers. They numbered among their membership some of the most prominent and distinguished men of those times, but gradually , lost their power among the people. They became extinct as a party after the W^ar of 1S12. About the year iSoo the Anti-Federalist party became known as the Repulilican party, or the party of the people, whose chief exponent was Thomas Jefferson. After a short while they became known a-s the Demo- cratic party, the word Democrat being a name borrowed from 13- — What was the first Presidential election in which the State of Arkansas took part? For whom was her first vote cast? 14- — Give the review of political parties in the United States to the present time. THE At)MlNISTRATIOX OF GOV. JAMKS S. CONWAY. IO5 French societies, signifying the will of the masses. It is the same which is one of the piincipal political parties of the present time. After the decline of the Federalist party a division of the Repub- lican or Democratic party took place, in which one of the divisions became known as the National Republicans, and after 1829 were called Whigs, taking the name of the old Revolutionary party. The Whig party continued until after 1S50, when it dissolved. About 1S40 a party began to be formed in the Northern States, having for its object the abolition of slavery; hence called the Abolition party. It was absorbed, after the year 1854, by a party formed in those States which took the name of the Repub- lican party, the same that is one of the principal parties of the present time. About the same time a party was formed, designed to be composed of native-born American citizens only, to the exclusion of foreigners, and which was called the American party, or " Know Nothing " party, but it was only of short dura- tion. In 1S59 and 1S60, also, a party was formed called the Con- stitution and Union party, but which went to pieces in the break- ing out of the Civil War. Since the Civil War various national organizations have arisen, such as the "Prohibition" party, designed to prohibit the sale of liquor; the "Equal Rights" party, to give the right of voting to women, and the " Green- back" party, formed in 1S75, afterwards called the "Union Labor" party. [See note on next P'^gc] 15. Men of the Different Political Parties in Arkansas. The people of Arkansas had no official participation in these par- ties until she came into the Union as a State, but since that date her people have, at all times, taken part and been identified with them. Of the Whig party in Arkansas, Robert Crit- tenden was the leader, and Absalom Fowler, Frederick W. Trapnall, Thomas W. Newton, Ben Desha, Albert Pike, Robert C. Oden, William Cummins and others were prominent members. Of the Democrats, Henry W. Conway and Ambrose H. Sevier, in their respective times, were early leaders, and with them io6 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. Chester Ashlev. William E. Woodruff, James and Elias X. Con- wav. Robert W. Johnson, Solon Borland. Thomas C. Hindman, Augustus H. Garland. Robert C. Newton, James K. Jones, Clifton R. Breckinridge, Simon P. Hughes and others have been proininent members of the partv. The Republican party did not exist in Arkansas until after the war. and was in power in the State from iS6S to 1S74, Powell Clavton being the leader of the party in the State, and O. A. Hadlev. John McClure, Elisha Baxter. B. F, Rice, Joseph Brooks and otliers being prominent members of it. Note. — The following is a list of Presidents of the United States elected by the various political parties — to-wit: Year of Ql-alifi- CATION. Term of Office. 17S9 George Washington Virginia Federalist S 1797 John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 4 iSoi Thomas J etferson. Virginia Democratic... S 1S09 James Madison Virginia Democratic... S 1S17 James Monroe Virginia. Democratic... S 1824. John Quincv Adaxns Massachusetts Democratic... 4 1S39 lAndrew Jaclcson Tennessee Democratic... S iSj7 jMartin Van Buren ... ... New York Democratic... 4 lS4i._ Wm. Henr},- Harrison*... Ohio !Whig 1 1S41 .;...|John Tyler \nrginia .Whig 3 1S45 James Knox Polk. Tennessee Democratic... 4 l&fq Zacharv Tavlorf Louisiana ^Vhig i 1S50 Millard' Fillmore Xew York AVhig 3 1S53 Franklin Pierce Xew Hampshire... Democratic. . 4 1S57 James Buchanan. Pennsylvania Democratic. 4 1S61 Abraham LincolnJ Illinois Republican... 4 iS6s lAndrcw Johnson Tennessee Republican . 3 1S69 lUlysses S. Orant Illinois _ Republican. . S 1S77 iRutherford B. Haves Ohio Republican... 4 iSSi jjames A. Garfield**.. Ohio.... Republican... 6 iSSi jChester A. Arthur Xew York Refviblican .. 3 18S5 jGrover Cleveland. Xew York Democratic... 4 1SS9 ^Benjam in Harrison Indiana . Republican *Died in office April 4, 1841, when Vice-President Tvler succeeded him. tDied in office July o, iSfo, when Vice-President Fillmore succeeded him. JDied in office April 14, 1S65, when Vice-President Johnson succeeded him. **Died in office September 10, iSSi,when Vice-President Arthur succeeded hi years. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. month. years, 11 months. years. year, 4 raos., 5 dys. yrs., 10 ins., ^ dys. years. years. yrs.. I mo., 10 dys. yrs., 10 ins.,30 dys, years. years. months, 15 days. yrs., 5 ms., 15 dys. vears. 15- — What connection have the people of Arkansas had wiih these polit- ical parties? Mention some of those who have been prominent in the several parties in Arkansas. THE ADMINISTRATION OK GO\'. JAMES S. CONWAV. i07 CHAPTER XIV. 1837 io 1G4-0 — The Adminis'ration of Governor James S. Conway IContinued]. 1. Franklin County. ^Vn extra session of the Legislature was held ill November of 1S37, at which two new counties were created. They were the counties of Franklin and Poinsett. Franklin County, the thirty-eighth county created, was formed December 19th, 1S37, out of territory taken from Crawford County, and was named after the printer-philosopher, Ben- jamin Franklin. The county seat was established at Ozark, where it has since remained. Franklin is a northwest county, lying along the Arkansas River, which is its southern boundary, and Ozark is its chief town and a place of importance. 2. Poinsett County, the thirty-ninth county created, was formed February 2Sth, 183S, out of territory taken from the coun- ties of Greene and St. Francis, and was named after Joel R. Poinsett of South Carolina, Secretary of War under President Van Buren. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of William Harris. The county seat was located at a place called Bolivar, where it remained until the Winter of 1S56-1S57, when it was moved to Ilarrisburgh, where it now is. Poinsett is an interior county, northeast ; and Harrisburgh, which was founded September, iS:^6, is its chief town. 3. Desha County, the fortieth county created, was formed at a succeeding session of the Legislature, December 12th, 1S3S, out of territory taken from Arkansas County, and was named after Captain Ben Desha, a prominent citizen of the earlier times of the Territory, and a native of Kentucky, who had been a gallant officer in the War of 1S12, The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of William Sexton, on ihe Arkansas Chapter XIV. 1. — What is said of Franklin County? 2. — Of Poinsett County.^ 3.— Of Desha County.'" lOtS THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. River. Afterwards the town of Napoleon was made the county seat, and remained such until October, 1874, when the seat of justice was moved to Watson. Watson remained the county seat luitil December, iSSo, when the seat of justice was moved to Arkansas City, where it now is. Desha is a southeastern county, lying along the Mississippi River. Arkansas City is its chief town and a place of considerable importance, having a large ship- ping interest. It was founded in 1S73. The town of Napoleon, the first county seat, settled about the year 1833, was once a town of importance, being a great shipping point ; its wharfboat and steamboat traffic aggregating large amounts annually. The United States Government built a fine Marine Hospital at the place at a cost of $55,000, but, owing to the caving in of the river's banks, the building and, from time to time, the entire town tumbled into the river, and has been completely swept away. 4. Searcy County, the forty-first county created, was formed December 13th, 1838, out of territory taken from the county of Marion, and was named in honor of Judge Richard Searcy of Batesville, one of the pioneers in the Territory of the year 1820. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of James Eagan, and the county seat was located at Lebanon, five miles west of Marshall, but in 1856 was moved to Marshall, where it now is. Searcy is an interior county, north of centre, separated from Missouri by Marion County. Marshall, which was founded in 1S56, is its chief town. 5. Boundary Line Between Arkansas and Texas. In the Spring of 1840 the boundary line between Arkansas and the Republic of Texas was surveyed from the thirty-third degree of latitude, or northern boundary line of Louisiana, due north to Red River. Dr. John R. Conway, a brother of Governor James S. Con- 4- — Of Searcy County? 5. — When and by whom was the boundary line between Arkansas and Texas surveyed? What was the effect of the survey? THE ADMINISTRATION OK GOV. JAMKS S. CONWAV. 109 way, was the commissioner making the survey on the part of the State of Arkansas. By this survey the greater part of Miller County, which had previously been supposed to be in Arkansas, and wliere Arkansas judges had held courts since the establish- ment of the county, fell within the limits of the Republic of Texas. The line, as established hy the commissioners, is the same as that which now stands as the boundary line between the two States. 6. Archibald Yell, Second Governor. In 1S40 the second election for Governor took place, and Archibald Yell, who had served as Congressman, was elected to the position. lie was born in North Carolina in August, 1797, but when young emigrated to Tennes- see, and located at Shelby- ville. He came to Arkansas from Shelbyville in January, 183 1, having in the previous December been appointed Receiver of Public Moneys of the Little Rock Land District. He resigned this office in the latter part of 1832, and from 1833 prac- ticed law at Little Rock. In 1S35 he was appointed Judge of the Superior or United States Court of the TerritorV. In 18^6 on the Archibald yell, second governor of the state. admission of the vState into the Union, he was elected to Congress and served to 1S40. Being elected Governor in 1840 he served 'frt . Q. — Who was the second Governor of Arkansas? Give an account of him, no THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. as such one term, to 1S44, when he was again elected to Congress. In 1846, when serving in Congress, the Mexican War broke out, and, resigning his seat in Congress, he went to the war as Colonel of a regiment of Arkansas cavalry. He was killed at the battle of Buena Vista {^Bivay-nah Vees'-tah)^ February 23d, 1S47. He was buried on the field where he fell, but afterwards his body was brought home and was buried at Fayetteville, the place of his residence, where it now rests. 7. Yell County, the forty-second county created, was formed by the Legislature, December 5th, 1S40, out of territory taken from the counties of Scott and Pope, and was named in honor of Governor Archibald Yell. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of William H. Pevy until otherwise pro- vided. This county has practically two county seats — Danville, founded in October, 1841, and Dardanelle. Courts are held at both places, but the county records are at Danville, which is the county seat proj^er. Yell is an interior western county, lying along and south of the Arkansas River. Dardanelle, on the river, is its chief town, and is a place of importance and business activity. 8. Bradley County, the forty-third county created, was formed December iSth, 1S40, out of territory taken from Union County, and was named for Captain Hugh Bradley, at whose house the temporary seat of justice was established. In April, 1S43, the County seat was located at Warren, where it has since remained. Bradley is an interior southern county, separated from Louisiana hy the counties of Ashley and Union. Warren, founded in 1S41, is its chief town. 9. Perry County, the forty-fourth county created, was formed "December 18th, 1840, out of territory taken from Conway County, 7._What is said of Yell Countv? 8.— Of Bradley County.? 9.— Of Perry County.' THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. JAMES S. CONWAY. Ill and was named in honor of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the naval hero of the War of iSi3. The law for its creation, when first introduced, proposed that its name should be Lafave County, but when the bill was being considered in the Legislature the name was changed to Perry County. The temporary seat of justice was located at the house of John L. Houston, and in 1S41 the county seat was established at Perryville, where it has since remained. Perry County is a central county, lying along and south of, the Arkansas River ; west of Pulaski County, and touch- ing it. Perryville, founded in 1S40, is its chief town. 10. William Henry Harrison, President. In the Autumn of the year 1S40 an (lection for President was held, at which Van Buren and Johnson were the candidates of the Democrats and William Henry Harriso.i and John Tyler those of the Whigs. In the campaign which eni-ued, which was remarkable for the degree of enthusiasm it created throughout the country, the Whig candi- dates, Harrison and Tyler, were elected by a great majority. The electoral vote of Arkansas was given for Van Burcn as be- fore. General Harrison, who was the ninth President of the United States, died within a month after he was inaugurated, and the government was administered for the remainder of the term by Mr. Tyler as President. This is the first instance in American history in which the Vice-President was called to serve in the Presidency, 11. Census. In the Government census of the year, the sixth census, the population of Arkansas was 97,574, a gain of 67,186 in ten years. During this year, also, the United States Government com- menced the construction of two forts or arsenals in Arkansas ; one at Little Rock and the other at Fort Smith. At the latter place 10- — Who was elected President of the United States in 1S40? Who were the candidates, and for whom was the electoral vote of Arkansas cast? 112 THE ANTE-BELLUiM PERIOD. a new fort was built at or near the site of the old one, the build- ing being of stone, with barracks sufficient for four companies. The one at Little Rock is still used for the purpose, but the one at Fort Smith has been abandoned for use as a fort, being con- verted to use as a Federal Courthouse, and for a time was used as such, until the Government built a handsome courthouse for the purpose. CHAPTER XV. 1840 to 1846 — The Ad ninisiration of Governors Archibald Yell and Samuel Adans, and part of that of Governor Thomas S, Drew. 1. New Counties. In the particular period of the State's his- tory now being treated of, there was little that occurred needing to be recounted, except the formation of counties. At the session of the Legislature in the Autumn of 1S43 four were created — to- wit : the counties of Ouachita, Tvlontgomery, Newton and Fulton. This Legislature also made two important enactments, which afterwards became of great and particular service to the State. One was to provide for a geological survey of the State, which was afterwards made, in 1S56-1S5S, by Dr. David Dale Owen, an eminent geologist, a second survey being made by him 18:^9-1860; and the other was establishing a system of free common schools. 2. Ouachita County, the fortv-fifth county created, was formed by the Legislature, November 2yth, 1S43, out of territory taken from the county of Union, and took its name from the Ouachita River, which forms a part of its eastern boundary. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of William L. Bradley, and in the following year was established at Camden, where it now is. 11. — What was the population of Arkansas in the sixth census? What arsenals were built in Arkansas in 1S40? Chapter X\^. 1. — Name some important measures adopted by the Legislature of 1S42. 2. — What is said of Ouachita County? ADMIMISTUAT10>J OF' GOVS. YKLL, ADAMS AND DREW. 1 1^ Ouachita is an interior southern county, separated from Louisiana by the counties of Union and Columbia. Camden is its chief town, and is the most important city in tliat part of the State. It had its origin in a settlement made in early times by a Frenchman named Fabre (^Fah-bray^^ his place of location being called Ecore a Fabre (^A-corc ah Fah-bray')^ or Fabre's Bluff. 3. Montgomery County, the forty-sixth county created, was formed December 9th, 1S42, out of territory taken from Hot ►Spring County. The countv seat, from the time of the organiza- tion of the county, has been at the present town of IMount Ida. The town, however, was called by the name of Montgomcrv at first. In July, 1S50, the county court changed the name to Salem, and in October of tlie same year changed it to Mount Ida, which it now ])ears. ^Montgomery is an interior county, west ; separated from tiie Indian Territory by Polk County, and Mount Ida is its jirinci- pal town. 4. Newton County, the forty-seventh county created, was formed December 14th, 1S43, out of territory taken from the county of Carroll, and was named in honor of Thomas W. New- ton, an early resident, who came to Arkansas Post in 1S19, from Alexandria, Virginia, and afterwards became one of the promi- nent men of the Territory. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of John Bellah, on " Ilutson's Fork of Buffalo." .\fterwards the countv seat was located at the town of Jasper, where it now is. Newton County is an interior countv, north ; separated from INIissouri by Boone Countv, and Jasper is its principal town. 5. Fulton County, the forty-eighth county created, was formed December 21st, 1843, out of territorv taken from Izard Countv, and was lunned after Governor William Savin Fulton. The tem- 3- — Of Montgomery County? 4- — Of Newton Countv? 6.— Of Fulton Countv> 114 THE ANTE-HELLUM I'EIUOD. porary scat of justice was established at the house of Petei" Ground, and in 1S42 the county seat was located at Salem, where it now is. Fulton County is a northern border county, lying along the Missouri line, and Salem, which was founded in 1S43, is the chief town. 6. Samuel Adams, Acting Governor. In the month of April, 1S44, Governor Archibald Yell resigned the office of Governor, and became a candidate for Congi'ess, to which he was elected in August. Upon his resignation Samuel Adams of Johnson County, who was President of the Senate and the next otlicer in rank, became Acting Gov- ernor, and discharged the duties of the office from April to November ; when Thomas S. Drew, his suc- cessor, who had been elect- ed in August, was inaugu- rated before the Legisla- ture, and entered upon the discharge of his duties. Governor Adams was born in Halifax County, Vir- ginia, June 5th, 1S05. When a child his father m o V e d to 1 1 u m p h r e y Countv, Tennessee, where the son grew to manhood. In the Spring of 1S35 he moved to .Vrkausas and settled in Johnson County, where he lived until 1S46, when, being elected State Treasurer, he moved to Little Rock. He died while on a visit to his farm in SAMUEL ADAMS, ACTING OOVERNOR. 6. — How and at what date did Samuel Adams become Acting Governor.^ How long did he serve? Give an account of him. ADMI>4lStRAT10N: OK GOVS. VELL, ADAMS AND DUEVV. tl^ Saline County, Arkansas, February 27th, 1S50, in the forty-fifth year of his age. 7. Thomas S. Drew, Third Governor. Governor Thomas S. Drew, who was the third Governor of tlic State of Arkansas, was born in Vermont about the year 1801, and from there, wlien a young man, emigrated to Missouri. lie came to Arkansas in 1S21 or 1S32, and settled in Clark County. lie afterwards moved to Lawrence County, and was a delegate from that county in the Constitutional Convention of 1836. He then moved to Independ- ence County, and was a resident of that county when he was elected Governor in 1S44. lie served one term as Governor, and in 1S4S was elected a second time ; but in January, 1S49, re- signed the oflice, serving only a part of his second term. After this he moved from Arkansas and died in Lampasas County, Texas, in iSSo, at the advanced acre of sevcnt\-ninc. THOMAS S. DREW, THIRD QOVERNOR OF THE STATE. 8. James K. Polk, President. In the Autumn of the year 1S44 a Presidential election took place. The great Henry Clay of Kentuckv was the Whig candidate for President, with Theodore Frclinghuysen of New Jersey for Vice-President. James K. Polk •7. — Wlio was the next Governor? Give an account of him. 8- — What is said of the Presidential election of 1S44? At wliat tlate and how did Chester Ashley become United States Senator? Il6 THE ANTE-BELLUM PEUIOt). of Tennessee, a comparatively unknown man, was named as the Democratic candidate, with George AI. Dallas of Pennsylvania for Vice-President. James G. Birnev, of Michigan, was the can- didate of the Abolition party, their first candidate. Polk and Dal- las were elected. The vote of Arkansas was amon^^ tliose given for them in the Electoral College. In the month of August, 1S44, Senator William S. Fulton died, and w'as succeeded as Senator by Chester Ashley, to serve for the unexpired term. Chester Ashley was an early settler, having come to Arkansas from Alissouri about 1S20. 9. Polk County. At the session of the Legislature following these events, two new counties were created. They were given the names of Polk and Dallas, after the newly-elected National officers. Polk County, the forty-ninth county created, was formed Decem- ber 30th, 1844, out of territory taken from Sevier County, and was named after President James K. Polk. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of James Pirtle, at which place there was a postoffice called Panther. The name was shortly afterwards changed to Dallas, and it has since remained the county seat. Polk County is a western border county, lying along the Choctaw boundary line, south of the Arkansas River, and Dallas is its principal town. 10. Dallas County, the fiftieth county created, was formed January ist, 1S45, out of territory taken from the counties of Clark and Bradley, and was named after Vice-President George M. Dallas. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of Presley Watts, but in the same month the county seat was established at Princeton, where it has since remained. Dallas is an interior county, southwest of centre, lying along the Ouachita River, which forms a part of its western boundary. Princeton, which was founded in 1S45, is its principal town. Q. — What is said of Polk County? 10-— Of Dallas Countv? AbMINISTRAIIOX OK GOV. DREW. THK MEXICAN WAR. II7 CHAPTER xvr. 1846 to 1849 — In the Administration of Governor Tliomas S. Drew. The Mexican War. 1, The War with Mexico, 'i'hc next maltcr of public import- ance, in which the people of Arkansas were concerned, was the war between the United States and Mexico. The immediate cause of this war was the annexation, by the United States, of the Republic of Texas. The United States originally claimed that what is now the State of Texas belonged to them as part of the Louisiana purchase. On the basis of this claim they ceded the country to vSpain in 1S19, and paid $5,000,000 besides, in exchange for Florida. In 1S21, Mexico, which was under the dominion of Spain and included Texas, threw off the Spanish voke by means of a successful revolution terminating in that year. In that year also American colonists were for the first time introduced into Texas ; the first colony being planted there by Stephen F. Austin, who, it will be remembered, was for a short time a resident of Arkansas Territory, in 1S20. 2. The Texas Revolution. Austin's colony proving to be successful, a number of other American colonies followed, until, by the year 1S35, they had grown so strong in numbers as to incur the jealousy of the Mexican Government on account of their industry, thrift and growing prosperity, and they were treated with great crucltv by their Mexican rulers. This induced the Texans to rise in revolt against Mexico, and in a successful revolu- tion, which was terminated by the battle of San Jacinto, in April. 1836, in which General Sam Houston, the Texan leader, defeated the Mexicans, and made prisoner of their President and Com- Cmapter XVI. 1. — What was the next matter of public importance in which the people of Arkansas were concerned? Out of what did this wai- arise? In what manner did the I'nited States first acquire Texas, and in wliat manner lose it? In what manner did they gain it again? (Verse 3.) 2- — What let! to the Texas RcNolution, and how was tlie independence of IlS THE ANTfe-BELLUM ^ERIOfi. mander, General Santa Anna, they established theii* hidepenclenc6 as a Republic, with limits extending to the Rio Grande (^Rcc-o- Gran-dee) River. The existence of the Republic of Texas as an independent Power was speedily recognized by the United States ; by England, France and Holland. Mexico did not recognize her by any proceeding of her own Cortes or Congress, but when Santa Anna was a prisoner in General Houston's hands, he, with the consent of General Filisola (^Fil-is-o'-la)^ who was President in Santa Anna's absence, made a treaty with Houston, as the representative of Texas, by which the independence of Texas was acknowledged, and by means of which Santa Anna and his fellow- captives were released* 3. The Annexation of Texas. Having thus established her individual entity as a separate Government, Texas made proposi- tions to the Government of the United States to become one of the States. Being an independent Goverinnent she had a right to attach herself to any Government ])y which she might be received. Her proposal to become one of the vStatcs of the American Union dragged along for nine years — to-wit: from 1S37 to 1S46. The public sentiment of the Union was divided on the sul)ject. The people of the South were generally in favor of her annexation, and the people of the North were generally opposed to it, on the ground that thereby another slave-holding St:.te would be added to the public domain. In that time Mexico had made no attempt to repossess herself of Texas, but had permitted her to go on in her separate existence for ten years' time. The utmost Mexico had done in all this time was to declare, through her representa- tives, that if the United States annexed Texas it would be regarded by Mexico as a cause of war, as she claimed that Texas belonged Texas secured? By what Powers was she recognized? What were her west- ern limits? 3. — What efforts were made by Texas to become annexed to the United States? How were they received? How was annexation finally secured? ADMINISTRATION* OF GOV. DREW. THE MEXICAN WAR. 119 to her. Finally, in iS.|6, a JJill was jxisscd in Congress athnitling Texas into the Union, which being accepted by the Texas Con- gress, she became one of the United States. As soon as this was done President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to establish himself on the Texas border, and defend her soil from any invasion from Alcxico. 4. The War Begins. General Taylor took his position on the Rio Grande River, opposite JSIatamoras, on the Texas side, whereupon the Alcxicans began actual war by the bombardment of Fort Brown, in General Taylor's lines, in \\hich Major Jacob Brown, who, it will be remembered, was the first President of the State Bank of Arkansas, was killed ; and by attacking the Ameri- can troops at other points. Upon this the Congress of the United States, as well as that of Mexico, formally dcclaied war and called for troops. The quota to be furnished by Arkansas was two regiments; one for service on the border, to replace those which had been withdrawn for active service, and the other for service in the field. The volunteers called for in Arkansas were speedily raised ; more companies offering to enlist than were authorized to be received. 5. Organization of the Troops. The general rendezvous of the troops from Arkansas, going into the held, was at Wash- ington, Hempstead County. Here a regiment of cavalry was formed, and Governor Archibald Yell, of Fayetteville, was made Colonel ; John Selden Roane, of Van Buren, Uieutenant-Col- onel, and Solon Borland, of Little Rock, JSIajor. It consisted of ten companies, aggregating 820 men, who set out on their march to Mexico. A battalion for the defence of the frontier was also formed, under Lieutenant-Colonel \Villiam Grav ; and two companies of the Twelfth ITnited States Infantrv Regulars were 4. — Ilowdid the war begin? What troops were required from Arkansas? 5- — What troops were furnished by Arkansas? Of what regiments did thev consist? What befell some of them at the Hacienda of Encarnacion? 120 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. recruited from Arkansas, one of them being under the command of Captain Allen Wood of Carroll County. The total number of troops furnished by the State of Arkansas in this war was 1400 men. 6. Battle of Buena Vista. On arriving at the scene of action Yell's regiment was put at once into active service. In January, 1847, a number of them under Major Borland were made prison- ers by cavalry of the Mexican General Minon at the Hacienda of Encarnacion (^Ett-car-nass -cc^oa^i^ ^ and W'ere detained until near the close of the war, being treated with great severity and cruelty. The principal battle of the war was that of Buena Vista (^Bivay- naJi Vccs'-ta]i^^\\\-\\c\\ was fought February 33d, 1S47, in which General Taylor gained a complete victory over the Mexicans, who hatl much the largest force. In this battle Yell's Regiment was hotly engaged. Colonel Yell was killed, together with Cap- tain Andrew Porter, and a number of the men were either killed or wounded. It was not a great while after this battle until the war ended. 7. End of the War. The battle of Buena Vista was the principal engagement in which the Arkansas troops took part, but the Twelfth Infantry, with the company under Captain Allen Wood, were also engaged in the battles of Contreras (^Con-tray' -fas') and Cherubusco (^Shcr-oo-hoos -co^^ where they distinguished themselves for gallantry. One immediate result of this war was to add a large portion of territory to the United States, comprising what is now the Territory of New Mexico and the lower part of California. Senator A. H. Sevier resigned his seat in the United States Senate, and was appointed Minister to Mexico at the concluding of peace in 184S. Another lesult was to add greatly to the prestige of American soldiers for gallantry and valor. 6-— What at the battle of Buena Vista? 7. — What were the results of this war? ADMINISTKATION OF GOV. DREW. THE MEXICAN WAR. 131 8. Prairie County. While these military affairs were in pro- gress certain civil matters took place, which are to be noted. During the Autumn of the year 1S46 the Legislature sat, and as part of their labors created the counties of Prairie , Drew and Ashley. Prairie CouNTy, the fifty-first county created, was formed November 35th, 1S46, out of territory taken from Pulaski County; and takes its name from the nature of the country composing a large j^art of its area, being the prairie land common to the west- ern country. The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of Hunt, on the Memphis Road. The county seat was located for a time at Brownsville, and next at Devall's Bluff, where it remained until 1S75, but in that year Des Arc was made the county seat, and has since remained such. Prairie County is an interior eastern county, bounded on the east by White River. g. Drew County, the fifty-second county created, was formed November 26th, 3 ut of lished at the house of Alexander M. Rawles, and remained there 8. — What is said of Prairie County? 9. — What is said of Drew County? 122 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. until 1 848, when, upon the formation of Ashley County, which included Rawles' house within its limits, the county seat of Drew County was established at a place called Rough and Ready, one mile south of the present towai of Monticello.* In 1849 the county seat was established at Monticello, where it now is. Drew is a southeastern interior county, not far froin the Mississippi River, and Monticello is its chief town. 10. Ashley County, the next county created, and fifty-third in number, was formed November 30th, 1848, at the next session of the Legislature, and was named in honor of Senator Chester Ashley. It was formed out of territory taken from the county of Drew. The temporary scat of justice was directed to be at the house joi Isaac Denson. In October, 1S49, a town was laid off by commissioners and called Hamburg, which was made the county seat, and is such now. Ashley County is a southeastern border county, lying along the Louisiana line. Hamburg is its chief town. 11. Resignation of Governor Drew. In the latter part of 1848, Governor Drew's first term drawing to a close, he was elected Governor a second time. He was inaugurated before the Legislature in November, 1848, but resigned the office in January, 1849. Upon his resignation, Richard C. Byrd, as President of the Senate, became Acting Governor, and administered the office until his successor, John Selden Roane, was elected and qualified in April, 1849. At this session of the Legislature, also, Major Solon Borland was elected United States Senator, and Senator Chester Ashley having died in April, 1848, while in the discharge of his ♦Pronounced in Italian mon-ti-tshelo. 10- — What is said of Ashley County? 1 1 . — What was the date of Governor Drew's second election? The date of his resignation? Who succeeded him as Acting Governor? State the succession of United States Senatorships of this date. i ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. DREW. THE MEXICAN WAK. 12^ duties, Judge William K. Sebastian, of Helena, was elected his successor, for the unexpired portion of the term. 12. Zachary Taylor, President. The successful issue of the Mexican War had made General Zachary Taylor a popular hero. He was nominated by the Whig party as their candidate for Pres- ident, with iSIillard Fillmore of New York for Vice-President. The Democratic candidates were Lewis Cass of Michigan for President, and William O. Butler of Kentucky for Vice-Presi- dent. Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams were the candidates of the '' Free Soil " or Anti-Slaverv party. In the election held in November, Taylor and Fillmore were elected. The vote of Arkansas was given for Cass and Butler. Presi- dent Tayl^^r was inaugurated in 1S49, but died in July, 1S50, and Vice-President Fillmore administered the affairs of the Govern- ment for the remainder of the term. CHAPTER XVn. t849 to 1861 — The Administration of Governor John Selden Roane; that of Governor Elias N. Conway, two terms ; and the Election of Governor Henry M. Rector. I. John Selden Roane, Governor. The war with Mexico being concludeil, the State entered upon a season of jjeace and prosperity. Upon assuming the duties of Acting Governor, Richard C. Byrd issued his proclamation for a special election for Governor, to be held in April, 1849. At this election John Selden Roane, then of Pine Bluff, was elected Governor, and in a short while assumed the duties of the office. He was the fourth Governor of the State. He was born in Wilson County, Tennes- see, January 8th, 1817, and came to Arkansas in 1S37, settling 12 — In what Presidential election did the people of Arkansas take part in 1S4S? Who were the candidates? How long did President Taylor serve? Chatter XVII. 1. — What proceedings were instituted by Richard C. Byrd for the election of a Governor? Who was elected? Give a sketch of him. 124 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. at Pine Bluff. In 1S43 he became a resident of A'an Buren, and was liv- ing there at the breaking out of the Mexican War, in which he took part as Lieutenant-Co lonel of Yell's regiment, and com- manded it after the death of Colonel Yell. He served one term as Governor, to November, 1S52. He was a Brigadier-General of the Confederate Army in the Civil War of 1S61. He died at Pine Bluff, April 7th, 1067, aged fifty years, aiul is buried in Oakland Cemetery in Little Rock. 2. Federal Judges. In the month of October, 1S49, Judge Benjamin Johnson, who had been a Federal Judge in Arkansas since 1S20, died at his home in Little Rock, and was succeeded as United States District Judge by Daniel Ringo. Judge Ringo served in that position until 1861. Li iS^i Congress creatctl a Federal Court for the western district of Arkansas, to be held at Fort Smith. 3. Population in Seventh Census. In the year 1S50 the seventli census of the Ignited vStates was taken by the Government authorities. In it the population of Arkansas was 209,897. This was a gain of 1 12,323 since the previous census of 1840, when the number stood 97,574 ; being at the average rate of a little above 1 1,000 per annum. JOHN SELDETN ROANE, FOUnTH GOVCRNOR OF THE STATE. 2. — State changes in the Federal judiciary of this date. 3- — What was tlie population of Arkansas in 1850? ADMINISTRATION OF GOVS. ROANE, CONWAY AND RECTOR. I25 4. Calhoun County. The next Legislature which assembled created the counties of Calhoun and Sebastian. Calhoun County, the fifty-fourth county created, was formed December 6th, 1S50, out of territory taken from the counties of Dallas and Ouachita, and was named in honor of John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Tlie temporary seat of justice was established at the house of James Riggs. In 1S51 the county seat was located at Hampton, where it has since remained. Calhoun is a southern interior county, not far from the Louisiana line, and Hampton is the chief town. 5. Sebastian County, the fifty-fifth county created, was formed January 6th, 1S51, out of territory taken from the counties of Crawford, Scott and Polk, and was named after Senator William K. Sebastian. Tlie temporary scat of justice was established at the house of Eaton Tatum. The county seat was located at Greenwood. Two districts were afterwards formed in the county, with separate courts at Greenwood and Fort Smith, the same as if they were separate county seats. The United States Court for the western district of Arkansas is held at Fort Smith. Sebastian is a western county, bounded north by the Arkansas River and west by the Lidian Territory. Fort Smith is its chief place, and is a splendid city; the second city in the State in size and population. 6. Elias N. Conway, Governor. The term of office of Gcnernor Roane drawing to a close in the year 1S53, Elias Nelson Con way was elected his successor, and was inaugurated before the Legislature in November, being the fifth Governor of the State. He was a younger brother of Henry W. Conway, who was delegate to Congress from Arkansas Territory, and of 4- — What is said of Calhoun County? 5- — Of Sebastian County? 6. — Who succeeded Governor Roane as Governor? Give an account of hitn. 126 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. Governor James S. Con- way, the first Surveyor- General and first Governor of the State. He was born at Greenville, Tennessee, May 17th, i8i3, and went with his father first to St. Louis, jMissouri, in 1S18, and afterwards to Glasgow, Missouri. He came to Arkansas in November, 1S33, and settled at Little Rock, where he ever after- wai'ds lived. He was Audi- tor of the Territory and State of Arkansas from July, 1S35, to January, 1S49, four terms, or nearly four- teen years. He served two terms as Governor, from He was one of the most laborious and faithful public sen^ants whom the State ever had in its service. • 7. Columbia County. The Legislature which convened in 1S52, as part of its labors, created the county of Columbia, Decem- ber 17th, 1853, out of territory taken from the counties of Lafay- ette, Union, Hempstead and Ouachita. It was the fifty-sixth county created. Li 18^3 the county seat was established at Mag- nolia, where it has since remained. Columbia is a southwestern county, lying along the Louisiana State line, and separated from Texas by the counties of Lafayette and ISIiller. Magnolia is its principal town. ELIAS NELSON CONWAY, FIFTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. 1852 to i860. 7- — What is said of Columbia County? ADMINISTRATION OF GOVS. ROANE, CONWAV AND RECTOR. 12'7 8. Franklin Pierce, President. In the Autumn of 1S53 a Presidential election occurred. Franklin Pierce of New Hamp- shire and William R. King of Alabama were the candidates of the Democratic party. General Winfield Scott and William A. Graham of North Carolina were the candidates of the Whigs, and John P. Hale of New Hampshire and George W. Julian of Indiana were those of the " Free Soil " or Anti-Slavery party. In the elec- tion, which occurred in November, Pierce and King were elected. The vote of Arkansas was among those cast for them. 9. Robert W. Johnson, Senator. In June, 1S53, Senator Solon Borland having been appointed Minister to Central America, resigned his senatorship, and Robert W. Johnson was appointed by Governor Conway as his successor, and was subsequently elected for the full term, ending 1S61. 10. Railroads. In the year 1S54 the first operations looking to the building of railroads in the State were put into effect. A sur- vey of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, now the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, the principal railroad in the State, and a part of the great Missouri Pacific system, was made from the ^Missouri line to Texas; and a company was formed for the building of it, with Roswell Beebe as President. In the same year surveys of the lines of the Little Rock and Fort Smith and of the ]Memphis and Little Rock Railroads were also made. 11. Governor Conway's Second Term. The administration of Governor Elias N. Conway, in the two terms, which he served from 1S53 to 1S60, was one of prosperity and peace. He was elected a second time in 1S56. Nothing arose to disturb the even course of affairs except the excitement incident to matters of national 8. — What President was elected in 1S52? For whom was the electoral vote of Arkansas given? 9. — State what change in the United States Senatorship took place at this date. 10- — What matters looking to railroad building took place at this date? 11. — How long did Governor Elias N. Conway serve as Governor? 128 THE ANTE-BELLUM PERtOD. politics, which were in a disquieted condition. Immigration was coming to the State steadily and constantly ; her resources were being brought to light ; internal improvements were in progress, and a careful, prudent, economical policy was being pursued in the administration of affairs ; so that when Governor Conway passed out of othce, he left about $300,000 in gold and silver in the vaults of the State Treasury. One of the important measures arising dur- ing his second term was the establishment of the State School for the Blind, incorporated in 1S59, and now in successful opera- tion at the Capital. 12. James Buchanan, President. The year 1856 witnessed a Presidential election of unusual interest and excitement. The candidates were James Buchanan of Pennsylvania and John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky of the Democratic party. Millard Fill- more of New York and Andrew J. Donelson of Tennessee were the nominees of the American or " Know Nothinsr " party; the Anti-Slavery men, now under the name of Republicans, had as their candidates John C. Fremont of California and William L. Dayton of New Jersey. The Whig party had no candidate, their last nominee being General Scott in 1852. In the election, which occurred in November, Buchanan and Breckinridge were elected. The electoral vote of Arkansas was among those given for them. 13. Craighead County, the fifty-seventh county created, was formed February 19th, 1S59, out of tenitory taken from the counties of Green, Poinsett and ]Mississippi, and was named after Thomas B. Craighead, State Senator from Mississippi County. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of William Puryear. In the next year the county seat was located at Jonesboro, where it has since remained. Craighead is a north- east county, not far from the Missouri line, and Jonesboro is its chief town. What was the condition of public affairs during his two administrations? 12- — Who was elected President in 1S56? For whom was the electoral vote of Arkansas given? 13. — What is said of Craighead County? ADMINISTRATION OF GOVS. ROANE, CONWAY AND RECTOR. I29 14. Abraham Lincoln, President. Secession of Southern States. In the year i860 matters of national politics reached a crisis. The political parties of the country were strangely divided. There were two branches of the Democratic party : one headed by John C. Breckinridge and Joseph Lane ; the other headed by Stephen A. Douglas and Herschel V. Johnson. Another party was composed of the former elements of the American party and some of the Whig members, known as the Constitution and Union party, headed by John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts. Opposed to these was the Republican party, which had been growing stronger all the time, having for its can- didates Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine. In the election, which took place in November, Lincoln and Hamlin were elected. The vote of Arkansas was given for Breckinridge and Lane. Following the election of Mr. Lincoln, various Southern States passed ordinances of secession ,and with- drew from the Union, as will be presently more fully stated. 15. Henry M. Rector, Governor. It was in the midst of the intense excitement existing in this year that an election for Gov- ernor of Arkansas was held. Richard II. Johnson was the regular nominee of the Democratic party, but Judge Henry M. Rector became an independent Democratic candidate for the office. Judge Rector was elected, and was inaugurated before the Legis- lature in November. The total vote cast at this election was 61,198, out of a population of 435,450 in the State, as given by tlie census of that year. This population was a gain of 225,553 persons, or more than a quarter of a million over the census of 1S50. Governor Rector, who was the sixth Governor of Arkan- sas, was born in St. Louis, ^Missouri, in 18 16. He came to 14- — Who was elected President in iGCo? What candidates were there.^ For whom was the vote of Arkansas given? What took place upon the election of Mr. Lincohi? 15- — Who was elected Governor in 1S60.'' Give an account of him. I30 THE ANTE-BELLl'M PERIOD, Arkansas in 1S35, to look- after some landed interests at the famous Hot Springs, which had been left to him on the death of his father. Alajor Elias Rector. He engaged chiefly in farming, but in 1S59 became Judge of the Supreme Court. He resigned his seat on the bench to become a candi- date for Governor, and was elected as stated. He served until 1S62, when he was succeeded by Harris Flanagin. 16. Public Improvements. Tiic year 1S5S witnessed the FiusT RAILROAD BUILDING to take place in Arkansas. Work was prosecuted in that year in the building of the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad. A portion was finished from Hopefield, opposite Memphis, to Madison, about forty miles, and from Little Rock a section was finished to Devall's Bluff, forty-five miles, during the years 1859-1S60. This latter was used in connection with a line of boats coming from ^Memphis to Devall's Bluff, until after the war, when about the year 1S6S or 1S69 the line was completed through to Memphis. In the year 1S60 also the first telegraph line in Arkansas was established, and put into effect from Memphis to Little Rock. HENRY M RECTOR SIXTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE 16. — What public improvements are noted as taking place in 185810 iSfe.-* State the condition of public affairs at the close of this Period. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVS. UOANK, CONWAY ANO REe lOR. I3I The close of this Period of twenty-four years' tluration, fouiui the country in a state of intense excitement, with business pros- trated, trade paralyzed and public affairs pointing to a great con- vulsion, which soon took place. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (PERIOD IV.) Headixg. — What length of time is covered by this Period? I-'rom what incident to what incident? Chapter XIII. 1 . — Who was the first Governor of the State of Arkansas? The first Representative in Congress? The first Senators? 2- — Wliat is said of Madison County? 3.— Of Benton County? 4- — What financial institutions were cliartered by tlie Legislatme? 5-6. — Give an account of the State Bank. 7- 10-— Of the Real Estate Bank. • 11. — Explain the Ilolford Bonds. 12- — Explain the Fishback Amendment. 13- — For whom was the first electoral vote of Arkansas cast, and when? 14- — Give an account of the political parties of the United States. 15- — How were the people of Arkansas connected with these parties? Cu.\PTER XIV. 1. — What is said of Franklin County? 2.— Of Poinsett County? 3.— Of Desha County? 4. — Of Searcy County? 5. — When and by whom was the boundary line between Arkansas and Texas surveyed? What was the effect of the survey? Q. — Who was the second Governor of Arkansas? When was he elected.^ Give an account of him. 7-— What is said of Yell County? 8.— Of Bradley County? 9.— Of Perry County? 10- — Who was elected President in 1S40? For whom was the vote of Arkansas given? 11. — What was the population of Arkansas in 1S40? What Government buildings were erected in Arkansas in this year? Chapter XV. 1 . — Mention important acts of the Legislature of 1S4Z, 132 THE AN'TE-BELLUM PERIOD. 2. — What is said of Ouachita County? 3- — Of Montgo'Tiery County? 4- — Of Newton County? 5. — Of Fulton County? 6. — Who became Acting Governor after Archibald Yell? When and how? 7. — VVho was the next Governor? When elected? 8 — Who was elected President in 1S44? For whom was the vote of Arkansas cast? What changes in United States Senatorships took place at this date? 9. — What is said of Polk County? 10.— What of Dallas County? Chapter XVI. 1 — What was the next matter of public importance in which the people of Arkansas were concerned? Out of what did this war arise? 2-3- — Give in your own language an account of the manner in which Texas caine to be annexed to the United States? 4. — By whom were the first operations of the war commenced, and how? What troops were called for from Arkansas. 5. — Where did the rendezvous of the Arkansas troops take place? ^^'hat regiments were formed? By whom commanded? What was the full num- ber of troops furnished by Arkansas for this war? 6- — What casualties befell Yell's regiment, and where and how? ■7. — In what battles of this war were Arkansas troops engaged? What were the results of the war? 8- — What is said of Prairie Coimty? 9-— Of Drew County? IC— Of Ashley County? 1 1. — Who became Governor after Thomas S. Drew, and how? 12. — Who was elected President in 1S4S? For whom was the vote of Arkansas given ? Chapter XVII. 1. — Who was elected the next Governor? How and when? Give an account of him. 2. — What changes took place in the Federal judiciary at this date? 3. — What was the population of Arkansas in 1S50? ^Vhat gain was this over the previous census? 4- — What is said of Calhoun County? 5. — Of Sebastian County? 6- — Who was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1S52? Give an account of him. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1 33 7. — What is said of Columbia County? 8- — Who was elected President in 1S52? Who were the candidates, and for whom was the" vote of Arkansas given? Q. — What change in the United States Senatorship took place at this date? 10- — What anil when were the first operations in Arkansas looking to the building of railroads? 1 1 . — What was the course of affairs under the administration of Governor Elias N. Conwav? Mention an important measure arising during his second term. 12.— Who was elected President in 1S56? Who were the candidates, and for whom was the vote of Arkansas cast? 13- — What is said of Craighead County? 14- — Who was elected Presiilent in 1S60? What candidates were there? For whom was the vote of Arkansas given? What followed upon the elec- tion of Mr. Lincoln? 15- — Who was elected Governor of Arkansas in the year 1S60? Give an account of him. What vote was cast at this election? What was the pop- ulation of the State in 1S60? 16. — What was the first railroad and telegraph line built in Arkansas? Give an account of the condition of public affairs at the close of this Period. V.-THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR. FROM 1861 TO 1865. CHAPTER XVIII. 1861 — The Beginning of tfie War. 1. Origin of the War. During these years, which have been under consideration, political matters had gradually so shaped themselves as to end ni a terrible war, carried on between the States of the North and those of the South. The difficulty arose out of the existence of slavery in the Southern States. From the foundation of the Government the existence of slavery had been permitted by the Constitution and the laws of the country, and had been recognized by the decisions of the Courts. It had at first existed in New York, Pennsylvania and other Eastern States as well as in the South ; but it had gradually been abolished in the eastern States, until it was retained no where in the Union except in the Southern or cotton-producing States. In the progress of time a spirit of opposition to its existence arose in the Northern States, and resulted in the formation of first one political party, and then another, known as Anti-Slavery men, as " Free Soilers," some of the more pronounced in their views and measures, being called Abolitionists. 2. The Missouri Compromise. The first definite official opposition to the spread of slave-holding took place in 1S20, in Chapter XVIII. 1. — What great event took place in 1861? Out of what subject did it arise? Give an account of the subject. 2. — How were the first difficulties over the subject settled? Explain the Missouri compromise. 134 THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. I35 what was known as the Missouri Compromise. That was this : The Territory of jMissouri desired to be admitted into the Union as one of the United States, with laws permitting the existence of slavery within its limits. This was opposed in Congress by dele- gates from the Northern States, and after much controversy the subject was settled by a compromise between the two sides, in which it was agreed that Missouri might come into the Union as a slave State, but that thereafter no slave State should be formed out of any territory lying north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes of north latitude, which is the southern boundary line of Missouri, or northern boundary line of Arkansas ; and any States formed south of that line might have slavery or not, as they saw tit. 3. Opposition to Slavery. This settlement of affairs had the effect of tranquilizing the public mind, and matters went along peaceably and smoothly for a time. Some opposition was dis- played to the creation of slave States, even south of the compro- mise line, as took place in the case of the admission of Arkansas in 1S36, of Texas in 1S46, and in the formation of territories out of the country obtained from Mexico by the war of 1S46-1S4S ; but matters remained comparatively quiet until 1S50, when another serious outbreak was threatened by it being proposed to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and to admit California into the Union as a free State. ^Matters were again quieted by a second compromise, proposed by the great statesman, Henry Clay, which provided for the admission of California as a free State, and the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, but added a provision, that slaves escaping into the free States should not therebv become free, but should be restored to their masters in the slave States. 3. — When did further trouble concerning the matter arise? By what was it settled? What were the features of this compromise? 136 THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR. 4. Events Leading to the War. This last named feature of the law, which was known as the '^ Fugitive Slave Law," gave great dissatisfaction in the free States, and resulted in the enact- ment in many of those States of what were called '• Personal Lib- ertv Bills," which had the effect of destroying tlie operation of the Fugitive Slave Law. These being followed by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise Law and the establishment of territo- rial GOVERNMENTS for Kansas and Nebraska, with or without slavery, as the people of those Territories saw fit, created much public excitement. In Kansas a long series of conflicts took place, known as the Border War, arising from the fact that one portion of the inhabitants desired slavery to exist in the Territory, and brought their slaves thither, while others who were opposed to slavery endeavored to keep them out. This state of public excitement was intensified by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, called the Dred Scott decision, which was that slaves being taken to the free States did not thereby become free, and bv an insurrection organized about this time by John Brown, of Kansas, at Harper's Fei;ry in Virginia, designed for the liberation of slaves, but which was unsuccessful, and was sup- pressed by the aid of the National Government, after having caused considerable bloodshed and loss of life. 5. The Election of Abraham Lincoln. It was in this con- dition of public affairs that the Presidential election of 1S60 took place. There were four candidates, as we have seen. John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and Joseph Lane, of Oregon, repre- senting one wing of the Democratic party ; Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia, representing another; John Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of ISIas- sachusetts, representing the Union and Constitution party, com- posed of portions of the old Whig and Know Nothing parties, and 4. — State what events followed the establishment of this compromise 5- — What exciting event took place in 1S60? What transpired following t'.iis election.' THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. 137 also drawing some supporters from the Democratic party, and Abraham Lhicohi, of Illinois, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, representing the Republican party, or party opposed to slavery. After a campaign of tremendous excitement, in which the whole country was fairly ablaze from one end of it to the other, Lincoln and Hamlin were elected. The vote of Arkansas in this election was given for Breckinridge and Lane. Immediately following this election the State of South Carolina, deeming that the course of the new administration would be hostile to her interests, as the power of the Government had now gone into the hands of the party opposed to slavery, passed an ordinance of secession and withdrew from the Union. In this she was quickly followed by the States of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. These States organized at Montgomery, Alabama, what was called a Southern Confederacy, and chose for its Presir dent Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, with Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. I3S THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR." 6. The State Convention of Arkansas. During this time the sentiment of the people of Arkansas was in favor of the Union. In the critical condition of the times the Legislature called a convention of the people, to take into consideration the condi- tion of public affairs, and to determine what was the proper course for the State of Arkansas to pursue. The convention sat in March, 1S61, and although several propositions were made in favor of withdrawing from the Union, they were all voted down, and the convention adjourned, without having done anything favorable to secession, except to provide that the question of whether they would withdraw from the Union or not, should be left to a vote of the people. 7. The War Begins. The Ordinance of Secession. But before the time arrived at which the vote of the people was to be had, the war actually began. The Government of the United States having despatched a fleet from New Yoi"k to re-enforce and hold Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, over which the State of South Carolina claimed ownership and jurisdiction, by reason of it being within her limits, the Confederate authorities declared this to be an act of war, and troops of the Con- federacy, under General Beauregard, opened fire on the fort, April I2th, 1861, and bombarded it for thirty-two hours ; at the end of which time Major Anderson, its defender, surrendered it. Upon this taking place, President Lincoln issued a procla- mation, calling for 75,000 men to put down the rebellion, and called on the State of Arkansas to furnish a portion of them. These incidents, the beginning of the war, and the demand on her for troops to aid therein, completely altered the attitude of public Q. — What was tlie sentiment of Arkansas in this crisis at first? What action did the State convention take? 7; — Out of what incident did the war actually begin? What then took place? What effect had this action on the public sentiment of Arkansas? THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. 1 39 sentiment in the State. The people now became practically unani- mous in favor of secession. Governor Rector returned an answer refusing to furnish any troops, and the convention which re- assembled, May 5th, on the next day passed, by a vote of sixty- nine in the affirmative to one in the negative, an ordinance of secession, withdrawing the State from the Union, and for good or ill, joining her fortunes with the other States of the South. The one vote against the secession of the State was cast by Isaac Murphy, delegate from Madison County. The convention also adopted a constitution for the State known as the Constitution of 1861. The vState was admitted a member of the Southern Con- federacy under this constitution, May 20th, 1S61. 8. Organization of Troops. Everything was now in a state of the utmost excitement. Companies, battalions, regiments, batteries of artillery and other commands were formed with the utmost rapidity all over the State, and arming themselves as best they could, hurried to the front to take part in active operations. A Military Board was formed, composed of the Governor, Demy M. Rector, Benjamin C. Totten of Prairie County, and Christo- pher C. Danley of Little Rock, to arm and equip troops. Samuel W. Williams of Little Rock succeeded Captain Danley as a mem- ber of this Board, and upon Colonel Williams going into the service, L. D. Hill of Perry County succeeded him. This Mili- tary Board called for 10,000 volunteers in addition to the troops that had at the first entered the field, and these regiments with many others were speedily raised and took part in the struggle. In short, it may be said, that out of a voting population of 61,198 in i860, fully five-sixths of the number, or 50,000 entered the What demand was made on her? What action did the convention now take? By what vote? 8. — What preparation for war was made by the State of Arkansas? 140 THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR. Confederate service. In the course of time, from the year 1S62, when the Federal or United States forces occupied the north- ern and eastern portions of the State, a number of recruits entered the service on that side. The full number who did so was a little above 13.000, of whom a considerable portion were colored troops. 9. Field of Operation of Arkansas Troops. Any detailed account of the men from Arkansas taking part in this war must necessarily be left for larger histories. In a work of this character it can only be said that there was no portion of the wide theatre of war but what Arkansas soldiers were there, and took part in its operations. Of those wlio were in the army of the Southern Confederacy, some were in Virginia in the armies of Beauregard, Johnston, Lee, Jackson and Longslrcet, from the beginning of the war until the end. Many were in Kentucky under Bragg and Kirby Smith ; in Tennessee and Georgia under Bragg, Johnston and Hood ; in ISIississippi under Price and Van Dorn ; in Mis- souri under Price ; in Arkansas under Hindman and Holmes, and in Louisiana under General Dick Taylor. Besides the battles which were fought on her own soil, solcMers from Arkansas were engaged on the Confederate side in all the great battles in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, from Manasses to the surrender of Lee at Appomattox ; in those of Oak Hill, Shiloh, Corinth, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and all the engagements of Johnston's army from the opening of the campaign of 1S64 until his surrender in North Carolina, after the surrender of Lee. They were at Fort Donelson ; at the siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, in each of which places many were made pris- oners ; and at other important 2:)oints where the varying events of What troops were raised for the Confederate service? What troops went into the Federal service? 9. — What was the field of operations of Arkansas troops? State what extent of losses occurred to regiments of her troops in the Confederate service. THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. 141 the conflict called them. The loss sustained by them in the pro- gress of the great struggle was terrific. Regiments which entered the war with the full number of 1000 men and more, had less than 100 men left at the close of the struggle, and some even less than forty men. Other regiments were so far depleted as to entirely lose their identity' and become merged into others. 10. General Patrick R. Cleburne. Among the personages from Arkansas wiio became distinguished as commanding officers on the Confederate side there may be particu- larly mentioned General Patrick R. Cleburne. He was one of the most intrepid and valorous commanders whom the Southern armv had. At the commencement of these difficulties he was a private in the ranks of the Yell Rifles of Helena, but eventually rose to the rank of a Major-General, and commanded his troops always with most distinguished success. He was o^ «•• « oleburne. killed at the battle of Franklin, November 30th, 1864, and is buried at Helena, his old home. CHAPTER XIX. 1862 fo 1865 — The Continuation of tfie War. Harris F/anagin, Confederate Governor; Isaac Murphy, Federal Governor. I. Harris Flanagin, Governor. Along with incidents of a military nature certain matters of a civil and a political kind are now to be noted. One is a change in the governorship. In November, 1S62, Governor Rector resigned his office, and was succeeded by Thomas Fletcher of Arkansas County, who was Pres- ident of the Confederate Senate. A special election for Governor 10- — Give an account of General Cleburne. Chapter XIX. 1. — Who succeeded Governor Rector as Governor, and when.'' Give an account of him. 142 THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR. was held, at which Harris Flanagin of Arkadelphia, who was com- nianding a Confederate regiment in the field, was elected. Harris Flanagin, the seventh Governor of the State, was born at Roadstown, Cumberland County, New Jersey, November 3d, 1S17. He came to Arkansas in 1S37, and settled at Greenville, Clark County, engaging in the practice of law. He resided at Greenville until 1S42, when upon the county seat of the county being established at Arkadel- phia, he moved to that place and /l||i\^^/ 7 resided there until his death ; ^if I \ ,' which occurred October 23d, / 1S74, at the age of fifty-seven HARRIS FLANAGIN, SEVENTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. veirS 2. Cross County. Another matter to be noted is the forma- tion, by the Legislature, of the counties of Cross and Woodruff. Cross County, the fifty-eighth county created, was formed Novem- ber. 15th, 1S63, out of territory taken from St. Francis County, and was named in honor of Judge Edward Cross, one of the j^ioneers of the State. The county seat was located at Wittsburg, where it now is. Cross County is an interior countv, eastward, separated from the Mississippi River by Crittenden County. 3. Woodruff County, the fifty-ninth county created, was formed November 26th, 1S62, out of territory taken from White County, and was named in honor of the veteran pioneer, William E. Woodruff, Sr. The county seat was located at Augusta, 2. — What IS said of Cross County? 3.— Of Woodruff County? THE CONTINUATION OF THE WAR. H3 where it now is. Woodruff County is an eastward interior county, and Augusta, which is a phice of considerable importance, lying on White River, is its chief town. 4. Emancipation of the Slaves. Another highly important act of a political nature, taking place at this time, was the emanci- ation of slaves. In September, 1S62, President Lincoln issued his proclamation, declaring that if the States of the South did not return to their allegiance by January ist, 1S63, all slaves in their limits should be thereafter free. The States of the South not having returned to their allegiance by the specified date. President Lin- coln issued his second proclamation, declaring the slaves to be free from that date. This was afterwards also declared by an amendment to the National Constitution. Thus, by one far-reach- ing act, there was swept away a subject which had been a source of trouble since the very foundation of the Government itself. The number of slaves in Arkansas liberated by this proclamation was 111,259, as given in the census of 1S60. 5. Battle of Pea Ridge. In the {progress of the war the State of Arkansas was not made as much of a battleground as other portions of the Southern Confederacy, yet a number of bloody and desperate conflicts took place on her soil. One was at Pea Ridge, in Benton County, called the battle of Elkhorn ; between the Federals, under General Samuel R. Curtis, and the Confed- erates, under General Earl Van Dorn. The Confederates, though greatly outnumbered, held their ground well, but their movements were disconcerted by the loss of two of their most efficient Generals, James Mcintosh and Ben !McCullough, both of whom were killed in the fight. After this battle General \''an Dorn retreated southward, and General Curtis moved southeast, first to Batesville and then to 4. — Give in your own language an account of the emancipation of the Slaves in the United States. What number were liberated in Arkansas? 5. — vV'hat is said of the battle ot Pea Ridge? When, where and between what commanders fouTII,T.KR. CIirnCHII.!,. l6: AUGUSTUS H. GAnLANP, ELEVENTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE— ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, 1885-89 On his resigning the Senatorship Governor James II. Berrv was elected his successor, to serve the unexi^iretl portion of the term, from 18S5 to 1SS9. 2. Finances of the State, In commencing his administn.tion Governor Garhmd found the treasury entirely empty, and a large 2- — What is said of the finaiu-ial affairs of the State in his adniinistration ■ 164 THE r-ERIOD SINCE THE WAH. public debt outstanding. The .State at first was obliged to borrnw money to pay current expenses, but these loans were eventuallv nr.id back, and the finances of the State were gradually placed on a good footing. One of the measures of the time was the issuance of a series of bonds, running for thirty years, to take up outstanding indebtedness. These bonds were . called Loughborough bonds, after James M. Loughborough, the author of the measure. An- bther incident was the prompt payment of a series of bonds called Baxter War bonds, issued to pay the expenses of the militia in the recent troubles. 3. Governor Garland's Administration. After some passing excitements which marked the beginning of Governor Garland's administration, affairs settled down to uiidistui'bcd quiet, which made the remainder of his administration a peaceful and unevent- ful one. The State in general began to experience prosperity, and considerable progress was made in internal improvements. 4. William R. Miller, Governor. The next event of public concern was the election for Governor in September, 1S76. At this election William R. Mdler, of Batesville, was elected. Governor Miller, who was the twelfth Governor of Arkan- sas, was born at Batesville, Independence County, Arkansas, November 23d, 1S23, and was the first native Arkansian to fill the position of Governor. In 1S4S he was elected clerk of Independence County, and sei'ved to 1S54. At that date he was appointed Auditor by Governor Elias N. Conway, and in 1S56 was elected to the position, serving till 1864. He also was Auditor from 1866 to 1S6S. In 1S74 he was again elected to the position and served till he became Governor. He was Governor two 3- — What was the course of affairs therein? 4- — Who succeeded liim as Governor, and in what year.'' Give an ac- count of Governor Miller and his public services. ADMIN'ISI IIAIION OF GOVS. C;ARLAND, MILLER, CHURCHILL. 165 terms, 1S76 to 187S, and from 1S78 to January, iSSi, In 1886 he was for the fifth time elect- ed Ar.ditor, and served as such to November 20th, 18S7, at which date he died in L.itlle Rock, aged 65 years. 5. Rutherford B. Hayes, President. In the same year, 1876, also occurred an exciting elec- tion for President. The candidates of the Republi- cans were Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and Wil- liam A. Wheeler, of Mas- sachusetts. Those of the Democrats were Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. When the elec- tion took place, as both sides claimed it, a Commission was created by Congress to determine the question, called the Electoral Commission, consisting of five Judges of the Supreme Court, five Senators and five Representatives, eight being Republican in politics and seven being Democrats. The Commission decided in favor of Hayes and Wheeler, giving them 1S5 votes to 184 for Tilden and Hendricks. The vote of Arkansas, in this con- test, was given for Tilden and Hendricks. 6. J. D. Walker, Senator. Upon the Legislature of 1S79 was WILLIAM R. MILLER, TWELFTH QOVERNCR OF THE STATE. 5. — What took place at the Presidential election of 1876.'' Who were the candidates, and what occurrences marked the occasion? Q. — Who was elected Senator to succeed Stephen W. Dorsey, and when? i66 THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR. devolved the duty of electing a United States Senator to succeed Senator Stephen \V. Dorsey, for the term of six years, from March, 1879, to March, 18S5. J. D. Walker, of Fayetteville, was elected to the position, and served as such for that term. 7. Governor Miller's Administration. The Census of 1880. Governor William R. ]\Iiller's two terms of office were not marked bv any event of prominence, but were characterized by a steady growth of the State in prosperity and advancement. By the time of the second term drawing to a close — to-wit, in the year 1880, the population of the State, in the sixth census, taken in that year, had become 802,525, a gain of 318,054 over the previous census of 1870. 8. Thomas J. Churchill, Governor. Governor Miller was succeeded as Governor by Thomas J. Churchill, who was elected in September, 1880. Governor Churchill, who was the thirteenth Governor of the State, was born near Louisville, Kentucky, March 10, 1824, and lived there until he reached manhood. In 1846, at the breaking out of the Mexican War, he enlisted in the First Kentucky Mounted Rifle- men, commanded bv Colonel Humphrey jNIarshall, and served therein during that war. After the conclusion of the Mexican War in 1848, he came to Arkan- sas and located at Little Rock, THOMAS J. CHURCHILL, THIRTEENTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. bccomiug engaged in planting •7. — What was the population of Arkansas in the tenth census? What was the course ot affairs during Governor Miller's administration? 8. — Who succeeded Governor Miller as Governor? Give an accoimt of him. Administuatiox of (;o\s. garland, miller, chlrciiill. 167 near the city. In the Civil War of i86i he served with distinction in the Confederate army, becoming a Major-General. In 1S74 he was elected State Treasurer, and was re-elected in 1S76 and 1S7S. From Treasurer he became G(Jvernor, and served as such for two years, or until the close of 1SS3, after which time he was engaged in conducting his plantation near Little Rock. 9. James A. Garfield, President. The year 1S80 was also the year of a Presidential election. The candidates were James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York, Vice President, the nominees of the Republican party ; and General Winfield S. Hancock, of the United States Army, for President, and William H. English, of Indiana, for Vice- President, the nominees of the Democratic party. There were, also, others of the Greenback and the Prohibition parties, but these were the principal ones. Garfield and Arthur were elected. The vote of Arkansas was one of those given for Hancock and English. 10. The Fishback Amendment. At the time of Governor Churchill's election there was also submitted to a vote of the people a proposed amendment to the State Constitution, known as Amendment Number One, or commonly called the Fishback Amendment. This amendment, which has been mentioned in a former chapter, prohibited the payment, in either principal or interest, of a large amount of bonds issued by the State and known as Railroad Aid Bonds, and of bonds X/' issued for the funding of the disputed Holford Bonds. At the 9. — What is said of the Presidential election of 18S0? Who were the candidates and what was the result? 10. — What Amendment to the State Constitution was submitted to the vote of the people in 1S80.' With what result? What subsequent action took place? l68 THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAIf. election of iSSo the amendment failed to carry, but at a su!j- Y sequent election, in 1SS4, it was again voted on, having been a second time proposed, and at the second election was carried, ami now stands as a part of the State Constitution. By means of it the payment of the bonds named is prohibited, the amount of the bonds being $9,725,846,05. 11. Assassination of Garfield. Chester A. Arthur, Presi- dent. The month of July, iSS:, was marked by a terrible crime, greatly affecting national affairs, the second of the kind to take place in the history of the United States. Presi- dent Garfield was assassinated at Washington by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker and a man of un- balanced mind. The President lived for eighty days after the firing of the fatal shot, and expired at Elberon, New Jersey, September 20th, iSSi, in the 50th year of his age. He was buried ni Cleveland, Ohio, amid the mourning of the entire nation. Upon his demise Vice-President Arthur became Presi- dent and administered the government for the remainder of the term. 12. James H. Berry, Governor. The administration of Gov- ernor Churchill was in the main uneventful, and it drawing to a close in 1S82, Judge Jaimes H. Berry, of Benton County, was chosen his successor at the regular biennial election of State officers, in September of that year. He was inaugurated before the Legislature in January, 1SS3, and entered upon the duties of the office of Governor. 11- — What terrible crime took place in national affairs in July, iSSi? Who then became President? 12- — Who succeeded Governor Churchill as Governor, and when? THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVS. BERRY AND HUGHES. 1 69 CHAPTER XXIII. 1883 to 1889 — The administration of Governor James H. Berry, and that of Governor Simon P. Hughes; two terms. JAMES H. BERRY, FOURTEENTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. I. Governor James H. Berry, the fourteenth Governor of Arkansas, was born in Jackson County, Alabama, May 15th, Ch./>pter XJ^III. 1 . — Give an apcount of Governor James H. Berry. 170 THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR. 1841. In 1848 his father moved to Arkansas and settled in Car- roll County, at what is now Berryville, a town which was named after him. Here James H. Berry grew to manhood. On the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the i6th Arkansas Infantry of the Confederate army, and was second Lieutenant of Company *' E " in it. At the battle of Corinth, October 4th, 1S63, he was wounded, losing his leg. After the war he taught school and read law, and was admitted to practice in 1S66. In 1S66 he was elected to the Legislature from Carroll County. In 1S69 he moved to Bentonville, Benton County, and practiced law. In 1873 and 1874 he was elected to the Legislature from Benton County, and at the session of 1S74 was Speaker of the House, In 1878 he was elected Circuit Judge and served four years. Being elected Governor in 1SS3 he served two years, and in 1885 was elected United States Senator for the unexpired term of Senator A. 11. Garland, from iS8^ to 1SS9. In 1SS9 he was again elected Senator for a term of six years, ending in 1895. 2. Cleburne County. At the session of the Legislature of 1883, Cleburne County, the seventy-sixth county created in the State, was formed out of territory taken from the counties of Van Buien, Independence and White, and was named in honor of General Patrick R. Cleburne. The countv seat was located, both temporarily and permanently, at the town of Sugar Loaf. While Cleburne County is the seventy-sixth county created, there are now only 75 counties in existence in the State, by reason of the fact that Loveley County, which was created in 1837, was abolished the following year;'but it was a regular county, with a full county government, for a year, and therefore entitled to be numbered as such. Cleburne Counry is an interior county, north of centre. It lies west of Independence and north of White and Faulkner Counties. Heber, Sugar Loaf and Quitman are its principal towns. 2. — ^What is said of Cleburne County? THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVS. BERRY AND HUGHES. I71 3. Deaih of Chief Justice Elbert H, English. In Septem- ber, 18S4, Judji^e Elbert H. English, one of the most distinguished judges of the State, died in Ashe- ville. North Carolina, whither he had gone to recuperate his failing health. He v»as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State from 1854 to 1865, and from 1S74 to the date of his death, a period of twenty-one years. He was boin near Capshaw's Mountain, Alabama, March 6th, 1S16, and came to Arkansas in 1S44. At the date of his death he was in the 69th year of his age. His remains were brought to Little Rock and there interred September 7th, 1S84, with every possible demonstration of respect for his memory. He was succeeded as Chief Justice by Sterling R. Cockrill, the present incumbent. 4. Grover Cleveland, President. The year 1S84 was the occasion of a Presidential election. The candidates were James G. Blaine, of Maine, for President, and John A. Logan, of Illinois, for Vice-President, nominated by the Republican party; and Grover Cleveland, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President, the nominees of the Democratic party. In the election, which occurred in Novem- ber, Cleveland and Hendricks were elected. They were the first Democratic candidates elected in twentv-four years. The vote of Arkansas was among those of the States given for them. ELSERT H. ENGLISH, CHIEF JUSTICE FOR TWENTY- ONE YEARS, ARKANSAS SUPREME COURT. 3.— What is said of Judge E. H. English? 4. — Who was elected President in 1SS4? 1/2 THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR. SIMON P. HUGHES, FIFTEENTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. 5. Simon P. Hughes, Governor. In the regular biennial election for State officers, held in September of the year, vSimon P. Hughes was elected Governor, and was inaugurated before the Legislature in January, 1SS3, the fifteenth Governor of the State. He was born in Smith County, Tennessee, April 14th, 5. — Wlio succeeded Governor James II. Berry as Governor, and when? Give an account of him. Tin: ADMINISTRATION OF GOVS. BERRY AND HUGHES. 1 7^ 1S30. ' lu 1844 his father moved to Arkansas and settled in Pulaski County. Being early thrown on his own resources, he settled in Monroe County, Arkansas, in 1S49, and engaged in farming. He also studied law, and in 1S57 was admitted to the bar at Clarendon, and practiced law there until 1S74, except the time of the war, when he was in the Confederate Army. In 1S74 he was elected Attorney-General of the State, and served as such for two years. He was Governor two terms ; first from 1SS5 to 1SS7, and being elected in 1SS6 for a second term, served from 1S87 to January, 18S9, when he was succeeded by James P. Eagle. On the 2d of April, 1SS9, he was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the State. 6. James K. Jones, Senator. Upon the Legislature of 1885 was devolved the duty of electing a Senator to succeed Senator J. D. Walker, whose term expired in March. James K. Jones, of Washington, was elected to the position, for a term expiring March, 1891. 7. Governor Hughes' Administration. The administration of Governor Hughes in the two terms in which he served was one of prosperity and advancement for the State. The State's finances were in good condition; emigration to her limits was steady and continuous ; her advantages were attracting attention ; railroad building and internal improvements were progressing, and her resources were being developed in a gratifying manner. 8. Benjamin Harrison, President. The year 1888 was the occasion of two notable political contests in which the people of Arkansas were concerned. A Presidential election occurred in November, in which the Democratic candidates were President Cleveland, nominated by the Democrats for re-election, and Allen G. Thurman, of Indiana, for Vice-President. Benjamin Har- 6. — Who succeeded Senntor J. D. Walker, and for what term? '^. — What is said of the course of Governor Hughes' administration? 8- — Who was elected President in 1S8S? 174 THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR. rison, of Indiana, a grandson of President William Henry Har- rison, for President, and Levi P. Morton, of New York, for Vice- President, were the nominees of the Republican party. Harrison and Morton were the successful candidates in this contest. The vote of Arkansas was cast for Cleveland and Thurman. JAMES P EAGLE, SIXTEENTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. 9. James P. Eagle, Governor. In the State election in Sep 9- — Who succeeded Governor S. P. Hughes as Governor, and when.? THE ADMINISTRATION OK GOVS. BERRY AND HUGHES. 1 75 tember, 1888, James P. Eagle, of Lonoke County, the Democratic nominee, was elected Governor, the sixteenth governor of the State. He was born in Maury County, Tennessee, August 10th, 1837. In 1S39 he came with his family to Arkansas and settled in what was then Pulaski County, twenty-three miles northeast from Little Rock. In 1857 he moved to about the same distance east of Little Rock, and in 1857 to the neighborhood of his residence in Lonoke County, being engaged in farming. A part of the time he was a Baptist minister. He was deputy sheriff in Prairie County in 1859, a member of the Legislature from that county in 1873 and 1S74, and in the Constitutional Convention of 1S74. He represented Lonoke County in 1877 and in 1885, and at this latter session was Speaker of the House. He entered the Confederate army as a private in the ranks, and at the close of the war was Lieu- tenant-Colonel, and was surrendered with Johnston's army in North Carolina, in April, 1865. He was inaugurated before the Legisla- ture in January, 1S89, for a term extending to January, 1S91, and at the same time the State officers elected with him were also inducted into office. CHAPTER XXIV. Conclusion. General Summary. I. Review. The foregoing embraces an outline of the history of Arkansas, beginning with the year 1541 to 1SS9, a period of nearly 350 years. Necessarily such an account can only consist of a general or outline sketch, leaving the student to refer to larger his- tories for greater fullness of particulars and details. The active history of Arkansas dates from the year 1819, when she was made a Territory, a period now of only 70 years. In that time she has grown from being practically a wilderness, with a few thousands of Give an account of Governor Eagle? Chapter XXIV. 1. — What extent of time is covered by the history of Arkansas? By her active history? From what to what has she grown ? Give the popiilatioii at various dates. 176 THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR. inhabitants widely scattered, to a rapidly-growing commonwealth, with a million or more of population. In the year 17S5 a census of inhabitants gave the population of Arkansas at 196 per- sons. In the year 1799 the population of what was then Arkan- sas, embracing a larger area than the present State, was returned at 368 persons, and in iSio at 1062. In 1S30 it was 14,2^5 ; in K 1S30, 30,388; in 1840, 97,574; in 1S50, 209,897; in 1S60, 435,450; in 1870, 484,471 ; in 1S80, 802,525. 2. The Resources and Advantages of Arkansas are every year becoming more apparent. In the growth of timber her forest tracts are varied and limitless, containing every variety of wood suitable for use and manufacture. She possesses vast coal-fields, producing an abundant supply of coal of excellent quality. Her mineral resources are abundant and yield largely of valuable ores. In mineral and medicinal sj^rings, and curative waters, she stands unrivalled, and these have caused her to become widely known as a health resort, visited annually from all parts of the world. 3. In Agricultural Products she has achieved an enviable fame. The variety of soil embraced within her limits enables her to pro- duce, with remarkable excellence, all that is grown in this particu- lar latitude, and which, when brought into competition with the products of other communities, compares favorably with the best to be shown. In great fairs and exhibitions, like that of the Cen- tennial at Philadelphia in 1S76 and at New Orleans in 1S84, together with her own home exposition of 1887, the displavs of agi"i- cultural products made by the State have ranked among the best ; while in the production of fruits her displavs at Boston in 18S7, and m California and Illinois in 1888, have obtained for her the verdict of being one of the very best in the Union. 2- — Mention tlie resources of the State. 3. — Wliat is said of her agricultural products? CONCLUSION. GENERAL SUMMARY, 177 4. In Geographical Situation her position is excellent. Her entire eastern border is washed by the waters of the great Mississippi, affording an outlet for navigation to the Gulf of Mexico, or to points above ; while her own territory is traversed by such considerable rivers as the Arkansas, White, Red, Black, St. Francis, Cache and smaller streams, affording navigation for the greater part of the year, and to some extent at all times, for transportation of products, or for the requirements of travel. 5. Railroads. Beside the advantages of her waterways her inland extent is penetrated in many directions by railroads, with more likely to follow; furnishing facilities for intercourse and commerce by this greatest of all modern achievements, travel by rail. Already her surface is travei^sed by such considerable lines as the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, and the St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas Railroads; the latter built in iSSi to 18S3, both extending across the State in a southwesterly course, from the Missouri line to Texas; the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad; the Little Rock, Mississippi River and Texas Railroad, from Fort Smith to Arkansas City, in a southeasterly course, then turning westward to Warren and beyond ; built from Little Rock to Fort Smith from 186S to 1S76; from Pine Bluff to Arkansas City, 1S69 to 1S73 or thereabout, and the central division completed from Pine Bluff to Little Rock in 1SS1-1SS2 ; the St. Louis and San Francisco ; the Kansas Citv, Fort vScott and iMemphis ; the Helena and Iron JSlountain Railroads, and others. 6. Educational Facilities. In point of excellence of her edu- cational facilities the State has attained a high rank. At the time of the entrance of the State into the Union, in 1S36, Congress made a grant of lands to aid in the cause of education, which con- stituted the beginning of the conmion school system of the State. This fund was administered from time to time by direction of 4. — What of her geographical position.' Her rivers? 5. — Railroads? Q. — Give an account of the progress of education in the State. What V- N. lyS THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR. the Legislature, and other means were provided for contribut- ing to advance education, until the present system came actively into existence from iS6S to 1S73, under tlie able direction of Super- intendent Thomas Smith. It was brought to an advanced state of improvement from 1S7S, by the ze:d and energy of Superintendent James L. Denton and his successv^rs, until it has reached its present state of progress. In furtherance of the general cause the State has established a splendid Industrial University at Fayette- ville, having a branch ^Medical Department at Little Rock, and has established at Pine Bluff a Normal College for the education of colored teachers. Beside the public scliool system, there are manv private and denominational schools of excellence throughout the State, among which may be named the Ouachita College at Arkadelphia ; the University, the Commercial College, and the Arkansas Female College at Little Rock; the Galloway Female College, and the Searcy College, at Searcy; the Collegiate Insti- tute at La Crosse ; the Christian College at Pinnacle Springs ; the Arkansas College at Batesville ; Academies, High Schools and Institutes at Quitman, Belleville, Marianna, Bentonville, Boone- ville, JMonticello, Pine Bluff, Prairie Grove, and at many other ponits ; and for the colored race the Philander Smith College at "K Little Rock, an institution established bv private munificence. 7. Distinguished Citizens. While her natural advantages are great, and a source of gratification to her citizens, she has also cause for satisfaction that among her citizens themselves, either native-born, or else living such portion of their lives in her limits as to be identified with her destiny and fortunes, there have been many who have attained eminence, of whom there may be noted among her distinguished judges, Benjamin Johnson, Elbert II. English and Henry C. Caldwell ; among her prominent lawyers, institutions have been established by tlie State? Mention some of the principal private and denominational institutions of the Stale. Y. — Mention some of her citizens %\ho have attained eminence in vaiious spheres. CONCLUSION. GENEKAL SUMMARY. 1 79 Augustus H. Garland and U. M. Rose ; among her distinguished physicians, Dr. Elias R. Du Val ; among her notable statesmen, Ambrose 11. Sevier, Robert W. Johnson, the Conways, Henry W. and Elias X., William R. Miller. James H. Berry, James K. Jones and Clifton R. Breckenridge ; among eloquent orators, Robert Crittenden and John R. Fellows ; among scholars and literary men, and as a poet, Albert Pike ; among eloquent and persuasive divines. Reverends xV. R. Win- held and Robert II. Read ; among classical and polished writers, Wyatt C. Thomas and John R. Eakin ; among men of public administrative affairs, Wharton and Elias Rector, who, in con- ducting Indian affairs of earlier times, merited distinction and received public acknowledgment ; among gallant commanders, Archibald Yell albert pike and Patrick R. Cleburne; among artists, C. P. Washburne and William Quesenbury ; among editors, William E. Woodruff, Senior, and Opie P. Read, the latter of whom, while the editor of an Arkansas newspaper, achieved not only a state-wide, but a national reputation, as one of the leading humorists of his dav. 8. Climate. To her natural advantages may further be men- tioned the fact that her climate is such as to present many points of attractiveness. Being situated in an intermediate latitude it is not marked either by the extreme cold of northern climates or the extreme heat of more southern countries. It is relieved of heavy and continuous snows on the one hand, and of long-con- tinued and parching droughts on the other, but possesses a mediate temperature highly conducive to vegetation. These advantages, combining with the general progress and growth of the nation at large, give promise of advancing Arkansas, at no distant day, to a high position in the great sisterhood of States. 8. — What is said of her climate? Of her future prospects? l8o THE PEKIOU SINCE THE WAR. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (PERIOD VI.) Chapter XX. 1. — What was the condition of affairs at the restoration of peace.'' 2. — What were the Reconstruction Measures of Congress.' 3. — What is said of the Constitution of iS6S.' 4- — Who was elected Governor under this Constitution.' Give an account of him. 5- — What is said of Little River County.' 6. — Of Sharp County.' 7. — Mention some public measures of this time. 8 — What is said of Grant County.' 9- — Of Boone County.' 10- — What was the population of Arkansas in the census of 1S70.' 1 1. — What is said of Nevada County.' 12. — Of Logan County.' 13- — Of Lincoln County.' 14- — Of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad? Chaptek XXI. 1. — Who succeeded Go\ernor Clapton, and when? Give an account of him. 2. — What Presidential election took place in 1S7J? 3- — -Who was elected Governor at the time? 4- — Give an account of him. 5- — Of his administration. Of transactions therein. Q. — What is said of Clay County? 7.— Of Baxter County? 8.— Of Garland County? Q. — Of Faulkner County? 10- — Of Lonoke County? 11.— Of Cleveland County? 12.— Of Howard County? 13.— Of Lee County? 14. — Of Stone County? 15. — Of the Brooks and Baxter war? By wiiat means was a new Consti- tution promulgated? Who became Governor under this Constitution? Chapter XXII. 1 . — Give an account of Governor Garland? 2- — What is said of State financial matters? 3- — Of Governor Garland's administration? REVIKW QIKSTION.S. iSl 4- — Wlio next was Governor? (Jive an account ot Iiim. 5. — What Piesidciitial election took place in 1876? 6. — What Senatorial succession in 1879? 7. — What is said of Governor Millei's admiiiistiation? What was the population of Arkansas in 1S80? 8 — Who next was Governor? Give an account of hini. 0. — What Presidential election was held in 18S0? 10- — What public measure was voted on at this date? 11. — Who next became President of the United States? Following what event? 12- — Who next was Governor of Arkansas? Chapter XXIII. 1 . — Give an account of Governor Berrj. 2. — What is said of Cleburne County? 3. — What distinguished iudge died in 1SS4? Give an account of him. 4. — What Presidential election took place in 1SS4? 5. — Who next was Governor of Arkansas? Give an accoiuit of him. 6. — What Senatorial succession took place in 1SS5? 7- — What is said of Governor Hughes' administiation? 8- — What Presidential election took place in 188S? 9. — Who was elected Governor in that vear? Give an account of him. Chapter XXIV. 1 . — What length of time is covered bv the history 01 Aikansas? Give a summary of population at various dates. 2. — What is said of the resources and advantages of Arkansas? Of her agricultural products? Of her geographical situation? Of her railroads? — Of her educational facilities? — Of her distinguished citizens? — Of her climate and future prospects? APPENDIX A. LIST OF GOVERNORS OF ARKANSAS, AND OF THE COUNTRl' OUT OF WHICH ARKANSAS WAS FORMED. Governors of the Province of LouismNA. FRENCH GOVERNORS. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle was the first person appointed Commandant of Louisiana, April 14th, 1684. but he never lived to reach the country to discharge the duties of the office. He was murdered in Texas, March 20th, 16S7. [699 to July 32d, 1701. ]M. de Sauvolle. [701 to 1712. Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville. [713 to 1 7 16. La Motlie Cadillac. [716 to 171S. De L'Epinay. 71S to 1724. Jean Baptiste Le JMoyne, Sieur de Bienville. 724 to 1726. Boisbriai.t, in the absence of Bienville. [726 to 1734. Perier. [734 to 1742. Jean Baptiste Le jMoyne, Sieur de Bienville. [743 to 1752. Pierre de Rigaud, ]Marquis de Vaudreuil. [752 to 1762. The Baron de Kerlerec. [762 to 1765. D'Abbadie. [765. Aubry, the last French Governor. SPANISH GOVERNORS. The Province of Louisiana was ceded by France to Spain in 1763, but Spain did not take possession until 176S, Monsieur Aubry remaining in charge up to that date, and governing jointly with Ulloa. 1S2 GOVERNORS OF THE PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA. 1S3 1766. Antonio dc Ulloa appointed Governor, but upon coming in that year to take possession of the Province, was expelled by the French colonists, in October, 1768. 1769 to 1770. Count Alexander O'Reilly, 1770 to 1777. Luys de Unzaga. 1777 to 1784. Bernardo de Galvez. 1784 to 1 79 1. Estevan ISIiro. 1791 to 1797. Francisco Luys Hector, Baron de Carondelet. 1797 to 1799. ISIanucl Gayoso de Lemos. 1799 to I So I. Sebastian de Casa Calvo. iSoi to 1S03. Juan Manuel de Salcedo. In the 3-ear iSoo the Province of Louisiana was retro-ceded by Spain to I'rance, but the French did not take immediate posses- sion. Instead, the counirv remained under the Spanish authorities until November 30th, 1803, when, in the name of Sj^ain, the Marquis dc Casa Calvo, as commissioner, with Governor de Salcedo, delivered possession of the country to Citizen Pierre Clement Laussat, as the representative of France. On the 20th of December, 1S03, twenty days after the delivery to him. Citizen Laussat delivered formal possessioii of the country to commis- sioners of the United States, by which Government the country had been purchased from France. AMERICAN GOVERNORS Of the Province of Louisiana. December 20th, 1S03, to March 26lh, 180^. A\'illiain C. C. Clail)orne. Of the District of Louisiana. Formed ]March 26th, 1804. March 26th, 1S04, to March 3d, 1S05. William Henry Harri- son, as Governor of Indiana Territory. Of the Territory of Louisiana. Formed March 3d, 1S05. March 3d. 1805 to 1807. James Wilkinson. 1807 to 1809. Merriwether Lewis. 1S4 APPENDIX A. 1S09 to June 4th, 1S12. J>cnjaniin A. Howard. Of Missouri Territory. Fonneil June 4tli, 1S12. June 4i.h, 1812, tJ October 31, 1S12. Benjamin A. Howard. October 3i''t, iSi3, to July 41)1, 1S19. AV'iliiani Clark, but with Frederick Bates, secretary, as Acting Governor in iSiS. Of Arkansas Territory. Formed July 4th, 1S19. July -itli, 1819 to 1S25. James ISIiller. Robert Crittenden as Acting Governor at intervals. 1S25 to 1828. George Izard. 1S28 to 1829. Robert Crittenden, Acting Governor. 1829 to 183^. John Pope. 1S35 to 1835. William S. Fulton. Of the State of Arkansas. Created June i5th-i6th, 1S36. 1836 t ) 18 jo. James S. Conway. 1S40 to .Vpril 29th, 1844. Archibald Yell. April 29th to Noveml)cr 9th, 1844. Samuel Adams, Acting Governor. Xo\ember 9th, 1844, to November, 1S48. Thomas S. Drew. November, 1848, to January loth, 18-^9. Thomas vS. Drew. January loth to April 19th, 18-19. Richard C. Byrd, Acting Governor. April 19th, 1849, to 1852. John .Seidell Roane. 1S32 to 1S56. Elias N, Conway. 1856 to 1S60. Elias N. Conway. 1S60 to November 4th, 1862. Henry M. Rector. ?sovcmber 4th to November 15th, 1862, Thomas Fletcher, of Arkansas County, Acting Governor. November 15th, 1863, to 1S65. Harris Flanagin, Confederate Go\ernor. April, 1864, to Julv, 1868. Isaac ISIurphv. July, 1S68, to March 14th, 1S71. Powell Clayton. GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 185 March 14th, 1S71, to January, 1873. Ozro A. Hadley, Acting Governor. January, 1873, to November 12th, 1S74. Elisha Baxter. November 12th, 1S74, to January nth, 1S77. Augustus H. Garland. January nth, 1877, to January, 1879. William R. Miller. January, 1879, to January, 1S81. William R. Miller. January, 18S1, to January. 1S83. Thomas J. Churchill. January, 1883, to January, 1885. James H. Berry. January, 18S5, to January, 1887. Simon P. Hughes. January, 1887, to January, 18S9. Simon P. Hughes. January, 1SS9, to January, 1S91. James P. Eagle. SEARCH QUESTION. Under what Presidents of the United States did the foregoing American Governors serve, from the year 1S03? For list of Presidents see page io6. APPENDIX B. Chronological Summary of Leading Events. I.— THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 1541. First white person in Arkansas. De Soto traverses the country in his wanderings. 1673. Marquette and Joliet's exploring expedition descends to the mouth of the Arkansas River. 1680. Father Hennepin's exploring expedition descends the Mississippi River, probably to the mouth of the Arkansas River. 1682. La Salle, with an exploring expedition, descends to the mouth of the Mississippi River and (April 9th) claims possession of all the country, calling it Louisiana. He returns to France to bring back a colony. 1684. La Salle, sailing fi'om France with a colony, endeavors to find the mouth of the Mississippi River, but by mistake sails too far west, and lands (January, 16S5) on the coast of Texas. 1686. De Tonti goes to the mouth of the Mississippi to meet La Salle, but failing to find him ascends the river to place of starting. On reaching the Arkansas River, on the return journey, six men of his party settle on its banks, about where Arkansas Post now is, and build a house. First white settlement in Arkansas. 1687. Death of La vSalle. Joutel, commanding the remnant of the expedition, arrives (July 24th) at the Post established by De Tonti's men on the banks of the Arkansas River. The party shortly afterwards goes to the upper Mississippi, leaving three Frenchmen at the Arkansas Post. 186 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS. 187 169S. Iberville obtains a patent from the King of France to establish intercourse with Louisiana, and brings over colonists. 1699. ^l. de Sauvolle is appointed Governor. First Colonial Governor of Louisiana. I ^01. Death of Sauvolle. Bienville becomes Governor. 1713. Bienville is succeeded by Cadillac as Governor. 1 7 16. De L'Epinay becomes Governor, succeeding Cadillac. 17 iS. Bienville becomes Governor a second time. He founds New Orleans and makes it the Capital of the Province. John Law establishes a Duchy on the banks of the Arkansas River, near its mouth, in the neighborhood of the Quapaw settlement. I'jio. John Law's schemes failing, his settlement is abandoned and the colonists are dispersed. 1733. Bernard de la Ilarpe explores the Arkansas River. First known exploration. 1734. Bienville is relieved of command, and Boisbriant and then Perrier (1736) succeed. 1734. Bienville is Governor the third time. He is defeated (1740) in a war with the Chickasaws and returns to France. 1743. Pierre de Rigaud, ^larquis de Vaudreuil, is Governor. 1752. The Baron de Kerlerec becomes Governor. 1763. D'Abbadie is appointed Governor. 1763, All of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River is ceded to ."^pain by France in the Treaty of Paris, after France had held possession of it for eighty-one years. The Spanish delay taking possession. About this time Arkansas Post begins to be settled as a town. 1765. Death of D'Abbadie. Aubry succeeds as Governor. 1768. Aubry, as the representative of France, delivers Louis- iana to Spain, Ulloa takes charge, but is expelled by the French colonists. 1769. Count Alexander O'Reilly is appointed Governor. l88 AI'I'ENDIX IJ. 1770. Luys de Uiizaga, Governor. 1777. Bernardo de Galvez is Governor. 1784. Estevan Miro is Governor. 1 79 1. The Baron de Carondelet is Governor 1797. Gayoso de Lemos, Governor. 1799. Sebastian de Casa Calvo, Governor. 1800. Spain having owned Lonisiana for thirty-seven years, re-trocedes it to France in the Treaty of St. Ildefonso (Oct. ist). Althongh owning the countvv France does not take possession, but leaves the Spanish Governor, the ISIarquis de Casa Calvo. in charge. 1801. Juan jNIanuel de Salcedo becomes Governor. The last Spanish Governor. 1803. Louisiana is purchased from France (April 30th) by the United States. The United .States engages to pay $11,2^0,000 to France, equivalent to 60,000,000 francs, and $3,7^0,000 to Ameri- can citizens for spoliation claims, equivalent to 20,000.000 francs ; total to be paid in both directions, $15,000,000, or 80,000,000 francs. 1S03, November 30th. The Marquis de Casa Calvo, as the representative of Spain, with Governor de Salcedo, delivers possession of Louisiana to Citizen Pierre Clement Laussat, as the representative of France. 1803, December 20th. Citizen Pierre Clement Laussat, as the Representative of France, delivers possession of the country to the American Commissioners, Governor William C. C. Claiborne and General James Wilkinson. Governor Claiborne assumes the government of the country and issues an address. First American Governor of the Province of Louisiana. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS. 189 II.— THE ANTE-TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 1804, March 26. Territory of Orleans being what is now the State of Louisiana, formed out of the lower part of the Province north to 33 degrees of latitude, and District of Louisiana formed out of the remainder. William Henry Harrison, as Governor of Indiana Territory, Governor of the District of Louisiana. 1805, ISIarch 3. Territory of Louisiana formed out of what was previously the District of Louisiana. James Wilkinson, Governor. The present State of Arkansas and the lower part of the present State of Missouri laid off into the District of New Madrid. 1S06, June 27. The District of " Arkansaw," formed out of the District of New Madrid, being nearly all of the present State of Arkansas. 1506. Lieutenant James B. Wilkinson explores the Arkansas River from the territory of the Kanses or Kans Indians to the mouth of the river. First official exploration of the river after the purchase of the country from France. 1507. Merriwether Lewis, Governor of Territory of Louisiana. 1808. First treaty with the Osage Indians, negotiated by Pierre Chouteau. A large part of Arkansas, north of the Arkansas River, obtained thereby. 1809. Benjamin A. Howard, Governor of Territory of Louis- iana. 1811-1S12. The New Madrid Earthquake. 1512. Missouri Territory formed. William Clark, Governor from October 31st. 1812. Edward Hempstead elected delegate to Congress. First delegate from JNIissouri Territory. 1513, December 31. Arkansas Countv formed bv the Legisla- ture of Missouri Territorv. First county formed of those now composing the State of Arkansas. 1815. Lawrence County created. ipO. APPENDIX B. 1817. First postoffices established in Arkansas. At Davidson- ville, Lawrence County, June 3Sth, Adam Ritchey, postmaster. At Arkansas Post, July ist, 1S17, Eli J. Lewis, postmaster. 1S17. Treaty with the Cherokee Indians, negotiated by General Andrew Jackson, by which they are located on the upper waters of the Arkansas and White Rivers. A tract of 4,000,000 acres given them. 1818, August 24th. First Treaty with the Quapaws. A large part of Arkansas, south of the Arkansas River, obtained thereby. A reservation of a central portion, 1,500,000 acres, made by the Indians. 18 18, September 25th. Second Treaty with the Osages. The upper left-hand corner of Arkansas, west of the former grant, obtained thereby. 18 iS. Frederick Bates, Acting Governor of Missouri Territory. 1818, December 15th. Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead Counties created. 18 19, March 2d. Arkansas Territory formed, to be in effect from July 4th, 1S19. The Territorial Capital is established at the Post of Avkansazu, on the Arkansazv River. James Miller apponitcd Governor ; Robert Crittenden Secretary. ]Mr. Critten- den repairs to the Territory, and, as Acting Governor, organizes the Territorial Government. III.— THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 1819, July 28th. First session of the Legislature of Arkansas Territory held. It consists of Robert Crittenden, Secretary, acting as Governor in the absence of Governor Miller, Judges Charles Jouett, Robert P. Letcher and Andrew Scott. They pass necessary laws for the government of the Territory, and the necessary officers being appointed, the Territory begins its official life. 18 19, October. William E. Woodruff, Sr., founds the Arkansas Gazette at the Post of Arkansas. First newspaper in Arkansas. CHROXOLOGICAI, SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS. 19! 1819, November 20th. James Woodson Bates elected delegate to Congress ; the first delegate in Congress from Arkansas Ter- ritory. 1519, December 36th. Governor James Miller reaches the Territory of Arkansas and assumes the functions of his office at Arkansas Post ; Robert Crittenden having acted as Governor up to this time. 1820, January. The Superior or United States Court is estab- lished in Arkansas, sitting at the Post of iVrkansas ; Judges Benjamin Johnson and Andrew Scott j^residing. 1520, October iSth. Generals Andrew Jackson and Thomas Hinds, at Doak's Stand in. Mississippi, conclude a treaty with the Choctaw Indians, by which a large portion of the western part of the Territory of Arkansas is ceded to the Choctaws. Great dis- satisfaction among the inhabitants of the Territory, and many move into Texas or ]\Iexico. 1S20. Counties of Miller, Phillips, Crawford and Independ- ence created. 1S20. The Territorial Capital is moved to Little Rock, the Act taking effect June i, 1S21. 1833-1834. The northern boundary line of Arkansas, or divid- ing line between Arkansas and Missouri, is surveyed by Joseph C. Brown, a Surveyor. 1S33. Chicot County created. 1824, ^lay 36th. Congress adds to the western border of Arkansas Territory a strip forty miles wide, extending from the Missouri lino to Red River. 1834. Second treaty with the Quapaw Indians, negotiated by Robert Crittenden, by which their title to lands in Arkansas becomes extinct. The reservation of 1.^00,000 acres previously made by them in the centre of the Territory, is ceded by them. They move out of Arkansas and settle on Bayou Teche in l^ouisiana. 192 APPENDIX B. 1825. General George Izard is appointed Governor; Robert Crittenden remaining Secretary. 1S25, January 20th. Treaty with the Choctaw Indians, nego- tiated by John C. Calhoun, Secretary of State, by which the western boundary line of Arkansas Territory, from the Arkansas to Red River, is established at its present location. Five million thirty thousand nine hundred and twelve acres of the land pre- viously granted to them is ceded by them ; in exchange for which they get the territory south of the Arkansas River added to Arkan- sas by the Act of Congress of 1824, and also the part east thereof to the present boundary line of the State. 1825. Western boundary line of Arkansas surveyed by James S. Conway. 1825. Counties of Conway, Crittenden and Izard created. 1827. Counties of Loveley, St. Francis and Lafayette created. 1828. First steamboat to navigate the xVrkansas River. Cap- tain Philip Pennywit, commanding the steamer "Facility," reaches Little Rock in the month of January. He navigates White River for the first time, in the Winter of 1830-1S31, reaching Batesville in January, 1831. 1828, May 6th. Treaty with the Cherokee Indians, negotiated by James Barbour, Secretary of War, by which they are moved out of Arkansas. The dividing line between Arkansas and the Cherokees is agreed to be a line running from Fort Smith, north- westerly, to the southwest corner of Missouri, as at present. 1828. Loveley County abolished, being lost in the Cherokee treaty. 182S. Counties of Sevier and W^ashington created. 1829. John Pope, from Kentucky, appointed Governor. Wil- liam Savm Fulton, native of Maryland, but coming from Florence, Alabama, appointed Secretary. 1829. Counties of Pope, Union, Hot Spring, Monroe, Jeffer- son and Jackson created. CtlilOXOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS. I93 1S30, November to January, 1S31. Southern boundary line of Arkansas, or dividing line between Arkansas and Louisiana, sur- veyed by James S. Conway and William Pelham, commissioners for Arkansas, and R. A. Crane, commissioner for Louisiana. 1833. Great freshet in the rivers. The building of the State- house begun. The falling of the stars. 1833. Counties of ISIississippi, Carroll, Pike, Greene, Scott, Van Buren and Johnson created. 1S33. The Quapaws being unfavorably located in Louisiana, return to Arkansas. Third treaty with them, by which they are moved to the Indian Territory, where they now are. 1535. William S. Fulton appointed Governor ; Lewis Ran- dolph appomted Secretary. 1835. Counties of White, Randolph, Saline and Marion created. 1836. Arkansas is admitted into the Union as a State. The bill for her admission passes June 15th, and is approved by the President June i6th, 1836. IV.— THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD. 1836. James S. Conway elected Governor, First Governor of the State Daniel Ringo, Chief Justice of Supreme Court. 1836. Archibald Yell elected delegate to Congress. First delegate from the State of Arkansas. 1536. Ambrose H. Sevier and William S. Fulton elected Senators. First Senators in Congress from Arkansas. 1836, October 26th to November 2d. The Legislature creates two Banks — the State Bank and the Real Estate Bank, and issues her bonds to be sold by them to constitute their banking capital. After a few years both of these banks fail, and involve many persons in embarrassment and debt. 1S36. Counties of Madison and Benton created. 1836. Martin Van Buren elected President. First electoral vote of Arkansas ; given for him. A i94 Appendix b. 1837, County of Franklin created. 1838. Counties of Ponisett, Desha and Searcv created. 1840. Boundary line between Arkansas and Texas surveyed by John R. Conway ; being that which is south of Red River. 1S40. The Real Estate Bank, in order to borrow monev to pay maturing interest on bonds, hypothecates or pledges, to the North American Trust and Bankmg Company, 500 vState bonds of $1000 each, remaining in its hands unsold; receiving about $121.- 000 as a loan, the bonds standing as security therefor. Without giving the Real Estate Bank an opportunity to redeem the secur- ity and pay the debt, the North American Trust and Banking Company, in bad faith, transfers these bonds to James Holford. a banker of London, and having done so, makes an assignment and fails. The State afterwards refuses to pay these bonds, or interest on them, in the hands of Holford, on the ground of want of con- sideration, and their having been hypothecated contrary to law. 1S40. Archibald Yell, Governor. 1S40. Counties of Yell, Bradley and Perry created. ' 1840. William Henry Harrison elected President. The elec- toral vote of Arkansas is for Van Buren, his opponent. 1842. Counties of Ouachita, Montgomery, Newton and Fulton created. 1844-1S45. The northern boimdary line of Arkansas, or dividing line between Arkansas and Missouri, is surveyed for the second time by Davis Thompson, commissioner for Arkansas, and Governor Dunklin first, and after his death, Dr. George Penn, commissioners for Missouri, 1844. Samuel Adams, President of the Senate, becomes Acting Governor on the resignation of Governor Yell. Thomas S. Drew elected Governor. Thomas Johnson. Chief Justice of Supreme Court. 1S44. James K. Polk elected President. The electoral vote of Arkansas is among those cast for him. 1844. Polk County created. CHRONOLOGIC A.L SUMMARY OF LEADIXG EVENTS. tp^ 1545. Dallas County created. 1546. The Mexican War breaks out. Arkansas furnishes troops therefor. Governor Archibald Yell commands a regiment of cavalry. 1846. Counties of Prairie, Drew and Ashley created. 1547. Battle of Buena Vista. Colonel Yell is killed, and Lieutenant-Colonel John Selden Roane commands the regiment, becoming Colonel. 1548. Conclusion of the Mexican War. 1 848. General Zachary Taylor is elected President. The electoral vote of Arkansas is for Lewis Cass, his opponent. 1549. Governor Drew resigns, and Richard C. Byrd becomes Acting Governor, being President of the Senate. At a special election John Selden Roane is elected Governor. 1849. Death of Benjamin Johnson, a Federal Judge in Arkan- sas since 1820. Daniel Ringo, his successor. 1550. Calhoun County created. 185 1. Sebastian County created. 1S52. Elias Nelson Conway elected Governor. George C. Watkins, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 1853. Columbia County created. 1852. Franklin Pierce is elected President. The vote of Arkansas is among those cast for him. 1854. Surveys of Cairo and Fulton, ^Memphis and Little Rock, and Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroads made. First actual movement towards railroad building in the State. 1S54. George C. Watkins resigns as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Elbert H. English, his successor. 1S56. Elias N. Conway elected Governor a second time. A considerable amount of levying, ditching and reclaiming of public lands is done during his term of service. 1S56. James Buchanan is elected President. The vote of Arkansas is among those cast for him. tg6 APPENDIX S. 1858. First railroad building in Arkansas. Section from Hope- field, opposite Memphis, to Madison, completed and operated. 1859-1S60. Railroad built from Little Rock to Devall's Bluff. The central division not completed. The route of travel is from JSIadison by stage, or from Memphis to Devall's Bluff by boat ; from there to Little Rock by rail. 1859. Craighead County created. i860. Judge Henry JSI. Rector, running as an independent Democratic candidate for Governor, is elected over Richard H. Johnson, the regular nominee. i860. First telegrajoh line established in Arkansas. From ^Memphis to Little Rock. i860. By this date political affairs in the Nation have so shaped themselves as to produce an intense excitement. Constant agita- tion of the subject of slavery has brought the country to the verge of distraction. The political party at the North, opposed to slavery, has grown so strong, that, owing to a split in the Democratic party, it seems about to elect its candidate Presi- dent, there being four candidates for that office — to-wit : Breckin- ridge and Douglas, Deinocratic ; Lincoln, Republican ; and Bell, Union. The land is fairly ablaze with excitement. i860, November. Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the party opposed to slavery, is elected President. South Carolina (i860) and other Southern or slave-holding States (1S61) pass ordinances of secession and withdraw from the Union and form a Southern Confederacy. The Legislature of Arkansas calls a convention to determine what course Arkansas ought to pursue in the existing crisis. 1861, March 4th. The convention assembles. Its sentiments are for the Union. It refuses to secede, but agrees to submit to a vote of the people the question whether they will with- draw from the Union or not. The general sentiment of the people is for the Union. CHROxNOLOGICAL SUMMARV OF LEADING EVENTS. I97 v. — THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR. i86r, April, Before the people have had an opportunity to vote on the question of whether they will withdraw from the Union or not, the war actually begins. The United States Government attempting to reinforce Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, the fort is fired on by troops of the Southern Confederacy. President Lincoln issues a proclamation, calling for 75,000 volun- teers to put down the rebellion, and calls on the State of Arkansas to furnish part of them. This entirely changes the Union senti- ment in the State. The people now become practically unanimous in favor of secession. Governor Rector refuses the demand for troops. The convention re-assembles and (May 6th) passes an ordinance of secession by a vote of 69 to i. Isaac Murphy, dele- gate from Madison County, is the only delegate who votes in the negative. Arkansas joins the Southern Confederacy. From first to last 50,000 men from the State enter the service on the Con- federate side, and Arkansas troops are in all parts of the wide theatre of war. 1S63, March 7th. Battle of Elk Horn or Pea Ridge in Benton Countv. A drawn battle. 1863, November. The term of office of Henry M. Rector comes to a close by reason of a defect in the law creating it. Thomas Fletcher of Arkansas County becomes Acting Governor. Harris Flanagin is elected Governor at a special election. 1S63. Counties of Cross and Woodruff created. 1863, December 7th. Battle of Prairie Grove in Washington County. A Confederate success. 1863, January ist. All slaves in the United States are set free by the proclamation of President Lincoln. 1863, January nth. Capture of Arkansas Post bv the Federal General ]McClernand, trdcing 3000 prisoners. 1S63, July 4th. Battle of Helena. The Confederates are s- defeated with great loss. igS APPENDIX B. 1563, September loth. The Federal General Steele having advanced into the interior from Helena, captures Little Rock. The Confederates retreat southward. Unsuccessful attack on Pine Bluff (October 25th) by Confederate General Marmaduke. iS6-|. A State government is instituted by the Federal author- ities. A State Constitution is put into effect. Isaac Murphy of Madison County is made Governor. T. D. W. Yonley, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The United States Court is re- opened. Henry C. Caldwell, Judge. The Federals occupy about two-thirds of the State. 1864. General Steele, having wintered at Little Rock, sets out in the .Spring to penetrate further into the interior. He is checked in a sharp engagement at Marks' Mills, April 25th, and is worsted in an engagement at Jenkins' Ferry, April 30th. He retreats to Little Rock. 1564, September ist. The Confederate General Price about this date starts from southwest Arkansas on a raid into Missouri. The expedition is fruitless, and late in the Autumn returns to Arkansas. 1565, End of the War. The Confederacy having fallen and its armies surrendered, all who were engaged therein return home to the pursuits of peace. VI.— THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR. 1S65-1866. Andrew Johnson is President. The course of National affairs is looked to with considerable solicitude. The Murphy Government, however, is pacific and prosperous. 1 866. David Walker, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 1S67, March 2d. Congress passes " an Act for the more efficient government of the Rebel States." being one of the meas- ures called the Reconstruction Measures. By it many thousands of citizens in Arkansas are denied the privilege of voting, on account of their havmg taken part in the war on the Confederate side. The States of the South are placed under military CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS. I99 rule. Arkansas and Mississippi are joined as the Fourth Military District, under the command of General E. O. C. Ord. Arkansas is made a sub-district, under General Alvan C. Gillem. 1567, Little River County created. 1S6S. An election is held under military auspices for a new Constitution and State officers under the Reconstruction Act. 1S6S, July. The Constitution in effect and Powell Clayton Governor. The State passes into Republican control. W. W. Wilshire, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 1S6S. County of Sharp created. 1568, October 6th. The Governor issues a proclamation, declaring invalid, and setting aside, the registration in the counties of Ashley, Bradley, Columbia, Hot Spring, Lafayette, Mississippi, Woodruff, Sharp, Craighead, Sevier and Greene, and (November ist) Randolph. iS68, November 3d. General L^. S. Grant elected President of the United States. The electoral vote of Arkansas is among those cast for him. 1S68, November 4th. The Governor issues a proclamation, declaring martial law to exist in the counties of Ashley, Bradley, Columbia, Lafayette, Mississij^pi, Woodruff, Craighead, Greene, Sevier, and Little River; in the counties of Fulton (November 7th), Drew (November loth), Conway (December 8th), and Crittenden (December zSth), fourteen counties. ISIilitia forces are sent to and occupy several of these counties. 1S68-1869. Proclamations revoking martial law are made by the Governor, as follows : As to Sevier County (December 2d), Fulton (December 14th), Little River and Lafayette, east of Red River (December 19th), Conway (December 24th), Colum- bia and Lafayette, west of Red River (January 9th, 1S69), Woodruff (January 19th), Ashley, Bi-adley, and Drew (February 266 Appendix B. 3d), Mississippi (February 13th), Craighead and Greene, (February 17th), and Crittenden (March 21st). 1S69. The raih'oad completed to jMemphis. 1869. Counties of Grant and Boone created. 1869. The Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad built to Clarksville. 1 869- 1 873. Line of raih^oad from Pine Bluff to Arkansas City and westward, built about this date. 1S70-1S73. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Rail- road built diagonally across the State, from northeast to southwest. 187 1. Governor Clayton being elected United States Senator, is succeeded by Ozro A. Hadley, President of the Senate, as Acting Governor. John jNIcClure, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 187 1. Counties of Nevada, Sarber (now called Logan) and Lincoln created. 1873- 18 73. Railroad bridge across the river at Little Rock built. First bridge across the Arkansas River. 1873. Elisha Baxter of Batesville elected Governor after a spirited canvass, his opponent being Joseph Brooks, a Reform Republican. He is inaugurated as Governor January, 1873. 1873, November. U. S. Grant elected President a second time. 1S73. The counties of Clayton (now called Clay), Baxter, Garland, Faulkner, Lonoke, Dorsey (now called Cleveland), Howard, Lee and Stone created. 1874, April 15th. Joseph Brooks, claiming to be elected Gov- ernor, and having obtained a decision in his favor to that effect in the Circuit Court of Pulaski County, goes to the Statehouse with a few followers and ejects Governor Baxter from the Gov- ernor's apartments, and occupies them, styling himself Governor CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS. 20I of Arkansas. Goveruor Baxter declares Martial law and orders out the militia. Both parties appeal to President Grant for recognition, Baxter orders the Legislature to meet in extra session. They assemble and recognize Baxter as the rightful Governor. Thereupon President Grant recognizes him also, and issues a proclamation (Alay 15th), calling on Brooks' follow- ers to disperse within ten days. This is done and Baxter resumes the occupancy of the Statehouse. The Legislature calls a Consti- tutional Convention, which Baxter approves. 1S74, July 14th. The Convention meets and adopts a new Con- stitution, to be submitted to a vote of the people. 1874, October 30th. The Constitution is adopted by the vote of the people. A. H. Garland is elected Governor thereunder. The State comes again into Democratic control. E. IL English, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 1S74. Upon the inauguration of Governor Garland, V. V. Smith, Lieutenant-Governor with Baxter under the Constitution of 186S, declares himself Governor as successor to Baxter. The matter is brought before Congress, which sends a committee to investigate. The committee reports in favor of the Garland government. 1874. On beginning her career, under the new ConsLitution, the State's Treasmy is entirely emptv', and a large public debt is out- standing. The State is obliged to borrow money to pay current expenses. Eventually her financial affairs are improved and brought into good condition. 1S76. William R. Miller elected Governor. Serves from Jan- uary, 1877, to January, 1879. 1876. The Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad completed to Cherokee, opposite Fort Smith. 203 APPENDIX B. 1876. Rutherford B. Hayes, President. The electoral vote of Arkansas is given for Samuel J. Tilden, his opponent. 1S78. William R. Miller elected Governor a second time. He serves from January, 1S79, to January, 1S81. 18S0. Thomas J. Churchill elected Governor. The Fishback Amendment, voted on by the people, is defeated. 1S80. James A. Garfield is elected President. The vote of Arkansas is cast for W. S. Hancock, his opponent. iSSi, July. Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States. 1881-1SS3. The railroad from Little Rock to Pine Bluff is X. completed, making a continuous line from Fort Smith to Monticello. 1881-1882. The St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas Railroad is built across the State, from the Missouri line, southwestward, to Texas. 1882. James H. Berry elected Governor. His term is from January, 1S83, to 1885. 1883. Cleburne County created. Last county created in Arkansas. Seventy-fifth county now in existence. Seventy-sixth county created. 1854. Grover Cleveland is elected President. The electoral vote of Arkansas is among those cast for him. 1884. Simon P. Hughes elected Governor for a term from . January, 1885, to January, 1887. The Fishback Amendment, being a second time submitted to the vote of the people, is adopted. By it the principal and interest of the Holford.and Railroad Aid Bonds are prohibited from being paid. 1884. Death of E. H. English, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Sterling R. Cockrill, his successor. 1855. Augustus H. Garland appointed Attorney-General of the L^nited States in the Cabinet of President Cleveland First person from Ai'kansas to hold a Cabinet position. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF LEADING EVENTS. 203 1 886. Simon P. Hughes elected Governor a second time. 1888. James P. Eagle elected Governor. He is inaugurated January 17th, 18S9, for a term ending January, 1S91. 1888, November. Benjamin Harrison elected President. The vote of Arkansas is given for Grover Cleveland, his opponent. REVIEW. The foregomg List of Governors and Summary of Events will be found serviceable as a General Review. 204 APPENDIX C. X Oh Oh < 1 13 u O "o O o 5 !>. O VJOC CO 00 o W) PO N P1>0 -< p> »0 OvO "i- t> OV) P^« - "I - lOOO P< N P»5 "■ ooNOOvOO-coo-Nio^c^ pcvo Lor-pi i-oco pi\o - t^» "C' 1 " "7 K! '^ ^. *»o Co" lo vr, p5 «' tC J" pfo pT 10 m* ■-" d\ pT « « t^ 1 V <^; °. ^ ~. °„ °„ '^ T- ^' 'C' "v "C' ^ '^ 'C'^ "i. 'I T ^ t '^ T'^^ ^^. "t "; ° '*' '^^ - '^ 1? i^ 1^- d «" •o t^voiC d^i^t^vd'd'oo">^ 1 O 00 C«\0 ^K« OlO-t-t>.- rOO»/lt^OlOOVOfOO -O - O roU~. 0"~.>^. I-~0 I^ t^O <_-, un Q PI Tf-CO t-ro- 1^- CT-tr, r^-r-tpO 1^1^ rCM LO >o\d"co'"co' pT pT ■♦o S^ ASt^o-y' d' d pT d xj- : po po ^ ^vi -uo:o^-I^u^po-opl :»S pj, o_ -00 Oa5, J-; p>, O; : ^2 •". K! '^'^. ^ ^^ ". ! h; CO 00" ; p^ wo p^ i« !>. - • -"co ■? 00 r^ po lo^o i ^ t>.po «Sc? PC p'.co f^ : <; CO po " o Tt-o :\Q 'oop^p^^ui : cm^o coo\:0 :coocopopo;-fl- o^o >o pi ^ '^ : ^7 : "X; 1 ^5 1 •^ ; T"^ R.^. "5 cooo ;Ov ;co■^^:^0^0^ ;p»OP0t^^ PJ, ■*; • 000 -On : PC o^vo : t^vopc- : 1-00 :c ; - c-c- ■ 00, C;>q. PC Pi t CJ CO "ICO :o :ov:'i-ioo : :po'oco ■^ir^-N- 'PI ■ — -^i>.; -co vO^ 1 °. : ^ : "". ■ ^. ~ ^ ' : K! . ^^ poc^^ip^ipo:-^^-^ :po:iCpr ^5; in: C;cO K5» : POP! o^ : r^pcvo -^ : a>r*o :nO "- CO p^ • pT ti po ; ri PC PC »o 1 ft ^ ; ;00 : « ; i p3, i "*" i : **" i .; pT po pT ; : p< •■*■■" i^ : i i Hi : •■ p« • K? C3^ c\ . ^„ p^ ^' ^ :„',?„■" ; re pT « pT <« d" v) C\ : : p» : p» 2<^ : -^ ;cpj_ 10 ^ ; 0; PI, PC t- p< : pT -T d <2 ■^ -II liMM l d t * t : 1 1 i 2^ en W H D O >- w rt 1 i. u i5 i: 5 2 i; 'j: : * • ; h : : ■ ■ V rt 5 S b::^ rt u li n c 13 C :- • V 00 11 H u c ■ CJ ■a •3 C ■ c ; 11 >- a u >— > POPULATION OF THE STATE AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 205 1 ■*t^o ovo-f~5T)-2\iJt — ^o U-) -r f^y: o*» -ton'o vO_ ^ __ o_ fo Cv q, - "2-9, 0-1 t-5MC«o o^'^ ro» '^^'^tli'O'^.T^^:'^ t ^.^. s. "-^ "C- °. "1 5 H.^~ 'i ^ ir ■*. "^ ". '^ S ^00* ^^f^fOiO*^*^^^^,**^ 0^^O i^row^.^" u'i'^ir^r^*-' -(j-t^C^t^t^ .'^VD ^vO C^ "i "^ T ^ ito r-iii fi. T. 'i^ -. t %: 5 '^ "^ "^ 5 ~- '^'-^» ". '^ "-^. '^ t^. '^ "^I 5 1 "1, "^ " 9. S. T ^-'i 'T:'^-^ to r^>D • • ro ■ • f^ r* ■ fo r^CjQ ■ r^ t^zQ t^-n r^ t^v3 oOO-"-oo-T^c^o :t^o^ -tvi 3- •■-On * "N 1 '^V^ ^'^h: ^-i;^,.'^^'^'^ *^^« H. 't *^ -i ^^- ^ T "^ ■ *^ ". ^* '^' '^ ^ ^^^'^ 1 ^*^^^"-3; *^*^ "^ ^^ *^ ^ ^ 9^^ ^ T ^ 9^ '^ :^ ; ■ ^^ ^^'^^ ; '^ n" i i i i i i : : : i ; ; "* : i i "■ ; ''^ i " ; i i i i : ''^ • i " ■ o* i i i i : i ; S I >o •; I I 1 I 1 1 MNM^MiiillMiMiiMMM: c c c c ■ : ■ : u ! I ■ ' : rt rt a .= .t; 3 = rt c3 2 •- ;^M : M M M i ; jJ i M M M :Jg ! ; : c-u I:: u •a *o -3 «•« 4) . Statk Dkbt Board consists of the Governor, the Auditor, and the Secretary of State, and their duty is to consider matters per- taining to the public debt. The Board of Penitentiary Commissioners consists of the Governor, the Attorney-General, and the Secretary of State, and it is their duty to superintend the management of the State Penitentiary and the employment of convicts or prisoners thereof. The Printing Board consists of the Governor, the Auditor, and the Treasurer of the State, and it is their duty to let and make contracts for the printing of the public reports and other documents of the State. The Board of Railroad Commissioners consists of the Governor, as President of the Board ; the Secretary of State, as clerk, and the Auditor of State. It is their duty to assess and equalize the valuation of railroad property in the State for the purposes of taxation The Board of INIunicipal Corporations consists of the Secre- tary of vState and the Auditor, and considers matters pertaining to the incorporation of cities and towns. The Board of Edu- cation consists of the Governor, the Secretary of State, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and takes cognizance of public matters relating to education and the public school system. The Board of Review for Donation Contests consists of the Governor, the Auditor, and the Attornej'-General, and their duty is to consider matters arising under conflictmg locations of lands by donation, in the State land office. The Board of Examiners of State Scrip consists of the Governor, the Secretary of State, and the Auditor, and their function is to see to the issue, calling in, and cancellation of the State's paper, called scrip. The various Boards of Trustees, or Directors, for the several educational institutions of the State, are missioners? Printing Board? Board of Railroad Commissioners? Board of ISIunicipal Corporations? Board of Education? Board of Review for Donation Contests? Board of Examiners of State Scrip? tHE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTRY. 2ig appointed from time to time, their duties being to govern and direct tlie interests of the institutions over whicli they are placed. 6. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction is the head of the educational system of the State. He receives the reports of the County Examiners, superintends the holding of teachers' institutes, and all other matters pertaining to common schools. In each county there is an officer appointed, called the County Examiner, whose duty is to examine all applicants for positions as teachers in the public schools, and to grant certificates to those who show themselves to be qualified for the position. Each county is divided into such school districts as may be appro- priate, and in each such district, school directors are chosen by the vote of the people to manage the public school affairs. The public schools are kept up by a tax, voted by each district and collected by the sheriff, like any other taxes paid into the State Treasury, and from there is distributed by the Superintendent of Public Instruction to the various counties, at so much per capita, determined by the number of the school population in the county. The School Directors constitute a Board for the management of the school affairs in the district, and in cities of the first class they have authority to elect a superintendent of schools. It is they who attend to the building and furnishing of school houses, the employment of teachers, and the general management of the school interests. 7. The Legislative Department of the State consists of the Senate and House of Representatives of the General Assembly. Two or more counties are joined in a Senatorial District, as the Legislature may direct, in which one or more Senators are chosen 6- — The duties of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction? What are County Examiners and what are their duties? How are the public schools kept up? What are the duties and powers of school directors? 7- — Of what does the Legislative department consist? How many Senators are there? How chosen, and for how long do they hold their 220 ^ APPENDIX D. by the vote of the people, according to population. They hold their offices for four years. The Senate is required to consist of not less than thirty, nor more than thirty-five members. The House of Representatives is composed of representatives, elected by the vote of the people, one or more from each county, or from such counties as may be joined for the purpose. They hold their offices for two years. The House of Representa- tives is required to consist of not less than seventy-three, nor more than one hundred members. These two bodies or branches form the General Assembly or Legislature, which enacts laws for the government of the State. To become a law a matter must be passed by a majority of both Houses, and be approved and signed by the Governor; or if the Governor vetoes the measure, the two Houses may, by the vote of a majority of the members elected to the Gen- eral Assembly, pass it over his veto, and it then becomes a law. If any bill is passed by the Legislature and is presented to the Governor for his approval, and he fails to return it to the Legislature within five days (Sundays excepted), it then becomes a law, unless the General Assembly, by adjourning, shall have prevented its returns, in which case it shall become a law, unless he shall file the same, with his objections, in the office of the Secre- tary of State and give notice thereof by public proclamation, within twenty days after such adjournment. 8. The Judicial Department of the State Government con- sists of the Supreme Court, the Circuit Courts, the Chancery Courts, Courts of Common Pleas, County and Probate Courts, Courts of Justices of the Peace, and City or Corporation Courts. The judges for all of these courts are elected by the votes of the offices? Of whom does the House of Representatives consist? How elected, and for how long do they hold their offices? What are the requirements for the enactment of a law? 8. — Of what does the Judicial department of the State consist? Of how THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OK THE COUNTUY. 22 F people given at the polls. The Supreme Court consists of five judges, one of whom is called the Chief Justice, and the other four: Associate Justices. They hold their offices for eight years. A. judge of the Supreme Court is required to be at least thirty years of age, of good moral character, learned in the law, a citizeni of the United States, and two years a resident of the State. He is- required to have 2:)racticed law for eight years, or to have been on the bench of any court of record for a time which, added to the time that he has practiced, shall equal eight years. The sessions- of the court are held only at the Capital. The judges of the Supreme Court have power to appoint a Clerk of the court, who- holds his office for six years, but is subject to removal for good, cause. It is the duty of the Clerk to keep the records, enter judg- ments, issue writs, transcribe opinions, and the like. The judges of the Supreme Court also have power to appoint a Reporter of the court, whose business it is to prepare reports of the decisions made by the court and to publish them from time to time. If a judge of the Supreme Court is disqualified from presiding at the hearing of any case, either by being a party concerned or of kin to parties concerned, or by having been connected with the case as an attorney, by having presided at the trial of it in any inferior court, or in other way, the Governor has power to appoint some disinterested person to serve in the hearing of the case as a special judge. The Supreme Court has ordinarily only appellate jurisdiction, and can only consider such cases as are appealed to it from the lower courts. many members does the Supreme Court of the State consist? How elected, and how long do they hold their offices? What are the qualifications of the office? How is the clerk of the Supreme Court chosen? What are his duties, and how long does he hold his office? If a judge of the Supreme- Court is disqualified, how is his successor provided? What jurisdiction has- the Supreme Court? Of what do the Circuit Courts consist, and what are: :223 APPENDIX D. The Circuit Courts are courts held in the several counties by a judge resident of some one of the counties which are joined together for the formation of a circuit. The Circuit Judge goes from place to place, holding court, at stated times, in each county of his circuit. The Circuit Courts take cognizance of both civil and criminal matters, and, except where separate courts of chan- cery are established, they hear and determine chancery matters also. The Legislature has power to create separate courts for the ■disposition of chancery cases, if, in their judgment, the necessity therefor exists. The Circuit Court has both an original and an apj^ellate juris- diction. Suits may be instituted in it in the first instance, or it may hear cases apjDcaled to it from the Courts of Common Pleas, County and Probate Courts, Courts of the Justices of the Peace, City or CorjDoration Courts. The judges of the Circuit Courts are elected by the people and hold their offices for four years. A law-officer for the circuit is provided by law, called the Prosecuting Attorney, whose duty It Is to prosecute criminals for offenses, and see that crimes arc pun- ished. If a judge of the Circuit Court fails to be present by the second day of the term of his court, or Is disqualified, the lawyers in attendance may elect a special judge to preside for the term. Cases in the Circuit Court are usually tried by a jury of twelve men, summoned by the sheriff, out of a numlicr selected for the purpose by commissioners. All male j^ersons above the age of twentv-one years are liable to be summoned to serve on juries, but firemen, l:;\vvers, ministers of the Gospel, and physicians are their duties? Wliat is the jurisdiction of tiie Circuit Courts? How are the Circuit Judges chosen, and how long do they hold their oflices? Who is the law officer of the Circuit Courts, and what are his duties? If a Circuit Judge is disqualified or fails to attend, how is his successor chosen? How are cases in the Circuit Court usually tried? How are juries selected and summoned? Who is liable to serve as a juryman? Of what does the Grand Jury consist, and what are its duties. THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OK THE COUNTRY. 223 exempt from doing jury duty. Cases in Circuit Courts may also be tried by the Judge alone, sitting as a jury, and cases which mainly involve questions of law are tried in this way. In Chancery Courts cases are tried by the judge alone, who is called the Chan- cellor. Offenses against the law committed in the county are enquired of by a jury of twenty-four men, called a Grand Jury. If, in their judgment, a particular person has violated the law, they present against him an indictment, and he is thereupon arrested and held for trial. IN THE COUNTY. I. The OFFICERS OF A COUNTY are a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, where such courts are established, a County and Probate Judge, a Circuit Clerk, a County Clerk, a Sheriff, a Treasurer, a Coroner, a Surveyor, and an Assessor. These officers are elected by the people, and hold their offices for the term of two years. The County Courts have poAver also to employ an attorney to attend to the legal concerns of the county, and there is also a County Examiner, to examine teachers of public schools for license to teach. The Courts of Common Pleas are courts stationary in the counties where created, and having jurisdiction of civil matters only, in cases involving small amounts. The County Court is presided over by the County Judge, at stated times, and takes cognizance of all matters pertaining to county roads, bridges, paupers, poor-houses, insane persons, election contests for county officers, the allowance of claims against the county, the levying of taxes, and the like. Ordinarily the. County Court is presided over by the County Judge alone, but when the subject of the levy of taxes is to be Iv THE County. 1. — What officers are there in each county.-' How are they chosen, and how long do they hold their offices? What are Courts of Common Pleas? What is the County Court? By whom presided over? 224 APPENDIX D. considered, the several Justices of the Peace throughout the county sit as members of the court, and a majority of the court determines its action. The County Judge is also Probate Judge. The Probate Court has jurisdiction in the administration of estates, the allow- ance of claims against estates, the appointments of guardians and curators, and the probate of wills. The Circuit Clerk is an officer whose duty it is to keep and transcribe the records and judgments of the Circuit Court, issue writs, etc., and he is also, by virtue of his office, the Recorder of the county, whose duty it is to enter of record all deed for sale of property, mortgages, deeds of trust, schedules, and the like. This office may be separate and distinct from that of the county clerk, but ordinarily the duties of the two offices are combined in the same person. The County Clerk keeps the records of the County Court, issues county scrip or warrants, lists lands for- feited for the non-payment of taxes, etc. He is also the clerk of the Probate Court. The Sheriff attends upon the Circuit Court and executes its process and decrees. He is charged with the keeping of all pris- oners to be tried in that court, before trial or sentence, and with the arrest of violators of the law on process issuing out of the Circuit or County Courts, which latter court he also serves. He is also ex-officio collector of taxes. Each person is required to pay taxes on all property owned, real or personal, for the support of the Government, State, county, city, and the public schools. The County Treasurer is the financial officer of the county, and keeps and disburses its revenues and funds. The Probate Court? Its functions? What are the duties of the Circuit Clerk? The County Clerk? The Sheriff? The Coroner? The County Surveyor? THE CIVIL GOVEUNMENT OF THE COUNTUV. 225 The Coroner is an officer, whose duty it is, in case of the death of a person in any other than a natural way, to determine the cause of death, and ascertain, if possible, the agency by which it occun-ed. The County Surveyor is an officer whose duty it is to make surveys of property of individuals, or of the county, as may be required of him. The Assessor is an officer whose duty it is to place a valuation on all property in the county, real and personal, for purposes of taxation. IN THE TOWNSHIP. I. Each County is divided into townships of convenient size, created by the County Court, and in these townships, officers, called Justices of the Peace, are elected by the vote of the peo- ple, given at the polls, and hold their offices for two vears. One Justice of the Peace is elected for each two hundred voters, but each township, however small, has one Justice of the Peace. The courts of the Justices of the Peace have exclusive jurisdiction of all cases not involving more than one hundred dollars in amount, and concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court in matters of contract, where the amount does not exceed three hundred dollars ; for the recovery of personal property to the value of three hundred dollars, and for damages to personal property not exceeding one hundred dollars. They have jurisdic- tion over certain crimes and misdemeanors, and sit as examining courts in the case of graver offenses. They may, on examination, either commit or discharge accused persons ; apprehend parties, or require them to give bail for their appearance before the court hav- ing jurisdiction thereof, or the Grand Jury ; and they may require persons to give bond to keep the peace or for good behavior. In the Township. 1. — Into what is each county divided? What are the duties of the Justices of the Peace? What is the extent of their juris- diction? What are the duties of the Constable? 236 APPENDIX D. In common with the Governor of the State, Judges of Courts of Record, regularly ordained Ministers of the Gospel or Priests of any religious sect or denomination, Justices of the Peace have authority to solemnize marriages in their resjDcctive counties. The courts of the Justices of the Peace are attended by a Constable, who is also elected by the votes of the people. He is the executive officer of the court ; serves its process ; executes its order and judgments ; and makes arrests as ordered by it. /* THE CITY AND TOWN. I. The chief officer of a city or incorporated town is the Mayor, who is elected by the people. A city or incorporated town is governed by a City Council or Board of Aldermen. The city or town is divided into wards, and in each ward one or more alder- men are elected by the vote of the people, and these aldermen have authority to pass ordinances for the government of the city or town. Cities ai'e divided into cities of the first and second- class. In cities of the first-class a city judge holds court for the punishment of offenses against the ordinances of the city, and. against the public peace. In cities of the second-class the Alayor holds such a court. The city officers are a Mayor, City Council, a Clerk, Treasurer, Collector, Chief of Police, City Engineer, Street Commissioner; Chief of Fire Department, and Policemen, The Mayor is the chief executive officer, and must approve all ordinances. The Clerk keeps the records, transcribes ordinances, etc. The Treasurer is the financial officer, to receive and dis- burse its revenues and funds. The Collector collects licenses . and fines. The Chief of Police is the principal officer of the police and detective force. The City Engineer is the City Sur- In the City and Towx. 1 . — Who is the chief officer of a city or town? Who are the officers of cities, and wliat are their duties and powers? Of incorporated towns? How are tliese officers chosen? What is necessary in order to be a qualified voter? THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTRY. 227 veyor, who is required to furnish proper grades for streets ana other improvements when desired ; to superintend the building of sewers, drains, and other public matters. The Street Commissioner has charge of the care and improvement of streets, alleys, gutters, etc. The Chief of the Fire Department has control of the firemen and the direction of the fire engines. The city policemen have authority to arrest, without warrant, any whom they may find violating the law or disturbing the peace. In incorporated towns the ofiicers are a Alayor, Aldermen, Recorder, Treasurer, and ^Marshal. All of the above officers, below councilmen, are elected by the Council or Aldermen, but the Councilmen or Alder- men, and all above them, are elected by the vote of the people. To be a qualified voter it is required that the voter shall be a male person, of the age of twenty-one years, a citizen of the United States, or who has declared his intention of becoming such, who has resided in the State twelve months, in the county six months, and in the voting precinct or ward one month, next preceding the election. Each such person is entitled to vote, except such as have been convicted of the commission of a felony. The Military Government of the Country. IN THE NATION. I. The offensive and defensive power of the National Govern- ment consists of its Army and Navy. The former is made up of regular soldiers — that is, such as enlist permanently in its armies, or for a term of years ; and volunteers, or those who enlist for a particular occasion, and are mustered out of service as soon as the occasion is past. In times of war. If the regular army, which is also called the standing army, and the volunteer forces, are not In the Nation. 1 . — Of what does the military power of the Nation, consist? How may armies be increased? r228 APPENDIX D. :sufficient, Congress has power to order a draft or conscription, m which the names of all persons subject to military duty are drawn from by lot, and those drawn are required to render military ;service, or to furnish a substitute to serve for them. 2. The President of the United States is the cx-ojfficio Com- mander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the Nation, and may •exercise the powers thereof ; but the active administration of affairs is conducted by a Secretary of War and general officers, through their subordinates, down to the enlisted men, who are required to •obey strictly the orders of their superiors. Except in times of conscription the army of the Nation is kept up by voluntary enlistments. The term of an enlisted man is five years, during which time he receives a monthly pay, with rations and clothing. If, at the end of his term of enlistment, he sees fit to re-enlist, he receives certain advancements. Congress alone has power to declare war, but the President may call out the army, or call for volunteers, to suppress insurrection, repel invasion, or preserve the peace. The President is also authorized to employ the land and naval forces of the Government, to assist in executing the laws, or preserving the public peace, when called upon so to do by the Governor or by the Legislature of any State. 3. The NAVAL AFFAIRS of the Government of the United States are administered by a Secretary of the Navy, with subordinate commodores and other commanding officers, down to the marines ■ or sailors of the Government's service, making use of such ships and war vessels as the Government provides ; but the President has power also to issue what are called " letters of marque (inark) and reprisal," which authorize private persons to use 2. — Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the National army and navy? How are the affairs of the army actively administered? In what inanner are the National armies kept up? 3^ — How are the naval affairs of the United States Government adminis- tered? Explain what is meant by "letters of marque" and privateering. THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTRY. 229 their own ships against an enemy, or to destroy the commerce of an enemy, in which case they are called privateers. The taking of letters of marque for service on the sea is the same as volunteer- ing would be on the land ; but the larger Governments of the world are so well supplied with ships of their own, as not to need the service of privateersmen. IN THE STATE. I. The military power of the State consists of its militia. All able-bodied male persons, residents of the State of Arkansas, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, except such as maybe exempted by law, are liable to militia duty. The Governor of the State is the Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of the State, and when the General Assembly is not in session, he may call out the militia or volunteers, or both, to execute the laws, repel invasion, repress insurrection, and preserve the public peace. He may declare martial law to exist, and when such is done, the military power is placed above that of the civil power, which is, for the time being, superseded. The military affairs of the State of Arkansas are administered by the Governor, through an Adjutant-General, and such General and other commanding officers, down to the militiamen, as are in the State's service, in the same manner as done in the case of the military power of the United States. In the State. 1. — Of what does the miHtarj power of the State of Arkansas consist? Who are liable to militia duty? Who is the Com- mander-in-Chief of the State military forces? What are his powers? How arc the military affairs of the State of Arkansas administered? I N DEX. PAGE. Abbadie, de 32, 1S2, 1S6, 1S7 Abolition Party 105, 116 Acquisition •j Adams, Samuel 114, 1S4, 194 Adjutant General 2tg Admission into the Union 91, 92, 93, 193 Amendment, Fishback 103, 167, 215 Fourteenth 152, 202 Fifteenth 152, 202 to National Constitution 20S American Party 105 Anti-Federalist Party 104 Anti-Slavery Party 123, 134 Archer, S. B 62 Area : 8 Arkadelphia 58 Arkansa Indians 11 Arkansas; Early Spelling- of Name 12 Pronunciation of Name 12, 13 Meaning of Word 13 Territory ---SS, 19b City 108 County 51, 54, 66, 68, 81, 107, 154, 189 Post.S2, 100, 144, 1S7, 1S9; Capture of 197 River, Exploration of 47, 1S7 Command ot _ 34 Arkansaw; District of 47, 1S9 Arkopolis 56 Arsenals , lii Arthur, Chester A .16S, 202 Ashley, Chester 56, 106, 116, 121 County 121, 195, 199 Assessor 225 Assignment of Bank. 102 Attorney General 217 Aubry 32, 1S2, 1S7 Auditor 317 Augusta 83, 142, 143 Austin, Moses 55, 57 Stephen F.. $6,57,62, 117 Bank, Real Estate loi, 193, 194 State 99, 100, 193 Barkman, Jacob 57 Barruque, Antoine 68, Si Bastrop, Baron de ; Grant to T,^ Bates, Frederick 47, 49, 63, 184, 190 James AVoodson .62,63,67, 191 Batesville .67, 100 Battle, B. B 58 Baxter, Elisha 156, 158, 161,185,200, 201 Bonds 164 County 158, 200 PAGE. Beebe, Rosvvell 56, 125 Belding Claim iig Benton 51 County - 99, 193' Bentonvilie 99 Berry, James H 163, 168, 169, 179,- 185, 209 Berryville 87, 170 Bertrand, Charles P. '. 92 Bcttis' Bluff 90 Bienville 27,29, 182, 186 Biscoeville 57 Bloomington 88 Bluff, Bettis' 90 Fabre's So Board, Military 139 Boards, State 216 Boisbriant 31, 182 Bolivar 107 Bonaparte 34.37.38. 39, 4° Bonds, Holford loi, 103, 167, 194 Boone County 153, 200 Daniel 153 Border War 136 Borland, Solon 105, 119, 120, 122, 127 Boundary..59, 67, 70, 84, loS, 191, 192, 193, IC4 Boydsvil'le 15S Bradley County..! 10, 116, 121, 154, 160, 194, 199 Breokenridge, C. R 179 John C 129 Bridge 20a Brooks, Joseph 106,156, i6i, 200 Brooks and Baxter War 161, 200 Brown, Jacob 100, 119 Josepli C. 67, 191 Brownsville 121 Bryan, James 56 Buchanan, James 128, 195 Buena Vista, Battle of 110,120, 195 Byrd, Richard C 122, 123, 1S4, 185 Cabinet 162, 210 Cache River, Skirmish at 144 Cadillac 29, 1S2 Cadron, The -55. 62 Cairo and Fulton Railroad 125, 154, 195 Caldwell, Henry C 147, 17S, 19S Calhoun County 124, 195 Camden , 113 Cane Creek Church 154 Capital, Territorial 55. 65, 191 State...; 55, 191 Capitol 78 Cappa 11 233 INDEX. PAGE. Carnahan, John P 53 Carondelet, Baron de.... .33, 34, 52, 68, 183, 18S Settlement 35 Carroll County 86, 113,153, 193 Carrollton 86 Casa Calvo, Sebastian de 33, 1S3, 1S8 Cass, Lewis 128, 19S Cauthron 88 Census 34,65,84, III, 134, 139, 153, 166, 204 Center Point ... 160 Cession to Spain 31, 1S2, 1S7 to France 34, 1S3, 1S8 to United Stales 36-42, 1S3, iSS Cherokees 54, 59, 74, 75, 189, 190, 192 Cherubusco, Battle of 120 Chickomin Prairie 72 Chicot County 167, 191 Chronological Summary 1S6 Churchill, Thomas J 145, 166, 185, 202 Choctaws 59, 191, 192 Cities, Government of 226 Civil Government of the Country 207 Claiborne, William C. C 41, 183, 1S8 Clarendon Si Cark County S4» 57,80,87, 116, 190 William 49,54, 1S4 Clay County 158, 200 Henry iiS, 13S Clayton, Powell 106, 146, 150, 155, 163, 1S4, 199, 200 JohnM 158 Cleburne County 169, 202 Patrick R 141, 170, 179 Clerk, County 224 Supreme Court 221 Clevel ind County 160, 200 Grover. ". l6o, 171, 202 Clinton 88 Clover Bend 53 Cockrill, Sterling R 171, 202 Colleges 57,82, 216 Columbia _ 68, loi County 126, 153, 199 Commissioner of State Lands 217 Commissioners, United States 214 Common Schools 112, 152, 177 Compromise, Missouri 134, 135, 136 Congress 2H Constable, Duties of 335 Constitution 93, 139, 146, 150, 161, 198, 199, 201, 208, 314 National 207 and Union Party 105, 129 Contreras, Battle of 120 Conway 159 County 70,88, 110,192, 159, 199 Henry W 55, 56, 59, 70, 73, 105, 125, 179 James S 70. 84, 97, 98, 106, 108, 1S4, 192, '93 John R loS, 193, 194 Elias N 106, 125, 126, 127, 179, 184, 195 I Corning 158 | Coroner 335 1 PAGE. Counties, Government of 223 Countyjudge 223 Courts 312, 213, 230, 231 Officersol 213, 223 Craighead County 128, 196, 199, 200 Thomas B 128 Crawford County 66,79,88, 107, 125, 191 Crittenden County 70, 86, 192, 160, 199, 200 Robert 56, 60, 61, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71,77, 105, 179,184, 100, 191, 192 Cross County 141, 142, 197 Edward 58, 142 Crozat 29 Cummins, William 105 Dallas County 116, 135, 160, Danley, C. C... Danville Dardanelle Davidsonville 53, 1S9, De Abbadie 32, 1S2, Deaf Mute Institute De L'Epinav 30, 182, Democratic Par.y 104, 106, in, Denton, James L Dcs Arc. Deslui, Ben 60, 105, County 107, 154, De Soto, Hernando 14, 15, De Tonti, Henry 21, 22, 26, 27, Devall's Bluff 121, Dewitt Dorsey, S. W Dover Drennen, John Drew County 121, 122, 154, 195, Thomas S 115, 121, 1S4, 194, Duval, Dr. Elias R Dwight, Old Eagle, James P 174, 175, 185, Eakin, John R ^i. Earthquake, New Madrid 49, Easton, Ilufus Eciire a Fabre 80, Educational Facilities Electoral College, System of Commission Vote 104, in, 116, 123, J27, 12S, I129, '37, 152, 194, '99. 202, Elizabeth Elkhorn, Battle of. 143, Emancipation 143, Emigration. S3, Encarnacion, Hacienda of English, E. H 171, 178, 19S, 20i, Eskridge, Thomas P Explorations 47, Fabre, Ecore h So, I13 Fagan, James F 144 Farrclly, Terence 08 116 '95 139 no no 190 186 152 186 "5 17S 121 107 194 iS6 186 130 52 15S 79 66 199 '95 179 79 203 '79 189 5' "3 177 209 '65 203 83 '97 '97 SS 120 202 56 1S6 INDEX. 233 PAGE. Faulkner County 159, 200 Fayetteville 76, 100, no Federal Courts 213 Federalist Party. 104, 106 Fellows, John R 179 Fillmore, Millard 123 Finances of the State 163, 201 First White Settlement 22 Fishhack Amendment 103, 167,202, 215 Flanagin, Harris 141, 184, 192, 197 Fletcher, Thomas 141, 1S4, 197 Forrest City 72 Fort Smith Ill, 125 Fowler, Absolom 105 Franklin 72 County 107, 154, 193, 194 Free Soil Party 123, 134 Freshet.. 85, 193 Fugitive Slave Law 136 Fulton County 113,158, 199 William S 77, S9, 97, 113, 116, 1S4, 192, 193 Gaines Claim 159 Gainesville §7 Galvez, Bernardo de 33, 183, iSS Garfield, James A 107, 168, 202 Garland, A. H 58, 106, 158, i6j, 179, 1S4, 201, 202 County .80, 158, 200 Gazette 63, 191 Geographical Situation 177 Geological Survey 112 Geologist 217 Government of the County, Civil 207 Alilitary 227 of Cities and Towns 226 Governor, Powers and Duties of 216 Governors, French 29,30,31,32, 1S2 Spanish. 32,33, 1S2, 183 American 41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60, 61, 69, 77. S9, 97, 109, 114, IIS, '^2, 123, 125, 127, 129, 141, 146, 150, 155, 156, 173, 174, 1S3, 1S4, 1S5, 1S9, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 301, 202, 203 Grand Jury 223 Grant, U. S 152, 153, 156, 161, 199, 200 County 253, 20a Grants of Lands 33, 34 Gray, William 119 Greene County 87, 107, 128, 158, 199, aoo Greenville gS Greenwood .. 125 Hadley, O. A .155, 185, 200 Hale Claim 159 Hampton 125 Hardin, Joseph 56 Hardships in Domestic Life 144 Harrington, Bartley 68 Harrisburg 70 Harrisburgh 107 PAGE. Harrison 153 Benjamin 173, 203 William Henry 46,104, in, 1S3 Hayes. K. B 165, 202 Heoer 170 Heckaton 54, 69 Helena .66, loi Battle of 145, 197 Hempstead County 54, 58, 65, 7a, So, S7, 126, igi, 153, 160, 190 Edward 51, 54, 189 Hennepin, Louis iS, 180 Hill, L. D 139 Hindman, Thomas C 105, 144 Hogan, Edmund 68 liollord Bonds loi, 103, 194 Hot Spring Countv._ 80, 113, 192, 153, 158, 199 Hot Springs 1$, 158 Howard, Benjamin A 48, 51, 183, 1S4, 3S9 County 160, 200 James 160 Hughes, Simon P. ..106, 172, 173, 185, 202, 203 Iluntsville 99, 194 Iberville 27,28, 1S6 Ildefonso, St., Treaty of 7, 35 Independence County 67,88,90, 160, 170, 191 Izard County 71,88,91,113,158,160, 192 George 69 77, 184, 192 Jackson 53 Andrew 83, 1S9, 190, 191 County 83,90, 192 Jacksonport 83 Jasper •. 113 Jefferson County Si, 192, 153, 154, 160 Thomas 36,37,41,42, 104 Jenkins' Ferrv, Battle of 147, 198 Johnson, Andrew 149, 198 Benjamin 63,89, 123, 17S, 191, 19S County 88, 154, 193 Richard H 129, 196 Robert W 106, 127, 151, 179 Thomas 194 Joliet 17 Jones, Daniel W 58 Jatnes K 58, 106, 173, 179 Jonesboro 12S J ouett, Charles 62, 190 Joutel 25 Judges 47.62, 124, 126, 157, 195, "QS. 199, 200, 201, 212 Appointment and Duties of..2i2, 220, 221 Jurymen 22a Justices of the Peace 225 Kappa II Kerlerec, Baron de 32, 182, 186 Know-Nothing Party 105 Kuklux IS* 234 INDEX. PAGE. Lafavette Countj' 72, 192, 199 L,;i I4arpe, Bernard de 1S6 Lake Village 6S Lit Salle 1S-2S, 182, 1S6 Laussat, Pierre Clement 41, 183, iSS Law, John 30, 1S6 Lawrence County 53, 67, 90, 152, 1S9 Lawrence ville 81 Lebanon loS Lee County 160, 200 Robert E 160 Legislature 219 Lemos, Gayoso de 33, 1S3, iSS Letcher, Roliert P 62. 190 Lewis, Eli J 52, 199 Mernweiher 47> 4S> iS3> 1S9 Lewisburg 70 Louisville 72 Liberty .: 71 Lincoln, Abraham. .129, 136, 13S, 143-149, 154, 196 County 154, 160, 200 Litchfield S3 Little River County 151, 199 Little Rock 55 > 56, 65, iii Capture of 146, 19S Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad 27, 195, 200, 201 Livingston, Robert R 37, 40 Logan County 154, 200 James 154 Lonoke 159 County 159, 200 Loughborouo;h Bonds 164 James M 164 Louisiana, Purchase 7, 36-42, iSS District of 46, 1S9 Territory of 46, 1S9 L Upper, Settlement of 35, 42 Loveley County 7')72>74, 75, 192 Peter 71 Purchase 71, 74 Lucas, John 15. C 47 Madison 72 County 98, 97, 193 Magnolia 126 Malvern So Map, Land from Indian Treaties 10 De Soto's Route 16 United States 137 Marbois, Francis Barbe 38 Mananna 160 Marion 70, 71 County 91, loS, 153, 158, 193 Mark's Mills, Battle of 147 19S Marquette -.17, 1S6 Marshall loS Martial Law i6i, 199, 201 Martin, Allen 56 Mayor, Duties of 226 McClure, John 106, 200 McDonald, Alex 151 PAGE. McGarrah, James 76 McHenry, Samuel 55 Mcintosh, J ames 143 McLean, Neill 62 Meigs, R. J 47 Melbourne 71 Memphis & Little Rock Railroad 130, 195. 196 Mexican AVar iii, 195 Military Board 139 Military Government of the Country 227 Militia 152, 199, 201, 216, 217, 229 Miller County 65, 109, 191 James 60 61,65,184, 190, 191 William R 164, 179, 1S4, 201, 202 Miro, Estevan 33, 1S3, 18S Mississippi County 86, 128, 193, 199, 200 Missouri Compromise 134, 136 Territory 50, 51, 53,54. 57.59, 1S9 Mitchell, Charles B 151 Monroe County 81,160, 192 • James 37, 3S, 40, 43 Montgomery County 113, 158 Monticello 66, 121 Morrill, E. J. and G. H 70 Morrillton 70 Moscoso, Luys de 15, 20 Mount Moriah 15 Olive 71 Vernon 71 Mountain Home 158 View i6i Murphy, Isaac 139, 146, 149, 1S4, 198 Napoleon 108 Neill, Gordon 68 Nevada County 153, 200 New Madrid Coimty 51, S3 District of 47, 189 Earthquake 49, 189 Newport 83 Newton, Robert C 106 Thomas \V 68, 105, 113 Norristown 79 Occupants, Indian 8 Oden, Robert C. 56,68, 105 Officers, State 214, 215 County 223 Offices 78 O'Hara, William 56 Old Dwight 79 Organization of Arkansas Territory 62 Louisiana Territory 46 Missouri Territorj' 50 O'Riley, Alexander 32, 183, 187 Orleans, Territory of 46, 50, iSS Osages 8,9, 1S9, 190 Treaty with 10, 48 Osceola 86 Overflow 8$ Ouachita County 112, ISJ, 126, 153 Owen, David Dale ua INDEX. 235 PAGE. Ozark 107 P.anther 116 Paraclifta 75 Paragould 87 Pans 154 Pea Kicige, Battle of 143, 197 Pelham, William : 84, 193 Pennvwit, Philip 73, 192 Peici'ful Claim 159 Period, Colonial 7 Ante-Territorial 46 Territorial 61 Ante-BcUum .■ 97 Of the Civil War 134 Since the Civil War 149 Perrier 31, 1S2 Perry County no, 194 Perrvville in Phillips County 66,71,72,81,160, 191 Sylvanus 66 Thomas 66 Pierce, Franklin 127 Pike, Albert 105, 179 Countv 87, 160, 193 Zebulon M. 47, 67 Pine Bluff 82 Battle at 146, 198 Pocahontas 90 Poinsett County 107, 12S, 193, 194 Point of Rocks 9 Political Parties '04, 105 Polk County 116, 125, 160, 195 James K iiS, 116, 194 Pope County 79.88, no,. 182 John 77, 89, 184, 192 Population 8, 34, 62, 65, 84, in, 124, 129 153, 166, 176 Table of 204, 205 Gains in 206 Porter, Andrew 120 Postoffice 52, 53, S5, 66, 76 82, 83, n6, 1S9, 190 Powhatan S3 Prairie County 121, 159, 195 Grove, Battle of 144, 197 Prescott 153 President ,104, in, nj, 123, 127, 128, 129, 137. M9. 152. 156, i6s, 167, 168, 171, 173, 194, 199, 200, 202, 203 How Elected 209, 210 List of 106 Powersof 208, 22S Price, Sterling 14S, 148, 19S Princeton . 116 Prohibition Party 105 Prosecuting Atttorney 222 Pronunciation of Name of State 12 Pulaski County. ..54, 55, 66, 70, 90, 91, 121, 159, 190, I Pullen. John W. and James T 82 Purchase of Louisiana 7, 36-43 PAGE. Quapaw Line 9, 56 Quapaws ....8,11,53,56,68,69,190,191, 193 Qucsenbury, William 179 Quitman 170 Railroads... 127, 130, 175, 177, 195, 196,200, 201, 202 Randolph County 90, 158, 103, 199 Lewis 89, 193 Read, Opie P , 179 Robert H 179 Reconstruction 149, 198, 199 Rector, Elias 179 Henry M 129, 139, 159, 196, I97 Wharton... . 179 Registration 199 Reporter 221 Republican Party 105, 106, 129, 199 Representatives 220 Resources 176 Retrocession to France 34 Reveille 154 Review 43. 93.I3I. '75. '8° Rice, B. F , 106, 151 Richmond - 151 Rigaud, Marquis de 32, 182 Ringo, Daniel 58,124,194, 19s Rison 160 Ritchey, Adam 53, 190 Rivers, Improvement of 89 Roane, John Selden 119, 122, 123, 184, 195 Rockport 80 Rose, U. M 179 Rosston 153 Rougli and Ready _ 121 Russell, William 34, 56 Russellville 79 Salcedo 33, 1S3, 188 Salem 114 Saline County .91, 153, 15S, 193 Saracen 69 SauvoUe 29, 182, 187 Schools, Common 112, 152, 177 Scotia 79 Scott, Andrew 62, 63, 79, 190, 191 County 88, no, 125, 154, 193 George W ; 62 John : 51 Scull, James .62, 82 Searcy 90 County 91, 108, 160, 193, 194 Richard 9'. 108 Sebastian Coimty 125, 195 William K 123, 125, 151 Secession 137, 138, 196, 197 Secretary of State 217 Senators in Congress 97, 116, 122, 123, 127, 151, 155, 158, 162, 163, 200 How Chosen 211 State 219, 220 Settlement, First White 22 of Upper Louisiana 35 236 INDEX. PAGE. Sevier, Ambrose H 73, 75,92, 97, 105, 120, 179, 193 County 75,116,151,160, 192, 199 Sharp County iS^t '99 Ephraim 'S^ Sheridan IS3 Sheriff, Duties of 224 Shreve, H. M 89 Slavery 92, 118, 134 135, 136, 143 Slaves, Emancipation of 143, 197 Smith, Thomas i/S V. V 301 Smithville S3 Sovereignty, Transfer of 41, 42 Spelling of Name 12 Star City JS4 Stars, Falling of I93 State, Admission as 93> '93 State House 78, "93 Steamboat 73.84: '92 Steele, F"rederick 146, 147, 198 Stillwell, Joseph 34 Stone County 160, aoo Stroud, Adam S8 St. Charles, Skirmish at 144 St. Francis County 72, 107, 142, 160, 192 St. Louis 35.42,46, 5° Arkansas & Texas Railroad 177, 202 Iron Mountain & Southern Rail- road 127, 154, aoo Streets S^ Sugar Loaf 17° Summary of Events 186 Superintendent of Public Instruction 319 Supreme Court 212 Survey 59> 67, 70, 84, 194 Geological H2 Surveyor, County 325 Taylor, Zachary 323, 195 Telegraph Line I96 Territory of Arkansas...- S' Louisiana 46 Missouri 5° Texarkana 65 Texas, Annexation of. 118 Revolution n? Thomas, Wyatt C. 179 Thompson, Davis 194 Toledo 160 Tory Party 104 Totten, B. C '39 Towns, Government of 326 Trans-Mississippi Department J44 Trapnall, Frederick W 105 Treasurer 217, 324 Treaty, Cherokee 54,74, '89, '9°. '92 Choctaw 59, '9", "92 Osage 9,48, J89, 190 of Paris 32 Quapaw -QiSS.^S, 190, 193 PAGE, Treaty, of St. Ildefonso 7 Troops, Organization of 119, 139 Service of 140, 197 Trustees of Bank ica UUoa, Antonio de 32, 1S3, 1S7 Union, Admission into thcgi, 92, 93, 1S4, 193 County 79, no, 126, 192 Labor Party 105 University 76, 77 Unzaga, Louis de 33 1S3, iSS Upper Louisiana 35, 42, 46 Valliere, Don Joseph, Grant to. 33, 52 Van Buren 66, loi County 83, 103, 160, 170 Martin 66, 104, iii, 193 Varner 154 Vaudreuil, Marquis de 32, ib6 Villemont 6S Don Carlos de 33,34,52, 6S Vote, Electoral 104,111,116, 123, 127, 12S, 129, 137, 152, 165, 167, 171, 174, 193, "94, 195 Voters, Qualification of -27 Waldron SS Walker, David 19S J. D 165 War, Beginning of 134, 13S Progress of 13S-14S, 197 Brooks and Baxter i6i Mexican 117, i95 Washburne, C. P J79 Washington 58, loi, 119 County 72, 75, 99, '92 "Watkins, George C 195 Watson loS Wheeler, Amos 55 Whig Party 77, 106, m, nS White County 90, 17°, '93 Wilkinson, James 41,47,183, 1S8, 1S9 James B 47, '89 Williams, A. B 58 Samuel W -. 1,39 Wilson, John -.92, 'OI Wilshire, W. W. '99 Winfield, A. R '79 Winter Families, Grant to 34 Wittsburg 142 Wood, Allen 120 Woodruff Countv 142, '97, '99 William E., Sr 63, 106, 142, 179, 190 Yell, Archibald 97,109,119, 120, 179, 184, 193, 194, «95 County iio, 154, 194 Yellville 9' Yonley, T. D. W X9& '\ .0 ^^. ^^ •e-. * s ' ^0 * A^ aO "^OO^ 0^^ v x^ ^-<. * ^M^S * •; -/j )'^ .-". '''C. "^ V>' ss * rf' '/ c '^-r. % ^•^■' o>' -i- .v^^' •^y •r*^ ' , ■ ^ .^\\ ■ N '- ^OO^ 't. >*' i^"^^ '.\ vO '- ^^. y ^ ■\^ v^^ ^^. * ■> >. '^^ v^^ ^0^^ ^'^^• .^"^ "^. V ^/>„ j\ .V C " "^ '• ♦ '^O. "^^•^ .V. *V ^. .ss:^- * 1 .0 o ^*>, ^. ''/ V .^ .^ ^^tC-W .^•% f. .V o>' '^■■<^ -'$. ■>'^. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 646 055