mass ^\ X 057 Rnok M\ 7j (iopyiight N" copyRiGiiT DEPOsrr. REMCO'S MANUAL REMCO'S MANUAL OF APARTMENT HOUSE SERVICE ^ a>. - c.'^ ov.^O- ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK THE McCLURE COMPANY MCMVII UDRARY of CONGRESS Iwu Cooie; Received OCT 88 »»0^ Convn«t»f Entiv CLASS i!| XXc, No. ' OOPY B. ,lv\\Z. Copyrighted, 1907, by the REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONTENTS Instructions to Janitor General Instructions To Prevent Accidents . Accident Insurance Inspections .... Janitor's Help Tools and Supplies Renting Tenants Moving In Tenants Moving Out Vacant Apartments Repairs and Complaints Heating Water Light Cleaning Janitor's Records and Reports Janitor's Record Book . Janitor's Order Book Janitor's Complaint Book Janitor's Weekly Reports Janitor's Accounting . Telephone Records Telegraph, Mail, Newspapers, and Parcel Keys Janitor's House Notices Storerooms .... Refuse Vermin Tenant's Fuel Janitor's Whitewashing Work Apartment House Rules House Rules . Main Hall Rules Back Hall Rules Basement Rules Roof Rules Page Del ivenes VI CONTENTS Apartmf.nt House Rules — Continued Outside Rules Rules for Employees .... Instructions for Hall Boys . Instructions to Elevator Operators Instructions to Telephone Operators Page Care of Plant and Property Dumbwaiters Elevators Boile lers Directions for High-pressure Boilers .... Directions for Low-pressure Boilers .... Directions for the Care and Use of the Ideal Steam Boilers Directions for the Use and Care of the Royal Sectional Steam Heater Directions for the Care and Use of the Abendroth Sec- tional Heaters Directions for the Use of the Boynton Steam Boiler Directions for the Use of the Gurney Steam Boilers Directions for the Use of the Mercer Steam Boiler . Directions for the Use of the "Thatcher" Sectional Steam Boiler Directions for the Use of the "Comfort" and "Ross- more " Steam Boilers Directions for the Use and Care of the Abendroth Sec- tional Hot-water Heaters Directions for the Care and Use of the Ideal Water Boilers Directions for the Care and Use of the Royal Hot-water Heater Directions for the Use of the "Thatcher" Sectional Hot- water Boiler 173 Directions for the Use of the " Empire" Hot-water Heater 1 75 Directions for the Care and Use of the Mercer Hot-water Boiler 177 CONTENTS vii Page Flues Things Worth Knowing about Flues , . . .180 Electrical Machinery Instructions for the Care and Operation of Electrical Machinery 188 Furnaces General Directions for Care and Operation . . .211 Directions for the Care and Use of the Harvey Furnace, 212 Directions for the Use of Mott's "Comet" 1889 Fur- nace 214 Directions for the Use of the Richardson & Boynton Company's Furnaces 215 Directions for the Use of the "Thatcher" Tubular Fur- nace 217 Directions for the Use of the Thatcher Furnaces . .219 Directions for the Use of the Boynton Heating Furnaces, 221 Directions for the Care and Use of the " York' Furnaces, 223 Furnace Repair Supplies 224 Pumps General Instructions for their Use 227 Directions for the Care of Worthington Steam Pumps . 227 Directions for the Operation of Rider Compression Hot- air Pumps 230 Directions for the Care and Use of Ericsson Hot-air Pumps 240 Directions for the Care of the Quimby Electric Pump . 246 Hot-water System Heaters 248 Plumbing Fixtures Basins 249 Bath Tubs 249 Toilets 249 Wash Tubs 250 Ranges Repair Supplies 251 Outline of a Range Showing Parts 253 General Directions for the Care and Operation of Coal Ranges 254 Vill CONTENTS Ranges — Continued General Directions for the Care and Operation of Gas Ranges Directions for the Use of Mott's Defiance Ranges Directions for Baking or Roasting by Gas in Mott's Clair mont Combination Gas and Coal Range Directions for the Care and Use of the Beebe Ranges Nos. 0-1-2-3-4 Refrigerators Glass, Glasswarh, and Globes Roofs Directions for the Care of Roofs Roof Tanks Roof Drying Racks Hardware Doors, Trim, and Moldings .... Hardwood Floors Directions for the Care of Hardwood Floors Directions for Refinishing Hardwood Floors Brasswork Awnings and Shades Awnings Shades Furnishings — Wall Paper Directions for the Care of Furnishings Wall Paper Metal Work Mason Work Leaders and Drains Leaders Drains Recipes and Formulae Whitewash Roof Paint To Remove Stains from Marble .... 275 To Remove Grease Spots from Marble To Remove Ink Stains from Marble . Index Page AUTHOR'S NOTE In the preparation of this work, assistance has been received from many sources, and grateful acknowledg- ment is made for all contributions, and in particular to the following: Department of Agriculture. Record & Guide. Hendrick's Register of the U. S., for Buyers and Sellers. American Radiator Company. Otis Elevator Company. Warner Elevator Manufacturing Company. H. R. Worthington Pump Company. Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co. Rider-Ericsson Engine Company. Henry Floy, A.I.E.E. Thomas Meehan. William E. Quimby, Inc. J. L. Mott Iron Works. Stove Manufacturers' Repair Association. Buttle Parquet Floor Company. Abendroth Bros. Boynton Furnace Company. Gurney Heater Manufacturing Company. Harvey Furnace Company. Janes & Kirkland. ix AUTHOR'S NOTE H. B. Smith Company. Thatcher Furnace Company. Richardson & Boynton Company. E. N. Botsford. Thomas O'Callaghan. John Howe. C. C. Denike. Carl Jansen. Paul Thorns. William Havens. INTRODUCTION During the last fifteen years while building up an organi- zation and perfecting a system for the care of improved real estate we have had many problems to meet and have had frequent occasion to issue circular letters of instruc- tions to our employees. Some of these have dealt with the service, some with the care of the machinery in use, others with the main- tenance of the property, all of them important to the comfort of tenants and vital to the income of the property. With time this material has become very voluminous and of increasing value, it has been necessary to classify, index and arrange it for ready reference and finally to complete it by covering the whole subject of apartment house management. In its final form it practically provides for a management service extending over the entire twenty- four hours, and assembles in a convenient form for daily use the instructions prepared by the greatest experts in the country for the operation and preservation of the expensive machinery in common use in buildings. The purpose of the Manual is to bring about a better understanding of the responsibilities of employees of xi xii INTRODUCTION apartment house properties — to acquaint them with the most approved methods of operating and maintaining the machinery they use, and to equip them with the experience obtained by practical men who have made the subjects in which they are interested a life study, to the end that their work may meet with more appreciation and that the doing of it may be made less laborious. We believe that its use will stop waste, improve incomes, increase wages and add something to the comfort of every resident of apartment house property. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1 You report to the management, and should know where and how to reach your owner, agent, or superin- tendent quickly at any hour of the day or night. Enter in your Record Book his house address and telephone number for use after his office closes. 2 Enter the house address of all your help in your Record Book. 3 You represent the management on the premises and are responsible to it for: 4 The house service. 5 The conduct and work of employees. 6 The condition of the plant. 7 The care of the property. 8 The renting of the apartments. 9 Waste of steam, electricity, water, gas or of any- thing else. Waste hurts you with your employer and does not help you with your tenants. 10 Systematize your work. 1 1 Insist on having proper tools to work with. 12 Have a place for everything. 13 Fix a time for each part of the day's regular work. 3 REMCO'S MANUAL 14 I lang in your basement a schedule of service hours for each {position. Require every employee to report for duty on time. 15 Make each of your help responsible for his part of the work. 16 Do not leave the premises unless it is necessary. 17 Before you leave, notify your superintendent or agent and your first assistant where to fmd you in case of fire or of an ernergency. 18 Appoint one of your help your first assistant. Have him take charge whenever you are absent. 19 Have him study your work in the manual. 20 Notify each of the other employees who is in charge when you are away. 21 Study the whole manual carefully, as you must see that every employee does his duty. 22 Complete house service should be given from 8 A.M. to 7 P.M. Open front basement doors at 6 A.M. Open rear basement doors at 6 A.M. Open main entrance doors at 8 A.M. Open roof doors and sky-lights at 8 A.M., and ventilate the hall thoroughly by opening front doors before closing the roof doors. 23 Close rear basement doors and lower your lights at 8 P.M., except on Saturdays and days before holi- days. 24 Close front basement doors and put out basement lights at 10 P.M., except gn Saturdays and days before holidays. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 5 25 On Saturdays and days before holidays close front and rear basement doors at 1 1 P.M. 26 After the hour for closing the basement doors deliveries are to be made through the main entrance. 27 Turn off all outside and vestibule lights at 10 P.M. 28 Close main entrance vestibule doors and roof doors and sky-lights at 10 P.M. 29 In houses having hall-boy service only, close main entrance vestibule doors and roof doors and sky-lights at the hour fixed for the hall-men to go off duty. 30 Supply hot water at all hours. 31 Bank hot water heater fires at 10 P.M. 32 Before banking fire see that the hot water tank is full of hot water. 33 Supply steam heat from 6:30 A.M to 10:30 P.M. daily during the term fixed by your lease; it is usually from October 15th to May 15th. 34 Bank your fire at 10 P.M. See that all tanks are full before you bank your fire. 35 Insure your effects. In case of fire you must give your whole time to the care of your tenants and your house. 36 Your employers and the public will judge you by the character of the service you maintain. Set an ex- ample for the other employees in every way. 37 Always be polite, obliging and prompt. 38 Keep yourself, the other employees and your prop- erty as neat and clean as possible. REMCO'S MANUAL 39 Have your uniforms cleaned every month. Get new uniforms twice a year, in March and September. 40 Never allow uniforms to be worn away from the building. 41 A breakdown in your elevator or dumbwaiter service, except as the result of an accident, is inexcusable and can only be due to your neglect to make inspections regularly or to your failure to order repairs in time. 42 Elevator and dumbwaiter and house-bell repairs must always be made quickly. The service must not be interrupted for a moment longer than is necessary. Night and day and Sunday work must be done to keep these in service. 43 Lack of heat, or of hot or cold water is bad man- agement. See that you are not to blame for it. 44 Fill your coal bins before September ist. Always have a month's supply of coal on hand. 45 You must be able to work fast in any emergency. Therefore enter in your Record Book and keep in your pocket-book a list of the names and addresses and 'phone numbers of the makers of all the machinery you use. Also record the numbers of all your machinery in both lists. 46 Enter in your Record Book and keep in your pocket-book the names of the mechanics usually employed by the office to make repairs to the plumbing, the steam- plant, the hydraulic elevators, the electric elevators, the bells, the pumps, and the roof, and their night address INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 7 and telephone numbers as well as their day addresses and telephone numbers, 47 Never promise tenants repairs that you cannot make yourself without cost to the owner; say that you will report the request to the office. 48 Make the tenants your friends. If they see that you are doing everything you can to make them comfort- able and to perfect the house service they will be your friends. 49 Don't give information about your tenants to people who have no right to know about them. 50 Discourage gossip — the less you and your help know about the tenants' affairs the better. 51 Never talk back to tenants; if they don't treat you right, report the facts to the office. 52 Remember always that your house is a place of residence, therefore permit no unnecessary noise. 53 It is much better to keep an old tenant than to get a new one, and it is less work for you and less expense to the owner. 54 Tenants frequently move because they do not like the house service. Give them the best house service that you can. 55 Before your tenants leave town for the summer, get their mail, telegraph and telephone addresses. Enter them in your Record Book and supply them to the office. 56 Get the names of tenants' guests and notify your help to receive mail for them. 8 REMCO'S MANUAL 57 Do not allow tenants to make alterations in the property unless you have orders to permit it. Report to the office immediately : 58 If you have a fire, 59 All accidents causing damage to persons or prop- erty, with name and address of witnesses. 60 When there is a loss by theft. 61 When workmen or tradesmen have damaged the property in any way. Get the name of the man or wagon number and the name and address of his employer. 62 When there is a disturbance you cannot control. 63 When anything is causing the tenants dissatis- faction. 64 When you hear a tenant is going to move, 65 When you hear a tenant is trying to sub-let. 66 When a tenant damages the property in any way. 67 When the street and crossings are not cleaned promptly by the City. 68 When there is contagious disease in your house. 69 If you have objectionable tenants or neighbors. 70 If your renting sign needs painting. 71 When there are dead animals in the street or on the premises; the office will get the Board of Health to remove them. 72 When smoke odors or excessive noise from neigh- boring buildings make your tenants uncomfortable. 73 Prevent disturbances whenever you can If INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR caused by a tenant, never call a policeman unless it is absolutely necessary. 74 The inspectors of the Board of Health, the Tene- ment House Commission and the Building Department have the right to go through your premises. Facilitate their work and treat them courteously. 75 Do not permit inspections to be made by private individuals without authority of the office. 76 Do not give information about the owner or prop- erty; refer inquiries to the office. 77 As far as you can, prevent tradesmen, and delivery men from smoking on the premises. 78 Keep solicitors and peddlers out of the building. 79 Have a telegraph messenger call in your main hall. 80 Allow no signs on the premises unless you have authority for doing so from the office. 81 Keep the renting sign clean. 82 Place a bell in the janitor's apartment and con- nect it with the front entrance door bell; provide a switch on the line, so that after the house closes the front door bell may be switched to ring in the janitor's apartment. 83 It is your duty to make the deliveries from the storerooms to apartments and from the apartments to the storerooms. 84 Van deliveries are to be made to or from the store- room by the van men. lo REMCO'S MANUAL 85 To prevent your main hall help having to leave the main hall to get you connect the hall by an electric bell with the basement. Place the bell where you or your family will always hear it. 86 Wrap up, label and store in your storeroom all left-over wall paper; you will need it for repairs. 87 Keep the basement air sweet by proper ventila- tion. Use wire screens on storerooms and openings to keep cats and other animals out. 88 Before you retire for the night see that all roof and basement openings are closed. 89 Unless the premises especially require attention, the only work, aside from the garbage and ashes, to be done on Sunday is the cleaning of sidewalks and of the vestibules and first floor of the main hall. 90 Before you cut the water off to make repairs notify all the tenants and give them time to draw a supply. After they have done so fill all your tanks before you shut the water off. 91 When the City notifies you that it will cut off the water to make repairs, notify all your tenants and have them draw a supply, and after they have done so fill all your tanks before it is cut off. 92 If your elevator is to be shut down for repairs, notify the tenants the day before, in order that they may not be more inconvenienced than necessary. 93 When you need an ambulance always call Police Headquarters: "3100 Spring." INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR ii 94 When not in use, oil machinery all over, then cover it carefully with cloth to keep dirt and dust off it. 95 Never allow water to be used on hardwood floors. 96 Study the instructions for the "Care of the Plant and Property" very carefully. The directions given in it are the work of experts. 97 You may not find in the "Directions for the Care of the Plant and Property" instructions for the care of the particular make of machine you use, but you will probably find the information you want in the instructions for some make of the same kind of machine. The principles govern- ing operation are practically the same for every make of a machine. 98 Keys are to be provided for the elevator doors. If there are no locks, have them put on. 99 Where the service requires more than one man in the same position, no employee is permitted to go off duty until the relief man reports, and overtime is to be paid. 100 When an apartment is closed and the tenant out-of- town, you should permit no one to have access to it except some member of the family or one of their employees. Do not allow employees to have access to an apartment in the tenants' absence unless they present a written re- quest. If you do not know the signature of the tenant do not recognize the request, but report to the office at once. 1 01 Under no circumstances enter an occupied apart- ment during the absence of the tenant. In case of leaks in them causing damage, report to the office immediately. 12 REMCO'S MANUAL 102 When more than one tenant is to move on the same day, try to arrange for them to use different hours for their moving; it will prevent blocking your service. 103 Try your safety valve monthly, lifting it to see if it is working properly. 104 Have your main hall rugs taken up and use a carpet runner in rough weather or when moving is being done. TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS 105 Inspect elevators daily. 106 Inspect dumbwaiters monthly, 107 Insure elevators to secure inspections. 108 Never use an elevator that is out of order in any particular. 109 Never attempt to leave an elevator car while it is in motion. 1 10 Remove snowand ice from walks and steps quickly. 1 1 1 Use sand or sawdust on slippery walks and steps. 1 12 Repair all holes in your basement floor at once. 113 Repair all loose or defective stair work quickly; until you can repair them, close the stairway. 1 14 Put rubber treads on your basement stair and on the stairway from the top floor to the roof. 115 Never allow stair carpets to get loose. Tack down all loose edges. 1 16 Never allow excelsior, hay, straw or light packing material to be stored or to remain on the premises. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 13 1 17 Keep the line of travel to your dumbwaiters free from refuse that burns readily. Keep paper and light refuse as far from the dumbwaiter as possible 1 18 When you are doing work in a dark place keep it lighted, and do not leave tools or materials where any one could fall over them. 119 See that coal-hole covers are fast and chained from below. 1 20 Require window sills kept clear of pots, plants and storage of all kinds. 121 Require the fire escapes kept clear as provided by law. 122 Keep drying racks sound and in good repair, 123 Remove immediately all loose material hanging from the building or lying on the roof. 124 When you first put a new elevator operator to work, remain in the car with him at least an hour and have him operate it continuously under your directions. 125 Before shutting down an elevator for repairs, lower it as far as it will go and close the valve or shut off the power to prevent it starting when you put the power on again. A full stop will close the valve. 126 Put a permanent guard around all moving ma- chinery. 127 See that there are no pipes that can be gotten out of the way which project above the level of the basement floor; if any are above the floor make a runway over them. 128 See that all stair rails are secure. 14 REMCO'S MANUAL 12Q See that there is a guard to prevent any one from standing under the dumbwaiter while using it — the car might slip or fall. 130 Keep the doors to all elevator pits locked. 132 Try the safety valve on boiler every month by lifting it to see if it is working properly. 133 Never permit signs or other projections from or on the building to become loose. 134 If your gas freezes and goes out, notify every ten- ant and see that all fixtures in the apartments are closed before you turn it on again. 135 ACCIDENT INSURANCE 136 Some Elevator, Boiler and Liability Insurance policies cover property damage as well as personal in- juries. 137 The companies require immediate notice of all accidents. Therefore report at once to the office accidents causing damage to persons or to property. 138 Enter the facts about accidents in your Record Book with the names and addresses of all witnesses and the date and time of the accident. 139 INSPECTIONS , DAILY 140 Inspect vacant apartments — nothing should be stored in them. 141 Inspect the water tank telltale. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 15 142 Inspect sidewalks, areas, halls, basement, pumps, elevator machinery, dumbwaiter and elevator shafts and all inside shafts. 143 Inspect all cesspool and area drains. 144 Remove all inflammable refuse at once. 145 WEEKLY 146 Inspect all servants' toilets which are not in the apartments. 147 Inspect basement toilets. 148 Inspect laundries. 149 Inspect roofs and drying racks. Remove all refuse and see that drying racks are sound and safe. 150 Inspect dumbwaiter bells and speaking tubes. These must be kept in order if you would give good service. 151 MONTHLY 152 Inspect the safety valve — try it by hand. 153 Inspect elevator and dumbwaiter, guides, cars and cables. 154 Inspect ropes: the wear on hemp ropes is on the inside. Untwist them up to determine the wear. 155 See that there is no chafing of the elevator cables at bearings, and that all is clear and fast at the bottom and top of your shaft and at the car. 156 ANNUALLY 157 In June of every year: 158 Have Police Department Boiler Inspections made. i6 REMCO'S MANUAL 159 Have Insurance Boiler Inspections made. 160 Inspect, clean and repair: 161 Boilers, Firebox and Grate-bars. 162 Water and heating line valves and governors. 163 Furnaces, heaters and pumps. 164 Flues. 165 Elevator plant in every part. 166 Dumbwaiter plant. 167 Repair and paint roofs, roof doors and drying racks. 168 Repair and paint all sky-light metal work. 169 Clean and repair roof tanks. See that the ball cock, the overfiov/, and the telltale are right. 170 Carefully inspect' and repair the roof beneath all tanks. 171 See that water lines and tank are properly packed to prevent freezing. 172 Inspect storerooms and outside basement white- washing. 173 Inspect and kalsomine shafts. 174 Inspect, repair and clean sky-lights glass. 175 JANITOR'S HELP 176 Require every employee to report on time. 177 For all high pressure steam plants a Police De- partment engineers' license is required. This is obtained by making application to Police Headquarters and will be granted to competent men on a request from the agent or INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 17 landlord. Low pressure boilers (under 10 pounds) may be operated without such license. 178 The age required by the Building Department for persons operating elevators is eighteen years. Do not employ any one under that age for this work. (See Sec- tion 5, Elevator Regulations, Bureau of Buildings.) 179 If you are in charge and employ your own help you should supply the office with at least three references for each of your assistants, including that of their last employer. You should have your appointment confirmed before putting an employee on duty, unless filling the position immediately is very urgent. 180 Enter the name and address of every employee in your Record Book. 181 Make each of your help responsible for his or her part of the work. 182 Arrange meal and relief hours and fix the change time for each employee who relieves another. 183 help's dressing-room 184 In a convenient part of the basement construct a dressing-room for the male, and one for the female help, and equip them with a private locker for each employee. 185 If possible put in a wash-basin. Supply a mirror, a clothes brush, hair brush and comb, blacking brush and blacking, soap and towel. 186 Give each of the help a key to the dressing-room i8 REMCO'S MANUAL and also to the locker they are to use. Require them to keep both the locker and the room locked. 187 TOOLS & SUPPLIES 188 Get your cleaning supplies on the 5th of each month. Always keep the following tools and supplies on hand: 189 One 8 ft. step ladder One 3 ft. step ladder Shovel Snow shovel Wheelbarrow Whitewash brush TOOLS Monkey wrench Gas plyers Rule Force cup Hatchet Claw hammer Tinsmiths-shears Saw Chisel Screw driver Tack lifter Stilson wrench Wire cutter 190 CLEANING AND HOUSE SUPPLIES Washing soap Bon-Ami Sapolio Pearline Solarine Pumice stone ^ pound Petermans' Roach Food Disinfectant Sponge Cotton waste Chamois Tapers Candles Scrub brush Mop Broom Whisk broom Long handle scrub brush Floor broom Feather duster 5 ft. duster handle Iron hoop pail Dust pan Cheese cloth Gas lighter Matches Canton flannel 191 REPAIR SUPPLIES Oil. Washers of each kind in use. 192 INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 19 Pump packing. Radiator valve packing. Lubricant for elevator and dumbwaiter guides. Electrician's tape (try it on leaking pipes). 50 feet small copper wire. Bell wire and push buttons. Speaking tubes, whistles, and mouth pieces. 100 feet of white wood, half inch picture molding. 100 feet white wood, half-inch quarter-round molding. 100 feet of felt weather strip. 100 feet of rubber weather strip. 25 feet of meeting rail weather strip. 10 pounds of oakum. Barrel of sand for slippery walks Bag of cement. Box of plaster of Paris. Nails, screws, tacks. Gas tips, gas pillars, globe holders, white lead. Door stops, sash fasteners, padlocks, hoops and staples. 12 sheets of tin. Key rings, key tags, shipping tags. 193 RENTING 194 If your house does not pay, the owner will be hard to satisfy. 195 Your most important duty is to keep your house fully rented. 196 Get all the help you can in your renting work. 197 If you are permitted to do so, give a list of your vacant apartments to the prominent real estate agents near you, and to the Illustrated Apartment House Direc- tory office, Broadway and 98th street. This institution 20 REMCO'S MANUAL will advertise you very widely and without charge if it gets you no tenants. It is popular with the public because it saves so much time and because its service costs the public nothing. It receives a very large number of appli- cations for apartments of all kinds. 198 Be courteous to all applicants. 199 Keep your vacant apartments very clean. 200 Keep the light on so you may show them at night. 201 Always be able to show everything you have to rent quickly. Have your keys tagged and where you can find them. 202 Never wait until you have an inquiry to arrange for showing an occupied apartment. If the tenant is out- of-town or refuses to show it, notify the management at once. You should be able to show all occupied apart- ments from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M., daily, for three months before the lease expires. 203 Keep the agents' cards and the printed matter describing your property where you and your help can get them quickly. 204 Educate your help to assist in renting; have them do it when you are absent. 205 Back doors of vacant apartments should be kept locked. The front doors should be kept closed but not locked. 206 Have a complete list of what you have to offer where you can get it quickly. Give your assistant and each of your hall help a copy. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 21 207 Telephone the office to send some one to meet your appHcant, if it can help you in renting; try to hold the applicant until he arrives. 208 Always try to get the applicant's name and address and forward it to the management so that the office may follow up the applicant. 209 Short forms of "agreement to lease" will be sup- plied you by the management. Always have them on hand. Get them signed if you can and put on them the applicant's address. 210 In every case require three references — two per- sonal references and one financial reference. 211 In giving a receipt for a deposit on an apartment, always write across the receipt the words "subject to acceptance," in order to allow the office to return the de- posit if the references are not satisfactory. 212 TENANTS MOVING IN 213 Enter in your Record Book the date of a ten- ant's arrival, and the name and address of the expressman who does the moving. 214 Do not allow a tenant to move in until you know the office approves the tenant. 215 Do not permit expressmen to block your sidewalk or halls. Require them to deliver goods from the van directly into the apartment. 216 If work is being done in the apartment rented to 22 REM GO'S MANUAL the tenant, ask the management to allow arriving goods to be put in some vacant apartment until it is ready for occupancy. 217 See that every part of the apartment rented is clean, including the windows; polish the range and clean it inside and outside; clean the sinks, tubs and ice-box and the plumbing fixtures. See that all window shades, locks, and window catches are in order. 218 Do all you can to assist an incoming tenant in getting settled. Show them every possible courtesy. 219 Notify the tenant immediately on arrival that the gas is turned off, and where and with what company a supply should be arranged for. 220 Give the tenant two keys for the main en- trance door and two keys for the front door of the apartment, also, if asked for, one key for each of the other doors. 221 Take a receipt for the keys you deliver to the in- coming tenant. 223 Whitewash the basement, store or trunk-room which goes with the apartment before the tenant moves in. 224 If there is only a general storeroom, tag and date every article turned over to you for storage. 225 Notify tenants of your hour for calling for garbage. 226 Notify tenants of their laundry or drying day. 227 Give them a copy of the House Rules at once. 228 Test all the faucets and the toilet tank — try them to see that they are working properly. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 23 229 TENANTS MOVING OUT 230 Be especially careful to show departing tenants every courtesy, and to assist them as much as your duties will permit. 231 Enter in your Record Book the date of departure, their new address and the name and address of the express- man who moves them. 232 Do not allow a departing tenant to leave any goods on storage in your care without the authority of the office. 233 As soon as a tenant moves out, remove all trash from the apartment. Sweep it out the day the tenant moves. 234 When a tenant has moved out, notify the manage- ment to have the gas or electric light turned off, or if the apartment has not been rented notify the management to have the meter read. 235 When tenants move out, surrender the receipt they gave you for the keys delivered to them when they moved in. Get all keys for the apartment. Tag them and put them away at once. 236 Collect all telephone money due you. 237 VACANT APARTMENTS 238 Are not to be used for eating-rooms or as dress- ing-rooms for the help. 239 Are not to be used for storage of any kind. 240 Must be broom cleaned the day the tenant leaves. 24 REMCO'S MANUAL 241 Must be kept as clean at all times and in every particular as it would be if occupied. 242 Must be cleaned daily while repair work is being done in them. 243 Rear doors are to be kept locked. • 244 Front doors are to be kept closed but not locked. 245 Badly torn and soiled shades should be removed. 246 All shades should be drawn down to the top of the lower sash. 247 Every trap should be kept closed by flushing the toilets and by running water into each basin, bath, sink or tub frequently. If this is not done water which seals the trap dries out and sewer gas gets into the apartment. After a tenant leaves, it is a good idea to pour some oil in each trap: it will prevent evaporation. 248 Light is to be kept turned on so that apartments may be shown at night. 249 Keys are to be tagged and kept on the janitor's keyboard. 250 Keep toilet covers down. 251 REPAIRS AND COMPLAINTS 252 All repair work is done to satisfy tenants; see that it does so. See that workmen who come to your house are polite to tenants and show them proper consideration. 253 The management cannot advise tenants when its men will do work. You should explain this to your ten- ants and persuade them to allow the workmen to go ahead INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 25 whenever they come to do any work. If sent away the time lost is charged to your property. 254 AH workmen are supposed to report to you before going to work; if they fail to do so notify the office. 256 Never delay in attending to tenant's complaints and requests. Enter them at once on your Complaint Book or on your Order Book, and send the order to the management promptly if you cannot do the work yourself. 257 Always date the entries and state plainly what is wanted, where it is wanted and when it is wanted. 258 Send orders to the office by mail daily. If the matter is urgent, telephone the order, or send it by a messenger, then repeat it by mail. To avoid mistakes all orders and complaints should reach the management in writing. Push the office if your work is delayed. Don't allow it to be delayed. 259 Plan to have no repairs to make during the rent- ing season, get all your work done before the renting season begins. Avoid having repair work to do in March, April, July, August, September or October. In these months your most important duty is to rent your house. 260 Give all your orders to the office. Don't order supplies or repairs yourself. Take no unnecessary re- sponsibility on yourself. 261 EMERGENCY REPAIRS 262 Avoid giving even emergency orders, hut when ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE 26 REMCO'S MANUAL BUILDING OR A BREAKDOWN IN THE PLANT, Order repair work from the nearest mechanic or supply house and report the facts as soon as you can to the management. When you have to do this, keep an account of the time put in by the mechanic, and of the material used. 263 When you must give an order, try first to get the repair men who are regularly employed by the office. 264 You must be able to work fast in an emergency and should have the names, business telephone number and business address, and the residence telephone and the residence address of the mechanics employed by the office to make repairs. Therefore carry in your pocket-book and also enter in your Record Book, the following infor- mation : 265 The night and day telephone numbers and ad- dresses of your owner, superintendent or agent, of the plumber, steamfitter, elevator repair firm (both hydraulic and electric), the roofer, and all the other repair men who usually do work for you, or who manufacture the machinery you use. Also enter in your Record Book the number and make of each machine you use. 266 Electric or hydraulic elevator repairs must be made by night and Sunday work. The car must not re- main out of service an hour longer than necessary. Re- port any serious trouble or breakdown instantly. 267 If supplies are sent you that are not satisfactory, do not receive them. Report unsatisfactory work to the management immediately. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 27 268 CONTRACT SERVICE-REPAIRS 269 Some of the house work may be done under annual contract. Learn from the management what work is done under contract and enter in your Record Book the name, address and telephone number of the contractors. 270 See that all contractors do their work promptly and well. The following work is frequently let to contractors: 271 Elevator repairs. 272 Electric bell repairs. 273 Roof repairs. 274 Removing ashes and garbage. 275 Exterminating vermin. 276 Rented gas ranges are repaired by the gas com- pany, but orders for repairs to them should go through the management office. 277 The gas companies' rent ranges at $3.00 a year. 278 Keep on hand a supply of^the addressed postals that contract repair men supply. Use them in making requests for work. If contract men do not give you prompt and good service, notify the management. 279 HEATING 280 Supply heat from 6:30 A.M. to 10:30 P.M. 281 Bank your fires at 10 P.M. 282 Stop all waste from any cause. 283 Leases usually provide that heat shall be supplied from October 15th to May 15th, between the hours fixed 28 REMCO'S MANUAL by the lease. Do not turn the steam on the house or off of the house permanently without orders from the manage- ment. 284 Early in the fall put your heating plant on for one day. Test it for leaks and breaks, and repair them before the plant is to go into service. 285 Bear in mind that a warm spell usually succeeds the first few cold days in the fall. Do not be too quick about turning on heat in the fall, because after you have heated up your house it is difficult to cool it. Your tenants will be made uncomfortable by turning on the heat too soon. 286 Also keep in mind that cold days usually succeed the first few warm days in the early spring and do not turn off the heat at the first complaint; wait until a number of tenants demand it. 287 See if your riser lines are run properly; if there are any traps you will not get a proper circulation and will not be able to heat your house. 288 If a radiator does not give good service, see if it is trapped, and if so, block it up so it will drain properly, or remove the trap. Let the air out. 289 Radiator valves should be inspected and packed as soon as the heat is turned on in the fall. Leaking valves waste steam, stain ceilings and occasion expensive repairs. 290 It is good management and real economy to supply heat whenever it is really necessary to the comfort of the tenants. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 29 291 292 HEATING Copyrighted by American Radiator Company, 104-108 West 42 J Street, New York. In order to get eflFective, noiseless results, steam should be sent through the radiators quite dry — that is, not much water in the vapor. When water is boiling in a single test tube (see Figure A), over a lamp, with no chance for circulation, a con- vulsive or fountain-like action is produced — the rising steam lifts so much water in the form of foam that the vessel boils over. But when heat is applied to one leg of a "U "-shaped tube (as shown by Figure B), a circuit is brought about — up one side and down the othef — and thus violent action at the surface of the water ceases, re- sulting in a much larger supply of steam delivered to the space above in quite a dry state. Fig. B. 30 REMCO'S MANUAL The foaming and lifting of water into mains, piping and radiators, which has been a source of trouble in boilers, is thus overcome. Erected with ordinary care, there can be no uncouth noises of "gurgling" or "hammer- ing" in a heating plant. As water is heated it rises to the highest point — to its level. Any one who has watched the boiling of water in an open kettle has noted the little globules or "bubbles" of heat rising straight up to the top-level of the water. Bulk for bulk, water when heated is lighter in weight than when cold. Thus a cubic foot of water at 39 degrees weighs about 62^ pounds, while a cubic foot of water at 212 de- grees (the boiling point) weighs about 59J pounds. This difference of about three pounds per cubic foot (or less) in weight brings about a circulation of the water throughout a hot water heating apparatus. As the heat globules rise to the top of the heating plant they come in contact with the colder surfaces of the radiat- ors, which absorb the heat from the water or steam and impart it to the atmosphere of the rooms. This cooled water, on account of its greater density and therefore greater weight, then drops to the lowest point in the sys- tem to be reheated — again and again. It takes four principal things to make effective, economi- cal heating — air, fuel, boiler, chimney. Air has as much to do with results, economical results, as has any other feature. 293 A certain part of air, the "oxygen," must be sup- INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 31 plied or no fire. To "smother" a fire is to cut off its supply of oxygen; that kills the flame. Too much air makes too great a draft; that chills the flame. Air must be supplied under the grate to the fuel in addi- tion to a proper amount through the fire-door of the fire to mix with the flame and free gases, and thus to cause good, sharp, complete combustion. In proportion as the right amount of air is supplied, at right points, the right economy in fuel is secured. Those who are familiar with the modern improved forms of gas and oil burners, in which gas and air are thoroughly mixed and produce far greater illuminating effect, will appreciate this point as applied to boilers. 294 A deposit of one-quarter inch of soot, which is a non-conductor of heat, requires fifty per cent more fuel than would be necessary if the surfaces were clean. To get rapid, noiseless results, the steam should be sent through the radiators quite dry. In the boiler designed for hot water heating, a perfectly free, continuous upward movement of water is maintained. The low, slow, deep fire is vastly more economical in the burning of fuel. Experience has taught that no heating apparatus should be without a check draft to smoke pipe. These devices are as sensitively balanced as a pair of fine scales, and when they are connected by chain to the regulator rod, they materially assist in the automatic con- trol of the fire, and bring about marked fuel economy. It is not altogether infrequent that many buildings 32 REMCO'S MANUAL require the services of the mason and of the carpenter as much as the services of the heating contractor to make them comfortably snug. The same water is used over and over and over again. It is not necessary that a hot water or steam plant should be supplied direct from the street water main, as the sys- tem when once filled requires but a small amount of water to replace the loss due to evaporation. A few gal- lons only of water need be added once or twice during the heating season. Let the water remain in the system during the summer months. No bad results will follow if the system is not refilled more often than once in two or three years. But generally, it is thought that best results are secured by emptying the system once a year (after fire is out) and immediately refilling with fresh water. 295 THINGS WORTH KNOWING ABOUT FLUES 2q6 By i^^ Boynton Furnace Company, 207 Water Street, New York, A range, a stove or heating apparatus has no more draft than a square box. It is the chimney that creates the draft. The taller the chimney the better the draft. It should be higher than any other part of the building. It should not be less than 8 by 8 inches inside and smooth. It will carry but one smoke-pipe. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 33 Every other flue or opening in this chimney must be closed. The space below where the pipe enters should be cut oflf. New flues are often left half filled with brick and mortar. Old flues are often cracked outside and full of soot. Such conditions obstruct the draft. The pipe entering chimney must be the same size as the collar on the range. The fire-box should not be filled above the top of linings. 297 THE CAUSE OF UNSATISFACTORY RESULTS IN HEATING PLANTS 298 ^y ih^ Giirney Heater Manufacturing Company, 1 1 1 Fifth Avenue. New York. Unsatis factory Results in Hot Water or Steam Heating can be traced to one or more of the following causes, namely: Insufficient quantity of radiating surface. Improper location of radiating surface. Improper position of main pipes. Insufficient rise in main pipes. Obstructions in pipes caused by air or dirt. Dip in the pipes, causing air pockets. Air valves improperly fixed on radiators. Insufficient size of heater. Improper location of heater. Deposit of soot and clinkers in heater. Defective construction of chimney. 34 REMCO'S MANUAL Improper firing. Imperfect draft to chimney. Deposit of soot in chimney. Improper size and quality of coal. Faulty venti ation. Adjustable ventilators neglected. Expansion tank improperly connected. Neglect to clean heater. Want of attention. 300 A warm basement usually means a warm house. See that basement doors are supplied with automatic clos- ing devices, and are as nearly air tight as possible. 301 Replace all broken basement glass and make base- ment windows tight before October 15th. 302 Dumbwaiter, basement and roof doors should be made to fit tight to prevent drafts in the kitchen. 303 WATER 304 Supply hot water at all hours. 305 Bank hot water heaters at 10 P. M. but leave tank filled with hot water. 306 Clean your roof water tanks every month, 307 Stop all waste of water wherever you find it. Keep a supply of each kind of washer you need on hand at all times. Dripping faucets and running toilets are not a credit to you. 308 The City pressure may not raise water to your tank at all hours. If it does not, see that a check valve is INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 35 provided above the outlets on the highest floor that al- ways get a water supply from the street pressure; you will then get a supply from the street beJow the check valve, and from the tank above the valve. 309 Locate all your cut-off valves as soon as you take charge of a property. There should be one in each apart- ment. You may have to use these valves at any moment. Know where they are. 310 Run a telltale from your tank to some point in your basement where you will see it very frequently. 31 1 On the first of each month read the water meter, if you have one, and enter the reading in your Re- cord Book. Compare this with your bill before you O Kit. 3 1 2 Protect all exposed lines from freezing. If you can- not do it yourself, request the office to have it done. LIGHT 313 Stop all waste of gas or electricity. 314 Always have the light turned on in your vacant apartments, so that you may show them after dark. 315 Turn the house gas down at the meter. 316 Cut off every useless light. 317 Put on smaller tips when those in use are larger than necessary. 318 Put on pull gas switches like those used in bath- rooms where they will save gas. 319 If you get electric light from the street, the Com- 36 REMCO'S MANUAL pany replaces your burned out lamps without charge, but you must surrender the old lamps to get the new ones. 320 Electric light is not to be used in vacant apart- ments — use gas. 32 1 The lighting of the house is under your care — see that it is not wasteful. 322 CLEANING 323 Clean windows with Bon Ami. 324 Polish ranges with Enameline. 325 Scour marble with washing soap and warm water, or with pumice stone. 326 Scour sinks with potash or lye. 327 Clean refrigerators with hot water and soda; leave the doors open when not in use. 328 Scour dumbwaiter cars with hot water and wash- ing soda. 329 Clean brass with solarine. 330 Cleaa nickel with solarine or whiting powder and wood alcohol. 331 Clean gas fixtures with cheese cloth and crude oil. 332 Clean tiling and porcelain tubs with hot water and washing soap. 333 KITCHEN 334 Scour floors with pearline. 335 Never use water on hardwood floors. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 37 336 DAILY CLEANING All vacant apartments; allow nothing stored in them. Sidewalks. If your water supply is metered you can use a hose. Areas. Basement. Main and rear halls from top to bottom. Elevator cars and shaft pits. Dumbwaiter shaft pits. 337 WEEKLY CLEANING Roof. All basement and servants' toilets; also disinfect them. All shafts. Tops of elevator cars. Dumbwaiter cars. Scour with hot water and soda. Laundries. Gas and electric globes. Wipe off all gas fixtures. 338 MONTHLY CLEANING The water tanks. Elevator guides — also grease them. Dumbwaiter guides — also grease them. Sky-light glass. 339 ANNUAL CLEANING In June, whitewash basements and storerooms. Clean all basement windows. 38 REMCO'S MANUAL Paint machinery. Paint fences. Paint outside iron- work. Have carpets, furniture and furnishings cleaned and repaired. Do all cleaning of plant provided for by the regulations for your annual inspections. (See Annual Inspections.) 340 JANITOR'S RECORDS AND REPORTS RECORD BOOK 341 The janitor should keep a Record Book. This book is his diary. In it should be kept a record of every- thing of importance relating to the property. 342 Complaints and requests from tenants are not to be entered in it. They should be entered on the stubs in the Order Book, or in the Complaint Book. The Record Book should contain: 343 An inventory of all tools, implements, and furni- ture belonging to the building. 344 A chart showing the location of all valves and cut-off cocks. 345 A copy of all forms for the direction of the service, and of all house rules, and of the lease used by the house. 346 The names, and night and day addresses and tele- phones, if any, of all employees of the building and of the owner, agent or superintendent. 347 The names, and night and day addresses and tele- phone numbers of the makers of the elevators, pumps. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 39 furnaces, engines, dynamos and of all the other machinery or equipment in the house; also the number of each ma- chine used. 348 The names, and night and day addresses and tele- phone numbers of the men who usually make the repairs to the elevators, heating plant, pumps, plumbing or mach- inery. 349 All instructions received from the office. 350 The date of the arrival of each new tenant and the name and address of the expressman moving them in. 351 The date of departure of tenants, their new ad- dress, and the name and address of the expressman moving them out. 352 The out-of-town addresses of all absent tenants. 353 The date and character of extensive repairs to the plant. 354 The date and particulars of any new plant installed. 355 The date and name of any workman or person who damages the property and the name and address of his employer; also names and addresses of any witnesses. 356 The time consumed by workmen doing time work on the property. 357 ORDER BOOK 358 The janitor should have an Order Book with num- bered stubs and numbered and perforated order blanks. 359 Requests involving work which the janitor cannot do should be entered in this book as soon as received. 40 REMCO'S MANUAL 360 All requests for supplies and outside work should also be entered on the stubs in this book. The orders themselves should be made out and sent to the manage- ment daily. 361 Date every stub and every order. 362 Make all your orders describe clearly vv^hat you want and where it is to be used. 363 COMPLAINT BOOK 364 The janitor should keep a Complaint Book and should enter in it immediately all complaints from tenants to which he will himself attend. 365 Date these entries and mark them "O K" when the work is done. 366 Look this book over every morning. 367 WEEKLY REPORTS 368 Make a regular weekly report to the management every Saturday night. 369 In this report inform the management of every- thing relating to the property that it should know, or of which you are expected to advise it. 370 In it report the date a tenant moves in or out. 371 In it report if a tenant will move or is sub-letting. 372 Report the facts and the reasons for any emer- gency orders you have given. 373 In it suggest improvements in vacant apartments, to the building generally, or in the service, when you think INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 41 of any that would be desirable; also report anything that is causing tenants dissatisfaction. 374 Forward cancelled fuel tickets with the weekly report. 375 JANITOR'S ACCOUNTING 376 Remit to the management the day you receive them, or report by that day's mail, particulars of any rent deposits given to you, or of any rent paid to you. Take a receipt for all moneys you pay to the management or the collector. 377 You are not allowed to use any money paid to you for any purpose whatever. When you require funds for any purpose, apply to the management. Under no cir- cumstances use money received for telephone or rents to pay any of the house expenses. 378 TELEPHONE 379 The janitor is responsible for the telephone records and should be able to locate any carelessness or negligence in keeping them. 380 He should require each operator to keep a separate sheet for each day's business; to turn over to him before going oflF duty the sheet, the tickets and the cash receipts for that day. He should never permit the same sheet to be used for two days' business, or by two operators — he should receipt to the operator, after he has checked up the cash and tickets with the sheet, by placing his initials on the sheet. 42 REMCO'S MANUAL 381 The janitor makes his telephone accounting to the management each month by turning over to the collector the telephone sheets, the tickets and the cash received for the month. The collector should receipt for them. 382 Each telephone sheet should have the operator's signature and should show the date and a. The time he came on duty and the time he went off duty. h. The time of the call, the number called, by whom the call was made, and to whom the call is to be charged for each message. c. The messages paid for in cash. d. The amount to be charged for each message. The tickets belonging to each sheet should be pinned to the sheet. 383 Cash payments must be required of all patrons of the telephone who are not employees of the house or office, or tenants of the building. 384 The janitor is expected to see that all telephone charges have been paid before a tenant moves out. 385 Telephone accounts are payable on demand. 386 Bills are usually rendered with the rent bill on the first of each month. 387 For all messages charged to the house or to the office the person using the telephone must sign a charge ticket and should state on the ticket the reason for the message. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 43 388 JANITOR'S BILLS 389 If you make small supply purchases, always get a receipted bill. 390 In approving bills, if the place where the work is done is not shown on the bill, state it on the bill yourself. 391 Refuse to approve a bill for supplies or work done if anything has been damaged by workmen or delivery men, until the damage has been made good. 392 You should refuse to O K a bill when you regard the price as excessive or the work unsatisfactory. 393 You should not O K bills from memory. 394 TELEGRAPH, MAIL, NEWSPAPERS AND PARCEL DELIVERIES 395 You shouldknow the names of all tenants' guests. 396 Telegrams, registered and special delivery mail must be delivered directly to tenants' apartments by the postman or messenger. Employees of the house must not receive them. If there is no one in the apartments, have postmen and messengers leave a notice with you and you deliver the notice to the apartment by slipping it under the door. 397 Mail must be delivered immediately. If the tenant is away, readdress and forward it. If you have no for- warding address, slip a notice that you have it under tenant's door and keep it in a mail box in your own apart- ment until the tenant returns. 44 REMCO'S MANUAL 398 Newspapers should be delivered promptly to the front or rear door of apartments. 399 Parcels must be delivered by the delivery men to the apartments. Employees are not allowed to receive them except when the tenant's written request that they be received for them is on file with the janitor. 400 KEYS 401 Supply a key for every lock in* the apartment, if the tenant asks for them. Give the tenant two keys for the front door of the apartment and two keys for the main entrance door. 402 Get a receipt for the keys you turn over to the tenant when moving in. 403 Return the receipt and get the keys when the tenant moves out. 404 Put all the keys for an apartment on a ring, tag and label them and hang them on the key-board in your work room. 405 Keep a supply of key blanks, rings and linen key tags on hand. 406 Make a key-board and provide a hook for the keys of each apartment. Keep your key-board in your work room. 407 While an apartment is for rent supply the hall boy with a front door key and require him to keep it on a hook in the main hall where he can get it quickly. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 45 408 JANITOR'S HOUSE NOTICES 409 In a proper frame in the main hall post the follow- ing information: 410 Telephone number of the Police Headquarters: "3100 Spring." (Always call Police Headquarters when you want an ambulance.) 41 1 The location of the nearest fire-alarm box, engine house, pay station telephone, post office, telegraph office. 412 Telephone, number, name and location of the nearest hospital, 'physician, drug store, city express office. 413 Keep if) main hall: 414 A register of tenants and their guests. 415 A copy of the main hall rules. 416 On the inside of the bath room doors post a copy of the house rules. 417 On the kitchen side of the back hall doors post the garbage and ashes call hours, and the laundry or drying day for the apartment. 418 In the dumbwaiter cars post the car and shaft rules. 419 Near the basement doors of all dumbwaiters post a notice of the location of the toilet that delivery men may use. 420 In all vacant apartmentspostthecleaningschedule. 421 In the back hall a copy of the back hall rules. 422 In the basement post the general cleaning schedule, the hours of service schedule and the outside rules and the basement rules. 46 REMCO'S MANUAL 423 In the basement at the dumbwaiter a register of the tenants arranged by location. 424 Near the roof doors of both front and back halls a copy of the roof rules. 425 STOREROOMS Keep storerooms locked at all times. Screen with wire to keep animals out. Whitewash them before delivering to a new tenant. Keep room clean when vacant. Do not use cheap padlocks. Tag and lock up keys of vacant storerooms. Fasten staples so that they cannot be drawn out. Allow no excelsior, hay, straw, or other inflammable packing material stored in the storerooms. 434 Where individual storerooms are provided the tenant is entitled to the use of the room for any kind of storage except excelsior and other inflammable material. 435 Where there is only a general storeroom, furniture is not to be taken, only trunks and baggage are to be accepted for storage. 436 REFUSE 437 Never allow any refuse to remain on the roof or under the roof racks. 438 The storage of excelsior, hay, straw, paper and other light packing material in the storerooms, yards, areas, basement or elsewhere on the premises is absolutely prohibited. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 47 439 Never burn garbage on the premises. 440 Burn all excelsior, paper and light refuse daily in the ash pit of the furnace; do not burn it in the fire-box. 441 Paper and other refuse from the apartment that will readily burn must not be allowed to remain or to be stored near the dumbwaiter shaft or on the line of trades- men's travel to the dumbwaiter. 442 All refuse must be removed and the apartment swept out the day the tenant moves. 443 Refuse resulting from alterations must be removed- to the basement daily. Plaster, brick and building refuse will not be taken away by the City carts. When you have it all down in the basement request the management to have it carted away. 444 Garbage and ashes should be removed from the premises daily. If the department carts fail to call for it notify the management. 446 VERMIN ' 447 Vermin contractors usually supply patrons with * postal cards addressed to themselves. Keep a supply on hand. 448 Vermin contractors should include rats and mice, ants, roaches and bugs in their work. 449 If these contractors are slow about answering your calls notify the office. 450 For water-bugs and roaches "Peterman's Roach Food " is very satisfactory if used properly. Sift it around 48 REMCO'S MANUAL the baseboard of the pantry and kitchens and all shelves of closets, cupboards and around the back of washtubs and sinks, also throw it up on the pipes under the sinks and washtubs. Let it remain for a week, then sweep it off and apply it a second time. The second application should also be allowed to remain for a week. 451 Trap mice and rats. 452 Most of the usual remedies for bedbugs are good. 453 CROTON BUGS AND ROACHES From Circular No. 5 1 , Second Series. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. L. O. Howard, Entomologist. 454 Cockroaches By C. L. Marlatt, First Ass't Entomologist. Roaches are among the commonest and most offensive of the insects which frequent human habitations. They were well known to the ancients, who called them luci- fuga, from their habit of always shunning the light. The little German Roach, however, is very generally known as the Croton bug, or water-bug, from its early association with the Croton water-works system in New York City. 455 Habits They conceal themselves during the day behind base- INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 49 boards, furniture, or wherever security and partial protec- tion from the hght are afforded. In districts where the large American roach occurs they sometimes swarm in this way at night in such numbers that upon entering a small room one will be repeatedly struck and scratched on the face and hands by the insects in their frantic flight to gain concealment. The domestic roaches are practically omnivorous, feed- ing on almost any dead animal matter, cereal products, and food material of all sorts. They will also eat or gnaw woolens, leather (as of shoes or furniture), and frequently are the cause of extensive damage to the cloth and leather bindings of books in libraries and publishing houses. The sizing or paste used on the cloth covers and in the binding is to them very attractive. The surface of the covers of cloth-bound books is often much scraped and disfigured, particularly by the German cockroach, and the gold letter- ing is sometimes eaten off to get at the albumen paste. They leave, wherever they occur in any numbers, a fetid, nauseous odor, well-known as the "roachy" odor, which is persistent and cannot be removed from shelves and dishes without washing with soap and boiling water. It frequently happens that shelves on which dishes are placed become impregnated with this roachy odor, and this is imparted to and retained by dishes to such an extent that everything served in them, particularly liquids, as coffee or tea, will be noticed to have a peculiar, disgusting, foreign taste and odor, the source of which may be a puzzle, 50 REMCO'S MANUAL and will naturally be supposed to come from the food rather than from the dish. The roaches are normally scavengers in habit and may at times be of actual service in this direction by eating up and removing any dead animal material. One other redeeming trait has been recorded of them, namely, that they will prey upon that other grievous pest of houses which are not subjected to careful supervision, the bedbug. The dampness of water pipes is favorable to it, and it may be carried by the pressure of the water long distances through the pipes without injury. 456 Natural Enemies and Parasites Among other natural enemies of the roach are tree frogs; and a correspondent informs us that if these animals are enclosed in a room over night they will effectively clear it of roaches. 457 Remedies 458 A common remedy suggested for roaches consists of the liberal use of pyrethrum powder or buhach, and when this is persisted in, considerable relief will be gained. It is not a perfect remedy, however, and is at best but a temporary expedient, while it has the additional disad- vantage of oiling the shelves or other objects over which it is dusted. 459 Flowers of sulphur, dusted about where roaches INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 51 abound, has proved, on the authority of Mr. A. I.Mudd, of this Department, very effective as a repellent. 460 There are many proprietary substances which claim to be fairly effective roach poisons. The only one of these that has given very satisfactory results is a phos- phorous paste, also sold in the form of pills. It consists of sweetened flour paste, containing i to 2 per cent of phosphorous, and is spread on bits of paper or cardboard and placed in the runways of the roaches. It has been used very successfully in the Department to free desks from Croton bugs, numbers of the dead insects being found in dra.wers every day during the time the poison was kept about. It is also a repellent. A safe remedy consists in burning pyrethrum in the in- fested apartment. The smoke and vapors generated by the burning of this insecticide are often more effective in destroying roaches than the application of the substance in the ordinary way as a powder. There is no attendant danger of explosion, and the only precaution necessary is to see that the room is kept tightly closed for from six to twelve hours. 461 Trapping Various forms of traps have been very successfully em- ployed as a means of collecting and destroying roaches. These devices are all so constructed that the roaches may easily get into them and cannot afterwards escape. The destruction of the roaches is effected either by the liquid 52 " REMCO'S MANUAL into which they fall or by dousing them with hot water. A few of the common forms of traps and the methods of using them are here described. A simple form of trap which, Mr. F. C. Pratt informs the writer, is very successfully used in London, England, con- sists of any deep vessel or jar, against which a number of sticks are placed, and bent over so that they project into the interior of the vessel for a few inches. The vessel is partially filled with stale beer or ale, a liquid for which roaches seem to have a special fondness. In the morning these vessels are found charged with great quantities of dead and dying roaches, which have climbed up the in- clined sticks and slipped off into the vessel. We have had fair success with this last method against the Oriental roach in Washington, but against the more wary and active Croton bug it is comparatively worthless. Mr. Tepper, who has been quoted in relation to the hab- its of roaches in Australia, gives a simple remedy which he says has proved very efficacious wherever employed. He mixes plaster of Paris, one part, and flour, three or four parts, in a saucer, and places it where the roaches abound, with another flat plate nearby containing pure water, both supplied with several bridges to give easy access, and one or two thin boards floating on the water touching the margin. The insects readily eat the mixture, become thirsty and drink, when the plaster sets and clogs the in- testines. The insects disappear in a few weeks, the bodies no doubt being eaten by the survivors. INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 53 Traps of the sort described above, placed in pantries and bakeries, will unquestionably destroy great quantities of roaches, and keep them, perhaps, more effectually in check than the use of the troublesome insect powders or the distribution of poisoned bait, especially as the latter are so often ineffective. 462 BEDBUGS From Circular No. 47, Second Series of the United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Entomology. By L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. The presence of this insect in a house is not necessarily an indication of neglect or carelessness; for, little as the idea may be relished, it may often gain access in spite of the best of care and the adoption of all reasonable precautions. It is very apt to get into the trunks and satchels of travel- ers, and may thus be introduced into homes. Unfortu- nately, also, it is quite capable of migrating from one house to another, and will often continue to come from an adjoin- ing house, sometimes for a period of several months, gain- ing entrance daily. Such migration is especially apt to take place if the human inhabitants of an infested house leave it. With the failure of their usual source of food, the migratory instinct is developed, and, escaping through windows, they pass along walls, water pipes, or gutters and thus gain entrance into adjoining houses. In these or other ways, it may be any one's misfortune to have his premises temporarily invaded. 54 REMCO'S MANUAL As with nearly all the insects associated with man, the bedbug has had the habits now characteristic of it as far back as the records run. It was undoubtedly of common occurrence in the dwellings of the ancient people of Asia. The Romans were well acquainted with it, giving it the name of Cimex. The bedbug has accompanied man wherever he has gone. Vessels are almost sure to be infested with it. It is not especially limited by cold, and is known to occur well North. It probably came to this country with the earliest colonists; at least Kalm, writing in 1748-9, stated that it was plentiful in the English colonies and in Canada, though unknown among the Indians. The most characteristic feature of this insect is the very distinct and disagreeable odor which it exhales. The odor comes from glands, situated in various parts of the body, which secrete a clear, oily, volatile liquid. The roach, which sometimes feeds on bedbugs, is evi- dently not deterred by the odor; while the common house ant, which will also attack the bedbug, seems not to find this odor disagreeable. The bedbug is thoroughly nocturnal in habits and dis- plays a certain degree of wariness and caution, or intelli- gence, in its efforts at concealment during the day. It usually leaves the bed at the approach of daylight to go into concealment, either in cracks in the bedstead, if it be one of the old wooden variety, or behind wainscoting, or under loose wall paper, where it manifests its gregarious INSTRUCRIONS TO JANITOR 55 habit by collecting in masses. They are not apt to be very active in winter, especially in cold rooms, and ordinarily hibernate in their places of concealment. 463 The bedbug, on account of its habits of conceal- ment, is usually beyond the reach of powders, and the ordinary insect powders, such as pyrethrum, are of prac- tically no avail against it. If iron and brass bedsteads are used the eradication of the insect is comparatively easy. With large wooden bedsteads, furnishing many cracks and crevices into which the bugs can force their flat, thin bodies, their extermination becomes a matter of consider- able difficulty. The most practicable way to effect this end is by very liberal applications of benzine or kerosene or any other of the petroleum oils. These must be introduced into all crevices with small brushes or feathers, or by injecting with small syringes. Corrosive sublimate is also of value, and oil of turpentine may be used in the same way. The liberal use of hot water, wherever it may be employed without danger to furniture, etc., is also an effectual method of destroying both eggs and bugs. The great desideratum, however, in a case of this kind, is a daily inspection of beds and bedding and of all crevices and locations about the premises where these vermin may have gone for concealment. A vigorous campaign should, in the course of a week or so at the outside, result in the extermination of this very obnoxious and embarrassing pest. 464 In the case of rooms containing books, or where 56 REMCO'S MANUAL liquid applications are inadvisable, a thorough fumigation with brimstone is, on the authority of the late Dr. J. A. Lintner, then New York State entomologist, an effective means of destruction. He says: " Place in the center of the room a dish containing about 4 ounces of brimstone, within a larger vessel, so that the possible overflowing of the burning mass may not injure the carpet or set fire to the floor. After removing from the room all such metallic surfaces as might be affected by the fumes, close every aperture, even the keyholes, and set fire to the brimstone. When four or five hours have elapsed, the room may be entered and the windows opened for a thorough airing." 465 The fact that the bedbug has a very active enemy in the common house cockroach has already been alluded to, and the proof seems to be fairly conclusive. Another common visitor in houses, and a very annoying one also to the careful housekeeper, the little red ant, is also known to be a very active and effective enemy of the bedbug. Mr. Theo. Pergande of this office, informs me that during the Civil War, he occupied at one time barracks at Meridian , Mississippi, which had been abandoned some time before. The premises proved to be swarming with bedbugs, but very shortly afterwards the little red house ant discovered the presence of the bedbugs and came in enormous num- bers, and Mr. Pergande witnessed the very interesting and pleasing sight of the bedbugs being dismembered or carried away bodily by these very minute ants. The result was INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 57 that in a single day the bedbug nuisance was completely abated. The liking of red ants for bedbugs is confirmed also by a correspondent writing from Florida (F. C. M. Boggess), who goes so far as to heartily recommend the artificial introduction of the ants to abate this bug nuisance. Note on Sulphur Remedy 466 The sulphur or brimstone remedy has been used very successfully by Dr. S. Wardell Stiles, of the Bureau of Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, for the disin- fection of frame cottages, such as those at seaside resorts, where, from neglect, infestation with bedbugs may often occur. The treatment is inexpensive compared with the use of hydrocyanic-acid gas, and offers much less risk of danger to human beings. Two pounds of sulphur are recommended for each thousand cubic feet of space, and the buildings should be closed for treatment at least twenty- four hours. Sulphur candles may be used where available. The precautions indicated in the quotation from Dr. Lintner should be observed. 467 CLOTHES MOTHS From Circular No. 36, Second Series. United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Entomology. By C. L. Marlatt, \st Ass't Entomologist. The True Cloth Moths The destructive work of the larve of the small moths commonly known as clothes moths, and also as carpet 58 REMCO'S MANUAL moths, fur moths, etc., in woolen fabrics, fur, and similar material, during the warm months of summer in the North, and in the South at any season, is an altogether too com- mon experience. 468 Remedies There is no easy method of preventing the damage done by clothes moths, and to maintain the integrity of woolens or other materials which they are likely to attack demands constant vigilance, with frequent inspection and treatment. In general, they are liable to effect injuriously only articles which are put away and left undisturbed for some little time. Articles in daily or weekly use, and apartments frequently aired and swept or used as living- rooms are not apt to be seriously affected. Carpets under these conditions are rarely attacked, except sometimes around the borders where the insects are not so much disturbed by walking and sweeping. Agitation, such as beating, shaking, or brushing, and exposure to air and sun- light are old remedies, and still among the best at com- mand. Various repellents, such as tobacco, camphor, naphthalene cones or balls, and cedar chips or sprigs, have a certain value if the garments are not already stocked with eggs or larvae. The odor of these repellents is so disagreeable to the parent moths that they are not apt to come to deposit their eggs as long as the odor is strong. As it weakens the protection decreases, and if the eggs or larve are already present, these odors have no effect on INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 59 their development; while if the moths are enclosed with the stored material to be protected by these repellents, so that they cannot escape, they will of necessity deposit their eggs, and the destructive work of the larve will be little, if at all, restricted. After woolens have been given a vigorous and thorough treatment and aired and exposed to sunlight, however, it is of some advantage in packing them away to enclose with them any of the repellents mentioned: Cedar chests and wardrobes are of value in proportion to the freedom of the material from infestation when stored away; but, as the odor of the wood is largely lost with age, in the course of a few years the protection greatly decreases. 470 Furs and such garments may also he stored in boxes or trunks which have been lined with the heavy tar paper used in buildings. New papering should be given to such receptacles every year or two. Similarly, the tarred paper moth bags are of some value ; always, however, first subject the materials to the treatment outlined above. 475 To protect carpets, clothes, and cloth-covered fur- niture, furs, etc., they should be thoroughly beaten, shaken, brushed, and exposed as long as practicable to the sunlight in early spring, either in April, May or June, depending on the latitude. The brushing of garments is a very important consideration, to remove the eggs or young larve which might escape notice. Such material can then be hung away in clothes closets which have been thoroughly cleaned, and, if necessary, sprayed with benzine about the cracks of the 6o REMCO'S MANUAL floor and the baseboards. If no other protection be given, they should be examined at least once a month during sum- mer, brushed, and, if necessary, exposed to the sunlight. It would be more convenient, however, to so enclose or wrap up such material as to prevent the access of the moths to it, after it once has been thoroughly treated and aired. This can be easily effected in the case of clothing and furs by wrapping them up tightly in stout paper, or enclosing .in well made bags of cotton or linen cloth or strong paper. Dr. Howard has adopted a plan which is inexpensive and which he has found eminently satisfactory. For a small sum he secured a number of the large pasteboard boxes, such as tailors use, and in these he packs away all winter clothing, gumming a strip of wrapping paper round the edge, so as to seal up the box completely and leave no cracks. These boxes, with care, will last many years. With thorough preliminary treatment it will not be neces- sary to use the tar-impregnated paper sacks sold as moth protectors, which may be objectionable on account of the odor. 480 In the case of cloth covered furniture and cloth lined carriages, which are stored or left unused for considerable periods in summer, it will probably be necessary to spray them twice or three times, vi{., in April, June and August, with benzine or naphtha, to protect them from moths. These substances can be applied very readily with any small spraying device, and will not harm the material, but cau- INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 6i tion must be exercised on account of inflammability. Another means of protecting such articles is to sponge them very carefully with a dilute solution of corrosive sublimate. in alcohol, made just strong enough not to leave a white stain. 485 The method of protection adopted by one of the leading furriers of Washington, who also has a large busi- ness and experience in storing costly furs, etc., is practically the course already outlined. Furs when received are first most thoroughly and vig- orously beaten with small sticks to dislodge all loosened hair and the larve or moths. They are then gone over carefully with a steel comb and packed away in large boxes lined with heavy tar roofing paper, or in closets similarly lined with this paper. An examination is made every two to four weeks, and if necessary at any time, any gar- ment requiring it is rebeaten and combed. During many years of experience in this climate, which is especially favorable to moth damage, this merchant has prevented any serious injury by moths. 490 THE DESTRUCTION OF HOUSE ANTS From Circular Mo. 34, Second Series. ByC. L. Marlatt, istAss't Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture Division of Entomology. There are a number of species of ants often occurring in houses, the more important of which are common to 62 REMCO'S MANUAL both hemispheres, and are probably of Old World origin. One of these, the little red ant, has become thoroughly domesticated and passes its entire existence in houses, having its nests in the walls or beneath the flooring, and usually forming its new colonies in similar favorable situa- tions. Two other ants are very common nuisances in houses, namely: the little black ant and the pavement ant of the Atlantic seaboard. None of these ants are so de- structive to household effects or supplies as they are annoy- ing from the mere fact of their presence and their faculty of "getting into" articles of food. 491 Habits and Life History In habits and life history these ants are all much alike. The specimens ordinarily seen in houses are all neuters, or workers. In the colony itself, if it be discov- ered and opened, will be found also the larger wingless females and, at the proper season, the winged males and females. 492 The Red Ant As a house species the red ant is the common one. This species, nesting habitually in the walls of houses or beneath flooring, is often difficult to eradicate. There is no means of doing this except to locate the nest by following the workers back to their point of disappearance. If in a wall, the inmates of the nest may sometimes be reached by in- INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 63 jecting bisulphide of carbon or a little kerosene. If under flooring, it may sometimes be possible to get at them by taking up a section. Unless the colony can he reached and destroyed, all other measures will he of only temporary avail. 493 The Little Black Ant The little black ant is not strictly a house species, al- though frequently occurring indoors, and becoming at times quite as troublesome as the red ant. Its colonies usually occur under stones in yards, but are frequently found in the fields, and will be recognized from the little pyramids of fine grains of soil which surround the entrances to the excavation. This species, when occurring in houses, can often be traced to its outdoor colony, and the destruc- tion of this will prevent further trouble. 494 The Pavement Ant The pavement ant of our Eastern cities is two or three times larger than either of the other species. It com- monly has its colonies under pavements or beneath flag- ging or stones in yards. It is often a more persistent and pestilent house nuisance than the true house ant. Often with little difficulty this ant may be traced to its nest, which, if accessible, or not thoroughly protected by un- broken pavement, as of asphalt, can be rather easily exter- minated. So well established is the species, however. 64 REMCO'S MANUAL that new colonies will usually soon take the place of those destroyed. Drenching the nests with boiling water or saturating them with coal oil, which latter also may be introduced into cracks in pavements or walls, are effective means of abating the nuisance of this ant. 495 Means of Eradicating Ants In the foregoing account, the important remedies for each species of ant discussed have been briefly indicated. A more detailed description of some of the methods of con- trol or extermination follows: Whenever the nests of any of these ants cannot be located, there is no other resource than the temporary expedient of destroying them wherever they occur in the house. The best means of effecting this end is to attract them to small bits of sponge moistened with sweetened water and placed in the situations where they are most numerous. These sponges may be collected several times daily, and the ants swarming in them destroyed by im- mersion in hot water. It is reported also that a sirup made by dissolving borax and sugar in boiling water will effect the destruction of the ants readily and in numbers. The removal of the attracting substances, wherever prac- ticable, should always be the first step. That it is possible to drive ants away from household supplies by the use of repellents is asserted by a Washing- ton lady, who has been much troubled in the past with INSTRUCTIONS TO JANITOR 65 these pests. Her practice, which she says has always given complete satisfaction, consists in placing gum cam- phor, either free or wrapped loosely in paper, in pantry, sugar barrel, or other situation infested with ants. The odor of the camphor seems to be very distasteful to them and they promptly leave the premises. 500 • TENANTS' FUEL 501 Where fuel is sold by the management, tickets or books of tickets calling for a fixed quantity are sold by the office or janitor. 502 When you deliver fuel get the number of tickets you are entitled, to. You are not allowed to accept cash for fuel (unused tickets will be redeemed by the office at any time). 503 At the end of each week, and with your weekly report, turn into the office all the fuel tickets received. 504 JANITOR'S WHITEWASHING WORK 505 All inside shafts, the cellars, and the outside areas to the height of the first floor, should be kept whitewashed by the janitor. 506 In whitewashing the basement, use paint on the walls for a foot above the floor so that scouring the base- ment floor may be done without damage to the walls. 507 The following is an United States Government recepe for making whitewash. It does not rub or wash off: 66 REMCO'S MANUAL "Take half a bushel of unslaked lime, slake it with boiling water, cover during process to keep in steam, strain the liquid through a fme sieve and add to it a peck of salt, previously dissolved in warm water, three pounds of ground rice boiled to a thin paste and stirred in while hot, half pound of Spanish whiting and one pound of clean glue dissolved. Add five gallons hot water to the mixture, stir well and let stand a few days covered from dust. It should be applied hot. The east end of the President's house at Washington is done with this mixture. It is used on all government lighthouses." 508 One pint of whitewash will cover one square yard and is almost as serviceable as paint and is much cheaper than the cheapest paint. For cream, add yellow ochre. 509 For pearl or lead, add lamp or ivory black. For fawn, add four pounds umber to one pound Indian lead. For stone color, add four pounds raw umber to two pounds lamp black. APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 510 HOUSE RULES 5 1 1 Complete house service is to be given from 8 A. M, to 7 P. M. 512 Children are not allowed on the roof or in the base- ment, and are not permitted to play in the halls or about the entrance. 513 Velocipedes or bicycles are not allowed in pas- senger elevators, or in the halls, passageways, areas, or courts. 514 Dogs, cats, parrots, mocking birds, or wild or do- mestic animals are not allowed, under penalty of forfeiture of the lease at the option of the management. 515 Where practicable, furniture and baggage is to be received and delivered through the basement doors. 516 Servants, messengers, and tradespeople are not allowed to enter or leave the building by the mam entrance or to use the main elevators, excepting nurses accompany- ing children. 517 No male servant is allowed to room on the ser- vants'-room floor. 518 Tenants desiring telegraphic or telephonic connec- tions should advise the management. It will direct the 67 68 REMCO'S MANUAL electricians as to where and how the wires are to be intro- duced; without such directions no boring or cutting for such wires will be permitted. 519 Each tenant must keep the premises leased by him in a good state of preservation and cleanliness. 520 Tenants must not sweep, or throw, or permit to be swept or thrown from the premises leased by them, any dirt or other substance into any of the corridors or halls, elevators or stairways of said building, or into any of the light shafts or ventilators thereof. 521 Garbage and refuse must be sent down to the basement during the day when necessary, and at the hours fixed by the management. 522 Ashes must be sent down every morning between seven and eight o'clock. 523 Throwing refuse, garbage or paper down the dumb- waiter shaft and the placing of paper or garbage in papers or packages on top of or in the dumbwaiter car is pro- hibited. 524 The placing of ash-cans, ashes or refuse of any kind in the dumbwaiter, except at the hour fixed for de- liveries by the janitor, is prohibited. 525 The storing of ash-cans in the dumbwaiter is dan- gerous, and is prohibited by the Fire Department. 526 The obstruction of the fire escapes is a menace to life, is against the laws, and is prohibited by the Fire Department, and also by the management. ^27 No ash-can, garbage-can, coal-holder, wood-box. APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 69 kitchen supplies, ice, or other article shall be placed in the halls or on the staircase landings; nor shall anything be hung from the windows or balconies, or placed upon the window sills; neither shall any table-cloths, clothing, cur- tains or rugs be shaken or hung from any of the windows or doors. 528 The'placing of packages, pots, or plants on window ledges is very dangerous and is expressly prohibited. 529 The storage in the basement or storerooms, or in any trunk, package or receptacle placed in the storeroom, of any excelsior, shavings or other inflammable material is expressly prohibited. 530 The storing of trunks, furniture or other effects in the hallways or vacant portions of the building is prohibited. The management assumes no respon- sibility for trunks, furniture or packages stored in the basement. 531 Visitors to the help of tenants are expected to leave at 10:30 P.M.: tenants' help are expected to return by 1 1 :30 P.M. 532 All outside shades must be of a color approved by the management. 533 Employees are not permitted to receive registered mail or telegrams for tenants; they are required to deliver to the apartment a notice of the tender of registered mail or telegrams in the absence of the tenant. 534 Employees are not allowed to receive parcels, packages or tradesmen's deliveries except where the ten- 70 REMCO'S MANUAL ant has made a signed request for and has assumed all risks of such service. 535 Where fuel is sold by the management, deliveries are made by its employees. Employees must require fuel tickets against these deliveries; they are not allowed to accept cash for fuel. Unused fuel tickets will be redeemed at cost on demand. 536 Sub-letting without the authority of the manage- ment is prohibited. MAIN HALL RULES 537 The main hall equipment which, in addition to its furnishings, is to be maintained at all times, is: A register of tenants, their guests and servants. A mail box. A messenger call. An umbrella stand. A large umbrella. Blank cards for the use of visitors. Paper and envelopes. Ink and pen, a pencil and a blotter. A Telephone Book. 538 Forms for : Undelivered telegrams for tenants. Undelivered packages for tenants. Messages for t nants. Undelivered mail held by janitor. APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 71 Undelivered Special Delivery and Registered Mail. Mail forwarding addresses. Telephone tickets. Business cards of the management. Literature describing the property. Applications for apartments. 539 And a card, giving: The location of the nearest fire-alarm box. The number of Police Headquarters ("3100 Spring"), for use in calling an ambu- lance. Always call Police Headquar- ters when you want an ambulance. The location and telephone number and name of the nearest: Hospital — physician — drug store — city express office. The name and location of the nearest: Post Office — telegraph office — pay station telephone. 550 No deliveries of any kind are to be received through the main entrance except drugs. 551 Servants are not permitted to use the main en- trance except when accompanying a tenant. 552 Book and tradesmen's deliveries must be made through the basement doors until the hour for closing them (10 P.M.). 553 In case of fire, notify the janitor at once. 554 Unnecessary noise is prohibited. The building is a place of residence — keep it quiet. 72 REMCO'S MANUAL 555 Book agents, canvassers and peddlers are not allowed in the building. 556 Children are not allowed to play in the halls. 557 Complete house service must be given from 8 A.M to 7 P.M. 558 Don't waste light. In houses having no hall service: at 10 P.M. turn off outside and vestibule lights, lower the main hall lights and close the main entrance, vestibule and roof doors. 559 In houses having hall service: The main entrance vestibule and roof doors should be closed at the hour the attendants go off duty. 560 Employees must be neat, obliging, polite and prompt. 561 All cleaning on the main floor should be completed by 8:30 A.M. 562 The main hall must be kept clean at all times. 563 The brass work must be kept polished — the glass and mirrors kept clean, and all rugs, mats and carpets shaken and swept daily. 564 All furniture and wood-work should be dusted daily and the entire main floor swept daily and scoured weekly. 565 Eating or dressing in the halls or vacant apart- ments is prohibited. 566 The front doors of vacant apartments are to be kept closed at all times, the back doors should be kept locked. APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 73 567 The use of a vacant apartment for storage of any kind is prohibited. 568 It is the purpose of the management to make residence in the property as pleasant as possible for the employees and help of its tenants. Every consideration must be shown them by the house force. 569 Tenants' employees and help must be given eleva- tor service whenever and during such hours as it is supplied for tenants, and every reasonable assistance in their work. 570 BACK HALL RULES 571 It is the purpose of the management to make residence in the property as pleasant as possible for the employees and help of its tenants. Every consideration must be shown them by the house force. 572 Tenants' employees and help must be given eleva- tor service whenever and during such hours as it is supplied for tenants. 573 Employees must be polite, obliging and prompt. 574 Employees are not permitted to receive mail, parcels, or supplies for tenants. 575 The building is a place of residence — unnecessary noise is prohibited. 576 It is the janitor's duty to deliver and return store- room effects to and from the apartments. 577 Van and wagon deliveries are to be made by the men accompanying the wagon and must be made directly 74 REMCO'S MANUAL to and from the apartments to the wagon. Obstructing the passageways or sidewalks is prohibited. 578 The back hall must be swept daily and scoured weekly. All windows must be kept clean. 579 All toilets must be cleaned and scoured daily and disinfected weekly. 580 Using the halls for storage of any kind is prohibited. 581 Tenants' help are to be given elevator service dur- ing the same hours and whenever it is supplied for tenants. 582 Visitors to tenants' help should leave the premises at 10:30 P.M. 583 Tenants' help must be shown every courtesy, and should be given all reasonable assistance by the house force. 584 At 10 P.M. lower all lights. 585 BASEMENT RULES 586 In the dressing-room for the house help the follow- ing equipment is to be maintained at all times: Mirror, soap, towel, hair-brush, comb, blacking brush, blacking, whisk-broom. 587 The storage of excelsior, paper, straw, hay or other inflammable material in or about the premises is prohibited — it must be sent away or burned daily. 588 Paper and refuse that will burn which is sent down from apartments must be kept away from the dumbwaiter shaft and must not be stored on the line of travel to the dumbwaiter. 589 All trash must be removed from the elevator and APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 75 dumbwaiter pits and from the outside and inside areas and courts daily. 590 Garbage, ashes, and refuse must be removed from the premises every day. 591 Nothing that will burn must be stored on top of or near the furnace, boiler, smoke pipes or flues. 592 Children are not allowed in the basement. 593 In the laundry, post a register of the apartments showing the laundry day for each apartment. 594 All storerooms must be whitewashed before being, delivered to a new tenant. 595 The house does not store furniture in its general storeroom. Only trunks and other forms of baggage are to be stored in it. 596 Storerooms and coal-bins must be kept locked and broom clean when vacant and should be wire screened to keep animals out. 597 Basement toilets must be cleaned daily and disin- fected weekly. 598 The basement must be disinfected monthly in winter and weekly in summer, and must be ventilated often enough to keep the air good. 599 All basement windows and doors should have proper fastenings. 600 Basement entrance doors should be equipped with automatic closing devices. 60 1 Broken basement glass must be replaced promptly. 602 A warm basement means a warm house. 76 REMCO'S MANUAL 603 The burning of garbage on the premises is pro- hibited. 604 Excelsior, hay, straw, etc., are to be burned in the furnace ash-pit, not in the fire-box. 605 Complete house service is to be given from 8 A.M. to 7 P.M. daily. 606 Front basement doors are to be opened at 6 A.M. and closed at 8 P.M., except on Saturdays and on days before holidays. On these days all basement doors are to be closed at 1 1 P.M. 607 Rear basement doors are to be opened at 6 A.M. and closed at 8 P.M., except on Saturdays and days before holidays. 608 Tradesmen's delivery men should be allowed to have access to a basement toilet. (Post a notice of its location above each dumbwaiter door.) 609 ROOF RULES 610 Children are not allowed on the roof. 61 1 Drying racks and floors must be kept in good repair. 612 A register of the apartments, fixing the drying day for each apartment, should be posted in the front and back hall near the roof doors. 613 A register of the apartments, fixing the laundry day for each apartment, should be posted in the laundry. 614 All parts of the roof should be kept clean of refuse at all times and must be swept every week, especially under the drying racks. APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 77 615 Roof doors should be kept closed at all times and should fit tight to prevent drafts. 616 The house water-tank should be equipped with an overflow and a clean-out valve; discharges from both should be piped to the open roof, 617 The house water-tank must be emptied and scour- ed every month. 618 A telltale should be carried from the tank to some location in the basement where it will be seen frequently. 619 Theroof and roof bulk-heads and all sky -light metal should be painted in June of each year. 620 Broken glass must be replaced at once. 621 The roof must be kept clear of everything which could cause injury if blown off. 622 Stacks and pipes must be kept in good condition, secure and properly guyed. 623 OUTSIDE RULES 624 Chute and coal-hole covers must be kept securely fastened from below. 625 All outside shades must be of color approved by the management. 626 All sidewalks, outside areas, and yards must be cleaned daily. 627 Ice and snow must be removed from sidewalks and steps promptly. 628 Slippery walks and steps must be kept sanded or sprinkled with sawdust. 78 REMCO'S MANUAL 629 Express and van men must not be permitted to block the sidewalks or entrances. All deliveries must be made directly from the wagon into the apartment or store- room. 630 Children are not allowed to use the sidewalk near main entrance or the main hall for a playground. 631 A failure of the City to promptly clean the street crossings or streets should be reported to the office. 632 Failure of the City to remove garbage and ashes daily must be reported to the office promptly. 633 Garbage and ash cans must be removed from the sidewalk and stored inside the building as soon as emptied. 634 Outside areas must not be used for storage pur- poses. 635 Fire escapes must be kept clear. 636 The placing of flower pots, bottles or boxes on window sills is prohibiten. 637 The placing of signs is prohibited except when approved by the management. 638 The house sign must be kept clean and fresh at all times. 639 The hanging of rugs, bed clothing or other articles out of windows is prohibited. 640 Sidewalks must be swept and washed promptly after coal is delivered. 641 Cesspool and house drains must be kept clear. APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 79 RULES FOR EMPLOYEES 700 Every employee is expected to know all the rules for the house service. 701 No employee is permitted to leave his position during his working hours without giving notice to the management. When he must leave he should report to the janitor or superintendent, who will provideasubstitute. 702 Where there is a double shift, no employee is per- mitted to go off duty until his relief arrives and is in uni- form. 703 While on duty the uniform must be worn at all times. 704 Uniforms are never to be worn away from the building. 705 Uniforms should be scoured and cleaned every month. 706 Employees must be very neat in their personal appearance. Cuffs, collars and linen should be kept clean, shoes blacked, and uniforms clean and in perfect order and repair at all times. 707 For employees doing house work frequent bathing is absolutely necessary. 708 Never fail to get a bath at least once a week. Very often the cause of a discharge is the failure of an employee to keep his person fresh and clean. No matter how good the man, if he is not pleasant to have about he will be discharged, 8o REMCO'S MANUAL 709 All employees are expected to be polite, prompt, and obliging and to keep in mind that unnecessary noise is to be prevented. 710 There is no objection to reading, but books, papers, and magazines should never be allowed to lie around the reception rooms, halls or elevators. 711 Employees are not permitted to run errands for tenants or to work for them during working hours. 712 Employees are not permitted to receive parcels for the tenants. 713 Never give information about tenants; refer all such inquiries to the management. 714 Do not talk with tenants except to reply to them. 715 Never talk back to tenants; if you are not properly treated notify the management, 716 Do not gossip — the less you know of the private affairs of your tenants the better for you. 717 Never remain seated when tenants' visitors or guests pass you. 718 Always open and close the main hall doors for visitors or tenants. 719 Hall, elevator, and telephone men and all main hall help are expected to know the price, size and location of all apartments which are for rent and the date ©n which they can be delivered. They must also be able to show the apart- ment at all times without having to look up the janitor. 720 Wherever possible get the name and address of the. APARTMENT HOUSE RULES 8i applicant and the particulars of price and size apartment desired. 721 Mail must not be kept in the reception-room, cars, or hall. Undelivered mail should be turned over to- the janitor and a notice that he has it should be slipped under the front door of the apartment. 722 The air in the halls should be kept sweet and they should be properly ventilated at all times. 723 Visitors should be announced by 'phone, speaking tube, or elevator. 724 Deliver cards left by visitors for the absent tenants as you do the mail — slip them under the front door of the apartment. 725 Write down at once all messages for tenants and deliver them as you do the mail. 725A When you first report, get a complete list of the tenants, of their guests, and of their employees. INSTRUCTIONS FOR HALL BOYS 726 In case of fire notify the janitor immediately. 727 In houses having one hall boy the working hours are 7 A.M. to 7 P.M. 728 In houses having two hall boys and which provide service from 7 A.M. to midnight, hall boy No. i works from 7 A.M. to 3 P.M., daily except Sundays, and from 7 A.M. to noon on Sundays; hall boy No. 2 works from 3 P.M. to midnight daily and from noon to midnight on Sundays. Nos. i and 2 change places weekly. 729 Where the hall service is continuous the change hours are 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. 730 It is the hall boy's duty -to keep steps, vestibule and main hall and stairs up to the second floor clean. The brass should be polished; glass cleaned, wood-work dusted, and main floor carpets, rugs and furniture cleaned before 8:30 A.M. daily. 731 When sidewalks or steps become slippery, notify the janitor to sand them. 732 When the sidewalk needs sweeping, notify the janitor or superintendent. 733 As soon as garbage or ash cans are emptied, notify the janitor to get them off the sidewalk. 82 INSTRUCTIONS FOR HALL BOYS 83 734 Book agents, peddlers and canvassers are not allowed in the building. 735 You should be thoroughly familiar with the work of the elevator operator and telephone attendant, but should never operate the car except on the written order of the management. 736 You are responsible for the vestibule and main hall lights. Have plenty of light, but do not waste it. If it is not needed turn it off. 737 At 1 1 P.M., or when the door man goes off duty, lock the outside doors and lower all lights. 738 Close all roof doors, sky-lights or windows before you go off duty. 739 Make mail deliveries promptly. 740 Never accept parcel deliveries for tenants. 741 Never accept telegrams for tenants. Slip the telegraph notice under the front door of the apartment. 742 Keep clean. 743 Learn all the rules for the government of the house. 744 Notify the superintendent or janitor when you have a call for an apartment. If they are absent show the apartment yourself. 745 Main hall help should keep on hand a supply of printed matter describing the property, and the business cards of the management office. 746 Always be able to show what you have to rent. The front doors of vacant apartments should be kept un- locked or you should have keys for each vacant one. 84 REMCO'S MANUAL Never allow any one to find you unable to show something that is for rent. Do not depend on the janitor or superin- tendent to open apartments; keep them open or keep keys to them. 747 Keep a complete Hst of tenants' guests and em- ployees. 748 Learn where tenants want newspapers and mail delivered — whether at front or back door. INSTRUCTIONS TO ELEVATOR OPERATORS 749 In houses providing Elevator Service from 7 A.M. to midnight, operator No. i works from 7 A.M. to 3 P.M. daily, and from 7 A.M. to noon on Sundays; operator No. 2 works from 3 P.M. to midnight daily, and from noon to midnight on Sundays. 750 The operators change places every week. 75 1 Where the service is continuous, the change hours are 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. 752 In New York State operators must be 18 years of age. 753 When you first report get a complete list of the tenants, of their guests and of their employees. 754 Never carry servants on the same trip with tenants or with tenants' guests, unless they accompany children or a member of a tenant's family. 755 Get into your car before you allow any one else to do so. 756 Leave your car last; let every one get out before you get out. 757 Allow no one except the regular operators, the engineers or the janitor to run your car. 85 86 REMCO'S MANUAL 758 Never start your car until the shaft door and all of the car doors are closed. 759 1 f the elevator gets out of order shut it down at once. 760 Never leave the car door open unless you are in the car. Keep it locked; if there is no lock or key notify the management. 761 Stop the car before you open the door. See that the car floor is level v/ith the house floor before you open gate. 762 Read and study the instructions in the manual for the care of elevator cars and machinery. 763 Servants are to have elevator service whenever it is provided for the tenants; after the service elevator operator leaves, the passenger car operator is to run both the service and passenger cars. 764 Drug deliveries may be made by the front entrance and car — all other deHveries must be made through the basement or rear entrance. 765 Peddlers, book agents and canvassers are not allowed in the building. 766 Set an example to the other main hall employees — keep the hall in attractive condition and yourself neatly dressed. Be very polite and obliging — you can do a great deal to make the management popular. 767 When the sidewalk or steps get slippery, notify the janitor to sand them. 768 When the sidewalk needs sweeping, notify the superintendent or janitor.. ELEVATOR OPERATORS 87 769 As soon as the garbage or ash-cans are emptied, notify the janitor to take them off the sidewalk. 770 You should thoroughly understand the work of the hall boy and 'phone attendant and should know all the rules for the government of the house. SERVICE ELEVATOR OPERATORS 771 In case of fire, notify the janitor at once. 772 Service elevator men work from 7 A.M. to 7 P.M. 773 Service cars should be kept on the basement floor when not in use. 774 Allow no unnecessary noise. 775 Don't overload the car. 776 Don't lose time on landings or in kitchens. 777 Answer bells promptly. 778 Be prompt and obliging. 779 You make deliveries between storerooms and apartments, but have nothing to do with outside or van deliveries. 780 Canvassers, peddlers and book agents are not allowed in the building. 781 Tradesmen's, express, and parcel deliveries are to be made directly to the apartment. Employees are for- bidden to receive such deliveries. 782 In making ice deliveries, use a pan in the car. 783 The best hour for coal and wood deliveries is 5 P.M. 784 Notify new tenants of the hour for removing ashes and garbage. 88 REMCO'S MANUAL 785 When you first report get a complete list of the tenants, of their guests, and of their employees. 786 Report unclean toilets or odors from them to the janitor or superintendent. 787 You are responsible for the lighting of the back hall and of the cellar and basement about your car. Do not waste light; if it is not needed — turn it off. 788 Get into your car before you allow anyone else to do so. Get everyone out of the car before you get out of it. 790 Keep your storerooms clean, whitewashed, and free of packing material (excelsior, hay, straw, etc.). It is dangerous and is prohibited. 791 Tag every article that goes into your general store- room; enter the date and name of tenants on the tag. 792 If the elevator gets out of order shut it down at once. 793 You are charged with the care and cleaning of the basement and cellar approaches to your car. 794 Close all roof sky -lights, windows and doors before you go off duty. 795 Keep cats and dogs out of your basement. 795A Read and study the instructions in the Manual for Passenger, Elevator Operators for the care of elevator cars and machinery, the house rules and instructions to employees. 795 B Servants are to have elevator service whenever it is provided for the tenants. INSTRUCTIONS TO TELEPHONE OPERATORS 796 Telephone attendants work from 8 A.M. to 7 P.M. 797 In case of fire notify the janitor at once. 798 Be poHte, prompt, attentive, and obliging. 799 Speak plainly and slowly. 800 Keep quiet — permit no useless noise. 801 Enter and call back the numbers asked for before you make connections; it will prevent mistakes and save time. 802 When you report for the first time get a list of the tenants' names, the names of their guests and of their em- ployees, and of the apartments they occupy and of the employees of the house. 803 If there is a special switch attached to your tele- phone, it is probably to enable you to connect with some apartment. Learn who the tenant is in order that you may give the service promptly. 804 Don't give long rings when you ring up a tenant; press the button only once; you will get an answer just as quickly from one ring as you will from prolonged ringing. 805 Write down all messages as you receive them; see that they are delivered promptly. 89 90 REMCO'S MANUAL 806 Telephone Central, get the right time, and set your clock by it as soon as you go on duty. 807 If you do not understand the telephone system, telephone Central to send some one to explain it to you. The Telephone Company will cheerfully explain its work- ing to you. 808 If your duties include the running of the elevator, always turn up the buzzer switch before you answer an elevator call so that you may hear the telephone while you are on your car. 809 The Telephone Company charge you with every call you make. If you get a wrong number, to prevent its being charged, you must notify Central that you got the wrong number. 810 You should keep a complete record of your day's work on the charge sheet; the date, the hour you went on duty, the hour you went oflf duty, your name, and the name or street address of the property, and the following particulars about each message should appear on it: 81 1 The time of the call, the number called, the amount of the charge, the person to whom the message is to be charged and the name of the sender. Never use the same charge sheet for two days' work. The Telephone Com- pany or the management office will supply as many as you need. Use a separate sheet for each day's work. 812 In addition to the record of messages on your charge sheet, you should make a separate ticket for each TELEPHONE OPERATORS 91 charge. This ticket should show the date, the number called, the amount of the charge, by whom it was sent and the person to whom it is to be charged. 813 Require payment in cash from all strangers, and from tenants get a signed ticket if possible. 814 When the message is to be charged to the house or to the management office, the ticket should state the nature of the message, and by whom it was sent, and should be signed by the employee who uses the 'phone. 815 Turn over your charge sheet, cash and tickets to the office or to the janitor daily before leaving the building, and get a receipt for them. 816 City messages are ten cents. 817 Brooklyn messages are fifteen cents. 818 Out of town messages are at various rates. 819 A local message permits the use of the telephone for five minutes or less. 820 A long distance message permits the use of the telephone for three minutes or less. 821 Have a good clock on your desk and keep time on every local message. 822 Ask Long Distance the amount to charge on every long distance call. 823 Central keeps the time on long distance calls. It does not keep the time on local calls. 824 Long distance calls made between 6 P.M. and 6 A.M. are charged at day rates. 92 REMCO'S MANUAL SUPPLIES 825 Keep on hand at all times: A telephone directory. A business telephone directory. A clock. A pencil. Messages-received forms. Daily charge sheet forms. Charge tickets. A calender. 826 On a card hung up by your 'phone always have: The telephone number of Police Headquarters — "3100 Spring." The location of the nearest fire-alarm box. The name, address and 'phone number of the nearest physician. The name, address and 'phone number of the nearest hospital. The name, address and 'phone number of the nearest police station. 827 You should be thoroughly familiar with all the rules for the government of the house and with the work and the instructions in the Manual for Elevator men and Hall boys — but you should never operate the elevator without a written order from the management. CARE OF PLANT AND PROPERTY . DUMBWAITERS looi If any one operating the dumbwaiter can stand under the car, fix a guard to prevent it — the car might fall. 1002 Keep the bells and tubes in perfect working order. 1003 Post at the basement door an index of tenants' names. 1004 Put a roller in the basement door opening about six inches below the top. It will save wear on your hoist- ing ropes and will make it easier to work the car. 1005 Cars should be scoured with hot water weekly and kept sweet and clean at all times. 1006 Clean and disinfect shaft pits weekly. White- wash it monthly. 1007 Keep the machinery well oiled and the guides well greased. 1008 Once a month inspect the shaft and machinery, examine the ropes carefully. Bear in mind that the wear on a rope is on the inside. 95 ELEVATORS loio Regulate the operating cable every day. Do not let it get too loose. 101 1 Inspect all cables and the safety devices every day. Look for wear on the cables and see that all are fast. 1012 Oil all bearings and clean the shaft pit every day and see that all cables passing through the pit are clear. 1013 Oil bearings at the top of the shaft every Friday and fill all oil cups daily. 1014 Keep a common fireplace bellows on hand for use in blowing dust out of motors and generators. 1015 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE CARE AND OPERATION OF THE OTIS HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS By the Otis Elevator Company, 17 Battery Place, New York 1 01 6 When the cherry guides are properly cleaned, put a coat of lubricating compound on them. The best is seven-eighths cylinder oil and one-eighth plumbago, well mixed. It is advisable to occasionally use a little kerosene oil for cleaning off the guides. Keep cables well oiled with raw linseed oil and tar oil (seven parts linseed oil and three parts of tar oil). When 96 ELEVATORS 97 they have once become well soaked, it will probably be sufficient to oil them only about every three or four months. Do not allow them to become dirty and gummy. Examine cables frequently for broken wires. Keep tensions on cables alike, adjusting them at the fastenings to the overhead work or traveling sheave, at which place there should be lock nuts. See that hand cable is kept properly adjusted, neither too tight nor too loose. Keep safety plank and top of car clean, and do not allow the grease to collect. Keep all bearings properly oiled. Keep the guide springs on the girdle above, and the safety plank below, the car adjusted so that the car will not wabble, but not tight enough to bind against guides. When cables are drawing alike, the equalizing bars on a passenger elevator should be horizontal, as shown in cut on page iio, and the set-screws free from contact with the fmger shaft, but adjusted so that one of them will come in contact with the finger shaft when the equalizing bar is tipped a certain amount either way. The main cables should not be allowed to stretch so much that the car cannot reach the top landing, as the piston will strike the bottom cylinder head. If the safety wedges should be thrown in, or rattle, when descending, the cause would be from the stretching or breaking of one of the cables, the action of the governor. 98 REMCO'S MANUAL or from weakness of either the spring on the finger shaft, safety wedge or gummy guides. In the first case, if occasioned by the cable stretching, the cable should be examined thoroughly, and, if it shows a weakness, a new one put on, otherwise it can be shortened up, as stated above. In the second case, the car had probably attained ex- cessive speed, and the governor simply performed its proper function. In the third case, new springs should be put on, and the guides kept clean, for it often happens that the guides are so dirty that the springs cannot well prevent the wedges catching. All the safeties should be kept clean and in good order, so that they will quickly respond when called upon to perform their duty. To loosen the wedges when thrown in, throw the valve for the car to ascend. If the wedges are thrown in above the top landing, re- move the button on the hand cable, and run the car up until the piston strikes the bottom of the cylinder. If this is not sufficient to loosen the wedges, the car will have to be raised by a tackle. Keep air nuts properly tightened. If traveling or auxiliary sheave bushing is worn so that sheave binds, or the bushing is nearly worn through, turn it half round, and thus obtain a new bearing. If it has been once turned, put in a new bushing. OTIS GOVERNOR SAFETY Attached to Gravity Wedge Safety. I. OF a loo REMCO'S MANUAL See that the piston rods draw ahke. If they do not, it can be discerned by trying to turn the rods with the hands, or by a groaning noise in the cyhnder. How- ever, this groaning may also be caused by the packing being worn out, in which case the car would not stand stationary. See that all supports remain secure, and in good con- dition. If car settles, the most probable cause is that the valve or piston needs repacking. If packing is all right, then the air valve "i8" in the piston does not properly seat. If the car springs up and down when stopping, there is air in the cylinder. When there is not much air, it can often be let out by opening the air cock and running a few trips, but when there is considerable air, run the car to near the top, then place the valve for the car to descend. While in this position open the air cock and allow the air to escape. This may have to be repeated several times before the air is all removed. Keep the cylinders and connections protected from frost. Where exposed, the easiest way to protect the cylinders is by an air-tight box, open at the bottom, at which point keep a gas jet burning during cold weather. Where there is steam in the building, run a coil near the cylinder. Keep stop buttons on hand cable properly ad- justed, so that the car will stop at a few inches beyond ELEVATORS loi either landing before the piston strikes the head of the cylinder. Regulate the speed desired for the car by adjusting the back stop buttons, so that the valve can only be opened either way sufficiently to give this speed. Occasionally try the governor to see that it works properly. Keep the machinery clean and in good order. The inside of cylinder should be properly lubricated every two weeks with cylinder oil. An oil cup, near the bottom of cylinder, is provided for this purpose. Open the two circulating cocks after the oil cup is filled, and allow the oil to run in cylinder; after half an hour's time close the two cocks. Under no circumstances neglect to close cocks, other- wise the car will settle. 10 1 7 EXPLANATION OF OTIS GRAVITY WEDGE SAFETY A Guide G Equalizing Bar B Safety Wedge H Finger Shaft C Safety Wedge Shoe I Set-screws on Equalizing Bar D Adjustable Gib which come in contact with E Safety Wedge Spring and Finger Shaft. Bolt J Safety Wedge Spring Plate F Shackle Rods For illustrations see following pages. OTIS GRAVITY WEDGE SAFETY Showing Cables properly adjusted and the Safety Wedge in position for Car to run. For Explanation see preceding page. OTIS GRAVITY WEDGE SAFETY Showing Safety Wedge thrown in by the breaking or stretching of one of the Cables. For Explanation see page loi. I04 REMCO'S MANUAL IO18 EXPLANATION OF OTIS ELEVATOR CYLINDER AND VALVE I Traveling Sheave 22 Cylinder Legs 2 Traveling Sheave Bushing 23 Drain from bottom of Cylin- 3 Traveling Sheave Pin der 4 Traveling Sheave Guard 24 Water Chest 5 Traveling Sheave Strap 25 Relief Valve, to relieve ram 6 Oil Cup of water when the valve is 7 Piston Rod Cross-head suddenly closed during the 8 Stuffing Boxes ascent of Car, 9 Air Cock 26 Valve Chamber 10 Drip Pipe 27 Valve Plunger, consisting of: II Curve on top of cylinder a, . Rack Follower 12 Piston Rod b . Valve Stem 13 Cylinder c . Top to Valve Piston Cup »4 Circulating Pipe d. , Bottom to Valve Piston Cup »5 Piston e, , Spider i6 Top Follower f. , Valve Cup Packing 17 Bottom Follower 28 Valve Rack 18 Piston Air Valve 29 Valve Rack Shoe 19 Piston Cup 30 Valve Pinion Shaft 20 1 inch Square Rubber pack- V Valve Cap ing 32 Valve Glands on Pinion 21 Set-screws for starting Top Shaft Follower when removing 33 Valve Sheave it to pack. 34 Check Valve 10 1 9 HOW TO PACK ELEVATORS How to Pack Piston from Bottom 1020 Remove the top stop button on hand rope, and run the car up until the piston strikes the bottom head in cylinder. Secure the car in this position by passing a strong rope under the girdle or cross-head, and over the sheave timbers. When secured, close the gate valve in the SECTION OF ELEVATOR CYLINDER AND VALVE Showing Working Parts. For explanation, see page 104. io6 REMCO'S MANUAL supply pipe, open the air cock at the head of the cylinder, and throw the operating valve for the car to go up. Also open the valve in the drain pipe, from the side of the cylin- der, and from the lower head of the cylinder, thus allowing the water to drain out of the cylinder. When the cylinder is empty, throw the valve for the car to descend in order to drain the water from the circulating pipe. In cases of tank pressure, where level of water in lower tank is above the bottom of the cylinder, the gate valve in the discharge pipe will have to be closed as soon as the water in the cylinder is on a level with that in the tank, allowing the rest to pass through the drain pipe to the sewer. When water is all drained oflF, remove the lower head of the cylinder and the piston will be accessible. Remove the bolts in the piston follower by means of the socket wrench which is furnished for that purpose. Before removing the piston head, mark its exact position, then there will be no difficulty in replacing it; also be careful and not let the piston get turned in the cylinder, so as to twist the piston rods. On removing the piston follower you will fmd a leather cup turned upward, with coils of five-eighths inch square rubber packing on the outside. This you will re- move and clean out the dirt, also clean out the holes through which the water acts upon the cups. If you fmd the leather cup in good condition you may replace it, but see that piston rods draw evenly before replacing it, and on the outside place three new coils of five-eighths inch square rubber packing, being careful that they break ELEVATORS lo: joints, with a lap of about two inches, and also that the thickness of the three coils up and down does not fill the space by one-quarter inch, as in such case the water might swell the packing sufficiently to cramp it in this space, thus destroying its power to expand. If too light, strip off a few thicknesses of canvas. Replace the piston follower and cylinder head, and the cylinder is ready to refill. Close the valves in the drain pipes, leave the air cock open at the head of the cylinder, and the operating valve in the position to rise. Slowly open the gate vaWe in the supply pipe, allowing the cylinder to fill gradually^ and the air to escape at the head of the cylinder. When the cylinder is full of water, close the air cock, and open gate valve full; put the operating valve on the center. The car can then be untied, the top button reset,- the gate valve in discharge opened; then the elevator is ready to use. 1 02 1 Packing Piston from Top Run the car to the bottom, and close the gate valve in the supply pipe. Open the air cock at the head of the cylinder, and also keep open the valve in the drain pipe from the side of the cylinder long enough to drain the water in the cylinder down to the level of the top of the piston. Now remove the top head of the cylinder, slipping it up the piston rods out of the way, and fasten there. If the piston is not near enough to the top of the cylinder to be accessible, attach a rope or small tackle to the main io8 REMCO'S MANUAT. cables (not the counterbalance cables), a few feet above the car, and draw them down sufficiently to bring the piston within reach. Remove the bolts in the piston follower by means of the socket wrench furnished for that purpose. Mark the exact position of the piston follower before removing it, so that there will be no difficulty in re- placing it. On removing the piston follower you will find a leather cup turned upward, with coils of five-eighths inch square rubber packing on the outside. This you will remove and clean out the dirt, also clean out the holes through which the water acts upon the cups. If the leather cup is in good condition, replace it, and on the out- side place three new coils of five-eighths inch square rubber packing. Rubber packing must be put in about one-half inch longer than circumference, being careful that they break joints, and also that the thickness of the three coils up and down does not fill the space by one-quarter inch, as in such case the water might swell the packing sufficiently to cramp it in this space, thus destroying its power to expand. If too tight, strip off a few thicknesses of canvas. Replace the piston follower, and see that the air valve in the piston is in good working order, and then let the piston down to its right position. Replace the cylinder head and gradually open the gate valve in the supply pipe, first being sure that the operating valve is on the center. As soon as the air has escaped, close the air cock and open gate valve full; then the elevator is ready to run. In case the leather cup has been destroyed, a new one can be put ELEVATORS 109 on by cutting the leather on a good bevel, then sew it up after it is placed around the rods. 1022 Packing the Valve To pack the valve, run the car to the top and secure it. Then drain the circulating pipe only, take out the valve (always soak the valves about one hour in cold water before using), repack it, and put same back. Open pet cock on top of cylinder and allow air to escape while running the car slowly, then close the air cock. 1023 Packing Piston Rods Close the gate valve in the supply pipe and open air cock, to make sure that there is no pressure in cylinder. Remove the followers and glands to the stuffmg boxes and clean out the old packing. Repack with about eight turns of one-quarter inch flax packing to each rod, and replace glands and followers. Screw down the followers only tight enough to prevent leaking. 1024 SAFETIES (i) Under the car is a heavy hardwood Safety Plank, on each end of which is an iron adjustable jaw, inclos- ing the guide on the guide post. In this jaw is an iron wedge, withheld from contact with the guide in regular duty. Under the wedge is a rocker-arm or equalizing bar, with one of the lifting cables attached independ- ently at each extremity. The four lifting cables, after ELEVATORS m being thus attached, pass over a wrought-iron girdle at the top of the car. Each cable carries an equal strain, and the breaking of any one cable puts the load on the other cables, which throws the rocker out of the horizontal position, and forces the wedges on both sides instantly and immovably between the iron jaws of the safety plank and the sides of the guides, stopping the car. It may be raised to any position by the unbroken cables, though it cannot be lowered until a new cable is put on. (2) Any cable will always stretch before it breaks, which will lower one end of the equalizing safety bar and force the wedges on both sides into position. No other safety device will give warning in advance. (3) Our improved Automatic Governor, located on the overhead cross-beam at the top of the building, is operated by an endless cable passing over its driving wheel, with a weighted sheave at bottom of hatchway, and is connected to the gravity wedges under the car, so as to arrest its descent the moment excessive speed is attained from any cause. See that the weighted sheave does not rest on the ground, as that will slacken or throw the cable off the sheave. 112 REAICO'S MANUAL 1025 DIRHCTIONS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF OTIS ELECTRIC ELEVATORS OPERATED BY HAND ROPE By the Otis Elevator Company, 17 Battery Place, New York City Open the main line switch before you begin cleaning, oiling or adjusting any part of motor or regulator. Keep brake on while cleaning. If the brake is to be removed, have car at top of shaft and secure the drum before loosening the brake hand. 1026 Oiling The worm gear casing must be filled to the overflow valve with castor oil, A small amount of castor oil must be fed every day to make sure that the reservoir is full. Every second or third month the reservoir must be emptied and filled with fresh oil. 1027 Oiling the Elevator The motor bearings must be examined frequently and kept full of best dynamo oil. Drum bearings, sheaves and guides, must be inspected frequently and kept clean and well lubricated. 1028 Motor and Regulator The motor commutator must be kept clean by rubbing it with a cloth slightly moist with oil. After cleaning, ELEVATORS 113 remove all oil with a dry cloth. The commutator will wear best if it is kept perfectly clean. The commutator brushes are set and must be kept in such position that there is no sparking to be observed under all changes of load. The current reverser, breaking switch, magnet brush and contacts must be cleaned like the motor commutator, and in case the contacts become rough they must be smoothed with sandpaper. The magnet brush must drop freely to the top segment with operating device in position for full speed. The carbon brushes on armature commutator can be reversed after one side is worn. Do not let these wear too low, for if you should allow the brass support to touch, the commutator would become rough at once, and would re- quire turning up in a lathe. 1029 Operating the Elevator See that operating device is in central position before closing main line switch. When running the elevator, move the operating device gently; that is, avoid all sudden and violent movements. To get full speed, move to the limit of motion without, however, straining the gear. If the car will not start with an over-load, bring the operating device to stop position and reduce the load. If the car should stop suddenly when going down, re- verse your operating device just sufficient to give motor 114 REMCO'S MANUAL power to turn slowly in order to take up any possible slack of ropes, get car to next landing, and examine ropes on drum to insure their being in their proper grooves. If the stop was caused by safeties throwing in, have them adjusted. If the car refuses to start under the usual load, look to the fuses and examine the bearings. A bearing running dry will get hot and a hot bearing will stop the elevator and necessitate repairs. Before leaving the car to ascertain the cause of any trouble always bring operating device to stop position. Adjust the brake to allow a prompt stop, not more. The brake is too tight if car can be stopped without breaking the current in regulator box. If the car by any derangement of operating device or switch cannot be stopped, let it make its full trip, as the automatic stop will take care of it at either end of its travel. Never try to leave the car while it is running. In ordinary runs the operator should stop the car before the automatic stop is reached. If the power should fail, stopping the car between the floors, lift the brake and move the car by turning the brake wheel by hand to the next landing to let the passen- gers out. The operating cable must be kept moderately taut by means of the turnbuckles. A new rope will stretch con- siderably. When necessary it should be shortened until it has its permanent set. ELEVATORS 115 The stuffing box on the worm shaft should be just tight enough to keep the oil from running out of the worm- chamber. To make sure that car and machinery run easily, lift the brake and rotate worm shaft by pulling the brake wheel; the empty car should ascend without much exertion. 1030 General Directions Lubricate all bearings. Do not lubricate the commutator. Make sure that operating device is in central or stop position before closing main line switch. Keep brushes and rubbing surfaces in good condition. Inspect all bearings and rubbing parts frequently. 1031 DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF OTIS ELECTRIC ELEVATORS OPERATED BY SWITCH DEVICE By the Otis Elevator Company, 1 7 Battery Place, New York Open the main line switch before you begin cleaning, oiling or adjusting any -part of motor or controller. Keep brake on while cleaning. If the brake is to be removed, have car at top of shaft and secure the drum before loosening the brake bands. ii6 REMCO'S MANUAL 1032 Cleaning and Oiling Keep all parts of the machine and magnet controller scrupulously clean. Drum bearings, sheaves, and guides should be inspected frequently and kept well lubricated. For guides, machine oil, Albany grease, or a mixture of the two, may be used. For bearings of motor and drum shaft, and for automatic stop motion gears, use best ma- chine oil. In the gear case, use special oil, obtained from the Otis Elevator Company, or a mixture of cylinder and castor oil, in proportion of 2 to 3. Always keep oil well above top of worm. For vibrator sheaves use grease candles like those fur- nished with the grease cups. Keep boxes of overhead sheaves packed with Albany grease. 1033 Brake Adjust brake bands so that they just clear coupling when released. Be sure that nuts and cotter pins are in place. Adjust the brake spring to suit working load. 1034 Automatic Stop Motion Switch ' Automatic stop motion switch should be adjusted to stop car level with top floor, with normal load, and level with bottom landing, with no load. This must be kept properly adjusted. ELEVATORS 117 1035 Commutator and Brushes Keep commutator clean and smooth. Do not use sandpaper unless surface of commutator becomes very rough and pitted. Do not let the carbon brushes wear too low, as brush holders must not touch commutator. Brushes, when properly set, will not spark, under normal conditions. If sparking occurs continuously, commutator or brushes are probably rough and dirty. If sparking occurs between two segments of commutator, an open circuit in the armature is indicated. Be careful not to allow oil or any foreign substance to accumulate between the brush holder arms and insulating washers. In cleaning commutator, use pad of cloth, but never waste. 1036 Stuffing Boxes Stuffing box on worm shaft should be just tight enough to keep oil from running out of gear case. Be careful when tightening not to screw up bolt on one side more than that on the other. 1037 Limit Switches Contacts of limit switches should be examined and cleaned frequently to prevent dirt or grit getting on them and breaking contact. ii8 REMCO'S MANUAL 1038 Controller Contact discs of magnets and contacts themselves must be kept free from pits or blisters; they should be frequently smoothed with emery cloth. Set all carbon contacts the same height above discs, and one-eighth inch below metal contacts, so that circuits are broken between discs and carbons, instead of between discs and metal contacts. Keep all connections tight, and see that springs under disc bear firmly against the latter. . Plungers of magnets should be bright and smooth, and magnets should be tried frequently by hand, to make sure that they do not stick. 1039 Car Switch The cover of car switch should be removed once a week, to see that the contacts are in good condition. If necessary, rub a little clean machine oil on these contacts. 1 040 Operation To start the car, move car switch half-way down, in which position up or down magnet and potential switch will rise, and accelerating magnets automatically cut out armature resistance and series field, as the speed of motor increases. Accelerating magnets should act consecutively, at equal intervals, and, under normal load, will all rise within three or four seconds, if properly adjusted. ELEVATORS 119 After accelerating magnets have operated, move car switch all the way down, which will operate fast-speed magnet and bring car to full speed. To stop, move car switch to slow-speed contact when car is at least three feet from landing, then allow level to fall back against the stop. 1 04 1 Never bring car switch to central positio7i until car is at a standstill. Always keep car switch in central position when car is out of service. If car fails to start from car switch, move knife switch on magnet controller down and try operation from push buttons on controller board. If car runs from push buttons and not from car switch, trouble is either in car switch or cable between car and controller. If car will not respond to either car switch or push but- tons, look for open circuit at fuses, contacts under discs, slack cable switch, automatic stop motion switch, and limit switches. If car refuses to lift normal load, but motor starts, ex- amine controller to see if it operates properly, examine the bearings to see if any are dry or hot, and look at gears and thrust bearings. If car should stop suddenly when descending, reverse car switch on slow speed and bring car back to nearest upper landing. Then examine machine and make sure that ropes are in proper grooves on drum. Inspect safety I20 REMCO'S MANUAL clutches, and if they have operated, determine the cause and have them properly adjusted. If the car should fail to stop when car switch is in stop position, open safety switch or let car travel to top or bottom of the shaft, as the case may be, when it will be stopped by the automatic devices. Then examine the controller and find the cause of the trouble. Never attempt to leave the car while it is in motion. Always stop car at top and bottom landing frorh the car switch, and do not allow it to run far enough to be stopped by the automatic device. 1042 DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND OPERATION OF WARNER ELECTRIC ELEVATORS By the Warner Elevator Manufacturing Company, Park Row Building, New York An electric elevator, being as a rule a high-grade piece of machinery, needs some attention in order to secure the best service from it. Proper attention will prolong its life considerably, while neglect may necessitate extensive repairs. Therefore, care should be taken to keep the machine clean, oiled and in good condition generally. To accomplish this, it should be given daily attention. Open the wall switch before attempting to clean, oil or adjust the machine; this will prevent accidents. ELEVATORS 121 1043 Care of Controller Look at the controller occasionally and see that the bearings and cams are kept oiled. IVipe off all excess of oil, as it will impair the insulation if allowed to come in contact with it. Notice the contacts and see that they are kept bright. Use a piece of fme sandpaper to rub them up should they need it. By keeping these contacts smooth and their rubbing surfaces slightly lubricated by wiping with an oily cloth, their life will be much increased. Blow or clean out any dust or dirt that may accumulate in the controller. Keep the air admitted to the dash pot so adjusted that the rheostat arm will descend in from five to seven seconds. 1044 Care of Motor Keep the commutator free from grease and dirt and wipe occasionally with a cloth slightly moistened with oil. See that the bearings are kept well supplied with the best machine or dynamo oil. The oil should stand about half-way up in the glass oil gauge or so high that the self-oiling ring, within the box, dips well into it. Drain off all oil through stop cock, wash out bearings with benzene and renew with fresh oil at least once a month. Do not run bearings over and get oil upon the fields and armature of motor; the oil will ruin the insulation and lead to costly repairs. Should the brushes not bear properly, place a strip of 122 REMCO'S MANUAL fine sandpaper (with paper side toward comrnutator) under them, and then, putting a Httle pressure on the brushes, work the strip of sandpaper back and forth, letting it follow the shape of the commutator. In this way the brush will be ground to the shape of the commutator and have a good bearing. Sandpapering off the sharp corners and edges of the brushes will often obviate sparking. Blow away the carbon dust which has formed and wipe off commutator. Keep all parts of motor jree from dust and dirt. 1045 Brake Adjustment A proper braking device with proper adjustment is the prime requisite for the smooth and successful operation of an electric elevator. Poor adjustment of the brake is the seat of many evils. Therefore, the condition of the brake should be investigated from time to time. To adjust the brake : Open the wall switch, and by shifting the Operating Device through the various positions, see that the brake satisfies the following conditions: On center the brake should be, of course, tight. Now shift slowly until the controller switch snaps in, then the brake should be perfectly free. Now shift again very slowly back toward center until the switch just snaps out. At this point the brake should be starting to come on, or should be but lightly on. The degree of tightness of the brake can be determined ELEVATORS 123 by turning or trying to turn the brake pulley by hand or by a monkey wrench gripped on the rim. The pulley will generally turn more freely one way than the other, accord- ing as the car or counterweight is the heavier, and when the brake is released it should turn very freely in the one direction, if everything is in good working order. 1046 IVorm Gear The worm gear runs in oil, and it is important that the right kind and quantity of oil is used. Warner's worm gear oil is prepared especially for the purpose, and is the best that can be used. A good substitute is heavy cylinder oil, or, better still, cylinder oil containing about one-quar- ter pound of flake graphite to the gallon. Sufficient should be used to cover the worm. This oil should be strained and renewed at least once a month, and a little added to make up for leakage at least once a week. Drain out all oil, wash out thoroughly, and clean the housing and gears with benzene or coal oil at least every six months. Exarhine the worm and worm wheel occasionally through the hand holes in the housing, to see that they are well lubricated, and that no grit gets into the oil. They should show no wear. The stuffmg box on the worm shaft should be only tight enough to keep the oil from leaking out of the worm chamber. 124 REMCO'S MANUAL 1047 Thrust Bearings The end thrust bearing should be filled with thin machine oil and should be thoroughly cleaned and refilled once a month. Should there be too much end play to the worm shaft, remove the cast-iron cap and examine the ball bearing. If the large hard steel collars show wear they can be turned side for side and will give service for some time longer. When both sides of these collars are worn, the only way of taking up the end play is by putting in new collars. The large clamp nut on the end of the shaft has a left- hand thread and should be drawn up snugly when cotter pin is put through. Should it not come tight in position for cotter pin, back up with paper washers. 1048 Drum, Idlers, Overhead IVork and Guides Keep the drum, idler and overhead journals oiled with good heavy oil. It is a good idea to put a piece of waste in each of the boxes to prevent the oil from running out too rapidly. This oiling should be done each and every day the elevator is used. Oil all small parts with good machine oil. The car and counterweights should, for passenger eleva- tors, be greased at least once a week; for freight machines at least once a month. Warner s Guide Grease is made especially for the purpose, and keeps the guides with a ELEVATORS 125 clean appearance. Good cylinder oil, applied with a brush, also makes a good lubricant when the running of the oil and the darkening of the guides are not objectionable. The wire cables should have a coat of raw linseed oil about twice a year, and should be examined frequently to see that they are in good condition. 1 049 Operation Always he sure that the operating device is on center he- fore throwing in the wall switch. In running, shift the operating device to the full extent of its stroke. Otherwise the car travels slowly, and may waste considerable electrical energy; except with our type C and type I controllers. Try to hit the floors at the first stop, not run past then back up, or stop too soon and have to stop and start again. We mention this in order to show our customers how they can save in operating expense. It is a physical law that it takes more energy to start a machine into motion than it does to keep it in motion after it is once started, and from the fact that it is necessary to insert resistance into the circuit of the motor at starting, the loss is increased somewhat. Hence the object in avoiding these starts as much as possible by hitting the floors at the first stop; also the life of the controller contacts will be lengthened, for it is in turning off the current when the motor has barely started or is running very slowly, that the greatest 126 REMCO'S MANUAL flashing is produced, while with normal and careful usage there is practically no sparking. Should the car stop from any cause whatever, always and immediately shift the operating device to center. Now if, upon shifting again, the elevator should fail to start in either direction, this indicates that the car or counterweight has met with some obstruction and that the slack cable device has operated; or that the power has been turned off; or that the fuse has blown out; or that there is a poor contact in the switch or connections. In any case, one should go and examine the engine. If the slack cable device has been tripped: First : Be sure that the operating device (hand rope, pilot wheel or lever) is on center. Second : Throw in slack cable switch and hold it there. Third : Shift to start engine in direction to wind up the cable that has been slacked. Fourth : Stop just before the rope becomes taut, so that it can be readily placed properly in the chase of the drum. Fifth : Start again until the rope is brought into tension. Sixth : Examine and find what caused the cable to slack, and remove the cause. Should the power fail, stopping the car between floors, open the wall switch, release the brake, and turn the worm shaft by pulling on the brake pulley, or with a wrench on the end of the armature shaft, thus running the car to a floor landing to let out passengers. (The cap on the outer motor bearing can be unscrewed, exposing the square end of the armature shaft.) ELEVATORS 127 If the car, from any cause, cannot be stopped, let it make the full run, as the automatic stop will take care of it at either end of the travel. Never try to leave the car while it is in motion. Always pull out the wall switch upon leaving the elevator for the night, or any other time when it is to he left idle. It is advisable to have a careful and responsible operator for the elevator, and not let everybody run it. 1050 ELEVATOR BUILDERS IN NEW YORK CITY Compiled by S. E. Hendricks &* Company of 76 Elm Street, New York, Publishers of Hendricks Register of the United States for Buyers and Sellers New York-American Elevator Company, 113 Cedar Street. Becker, W. F., 290 West Broadway. Bradshaw Elevator Works, 15 Cortlandt Street. Clay Elevator & Machine Company (Freight, etc.), 201 East 1 6th Street. Clernand & Company, 206 Centre Street. Collins & Tracy, 181 Greenwich Street. Couch, Samuel & Sons, 214 Centre Street. Darrin, D. H., & Company, 131 Liberty Street. Dowdall, Chas. E., 152 West Broadway. Elektron Manufacturing Company (Electric), 156 Fifth Avenue. 128 REMCO'S MANUAL Elevator Supply & Repair Company (Signaling appara- tus installed), 136 Liberty Street. Empire Elevator Repair&SupplyCompany, 193 1 B'dw'y. Graham Brothers & Company, 662 Hudson Street. Howard Iron Works (Hydraulic), 131 Liberty Street. Kane, M. J., & Company, 136 Liberty Street. Kier, John, 108 Liberty Street. McAdams & Cartwright Elevator Company, 258 Elev- enth Avenue. MacLean Elevator Company, 66 Trinity Place. Marine Engine & Machine Company (Electric and Hy- draulic), 1 123 Broadway. Meagher, T. H., 103 Walker Street. Moline Elevator Company, 378 West Broadway. . Morse, Williams & Company, 108 Liberty Street. National Elevator & Construction Company, 52 Univer- sity Place. New York Elevator Supply & Repair Company, 152 Centre Street. Otis Elevator Company (Hydraulic, etc.), 17 Battery Place. Pearson, McGlynn & Company, 92 Centre Street. Plunger Elevator Company, 156 Fifth Avenue. Portland Company (Plunger), 11 33 Broadway. Reedy Elevator Company, 31 Tenth Avenue. Salem Elevator & Machine Works, 21 Park Row. Sedgwick Machine Works (Hand and Belt Power), up Liberty Street, ELEVATORS 129 See, A, B., Manufacturing Company, 220 Broadway. Sommerville, John, 146 West 28th Street. Standard Plunger Elevator Company (Plunger), i Broadway. Storm Manufacturing Company (Hand Power, etc.), 1 13 Chambers Street. Tracy Brothers, 65 Dey Street. Warner Elevator Manufacturing Company (Electric, Hydraulic, and Hand Power, Passenger and Freight), 15 Park Row. Webb, A. P., 305 Pearl Street. Welsh Machine Works, 276-77 West New York. Winslow Elevator and Machine Company (Hydraulic, Electric, etc.), 149 Broadway. 1052 WIRE ROPE AND CABLE MAKERS IN NEW YORK CITY American Steel & Wire Company, Battery Park Build- ing, New York. Broederick & Bascom Rope Company, 33 South Street. Hazard Manufacturing Company, 50 Dey Street. Leschen, A., & Sons Rope Company, 163 Washington Street. Macomber & Wythe Rope Company, 131 Worth Street. Macomber-Wythe-Moon Company, 131 Worth Street. National Steel & Wire Company, 1 14 Liberty Street. Roebling's, John A., Sons Company, 1 17 Liberty Street. Trenton Iron Company, 17 Burling Slip. Waterbury & Company, 69 South Street. BOILERS 1053 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE AND OPERATION OF HIGH-PRESSURE BOILERS To remove scale, feed about ten gallons of a good boiler compound through the water column into the boiler after you have filled it with water to a point six inches above the top tubes. Allow this to remain in the boiler all summer when practicable, or as long as possible. Drain it off before firing the boiler. Carry at least two gauges of water at all times. Never start firing until you have this amount in your boiler. If at any time your gauge shows no water, take no chances; do not feed it with water. Open your fire-box and ash-pit and the back door connections immediately and bank your fire with ashes at once. When you locate and cure the trouble, feed water to the boiler very slowly until you get it properly supplied. Do not burn wood or refuse in your fire-box; burn it in the ach-pit. Blow off your boiler every Saturday to rid it of sediment. On low-pressure plants clean the tubes monthly. On high- pressure plants, daily if possible, and never less often than once a week. 130 STEAM BOILERS. 131 Grate bars for small sizes of coal are best on high-pres- sure plants. In low-pressure plants the use of coal of large sizes is economical. Repair grate bars and fire-box thoroughly in June of every year. Close-fitting fire doors and ash-pit doors save fuel. You must keep your tubes clean; see that you have proper tools for cleaning them and that you have facilities for cleaning tubes quickly and easily. Work out some plan of your own if the location of your furnace or boiler makes it difficult to get at your tubes. RULES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND CARE OF HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM BOILERS By the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company 1054 Condition of Water: The first duty of an engineer, when he enters his boiler-room in the morning, is to ascer- tain, by blowing out water column or trying gauge cocks, how many gauges of water there are in his boiler. Never start or unhank the fires until this is done. Accidents have occurred, and many boilers have been entirely ruined, from neglect of this precaution. Low Water: In case of low water, immediately cover the fire with ashes, or, if no ashes are at hand, use jresh coal and close ash-pit doors, and leave fire doors open. If oil or gas is used as fuel, shut off the supply from burners. Don't turn on the feed under any circumstances, nor 132 REMCO'S MANUAL tamper with or open the safety-valve. Let the steam outlets remain as they are. In Case of Foaming: Close throttle, and keep closed long enough to show true level of water. If that level is sufficiently high, feeding and blowing will usually suffice to correct the evil. In case of violent foaming, caused by dirty water, or change from salt to fresh, or vice versa, in addition to the action above stated, check draft, and cover fires with fresh coal, or shut off the supply from burners where oil or gas is used for fuel. Leaks: When leaks are discovered they should be re- paired as soon as possible; if leaking occurs at longitudinal seams, notify the insurance inspector at once. Blowing Off : Clean furnace and bridge wall of all coal and ashes. Allow brickwork to cool down for two hours at least before opening blow. A pressure exceeding 20 pounds should not be allowed when boilers are blown out, and where practical to run water out without pressure, the boilers should be cooled down thoroughly before emptying, which will render the washing out of scale and deposit easier. Generally boilers should be blown down two gauges once or twice a day, and entirely emptied once a week, unless the condition of feed water renders more frequent emptying necessary. When surface blow cocks are used, they should be often opened for a few moments at a time. Filling up the Boiler: After blowing down allow the STEAM BOILERS 133 holler to become cool before filling again. Cold water pumped into hot boilers is very injurious from sudden con- traction. Exterior of Boiler: Care should be taken that no water comes in contact with the exterior of the boiler, either from leaky joints or other causes. Particular care should be taken to keep sheets and parts of boilers exposed to the fire perfectly clean, also all tubes, flues and connections should be well swept. This is particularly necessary where wood or soft coal is used for fuel. Removing Deposit and Sediment: To prevent danger from overheating, causing distortion or cracking of sheets, and to aid in the economical production of steam, the internal surfaces should be kept free from scale or deposit, and the boiler should be opened frequently for examina- tion and cleaning. The condition of feed water deter- mines the time that may elapse between cleanings. Sajety-Valves: Safety-valves should be tried daily, as they are liable to become fast in their seats, and useless for the purpose intended. Safety-Valve and Pressure Gauge: Should the gauge at any time indicate the limit of pressure allowed by the insurance company, see that the safety-valves are blowing oflF. In case of difference notify the insurance inspector. Gauge Cocks; Glass Gauge: Keep gauge cocks clear, and in constant use. Glass gauges should not be relied on altogether. Blisters: When a blister or lamination appears there 134 REMCO'S MANUAL must be no delay in having it carefully examined, and, if severe, notify the insurance inspector. General Care of Boilers and Connections : Under all circumstances keep the gauges, cocks, etc., clean and in good order, and things generally in and about the engine- and boiler-room in a neat condition. Getting up Steam: In preparing to get up steam after boilers have been open or out of service, great care should be exercised in making the man- and hand-hole joints. The boilers should be vented through the safety-valve or gauge cocks, and water run in until it shows at second gauge. After this is done, fuel may be placed upon the grate, dampers opened, and fires started. If chimney or stack is cold and does not draw properly, burn some oily waste or light kindlings at the base. Start fire in ample time, so that it will not be necessary to urge them unduly. When steam issues from the vent, close it and note pressure and behavior of steam gauge while raising steam. If oil or gas is the fuel used, it is very important that steam be raised slowly; that is, no faster than would be possible with coal as fuel. If this precaution is not observed, serious damage to the boiler is liable to result. Where a boiler is to be cut in with others already in operation, watch the one recently fired up until pressure is up to that of the other boilers to which it is to be connected; and, when that pressure is attained, open bleeder valves long enough to thoroughly drain all water from the steam pipes, and then open the stop valves very slowly and carefully. STEAM BOILERS 135 Gas or Oil Fuel: When gas or oil is used as fuel, care should be used in adjusting the burners, so that the flame cannot impinge directly on the heating surface, and the checker-work, where used in such furnaces, should be arranged so that it will not concentrate the flame upon the boiler surfaces. Suitable peep-holes should be provided for observing the fire surfaces during operation of the boiler. Before lighting the fire, the greatest caution should be observed to see that the drafts are open for a sufficient length of time to remove the gas that may have accumu- lated in the setting. Never turn on the fuel supply when starting up, or after snapping out of burner, without first introducing a lighted torch or burning waste into the furnace. Disregard of these precautions is liable to result in a serious accident. Inspectors will give special instructions in cases not covered by these rules. If the boiler shows distress or unusual behavior, notify the insurance company's agent at once. RULES FOR JANITORS AND FIREMEN HAVING CHARGE OF LOW-PRESSURE STEAM HEATING BOILERS By the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, 100 William Street, New York City 1055 Getting Ready to Start: The attendant should see that all joints are properly packed, and that none leak 136 REMCO'S MANUAL on filling the boiler with water. The gauge cocks, water gauge, and safety-valve should be carefully examined, to see that all are free and in good order. All valves in piping and radiators and air valves should be examined and seen to be in order, and that all necessary packing or repairs have been done. Condition of IVaier: The first duty of an engineer when he enters his boiler-room in the morning is to ascertain how many gauges of water there are in his boilers. Never unbank or replenish the fires until this is done. Accidents have occurred and many boilers have been ruined from neglect of this precaution. Raising Steam and Management of Valves: All steam and return pipes should be closed before fires are started. When steam has been raised to working pressure, the ^team valves should be opened very slowly. After the boiler pressure is established in the pipes, the return valves can be opened, allowing the water of condensation to flow back to the boiler. Whenever necessary to shut off at the boiler or any section of heating system, the return or drip valves should be closed first and then the steam valves. In letting on the steam, the supply or steam valves should be first opened and then the return or drip valves. This caution is important. Low Water: In case of low water, immediately cover the fires with ashes, or if no ashes are at hand, use fresh coal, and shut the ash-pit and open the fire doors. Do not turn on the feed under any circumstances or tamper STEAM BOILERS 137 with or open the safety-valves. Let the steam outlets" remain as they are. Feeding: When necessary to take fresh water the boiler should be fed as slowly as possible to avoid unneces- sary contractions and leakage at joints. Gauge Cocks and Water Gauge: Keep gauge cocks clean and in constant use. Glass gauges should not be relied upon altogether, Safety-Halves: Raise the safety-valves cautiously and frequently, as they are liable to become fast in their seats. Safety -Valve, Automatic Regulator, and Steam-Gauge: Should the gauge at any time indicate the limit of pressure to which the regulator is adjusted without its controlling the draft, the regulator should be examined and discon- nected from the damper or draft door. If the regulator works quickly and well, the trouble is in the damper or draft door, and it should at once be cleaned and made to work freely. Should the regulator fail to work, or work very slowly, the pipe connection to the boiler is choked and should be cleaned. See that pressure gauge, regula- tor, and safety-valve agree; in case of difference, notify the company's inspectors. Clean Plates and Heating Surfaces: Particular atten- tion should be taken to keep plates and parts of boilers exposed to the fire perfectly clean. Also, all tubes, flues, and connections should be well swept. This is particularly necessary in many types of small heating boilers with large 138 REMCO'S MANUAL heating surfaces and small heat passages, as they soon foul if neglected. Strict attention to this rule is neces- sary for full economy and capacity of boilers. Blowing Off: If necessary to blow down during the season, the fires should be hauled and furnaces and bridge wall cleaned at least two hours before blowing down. Allow the boiler to stand until cool before filling with cold water. Laying tip Boilers for the Season: Haul fires, clean furnaces, and run off the water while hot. Thoroughly clean all heating surfaces at once. Remove hand- and man-hole plates, dry out water if any remains, and leave the boiler thoroughly clean and dry. Drain all water from return drip pipes. All good systems are provided with drip cocks at lowest point in return pipes for this purpose. During the summer see that no water can drip or moisture collect in or around the boiler. Piping, Radiators, and Settings: Mark all joints that have shown signs of leakage and need packing; also air cocks and valves and anything that may need repairs be- fore using another season. If repairs are needed to boiler settings, see what they are and have them made while the boiler is idle. Inspectors will give special instructions in cases not covered by these rules. If the boiler shows distress or unusual behavior, notify the insurance company at once. STEAM BOILERS 139 DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF THE I055>^ ■I r — _ Figs. A and B thickness of the brick, but must not go any farther, as such would injure the draft. (See Figures A and B.) Lead the pipe into the chimney in the most direct way. Use only FLUES 183 one elbow, if possible; every turn in the pipe injures the draft. Round elbows are much better than square elbows. Be quite sure that the opening around the pipe where it enters the chimney is closed up tight. If the chimney opening is too small to admit the smoke pipe of boiler, see to it that the chimney flue be made larger. Don't reduce the size of the pipe. If there is an opening into the flue below the point where the smoke pipe enters chimney, care should be taken to see that the door or cover is made tight For guidance of those engaged in the installation of steam and hot water boilers, we illustrate hereinafter a few of the causes why boilers are condemned when the fault is solely in the chimney. First : Complaint may be made that the boiler will not operate, although the smoke pipe is carefully fitted into a chimney that has a good draft, and which has been in use for many years. Investigation shows that it is attached to a chimney which has more than one opening. (See Figure C.) It is essential that all openings into the flue, no matter of what kind, excepting i84 REMCO'S MANUAL the one to which the boiler is attached, should be securely closed. This applies with equal force to open- ings which are sometimes made in chimneys for venti- lating. Second : The chimney, into the flue of which the boiler Fig. E is connected, may be much lower than the main part of the house, or below the comb of the roof. The wind blowing over the comb of the house falls like water over a dam, sometimes almost perpendicularly, on the top of the chim- ney, thus beating down the smoke contained therein. (See Figures E, F and G.) The remedy is to build up the chim- Fig. F FLUES 185 ney, or add a smoke stack of galvanized iron, so that its top shall be above the rnain building. In adding a smoke stack or patent cap to the top of the chimney, care must be taken to see that such addition does not decrease the area of the flue (see Figure H); for it will be conceded that the effectiveness of a flue is only as great as its smallest area. Third : A tall tree, or an adjacent building higher than the one in which the boiler is to be installed, may be so near the chimney that the wind passing over it would blow down the chimney, as in preceding illustrations. (See Fig- ures F and G.) A^ r Fig. H Fig. I i86 REMCO'S MANUAL Fourth : A new or damp chimney will not have a per- fect draft. A chimney will not draw perfectly until it is thoroughly dry, which sometimes requires several weeks. Fifth : In building a chimney, mortar may be dropped from time to time and lodge out of sight, so as to partially close the chimney. (See Figure I.) A heavy weight may be let down by a rope and worked against the sides of the flue to force a clear opening. ( T 1 ^ 1 1 ( 1 • 1 1 1 J ] -^ ^ 1 1 =^ / 1 ^_^ ~ 1 ^- -^-i i ^__, 1 1 1 ^_^ 1 1 1 bd b Fig. J Fig. K Sixth : In an old chimney the mortar may have crum- bled between the bricks (see Figure J), so that it leaks air and spoils the draft. In a chimney lined with tile, it is important to see that the joints between the tiles are care^ fully "pointed" or filled in. (See Figure K.) FLUES 187 Seventh : It is not infrequent to find that a chimney which has a flue, say 8 x 12, or 96 square inches, is sur- mounted by an ornamental capstone through which are cut two openings, say 6 x 5, or 60 square inches. The owner is apparently all unmindful of the fact that unwit- tingly he has thereby reduced the area of the chimney flue 37i P^^ cent. It is as though a person were to attempt to breathe through a piece of paper perforated by several pin pricks. Eighth : To summarize: All the air that passes through the chimney should first pass through the fire, unless used to check draft. There are occasional instances where it is found that a draft is too strong. A condition of this kind causes an un- necessary, wasteful consumption of fuel, and the effect also is to produce an unsteady water line, to carry water in a steam boiler up into the system, and cause water-ham- mer or "pounding in the pipes." The difficulty is easily remedied by placing a damper, to check the draft, in the smoke pipe of the boiler. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 1 105 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CARE AND OPERA- TION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY By Henry Floy, A.I.E.E. Consulting Engineer New York City I 106 GENERAL INFORMATION There are two general classes of electrical apparatus, one known as direct-current and the other as alternating- current apparatus. A current of electricity that is con- sidered as flowing continuously in one direction, from the positive (-f) brush of a generator out through the circuit and back to the negative' ( — ■) brush, is called a direct-cur- rent. An alternating-current reverses its direction of flow a great many times a second; e.g., a 6o-cycIe current would reverse its direction of flow in a circuit 120 times a second. A direct-current system requires only two wires to com- plete its circuit, whereas the alternating-current requires two wires if of the single-phase system, three wires if of the three-phase, and three or four wires if of the two-phase system. 1 107 The point of commutation applies to a direct- ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 189 current machine and means the position of the brushes on the commutator at which the brushes will pass the current into or out of the armature without sparking. A short circuit means that the wires have become crossed or connected, so that the current is allowed to escape without doing useful work and usually results in a large rush of current, causing the protective devices, such as circuit- breakers or fuses, to open the circuit. A ground means that at least one of the wires has come in contact with the ground or some electrical conductor which is in connection with the ground, such as the iron frame of a machine, or a water pipe, etc. 1 108 Fuses are strips of lead or a fusible alloy which are placed in a circuit at one or more points. If the current increases above the capacity of the fuse, it will melt and thereby open the circuit. The best fuses are inclosed in a protecting cartridge, which prevents molten metal being scattered around when it melts. Fuses are marked with the number of amperes they will safely carry. The auto- matic circuit-breaker is a device which may be used in place of a fuse; it automatically opens the circuit if the current exceeds that for which the instrument is set. It may be adjusted for different currents, and by simply closing is again ready for action. 1 1 09 A voltmeter is employed to indicate the voltage or potential difference between the wires of a circuit. An ammter is employed to indicate the current flowing in a circuit. An indicating wattmeter indicates, from instant iQo REMCO'S MANUAL to instant, the actual power in a circuit, and a recording wattmeter records, usually in kilowatt hours, the energy being consumed in a circuit. The terminal of an instru- ment marked plus ( + ) must always be connected to the positive wire of a circuit. iiio A dynamo or generator is an electrical machine designed to be driven by some prime mover, such as an engine or a water wheel, for the purpose of producing electricity, while a motor is an electrical machine designed to consume electric energy and drive some other mechanical device to which it is connected. There is but little differ- ence in construction between a direct-current generator and motor, and ordinarily, either machine can be used in place of the other, in case of emergency; but in alternating- current machinery, the motors are usually quite different from the generators and cannot be interchanged. 1 1 1 1 Motors may be used to drive any mechanical device, to which they may be connected directly on the same shaft or by gear or silent-chain or belt. Provided the bearings are so designed, the motor will operate equally well, whether supported on the floor, wall or ceiling. 1 1 12 In direct-current machinery, the most delicate part, and that requiring the most attention, is the commu- tator. This must be kept clean and free from dust, and water dripping on it is sure to result in flashing, damage or shut-down. Aside from the instruments for indicating and recording the electrical energy, the starting box of a motor or the field rheostat of a generator, either of the ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 191 alternating- or direct-current type, are the only other parts that are likely to get out of order or appear mysterious to one who is accustomed to operating other ordinary ma- chinery. 1 1 13 A field rheostat consists of resistance wire con- nected at different points to the contacts on the front of the box, with which sliding contact is made, thus permit- ting the cutting in or out of a part of the resistance and causing the field current to become larger or smaller, de- pending on the amount of resistance it is required to pass through, and thereby controlling the voltage of a generator or the speed of a shunt or compound motor. The starting box of a direct-current motor is practically of the same construction as a field rheostat; on the starting position all the resistance is in circuit and the current is reduced to a small amount, so that the motor will start easily; as the motor gains speed, the resistance is gradually cut out until at the last point all is out and the motor is up to speed. Such a starting box is usually provided with an automatic device which will cut in the resistance, to be ready for starting again, in case current is temporarily cut off the circuit or the motor is shut down. A direct-current series motor is designed for special work, such as hoists and street cars, and is operated by means of a controller. A direct- current compound motor is a shunt motor with an addi- tional winding on the field and its use is usually restricted to elevator work. 1 1 14 The starting-box or auto-starter, employed with 192 REMCO'S MANUAL the usual form of alternating-current motor, is either of a type similar to that used for direct-current motors or it is a type of transformer consisting of a coil wound on an iron core, and by its use the voltage of the circuit is cut down when the lever is on the starting-point, and as the handle is moved over, the voltage is gradually increased, bringing the motor up to full speed on the last notch. One form of alternating-current motor is provided with a handle on the end of the shaft, which is pushed in slowly, thus start- ing the motor and bringing it up to speed, in place of the more usual and separate starting box. 1 1 15 As a rule, all machinery will operate better and give more satisfactory results if kept clean and in good order. This relates particularly to electrical apparatus, which should be kept free from dust, dirt, steam, and par- ticularly water. 1 1 1 6 Cleanliness is essential to continuous operation. The maxim to be always observed is: "Keep the machines clean and the hearings well oiled." 1 1 17 Loose pieces of iron of all descriptions, including nails, bolts and tools, should be kept away from electrical machinery. Oil should not be allowed to run out of the bearings down in the field windings or into the armature, as it is likely to rot the insulation and will certainly collect dirt that will result in damage. It is best not to open the field circuit of a machine, for the inductive discharge from the field winding is likely to strain the insulation and possibly destroy it. If the field circuit must be opened ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 193 with current on, open the circuit slowly, drawing out the arc which will form. 1 1 18 Switches should all be open when a machine is not running. Automatic circuit breakers should be ad- justed to open at a circuit somewhat greater than the rated capacity of the machine they protect. 1 1 19 The name-plate on every machine gives the volt- age, current and speed at which it very safely and con- tinuously operates. 1 1 20 Get a copy of the book of "Rules and Require- ments" of the National Board of Fire Underwriters (it can be had for the asking) from the nearest office of the Under- writers' National Electrical Association and study them and observe them. I 121 SETTING UP MACHINES In order to avoid future trouble for the operator and prolong the life of the apparatus, it is important, when selecting the location for electrical apparatus, that a site should be chosen which is free from dirt and dust, such as coal and ashes; also that it is dry, and removed from dripping pipes, or escaping steam, and at the same time fairly cool and well ventilated. Do not box a machine up if you expect it to work up to its capacity. Substantial foundations should be provided in order to prevent vibra- tion. Concrete foundations are best, but for small ma- chines a framework of timber is satisfactory. It is pref- erable to insulate the frame of the machine from the 194 REMC(3'S MANUAL ground, and the bolts used in holding the machine to its foundations should not come in contact with any other metal than that of the machine. The timber framework may well be covered with some insulating paint or com- pound, which will also serve to keep out moisture. See that the machine is solid on its foundations and properly lined up, so the belt will run in the middle of the pulleys or the gears engage properly. Put on the belt, made endless, with the machine so placed on its slide rails that the dis- tance between pulley centers is a minimum. Whenever possible, a new machine should be run for several hours without load and with the field slightly charged to give it a chance to dry out. Give the bearing plenty of oil, at first, by filling the oil chambers somewhat above the mark shown on the oil gauge. Before starting the machine, see that all nuts and screws are tight. Turn the armature by hand to make sure that it runs freely and does not rub or bind at any point. See that the connections, particularly of the field coils and to the brushes, are secure and make good contact. Before starting be sure your wiring circuits are correct, according to manufacturer's diagram, and switches are open or starting box at the "off" position. Start the machine slowly and see that the oil rings in the bearings are in motion and distribute the oil properly. As soon as it is in running order, cut out the field rheostat and see that the generator excites itself and comes up to full voltage. If it does not, trace out the connections and see that they agree with the diagram; also test the polarity. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 195 The trouble will probably be found in improper field con- nections. Watch carefully during the first few days of running for hot bearings or sparking, and make certain that everything is adjusted correctly. Read carefully and follow exactly the instructions given in the "Book of In- structions" which will be furnished by the manufacturer or may be had -upon request with every new machine. THE OPERATION OF A SINGLE GENERATOR 1 122 Starting : First, see that the bearings are prop- erly filled with oil and that the brushes of a direct-current generator or the exciter of an alternating-current generator bear on the commutator at the proper points, and adjust the spring tension so that the brushes bear properly on the commutator or collector rings. Second, start slowly, see that the oil rings revolve freely, and then bring the machine up to speed. Third, cut out the resistance of the field circuit by means of the field rheostat until the voltage has been raised to the proper value. Fourth, close the circuit breaker, if one is provided, trip and close again; then close the switch which connects the generator with switchboard or load. Fifth, occasionally feel all bearings, joints and contacts. If any part is found to be unusually warm, it indicates a defect which should be immediately remedied. Stopping : First, throw out the circuit breaker, if there is one, then open the switch. 196 REMCO'S MANUAL Second, throw in all resistance with the field rheostat. Third, stop the engine or driving machine; thoroughly wipe oflf all oil and dirt from the generator and put in order for the next start. I 123 GENERATORS IN PARALLEL Compound wound direct-current generators may be operated in parallel to supply energy to a given circuit. In order to have eacK one do work proportionately to its capacity, they should be connected together in three places, at the regular terminals of the machines, and at the be- ginning of the series field windings. The connection from the beginning of the series winding is called the equalizing wire, and is used only to connect together the beginning of the series windings of the several machines, and it should have a cross-section as large as the main lead of the largest machine. If the generators are of the same size and make, the only point requiring special attention is that the wires which run from the switchboard to the terminals of the series coils must have equal resistance. If the generators differ in design or size, the matter becomes more complicated; in this case, the difference of potential or drop in voltage between that end of the series coil which is connected directly to one of the brushes and the bus-bar, to which the other end of the same series coil is connected, should be exactly the same for every generator when each is carrying its equal share of the load. To make this drop the same ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 197 for each generator, it will be necessary to put resistance in circuit with the series coils of the machines whose drop is least. This matter of connecting generators for multiple operation is somewhat complicated and had best not be undertaken except by competent engineers. When the connections are once installed, however, the operation of the machines is comparatively simple. When a generator is to be run in parallel with the other generators and the polarity is found to be opposite to that desired, raise the brushes and excite the fields by closing the main switch from the bus-bars. When putting direct-current machines in parallel, it is only necessary to be sure that the connections are so ar- ranged that the positive and negative brushes of the one machine will be connected respectively to the positive and negative brushes of the other machine or machines, and that the voltages of several machines are the same, before they are thrown together. Alternating-current generators can also be operated in parallel without trouble, if they are designed for the same number of phases, cycles and voltage, particularly if the machines are of the same manufacture. Care must not only be taken to connect the same phases of the several machines together, but each time the machines are thrown on the same circuit it is necessary to synchronize them, which is done by means of lamps or a special indicating instrument called a synchronizer. As the synchronizing of alternators is somewhat complicated, it had best not be 198 REMCO'S MANUAL attempted by any one not accustomed to such work, and further explanation of the matter is, therefore, purposely omitted. I 124 OPERATION OF SHUNT AND COMPOUND WOUND DIRFXT-CURRENT MOTORS AND CONSTANT SPEED ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS Starting : First, see that the bearings contain sufficient oil and that the brushes of direct-current motors bear on the commutator at the proper point. Second, if it is a direct-current machine with a field rheostat, see that the resistance is all cut out; always start a motor with its field resistance out. Third, if a circuit breaker is used, close it and then close the main switch. Great care should be taken not to open the field circuit of a direct-current motor while it 'is running, as so doing will immediately increase speed to a dangerous degree and cause serious damage to the motor. The field circuit should not be opened suddenly with current on it, even if the motor is not running, as there is danger of breaking down the insulation of the field winding. When absolutely necessary to break the field circuit, it should be done slowly, allowing the arc formed to die out gradually. Fourth, rotate the handle of the starting box of auto- starter slowly as far as it will go; hold it in this position until its magnet (if it is of the automatic type) becomes ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 199 sufficiently strong to hold the lever. If it is a direct-cur- rent motor and slightly below speed, cut resistance slowly into the field circuit by using the field rheostat, until the desired speed is attained. The speed of an alternating- current motor cannot be so changed. If a motor is to operate at a variable speed, it must be specially designed and a special controller must be used. Care should be taken in starting the motor that the handle of the starting box or auto-starter is not rotated too rapidly. Small motors should be allowed 10-20 seconds in getting up to speed and large ones 30-50 seconds. Do not leave the starting box or auto-starter handle on the starting notches too long or the boxes will burn out, as the resistances are designed for starting, not for running. It is desirable that motors should be started up slowly, as by so doing the current drawn from the line will be kept down nearer to full-load current. If a direct-current motor is started more rapidly than it is indicated above, flashing at the brushes may occur. Do not be alarmed if an alter- nating-current motor takes 3-4 times its full-load current while starting, as that is its normal condition. Fifth, see that the oil rings are revolving freely, occasion- ally feel all bearings, joints and contacts; if any part is found to be unduly warm, a defect is indicated which should be remedied immediately, 1 125 Stopping: First, with a direct-current motor, open the circuit breaker or the switch. This will auto- matically cut in the resistance of the auto-starting box. 200 REMCO'S MANUAL With an alternating-current motor, open the switch first and then the auto-starter. Never attempt to stop a direct-current motor by forcibly pulling open the starting box. Disregard of this instruc- tion may cause burning out of the field coils. Second, clean the motor and make ready for the next start. 1 126 Rotation: In case the armature of a direct- current shunt wound motor rotates in the direction oppo- site to that desired, when the current is thrown on, shut down and reverse the armature connections at the brushes, that is, disconnect both leads at the brushes and connect each lead to a brush of a polarity the opposite of that to which the lead was previously connected. With single- phase motors reverse the brush connections as above. With two-phase motors reverse the two wires of one phase supplying current to the motor. With three-phase motors reverse two of the three wires supplying current to the motors. All modern motors will run equally well in either direction. CARE OF MACHINERY 1 1 27 General : If a motor does not start quickly, if the speed is excessive, or if there is excessive sparking, stop the motor immediately and look for the trouble. When a circuit breaker has opened or a fuse has blown, first open the switch in that circuit, then close the breaker, trip it and close again, or replace the fuse, then close the ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 201 switch and, if the machine is a motor, start in the usual way. If the machine is a generator and the breaker again opens immediately upon closing the switch, or if the fuse is again blown, there is something wrong on the line, either a short circuit or heavy overload, which must be located and corrected. If the machine is a motor and again opens the breaker or blows the fuse, the motor is either over- loaded, or there is probably a short circuit in the motor or its leads. If a short circuit occurs at or near a generator, or if an arc should form and hold at or near a switch or fuse, quickly reduce the voltage by throwing all resistance in with the field rheostat, and if the arc still holds on, shut down. If necessary to remove a brush while the machine is running, do so very carefully, first making certain that other brushes of the same polarity are making contact with the commutator, otherwise the removal of the brush will open the circuit and cause the machine to flash over. If a bearing becomes heated, first feed heavy lubricant copiously; then slacken the belt. If relief is not afforded, shut down the machine, keeping, if possible, the armature revolving slowly until the bearing is cool, in order to pre- vent "freezing" or sticking. 1 128 Sparking : Sparking at the brushes may be due to one of the following causes: (a) The brushes may not be set exactly at the point of commutation. A position can always be found where 202 REMCO'S MANUAL there is no appreciable sparking, and at this point the brushes should be set and secured. (b) The brushes may not be fitted to the circumference of the commutator. (c) The brushes may be wedged in the holders. (d) The brushes may not bear on the commutator with sufficient pressure. (e) TRe brushes may be burnt on the ends. (/) The commutator may be rough. (g) A commutator bar may be loose or may project beyond the others. (h) The commutator may be dirty, oily or worn out. (?) The machine may be overloaded. These are the more common causes, but sparking may be due to an open circuit or loose connection in the arma- ture. This trouble is indicated by a bright spark which appears to pass completely around the commutator, and may be recognized by the scarring of the commutator at the point of open circuit. The commutator should run smoothly and true, with a dark, glossy surface. 1 1 29 Excitation: When starting up, a motor may fail to have its field magnets excited or a generator may fail to excite itself. This may occur even when the motor or generator was all right when shut down the day before. It will generally be found that this trouble is caused by a loose connection or break in the field circuit, by poor con- tact at the brushes due to a dirty commutator, or it may ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 203 be in the starting box or field rheostat. Examine all con- nections; look for a broken or burnt-out resistance coil in the rheostat. An open circuit in the field winding may be traced with the aid of a magnetic bell, but this is not an infallible test, as some magnetos will not ring through a circuit with so high a resistance, even though it be intact. If no open circuit is found in the starting box or in the field winding, the trouble is probably in the armature. But if it be found that nothing is wrong with the connec- tions or the winding, it may be necessary in the case of a generator to excite its fields from another generator or some other outside source, as a battery. These remarks apply to machines which have been operating successfully and then refuse to generate. If a new machine refuses to excite and the connections seem all right, reverse the connections, connect the wire which leads from the positive brush to the negative brush and the wire which leads from the negative brush to the positive brush. If this change of connections does no good, change back and locate the fault as previously advised. 1 130 Grounds : Grounds may occur on the feeders or supply circuit or on the machine itself. In order to deter- mine in what part of a generating system the ground is located, proceed as follows: For a 125-volt or 250-volt generator connect one ter- minal of a 1 10- volt or two 1 10- volt incandescent lamps in series to a good ground, and connect the other terminal first to the positive and then to the negative brush. If the 204 REMCO'S MANUAL lamps light up, there is a ground on the feeders. By re- peating this process and attaching the terminal to the frame of the machine instead of to the ground, grounding of the armature or field coils may be detected. A ground on the machine is rather unusual. 1 1 3 1 Re-pairs : 1 f a defect in insulation appears on the armature or on the outside of the field coil, it can often be repaired by raising the injured wire and applying fresh insulation. In the majority of cases, however, repairs require skilled labor and should not be attempted by an unskilled person. A simple method of making temporary repairs in an armature in case of a short circuit or open circuit of one of the coils is to cut out that coil by means of cutting the leads which connect the coil with the commutator bar and then short circuiting the bar thus cut out with the follow- ing bar. By this means an armature may be kept in commission until there is a convenient opportunity for replacing the damaged coil. 1 132 Belts : The belts must be tight enough to run without slipping, but the tension should not be too great or the bearings will heat. A belt should be only just tight enough to drive the load without slipping. Belts should be run with, not against, the lapping. Joints should be dressed smooth so that there will be no jarring of the ma- chine as they pass over the pulley, and only belts made endless should be used. A wave motion or flopping is usually caused by a slip between certain portions of the ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 205 belt and pulleys, resulting from grease spots or other causes. This fault may sometimes be corrected by in- creasing the tension, but a better remedy is to clean the belt. A lateral movement of the belt on the pulley is usually caused by unequal stretching of the edges of the belt. If the shafts are parallel, but the pulleys not directly opposite, the belt will tend to run more to one side or the other side of the large pulley. If the pulleys are opposite and the shafts not parallel, the belt will run to the side of the small pulley. Belts must be kept dry. Where belt dressing is used it should be applied sparingly. 1 133 Bearings : All modern machines have self-oiling bearings, which should be filled to such a height that the rings supply sufficient oil to the shaft to keep it properly lubricated. If the bearings are too full, oil will be thrown out along the shaft. A warm bearing is usually due to one of the following causes: {a) Excessive belt tension. {h) Failure of rings to revolve with shaft. {c) Rough bearing surfaces. {d) Bent shaft. {e) Oil is not being properly supplied to the shaft. (/) Use of a poor-grade oil. {g) End thrust due to improper leveling. New oil should occasionally be added to the bearings to raise the level until the rings flush the shaft freely, care being taken not to overflow the bearings. From time to time, or whenever the bearings show signs of heating, the 2o6 REMCO'S MANUAL plug at the bottom of the bearings should be removed and the oil drawn oflf and replaced by new. Use only the best quality of oil. Cheap oil will not be found to be economical in the long run. New oil should be run through a strainer if it appears to contain any foreign substance. If it is desired to use oil a second time, it should first be filtered, and, if warm, allowed to cool. II 34 Armature: Never support the weight of the armature by the commutator nor allow the commutator to rest on any blocking, nor pass a rope around it for the pur- 'pose of lifting the armature. The commutator should not be subjected to any strain whatever. When handling the armature, always support it by a rope "sling" about the shaft or core. Be careful not to mar or scratch the shaft, as roughness may cause it to cut and heat the bearings while running. In placing the armature in the frame, care should be ex- ercised not to scratch the bearings or bend or break the oil rings. The rings may be held up with a wire hook while the armature is being put in the bearings. In small machines it is usually possible to remove the armature simply by taking off the pulley, removing the key and slipping oflF the pulley-end bearing. The armature can then be withdrawn, endways, without disturbing the field. It should be handled carefully to avoid injury. In larger machines it is first necessary to disconnect the field coils and remove the bolts that hold the halves of the field ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 207 yoke together. Then the upper half of the field may be removed and the armature lifted out. The armatures of larger machines are frequently built on spiders, and it is therefore possible to move the shaft without disturbing the commutator or windings. The armature should be placed in a press and blocks placed in position bearing on the hub of the spider at the rear end of the armature. Pressure should then be applied to the commutator end, care being taken that the armature is properly lined up in the press to prevent slipping and con- sequent damage to the spider, commutator or windings. 1 135 The Commutator : A commutator is the impor- tant part of a direct-current machine and requires careful and intelligent attention. If at any time a commutator begins to flash or spark, it should be given immediate at- tention, as any delay will only aggravate the trouble and produce others, such as the burning of insulation and melting of solder. The segments of a commutator, es- pecially in a new machine, may tend to become loose, and it will be necessary to then tighten up the bolts passing through the cast-iron rings at the ends of the commutator. Flat spots sometimes occur on commutators; these are usually caused by excessive wear, too much end play, bad belt splice, or a flash produced by short-circuit on the line. Commutators should be wiped off occasionally with a piece of clean canvas or cloth (never use waste), lightly covered with vaseline or some other lubricant applied sparingly, if slightly cut or roughened, it may be neces- 2o8 REMCO'S MANUAL sary to use No. o-or No. oo sandpaper (never use emery cloth) applied midway between the brushes. A better method is to raise the brushes and use a block of wood hollowed out to fit the surface of the commutator in which the sandpaper can be held and the whole moved back and forth laterally over the surface. If the commutator be- comes quite rough and the mica insulation projects above the bars, a piece of ordinary sand-stone, having its surface ground to the approximate curvature of the commutator, may be held firmly against the surface of the commutator while the armature revolves slowly, thus grinding down the high spots. If the unevenness is quite serious, it may be necessary to turn off the commutator in a lathe; but lathe work on commutators should not be attempted by one un- accustomed to turning copper, as the work is very special and needs an experienced man, who should take off only the lightest cuts possible. It is necessary to remove all traces of a lathe tool by the use of fine sandpaper, the grit from which should be carefully wiped off with a cloth. After long usage and much wear, the commutator will sometimes run hot when carrying only the normal load of the machine; this usually indicates that it has been worn down as far as is safe, and the commutator should be re- placed by a new one. 1 136 Collecting Rings: The collecting rings of an alternator, while not nearly as delicate or requiring as much attention as a commutator, should nevertheless be kept true and properly lubricated, the same as a commutator. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 209 1 1 7 Brushes : Modern machines, except induction motors which require no brushes, usually employ brushes made of carbon. Direct-current generators usually have their brushes set a little in advance, "forward lead," and motors which are not reversed, a little back, "backward lead," of the neutral point on the commutator. The proper position for brushes is that at which the machine will operate with least sparking. This position is usually indicated by marks on the frame and brush-holder yoke, and in good machines no change in the position of the bru hes is necessary from no load to full load. On some machines a slight shifting of the brushes is required when the direction of rotation is reversed, such machines having two marked positions for the yoke. The ends of all brushes should be fitted to the commutator so that they make contact over their whole surface; this should be done by putting each brush in its holder and grinding it with a piece of sandpaper placed between the brush and the commutator (keeping the paper pressed down close against the commutator as it is pulled back and forth), until the brush fits the curvature of the commutator surface. If the brushes are copper-plated, their edges should be slight- ly beveled so that the copper does not come in contact with the commutator. Be sure the brush properly fits its holder, it should be snug so as to be firmly supported, but it should not stick and should have a little play. If a brush is called upon to carry too much current, it will get red hot; the trouble will usually be found to be 2IO REMCO'S MANUAL that the other brushes in the same h Ider are not making proper contact and are not carrying their share of current. 1 138 Static Discharges : A belt will sometimes be found to be charged with static electricity, evidenced by sparks to nearby objects. This ordinarily does no harm and does not indicate anything is wrong with the machine, but it may in time weaken or puncture the insulation on the armature wires. To guard against this it is advisable to rig up a wire rake with its teeth projecting toward and within about an inch of the surface of the belt, connecting the rake by a wire to a good ground, such as a water pipe. FURNACES GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR CARE AND OPERATION I2IO The Stove Manufacturers' Repair Association of 230 Water Street, New York, will supply parts for almost any make of furnace. Keep fire brick clean and in good condition to prevent burning the fire-pot. Do not burn rubbish in the furnace; it will clinker your fire brick. To clean the furnace, remove back connection door and clean by hand with a brush or swab made of bagging attached to a wire. Take down and clean smoke flues when you do not get draft or heat. See that your cold-air box is clear and is feeding cold air to the furnace. Keep the damper drawn out its full length, except in very cold weather. As soon as you lay the furnace off for the summer, clean all its parts thoroughly and remove the soot and dust from air passages and pipes and from the cold-air box. Then close all dampers in the basement to prevent drafts through the furnace into the house. Take down flue pipes and clean off soot in June. 211 212 REMCO'S MANUAL Allow nothing that can burn to be stored on the top of the furnace or under the smoke pipe. Keep the window which feeds your cold-air box open when the furnace is in use. Keep this window closed when the furnace is not in use. Keep your ash-pit clean; you will burn your grate bars if you don't. Have your coal supply at the furnace door before you begin to fire or feed coal. Do not keep the furnace door open longer than necessary. DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF THE HARVEY FURNACE Bjf the Harvejf Furnace Company, 649 Sixth Avenue, "New York I2I2 Pull out the damper when kindling or fixing the fire; it will not smoke when kindling if the lower door is kept closed and the damper open. Push in the damper as soon as well kindled; this will send the fire through the radiator, heating the entire fur- nace, and will save coal. Never fill the fire-pot more than level full. In mild weatherone-half or two-thirds full is enough; to have a fire with a very small amount of coal in the pot, use range coal. To get heat you must have* First : Pot only level full of clean coal. (Not ashes or cinders.) Second : Ash-pit perfectly clear from ashes. (So the grates will not burn out and allow the pit to heat.) FURNACES 213 Third : Fire shining bright under the grate. (Which will heat the ash-pit.) If the fire will not remain bright under the grate after shaking, it is because there are too many clinkers. To remove ashes or clinkers, make a complete revolution of the grate, or a partial revolution, and poke out the clinkers, then shake the fire down until it is bright under the grate, making sure the dump grate is in position. Keep plenty of water in the pan. The air will be better and it will not shrink the wood-work of your house. Wash out the pan occasionally to keep it sweet. Always rake or shake the fire before putting on fresh coal. Never shut all the registers at once while you have a strong fire, as it would drive the hot air back into the cold- air box. To keep fire all night : Fill the pot full of clear coal (not ashes and cinders), close the damper, ash and shake doors, open the slide in feed door; also partly close the slide in the cold-air box; the fire will get low before morn- ing, and it will not heat so much cold air. To cool off the furnace when too hoi : Open the damper, and shut it all up tight below, then open the feed door as far as you can, without allowing gas to escape. If gas escapes from the upper door, it finds its way into the cold- air box and main door, and thence up-stairs through the registers. This furnace is perfectly gas tight, and gas cannot escape except through the door and by careless management. 214 REMCO'S MANUAL Use white-ash coal, it is by far the best for a furnace. It will give more heat than red ash, will last longer, and will not clinker. If the draft is poor, use Lackawanna instead. Use egg size for large furnaces, range size for medium- sized furnaces, nut size for small furnaces. Any kind of furnace should be cleaned once a year, or it will not give satisfaction. The best time to have it done is in the spring. To dump the grate : Make a half revolution of the grate, then shake out the ashes, etc. The window or grating at the end of the cold-air box must always be open to give a free circulation of pure cold air into the box. Now pull the slide in the box until the lower or basement register gives heat. Let this be your guide in managing the cold air. Regulate the draft by the damper in the smoke pipe, but always have full draft on before opening the feed door. 12 1 5 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF AlOTT'S "COMET" 1889 FURNACE By J . L. Molt Iron Works, 84 Beekman Street, New York First : When kindling, open the check damper in the smoke pipe, and the draft slide in ash-pit door, and see that the handle of the dust damper over the slicing door is turned flat. Kindle as in an ordinary stove. When the fire is well started, add more coal and regulate by smoke- pipe damper and ash-pit door slide. Second : To fix the fire for the day, open the damper in FURNACES 215 smoke pipe, close ash-pit door slide, open dust damper by turning handle upright, shake down well, remove the clinkers from the grate by means of the poker through the slicing door, add more coal, close dust damper and slicing door, and regulate as before by damper in smoke pipe and ash-pit door slide. Third : Regulating. To check the fire, close ash-pit door slide and damper in smoke pipe; this damper should be at least one-half inch less in diameter than the pipe. If this is not sufficient open wheel damper in feed door. Fourth : Coal. Use hard white-ash coal, stove size for Nos. 36, 40, 40-A and 44-A; for Nos. 48-A and 52-A, use egg size. Fifth : Cold-Air Box. In order to insure proper heat in the upper apartments, it is of great importance that there should be a good supply of cold air from the outside through the cold-air box; therefore the damper in the same should never be closed during the winter while the furnace is in use. The more cold air allowed to pass in, the more heat will be obtained. 1220 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE RICHARD- SON & BOYNTON COMPANY'S FURNACES By the Richardson Sr Boynion Company, 232 Water Street, New York Fire : Best fuel is white-ash Lehigh coal — small tgg size. Start fire as usual; keep smoke damper open and the ash-pit door slides open. When fire is well under way 2i6 REMCO'S MANUAL add required amount of fuel, close up ash-pit door slides and check the smoke-pipe damper as much as the draft will allow, // draft is strong, check considerably. If draft is poor, check very little. Furnace should receive attention three times daily in cold weather; grate to be shaken morning and night. Put poker through feed door and overhaul the fire by breaking up clinker apt to form from poor coal; this more thorough- ly frees the inside of pot from ashes. Heat can only be obtained from good fresh fuel. Do not use ashes or siftings. No heat can be produced and much clinker is made when this is done. Dampers. Regulating damper in smoke pipe should always be open first, before fuel is put in furnace or grate shaken or ashes removed. The upper and lower doors should never he kept open at the same time. Cold- Air Boxes : Air boxes must be kept open; must not be obstructed either by the outer end being closed or covered or the slide in the box pushed in. This air supply should be regulated according to the weather and the wind. Slide in box can be pushed in when fire is banked for the night. Pure warm air can only be supplied by a supply of cold air from outside the building. If furnace does not obtain the necessary supply of air through the cold-air box, it will draw it from the registers ; consequently such rooms cannot be heated. Ashes: Should be removed from the ash-pit daily. FURNACES 217 otherwise drafts will be obstructed and grates burned out. Dust Flue: See that the dust-flue damper is closed al- ways, except when shaking grate or removing ashes; other- wise draft or smoke pipe will be interfered with. Grates : The grate bar should be always kept flat side up, which is designated by the opening at the end of the bar thus ^; and when let go, the bars are flat and in proper position for use. Only remove shaker when it is in an upright position. Ash-pit must be kept free from ashes; otherwise the grates will he destroyed. A quick movement of the shaker handle right and left about 3 to 6 inches either way is sufficient to clear the ashes at any time. 1 n moderate weather shake but little and not often. In colder weather shake twice daily, always leaving grate in flat position as above. 1225 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE "THATCHER" TUBULAR FURNACE By the Thatcher Furnace Company, no Beekman Street, New York Coal : For Nos. 32, 36, 40 and 44, use stove size. For Nos. 48 and 52, use small egg size. For Nos. 56 and 60 use large egg size. Never fill the fire-pot more than even full. To Make New Fire : Kindle as with any stove; close feed door, open bottom draft, open turn damper and close the lift damper, if any, in smoke pipe. Regulating : To check fire, close draft doors in front, and if smoke pipe has lift damper, raise it to suit draft or 2i8 REMCO'S MANUAL the requirements. If draft is too strong to check furnace with hft damper open, then give additional check with turn damper. It is better not to check fire by opening the feed door, as it cools off furnace too quickly, and is liable to force gas into cellar. To increase the fire, reverse the above directions. When putting on coal, shut draft doors at bottom of furnace, close lift damper and open turn damper in smoke pipe; otherwise gas will escape into cellar when feed door is opened. Very fme coal or coal dust should not be used. To Remove Clinkers : Open the clinker door and with hook draw out the dump grate, which drops the clinker resting on same, then push in the draw grate and by means of the clinker hook carefully work out the clinker around sides of grate and pot, either by pushing it down into center or working it out from sides. It is quite desirable to work the matter into center, as large clinkers frequently form which will not work out between grates. When the space in center is filled up, draw slide again and drop it out, repeating this until you have removed all that can be reached, or until crust breaks. When crust falls, if it is matted together too closely, push the clinker hook through it to break it up. If crust has not fallen after all has been removed which can be reached with clinker hook, then shake the upper grate. The revolving grate can be shaken in mild weather when less heat is required. Cleaning Radiator : To preserve radiator and to insure a proper draft, the upper radiator should be cleaned every FURNACES 219 spring. This is done from openings in the fire chamber, and also from smoke collar in radiator ring. To Prevent Gas : See that feed-door frame is properly fastened and cemented to furnace, and also that the smoke pipe fits tight to radiator collar. The feed-door frame and smoke pipe should be examined occasionally, and, if nec- essary, cemented, as the cement is apt to work out from jarring of door. Cold-Air Box : To insure heat and fill all pipes with warm air, it is important that the cold-air box should be almost equal in area to the warm-air pipes from furnace. Keep the box open, except when strong wind is blowing, then partially close to suit requirements. When wind fails, open box. It is well to have a door in box, and take air from cellar during windy weather, or at night especially. 1230 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE THATCHER FURNACES By the Thatcher Furnace Company, 1 1 o Beekman Street. New York Coal : For Nos. 208, 302, 306, 400 and 404 Meteor furnace, use stove size. For Nos. 408 and 502 Meteor, use small egg size. For No. 448 Winner furnace, use small egg size. For Nos. 132, 136, 140 and 144 Scorcher furnace, use stove size. See that coal is free from dust. Never fill the fire-pot more than even full. To Make New Fire : Kindle and regulate drafts as in ordinary stove. 220 REMCO'S MANUAL Regulating : To check the fire, close drafts in front, and if smoke pipe has draw or patent damper opening into cellar, open it. When the draft in chimney is strong, it may be well to have an additional common turn damper in the pipe. To increase the fire, reverse the above directions. When putting on coal, shut all the drafts at bottom of furnace, and fix damper in smoke pipe so gas will escape up the chimney and not into the cellar. Very fine coal or coal dust should not be used. Clearing fire in Scorcher and Meteor furnaces. The best time to clean out clinkers is in the morning. Turn the crank from a vertical to a horizontal position and repeat until fresh fire begins to appear. Should a hard clinker catch between bars, do not try to break it, but turn bar back, which will probably let it drop out. See that shaker is in a vertical position before removing from bar. When shaking out ashes only during day, do not turn grate too far; give a short quick shake instead, as this will not drop out live fire. Directions for Cleaning Meteor Radiator : The soot and ashes in radiating ring should be cleaned out at least once a season, spring being the best time. To do this, remove the clean-out cover in front, insert a bent rod with scraper on end and draw the ashes to front, when they are lifted out. It will be difficult to remove the ashes from more than front half from front opening. The back section can be cleaned in the same manner, from smoke collar at back. Directions for Cleaning Scorcher Radiator : The radiator FURNACES 221 of Scorcher has a division in center. The upper section can be cleaned from front clean-out cover only. The lower section can be cleaned from both back and front. Use a suitable rod with a scraper. Top radiating ring of Winner can be cleaned from smoke collar at back or clean-out opening in front. To Regulate at Night : Clean the fire, put on coal (as directed), and check the drafts. Cold-Air Box : To insure heat and fill the pipes with warm air, it is important that the cold-air box should be equal in area to warm-air pipes from furnace, and keep the box open. At night when furnace is checked, partially close it. It is quite important to have a door in air box underneath slide and of full area of^ox, so that air can be taken from cellar at night or when wind has shifted to opposite side of house. The feed-door frame should be tightly fitted and ce- mented to furnace. Remove ashes from ash-pit every day. 1235 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE BOYNTON HEATING FURNACES By the Boynton Furnace Company, 207 IValer Street, New York To Kindle Fire : Close draft regulator in smoke pipe; open the slide in ash-pit door; put on a small quantity of light, dry kindling wood. Light the fire on the top and when the wood is well kindled add more until a good body of wood fire is ob- tained. 222 REMCO'S MANUAL Put on coal in small quantities at first; when the coal is well ignited and the fire burning brightly, close the slide in ash-pit door as the draft may require. To Check the Fire : Close the slide in ash-pit door; open the draft regulator in smoke pipe as much as the regulator will admit. To Remove Clinkers and Ashes from Shaking Slide Center Grate : Close the draft regulator in smoke pipe; open dust damper, pull out the slide grate and with the poker remove any clinkers that may have formed, after which close the ash-pit door and also the slide grate and shake until a bright fire is obtained. To Remove Clinkers and Ashes from Triangular Revolv- ing Grate : Close the draft regulator in smoke pipe; open the dust damper, and turn the crank applied to grates until a few live coals drop into the ash-pit, which is an indication that the ashes have been removed, after which remove the grate crank and close the dust damper. Ash-pit door and damper in the door should be kept closed when clearing ashes, and when opening the feed door to put in fuel. Dust damper should always be kept closed, except when shaking grate and removing ashes. Ashes: Remove the ashes regularly and often; it costs less than new grates. The cold-air box must never be obstructed or closed, but should be provided with a slide for regulating the supply of cold air according to the conditions of the FURNACES 223 weather. To obtain a large volume of pure, warm air, the cold air must be obtained from the outside of the building. The evaporating pan should be thoroughly cleansed once a week and should be kept full of clean water. The proper kind of fuel is Lehigh white-ash coal, stove size, for the small furnaces, and egg for the medium and large furnaces. Furnaces should receive attention morning and evening in ordinary weather and at least once during the day in severe weather. Furnaces should be cleaned and put in order at the close of winter season. DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF THE "YORK" FURNACES By Ahendroth Brothers, 109 Beekman Street, New York 1240 Kind of Fuel : Our many years experience has taught us that for heating purposes, white-ash Lehigh coal, stove size or stove and egg size mixed, according to size of furnace, is best to use in all cases. We recommend for small furnaces, good white-ash stove coal; for medium- size furnaces, good white-ash stove coal and egg coal mixed; for large-size furnaces, good white-ash egg coal. Evaporating Pan : Should be filled with clean water, kept full, and cleaned thoroughly once a week. Cold-Air Box : Should be provided with a slide for 224 REMCO'S MANUAL regulating the supply of cold air, and must never be ob- structed or closed. To Kindle Fire : Open damper and close draft regu- lator in smoke pipe; open slide in ash-pit door and put on a quantity of light dry kindling wood. Light fire on the top, when wood is well kindled, add, until a good fire is obtained. Put on coal in small quantities at first, and when well ignited and fire burning brightly, close the slide in ash-pit door as draft may require. To Check Fire : Close the slide in ash-pit door, open the draft regulator in smoke pipe as much as the draft will admit. To Remove Ashes and Clinkers : Close the draft regula- tor, open damper in smoke pipe, also dust damper, and re- move clinkers by use of sheer or poker, after which shake the grate until a bright fire is obtained. The dust damper must he closed at all other times. Ashes should be removed from ash-pit once every day, otherwise there will be imperfect circulation of air and grates will burn out. Furnaces should have attention morning and evening; in severe weather at least once during the day. At close of season, furnaces should be cleaned and put in good order. 1245 The Stove Manufacturers' Repair Association of 230 Water Street, New York, carry in stock fire-pots, water-backs and linings for the principal makes of ranges FURNACES 225 and furnaces and will supply parts for ranges, stoves and furnaces made by the following manufacturers: Abendroth Brothers Albany Foundry Company Barstow Stove Company Boynton Furnace Company Bramhall & Dean Company Buckwalter Stove Company Carton Furnace Company E. B. Colby & Company J. H.Cort &Son Abram Cox Stove Company W. M. Crane Company Danville Stove Manufacturing Company Ely & Ramsay Company Excelsior Stove Works Flovd, Wells & Company Graff & Company Grander & Company Hart & Crouse Har\ey Furnace Company International Heater Company Janes & Kirtland Keely Stove Company Kernan Furnace Company Leaf Stove Company James G. Lyon Magee Furnace Company March Brownback Stove Com- pany J. L. Mott Iron Works Mount Penn Stove Works Eugene Munsell & Company National Stove Works New York Stove Works Orr, Painter & Company J. F. Pease Furnace Company Peekskill Stove Works Perry Stove Company Phillipsburgh Stove Company Rathbone Sard & Company Reading Stove Works Richardson & Boynton Company Richmond Sto\e Company Roberts, Winner & Company P. Rollhaus Rossmore Company Russell, Wheeler & Son Schuylkill Valley Stove Company Scranton Stove Works Isaac A. Sheppard & Company Southard, Robertson & Company Stamford Foundry Company Syracuse Stove Works Thatcher Furnace Company Thomas, Roberts, Stevenson Company Union Stove Works Veager & Hunter Company In ordering for ranges and stoves give the number, date, and the letter on your stove, range or furnace. State whether grates are flat, duplex, triplex, etc. 226 REMCO'S MANUAL State whether fire-box is on the right or left hand as you face the oven. State whether water-back is on the side, the back or all around. State whether it is cast iron or pipe. In ordering for furnace, state whether it is brick-set or portable. Make a rough sketch of any piece you cannot clearly describe. PUMPS 1250 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THEIR USE Protect pumps from coal dust and dirt. When not in use, oil them all over and then wrap them in cloth. Keep them neatly painted. DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE OF STEAM PUMPS By Henry R. Worthington, 114 Liberty Street, New York See that the steam cylinders and working parts are well lubricated before turning on steam. Allow steam to blow through drips a few minutes in order to warm up cylinders. If your pump is provided with a pressure regulator, see that the valve on regulator pipe is open to the pressure on water end before starting. If your pump is required to start against full load, it will be necessary to start pump with waste delivery open until the pump cylinders are filled and water is flowing through waste delivery; then this waste delivery may be closed; work pump up to the required pressure and speed slowly. If your pump is provided with dash relief valves, adjust these valves so as to give pump full stroke. 227 228 REMCO'S MANUAL On large pumping engines, where each high-pressure cylinder is supplied with a throttle valve, each side should be worked up and down several times in order to work water out of cylinders; this may be done by opening valve on one side and allowing piston to go to end of stroke, then close valve and open the other end and allow No. 2 to go to end of stroke and close valve. By just working one side and stopping, and then the other side, several times, until the water is all worked out of steam end, you can then close the main valve on pump and open up the two throt- tling valves wide and run your pump with main throttle valve on pump. See that the packing in stuffmg boxes is kept in good condition and packed free and evenly and kept clear of grit. A drop of oil on piston rods once in a while will help to reduce friction. Keep stuffmg-box glands screwed up against packing, not too tight, and at right angles to motion of rod; tight- ening on one side a little more than the other side will cause piston rods to rub on gland and score. Keep stuffing boxes free from leaks, as stuffing boxes leaking will cause lots of annoyance at times when pump cannot be spared from service long enough to be packed. Keep slide valves and cylinders well lubricated and all rubbing parts oiled and free from dust and dirt. A steam pump is the easiest sort of engine to keep in proper working order. All that is needed is to give pump a little of the attention that is given to other pieces of PUMPS 229 machinery in your plant. There is absolutely no reason for a steam pump working improperly any more than any other piece of machinery. The steam pump can be kept in good working order much easier, than a steam engine can, and it is owing to this fact that engineers get careless and do not give the attention to steam pumps that is necessary to keep them in uniform working order. See that the valves and plungers or pistons in water end are kept tight. A great deal of trouble from leaky valves is due to foreign matter getting into pump chamber with the water and lodging under the valves. ' See that your suction line is perfectly tight, as the smallest leak will cause pump to work improperly. Re- member there is always a cause for steam pumps not work- ing properly, and that cause, nine times out of ten, will be found outside of the steam pump itself. Some of these causes will be pressure on the suction holding the valves off their seats until seated by the pressure on the plungers or pistons; pump cylinders getting filled with vapor in pumping hot water; failing to relieve pressure on top of discharge valves in starting; failing to keep water pistons and stuffmg boxes properly packed; failing to keep working parts lubricated; failing to open discharge valve in starting; failure of water supply to pump; failure to open regulator valve in starting. A pump, to do efficient and economical work, should be as carefully looked after as a steam engine. All working parts kept clean and, where necessary, well lubricated. 230 REMCO'S MANUAL stuffing boxes carefully packed and the various valves periodically examined, cleaned and adjusted. A first-class lubricant that will not develop fatty acids under the action of steam should be used for the steam cylinder, and the best quality procurable is in the end the cheapest. The low-grade inferior oils or tallow should not be used, as they soon gum up and often cause a greal deal of trouble. 1255 DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND OPERATION OF THE RIDER COMPRESSION HOT-AIR AND GAS PUMPING ENGINES By the Rider Ericsson Engine Company, 3 1 IVarren Street, New York FIRING A damper must be put on every stove-pipe. If gas is used as fuel, do not apply the light until the gas has been turned on three seconds. The proper heat is obtained from blue flame, though sometimes it is neces- sary, where gas is deficient in heat, to have a little red in the flame. If engine runs too fast, shut off the gas until the proper speed is obtained. If coal is used, the fire should be lighted one-half to three-quarters of an hour before it is required to start the engine. Use anthracite coal of chestnut size if it can be obtained. Other kinds of fuel will answer, but this is preferable. SECTIONAL VIEW RIDER COMPRESSION ENGINE B. C. D. E. F G H II IJ DESCRIPTION. Compression Cylloder Power Cylinder Compression Pi$ton, Power Pistoa Cooler Heaief Telescope. Regenerator. Cranks. Connecting Rods Piston Packings. (Leather.) DESCRIPTION. Check Valve, placed at back of compression cylinder but shown at side on cut Pump Primer. Blow-off Cock. Knuckles. Heater Bolts. Regenerator Bon- net. Pump Valve Bon- net. Water Jacket, to protect packing from heat UU Pump Buckets; y PumpGlcind PP R Note. — In ordering extra parts for engines please give shop num- ber of engine, diameter of piston, and if the engine was bought through a third party, give name. 231 232 REMCO'S MANUAL When the engine is hot enough to have its full powers, the heater casting hanging over the fire marked "F," in sectional cut, should be a dull cherry red. If this color cannot be obtained, the draft is defective or the fuel de- ficient in heat. To ascertain whether the heater is red, insert small fire shovel in fire chamber so as to prevent the reflection of the flame on the heater, and this will allow you to see whether the heater is red or not. Keep a thin, bright fire when the engine is running. Keep the ash-pit clean. Do not allow your engine to stand still with a fire in it and the draft wide open. Close the lower and open the top door w^henever your engine stops, even for five minutes; and when through pumping, open top door. If the engine runs faster than desired, open the top door a little. GAS PIPE AND OPERATION OF BURNER In setting up one of these engines with a gas furnace, it is advisable to have gas-pipe sufficiently large, in order to keep the pressure of gas up to its proper point when it is delivered to the burners, otherwise the burners will not work satisfactorily. The proper size is one-half inch for five-inch engine; one-half inch for dx-inch engine; three-quarters inch for eight-inch engine; and three- quarters inch for ten-inch engine. These sizes will answer unless the pipes are long, when they should be increased. PUMPS 233 GAS PIPE AND OPERATION OF BURNER Connect gas-pipe to thread end of A. Put a cock in gas-pipe within one or two feet of engine, and regulate A — Position when hghting gas or turning off B — Position while gas is burning. supply of gas by opening this cock until the proper flame is obtained. If the directions concerning the position A are not obeyed, there will be a report like a small pistol shot, but no damage will be done. If position B is not kept when gas has been lighted, not enough heat will be gotten from the gas. The right heat is obtained from a blue flame, and engine should start in from ten to thirty minutes after lighting gas. A little observation of the flame will teach the attendant how to start the engine in the shortest time. OILING Never use lard or any gummy oil. An excellent mixture is a compound of paraffm and sperm oils, in the proportion 234 REMCO'S MANUAL of two parts of the former to one of the latter. We have for sale an excellent oil, known as " Rider Engine Oil, No. 20," which we have found, after twenty years' use, to be the best for the engines, as well as the cheapest in the end. We can furnish it in cans of any size or by the barrel. We strongly recommend the use of our oil as being the best for our engines. Oil the engine every time it is used, but apply only just enough to the pistons to keep them always bright. Too much oil is injurious, as well as wasteful. Do not allow oil to accumulate in the piston or cylinder. Never allow the oil cups to get empty. Be sure that the end of the wick passes down the tube to the shaft or pin. A few drops of oil should be put into the oil hole at the lower end of the connecting rods. CLEANING The effect of neglect to keep the interior of the engine clean is to greatly increase the friction, whereby much of the power of the engine is lost, and consequent overheating must be resorted to to make the engine continue to work effectively. Continuance in this overheating will result in burning out the heater. This will never happen if the instructions in regard to cleaning are observed. When the engine is in need of cleaning it requires a heavier fire and longer time to get the engine in operation. It also will be apparent by the difficulty experienced in starting, as the hot piston will show a tendency to stick in PUMPS 235 the bottom of the cyHnder. This may be seen when the engine is cold by noting whether the wheel can be turned freely with the air-cock open. If not, the engine should be cleaned. To clean the inside of the engine, disconnect the connect- ing rods, remove the wheel and leather packings; the pistons may then be drawn out and scraped thoroughly. In scraping the inside of the hot cylinder, be very careful not to allow any of the dirt to get down into the narrow part of the heater. This can be prevented by stuffmg waste or rags into the heater, and removing all scrapings with the rags after cleaning the cylinder. It is best to put in two or three layers of rags, making sure they touch the interior surface of the telescope, so that any dirt accident- ally falling off in removing the first layer will be caught on the second, and so on. In replacing the piston see that it is not turned around. The regenerator plates, which must be thoroughly cleaned of all grease, are contained in the passage be- tween the cylinders. The grease usually accumulates on the "cold" end. The compression piston seldom requires cleaning. As most of the noise about the engine is caused by neglect of them, we advise special attention to the connecting rods. It would be well to take the key E out, so that its action and the construction of the connecting rod may be fully understood. It will be seen that it is wedge-shaped, one side acting on the upper brass C, the other on the lower 236 REMCO'S MANUAL brass D, through the intervention of a rod B passing through the iron tube A, which connects the two brasses or ends of connecting rod. Re- place the key with the straight edge up and tap lightly till it bears up on both edges. Use no force in this operation. Next screw up the nut G on the small end of the key till it bears on the washer. This can probably be done with the fingers. Then screw up the nut F on the broad end with a wrench, which will slightly withdraw the key. Be particular to always adjust the keys in this manner, otherwise they will be too tight. Should it become necessary to remove the connecting rods from the pistons (to adjust the brasses), it can be done by unscrewing the tap bolts which hold the knuckle to the piston. A long socket wrench is furnished with each engine for this purpose. PUMP There is a small air-cock in bottom of pump. If the air PUMPS 237 barrel should fill with water, it may be recharged with air by opening this cock (with water shut off) for a few moments while engine is in motion. Should the pump leathers or "buckets" swell, it will make the engine labor and sometimes prevent its working. In this case, take out pump rod and trim down buckets with sharp knife until the rod will sink to bottom of pump-tube by its own weight. It may be necessary to prime the pump for a few times at first until the valves get thoroughly seated and the leather soft (except when the water flows into the pump from main or other head). A priming cup is attached to top of pump for this purpose on engines pumping from wells or other places where water does not flow into the pump. Before starting engine the first time, the valves of pump should always be taken out and scraped clean, as, after being tested at the Works, the valves sometimes "seat" too tight. If this is not done, it may be impossible to draw water. Should a "Deep Well" pump ever fail to deliver the water, unless buckets are worn out, it will be on account of this. STARTING Start the engine as soon as it is hot enough to run. Standing at the fire door, pull down on the flywheel till the hot piston is raised a few inches; then reverse the motion till the spring of the air offers resistance, when the forward 238 REMCO'S MANUAL motion can be easily made. When the pistons balance at the upper part of their stroke, they will come down with- out help till the hot piston is nearly at the bottom. A little air being now let out by opening the cock at bottom of cold cylinder, the crank on the hot end will stand verti- cally downwards. Shut the cock and pull the wheel past this point of the greatest compression, and the engine will start off at once if sufficiently hot. This is not necessary in starting the small sizes. STOPPING To stop the engine open brass cock in end of bed plate under compression cylinder. HEATER If the heater should be burned (or cracked), it becomes apparent through the air blowing through down on the fire. The heater should be renewed at once, for, if over-firing is persisted in, the "telescope" will be warped. To replace the heater, open the fire jacket and take off. Then remove heater, which is held in place by bolts (marked P on sectional cut), and make joint for new heater of asbestos and pasty red lead. Screw bolts up tight, and do not put fire into engine for five hours. The telescope is held in place by screws. In putting back these screws, be particular in observing that no air leaks through past them. PUMPS 239 CHECK VALVE The supply or "check" valve projects from the back of the "compression" cylinder, and must always be kept in a vertical position with opening at bottom. It must be kept tight and free, in order that the air may be taken in through it to supply any leakage. Should a hissing noise be heard about it, the air is escaping through it. Take apart and clean with clean rag. WASTE PIPE ON HOT CYLINDER The use of this small pipe is to keep the piston packings moderately cool. The water need only be allowed to drip out slowly, so that the packings never approach a boiling temperature, as the leather will not suffer injury below the boiling heat of water. The small cock on the front of the engine regulates this waste. CAUTION In cold weather always open the cocks in bottom of compression cylinder and in bottom of pump. If this is not done the frost may crack those parts. If a hissing noise can be heard about the engine, it indicates an escape of air. The leak should be found and stopped immedi- ately, or a larger fire will be required, which will in time damage the heater. This is vitally important. Keep your engine wiped clean. Five minutes a day thus spent will not be wasted time. Avoid any "lost" motion in the connecting rod, as it is accompanied by 240 REMCO'S MANUAL both noise and wear of the brasses. Do not think because the engine is harmless that it requires no attention. It needs a certain amount of good care and watchfulness. The fire must be attended to or your engine will stop. The engine must be oiled or the bearings will "cut" and be ruined. It must not be allowed to run too loosely or repairs will be required. 1260 DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF ERICSSON HOT-AIR AND GAS PUMP- ING ENGINES By the Rider Ericsson Engine Company, 3 1 Warren Street, New York FIRING Coal : The fire should be thin and bright ; too much coal should not be put on at once, but rather a small quantity and oftener. This will keep the fire at a uniform heat and the engine at a uniform speed. Do not overheat the bottom of the engine. This may be determined by looking through the fire door and shading the light of the fire from the bottom of the engine by a fire shovel or some- thing of that kind. This part of the engine should not be above a dull-red heat. Wood : Hard wood is better fuel than soft wood, be- cause it lasts longer. But any kind of wood answers the purpose well, and it is difficult to damage the machine by overheating with wood fuel. PUMPS 241 SPEED The best speed to run these at is 100 to 120 revolutions per minute for the five-inch and six-inch engines, and about 80 to 110 revolutions per minute for the eight-inch and ten-inch engines OILING All the working parts of these machines need a few drops of oil every time the engine is run. A little oil should be rylinder. Air Piston. Tiuisfci Pistoa. Heater. Furnace. Gas Burners, ^ir Chamber Main Beam. Beam Centre Beufag Connecting Rod liell-Crank Link. Bell Crank. Bed Plate. Fly Wheel. Air Piston Links. Pump. Link. Pump Chaisbet. Pump Gland. Suction Valve Vacuum Chamber Suction Pipe. Pump Bottom. Legs. Gas Cock. CraDk-Shafl Bracket. Crank. Crank Pin. Heater Bolts. Transfer Pislon-Rod Crosshead. 242 REMCO'S MANUAL poured on the inside of the cyHnder from the squirt can which is sent with the machine. Be careful not to use too much oil in this cylinder. If too much oil is used in the cylinder of these machines, or oil of an inferior quality, a thick, hard scale will be formed inside of the cylinder, which will stop the machine from working. This scale will have to be removed after it has once formed before the engine will work again. If proper oil is used, and not too much of it put into the cylinder, this operation will not have to be done for a very long time; but, on the contrary, if you are using a sperm or lard oil, this scale will form very quickly. A few drops of oil should also be put around the transfer piston rod where it works through the leather packing. Oil : Special oil for use on these engines can be ob- tained from us and we would advise our customers to send here for the oil they use. If, however, it is too far to send to us for this oil, a mixture of one gallon of sperm oil with two gallons of good paraifm oil will answer, if used spar- ingly. STARTING Start the engine as soon as it is hot enough to run. Be particular about this, otherwise the engine will be unduly heated, and perhaps damage done. While the engine is running, the heat developed by the fire is being utilized to heat the air in the machine; but while the engine is standing this is not going on, and consequently the danger PUMPS 243 of overheating is much greater than when the engine is running. To start the engine turn the wheel by hand in such a direction that the top of the wheel will turn from the top of the cylinder. If the engine is hot enough to run, it will only be necessasy to turn it by hand about two revolutions, when it will go without any more assistance. The blow-off cock should be left open while the engine is being heated up, and the engine turned one or two revolutions before closing this cock, in order to expel any moisture, etc., that may have collected inside of the cylinder while the engine has been standing idle. Shut the cock when the main piston is at the top of its stroke. STOPPING To stop the engine, open the blow-off cock on the side of the cylinder, and unless the engine is very hot, it will stop after making three or four revolutions. This cock should be left open until it is desired to start the engine again. The engine should not be stopped for any length of time when the fire is burning brightly under it. If it becomes necessary to keep the engine standing, cover the fire with a little fresh- coal and leave the fire door partly open, so as to protect the bottom of the engine from be- coming unduly heated. The engine should be turned, after it has stopped, to such a position that the transfer piston will be at the top of its stroke, and left standing so until it is started again. 244 REMCO'S MANUAL PACKING The packings of these engines are all made of leather. The packings in the engine proper consist of one large packing in the main or air piston, and one small cup leather packing on the transfer piston rod. When a new air piston packing is to be put on, the operation is as follows: The packing should be first well soaked in oil, and then thoroughly worked in the hands until it becomes very soft and pliable. Remove the air piston from the engine; take off the old packing and replace it by the new one, and be careful to screw all the bolts down securely. Care should be taken that the proper side of the leather is up. This is the flesh side of the leather. Now place the air piston at the top of the cylinder, and carefully work the edge of the leather down into the cylinder, being careful to avoid any puckers or unevenness, which would allow the air to escape. If the packings have been well oiled and carefully worked by the hand, this operation is quite an easy one, and only requires a little care to do it successfully. The packing on the transfer piston rod is made in the shape of a cup. It is pressed in a mold of the proper shape. The above directions will apply to these packings also, in rela- tion to oiling and softening. We keep these packings on hand, and can supply them at once. CLEANING When the engine shows signs of weakness it is usually the result of the interior of the cylinder being fouled by PUMPS 245 too much oiling. Should the engine become gummed up by the use of too much oil, or oil of an inferior quality, the scale formed on the inside of the cylinder and on the transfer piston must be removed by scraping, as this scale becomes too hard to be removed in any other way. To do this both the air piston and transfer piston are first re- moved from the cylinder and the scale and gum scraped off, both from the inside of the cylinder and the outside of the transfer piston. Be careful to remove all this scale and to remove the dirt which falls into the bottom of the cylinder. Be careful, also, not to damage the cylinder or transfer piston by scraping into the iron. Care should be taken that the transfer piston is properly adjusted by the nuts at the top of the rod, so that it neither strikes the bottom of the cylinder when it is down, nor the air piston on its upward stroke. The adjustments are all made properly when it leaves our works, and if careful measure- ments are taken before removing these nuts, they may be put back in the same place without any difficulty. If these adjustments are not properly made and the rod is left too long, the transfer piston will strike the bottom of the cylinder; or, if this rod is too short, the two pistons will come together. In either case the engine is liable to be broken. FREEZING To prevent damage by freezing, all water should be drawn off in cold weather. Two cocks are provided for 246 REMCO'S MANUAL this purpose — one on tlic pump and one on the water jacket • — and these cocks should be kept free from sediment, and in condition to use at all times, by cleaning them occasion- ally with a wire. The engine should be turned over two or three times by hand, after the water ceases to run out, to insure getting all the water out of the upper part of the pump. The suction and discharge pipes should always be provided with drain-cocks, in order that they may be drained in exposed places. LEAKS These engines must be air-tight, or they will not develop the maximum power. They are frequently run, however, with a leak in the air piston packing, but it is a bad practice to run them so, and when a leak develops, a new pack- ing should be put on at once. The transfer piston should also be perfectly air-tight ; that is, the piston itself. If for any reason, such as overheating or damag'e from any cause, it leaks air, the engine will not run, and a new one will have to he put in before the engine will develop its power. In conclusion, keep the engine clean ; wipe it off every time it is used and before it cools. 1265 DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE OF THE QUIMBY ELECTRIC PUMP By William E. Quimhy, Inc., 44 East 2yd Street, New York City Keep the motor dry and the commutator clean. Keep the oil cups on the motor full. PUMPS 247 Put oil in the cups on the bearing and in the gear case and the stuffing boxes at least twice every week. The pump must be run at least twice a week to keep it in good order. If the stuffmg boxes leak, oil them, and if this does not stop the leak, the glands should be forced in a little by screwing up the nuts on the bolts above and below, with the fmgers. Do not use a wrench. Great care should be taken to screw these nuts up evenly and not to get the glands forced in too tight. Glands held unevenly or forced in too far bind on the shafts, and may hum out the motor. The pump should always turn easily by hand, and if it does not do so or if the motor sparks, open the switch and notify us at once. HOT-WATER SYSTEM HEATERS 1270 The construction of the heater is so simple that no especial directions for its care are necessary. The ash- pit should be kept clean to prevent burning out the grates. If your hot water heater does not heat enough hot water, put a coil inside your boiler or furnace fire-box and connect your hot water tanks with it. This will probably give you all the hot water you need, if the work is properly done, and you may be able to get along without firing up the hot-water heater while you have steam heat on the house. You must have circulation if you are to have hot water. Hot-water tanks should be covered with asbestos. Covers will save enough fuel in a short time to make good the expense. 248 PLUMBING FIXTURES 1275 BASINS If faucets are dripping, put in new washers at once. To clean the marble, scour it with pumice stone. To clean the nickel work, use solarine or a solution of one ounce of oxalic acid to one quart of water. Oxalic acid will burn your hands; use a brush and then wipe off with a cloth. To clear stoppage, use a force cup or fill the bowl with a few inches of water and then use your hand as a force cup. If this does not clear the line^ take off the trap screw and clean the trap with a wire. BATH TUBS 1280 If faucets leak, put in new washers at once. To clean porcelain tubs, scour them with fels naphtha washing soap, or porcela. To clean metal tubs, scour with whiting powder. Paint will not hold on metal tubs. Use oil only on wood rims; varnish and shellac will discolor. To clear stoppages, use a force cup. TOILETS 1285 Stop waste of water at once. This is usually 249 250 REMCO'S MANUAL caused by mud and sediment in the tank. Wash it out. To clean the bowl, use pure muriatic acid. Muriatic acid burns the hands. Apply it with a swab made of soft cloth attached to a stick. When you get the stains off, clean the fixture with a damp scrub cloth. To clean the nickel work use solarine or vinegar and silicon or a solution of one ounce of muriatic acid to one quart of water. To clear stoppage, use a force cup. WASH TUBS 1290 Clean porcelain tubs with naphtha soap, washing soap, or porcela. Clean soap-stone tubs with hot water and washing soda. To clear pipes of grease, dissolve a can of potash in a tub of very hot water. Do not use the hand. Stir with a stick, then run it off when hot. RANGES REPAIR PARTS I2Q5 The Stove Manufacturers' Repair Association of 230 Water Street, New York, carry in stock fire-pots, water-backs and linings for the principal makes of ranges and furnaces, and will supply parts for ranges, stoves and furnaces made by the following manufacturers: Abendroth Brothers Albany Foundry Company Barstow Stove Company Boynton Furnace Company Bramhall & Dean Company Buckwalter Stove Company Carton Furnace Company E. B. Colby & Company J. H. Cort & Son Abram Cox Stove Company W. M. Crane Company Danville Stove Manufacturing Company Ely & Ramsay Company Excelsior Stove Works Floyd, Wells & Company Graff & Company Grander & Company Hart & Crouse Harvey Furnace Company International Heater Company Janes & Kirtland James G. Lyon Keely Stove Company Kernan Furnace Company Leaf Stove Company Magee Furnace Company March Brownback Stove Com- pany J. L. Mott Iron Works Mount Pen Stove Works Eugene Munsell & Company National Stove Works New York Stove Works Orr, Painter & Company J. F. Pease Furnace Company Peekskill Stove Works Perry Stove Company Phillipsburgh Stove Company Rathbone, Sard & Company 251 i>52 REMCO'S MANUAL Reading Stove Works Isaac A. Sheppard & Company Richardson & Boynton Company Southard, Robertson & Company Richmond Stove Company Stamford Foundry Company Roberts, Winner & Company Syracuse Stove Works P. RoUhaus Thatcher Furnace Company Rossmore Company Thomas, Roberts, Stevenson Russell Wheeler & Son Company Schuylkill Valley Stove Company Union Stove W^orks Scranton Stove Works Yeager & Hunter Company In ordering for ranges and stoves, give the number, date and letter on your stove, range or furnace. State whether grates are flat, duplex, triplex, etc. State whether fire-box is on the right or left hand as you face the oven. State whether water-back is on the side, the back or all-around. State whether it is cast iron or pipe. In ordering for furnace, state whether it is brick-set or portable. Make a rough sketch of any size you cannot clearly describe. EXPLANATION Order by nameoi piece as given here, and not by number. If in doubt, give a general description or drawing: I Top of Range 6 Front of Range 2 Cover 7 End Flue Strip 3 Short Cross Piece 8 Bottom Flue Strip 4 Top End Shelf 9 Roll or Oven Damper 5 Bracket for Top End Shelf 10 Back of Range RANGES 253 OUTLINE OF A RANGE 12 Flue Clean-out Plate 25 '3 Automatic Oven Shelf 26 14 Bottom of Range '5 Leg 27 '7 Bottom Grate 28 18 Grate Rest 29 IQ Short Front Grate W 20 Left End 3' 21 Long Side Grate 32 22 End Fire Doors Track 33 23 Broiler or Feeder Door 34 24 Feeder Door Frame or Ex- pansion 35 Dust Damper End Fire Doors. Right or Left. Swing or Slide End Hearth Plate Middle, or T. Center Top Flue Strip Fire Plate Oven Slide Right or End Oven Plate Bottom Oven Plate Left, or Fire Oven Plate Top Oven Plate 254 REMCO'S MANUAL STOVE REPAIRS — WHAT TO DO AND WHAT NOT TO DO! 1300 Do give every number, date and letter in sight on all stoves, ranges, and furnaces. Describe all grates, if flat, duplex, triplex, etc., and if fire-box is on right hand or left hand as you face the oven, and if water-hack is on side, back, or all around, if it is cast iron or pipe, and if a furnace is brick-set or portable. Make a rough sketch of any piece you cannot clearly describe. IN WRITING RANGE-REPAIR ORDERS 1305 Paper is plentiful and cheap — use it. Do not crowd items. Use separate lines for each article. Do not crowd postal cards too much. Do remember that there are numerous small pieces in all stoves that it is impossible for any foundry or repair dealer to keep in stock, and that some parts must be made to order. We tag, mark and tie up each set or article separately, thus avoiding errors. 1310 GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND OPERATION OF COAL RANGES To polish coal ranges, use enameline. To clean, remove top covers and brush clean inside, then remove the plate in the oven and clean the bottom of the range. Clean all side flues; they are on the end farthest RANGES 255 from the fire-box. Clear smoke pipes of soot. To remove grease, scrape with a case knife. Never allow the range to get red-hot on top. Keep the brick clean of clinkers. Do not allow the ash-pit to get full of ashes; it will burn out the grates. 1315 GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND OPERATION OF GAS RANGES Gas ranges, if rented, are kept in repair by the gas company. To polish, use enameline. They are cleaned in the same way as coal ranges. New parts are most readily obtained from the Stove Manufacturers' Repair Association of 230 Water Street, New York, or from the Estate of A. Frolich, 287 Pearl Street, City. 1320 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF MOTT'S DEFIANCE RANGES By J. L. Mott Iron Works, 84 Beekman Street, New York To Kindle the Fire : Open the dampers in smoke pipes by turning the handles upright. See that the drum slide under warming shelf is closed. Draw out the damper handles over oven doors. Open the slide damper in draft door under fire-box. Make the fire in the usual way. After the coal is well ignited close the dampers over oven doors and regulate by pipe dampers and draft door slide. To Keep a Good Fire : Never have the coal higher than 256 REMCO'S MANUAL the brick lining of fire-box, and do not allow it to collect on top of the ovens. Keep the fire well cleared of ashes, especially from against the water-back or back brick. When shaking, raking or dumping the grate, pull out the dampers under the oven doors — all the dust will then pass off in the flues. At all other times these dampers must be kept closed. TO BAKE OR ROAST Close dampers over oven doors and drum slide, and regulate by pipe dampers and draft slide. Should one oven operate more freely than the other, turn slightly the pipe damper over the one that works the best. If it is desired to use one oven only, to get a stronger and quicker heat, turn off the pipe damper tight over the opposite oven. TO BROIL Close drum slide, open pipe dampers, and dampers over ovens. Keep the covers on; use the broiler through the broiler door above the fire or the draft door under the fire. The tubes in bottom of oven should be taken out and cleaned at least every two months. 1325 DIRECTIONS FOR BAKING OR ROASTING BY GAS IN AlOTT'S CLAIRMONT COMBINATION GAS AND COAL RANGE HAVING GAS BURNERS IN THE OVEN By J. L. Moit Iron Works, 84 Beehman Street, New York Close all dampers and slides in the range and pipe. Remove the strip from the bottom of the oven which covers the burners, RANGES 257 Open the air mixer wheels at gas cocks so that the proper amount of air for combustion will be admitted to the burners. In starting oven burners, light the rear one first. In using the oven have the covers on top of the range in position, except when the upper gas burners are in use. Be careful in lighting to have a blue flame; if flame is red, extinguish and relight it. Close the oven doors -slowly, so that the oven burners will not be extinguished. In baking or roasting use pan somewhat smaller than oven, so that pan will not project over the flame of burners. Allow the gas to burn in the oven for twenty minutes before putting bread or meat in. When not using the gas oven attachment, replace the strip in the bottom of the oven, and close all air mixer wheels at the gas inlets. 1330 DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF THE BEEBE RANGES Nos. o — I — 2 — 3 — 4 By Janes Sr Kirtland, 725 Sixth Avenue, New York To Kindle the Fire : Close throat-valve in the chimney, open the dampers C, C, as marked on stove, by drawing out the handles, and open lower ash-pit door. To Bake : Open valves B, B, and close the dampers C,C, 258 REMCO'S MANUAL and the throat-valve in the chimney. Place the pans of bread, or whatever is to be baked, directly on the bottom of the ovens, and, should they be too hot, open the feed door, which will lessen the draft. The throat-valve in the chimney may be opened, except when baking and kindling the fire, and will relieve the kitchen of the steam and the fumes of cooking, and, by checking the draft, will prevent a waste of fuel. The fire-box two-thirds filled with coal, is sufficient for all ordinary cooking, and it should never be more than even full ; if too much coal is put in, and allowed to lie on the iron plates, over the ovens, it stops the draft, and prevents the range working satisfactorily. To Bake: There is a dust damper handle at left side of the grate, which, if drawn out while raking the fire, pre- vents the ashes flying about on the hearth. Also, while using the gridiron underneath, it will take the smoke up the chimney; at all other times it must be kept closed. To dump the grate pull out the damper at the right side of the grate. After grate has dropped, push back damper and then push grate up into place where it will catch auto- matically. To clean the flues, first unhang the oven doors, lift up and draw out the oven bottoms, and open the dust dampers under the grate, taking care to clean the flue which runs across the back of the range, connecting the two ovens in the rear. This should be done every week. In replacing the oven bottoms, be sure that the ends having the pieces RANGES 259 of sheet iron riveted on the under side are put in at the back of the oven. With a proper gridiron, broiling can be conveniently done under the grate, while the range over the fire can be used, at the same time, for other purposes. The fire bricks should be replaced before they are entirely burned out. By attending to this in time, and by sending directly to Janes & Kirtland, considerable saving can be made, both in expense of repairs and in the quantity of coal used. NOS. 15 AND 16 BEEBE RANGES 1335 To Kindle Fire : Close the oven dampers and open the direct draft dampers, close the fire door with slide and open the lower ash-pit door. To Bake : Close direct draft damper or dampers and open oven dampers and leave fire doors as above. If only one oven is to be used, open the damper of the one re- quired and keep other damper closed. Dust Damper : At lower right, hand of grate will be found a dust damper, which opens by pulling out. When raking fire or dumping grate, open this damper and the dust will be carried into the flue, but at all other times keep closed. Throat Valve : In all brick- set ranges there should be a sheet-iron throat piece to fill up chimney opening with a valve to carry away odors of cooking. When baking, this valve must be kept closed. Direct Draft Dampers : In all No. 15 and 16 ranges 26o REMCO'S MANUAL made previous to 1894, the direct draft dampers were on each side of range, and opened by pulling out or toward you. In 1894 the damper was made to open directly from fire-box at back into flue by turning the handle at right- hand of smoke pipe on top of range, which closes by push- ing toward back of range, opens by turning forward. Oven Dampers : In all ranges made previous to 1894, the oven dampers were placed at the back of range, one at each side of smoke pipe and lettered to show when open or shut. In 1894 the dampers were placed under the top at each side of range, and they open by pushing in the rod, and close by pulling out. To Clean Range : Brush all dust and ashes from top of ovens into the fire-box. Clean out flues at each side of range under top. Take out oven bottoms and clean out all dust and dirt, being sure to clean out all dirt from under the flues which lead down from top of range. Ranges should be cleaned once a week. Brick Linings : It is very important to replace the brick linings as soon as they burn out, or the main oven plates of range will be injured. Knock clinkers off only when bricks are hot. Water-Back : To insure a good supply of hot water, clean all ashes from under water-back every night. BEEBE NO. 19 FRENCH RANGE 1340 To Kindle Fire: Close the oven dampers, which are those with crooked handles at each side of range (turn RANGES 261 down to close), and open the two direct draft dampers by pulling out. Close the fire door with slide, and open wide the bottom ash-pit door. To Bake : Close the two direct draft dampers by push- ing in, and open the two oven dampers by turning the handles up, and leave the fire doors as above. If only one oven is to be used, open the damper of one required and keep other damper shut. Dust Damper : At the lower right hand of grate will be found a dust damper which opens by pulling out. When dumping grate, or raking fire, open this damper and dust will be carried into flue, but at all other times keep closed. Throat Valve : In all brick-set ranges there should be a sheet-iron throat piece to fill up chimney opening, with a valve to carry away odors of cooking. When baking, this valve must be kept closed. To Clean Range : Brush all dust and ashes from top of ovens into the fire-box. Clean out flues at each side of range. Take out oven bottoms and clean out all dust and dirt, being sure to clean out all dirt from under the flues which lead down from top of range. The range should be cleaned once a week. Brick Linings : It is very important to replace the brick linings as soon as they burn out, or the main oven plates of range will be injured. Knock clinkers off only when bricks are hot. Heater-Back : To insure a good supply of hot water, clean all ashes from under water-back every night. REFRIGERATORS 1345 To clean, use washing soda and hot water. To clear the drip pipe, use the ordinary cleaner sold at hardware stores; it is a rod to which is attached a bristle brush. Or empty the refrigerator and remove all loose fittings and pour into the ice compartment a solution of one pound of washing soda to every pail of water; have the water boiling hot. Scrape the waste pan under the refrigerator and remove the slime. To clear the main line remove the plug on the line near the basement sink. You will find most of the trouble at the bottom of the line. When refrigerators are not in use leave the doors open. GLASS, GLASSWARE AND GLOBES 1350 All light fixtures should be completely equipped with globes and glassware before a tenant moves in. The tenant is responsible for any breakage while in possession of the premises. Broken glass in doors or windows and in mirrors should be replaced before a tenant moves in. The tenant is re- sponsible for any breakage of mirrors or of inside glass after moving in. The house is always responsible for 262 ROOFS 263 breakage in outside windows or doors except when caused by the tenant. Before putting in glass be sure to scrape off all old putty and to paint the frame around the glass; if you do not do so the putty will fall off. ROOFS 1355 Sweep roofs every week. Refuse stays wet and rusts the tin. Remove drying racks before you sweep. Never remove snow or ice from the roof itself. Keep your gutters, leader heads and leaders open; let the sun do the rest. To clear leader heads and leaders, sift salt into them freely and then use hot water. It is still better to make and use a strong brine of salt water and use while hot. To clear gutters, remove loose snow and salt them heavily. Paint roof drying racks, tanks and bulkheads every year in June. Roof tin should be' painted on both sides before being laid. ROOF TANKS 1360 Cover all outside tank pipes carefully and heavily with hair felt, then wrap with burlap tied on with heavy 264 REMCO'S MANUAL twine. Close in beneath the tanks with tongue and groove lumber, leaving a door of proper size. Make this boxing as nearly air-tight as possible. Paint the outside of all tanks every year. The roof beneath the tank should be made of the finest quality of tin and should be painted on both sides before being laid. The tank should be equipped with an overflow and a clean-out valve with drains attached which reach the open roof, and with a telltale which runs to some point in the basement where it can be seen very frequently by the man in charge. The discharge line should run up into the tank at least six inches to prevent sediment going through the mains. Clean your tank every month. ROOF DRYING RACKS 1365 To properly protect the roof, the roof drying rack platforms should entirely cover that part of the roof used to approach the lines and to reach the dumbwaiter or elevator. Platforms should be made in sections to facili- tate cleaning the roof beneath them. All bearings having contact with the roof should have rubber washers under them. No bearing should cover more than one square foot of the roof. All iron should be painted in June of every year. Platforms should be at least eight inches above the rcof to provide for cleaning under them. HARDWARE 1370. Keep hardware, locks, knobs, fastenings and fittings under lock and key and in a dry place in the house storeroom. Nickeled fittings should be kept wrapped in tissue paper and in a very dry place. Gas fixtures should be wrapped in cheese cloth and hung upon frames so as to swing clear of the floor. Besides an assortment of nails, screws and tacks, it will save much time to keep in stock: Iron. Hasps and staples, hooks and eyes, screw eyes, 100 feet of small wire and a package of both large and small picture wire; awning pins and nuts. Brass. Screws, upholsterers' tacks and picture hooks. A spool of basin and bath chain. One dozen small door bolts. One dozen cupboard catches, one-half dozen washtub faucets. Copper. One hundred feet of small wire. Lead. Three or four square feet of sheet lead. Fittings. Sash lifts and fasteners. Loose and fixed pin hinges. One-half dozen sash weight pulleys. One hank of best quality sash cord. One-half dozen door knobs of the kind in use. One dozen door stops. One 265 266 REMCO'S MANUAL dozen toilet seat hinges. One dozen mortise lock key blanks. Two dozen Yale lock key blanks. Plumbing Fittings. Two or three of each of the small sizes of valves in use. One-half dozen radiator valves. Plugs, caps, unions, elbows and tees of the size used on the house lines. Twenty feet of each size of pipe in use on the house gas, water or heating lines. One dozen washtub stoppers. One dozen hand basin stoppers. One dozen bathtub stoppers. DOORS, TRIM AND MOLDINGS 1380 Keep all doors, mantels, molding and other trim locked up in your storeroom and off the floor to prevent moisture and warping. Never lay doors flat; stand them on end and straight, to prevent warping. A door rack made of two strips of 2 x 4 lumber, notched and attached to the wall at heights of three and six feet, with a floor laid on 2 x 4 lumber, with one inch strips to form slides, will be found inexpensive and a time saver. Mark the size of the door or location from which the door was taken, on the door before storing it. DOORS, TRIM AND MOLDING 267 Wncn ^ionsd un raclo, each door, to be t«JO<5ed,5im plainly t^Rarkad with &izc^ hcaiioti in wkich ilj^ '47^* to be scoured with sapolio 325 Mason Work — instructions concerning 1 425 Mats — should be of wire or rubber, clean and durable 1410 Mercer Hot Water Boilers — directions 1094 Mercer Steam Boilers — directions 1 068 Messenger Call — to be in main hall 79 Meter — water, to be read 311 electrical, information concerning 1 109 Mice — to be trapped 451 Moldings — trim, etc., directions for care of 1 380 Moths — clothes, sundry information 467, 468, 470, 475 3o8 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Motors — electrical, information concerning mi Mott's "Comet " 1889 Furnace — directions 121 5 Moving — of tenants, arrange not to block service 102 instructions concerning incoming tenants 212 approval of office to be obtained before tenants move in. . .214 Names — 'phones, etc., of all mechanics to be in Record Book. . . .45-46 Neatness — janitor and other employees should keep neat and clean. . . .38 Neighbors — if objectionable, report to office 69 Newspaper Delivery — regulations 394-398 Nickel — to be cleaned with solarine 330 Night Firing — sundry instructions 1057 Noise — unnecessary, not to be permitted on premises 52, 575 annoying tenants, to be reported to office 72 to be reported when a nuisance 72 Notices — house, sundry information concerning 408-425 Objectionable Neighbors — or tenants to be reported to office 69 Odors — annoying tenants, to be reported to office 72 Operation — and care of electrical machinery 1 105-1 138 INDEX 309 PARAGRAPH Operator — passenger elevator, sundry regulations 749-770 service elevator, sundry regulations 771 -795 B telephone, sundry regulations 796-824 Order Book — stubs to show complaints and requests 342 sundry instructions 357 instructions about 3 58 Orders — to be dated 361 should describe clearly what is wanted 362 emergency, explain in Weekly Report 372 Otis Elevator Co. — elevator instructions 1015, 1018-1019 Overtime — employees should be paid for 99 Owner — information about, not to be given 76 Paint — roof, recipe for 1 445 Painting — sign, repaint when necessary 70 Paper — etc., not to be stored near dumbwaiter 117 Parasites — sundry information 446-495 Parcel Delivery — regulations 394*399, 7 '2, 740 Peddlers — not permitted in building 78, 765 Pipes — projecting above basement floor to be guarded 127 water, to be protected from freezing 312 Pistons — elevator, how to pack them 1020-102 1-1023 3IO REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Plant — janitor responsible for its condition 6 bank hot water heater and steam plant at lo P.M 3 • > 33 and property, instructions to be studied 96. 97 heating, to be tested shortly before heating season 284 heating, cause of unsatisfactory results 297, 298 repairs, extensive, to be noted in Record Book • • -353 repairs, new, to be noted when installed 354 Plants — etc., not to be placed on window-sills 1 20 Plumbing — to be protected against freezing 312 of vacant apartments, traps to have attention, etc... .247, 250 directions for faucets, bath tubs, toilets and wash tubs 1275, 1280, 1285, '290 Police — Headquarters, call when ambulance needed 93 Department grants engineers' licenses 177 Premises — janitor not to leave unless necessary 16 janitor not to leave without notice 17 Property — janitor responsible for its care 7 descriptions to be kept on hand 203 Pumps — to be repaired and cleaned annually 163 record numbers in Record Book 45 steam, general directions 1250 Rider, Hot Air and Gas, directions 1 255-1 260 Quimby Electric, directions 1265 Worthington, directions 1 250 Quimby — Electric pump, instructions 1265 INDEX 311 PARAGRAPH Racks — drying, to be kept in good repair 122 drying, to be repaired and painted annually 167 drying, sundry instructions 1365 Radiators — and valves to be examined 289 how to control 1062 valves, information '075) 'OQ^ air vent valves on 1088 Railings — to be painted in June of every year 1420 Ranges, gas — repaired by gas company, when rented 276 rented by gas company 277 to be polished with enameline 324 where to get supplies for '. . . 1245, 1295 how to write repair orders for 1300-1305 Coal, general directions for care and operation 13 10 Gas, general directions for care and operation 13 1 5 Mott's Defiance, directions 1320 Mott's Clairmont, directions 1325 Beebe, 0-1-2-3-4, directions 1330 Beebe, 15,16 1335 French, 19 1340 Rats — to be trapped 451 Recipes — and formulae, sundry 1 440-1 470 whitewash 507-508-509, 1 440 how to refinish hardwood floors 1 385-1 390 roof paint 1445 to remove stains from marble 1455-1465 to remove grease from marble 1460 to remove ink from marble 1470 to exterminate vermin 446-490 312 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Receipts — deposit, instructions concerning 211 Record Book to contain — day and night addresses, and 'phone numbers of impor- tance 1-2, 45 numbers of all machinery in use 45, 347 summer addresses of tenants 55 names of witnesses of accidents 138 all names, addresses, and 'phones of help 180 date of tenants' arrival 213 all complaints and requests 256-257 date of departure and new addresses of tenants 23 1 all names and addresses, etc., of mechanics 265 particulars of all contract service repairs 269 reading of water meter 311 sundry instructions 341 inventories of furniture, tools, etc 343 dates, etc., of extensive repairs to plant 353 chart of location of valves 344 time of workmen when on day's work basis 356 'phone numbers and addresses of repair men 45, 347-348 out of town addresses of absent tenants 352 names, etc., of any one damaging property 355 all office instructions 349 dates of arrival of new tenants 350 dates of departure of tenants 351 References — to be gotten from applicants for apartments 210 employees, obtain at least three from each 179 Refuse — around building to be removed immediately 123 any found on daily inspection to be removed at once *• '44 to be removed from roof promptly 437 sundry regulations 436-444 inflammable, not to be stored on premises 438 not to be thrown around buildings by tenants 520 INDEX 313 PARAGRAPH Refuse — Continued. to be removed from vacant apartments immediately 442 kinds of, that City will not remove, instiuctions 443 to be sent down to basement 521 from alterations to be removed daily 443 in basement to be kept away from dumbwaiter, etc. . .441, 588 Refrigerators to be scoured with soda 327 general instructions 1345 Remedies — for exterminating vermin, etc 430, 457, 468 Renting — janitor is responsible for 8 have forms of agreement to lease on hand 209 instructions regarding references 210 instructions regarding deposit receipts, etc 211 janitor's, general instructions 193 have list of apartments to rent on hand 206 forward names, etc., of applicants to office 208 season, repair work to be done outside of, when possible.. .259 get all help possible in 196 keep agent's cards, plans, etc., on hand 203 employees to be trained to show apartments in janitor's absence 204 Repair supplies — janitor's 191, 192, 1370 Repairs — not to be promised to tenants by janitor 47 janitor should have addresses, etc., of mechanics 46 janitor should have number of all his machines 45, 347 workmen to report to janitor before commencing work. . •254 Repairs and complaints — regulations 231 to be done to satisfaction of tenants 252 if delayed notify office 258 if unsatisfactory report to office 267 314 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Repairs and complaints — Continued. not to be made during renting season 259 not to be ordered by janitor 260 instructions concerning emergency repairs. ... 261 , 264, 265, 267 to elevators to be made by day and night work 266 Repairs — contract service, regulations 268, 269 see that contractors do work promptly and well 270 extensive, to property, to be noted in Record Book 353 by day's work, time of workmen to be in Record Book. . . .356 requested, to be entered in Order Book 359 to electrical machinery 1131 orders, how to write 1305 new 'phone numbers and addresses to be recorded 45, 347 Report — to office summer addresses of tenants 55 at once, in case of fire 58 at once, in case of accident 59 at once, loss by theft 60 at once, any damage to property 61, 66 at once, any disturbance beyond your control 62 at once, any cause of dissatisfaction to tenants 63 at once, when any tenant is about to vacate 64 to oifice when any tenant is trying to sub-let 65 to office if street crossings not cleaned promptly 67 to office at once, any contagious disease on premises 68 to office if tenants or neighbors objectionable 69 to office if renting sign needs to be painted 70 to office if any dead animals on street or premises 71 to office if any noise, odors, or smoke annoying tenants. . . .72 to office at once, accident causing damage or injury 137 to office if repair work is unsatisfactory 267 to office if supplies are unsatisfactory 267 to office, dailv, all collections 377 Reports — weekly, sundry instructions 367, 368 INDEX 315 PARAGRAPH Reports — Continued, weekly, should contain all necessary information 369 Rheostat — field, information concerning 1 1 13 Richardson & Boynton's Furnace — directions 1220 Rider Pumps — directions 1255 Riser Lines — see they are run properly 287 Roaches — information concerning 453 various remedies 458-461 Roof — put rubber treads on stairway 114 to be inspected weekly 1 49 to be repaired and painted annually 1 67 repairs 273 doors, to be repaired and painted annually 167 doors, roof rules to be posted near 424 doors to be closed at i o P.M 28 doors to be opened at 8 A.M .^ . 22 refuse not allowed to remain on 437 all openings to be closed at night 88 rules 609-622 racks to be kept in repair 611 racks to be inspected weekly 149 repair under water tank annually 170 register of drying days for apartments to be posted 612 to be kept clean 614 doors to be kept closed 615 bulkheads to be painted 619 to be kept clear 62 1 sundry instructions i355 tanks, sundry instructions 13^0 racks, directions for care of, etc 1365 3i6 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Roof — Continued, paint, recipe for 1445 Rugs — Main Hall, taken up in stormy weather 104 Main Hall, to be taken up when tenants are moving 104 etc., not to be hung from windows 639 Rules — House, tenants to be furnished with copy of 227 House, copy in Record Book 345 House, copy to be framed and hung in main hall 414 House 5 10-536 ^^ain Hall 41 3, 414, 41 5, 537-569 Back Hall $70-583 Passenger elevator 749-770 Freight elevator 77i~79$B Outside 623-641 Basement 422, 585-608 Roof 424, 609-622 Employees 700-725A Hall boys 726-748 Elevator Operators 749-795 B Telephone Operators 796-824 Prevention of Accidents 105-134 For care and operation of steam boilers 1061 For boiler room (high pressure) 1053 For boiler room (low pressure) 1055 For firing boilers 1056-1059 Safety-Valve — to be tried monthly 103, 132, 1 52 Servants — not to use main entrance 516, 551 male, not to room on servants' room floor 517 Service — janitor should schedule hours for each position 14 complete, hours for 22, 557, 605 INDEX 317 PARAGRAPH Service — Continued. elevators, sundry regulations for 771 -795 B Public will judge janitor by character of 36 give best, in order to keep tenants 54 house hours 511 schedule of hours for, to be posted in basement 422 Shades — soiled, in vacant apartments, to be removed 245 in vacant apartments to be drawn half-way 246 outside, all to be of color approved by owner 532, 625 sundry instructions concerning ^ : . . 1405 Shafts — etc., to be whitewashed by janitor 505 kalsomine annually 1 73 elevator, doors at bottom to be kept locked 130 dumbwaiter to be inspected daily 142 elevator, to be inspected daily 142 all inside, to be inspected daily . ... 142 Sidewalks — not to be blocked . . .215,629 etc., cleaned daily 626 ice to be removed 627 slippery, to be kept sanded 628 to be swept after coal deliveries 640 Sign — report when painting is necessary 70 renting, to be kept clean 81 , 638 Signs — not permitted without authority of owner 80, 637 etc., not to be allowed to become loose 133 Sinks — to be scoured with potash 326 Sky-lights — to be opened at 8 A.M 22 glass to be kept clean 1410 glass to be repaired and painted annually 168-174 3i8 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Sky-lights — Continued. to be painted as soon as scale appears 1420 Smoke — report when a nuisance 72 Smoking — on premises by tradesmen to be discouraged 77 Snow and Ice — to be removed from walk and steps no Solicitors — not to be admitted to building 78 Sparking — ^electrical), information concerning 1 128 Speaking Tubes — to be inspected weekly i 50 Stair — work, repair all loose and defective 113 basement, put rubber treads on 114 carpets, not to be allowed to get loose 115 rails, all to be secure 1 28 Stairway — if not safe, close until repaired * 113 Starter — auto, electrical, information concerning 1 1 14 Steam — janitor responsible for waste of •. q heat, when to be supplied • • -33 heat, plant; bank fire at 10 P.M 33 Boiler, rules 1053-1064 boilers, information concerning fuels, economies, etc 1060 high pressure, license required 177 Boiler, Boy nton ^ 1 066 Boiler, Gurney 1067 Boiler, Mercer 1 068 Boiler, Thatcher 1 077 Boiler, Comfort and Rossmore ... 1078 Heater, Royal Sectional 1065 INDEX 319 PARAGRAPH Steam — Continued. Heating, information concerning radiator valves 1063 Steam Pumps — general instructions 1 250 Stacks — and pipes to be kept in good condition 622 Stonework — , to be kept pointed and in good repair 1425 Storage — of highly inflammable material not to be permitted 116 see storeroom regulations 425-435 Storeroom — deliveries to be made by janitor 83 tenants', to be whitewashed 223 goods of departing tenants not to be left in 232 sundry regulations 425-435. 576 screen openings to keep animals out 427 general, only for trunks and baggage 435, 595 to be clean when vacant 429 do not use cheap padlocks for 430 to be whitewashed before delivery to tenant 428, 5Q4 in basement, whitewash annually if necessary 172 Excelsior, straw, etc., not to be stored in 433 to be kept locked 426, 596 keys of, to be tagged and lcx:ked up 43 1 fasten staples of, so they cannot be drawn out • . .432 articles placed in to be tagged 224 Stove — Manufacturers' Repair Asso'tion, information concerning. 1245 repairs, information concerning '-245, 1295, 1300 Streets — and crossings, report to office when not clean 67, 63 1 Sub-letting — permitted only with approval of owner 536 to be reported to office at once ()5 320 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Sulphur — remedy for vermin 466 Sunday Work — ashes and garbage and necessary cleaning 89 Supplies — if unsatisfactory, not to be accepted 267 cleaning, to be kept on hand. List iQo cleaning, to be procured on the 5th of each month 188 requested, note in Order Book 360 repair, list of those to be kept on hand 191, 1Q2 not to be ordered by janitor 260 if unsatisfactory, report to oifice 267 Superintendent — janitor should know how to reach him quickly i Switches — electrical, information concerning 1 1 18 System — janitor's work should be systematized ,' 10 have a place for everything 12 fix a time for each part of the day's work 13 Tank — Hot water, before banking fire, see that it is full 32-34 Tanks — water, when to be cleaned 306 water, to be inspected daily ... 141 roof, to be repaired and painted annually i6q to be filled before water shut off 90-91 roof, overflow to be examined and adjusted annually 169 roof, to be repaired beneath, annually 170 check valve to be installed to insure supply 308 roof, see that pipes are protected against freezing 171 to have telltale 310 to have overflow 1 360 to have clean-out connection 1360 roof, sundry instructions 1360 INDEX 321 PARAGRAPH 741 Telegrams — not to be accepted by help Telegraph — or telephone connections to be directed by management. ..518 call should be in Main Hall 79 delivery, regulations 394, 396, 741 Telephone — accounting each month 381 bills rendered first of each month 386 charges cash, except to tenants and employees 383 collect money due before tenant moves out 236, 384 charges against house, tickets to be signed 387 list of supplies to be kept on hand for 825, 826 Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator Operator sundry regulations 380, 750, 796-824 hours of duty 796 in case of fire to notify janitor 797 to be polite 798 to speak plainly 799 to keep quiet 800 to enter connections, etc 801 to have lists of tenants, etc 725A, 802 to learn special switches 803 to ring gently .- 804 to write messages when received 805 to set clock by " Central " 806 to understand 'phone system 807 to turn buzzer on if running elevator 808 to notify Central of wrong calls 809 to record particulars of calls ..••811 to make charge tickets of calls 812 to get cash from strangers for calls 813 to turn over all cash tickets daily 815 scale of charges 816-824 time calls 821 to verify amount of long-distance calls 822,823 to be familiar with rules 827 322 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Telephone — Continued' calls after 6 P.M. charged at day rates 824 supplies to be kept on hand 825 emergency 'phone numbers to be displayed 826 record, janitor responsible for 379 regulations 378, 796-824 sheets, sundry regulations 382 Telltale — for tank 310 Tenant — moving, report to office 64 sub-letting, report to office 65,371 moving in, or out, report to office in weekly report 370 to keep his premises in good condition 51Q not to permit refuse to be thrown around building 520 not to be promised repairs by janitor 47 janitor should make friends of 48 janitor should not dispute with, report to office 51 information not to be given concerning 49, 7'3 employees should not gossip about affairs of 50 if objectionable report to office 69 to be treated courteously 51 try to keep 53 summer and out of town addresses to be entered in Record Book 55> 352 not permitted to move in until approval of office obtained ..214 guests, receive mail for them 56 not to make alterations without consent of owner 57 arrival to be noted in Record Book 212,213,350 references to be approved 214 incomings to be treated courteously 218 incoming, to be notified regarding gas 219 incoming, to be furnished with keys 220 incoming, storeroom to be whitewashed 223 incoming, to be furnished with house rules 227 incoming, to be notified of laundry or drying days 226 INDEX 323 PARAGRAPH Tenant — Continued. moving out, regulations 229 moving out, to be treated with courtesy 230 moving out, new address to be noted 23 1 , 35 1 addresses of, when absent, to be in Record Book 352 moving out, to leave no goods on storage 232 moving out, to pay all telephone charges due 236 complaints and requests to be attended to promptly 256 guests; names to be known 395 fuel, sundry information 500 help and employees to be shown consideration 568, 571 , 583 help and employees to have elevator service $69, 572, 581 help, visitors to leave at certain hours 582 help to have assistance of employees 569-574 Thatcher Sectional — Hot Water Boiler, directions 1092 Furnaces, directions 1225 Steam Boiler, directions 1077-1078 Tiling — directions for cleaning 332 Tenement House Commission — officials have right to enter property 74 Theft — loss by, to be reported to office at once 60 Toilets — flush not to be allowed to run continually 307 to be inspected weekly 147 to be cleaned daily 579, 597 to be provided for delivery men 608 directions regarding care of 1285 Tools — janitor should have proper 11 janitor's list of '. 187, 189 list to be entered in Record Book 343 Tradesmen's — deliveries to be made through basement 552 324 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Trapping — remedy for vermin, etc 461 Trim — doors, etc., directions for care of 1380 Tubs — laundry, directions for care of, etc 1 290 Uniforms — to be cleaned every month 39, 705 new, to be supplied twice a year 39 not to be worn away from building 40, 703, 704 Vacant — apartments, not to be used for storage 239 apartments, to be kept clean at all times 241 apartments, to be cleaned daily while repairs under way. . .242 apartments, ru'es for care of plumbing fixtures in 247, 250 apartments, light to be kept turned on in order to exhibit 248, 314 apartments, keys to be tagged and kept on keyboard. .201, 249 apartments, regulations concerning 205, 237 apartments to be cleaned before tenants move in 217,228 apartments, notify office if tenant fails to have light turned off 234 apartments, not to be used by help 238-565 Valve — safety, to be tried monthly 103, 132 of elevator to be closed when under repair 125 Valves — all to be located 309 etc., chart of, to be in Record Book 344 elevator, how to pack them 1022 air, information concerning 1063, 1076 radiator, information concerning loy^; 1076, 1088 on cellar mains 1089 INDEX 325 PARAGRAPH Van — deliveries to be made by van men 84 Ventilation — of halls, rules for 22 basement, to be kept sweet 87 Vermin — exterminating 275 sundry regulations 446-495 supply of contractor's post cards to be kept on hand . .447 contracts to include rats, etc 448 if contractor slow, notify office 449 information concerning ants 490 information concerning bedbugs 462-463-466 information concerning roaches 453-461 information concerning clothes moths 467-485 Visitors — to be announced 723 cards to be delivered 724 Voltmeter — information concerning 1 109 Walks — and steps, snow and ice to be removed from 110 and steps, use sand or sawdust on 1 1 1 Wall Paper — sundry instructions 1415 all left over to be labeled and stored 86 Wash Tubs — directions regarding 1 290 Waste — janitor responsible for any occurring 9, 282 of gas and electricity to be stopped 313 of water, janitor is responsible for 9 to be stopped 282 326 REMCO'S MANUAL PARAGRAPH Water — janitor is responsible for waste of 9-307 hot, to be supplied at all hours 30 before cutting off, fill tanks and notify all tenants 90, Qi never to be used on hardwood floors 95 regulations 303 hot, when to be supplied 304 tank, to be inspected daily J41 tank, sundry information concerning 1360 check valve to be provided to insure supply 308 supply, locate all cut-off valves 309 meter to be read periodically 311 pipes, protect from freezing 312 tank equipped with overflow, etc 616 tank to be emptied and scoured 617 tank to have telltale 618 to have clean-out connection 616 system heaters, hot, directions 1 270 Whitewashing — work by janitor, sundry instructions 504-509 recipe, U. S. Government, etc 507, 14^10 information concerning 508, 509 Window — sills to be kept clear of pots and plants 1 20, 527, 528 Windows — to be cleaned with Bon Ami 323 Work — systematize it 10 have proper tools to do it with 11 janitor should fix a time for each part 13 each employee responsible for his part of the 15 first assistant should study janitor's work in Manual 19 limitation of, on Sunday 89 when engaged in, do not obstruct passageways, etc 118 by mechanics, time consumed to be noted in Record Book 356 INDEX 327 PARAGRAPH Workmen — to be allowed to proceed with work when they arrive 253 to report to janitor before proceeding 254 Worthington — Steam Pump, instructions 1 250 York Furnaces — instructions 1 240 THE END OCT 2h%mi