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 Hail, thou Father of eloquence and of Latin literature, first 
 of all to be called Father of his Country ! Well did Caesar the 
 Dictator, though an enemy, once write of thee, thy honor is greater 
 than all triumphs, just as to enlarge the bounds of Roman thought 
 is nobler than to extend the limits of Roman power. 
 
 Pliny: Nat. Hist. VII. xxx. 117. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 ORATIONES ET EPISTOL/E SELECT/E 
 
 SELECT 
 ORATIONS AND LETTERS 
 
 CICERO 
 
 OTttij an Introduction, Wotes, ano Uocaoularg 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANCIS W. KELSEY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Boston 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 1802 
 
 

 Copyright, 1892, 
 5y Francis W. Kelsev. 
 
 John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, 
 
LIFE OF CICERO 3 
 
 freedman of Sulla. The older lawyers feared to undertake 
 the case ; and it required more than ordinary courage to 
 run the risk of incurring the enmity of Sulla, who was then 
 supreme. But the young orator maintained his side with 
 tact as well as vehemence, and came off victorious. 
 
 The strain of professional life soon began to wear upon 
 his health. Desirous of a change, in 79 b. c. he went to 
 Athens, where he attended lectures on rhetoric and philos- 
 ophy. Afterwards he travelled in Asia Minor, and spent 
 some time at Rhodes with Molo, the famous rhetorician, 
 under whom he had previously studied at Rome. After an 
 absence of two years he returned home, not only recovered 
 in health but greatly improved in his style of speaking. 
 His abilities as a pleader quickly gained for him a wide 
 reputation. 
 
 Having now reached the age at which Roman citizens 
 were permitted to enter upon the course of advancement 
 in the public offices, Cicero presented himself as a candi- 
 date for the quaestorship, and was elected with flattering 
 evidences of his popularity. The year of office (b. c. 75) 
 he spent , in Sicily, as quaestor to the praetor Sextus Pedu- 
 caeus. He discharged the duties assigned him with strict 
 justice and impartiality, — virtues most rare among Roman 
 provincial officers of that period. 
 
 Five years later he was called upon to plead the cause 
 of the Sicilians against Verres, who had been governor of the 
 island in the years 73—71, and had robbed, scourged, and in 
 other ways maltreated the inhabitants with unprecedented 
 brutality. Many of the most prominent men at Rome found 
 it for their interest to sustain Verres, who was defended by 
 Hortensius, at that time the most famous pleader in the law- 
 courts. Every obstacle that bribery or influence could raise 
 was thrown in the way of the prosecution. But with indomi- 
 
4 INTRODUCTION 
 
 table persistency, Cicero surmounted every difficulty. He 
 collected evidence, and opened the case. Before the evi- 
 dence was all presented, Hortensius abandoned his client, 
 and Verres fled from Rome, preferring voluntary exile to 
 certain condemnation. 
 
 Cicero now rose rapidly to the zenith of his popularity 
 and influence. In 69 b. c. he was aedile. It was cus- 
 tomary for aediles to celebrate the public games with lavish 
 expenditure of their own money as a bid for popular favor. 
 Cicero, not possessing the means to rival the display of 
 wealthier predecessors, conducted the celebrations without 
 extravagance, but with so good taste that he lost nothing in 
 general estimation. Striking proof of his standing with the 
 people appeared at the time of his election to the office of 
 praetor, B.C. 67. 1 
 
 The year of his praetorship — 66 — was marked by ex- 
 traordinary activity. His office required him to serve as 
 the highest magistrate for the administration of justice in 
 civil matters, and also to preside at the trial of such crim- 
 inal cases as might be assigned him. Nevertheless, as the 
 Roman custom permitted, he kept up his practice at the bar, 
 and successfully conducted the defence of Cluentius, who had 
 been accused of poisoning, with one of the most adroit and 
 effective pleas ever made. This year, also, he mounted the 
 Rostra for the first time, and addressed the people in behalf 
 of the bill of Manilius. The significance of this event was 
 not limited to the fact that it was his first appearance as a 
 political speaker. His attitude regarding the measure pro- 
 posed sorely offended the aristocratic and senatorial party, 
 with whose principles he was really more in sympathy than 
 with those of the opposition ; but it secured for him the 
 friendship of Pompey, who might at any time prove to be 
 1 See p. 1 1 6, 11. 16-19, and Notes. 
 
LIFE OF CICERO O 
 
 the successor of Sulla as master of Rome, and it won the 
 enthusiastic support of the populace, with whom Pompey was 
 then the hero of the hour. 
 
 On the expiration of his term as praetor, Cicero declined 
 the governorship of a province, which naturally fell to his 
 lot, and directed all his energies toward securing the consul- 
 ship, the last and highest of the offices in the order of civil 
 preferment. He had six competitors, among whom were 
 Gaius Antonius, 1 an uncle of Mark Antony, and Catiline. 
 These two united to secure the office. They received the 
 powerful support of Marcus Crassus, 2 who had great influence 
 on account of his wealth, and of Julius Caesar, who was com- 
 ing to the front as a political organizer. Nevertheless, Cicero 
 was elected by an overwhelming majority. Antonius was 
 chosen as his colleague, having received a few more votes 
 than Catiline. The new consuls entered upon their official 
 duties January i, B.C. 63. 
 
 The consulship of Cicero and Antonius was one of the 
 most memorable in the annals of Rome. At the outset an 
 important question of public policy demanded attention. In 
 the December of the preceding year, one of the tribunes of 
 the people, P. Servilius Rullus, had proposed an extravagant 
 scheme for the purchase of lands in Italy for apportionment 
 among the poorer citizens. Cicero's attitude toward the 
 measure in any case could not fail to be one of extreme 
 delicacy. If he opposed it he would jeopardize his standing 
 with the popular party, to which in so great measure he owed 
 his elevation to power ; but if he favored it he would alienate 
 the party of the Senate, with whose leaders he appeared now 
 to have come to an understanding. Yet his position was such 
 that he must commit himself to one side or the other. He 
 
 1 See Note to p. 94, 1. 34, collegae. 
 
 2 See Vocab. under Crassus (3). 
 
6 INTRODUCTION 
 
 spoke against the bill, first in the Senate, afterwards before 
 the people, but with so great tact and persuasiveness that he 
 seems to have suffered no loss of influence. A short time 
 afterwards his power over the masses was shown by the ease 
 with which e quelled a popular movement against L. Roscius 
 Otho, who had incurred the displeasure of the populace by- 
 means of a measure providing separate reserved seats at pub- 
 lic spectacles for members of the equestrian order. 
 
 While consul he defended Gaius Rabirius, one of the 
 few surviving senators who had been present at the mur- 
 der of Saturninus, thirty-seven years before, and who was 
 now, for political effect, charged with the crime. He also 
 spoke in opposition to a bill proposing the restoration of 
 civil rights to the children of those proscribed by Sulla, on 
 the ground that the harmony of the commonwealth would 
 thereby be endangered. But during the latter part of the 
 year all other interests were lost sight of in the excitement 
 attending the discovery of the Catilinarian conspiracy, which 
 for a time threatened to overwhelm the existing order of 
 things in riot and bloodshed. The prompt and efficient ac- 
 tion of Cicero averted the catastrophe. He well deserved the 
 honors which were heaped upon him as savior of the State. 
 
 After his consulship Cicero again declined the government 
 of a province. According to Roman custom he was now 
 entitled to a permanent seat in the Senate, where he became 
 an active member, at the same time continuing his practice 
 as an advocate. Among other noteworthy cases, in 62 B. c. 
 he defended P. Cornelius Sulla, who had been accused of 
 complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy, and made his mem- 
 orable plea for the poet Archias. 
 
 In the same year the mysteries of Bona Dea, 1 from which 
 men were rigorously excluded, were celebrated at the house 
 1 See Vocab. 
 
LIFE OF CICERO 7 
 
 of Julius Caesar, then pontifex maximus. P. Clodius Pulcher, 
 a dissolute young patrician, disguised himself as a female 
 musician, and thus gained admission. He was discovered, 
 but made his escape. The offence, on account of its impiety, 
 was brought before the Senate. It was referred' io the board 
 of pontifices, who decided that sacrilege had been committed. 
 At the trial which followed, Clodius tried to prove that he 
 was away from the city on the day of the festival ; but Cicero 
 testified to having been with him in Rome only three hours 
 before the discovery at Caesar's house. By means of the 
 most shameful bribery and intimidation, Clodius secured an 
 acquittal, and was afterward bitterly attacked by Cicero in the 
 Senate. He thenceforth became an avowed enemy of the 
 orator, all the more dangerous because utterly lacking in prin- 
 ciple. Furthermore, Pompey, who had returned from the East 
 loaded with spoils, was led to give up in large measure the 
 advantage he had gained over the other public men, and was 
 drawn into the coalition known as the first triumvirate. As 
 the triumvirs proposed to keep the control of public affairs 
 in their own hands, it was clear that Cicero, through his 
 influence, might work mischief to their plans. Pompey was 
 well disposed toward him ; but Caesar, the ruling spirit of 
 the coalition, finally resolved to humiliate the orator, and 
 found in Clodius a suitable instrument. 
 
 With Caesar's help Clodius secured an adoption into a 
 plebeian family, that he might become eligible to the office 
 of tribune ; and was chosen to this magistracy for the year 
 58. Early in the year he brought forward a bill to the effect 
 that any one who should be found to have put Roman citizens 
 to death without a trial should be interdicted from the use 
 of fire and water. 1 This was aimed at Cicero, and had refer- 
 
 1 That is, ut ei aqua et igni inter dicer etur, — the usual formula of 
 banishment. 
 
8 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ence to the execution of the Catilinarian conspirators. If he 
 had ignored the attack, assuming his own innocence as a 
 matter of course, he might perhaps have gained the ad- 
 vantage. But instead, thoroughly frightened, he put on 
 mourning, and appeared in public as a suppliant. Many citi- 
 zens, particularly of the equestrian order, put on mourning also, 
 as a mark of their support. For a time the hostile move- 
 ment was checked ; but the persistency of the tribune availed 
 more than the passing sympathy of the populace. Foresee- 
 ing the success of Clodius, in the latter part of March Cicero 
 fled from Rome. He went first to Vibo, 1 then by way of 
 Tarentum to Brundisium, whence he proceeded through 
 Greece to Thessalonica, — a voluntary exile. Immediately 
 after his departure a formal decree of banishment was passed, 
 forbidding him to live within four hundred miles of the city. 
 It was enacted also that any person who should take meas- 
 ures to secure his recall should be pronounced a public enemy. 
 The spirit of the orator was completely broken. For a 
 time he lost all courage, all hope. 2 Yet within three months 
 after he had gone his friends began to agitate the subject 
 of his return. The consuls and tribunes of the year 5 7 were 
 well disposed toward him. The triumvirs had accomplished 
 their purposes, and viewed with disapprobation the increasing 
 turbulence of Clodius, whose armed band engaged in frequent 
 riots in the city. Caesar was now in Gaul ; but Pompey 
 joined the movement in Cicero's favor. At length the Senate 
 sanctioned a proposal that voters from all parts of Italy should 
 be invited to come to Rome, and unite in passing a bill for 
 his recall. The proposed measure was submitted to the 
 comitia centuriata on the 4th of August, and carried by a 
 large majority. Cicero had come back as far as Dyrrachium 
 
 1 See Vocab. 2 See Ep. vn ., vni., IX. 
 
LIFE OF CICERO 9 
 
 the previous November. On the very day of the assembly 
 he crossed over to Brundisium, where his wife and daughter 
 met him. He proceeded with them slowly to Rome, being 
 received with congratulations and distinguished honors in 
 the towns along the way. At Rome he was welcomed with 
 extravagant demonstrations of joy. His house on the Palatine 
 and his villas were ordered rebuilt at public expense. 
 
 Yet the city was no longer to him what it had been. The 
 triumvirs were all-powerful. They did not deem it necessary 
 to take Cicero into their confidence, and he dared not offer 
 any opposition. In all outward appearances he was friendly 
 to them. He felt obliged to yield to their wishes on many 
 occasions. In their interest, as he himself informs us, 1 
 he even defended men to whom he had previously been 
 unfriendly. Intervals of leisure in his professional work he 
 devoted to writing. In 53 b. c. he was chosen augur. 
 
 On Jan. 20, b. c. 52, the collision between the armed bands 
 of Clodius and Milo occurred at Bovillae, resulting in the 
 death of the former. • Cicero undertook the defence of Milo. 
 At the trial, in April, the adherents of Clodius created great 
 disturbance, and Pompey filled the Forum with soldiers. 
 Cicero was afraid to deliver his speech, but afterward wrote 
 it out and sent it to Milo, who had gone into exile at 
 Massilia. In the same year a law was passed that a consul 
 or praetor should not be eligible to the governorship of a 
 province until five years after the expiration of his term of 
 office. In the mean time provinces were to be assigned 
 to ex- consuls and ex-praetors who had not yet had such an 
 appointment. To Cicero was allotted the province of Cilicia, 
 with the surrounding region. 
 
 He entered upon his duties in Cilicia on the last day of July, 
 
 1 Cf. Ep. ad Fam. VII. 1., ad Att. IV., v., vi. 
 
10 INTRODUCTION 
 
 b. c. 51. He administered the affairs of the province with 
 great uprightness, but found the position, as he had expected, 
 not at all to his liking. With the help of his brother Quintus, 
 an experienced officer, he subdued certain mountain tribes 
 along the Syrian frontier, and was weak enough to desire 
 a triumph. As soon as the year of his appointment had 
 expired he set out for Rome, reaching the city on the fourth 
 of January, b. c. 49. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 49 hostilities commenced 
 between Caesar and Pompey. Cicero, having vainly at- 
 tempted to bring about a reconciliation between them, hesi- 
 tated with which to cast in his lot. He finally decided to 
 join the side of Pompey. In June he passed over to Greece, 
 and appears to have been with Pompey till the battle of 
 Pharsalus, which was fought on the 9th of August, B. c. 48. 
 In November he returned to Brundisium. Here he remained 
 unmolested till the following August, when he received a 
 letter from Caesar which relieved him of all apprehensions 
 regarding his personal safety. He now devoted himself to the 
 composition of treatises on subjects connected with rhetoric 
 and philosophy, dividing his time between his different villas. 
 
 In 46 he divorced his wife Terentia, whom he had mar- 
 ried about the year 79. She appears to have been a high- 
 spirited woman, having withal a large property, regarding 
 the management of which she and her husband did not 
 agree. Being financially embarrassed, he married Publilia, 
 a wealthy young lady, for whom he had been acting as 
 guardian ; but this marriage was soon dissolved. The most 
 crushing blow to his domestic happiness was the death, early 
 in B.C. 45, of his daughter Tullia, 1 to whom he had been 
 devotedly attached. For a time he retired to his secluded 
 
 1 See Vocab. 
 
LIFE OF CICERO 11 
 
 villa at Astura, and gave himself up to grief. 1 Her death left 
 a deep impress upon his writings, which were now more than 
 ever undertaken as a means of consolation. 
 
 Cicero was fully in sympathy with the assassination of Caesar 
 (March 15, b. c. 44). 2 In the reaction against the conspira- 
 tors he thought it unsafe for him to remain in Italy, and 
 started for Greece. As the ship touched at Regiuni he 
 learned that there was a prospect of reconciliation between 
 Antony and the party of the Senate, and returned to Rome. 
 All hope of a peaceful solution of the existing complications 
 was soon lost. Antony left the city, where Octavianus gradu- 
 ally acquired control. Cicero was once more in a position 
 of influence, the favorite of the people. He assailed Antony 
 before the Senate and from the Rostra, in the so-called 
 Philippic orations. 3 But the coalition of Antony with Lepidus, 
 and of these two later with Octavianus, was fatal to all hopes 
 of the supporters of constitutional liberty. In the latter part 
 of November, b. c. 43, the new triumvirs made out their 
 proscription list. On it were placed the names of seventeen 
 men who were to be put out of the way at once. That of 
 Cicero was among them. The news reached him at Tuscu- 
 lum. He fled to Antium and took ship. Adverse winds pre- 
 vented escape. He landed at Formiae and remained in his 
 villa there, resolved to meet his fate. When the soldiers of the 
 triumvirs came (Dec. 7), his slaves placed him in a litter and 
 started with him through the woods to the seashore, a mile 
 away. They were overtaken, and prepared for defence. 
 Cicero bade them be quiet, and put his head forth from 
 the litter. The executioners struck off both his head and his 
 hands, took them to Rome, and, by order of Antony, nailed 
 them to the Rostra, — the scene of so many of his triumphs. 
 
 1 See Ep. xxxiv-xxxvii. 2 See Ep. XL. 3 See pp. 51, 52. 
 
12 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ii. Cicero as an Orator. 
 
 No just view of Cicero as an orator can be obtained with- 
 out some knowledge of the nature of oratory, its place in 
 ancient life, and its history up to his time. 
 
 Oratory may be defined as the art of persuasion by means 
 of speech. It aims not simply to convince, but to lead to 
 a decision, — to move to action. It is' thus distinguished, not 
 only from poetry, the purpose of which primarily is to please, 
 but also from ordinary prose, of which the main function 
 is to make clear to another the thought that one wishes to 
 convey. The oration forms a distinct literary species, with 
 its own traditions, its own laws of structure, and principles of 
 composition. 
 
 In the life of Greece and Rome oratory played a much 
 more important part than in that of modern times. In an- 
 tiquity those who possessed the rights of citizenship, the voters, 
 lived in cities. The land was tilled ordinarily by slaves or 
 subjects, and there was no large farming class, as there is in 
 our country, in possession of the elective franchise, and liable 
 to hold the balance of power between political parties. The 
 number of voters in ancient States formed a small minority of 
 the whole population. Civic life was concentrated. An ora- 
 tor, speaking in the central part of a city, might gather the 
 whole body of citizens within the sound of his voice. In those 
 States where a democratic form of government prevailed, ora- 
 tory naturally reached its highest perfection ; for in the ancient 
 democracies, unlike those of the modern era, questions were 
 submitted, not to representatives of the people, but directly to 
 the people themselves, with whom lay the decision of the most 
 important matters. The easiest way to reach and mould 
 opinion was through public address. This function of oratory 
 
CICERO AS AN ORATOR 13 
 
 has now been almost wholly superseded by the newspaper and 
 the political pamphlet. Wide opportunity for public speaking 
 was afforded also by the larger governmental bodies, as the 
 Council at Athens and the Senate at Rome. Finally, the 
 constitution of the tribunals, referring the decision of cases 
 generally to a much greater number of individuals than the 
 modern courts, was favorable to the development of oratory. 
 
 The practice of oratory at an early date in Greece is clearly 
 indicated by the Homeric poems ; but to Athens belongs the 
 glory of having first produced great orators. Among the 
 leaders in the earlier period of her history at least two, 
 Themistocles and Pericles, were hardly less famous for their 
 eloquence than for their statesmanship. But the treatment of 
 oratory as an art, under the name of rhetoric, began in Sicily 
 in the first half of the fifth century b. c, when the expulsion of 
 the tyrants from Agrigentum and Syracuse, and the establish- 
 ment of democracies, created a demand for instruction in this 
 subject. Gorgias, the greatest of the Sicilian teachers of ora- 
 tory, gave instruction at Athens in the latter part of the same 
 century, emphasizing the poetic coloring of eloquence, while 
 the work of the sophists in the same period tended to point 
 out distinctions in the meanings of words, and directed atten- 
 tion to grammatical usage. The golden age of Athenian 
 oratory lasted from the end of the fifth to the latter part of the 
 fourth century b. c. Among the numerous orators of this 
 period later criticism reckoned ten as pre-eminent : Aeschines, 
 Andocides, Antiphon, Deinarchus, Demosthenes, Hyperides, 
 Isaeus, Isocrates, Lycurgus, and Lysias. Demosthenes was 
 recognized both by his own and by succeeding ages as the 
 greatest of them all. After his death, b. c. 322, with the 
 extinction of Greek liberties, Athenian eloquence rapidly 
 declined. A new type of oratory came into vogue soon after- 
 wards in the Greek cities of the western pari of Asia Minor, — ■ 
 
14 INTRODUCTION 
 
 known as the Asiatic style. It was more ornate and artificial 
 than that of Athens, which by way of distinction was known as 
 the Attic style. 
 
 At Rome public speaking was extensively practised from 
 an early time. The flourishing period of Roman oratory lay 
 between the end of the second Punic war and the establish- 
 ment of the Empire. This period of almost two hundred 
 years may be conveniently viewed in three epochs. In the 
 first, the most prominent figure was that of Cato the Censor, 
 whose unpolished but effective oratory reflected his uncom- 
 promising sturdiness of character. Among the younger con- 
 temporaries of Cato was Gaius Laelius, whose speaking showed 
 more refinement. At this time Greek culture was exerting 
 more and more influence upon Roman life, but in oratory 
 apparently there was no study of Greek models. The second 
 epoch extends from the time of the Gracchi to that of the 
 eminent orators Marcus Antonius, grandfather of Mark Antony, 
 and L. Licinius Crassus, who died b. c. 91. The Greek ora- 
 tors were now studied, and Greek teachers of rhetoric were 
 freely employed ; but there was as yet little open acknowledg- 
 ment of indebtedness to them. The two eminent names of 
 the third period are Cicero and Hortensius. In oratory, as 
 in other fields of literature and art, Greek models were now 
 supreme, being taken as standards of excellence. The ques- 
 tion was no longer whether Greece should be the instructor 
 of Rome in eloquence ; it was rather, which style of Greek 
 oratory should be followed, the Attic or the Asiatic. This 
 question each Roman settled for himself, some going so far as 
 to confine their study to a single Greek orator as model. 
 Greek teachers of rhetoric abounded everywhere. Hortensius 
 preferred the florid exuberance of the Asiatic style ; Cicero's 
 taste inclined rather to the compact simplicity of the Attic, 
 to which, however, influenced no doubt by Asiatic models. 
 
:*;:; 
 
 A Roman Orator. From an ancient statue. 
 
CICERO AS AN ORATOR 15 
 
 in his own speaking he added a richer and more rounded 
 expression. 
 
 In Cicero's time the theory of oratory had long since been 
 worked out with so great completeness that modern literary 
 criticism has added nothing of importance to it. The matter 
 of oratory was reckoned of three kinds : demonstrative, em- 
 ployed in praising or censuring some one ; deliberative, used 
 with reference to some measure, or proposal, either in the way 
 of advocacy or of opposition ; and juridical, employed in the 
 courts, in accusation or defence. Five qualities were con- 
 sidered essential to an orator. These were : invention, the 
 power to gather facts and arguments ; disposition, the ability 
 to arrange matter in the proper or most effective order; 
 expression, a choice of words suitable to the thought ; memory, 
 a firm grasp of matter, words, and arrangement ; and delivery, 
 a perfect command of the voice, features, and gesticula- 
 tion. A typical oration was said to comprise six parts, as 
 follows : — 
 
 I. Introduction {exordium), designed to win the favorable 
 attention of the audience ; often divided into two 
 parts : — 
 
 a. The Opening (principiunt), preliminary remarks. 
 
 b. The Ingratiating (insinuatid), intended by a skil- 
 
 ful use of language to remove prejudices and 
 put the audience into a receptive mood. 
 II. Statement of the case (narratio), a summary of the 
 facts leading up to the point at issue. 
 
 III. Division (partitio, or divisio), indicating the treatment 
 
 of the theme proposed, or the point to be proved. 
 
 IV. Proof, or affirmative argument (confirm atid), setting forth 
 
 the arguments on the speaker's side of the case. 
 V. Rebuttal (refittatio, or reprehensid), refuting the argu- 
 ments of the opposite side. 
 VI. Peroration, or Conclusion {peroratio, or conclusid), 
 bringing the address to an impressive close ; fre- 
 quently divided into three parts : — 
 
16 INTRODUCTION 
 
 a. Summary (enumeratio), a brief recapitulation of 
 
 the speaker's points. 
 
 b. Outburst {indignatio), a burst of anger, designed 
 
 to excite the indignation of the audience against 
 the opposite side. 
 
 c. Appeal (conqnestio), an appeal to the sympathies 
 
 of the audience. 
 
 According to modern ideas of literary analysis, these six 
 divisions may generally be more conveniently grouped in 
 
 three, thus : — 
 
 I. Introduction : — 
 Exordium. 
 Narratio. 
 Partitio. 
 II. Discussion : — 
 Confirmatio. 
 Refutatio. 
 III. Conclusion: — 
 
 Peroratio or conclusio. 
 
 This arrangement will be followed in presenting the outline 
 of the eight orations in this edition. 
 
 Careful rules were laid down by rhetoricians for the han- 
 dling of each of the divisions. We are not to suppose that 
 orators held rigidly to the outline given ; yet it was regarded 
 as the norm, or type, from which wide deviation was excep- 
 tional. The subjects most likely to lead away from it were 
 those which inspired invective. Thus, the orations against 
 Catiline show marked divergence from the typical structure. 
 On the other hand, speeches of a more quiet tone, like that 
 for Pompey's commission, and the majority of those made at 
 the bar, were in this respect more nearly regular. 
 
 Cicero possessed all the qualities characteristic of a true 
 orator. He was endowed with great activity and versatility 
 
CICERO AS AN ORATOR 17 
 
 of mind, breadth of view, ready sympathy, and intense feel- 
 ings, — with a marvellous command of language, nice sense 
 of literary form, and excellent memory ; with attractive face 
 and figure, great vivacity of manner, and keen power of 
 repartee. From early youth he cultivated his natural gifts 
 with unflagging industry; fired with the ambition to become 
 the leading public speaker of his day, he set before him- 
 self the highest ideals. He realized his ambition ; and 
 the verdict of the ages has placed his name, with that of 
 Demosthenes, high above all other ancient orators. His 
 orations lack the conciseness and nervous force, the unabat- 
 ing earnestness of the Greek orator; but in richness and 
 fulness of expression, in beauty of language, he is superior. 
 His words gush forth like a torrent. He is broader in the 
 range of thought and feeling to which he appeals. He is 
 equally at home in the dignified tone suitable to the tragic, 
 and in the stinging jest; in savage invective, and in the 
 graceful language of compliment. Yet no comparison be- 
 tween the two men would be fair which did not take into 
 account the difference in the character of the audiences 
 before which they spoke. The polished, critical, cool-headed 
 Athenian could best be influenced through the reason ; the 
 less critical Roman could be more easily swayed by an 
 appeal to the feelings. Cicero was a consummate master 
 of the art of putting things, of saying what he had to say 
 in a way to carry the greatest weight. His points follow one 
 another so naturally that one almost forgets that there is 
 another side of the case. What the other side was, in most 
 instances we do not clearly know ; but Cicero always makes 
 his own appear plausible. 
 
 On the whole, Demosthenes was stronger in thought, 
 Cicero in literary form. But here, where the greatest power 
 of the Roman orator lay, was also his greatest weakness ; for 
 2 
 
18 INTRODUCTION 
 
 now and then copiousness and charm of expression conceal 
 a paucity of ideas. We are also at times conscious of a lack 
 of sharpness in the statement of points. Yet the orations 
 to-day, though in an ancient and difficult tongue, though 
 read and not heard, continue to please and move us as they 
 have pleased and moved men for two thousand years. How 
 much more must they have stirred those to whom they were 
 addressed ! 
 
 It has been the fashion in some quarters to style Cicero 
 a declaimer, — to assign the oration for the poet Archias, 
 for example, to the province of declamation rather than 
 of true oratory. All such disparagement rests upon a mis- 
 apprehension. If the aim of an oration is to persuade, it 
 should be judged according to the effect produced at the 
 time of delivery, as well as by the effect upon the reader. 
 No other Roman ever moved an audience as Cicero did. 
 Witness his speech for Roscius Otho, which transformed 
 a hostile mob, against their will, into an assemblage of well- 
 disposed citizens. He was equally successful as a pleader ; 
 his contemporaries declared, says Quintilian, that he reigned 
 in the law courts. For these reasons alone, apart from the 
 overwhelming verdict of posterity regarding the power of 
 his speeches, he would worthily be ranked as the greatest 
 of Roman orators, one of the greatest of the world. 
 
 iii. Cicero as a Writer. 
 
 At Rome, both in his lifetime and afterward, Cicero was 
 noted hardly less as a writer than as an orator. In his youth 
 he devoted himself to the study of rhetoric and philosophy as 
 a means of training for public speaking ; and he retained an 
 interest in both branches, but more particularly in the latter, 
 which appeared to deepen as years passed by. Moments that 
 
CICERO AS A WRITER 19 
 
 could be spared from his many engagements were given to 
 reading and to the society of the learned. When driven from 
 his customary pursuits by untoward circumstances, he found 
 diversion and consolation in literary composition. Most of 
 his works were written in the two seasons of enforced retire- 
 ment from political affairs, — the first after his return from 
 exile, b. c. 57, and the second between his reconciliation 
 with Caesar, b. c. 47, and the autumn after the dictator's 
 death, b. c. 44. 
 
 Not including orations, poems, or correspondence, Cicero 
 left not far from thirty different works. Some of them were 
 brief ; the rest were in two or more books. Fifteen of these 
 works are still extant, and others are known from consider- 
 able sections which have been preserved ; a few have entirely 
 perished. His extant writings on rhetorical and philosophical 
 subjects fill five octavo volumes. Those of the former class 
 comprise several treatises dealing with the theory of oratory, 
 and a sketch of the history of oratory down to Cicero's own 
 time. His philosophical works treat a great variety of topics 
 in morals, theology, and political philosophy. His poems con- 
 sisted in part of translations from the Greek, in part of verses 
 upon Roman themes. Two at least were autobiographical ; 
 their titles were, ' On the Events of my Consulship,' and 
 ' On my Times.' Only a few hundred lines of the poems 
 are extant, most of which are from his translation of Aratus. 
 His correspondence was collected and published after his 
 death. The portion extant fills two octavo volumes, and com- 
 prises eight hundred and sixty-four letters, of which ninety, 
 however, are addressed to Cicero. 
 
 As a poet Cicero was not successful. His verses were 
 metrically correct, but lacked poetic inspiration. His prose 
 writings, however, are characterized by a finish and charm 
 that have called forth universal admiration. His- services 
 
20 INTRODUCTION 
 
 to the Latin language and literature cannot be overestimated. 
 Previous to his time Latin prose had been crude, awkward, 
 and labored ; he developed a flowing and graceful style, 
 which set before later writers a model of refined yet forceful 
 expression. Very little had been written in Latin on the 
 subject of philosophy ; so he formed the design of presenting 
 to his countrymen the gist of the Greek speculation in their 
 own tongue. He was admirably fitted for this task by his 
 extended intercourse with teachers of philosophy, his wide 
 reading in the subject, and his own philosophical position, 
 which was eclectic and negative, rather than dogmatic, so 
 that he was able to present the views of the different schools 
 on the whole fairly. He followed Greek models closely, and 
 made few original contributions to the matter which he 
 borrowed. But he coined new Latin terms, introduced illus- 
 trations of his own, and gave to the often dry and technical 
 discussions of the Greeks a living and attractive form. In a 
 word, he popularized philosophy, and his writings in this field 
 are of all the greater value now because in many cases the 
 Greek originals have perished. Most of his works, after the 
 example of the Greeks, were cast in the form of a dialogue. 
 The philosophical vocabulary which he developed prepared 
 the way not only for later Pagan writers, but also for a Latin 
 literature of Christian theology. The orderly development 
 of thought, the graceful transitions, the happy perspective 
 observed in the elaboration of points, the balance, yet va- 
 riety, in the structure of sentences, the harmonious arrange- 
 ment of words, the faultless phrasing, — these are some of 
 the qualities that have caused several of his works to be 
 accepted as literary masterpieces of the first rank. As a 
 stylist Cicero has had no superior and few equals. 
 
 The tone of the correspondence is naturally less formal than 
 that of the treatises. When chatting with intimate friends, as 
 
CICERO AS A MAN 21 
 
 Atticus, he is frank and artless, — too much so for his repu- 
 tation ; he is more reserved when writing to others. His 
 letters reflect the mood of the moment. — now sparkling with 
 humor, or overflowing with pleasantries ; now burdened with 
 trouble, or altogether in despair. Nowhere else do we find so 
 vivid a picture of Roman life in his time ; nowhere else, per- 
 haps, except in the autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, do 
 we have the inmost privacy of a strong mind so unreservedly 
 revealed. The style is matchless for simplicity, clearness, and 
 grace. If the world to-day were to be forced to choose 
 whether it would more willingly part with Cicero's orations, 
 his prose works, or his correspondence, it is doubtful which 
 would be given up with the greatest regret. 
 
 iv. Cicero as a Man. 
 
 The character of Cicero presents a singular combination of 
 opposite qualities. Modern writers, who have studiously ex- 
 amined the facts of his career, have held the most diverse 
 opinions concerning it. Middleton, for example, finds Cicero 
 almost faultless, and dwells upon his noble qualities in many 
 pages of undiscriminating praise ; Mommsen, being unable 
 to glorify Caesar and Cicero at the same time, loses no oppor- 
 tunity to belittle the orator as he lavishes unstinted commen- 
 dation upon the dictator. It is clear that views so extreme 
 cannot both be just. In all such matters men's opinions 
 are in large measure determined by their point of view. 
 Mommsen fastens his eye upon the constitutional develop- 
 ment of Rome, and sees in every change of the later re- 
 publican period a nearer approach to the inevitable end, — 
 imperialism. With him Caesar is the incarnation of the im- 
 perialistic principle, and the upholders of the earlier constitu- 
 tional usages are short-sighted supporters of a hopeless cause. 
 
22 INTRODUCTION 
 
 To a man holding this view, the orator's power as a speaker 
 and influence as a writer appear of little moment. On the 
 other hand, the biographers of Cicero have generally read into 
 his life the lofty ideals of his moral treatises, and have either 
 ignored or tried to explain away his many inconsistencies. A 
 fairer view may be gained by emphasizing neither aspect of 
 his character unduly, but by subjecting his political activities, 
 his moral ideals, and his daily life a, the same impartial 
 scrutiny. 
 
 The sources of our knowledge of Cicero are threefold : first, 
 the references in contemporary writers, — chiefly Caesar and 
 Sallust, both of whom were more or less unfriendly to him on 
 political grounds ; secondly, his own works ; and thirdly, the 
 statements of later Greek and Roman writers, — mainly, Appian, 
 Dion Cassius, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Floras. By far the 
 greater number of facts about him are gleaned from his own 
 writings, particularly the letters. It is safe to say that if his 
 correspondence had not been preserved, his name would have 
 been spared most of the unfriendly criticism that has gathered 
 about it. He was indiscreet enough to think on paper ; his 
 passing fancies or suggestions, to most of which he may have 
 given no second thought, are to-day before us, subject to cool 
 critical analysis and comparison. It is said that no man is a 
 hero to his valet. What impulsive person, whose eventful life 
 had brought him into contact with many public men in a 
 trying period, would not shrink from having his most private 
 correspondence given to the world ? What man, whose in- 
 most heart should be so revealed, would not be convicted of 
 numberless foibles, weaknesses, inconsistencies? Such are the 
 frailties of human nature ; a most unhappy illustration may be 
 found in the Carlyle correspondence, recently published. The 
 letters of Cicero charm and enlighten us, yet show us many 
 things unworthy of a great man ; but, after all, deeds are 
 
CICERO AS A MAN 23 
 
 , greater than thoughts, more than words. Granted that a 
 high-minded man, whose prominent position brought him 
 many enemies and numberless trials, may have shown himself, 
 in the privacy of friendly intercourse, at times weak and in- 
 consistent with his professed ideals, — should that make us 
 blind to his nobler traits, or to the greatness of his life-work 
 for humanity? 
 
 The age of Cicero abounded in eminent men who from 
 childhood had had the advantages of wealth and family pres- 
 tige in their favor. Cicero entered the lists a 'new man,' 
 without great wealth, without a long line of distinguished 
 ancestry to bring him favorable recognition, apparently with- 
 out anything in his favor, excepting a limited acquaintance 
 with public men, a fair education, and an ambition to make the 
 most of himself. He practised law, and generally won his 
 cases. He came forward as a candidate, and received from 
 the people unprecedented favor, for a man without powerful 
 connections, in the rapid promotion to public offices. He 
 accomplished all these things by the sheer force of personal 
 effort, in that period of Roman history when the influence of 
 military leaders was rapidly becoming paramount. Surely this 
 betokens no ordinary power. 
 
 The natural gifts of Cicero fitted him to be an orator and 
 writer rather than a statesman. His nice sense of balance, 
 and his philosophical habit of looking at all sides of a case, 
 sometimes made it impossible for him to decide quickly where 
 a prompt decision was necessary. His mind was rather of the 
 contemplative than the executive type. His tastes drew him 
 toward the ideal ; but an irresistible impulse drove him into 
 practical affairs. He did not escape the contagious passion 
 for political power characteristic of his generation ; yet he 
 lacked the steadiness of view, the singleness of aim, the per- 
 sistency — perhaps also the courage — needful for one who 
 
24 INTRODUCTION 
 
 would be more than temporarily great as a political leader. 
 He was possessed also of a naive and thoroughly good-natured 
 egotism, which asserted itself on all occasions. Yet in an age 
 of bribery, he was never convicted of giving or receiving a 
 bribe. In a period of mad dissipation and debauchery, he 
 remained untainted with vice, and in his affection for his 
 daughter has left us one of the most beautiful pictures of 
 ancient home-life. At a time of broils and violence, he was 
 a man of peace, hating strife, — a man of honor in all the 
 relations of life. That was no unfitting tribute paid him by 
 the historian Livy : 1 ' Sixty-three years he lived, so that his 
 death, except that it was violent, cannot be considered un- 
 timely. . . . After both his faults and his virtues have been 
 taken into account, he remains a great, spirited, and dis- 
 tinguished man, to whose praises only the eloquence of a 
 Cicero could do justice.' 
 
 v. The Portraits of Cicero. 
 The name of Cicero has been given to many busts that 
 have come down from antiquity. The great majority of 
 them, however, have no claim to be considered genuine. 
 One famous bust, at Madrid, is marked with the name of 
 Cicero in an inscription undoubtedly ancient ; but the head 
 is modern. Of the busts in Italian museums which prob- 
 ably give a true likeness of the orator, three are worthy of 
 mention. One is at Florence, in the Uffizi Gallery. The 
 other two are at Rome, one in the Vatican collection, the 
 other in the Capitoline Museum. The frontispiece of this vol- 
 ume is from the one last mentioned. The expansive forehead, 
 the sensitive mouth, and the open, thoughtful face not free 
 from lines of care, correspond closely with the characteristics 
 of Cicero revealed in his works. 
 
 1 Sen. Suas. vii. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF THE ORATIONS 25 
 
 II. THE ORATIONS OF CICERO. 
 
 i. General View of the Orations. 
 
 Cicero left more than a hundred speeches. Of these, fifty- 
 seven are still extant. Fragments of twenty others remain, 
 and the titles of thirty more are known. The themes and 
 general character of the extant orations may be learned from 
 the following summary : — 
 
 I. Speeches in Legal Cases. 
 
 a. In civil cases. 
 
 For Quinctius, delivered B. c. 81 ; in connection with a 
 
 suit for debt. 
 For Roscius the Comedian, 76 ; in a case concerning 
 
 payment of damages for the death of a slave. 
 For Tullius, 72 or 71 ; in a suit for damages on account 
 
 of the destruction of property. 
 For Caecina, 69; in a suit concerning an inheritance. 
 
 b. In criminal cases. 
 
 For Roscius of Ameria, b. c. 80. See pp. 2, 3. 
 
 Against Caecilius, 70 ; a prelude to the action against 
 Verres. 
 
 Against Verres, 70 ; six speeches in all, of which only the 
 first was actually delivered. See pp. 3, 4. 
 
 For Fonteius, 69; against a charge of provincial ex- 
 tortion. 
 
 For Cluentius, 66. See p. 4. 
 
 For Rabirius, 63. See p. 6. 
 
 For Murena, 63; against a charge of corrupt canvassing 
 for votes. 
 
26 INTRODUCTION 
 
 For Cornelius Sulla, 62. See p. 6. 
 
 For Archias, 62. See p. 45. 
 
 For Valerius Flaccus, 59 ; against a charge of provin- 
 cial extortion. 
 
 For Sestius, 56 ; against a charge of violence. 
 
 Against Vatinius, 56 ; for the impeachment of a witness 
 for the prosecution of Sestius. 
 
 For Caelius, 56 ; in a suit arising from an intrigue. 
 
 For Cornelius Balbus, 56 ; against the charge of having 
 illegally assumed the rights of citizenship. 
 
 For Plancius, 54 ; against a charge of bribery. 
 
 For Rabirius Postumus, 54 ; against a charge of extortion. 
 
 For Milo, 52. See p. 9. 
 
 For Marcellus, 46. See p. 49. 
 
 For Ligarius, 46 ; in favor of a former partisan of Pom- 
 pey, then in exile. 
 
 For Deiotarus, King of Galatia, 45 ; against a charge of 
 complicity in a plot to murder Caesar. 
 
 2. Political Speeches. 
 
 On Pompey's Commission, 66. See p. 27. 
 On the Agrarian measure of Rullus, 63 ; three speeches, 
 the first addressed to the Senate, the second and third 
 to the people. There was a fourth speech, now lost. 
 See pp. 5, 6. 
 
 Against Catiline, 63 ; four speeches. See p. 36. 
 
 After Return from Exile, four speeches : the first giving 
 thanks to the Senate, 57; the second thanking the 
 people, 57; the third, 'On his House,' showing that 
 his house on the Palatine, destroyed by Clodius, 
 should be restored at public expense, 57 ; the fourth, 
 ' On the Answers of the Soothsayers,' against ob- 
 jections to the rebuilding of his house on a site that 
 had been consecrated, 56. 
 
 On the Consular Provinces, 56 ; urging the prolongation 
 of Caesar's command in Gaul ; before the Senate. 
 
 Against Piso, 55 ; an abusive attack upon a personal 
 enemy; before the Senate. 
 
 Against Antony, 44-43 ; fourteen orations. See p. 51. 
 
30 Longitude East 
 
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 iSAMOS I. ./..'/((.'limit'' 
 
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 27 
 
 ii. The Speech on Pompey's Commission. 
 
 I. OCCASION AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF DELIVERY. 
 
 The country of Pontus lay in the eastern part of Asia Minor, 
 south of the Black Sea. It was bounded on the west by 
 Paphlagonia and Galatia, on the south by Cappadocia and 
 Lesser Armenia, and on the east by Greater Armenia and 
 Colchis. When Xenophon the Athenian passed through this 
 region, in 400 b. c, it was inhabited by a number of barbarous 
 tribes, which were in nominal subjection to Persia. In less 
 than a century afterwards it was the seat of an independent 
 monarchy, whose reigning house traced its descent back to a 
 former Persian governor. In the earlier part of the second 
 century b. c Pharnaces I. brought the adjoining portions of 
 Paphlagonia under his rule ; and Sinope, a colony of the 
 Greek city Miletus, became the place of royal residence. 
 The last and greatest of the kings of Pontus was Mithridates 
 VI., who came to the throne about 120 b. c, and proved to 
 be a formidable antagonist of Rome. The reverses suffered 
 by the Romans at his hands led Manilius to bring forward a 
 bill granting Pompey extraordinary powers. This was the im- 
 mediate occasion of Cicero's famous speech ' For the Bill of 
 Manilius,' or ' On Pompey's Commission,' which, however, 
 cannot be understood without a more detailed examination 
 of the circumstances leading up to it. 
 
 Mithridates VI. is one of the most striking characters of 
 ancient history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he 
 was endowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness, 
 indomitable courage, and a consuming ambition. He could 
 converse in twenty-five languages, so that he needed no inter- 
 preter in dealing with the different peoples under his sway. 
 
28 INTRODUCTION 
 
 He delighted to fill his palaces with statuary, pictures, and the 
 surroundings of culture, yet in his relations with rivals and 
 subjects he was a typical Oriental despot, — jealous, cruel, and 
 implacable. He would put to death even the members of his 
 own family for slight reasons ; to protect himself against secret 
 enemies, it is said that he commenced early in life to take 
 poisons in small quantities, that his system might become 
 inured to them. As a general, if he may not be compared 
 with Alexander and Caesar, he may at any rate be mentioned 
 along with the great Oriental conquerors, — Tiglath-Pileser, 
 Cyrus, and Darius ; for with the troops at his command, 
 numerous indeed, but of poor fighting quality, he was able 
 to destroy several Roman armies, and to fight against Rome 
 for almost thirty years. As a hater of the Romans he was 
 second only to Hannibal. 
 
 Mithridates commenced to reign when very young. After 
 he had established himself firmly upon the throne, he entered 
 upon a career of conquest. He annexed Lesser Armenia and 
 Colchis, and crossed the Caucasus range. Having been re- 
 quested by the Greek cities of Olbia and Chersonesus to chas- 
 tise the marauding tribes north of the Euxine Sea, he sent his 
 generals over the country as far as the Tyras River (now 
 Dniester), and made the whole subject to himself. But on 
 the west side of his kingdom opportunity for extension was 
 checked by the bounds of the Roman province of Asia. This 
 at first comprised the portion of Asia Minor west of Bithynia, 
 Phrygia, and Lycia, which had been bequeathed to the Roman 
 people by Attalus III., the last king of Pergamus, in b. c. 133. 
 The states lying between Pontus and the province, particularly 
 Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia, were nominally inde- 
 pendent, but were on good terms with the Romans, and really 
 under a Roman protectorate. 
 
 A collision between the two aggressive powers — Rome, ever 
 
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 29 
 
 impatient of rivals, and Mithridates, fired with the spirit of 
 conquest — was inevitable ; but the first provocation came 
 from the Romans. Early in the reign of Mithridates they took 
 from him Phrygia, which had been under the rule of his father. 
 Biding his time, he increased his resources as rapidly as pos- 
 sible, and formed an alliance with Tigranes, king of Armenia, 
 to whom he gave a daughter in marriage. He made various 
 attempts to get control of Cappadocia, and would have been 
 successful had not the Roman Senate — in 92 b. c. — placed 
 the Cappadocian Ariobarzanes on the throne. The Romans 
 also obliged him to evacuate Paphlagonia, which, he claimed, 
 belonged to him by inheritance. Not yet willing openly to 
 break with Rome, he instigated Tigranes to drive Ariobarzanes 
 out of Cappadocia. About the same time he was instrumental 
 in bringing about the expulsion of Nicomedes III. from Bithy- 
 nia, supporting against the lawful king a claimant of the throne 
 friendly to himself. Both the exiled princes appealed to Rome. 
 She reinstated them without a protest from Mithridates, who 
 had apparently supposed that the disturbances of the Social 
 War would make the Romans forgetful of their interests in 
 the East. Nicomedes, at the instigation of the Roman em- 
 bassador, now assumed the offensive, and invaded Pontus. 
 
 Mithridates sent to Rome to demand satisfaction, but re- 
 ceived none. He at once prepared for hostilities. Thus began 
 the first Mithridatic war, which lasted from 88 to 84 B. c. Mus- 
 tering an army of 250,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry, in one 
 season, b. c. 88, he overran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the 
 greater part of the Roman province of Asia. He defeated the 
 Romans at every point, and gained control of all the western 
 part of Asia Minor, with the exception of a few cities. He 
 poured molten gold down the throat of the Roman governor, 
 M'. Aquillius, in mockery of the man's avarice. He made Per- 
 gamus the place of royal residence. From Ephesus he sent 
 
30 INTRODUCTION 
 
 forth a decree that on a given day all the Italians in the cities 
 of Asia Minor, without distinction of rank, sex, or age, should 
 be put to death. The command was carried out to the letter. 
 In one day 80,000 Italians, some say 150,000, perished. In 
 the rest of the war Mithridates was less fortunate. He sent 
 two armies to Greece, which were defeated by Sulla in 86 
 and in 85 b. c. In 85 also his forces were beaten on their 
 own ground by Fimbria, who had succeeded Flaccus as the 
 representative of the Marian party in the East. A peace was 
 concluded with Sulla in 84. According to the terms of it, 
 Mithridates was to pay an indemnity of three thousand talents 
 ($3,500,000), furnish the Romans with eighty galleys, and 
 give up all the territory he had conquered west of Pontus. 
 
 In the second Mithridatic war (83-81 b. a), Murena, the 
 successor of Sulla in command, was the aggressor. He was 
 soon defeated by Mithridates, who again seized upon Cappa- 
 docia. Sulla, then supreme at Rome, commanded Murena 
 to cease from hostilities, whereupon Mithridates withdrew from 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 It was clear that no peace beween Mithridates and the 
 Romans could be more than a truce, to be broken whenever 
 either of the contracting parties might find it advantageous to 
 assume the offensive. In 75 Nicomedes died, leaving Bithy- 
 nia by will to the Roman people, who immediately took 
 possession of it. Early in 74 Mithridates commenced war, 
 and prosecuted it vigorously. At the lowest estimate his 
 army comprised 120,000 infantry, of which at least a part 
 was armed and trained according to the Roman system ; 
 "16,000 cavalry, and a hundred scythe-bearing chariots. At 
 first successful, he defeated a Roman army under Cotta, and 
 besieged Chalcedon ; but Lucullus soon forced him to raise 
 the siege. His powerful fleet was in part defeated by the 
 Romans, in part shattered by a storm in the Euxine Sea. 
 
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 31 
 
 His great army melted away in successive engagements. The 
 following year Lucullus advanced into Pontus, and in 72 en- 
 camped near the king at Cabira. Mithridates, being hard 
 pressed, gave orders to break camp and retreat. A panic 
 ensued ; the Romans took advantage of the situation and cut 
 his army to pieces. The king would himself have fallen into 
 their hands had his pursuers not stopped to plunder a mule 
 laden with gold. Thus escaping, he sent a eunuch to put 
 to death his wives and sisters, that they might not be captured, 
 and fled to Armenia. 
 
 Tigranes gave orders that his father-in-law be received with 
 becoming dignity ; yet for a year and a half, wishing to avoid 
 cause of rupture with Rome, he refused to admit the king 
 of Pontus to his presence. At length, offended by the 
 haughty demand of the Romans that he surrender Mithri- 
 dates, he made common cause with the deposed monarch. 
 The kings both raised armies ; but in 69 b. c, before their 
 forces had united, Tigranes engaged in battle with Lucullus 
 at Tigranocerta, and suffered a disastrous defeat. Lucullus 
 now pressed on into the interior of Armenia, towards Artaxata ; 
 but mutiny among his troops prevented further advance, and 
 he led them into Mesopotamia. Mithridates quickly gathered 
 another army, and returned to Pontus. Here he gained a 
 victory over Fabius, the Roman lieutenant, and obtained pos- 
 session of the greater part of the country. In 67 he dealt 
 the Romans a crushing blow in the defeat of the forces 
 under Triarius. Seven thousand Romans fell, including 
 many officers; their camp was taken, and only the fact 
 that Mithridates was wounded saved the rest from destruc- 
 tion. Lucullus was almost powerless on account of the 
 disaffection of his troops. At the end of the year 67 
 Mithridates was once more in power over Pontus and the 
 adjoining regions; he was in alliance with Tigranes, and 
 
32 INTRODUCTION 
 
 liable at any moment to make a descent on the province 
 of Asia. 
 
 But the war with Mithridates and Tigranes was not the only 
 cause of disturbance in Roman foreign relations at this time. 
 For some years pirates had gradually become more and more 
 numerous and powerful in all parts of the Mediterranean. 
 They rendered navigation perilous. They cut off the supplies 
 of grain which Rome was wont to receive by sea. They made 
 raids upon cities along the coast, and even carried men of 
 distinction away from Italy to be held for ransom. The evil 
 had grown to such intolerable proportions that in 67 B. c. 
 A. Gabinius proposed a bill giving Pompey absolute jurisdic- 
 tion for three years over all the Mediterranean coast for fifty 
 miles inland. The bill was passed, though contrary to prece- 
 dent both in the powers it conferred and in the manner of 
 conferring them ; for the people in passing the measure as- 
 sumed a function supposed to belong to the Senate. But Pom- 
 pey more than sustained the reputation he already enjoyed as 
 a commander. In three months he cleared the sea of pirates 
 from the Pillars of Hercules to the Hellespont. While 
 Mithridates was making fruitless the victories of Lucullus, 
 Pompey was capturing the strongholds of the pirates in 
 Cilicia, which was immediately organized into a Roman 
 province. 
 
 Under these circumstances, early in 66 B. c, Manilius pro- 
 posed to the people that the government of Bithynia, which 
 had been given to the incompetent Glabrio, as well as of 
 Cilicia and Asia, and the absolute command of the war 
 with Mithridates, be intrusted to Pompey. The bill was 
 opposed by the leaders of the aristocratic party, particu- 
 larly Catulus and Hortensius, on constitutional grounds. 
 Cicero's speech was addressed to the people, and served 
 to intensify the popular feeling in favor of Pompey. It is 
 
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 33 
 
 not difficult to see what motives probably influenced him 
 in thus breaking with the party whose principles he favored. 
 The aristocrats were indeed glad to have Cicero on their 
 side ; but in the interest of patrician traditions they would 
 never countenance the election of a ' new man ' to the con- 
 sulship, which was the goal of the orator's ambition. It 
 appeared necessary for him to win the favor of the people ; 
 in what way could he do this better than by praising the 
 people's hero? he might at the same time also assure himself 
 of that hero's favor. 
 
 The speech for the bill of Manilius, or ' On Pompey's 
 Commission,' as it is more commonly called, shows rather 
 the adroitness of the special pleader than the depth of a 
 true statesman. It belongs to the deliberative class, though 
 the part referring to Pompey is properly demonstrative. 
 From whatever point it is viewed, it is a masterly effort. 
 The orderly and effective arrangement of the matter is 
 matched by the rich, yet forceful and pleasing, manner of 
 expression. 
 
 Whether the objections to Manilius's proposal were valid 
 or not, it was carried. By the end of 66 Pompey had forced 
 Mithridates to take refuge in Dioscurias, a Greek city on the 
 northeast side of the Euxine Sea, and had made terms with 
 Tigranes. The king of Pontus raised another army; but 
 becoming involved in disaffection and treachery, he put an 
 end to his own life in the year 63. Part of his kingdom was 
 annexed to the province of Bithynia ; the rest, left for over 
 a century under native princes, in 63 a. d. became a Roman 
 province under the name of Pontus Polemoniacus. 
 
34 INTRODUCTION 
 
 2. OUTLINE OF THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Exordium. Reasons for not having come forward previously as 
 
 Princifiium. a pu blic speaker. 
 
 insinuate. Your favor, my practice in speaking, and the happy 
 
 nature of the theme, the singular merit of Gnaeus Pompey, make 
 it a duty and a pleasure to speak on this occasion, chap. i. 
 
 Narratio. a war, destructive to our revenues, fraught with 
 
 danger to our allies, is being waged against us by two very power- 
 ful kings. The voice of all demands the appointment of a certain 
 commander. 11., first paragraph. 
 
 Panitio. What ought to be done? Three points are to be 
 
 considered : the character of the war, the greatness of the war, 
 and the choice of a commander, n., second paragraph. 
 
 Discussion. 
 Confirmatio. A. The character of the war. n., last paragraph. 
 The war is of a kind that involves: — 
 
 1. The reputation of the Roman people, who have suffered 
 at the hands of Mithridates more flagrant causes of grievance 
 than those for which our ancestors inflicted summary vengeance, 
 in., iv., v., first paragraph. 
 
 2. The safety of our allies, who are threatened by the enemy, 
 and are pleading for the appointment of Pompey. v., last part. 
 
 3. Our most important revenues, which are imperilled, not 
 simply by war, but by the mere rumor of war. vi. 
 
 4. The property of many Roman citizens engaged in business 
 in Asia, whom expediency and humanity alike require us to pro- 
 tect. VII. 
 
 B. The greatness of the war : so urgent as to demand active 
 measures, yet not so formidable that there need be apprehension 
 regarding the final issue. VIII., first paragraph. 
 
 1. The efforts of Lucullus against the enemy were at first suc- 
 cessful, viii., second paragraph. 
 
 2. But reverses followed, and the war is now more urgent than 
 ever. ix. 
 
THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION 35 
 
 C. The choice of a commander. 
 
 A. Affirmative argument: Pompey the best man. 
 
 1. He possesses all the requisite qualifications, namely: — 
 
 a. Mastery of the art of war. x. 
 
 b. Traits characteristic of a great general and of a great 
 
 man: — 
 
 On the one hand, power of persistent effort, bravery, activity, 
 rapidity of movement, forethought, xi., xn. 
 
 On the other, incorruptibility, self-restraint, good-faith, cour- 
 tesy, talent, humaneness, xiii., xiv. 
 
 c. Standing, witnessed by the general demand for his services, 
 
 the influence of his name, the confidence reposed in him 
 by our enemies, xv., xvi., first paragraph. 
 
 d. Good luck, xvi., latter part. 
 
 2. He is more favorably situated than any one else for prose- 
 
 cuting the war. xvii., first paragraph. 
 
 Refutatio. B , Refutation. Objections to the choice of Pom- 
 
 pey considered. 
 
 1. Answer to particular objections: 
 
 a. To that of Hortensius, that absolute authority ought not 
 
 to be vested in one person; met by reference to the success 
 of the war against the pirates. Brief answer also to an ob- 
 jection raised against the lieutenancy of Gabinius. xvn., 
 last part; xvm., xix. 
 
 b. To those of Catulus, based upon the risk of placing all hope 
 
 in one person, and upon respect for precedent ; shown to be 
 without just grounds, by the citation of examples from the 
 cases of others and of Pompey himself, xx., xxi. 
 
 2. Answer to the objections in general: 
 
 a. The influence of opponents of high standing ought not to 
 
 outweigh the true interests of the Roman people, xxn., 
 first paragraph. 
 
 b. This war demands a peculiar combination of military power 
 
 and irreproachable character, such as only Pompey pos- 
 sesses, xxil., last part; xxiii., first part. 
 
 c. The standing of the opponents of this measure is offset 
 
 by that of the eminent men who favor it. xxiii., last 
 paragraph. 
 
36 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Peroratio. The orator urges Manilius to stand firm, relying upon 
 
 the support of the people ; calls the gods to witness to the purity 
 of his motives in advocating the measure ; assures the people 
 of his loyalty to the interests of the State and to their cwn 
 wishes, xxiv. 
 
 iii. The Speeches against Catiline. 
 i. Occasion and Circumstances of Delivery. 
 
 Lucius Sergius Catilina was born about 108 B.C. He was 
 descended from an old patrician family which had lost its 
 prestige and was in straitened circumstances. From early 
 youth he indulged in all forms of vice with seeming reckless- 
 ness ; yet he was a man of great courage, strong personal 
 magnetism, and unusual abilities as a leader. During the 
 reign of terror under Sulla he distinguished himself, as a 
 partisan of the dictator, by the number of his victims and his 
 remorseless cruelty. Nevertheless he gained the office of 
 praetor for the year 68 b. c, and served as governor of Africa 
 in 67. The following year he returned to Rome to present 
 himself as a candidate for the consulship for 65 ; but he had 
 scarcely entered the city when he was charged with provincial 
 extortion, and thus disqualified for the proposed candidacy. 
 
 The consuls-elect for 65, P. Autronius Paetus and P. Corne- 
 lius Sulla, soon after their election (July, 66) were impeached 
 for bribery, their office being conferred on L. Aurelius Cotta 
 and L. Manlius Torquatus. Autronius, Catiline, and Cn. Cal- 
 purnius Piso now formed a plot to murder the new consuls on 
 the day of their entry into office (Jan. 1, B.C. 65), and seize 
 the authority. As the arrangements were then not complete, 
 the execution of the project was deferred till the 5th of the 
 
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 37 
 
 following February, and it was extended to compass the de- 
 struction of many of the leading men of the State. On the 
 appointed day, however, Catiline gave the signal for attack 
 before the armed helpers had assembled in sufficient numbers, 
 and the plot miscarried. This is known as the first conspiracy 
 of Catiline ; the details of it are obscure and uncertain. 
 
 Nothing daunted, Catiline presented himself as a candidate 
 for the consulship for the year 63, having meanwhile freed 
 himself from the charges against him by wholesale bribery. 
 He set before his associates a program which included the 
 division of the offices of State among themselves, the cancel- 
 lation of all debts, and the murdering of the wealthiest citizens, 
 with the confiscation of their property. As he failed to re- 
 ceive an election, 1 he now rapidly furthered his preparations 
 for a revolution by force of arms. He borrowed great sums of 
 money on his own credit and that of his friends, collected 
 military stores, and gave to C. Manlius, who had been an 
 officer under Sulla, a commission to enroll and train an army. 
 The centre of operations was the neighborhood of Faesulae 
 (now Fiesole) , a few miles north of the city of Florence. As 
 Pompey was in the East, Italy contained no Roman army and 
 no great general, and the time seemed favorable for a sudden 
 stroke. 
 
 In the midst of these preparations, early in 63, Catiline 
 offered himself as a candidate for the consulship for 62. His 
 plan was, if elected, to put Cicero out of the way ; then, as 
 consul-elect, to enter into coalition with the consul Antonius, 
 who to some extent at least was committed to his plans, and 
 thus gain the supreme power. It happened that one of the 
 conspirators, Q. Curius, had made a confidant of Fulvia, a 
 high-born but dissolute woman, in regard to the projects of 
 Catiline ; she, becoming disturbed at the prospect of a revo- 
 
 1 See p. 5. 
 
38 INTRODUCTION 
 
 lution which threatened the security of all, had allowed in- 
 formation regarding the matter to reach the ears of Cicero, 
 and afterwards entered into communication with him. Through 
 her influence, and the offer of large rewards, Cicero succeeded 
 in inducing Curius to act as a secret agent, or detective, and to 
 report every movement of the conspirators at once to himself. 
 As the time for the consular election (July) drew near, he 
 threw out hints about the danger to be apprehended from Cat- 
 iline, and secured a postponement that there might be oppor- 
 tunity for investigation. He detached his colleague, Antonius, 
 from the revolutionary party by the promise of the governor- 
 ship of the rich province of Macedonia, after the expiration 
 of the consular term. When the election was finally held (the 
 date is uncertain), Catiline was again rejected, and a plot 
 he had formed for the murder of several magistrates was ren- 
 dered incapable of execution by the elaborate preparations of 
 Cicero. 
 
 Driven now to desperation, Catiline fixed upon Oct. 27 
 (b. c. 63) as the date for raising the standard of open rebel- 
 lion, and the following day for the massacre of his opponents 
 and the pillaging of Rome. But on Oct. 21 Cicero attacked 
 him openly in the Senate, which, immediately afterwards passed 
 a decree vesting supreme authority in the consuls for the pro- 
 tection of the State. Some days later word came that Man- 
 lius had actually taken up arms on the 27th, as expected, and 
 that slaves were arming in Capua and in Apulia. Thereupon 
 the Senate authorized the drafting of troops, and ordered all 
 precautions for the defence of the city. Catiline was charged 
 with sedition by a young patrician, L. Aemilius Paulus ; pro- 
 testing his innocence, he offered to place himself in free 
 custody. 1 
 
 On the night of Nov. 6 he met his followers at the house 
 
 1 See n. to p. 69, 1. 5. 
 
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 39 
 
 of Marcus Laeca, where arrangements were perfected for 
 the firing and plundering of Rome. He said that Cicero 
 stood in the way of accomplishing his designs ; whereupon L. 
 Vargunteius, a senator, and C. Cornelius, a knight, volunteered 
 to murder the consul at daybreak in his own house. A report 
 of the meeting was brought to Cicero in the night ; when the 
 would-be assassins went to call on him in the morning, they 
 found the house closed against them. On the 8th of Novem- 
 ber Cicero called a meeting of the Senate in the temple of 
 Jupiter Stator; finding Catiline present, he assailed the arch- 
 conspirator in the bitter invective known as the First Ora- 
 tion against Catiline. Catiline attempted to justify himself, 
 emphasizing the public services and respectability of his fam- 
 ily ; but being greeted with cries of "enemy" and "traitor" 
 he left the Senate. The same night he set out for Etruria, 
 causing the report to be circulated that he was gcing to live 
 in exile at Marseilles. 
 
 On the following day (Nov. 9) Cicero addressed the peo- 
 ple from the Rostra in the Second Oration, congratulat- 
 ing them on the departure of Catiline, and endeavoring to 
 frighten the remaining conspirators into leaving the city. 
 But though Lentulus, Cethegus, and their associates kept 
 actively at work in Rome, three weeks passed before the 
 consul could secure evidence against them sufficient to war- 
 rant making any arrests. The 19th of December was the 
 date finally set for murdering the officers of State and plun- 
 dering the city. Meanwhile news came that Catiline had 
 assumed command of the insurgent forces at Faesulae. The 
 Senate promptly pronounced' both him and Manlius public 
 enemies, and sent the consul Antonius against them with an 
 army. 
 
 A delegation from the Allobroges happened to be in Rome 
 at this time, seeking relief from certain abuses. Having re- 
 
40 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ceived no satisfaction from the Senate, they readily listened 
 to a proposal to interest their people in the conspiracy. Im- 
 pressed with the seriousness of the matter, however, they laid 
 it before their patron, Q. Fabius Sanga, who immediately 
 reported the facts to Cicero. The consul saw here a golden 
 opportunity for obtaining the evidence he so much needed. 
 Acting in accordance with his instructions, the deputies of the 
 Allobroges professed the warmest interest in the conspiracy, 
 and asked for written pledges to take to their people. These 
 were freely given. They promised furthermore that on their 
 way back to Gaul they would turn aside to confer with Cati- 
 line in Etruria ; and Lentulus designated a certain T. Vol- 
 turcius to accompany them, with a letter and messages for 
 Catiline. Late in the night of December 2 the deputies, 
 accompanied by Volturcius, set out from Rome. At the 
 Mulvian bridge, two miles north of the city, they were stopped 
 by two praetors and a company of soldiers sent to intercept 
 them in accordance with a previous understanding with Cicero. 
 After a show of resistance, they yielded up the documents 
 which they had received from the conspirators, and returned 
 to Rome. Early in the morning (Dec. 3), before news of the 
 affair had spread, Cicero sent for Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, 
 and Gabinius, and brought them before the Senate, which 
 met in the temple of Concord, in the Forum. Here Voltur- 
 cius, having turned State's evidence, gave important testi- 
 mony ; the letters delivered to the deputies of the Allobroges, 
 after the seals had been acknowledged by the writers, were 
 read, and the guilt of the conspirators was conclusively estab- 
 lished. The meeting of the Senate lasted till late in the day. 
 At the close Cicero appeared before the people and delivered 
 the Third Oration, which gave an account of the day's pro- 
 ceedings and, like the second, answered the purpose of an 
 official bulletin of information. 
 
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 41 
 
 The day after the arrest of the conspirators, the report was 
 spread abroad that an attempt would be made to rescue them 
 by force ; but stringent measures prevented any outbreak. 
 The next day (Dec. 5) the Senate met to decide what should 
 be done with the prisoners. Silanus, the consul-elect, de- 
 clared himself in favor of putting them to death, and was 
 supported in this by the other senators present till the ques- 
 tion came to Julius Caesar. He proposed that the conspira- 
 tors in custody be distributed under life-sentence among the 
 municipal towns. As the Senate now wavered in opinion, 
 Cicero arose and delivered the Fourth Oration, in which, 
 after reviewing the propositions of both Silanus and Caesar, 
 he clearly revealed his own feeling in favor of the extreme 
 penalty. The decisive turn to the debate, however, was given 
 by Marcus Cato, who spoke so earnestly in favor of the imme- 
 diate execution of the prisoners that he carried the great 
 majority of the Senate with him. That evening Lentulus, 
 Cethegus, Gabinius, Statilius, and Ceparius, who had been 
 captured just outside the city, were strangled * in the Tullia- 
 num, a loathsome subterranean dungeon on the slope of the 
 Capitoline Hill, northwest of the Forum. Early in January 
 (62) the forces of Catiline, comprising not far from 5,000 
 men, were annihilated near Pistoria (modern Pistoja), about 
 twenty miles northwest of Florence, and he himself, while 
 fighting with the courage of despair, was slain. 
 
 The Catilinarian orations were written out after their deliv- 
 ery, and no doubt carefully revised before publication. The 
 genuineness of the speeches as they stand has been questioned, 
 but without good reason. As might be expected from the 
 nature of the theme and the occasion, their structure is less 
 symmetrical than that of Cicero's more carefully prepared 
 addresses. The following outlines may be of assistance in 
 following the thought. 
 
 1 On the constitutionality of this act, see N. to p. 108, 1. 3. 
 
42 INTRODUCTION 
 
 2. Outline of the First Oration against Catiline. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Exordium. Abrupt outburst against Catiline's effrontery, and the 
 
 degeneracy of the time. chap, l, 11. 1-18. 
 
 Narratio. Precedent and authority warrant putting Catiline to 
 
 death. The danger is great, but he is foiled, i., 1. 19 
 to end; 11. 
 
 Discussion. 
 Confirmatio. A. Addressed to Catiline. 
 
 1. Your plans are clearly revealed to us. in., iv. 
 
 2. It is best for you to leave Rome and take your followers with 
 you ; for 
 
 a. Your plots against my life have failed, v. 
 
 b. Here you are hated and feared on account of your crimes, as 
 
 shown to-day in the Senate, vi., vii. 
 
 c. No good man will be security for you. vin., to 1. 22. 
 
 d. The Senate wants you to go. vin., 1. 22 to end. 
 
 e. You are altogether hopeless; the life of a freebooter will suit 
 
 you. ix., x. 
 
 B. Addressed to the Senate. 
 
 1. Why do I not have Catiline put to death, as precedent and 
 public interest demand ? Because it is better for him to leave 
 Rome and so lure forth his associates. XL, xn. 
 
 2. We are at a climax of wickedness ; but I pledge the victory 
 of the good. xiii. , to 1. 27. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 Conclusio. Final exhortation to Catiline to depart. Prayer to 
 
 Jupiter Stator for protection, xiil, end. 
 
 3. Outline of the Second Oration. 
 
 Introduction. 
 Exordium. Congratulations on Catiline's departure, chap. I., 
 
 11. 1-8. 
 Narratio. He is conquered and undone. I., 1. 9 to end. 
 
 Partitio. It was better to drive him forth than to put him to 
 
 death, on account of his associates. 11. 
 
THE SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINE 43 
 
 Discussion. 
 Confirmatio. i. Catiline's associates, hopelessly depraved, should 
 leave the city, in., iv., v. 
 
 2. Catiline himself, reprobate that he is, has not been driven 
 into exile, but has joined Manlius. vi., vn. 
 
 3. Catiline's forces are recruited from six classes, each of which 
 needs a special warning: 
 
 a. Rich but extravagant men, in financial embarrassment, vin. 
 
 b. Bankrupts, desirous of power, ix., to 1. 21. 
 
 c. Veterans of Sulla, who long for a renewal of the seasons of 
 
 violence, ix., 1. 22 to end. 
 
 d. Hopeless but restless debtors, x., to 1. 20. 
 
 e. Professional criminals, x., 11. 21-25. 
 /. Profligates, x., 1. 26 to end. 
 
 4. Such forces bear no comparison with ours. xi. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 Conclusio. The orator reminds the citizens of their duty, and 
 
 assures them of safety, warns the conspirators (xn.); promises a 
 complete but bloodless victory, with the help of the gods. xill. 
 
 4. Outline of the Third Oration. 
 
 Introduction. 
 The State, your lives, this city have narrowly es- 
 
 Exordium et 
 Narratio. 
 
 caped destruction, chap, l, 11. 1-20. 
 Partitio. I shall explain how the conspiracy has been traced 
 
 out and checked. 1., 1. 21 to end of paragraph. 
 
 Discussion. 
 Confirmatio, \. My efforts to secure evidence for conviction were 
 crowned with success through the interception of the deputies of 
 the Allobroges and the arrest of leading conspirators. I., end; 
 11., in. 
 
 2. This evidence was to-day presented to the Senate : 
 
 a. The testimony of Volturcius, and of the Gauls, iv. 
 
 b. Reading of the letters, — their seals acknowledged by the 
 
 prisoners, v. 
 
 c. Action of the Senate after hearing the evidence ; rewards to 
 
 officers, decrees against nine conspirators, appointment of 
 special thanksgiving, vi. 
 
44 INTRODUCTION 
 
 3. The conspiracy is now checked once for all. vit. 
 
 4. This result has been achieved through the immediate help of 
 the gods, viii., ix. 
 
 5. The present disturbance differs from all preceding disturb- 
 ances in this State in its deadly character, and in the fact that it 
 has been put down without bloodshed, x. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 Conclusio. For my services I ask only the undying recollection 
 
 of this day, and your protection, present and future. Guard your 
 homes; I will guard the city. XI., xn. 
 
 5. Outline of the Fourth Oration. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Exordium. My own safety ; its relation to the safety of all. 
 
 chap. I.; 11., to 1. 31. 
 Narratio. The present state of the conspiracy. 11., end; in. 
 
 to 1. 26. 
 Partitio. The question of penalty before the Senate, in., 1. 27 
 
 to end. 
 
 Discussion. 
 
 Confirmatio. 1. The two proposals regarding punishment, the one 
 of Silanus, that the conspirators be put to death ; the other of 
 Caesar, that they be guarded under life-sentence in the municipali- 
 ties. IV. 
 
 2. The character of Caesar's proposal, v., to 1. 34. 
 Refutatio. 3. Caesar's objections to the proposal of Silanus 
 
 met: — 
 
 a. The conspirators should be treated as enemies, not as citi- 
 
 zens. v., end. 
 
 b. Apparent cruelty may in reality be kindness and mercy, vi. 
 
 4. Well-considered and decisive action demanded, 
 
 a. On account of the patriotic feeling of all classes, vn., vni. 
 
 b. On account of the magnitude and sacredness of the interests 
 
 at stake, ix. 
 
 5. Digression on the orator's peril, and services, x., xi., first 
 
 part. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Conclusio. Vote as the importance of the case demands ; at no 
 
 matter how great cost to myself, I will carry out your decision. 
 XL, last paragraph. 
 
a. d. xn 
 
 . Kal. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 = Oct. 21. 
 
 a. d. vi. 
 
 Kal. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 = Oct. 27. 
 
 . a. d. v. 
 
 Kal. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 = Oct. 28. 
 
 
 Kal. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 = Nov. 1. 
 
 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 45 
 
 6. Chronology of the Speeches against Catiline. 
 
 a. u. c. 691 = b. c. 63. 
 
 Assembly for the Election of Con- 
 suls for 62 Sept.? Sept.? 
 
 Cicero lays information about the 
 conspiracy before the Senate, 
 which confers extraordinary au- 
 thority on the consuls .... 
 
 Manlius takes up arms at Faesulae 
 
 Day set by Catiline for the massacre 
 of the nobles 
 
 Unsuccessful attempt on Praeneste 
 
 Meeting of the conspirators at Lae- 
 ca's, night of a. d. vm. Id. Nov. = Nov. 6. 
 
 Miscarrying of the plan to murder 
 
 Cicero, morning of a. d. vn. Id. Nov. = Nov. 7. 
 
 First Oration, before the Senate a. d. vi. Id. Nov. = Nov. 8. 
 The following night Catiline left Rome. 
 
 Second Oration, to the people . . a. d. v. Id. Nov. = Nov. 9. 
 
 Antonius sent north with an army . . . about the middle of Nov. 
 
 Interception of the deputies of the 
 Allobroges, night of a. d. iv. Non. Dec. = Dec. 2. 
 
 Arrest of conspirators ; laying of ev- 
 idence before the Senate ; Third 
 Oration, to the people . . . . a. d. 111. Non. Dec. = Dec. 3. 
 
 Rumors of a proposed attempt to 
 
 rescue the conspirators pr. Non. Dec. = Dec. 4. 
 
 Trial of the conspirators before the 
 
 Senate ; Fourth Oration Non. Dec. = Dec. 5. 
 
 The following night the five conspir- 
 ators in custody were executed. 
 
 Catiline falls in battle, beginning 
 of A. u. c. 692 = B. c. 62. 
 
 iv. The Oration for Archias. 
 1. occasion and circumstances of delivery. 
 The poet Archias was a Greek by nationality, born at Anti- 
 och, then the chief city of Syria, about 1 19 b. c. He received 
 
46 INTRODUCTION 
 
 what was considered a liberal education, and early developed 
 a remarkable facility in poetic composition. He was espe- 
 cially gifted as an improviser, being able to compose and 
 recite verses offhand with great skill. As the unsettled state 
 of affairs in his native city gave little encouragement to the 
 arts, while yet a youth he started out to visit the Greek towns 
 in Asia Minor and Greece. Everywhere his talents received 
 enthusiastic recognition. After a time he crossed over to 
 Southern Italy, where public honors were conferred upon him 
 by the citizens of Tarentum, Regium, Neapolis, and perhaps 
 Locri. 
 
 In 102 b.c. Archias came to Rome. Here he was soon on 
 terms of intimacy with many prominent men ; for the edu- 
 cated Romans of this period as a rule cultivated a taste for 
 Greek literature. But his chief patrons were the Luculli. 1 
 After he had been at Rome for some time he accompanied M. 
 Lucullus on a journey to Sicily ; on the way back he was hon- 
 ored with the citizenship of Heraclea. In 89 b. c. a law {Lex 
 Plautia Papiria) was passed which conferred Roman citizen- 
 ship on the citizens of such Italian towns as possessed formal 
 treaty relations with Rome. In order to become Roman citi- 
 zens under this act, the inhabitants of the favored cities must 
 be able to fulfil two conditions : they must possess a settled 
 place of residence in Italy, and within sixty days must give 
 their names to one of the Roman praetors holding office 
 at the time. Archias complied with these conditions, and 
 for twenty-seven years his standing as a Roman citizen was 
 unquestioned. 
 
 At this time a common way of annoying public men was 
 
 to attack their friends. Lucius Lucullus, who had taken Archias 
 
 with him on his Asiatic campaigns, was still a man of influence, 
 
 but had bitter enemies. It was apparently rather to vex him 
 
 1 See Vocab. 
 
THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 47 
 
 than to disturb Archias that in 62 B.C. a man named Gratius 
 attempted to invalidate the poet's claim of Roman citizenship. 
 Cicero undertook the defence of the case partly no doubt to 
 accommodate Lucullus, partly to discharge an obligation he 
 felt under to Archias. At the trial Quintus Cicero, the orator's 
 brother, presided, being praetor. The case for the prosecu- 
 tion was extremely weak. It rested mainly on the assumption 
 that the poet's citizenship of Heraclea could not be estab- 
 lished, because the records of that city had perished ; and on 
 the fact that his name did not appear on the lists of the 
 Roman census, where it would naturally be registered. But 
 the orator brought forward witnesses whose testimony took the 
 place of the missing records of Heraclea, and easily explained 
 the omission of the poet's name from the census lists. The 
 argument for the defence was irrefutable. 
 
 As a piece of legal argument, the speech for Archias is less 
 to the point than would be tolerated in a plea before a mod- 
 ern court. Very likely when Cicero wrote it out for publica- 
 tion he cut down the technical portion, dealing with the facts, 
 eliminating such details as would detract from the interest of 
 the reader, but did not reduce the more attractive matter of 
 the latter part, concerning the relation of literary pursuits to 
 the public welfare, and the services of Archias in extending the 
 glory of Rome. A Roman court allowed the presentation of 
 a wider range of matter in sustaining a point than would now 
 be considered in place ; and certainly the orator strengthened 
 his case by showing that the interests of his client were in a 
 measure the interests of the State, whose duty it should always 
 be to favor those who promote literature. The singular charm 
 of this oration lies in its expression of universal sentiment 
 regarding literature, particularly poetry, in a well-nigh faultless 
 style, which at times approaches the manner of the essay. Its 
 genuineness has been attacked, but without success ; nothing 
 could be more Ciceronian. 
 
48 INTRODUCTION 
 
 2. Outline of the Oration for Archias. 
 
 Introduction. 
 Exordium. Obligation of the orator to undertake the defence of 
 
 Archias. The character of the case, requiring treatment 
 
 out of the ordinary, chap. i. ; n., first part. 
 Partitio. It will be proved that Archias is a Roman citizen; 
 
 that if he were not, he ought to be. 11., end. 
 Narratio. Birth, fame, travels of Archias; his reception at 
 
 Rome ; his enrolment as a citizen at Heraclea, then at Rome, 
 in.; iv., first part. 
 
 Discussion. 
 
 A. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen. 
 Conflrmatio. j. Proof of enrolment as a citizen at Heraclea by wit- 
 nesses, iv., middle. 
 
 2. Proof of residence and registration at Rome by the concen- 
 tration of his interests there, by the presence of his name on a 
 praetor's register, and by the recognition of his standing as a citi- 
 zen in various transactions, iv., end ; v. 
 
 B. Proof that Archias ought in any case to be a Roman citizen. 
 i. The promotion of literature a matter of general interest : — 
 a. Indebtedness of the orator to literature for both ideals and 
 inspiration, vi. 
 Refutatio. fr. Refutation of the objection that there have been 
 
 great men who were not versed in letters, vn., first part. 
 c. Universal appreciation of literature, vn., latter part ; viil, 
 
 first part. 
 2. The special claims of Archias as a poet : — 
 
 a. Veneration due to poetic genius, vin., latter part. 
 
 b. His treatment of national themes, ix., first part. 
 
 c. Precedents from the cases of Ennius and Theophanes. ix., 
 
 end ; x. 
 
 d. Fame an incentive and reward of deeds; future services of 
 
 Archias in magnifying the Roman name. xi. ; xn., first 
 part. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 Conclusio. a. Summary of evidence, xn., middle. 
 
 b- Appeal for a sympathetic consideration of the case, xn., 
 latter part. 
 
THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 49 
 
 v. The Address of Thanks for the Pardon of Marcellus. 
 
 I. OCCASION AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF DELIVERY. 
 
 Marcus Claudius Marcellus belonged to the most distin- 
 guished of the plebeian branches of the great Claudian gens. 
 Nothing is known of his early life except that from boyhood 
 he was a warm friend of Cicero. He was curule aedile in 
 5 6 b. c, and consul in 5 1 . During his consulship, being an 
 ardent partisan of Pompey, he manifested the most bitter ha- 
 tred toward Caesar. The latter had recently settled a colony 
 at Coraura, in Cisalpine Gaul, conferring special privileges 
 upon the inhabitants ; Marcellus caused a prominent native of 
 the place to be publicly flogged at Rome, simply in order to 
 bring Caesar's authority into contempt. As the relations be- 
 tween Pompey and Caesar became more and more strained, 
 Marcellus was less vehement, and tried to delay the inevitable 
 outbreak of hostilities ; failing in this attempt, he lent a half- 
 hearted support to the side of Pompey, whom he joined in 
 Epirus. After the battle of Pharsalus he retired to Mytilene 
 and devoted himself to his favorite studies, oratory and phi- 
 losophy, remaining there in voluntary exile. 
 
 After Caesar had gained the supreme power, his leniency 
 toward his former enemies was a matter of surprise to all. In 
 accordance with his usual policy he paid no attention to Mar- 
 cellus, who resisted the urgent advice of Cicero to ask the 
 dictator's pardon. Meanwhile Marcellus's friends were active 
 in his behalf. At length in the summer of 46, at a meeting of 
 the Senate, Gaius Marcellus, a brother of Marcus, threw himself 
 at Caesar's feet and implored the forgiveness of the exile, 
 being joined in his supplication by many of the senators. 
 Caesar, having commented on the hatred Marcellus had borne 
 him, and on the danger to himself in freely allowing his ene- 
 4 
 
50 INTRODUCTION 
 
 mies to return, declared that he would leave the decision of 
 the matter to the Senate, which was apparently unanimous in 
 the desire to have Marcellus restored to civil rights. Cicero 
 was touched by the magnanimity of the dictator, and also 
 thought he saw in this deference to the opinion of the Senate 
 an entering wedge to the restoration of the authority of that 
 body, and promise of a return to the old constitutional forms. 
 Inspired by the occasion, he arose and expressed the feeling 
 of the moment in an impassioned address of thanks to Caesar, 
 the speech known by the inaccurate title of Pro Marcello. 
 Though Marcellus appeared indifferent regarding the opportu- 
 nity to return to Rome, he soon after set out for Italy. Stop- 
 ping at the Piraeus on the way, he was murdered there, 
 doubtless in consequence of a private feud. 
 
 Since the time of F. A. Wolf, who in 1802 published an 
 elaborate argument against the Ciceronian authorship of the 
 Pro Marcello, the genuineness of this speech has been much 
 discussed. Recent criticism has restored it to Cicero, to 
 whom it undoubtedly belongs. It appears, however, to have 
 been published immediately after its delivery, perhaps from 
 short-hand notes, without the careful revision which Cicero 
 usually gave to his speeches. It possesses a peculiar interest 
 for the modern reader on account of the temporary reconcili- 
 ation of the orator with the dictator which it pictures, even 
 though the enthusiasm of the moment led to an overstatement 
 of Caesar's virtues. Yet such exaggeration, considering the 
 circumstances and the temperament of the speaker, is far from 
 unnatural ; and in fact lends a poetic coloring to the style. 
 
 2. Outline of the Marcellus. 
 Introduction. 
 Exordium. The unprecedented clemency of Caesar, shown by 
 
 the pardon of Marcellus, forces me to speak, chap. i. 
 
THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY 51 
 
 Discussion. 
 
 A. The deeds of Caesar. 
 Confirmatio. i. Great beyond description are Caesar's deeds, espe- 
 cially in war. n. 
 
 2. But greater is his clemency, in., iv. 
 
 3. The pardon of Marcellus augurs well for the peace and wel- 
 fare of the State, v., vi. 
 
 B. Caesar's danger. 
 
 1. Danger to Caesar is peril to the State, vn. 
 
 2. His work is not finished so long as so much remains to be 
 done, not only for the present but also for the future, vill., ix. 
 
 5. Caesar's safety is our safety, x. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Conditio. For this gracious pardon we all return our heartfelt 
 
 thanks, xi. 
 
 vi. The Fourth Speech against Antony. 
 1. occasion and circumstances of delivery. 
 
 In the year 44 b. c. Julius Caesar was consul for the fifth 
 time, with Marcus Antonius (known as Mark Antony, or An- 
 tony) as colleague. After the assassination of Caesar (15 
 March), Antony made a compact with Lepidus, Master of 
 the Horse, and with his help soon gained control of affairs. 
 Those who were prominently connected with the murder of 
 Caesar withdrew from the city. At this time Octavius (after- 
 wards called Octavianus), Caesar's heir, was in Epirus, com- 
 pleting his education by a season in the army. In May he 
 returned to Rome, where, by skilfully taking advantage of 
 every opportunity to advance his own interests, he soon be- 
 came exceedingly popular. 
 
 As soon as it became clear that the attempt to restore the 
 old constitution had failed, Cicero retired to his villas and 
 employed his time in writing works on philosophy. At the 
 
52 INTRODUCTION 
 
 end of July, feeling insecure, he went to Sicily, whence on 
 Aug. 2 he set sail for Greece. Being driven back by adverse 
 winds to Leucopetra (south of Regium), he heard that there 
 was a possibility of an agreement between Antony and Brutus 
 and Cassius. Changing his plan he started for Rome, and 
 reached the city on Aug. 31, only to find that all hope of a 
 reconciliation was now gone, and that Antony had summoned 
 a meeting of the Senate for the following day. Cicero, mak- 
 ing a pretence of illness, did not attend this meeting, and in 
 his absence was violently attacked by Antony who, as consul, 
 presided. Now that Cicero was on the ground, a collision 
 with Antony was inevitable. The other consul, Dolabella, 
 who had been elected to fill out the unexpired term of Caesar, 
 was friendly to the party of Brutus. On Sept. 2 he presided 
 at a meeting of the Senate in the Temple of Concord, at 
 which Cicero appeared, and replied to Antony's attack in a 
 speech which, though moderate in tone, was nevertheless de- 
 cided. This was followed in the last weeks of 44 and the 
 earlier part of 43 by other speeches against Antony. Four- 
 teen of these are extant; they are called Philippics, from 
 their similarity to the celebrated Philippics of Demosthenes, 
 directed against Philip of Macedon. 
 
 In the latter part of November (44) two legions, the Fourth 
 and the Martian, deserted Antony and went over to Octavia- 
 nus, whereupon Antony left Rome, to prevent further defec- 
 tions. On the 20th of December, though both consuls were 
 absent from the city, a meeting of the Senate was called to 
 transact important business ; Cicero arose and in a vehement 
 speech (the Third Philippic), advocated the passing of a vote 
 of thanks to the two legions that had left Antony, and propos- 
 ing to make void the recent changes Antony had made in the 
 assignment of the provinces. Both motions passed. At the 
 close of the meeting Cicero informed the people, in the Fourth 
 Philippic, of the action of the Senate and its significance. 
 
THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY 53 
 
 The Fourth Philippic was probably given to the world with- 
 out revision. It is, however, full of interest as a specimen of 
 refined invective, and of considerable historical value as a 
 contemporary document for a period whose political move- 
 ments are complicated and obscure. Its genuineness has been 
 questioned, but without result. 
 
 2. Outline of the Fourth Speech against Antony. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Exordium. The presence of the citizens in so great numbers in- 
 
 spires the greatest activity and hope for our State. 
 CHAP. I., beginning. 
 
 Narratioet There is all the greater reason for hope in the fact 
 
 Partitio. ° r 
 
 that Antony has been judged an enemy, and that the 
 citizens have warmly approved the decision. I., middle. 
 
 Discussion. 
 Confirmatio. A. Antony has been judged an enemy : 
 
 i. The action of the Senate in honoring Octavianus, the oppo- 
 nent of Antony. I., latter part; n., first part. 
 
 2. The approved action of the legions in deserting Antony, ii., 
 latter part ; in., first part. 
 
 3. The action of D. Brutus in resisting him, and the general ap- 
 proval of that course, in., latter part ; iv., first part. 
 
 4. By reason of these things Antony is considered consul only 
 by the desperate, who have hope of booty; and even the gods are 
 on our side, iv., latter part. 
 
 B. The citizens should remain steadfast in their judgment of 
 Antony as an enemy. 
 
 1. No terms of peace with Antony are possible, v., first part. 
 
 2. The valor and military precedents of the Roman people ad- 
 mit no halfway measures, v., latter part ; VI., first part. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 Conclusio. The Roman people are engaged in a deadly struggle. 
 
 Antony must be put down as Catiline was. So far as in me lies, I 
 shall not be found wanting, vi., latter part. 
 
54 INTRODUCTION 
 
 III. THE LETTERS OF CICERO, 
 i. Private Correspondence among the Romans. 
 
 As the relations of Rome with the rest of the ancient world 
 became more and more intimate, and men passed easily from 
 the City to the provinces, while the provincials flocked to 
 Rome, letter-writing increased proportionately in extent and 
 importance. In Cicero's time the Roman of standing fre- 
 quently carried on a voluminous correspondence. There 
 was, however, no postal system like that of to-day ; and let- 
 ters were carried to their destination, if not at too great dis- 
 tance, by special messengers. Letters to persons in distant 
 parts were sent by sea-captains, by the carriers of despatches 
 for certain classes of government officers (particularly the col- 
 lectors of revenue), and in general by any one going that way 
 who could be induced to take charge of them. Communica- 
 tions of a confidential nature were often written in cipher, of 
 which the correspondent had previously been furnished the 
 key, and were sometimes sent in duplicate by different con- 
 veyances. In good weather letters conveyed by land prob- 
 ably went at the rate of fifty miles a day ; but it took three 
 weeks to send from Rome to Athens. 
 
 The form of letters varied at different periods and accord- 
 ing to circumstances. In the earlier days writing-tablets 
 (tabulae, or pugillares') were exclusively employed. These 
 consisted of two or more thin slips of wood or ivory, usually 
 oblong, and fastened at the back with wires so that they 
 
THE LETTERS OF CICERO 55 
 
 would open as our books. The average size was probably 
 not much smaller than this page. The inside pages or leaves 
 were provided with a slight raised rim about the margin, so 
 that the enclosed surfaces, which were coated with a thin layer 
 of wax, would not rub. On these surfaces the writing was 
 done with the pointed end of a stilus of metal or bone ; the 
 other end of the stilus was flattened, so that it could be used 
 to rub the wax back over a word or line in which there was an 
 error. The wax was usually black, and the writing showed 
 the color of the underlying wood or ivory, which was white, 
 or at least of a light tint. Tablets of two leaves (that is, 
 with two outside pages and two pages prepared for writing) 
 were called diptycha ; of three leaves, with four pages for 
 writing, triptycha ; there were even pentaptycha, of five leaves, 
 in which there were eight pages that could be written on. 
 When the letter was finished, strong thread was passed through 
 one or more perforations in the margin or even at the centre, 
 then wound closely around the tablets and tied. Over the 
 knot the seal of the sender was stamped in wax or in fine 
 clay. As the handwriting within was often that of an aman- 
 uensis, who in most cases was a slave, the seal was of very 
 great importance as a means of identification. For this rea- 
 son when a letter was opened the thread was cut in such a way 
 as to leave the seal undisturbed. These writing-tablets were 
 so convenient that they continued in use to modern times. 
 At Florence there is a waxen tablet of the year 1301. 
 
 In the time of Cicero writing-tablets were used for short 
 letters ; but longer communications were often written with a 
 reed pen and ink upon paper prepared from the papyrus. 
 Usually before they were written on, but sometimes afterwards, 
 the pages of paper were pasted together at the sides, forming 
 a long sheet, or roll. The writing was in columns, which were 
 
56 INTRODUCTION 
 
 parallel to the ends of the sheet, so that the lines ran in the 
 direction of the length. The letter thus prepared was care- 
 fully rolled up, in much the same manner as books ' {libri) 
 were at that time, and was then tied about the middle, a seal 
 being placed over the knot. 
 
 At the head of a letter stood the name of the sender in the 
 nominative case, with the name of the person to whom it was 
 addressed in the dative, usually accompanied also by the ab- 
 breviation S. D. (= salutem dicit, ' sends greeting '), or S. P. d., 
 S. plur. D. (= Sainton plurimam dicit, ' sends most cordial 
 greeting'). In more formal correspondence pains was taken 
 to give forenames and titles. At the beginning of the letter, 
 S. v. b. e. v. (= si vales, bene est ; valeo), or a similar for- 
 mula was often placed. The close was frequently abrupt ; 
 sometimes vale or a like expression was added, with the date ; 
 the place of writing was given in the ablative. The outside 
 address was of the simplest character, containing the name of 
 the person to whom the letter was sent, in the dative case. 
 
 ii. Cicero's Correspondence. 
 Cicero did not publish his letters. They were given to 
 the world probably by Tiro (see Vocab., and p. 19), arranged 
 in several collections. Those extant comprise only a portion 
 of the number once known. Mention is made of a collection 
 of the letters to Caesar, which must have contained at least 
 three books ; and there were similar collections of the letters 
 to Pompey, in at least four books, to M. Brutus, in nine books, 
 and to Octavianus, in three ; there was also a collection of let- 
 ters to Hirtius. Of the letters which have been preserved, the 
 first was written in the year 68 b. c. ; the latest in 43, some 
 months before Cicero's death. They vary in length from a 
 few lines to several pages. They are grouped as follows : — 
 
THE LETTERS OF CICERO 57 
 
 'To his Friends' (ad Familiares, abbreviated ad Fam.); xvi. 
 books. The title is inaccurate, because some of the letters 
 were written to persons not included within the orator's circle 
 of friends, and also because a number of them are not from 
 Cicero, but addressed to him. 
 
 ' To his brother Quintus ' (ad Qirintian Fratrem, ad Q. Fr.) ; 
 ill. books. The first letter is a rather formal discussion of 
 the duties of a provincial magistrate, in sixteen chapters. 
 
 'To Atticus' (ad Atticum, ad Att.); xvi. books. 
 
 ' To Marcus Brutus ' (ad M. Brutum, ad Brut) ; n. books 
 At least two of the letters to Brutus appear to be forgeries. 
 
 The literary value of the letters, and their bearing on our 
 knowledge of Cicero, have been alluded to in another connec- 
 tion (see pp. 20-2 2 ) . Among noteworthy characteristics of the 
 style are, the common yet delicate use of colloquial expressions, 
 and the employment of language akin to that of comedy ; 
 the frequent introduction of Greek words and phrases, just as 
 we often give a turn to a sentence with French or German ; 
 the coining of new words on the spur of the moment to suit a 
 passing need ; and the free use of superlatives and diminutives. 
 As might be expected of a correspondent at once so sensitive, 
 sympathetic, and vivacious as Cicero, the letters are varied 
 with an ever-surprising richness of feeling and thought ; and 
 the variety of the matter is hardly greater than that of the man- 
 ner of expression. They are pervaded by a breezy freshness 
 that makes the surroundings and emotions of the writer as real 
 to us as our own experiences. Hence it must always be that 
 the more they are read the more they will be appreciated. 
 But they are not simply entertaining or of general human in- 
 terest ; the light they throw on the inner political movements 
 and social life of the time gives them a value as historical 
 documents second to that of no other writings of the period. 
 
58 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 IV. THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT IN CICERO'S 
 TIME. 
 
 The speeches and letters of Cicero are full of references to 
 the organization and administration of the Roman state in his 
 time. The following outline may be found helpful in group- 
 ing the scattered information which the reader of them will 
 naturally acquire. It applies to the constitution after the 
 time of Sulla. For the literature of the subject see the 
 editor's "Fifty Topics in Roman Antiquities," pp. 35-37, 
 17, 18. 
 
 Citizens 
 
 Who they were 
 
 Free inhabitants of Rome. 
 Free inhabitants of Italy, who 
 
 must go to Rome if they 
 
 wished to vote. 
 
 Division : — 35 tribes, each tribe subdivided into 5 
 classes, each class into 2 centuries, = 350 centuries. 
 
 Registration : — In the lists of the censors, by whom 
 a citizen was assigned to his tribe, class, and cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Assem- 
 blies 
 
 Comitia Centuriata, an assembly 
 by centuries, to elect consuls, 
 praetors, censors. 
 Of the People . \ Comitia Tributa, an assembly 
 by tribes, to elect the lesser 
 magistrates and enact laws, 
 known as plebiscita. 
 
 Of Counsellors designated by appointment: — Sena- 
 tils, containing about 600 members ; charged with 
 legislation upon foreign affairs, and matters of 
 religion and finance. 
 
ROMAN GOVERNMENT IN CICERO'S TIME 59 
 
 Officers 
 
 Magistrates 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 [2 Consuls 
 
 8 Praetors (i 6 under Caesar) 
 2 Censors 
 io Tribunes 
 
 4 Aediles (6 under Caesar) 
 20 Quaestors (40 under 
 Caesar) 
 
 Extraor- 
 dinary I T 
 
 Dictator 
 
 M agister Equitum 
 terrex 
 
 {Secretaries — scribae 
 Criers — fir ae cones 
 Lictors — lictores 
 Summoners — viator es 
 
 State 
 
 The Great 
 Collegia 
 
 Special 
 
 Priests \ Priesthoods 
 
 The Lesser 
 Collegia 
 
 15 Pontifices (16 under Caesar), in- 
 cluding the Pontifex Maximus 
 
 15 Augurs (16 under Caesar) 
 
 15 Ouindecimviri sacris faciundis; in 
 charge of the Sibylline books 
 
 7 Epulones (10 under Caesar); pro- 
 vided the banquets for the gods 
 
 15 Flamens; most important, those of 
 
 Jupiter, Mars, Ouirinus 
 6 Vestal Virgins ; in charge of the 
 
 fire of Vesta 
 Rex Sacrorum ; charged with certain 
 
 rites and ceremonies 
 
 Fetiales ; performed rites in connec- 
 tion with the making of treaties 
 and declaration of war 
 
 Salii ; guardians of the sacred shields 
 
 Luperci ; conducted the rites of the 
 Lupercalia 
 
 Fratres Arvales ; priests of Dea Dia 
 
60 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Legal Ju- 
 risdiction 
 
 In Civil 
 Procedure " 
 
 In Criminal 
 P roc edit re 
 
 For cases between citizens, Praetor 
 Urbanus 
 
 For cases between citizens and for- 
 eigners, Praetor Peregrinus 
 
 For cases touching the treasury, the 
 Censors 
 
 For cases arising in the markets, the 
 Aediles 
 
 r For certain crimes against religion, 
 Pontifex Maximus 
 For other crimes, permanent juries or 
 courts — quaestiones pcrpetuae — 
 at least eight in number; of which 
 six were presided over by praetors, 
 the rest by foremen (indices guaes- 
 tionis) 
 
 Provin- 
 cial Ad- 
 ministra- 
 tion. 
 
 Provinces 
 (64^30 B. c.) 
 
 Provincial 
 Officers 
 
 Western : — Sicily, Sardinia (with Cor- 
 sica), Hither Spain, Further Spain, 
 Illyricum, Africa, Narbonese Gaul, 
 Cisalpine Gaul 
 
 Eastern : — Achaia, Macedonia, Asia, 
 Bithynia, Cyrene (with Crete), Cili- 
 cia, Syria 
 
 Governor — either an ex-consul or an 
 
 ex-praetor 
 Quaestor — in charge of finances 
 Subordinate officers — lieutenants 
 
 (legati), etc. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA 
 
 HABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 I. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia 
 nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? 
 Quern ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia ? 
 Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis 
 vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum 5 
 omnium, nihil hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus, 
 nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? Patere tua 
 consilia non sentis? Constrictam iam omnium horum 
 scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides? Quid 
 proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos 10 
 convocaveris, quid consili ceperis, quern nostrum 
 ignorare arbitraris? 
 
 O tempora, O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, 
 consul videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit? Immo vero 
 etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consili particeps, 15 
 notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque 
 nostrum. Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei 
 publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. 
 
 Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu consulis iam 
 pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem, quam tu in 20 
 nos machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, 
 pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labe- 
 
02 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 factantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit; 
 Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare 
 cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam ilia nimis 
 antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Mae- 
 
 c lium, novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, 
 fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri 
 fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam 
 acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus 
 consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave, non deest 
 
 I0 rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis; 
 nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 
 
 II. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius con- 
 sul videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. 
 Nox nulla intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam 
 
 15 seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, 
 avo, maioribus ; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius 
 consularis. Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. 
 Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica; num 
 unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et 
 
 20 C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena 
 remorata est? At nos vicesimum iam diem patimur 
 hebescere aciem riorum auctoritatis. Habemus enim 
 huiusce modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in 
 tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex sena- 
 
 25 tus consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, 
 convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad 
 connrmandam audaciam. 
 
 Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio 
 in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum 
 
 30 videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque con- 
 demno. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Roma- 
 num in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit in dies 
 singulos hostium numerus; eorum autem castrorum 
 imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque 
 
IN CATILINAM I. in. 63 
 
 adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie 
 perniciem rei publicae molientem. 
 
 Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si internci iussero, 
 credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes 
 boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum 5 
 esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum 
 esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut fa- 
 ciam. Turn denique interficiere, cum iam nemo tarn 
 improbus, tarn perditus, tarn tui similis inveniri pote- 
 nt, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. Quam diu 10 
 quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives; sed 
 vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis 
 oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam 
 possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sen- 
 tientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque 15 
 custodient. 
 
 III. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius 
 exspectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coeptus 
 nefarios nee privata domus parietibus continere voces 
 coniurationis tuae potest, si illustrantur, si erumpunt 20 
 omnia? Muta iam istam mentem, mihi crede ; oblivi- 
 scere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique. 
 Luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae 
 iam mecum licet recognoscas. Meministine me ante 
 diem XII Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore 25 
 in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem 
 VI Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satel- 
 litem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, 
 Catilina, non modo res tanta, tarn atrox tamque 
 incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admi- 30 
 randum, dies? 
 
 Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium 
 contulisse in ante diem V Kalendas Novembres, turn 
 cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tarn sui 
 
64 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendo- 
 rum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo 
 ipso die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum 
 commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, 
 
 5 cum tu discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui reman- 
 sissemus, caede te contentum esse dicebas? Quid? 
 cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus 
 occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sens- 
 istine illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, 
 
 io custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil 
 moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo 
 audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 
 
 IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam supe- 
 riorem ; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad 
 
 is salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico 
 te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios — non agam 
 obscure — in M. Laecae domum ; convenisse eodem 
 complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num 
 negare audes? Quid taces? Convincam, si negas ; 
 
 20 video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam, qui tecum 
 una fuerunt. 
 
 O di immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus? In 
 qua urbe vivimus?' Quam rem publicam habemus? 
 Hie, hie sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in 
 
 25 hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, 
 qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis 
 atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent ! Hos 
 ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo et, 
 quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce 
 
 30 vulnero ! 
 
 Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina ; 
 distribuisti partes Italiae ; statuisti, quo quemque 
 proficisci placeret; delegisti, quos Romae relinque- 
 res, quos tecum educeres; discripsisti urbis partes 
 
IN CATILINAM I. v. 65 
 
 ad incendia ; confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum ; 
 dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod 
 ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui 
 te ista cura liberarent et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo 
 ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse 5 
 pollicerentur. '•" Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu 
 vestro dimisso, comperi. Domum meam maioribus 
 praesidiis munivi atque firmavi ; exclusi eos, quos tu 
 ad me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, 
 quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id 10 
 temporis venturos esse praedixeram. 
 
 V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge, quo coepisti. 
 Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae, profici- 
 scere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana 
 castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos ; si 15 
 minus, quam plurimos; purga urbem. Magno me 
 metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus 
 intersit. Nobiscum versari iam diutius non potes ; 
 non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis im- 
 mortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Iovi Statori, 20 
 antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod hanc 
 tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque infestam rei 
 publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est 
 saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei 
 publicae. 2 S 
 
 Ouam diu mihi, consuli designate, Catilina, insi- 
 diatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata 
 diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consulari- 
 bus me consulem in campo et competitores tuos 
 interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios 3° 
 amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice 
 concitato ; denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per 
 me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam 
 cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. 
 5 
 
QQ M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Nunc iam aperte rem publicani universam petis; 
 templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam om- 
 nium civium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem 
 vocas. 
 5 Qua re, quoniam id, quod est primum, et quod 
 huius imperi disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, 
 facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severi- 
 tatem lenius et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam 
 si te interfici iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua 
 
 io coniuratorum manus ; sin tu, quod te iam dudum 
 hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum 
 magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. Quid est, 
 Catilina? Num dubitas id me imperante facere, quod 
 iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe iubet consul 
 
 i. hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium? Non 
 iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 
 
 VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac 
 urbe delectare possit? in qua nemo est extra istam 
 coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non rae- 
 
 20 tuat; nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae 
 turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? Quod priva- 
 tarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? Quae 
 libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam 
 tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit? Cui tu 
 
 25 adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum illecebris inretisses, 
 non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad lubidinem facem 
 praetulisti? 
 
 Quid vero? nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris 
 novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio 
 
 30 incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? quod ego 
 praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate 
 tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vin- 
 dicate esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum 
 tuarum, quas omnis impendere tibi proximis Idibus 
 
IN CATILINAM I. vm. 69 
 
 opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere 
 desinam." 
 
 VIII. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne 
 impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? 
 
 Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod 5 
 vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habi- 
 tare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me 
 venire ausus es atque, ut domi meae te adservarem, 
 rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, 
 me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse 10 
 tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod isdem 
 moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem 
 venisti. A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum 
 optimum, M. Metellum, demigrasti; quern tu videlicet 
 et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspican- 15 
 dum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum 
 fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque 
 a vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum 
 custodia iudicarit ! Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, 
 dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in 20 
 aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis iustis 
 debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? 
 
 "Refer," inquis, "ad senatum;" id enim postulas 
 et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, 
 obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod 25 
 abhorret a meis moribus ; et tamen faciam, ut intel- 
 legas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Cati- 
 lina, libera rem publicam metu ; in exsilium, si hanc 
 vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina ? 
 ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? 30 
 Patiuhtur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem lo- 
 quentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 
 At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, 
 si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mihi 
 
70 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 consuli hoc ipso in templo hire optimo senatus vim 
 et manus intulisset. 
 
 De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant; cum 
 patiuntur, decernunt; cum tacent, clamant; neque hi 
 5 solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita 
 vilissima, sed etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi 
 atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui cir- 
 cumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre 
 et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire 
 
 io potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac 
 tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, 
 quae vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque 
 ad portas prosequantur. 
 
 IX. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res 
 
 15 frangat? tu ut umquam te corrigas? tu ut ullam 
 fugam meditere? tu ut exsilium cogites? Utinam tibi 
 istam mentem di immortales duint! Tametsi video, 
 si mea voce perterritus ire in exsilium animum in- 
 duxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in 
 
 20 praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, 
 at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum 
 modo ista sit privata calamitas et a rei publicae 
 periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commo- 
 veare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei 
 
 25 publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim 
 is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudine 
 aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. 
 
 Ouam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere, ac, 
 si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invi- 
 
 30 diam, recta perge in exsilium. Vix feram sermones 
 hominum, si id feceris ; vix molem istius invidiae, 
 si in exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin 
 autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere 
 cum importuna sceleratorum man u confer te ad 
 
IN CATILINAM I. x. 71 
 
 Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, 
 infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a 
 me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos isse 
 videaris. 
 
 Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam 5 
 esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praesto- 
 larentur, armati? cui iam sciam pactam et constitu- 
 tam cum Manlio diem? a quo etiam aquilam illam 
 argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido per- 
 niciosam ac funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacra- 10 
 rium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse 
 praemissam? Tu ut ilia carere diutius possis, quam 
 venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius 
 altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem 
 civium transtulisti? 15 
 
 X. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista 
 tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat ; neque 
 enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam in- 
 credibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura 
 peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Num- 20 
 quam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi 
 nefarium concupisti. Nactus es ex perditis atque ab 
 omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis 
 conflatam improborum manum. Hie tu qua laetitia 
 perfruere ! quibus gaudiis exsultabis ! quanta in volup- 2 5 
 tate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque 
 audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis ! 
 
 Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi sunt, qui 
 feruntur, labores tui, iacere humi non solum ad 
 obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obe- 3° 
 undum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno mari- 
 torum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi 
 ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, 
 frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi 
 
72 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profeci 
 turn, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius 
 temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, 
 atque ut id, quod esset a te scelerate susceptum, 
 5 latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. 
 
 XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam 
 prope iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac depre- 
 cer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter, quae dicam, et ea 
 penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Ete- 
 
 io nim, si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo 
 est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica 
 loquatur : 
 
 " M. Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quern esse 
 hostem comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum vides, 
 
 15 quern exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, 
 auctorem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem 
 servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs 
 te non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse 
 videatur? Nonne hunc in vincla duci, non ad mortem 
 
 20 rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis? 
 
 "Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne maiorum? At 
 persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos 
 cives morte multarunt. An leges, quae de civium 
 Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At numquam 
 
 25 in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura 
 tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Prae- 
 claram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, 
 hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maio- 
 rum tarn mature ad summum imperium per omnis 
 
 30 honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiae aut ali- 
 cuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 
 Sed, si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius 
 severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac 
 nequitiae pertimescenda? An, cum bello vastabitur 
 
IN CATILINAM I. xn. 73 
 
 Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non 
 existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum? " 
 
 XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et 
 eorum hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus 
 pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudi- 5 
 carem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, 
 unius usuram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non 
 dedissem. Etenim, si summi viri et clarissimi cives 
 Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et "s-uperiorum 
 complurium sanguine non modo se non contami- 10 
 narunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi 
 non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto 
 invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod si 
 ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo 
 semper fui, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non 15 
 invidiam putarem. 
 
 Quamquam non nulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut 
 ea, quae imminent, non videant aut ea, quae vident, 
 dissimulent; < qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis 
 aluerunt coniurationemque nascentem non credendo 2 ° 
 corroboraverunt ; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi 
 non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc 
 animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse di- 
 cerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in 
 Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum 25 
 fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, 
 neminem tarn improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc 
 autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae 
 pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum com- 
 primi posse. Quod si se eiecerit secumque suos 30 
 eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique collectos liaufra- 
 gos aggregarit, exstinguetur atque delebitur ' non 
 modo haec tarn adulta rei publicae pestis, verum 
 etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. 
 
74 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 XIII. Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his 
 periculis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio 
 quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et 
 audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. 
 5 Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, vide- 
 bimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et 
 metu esse relevati, periculum autem residebit et erit 
 inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei pu- 
 blicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum 
 
 io aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, 
 primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius. vehe- 
 mentiusque adflictantur, sic hie morbus, qui est in re 
 publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis 
 vivis ingravescet. 
 
 15 Qua re secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, 
 unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod 
 saepe iam dixi, secernantur a nobis ; desinant insidiari 
 domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris ur- 
 bani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces 
 
 20 ad inflammandam urbem comparare; sit denique in- 
 scriptum in fronte unius cuiusque, quid de re publica 
 sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscripti, tantam 
 in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis 
 auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, 
 
 25 tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae 
 profectione omnia patefacta, illustrata, oppressa, vin- 
 dicata esse videatis. 
 
 Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae 
 salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum 
 
 30 exitio,. qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxe- 
 runt, proficiscere ad impium bellurr. ac nefariuin. 
 
 Tu, Iuppiter, qui eisdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis 
 a Romulo es constltntus, quern Statorem huius urbis 
 atque imperi vere notninamus, hunc et huius socios 
 
IN CATALINAM I. xm. 75 
 
 a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, 
 a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bono- 
 rum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, scele- 
 rum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, 
 aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA 
 
 HABITA AD POPULUM. 
 
 I. Tandem aliquando, Ouirites, L. Catilinam, furen- 
 tem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie 
 molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque 
 minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel 
 
 5 ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, 
 excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla iam pernicies a mon- 
 stro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia 
 comparabitur. 
 
 Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici 
 
 io ducem sine controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter 
 latera nostra sica ilia versabitur ; non in campo, non 
 in foro, non in curia, non denique intra domesticos 
 parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum est 
 ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo im- 
 
 I5 pediente bellum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus 
 hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis 
 insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. Quod 
 vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, 
 quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e mani- 
 
 20 bus extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem 
 urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse 
 adflictum et profligatum putatis? Iacet ille nunc 
 
FORUM ROMAJfUM, MONS CAPITOLINITS, MONS PAIATINUS 
 
 M.TULLI CICERONIS' TEMPORE 
 
 PEDES ANGLICI 
 
 Templum Concordiae 
 .Templum Saturni 
 Tabernae Veteres 
 Templum Castoris 
 Aedes Vestae 
 Tabernae Novae 
 Basilica Aemilia 
 Curia Hostilia 
 Rostra( original location) 
 
 10. Rostra ( after 4.4 B.C.) 
 
 11. Career 
 
 12. Tabularium 
 
 13. Domus Vestalium 
 
 14. Templum Jovis Statoris 
 
 15. Domus Ciceronis 
 
 16. Templa 
 
 The location of 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, and 15, is less cer- 
 tain than that of the other buildings. 
 
IN CATILINAM II. n. 77 
 
 prostratus, Quirites, et se perculsum atque abiectum 
 esse sentit et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad 
 hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse 
 luget; quae quidem mihi laetari videtur., quod tan- 
 tam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 5 
 
 II. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes opor- 
 tebat, qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat 
 oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tam capi- 
 talem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam 
 emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, Quirites, sed 10 
 temporum. - Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravis- 
 simo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque 
 a me et mos maiorum et huius imperi severitas 
 et res'publica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse 
 putatis, qui, quae ego deferrem, non crederent? r 5 
 quam multos, qui etiam defenderent? 
 
 Ac, si illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum 
 iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo 
 invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 
 Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam 20 
 turn probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte mul- 
 tassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi 
 non possem, rem hue deduxi, ut turn palam pugnare 
 possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. 
 
 Quern quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehe- 25 
 menter foris esse timendum putem,"Ticet hinc intel- 
 legatis, quod etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe 
 parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnis secum 
 suas copias eduxisset! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quern 
 amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, 3° 
 quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum rei 
 publicae motum adferre poterat; reliquit quos viros ! 
 quanto aere alieno ! quam valentis ! quam nobilis ! 
 
78 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 III. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis 
 legionibus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno et 
 Gallico O. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis 
 cotidie comparantur, magno opere contemno, collec- 
 
 5 turn ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex 
 rusticis decoctoribus, ex eis, qui vadimonia deserere 
 quam ilium exercitum maluerunt; quibus ego non 
 modo si aciem exercitus nostri, verum etiam si 
 edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos 
 
 io video volitare in fbro, quos stare ad curiam, quos 
 etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui 
 fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset; 
 qui si hie permanent, mementote non tarn exercitum 
 ilium esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deserue- 
 
 15 runt, pertimescendos. 
 
 Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, quid 
 cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 
 Video, cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, 
 quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has 
 
 20 urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depopo- 
 scerit. Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me 
 perlata esse sentiunt ; patefeci in senatu hesterno 
 die; Catilina ipse pertimuit, [profugit; hi quid ex- 
 spectant? Ne i 11 i vehementer errant, si illam meam 
 
 25 pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 
 
 IV. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos 
 omnes factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem 
 publicam videretis ; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae 
 similis cum Catilina sentire non putet./ Non est iam 
 
 30 lenitati locus ; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum 
 etiam nunc concedam : exeant, proficiscantur, ne pa- 
 tiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. 
 Demonstrabo iter, Aurelia via profectus est; si acce- 
 lerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. 
 
IN CATILINAM II. v. 79 
 
 O fortunatam rem pubficam, si quidem hanc senti- 
 nam urbis eiecerit ! Uno me hercule Catilina ex- 
 hausto, levata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. 
 Quid enim mali aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, 
 quod non ille conceperit? Quis tota Italia veneficus, s 
 quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parri- 
 cida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscrip- 
 tor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier 
 infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis 
 perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non 10 
 familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per 
 hosce annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium stu- 
 prum non per ilium? 
 
 lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine 
 iuventutis illecebra fuit, quanta in illo? qui alios 15 
 ipse amabat turpissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime 
 serviebat, aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem paren- 
 tum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando 
 pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex 
 urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem numerum perdi- 20 
 torum hominum collegerat ! Nemo non modo Romae, 
 sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus 
 aere aiieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile sceleris 
 foedus asciverit. 
 
 V. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione 25 
 perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo 
 ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse 
 fateatur; nemo est in scaena levior et nequior, qui 
 se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. 
 Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum exercita- 30 
 tione adsuefactus, frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis 
 perferendis fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum inclu- 
 striae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in lubidine 
 audaciaque consumeret. 
 
80 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe 
 exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O 
 nos beatos, O rem publicam fortunatam, O praecla- 
 ram laudem consulates mei ! Non enim iam sunt 
 5 mediocres hominum libidines, non humanae ac tole- 
 randae audaciae; nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi 
 incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua profuderunt, 
 fortunas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam pridem, fides 
 nuper deficere coepit; eadem tamen ilia, quae erat 
 
 10 in abundantia, libido manet. Quod si in vino et 
 alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent 
 illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi ; hoc 
 vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris 
 insidiari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, 
 
 15 dormientis vigilantibus? qui mihi accubantes in convi- 
 viis, complexi mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, con- 
 ferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati 
 stupris, eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum 
 atque urbis incendia. 
 
 20 Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et 
 poenam iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libi- 
 dini debitam aut instare iam plane aut certe appro- 
 pinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare 
 non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, 
 
 25 sed multa saecula propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est 
 enim natio, quam pertimescamus ; nullus rex, qui 
 bellum populo Romano facere possit. Omnia sunt 
 externa unius virtute terra marique pacata; domesti- 
 cum bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum 
 
 30 periculum est, intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, 
 cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. 
 
 Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites ; sus- 
 cipio inimicitias hominum perditorum. Quae sanari 
 poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda 
 
IN CATILINAM II. vi. 81 
 
 erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Pro- 
 inde aut exeant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in 
 eadem mente permanent, ea, quae merentur, exspectent. 
 
 VI. At etiam sunt, qui dicant, Ouirites, a me in 
 exsilium eiectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo 5 
 adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerim, qui haec loquun- 
 tur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permo- 
 destus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque 
 ire in exsilium iussus est, paruit, ivit. 
 
 Quid? ut hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae 10 
 paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis 
 Statoris' convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos 
 detuli. Quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator 
 appellavit? quis salutavit? quis denique ita aspexit 
 ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissi- 15 
 mum hostem? Quin etiam principes eius ordinis 
 partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, 
 nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. 
 
 Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in 
 exsilium eicio, quaesivi a Catilina, in nocturno con- 20 
 ventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, 
 homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus primo reti- 
 cuisset, patefeci cetera; quid ea nocte egisset, quid 
 in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei 
 ratio totius belli descripta, edocuL- Cum haesitaret, 2 r 
 cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret proficisci eo, 
 quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum 
 fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam 
 illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae 
 fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. In exsilium eicie- 30 
 bam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam? 
 Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro 
 Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo 
 nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam 
 6 
 
82 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se Massi- 
 liam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 
 
 VII. O conclicionem miseram non modo admini- 
 strandae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! 
 5 Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis 
 circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, senten- 
 tiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi 
 abiecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam 
 atque in exsilium converterit, non ille a me spoliatus 
 
 IO armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea 
 diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed indem- 
 natus, innocens, in exsilium eiectus a consule vi et mi- 
 nis esse dicetur; et erunt, qui ilium, si- hoc fecerit, non 
 improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum con- 
 
 15 sulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint ! 
 
 Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque 
 
 iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius 
 
 horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur 
 
 sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. 
 
 20 Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego ab dis 
 immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae 
 causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque 
 in armis volitare audiatis ; sed triduo tamen audietis ; 
 multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum 
 
 25 aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam quod 
 eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines, qui ilium, cum pro- 
 fectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, idem, si interfectus 
 esset, quid dicerent? 
 
 Ouamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dicti- 
 
 30 tant, non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo 
 est istorum tarn misericors, qui ilium non ad Man- 
 lium quam ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si 
 me hercule hoc, quod agit, numquam antea cogi- 
 tasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam 
 
IN CATILINAM II. vm. 
 
 *8 
 
 exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc prae- 
 ter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque acciderit, nisi 
 quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius, 
 ut eat in exsilium, quam queramur. 
 
 VIII. Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et 5 
 de hoste, qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, 
 quia, quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo; 
 de eis, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui 
 nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus? Ouos quidem ego, si 
 ullo modo fieri possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam 10 
 sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque, id qua 
 re fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intellego. 
 Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus 
 hominum istae copiae comparentur; deinde singulis 
 medicinam consili atque orationis meae, si quam 15 
 potero, adferam. 
 
 ; Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno 
 maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore ad- 
 ducti dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum 
 species est honestissima; sunt enim locupletes ; volun- 20 
 tas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedi- 
 ficiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus 
 et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, 
 adquirere ad fidem? Quid enim exspectas? Bellum? 
 Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones 25 
 sacrosanctas futuras putas? An tabulas novas? Er- 
 rant, qui istas a Catilina exspectant ; meo beneficio 
 tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae ; neque 
 enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla 
 salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent 3° 
 neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum usuris 
 fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melio- 
 ribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime 
 puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia 
 
84 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 possunt aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota 
 facturi contra rem publicam quam arma laturi. 
 
 IX. Alterum genus est eorum, qui, quamquam pre- 
 muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, 
 5 rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica 
 desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. 
 Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unura scilicet 
 et idem quod reliquis omnibus, ut desperent se id, 
 quod conantur, consequi posse; primum omnium me 
 
 10 ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae ; deinde 
 magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concor- 
 diam in maxima multitudine, magnas praeterea co- 
 pias militum ; deos denique immortalis huic invicto 
 populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra 
 
 15 tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse laturos. 
 Quod si iam sint id, quod summo furore cupiunt, 
 adepti, num i 11 i in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, 
 quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se 
 consules ac dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futu- 
 
 20 ros? Non vident id se cupere, quod si adepti sint, 
 fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse? 
 
 Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen 
 exercitatione robustum; quo ex genere iste est Man- 
 lius, cui nunc Catilina succedit. Hi sunt homines ex 
 
 25 eis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit; quas ego universas 
 civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sen- 
 tio, sed tamen ei sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac 
 repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque, iacta- 
 runt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, dum praediis, 
 
 30 lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, 
 in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse 
 velint, Sulla sit eis ab inferis excitandus; qui etiam 
 non nullos agrestis, homines tenues atque egentes, in 
 eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt 
 
IN CATILINAM II. x. 85 
 
 Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum 
 direptorumque pono ; sed eos hoc moneo, desinant 
 furere ac proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus 
 enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut 
 iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem 5 
 mihi passurae esse videantur. 
 
 X. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et tur- 
 bulentum ; qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
 emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo 
 negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno I0 
 vacillant; qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bono- 
 rum defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in 
 ilia castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn 
 milites acris quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. 
 Qui homines primum, si stare non possunt, corruant; I5 
 sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem 
 proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob 
 rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter 
 velint, aut cur rhinore dolore perituros se cum multis, 
 quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 20 
 
 Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, deni- 
 que omnium facinerosorum. Quos ego a Catilina 
 non revoco ; nam neque ab eo divelli possunt et 
 pereant sane in latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multi, 
 ut eos career capere non possit. 25 
 
 Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, 
 verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium 
 Catilinae est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu 
 eius ac sinu ; quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbis 
 aut bene barbatos videtis, manicatis et talaribus tuni- 30 
 cis, velis amictos, non togis ; quorum omnis industria 
 vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromi- 
 tur. Tn his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, 
 omnes impuri impudicique versantur. Hi pueri tarn 
 
86 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et ?mari, neque 
 saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere 
 venena didicerunt. Qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, 
 etiam si Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re pu- 
 5 blica seminarium Catilinarum futurum. Verum tamen 
 quid sibi isti miseri volunt? Num suas secum muli- 
 erculas sunt in castra ducturi? Quern ad modum 
 autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noc- 
 tibus? Quo autem pacto lili Appenninum atque 
 
 10 illas pruinas ac nives perferent? nisi idcirco se 
 facilius hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudi in 
 conviviis saltare didicerunt. 
 
 XI. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 
 hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem prae- 
 
 15 toriam ! Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn 
 praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque 
 exercitus. 
 
 Et primum gladiatori i 11 i confecto et saucio consules 
 imperatoresque vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam 
 
 20 naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum, florem 
 totius Italiae ac robur educite. Iam vero urbes colo- 
 niarum ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae 
 tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, 
 ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia 
 
 25 atque egestate conferre debeo. 
 
 Sed si omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, 
 eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, 
 vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinces omnibus, exteris 
 nationibus, si his rebus omissis causas ipsas, quae inter 
 
 30 se confligunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, quam 
 valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim 
 parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, 
 illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc 
 pietas, illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc 
 
IN CATILINAM II. xn. 87 
 
 honestas, iilinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, Mine li- 
 bido ; denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, pru- 
 dentia, virtutes omnes certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, 
 ignavia, temeritate, cum vitiis omnibus ; postremo 
 copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens 5 
 sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium 
 rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi certamine 
 ac proelio nonne, etiaai si hominum studia deficiant, 
 di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtu- 
 tibus tot et tanta vitia superari? 10 
 
 XII. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quern ad 
 modum iam antea dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custo^ — 
 diisque defendite ; mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac 
 sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidi, consultum atque 
 provisum est. Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, i S 
 certiores a me facti de hac nocturna excursione Cati-. 
 linae, facile urbes suas finesque defendent. Gladia- 
 tores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit, 
 — quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars patri- 
 ciorum — ■ potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. 20 
 Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gal- 
 licum Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem 
 aut eius omnis motus oonatusque prohibebit. Reli- 
 quis autem de rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis 
 iam ad senatum referemus, quern vocari videtis. — 25 
 
 Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo 
 qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe 
 a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, 
 quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. 
 Mea lenitas adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc ex- 30 
 spectavit, ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. Quod reli- 
 quum est, iam non possum oblivisci, meam hanc 
 esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum 
 his vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus 
 
88 IN CATILINAM II. xm. 
 
 est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae; si qui exire 
 volunt, conivere possum ; qui vero se in urbe com- 
 moverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum 
 ullum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sen- 
 5 tiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantis, esse egregios 
 magistratus, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse 
 carcerem quern vindicem nefariorum ac manifesto- 
 rum scelerum maiores nostri esse voluerunt. 
 
 XIII. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, (Quirites, ut 
 
 10 maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo 
 tumultu, bellum intestinum ac domesticum post homi- 
 num memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me uno 
 togato duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic 
 administrabo, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, 
 
 15 ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam 
 sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, 
 si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de hac 
 animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod 
 in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, 
 
 20 ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena 
 vos omnes salvi esse possitis. 
 
 Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque 
 humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed 
 multis et non dubiis deorum immortalium significa- 
 
 25 tionibus, quibus ego ducibus in hanc spem senten- 
 tiamque sum ingressus ; qui iam non procul, ut 
 quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, 
 sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua 
 templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos vos, 
 
 30 Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut 
 quam urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse 
 voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium copiis terra 
 marique superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario 
 scelere defendant. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA 
 
 HABIT A AD POPULUM. 
 
 I. Rem publicam, Ouirites, vitamque omnium 
 vestrum, bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros 
 atque hoc domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortunatissi- 
 mara pulcherrimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum 
 immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, con- 5 
 siliis, periculis meis e flamma atque ferro ac paene 
 ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conservatam ac 
 restitutam videtis. 
 
 Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque illustres sunt ei 
 dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi, quibus nascimur, i 
 quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio, 
 et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, 
 profecto, quoniam ilium, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad 
 deos immortalis benevolentia famaque sustulimus, esse 
 apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is, 15 
 qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque 
 servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac 
 moenibus subiectos prope iam ignis circumdatosque 
 restinximus, idemque gladios in rem publicam destric- 
 tos rettudimus mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris 20 
 deiecimus. Quae quoniam in senatu illustrata, pate- 
 facta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam 
 
90 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 breviter, Ouirites, ut, et quanta et qua ratione inves- 
 tigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui et ignoratis et 
 exspectatis, scire possitis. 
 
 Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex 
 
 5 urbe, cum sceleris sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acer- 
 
 rimos duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et 
 
 providi, Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tarn 
 
 absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. 
 
 II. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam — 
 
 10 non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum ilia 
 magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit — sed turn, cum 
 ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum 
 manum simul exituram aut eos, qui restitissent, infirmos 
 sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. Atque ego, ut vidi, 
 
 15 quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, 
 eos nobiscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes 
 dies noctesque consumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid moli- 
 rentur, sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris 
 propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem 
 
 20 fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut 
 turn demum animis saluti vestrae provideretis, cum 
 oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. 
 
 Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum belli Trans- 
 alpini et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa a P. Lentulo 
 
 25 esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis eodem- 
 que itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse 
 missos, comitemque eis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, 
 atque huic ad Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem 
 mihi oblatam putavi, ut, quod erat dimcillimum, quod- 
 
 30 que ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, ut tota 
 res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a vobis 
 manifesto deprehenderetur. 
 
 Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum 
 praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae 
 
IN CATILINAM III. in. 91 
 
 viros, ad me vocavi ; rem exposui ; quid fieri placeret, 
 ostendi. I Hi autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara 
 atque egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla 
 mora negotium susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, 
 occulte ad pontem Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in 5 
 proximis villis ita bipertito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos 
 et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuius- 
 quam suspicione multos fortis viros eduxerant, et ego 
 ex praefectura Reatina complures delectos adulescentes, 
 quorum opera utor adsidue in re publica, praesidio cum 10 
 gladiis miseram. 
 
 Interim tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem 
 Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi 
 inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; edu- 
 cuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus 15 
 erat nota solis, ignorabatur a ceteris. 
 
 III. Turn interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna 
 sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo comitatu, 
 integris signis praetoribus traduntur ; ipsi comprehensi 
 ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque 20 
 horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machinatorem, 
 Cimbrum Gabinium, statim ad me, nihil dum suspican- 
 tem, vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et 
 post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, 
 credo, quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem 25 
 proxima nocte vigilarat. 
 
 Cum summis et clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui 
 audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a 
 me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, ne, 
 si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus 30 
 iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, 
 ut de periculo publico non ad consilium publicum 
 rem integram deferrem. Etenim, Ouirites, si ea, quae 
 erant ad me delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego 
 
92 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae periculis esse 
 mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimescendam. 
 
 Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. 
 
 Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpi- 
 
 5 cium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus 
 
 Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret; ex quibus ille 
 
 maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 
 
 IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis ; fidem pub- 
 licam iussu senatus dedi ; hortatus sum, ut ea, quae 
 
 10 sciret, sine timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix 
 se ex magno timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere 
 ad Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio 
 uteretur, ut ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu 
 accederet; id autem eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex 
 
 15 omnibus partibus, quern ad modum descriptum dis- 
 
 tributumque erat, incendissent caedemque infinitam 
 
 civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugientis exei- 
 
 peret et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret. 
 
 Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras 
 
 20 ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 
 dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse prae- 
 scriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitte- 
 rent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas; Lentulum 
 autem sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicum- 
 
 25 que responsis, se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad 
 quern regnum huius urbis atque imperium pervenire 
 esset necesse; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse ; eun- 
 demque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad interi- 
 tum huius urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus decimus 
 
 30 post virginum absolutionem, post Capitoli autem 
 incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum 
 ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo 
 et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi 
 placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 
 
IN CATILINAM III. v. 93 
 
 V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri 
 iussimus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum 
 ostendimus Cethego signum; cognovit. Nos linum 
 incidimus, legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allo- 
 brogum senatui et populo, sese, quae eorum legatis 5 
 confirmasset, facturum esse; orare, ut item illi facerent, 
 quae sibi eorum legati recepissent. Turn Cethegus, 
 qui paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae 
 apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respondisset dixissetque 
 se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, 10 
 recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus conscientia 
 repente conticuit. 
 
 Introductus est Statilius ; cognovit et signum et ma- 
 num suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere 
 sententiam ; confessus est. 15 
 
 Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, cogno- 
 sceretne signum. Adnuit. Est vero, inquam, notum 
 quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit 
 unice patriam et cives suos ; quae quidem te a tanto scelere 
 etiam muta revocare debuit. Leguntur eadem ratione 20 
 ad senaturn Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid 
 de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatermx Atque ille 
 primq quidem negavit; post autem aliquanto, toto iam 
 indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit ; quaesivit a Gallis, 
 quid sibi esset cum eis, quam ob rem domum suam 25 
 venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter 
 constanterque respondissent, per quem ad eum quo- 
 tiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo, nihilne se- 
 cum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, turn ille subito 
 scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset, osten- 30 
 dit. Nam, cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opi- 
 nionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo 
 inge'nium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper 
 valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifesti atque 
 
94 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 deprehensi impudentia, qua superabat omnis, impro- 
 bitasque defecit. 
 
 Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri 
 
 iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse di- 
 
 5 cebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentu- 
 
 lus tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant 
 
 autem sine nomine, sed ita: 
 
 Quis sim, scies ex eo, quern ad te mist. Cura, tit vir 
 sis, et cogita, qtiem in locum sis progressus. Vide, quid 
 
 10 tibi iam sit necesse, et cura, ut omnium tibi auxilia ad- 
 iungas, etiam infimorum. 
 
 Gabinius deinde introductus cum primo impudenter 
 respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex eis, quae 
 Galli insimulabant, negavit. 
 
 iS Ac mihi quidem, Ouirites, cum ilia certissima visa 
 sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, 
 manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio, turn multo 
 certiora ilia, color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic enim 
 obstipuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim non 
 
 20 numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis 
 indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. 
 
 VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum 
 consului, de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. 
 Dictae sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae 
 
 25 sententiae, quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secu- 
 tus. Et quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus 
 consultum, ex memoria vobis, Ouirites, quid senatus 
 censuerit, exponam. 
 
 Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, 
 
 30 quod virtute, consilio, providentia mea res publica 
 maximis periculis sit liberata. Deinde L. Flaccus 
 et C. Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti 
 fidelique usus essem, merito ac iure laudantur. At- 
 que etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus impertitur, 
 
IN CATILINAM III. vi. 95 
 
 quod eos, qui huius coniurationis participes fuissent, 
 a suis et a rei publicae consiliis removisset. 
 
 Atque ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se prae- 
 tura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; itemque uti 
 C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes prae- 5 
 sentes erant, in custodiam traderentur; atque idem 
 hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui sibi procuratio- 
 nem incendendae urbis depoposcerat ; in M. Cepa- 
 rium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam 
 esse erat indicatum ; in P. Furium, qui est ex eis 10 
 colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit; in Q. An- 
 nium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat 
 in hac Allobrogum sollicitatione versatus ; in P. Um- 
 brenum, libertinum hominem, a quo primum Gallos 
 ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea 15 
 lenitate senatus est usus, Quirites, ut ex tanta 
 coniuratione tantaque hac multitudine domesticorum 
 hostium novem hominum perditissimorum poena re 
 publica conservata reliquorum mentes sanari posse 
 arbitraretur. 20 
 
 Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singu- 
 lari eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mih[_ 
 primum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et 
 his decreta verbis est, quod urbem incendiis, caede 
 civis, Italiam bello liberas-sem. Quae supplicatio si cum 25 
 ceteris supplicationibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod 
 ceterae bene gesta, haec una conservata re publica 
 constituta est. 
 
 Atque illud, quod faciendum primum fuit. factum 
 atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam 30 
 patefactis indiciis, confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus 
 non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis ami- 
 serat, tamen magistratu se abdicavit, ut, quae religio 
 C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo minus 
 
96 M. TULLI CICERO 
 
 C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominaum erat decretum, 
 praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato 
 P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. 
 
 VII. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi peri- 
 5 culosissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et com- 
 prehensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilinae 
 copias, omnis spes atque opes his depulsis urbis peri- 
 culis concidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe 
 pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites, remoto 
 
 io Catilina non mihi esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. 
 Cassi adipes nee C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem 
 pertimescendam. 
 
 Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu, 
 dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, om- 
 
 15 nium aditus tenebat; appellare, temptare, sollicitare 
 poterat, audebat. Erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, 
 consilio autem neque manus neque lingua deerat. Iam 
 ad certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac 
 descriptos habebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, 
 
 20 confectum putabat ; nihil erat, quod non ipse obiret, 
 occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus, sitim, famem 
 ferre poterat. 
 
 Hunc ego hominem tarn acrem, tarn audacem, tarn 
 . paratum, tarn callidum, tarn in scelere vigilantem, tarn 
 
 25 in perditis rebus diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in 
 castrense latrocinium compulissem — dicam id, quod 
 sentio, Quirites, — non facile hanc tantam molem mali a 
 cervicibus vestris depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia 
 constituisset neque tanto ante exiti ac fati diem rei 
 
 30 publicae denuntiavisset neque commisisset, ut signum, 
 ut litterae suae testes manifesti sceleris deprehenderen- 
 tur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt, ut nullum 
 in privata domo furtum umquam sit tarn palam inven- 
 tum, quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto 
 
IN CATILINAM III. vm. 97 
 
 inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilina in 
 urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad 
 fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, ta- 
 men, ut levissime dica-m, dimicandum nobis cum illo 
 fuisset, neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis 5 
 esset, tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto 
 otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. 
 
 VIII. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me 
 administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque con- 
 silio et gesta et provisa esse videantur. Idque cum 10 
 coniectura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani 
 consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn 
 vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium 
 nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. 
 Nam ut ilia omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occi- 15 
 dente faces ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, 
 ut terrae motus relinquam ; ut omittam cetera, quae 
 tarn multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae 
 nunc hunt, canere di immortales viderentur, hoc 
 certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum 20 
 neque relinquendum est. 
 
 Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato 
 consulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse 
 percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et 
 statuae veterum hominum deiectae et legum aera lique- 25 
 facta et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, 
 Romulus, quern inauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque 
 lactentem, uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. 
 Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria 
 convenissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum 30 
 et bellum civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque 
 imperi occasum appropinquare dixerunt, nisi di im- 
 mortales omni ratione placati suo numine prope fata 
 ipsa fiexissent. 
 
 7 
 
98 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Itaque illorum responsis turn et ludi per decern dies 
 facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad placandos deos 
 pertineret, praetermissa est. Idemque iusse,runt simu- 
 lacrum Iovis facere maius et in excelso qollocare et 
 5 contra, atque antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere ; ac 
 se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis 
 ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea con- 
 silia, quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque 
 imperi, illustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano 
 
 10 perspici possent. Atque illud signum collocandum 
 consules illi locaverunt; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, 
 ut neque superioribus consulibus neque nobis ante 
 hodiernum diem collocaretur. 
 
 IX. Hie quis potest esse, Ouirites, tarn aversus a 
 
 15 vero, tarn praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec 
 omnia, quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem deorum 
 immortalium nutu ac potestate administrari? Etenim, 
 cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei 
 publicae comparari, et ea per elves, quae turn propter 
 
 20 magnitudinem scelerum 11011 nullis incredibilia videban- 
 tur, ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum 
 etiam suscepta esse sensistis^ Illud vero nonne ita 
 praesens est, ut nutu Iovis 'optimi maximi factum esse 
 videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum meo 
 iussu et coniurati et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae 
 ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur? Quo 
 collocato atque ad vos senatumque converso omnia, 
 quae erant cogitata contra salutem omnium, illustrata et 
 
 "~~ patefacta vidistis. 
 
 30 Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, 
 qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam 
 deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios 
 ignes inferre conati. \Quibus ego si me restitisse 
 dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus; ille, 
 
IN CATILINAM III. x. 99 
 
 ille Iuppiter restitit; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, 
 ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis sajvos esse voluit. 
 Dis ego immortalibus ducibus hanc nientem, Quirites, 
 voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec tanta indicia 
 perveni. 5 
 
 lam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus 
 tarn dementer tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris 
 numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus huic 
 tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid vero? 
 ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens 10 
 una restat, quae bellum populo Romano facere et 
 posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperi ac rerum 
 maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis h'ominibus oblatam 
 neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus antepo- 
 nerent, id non divinitus e'sse factum putatis, prae- 15 
 sertim qui 110s non pugnando, sed tacendo superare 
 potuerint? 
 
 X. Ouam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul- 
 vinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies 
 cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe 20 
 honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti, 
 sed profecto iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis 
 ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitu ; sine caede, sine 
 sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione; togati me 
 uno togato duce et imperatore vicistis. 25 
 
 Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnis civiles dissen- 
 siones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas 
 vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. 
 Sulpicium oppressit; C. Marium, custodem huius urbis, 
 multosque fortis viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim 30 
 interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe 
 collegam ; omnis hie locus acervis corporum et civium 
 sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum 
 Mario; turn vero, clarissimis viris interfectis lumina 
 
100 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae cru- 
 delitatem postea Sulla; ne dici quidem opus est, quanta 
 deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. 
 Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo et fortissimo viro, 
 5 Q. Catulo ; attulit non tarn ipsius interitus rei publicae 
 luctum quam ceterorum. 
 
 Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius 
 modi, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam 
 rem publicam pertinerent. Non illi nullam esse rem 
 
 io publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se esse principes, 
 neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe 
 florere voluerunt. Atque illae tamen omnes dissen- 
 siones, quarum nulla exitium rei publicae quaesivit, 
 eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, 
 
 15 sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc 
 autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crude- 
 lissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barba- 
 ria cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit 
 a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut 
 
 20 omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse possent, in hostium 
 numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut salvi 
 omnes conservaremini, et, cum hostes vestri tantum 
 civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae cae- 
 di restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma 
 
 25 obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros inco- 
 lumesque servavi. 
 
 XI. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a 
 vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nul- 
 lum monumentum laudis postulo praeterquam huius 
 
 30 diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris 
 omnes triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, 
 monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et collocari 
 volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil taciturn, 
 nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus digni 
 
IN CATILINAM III. XII. 101 
 
 adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, nostrae 
 res alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monu- 
 mentis inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque 
 diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore, propaga- 
 tam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam 5 
 consulatus mei, unoque tempore in hac re publica 
 duos civis exstitisse, quorum alter finis vestri imperi 
 non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter 
 eiusdem imperi domicilium sedesque servaret. 
 
 XII. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, 10 
 non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, 
 qui externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum eis 
 vivendum est, quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut 
 interfectos aut oppressos reliquerunt, vestrum est, 
 Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi mea 15 
 ne quando obsint, providere. Mentes enim hominum 
 audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere 
 possent, ego providi; ne mihi noceant, vestrum est 
 providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi 
 nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est 20 
 in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum com- 
 paratum est, magna in re publica dignitas, quae 
 me semper tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, 
 quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi 
 indicabunt. 2 * 
 
 Est enim in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo 
 nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnis improbos 
 ultro semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus 
 domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me 
 unum convertit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua 30 
 condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute 
 vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus; mihi 
 quidem ipsi quid est, quod iam ad vitae fructum 
 possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore 
 
102 IN CATILINAM III. xn. 
 
 vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam 
 altius, quo mihi libeat ascendere? Illud profecto 
 perficiam, Ouirites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, 
 . privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est invidia 
 5 in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, 
 rnihi valeat ad gloriam. V 
 
 Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim 
 semper, quae gesserim, curemque, ut ea virtute, non 
 casu gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam 
 
 io est nox, venerati Iovem ilium, custodem huius urbis ac 
 vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam 
 est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte 
 custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius 
 faciendum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse possitis, 
 
 15 providebo. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA 
 
 HABIT A IN SENATU. 
 
 I. Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum 
 ora atque oculos esse conversos ; video vos non solum 
 de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum 
 sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda 
 in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed 
 earn, per deos immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis 
 meae de vobis ac de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si 
 haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnis acerbi- 
 tates, omnis dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non 
 solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dum modo meis 
 laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas salusque 
 pariatur. 
 
 Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non 
 forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non cam- 
 pus, consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, 
 summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, 
 commune perfugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, 
 non denique haec sedes honoris umquam vacua mor- 
 tis periculo atque insidiis fuit. 
 
 V jn multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, 
 multa rneo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. 
 Nur.c si hunc exitum consulatus mei di immortales 
 
104 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum ex 
 caede miserrima, coniuges liberosque vestros virgines- 
 que Vestales ex acerbissima vexatione, templa atque 
 delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium nostrum 
 5 ex foedissima fiamma, totam Italiam ex bello et, 
 vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur 
 fortuna, subeatur. Etenim, si P. Lentulus suum no- 
 men inductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publi- 
 cae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum 
 
 io ad salutem populi Romani prope fatalem exstitisse? 
 
 II. Qua re, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, pro- 
 
 spicite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortu- 
 
 nasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque 
 
 defendite ; mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. 
 
 15 Nam primum debeo sperare, omnis deos, qui huic urbi 
 praesident, pro eo mihi, ac mereor, relaturos esse gra- 
 tiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque 
 moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest acci- 
 dere neque immatura consulari nee misera sapienti. 
 
 20 Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris carissimi 
 atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear ho- 
 rumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum 
 videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe re- 
 vocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus 
 
 25 Alius, quern mihi videtur amplecti res publica tam- 
 quam obsidem consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspec- 
 tans huius exitum diei stat in conspectu meo, gener. 
 Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, uti 
 salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua 
 
 30 oppresserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei pub- 
 licae peste pereamus. 
 
 Qua re, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei 
 publjcae, circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impen- 
 dent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum 
 
IN CATILINAM IV. in. 105 
 
 tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod 
 agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod 
 C. Memmium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in 
 vestrae severitatis indicium adducitur; tenentur ei, qui 
 ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad 5 
 Catilinam accipiendum Romae restiterunt; tenentur 
 litterae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio ; 
 sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina 
 arcessitur; id est initum consilium, ut interfectis omni- 
 bus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi Romani 10 
 nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperi calamita- 
 tem relinquatur. 
 
 III. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, 
 vos multis iam iudiciis iudicavistis, primum quod mihi 
 gratias egistis singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque 15 
 diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefac- 
 tam esse decrevistis; deinde quod P. Lentulum se 
 abdicare praetura coegistis ; turn quod eum et ceteros, 
 de quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, 
 maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem decre-- 2 o 
 vistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini ; 
 postremo hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum 
 Titoque Volturcio dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt 
 omnia eius modi, ut ei, qui in custodiam nominatim 
 dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse 2 S 
 videantur. 
 
 Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, 
 tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de 
 poena quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam, quae sunt 
 consulis. Ego magnum in re publica versari furo- 3° 
 rem et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam 
 pridem videbam ; sed hanc tantam, tarn exitiosam ha- 
 beri coniurationem a civibus numquam putavi. Nunc 
 quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant 
 
106 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. 
 Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic 
 si paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. 
 Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum ; ma- 
 
 5 navit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit 
 Alpes et obscure serpens multas iam provincias occu- 
 pavit. Id opprimi sustentando aut prolatando nullo 
 pacto potest ; quacumque ratione placet, celeriter 
 vobis vindicandum est. 
 
 io IV. Video duas adhuc esse sententias; unam D. 
 Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, 
 morte esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis 
 poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acer- 
 bitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et 
 
 15 pro rerum magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. 
 
 Alter eos, qui nos omnis vita privare conati sunt, 
 
 qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen ex- 
 
 stinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc com- 
 
 muni spiritu non putat oportere, atque hoc genus 
 
 20 poenae saepe in improbos civis in hac re publica 
 esse usurpatum recordatur. 
 
 Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non 
 esse supplici causa constitutam, sed aut nece ssitale m 
 naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem./ltaque 
 25 earn sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam 
 libenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempi- 
 terna, certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris 
 inventa sunt. Municipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere 
 videtur ista res iniquitatem, si imperare velis, diffi- 
 30 cultatem, si rogare. Decernatur tamen, si placet. 
 Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, reperiam, qui id, 
 quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent 
 esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gravem 
 poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; 
 
IN CATILINAM IV. v. 107 
 
 horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere homi- 
 num perditorum; sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, 
 quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per populum 
 levare possit; eripit etiam spem, quae sola homines 
 in miseriis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publicari 5 
 iubet ; vitam solam relinquit nefariis hominibus ; 
 quam si eripuisset, multos una dolores animi atque 
 corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. Ita- 
 que ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, 
 apud inferos eius modi quaedam illi antiqui suppli- i 
 cia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet 
 intellegebant his remotis non esse mortem ipsam 
 pertimescendam. 
 
 V. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid in- 
 tersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam 15 
 hanc is in re pubjica viam, quae popularis habetur, 
 secutus est, fortasse minus erunt hoc auctore et cogni- 
 tore huiusce sententiae mihi populares impetus perti- 
 mescendi ; sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi 
 negoti contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum periculorum 20 
 rationes utilitas rei publicae vincat. 
 
 Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et 
 maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tam- 
 quam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. 
 Intellectum est, quid interesset inter levitatem contio- 25 
 natorum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi 
 consulentem. Video de istis, qui se populares haberi 
 volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet 
 civium Romanorum sententiam ferat ; at is et nudius 
 tertius in custodiam cives Romanos dedit et supplica- 30 
 tionem mihi decrevit et indices hesterno die maximis 
 praemiis adfecit. lam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo 
 custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici • praemium 
 decrevit, quid de tota re et causa iudicarit. 
 
108 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse 
 de civibus Romanis constitutam ; qui autem rei publicae 
 sit hostis, eum civem esse nullo modo posse; denique 
 ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iniussu populi poenas 
 5 rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, lar-- 
 gitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie 
 populi Romani, exitio huius urbis tarn acerbe, tarn 
 crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. 
 Y Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat 
 
 I0 P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et 
 sancit in posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando 
 se iactare et in perniciem populi Romani posthac 
 popularis esse possit. Adiungit etiam publicationem 
 bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et corporis etiam 
 
 15 egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. 
 
 VI. Ouam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis 
 mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque 
 iucundum, sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, 
 facile me atque vos a crudelitatis vituperatione po- 
 
 20 pulus Romanus exsolvet, atque obtinebo earn multo 
 leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres conscripti, quae 
 potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate punienda 
 crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. Nam 
 ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut 
 
 25 ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atro- 
 citate animi moveor — quis enim est me mitior? — 
 sed singulari quadam humanitate et misericordia. 
 
 Videor enim mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis 
 terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno 
 
 30 incendio concidentem ; cerno animo sepulta in patria 
 miseros atque insepultos acervos civium; versatur 
 mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra 
 caede bacchantis. Cum vero mihi proposui reg- 
 nantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se ex fatis sperasse 
 
IN CATILINAM IV. vi. 
 
 confessus est, purpuratum esse huic GabiniumJ cum 
 exercitu venisse Catilinam, turn lamentationemi ma- 
 trum familias, turn fugam virginum atque puerorum 
 ac vexationem virginum Vestalium perhorresco, et, 
 quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera atque 5 
 miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere voluerunt, 
 me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, 
 si quis pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, 
 uxore occisa, incensa domo, supplicium de servo non 
 quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac 10 
 misericors, an inhumanissimus et crudeiissimus esse 
 videatur. Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non 
 dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem cruciatum- 
 que lenierit. 
 
 Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, 15 
 qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas 
 unius cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei 
 publicae domicilium delere conati sunt, qui id ege- 
 runt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis huius urbis 
 atque in cinere defiagrati imperi collocarent, si vehe- 20 
 mentissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur ; sin 
 remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis crudeli- 
 tatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda 
 est. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et 
 amantissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius 25 
 visus est, cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum 
 praesentem et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, 
 cum avum suum iussu consulis interfectum filiumque 
 eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere 
 necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum, 30 
 quod initum delendae rei publicae consilium? 
 
 Largitionis voluntas turn in re publica versata est 
 et partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo tempore 
 huius avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus Gracchum 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 secutus. Ille etiam grave turn vulnus accepit, 
 ne quid de summa i^e publica deminueretur ; hie 
 ad evertenda rei publicae fundamenta Gallos arces- 
 sit, servitia concitat, Catilinam vocat, attribuit nos 
 S trucidandos Cethego et ceteros civis interficiendos 
 Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam 
 vastandam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini, cen- 
 seo, ne in hoc scelere tam immani ac nefando nimis 
 aliquid severe statuisse videamini ; multo magis est 
 
 10 verendum, ne remissione poenae crudeles in patriam, 
 quam ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes 
 in acerbissimos hostis fuisse videamur. 
 
 VII. Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dis- 
 simulare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae 
 
 15 perveniunt ad auris meas, eorum, qui vereri videntur, 
 ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis 
 hodierno diej.Jiransigunda. Omnia et pr'ovisa et pa- 
 rata et constituta sunt, patres conscripti, cum mea 
 summa cura atque diligentia, turn etiam multo maiore 
 
 20 populi Romani ad summum imperium fetinendum 
 et ad communes fortunas corfservandas voluntary ' 
 Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium 
 denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena templa cir- 
 cum forum, pleni omnes adieus hums templi ac loci. 
 
 25 Causa est enim post urbem concfitam haec inventa 
 sola, in qua omnes s&ntir'ent unum atque idem, prae-? 
 ter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum 
 omnibus potius quam soli perire voluerunt. Hosce 
 ego homines excipio et secerno libenter ; neque in 
 
 30 improborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium 
 numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales ! 
 qua fre'quentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad commu- 
 nem salutem dignitatemque consentiunt! 
 
 Quid ego hie equites Romanos commemorem? qui 
 
IN CATILINAM IV. vm. Ill 
 
 vobis ita summam brdihis consilique concedunt, ut 
 vobiscum de amore rei publicae certent ; quos ex 
 multorum annorum dissensione huius orchitis ad so- 
 cietatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies 
 vobiscum atque haec causa coniungit. Ouani si con- 5 
 iunctionem, confirmatam in consulatu meo, perpetuam 
 in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum 
 posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei 
 publicae partem esse venturum. 
 
 Pari studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse 10 
 video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scribas 
 item universos, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium 
 frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salu- 
 tem communem esse conversos. 
 
 Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuis- 15 
 simorum. Quis est enim, cui non haec templa, 
 aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec 
 ipsa et hoc commune patriae solum cum sit carum, 
 turn vero dulce atque iucundum? 
 
 VIII. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, liber- 20 
 tinorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute 
 fortunam huius civitatis consecuti, hanc suam esse 
 patriam iudicant, quam quidam hie nati, et summo 
 nati loco, non patriam suam, sed urbem hostium 
 esse iudicaverunt. 25 
 
 Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque comme- 
 moro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res 
 publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima 
 est, ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit ? Ser- 
 vus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit 30 
 servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui 
 non haec stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et 
 quantum potest, conferat ad communem salutem, 
 voluntatis. 
 
112 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Qua re si quern vestrum forte commovet hoc, 
 quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concur- 
 sare circum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitare posse 
 animos egentium atque imperitorum, est id quidem 
 5 coeptum atque temptatum, sed nulli sunt inventi tam 
 aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non 
 ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani 
 locum, qui non cubile ac lectulum suum, qui denique 
 non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse 
 
 io velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in 
 tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim potius est di- 
 cendum — genus hoc universum amantissimum est 
 oti. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque 
 quaestus frequentia" civium sustentatur, alitur otio ; 
 
 15 quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, 
 quid tandem incensis futurum fuit ? 
 
 IX. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis 
 populi Romani praesidia non desunt ; vos ne populo 
 Romano deesse videamini, providete. Habetis con- 
 
 20 sulem ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex 
 media morte non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem 
 vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservan- 
 dam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, 
 voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis impiae 
 
 25 coniurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria com- 
 munis, vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis 
 arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis 
 ilium ignem Vestae sempiternum, vobis omnium de- 
 orum templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque urbis 
 
 30 tecta commendat. 
 
 Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum 
 atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, de se- 
 dibus, de focis vestris hodierno die vobis iudicandum 
 est. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, 
 
IN CATILINAM IV. x. 113 
 
 quae non semper facultas datur ; habetis omnis ordi- 
 nes, omnis homines, universum populum Romanum, 
 id quod in civili causa hodierno die primum vide- 
 mus, unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate, quantis 
 laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabili- 5 
 tam libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas 
 exaggeratasque fortunas una nox paene delerit. Id 
 ne umquam posthac non modo non confici, sed ne 
 cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die pro- 
 videndum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi 10 
 studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed 
 ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, 
 officio functa consulari videretur. 
 
 X. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me 
 pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, 15 
 quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimico- 
 rum multitudinem suscepisse video ; sed earn esse 
 iudico turpem et infirmam et abiectam. Quod si 
 aliquando alicuius furore et scelere concitata manus 
 ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae digni- 20 
 tas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum 
 numquam, patres conscripti, paenitebit. Etenim mors, 
 quam illi fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata ; 
 vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis 
 honestastis, nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim bene 25 
 gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica gratulationem 
 decrevistis. 
 
 Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute 
 Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere 
 coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, 30 
 qui duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Kartha- 
 ginem Numantiamque, delevit; habeatur vir egregius 
 Paulus ille, cuius currum rex potentissimus quondam 
 et nobilissimus Perses honestavit; sit aeterna gloria 
 
114 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis 
 liberavit; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res 
 gestae atque virtutes isdem quibus solis cursus re- 
 gionibus ac terminis continentur: erit profecto inter 
 5 horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte 
 maius est patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire 
 possimus, quam curare, ut etiam illi, qui absunt, 
 habeant, quo victores revertantur. 
 
 Ouamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae 
 
 10 victoriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae 
 aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam bene- 
 ficio se obligatos putant ; qui autem ex numero 
 civium, dementia aliqua depravati, hostes patriae se- 
 mel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae 
 
 15 reppuleris, nee vi coercere nee beneficio placare 
 possis. Qua re mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum 
 bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bono- 
 rumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum peri- 
 culorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus 
 
 20 est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus 
 semper haerebit, a me atque a meis facile propulsari 
 posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperie- 
 tur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque Roma- 
 norum et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium 
 
 25 confringere et labefactare possit. 
 
 XI. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, 
 pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque 
 laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis 
 vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis 
 
 30 hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opi- 
 bus non minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro 
 his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singu- 
 laribus studiis proque hac, quam perspicitis, ad 
 conservandam rem publicam diligentia, nihil a vobis 
 
IN CATALINAM IV. xi. 
 
 115 
 
 nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulatus memo- 
 riam postulo ; quae dum erit in vestris fixa menti- 
 bus, tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. 
 Quod si meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque 
 superaverit, commendo vobis parvum meum filium, 5 
 cui profecto satis erit praesidi non solum ad salu- 
 tem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec 
 omnia suo solius periculo conservarit, ilium filium 
 esse memineritis. 
 
 Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique 10 
 Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac liberis, de aris ac 
 focis, de fanis atque templis, de totius urbis tectis 
 ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, 
 de universa re publica decernite diligenter, ut insti- 
 tuistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem, qui et 15 
 parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae statu- 
 eritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum prae- 
 stare possit. 
 
 Carcer — Mamertine Prison. 
 
 Upper Dungeon. 
 Lower Dungeon — Tidhanum. 
 Lower floor of present church 
 above. 
 
 h. Hole through which the condemned 
 
 were let down into the Ttdlianum. 
 c. Spring of clear water. 
 dd- Solid rock. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 DE IMPERII) GNAEI POMPEI ORATIO 
 
 AD QUI RITES. 
 
 I. Ouamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus 
 vester multo iucundissimus, hie autem locus ad 
 agendum amplissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est 
 visus, Quirites, tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper 
 s optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas 
 adhuc, sed vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate 
 susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per aeta- 
 tem nondum huius auctoritatem loci attingere aud-e- 
 rem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, 
 
 10 elaboratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum 
 
 tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 
 
 Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis, 
 
 qui vestram causam defenderent, et meus labor, in 
 
 privatorum periculis caste integreque versatus, ex 
 
 15 vestro iudicio fructum est amplissimum consecutus. 
 Nam cum propter dilationem comitiorum ter praetor 
 primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus sum, facile in- 
 tellexi, Quirites, et quid de me iudicaretis et quid 
 aliis praescriberetis. 
 
 20 Nunc, cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quan- 
 tum vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad 
 agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilanti 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI n. 117 
 
 ex forensi usu prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio 
 potuit adferre, certe et, si quid auctoritatis in me 
 est, apud eos utar, qui earn mihi dederunt, et, si 
 quid in dicendo consequi possum, eis ostendam 
 potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fructum suo iudicio 5 
 tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in primis 
 mihi laetandum iure esse video, quod in hac inso- 
 lita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendi causa talis 
 oblata est, in qua oratio deesse nemini possit. Di- 
 cendum est enim de Cn. Pompei singulari eximiaque 10 
 virtute; huius autem orationis difficilius est exitum 
 quam principium invenire. Ita mihi non tarn copia 
 quam modus in dicendo quaerendus est. 
 
 II. Atque ut hide oratio mea proficiscatur, unde 
 haec omnis causa ducitur, bellum grave et pericu- 15 
 losum vestris vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus po- 
 tentissimis regibus infertur, Mithriclate et Tigrane, 
 quorum alter relictus, alter lacessitus occasionem 
 sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur. 
 Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris, adferuntur ex 20 
 Asia cotidie litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in 
 vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae; qui ad me 
 pro necessitudine, quae mihi est cum illo ordine, 
 causam rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum de- 
 tulerunt : Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, 25 
 vicos exustos esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, 
 quod finitimum est vestris vectigalibus, totum esse 
 in hostium potestate ; L. Lucullum magnis rebus 
 gestis ab eo bello discedere ; huic qui successerit, 
 non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum administran- 30 
 dum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id 
 bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, eundem 
 hunc unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. 
 
 Causa quae sit, videtis ; nunc, quid agendum sit, 
 
118 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 considerate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, 
 deinde de magnitudine, turn de imperatore 'deligendo 
 esse dicendum. 
 
 Genus est enim belli eius modi, quod maxime 
 5 vestros animos excitare atque inflammare ad perse- 
 quendi studium debeat ; in quo agitur populi Ro- 
 mani gloria, quae vobis a maioribus cum magna in 
 omnibus rebus, turn summa in re militari tradita 
 est ; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro 
 
 10 qua multa maiores vestri magna et gravia bella 
 gesserunt ; aguntur certissima populi Romani vecti- 
 galia et maxima, quibus amissis et pacis ornamenta 
 et subsidia belli requiretis ; aguntur bona multorum 
 civium, quibus est a vobis et ipsorum et rei pub- 
 
 15 licae causa consulendum. 
 
 III. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter 
 ceteras gentes atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda 
 est vobis ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore 
 concepta, quae penitus iam insedit ac nimis invete- 
 
 20 ravit in populi Romani nomine, quod is, qui uno 
 die tota in Asia, tot in civitatibus, uno nuntio 
 atque una significatione litterarum cives Romanos 
 necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo adhuc 
 poenam nullam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab 
 
 25 illo tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum reg- 
 nat, et ita regnat, ut se non Ponti neque Cappa- 
 dociae latebris occultare velit, sed emergere ex 
 patrio regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc est, 
 in Asiae luce, versari. 
 
 30 Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contende- 
 runt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non 
 victoriam reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, tri- 
 umphavit L. Murena de Mithridate, duo fortissimi 
 viri et summi imperatores, sed ita triumpharunt, ut 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI iv., v. 119 
 
 ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Verum tamen 
 illis imperatoribus laus est tribuenda, quod egerunt, 
 venia danda, quod reliquerunt, propterea quod ab 
 eo bello Sullam in Italiam res publica, Murenam 
 Sulla revocavit. 5 
 
 IV. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non 
 ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem 
 novi contulit ; qui cum maximas aedificasset ornas- 
 setque classes exercitusque permagnos, quibuscumque 
 ex gentibus potuisset, comparasset et se Bospo- 10 
 ranis, finitimis suis, bellum inferre simularet, usque 
 
 in Hispaniam legatos ac litteras misit ad eos duces, 
 quibuscum turn bellum gerebamus, ut, cum duo- 
 bus in locis disiunctissimis maximeque divcrsis uno 
 consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum terra marique r 5 
 gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione districti de imperio 
 dimicaretis. 
 
 Sed tamen arteritis partis periculum, Sertorianae 
 atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac 
 roboris habebat, Cn. Pompei divino consilio ac sin- 20 
 gulari virtute depulsum est ; in altera parte ita res 
 a L. Lucullo, summo viro, est administrata, ut initia 
 ilia rerum gestarum magna atque praeclara non 
 felicitati eius, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema, quae 
 nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda 25 
 esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, 
 et ita dicam, Ouirites, ut neque vera laus ei de- 
 tracta oratione mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur; 
 de vestri imperi dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is 
 est exorsus orationis meae, videte quem vobis ani- 30 
 mum suscipiendum putetis. 
 
 V. Maiores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut navi- 
 culars nostris iniuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt ; 
 vos, tot milibus civium Romanorum uno nttntio atque 
 
120 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 uno tempore necatis, quo tandem animo esse debe- 
 tis? Legati quod erant appellati superbius, Corin- 
 thum patres vestri, totius Graeciae lumen, exstinctum 
 esse voluerunt; vos eum regem inultum esse patie- 
 5 mini, qui legatum populi Romani consularem vinculis 
 ac verberibus atque omni supplicio excruciatum 
 necavit ? Illi libertatem civium Romanorum immi- 
 nutam non tulerunt : vos vitam ereptam neglegetis? 
 Ius legationis verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt ; 
 
 10 vos legatum omni supplicio interfectum relinquetis ? 
 
 Videte, ne, ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis 
 
 imperi gloriam tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit id, 
 
 quod accepistis, tueri et conservare non posse. 
 
 Quid ? quod salus sociorum summum in pericu- 
 
 15 lum ac discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre 
 debetis ? Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, 
 socius populi Romani atque amicus ; imminent duo 
 reges toti Asiae non solum vobis inimicissimi, sed 
 etiam vestris sociis atque amicis ; civitates autem 
 
 20 omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium 
 exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem coguntur ; 
 imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum prae- 
 sertim vos alium miseritis, neque audent neque se 
 id facere sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. 
 
 25 Vident et sentiunt hoc idem, quod vos, unum virum 
 esse, in quo summa sint omnia, et eum propter 
 esse, quo etiam carent aegrius ; cuius adventu ipso 
 atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bellum 
 venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intel- 
 
 30 legunt ac retardatos. 
 
 Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non licet, tacite 
 rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum provinciarum 
 socios, dignos existimetis, quorum salutem tali viro 
 commendetis, atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI vi. 121 
 
 in provinciam eius modi homines cum imperio mit- 
 timus, ut, etiam si ab hoste defendant, tamen ip- 
 sorum adventus in urbes sociorum non multum. 
 ab hostili expugnatione differant ; hunc audiebant 
 antea, nunc praesentem vident tanta temperantia, s 
 tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei bea- 
 tissimi esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime 
 commoratur. 
 
 VI. Qua re, si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria 
 lacessiti, maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, 10 
 cum Aetolis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto 
 vos studio convenit, iniuriis provocatos, sociorum sa- 
 lutem una cum imperi vestri dignitate defendere, 
 praesertim cum de maximis vestris vectigalibus aga- 
 tur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Qui- 15 
 rites, tanta sunt, ut eis ad ipsas provincias tutandas 
 vix contenti esse possimus ; Asia vero tam opima 
 est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate 
 fructuum et magnitudine pastionis et multitudine 
 earum rerum, quae exportentur, facile omnibus terris 20 
 antecellat. 
 
 Itaque haec vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli 
 utilitatem et pacis dignitatem retinere vultis, non 
 modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis 
 est deiendenda. Nam in ceteris rebus cum venit 25 
 calamitas, turn detrimentum accipitur ; at in vecti- 
 galibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus 
 ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae 
 non longe absunt, etiam si inruptio nulla facta est, 
 tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, 30 
 mercatorum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex 
 portu neque ex decumis neque ex scriptura vectigal 
 conservari potest ; qua re saepe totius anni fructus 
 uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore amittitur. 
 
122 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis aut eos, 
 qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos, qui exercent 
 atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis 
 propter adsint? cum una excursio equitatus ■ perbrevi 
 5 tempore totius anni vectigal auferre possit ? cum 
 publicani familias maximas, quas in saltibus habent, 
 quas in agris, quas in portubus atque custodiis, 
 magno periculo se habere arbitrentur ? Putatisne 
 vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos, qui vobis fructui 
 
 10 sunt, conservaritis non solum, ut ante dixi, calami- 
 tate, sed etiam calamitatis formidine liberatos? 
 
 VII. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, 
 quod mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem 
 de belli genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona 
 
 15 civium Romanorum pertinet ; quorum vobis pro 
 vestra sapientia, Quirites, habenda est ratio diligen- 
 ter. Nam et publicani, homines honestissimi atque 
 ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam pro- 
 vinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et 
 
 20 fortunae vobis curae esse debent. Etenim, si vec- 
 tigalia nervos esse rei publicae semper duximus, 
 eum certe ordinem, qui exercet ilia, firmamentum 
 ceterorum ordinum recte esse dicemus. Deinde ex 
 ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque industrii par- 
 
 25 tim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absentibus 
 consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia 
 pecunias magnas collocatas habent. 
 
 Est igitur humanitatis vestrae magnum numerum 
 eorum civium calamitate prohibere, sapientiae videre 
 
 30 multorum civium calamitatem a re publica seiunc- 
 tam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud parvi 
 refert, nos publica his omissis vectigalia postea victo- 
 ria recuperare ; neque enim isdem redimendi facultas 
 erit propter calamitatem neque aliis voluntas propter 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI vm. 123 
 
 timorem. Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque 
 idem iste Mithridates initio belli Asiatici docuit, id 
 quidem certe calamitate docti memoria retinere de- 
 bemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia res magnas per- 
 multi amiserant, scimus Romae solutione impedita 5 
 fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in civitate 
 multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures se- 
 cum in eandem trahant calamitatem. 
 
 A quo periculo prohibete rem publicam et mini 
 credite, id quod ipsi videtis, haec fides atque haec 10 
 ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro ver- 
 satur, implicata est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et 
 cohaeret ; ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non 
 eodem labefacta motu concidant. Qua re videte, 
 num dubitandum vobis sit omni studio ad id bel- 15 
 lum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestri, salus 
 sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae plurimorum 
 civium coniunctae cum re publica defendantur. 
 
 VIII. Ouoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de 
 magnitudine pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc dici, 20 
 belli genus esse ita necessarium, ut sit gerendum, 
 non esse ita magnum, ut sit pertimescendum. In 
 quo maxime laborandum est, ne forte ea vobis, 
 quae diligentissime providenda sunt, contemnenda 
 esse videantur. . 25 
 
 Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. Lucullo tan- 
 turn impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sapienti 
 homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico eius 
 adventu maximas Mithridati copias omnibus rebus 
 ornatas atque instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae cla- 30 
 rissimam nobisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, ob- 
 sessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et 
 oppugnatam vehementissime ; quam L. Lucullus vir- 
 tute, adsiduitate, consilio, summis obsidionis periculfs 
 
124 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 liberavit ; ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et 
 ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio 
 atque odio inflammata raperetur, superatam esse 
 atque depressam ; magnas hostium praeterea copias 
 5 multis proeliis esse deletas patefactumque nostris 
 legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano 
 ex omni aditu clausus fuisset ; Sinopen atque Ami- 
 sum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, omni- 
 bus rebus ornatas ac refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti 
 
 10 et Cappadociae permultas uno aditu adventuque 
 esse captas ; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque 
 avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentes sup- 
 plicem contulisse ; atque haec omnia salvis populi 
 Romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse gesta. 
 
 15 Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, 
 ut hoc vos intellegatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic 
 obtrectant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter 
 ex hoc loco esse laudatum. 
 
 IX. Requiretur fortasse nunc, quern ad modum, 
 
 20 cum haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse 
 bellum. Cognoscite, Quirites ; non enim hoc sine 
 causa quaeri videtur. 
 
 Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, 
 ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse 
 
 25 dicitur, quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra 
 in eis locis, qua se parens persequeretur, dissipa- 
 visse, ut eorum collectio dispersa maerorque patrius 
 celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates 
 fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti pulcher- 
 
 30 rimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a maioribus 
 acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia di- 
 reptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem 
 reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia diligen- 
 tius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in 
 
 35 persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia tardavit. 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI ix. 125 
 
 Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Arrae- 
 nius, exccpit diffidenteraque rebus suis confirmavit 
 et adflictum erexit perditumque recreavit. Cuius in 
 regnum postea quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, 
 plures etiam gentes contra imperatorem nostrum 5 
 concitatae sunt. Erat enim metus iniectus eis na- 
 tionibus, quas numquam populus Romanus neque 
 lacessendas bello neque temptandas putavit ; erat 
 etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae ani- 
 mos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locupletis- 10 
 simi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras 
 nostrum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes 
 multae atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu 
 concitabantur. 
 
 Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigra- 15 
 nis regno ceperat et proeliis usus erat secundis, 
 tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac desiderio su- 
 orum commovebatur. Hie iam plura non dicam ; 
 fuit enim illud extremum, ut ex eis locis a mili- 
 tibus nostris reditus magis maturus quam processio 20 
 longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et suam 
 manum iam confirmarat, et magnis adventiciis auxi- 
 liis multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Nam 
 hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum ad- 
 flictae fortunae facile multorum opes adliciant ad 25 
 misericordiam, maximeque eorum, qui aut reges sunt 
 aut vivunt in regno, ut eis nomen regale magnum 
 et sanctum esse videatur. Itaque tantum victus 
 efficere potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est 
 ausus optare. Nam, cum se in regnum suum 30 
 recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, quod ei praeter 
 spem acciderat, ut illam, postea quam pulsus erat, 
 terram umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum 
 clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. 
 
126 M. TULLI CICE) JNIS 
 
 Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent, qui 
 res Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nostram cala- 
 mitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn ad aures impe- 
 ratoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone 
 
 5 rumor adferret. Hie in illo ipso malo gravissimaque 
 belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua ex 
 parte eis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, ves- 
 tro iussu coactus, qui imperi diuturnitati modum 
 statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, partem mili- 
 
 io turn, qui iam stipendiis confecti erant, dimisit, par- 
 tem M'. Glabrioni tradidit. 
 
 Multa praetereo consulto ; sed ea vos coniectura 
 perspicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, 
 quod coniungant reges potentissimi, renovent agi- 
 
 15 tatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, novus 
 imperator noster accipiat vetere exercitu pulso. 
 
 X. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re 
 esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magni- 
 tudine periculosum ; restat, ut de imperatore ad id 
 
 20 bellum deligendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicen- 
 dum esse videatur. Utinam, Quirites, virorum for- 
 tium atque innocentium copiam tantam haberetis, ut 
 haec vobis deliberatio difficilis esset, quemnam po- 
 tissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello praeficiendum 
 
 25 putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus Cn. Pompeius, 
 qui non modo eorum hominum, qui nunc sunt, 
 gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtute 
 superarit, quae res est, quae cuiusquam animum in 
 hac causa dubium facere possit ? Ego enim sic 
 
 30 existimo, in summo imperatore quattuor has res 
 inesse oportere, scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auc- 
 toritatem, felicitatem. 
 
 Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit 
 aut esse debuit ? qui e ludo atque pueritiae disciplinis, 
 
m$ 
 
 Roman Heroic Statue, probably Pompey. 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xi. 127 
 
 bello maximo atque acerrimis hostibus, ad patris ex- 
 ercitum atque in militiae disciplinam profectus est ; 
 qui extrema pueritia miles in exercitu fuit summi 
 imperatoris, ineunte adulescentia maximi ipse exerci- 
 tus imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste conflixit, 5 
 quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella 
 gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confe- 
 cit quam alii concupiverunt ; cuius adulescentia ad 
 scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis, sed suis 
 imperils, non offensionibus belli, sed victoriis, non 10 
 stipendiis, sed triumphis est erudita. 
 
 Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium 
 non exercuerit fortuna rei publicae ? Civile, Africa- 
 num, Transalpinum, Hispaniense, servile, navale bel- 
 lum, varia et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, 15 
 non solum gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, 
 nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, 
 quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit. 
 
 XI. lam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest ora- 
 tio par inveniri ? Quid est, quod quisquam aut illo 20 
 dignum aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum 
 possit adferre ? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes 
 imperatoriae, quae vulgo existimantur, labor in ne- 
 gotiis, fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, 
 celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in providendo ; 25 
 quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus re- 
 liquis impcratoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, 
 non fuerunt. 
 
 Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla 
 huius virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam ; 30 
 testis est Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam peri- 
 culis non terrore belli, sed consili celeritate expli- 
 cavit ; testis est Africa, quae magnis oppressa hos- 
 tium copiis eorum ipsorum sanguine redundavit ; 
 
128 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostris iter in 
 Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum est ; 
 testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostes 
 ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit ; testis est 
 5 iterum et saepius Italia, quae cum servili bello 
 taetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium 
 absente expetivit, quod bellum exspectatione eius 
 attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu sublatum 
 ac sepultum ; testes nunc vero iam omnes sunt orae 
 
 10 atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique 
 maria omnia cum universa, turn in singulis oris 
 omnes sinus atque portus. 
 
 Quis enim toto mari locus per hos annos aut tarn 
 firm um habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset, aut tarn 
 
 15 fuit abditus, ut lateret ? Quis navigavit, qui non se 
 aut mortis aut servitutis periculo committeret, cum 
 aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret ? 
 Hoc tantum bellum, tarn turpe, tarn vetus, tarn late 
 divisum atque dispersum quis umquam arbitraretur 
 
 20 aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno anno aut omni- 
 bus annis ab uno imperatore confici posse ? Quam 
 provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per hosce 
 annos ? Quod vectigal vobis tutum fuit ? Quern 
 socium defendistis ? Cui praesidio classibus vestris 
 
 25 fuistis ? Quam multas existimatis insulas esse deser- 
 tas, quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedoni- 
 bus captas urbes esse sociorum ? 
 
 XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit 
 hoc quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe 
 
 30 a domo bellare et propugnaculis imperi sociorum 
 fortunas, non sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nos- 
 tris mare per hos annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum 
 exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme 
 summa transmiserint? Qui ad vos ab exteris nationi- 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xn. 129 
 
 bus venirent, captos querar, cum legati populi Ro- 
 mani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non 
 fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum 
 potestatem pervenerint ? Cnidum aut Colophonem 
 aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque 5 
 alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portus 
 atque eos portus, quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, 
 in praedonum fuisse potestate sciatis ? 
 
 An vero ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum 
 ac plenissimum navium inspectante praetore a prae- 10 
 donibus esse direptum, ex Miseno autem eius ipsius 
 liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum ges- 
 serat, a praedonibus esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego 
 Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque 
 ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum prope inspec- 15 
 tantibus vobis classis ea, cui consul populi Romani 
 praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque op- 
 pressa est ? Pro di immortales ! tantamne unius 
 hominis incredibilis ac divina virtus tam brevi tem- 
 pore lucem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut vos, qui 20 
 modo ante ostium Tiberinum classem hostium vide- 
 batis, ei nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium praedo- 
 num navem esse audiatis ? 
 
 Atque haec qua edentate gesta sint, quamquam 
 videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non 25 
 sunt. Ouis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut 
 consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot 
 loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam 
 celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navi- 
 gavit ? Qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum 3° 
 mari Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in Sardinian! 
 cum classe venit atque haec tria frumentaria sub- 
 sidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque 
 munivit 
 
130 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus His- 
 paniis et Gallia Transalpina praesidiis ac navibus 
 confirmata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et 
 in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus Italiae 
 5 duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis 
 adornavit, ipse autem, ut Brundisio profectus est, 
 undequinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi 
 Romani Ciliciam adiunxit ; omnes, qui ubique prae- 
 dones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique sunt, par- 
 
 io tim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. 
 Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam 
 legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis 
 non ademit obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bel- 
 lum, tarn diuturnum, tarn longe lateque dispersum, 
 
 15 quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, 
 Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere 
 suscepit, media aestate confecit. 
 
 XIII. Est hacc divina atque incredibilis virtus 
 imperatoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante com- 
 
 20 memorare coeperam, quantae atque quam multae 
 sunt ! Non enim bellandi virtus solum in summo 
 ac perfecto imperatore quaerenda est, sed multae 
 sunt artes eximiae huius administrae comitesque vir- 
 tutis. Ac primum quanta innocentia debent esse 
 
 25 imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus rebus tem- 
 perantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto in- 
 genio, quanta humanitate ! Quae breviter qualia 
 sint in Cn. Pompeio consideremus. Summa enim 
 omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea magis ex aliorum con- 
 
 30 tentione quam ipsa per sese cognosci atque intellegi 
 possunt. 
 
 Ouem enim imperatorem possumus ullo in numero 
 putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque 
 venierint ? Ouid hunc hominem magnum aut am- 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xiv. 131 
 
 plum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex 
 aerario depromptam ad bellum administrandum aut 
 propter cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit 
 aut propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit ? 
 Vestra admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere 5 
 videamini, qui haec fecerint ; ego autem nomino 
 neminem ; qua re irasci mihi nemo poterit, nisi 
 qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. 
 
 Itaque propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quan- 
 tas calamitates, quocumque ventum sit, nostri exer- I0 
 citus ferant, quis ignorat ? Itinera, quae per hosce 
 annos in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Ro- 
 manorum nostri imperatores fecerint, recordamini ; 
 turn facilius statuetis, quid apud exteras nationes 
 fieri existimetis. Utrum plures arbitramini per hosce j$ 
 annos militum vestrorum armis hostium urbes an 
 hibernis sociorum civitates esse deletas ? 
 
 Neque enim potest exercitum is continere impe- 
 rator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse 
 in iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse iudices 20 
 non vult. Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum ex- 
 cellere ceteris, cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervene- 
 rint, ut non modo mantis tanti exercitus, sed ne 
 vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur ? 
 lam vero quern ad modum milites hibernent, cotidie 25 
 sermones ac litterae perferuntur ; non modo ut 
 sumptum faciat in militem, nemini vis adfertur, sed 
 ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis 
 enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in so- 
 ciorum atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. 3° 
 
 XIV. Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit tempe- 
 rantia, considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem 
 et tarn incredibilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non 
 enim ilium eximia vis remieum aut ars inaudita 
 
132 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 quaedam gubernandi aut venti aliqui novi tam cele- 
 riter in ultimas terras pertulerunt, sed eae res, quae 
 ceteros remorari solent, non retardarunt ; non ava- 
 ritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit, 
 5 non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delec- 
 tationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non 
 denique labor ipse ad quietem ; postremo signa et 
 tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, 
 quae ceteri tollenda arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne vi- 
 
 IO senda quidem existimavit. 
 
 Itaque omnes nunc in eis locis Cn. Pompeium 
 sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo 
 delapsum intuentur ; nunc denique incipiunt credere, 
 fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam continentia, 
 
 15 quod iam nationibus exteris incredibile ac falso 
 memoriae proditum videbatur ; nunc imperi vestri 
 splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit ; nunc 
 intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos turn, cum 
 ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, servire populo 
 
 20 Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. Iam vero 
 ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae 
 querimoniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, 
 qui dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par 
 esse videatur. 
 
 25 Iam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate 
 et copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas 
 imperatoria, vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe 
 cognovistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios 
 existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium ge- 
 
 30 nerum sanctissimam iudicarint ? Humanitate iam 
 tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit, utrum hostes magis 
 virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint an mansuetudinem 
 victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit, quin huic 
 hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xv. 133 
 
 nostrae memoriae bella conficienda divino quodam 
 consilio natus esse videatur ? 
 
 XV. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis ad- 
 ministrandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, 
 certe nemini dubium est, quin ea re idem ille 5 
 imperator plurimum possit. Vehementer autem per- 
 tinere ad bella administranda, quid hostes, quid socii 
 de imperatoribus nostris existiment, quis ignorat, 
 cum sciamus homines, in tantis rebus ut aut con- 
 temnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, opini- 10 
 one non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa 
 commoveri ? 
 
 Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum cla- 
 rius fuit ? cuius res gestae pares ? De quo homine 
 vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et 15 
 tarn praeclara iudicia fecistis ? An vero ullam us- 
 quam esse oram tam desertam putatis, quo non illius 
 diei fama pervaserit, cum universus populus Ro- 
 manus referto foro completisque omnibus templis, 
 ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad 20 
 commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium 
 imperatorem depoposcit ? 
 
 Itaque, ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exem- 
 plis confirmem, quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, 
 ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum 25 
 exempla sumantur ; qui quo die a vobis- maritimo 
 bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas 
 annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae 
 consecuta est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam 
 vix ex summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax effi- 30 
 cere potuisset. 
 
 lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, 
 de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, cum socii 
 pertimuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis 
 
134 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, amisissetis 
 Asiam, Ouirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen eius tem- 
 poris divinitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones for- 
 tuna populi Romani attulisset. Huius adventus et 
 5 Mithridatem insolita inflammatum victoria continuit 
 et Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retar- 
 davit. Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtute perfec- 
 turus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit ? aut 
 quam facile imperio atque exercitu socios et vecti- 
 
 io galia conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore 
 defenderit ? 
 
 XVI. Age vero ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem 
 hominis apud hostes populi Romani auctoritatem, 
 quod ex locis tarn longinquis tamque diversis tarn 
 
 15 brevi tempore omnes huic se uni dediderunt ! quod 
 Cretensium legati, cum in eorum insula noster im- 
 perator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in 
 ultimas prope terras venerunt eique se omnes Cre- 
 tensium civitates dedere velle dixerunt ! Quid ? 
 
 20 Idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pom- 
 peium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit ? eum, 
 quem Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, ei, qui- 
 bus erat molestum ad eum potissimum esse mis- 
 sum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicari malue- 
 
 25 runt. Potestis igitur iam constituere, Quirites, hanc 
 auctoritatem, multis postea rebus gestis magnisque 
 vestris iudiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos 
 reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse 
 existimetis. 
 
 30 Reliquum est, ut de felicitate, quam praestare de 
 se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de 
 altero possumus, sicut aequum est homines de pote- 
 state deorum, timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim 
 sic existimo, Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario et 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xvn. 135 
 
 ceteris magnis imperatoribus non solum propter vir- 
 tutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia 
 mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. Fuit enim 
 profecto quibusdam summis viris quaedam ad am- 
 plitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene 5 
 gerendas divinitus adiuncta fortuna. De huius au- 
 tem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac 
 utar moderatione dicendi, non ut in illius potestate 
 fortunam positam esse dicam, sed ut praeterita me- 
 minisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa 10 
 dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse 
 videatur. 
 
 Itaque non sum praedicaturus, quantas ille res 
 domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate 
 gesserit ; ut eius semper voluntatibus non modo 15 
 cives adsenserint, socii obtemperarint, hostes oboe- 
 dierint, sed etiam venti tempestatesque obsecunda- 
 rint : hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tam 
 impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et 
 tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di 20 
 immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut 
 illi proprium ac perpetuum sit, Ouirites, cum com- 
 munis salutis atque imperi, turn ipsius hominis causa, 
 sicuti facitis, velle et optare debetis. 
 
 Qua re cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut 25 
 neglegi non possit, ita magnum, ut accuratissime 
 sit administrandum, et cum ei imperatorem praeficere 
 possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis 
 virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubita- 
 tis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod vobis 30 
 ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in 
 rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam 
 conferatis ? 
 
 XVII. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus 
 
136 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 esset hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat 
 deligendus atque mittendus ; nunc, cum ad ceteras 
 summas utilitates haec quoque opportunitas adiun- 
 gatur, ut in eis ipsis locis adsit, ut habeat exerci- 
 5 turn, ut ab eis, qui habent, accipere statim possit, 
 quid exspectamus ? aut cur non ducibus dis immor- 
 talibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei 
 publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium 
 committamus? 
 
 io At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, 
 vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q. Catulus, 
 itemque summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtu- 
 tis, ingeni praeditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione 
 dissentiunt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos 
 
 15 multis locis plurimum valuisse et valere oportere 
 confiteor ; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognoscetis 
 auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et cla- 
 rissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac 
 ratione exquirere possumus veritatem, atque hoc 
 
 20 facilius, quod ea. omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, 
 eidem isti vera esse concedunt, et necessarium bel- 
 lum esse et magnum et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa 
 esse omnia. 
 
 Quid igitur ait Hortensius ? Si uni omnia tri- 
 
 25 buenda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad 
 unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit 
 iam ista oratio, re multo magis quam verbis refutata. 
 Nam tu idem, 0. Hortensi, multa pro tua summa 
 copia ac singulari facultate dicendi et in senatu con- 
 
 30 tra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, graviter ornateque 
 dixisti, cum is de uno imperatore contra praedones 
 constituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso 
 loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecisti. 
 Quid ? turn, per deos immortales ! si plus apud 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xvm. 137 
 
 populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius pop- 
 uli Romani salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie 
 hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium tene- 
 remus ? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse videbatur, 
 cum populi Romani legati, quaestores praetoresque 5 
 capiebantur, cum ex omnibus provinciis commeatu 
 et privato et publico prohibebamur, cum ita clausa 
 nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem 
 transmarinam neque publicam iam obire possemus? 
 
 XVIII. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, non dico 10 
 Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenu- 
 isse dicitur, non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum 
 classe ac maritimis rebus valuerunt, non Rhodio- 
 rum, quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina 
 navalis et gloria remansit ; quae civitas, inquam, 15 
 antea tarn tenuis, quae tam parva insula fuit, quae 
 non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regio- 
 nis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? 
 At hercule aliquot annos continuos ante legem Ga- 
 biniam ille populus Romanus, cuius usque ad nostram 20 
 memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus pugnis per- 
 manserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non modo 
 utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit ; nos, 
 quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe Persemque 
 superarunt omnibusque navalibus pugnis Karthagini- 25 
 ensis, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos 
 paratissimosque, vicerunt, ei nullo in loco iam prae- 
 donibus pares esse poteramus ; nos, qui antea non 
 modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed omnes socios 
 in ultimis oris auctoritate nostri imperi salvos prae- 30 
 stare poteramus, turn, cum insula Delos, tam procul 
 a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undique 
 cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta 
 divitiis, parva, sine muro nihil timebat, eidem non 
 
138 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac por- 
 tubus nostris, sed etiam Appia iam via carebamus ; 
 et eis temporibus non pudebat magistrates populi 
 Romani in hunc ipsum locum escendere, cum eum 
 5 nobis maiores nostri exuviis nauticis et classium 
 spoliis ornatum reliquissent ! 
 
 XIX. Bono te animo turn, Q. Hortensi, populus 
 Romanus et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, 
 dicere existimavit ea, quae sentiebatis ; sed tamen 
 
 io in salute communi idem populus Romanus dolori 
 suo maluit quam auctoritati vestrae obtemperare. 
 Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus annus non modo 
 nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine liberavit, sed etiam 
 effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus genti- 
 
 15 bus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 
 
 Quo mihi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse 
 adhuc, Gabinio dicam anne Pompeio, an utrique, id 
 quod est verius, ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pom- 
 peio expetenti ac postulanti. Utrum ille, qui postu- 
 
 20 lat ad tantum bellum legatum, quern velit, idoneus 
 non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri. ad expilandos 
 socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, le- 
 gatos eduxerint, an ipse, cuius lege salus ac dignitas 
 populo Romano atque omnibus gentibus constituta 
 
 25 est, expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque 
 eius exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac periculo est 
 constitutus ? An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Cae- 
 lius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris 
 causa nomino, cum tribuni plebi fuissent, anno prox- 
 
 30 imo legati esse potuerunt ; in uno Gabinio sunt 
 tarn diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia 
 geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quern 
 per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse 
 deberet ? 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xx. 189 
 
 De quo legando consules spero ad senatum rela- 
 turos. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me 
 profiteor relaturum ; neque me impediet cuiusquam 
 inimicum edictum, quo minus vobis fretus vestrum 
 ius beneficiumque defendam, neque praeter interces- 5 
 sionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, isti 
 ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam, quid liceat, 
 considerabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus 
 A. Gabinius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. 
 Pompeio socius ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni 10 
 illud bellum suscipiendum vestris suffragiis detulit, 
 alter delatum susceptumque confecit. 
 
 XX. Reliquum est, ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et 
 sententia dicendutn esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis 
 quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si 15 
 quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, 
 cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, 
 cum omnes una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem 
 habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla 
 res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non et con- 20 
 silio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere 
 possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dis- 
 sentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus 
 diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos 
 immortales licet, frui debet summi viri vita atque 25 
 virtute. 
 
 At enim "ne quid novi fiat contra exempla atque 
 instituta maiorum." Non dicam hoc loco, maiores 
 nostros semper in pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati 
 paruisse, semper ad novos casus temporum novorum 30 
 consiliorum rationes accommodasse ; non dicam, duo 
 bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno 
 imperatore esse confecta duasque urbes potentissimas, 
 quae huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem 
 
140 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 atque Numantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas; 
 non commemorabo, nuper ita vobis patribusque ves- 
 tris esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperi 
 poneretur, ut idem cum Iugurtha, idem cum Cim- 
 5 bris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret ; in 
 ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi constitui nihil vult 
 Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli 
 voluntate constituta, recordamini. 
 
 XXI. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum pri- 
 
 10 vatum exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore confi- 
 cere ? Confecit. Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem 
 optime ductu suo gerere ? Gessit. 
 
 Quid tarn praeter consuetudinem quam homini 
 peradulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe 
 
 15 abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam 
 permitti atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia 
 administrandum ? Fuit in his provinciis singulari 
 innocentia, gravitate, virtute, bellum in Africa maxi- 
 mum confecit, victorem exercitum deportavit. 
 
 20 Quid vero tarn inauditum quam equitem Romanum 
 triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Romanus 
 non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam 
 et concelebrandam putavit. 
 
 Quid tarn • inusitatum, quam ut, cum duo consules 
 
 25 clarissimi fortissimique essent, eques Romanus ad 
 bellum maximum formidolosissimumque pro consule 
 mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore cum 
 esset non nemo in senatu, qui diceret non oportere 
 mitti hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus 
 
 30 dixisse dicitur non se ilium sua sententia pro con- 
 sule, sed pro consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rei 
 publicae bene gerendae spes constituebatur, ut du- 
 orum consulum munus unius adulescentis virtuti 
 committeretur. 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xxn. 141 
 
 Quid tarn singulare, quam ut ex senatus consulto 
 legibus solutus consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium 
 magistratum per leges capere licuisset ? Quid tarn 
 incredibile, quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex sena- 
 tus consulto triumpharet? Quae in omnibus homi- 5 
 nibus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, 
 ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc 
 uno homine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta 
 ac tam nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem a 
 Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis am- 10 
 plissimorum hominum auctoritate. 
 
 XXII. Qua re videant, ne sit periniquum et non 
 ferendum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dig- 
 nitate a vobis comprobatam semper esse, vestrum 
 ab illis de eodem homine iudicium populique Ro- 15 
 mani auctoritatem improbari, praesertim cum iam 
 suo iure populus Romanus in hoc homine suam 
 auctoritatem vel contra omnes, qui dissentiunt, possit 
 defendere, propterea quod isdem istis reclamantibus 
 vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis, quern bello 20 
 praedonum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecistis 
 et rei publicae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia 
 vestra suis consiliis regere conantur; sin autem vos 
 plus turn in re publica vidistis, vos eis repugnan- 
 tibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, 25 
 salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, aliquando isti prin- 
 cipes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani universi 
 auctoritati parendum esse fateantur. 
 
 Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum 
 militaris ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio sin- 30 
 gularis, sed aliae quoque virtutes animi magnae et 
 multae requiruntur. Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, 
 Syria, regnisque interiorum nationum ita versari 
 nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste 
 
142 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt 
 pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse 
 tales propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo 
 arbitratur. Difficile est dictu, Ouirites, quanto in 
 5 odio simus apud exteras nationes propter eorum, 
 quos ad eas per hos annos cum imperio misimus, 
 libidines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in 
 illis terris nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam 
 civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac 
 
 io munitam fuisse ? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae 
 requirunter, quibus causa belli propter diripiendi 
 cupiditatem inferatur. 
 
 Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Horten- 
 sio, summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem ; noverunt 
 
 15 enim sociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, 
 querimonias audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostes 
 exercitum mittere putatis, an hostium simulatione 
 contra socios atque amicos ? Quae civitas est in 
 Asia, quae non modo imperatoris aut legati, sed 
 
 20 unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere 
 possit ? 
 
 XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis, qui col- 
 latis signis exercitus regios superare posse videatur, 
 tamen, nisi erit idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum, 
 
 25 qui ab eorum coniugibus ac liberis, qui ab orna- 
 mentis fanorum atque oppidorum, qui ab auro ga- 
 zaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere possit, 
 non erit idoneus, qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque 
 mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse, 
 
 30 quae locuples sit ? ecquam esse locupletem, quae 
 istis pacata esse videatur? 
 
 Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum 
 propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 
 animi continentiam requisivit. Videbat enim impe- 
 
DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xxiv. 143 
 
 ratores locupletari quotannis pecunia publica praeter 
 paucos, neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi classium 
 nomine, nisi ut detrimentis accipiendis maiore ad- 
 fici turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupiditate 
 homines in provincias, quibus iacturis et quibus 5 
 condicionibus proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, 
 qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur : 
 quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus, 
 turn etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse videamus. 
 Qua re nolite dubitare, quin huic uni credatis omnia, 10 
 qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quern socii 
 in urbes suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. 
 
 Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, con- 
 firmandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum 
 omnium maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Ser- 15 
 vilius, cuius tantae res gestae terra marique exsti- 
 terunt, ut, cum de bello deliberetis, auctor vobis 
 gravior esse nemo debeat ; est C. Curio, summis 
 vestris benefices maximisque rebus gestis, summo 
 ingenio et prudentia praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, 20 
 in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus 
 summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cog- 
 novistis ; est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constan- 
 tia singulari. Qua re videte, ut horum auctoritatibus 
 illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, respondere posse 25 
 videamur. 
 
 XXIV. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum 
 istam tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam 
 laudo vehementissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor, 
 ut auctore populo Romano maneas in sententia neve 3° 
 cuiusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Primum 
 in te satis esse animi perseverantiaeque arbitror ; 
 deinde, cum tantam multitudinem cum tanto studio 
 adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc in eodem 
 
> 144 DE IMPERIO GNAEI POMPEI xxiv. 
 
 homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est, quod aut de 
 re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus ? 
 
 Ego autem, quicquid est in me studi, consili, 
 laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc beneficio populi Ro- 
 5 mani atque hac potestate praetoria, quicquid aucto- 
 ritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad hanc 
 rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor 
 ac defero ; testorque omnes deos, et eos maxime, 
 qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui omnium 
 
 io mentes eorum, qui ad rem publicam adeunt, maxime 
 perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere cuiusquam, 
 neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per hanc cau- 
 sam conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam 
 amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adiumenta 
 
 15 honoribus quaeram, propterea quod pericula facile, 
 ut hominem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repel- 
 lemus, honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc 
 loco, sed eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione 
 vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, consequemur. 
 
 20 Ouam ob rem, quicquid in hac causa mihi sus- 
 ceptum est, Ouirites, id ego omne me rei publicae 
 causa suscepisse confirmo, tantumque abest, ut ali- 
 quam mihi bonam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut mul- 
 tas me etiam simultates partim obscuras, partim 
 
 25 apertas intellegam, mihi non necessarias, vobis non 
 inutiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore prae- 
 ditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui, Qui- 
 rites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem 
 et salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omni- 
 
 o bus commodis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POET A 
 ORATIO. 
 
 I. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio 
 quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, 
 in qua me non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, 
 aut si huiusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium 
 studiis ac disciplina profecta, a qua ego nullum 5 
 confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse, earum 
 rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius fruc- 
 tum a me^ repetere prope suo iure debet. Nam, 
 quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spa- 
 tium praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam re- 10 
 cordari ultimam, inde usque repetens hunc video 
 mihi principem et ad suscipiendam et ad ingredien- 
 dam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. 
 
 Quod si haec vox huius hortatu praeceptisque 
 conformata non nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo 15 
 id accepimus, quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare 
 possumus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in 
 nobis, et opem et salutem ferre debemus. Ac ne 
 quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia 
 quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec 20 
 dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic 
 uni studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim 
 omnes artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, habent 
 
146 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 quoddam commune vinclum et quasi cognatione qua- 
 dam inter se continentur. 
 
 II. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur, me 
 in quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res 
 
 5 agatur apud praetorem populi Romani, rectissimum 
 virum, et apud severissimos iudices, tanto conventu 
 hominum ac frequentia hoc uti genere dicendi, quod 
 non modo a consuetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam 
 a forensi sermone abhorreat, quaeso a vobis, ut in 
 
 io hac causa mini detis hanc veniam, accommodatam 
 huic reo, vobis, quern ad modum spero, non mol- 
 estam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo 
 homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum litteratissi- 
 morum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore 
 
 I5 exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis 
 ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius et in eius modi 
 persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in 
 iudiciis periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo 
 quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Quod si mihi 
 
 20 a vobis tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam pro- 
 fecto, ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segre- 
 gandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum 
 etiam, si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse. 
 
 III. Nam, ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias 
 25 atque ab eis artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad hu- 
 
 manitatem informari solet, se ^ad scribendi studium 
 contulit, primum Antiochiae — nam' ibi natus est 
 loco nobili — celebri quondam urbe et copiosa atque 
 eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque studiis adflu- 
 3° enti, celeriter antecellere omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. 
 Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaque Graecia sic 
 eius adventus celebrabantur, ut famam ingeni exspec- 
 tatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius adventus admira- 
 tioque superaret. 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO iv. 147 
 
 Erat Italia turn plena Graecarum artium ac dis- 
 ciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehementius 
 turn colebantur quam nunc eisdem in oppidis, et 
 hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non 
 neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini 5 
 et Neapolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt, 
 et omnes, qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, 
 cognitione atque hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac 
 tanta celebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus notus, 
 Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est 10 
 primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad scribendum 
 maximas, alter cum res gestas turn etiam studium 
 atque aures adhibere posset. 
 
 Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam turn Ar- 
 chias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Et erat 15 
 hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam 
 naturae atque virtutis, ut domus, quae huius adule- 
 scentiae prima favit, eadem esset familiarissima se- 
 nectuti. Erat temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello 
 illi Numidico et eius Pio filio, audiebatur a M. 20 
 Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio, a 
 L. Crasso colebatur; Lucullos vero et Drusum et 
 Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum do- 
 mum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficieba- 
 tur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant, 25 
 qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum 
 etiam si qui forte simulabant. 
 
 IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum 
 M. Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea 
 provincia cum eodem Lucullo decederet, venit He- 30 
 racliam. Quae cum esset civitas aequissimo hire 
 ac foedere, adscribi se in earn civitatem voluit, 
 idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, turn 
 auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus im- 
 
148 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 petravit. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : 
 Si qui foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuis- 
 
 SENT, SI TUM, CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA 
 DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT ET SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS 
 S APUD PRAETOREM ESSENT PROFESSI. Cum hie do- 
 micilium Romae multos iam annos haberet, professus 
 est apud praetorem O. Metellum, familiarissimum 
 suum. 
 
 Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, 
 
 10 nihil dico amplius ; causa dicta est. Quid enini 
 horum infirmari, Grati, potest ? Heracliaene esse 
 eum ascriptum negabis ? Adest vir summa aucto- 
 ritate et religione et fide, M. Lucullus ; qui se non 
 opinari, sed scire, non audivisse, sed vidisse, non 
 
 15 interfuisse, sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclienses 
 legati, nobilissimi homines, huius iudici causa cum 
 mandatis et cum publico testimonies qui hunc ad- 
 scriptum Heracliensem dicunt. 
 
 Hie tu tabulas desideras Heracliensium publicas, 
 
 20 quas Italico bello incenso tabulario interisse scimus 
 omnes ? Est ridiculum ad ea, quae habemus, nihil 
 dicere, quaerere, quae habere non possumus, et de 
 hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam fla- 
 gitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, 
 
 25 integerrimi municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea, 
 quae depravari nullo modo possunt, repudiare ; tabu- 
 las, quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. - 
 
 An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot 
 annis ante civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum 
 
 30 ac fortunarum suarum Romae collocavit ? An non 
 est professus ? Immo vero eis tabulis professus, 
 quae solae ex ilia professione collegioque praetorum 
 obtinent publicarum tabularum auctoritatem. 
 
 V. Nam, cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adser- 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO v. ' 149 
 
 vatae dicerentur, Gabini, quamdiu incolumis fuit, 
 levitas, post damnationem calamitas oranera tabu- 
 larum fidem resignasset, Metellus, homo sanctissi- 
 mus modestissimusque omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, 
 ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et ad iudices venerit 5 
 et unius nominis litura se commotum esse dixerit. 
 His igitur in tabulis nullam lituram in nomine A. 
 Licini videtis. Quae cum ita sint, quid est, quod 
 de eius civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quo- 
 que in civitatibus fuerit ascriptus ? Etenim, cum 10 
 mediocribus multis et aut nulla aut humili aliqua 
 arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in Graecia homines 
 impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrenses aut Nea- 
 politanos aut Tarentinos, quod scaenicis artificibus 
 largiri solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito 15 
 gloria noluisse ! 
 
 Quid? cum ceteri non modo post civitatem datam, 
 sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum 
 municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt; hie, qui ne utitur 
 quidem illis, in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se 20 
 Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur ? Census nostros 
 requiris. Scilicet; est enim obscurum proximis cen- 
 soribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore, L. Lucullo, 
 apud exercitum fuisse, superioribus cum eodem 
 quaestore fuisse in Asia, primis, Iulio et Crasso, 25 
 nullam populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam 
 census non ius civitatis confirmat ac tantum modo 
 indicat eum, qui sit census, se iam turn gessisse 
 pro cive, eis temporibus is, quern tu criminaris ne 
 ipsius quidem iudicio in civium Romanorum iure 30 
 esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostris 
 legibus et adiit hereditates civium Romanorum et 
 in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo 
 pro consule. Quaere argumenta, si quae potes ; 
 
150 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 numquam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum 
 iudicio revincetur. 
 
 VI/^Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc 
 homine delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis, ubi et 
 5 animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures 
 convicio defessae conquiescant. An tu existimas 
 aut suppetere nobis posse, quod cotidie dicamus in 
 tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrina 
 excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse contentio- 
 
 io nem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego vero 
 fateor me his studiis esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat, 
 si qui ita se litteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex 
 eis neque ad communem adferre fructum neque in 
 aspectum lucemque proferre ; me autem quid pu- 
 
 15 deat, qui tot annos ita vivo, indices, ut a nullius 
 
 umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium meum 
 
 abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique som- 
 
 nus retardarit ? 
 
 /O^Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis 
 
 20 mihi iure suscenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res 
 
 — ebejiiidas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum cele- 
 
 brandos, quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam 
 
 ^requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum, 
 
 quantum alii tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, quantum 
 
 25 denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tantum mihi egomet 
 ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc 
 ideo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his 
 studiis haec quoque crescit o ratio— et-iacultas, quae 
 quantacumque in me est, numquam amicorum perk 
 
 30 culis defuit. Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem 
 certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam, 
 sentio. 
 
 /^"Nam, nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris 
 'mihi ab adulescentia suasissem, nihil esse in 'vita 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO vn. 151 
 
 magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque hones- 
 tatem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cruciatus 
 corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque exsili parvi 
 esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in tot 
 ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum 5 
 hominum cotidianos impetus obiecissem. A Sed pleni 
 omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena ex- 
 emplorum vetustas ; quae iacerent in tenebris omnia, 
 nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis 
 imagines non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad 10 
 imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scripto- 
 res et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ! Quas ego 
 mihi semper in administranda re publica proponens 
 animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum 
 excellentium conformabam. 15 
 
 VII. Quaeret quispiam : " Quid ? illi ipsi summi 
 viri, quorum virtutes litteris ~procTitae sunt, istane 
 doctrina, quam tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt?" 
 
 Difficile est hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed ta- 
 men est certum, quid respondeam. Ego multos 20 
 homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse sine doc- 
 trina, et naturae ipsius habitu prope divino per se 
 ipsos et moderatos et graves exstitisse fateor ; etiam 
 illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem 
 naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse 25 
 doctrinam. Atque idem ego contendo, cum ad 
 naturam eximiam et illustrem accesserit ratio quae- 
 dam conformatioque doctrinae, turn illud nescio quid 
 praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere. Ex hoc 
 esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri viderunt, 30 
 divinum hominem, Africanum, ex hoc C. Laelium, 
 L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentis- 
 simos, ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus 
 doctissimum, M. Catonem, ilium senem ; qui pro- 
 

 5 
 
 152 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 fecto, si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem 
 litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium 
 contulissent. 
 
 f Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et 
 
 si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut 
 
 ^lopinor, hanc animi remissionem humanissimam ac 
 
 ^J liberalissimam iudicaretis. Nam ceterae neque tem- 
 
 porum sunt neque aetatum omnium neque locorum; 
 
 /at haec studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem ob- 
 
 io lectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac 
 
 jsolacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt 
 
 1 foris; pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. 
 
 VIII. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque 
 
 sensu nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari 
 
 is deberemus, etiam cum in aliis videremus. Quis 
 
 nostrum tarn animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Rosci 
 
 morte nuper non commoveretur ? qui cum esset 
 
 senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem ac 
 
 venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. 
 
 20 Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conci- 
 
 liarat a nobis omnibus ; nos animorum incredibiles 
 
 motus celeritatemque ingeniorum neglegemus ? 
 
 Quotiens ego hunc Archiam vidi, iudices, — utar 
 enim vestra benignitate, quoniam me in hoc novo 
 25 genere dicendi tarn diligenter attenditis, — quotiens 
 ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nullam, ma- 
 gnum numerum optimorum versuum de eis ipsis 
 rebus, quae turn agerentur, dicere ex tempore ! 
 quotiens revocatum eandem rem dicere commutatis 
 30 verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero accurate cogi- 
 tateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad vete- 
 rum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non 
 diligam, non admirer, non omni ratione defendendum 
 putem? Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditis- 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO ix. 153 
 
 simisque accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doc- 
 trina et praeceptis et arte constare ; poetam natura 
 ipsa valere et mentis viribus excitari et quasi divino 
 quodam spiritu inflari. Qua re suo iure noster ille 
 Ennius "sanctos" appellat poetas, quod quasi deorum 5 
 aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis esse 
 videantur. 
 
 Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum apud vos, humanissi- 
 mos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla um- 
 quam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci 10 
 respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur 
 atque consistunt ; nos instituti rebus optimis non 
 poetarum voce moveamur ? Homerum Colophonii 
 civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, Sala- 
 minii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse confirmant, 15 
 itaque etiam delubrum eius in oppido dedicave- 
 runt; permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque 
 contendunt. 
 
 IX. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mor- 
 tem etiam expetunt ; nos hunc vivum, qui et volun- 20 
 tate et legibus noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim 
 cum omne olim studium atque omne ingenium con- 
 tulerit Archias ad populi Romani gloriam laudemque 
 celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens 
 attigit et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec studia 25 
 videbatur, iucundus fuit. Neque enim quisquam est 
 tarn aversus a Musis, qui non mandari versibus 
 aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium patia- 
 tur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenis virum, 
 dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, quod acroama 30 
 aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret : Eius, a quo 
 sua virtus optime praedicaretur. Itaque ille Marius 
 item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio puta- 
 bat ea, quae gesserat, posse celebrari. 
 
154 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile 
 et in multa varietate terra marique versatum, totum 
 ab hoc expressum est ; qui libri non modo L. Lu- 
 cullum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum 
 5 etiam populi Romani nomen illustrant. Populus 
 enim Romanus aperuit Lucullo imperante Pontum, 
 et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa natura et regione 
 vallatum ; populi Romani exercitus eodem duce non 
 maxima manu innumerabilis Armeniorum copias 
 
 10 fudit ; populi Romani laus est, urbem amicissimam 
 Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu regio 
 atque e totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque 
 servatam ; nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L. 
 Lucullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa 
 
 15 hostium classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna 
 ilia navalis, nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, 
 nostri triumphi. Quae quorum ingeniis efferuntur, 
 ab eis populi Romani fama celebratur. 
 
 Carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius, itaque 
 
 20 etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse con- 
 stitutus ex marmore ; at eis laudibus certe non 
 solum ipse, qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani 
 nomen ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato 
 tollitur ; magnus honos populi Romani rebus ad- 
 
 25 iungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, 
 Fulvii non sine communi omnium nostrum laude 
 decorantur. 
 
 X. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum homi- 
 nem, maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt ; nos 
 
 30 hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in 
 hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civitate 
 eiciemus ? 
 
 Nam, si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex 
 Graecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehemen- 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO x. 155 
 
 ter errat, propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omni- 
 bus fere gentibus, Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, 
 continentur. Qua re, si res eae, quas gessimus, 
 orbis terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupere debemus, 
 quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem 5 
 gloriam famamque penetrare, quod cum ipsis popu- 
 lis, de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, 
 turn eis certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, 
 hoc maximum et periculorum incitamentum est et 
 laborum. 10 
 
 Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille 
 Alexander secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, 
 cum in Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum astitisset, " O 
 fortunate," inquit, " adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Ho- 
 merum praeconem inveneris ! " Et vere. Nam, nisi 15 
 Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus eius 
 contexerat, noraen etiam obruisset. 
 
 Quid ? noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortu- 
 nam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, 
 scriptorem rerum suarum, in contione militum civi- 2 o 
 tate donavit, et nostri ill i fortes viri, sed rustici 
 ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commoti, quasi 
 participes eiusdem laudis, magno illud clamore ap- 
 probaverunt ? Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Ar- 
 chias legibus non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore 25 
 civitate donaretur, perficere non potuit. Sulla cum 
 Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo, hunc petentem 
 repudiasset ; quern nos in contione vidimus, cum ei 
 libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 
 epigramma in eum fecisset, tantum modo alternis 30 
 versibus longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus, quas turn 
 vendebat, iubere ei praemium tribui, sed ea condi- 
 cione, ne quid postea scriberet. Qui sedulitatem 
 mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen praemio dignam, 
 
156 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 huius ingenium et virtutem in scribendo et copiam 
 non expetisset ? Quid ? a O. Metello Pio, famili- 
 arissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per 
 se neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praeser- 
 
 5 tim usque eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam 
 Cordubae natis poetis, pingue quiddam sonantibus 
 atque peregrinum, tamen aures suas dederet. 
 
 XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod ob- 
 scurari non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahi- 
 
 io mur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime 
 gloria ducitur. Ipsi ill I philosophi etiam in eis 
 libellis, quos de contemnenda gloria scribunt, nomen 
 suum inscribunt ; in eo ipso, in quo praedicationem 
 nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari de se ac nomi- 
 
 15 nari volunt. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir 
 et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus tem- 
 plorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. 
 lam vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bella- 
 vit, Fulvius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis 
 
 20 c'onsecrare. Qua re, in qua urbe imperatores prope 
 armati poetarum nomen et Musarum delubra colue- 
 runt, in ea non debent togati iudices a Musarum 
 honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. 
 
 Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, 
 
 25 iudices, indicabo et de meo quodam amore gloriae 
 nimis acri fortasse, verum tamen honesto, vobis 
 confitebor. Nam, quas res nos in consulatu nostro 
 vobiscum simul pro salute huius imperi et pro vita 
 civium proque universa re publica gessimus, attigit 
 
 30 hie versibus atque incohavit. Quibus auditis, quod 
 mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc ad per- 
 nciendum adhortatus sum. 
 
 Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum peri- 
 culorumque desiderat praeter hanc laudis et gloriae ; 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO xn. 157 
 
 qua quidem detracta, iudices, quid est, quod in hoc 
 tarn exiguo vitae curriculo tantis nos in laborious 
 exerceamus ? 
 
 Certe, si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, et 
 si, quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum 5 
 est, eisdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee 
 tantis se laboribus frangeret neque tot curis vigili- 
 isque angeretur nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. 
 Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, 
 quae noctes ac dies animum gloriae stimulis con- 10 
 citat atque admonet, non cum vitae tempore esse 
 dimittendam commemorationem nominis nostri, sed 
 cum omni posteritate adaequandam. 
 
 XII. An vero tarn parvi animi videamur esse 
 omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vitae pericu- 15 
 lis laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extre- 
 mum spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum 
 spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum siinul moritura omnia 
 arbitremur? An statuas et imagines, non animorum 
 simulacra, sed corporum, studiose multi summi ho- 20 
 mines reliquerunt; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum 
 nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, 
 summis ingeniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero 
 omnia, quae gerebam, iam turn in gerendo spargere 
 me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memo- 25 
 riarn sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo sensu 
 post mortem afutura est, sive, ut sapientissimi ho- 
 mines putaverunt, ad aliquam animi mei partem 
 pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam 
 speque delector. 3° 
 
 Qua re conservate, iudices, hominem pudore eo, 
 quern amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate 
 turn etiam vetustate, ingenio autem tanto, quantum 
 id convenit existimari, quod summorum hominum 
 
158 
 
 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO XII. 
 
 ingeniis expetitum esse videatis, causa vero eius 
 modi, quae beneficio legis, auctoritate municipi, tes- 
 timonio Luculli, tabulis Metelli comprobetur. Quae 
 cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, iudices, si qua non 
 5 modo humana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis 
 commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui vos, qui ve- 
 stros imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas 
 semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris 
 vestrisque domesticis periculis aeternum se testimo- 
 
 io nium laudis daturum esse profitetur, estque ex eo 
 numero, qui semper apud omnes' sancti sunt habiti 
 itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut 
 humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate 
 violatus esse videatur. 
 
 15 Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter 
 simpliciterque dixi, iudices, ea confido probata esse 
 omnibus ; quae autem remota a mea iudicialique 
 consuetudine et de hominis ingenio et communiter 
 de ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis 
 
 20 spero esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo, qui 
 iudicium exercet, certo scio. 
 
 Tumulus, called the Tomb of Achilles. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 PRO M MARCELLO ORATIO. 
 
 I. Diuturni silenti, patres conscripti, quo eram his 
 temporibus usus, non timore aliquo, sed . partim do- 
 lore, partim verecundia, finem hodiernus dies attulit, 
 idemque initium, quae vellem quaeque sentirem, meo 
 pristino more dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, 5 
 tam inusitatam inauditamque clementiam, tantum in 
 summa potestate rerum omnium modum, tam deni- 
 que incredibilem sapientiam ac paene divinam tacitus 
 praeterire nullo modo possum. M. enim Marcello 
 vobis, patres conscripti, reique publicae reddito, non 10 
 illius solum, sed etiam meam vocem et auctoritatem 
 et vobis et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam 
 puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et vehemen- 
 ter angebar virum talem, cum in eadem causa, in qua 
 ego, fuisset, non in eadem esse fortuna, nee mihi per- 15 
 suadere poteram nee fas esse ducebam versari me in 
 nostro vetere curriculo illo aemulo atque imitatore 
 studiorum ac laborum meorum quasi quodam socio 
 a me et comite distracto. 
 
 Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae consuetudinem, 20 
 C. Caesar, interclusam aperuisti et his omnibus ad 
 bene de omni re publica sperandum quasi signum 
 aliquod sustulisti. Intellectum est enim mihi quidem 
 in multis et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante in 
 
160 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 omnibus, cum M. Marcellum senatui reique publicae 
 concessisti, commemoratis praesertim offensionibus, te 
 auctoritatem huius ordinis dignitatemque rei publicae 
 tuis vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre. Ille qui- 
 5 dem fructum omnis ante actae vitae hodierno die maxi- 
 mum cepit, cum summo consensu senatus, turn iudicio 
 tuo gravissimo et maximo. Ex quo profecto intelle- 
 gis, quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, cum in accepto 
 sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortunatus ille, cuius ex 
 
 IO salute non minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum 
 ventura sit, laetitia pervenerit; quod quidem ei merito 
 atque optimo iure contigit. Quis enim est illo aut 
 nobilitate aut probitate aut optimarum artium studio 
 aut innocentia aut ullo laudis genere praestantior? 
 
 I5 II. Nullius tantum flumen est ingeni, nullius dicendi 
 aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam 
 exornare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas 
 possit. Tamen adfirmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nul- 
 lam in his esse laudem ampliorem quam earn, quam 
 
 20 hodierno die consecutus es. Soleo saepe ante oculos 
 ponere idque libenter crebris usurpare sermonibus, om- 
 nis nostrorum imperatorum, omnis exterarum gentium 
 potentissimorumque populorum, omnis clarissimorum 
 regum res gestas cum tuis nee contentionum magni- 
 
 25 tudine nee numero proeliorum nee varietate regionum 
 nee celeritate conficiendi nee dissimilitudine bellorum 
 posse conferri, nee vero disiunctissimas terras citius 
 passibus cuiusquam potuisse peragrari, quam tuis non 
 dicam cursibus, sed victoriis lustratae sunt. 
 
 30 Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea 
 vix cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, amens 
 sim; sed tamen sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas lau- 
 des solent quidam extenuare verbis easque detrahere 
 ducibus, communicare cum multis, ne propriae sint 
 
Truly a wonderful man was Cains Julius Caesar/ 
 Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village, 
 Than be second in Rome; — and I think he was right when 
 he said it. 
 
 Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standish. 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO in. 161 
 
 imperatorum. Et certe in armis militum virtus, loco- 
 rum opportunitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, commea- 
 tus multum iuvant, maximam vero partem quasi suo 
 iure Fortuna sibi vindicat et, quicquid prospere ges- 
 tum est, id paene omne ducit suum. At vero huius 5 
 gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante adeptus, so- 
 cium habes neminem ; totum hoc, quantumcumque 
 est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, 
 tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil prae- 
 fectus, *hil cohors, nihil turma decerpit; quin etiam 10 
 ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, in istius 
 societatem gloriae se non offert ; tibi cedit, tuam esse 
 totam et propriam fatetur. Numquam enim temeritas 
 cum sapientia commiscetur, neque ad consilium casus 
 admittitur. 15 
 
 III. Domuisti gentes immanitate barbaras, multitu- 
 dine innumerabiles, locis infinitas, omni copiarum gen- 
 ere abundantes ; sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et naturam 
 et condicionem, ut vinci possent, habebant. Nulla est 
 enim tanta vis, quae non ferro et viribus debilitari 20 
 frangique possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam cohi- 
 bere, victoriam temperare, adversarium nobilitate, inge- 
 nio, virtute praestantem non modo extollere iacentem, 
 sed etiam amplificare eius pristinam dignitatem, haec 
 qui facit, non ego eum cum summis viris comparo, 25 
 sed simillimum deo iudico. 
 
 Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur 
 illae quidcm non solum nostris, sed paene omnium 
 gentium litteris atque linguis, nee ulla umquam aetas 
 de tuis laudibus conticescet ; sed tamen eius modi res 30 
 nescio quo modo, etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi cla- 
 more militum videntur et tubarum sono. At vero 
 cum aliquid clementer, mansuete, iuste, moderate, 
 sapienter factum, in iracundia praesertim, quae est 
 11 
 
162 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 inimica consilio, et in victoria, quae natura insolens 
 et superba est, audimus aut legimus, quo studio in- 
 cendimur, non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in 
 fictis, ut eos saepe, quos numquam vidimus, diliga- 
 5 mus ! Te vero, quem praesentem intuemur, cuius 
 mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid belli 
 fortuna reliquum rei publicae fecerit, id esse salvum 
 velis, quibus laudibus efferemus? quibus studiis pro- 
 sequemur? qua benevolentia complectemur? Parietes 
 
 10 me dius Fidius, ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi gra- 
 tias agere gestiunt, quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia 
 auctoritas in his maiorum suorum et suis sedibus. 
 
 IV. Equidem cum C. Marcelli, viri optimi et com- 
 memorabili pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum 
 
 15 viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus memoria 
 offudit, quibus tu etiam mortuis M.' Marcello con- 
 servato dignitatem suam reddidisti nobilissimamque 
 familiam iam ad paucos redactam paene ab interitu 
 vindicasti. Hunc tu igitur diem tuis maximis et in- 
 
 20 numerabilibus gratulationibus hire antepones. 
 
 Haec enim res unius est propria C. Caesaris; cete- 
 rae duce te gestae magnae illae quidem, sed tamen 
 multo magnoque comitatu. Huius autem rei tu idem 
 es et dux et comes ; quae quidem tanta est, ut tro- 
 
 25 paeis et monumentis tuis adlatura finem sit aetas — 
 nihil est enim opere et manu factum, quod non ali- 
 quando conficiat et consumat vetustas — at haec tua 
 iustitia et lenitas animi florescit cotidie magis, ita ut, 
 quantum tuis operibus diuturnitas detrahet, tantum 
 
 30 adferat laudibus. Et ceteros quidem omnes victores 
 bellorum civilium iam ante aequitate et misericordia 
 viceras : hodierno vero die te ipsum vicisti. Vereor, 
 ut hoc, quod dicam, perinde intellegi possit auditum, 
 atque ipse cogitans sentio ; ipsam victoriam vicisse 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO v. 163 
 
 videris, cum ea, quae ilia erat adepta, victis remisisti. 
 Nam cum ipsius victoriae condicione omnes victi oc- 
 cidissemus, clementiae tuae iudicio conservati sumus. 
 Recte igitur unus invictus es, a quo etiam ipsius vic- 
 toriae condicio visque devicta est. 5 
 
 V. Atque hoc C. Caesaris iudicium, patres con- 
 scripti, quam late pateat, attendite. Omnes enim, 
 qui ad ilia arma fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae 
 misero funestoque compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur 
 erroris humani, scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam, 10 
 cum M. Marcellum deprecantibus vobis rei publicae 
 conservavit, me et mihi et item rei publicae nullo 
 deprecante, reliquos amplissimos viros et sibi ipsos et 
 patriae reddidit, quorum et frequentiam et dignitatem 
 hoc ipso in consessu videtis, non ille hostes induxit 15 
 in curiam, sed iudicavit a plerisque ignoratione potius 
 et falso atque inani metu quam cupiditate aut crudeli- 
 tate bellum esse susceptum. 
 
 Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum 
 putavi semperque dolui non modo pacem, sed etiam 20 
 orationem civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Ne- 
 que enim ego ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum 
 arma civilia, semperque mea consilia pacis et togae 
 socia, non belli atque armorum fuerunt. Hominem 
 sum secutus privato consilio, non publico, tantumque 25 
 apud me grati animi fidelis memoria valuit, ut nulla 
 non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem prudens et 
 sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem voluntarium. 
 Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum fuit. 
 Nam et in hoc ordine integra re multa de pace dixi 30 
 et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mei periculo 
 sensi. Ex quo nemo iam erit tarn iniustus existimator 
 rerum, qui dubitet, quae Caesaris de bello voluntas 
 fuerit, cum pacis auctores conservandos statim censue- 
 
164 M. TULLI CICER0N1S 
 
 rit, ceteris fuerit iratior. Atque id minus mirum for- 
 tasse turn, cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna 
 belli ; qui vero victor pacis auctores diligit, is pro- 
 fecto declarat se maluisse non dimicare quam vincere. 
 5 VI. Atque huius quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis. 
 Nostri enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam 
 in bello congruebant. Ouotiens ego eum et quanto 
 cum dolore vidi, cum insolentiam certorum hominum, 
 turn etiam ipsius victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! 
 
 10 Quo gratior tua liberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia 
 vidimus, debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter 
 se, sed victoriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam victo- 
 riam proeliorum exitu terminatam ; gladium vagina 
 vacuum in urbe non vidimus. Quos amisimus cives, 
 
 15 eos Martis vis perculit, non ira victoriae, ut dubitare 
 debeat nemo, quin multos, si fieri posset, C. Caesar 
 ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex eadem acie conservat, 
 quos potest. 
 
 Alterius vero partis nihil amplius dicam quam, id 
 
 20 quod omnes verebamur, nimis iracundam futuram 
 fuisse victoriam. Quidam enim non modo armatis, 
 sed interdum etiam otiosis minabantur nee, quid quis- 
 que sensisset, sed ubi fuisset, cogitandum esse dice- 
 bant, ut mihi quidem videantur di immortales, etiam 
 
 25 si poenas a populo Romano ob aliquod delictum ex- 
 petiverunt, qui civile bellum tantum et tam luctuosum 
 excitaverunt, vel placati iam vel satiati aliquando 
 omnem spem salutis ad clementiam victoris et sapi- 
 entiam contulisse. 
 
 30 Qua re gaude tuo isto tam excellenti bono, et 
 fruere cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et 
 moribus tuis; ex quo quidem maximus est fructus 
 iucunditasque sapienti. Cetera cum tua recordabere, 
 etsi persaepe virtuti, tamen plerumque felicitati tuae 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO vn. 165 
 
 gratulabere ; de nobis, quos in re publica tecum simul 
 esse voluisti quotiens cogitabis, totiens de maximis 
 tuis beneficiis, totiens de incredibili liberalitate, totiens 
 de singulari sapientia tua cogitabis ; quae non modo 
 summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel sola dicere. 5 
 Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in 
 magnitudine animi et consili dignitas, ut haec a Vir- 
 tute donata, cetera a Fortuna commodata esse videan- 
 tur. Noli igitur in conservandis bonis viris defatigari, 
 non cupiditate praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lapsis, 10 
 sed opinione offici stulta fortasse, certe non improba, 
 et specie quadam rei publicae. Non enim tua ulla 
 culpa est, si te aliqui timuerunt, contraque summa 
 laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 
 
 VII. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam et atro- 15 
 cissimam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis 
 quam cum omnibus civibus, turn maxime nobis, qui 
 a te conservati sumus, providenda est; quam etsi 
 spero falsam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo verbis. 
 Tua enim cautio nostra cautio est, ut, si in alterutro 20 
 peccandum sit, malim videri nimis timidus quam 
 parum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tarn demens? 
 de tuisne — tametsi qui magis sunt tui, quam qui- 
 bus tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti? — an ex hoc 
 numero, qui una tecum fuerunt? Non est credibilis 25 
 tantus in ullo furor, ut, quo duce omnia summa sit 
 adeptus, huius vitam non anteponat suae. An, si 
 nihil tui cogitant sceleris, cavendum est, ne quid 
 inimici? Qui? omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua per- 
 tinacia vitam amiserunt aut tua misericordia retinue- 30 
 runt, ut aut nulli supersint de inimicis aut, qui fuerunt, 
 sint amicissimi. 
 
 Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae 
 sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane suspicionem 
 
166 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 tuam ; simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis 
 est omnium tam ignarus rerum, tarn rudis in re pub- 
 lica, tam nihil umquam nee de sua nee de communi 
 salute cogitans, qui non intellegat tua salute contineri 
 5 suam et ex unius tua, vita pendere omnium? Equi- 
 dem de te dies noctesque, ut debeo, cogitans casus 
 dumtaxat humanos et incertos eventus valetudinis et 
 naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco, doleoque, 
 cum res publica immortalis esse debeat, earn in unius 
 
 io mortalis anima consistere. Si vero ad humanos casus 
 incertosque motus valetudinis sceleris etiam accedit 
 insidiarumque consensio, quern deum, si cupiat, posse 
 opitulari rei publicae credamus? 
 
 VIII. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni, 
 
 15 quae iacere sentis, belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse 
 fuit, perculsa atque prostrata; constituenda iudicia, 
 revocanda fides, comprimendae libidines, propaganda 
 suboles, omnia, quae dilapsa iam diffluxerunt, severis 
 legibus vincienda sunt. Non fuit recusandum in tanto 
 
 20 civili bello, tanto animorum ardore et armorum, quin 
 quassata res publica, quicumque belli eventus fuisset, 
 multa perderet et ornamenta dignitatis et praesidia 
 stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque dux faceret arma- 
 tus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. Quae qui- 
 
 25 dem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt, 
 quibus praeter te mederi nemo potest. 
 
 Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissi- 
 mara vocem invitus audivi : "Satis diu vel naturae 
 vixi vel gloriae." Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, 
 
 30 addo etiam, si placet, gloriae; at, quod maximum 
 est, patriae certe parum. Qua re omitte istam, quae- 
 so, doctorum hominum in contemnenda morte pru- 
 dentiam; noli nostro periculo esse sapiens. Saepe 
 enim venit ad aures meas, te idem istud nimis crebro 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO ix. 167 
 
 dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. Credo ; sed turn id audi- 
 rem, si tibi soli viveres aut si tibi etiam soli natus 
 esses. Omnium salutem civium cunctamque rem 
 publicam res tuae gestae complexae sunt; tantum 
 abes a perfectione maximorum operum, ut funda- 5 
 menta nondum, quae cogitas, ieceris. Hie tu modum 
 vitae tuae non salute rei publicae, sed aequitate 
 animi definies? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae qui- 
 dem satis est? cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvis sis 
 sapiens, non negabis. 10 
 
 " Parumne igitur," inquies, "magna relinquemus? " 
 Immo vero aliis quamvis multis satis, tibi uni parum. 
 Ouicquid est enim, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum 
 turn, cum est aliquid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum 
 immortalium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut 15 
 devictis adversariis rem publicam in eo statu relin- 
 queres, in quo nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina 
 virtus admirationis plus sit habitura quam gloriae, si 
 quidem gloria est illustris ac pervagata magnorum 
 vel in suos cives vel in patriam vel in omne genus 20 
 hominum fama meritorum. 
 
 IX. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est; hie restat 
 actus, in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam con 
 stituas, eaque tu in primis summa tranquilitate et otio 
 perfruare ; turn te, si voles, cum et patriae, quod de- 25 
 bes, solveris et naturam ipsam expleveris satietate 
 vivendi, satis diu vixisse dicito. Quid enim est om- 
 nino hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum? 
 Quod cum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo 
 est, quia postea nulla est futura, Quamquam iste 30 
 tuus animus numquam his angustiis, quas natura no- 
 bis ad vivendum dedit, contentus fuit, semper immor- 
 talitatis amore flagravit. 
 
 Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quae corpore 
 
168 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 et spiritu continetur; ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, 
 quae vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam pos- 
 teritas alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. 
 Huic tu inservias, huic te ostentes oportet, quae qui- 
 5 dem, quae miretur, iam pridem multa habet ; nunc 
 etiam, quae laudet, exspectat. Obstipescent posted 
 certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum, Oceanum, Nilum, 
 pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles victorias, monu- 
 menta, munera, triumphos audientes et legentes tuos. 
 
 io Sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuis consiliis et institutis 
 erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen longe atque late, 
 sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit. 
 
 Erit inter eos etiam, qui nascentur, sicut inter nos 
 fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum 
 
 15 res tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, 
 idque vel maximum, nisi belli civilis incendium salute 
 patriae restinxeris, ut illud fati fuisse videatur, hoc 
 consili. Servi igitur eis etiam iudicibus, qui multis 
 post saeculis de te iudicabunt, et quidem haud scio 
 
 20 an incorruptius quam nos ; nam et sine amore et sine 
 cupiditate et rursus sine odio et sine invidia iudica- 
 bunt. Id autem etiam si turn ad te, ut quidam falso 
 putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te 
 talem, ut tuas laudes obscuratura nulla umquam sit 
 
 25 oblivio. 
 
 X. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt distractaeque 
 sententiae. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed 
 armis etiam et castris dissidebamus ; erat enim obscu- 
 ritas quaedam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces ; 
 
 30 multi dubitabant, quid optimum esset, multi, quid 
 sibi expediret, multi, quid deceret, non nulli etiam, 
 quid liceret. Perfuncta res publica est hoc misero 
 fatalique bello ; vicit is, qui non fortuna inflammaret 
 odium suum, sed bonitate leniret, neque omnes, quibus 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO xi. 169 
 
 iratus esset, eosdem etiam exsilio aut morte dignos 
 iudicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erepta sunt. 
 Ingratus est iniustusque civis, qui armorum periculo 
 liberatus animum tamen retinet armatum, ut etiam 
 ille melior sit, qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa ani- 5 
 mam profudit. Quae enim pertinacia quibusdam, ea- 
 dem aliis constantia videri potest. 
 
 Sed iam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, exstincta 
 aequitate victoris ; restat, ut omnes unum velint, qui 
 modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam 10 
 sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia, 
 qua cum antea, turn hodie vel maxime usus es, ma- 
 nente salvi esse non possumus. Qua re omnes te, 
 qui haec salva esse volumus, et hortamur et obsecra- 
 mus, ut vitae tuae et saluti consulas, omnesque tibi, — 15 
 ut pro aliis etiam loquar, quod de me ipse sentio, — 
 quoniam subesse aliquid putas, quod cavendum sit, 
 non modo excubias et custodias, sed etiam laterum 
 nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur. 
 
 XI. Sed ut, unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur 20 
 oratio, maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, 
 maiores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, 
 quod ex omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuisti. 
 Sed quia non est omnibus stantibus necesse dicere, a 
 me certe dici volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo ; 25 
 et, quod fieri decet M. Marcello a te huic ordini 
 populoque Romano et rei publicae reddito, fieri id 
 intellego. Nam laetari omnes non de unius solum, 
 sed de communi salute sentio. 
 
 Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea 30 
 erga ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Mar- 
 cello, optimo et amantissimo fratri, praeter eum qui- 
 dem cederem nemini, cum id sollicitudine, cura, 
 labore tarn diu praestiterim, quam diu est de illius 
 
170 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO XI. 
 
 salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore magnis curis, 
 molestiis, doloribus liberatus praestare debeo. Itaque, 
 C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus 
 a te non conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen 
 5 ad tua in me unum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri 
 iam posse non arbitrabar, maximus hoc tuo facto 
 cumulus accesserit. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO PHILIPPICA 
 QUARTA. 
 
 I. Frequentia vestrum incredibilis, Quirites, contio- 
 que tanta, quantam meminisse non videor, et alacrita- 
 tem mihi summam defendendae rei publicae adfert et 
 spem recuperandae. Quamquam animus mihi quidem 
 numquam defuit, tempora defuerunt, quae simul ac 5 
 primum aliquid lucis ostendere visa sunt, princeps 
 vestrae libertatis defendendae fui. Quod si id ante 
 facere conatus essem, nunc facere non possem. Ho- 
 dierno enim die, Quirites, ne mediocrem rem actam 
 arbitremini, fundamenta iacta sunt reliquarum actio- 10 
 num. Nam est hostis a senatu nondum verbo appel- 
 latus, sed re iam iudicatus Antonius. Nunc vero 
 multo sum erectior, quod vos quoque ilium hostem 
 esse tanto consensu tantoque clamore approbavistis. 
 Neque enim, Quirites, fieri potest, ut non aut ei sint 15 
 impii, qui contra consulem exercitus comparaverunt, 
 aut ille hostis, contra quern iure arma sumpta sunt. 
 
 Hanc igitur dubitationem, quamquam nulla erat, 
 tamen ne qua posset esse, senatus hodierno die sus- 
 tulit. C. Caesar, qui rem publicam libertatemque 20 
 vestram suo studio, consilio, patrimonio denique tuta- 
 tus est et tutatur, maximis senatus laudibus ornatus 
 est. Laudo, laudo vos, Quirites, quod gratissimis 
 animis pro^equimini nomen clarissimi adulescentis vel 
 
172 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 pueri potius — sunt enim facta eius immortalitatis, 
 nomen aetatis. Multa memini, multa audivi, multa 
 legi, Quirites ; nihil ex omnium saeculorum memoria 
 tale cognovi, — qui, cum servitute premeremur, in 
 5 dies malum cresceret, praesidi nihil haberemus, capi- 
 talem et pestiferum a Brundisio turn M. Antoni redi- 
 tu m timeremus, hoc insperatum omnibus consilium, 
 incognitum certe ceperit, ut exercitum invictum ex 
 paternis militibus conficeret Antonique furorem cru- 
 
 io delissimis consiliis incitatum a pernicie rei publicae 
 averteret. 
 
 II. Quis est enim, qui hoc non intellegat, nisi 
 Caesar exercitum paravisset, non sine exitio nostro 
 futurum Antoni reditum fuisse? Ita enim se recipi- 
 
 15 ebat ardens odio vestri, cruentus sanguine civium 
 Romanorum, quos Suessae, quos Brundisi occiderat, 
 ut nihil nisi de pernicie populi Romani cogitaret. 
 Quod autem praesidium erat salutis libertatisque ves- 
 trae, si C. Caesaris fortissimorum sui patris militum 
 
 20 exercitus non fuisset? Cuius de laudibus et honori- 
 
 bus, qui ei pro divinis et immortalibus meritis divini 
 
 immortalesque debentur, mihi senatus adsensus paulo 
 
 ante decrevit, ut primo quoque tempore referretur. 
 
 Quo decreto quis non perspicit hostem esse Anto- 
 
 25 nium iudicatum? Quern enim possumus appellare 
 eum, contra quern qui exercitus ducunt, eis senatus 
 arbitratur singulares exquirendos honores? Quid? 
 legio Martia, quae mihi videtur divinitus ab eo deo 
 traxisse nomen, a quo populum Romanum generatum 
 
 30 accepimus, non ipsa suis decretis prius quam senatus 
 hostem iudicavit Antonium? Nam si ille non hostis, 
 hos, qui consulem reliquerunt, hostes necesse est 
 iudicemus. Praeclare et loco, Quirites, reclamatione 
 vestra factum pulcherrimum Martialium comprobavis- 
 
IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO IV. in. 173 
 
 tis ; qui se ad senatus auctoritatem, ad libertatem ves- 
 tram, ad universam rem publicam contulerunt, hostem 
 ilium et latronem et parricidam patriae reliquerunt. 
 Nee solum id animose et fortiter, sed considerate eti- 
 am sapienterque fecerunt; Albae constiterunt, in urbe 5 
 opportuna, munita, propinqua, fortissimorum virorum, 
 fidelissimorum civium atque optimorum. Huius Mar- 
 tiae legionis legio quarta imitata virtutem, duce L. 
 Egnatuleio, quem senatus merito paulo ante laudavit, 
 C. Caesaris exercitum persecuta est. 10 
 
 III. Quae exspectas, M. Antoni, iudicia graviora? 
 Caesar fertur in caelum, qui contra te exercitum 
 comparavit; laudantur exquisitissimis verbis legiones, 
 quae te reliquerunt, quae a te arcessitae sunt, quae 
 essent, si te consulem quam hostem maluisses, tuae; 15 
 quarum legionum fortissimum verissimumque iudicium 
 confirmat senatus, comprobat universus populus Ro- 
 manus, nisi forte vos, Ouirites, consulem, non hostem 
 iudicatis Antonium. 
 
 Sic arbitrabar, Ouirites, vos iudicare, ut ostenditis. 20 
 Quid? municipia, colonias, praefecturas num aliter 
 iudicare censetis? Omnes mortales una mente con- 
 sentiunt, omnia arma eorum, qui haec salva velint, 
 contra illam pestem esse capienda. Quid? D. Bruti 
 iudicium, Quirites, quod ex hodierno eius edicto per- 25 
 spicere potuistis, num cui tandem contemnendum 
 videtur? Recte et vere negatis, Ouirites. Est enim 
 quasi deorum immortalium beneficio et munere datum 
 rei publicae Brutorum genus et noraen ad libertatem 
 populi Romani vel constituendam vel recipiendam. 30 
 Quid igitur D. Brutus de M. Antonio iudicavit? Ex- 
 cludit provincia, exercitu obsistit, Galliam totam hor- 
 tatur ad bellum, ipsam sua sponte suoque iudicio 
 excitatam. Si consul Antonius, Brutus hostis ; si con- 
 
174 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 servator rei publicae Brutus, hostis Antonius. Num 
 igitur, utrum horum sit, dubitare possumus? 
 
 IV. Atque ut vos una mente unaque voce dubitare 
 vos negatis, sic modo decrevit senatus, D. Brutum 
 5 optime de re publica mereri, cum senatus auctorita- 
 tem populique Romani libertatem imperiumque defen- 
 deret. A quo defenderet? Nempe ab hoste ; quae 
 est enim alia laudanda defensio? Deinceps laudatur 
 provincia Gallia meritoque ornatur verbis amplissimis 
 
 10 ab senatu, quod resistat Antonio. Quem si consulem 
 ilia provincia putaret neque eum reciperet, magno 
 scelere se astringeret; omnes enim in consulis iure 
 et imperio debent esse provinciae. Negat hoc D. 
 Brutus imperator, consul designatus, natus rei publi- 
 
 15 cae civis ; negat Gallia, negat cuncta Italia, negat 
 senatus, negatis vos. 
 
 Ouis ilium igitur consulem nisi latrones putant? 
 Quamquam ne ei quidem ipsi, quod loquuntur, id 
 sentiunt, nee ab iudicio omnium mortalium, quamvis 
 
 20 impii nefariique sint, sicut sunt, dissentire possunt. 
 Sed spes rapiendi atque praedandi occaecat animos 
 eorum, quos non bonorum donatio, non agrorum ad- 
 signatio, non ilia infinita hasta satiavit; qui sibi urbem, 
 qui bona et fortunas civium ad praedam proposue- 
 
 25 runt; qui, dum hie sit, quod rapiant, quod auferant, 
 nihil sibi defuturum arbitrantur; quibus M. Antonius 
 — o di immortales, avertite et detestamini, quaeso, 
 hoc omen! — urbem se divisurum esse promisit. 
 
 Ita vero, Quirites, ut precamini, eveniat, atque huius 
 
 30 amentiae poena in ipsum familiamque eius recidat ! 
 Quod ita futurum esse confido. lam enim non solum 
 homines, sed etiam deos immortales ad rem publicam 
 conservandam arbitror consensisse. Sive enim prodi- 
 giis atque portentis di immortales nobis futura prae- 
 
IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO IV. v. 175 
 
 dicunt, ita sunt aperte pronuntiata, ut et illi poena 
 et nobis libertas appropinquet, sive tantus consensus 
 omnium sine impulsu deorum esse non potuit, quid 
 est, quod de voluntate caelestium dubitare possimus? 
 
 V. Reliquum est, Quirites, ut vos in ista sententia, 5 
 quam prae vobis fertis, perseveretis. Faciam igitur, 
 ut imperatores instructa acie solent, quamquam para- 
 tissimos milites ad proeliandum videant, ut eos tamen 
 adhortentur, sic ego vos ardentes et erectos ad liber- 
 tatem recuperandam cohortabor. 10 
 
 Non est vobis, Quirites, cum eo hoste certamen, 
 cum quo aliqua pacis condicio esse possit. Neque 
 enim ille servitutem vestram ut antea, sed iam iratus 
 sanguinem concupiscit. Nullus ei ludus videtur esse 
 iucundior quam cruor, quam caedes, quam ante ocu- 15 
 los trucidatio civium. Non est vobis res, Quirites, 
 cum scelerato homine atque nefario, sed cum immani 
 taetraque belua, quae quoniam in foveam incidit, ob- 
 ruatur. Si enim illim emerserit, nullius supplici cru- 
 delitas erit recusanda. Sed tenetur, premitur, urguetur 20 
 nunc eis copiis, quas iam habemus, mox eis, quas 
 paucis diebus novi consules comparabunt. Incumbite 
 in causam, Quirites, ut facitis. Numquam maior con- 
 sensus vester in ulla causa fuit, numquam tarn vehe- 
 menter cum senatu consociati fuistis. Nee mirum ; 25 
 agitur enim, non qua condicione victuri, sed victurine 
 simus an cum supplicio ignominiaque perituri. 
 
 Quamquam mortem quidem natura omnibus pro- 
 posuit, crudelitatem mortis et dedecus virtus propul- 
 sare solet, quae propria est Romani generis et seminis. 30 
 Hanc retinete, quaeso, quam vobis tamquam heredita- 
 tem maiores vestri reliquerunt. Nam cum alia omnia 
 falsa, incerta sint, caduca, mobilia, virtus est una 
 altissimis defixa radicibus ; quae numquam vi ulla 
 labefactari potest, numquam demoveri loco. Hac 35 
 
176 IN M. ANTONIUM ORATIO IV. vi. 
 
 virtute maiores vestri primum universam Italiam devi- 
 cerunt, deinde Karthaginem exciderunt, Numantiam 
 everterunt, potentissimos reges, bellicosissimas gentes 
 in dicionem huius imperi redegerunt. 
 
 5 VI. Ac maioribus quidem vestris, Quirites, cum eo 
 hoste res erat, qui haberet rem publicam, curiam, 
 aerarium, consensum et concordiam civium, rationem 
 aliquam, si ita res tulisset, pacis et foederis ; hie ves- 
 ter hostis vestram rem publicam oppugnat, ipse habet 
 
 10 nullam ; senatum, id est orbis terrae consilium, delere 
 gestit, ipse consilium publicum nullum habet; aera- 
 rium vestrum exhausit. suum non habet. Nam con- 
 cordiam civium qui habere potest, nullam cum habet 
 civitatem? pacis vero quae potest esse cum eo ratio, 
 
 15 in quo est incredibilis crudelitas, fides nulla? 
 
 Est igitur, Quirites, populo Romano, victori omnium 
 gentium, omne certamen cum percussore, cum latrone, 
 cum Spartaco. Nam quod se similem esse Catilinae 
 gloriari solet, scelere par est illi, industria inferior. 
 
 20 I lie cum exercitum nullum habuisset, repente confia- 
 vit ; hie eum exercitum, quern accepit, amisit. Ut 
 igitur Catilinam diligentia mea, senatus auctoritate, 
 vestro studio et virtute fregistis, sic Antoni nefarium 
 latrocinium vestra cum senatu concordia tanta, quanta 
 
 25 numquam fuit, felicitate et virtute exercituum ducum- 
 que vestrorum brevi tempore oppressum audietis. 
 Equidem quantum cura, labore, vigiliis, auctoritate, 
 consilio eniti atque emcere potero, nihil praetermit- 
 tam, quod ad libertatem vestram pertinere arbitrabor ; 
 
 30 neque enim id pro vestris amplissimis in me bene- 
 ficiis sine scelere facere possum. Hodierno autem 
 die primum referente viro fortissimo vobisque amicis- 
 simo, hoc M. Servilio, collegisque eius, ornatissimis 
 viris, optimis civibus, longo intervallo me auctore et 
 
 35 principe ad spem libertatis exarsimus. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE. 
 
 I. 
 
 Scripta est epistola Romae A. u. c. 686. 
 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 Apud matrem recte est, eaque nobis curae est. 
 L. Cincio HS. XXCD. constitui me curaturum Idibus 
 Febr. Tu velim ea, quae nobis emisse te et parasse 
 scribis, des operam lit quam primum habeamus, et 
 velim cogites, id quod mihi pollicitus es, quern ad 5 
 modum bibliothecam nobis conficere possis; omnem 
 spem delectationis nostrae, quam, cum in otium 
 venerimus, habere volumus, in tua humanitate posi- 
 tam habemus. 
 
 II. 
 
 Scr. Romae a. u. c. 692. 
 
 M. TULLIUS M. F. CICERO S. D. CN. POMPEIO 
 CN. F. MAG NO IMPERATORI. 
 
 S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. Ex litteris tuis, quas publice 10 
 misisti, cepi una cum omnibus incredibilem volupta- 
 tem ; tantam enim spem oti ostendisti, quantam ego 
 semper omnibus te uno fretus pollicebar. Sed hoc 
 scito, tuos veteres hostis, novos amicos, vehementer lit- 
 teris perculsos atque ex magna spe deturbatos iacere. 15 
 
 Ad me autem litteras, quas misisti, quamquam ex- 
 iguam significationem tuae erga me voluntatis habe- 
 
178 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 bant, tamen mihi scito iucundas fuisse; nulla enim re 
 tam laetari soleo quam meorum officiorum conscientia, 
 quibus si quando non mutue respondetur, apud me 
 plus offici residere facillime patior. Illud non dubito, 
 s quin, si te mea summa erga te studia parum mihi 
 adiunxerint, res publica nos inter nos conciliatura 
 coniuncturaque sit. 
 
 Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis litteris desiderarim, 
 scribam aperte, sicut et mea natura et nostra amicitia 
 
 I0 postulat. Res eas gessi, quarum aliquam in tuis lit- 
 teris et nostrae necessitudinis et rei publicae causa 
 gratulationem exspectavi ; quam ego abs te praeter- 
 missam esse arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum 
 offenderes. Sed scito ea, quae nos pro salute patriae 
 
 !^ gessimus, orbis terrae iudicio ac testimonio compro- 
 bari ; quae, cum veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animi 
 magnitudine a me gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi multo 
 maiori, quam Africanus fuit, me non multo minorem 
 quam Laelium facile et in re publica et in amicitia 
 
 20 adiunctum esse patiare. 
 
 III. 
 
 Scr. in Tusculano mense Martio A. u. c. 695. 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 Fecisti mihi pergratum, quod Serapionis librum ad 
 me misisti, ex quo quidem ego — quod inter nos 
 liceat dicere — millesimam partem vix intellego. Pro 
 eo tibi praesentem pecuniam solvi imperavi, ne tu 
 25 expensum muneribus ferres. At, quoniam nummo- 
 rum mentio facta est, amabo te, cura, ut cum Titinio, 
 quoquo modo poteris, transigas; si in eo, quod osten- 
 derat, non stat, mihi maxime placet ea, quae male 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE, III. 179 
 
 empta sunt, reddi, si voluntate Pomponiae fieri pote- 
 nt; si ne id quidem, nummi potius addantur, quam 
 ullus sit scrupulus. Valde hoc velim, ante, quam 
 proficiscare, amanter, ut soles, diligenterque conficias. 
 
 Clodius ergo, ut ais, ad Tigranem? velim Syrpiae 5 
 condicione, sed facile patior; accommodatius enim no- 
 bis erit ad liberam legationem tempus illud, cum et 
 Quintus noster iam, ut speramus, in otio consederit, 
 et, iste sacerdos Bonae Deae cuius modi futurus sit, 
 scierimus. Interea quidem cum Musis nos delectabimus 10 
 animo aequo, imrao vero etiam gaudenti ac libenti ; 
 neque mihi umquam veniet in mentem Crasso invidere 
 neque paenitere, quod a me ipse non desciverim. 
 
 De geographia, dabo operam, ut tibi satisfaciam ; 
 sed nihil certi polliceor. Magnum opus est, sed 15 
 tamen, ut iubes, curabo, ut huius peregrinationis ali- 
 quod tibi opus exstet. Tu quicquid indagaris de re 
 publica et maxime, quos consules futuros putes, facito 
 ut sciam. Tametsi nimis sum curiosus; statui enim 
 nihil iam de re publica cogitare. 20 
 
 Terentiae saltum perspeximus. Quid quaeris? prae- 
 ter quercum Dodonaeam nihil desideramus, quo mi- 
 nus Epirum ipsam possidere videamur. 
 
 Nos circiter Kal. aut in Formiano erimus aut in 
 Pompeiano. Tu, si in Formiano 110:1 erimus, si nos 25 
 amas, in Pompeianum venito ; id et nobis erit periu- 
 cundum et tibi non sane devium. 
 
 De muro imperavi Philotimo, ne impediret, quo 
 minus id fieret, quoa tibi videretur; tu censeo tamen 
 adhibeas Vettium. His temporibus, tarn dubia vita 30 
 optimi cuiusque, magni aestimo unius aestatis fructum 
 palaestrae Palatinae, sed ita tamen, ut nihil minus 
 velim, quam Pomponiam et puerum versari in timore 
 ruinae. 
 
180 M TULLl' CICERONIS 
 
 IV. 
 
 Scr. in Formiano mense Aprili A. u. c. 695. 
 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 Facinus indignum ! epistolam av6a>pel tibi a Tribus 
 Tabernis rescriptam ad tuas suavissimas epistolas ne- 
 minem reddidisse ! At scito eum fasciculum, quo 
 illam conieceram, domum eo ipso die latum esse, 
 5 quo ego dederam, et ad me in Formianum relatum 
 esse ; itaque tibi tuam epistolam iussi referri, ex qua 
 intellegeres, quam mihi turn illae gratae fuissent. 
 
 Romae quod scribis sileri, ita putabam ; at hercule 
 in agris non siletur, nee iam ipsi agri regnum ves- 
 
 10 trum ferre possunt. Si vero in hanc Trfkenrvkov 
 veneris Aatarpvyovir]v — Formias dico, — qui fremitus 
 hominum ! quam irati animi ! quanto in odio noster 
 amicus Magnus ! cuius cognomen una cum Crassi 
 Divitis cognomine consenescit. Credas mihi velim : 
 
 15 neminem adhuc offendi, qui haec tam lente, quam 
 ego fero, ferret. 
 
 Qua re, mihi crede, <f)i\o<ro(p(ofJLev : iuratus tibi pos- 
 sum dicere nihil esse tanti. Tu si ad Sicyonios litte- 
 ras habes, advola in Formianum, unde nos pridie 
 
 20 Nonas Maias cogitamus. 
 
 V. 
 
 Scr. ab Appi Foro mense Aprili a. u. c. 695. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Volo ames meam constantiam. Ludos Anti spec- 
 tare non placet. Est enim vttoctoXolkov, cum velim 
 vitare omnium deliciarum suspicionem, repente ava- 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE, VI. 181 
 
 <palveadai non solum delicate, sed etiam inepte pere- 
 grinantem. Qua re usque ad Nonas Maias te in 
 Formiano exspectabo. Nunc fac, ut sciam, quo die 
 te visuri simus. Ab Appi Foro, hora quarta. Dede- 
 ram aliam paulo ante a Tribus Tabernis. 5 
 
 VI. 
 
 Scr. Romae mense Sextili A. u. c. 695. 
 CICEXO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Numquam ante arbitror te epistolam meam legisse, 
 nisi mea manu scriptam. Ex eo colligere poteris, 
 quanta occupatione distinear; nam, cum vacui tempo- 
 ris nihil haberem et cum recreandae voculae causa 
 necesse esset mihi ambulare, haec dictavi ambulans. 10 
 
 Primum igitur illud te scire volo, Sampsiceramum, 
 nostrum amicum, vehementer sui status paenitere 
 restituique in eum locum cupere, ex quo decidit, 
 doloremque suum impertire nobis et medicinam in- 
 terdum aperte quaerere, quam ego possum invenire 15 
 nullam ; deinde omnis illius partis auctores ac socios 
 nullo adversario consenescere ; consensionem univer- 
 sorum nee voluntatis nee sermonis maiorem umquam 
 fuisse. 
 
 Nos autem — nam id te scire cupere certo scio — 20 
 publicis consiliis nullis intersumus totosque nos ad 
 forensem operam laboremque contulimus ; ex quo, 
 quod facile intellegi possit, in multa commemoratione 
 earum rerum, quas gessimus, desiderioque versamur. 
 Sed /3oco7tl8os nostrae consanguineus non mediocris 25 
 terrores iacit atque denuntiat, et Sampsiceramo negat, 
 ceteris prae se fert et ostentat. Quam ob rem, si 
 
182 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 me amas tantum, quantum profecto amas, si dormis, 
 expergiscere ; si stas, ingredere; si ingrederis, curre ; 
 si curris, advola. Credibile non est, quantum ego in 
 consiliis et prudentia tua, quodque maximum est, 
 
 5 quantum in amore et fide ponam. 
 
 Magnitudo rei longam orationem fortasse desiderat, 
 coniunctio vero nostrorum animorum brevitate con- 
 tenta est. Permagni nostra interest te, si comitiis 
 non potueris, at declarato illo esse Romae. Cura, ut 
 
 io valeas. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Scr. in itinere mense Aprili A u. c. 696. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Utinam ilium diem videam, cum tibi agam gratias, 
 quod me vivere coegisti ! Adhuc quidem valde me 
 paenitet. Sed te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim 
 venias, quo ego multis de causis converti iter meum. 
 15 Sed eo si veneris, de toto itinere ac fuga mea con- 
 silium capere potero. Si id non feceris, mirabor, sed 
 confido te esse facturum. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Scr. Brundisi prid. Kalendas Maias A. u. c. 696. 
 
 TULLI US S. D. TERENTIAE ET TULLI A E ET CICE- 
 RONI SUIS. 
 
 Ego minus saepe do ad vos litteras, quam possum, 
 propterea quod cum omnia mihi tempora sunt misera, 
 20 turn vero, cum aut scribo ad vos aut vestras lego, 
 conficior lacrimis sic, ut ferre non possim. Quod 
 utinam minus vitae cupidi fuissemus ! certe nihil aut 
 non multum in vita mali vidissemus. 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE, VIII. 183 
 
 Quod si nos ad aliquam alicuius commodi ali- 
 quando recuperandi spem fortuna reservavit, minus 
 est erratum a nobis; sin haec mala fixa sunt, ego 
 vero te quam primum, mea vita, cupio videre et in 
 tuo complexu emori, quoniam neque di, quos tu cas- 5 
 tissime coluisti, neque homines, quibus ego semper 
 servivi, nobis gratiam rettulerunt. 
 
 Nos Brundisi apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies XIII. 
 fuimus, virum optimum, qui periculum fortunarum et 
 capitis sui prae mea salute neglexit neque legis impro- 10 
 bissimae poena deductus est, quo minus hospiti et 
 amicitiae ius officiumque praestaret. Huic utinam 
 aliquando gratiam referre possimus ! habebimus qui- 
 dem semper. Brundisio profecti sumus prid. K. 
 Mai. ; per Macedonian! Cyzicum petebamus. 15 
 
 O me perditum ! O adflictum ! Quid nunc rogem 
 te, ut venias, mulierem aegram, et corpore et animo 
 confectam? Non rogem? Sine te igitur sim? Opi- 
 nor, sic agam : si est spes nostri reditus, earn con- 
 firmes et rem adiuves ; sin, ut ego metuo, transactum 20 
 est, quoquo modo potes ad me fac venias. Unum 
 hoc scito : si te habebo, non mihi videbor plane per- 
 isse. Sed quid Tulliola mea fiet? iam id vos videte ; 
 mihi deest consilium. Sed certe, quoquo modo se 
 res habebit, illius misellae et matrimonio et famae 25 
 serviendum est. Quid? Cicero meus quid aget? iste 
 vero sit in sinu semper et complexu meo. Non queo 
 plura iam scribere ; impedit maeror. Tu quid egeris, 
 nescio ; utrum aliquid teneas an, quod metuo, plane 
 sis spoliata. Pisonem, ut scribis, spero fore semper 30 
 nostrum. 
 
 De familia liberata nihil est, quod te moveat : pri- 
 mum tuis ita promissum est, te facturam esse, ut 
 quisque esset meritus ; est autem in officio adhuc 
 Orpheus, praeterea magno opere nemo. Ceterorum 35 
 
184 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 servorum ea causa est, ut, si res a nobis abisset, 
 liberti nostri essent, si obtinere potuissent, sin ad nos 
 pertineret, servirent, praeterquam oppido pauci. 
 
 Sed haec minora sunt. Tu quod me hortaris, ut 
 5 animo sim magno et spem habeam recuperandae 
 salutis, id velim sit eius modi, ut recte sperare pos- 
 simus. Nunc, miser quando tuas iam litteras acci- 
 piam? quis ad me perferet? quas ego exspectassem 
 Brundisi, si esset licitum per nautas, qui tempestatem 
 
 io praetermittere noluerunt. Quod reliquum est, sus- 
 tenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes. Honestissime vixi- 
 mus, floruimus. Non vitium nostrum, sed virtus 
 nostra nos adflixit. Peccatum est nullum, nisi quod 
 non una animam cum ornamentis amisimus. Sed, si 
 
 15 hoc fuit liberis nostris gratius, nos vivere, cetera, 
 quamquam ferenda non sunt, feramus. Atqui ego, 
 qui te confirmo, ipse me non possum. 
 
 Clodium Philhetaerum, quod valetudine oculorum 
 impediebatur, hominem fidelem, remisi. Sallustius 
 
 20 officio -vincit omnis. Pescennius est perbenevolus no- 
 bis, quern semper spero tui fore observantem. Sicca 
 dixerat se mecum fore, sed Brundisio discessit. 
 
 Cura, quoad potes, ut valeas et sic existimes, me 
 vehementius tua miseria quam mea commoveri. Mea 
 
 25 Terentia, fidissima atque optima uxor, et mea caris- 
 sima filiola, et spes reliqua nostra, Cicero, valete. 
 Pr. K. Mai. Brundisio. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Scr. Dyrrhachi a. d vi. Kal. JDecembris A. u. C 696. 
 
 TULLI US TERENTIA E SUAE, TULLIOLAE SUAE, 
 CICERONI SUO S A LUTEAL DICIT. 
 
 Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium perfertur 
 ad me, incredibilem tuam virtutem et fortitudinem 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE, IX. 185 
 
 esse teque nee animi neque corporis laboribus defati- 
 gari. Me miserum ! te ista virtute, fide, probitate, 
 humanitate in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse ! 
 Tulliolamque nostram, ex quo patre tantas voluptates 
 capiebat, ex eo tantos percipere luctus ! Nam quid 5 
 ego de Cicerone dicam? qui cum primum sapere 
 coepit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. 
 
 Quae si, tu ut scribis, fato facta putarem, ferrem 
 paulo facilius ; sed omnia sunt mea culpa commissa, 
 qui ab eis me amari putabam, qui invidebant, eos 10 
 non sequebar, qui petebant. Quod si nostris consiliis 
 usi essemus neque apud nos tantum valuisset sermo 
 aut stultorum amicorum aut improborum, beatissimi 
 viveremus. Nunc, quoniam sperare nos amici iubent, 
 dabo operam, ne mea valetudo tuo labori desit. Res 15 
 quanta sit, intellego, quantoque fuerit facilius manere 
 domi quam redire. Sed tamen, si omnis tribunos 
 pi. habemus, si Lentulum tarn studiosum, quam vide- 
 tur, si vero etiam Pompeium et Caesarem, non est 
 desperandum. 20 
 
 De familia, quo modo placuisse scribis amicis, facie- 
 mus. De loco, nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia, 
 sed, quam diu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo 
 officiosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet. 
 Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in Epiro, quo 25 
 neque Hispo veniret nee milites, sed adhuc Plancius 
 me retinet ; sperat posse fieri, ut mecum in Italiam 
 decedat. Quern ego diem si videro et si in vestrum 
 complexum venero ac si et vos et me ipsum recupc- 
 raro, satis magnum mihi fructum videbor percepisse 30 
 et vestrae pietatis et meae. 
 
 Pisonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnis nos tan- 
 tus est, ut nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res ei 
 voluptati sit! gloriae quidem video fore. De Q. 
 
186 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 fratre nihil ego te accusavi, sed vos, cum praesertim 
 tarn pauci sitis, volui esse quam coniunctissimos. 
 Ouibus me voluisti agere gratias, egi et me a te cer- 
 tiorem factum esse scripsi. 
 
 5 Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum vendi- 
 turam, quid, obsecro te — me miserum ! — quid futu- 
 rum est? Et, si nos premet eadem fortuna, quid 
 puero misero fiet? Non queo reliqua scribere — 
 tanta vis lacrimarum est — neque te in eundem fle- 
 
 o turn adducam. Tantum scribo : si erunt in officio 
 amici, pecunia non deerit ; si non erunt, tu efficere 
 tua pecunia non poteris. Per fortunas miseras nos- 
 tras, vide, ne puerum perditum perdamus. Cui si 
 aliquid erit, ne egeat, mediocri virtute opus est et 
 
 5 mediocri fortuna, ut cetera consequatur. 
 
 Fac valeas et ad me tabellarios mittas, ut sciam, 
 quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Mihi omnino iam 
 brevis exspectatio est. Tulliolae et Ciceroni salutem 
 die. Valete. D. a. d. VI. K. Decemb. Dyrrhachi. 
 
 :o Dyrrhachium veni, quod et libera civitas est et in 
 me officiosa et proxima Italiae ; sed, si offendet mc 
 loci celebritas, alio me conferam ; ad te scribam. 
 
 X. 
 
 Scr. Dyrrhachi mense Ianuario a. u. c. 697. 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Litterae mihi a Q. fratre cum senatus consulto, 
 
 quod de me est factum, allatae sunt. Mihi in animo 
 
 s'5 est legum lationem exspectare ; et, si obtrectabitur, 
 
 utar auctoritate senatus et potius vita quam patria 
 
 carebo. Tu, quaeso, festina ad nos venire. 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XI., XII. 187 
 
 XL 
 
 Scr. Dyrrhachi exeunte mense Ianuario A. u. c. 697. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Ex tuis litteris et ex re ipsa nos funditus perisse 
 
 video. Te oro, ut, quibus in rebus tui mei indige- 
 
 bunt, nostris miseriis ne desis. Ego te, ut scribis, 
 cito videbo. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Scr. in Cumano x. Kalendas Maias A. u. c. 699. 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Puteolis magnus est rumor Ptolemaeum esse in 5 
 regno. Si quid habes certius, velim scire. Ego hie 
 pascor bibliotheca Fausti. Fortasse tu putaras, his 
 rebus Puteolanis et Lucrinensibus. Ne ista quidem 
 desunt. Sed me hercule ut a ceteris oblectationi- 
 bus deseror voluptatum propter rem publicam, sic 10 
 litteris sustentor et recreor maloque in ilia tua sede- 
 cula, quam habes sub imagine Aristotelis, sedere 
 quam in istorum sella curuli, tecumque apud te am- 
 bulare quam cum eo, quocum video esse ambulan- 
 dum. Sed de ilia ambulatione fors viderit aut si qui 15 
 est, qui curet, deus. 
 
 Nostram ambulationem et Laconicum eaque, quae 
 Cyrea sint, velim, cum poteris, invisas et urgeas 
 Philotimum, ut properet, ut possim tibi aliquid in eo 
 genere respondere. Pompeius in Cumanum Parilibus 20 
 venit. Misit ad me statim, qui salutem nuntiaret. 
 Ad eum postridie mane vadebam, cum haec scripsi. 
 
188 M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Scr. Romae mense Maio A. u. c 700. 
 
 CICERO TREBATIO. 
 
 Ego te commendare non desisto ; sed, quid pro- 
 ficiam, ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo in 
 Balbo, ad quem de te diligentissime et saepissime 
 scribe Illud soleo mirari, non me totiens accipere 
 
 5 tuas litteras, quotiens a Quinto mihi fratre adferun- 
 tur. 
 
 In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque 
 argenti. Id si ita est, essedum aliquod capias, suadeo, 
 et ad nos quam primum recurras. Sin autem sine 
 
 to Britannia tamen adsequi, quod volumus, possumus, 
 perfice, ut sis in familiaribus Caesaris. Multum te in 
 eo frater adiuvabit meus, multum Balbus, sed, mihi 
 crede, tuus pudor et labor plurimum. Imperatorem 
 liberalissimum, aetatem opportunissimam, commenda- 
 
 [ 5 tionem certe singularem habes, ut tibi unum timen- 
 dum sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Scr. Romae A. u. c. 701. 
 
 M. CICERO S. D. C. CURIONI. 
 
 Gravi teste privatus sum amoris summi erga te 
 mei, patre tuo, clarissimo viro ; qui cum suis laudi- 
 bus, turn vero te filio superasset omnium fortunam, 
 20 si ei contigisset, ut te ante videret, quam a vita dis- 
 cederet. Sed spero nostram amicitiam non egere tes- 
 tibus. Tibi patrimonium dei fortunent ! Me certe 
 habebis, cui et carus aeque sis et iucundus, ac fuisti. 
 patri. 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XV., XVI. 189 
 
 XV. 
 
 Scr. anno incerto. 
 
 CICERO SILIO SAL. 
 
 Quid ego tibi commendem eum, quern tu ipse 
 diligis? Sed tamen, ut scires eum a me non diligi 
 solum, verum etiam amari, ob earn rem tibi haec 
 scribo. Omnium tuorum officiorum, quae et multa 
 et magna sunt, mihi gratissimum fuerit, si ita trac- 5 
 taris Egnatium, ut sentiat et se a me et me a te 
 amari ; hoc te vehementer etiam atque etiam rogo. 
 Ilia nostra scilicet ceciderunt. Utamur igitur vulgari 
 consolatione : "Quid, si hoc melius?" Sed haec co- 
 ram ; tu fac, quod facis, ut me ames teque amari a 10 
 me scias. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Scr. Ephesi vn. Kal. Sextilis a. u. c. 703. 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Ephesum venimus a. d. XI. Kal. Sextiles sexagesimo 
 et quingentesimo post pugnam Bovillanam. Navigavi- 
 mus sine timore et sine nausea, sed tardius propter 
 aphractorum Rhodiorum imbecillitatem. De concursu 15 
 legationum, privatorum, et de incredibili multitudine, 
 quae mihi iam Sami, sed mirabilem in modum Ephesi 
 praesto fuit, aut audisse te puto, aut " Quid ad me 
 attinet? " Verum tamen. 
 
 Decumani, quasi venissem cum imperio, Graeci 20 
 quasi Ephesio praetori se alacres obtulerunt; ex quo 
 te intellegere certo scio multorum annorum ostenta- 
 tiones meas nunc in discrimen esse adductas. Sed, ut 
 
190 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 spero, utemur ea palaestra, quam a te didicimus, 
 omnibusque satis faciemus, et eo facilius, quod in 
 nostra provincia confectae sunt pactiones. Sed haec 
 hactenus, praesertim cum cenanti mihi nuntiarit Ces- 
 5 tius se de nocte proficisci. 
 
 Tua negotiola Ephesi curae mihi fuerunt, Thermo- 
 que, tametsi ante adventum meum liberalissime erat 
 pollicitus tuis omnibus, tamen Philogenem et Seium 
 tradidi, Apollonidensem Xenonem commendavi ; om- 
 
 jo nino omnia se facturum recepit. Ego praeterea ratio- 
 nem Philogeni permutationis eius, quam tecum feci, 
 edidi. Ergo haec quoque hactenus. 
 
 Redeo ad urbana. Per fortunas ! quoniam Romae 
 manes, primum illud praefulci atque praemuni, quae- 
 
 15 so, ut simus annui, ne intercaletur quidem; deinde 
 exhauri mea mandata, maximeque, si quid potest, de 
 illo domestico scrupulo, quern non ignoras, dein de 
 Caesare, cuius in cupiditatem te auctore incubui, nee 
 me piget; et, si intellegis, quam meum sit scire et cu- 
 
 20 rare, quid in re publica fiat — fiat autem? immo vero 
 etiam quid futurum sit, perscribe ad me omnia, sed 
 diligentissime, in primisque, ecquid iudiciorum status 
 aut factorum aut futurorum etiam laboret. De aqua, 
 si curae est, si quid Philippus aget, animadvertes. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Scr. in provincia mense Februario A. u. C 704. 
 
 M. CICERO C. TIT/O L. F. RUFO PR. URB. SAL. 
 
 25 L. Custidius est tribulis et municeps et familiaris 
 meus. Is causam habet, quam causam ad te deferet. 
 Commendo tibi hominem, sicut tua fides et meus pu- 
 dor postulat, tantum, ut faciles ad te aditus habeat, 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE, XVIII. 191 
 
 quae aequa postulabit, ut libente te impetret sentiat- 
 que meam sibi amicitiam, etiam cum longissime ab- 
 sim, prodesse, in primis apud te. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Scr. in provincia pridie Nonas Aprilis A. u. c. 704. 
 
 M. CICERO IMP. S. D. M. CAELIO A E DILI CUR. 
 
 Putarasne umquam accidere posse, ut mihi verba 
 deessent, neque solum ista vestra oratoria, sed haec s 
 etiam levia nostratia? Desunt autem propter hanc 
 causam, quod mirifice sum sollicitus, quidnam de 
 provinciis decernatur. Mirum me desiderium tenet 
 urbis, incredibile meorum atque in primis tui, satietas 
 autem provinciae, vel quia videmur earn famam conse- 10 
 cuti, ut non tarn accessio quaerenda quam fortuna 
 metuenda sit, vel quia totnm negotium non est dig- 
 num viribus nostris, qui maiora onera in re publica 
 sustinere et possimus et soleamus, vel quia belli 
 magni timor impendet, quod videmur effugere, si ad 15 
 constitutam diem decedemus. 
 
 De pantheris, per eos, qui venari solent, agitur man- 
 datu meo diligenter; sed mira paucitas est et eas, 
 quae sunt, valde aiunt queri, quod nihil cuiquam insi- 
 diarum in mca provincia nisi sibi fiat; itaque constitu- 20 
 isse dicuntur in Cariam ex nostra provincia decedere. 
 Sed tamen sedulo fit, et in primis a Patisco. Quicquid 
 erit, tibi erit, sed, quid esset, plane nesciebamus. 
 
 Mihi me hercule magnae curae est aedilitas tua. 
 Ipse dies me admonebat; scripsi enim haec ipsis 25 
 Megalensibus. Tu velim ad me de omni rei publicae 
 statu quam diligentissime perscribas ; ea enim certis- 
 sima putabo, quae ex te cognoro. 
 
192 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Scr. Ephesi Kalendis Octobribus A. u. c. 704. 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 Cum instituissem ad te scribere calamumque sump- 
 sissem, Batonius e navi recta ad me venit domum Ephe- 
 si et epistolam tuam reddidit pridie Kal. Octobris. 
 Laetatus sum felicitate navigationis tuae, opportuni- 
 5 tate Piliae, etiam hercule sermone eiusdem de coniu- 
 gio Tulliae meae. Batonius autem miros terrores ad 
 me attulit Caesarianos, cum Lepta etiam plura locutus 
 est, spero falsa, sed certe horribilia, Caesarem exerci- 
 tum nullo modo dimissurum, cum illo praetores de- 
 
 10 signatos, Cassium tribunum pi., Lentulum consulem 
 
 facere, Pompeio in animo esse urbem relinquere. Sed 
 
 heus tu, num quid moleste fers de illo, qui se solet 
 
 anteferre patruo sororis tuae fill ? at a quibus victus? 
 
 Sed ad rem. Nos etesiae vehementissime tardarunt; 
 
 15 detraxit XX. ipsos dies etiam aphractus Rhodiorum. 
 Kal. Octobr. Epheso conscendentes hanc epistolam 
 dedimus L. Tarquitio, simul e portu egredienti, sed 
 expeditius naviganti ; nos Rhodiorum aphractis ceteris- 
 que longis navibus tranquillitates aucupaturi eramus. 
 
 20 Ita tamen properabamus, ut non posset magis. 
 
 De raudusculo Puteolano, gratum. Nunc velim 
 dispicias res Romanas, videas, quid nobis de trium- 
 pho cogitandum putes, ad quern amici me vocant. 
 Ego, nisi Bibulus, qui, dum unus hostis in Syria fuit, 
 
 25 pedem porta non plus extulit quam domo sua, adni- 
 teretur de triumpho, aequo animo essem; nunc vero 
 alcr^pov aiwTrav. Sed explora rem totam, ut, quo die 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XX., XXI. 193 
 
 congressi erimus, consilium capere possimus. Sat 
 multa, qui et properarem et ei litteras darem, qui 
 aut mecum aut paulo ante venturus esset. 
 
 Cicero tibi plurimam salutem dicit ; tu dices utrius- 
 que nostrum verbis et Piliae tuae et filiae. 5 
 
 XX. 
 
 Scr. Corcyrae xv. Kal. Decembris A. u. c. 704. 
 
 TULLIUS ET CICERO S. D. TIRONI SUO. 
 
 Septimum iam diem Corcyrae tenebamur; Quintus 
 autem pater et filius Buthroti. Solliciti eramus de 
 tua valetudine mirum in modum, nee mirabamur 
 nihil a te litterarum ; eis enim ventis istim navigatur, 
 qui si essent, nos Corcyrae non sederemus. Cura 10 
 igitur te et confirma et, cum commode et per valetu- 
 dinem et per anni tempus navigare poteris, ad nos 
 amantissimos tui veni. Nemo nos amat, qui te non 
 diligat; carus omnibus exspectatusque venies. Cura 
 ut valeas. Etiam atque etiam, Tiro noster, vale. XV. 15 
 Kal. Corcyra. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Scr. a. u. c. 704 ? 
 
 TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE S. D. 
 
 S. V. B. E. V. Si quid haberem, quod ad te 
 scriberem, facerem id et pluribus verbis et saepius; 
 nunc, quae sint negotia, vides. Ego autem quo modo 
 sim adfectus, ex Lepta et Trebatio poteris cogno- 20 
 scere. Tu fac, ut tuam et Tulliae valetudinem cures. 
 Vale. 
 
 13 
 
194 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Scr. Formiis ix. Kal. Februarias A. u. c. 705. 
 
 TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE ET PATER SUA- 
 VISSIMAE FILIAE, CICERO MATRI ET SORORI 
 S. D. PLUR. 
 
 Considerandum vobis etiam atque etiam, animae 
 meae, diligenter puto, quid faciatis, Romaene sitis 
 an mecum in aliquo tuto loco; id non solum meum 
 consilium est, sed etiam vestrum. 
 
 5 Mihi veniunt in mentem haec : Romae vos esse 
 tuto posse per Dolabellam, eamque rem posse nobis 
 adiumento esse, si quae vis aut si quae rapinae fieri 
 coeperint ; sed rursus illud me movet, quod video 
 omnis bonos abesse Roma et eos mulieres suas 
 
 10 secum habere. Haec autem regio, in qua ego sum, 
 nostrorum est cum oppidorum, turn etiam praediorum, 
 ut et multum esse mecum et, cum abieritis, com- 
 mode in nostris praediis esse possitis. 
 
 Mihi plane non satis constat adhuc, utrum sit 
 
 15 melius. Vos videte, quid aliae faciant isto loco femi- 
 nae, et ne, cum velitis, exire non liceat. Id velim 
 diligenter etiam atque etiam vobiscum et cum amicis 
 consideretis. Domus ut propugnacula et praesidium 
 habeat, Philotimo dicetis. Et velim tabellarios insti- 
 
 20 tuatis certos, ut cotidie aliquas a vobis litteras acci- 
 piam; maxime autem date operam, ut valeatis, si 
 nos vultis valere. Villi. Kal. Formiis. 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXIII.-XXV. 195 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Scr. a. u. c. 706. 
 
 TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE S. D. 
 
 S. v. B. E. V. Da operam, ut convalescas ; quod 
 opus erit, ut res tempusque postulat, provideas atque 
 administres et ad me de omnibus rebus quam saepis- 
 sime litteras mittas. Vale. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Scr. Brundisi xvn. Kal. Ouinctil. A. u. c. 707. 
 
 TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE SUAE. 
 
 S. V. B. E. v. Tullia nostra venit ad me pr. Idus 5 
 Iun. ; cuius summa virtute et singulari humanitate 
 graviore etiam sum dolore adfectus nostra factum 
 esse neglegentia, ut longe alia in fortuna esset, atque 
 eius pietas ac dignitas postulabat. Nobis erat in 
 animo Ciceronem ad Caesarem mittere et cum eo 10 
 Cn. Sallustium ; si profectus erit, faciam te certiorem. 
 Valetudinem tuam cura diligenter. Vale. XVII. K. 
 Ouinctilis. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Scr. Brundisi vn. Idus Ouinctilis a. u. c. 707, 
 TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE SUAE. 
 
 Quid fieri placeret,- scripsi ad Pomponium serius, 
 quam oportuit; cum eo si locuta eris, intelleges, quid 15 
 fieri velim. Apertius scribi, quoniam ad ilium scrip- 
 
196 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 seram, necesse non fuit. De ea re et de ceteris rebus 
 quam primum velim nobis litteras mittas. Valetudinem 
 tuam cura diligenter. Vale. VII. Idus Quinctilis. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Scr. Brundisi in. Idus Sextilis A. u. c. 707. 
 
 TULLI US TERENTIAE SUAE S. D. 
 
 S. V. B. E. V. Nos neque de Caesaris adventu 
 
 5 neque de litteris, quas Philotimus habere dicitur, 
 
 quicquam adhuc certi habemus. Si quid erit certi, 
 
 faciam te statim certiorem. Valetudinem tuam fac ut 
 
 cures. Vale. III. Idus Sextilis. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Scr. Brundisi prid. Idus Sextilis A. u. C. 707. 
 
 TULLI US TERENTIAE SUAE S. D. 
 
 S. V. B. E. V. Redditae mihi tandem sunt a Cae- 
 10 sare litterae satis liberales, et ipse opinione celerius 
 venturus esse dicitur; cui utrum obviam procedam, 
 an hie eum exspectem, cum constituero, faciam te 
 certiorem. Tabellarios mihi velim quam primum re- 
 mittas. Valetudinem tuam cura diligenter. Vale. 
 15 D. pr. Id. Sext. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Scr. Brundisi Kalendis Septembribus A. u. c. 707. 
 
 TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE SUAE. 
 
 S. V. B. E. V. Nos cotidie tabellarios nostros ex- 
 spectamus, qui si venerint, fortasse erimus certiores, 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXIX., XXX. 197 
 
 quid nobis faciendum sit, faciemusque te statim cer- 
 tiorem. Valetudinem tuam cura diligenter. Vale. 
 K. Septemb. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Scr. in Cumano A. u. c. 708. 
 
 M. CICERO S. D. M. MARIO. 
 
 A. d. Villi. Kal. in Cumanum veni cum Libone tuo 
 vel nostro potius; in Pompeianum statim cogito, sed 5 
 faciam ante te certiorem. Te cum semper valere 
 cupio, turn certe, dum hie sumus; vides enim, quanto 
 post una futuri simus. Qua re, si quod constitutum 
 cum podagia habes, fac, ut in alium diem differas. 
 Cura igitur, ut valeas, et me hoc biduo aut triduo 10 
 exspecta. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Scr. in Cumano A. u. c. 708. 
 
 CICERO PAETO. 
 
 Heri veni in Cumanum; eras ad te fortasse, sed, 
 cum certum sciam, faciam te paulo ante certiorem. 
 Etsi M. Caeparius, cum mihi in silva Gallinaria ob- 
 viam venisset quaesissemque, quid ageres, dixit te in 15 
 lecto esse, quod ex pedibus laborares. Tuli scilicet 
 moleste, ut debui, sed tamen constitui ad te venire, 
 ut et viderem te et viserem et cenarem etiam ; non 
 enim arbitror coquum etiam te arthriticum habere. 
 Exspecta igitur hospitem cum minime edacem, turn 2 cr 
 inimicum cenis sumptuosis. 
 
198 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 Scr. in Antiati mense Septembri A. u. c. 708. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Male, me hercule, de Athamante ; tuus autem dolor 
 humanus is quidem, sed magno opere moderandus. 
 Consolationum autem multae viae, sed ilia rectissima; 
 impetret ratio, quod dies impetratura est. Alexin 
 5 vero curemus, imaginem Tironis, quern aegrum Ro- 
 mam remisi, et, si quid habet collis eTriStj/jUov, ad me 
 cum Tisameno transferamus ; tota domus vacat supe- 
 rior, ut scis. Hoc puto valde ad rem pertinere. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 Scr. Romae A. u. C. 708. 
 
 CICERO SERVIO SAL. 
 
 Asclapone Patrensi, medico, utor familiariter eius- 
 [o que cum consuetudo mihi iucunda fuit, turn ars eti- 
 am, quam sum expertus in valetudine meorum; in 
 qua mihi cum ipsa scientia, turn etiam fidelitate bene- 
 volentiaque satis fecit. Hunc igitur tibi commendo et 
 a te peto, ut des operam, ut intellegat diligenter me 
 15 scripsisse de sese meamque commendationem usui 
 magno sibi fuisse; erit id mihi vehementer gratum. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 Scr. Romae ineunte anno A. u. c. 709. 
 
 M. CICERO S. D. C. CASS 10. 
 
 Longior epistola fuisset, nisi eo ipso tempore petita 
 esset a me, cum iam iretur ad te ; longior autem, si 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXXIV., XXXV. 199 
 
 <f>\vapov aliquem habuissem ; nam cnrovhd^eiv sine 
 periculo vix possumus. " Ridere igitur,'' inquies, 
 " possumus." Non, me hercule, facillime; verum ta- 
 men aliam aberrationem a molestiis nullam habemus. 
 " Ubi igitur," inquies, " philosophia? " Tua quidem 5 
 in culina, mea in palaestra est. Pudet enim servire ; 
 itaque facio me alias res agere, ne convicium Platonis 
 audiam. 
 
 De Hispania nihil adhuc certi, nihil omnino novi. 
 Te abesse mea causa moleste fero, tua gaudeo. Sed 10 
 flagitat tabellarius ; valebis igitur meque, ut a puero 
 fecisti, amabis. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 Scr. Asturae mense Martio A. u. c. 709. 
 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 Apud Appuleium, quoniam in perpetuum non pla- 
 cet, in dies ut excuser, videbis. In hac solitudine 
 careo omnium colloquio, cumque mane me in silvam 15 
 abstrusi densam et asperam, non exeo inde ante ves- 
 perum ; secundum te nihil est mihi amicius solitu- 
 dine. In ea mihi omnis sermo est cum litteris ; eum 
 tamen interpellat fletus, cui repugno, quoad possum, 
 sed adhuc pares non sumus. Bruto, ut suades, rescri- 20 
 bam ; eas litteras eras habebis. Cum erit cui des, 
 dabis. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 Scr. Asturae mense Martio a. u. c. 709. 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Te tuis negotiis relictis nolo ad me venire. Ego 
 potius accedam, si diutius impediere ; etsi ne disces- 
 
200 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 sissem quidem e conspectu tuo, nisi me plane nihil 
 ulla res adiuvaret. Quod si esset aliquod levamen, 
 id esset in te uno, et, cum primum ab aliquo poterit 
 esse, a te erit ; nunc tamen ipsum sine te esse non 
 
 5 possum. Sed nee tuae domi probabatur nee meae 
 poteram, nee, si propius essem uspiam, tecum tamen 
 essem ; idem enim te impediret, quo minus mecum 
 esses, quod nunc etiam impedit. Mihi adhuc nihil 
 aptius fuit hac solitudine, quam vereor ne Philippus 
 
 to tollat; heri enim vesperi venerat. Me scriptio et lit- 
 terae non leniunt, sed obturbant. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 Scr. Asturae mense Martio a. u. c. 709. 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 Dum recordationes fugio, quae quasi morsu quo- 
 dam dolorem efficiunt, refugio ad te admonendum ; 
 quod velim mihi ignoscas, cuicuimodi est. Etenim 
 
 15 habeo non nullos ex eis, quos nunc lectito, auctores, 
 qui dicant fieri id oportere, quod saepe tecum egi et 
 quod a te approbari volo : de fano illo dico, de quo 
 tantum, quantum me amas, velim cogites. Equidem 
 neque de genere dubito — placet enim mihi Cluati, — 
 
 20 neque de re — statutum est enim, — ■ de loco non 
 numquam. Velim igitur cogites. 
 
 Ego, quantum his temporibus tarn eruditis fieri 
 potuerit, profecto illam consecrabo omni genere monu- 
 mentorum ab omnium ingeniis sumptorum et Grae- 
 
 25 corum et Latinorum, quae res forsitan sit refricatura 
 vulnus meum; sed iam quasi voto quodam et pro- 
 misso me teneri puto, longumque illud tempus, cum 
 non ero, magis me movet quam hoc exiguum, quod 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE, XXXVII. 201 
 
 mihi tamen nimium longum videtur; habeo enim 
 nihil, temptatis rebus omnibus, in quo adquiescam. 
 Nam, dum illud tractabam, de quo ad te ante scripsi, 
 quasi fovebam dolores meos ; nunc omnia respuo, nee 
 quicquam habeo tolerabilius quam solitudinem, quam, 5 
 quod eram veritus, non obturbavit Philippus; nam, ut 
 heri me- salutavit, statim Romam profectus est. 
 
 Epistolam, quam ad Brutum, ut tibi placuerat, 
 scripsi, misi ad te. Curabis cum tua perferendam ; 
 eius tamen misi ad te exemplum, ut, si minus place- 10 
 ret, ne mitteres. 
 
 Domestica quod ais ordine administrari, scribes, 
 quae sint ea ; quaedam enim exspecto. Cocceius 
 vide ne frustretur; nam, Libo quod pollicetur, ut 
 Eros scribit, non incertum puto. De sorte mea Sul- 15 
 picio confido et Egnatio scilicet. De Appuleio quid 
 est quod labores, cum sit excusatio facilis? 
 
 Tibi ad me venire, ut ostendis, vide ne non sit 
 facile ; est enim longum iter, discedentemque te, quod 
 celeriter tibi erit fortasse faciendum, non sine magno 20 
 dolore dimittam. Sed omnia, ut voles ; ego enim, 
 quidquid feceris, id cum recte, turn etiam mea causa 
 factum putabo. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 Scr. Asturae exeunte mense Aprili A. u. c. 709. 
 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 Fanum fieri volo, neque hoc mihi eripi potest. 
 Sepulcri similitudinem effugere non tarn propter poe- 25 
 nam legis studeo, quam ut maxime adsequar dirodeco- 
 criv. Quod poteram, si in ipsa villa facerem, sed, ut 
 
202 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 saepe locuti sumus, commutationes dominorum refor- 
 mido ; in agro ubicumque fecero, mihi videor adsequi 
 posse, ut posteritas habeat religionem. Hae meae 
 tibi ineptiae — fateor enim — ferendae sunt; non habeo, 
 5 ne me quidem ipsum, quicum tarn audacter commu- 
 nicem quam tecum. Sin tibi res, si locus, si institu- 
 tum placet, lege, quaeso, legem mihique earn mitte; 
 si quid in mentem veniet, quo modo earn effugere 
 possimus, utemur. 
 
 io Ad Brutum si quid scribes, nisi alienum putabis, 
 obiurgato eum, quod in Cumano esse noluerit prop- 
 ter earn causam, quam tibi dixit; cogitanti enim mihi 
 nihil tarn videtur potuisse facere rustice. Et, si tibi 
 placebit sic agere de fano, ut coepimus, velim cohor- 
 
 5 tere et exacuas Cluatium ; nam, etiam si alio loco 
 placebit, illius nobis opera consilioque utendum puto. 
 Tu ad villam fortasse eras. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 Scr. anno incerto. 
 
 CICERO TREBATIO SAL. 
 
 Illuseras heri inter scyphos, quod dixeram contro- 
 versiam esse, possetne heres, quod furtum antea fac- 
 
 20 turn esset, furti recte agere. Itaque, etsi domum 
 bene potus seroque redieram, tamen id caput, ubi 
 haec controversia est, notavi et descriptum tibi misi, 
 ut scires id, quod tu neminem sensisse dicebas, Sex. 
 Aelium, M'. Manilium, M. Brutum sensisse; ego 
 
 25 tamen Scaevolae et Testae adsentior. 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XXXIX.-XLI. 203 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 Scr. in Tusculano mense Maio A. u. c. 709. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Domi te libenter esse facile credo ; sed velim scire, 
 quid tibi restet aut iamne confeceris. Ego te in Tus- 
 culano exspecto, eoque magis, quod Tironi statim te 
 venturum scripsisti et addidisti te putare opus esse. 
 Sentiebam omnino, quantum mihi praesens prodesses, 5 
 sed multo magis post discessum tuum sentio ; quam 
 ob rem, ut ante ad te scripsi, aut ego ad te totus 
 aut tu ad me, quod licebit. 
 
 XL. 
 
 Scr. A. u. c. 710. 
 CICERO BASILO SAL. 
 
 Tibi gratulor, mihi gaudeo. Te amo, tua tueor. 
 A te amari et, quid agas quidque agatur, certior 10 
 fieri volo. 
 
 XLI. 
 
 Scr. in Tusculano exeunte mense Iunio A. u. c. 710. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Mirifice torqueor, sine dolore tamen ; sed permulta 
 mihi de nostro itinere in utramque partem occurrunt. 
 "Quo usque?" inquies. Quoad erit integrum; erit 
 autem usque, dum ad navem. Pansa si rescripserit, 15 
 et meam tibi et illius epistolam mittam. Silium ex- 
 spectabam, cui hypomnema compositum est. Si quid 
 novi. Ego litteras misi ad Brutum, cuius de itinere 
 etiam ex te velim, si quid scies, cognoscere. 
 
204 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 XLII. 
 
 Scr. in Tusculano a. d. in. Kalendas Quinctilis A. u. C. 710. 
 
 CICERO ATT/CO SAL. 
 
 De meo itinere variae sententiae, multi enim ad 
 me ; sed tu incumbe, quaeso, in earn curam : magna 
 res est. An probas, si ad Kal. Ian. cogitamus ? meus 
 animus est aequus, ita tamen, si nihil offensionis 
 5 sit. Velim etiam scire, quo die olim piaculum, mys- 
 teria scilicet. Utut est res, casus consilium nostri 
 itineris iudicabit. Dubitemus igitur; est enim hiberna 
 navigatio odiosa, eoque ex te quaesieram mysteriorum 
 diem. Brutum, ut scribis, visum iri a me puto. Ego 
 10 hinc volo pr. Kal. 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 Scr. in Arpinati A. D. v. Nonas Quinctilis A. u. C 710. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Ego, ut ad te pridie scripseram, Nonis constitu- 
 eram venire in Puteolanum ; ibi igitur cotidie tuas 
 litteras exspectabo, et maxime de ludis, de quibus 
 etiam ad Brutum tibi scribendum est, cuius epistolae, 
 15 quam interpretari ipse vix poteram, exemplum pridie 
 tibi miseram. Atticae meae velim me ita excuses, ut 
 omnem culpam in te transferas et ei tamen confirmes 
 me minime totum amorem eo mecum abstulisse. 
 
EPISTOLAE SELECTAE XLIV., XLV. 205 
 
 XLIV. 
 
 Scr. in Puteolano prid. Nonas Novembres A. u. c. 710. 
 
 CICERO ATTICO SAL. 
 
 Binae uno die mihi litterae ab Octaviano ; nunc 
 quidem, ut Romam statim veniam, velle se rem 
 agere per senatum. Cui ego non posse senatum 
 ante K. Ianuar., quod quidem ita credo. Ille autem 
 addit, " consilio tuo." Quid multa? Ille urget, ego 5 
 autem a-KijTTTOfiai. Non confido aetati; ignoro, quo 
 animo; nihil sine Pansa tuo volo. 
 
 Vereor, ne valeat Antonius, nee a mari discedere 
 libet, et metuo, ne quae apto-rela me absente. Var- 
 roni quidem displicet consilium pueri, mihi non. Si 10 
 firmas copias habet, Brutum habere potest, et rem 
 gerit palam ; centuriat Capuae, dinumerat. lam iam- 
 que video bellum. Ad haec rescribe. Tabellarium 
 meum Kalend. Roma profectum sine tuis litteris 
 miror. 15 
 
 XLV. 
 
 Scr. Romae in Nonas Maias A. u. c. 711. 
 CICERO PLANCO SAL. 
 
 O gratam famam biduo ante victoriam de subsidio 
 tuo, de studio, de celeritate, de copiis ! Atque etiam 
 hostibus fusis spes omnis est in te. Fugisse enim ex 
 proelio Mutinensi dicuntur notissimi latronum duces. 
 Est autem non minus gratum extrema delere quam 20 
 prima depellere. 
 
 Equidem exspectabam iam tuas litteras, idque cum 
 multis, sperabamque etiam Lepidum rei publicae tern- 
 
206 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE, XLVI. 
 
 poribus admonitum tecum et rei publicae esse factu- 
 rum. In illam igitur curam incumbe, mi Plance, 
 ut ne quae scintilla taeterrimi belli relinquatur. Quod 
 si erit factum, et rem publicam divino beneficio ad- 
 5 feceris et ipse aeternam gloriam consequere. D. III. 
 Non. Mai. 
 
 XLVI. 
 
 Scr. Romae xim Kal. Quinctilis A. u. c. 711. 
 
 M. CICERO S. D. D. BRUTO. 
 
 Exspectanti mihi tuas cotidie litteras Lupus nos- 
 ter subito denuntiavit, ut ad te scriberem, si quid 
 vellem. Ego autem, etsi, quid scriberem, non habe- 
 
 10 bam — acta enim ad te mitti sciebam, inanem autem 
 sermonem litterarum tibi iniucundum esse audiebam 
 — brevitatem secutus sum te magistro. 
 
 Scito igitur in te et in collega spem omnem esse. 
 De Bruto autem nihil adhuc certi ; quern ego, quern 
 
 15 ad modum praecipis, privatis litteris ad bellum com- 
 mune vocare non desino. Qui utinam iam adesset ! 
 Intestinum urbis malum, quod est non mediocre, 
 minus timeremus. Sed quid ago? Non imitor \a- 
 Kwvia-fxbv tuum; altera iam pagella procedit. Vince 
 
 20 et vale. Xllll. K. Quinctil. 
 
NOTES. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 M. Tulli Ciceronis: see p. I. A. 80, a ; H. 649, 
 and 649, i. 1 For Tulli instead of Tullii, see A. 40, b; G. 29, 
 R. 1; H. 51, 5. 
 
 In L. Catilinam: this title, though used of the four Cati- 
 linarian speeches, is, strictly speaking, applicable only to the 
 first ; cf. 2 the outlines on pp. 42-44. Cicero himself, in naming 
 his ten ' consular ' orations, characterizes those against Catiline as 
 follows (ad Att. II. i. 3): septima {oratio, the first Catilinarian), 
 qua Catilinam emisi ; octava, qitam habui ad populum postri- 
 die quam Catilina profugit ; nona in contione, qtio die Allo- 
 broges indicartcnt ; decima in senatu, Nonis Decetnbribus. 
 
 Habita: ' delivered ; ' an idiomatic use of habere, like that 
 of the German halten in rede halten. in S e n a t u : for 
 
 the place and circumstances of delivery, see p. 39, and below, 
 11. 4-7- 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Page 61. Chapter I. 1. Quo usque : strengthened by tan- 
 dem, ' How long, pray ; ' introduces an abrupt, indignant question, 
 
 1 A. = Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar, G. = Gildersleeve's, H. = 
 Harkness's. References like this, p. 65, 7 (page 65, line 7) are to the pages of 
 this book. Translations of Latin words or phrases are put in single quotation 
 marks. 
 
 2 Cf. (confer) — "compare; " sc. (scilicet) = "supply," or "understood;" 
 n. — "note;" r. = "remark;" Vocab. = "Vocabulary," at the end of the 
 book; dir. disc. = "direct discourse;" indir. disc. = "indirect discourse" 
 {oratio obliqua); constr. = "construction;" 1. = " line ; " lit. = " literally; " 
 dep. = "depends" or "dependent;" trans. = " translate " or "translation;" 
 pred. — " predicate." 
 
 For other abbreviations see the list preceding the vocabulary. 
 14 
 
210 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 61. 
 
 suggested by the appearance of Catiline in the Senate. Sallust 
 (Cat. xx. 9), puts a similar expression into the mouth of Catiline : 
 quae (= ' and this state of affairs ') quo usque tandem patie- 
 mini, fortissumi viri f abutere : abutere, not abutere. 
 
 patientia: A. 249; G. 405 ; H. 421, 1. 2. etiam : temporal, 
 
 ' still.' furor iste tuus : ' that frenzy of yours.' Why is 
 
 iste used ? Cf. A. 102, c; G. 291, R. ; H. 450, 1, n. eludet : 
 
 here in the sense of ' make sport of.' 3. Quern ad finem : 
 
 i. e. how far, how long. effrenata : suggests what com- 
 
 parison ? 
 
 4. Nihil : adverbial ace, taking the place of an emphatic non. 
 A. 240, a, N. ; G. 331, R. 3 ; H. 378, 2. The rhetorical force is 
 heightened by the repetition of nihil with each item mentioned. 
 praesidium Palati : the situation, shape, and elevation of the 
 Palatine hill made it one of the strongest military positions in 
 Rome. At a very early period it was surrounded by a massive 
 wall, extensive portions of which still remained in Cicero's time. 
 Consequently in times of special danger it was occupied by a gar- 
 rison. Cf. Middleton's " Remains of Ancient Rome," Vol. I., 
 Chap. iv. 5. vigiliae : the Senate had ordered that watchmen 
 be placed on guard throughout the city, under the charge of the 
 lesser magistrates (aediles, tribunes, and quaestors). See Sail. 
 Cat. xxx. 7, and xxxi. 1-3, where the 'terror' of the Roman 
 populace is vividly described. bonorum : i. e. bonorum 
 
 civium, = ' of the patriotic,' who had assembled in great num- 
 bers before the temple where the Senate was in session. 6. hie 
 . . . locus : the temple of Jupiter Stator (cf. p. 74, 32-34 and N.), 
 on the Palatine, where the Senate had met, for the sake of 
 security, rather than in the Senate-house (see Vocab. under 
 curia, 1), or in one of the temples about the Forum. Cicero 
 had taken the precaution to protect the temple with a company 
 of armed knights. See Plan facing p. j6. 7. horum : the 
 
 senators ; spoken with a gesture. ora vultusque : = ' the 
 
 expression on the faces' (see p. 81, 13-18, particularly the sen- 
 tence quis denique . . . hosteni) ; hendiadys, for which see 
 A. 385 ; G. 695 ; H. 636, m. 2. 
 
 8. Constrictam — teneri : 'is held and bound fast,' as a 
 captive wild beast closely fettered. A. 292, r. ; G. 667, r. i ; 
 H. 549, 5. 10. proxima [nqcte] : Nov. 7. superiore 
 
 nocte : Nov. 6; see p. 45, and cf. N. to p. 81, 10. quos : for 
 
Page 62.] NOTES 211 
 
 a list of the principal conspirators see Sail. Cat. xvn. 3-4. 
 11. quern : introduces a dir. question ; the other interrogatives 
 in this sentence are indir. 
 
 13. tempora: A. 240, d) G. 340; H. 381. 14. consul: 
 
 sing, as referring to the office rather than to the consuls as 
 individuals; so in 1. 19 also. Vivit ? = '"Lives" did I say?' 
 
 the argument is strengthened by first questioning, then sup- 
 plementing, the previous statement, — a figure called by the 
 grammarians correctio. 15. publici consili particeps : in 
 
 accordance with the Roman custom, after his praetorship Cati- 
 line had been given a seat in the Senate. 16. notat et de- 
 signat : ' singles out and marks.' unum quemque nostrum : 
 
 i. e. 'us one by one,' individually. Why not nostri? A. 194, b; 
 G. 362, R. ; H. 446, N. 3. 17. fortes viri : ironical. satis 
 
 facere rei publicae videmur [nobis]: trans, 'we think we are 
 doing our duty by the state ; ' satis facere videmur is stronger 
 than satis faciamus, which would have been more in accord- 
 ance with the ordinary construction. 18. istius : 'of that 
 (wretch).' 
 
 19. te duci — iam pridem oportebat : ' you ought long ago 
 to have been led.' iussu consulis : i. e. in accordance 
 
 with the authority vested in the consuls by the Senate's decree 
 of Oct. 21 ; see p. 38. Whether this authority was sufficient 
 to warrant putting a Roman citizen to death without a formal 
 trial is yet an open question; see p. 108, 1. 3, and n. 20. con- 
 ferri : sc. iam pridem oportebat. 21. An : introduces a rhe- 
 
 torical double question, in which (see Ouintil. VIII. iv. 13) not 
 only wholes but even parts are forcefully contrasted. In trans- 
 lating, the first member may be made subordinate and intro- 
 duced by 'If or ' While ; ' or the expression may be varied, 
 thus: 'What? did not Publius Scipio . . ., and shall we . . . ? ' 
 P. Scipio : see Vocab. under Scipio, (3), and Mommsen's " His- 
 tory of Rome," Vol. III. 22. pontifex maximus — - priva- 
 tus : the office of supreme pontiff, although one of great dignity 
 and influence, was not reckoned among the magistracies ; cf. p. 59. 
 mediocriter labefactantem : ' though only in slight measure 
 disturbing ; ' strongly contrasted with orbem . . . cupientem. 
 
 Page 62. 3. consules: contrasted with privates, 1. 1. ilia 
 nimis antiqua : ' those (precedents) as too remote ; ' only one in- 
 stance is given. A. 102, b: H. 450, 3. 4. quod . . . occidit : 
 
212 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 62. 
 
 in apposition with ilia. A. 333, and N. ; G. 525 ; H. 540, iv. n. 
 C. Servilius Ahala : master of the horse under the dictator 
 Cincinnatus. 5. Fuit, fuit : repetition for emphasis ; so in 
 
 1. 11, nos, nos. 6. ista: here almost = talis. 8. senatus 
 
 consultum : the decree {ultimum decretum) of Oct. 21 ; see p. 38. 
 10. rei publicae : dat. with deest. The thought is : the Senate 
 has given the emergency due deliberation, and has conferred 
 the proper authority upon the consuls ; not the deliberative but 
 the executive branch of the government is at fault. By thus 
 complimenting the Senate and transferring the blame to his col- 
 league and himself, the orator clearly strengthens his case 
 with the senators. 11. desumus : i. e. rei publicae desumus. 
 
 II. 12. Decrevit, etc. : having alluded to remote precedents, 
 the orator passes to those nearer his own time. Those cited 
 present a sharp contrast with the dilatoriness of the consuls 
 in dealing with Catiline, and suggest immediate and decisive 
 action. The intent of the speaker here is evidently not so 
 much to convince the Senate as to frighten Catiline into leav- 
 ing the City. L. Opimius . . . caperet : the language of 
 the decree is of interest (see Cic. Phil. VIII. iv. 14): quod L. 
 Opimius consul verba fecit de re publica, de ea re ceusuerunt, 
 uti L. Opimius consul rem publicum defenderet. The other 
 consul, O. Fabius Maximus, was in the southern part of 
 Transalpine Gaul at the time. 13. quid detriment! : ' any 
 harm.' A. 216,^,3; G. 371 ; H. 397, 3. 14. propter , . . sus- 
 piciones : a form of expression purposely mild, to heighten the 
 contrast. 15. clarissimo, etc. : = ' though a son, grandson, 
 and descendant of very famous men.' A. 251 ; G. 402 ; H. 419, 11.. 
 The mother of the Gracchi was the noble Cornelia, daughter 
 of the elder Scipio Africanus ; their father, Tiberius Sem- 
 pronius Gracchus, was twice consul, and twice honored with a 
 triumph ; and among their ancestors of the same name was that 
 Tiberius Gracchus who in 214 b. c. got together air army com- 
 posed largely of slaves and conquered Hanno near Beneven- 
 tum. 16. liberis : two sons; cf. p. 109, 28-30, and N. 
 M. Fulvius : see Vocab. under Flaccus, (1). 
 
 17. L. Valerio : dat. See Vocab. under Flaccus, (2). 20. C. 
 Servilium : see Vocab. under Glaucia. ac : introduces an 
 
 explanation of mors, 'and (that) as state's penalty.' 21. re- 
 
 morata est : the force of remorari here, as often, is ' to keep ' 
 
Page 63.] NOTES 213 
 
 one 'waiting.' The thought is simply, eodem die interfecti 
 sunt. vicesimum : in round numbers ; how many days 
 
 since Oct. 21? 22. horum: spoken with a gesture; but 
 
 the reference is not so much to the authority of the Senate as 
 to that which the Senate had vested in the consuls. 23. in 
 
 tabulis : ' in the archives,' among the records of the proceed- 
 ings of the Senate. 24. tamquam, etc. : carries out the com- 
 parison suggested by aciem, 1. 22. 26. convenit : milder than 
 oportuit ; ' you might well have been put to death.' et : put 
 rhetorically for et qitidem. ad . . . audaciam : in what ways 
 may purpose be expressed in Latin ? 
 
 28. Cupio . . . cupio . . . videri : rhetorical expression for 
 cupio me esse clementem neque tamen dissolutum videri. A. 
 271, a, N. 1 ; H. 535, 11. patres conscripti : the senators as in- 
 dividuals were called senatores ; sitting as a body they were always 
 addressed as patres conscripti. The origin and primitive force 
 of the latter title are not clearly understood. The prevalent 
 view is, that patres, ' fathers,' or ' chiefs,' was the term of address 
 used in the beginning, when the Senate as a council of advisers 
 consisted exclusively of patricians ; and that conscripti, ' elect,' 
 or 'chosen,' refers to the plebeian members admitted afterwards. 
 On the other hand, it has been maintained that the phrase con- 
 tains no reminiscence of an original social distinction, but means 
 simply ' assembled fathers.' 
 
 29. dissolutum: stronger than neglegens. 30. inertiae 
 nequitiaeque : ' of inactivity and lack of energy.' A. 220 ; G. 
 377; H. 409, 11. 31. in Italia: not in the provinces, but near 
 home, where rebellion would least be expected. 32. in Etru- 
 riae faucibus : at Faesulae, a convenient centre for military 
 operations because it commanded one of the main routes into 
 Cisalpine Gaul. It was also a good rallying-point for the old 
 soldiers of Sulla, being one of Sulla's colonies; cf. p. 95, 11. 
 in dies : see Idioms. 
 
 Page 63. 1- adeo : ' actually.' 2. rei publicae : not gen. 
 
 3. iam : ' at once.' 4. credo : ironical, ' I suppose,' or ' of 
 
 course.' ne non . . . hoc : 1. e, ne non omnes boni hoc a 7ne 
 
 serins factum esse dicant potius quam, etc. The force of erit 
 verendum is really made negative by the ironical turn, as if the 
 orator had said non verendum erit. From the influence of this 
 negation the subordinate negative clause ne non . . . {dicant) 
 
214 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 64 
 
 acquires an affirmative force ; ' I shall not have to fear that 
 . . . will not say ' = ' I shall have to fear that . . . will say.' 
 A. 331,/; G. 552; H. 498, in., N. 1. 5 boni : cf. p. 61, 5, 
 
 and n. serius, crudelius : A. 93, a ; H. 444, 1. quisquam: 
 usually found in negative sentences ; here = ' any one at all,' 
 implying that there may be one or two such, but not more. 
 6. quod . . . oportuit : cf. p. 61, 19 and n. 8 inteificiere : 
 the consul avoids the expression te interficiam, which might have 
 been expected from the preceding argument. 9. tui : why 
 
 not dat. ? A. 234, d, 2 ; G. 356, R. 1 ; H. 391, 11. 4, (2). 12. ita, 
 ut: 'just as.' 13. oppressus : 'overpowered.' 14. Multo- 
 
 rum : emphatic. 
 
 Discussion. 
 A. Addressed to Catiline, m.-x. 
 
 III. 18. exspectes : A. 320, a ; G. 633, 634 ; H. 503, I. 
 19. parietibus : how different from murus, moenia f conti- 
 nere : i. e. intus servare. 21. crede : see p. 363. 22. caedis : 
 A. 219; G. 375; H. 406, 11. Teneris : i. e. Deprehensus es. 
 
 24. licet recognoscas : ' you may recall ; ' concessive expression 
 instead of the imp. ante diem xn, etc. : = ante diem duo- 
 
 decimnm ; trans, as if die duodecimo ante Kalendas Novembres, 
 i. e. Oct. 21. A. 259, e, and 376, a; G. Appendix ; H. 642- 
 
 644. 26. ante diem VI : cf. pp. 38, 45. 27. satellitem : 
 
 implies a lower kind of service than admiuistnim. 28. fefel- 
 lit : see Idioms. 
 
 34. sui conservandi [causa] : ' in order to save themselves ; ' 
 idiomatic use of the gerundive with sui. A. 298, a, and N. ; G. 
 429, R. 1 ; H. 542, 1., N. 1 
 
 Page 64- 2 profugerunt : why not subj. ? A. 325, and N. ; 
 G. 582; H. 517, 2. 3. die: cf. p. 45. 5. nostra caede: 
 
 trans, as if caede nostri. A. 197,/; H. 445, 6. remansisse- 
 
 mus : what form in dir. disc. ? 6 Quid : ace. ; idiomatic use, 
 originating in some such expression as Quid dicam de hoc? Its 
 force here is that of our ' again,' 'furthermore.' 7. Praeneste : 
 from its location, its situation upon an eminence, and its strong 
 fortifications, Praeneste was an advantageous centre for military 
 operations. In early times it had been an important member 
 of the Latin League. When it became a Roman colony is not 
 
Pace 65.] NOTES 215 
 
 known ; probably in the time of Sulla. 10 Nihil . . . cogi- 
 
 tas : climax, with anaphora. A. 344,/; H. 636, 111. 3. 
 
 IV. 13. noctem superiorem — priore nocte (1. 16) : = 
 'night before last,' the night of Nov. 6. 14. ad: 'with a 
 
 view to,' ' with reference to.' 15. Dico : emphatic, directing 
 
 attention to the speaker's intimate knowledge of all the plans 
 and acts of the conspirators ; cf. p. 38. 16. inter falcarios : 
 
 ' on Scythe-makers' Street,' or ' in the Scythe-makers' Quarter ; ' 
 condensed expression to indicate the location of Laeca's house. 
 non agam obscure : i. e. aperte dicam, mentioning the name. 
 18. complures — socios : cf. Sail. Cat. xxvn. 3-4: intemfiesta 
 node (' in the dead of night ') coniurationis principes convocat per 
 M. Porcium Laecam, etc. 19. Quid taces : spoken after a 
 
 brief pause, — doubtless a moment of singular impressiveness. 
 20. in senatu : defines and strengthens hie. 
 
 22. O di, etc. : outburst against the treason of Catiline's 
 sympathizers in the Senate, suggested by the thought of the pre- 
 ceding sentence. Ubinam gentium: see Idioms. A. 216, a, 4; 
 G. 371, R. 4; H. 397, 4. 24. Hie, hie : cf. p. 62, 5, and N. 
 
 25. sanctissimo : sanctus, as often, ' worthy of reverence,' 
 ' worthy of respect.' 26. qui : ' (men) who.' nostro omnium : 
 trans, as if nostri omnium. A. 217, a, n. ; G. 363, R. ; H. 396, 
 Hi., N. 2. 28. de re publica sententiam rogo : with hos, 
 
 in the phrase of our parliamentary law, = ' I put the question 
 to them on (matters affecting) the public welfare.' As consul 
 Cicero presided at meetings of the Senate appointed by him, 
 and called upon the senators in turn for their votes upon each 
 question. A senator might respond either with his vote simply 
 or with a speech explaining or defending his position (sententia). 
 29. voce vulnero : i. e. I do not call them by name. 
 
 31. Fuisti igitur : the orator returns from his digression 
 (11. 22-30) to the topic in hand ; igitur refers back to 1. 18, 
 Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? implying that Catiline's silence 
 indicates his assent. 32. quo : ' to which part,' ' to which 
 
 division.' statuisti : refers to the process of deliberation, 
 
 while placeret (tibi) suggests the decision. 
 
 Page 65. 1. ad incendia : modern anarchists have an ad- 
 vantage over the ancient in that they understand the use of 
 violent explosives. Had Catiline and his followers been familiar 
 with dynamite, — the last resort of the coward and the despe- 
 
216 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 65. 
 
 rado, — the conspiracy might not so easily have been sup- 
 pressed, confirmasti: A. 128, a ; G. 151; H. 235. 2. pau- 
 lum . . morae : in dir. disc, est mihi etiam nunc paulum 
 morae (idiomatically, ' I am even now suffering a little delay ') ; 
 hence in the indir. form we find nunc instead of turn, which 
 might have been expected from the tense of dixisti. 3. vi- 
 verem : why not indie. ? duo equites : according to Sallust 
 (Cat. xxviii. 1), C. Cornelius, a knight, and L. Vargunteius, a 
 senator. 4. cura : A. 243; G. 388; H. 414, 1. liberarent : 
 subj. of characteristic, with qui = tales, tit. ilia . . . lucem : 
 i. e. early in the morning of Nov. 7; see N. to p. 81, 10. 
 
 5. lectulo : the diminutive, suggestive of home-life and retire- 
 ment, heightens the impression of wickedness associated with the 
 intended crime. 9. salutatum : ' in order to pay their re- 
 
 spects.' A. 302; G. 436; H. 546. Roman gentlemen received 
 their clients and friends early in the morning ; the earlier the visit, 
 the greater the respect implied. cum: 'since.' 10. iam : 
 
 ' already,' i. e. after the meeting at Laeca's and before the early 
 morning call of the would-be assassins. By means of his nu- 
 merous slaves and special guards (cf. p. 91, 8-1 1), Cicero was 
 able to keep in constant communication with his friends and 
 supporters, day and night. id temporis : see Idioms. A. 216, 
 a, 3 and 240 b; G. 331, R. 3 ; H. 378, 2. 
 
 V- 12. Quae . . . sint : see Idioms. A. 201, e\ G. 612, r. i ; 
 H. 453. For the outline of the following argument, see p. 42. 
 13. aliquando : for tandem aliquando. 14. Manliana castra : 
 the camp at Faesulae. A. 214, a, 2; G. 360, r. 1 ; H. 395, n. 2. 
 15. Educ, etc. : i. e. Educ etiam oinnes tuos (' your associates ') 
 tecum, si fieri fiotest ; si minus (trans, as if si non), at tamen 
 educ quam plurimos. 16. quam plurimos : see Idioms. 
 
 18. intersit: A. 314; G. 575; H. 513, 1. versari : here 'abide.' 
 
 19. non . . . sinam : cf. p. 64, 10 and N. Magna : i. e. 
 maona gratia habenda est dis immortalibus, etc. A. 344, e ; G. 
 675, 1, 3 ; H. 561, in. 20. huic ipsi Iovi Statori; with a 
 gesture toward the statue of the divinity in whose temple 
 they were. 21. antiquissimo custodi : see N. to p. 74, 32. 
 23. pestem : abstract for concrete. 24. in uno homine : i. e. 
 in te uno, as shown by what follows ; the existence of the 
 state ought not too often to be endangered by the conduct of 
 one man. 
 
Page 66.] NOTES 217 
 
 26. mihi, consuli designato : i. e. during the latter part of 
 the year 64. That Cicero was Catiline's main object of attack 
 is evident from the statement of Sallust, Cat. xxvi. 1. 27. pri- 
 vata diligentia : {Cicero) circum se praesidia amicorum atque 
 clientium occulte habebat. Sail. Cat. xxvi. 4. 28. proximis 
 
 comitiis : held for the election of consuls for the year 62 ; see 
 pp. 37, 38. 29. in campo : i. e. in campo Martio, where the 
 
 comitia centuriata (see. p. 59) were held. competitores tuos: 
 D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena, who received the 
 election, and Servius Sulpicius. 31. nullo tumultu publice 
 
 concitato : i. e. without calling out the troops, = ' without any 
 official summons to arms.' 32. me : for me unum. per 
 
 me : i. e. meis copiis, instead of publicis copiis. 33. perni- 
 
 ciem meam . . . coniunctam : i. e. si perirem, etiam rein pttb- 
 licam magna calamitate adfectum iri. 34. rei publicae : kind 
 of gen. ? 
 
 Page 66. 5- Qua re : ' And for this reason,' = ' Wherefore.' 
 id: the putting of Catiline to death. primum : 'the first 
 
 thing ' to be done, as we say. 6. huius imperi : i. e. nostri 
 
 imperi, the power given to the consuls by the Senate's decree 
 of Oct. 21 ; see p. 62, 8-1 1. A. 218 ; G. 373 ; H. 399. disci- 
 
 plinae maiorum proprium : shown by the precedents cited, 
 p. 62. 7. ad : ' with respect to.' 
 
 10. quod : for id (referring to the clause sin tu exieris) 
 quod ; trans, quod . . . hortor idiomatically, ' as I have long 
 been urging you.' A. 238, b ; G. 331, r. 2; H. 371, 11. 12 sen- 
 tina rei publicae : treated as expressing one concept, hence 
 followed by the gen. (tuorum) comitum, = ' consisting of your as- 
 sociates.' Cf. Sail. Cat. xxxvii. 5 : Omnes, quos flagititim aut 
 facinus domo expulerat, ei Romam sicut in sentinam confluxe- 
 rant, where sentina by metonymy is used of the receptacle 
 (== 'cess-pool ') rather than the 'sewage.' Quid est: like 
 
 our 'How now?' 'How is that?' 13. me imperante : see 
 
 Idioms. 14. faciebas : 'you were trying to do.' A. 277,^; 
 
 G. 224; H. 469, 11. 1. consul hostem : more dignified and 
 
 more forcible than ego te. 15. num : ' still, not ; ' fuller, ' you 
 don't mean into exile, do you ? ' 
 
 VI. 17. Quid est enim : rhetorical question, much more 
 effective than the simple form of statement, Nihil est enifn. 
 The very thought of his career of crime, and the fear and 
 
218 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 67. 
 
 hatred with which he is regarded, ought to make Catiline flee the 
 city. 19. coniurationem : concrete, ' sworn band.' 20. do- 
 mesticae : arising from his family relations (see 1. 28 et seq.), 
 while privatarum rerum (1. 21) refers to his private life in gen- 
 eral, as distinguished from his public career. 21. inusta: 
 ' branded upon,' as on the forehead of a runaway slave. 
 23. facinus : ' wicked deed ' affecting others, while flagititim is 
 a ' burning shame ' touching more directly the agent himself. 
 26. facem praetulisti : as slaves were wont to do for their 
 masters when going about the streets by night. The fascinating 
 but baneful influence which Catiline gained over the young is 
 described by Sallust, Cat. xiv. 5-7. 
 
 28. Quid vero : introduces still stronger evidence of Catiline's 
 wickedness. morte : for nece. This murder is mentioned 
 
 nowhere else. 29. alio scelere : i. e. the murder of a son by 
 the first marriage, from fear that he might become a source of 
 annoyance to the new wife, whose name was Aurelia Orestilla. 
 
 30. quod: 'but this.' A. 201, e ; G. 612, R. 1 ; H. 453. 32. non 
 vindicata esse : = ' to have been left unpunished ; ' sc. si ex- 
 stiterit. A. 271, <:; H. 536, 2, (1), N. According to Roman crimi- 
 nal procedure (cf. p. 60) a court would take cognizance of a crime 
 only when some one formally directed attention to it by lodg- 
 ing a complaint. In this instance the fact that no one could 
 be found who would bring so atrocious and well-known a 
 crime to the notice of the authorities — the orator implies — 
 bore witness to the shameful degeneracy of the times. 
 
 34. omnis : ace. with quas ; trans, as if omnium fortuna- 
 rum, 'the complete downfall of all your fortunes, which.' prox- 
 imis Idibus : the Ides and Kalends (to a less extent the Nones 
 also) were the customary times for the computation of interest 
 and the payment of debts. Cicero hints that Catiline, hopelessly 
 in debt (cf. p. 37), is nearing a financial crisis, and will realize 
 the failure of all his schemes when the next day of settlement 
 comes, as his creditors are losing confidence in him. 
 
 Page 67- 3. difficultatem : financial ' straits.' summam : 
 
 see Idioms. 
 
 7. cum: 'seeing that.' A. 326; G. 587; H. 517. horum : 
 
 cf. p. 61, 7, and N. 8. pridie Kalendas Ianuarias : i. e. Dec. 
 
 31, in the year 66; on the following day it was proposed to 
 murder the in-coming consuls, Cotta and Torquatus ; see p. 36, 
 
Page 68.] NOTES 219 
 
 A. 261, a ; H. 437, 1. 10. manum . . . paravisse : in prepar- 
 
 ation for the attempt on Feb. 5, B. c. 65. 12. mentem 
 
 aliquam: 'any reflection,' ' any (change of) purpose.' for- 
 
 tunam : Catiline accidentally gave the signal prematurely ; see 
 
 P- 37- 
 
 14. ilia: 'those (earlier attempts).' neque . . . postea : = 
 
 nam et nota sunt et multa alia postea a te commissa sunt; the 
 negative force of neque affects the whole sentence, while that 
 of noti is confined to multa. 17. petitiones ita coniectas : 
 
 ' thrusts so directed ; ' this phrase, as that in the next line, is 
 borrowed from the speech of fencers or gladiators. ut . . . 
 viderentur : render idiomatically, ' that it did not seem possible 
 to avoid them.' How lit. ? In cases like this the Latin prefers 
 the personal construction, the English the impersonal. A. 
 330, b; G. 528; H. 534, n. 1. 18. declinatione et corpore: 
 
 hendiadys ; ' by a mere twist of the body.' 
 
 19. neque tamen : trans, as if et tamen . . . noil. 20. tibi: 
 A. 229; G. 344, r. 2 ; H. 385, 2. 21. excidit : i. e. e manibus 
 tuis. 22. Quae . . . defigere : i. e. Et qui- 
 
 dem quibus sacris ea {sua) abs te iuitiata 
 ac devota sit, quod (' for the reason that ') 
 putas necesse esse earn in corpore consults 
 defigere, nescio (' I'm sure I don't know,' 
 i. e. 'I don't care to say '). A weapon 
 with which a violent deed had been com- 
 mitted was often consecrated to a divinity. 
 
 VII. 26. odio : ' enmity.' permotus 
 
 esse: why not permoveri? 27. quae tibi nulla debetur : 
 
 idiomatically, ' which you do not at all deserve ; ' nulla is much 
 stronger here than non. Cf. A. 191 ; G. 324, r. 6 ; H. 443. 
 30. contigit : used generally of favorable occurrences. 31. vo- 
 cis, taciturnitatis : explanatory genitives. 
 
 33. Quid, quod: 'What of this, that;' cf. N. to p. 64, 6. 
 quod . . . sunt : explained by the following clause. 34. tibi : 
 
 trans, as if abs te. Cf. N. to p. 159, 23. A. 2^2, a; G. 352; 
 H. 388, 1. 
 
 Page 68. 1. constituti fuerunt : more forcible than constituti 
 sunt, as implying that Catiline's attempts are all and altogether 
 in the past. 3. quo animo: see Idioms. 4. isto pacto, ut: 
 ' in such a way, as,' — ' as.' 5. omnes cives : Cicero does 
 
220 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 69. 
 
 not regard the followers of Catiline as citizens. domum . . . 
 arbitraris : i. e. domum meant mihi relinquendam esse puta- 
 rem ; tu tibi urbem relinquendam esse non arbitraris? Notice 
 the conditional statements in this paragraph, which lead up to a 
 climax (' slaves ' — ' citizens ' — ' parents '), and present the ora- 
 tor's thought far more effectively than the simple direct asser- 
 tion of the same points. 
 
 7. iniuria : ' undeservedly.' suspectum : here an adj., but 
 
 trans. ' an object of suspicion.' 9. omnium : we should 
 
 say ' by all.' cum : cf. p. 67, 7 and n. 10. odium : sc. 
 
 esse. 14. tui : A. 344, e\ G. 675, 1, 3 ; H. 561, ill. 16. Nunc: 
 = vvv 8e, ' But as it is.' 17. nihil . . . cogitare : te cogitare 
 nihil (for de nulla re) nisi de, etc. 18. parricidio : for exitio, 
 or interitu, carrying out the personification of patria as com- 
 munis parens. huius ; ' her.' 19. iudicium sequere : i. e. 
 iudicio, quod de te facit, obtemperabis. 
 
 21. Quae : ' Now she.' 22. tacita : ' (though) silent ; ' oxy- 
 moron in tacita loquitur, the force of which is somewhat les- 
 sened by quodam modo, 'in a way.' A. p. 431; H. 637, xi. 6. 
 
 23. annis : abl. as indicating the period in which (not through 
 which) the statement in exstitit was true. per te : why not 
 abs te ? 25. neces : in connection with the proscriptions of 
 Sulla; see p. 36. The pi. of nex is rare. sociorum : i.e. 
 provincialium. Previous to 89 B. c. only the inhabitants of the 
 Italian cities in league with Rome were called sociij but as 
 these were then admitted to the Roman citizenship (p. 148, 1-5), 
 the term was afterwards extended to the natives of the prov- 
 inces. The reference here is to Catiline's governorship in 
 Africa, which was characterized by rapacity and brutality. 
 27. quaestiones : ' judicial investigations.' Catiline had been 
 accused of provincial extortion, but had purchased an acquittal. 
 
 28. ferenda : see Idioms. 30. totam : i. e. not now merely 
 in regard to individuals or provinces, but as a whole. quic- 
 quid increpuerit : = ' at every sound ; ' how lit. ? 31. vi- 
 deri : we should say ' apparently.' 32. quod a tuo scelere : 
 trans, as if a quo foium scelus. 
 
 Page 69- VIII. 3. loquatur, debeat : the condition is in 
 fact impossible; but consistently with the personification of 
 patria it is conceived as possible, and hence put in the pres. 
 subj. 4. possit: concessive. A. 313, c; G. 606; H. 515, 11. 
 
Page 70.] NOTES 221 
 
 5. Quid, quod : cf. p. 67, 33, and n. in custodiam : i. e. 
 in custodiam liber am. In cases where a Roman citizen was 
 charged with a crime against the state, if a person of rank he 
 was not imprisoned but put under surveillance, either in his own 
 house or in the house of some magistrate who became respon- 
 sible for his appearance when wanted for trial. In this in- 
 stance Catiline had been accused of inciting to riot (sedition) 
 by Lucius Paulus; see p. 38. Nothing better illustrates the au- 
 dacity of the man than the attempt to get Lepidus, Metellus, 
 and even Cicero, to take charge of him. Owing to the rapid 
 culmination of events the trial did not take place. 
 
 6. ad: in the sense of apud. 8. domi : A. 258, d; G. 
 412, R. 1; H. 426, 2. 10. nullo modo : 'by no means.' 
 parietibus : abl. of means, but trans, with ' within.' 12. con- 
 tineremur : why not indie. ? 13. virum optimum : bitter 
 irony. 14. videlicet : sarcastic. 17. carcere, vinculis : con- 
 trasted with custodia in the sense of custodia libera. 19. iu- 
 dicarit : A. 320, a ; G. 633, 634 ; H. 503, 1. Full form ? 
 Quae . . . sint : see Idioms. 20. aequo animo : 'with resig- 
 nation.' You deserve physical death, by your own hand or by 
 that of the executioner; if you cannot be brought to this, at 
 least favor us with your political death by going into exile. 
 
 23. Refer: sc. rem, 'the matter.' See Idioms. postulas : 
 perhaps' referring to previous utterances of Catiline. 25. re- 
 feram : i. e. rem ad senatum. id . . . moribus : = ' a 
 
 course inconsistent with my character' as a mild man opposed 
 to severe measures. As a matter of fact, however, the right to 
 pronounce a sentence of exile belonged to the courts alone, 
 and was outside the jurisdiction of the Senate. 
 
 27. hi: cf. horum, p. 61, 7, and n. Egredere . . . profi- 
 ciscere : probably spoken with deliberation and great distinct- 
 ness. 29. Quid est: spoken after a pause, giving opportunity 
 for dissent; cf. p. 66, 12, and n. There were friends of Catiline 
 present (see p. 73, 17 et seq.), but after the orator's vigorous 
 reference to them (p. 64, 20-30) they did not dare to come to 
 the rescue of their leader. 31. auctoritatem : ' the express 
 
 request.' 34. M. Marcello : see Vocab. under Marcellus (2), 
 and pp. 49, 50. 
 
 Page 70- 1. hoc ipso in templo : heightens the rhetorical 
 effect ; a temple was considered a place of refuge, its sacredness 
 
222 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 71. 
 
 being a protection against violence. vim et manus : = 
 
 1 violent hands ; ' hendiadys. 
 
 3. cum quiescunt, probant : = ' by their stillness, they ap- 
 prove ; ' coincident action, hence indie, with cum. Notice the 
 oxymoron and climax in the three cum-cla.uses. 4. neque hi 
 solum : trans, as if et non solum hi. 5, auctoritas, etc. : 
 
 refers back to p. 69, 24. 6. illi : with a gesture ; the knights 
 were gathered in front of the temple, in view of the speaker. 
 Cf. N. to p. 61, 6. 7. ceteri cives : below the rank of sena- 
 tor and knight. 9. paulo ante : i. e. as Catiline was entering 
 the temple to meet with the Senate. exaudire : here ' plainly 
 hear,' ' hear distinctly.' 
 
 11. haec : i. e. the city Rome and the Roman power ; doubt- 
 less spoken with a wide gesture. 12. iam pridem : see Idioms. 
 13. ad portas : it was customary for the friends and relatives 
 of those who were going into exile to escort them as far as 
 the city gate ; Catiline will have a large escort of those eager 
 to see him depart, who will also protect him. 
 
 IX. 14. Quamquam : ' And yet.' Te ut, etc. : idiomatic, 
 ' You — anything break your resolution ? You — ever reform 
 yourself?' A. 332,^; G. 560; H. 486, n. n. 17. duint : = 
 
 dent j archaic form, apparently from stem du-, with subj. ending 
 same as in velint, possint ; appropriate in prayers and wishes, 
 just as our so-called " solemn " style, where the use of " thee " 
 and "thou" is likewise archaic. A. 128, e, 2, and 267, b\ G. 
 191, 3, and 254; H. 240, 3, and 483, 1. 18. animum : see 
 Idioms. 19. nobis : refers to Cicero alone, as shown by the 
 use of mea in 1. 18. A. 98, b ; G. 195, R. 7; H. 446, N. 2. 
 21. in posteritatem : = in postei'um temp7ts. That Cicero's 
 fear was not groundless, his subsequent persecution and suffer- 
 ings plainly enough showed. See pp. 7-9. est tanti : ' it is 
 worth while,' i. e. invidiam istam mihi i?npendei'e. A. 252, a ; 
 G. 379 : H. 404, 405. 22. privata : ' personal,' not extending 
 beyond the person of the speaker. 24. temporibus : ' to the 
 exigencies'- — that Catiline subordinate his personal convenience 
 to the good of the state. 26. is : ' such a man.' 
 
 29. inimico, ut praedicas : Catiline interpreted the acts of 
 the consul as those of a ' personal enemy.' Cf. N. to p. 6$, 26. 
 30. Vix feram ; see Idioms. 
 
 Page 71. 2. latrocinio : ' brigandage,' as against law and 
 
Page 71.] NOTES 223 
 
 order ; called impio because against the Fatherland — communis 
 parens. 3. ad alienos : sc. isse. 
 
 5. Quamquam : asp. 70, 14. quid: adverbial ace, = ' why.' 
 invitem: A. 268; G. 251 ; H. 486, II., 6. 6. esse praemissos : 
 '(men) have been sent forward,' in the night of Nov. 7. qui 
 . . . praestolarentur : trans, by ' t o ' with the infin. 8. aqui- 
 iam illam argenteam : in Marius's time a silver eagle with out- 
 stretched wings was adopted as the ensign of the legion ; later 
 eagles were sometimes of gold. The one mentioned here had 
 been carried in the army of Marius, in the campaign against 
 the Cimbri (Sail. Cat. lix. 3). 
 
 10. cui : refers to aquilam. sacrarium : the eagle of a 
 legion was considered sacred, and intimately associated with 
 the fortunes of the host. When in camp it was kept in a con- 
 secrated place near the commander's tent. So Catiline is here 
 represented as having the eagle in a ' sanctuary ' or ' shrine ' in 
 his house, and as making it an object of veneration. 11. sce- 
 lerum tuorum : characterizes sacrarium ; freely, ' sacred to your 
 crimes.' 12. tu — possis ; cf. p. 70, 14, and n. 
 
 X. 18. haec res : departure to join Manlius in war against 
 the state. 20- voluntas : ' inclination.' fortuna servavit : 
 Catiline had thus far escaped punishment for his misdeeds. 
 21. 11011 modo : trans, as if non modo non. In expressions 
 like this the Latin omits the negative after modo, because a 
 negative is understood with the verb (in this case concupisti) 
 from the following clause ; but as English idiom requires the 
 verb in the first clause, the negative must be supplied in trans- 
 lating. A. 149, e; G. 484, 3, and r. 1 ; H. 552, 2. 22. ne- 
 farium : i. e. civile. ex perditis : i. e. ex (hominibus) per- 
 
 ditis atque derelictis non modo ab omni fortuna verum etiam 
 (ab omni) spe. G. 403, R. 1 ; H. 415, I. 2. 
 
 28. huius vitae : the life of a bandit. meditati sunt : 
 
 here passive. 29. feruntur : here = praedicantur, ' are (so 
 
 much) talked about,' ' are matter of current report.' labores : 
 ' exertions.' iacere, vigilare : in apposition with labores. 
 
 30. obsidendum : here = speculandum. 32. otiosorum : 
 
 peaceably disposed citizens, who would go to bed with no 
 thought of danger from burglars or brigands. Habes, ubi 
 ostentes : ' You have an opportunity to display ; ' ubi with 
 the sense of {locum) in quo is used with the subj. of charac- 
 teristic. 
 
224 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 72. 
 
 Page 72- 2. a consulatu reppuli : at the last consular 
 election ; cf. p. 65, 28-30, and n. exsul, consul : play upon 
 words; so below (1. 18), emissus, im missus. 5. latrocinium : 
 cf. p. 71, 2, and N. 
 
 B. Addressed to the Senate, xi.-xm., 1. 27. 
 
 XI. 7. detester ac deprecer : ' I may beg to avert and 
 plead against.' The following justification of the orator's course 
 is a kind of refutatio ; it seems too elaborate to have been 
 altogether extempore, and was very likely inserted, or at least ex- 
 panded, when the speech was revised for publication. 11. est : 
 why not sit ? A. 342, «, N. ; H. 529, 11., n. i (2). 12. lo- 
 
 quatur : the apodosis is omitted, on account of the length of 
 the address which follows ; for the mood, cf. p. 69, 3, and N. 
 Notice the climax in patria — cuncta Italia — omnis res publica. 
 
 13. Tune . . . patiere : cf. A. 346, a, b ; G. 685 and 686, 2 ; 
 H. 573. 16. evocatorem servorum : according to Sallust 
 
 (Cat. lvi. 5), Catiline refused the help of slaves, thinking that it 
 would be to his disadvantage if he should appear to have 
 made common cause with them ; yet Lentulus urged their em- 
 ployment, and there were uprisings of slaves at Capua and in 
 Apulia at this time. 19. vincla : A. 10, c; H. 635, 2. 
 
 22. persaepe . . . multarunt : rhetorical exaggeration ; the 
 orator has cited only one case of the kind (p. 61, 21 et seq.). 
 23. leges : the laws guarding the right of appeal to the people 
 from the decision of a magistrate. The earliest was one of the 
 Valerian Laws (508 B. C), which enacted : ne quis magistratus 
 civem Ro7nanum adversus provocationem (' against an appeal ' 
 to the people assembled in co?nitia) necaret neve verberaret. 
 There was also a Lex Portia (probably of 197 B. c), which 
 seems to have made it possible for a Roman citizen to save 
 himself from the death penalty, or from scourging, by volun- 
 tarily going into exile ; and the right of appeal, in accordance 
 with which a Roman could not be put to death or flogged 
 without the assent of the people, was reaffirmed by one of the 
 laws proposed by Gaius Gracchus, b. c. 123. Cicero's position 
 is, that citizens who have taken up arms against the state have 
 forfeited their civil rights, and are no longer entitled to the 
 protection afforded by the laws. On this question, see N. to 
 p. 108, 3. 
 
Page 74.] NOTES 225 
 
 27. refers : see Idioms. 28. hominem . . . rnaiorum : 
 
 Cicero was a novas homo. commendatione : A. 251 ; G. 
 402; H. 419, 11. 29. tarn mature — extulit : Cicero was 
 
 elected to each office suo anno, i. e. in each case as soon as 
 he had reached the age required by law. Usually ' new men ' 
 were not able to secure the consulship till some years after 
 they had reached the legal age. 30. honorum : = ' of public 
 office.' 33. severitatis : ' arising from strictness.' iner- 
 
 tiae : cf. p. 62, 30, and n. 
 
 Page 73- XII. 3. vocibus : ' utterances,' as contrasted with 
 the ' thoughts ' (mentibtis) of those who keep their opinions to 
 themselves. 4. idem: A. 238, b; G. 331, r. 3; H. 378, 2. 
 5. factu : A. 303, r. ; G. 437 ; H. 547. iudicarem : why 
 
 not plup. ? 6. Catilinam multari : in apposition with hoc. 
 
 8. summi viri : magistrates, as L. Opimius ; while clarissimi 
 cives refers to private citizens, as P. Scipio (p. 61, 1. 21 et seq.). 
 3. Flacci : M. Fulvius Flaccus ; see p. 62, 16. 12. quid 
 
 invidiae : here ' any enmity.' 13. in posteritatem : cf. p. 
 
 70, 21, and n. redundaret : 'should overwhelm me,' as a 
 flood which has burst over the banks of a stream. Quod : 
 'But.' A. 240, b; G. 612, R. 1 ; H. 453, 6. 
 
 17. Quamquam : ' But ; ' introduces a more immediate reason 
 for apprehension than that mentioned above. non nulli : = 
 ' some.' hoc ordine : = senatu. qui : why with subj., while 
 quae — quae (1. 18) are with the indie? 19. sententiis : 
 
 ' expressions of opinion.' 21. multi : i. e. multi alii, extra 
 hunc ordinem. 22. improbi : i. e. ei qui ea, qiiae vident, 
 
 dissimulant ; while imperiti refers to those qui ea, quae im- 
 minent, non vident. 23. regie : = rvpavviKcos, tyrannice, i. e. 
 more after the manner of a tyrant than of a Roman magis- 
 trate, factum esse : ' (the deed) had been done.' dicerent : 
 notice the force of the impf., ' would be saying.' 30. eiece- 
 rit : i. e. ex urbe. 31. naufragos : implies financial wreck ; 
 while ferditu<; usually refers to moral ruin. 
 
 Page 74. XIII. 2. nescio quo pacto : = nescio quo modo, 
 'somehow.' A. 334, e; G. 469, R. 2 ; H. 529, 5, 3). 5. latro- 
 cinio : concrete, 'band of brigands.' 8. venis atque visce- 
 ribus : a parallel to our "flesh and blood." 9. Ut, etc.: 
 
 A. 346, b ; G. 685-687 ; H. 573, and N. 2. 10. aestu febrique : 
 = ' in the burning heat of fever.' What figure ? 13. rele- 
 
226 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 75. 
 
 vatus : = si relevatus erit. A. 310, a; G. 594, 2; H. 507, 
 3- N. 7. 
 
 17. insidiari . . . consuli : see p. 65, 2-1 1. 18. circum- 
 stare tribunal : for the purpose of intimidation, thus interfering 
 with the administration of justice. The tribunal of the 'city 
 praetor ' (cf. p. 60) was in the Comitium. 19. cum gladiis : 
 for armati. curiam : the curia Hostilia, where the Senate 
 usually met; see Vocab. under curia (1). malleolos : 'fire- 
 darts,' used principally in siege operations. They were shaped 
 like a mallet, the head being filled with tow and pitch, which 
 were ignited before the missile was thrown. 25. omnibus 
 bonis : ' all patriotic citizens,' exclusive of the senators and 
 knights just mentioned. 27. videatis : 'you shall see.' Why 
 is the pres. subj. in Latin often used with reference to future 
 time ? 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 28. Hisce ominibus : ' With these prophetic words.' cum 
 . . . exitio : in our idiom, ' to the highest welfare of the state, 
 to the plague and destruction of yourself,' etc. 31. impium : 
 cf. p. 71, 1. 2, and N. 
 
 32. Tu, Iuppiter : the orator addresses the statue of Jupiter 
 Stator in the temple, and through it the divinity represented 
 by it. eisdem quibus auspiciis : = eisdem auspiciis qidbus. 
 The statement is not literally true ; for though there was a tra- 
 dition that Romulus in a battle with the Sabines vowed a 
 temple to Jupiter Stator on this site, the temple was not actu- 
 ally built till 294 b. c. (Liv. I. xn. 5, X. xxxvu. 15). 33. Stato- 
 rem : here ' Establishes' ' Protector ; ' in the vow as given by 
 Livy, the word means rather 'stayer of flight.' 
 
 Page 75- 5. aeternis suppliciis : cf. p. 107, 8-13, and N. 
 
Page 76.] NOTES 227 
 
 THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 Page 76- In L. Catilinam: see N. on p. 209. In 
 some of the oldest mss. the following argument of this oration 
 is found: Superiore libro (here = oratione) Catilina circumven- 
 tus eloquentia Ciceronis spontaneum elegit exsilium, unde ora- 
 tor! maxima venisse videbatur invidia. Sed postero die timore 
 dissimulato processit ad popultim fingens se timere quod emiserit 
 Catilinam, ut minus sit invidiosum, quod eum in exsilium 
 expulerit. Prooemium sumptum ab exsultatione dicentis ver- 
 bis paene triumpkantibus, qui sine damno rei publicae superare 
 bellum potuerit. 
 
 Habita ad Populum: speeches addressed ' to the 
 people ' were delivered from the Rostra, an elevated speaker's 
 platform, to the front of which were fastened the bronze beaks 
 of the ships captured in the famous sea-fight off Antium, in 
 338 b. c. ; hence the name. The original location of the Ros- 
 tra was in the Comitium, at the edge of the Forum ; see Plan 
 opposite p. 76. The speaker faced the people assembled in 
 the Forum; directly behind them were the Old Shops (Tabernae 
 Veteres), low stores or booths along the southwestern side. If 
 he glanced to the left he saw the Temple of Castor and Pol- 
 lux and perhaps the round Temple of Vesta, behind which rose 
 the northern slope of the Palatine Hill ; if he turned toward 
 the right, his eye fell on the Temple of Saturn, or the Temple 
 of Concord, or, high above these, the southern part of the Capi- 
 toline Hill crowned with the splendid and imposing Temple of 
 Jupiter Optimus Maximus. From the Old Rostra were deliv- 
 ered many of the greatest speeches of ancient Rome ; among 
 them that of Cicero for the Bill of Manilius, and the Second 
 and Third against Catiline. 
 
 In 44 b. c. Julius Caesar removed the Rostra to the upper 
 end of the Forum (see Plan), bringing thither the beaks and 
 many statues that had adorned the old Rostra. The founda- 
 tions of this later structure have been discovered. It was about 
 
228 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 76. 
 
 seventy feet long and ten feet high. On the front apparently 
 were thirty-nine beaks, arranged in two tiers. This speaker's 
 platform also witnessed stirring scenes. Here Julius Caesar 
 refused the crown offered him by Antony ; here also his bleed- 
 ing form was exposed to public gaze, and Antony's funeral 
 address stirred the populace to fury. Here Cicero delivered 
 several of the Philippics; and to the Rostra above the beaks 
 his head and hands were n,ailed (Plut. Cic. xlix.) ; cf. p. n. 
 and Middleton's " Remains of Ancient Rome," Vol. I., chapters 
 
 VI., VII. 
 
 Introduction, l, ii. 
 
 I. 1. Tandem aliquando : ' Now at last.' For the circum- 
 stances of delivery, and an outline of the argument, see pp. 39, 
 42, 43. Quirites : not Romani, because addressed as voters 
 rather than as soldiers. 2. scelus anhelantem : cf. Acts ix. 1, 
 'breathing out threatenings and slaughter.' 4. vel . . . vel 
 
 . . . vel : gives the hearers a choice among three alternatives ; 
 apparently the orator did not dare to say outright that he had 
 driven Catiline forth (cf. p. 90, 9-14). This whole chapter, as 
 Halm justly remarks, appears to our modern taste somewhat 
 inflated, from the accumulation of synonyms and striking ex- 
 pressions ; but it must be remembered that the speech was 
 addressed to the people, with whom this style of speaking was 
 more effective, and more in place, than it would have been 
 in the Senate. 
 
 5. ipsum egredientem : trans, as if eum sua sponte egredien- 
 tem. verbis prosecuti sumus : just as we accompany 
 
 departing friends with " Bon voyage ! " " Good luck to you ! " 
 and similar expressions ; ironical, but cf. p. 70, 13 and N. 
 Abiit . . . erupit : difference in meaning between these four 
 words ? 6. monstro : suggests something unnatural, a physical 
 or moral ' monstrosity ; ' while prodigio implies influence of the 
 supernatural, something uncanny or of ill omen, a ' portent.' 
 7. moenibus ipsis : i. e, iirbi ipsi et eius aedificiis. 
 
 10. controversia : see Idioms. 11. latera : we should say 
 ' breast ; ' cf. p. 67, 20-24. versabitur : ' will ply its task.' 
 
 in campo : cf. p. 65, 28-32 and n. 12. in curia . . . parie- 
 
 tes : cf. p. 74, 17-20, and 69, 9-12. 13. Loco motus est: 
 
Page 77.] NOTES 229 
 
 ' was forced from his vantage-ground,' an expression drawn from 
 the language of wrestlers and gladiators. 
 
 14. nullo : see Idioms. 16. hominem : 'the fellow;' used 
 instead of ilium or eutn, with implied contempt. cum : ' in 
 that.' occultis : introduced in contrast with apertU7ii (1. 17); 
 for insidiis itself involves the idea of concealment. 17. la- 
 
 trocinium : cf. p. 71, 2 and N. 18. extulit : i. e. ex urbe. 
 
 19. vivis nobis : ' while we were (yet) living.' Why abl. ? 
 22. Iacet : as a gladiator who has lost in his fight and been 
 struck down. 
 
 Page 77- 2. retorquet . . . faucibus : as some monstrous 
 and bloodthirsty wild beast, cheated of its prey. 4. qui- 
 
 dem : adversative; with quae, 'but it.' 
 
 II, 7. in hoc ipso : ' in this very matter ; ' explained by quod 
 . . . emiserim. 9. comprehenderim : A. 341, d; G. 541 ; H. 
 516, 11. 10. non . . . culpa: in full, istius rei culpa non est 
 
 mea culpa. sed temporum : ' but (that) of circumstances.' 
 
 11. Interfectum esse: cf. p. 61, 19 and N. 13. huius im- 
 
 peri : cf. p. 66, 6, and n. 14. res publica : for salus rei 
 
 publicae, ' the welfare of the state.' fuisse : i. e. among the 
 senators; cf. p. 73, 17 et seq. 16. defenderent : 'tried to 
 
 justify (it).' 
 
 17. Ac : z=z ' And yet,' in spite of the scepticism and opposi- 
 tion in the Senate. illo sublato : ' by putting him out of the 
 way.' A. 255, 5, N. ; G. 409; H. 431, 2. 18. iudicarem . . . 
 sustulissem : cf. p. 73, 5-8, and n. 19. invidiae meae peri- 
 
 culo : i. e. periculo ut in invidiam venirem j trans, 'at the risk 
 of personal enmity.' 20. ne . . . probata : == ' as the matter 
 
 had not yet been made clear to all even of your number,' not 
 to mention the senators who professed ignorance or openly 
 sympathized with Catiline (quam multos, 11. 14, 16). 22. fore 
 ut — possem : a round-about form of expression, made necessary 
 by the lack of a fut. infin. (participle) of posse ; in dir. disc, 
 si multavero, non potero. A. 337; G. 659; H. 527, 1. 23. hue: 
 'to this point;' cf. p. 76, 15-17. 
 
 25. Quem . . . putem : trans, as if Et quam vehementer 
 ilium quidem nostem, etc. The irony increases in intensity to 
 the end of the chapter. 26. hinc, quod: 'from this, that.' 
 
 28. comitatus : here pass. ; with parum, = ' with too small a 
 retinue;' node intempesta (cf. n. to p. 64, 18) cu7)i pqucis in 
 
230 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 78. 
 
 Manliana castra profectus est (Sail. Cat. xxxn. i). exierit : 
 
 why not same mood as fero (1. 27)? 
 
 29. Tongilium, Publicium, Minucium : mentioned apparently 
 as typical reprobates of the Catilinarian contingent. mihi : 
 
 ethical dat. ; ' He has taken forth my Tongilius,' ' He has, I 
 see, taken Tongilius out.' A. 236; G. 351 ; H. 389. 30. in 
 praetexta : =praetextatu»i, i. e. 'when a youth.' The toga of 
 the ordinary Roman citizen was white, retaining the color of 
 the undyed wool ; but sons of freeborn parents were allowed 
 to wear a toga with a red border (see Vocab. under purpura), 
 until they became of age. The plain garment (in this connec- 
 tion called toga virilis) was placed upon the youth, with appro- 
 priate ceremonies, at the Feast of the Liberalia (March 17), when 
 he was between fourteen and sixteen years old. 31. popina : 
 a low place where wines and articles of food were sold ; fre- 
 quented largely by slaves. 33. aere : why abl. ? 
 
 Discussion, iii.-xi. 
 
 Page 78- III. 1. ilium exercitum : of Catiline ; explained 
 by collectum (1. 4) et seq. Gallicanis legionibus : the regular 
 troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul, which could easily be 
 brought down to Faesulae from the north ; cf. N. to p. 62, 32. 
 2. dilectu : a fresh ' levy ' of soldiers drafted in the coast 
 regions east of Faesulae ; also within easy reach. 3. Gallico 
 [agro] : ' the Gallic country,' so called because formerly settled 
 by the Senones, a Gallic tribe. It lay south of the Rubicon 
 (hence in Italy, not in Cisalpine Gaul), and extended along the 
 coast as far south as Picenum, including the cities Ariminum, 
 Pisaurum, Fanum, and Sena Gallica. Q. Metellus : he had 
 been sent north to draft troops immediately after the senate 
 learned of the operations of Manlius at Faesulae. Cf. Vocab., 
 Metellus, (4). 
 
 5. senibus desperatis : veterans from the army of Sulla ; 
 non mtllos ex Sullanis colonics, qtiibus lubido atque luxuria 
 ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerat (Sail. Cat. xxvm. 4). 
 Cf. p. 84, 22, et seq. agresti luxuria : abstract for concrete. 
 6. decoctoribus : the Romans viewed extravagance in living, 
 and resulting bankruptcy, with the sternest disapproval. va- 
 dimonia deserere : ' to forsake their legal obligations ; i. e. 
 
Page 78.] NOTES 231 
 
 having given security to appear in court when summoned, they 
 preferred to run away and let judgment go against them by 
 default, which in this case would be satisfied by the confiscation 
 and sale of any property they might leave behind. 7. qui- 
 bus si : = hi, si eis. 
 
 9. edictum praetoris : particularly that part in which the 
 penalties for forsaking one's legal obligations were given. Each 
 praetor, on entering upon the duties of his office, issued a 
 ' proclamation ' of the principles and penalties in accordance 
 with which- — apart from the established rules of the Civil Law 
 — he purposed to administer justice during his term. Cf. p. 6o. 
 concident : ' they will fall powerless,' very like our colloquial 
 expression, " fall all in a heap." Hos : ' these ' conspirators 
 
 who dare yet to remain in the city ; in sharp contrast with the 
 wretches just characterized. 
 
 11. uuguentis : fragrant oils, which were thoroughly rubbed 
 into the skin after a bath. 12. purpura : not on the toga, 
 but on the under-garment, the tunica, on which senators and 
 knights were allowed to have one or two perpendicular brilliant 
 red stripes. The stripe distinguishing the senator was broad 
 (latus clavus) ; those of the knight were narrow (angnstus 
 clavus), a stripe running down from each shoulder on the 
 front, and probably also on the back, of the tunic. milites : 
 ' as soldiers ; ' most editions read suos milites, ' his own force,' 
 i. e. 'his body-guard.' eduxisset : A. 331, f,R.; G. 546, R. 3; 
 H. 499, 2. 13. qui si: 'but if they.' 
 
 17. neque tamen : trans, as if et tamen non ; their audacious 
 confidence implies that there must be behind them some secret 
 and dangerous force. 18. Apulia, et seq. : cf. p. 64, 32, et 
 
 seq., and Sail. Cat. xxvu. 1 : Sefttimium quendam Camertem in 
 agrum Picenum, C. Iulium in Apuliam (Catiliua) dimisit, ftrae- 
 terea alium alio, quern tibique oftportunum sibi fore credebat. 
 19. Gallicum [agrum] : cf. 1. 2 above, and N. 20. urbanas : 
 = in urbe. caedis : trans, with ' for.' 21. superioris noc- 
 tis : cf. p. 64, 13, et seq. If the chronology given on p. 45 is 
 correct (cf. p. 81, 10, and n.), the expression here is inexact, as 
 two nights had passed since the meeting at Laeca's. 24. Ne : 
 here not negative. 
 
 IV. 28. nisi si : ' unless perhaps,' nisi having an adverbial 
 force. A. 315, a, 2; G. 592, R. 2; H. 507, 3, N. 4. 29. simi- 
 
232 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 79. 
 
 lis : ace. ; ' (men) like Catiline.' 32. miserum : ' wretchedly,' 
 
 'in wretchedness.' A. 191; G. 324, R. 6 ; H. 443. 33. via: 
 A. 258,^; G. 387; H. 420, 1, 3). The report was circulated 
 that Catiline was going to Marseilles, into exile. 34. volent : 
 fut., where our idiom requires the pres. 
 
 Page 79. 1. rem publicam : why ace. ? sentinam : cf. 
 
 p. 66, 10-12, and n. 2. exhausto : carries out the idea of 
 sentinam. 5. Italia : A. 258, /, 2 ; G. 386 ; H. 425, 2. 
 
 7. circumscriptor : ' confidence-man,' who makes it his busi- 
 ness to defraud the inexperienced, particularly the young. 
 10. perditus : here a subst., 'reprobate.' 
 
 15. iuventutis illecebra : cf. p. 66, 26, and n., and Cic. 
 Pro Caelio, v. 12, et seq. 17. fructum : 'gratification.' 
 
 18. impellendo, adiuvando : almost = impellens, adiuvans. 
 21. non modo : i. e. non modo nonfuitj cf. p. 71, 21, and N. 
 
 V- 25. Atque . . . possitis : introductory purpose clause, 
 only loosely connected with the main idea. Cf. H. 499. 2, N. 
 diversa . . . ratione : ' different pursuits in an altogether dif- 
 ferent sphere (of life).' 26. ludo gladiatorio : in the gladia- 
 torial schools, or barracks, captives, slaves, and condemned 
 malefactors forced to serve as gladiators, received a merciless 
 training. 27. audacior : i. e. than his fellows. intimum : 
 ' bosom-friend,' while sodalis (1. 29) is a ' fraternity friend,' or 
 ' society brother,' as we say, — one bound by the same vows to 
 mutual obligations. 28. levior, nequior : i. e. than the 
 
 average. Actors in Rome were generally slaves or freedmen, 
 their occupation being considered degrading. 31. frigore . . . 
 perferendis : the gerundive construction used as abl. of specifica- 
 tion instead of dat. with adstiefactus (= ' hardened '). 32. cum : 
 ' although.' 33. instrumenta virtutis : i. e. the mental quali- 
 ties and physical traits which render the practice of virtue 
 possible. 
 
 Page 80- 1- Hunc, et seq. : stands as a climax to p. 79, 1-3. 
 sui : instead of eius. Cf. A. 196, c\ G. 521, 2. 4. laudem 
 
 consulatus mei : cf. p. 74, 1-4. 5. mediocres : i. e. quae 
 
 modum ('limit') quendam habeant. lubidines, audaciae : 
 
 'lust for pleasures,' 'deeds of boldness.' A. 75, c; G. 195, R. 5; 
 H. 130, 2. humanae : ' consistent with human nature.' 
 
 8. fortunas : refers particularly to landed property. res : 
 
 i. e. res familiaris, ' means,' ' property,' as contrasted with 
 
Page 81.] NOTES 233 
 
 fides, ' credit.' 9. nuper : after Catiline's last candidacy for 
 the consulship, the failure of which had frustrated their plans 
 and hopes, and caused their creditors to become impatient. Cf. 
 p. 66, 34, and N. 11. alea : gambling was one of the most 
 prevalent and pernicious vices of Roman life. comissa- 
 
 tiones : a Roman banquet was followed by a drinking-bout. 
 This was sometimes held in a different place from that in 
 which the dinner was served, and the merry revellers would 
 proceed thither through the streets with torches and music. 
 
 13. inertes : referring to their dislike of exertion. 15. dor- 
 mientis : with the force of an adjective, 'the sleepy.' mihi: 
 cf. p. 77, 29, and n. 17. sertis : of ivy or myrtle, entwined 
 with roses or other flowers ; worn not only because agreeable, 
 but also because such ' garlands ' were thought to ward off or 
 delay intoxication. unguentis : see N. to p. 78, 11. obliti : 
 
 not obliti. 
 
 20. Quibus : A. 201, e; G. 612, R. 1 ; H. 453. 24. breve 
 nescio quod: i. e. breve quoddam. A. 334, e ; G. 469, R. 2; 
 H. 455, 2. 25. propagarit rei publicae : 'it will have se- 
 
 cured to the state the continuance of,' i, e. ' it will have pro- 
 longed the existence of the state for ; ' the ordinary form of 
 expression would have been, non in breve nescio quod tempus, 
 sed in multa saecula propagarit rem publicum. 28. unius : 
 i. e. of Pompey, who was now at the zenith of his fame, having 
 finished the wars with Sertorius, with the Pirates, and with 
 Mithridates. Cf. p. 127, 13-15, and notes. 29. intus . . . 
 
 hostis : climax, anaphora, asyndeton, as also in Cum . . . est. 
 
 32. suscipio inimicitias : cf. p. 70, 21, and N. 34. qua- 
 
 cumque ratione : sc. potcro, or sanari poterunt. 
 
 Page 81- 3. permanent: taken literally with urbe, figura- 
 tively with mente, as when we say, " He missed his train and 
 his opportunity ; " trans, by two verbs. 
 
 VI. 4. At: often used to introduce an objection which the 
 speaker wishes to meet. Chapters vi. and vn. are a kind of 
 refutatio (cf. p. 15). 5. Quod: cf. p. 73, 13, and N. verbo : 
 'by a word (merely)' 'by a (single) word.' 7. Homo: cf. 
 
 p. 76, 16, and N. ; notice the irony of the sentence, which sounds 
 as if the orator were quoting or parodving a statement of one 
 of Catiline's defenders. 9. paruit, ivit : the rhetorical effect 
 is heightened by the asyndeton. A. 346, c; G. 475, R. ; H. 
 636, 1. 1. 
 
234 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 81. 
 
 10. hesterno die : if the attempt on Cicero's life was made 
 on the morning of Nov. 7, and this speech was delivered on 
 Nov. 9, hesterno die can be taken only with the principal clause, 
 senatum . . . convocavi, not with cum . . . interfectus essem. To 
 many this interpretation has seemed somewhat forced ; and it 
 
 is also been thought strange that the orator was able to get 
 word of the proposed murder to so many friends in the brief 
 interval between the midnight gathering at Laeca's and day- 
 break of the following morning (see p. 65, 10, and N.). On the 
 supposition that hestertio die is to be taken with cum . . . in- 
 terfectus essem, two explanations have been offered. The first 
 is, that the First Oration was delivered on the 7th of Novem- 
 ber, and the Second on the 8th. Much may be said in favor 
 of this view from other evidence, and until recently it has been 
 held by a good many scholars. The other explanation, pro- 
 posed by Mommsen (Hermes, Vol. I., p. 435), is, that while 
 Cornelius and Vargunteius offered and expected to kill the 
 consul on the morning after the meeting, it was so late when 
 the assembly at Laeca's broke up that they were obliged to 
 postpone their action for twenty-four hours. To this the reply 
 may be made, that Cicero's own words seem decisive for the 
 morning after the meeting, and that the two men assigned to 
 the deed, knowing Catiline's impatience (p. 65, 2, 3), would no 
 doubt have excused themselves, if the meeting continued too 
 long, in order to make the attempt as they had promised. On 
 the whole, — though there are many points of obscurity and 
 difficulty, — the chronology given on p. 45 seems best to repre- 
 sent the course of events, and is that accepted by the majority 
 of scholars ; cf. Stern, " Catilina," pp. 166-174; but particularly 
 John in " Philologus " for 1888 (Vol. XLVL, p. 650, et seq.). 
 The clause cum . . . interfectus essem may be taken as paren- 
 thetical, and unemphatic. 
 
 11. aedem Iovis Statoris : see p. 61, 6, and N. 13. Quo 
 . . . reliquerunt : cf. p. 67, 28, et seq. 14. ita, ut : in our 
 idiom, ' as ; ' here = ' merely as.' 
 
 20. quaesivi, et seq. : see Or. I., chap. iv. 21. necne : 
 
 A. 211, a; G. 461; H. 529, 3, 2). 22. conscientia : 'by his 
 guilty knowledge,' 'by his sense of guilt.' 24. in proximam 
 
 [noctem] : the night of Nov. 7. We are not told what Cati- 
 line's plans for that night (cf. p. 61, 10) were; but probably if 
 
Page 83.] NOTES 235 
 
 the attempt on Cicero's life had been successful, it would have 
 been immediately followed by similar deeds of violence already 
 planned and only awaiting a favorable opportunity. 25. ratio 
 totius belli: 'the plan of the entire campaign.' 
 
 26. quaesivi : cf. p. 65, 12-25; p. 71, 5-15. 27. pararet : 
 i. e. proficisci. secures, fasces : ensigns of magisterial author- 
 ity, the assumption of which by Catiline was unlawful, even though 
 he had been entitled to the use of them when a praetor ; cum 
 fascibus at que aliis itnperi ins ig nib us in castra ad Manlium 
 contendit (Sail. Cat. xxxvi. 1). 28. aquilam, sacrarium : see 
 p. 71, 8-10, and notes. 30. eiciebam : why not eieci? 
 
 32. credo : cf. p. 63, 4, and N. in agro Faesulano : cf. 
 p. 62, 32, and N. 33. suo : with emphasis; 'on his own 
 
 account.' 
 
 Page 82- 2. haec castra : not ilia castra, as in the preced- 
 ing clause, because contrasted with the more distant Massilia. 
 
 VIL 3. condicionem : here ' lot,' ' task,' ' vocation,' refer- 
 ring to the peculiar difficulties surrounding the office of consul. 
 6. debilitatus : ' crippled.' 12. vi et minis : ' by threats of 
 violence;' hendiadys. 15. tyrannum : cf. p. 73, 23, and n. 
 
 16. Est mini : see Idioms, and N. to p. 70, 21. falsae: 
 
 ' misdirected,' as based upon ungrounded charges. 18. de- 
 
 pellatur : cf. p. 70, 23. 20. non est iturus : ' he does not 
 
 intend to go ; ' more forcible than non ibit. 24. illud : in 
 
 our idiom 'this,' as referring to what follows. A. 102, b ; G. 
 292, 4; H. 450, 3. 
 
 29. Quamquam: 'And yet.' 31. tam misericors : Cati- 
 
 line's true friends ought to rejoice to hear that he has gone to 
 Marseilles and avoided war with the state, thus to escape sure 
 destruction ; but in fact those who are posing as his friends are 
 merely his associates in crime, who would be grievously disap- 
 pointed if he did not go to Faesulae; for that would mean the 
 frustrating of all their evil plans and hopes. 33. me : A. 
 
 240, d, N. 2; G. 340; H. 381, and p. 152, foot-note 4. 34. la- 
 trocinantem : i. e. ' in the midst of brigandage.' 
 
 Page 83- 1. Nunc : ' But as it is.' 2. nisi quod : intro- 
 duces an exception. G. 592, R. 3 ; H. 555, in. 1. 3. vivis 
 nobis: cf. p. 76, 19, and n. 4. quam queramur : we cer- 
 tainly have no reason to complain that he has left us, no 
 matter with what aim in view. A. 332, b ; G. 647, R. 4 ; H. 
 502, 2. 
 
236 SECO'ND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 83. 
 
 VIII. 5- s ed : the orator passes from Catiline's case to that 
 of his associates. 7. quod: cf. p. 66, lo, and N. murus ; 
 
 why not paries? cf. p. 69, 9-13. 8. de eis : in contrast with 
 the absent Catiline. qui dissimulant : i. e. se hostes esse. 
 
 10. ulcisci : here =punire, persequi. 11. sanare sibi ipsos : 
 ' to restore (them) to themselves,' i. e. ' to restore them to their 
 right minds ; ' like our colloquial phrase, ' to bring him to his 
 senses.' 
 
 13. ex . . . comparentur : the following characterizations (cf. 
 p. 43) seem to have been introduced for two reasons : to, dis- 
 abuse the people of any ungrounded apprehensions regarding 
 the extent and strength of the conspiracy, and to overawe the 
 conspirators themselves by revealing an intimate acquaintance 
 with the character and condition of their constituency. 
 
 17. in : ' (although) in.' 18. possessiones : particularly lands 
 and buildings. 19. dissolvi : = ' to clear themselves,' by sell- 
 ing out and paying up their indebtedness. 20. species : 
 'outward appearance.' voluntas, causa: 'inclination' or 
 ' intentions,' ' attitude ' toward the government. 21. Tu, etc. : 
 addressed to an imaginary representative of this class, ' You — 
 to be abundantly supplied . . . and (yet) to hesitate . . . ' Cf. 
 p. 70, 14, and N. 22. argento : ' with silver ware,' ' with plate,' 
 chased and ornamented with artistic designs. Much beautiful sil- 
 ver ware of the Roman period has been discovered. familia : 
 'establishment, 1 comprising slaves and freedmen, particularly the 
 former. 
 
 24. adquirere ad fidem : i. e. by the cancellation of indebted- 
 ness, on the principle that a man's credit is better if he have 
 even a small property free from debt than if he have a great 
 estate mortgaged to nearly or quite its full value. 26. sacro- 
 sanctas : i. e. exempt from the general destruction. tabulas 
 novas : ' new accounts,' following the repudiation of all out- 
 standing debts. This was an important part of Catiline's pro- 
 gram : Turn Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem 
 locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae 
 bellum atque lubido victorum fert (Sail. Cat. xxi. 2). 
 
 27. meo beneficio : = ' thanks to me.' 28. auctionariae : 
 
 ' (those) of the auctioneers ; ' the consul will interfere, and will 
 clear off these debts by confiscating the mortgaged property 
 and selling it at auction. It seems that Cicero when consul 
 
Page 84.] NOTES 237 
 
 actually made an attempt to improve the general credit by drastic 
 measures of some sort; see Cic. de Off. II. xxiv. 84; cf. pro 
 Sulla, XX. 56. 30. salvi : financially ' sound.' 32. fructi- 
 
 bus praediorum : ' by the income of their estates ; ' as this was 
 less than the interest they had to pay, the contest between in- 
 come and outgo was a losing one. his — uteremur : ' we 
 should find them' (or 'in them'). 33. minime : as compared 
 with the following classes. 
 
 Page 84. IX. 3. premuntur aere alieno : i. e. are hope- 
 lessly in debt, not having property to offset their indebtedness, 
 and thus being worse off than those in the first class. 5. re- 
 rum : A. 223, a; G. 405, k.. 3 ; H. 410, v. 3. honores : 'the 
 public offices.' 6. perturbata : sc. ea. 7. ununi et idem : 
 much stronger than idem alone. scilicet : ' that is to say,' ' as 
 I hardly need say.' 8. quod reliquis omnibus : sc. praeci- 
 
 pienditm videtur. 
 
 9. primum : adj. or adv. ? me . . . laturos : gives the 
 
 ground for tit desperent j '(from the thought) that I,' etc. 
 11. animos : ' spirit.' 15. praesentis : ' with immediate pres- 
 
 ence.' Cf. p. 88, 28. 16. Quod si — adepti sint : 'But sup- 
 posing they have once obtained.' 21. fugitivo alicui : ' to 
 some runaway (slave) ; ' an allusion not only to the fact of 
 human experience that if free reign be given to violence the 
 most violent and lawless will prevail, but also to the terrible 
 experiences of the wars with Spartacus and the slaves. Cf. p. 
 72, 16, and n. 21. concedi : see Idioms. 
 
 22. Tertium genus : cf. p. 43, and Sail. Cat. xvi. 4 : Plerique 
 Sullani milites, largius suo usz, rapinaruni et victoriae veteris 
 memores, civile bellum exoptabant. 25. eis coloniis : Sulla 
 
 rewarded 120,000 of his troops (so Appian, Bel. Civ. 1. 104) with 
 lands, dispossessing the previous owners. A large number of 
 these ' colonies ' were planted in Etruria, the inhabitants of 
 which had been staunch supporters of the party of Marius. 
 universas : ' on the whole,' ' in general ; ' the orator softens 
 his sweeping statement in order not to give offence. 
 
 29. beati : 'well off,' 'well-to-do.' To a soldier who had been 
 serving for about six cents a day the possession of even a small 
 landed property naturally seemed great wealth. 30. appara- 
 
 tus : ' splendid,' in the decoration and furniture of the dining- 
 room, as well as in the table service and viands. 31. in 
 tantum aes : see Idioms under aes. salvi : as p. 83, 30. 
 
238 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 85. 
 
 33. agrestis : in many cases no doubt the previous posses- 
 sors of the farms taken by Sulla's soldiers ; cf. Sail. Cat. 
 xxviii. 4 : Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, 
 egestate simul ac dolore iniuriae novarum rerum cupidam, 
 quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaqtie omnia amiserat. 
 
 Page 85- i- Quos, etc. : 'Now I put both of these classes 
 in the same category.' 2. eos hoc : see p. 361. A. 
 
 238, b\ G. 331, R. 2; H. 374, 2, and 371, n. 4. illorum 
 
 temporum : of the dictatorship and proscriptions of Sulla. 
 5. non modo : cf. p. 71, 21, and N. 6. videantur : for trans, 
 
 cf. p. 67, 1 7, and n. 
 
 X. 8. qui: i. e. eorum qui. premuntur : i. e. aere alienoj 
 cf. p. 84, 3, and N. 9. emergunt : 'get their heads above 
 
 water,' as we say. 11. iudiciis : by vademoniis (cf. p. j8, 6 
 
 and N.), iudiciis, and proscription bonorum, the three steps 
 in an action for debt are indicated : (a) The summons, in re- 
 sponse to which the debtor must give ' bail ' to present himself 
 at the specified time for trial, (b) The ' trial,' followed by a sen- 
 tence, (c) The execution, which comprised a taking possession 
 of the property and the sale of it at auction, in case the judg- 
 ment was not satisfied in full within a certain fixed period. 
 
 16. non modo civitas : i. e. non sentiat. 20. soli : ' by 
 
 themselves.' 
 
 24. pereant: '(I pray) they may perish.' 25. career: see 
 
 N. to p. 88, 7. 
 
 26. est : sc. postrcmu/n, in the sense of both ' last ' and 
 'lowest.' 27. proprium Catilinae . . . sinu : = ' Catiline's 
 
 own, of his special choice, — no, rather his dearest bosom 
 friends.' 29. imberbis : i. e. with smooth, womanish faces. 
 
 30. bene barbatos : a sign of dissolute life ; for in this period 
 it was not customary to let the beard grow except in times of 
 mourning. manicatis . . . tunicis : at this time it was con- 
 sidered in good taste to wear the tunic sleeveless and extend- 
 ing just below the knees; sleeved tunics were looked upon as 
 a badge of effeminacy. 31. velis : 'with sails,' spoken con- 
 
 temptuously of the breadth of the fop's toga. 33. gregibus: 
 scornfully, 'gangs.' 
 
 Page 86. 1. neque : ' and not (only).' 2. spargere venena : 
 i. e. in wine or other drinks. 6. mulierculas : dim. here to 
 
 express contempt. 
 
Page 87.] NOTES 
 
 XI. 16. praesidia : 'garrisons' of troops stationed in the 
 cities for defence, as distinguished from exercitus, the 'hosts'- 
 under training in the field. 
 
 18. confecto et saucio : cf. p. 76, 22 et seq. 20. naufra- 
 gorum : see N. to p. 73, 31. eiectam : carrying out the idea 
 
 of naufragorum, ' stranded.' 21. coloniarum, municipiorum : 
 partitive gen., dividing the concept urbes, both of these classes 
 of towns possessing fortifications. 22. respondebunt : in 
 
 ordinary prose pares erunt. 23. tumulis silvestribus : the 
 
 natural resort of brigands. 24. inopia, egestate : Catiline 
 
 had two legions, but according to Sallust (Cat. lvi. 3) only 
 about one-fourth of his men were properly armed. 
 
 29. causas : the parties and the principles. 30. conten- 
 
 dere : here = confer re. 31. intellegere possumus : instead 
 
 of intellegamus. Ex hac parte: 'on this side.' 34. pie- 
 tas : i. e. erga patriam. 
 
 Page 87. 1- honestas : not ' honesty.' 2. aequitas . . . 
 
 prudentia: the four so-called cardinal virtues of Plato and the 
 Stoics were ' justice ' (diKcuoavvt], = iustitia, represented here by 
 aequitas), ' self-mastery ' (aaxfrpoavvt], = temperantia), ' courage ' 
 (dvbpeia, = fortitude), and ' wisdom ' (cppovrjo-is, = prudentia). 
 3. omnes : in our idiom 'all (other).' 5. bona ratio: in a 
 
 political sense, ' an upright principle ; ' conservatism against an- 
 archy. 6. cum omnium rerum desperatione : = ' with utter 
 despair.' 
 
 Conclusion, xii., xiii. 
 
 XII. 12. dixi : omitted by some editors, because the speech 
 as it now stands contains no other passage corresponding with 
 this. 13. mini — consultum atque provisum est : = ' on 
 me rests the responsibility, which has been fully met, of seeing 
 to it that,' etc. urbi, etc.: see Idioms. 14. sine ullo 
 tumultu : cf. p. 65, 31, and N. 16. hac nocturna excur- 
 sione : see n. to p. 77, 28. 17. Gladiatores : a particular 
 
 f fear to the Romans after the war with Spartacus. 
 
 instance the Senate had made special provision for 
 
 the gladiators under control; see Sail. Cat. xxx. 7. 
 
 . quamquam . . . patriciorum : a side-thrust at Catiline's 
 
 ts among the aristocracy. 20. Q. Metellus, et seq. : 
 
 ■. 78, 1-4, and notes. 22. hominem : cf. p. 76, 16, and N. 
 
240 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 88. 
 
 25. vocari : i. e. per praecones (cf. p. 59) ; apparently a meet- 
 ing, of the Senate followed soon after the close of this speech. 
 
 28. hostes : see N. to p. 108, 3. 30. hoc exspectavit : 
 
 'it has held this in view.' 31. Quod reliquum: see Idioms. 
 
 Page 88. 1- portis : in our idiom, ' at the gates.' 2. qui : 
 ' if any one.' 3. cuius : almost = si illius. 7. carcerem : 
 now known as the Mamertine Prison ; properly called ' an 
 avenger,' because never used as a place of confinement for life 
 sentences, but only for the detention of prisoners who gave no 
 bail pending trial, or for the execution of those condemned. In 
 the lower Dungeon, or Tullianum, many notable men perished ; 
 among them Jugurtha, and the Gallic general Vercingetorix. 
 See illustration on p. 115, and N. to p. 115, 15. 
 
 XIII. 10. nullo tumultu : cf. p. 65, 31, and N. 13. to- 
 
 gato : i. e. as a civil magistrate ; in war the sagum for the 
 soldier and the paludamentum for the commander took the 
 place of the toga. Cicero prided himself on the fact that his 
 victory over Catiline was won without an appeal to the military. 
 20. ueque — -que: rare for neque — et j -que, 'but.' 
 
 24. significationibus : explained p. 97, 15, et seq. 26. ut 
 
 quondam : as at the battle of Lake Regillus, the legend of 
 which is given, in a spirited form, in Macaulay's " Lays of An- 
 cient Rome." 28. suo numine : ' with their divine will.' 
 
Page 90.] 
 
 NOTES 241 
 
 THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 89. In L. Catilinam: see N. on p. 209. Habita 
 ad Populum : see N. on p. 227. 
 
 Introduction, i. to p. 90, 3. 
 
 I. 1. Quirites : see N. to p. 76, 1. For the date and cir- 
 cumstances of delivery, and an outline of the matter, see pp. 
 39, 40, 43, 45. 3. imperi: A. 40, 6; G. 29, R. 1 ; H. 51, 5. 
 6. flamma atque ferro : cf. p. 76, 3. Which did Cicero con- 
 sider worse, flamma or ferritin? A. 156, a (atque) ; G. 479; 
 H. 554, 1., 2. 7. ex faucibus fati : like our expression, 'from 
 the jaws of death.' 8. restitutam videtis : sc. esse. The 
 news of the arrest at the Mulvian bridge had spread like wild- 
 fire, so that many already knew something at least of what the 
 orator was about to say to them. 
 
 II. nascendi condicio : '(our) lot at birth,' the position or 
 surroundings into which we are born. 13. ilium : the belief 
 in the deification of Romulus, under the name Quirinus, was 
 kept alive by an annual festival, the Quirinalia. This was held 
 on the 17th of February, in commemoration of the day on which 
 he was said to have been taken up into heaven. 14. bene- 
 volentia famaque : 'with affection and praise.' 17. delu- 
 bris : the lesser sanctuaries. 20. rettudimus : ' we have 
 struck back. 1 21. Quae quoniam : = ' And since all this.' 
 22. per me : ' (and that too) through my agency.' A. 246, b ; 
 G. 403; H. 415, 1., 1, N. 1. 
 
 Page 90. 1. quanta : = quantae res. 3. exspectatis : 
 
 the people had a right to look to the consul for an official 
 report. 
 
 Discussion, i. (p. 90, 4) -x. 
 
 4. ut : here ' ever since.' paucis ante diebus : in fact 
 
 almost four weeks before ; for Catiline left Rome on the night 
 
 of Nov. 8 (cf. p. 45). The orator makes as little as possible of 
 
 the interval, in % order not to direct attention to the fact that 
 
 16 
 
242 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 91. 
 
 during so long a time nothing was accomplished in the way of 
 checking the conspiracy. erupit : cf. p. 76, 5-6. 5. sce- 
 
 leris sui socios : their nefarious plans for the destruction of 
 the city are given by Sallust, Cat. xliii. 
 
 11, 9. eiciebam : why impf. ? 10. 11011 . . . invidiam : 
 cf. p. 71, 4, et seq., and N. to p. 76, 4. 12. exterminari : 
 not . . . ' exterminated.' 13. eos . , . putabam : cf. p. 87, 26, 
 et seq. 20. fidem faceret : see Idioms. rem ita compre- 
 henderem : ' I might get the matter so in my grasp ; ' the 
 consul bent all his energies toward securing tangible and con- 
 victing evidence. 
 
 23. ut compesi: through Quintus Fabius Sanga ; see pp. 
 39, 40. 24. tumultus : when applied to political matters, 
 
 used only of disturbances in Italy and Cisalpine Gaul ; cf. 
 Cicero's explanation (Phil. VIII. i. 3): Quid est enim almd tu- 
 multus nisi perturbatio tanta, ut maior timor oriatur ? . . . 
 Itaque maiores nostri tunntltum Italicum, quod erat domesti- 
 cus (hence liable to cause a panic on account of its nearness), 
 tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae Jinitimus, praeterea nul- 
 lum nominabant. 
 
 25. eodem itinere : their road lay through Etruria. 26. ad: 
 '(addressed) to.' 28. facultatem oblatam : see Idioms. 
 
 33. hestemo die: Dec. 2. L. Flaccum : see Vocab. under 
 Flaccum (3). 34. amantissimos : see Idioms. 
 
 Page 91. 1- rem : ' the plan ' for intercepting the deputies 
 of the Allobroges. placeret: see Idioms. 2. qui . . . 
 
 sentirent : in our idiom, ' being men of sound and excellent 
 political sentiments in all respects ; ' subj. on account of the 
 causal force of qui. 5. pontem Mulvium : the foundations 
 
 at least still remain in the Ponte Molle, two Roman miles north 
 of Rome; see Illustration facing p. 90. Across this bridge ran 
 the Via Flaminia, one of the most important of the roads lead- 
 ing to the north of Italy ; and here Constantine defeated Max- 
 entius in the memorable battle of 312 a. d. 
 
 9. ex praefectura Reatina : Cicero was patron of Reate, 
 i. e. he was the legal representative of the inhabitants of Reate 
 at Rome; he could therefore count on their loyalty to him. 
 10. in re publica : i. e. 'for public business.' 
 
 12. tertia fere vigilia exacta : about 3 A.M.; the night was 
 divided up into four watches of equal length. See Idioms. 
 
Page 91.] NOTES 243 
 
 13. magno comitatu : A. 248, a, n. ; G. 391, R. 1 , H. 419, 
 ill 1, 1). 15. Res praetoribus . . , solis .- the soldiers with 
 the praetors did not know for what purpose they had been 
 sent out ; and the deputies of the Allobroges, though they no 
 doubt understood in a general way that they would be asked to 
 give up the documents received from the conspirators, had ap- 
 parently not been informed when or how the demand would 
 be made upon them, so that the attack at first surprised them. 
 Cf. Sail. Cat. xlv. 
 
 III. 17. Turn interventu, et seq. : i. e. the praetors ex- 
 plained that they represented the consul, to whom the docu- 
 ments were to be delivered. Sallust says that the Gauls, as 
 soon as they understood matters, placed themselves in charge 
 of the praetors ; but that Volturcius made a valiant resistance 
 until he saw that he was deserted by the rest, whereupon he 
 surrendered, begging that his life be spared. 19. integris 
 
 signis : 'with the seals unbroken;' see p. 55. ipsi : the 
 
 Gallic deputies and Volturcius. 20. cum iam dilucesceret : 
 
 early in the morning of Dec. 3. 
 
 23. vocavi : as chief executive the consul had the right to 
 summon citizens into his presence, and even to have them 
 brought by force if they offered resistance. In this case the 
 deputies and the conspirators were no doubt kept at the orator's 
 house, which stood on the northwest slope of the Palatine hill, 
 until they were taken before the Senate ; cf. Plan facing p. 76. 
 25. credo : scornful, alluding to the ' sleepiness ' of Lentulus (see 
 p. 96, 10); the letter (see p. 94, 8-1 1), in the preparation of which 
 he is represented as having "burned the midnight oil," contains 
 less than fprty words ' 26. vigilarat : ' he had been up late.' 
 
 27. viris : many of them had no doubt been sent for by the 
 consul himself, to be his witnesses and advisers. 28. fre- 
 
 quentes : ' in great numbers.' 29. quam deferri : quant de- 
 
 ferrevi or quam deferrentur might have been expected. Cf. 
 A. 335, c, N. 2. 30. nihil . i. e. nothing incriminating, 
 
 temere ; ' rashly,' without sufficient reason. 31. esse fac- 
 
 turum, ut — deferrem : periphrasis, more emphatic than the 
 simple delaturum esse ; with negavi (= dixi non\ ' I said that 
 in a matter fraught with danger to the state I could not but 
 lay the facts unprejudiced before the state's council.' Cf. A. 
 332, e ; G. 557 ; H. 498, II., N. 2. 33. si : = etiam si, 'even if.' 
 
244 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 92. 
 
 Page 92. 3. frequentem: 'with full attendance.' The Senate 
 met in the Temple of Concord, in the Forum; see Plan facing 
 p. 76. coegi : the term regularly used of convening the 
 
 Senate. 6. quid ; see Idioms. 
 
 IV. 8. Introduxi : i. e. before the Senate. fideui publi- 
 
 cam dedi : ' I gave him a pledge in the name of the state,' 
 1. e. a pledge of pardon if he would turn state's evidence ; fol- 
 lowed by inssu seuatus because the Senate alone had authority 
 to grant or promise amnesty. 12. ad : as p. 90, 26. ut : 
 
 '(to the effect) that.' 
 
 14. id: i. e. ut id faceret. ex: in our idiom, 'in.' 
 
 15. omnibus partibus : according to Sallust (Cat. xliii. 2) 
 the city was to be fired in twelve places at once, under the di- 
 rection of Statilius and Gabinius ; but Plutarch (Cic. xvm.) says 
 in a hundred places. quern . . . erat: parenthetical explana- 
 tion of the speaker ; hence with the indie. Cf. p. 64, 34. 
 
 16. caedem infinitam . cf. Plut. Cic. xvm. : 'There was noth- 
 ing small or mean about the designs of Lentulus; for he had 
 resolved to kill the entire Senate, and as many of the other citi- 
 zens as he could.' 17. ille : Catiline. 
 
 21. dixerunt : followed by indirect discourse in two degrees 
 of subordination, — as a wheel within a wheel, — thus : (1) by 
 esse firaescriptum, which in turn is followed by pedeslres . . . 
 defuturas in indir. disc, subordinate to itself; (2) by Lentuhim 
 . . . confirmasse, similarly followed by se . . . fuissej (3) by 
 eundem dixisse, to which annum . . . vicesimus is subordinate. 
 The reflexive in each case refers to the chief agent or subject 
 of the clause to which its own clause is subordinate; thus sibi 
 (1- 21) refers to Galli (1. 19), but sibi (1. 23) to his et L. Cassio 
 (1. 21). 
 
 24. ex fatis Sibyllinis : = ' from the Sibylline prophecies.' 
 The original Sibylline Books, purchased by King Tarquin, per- 
 ished when the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline hill was 
 burned, in 83 B. c. After that a new collection of Sibylline 
 prophecies was made with great care at the different places 
 where oracles were given through sibyls, and placed in the new 
 Temple (cf. N. to 1. 30). Here they were guarded by a special 
 college of priests, the Ouindecimviri, who consulted them, how- 
 ever, only upon request of the Senate. In addition to these, 
 there appear to have been smaller private collections, of a simi- 
 
Page 93.] NOTES 245 
 
 lar character ; and to one of these latter, in the possession of 
 some family of the Cornelian gens, Lentulus probably referred. 
 27. necesse ; see Idioms. 28. fatalem annum : really no 
 more ' decreed by fate ' than that year in the famous prophecy 
 of Mother Shipton, — 
 
 " The world unto an end shall come 
 In eighteen hundred and eighty-one." 
 
 30. virginum : for virgiuum Vestalium. The trial of a Vestal 
 on the charge of breaking her vows was considered in a high 
 degree portentous, even though her innocence might be proved 
 and the trial followed by acquittal. Capitoli incensionem : 
 
 in 83 B. c. ; immediately afterwards Sulla commenced to rebuild 
 the temple on a much grander scale, but the edifice was not 
 completed till some years later, by Quintus Lutatius Catulus. 
 According to Sallust, the soothsayers were quoted as affirming 
 that the twentieth year after the burning of the Capitol would 
 be one of bloody civil war. 
 
 33. Saturnalibus : Dec. 19, the chief day of the festival; a 
 favorable time for a bold stroke, on account of the cessation of 
 business and the merriment and freedom of restraint character- 
 istic of the festival of* Saturn, during which the Romans "kept 
 open house " to friends and clients. 34. nimium longum : 
 
 'too far off,' 'too remote (a date).' 
 
 Page 93. V. 1. ne longum : see Idioms. tabellas : con- 
 taining the litterae of p. 92, 19. 2. datae : sc. esse. Cf. A. 
 271, c; H. 536, 2, 1), n. 3. cognovit: 'he acknowledged (it)' 
 as his own. For the seal, the thread, and other matters con- 
 nected with the form of the letters, see pp. 54-57. Cicero had 
 done well to leave the letters untouched until they could be 
 opened in the presence of the Senate. 7. sibi — recepis- 
 
 sent : 'had undertaken for him,' i. e. had promised him. 
 
 8. aliquid: see Idioms. Kind of ace? tamen : 'never- 
 
 theless,' though appearances were all against him. quae : 
 why neuter? A. 198, a-, G. 616, R. 5 ; H. 445, 3, N. 1. 10. bo- 
 norum ferramentorum studiosum : ' a fancier of good tools ; ' 
 avoiding the use of telorum and implying that he was a col- 
 lector, a connoisseur, of steel implements in general. 11. con- 
 scientia : as p. 81, 22. 
 
 14. in eandem sententiam : i. e. scriptae. See Idioms. 
 
 18. avi tui: see Vocab. under Lentulus (1). It was customary 
 
246 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 94. 
 
 to place upon seals the likenesses of distinguished ancestors. 
 20. etiani muta : ' even though speechless ; ' with revocare, oxy- 
 moron, eadem ratione : ' of the same tenor,' ' to the same 
 effect.' 21 Si: 'In case.' 23. negavit : 'said, No,' i.e. 
 that he did not care to say anything. 
 
 24. exposito atque edito : in our court phrase, 'given and 
 taken down,' i. e. taken down in writing by the senators who 
 were keeping the record. 25. quid, etc. : see Idioms. 
 
 27. per quern: i. e. a quo perducti, referring to Umbrenus. 
 30. scelere demens : i. e. conscientia sceleris demens f actus. 
 33. exercitatio : ' readiness.' Of the oratory of this Lentulus 
 Cicero elsewhere says (Brut. lxvi. 235) : ' His slowness of 
 thought and delivery was lost sight of by reason of the impres- 
 siveness of his person, his gesticulation alike skilful and full of 
 grace, and the sweetness and power of his voice.' 
 
 Page 94. 1. superabat: 'endeavored to surpass.' A. 277, c; 
 G. 224; H. 469, 11., 1. 
 
 7. sine nomine . without address or signature, we should say. 
 sed ita ; • ' but as follows,' the contents indicating the person- 
 ality of sender and receiver. The same letter is thus given by 
 Sallust (Cat. xliv. 5; text of Eussner): 
 
 Qui sini, ex eo, quern ad' te misi, cognosces. Fac co- 
 gites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum 
 esse. Consideres, quid tuae ratione s postulent. Anxi- 
 liuni petas ab omnibus, etiani ab infimis. 
 
 This version of the letter differs from that given by Cicero 
 only in greater refinement of expression. The latter shows traces 
 of the haste in which the letter was no doubt written, and may 
 be accepted as unquestionably the original form. 
 
 11. infimorum : = servorum j cf. p. 92, 12, and n. to p. 72, 16. 
 
 12. cum primo : 'although at first.' 13. ex eis : A. 216, c ; 
 G. 371, R. 5; H. 397, 3, n. 3. 
 
 15. certissima : force of the superlative ? Cf. certiora in 1. 18. 
 
 VI. 22. expositis atque editis : cf. p. 93, 24, and N. Why 
 is Indiciis pi. ? 23. de summa re publica : i. e. de sahtte 
 
 rei publicae. 24. Dictae . . , sententiae . on the method 
 
 of procedure, see N. to p. 64, 28. a principibus : ' by the 
 
 leaders ' of the Senate, comprising the consuls-elect, who voted 
 first; after them the ex-consuls voted. 
 
Page 95.] NOTES 247 
 
 29. gratiae: see p. 362. verbis: see Idioms. 30. quod: 
 'because (as they said).' A. 341, d; G. 541 ; H. 516, 11. vir- 
 tute : ' by my resolution.' 32. opera : we say ' services.' 
 
 34. collegae meo : in the consulship ; i. e. Gaius Antonius Hy- 
 brida, who had been a supporter of Catiline until Cicero won 
 him over ; cf. p. 38. 
 
 Page 95. 1. eos . . removisset: i. e. he had refused to 
 have anything more to do with them, either as a public officer 
 or as an individual. 
 
 3. cum . . . abdicasset : no action could be brought against 
 a Roman magistrate so long as he remained in office, his per- 
 son and office being considered inviolable (sacrosanctus). 4. in 
 custodiam : see N. to p. 69, 5. 7. L. Cassium : Cassius, Fu- 
 rius, Annius Ch*ilo, and Umbrenus escaped; Ceparius had left 
 the city, but was arrested and brought back. 11. colonis : 
 
 see N, to p. 84, 25. 18. novem hominum : of these only 
 
 five actually suffered the penalty imposed; see N. to p. 115, 15. 
 
 21. supplicatio : here refers to a period of public thanks- 
 giving, in this case probably of five days' duration. The chief 
 religious observance on such occasions was the banquet for the 
 gods (lectistemiu/u). Couches, on which images of the gods re- 
 clined, were placed in front of the temples and shrines, and 
 offerings of food and wine were set before them. 
 
 22. meo nomine . = honoris met causa, ' in my honor.' 
 quod : ' (an experience) which.' 23. primum : ' for the first 
 time.' togato : cf. p. 88, 13, and N. ; in previous cases a 
 thanksgiving had been appointed only in recognition of military 
 successes. 24. quod : cf. p. 94, 30, and N. 25. Italiam 
 bello : rhetorical exaggeration. Quae si: 'And if this.' 
 
 26. hoc interest: 'there is this difference;' more forcible than 
 hoc interesse videatur, the indie, implying that the difference 
 certainly exists, whether the comparison be made or not. 
 
 27. ceterae bene gesta : i. e. ceterae snpplicationes bene, gesta 
 re ftnblica constitutae sunt. 
 
 29. factum atque transactum est : originally a legal formula. 
 33. magistratu se abdicavit : of course under compulsion ; but 
 the form of voluntary resignation must be kept up (cf. 1. 4, 
 above). Plutarch says (Cic. xix.): ' Lentulus, having been con- 
 victed, resigned his office (for he happened to be praetor), and 
 laying aside his purple-bordered toga in the Senate, assumed a 
 
248 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. [Page 96. 
 
 garb in keeping with his misfortune. 1 The last clause may 
 mean that he put on the white toga of the ordinary citizen (see 
 N. to p. 77, 30), but more likely that he secured one of dark 
 color, as the Romans were wont to do, as a sign of mourning 
 in times of trouble. ut, et seq. : ' that we might be free from 
 religious scruple, . . . though such scruples had not prevented 
 Gaius Marius from,' etc. ; referring to the sacredness of the per- 
 son of a magistrate. Marius, however, was only indirectly re- 
 sponsible for the death of Glaucia, who was pelted to death 
 by a mob. 
 
 Page 96. 1. nihil: see Idioms. 
 
 VII. 10. somnum, adipes : cf. N. to p. 91, 25. Shakespeare 
 (following a hint of Plutarch's) represents Caesar as saying : 
 
 " Let me have men about me that are fat ; 
 Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o' nights : 
 Yond' Cassius has a lean and hungry look ; 
 He thinks too much : such men are dangerous." 
 
 11. C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem : according to Sallust 
 (Cat. xliii. 3), ' Cethegus kept making complaint about the inac- 
 tivity of his associates. He said that they were losing great 
 opportunities by their hesitation and procrastination ; that at 
 such a critical time they needed action, not deliberation ; and 
 that if he could get a few to help him, even if the rest should 
 hang back, he would make an attack on the Senate.' 
 
 13. tarn diu, dum ; '(only) so long as.' A. 276, e, N. ; G. 571. 
 14. omnium aditus tenebat : ' he understood how to get at 
 every one.' 16. consilium, etc. : he could not only plan 
 
 crime, but also carry out his wicked plans. 18. certas, 
 
 certos . particular,' ' special.' 19. descriptos : ' assigned ' 
 
 to the part they were to take, 'detailed.' 20. quod: prop- 
 
 erly with obiret only ; ' which he did not undertake, did not 
 meet; on which he did not bestow watchfulness, effort.' 
 
 24. paratum: 'ready (to strike).' 25. in perditis : see 
 
 Idioms. 28. Saturnalia : see p. 92, 33, and N. It yet lacked 
 more than two weeks to the Saturnalia ; Catiline would have 
 set the day of destruction earlier. 30. neque commisisset : 
 'and would not have made the mistake of allowing his seal 
 ... to be secured as,' etc. ; i. e. if he had remained in the 
 city. 
 
Page 97.] NOTES 249 
 
 Page 97. 4. ut levissime : see Idioms. H. 499, 2, n. 
 
 VIII. 8. Quamquam : ' And yet' 10. cum : ' not only.' 
 
 11. vix videtur . . . esse potuisse : ' it seems hardly possible 
 that human wisdom can have directed matters of so great mo- 
 ment.' Cf. N. to p. 67, 17. A. 214, c; G. 365; H. 402. 
 13. praesentes : cf. p. 84, 15, and N. 15. ilia: those that 
 
 had been noticed some time previously ; contrasted with haec 
 in 1. 18. How far Cicero himself believed in portents is doubt- 
 ful ; but, as other Roman statesmen, he was ready to make the 
 most of them in dealing with a superstitious populace. These 
 unusual phenomena were treated at length in his poem ' On his 
 Consulship;' cf. his De Div., I., XL, xn., xill., and Plin. Nat. 
 Hist, II., § 137. omittam — omittam : an example of prae- 
 teritio ; cf. p. 135, 13, and n. ab occidente : a quarter of 
 
 ill omen. See Idioms. 
 
 16. faces, etc.: cf. Dio Cass., XXXVII., xx v., 2 (referring to 
 this time) : ' Many thunderbolts fell from a cloudless sky, and 
 the earth shook violently ; spectral forms also were seen in 
 many places, and torches shot up into the sky above the sun- 
 set.' For the portents preceding the murder of Caesar, see the 
 editor's "Selections from Ovid," pp. 156, 157, and notes. 
 17. quae tarn multa : either 'so many of which,' or 'which in 
 so great number.' A. 216, e ; G. 368, r. 2 ; H. 397, 2, n. 
 21. relinquendum : ' left out of consideration ; ' how different 
 from praetennittendum ? 
 
 22. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : the year 65 B. C. 
 23. de caelo : see Idioms. 24. depulsa : from their pedes- 
 tals. 25. veterum hominum : 'of men of the olden time;' 
 in and about the Capitol stood a host of statues. aera : ' the 
 bronzes,' i. e. bronze pillars or tablets; see Dio Cass., XXXVII., 
 IX.: 'The writing of the pillars, on which the laws were graven, 
 ran together and became illegible.' Such copies of laws were 
 set up in and around temples; but this passage does not refer 
 to the Laws of the Twelve Tables, which were placed in the 
 Forum, in the earlier period at least on the Rostra. 
 
 28. fuisse : i. e. it was at that time on the Capitoline hill, 
 but has since been removed. A bronze group similar to that 
 here described (the twins Romulus and Remus being modern) 
 is now in a museum on the Capitoline hill at Rome. The wolf, 
 undoubtedly of very ancient workmanship, is perhaps the same 
 
250 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 98. 
 
 as that referred to here, for it shows a fracture which may not 
 unlikely have been caused by lightning. 32. nisi : i. e. and 
 
 would be upon us ' unless.' 
 
 Page 98. 1. responsis : why abl. ? ludi : all the Roman 
 
 public games (including the various spectacles of the circus, am- 
 phitheatre, and theatre) were religious in their origin. 4. fa- 
 cere : the subject-acc, referring to those seeking advice, is 
 omitted. in excelso : ' on a high (pedestal) ; ' cf. Cic. de Div. 
 I., xii., 20, 21. 5. contra, atque antea fuerat : 'opposite to 
 what it had previously been.' According to the ancient Roman 
 custom, the worshipper faced the east, so that statues of divini- 
 ties would naturally look toward the west, unless there were 
 some reason to the contrary. 
 
 6. illud signum, quod videtis : spoken with a gesture on 
 the right toward the height of the Capitoline hill, where the 
 new statue on its column was plainly visible from the Rostra 
 and the Forum ; see N. to Habita in Populum, on p. 227, and 
 Plan facing p. 76. 10. collocandum locaverunt : 'let the 
 
 contract for erecting.' The charge of such contracts properly 
 belonged to the censors ; but the censors for b. c. 65, Quintus 
 Lutatius Catulus and Marcus Licinius Crassus, disagreed and 
 resigned, so that the function in this ease devolved upon the 
 consuls. 12. superioribus consulibus : i. e. consuls for the 
 
 two preceding years. The consuls for 64 were Lucius Julius 
 Caesar and Gaius Figulus. nobis: s. c. consulibus; see 
 
 Idioms. 
 
 IX. 14. aversus, mente captus : see Idioms. 15. qui 
 
 neget : ' as to say that — not.' haec omnia : the visible 
 
 universe; spoken with a wide gesture. 19. et ea : 'and 
 
 that too.' A. 195, c; G. 293, R. 2 ; H. 451, 2. quae : '(prophe- 
 cies) which.' 23. praesens : 'immediate,' 'evident.' 24. per 
 forum : as Cicero's house was on the Palatine hill and the 
 conspirators had come to him there (see p. 91, 23, and N.), he 
 was obliged to conduct them through the Forum in order to 
 reach the Temple of Concord, where the Senate met; see Plan 
 facing p. 76. 
 
 30. Quo : ' And on this account.' 34. ille : with a gesture 
 on the right toward the statue, the divinity being associated 
 with the image ; cf. p. 74, 32, and N. Notice the forceful anaph- 
 ora, with asyndeta and climax. 
 
Page 100.] NOTES 251 
 
 Page 99. 1- haec templa . about the Forum; spoken with a 
 gesture. 3. hanc nientem voluntatemque : ' this purpose 
 
 and determination.' 
 
 9. audaciae : why dat. ? consilium esset ereptum : on 
 
 the theory of the proverb, quos deus perdere vult, demeriiat. 
 10. homines Galli : 'men from Gaul;' more forcible than 
 Galli alone, suggesting the bravery and fickleness of the Gal- 
 lic character. quae gens una: 'the only people which.' 
 12. non nolle . ' to be not indisposed ; ' in 66 B. C. Piso had 
 put down an uprising among the Allobroges : but in 6i they 
 rebelled again. 13. ultro : 'without their seeking (it).' 
 16. qui — potuerint : ' as they had it in their power.' 
 
 X- 18, ad omnia pulvinaria : i. e. omnibus dis quorum pul- 
 vinaria Romae erant, referring to the lectistemium j see N. to 
 p. 95, 21. 25. togato : cf. p. 88,9-13, and N. 
 
 27. sed eas, et seq. : for the events referred to in this para- 
 graph (all of which had happened within the quarter of a cen- 
 tury preceding b. c. 63), consult the Vocab. under each name, 
 and the Roman histories. 29. custodem huius urbis : so 
 
 characterized from his victories over the Teutons and Cimbri. 
 30. collegam : Cornelius China. hie locus : the Forum. 
 
 32. redundavit : construed by zeugma with acervis j trans, 
 with acervis, ' was choked ; ' with sanguine, ' overflowed.' 
 34. lumina civitatis : members of the aristocratic party, as 
 the consuls Gnaeus Octavms and Lucius Merula, Quintus Catu- 
 lus, the orator Marcus Antonius, the Pontifex Quintus Scaevola, 
 and others. 
 
 Page 100. 1. Ultus est . . . Sulla : in 82 B. C. 2. quanta 
 deminutione civium : according to Mommsen (" History of 
 Rome," Vol. III., p. 423), the proscription lists of Sulla con- 
 tained the names of at least 4,700 citizens, including 40 sena- 
 tors and 1,600 knights. 6. ceterorum : i. e. who perished 
 with him. 
 
 8. quae : = ut eae. 16. uno : strengthens the superlative. 
 post : see Idioms. 17. quale bellum, quo in bello : ' a war 
 such as,' 'a war in which.' barbaria : abstract for concrete, 
 = 'horde of savages.' 20. salvi : i.e. financially 'safe,' who 
 had property enough to make it worth while to murder them ; 
 different force in salva and in salvi of 1. 21. 22. tantum 
 
 civium: '(only) so many citizens.' A. 216, a, 3 ; G. 371; H. 
 
252 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 102. 
 
 397, 3, N. 5. 23. quantum . . . restitisset : ' as had remained 
 over from unlimited slaughter ; ' i. e. 'as had escaped unchecked 
 bloodshed.' 
 
 Conclusion, xi. 
 
 XL 27. Quibus pro tantis rebus: 'Now in return for these 
 so great services (of mine).' 33. Nihil niutum : as a statue. 
 
 Page 101. 2. res: 'achievements.' 4. diem: 'period;' in 
 eandemque diem propagatam esse et salutem urbis et memo- 
 riam consulates inei might have been expected. Cicero be- 
 lieved that the memory of his consulship would endure as long 
 as Rome's sovereignty, which would last forever. Cf. Bryce's 
 " Holy Roman Empire." 7. alter . . . terminaret : Pompey ; 
 
 rhetorical exaggeration, yet not without some basis ; for Pompey 
 had fought with Sertorius in the extreme west, and with Mithfi- 
 dates in the extreme east. 
 
 XII. 11. condicio : ' lot' quae illorum : ' as of those.' 
 
 14. vestrum est: 'it is your (duty).' 15. recte : = merito, 
 
 '(and) deservedly.' 20. nihil: see Idioms. A. 230; G. 208; 
 
 H. 384, 5. 23. tacita : ' though silent,' i. e. by silent influ- 
 
 ence, conscientiae : ' of inner knowledge ' that Cicero had 
 
 really saved the state. 24. quam . . . indicabunt : i. e. si 
 
 qui, ea {conscientid) neglecta, me violare volent, se ipsi indica- 
 bunt (' they will betray themselves ' by their very appearance). 
 
 27. nullius : for the gen. of nemo. 28. Quod si, et seq. : 
 
 cf. p. 70, 19-21, and N. 33. fructum : 'gains.' 34. in 
 
 honore vestro : i. e. ' in the honors you have it in your power 
 to bestow.' 
 
 Page 102. 1. virtutis : 'won by valor.' Kind of gen.? 
 quicquam altius : ' any greater height.' 4. ornem : ' make 
 
 even more splendid.' ut : final. 
 
 7. me tractabo : = versabor, ' I shall conduct myself.' 
 10. est nox : the meeting of the Senate preceding this address 
 lasted till late in the day. ilium : cf. p. 98, 34, and N. 
 
 12. aeque ac : ' just the same as.' priore nocte : after the 
 
 second oration; cf. p. 87, 11-13. 15. providebo : a hint at 
 
 the fate of the conspirators in custody. 
 
Page 103] NOTES 253 
 
 THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 Page 103. In L. Catilinam: see n. on p. 209. 
 Habita in Senatu : Dec. 5, b. c. 63, the Senate being as- 
 sembled in the Temple of Concord ; cf. Plan facing p. 76. 
 
 Introduction, i.-iii. 
 
 I. 1. Video — in me, etc. : for the circumstances of delivery, 
 and an outline of the thought, see pp. 41, 44. At what point 
 in the debate Cicero spoke is not clear ; but evidently the dis- 
 cussion regarding the punishment of the conspirators was be- 
 coming involved with the question of his own safety. That the 
 debate should for the moment take this direction is not strange, 
 for the consul was yet the hope of all patriots in the contest 
 with the conspiracy, which had been shown to be so dangerous; 
 while in view of the desperate character of the leaders, and his 
 efforts to bring them to justice, every one knew that he would 
 be the first object of attack. At this point, when the senators 
 were looking toward him to divine his feeling in the matter, the 
 orator took advantage of his position as presiding officer (see p. 
 113, 12-13) t0 ur g e them to make all personal considerations sec- 
 ondary to the true interests of the state, and presented clearly 
 the two views before the house regarding the disposition of the 
 conspirators, delicately but distinctly revealing his own prefer- 
 ence for the extreme penalty. The exordium, which under other 
 circumstances might have appeared unwarrantably egotistical, is 
 thus seen to be entirely in keeping with the occasion, whether 
 it was spoken as it stands, or the present form is a fuller state- 
 ment of what was said at the time. 
 
 5. in dolore : i. e. animi. voluntas : = ' kindly regard ; ' it 
 is not their good-will but their anxiety for his welfare that the 
 orator begs them to lay one side. 
 
 14. aequitas : for instiiiaj cf. p. 87, 2, and N. continetur : 
 'is centred;' the law courts were about the Forum. 15. au- 
 spiciis : abl. ; an election of consuls was held only after certain 
 
254 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [r AG E 104. 
 
 auspices, taken in the Campus Martius, had been declared 
 favorable. curia: there is no record of any attempt on the 
 
 orator's life in the Senate-house; but cf. p. 74, 19. 16. aux- 
 ilium omnium gentium : refers to the Senate's adjustment of 
 foreign relations; cf. p. 58. 17. commune perfugium : sug- 
 
 gestive of that maxim of English law, " Every man's house is 
 his castle." datus : to be taken closely with lectus. 
 
 18. haec sedes honoris : the curule chair, the official seat of 
 the higher Roman magistrates. It had a square seat, with no 
 
 ^.^^-^^ ^ back or arms, and was so made that 
 
 ^ it would fold up as a camp-stool. 
 
 P^^^j^^^OT^S^^^ This arrangement appears to have 
 
 T^k vld^ Xi k een originally a matter of conven- 
 
 ^-^dV^/N^ / Jr ience, that the chair might readily 
 
 /?s^^^y^$^^ De moved about, implying magiste- 
 
 __jfe- //-%s^~' \, ria ^ jurisdiction wherever it was 
 
 ^=^4^ _-=g0^^ placed ; possibly in the earliest 
 
 times it was carried in the chariot 
 
 with the magistrate (hence curulis, from currus, ' carriage-chair '), 
 
 See Illustration. 
 
 20. multa tacui : a hint at the revelations he might have 
 made — had he thought it expedient — involving prominent 
 men in the conspiracy; such, perhaps, as Caesar and Crassus. 
 21. meo . . . timore : i. e. yours the v fear merely, but mine the 
 pain ('with some pain to myself').' 
 
 Page 104. 2. virgines Vestales : cf. N. to p. 92, 30. 4. delu- 
 bra: cf. p. 89, 17, and N. 5. totam Italiam : cf. p. 95, 25, 
 
 and N. 8. fatale. etc.: see p. 92, 23-31. 10. prope : 'I 
 
 might almost say,' ' as it were ; ' softens fatalem exstitisse, 
 which otherwise would have seemed arrogant. Notice the 
 chiasmus in fatale ad perniciem — ad salutem fatalem. A. 
 344,/; G. 684; H. 562. 
 
 II. 11. consulite : cf. Idjoms. 16. praesident : in the 
 
 sense of tuentur. pro eo, ac: see Idioms. 17. si quid 
 
 obtigerit : euphemistic, as shown by moriar. 19. consulari : 
 ' to him who has been consul,' because he has reached the 
 highest goal of human ambition, the highest honor men can 
 bestow. sapienti : 'to the philosopher;' cf. p. 106, 25. The 
 ancient systems of philosophy, but more particularly the Stoic 
 and the Epicurean, inculcated disregard of death. 
 
Page 105.] NOTES 255 
 
 20. ille ferreus : ' a man so made of iron,' ' a man so devoid 
 of feeling.' fratris : now praetor-elect ; see Vocab. under 
 
 Cicero (2). 21 horum omnium : senators, the orator's special 
 friends, who were disturbed at the thought of danger to him. 
 The Greeks and the Romans gave vent to their feelings much 
 more freely than would be considered in good form among us. 
 24. exanimata : from anxiety. uxor, filia, filius . see Vocab, 
 under Terentia, Tullia, and Cicero (3) ; Marcus, the son, was 
 now only two years old. 26. ille — gener ; see Vocab., 
 
 under Piso. As Piso was not yet admitted to the Senate, he 
 stood with the throng before the open door of the tem- 
 ple. 28 in earn partem : = ' (only) to this determination.' 
 30. quam: for quam ul. A. 332,0, G. 647, R. 4; H. 502, 2. 
 una: = communi. 31. peste : instrumental abb, where we 
 should use ' in.' 
 
 32. incumbite : nautical term ; cf. procellas, 1. 33. 34. Non 
 Ti. Gracchus : ' Not a Tiberius Gracchus,' or ' No Tiberius 
 Gracchus.' iterum: in the time of the Gracchi it was not 
 lawful to hold the office of tribune of the people for two years 
 in succession. 
 
 Page 105. 2. agrarios • those who favored a more equable 
 division and management of the public lands. 5. vestram 
 
 omnium : trans, as if vestri omnium. Why ? 6. Romae 
 
 restiterunt : i. e. instead of going forth with Catiline. 7. lit 
 
 terae, signa, manus : i. e. the letters with each one's seal and 
 hand-writing; see p. 93, 1 et seq. 8. servitia: abstract for con- 
 crete, — servij see p. 94, 9- 11. 9, id est: sums up ; ; in short, 
 the design was formed, that.' 10. nemo ne — quidem : A. 
 
 209, a, 1 ; G. 444; H. 553, 2. 12. relinquatur . present because 
 consilium (1. 9), summing up the preceding present tenses, looks 
 toward the future; our idiom here requires the impf. 
 
 III. 14. multis . . . iudicavistis . ' you have already, by 
 many (previous) decisions, settled ; ' a very clever turn, imply- 
 ing that the Senate had already committed itself regarding the 
 guilt of the conspirators and its own jurisdiction in the case. 
 15. gratias . . . decrevistis : see p. 94, 29-31. 17. P Lentu 
 lum . . .. coegistis: see p 95, 33, and N. 19. in custodiam 
 see p. 95, 3-15. 20. meo nomine.- see p. 95, 21-25, ar >d N. 
 
 22 praemia — amplissima . what these were is not known ; 
 probably they were gifts of money. Reason for the position of 
 
256 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 106. 
 
 amplissima ? 24. nominatim dati sunt : i. e. each prisoner 
 
 was placed in charge of a different person; see N. to p. 69, 5. 
 According to Sallust (Cat. xlvii. 4), Lentulus was turned over 
 to the aedile P. Lentulus Spinther, Cethegus to Quintus Corm- 
 ficius, Statilius to Gaius Caesar, Gabinius to Marcus Crassus, 
 and Ceparius, after he was caught, to the senator Gnaeus 
 Terentius. 
 
 27. institui : here = coepi. referre : object ? 28. tam- 
 
 quam integrum: 'as still an open question,' notwithstanding the 
 fact that you have virtually passed a sentence of condemnation 
 already. 30. consulis ; as chief executive of the state and 
 
 presiding officer of the Senate; cf. N. to p. 61, 14. 31. mis- 
 ceri : idiomatically, ' were brewing.' 32 haberi : stronger than 
 factum esse j habere is used of holding meetings of political 
 bodies, as the Senate. 33. putavi : forcible ; so we some- 
 
 times say, ' I never thought it of him,' when we mean ' I never 
 would have thought it of him.' 
 
 Page 106. I- statuendum ... est : ' you must reach a 
 decision before nightfall ; ' because a decree of the Senate 
 passed after sunset was not valid, and because the emergency 
 was such as to admit of no postponement of action. 3. vehe- 
 menter: see Idioms. 4. Latius : see Idioms, 6. multas 
 
 provincias occupavit : rhetorical exaggeration ; yet Catiline 
 had reckoned on receiving armies from Spain and Mauretania 
 (Sail. Cat. xxi. 3). 
 
 Discussion, iv.-xi., 1. 9. 
 
 IV. 10. duas sententias: cf. pp. 41, 44. D. Silani: as 
 
 consul-elect he was the first one called on to give his opinion 
 and vote. Cf. n. to p. 94, 24. 11. haec: cf. p. 70, 11, and N. 
 12. C. Caesaris: he was now praetor-elect, and therefore one of 
 the first to be called on after the consuls-elect and ex-consuls. 
 His speech is given at length by Sallust, Cat. Li. 13. re- 
 movet : brief for removendzan esse censet. 15. in — versatur : 
 ' insists upon.' 
 
 24. laborum ac miseriarum : like our phrase, ' toils and 
 troubles.' Caesar's argument is, that life sentence is a severer 
 punishment than the death penalty ; he thinks that death ends 
 all. Sallust reports his words thus (Cat. li. 20): De poena pos- 
 sum equidem dicer e — id quod res habet — in luctu atque 
 
Page 107] NOTES Zo7 
 
 miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non cruciatum esse j earn 
 cuucta vwrtalium mala dissolvere j ultra neque curae neque gau- 
 dio locum esse. 
 
 25. inviti : trans, by an adv. A. 191 ; G. 324, R. 6; H. 443. 
 
 26. Vincula : in a general sense. et ea: cf. 98, 19, and N. 
 
 27. singularem poenam : as in the case of a certain Vettienus, 
 who had cut off the fingers of his left hand in order to make 
 himself unfit for military service ; he was condemned to im- 
 prisonment for life, with the confiscation of his property. Still, 
 sentence to perpetual imprisonment or death was much rarer in 
 Rome than with us, for the reason that citizens could escape 
 sentence by going into exile. Cf. n. to p. 72, 23. 
 
 28. dispertiri : sc. eos, the conspirators. 29. iniquitatem : 
 
 ' unfairness,' because imposing a heavy and unnecessary burden 
 on the municipalities ; ' difficulty,' because if not obliged to re- 
 ceive the charge they would be disinclined voluntarily to accept 
 it. 30. placet: see Idioms. 33. Adiungit : sc. Caesar. 
 
 Page 107. 1- custodias: 'prison regulations.' 7. quam si: 
 'but if — this.' 9 in vita: i.e. while yet on earth. 10. illi 
 antiqui : ' those men of the olden time,' particularly the poets, 
 as Homer. 11. voluerunt : ' wished ' to have it believed, = 
 ' made out ; ' the language implies that Cicero himself did not 
 believe in future punishment. The orator is now addressing 
 the Senate, the members of which in the main were sceptical 
 in regard to the teachings of the national religion ; when talk- 
 ing to the people his attitude toward current beliefs is different. 
 See p. 75, 5 ; cf. N. to p. 97. 15. 
 
 V. 14. Nunc :=' Under these conditions.' intersit : cf. 
 
 Idioms. A. 222, 0; G. 381 ; H. 408, 1. 2. 18. populates im- 
 
 petus : ' attacks of the people.' Caesar was allied with the 
 popular or democratic party, which was constantly making 
 efforts to break the power of the Senate and the aristocracy. 
 19. illam alteram of Silanus. nescio an: here = ' probably.' 
 amplius negoti : ' a larger measure of difficulty. 20. Sed 
 
 tamen : ' But (even if this be the case), nevertheless.' 
 
 22. enim : ' then ; ' the orator enters upon a closer examina- 
 tion of Caesar's proposition. 23. maiorum : referring not 
 only to the prominence of the Caesar family for a century pre- 
 vious to this time, but also to the alleged descent of the Iulii 
 from lulus, Aeneas's son. 24. obsidem : ' pledge.' 25. In- 
 17 
 
258 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 108. 
 
 tellectum est, quid interesset : ' we understood (when Caesar 
 spoke) what a difference there is.' 
 
 28. non neminem : = ' more than one.' de capite : ' re- 
 
 garding the life ; ' they absented themselves with the pretext 
 that only the people assembled in the comitia had the right to 
 pass a sentence of death upon a Roman citizen, and that the 
 Senate in dealing with the conspirators was going beyond its 
 jurisdiction. 29 is: refers to non nemo; 'but those men.' 
 
 nudius tertius : i. e. at the meeting of the Senate on Dec. 3 ; 
 there these pretended friends of the people joined with the rest 
 of the Senate in acts which virtually condemned the conspir- 
 ators (cf. p. 105, 25), thus tacitly admitting the jurisdiction of 
 the Senate in the case. To judge from this the decrees of the 
 Senate on Dec. 3 must have been carried unanimously. 
 
 32. adfecit : cf. p. 361. hoc, etc. : hoc, quid {Me), qui . . . 
 
 decrevit, de tota re et causa { ' the whole matter of fact and 
 question at issue '), iudicarit, riemini dubium est. 33. quaesi- 
 tori: refers to Cicero as having conducted the investigation; 
 the term is technically applied to the presiding officer of a quaes- 
 tio, or court for criminal cases. gratulationem : here = 
 
 supplica tionem . 
 
 Page 108. 1 At : introduces the orator's reply to Caesar's 
 argument. intellegit : as shown by Caesar's not refusing to 
 
 vote on the matters before the Senate, Dec. 3 ; by voting then, 
 as Cicero clearly enough indicates, he admitted the jurisdiction 
 of the Senate in dealing with the conspirators as 'enemies,' 
 not as ' citizens.' legem Semproniam : proposed by 
 
 Gaius Sempronius Gracchus b. c. 123, enacting ne de capite 
 civium Romanorum iniussu populi iudicaretur ; see N. to p. 
 72, 23. Cicero cites this enactment particularly because he 
 wishes to point his argument with an allusion to the death of 
 Gracchus without a trial by the people or an appeal, as show- 
 ing that immediately after the passage of the law it was so 
 construed that those considered enemies of their country were 
 not protected by it. 
 
 3. hostis, eum civem nullo modo : i. e. granted that a 
 Roman citizen can only be tried before a regular court, and 
 cannot be put to death without an opportunity to appeal his 
 case to the Roman people gathered in assembly (see N. to p. 72, 
 23); yet if he makes an attempt against his country, by that 
 
Page 108. 
 
 NOTES 259 
 
 very act he becomes a 'public enemy,' is no longer entitled to 
 the protection afforded by laws guarding the rights of citizens, 
 and as an enemy may properly be tried and sentenced by the 
 Senate. To us the argument here seems like begging the ques- 
 tion. For, first of all, the question whether a man is a 'public 
 enemy ' or not is one of fact, which can properly be determined 
 only after due deliberation by a judicial body having jurisdic- 
 tion in such matters ; and at Rome there were two courts for 
 two different kinds of crimes against the state, the quaestio 
 perpetua for cases of treason (tie maiestate), and that for cases 
 of violence or riot (de vi). But even in cases of treason the pre- 
 cedents at least of the earlier time guarded sacredly the right of 
 appeal to the people. Certainly according to the letter of the 
 Roman constitution, the Senate had not the jurisdiction to try 
 and condemn the conspirators, at any rate without an opportu- 
 nity to appeal from its decision. 
 
 Again, in the first oration Cicero had earnestly maintained 
 the position that the supreme power vested in the consuls by 
 the Senate {ultimum decretum) was sufficient to warrant putting 
 a disturber of the peace to death at once, without the formal- 
 ity of a trial or appeal; but when the Catilinarian conspirators 
 were actually in his power, he shifted the responsibility by re- 
 ferring their fate to the Senate. As a matter of fact this right 
 of the consul, when invested with the supreme power, had been 
 conceded by the aristocracy, but never admitted by the popular 
 party; only this year the aged Rabirius had been called to ac- 
 count for his part in the killing of Saturninus (see p. 6). 
 
 But if there was no warrant on strictly constitutional grounds 
 for the attitude of the consul or of the Senate in this case, and 
 for the execution of the conspirators without a formal trial, 
 on other grounds there was justification most ample. Through- 
 out the speeches the orator is constantly reminding his hearers 
 of the peril which is threatening the state, the city Rome, their 
 own lives. Human society as an organism, as represented by 
 states and communities, has a right to protect itself to maintain 
 its own existence. At Rome the constitution had literally 
 broken down; it had shown itself incapable of adjustment to 
 the wide expansion of political boundaries and to the rapid de- 
 velopment of new conditions in the last centuries of the repub- 
 lic This plot of Catiline was anarchistic, contemplating not 
 
260 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 109. 
 
 merely a redistribution of political emoluments, but the over- 
 throw of existing institutions amid riot and bloodshed. Where 
 the orator urges the public safety as ground for decisive action 
 against the enemies of society, his argument must stand as long 
 as society itself shall endure ; it is just as applicable now as it 
 was then. If it is ever justifiable for a governmental body to vio- 
 late the letter of a constitution in obedience to the higher law 
 of the self-preservation of society itself, the Roman Senate was 
 fully justified in taking cognizance of the case of the Catilina- 
 rian conspirators, and dealing with them summarily. 
 
 8. popularem : ' a friend of the people.' 13. publica- 
 
 tionem bonorum : confiscation of property usually accompa- 
 nied severe sentences; still Caesar's attitude in this matter is 
 difficult to understand. He probably believed that the Senate 
 had no right to condemn the conspirators; yet his motion itself 
 recognized the Senate's jurisdiction. It may be that he pro- 
 posed the life sentence simply to save the lives of the prisoners 
 temporarily, trusting to the future to restore either their free- 
 dom or their property, or both, if after sufficient time the sen- 
 tence seemed too severe. 
 
 VI. 17. comitem : Caesar, who, if his motion prevailed, 
 would according to custom accompany the consul when formal 
 announcement of it should be made to the people. 20. earn : 
 i. e. Silani sententiam. 24. ita — ut : 'so may it be my lot 
 
 to enjoy . . . as.' 
 
 28. Videor, etc. : a striking example of vision, a figure 
 known to the Roman rhetoricians as subieciio in oculos. 
 30. sepulta in patria : we should say, 'on the grave of my 
 country.' 31. miseros, insepultos : trans, as if with civium. 
 acervos : i. e. acervos corporum. 32. aspectus : ' the (ferocious) 
 appearance.' 33. regnantem : more graphic than regnare. 
 
 A. 292, e ; G. 536 ; H. 535, I-, 4- 34 - fatis : cf - P- 92, 24, 
 
 and N. 
 
 Page 109. 1. purpuratum : suggesting oriental luxury and 
 despotism; for in the eastern monarchies the ministers and 
 courtiers nearest the king were dressed in royal purple. 3. fa- 
 milias: A. 36, b\ G. 27, R. 1; H. 49, 1. 9. supplicium : 
 
 see Idioms. 11. an : for an potius. 12. qui : = si is. 
 
 A. 316; G. 599: H. 507, in., 2. Owing to the immense numbers 
 of slaves owned by the Romans, recourse was had to the sever- 
 
Page 110] NOTES 261 
 
 est measures to keep them submissive. If a master was killed 
 by a slave, all the slaves under his roof at the time were put to 
 death, on the pretext that they ought to have prevented the 
 crime. 
 
 15. in: 'in the case of.' 19. vestigiis : 'remains.' 
 
 23. fama ; in the sense of infamia. 24. Nisi vero : intro- 
 duces an exception ironically. A. 315, b\ G. 592, r. 4. 
 L. Caesar : see Vocab. under Caesar (2). He made these remarks 
 probably at the meeting of the Senate, Dec. 3, when called upon 
 to give his vote. 26. virum : ' husband ; ' the conspirator 
 
 Lentulus, who had married Lucius Caesar's sister Julia. 
 
 28. avum : M. Fulvius Flaccus, put to death by the consul 
 Opimius ; see p. 62, 16. Lucius Caesar introduced this prece- 
 dent from his family history in order to justify the severity of 
 his judgment on Lentulus. 29. legatum : the boy, eighteen 
 
 years of age, had been sent by his father to treat with Opimius, 
 who would listen to no offer of reconciliation. As he was sent 
 a second time, Opimius placed him in custody, and then sud- 
 denly directing a vigorous attack slew among others both the 
 father and the elder brother. Afterwards the younger son was 
 killed in prison. 30. Quorum : = Atque horum. simile : 
 
 i. e. to what the Catilinarian conspirators proposed ; sc. fuit. 
 
 32. versata est . ' prevailed,' ' was prevalent.' 34. avus : 
 
 see Vocab. under Lentulus (1); cf. p. 93, 18. 
 
 Page 110. 2. quid . . . deminueretur : = ' that the welfare 
 of the state might not suffer in any degree.' hie : i. e. hie 
 Lentulus j but hie does not imply that Lentulus was now 
 present. Probably the conspirators were kept closely guarded 
 during this meeting of the Senate, in the various houses to 
 which they had been assigned. 4. servitia : cf. p. 105, 8, 
 
 and N. 7. Vereamini, censeo : ' Of course you may well be 
 afraid ; ' ironical ; potential subj. 
 
 VII. 13. ea, quae exaudio : refers to whispered remarks 
 among the senators, as shown by what follows. 15. vereri — 
 ut : cf. est verendum, ne (1. 10); difference in force? 17. trans- 
 igunda : A. 12, d, end; G. 151, 5; H. 239. Omnia . . . sunt: 
 
 strong guards had been placed about the Forum and the adja- 
 cent parts. 19. multo maiore — voluntate ; why separated ? 
 A. 344, e; G. 675, 1, 3 ; H. 561, III. 20. summum imperium : 
 '(their) full sovereignty,' threatened by Catiline; perhaps also a 
 
262 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 111. 
 
 hint at the designs of Lentulus. 23. circum forum : attribu- 
 tive to templa. 24. huius templi ac loci : the temple of 
 Concord ; redundant expression. 
 
 25. Causa — haec — sola : reason for position ? post : 
 
 see Idioms. 26. omnes : o nines cives, several classes of 
 
 whom are mentioned below. 28. soli : cf. p. 85, 20, and N, 
 
 34. Quid — commemorem : notice the difference between 
 this and qtiid — commemoro (p. 111, 26). 
 
 Page 111. 1- ita — ut : = ' only so far that.' summam 
 
 ordiuis consilique : ' the first place in rank and counsel.' 
 2. de : we should say ' in.' 
 
 3. huius ordinis : = ' with this body,' the Senate. The strife 
 between the Senate and the body of knights arose over the 
 right to sit as jurors for criminal trials, in the quaestiones per- 
 petuae (cf. p. 60). Originally this right belonged exclusively to 
 members of the Senate ; but most of the greater trials arose 
 from the misgovernment of provinces, and as the governors in 
 all cases were senators, miscarriage of justice was alarmingly 
 frequent. To remedy this evil, Gaius Gracchus in 122 b. c. had 
 a law passed which took away from the senators the right to 
 serve in such trials, and conferred it upon the knights exclu- 
 sively. This arrangement proved to be hardly better than the 
 other ; for the knights, as the capitalist body, controlled the 
 farming of revenues, having their financial agents {publicani) in 
 every province ; and they were influenced in their judgment of 
 questions of misgovernment very largely by the consideration 
 whether the governor on trial had been favorable or unfavor- 
 able to the men of their class engaged in collecting the revenue 
 in the territory under his administration. Sulla restored the 
 earlier arrangement; but the feeling between the orders was 
 more bitter than ever. Finally in 70 B. c. the Lex Aarelia 
 brought about at least a surface reconciliation, by providing for 
 a division of judicial functions equally between the Senate, the 
 body of knights, and the paymasters {tribuni aerarii), a class 
 recognized now for the first time. 
 
 3. societatem concordiamque : ' harmonious fellowship ; ' 
 hendiadys. 4. revocatos : by the Lex Aurelia, passed seven 
 
 years before ; but previous to this day no emergency had arisen 
 of such a character as to bring this harmony to the surface and 
 make it manifest to all. 
 
Page 112.] NOTES 263 
 
 11. tribunos aerarios : the position and functions of these 
 officials are not clearly understood, apart from the fact that 
 they were plebeians, and that in earlier times at least they were 
 especially concerned with the collecting and disbursement of 
 moneys for military purposes. scribas : s. c. foiblicos. As at 
 Rome the principal officers of government changed every year, 
 the permanent 'clerks' or 'secretaries' naturally came to be in- 
 dispensable by reason of their experience, and reached a degree 
 of importance entitling them to recognition as a distinct class. 
 The most prominent among them were those under the quaes- 
 tors (scribae quaestorii); for the management of the public 
 finances in large measure rested in their hands. 
 
 12. quos casu, etc.: on the nones of December the" new 
 quaestors came to the Treasury (in the Temple of Saturn, near 
 the Temple of Concord ; see Plan facing p. 76), in order to settle 
 by lot in what provinces they would spend their year of office. 
 The clerks gathered at the same place to determine (probably 
 also by lot) under what quaestors they were to serve. 13. fre- 
 quentasset : ' had gathered in throngs ; ' plup. on account of 
 esse conversos. 
 
 15. ingenuorum : 'free-born citizens,' as contrasted with those 
 that had come up from slavery, the 'freedmen' (libertini); 
 cf. 1. 20. 
 
 VIII. 20. Operae : see Idioms. 21. sua virtute : i. e. by 
 their exertions they had obtained their liberty and secured the 
 boon of citizenship. Cf. p. 58, and Acts xxii. 27, 28. 
 
 26. commemoro ; why not commemorem? 29. Servus 
 
 est nemo : more emphatic than nullus servt(s est. 30. qui 
 
 modo — sit : ' provided only he be,' or ' none at least who is ; ' 
 close limitation of servus nemo, while the following relative 
 clauses deal with broader characteristics. 32. haec : cf. p. 70, 
 11, and n. non quantum, etc.: i.e. noti tantum voluntatis 
 
 conferat, quantiwi conferre audet ; referring to slaves of the 
 conspirators. Reason for the position of voluntatis ? 
 
 Page 112. 2. lenonem : a term of contempt. 3. pretio : 
 
 ' for money.' Why abl. ? 7. ilium — locum : referring par- 
 
 ticularly to the Forum, on two sides of which at this time there 
 were rows of shops (tabemae); see Plan. 8. lectulum : cf. 
 
 p. 65, 5, and N. 9. otiosum : ' quiet,' ' peaceful,' as undis- 
 
 turbed by war's alarms. 13. instrumentum : ' appliance (of 
 
264 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 113. 
 
 industry).' 14. frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio : 
 
 what is this arrangement of words called ? A. 344, / ; G. 684 ; 
 H. 562. 16. quid, etc. : more forcible than quid tandem fuis- 
 
 set, si incensae essent? A. 310; G. 594, 2; H. 507, ill., 3, n. 7. 
 
 IX. 20. ex media morte : see Idioms. 27. arcem : on 
 the northern summit of the Capitoline hill, while the Capitolium 
 occupied the southern; these elevations were separated at the 
 middle of the hill by a depression. aras Penatium : i. e. 
 aras Penatium publicorum, in the Temple of Vesta. 28. il- 
 ium : with a gesture toward the small round Temple of Vesta, 
 over the centre of whose conical roof perhaps a thread of 
 smoke was seen curling upwards; cf. Plan facing p. 76. No- 
 tice the rhetorical effect of the anaphora and asyndeta. 
 
 32. omnium : sc. vestri. 33. hodierno die : see p. 106, I, 
 and n. 
 
 Page 113. 1- quae — facultas : ' an advantage which.' 
 habetis : ' you have (on your side).' 3. in civili causa : ' in 
 
 a political- issue.' 4. quantis . . . delerit . condensed for 
 
 quantis laboribus fundatum sit imperium (' the sovereignty ' of 
 our state), quanta virtute stabilita sit libertas, . . . quae una 
 nox paene delerit. Why subj. ? 
 
 7. una nox : the night of the arrest of the Allobroges, as 
 indicated by a passage in the oration for Flaccus (xl. 102): 
 O nox ilia, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, 
 cum Galli ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum 
 et flammam vocabantur ; some, however, think that the night of 
 the meeting at Laeca's, or that of the 19th of December, is 
 referred to. 8. non modo non : the second non is omitted 
 
 in some of the mss., and may possibly have been inserted by 
 some copyist. Cf. p. 71, 21, and N. 13. officio consulari : 
 
 Cf. N. to p. I03, I. 
 
 X. 14. ad sententiam : sc. rogandam ; cf. N. to p. 64, 28. 
 20. dignitas : here = auctoritas. 22. paenitebit : cf. Idioms. 
 mors, quam — minitantur : so modern anarchists are constantly 
 threatening death to those who enforce the laws. 26. gratu- 
 lationem : = supplicationem. Cf. p. 95, 21-28, and N. 
 
 28. ille : force? A. 102, b ; G. 292, 2; H. 450, 4. 29. in 
 Africam redire, Italia decedere : hysteron proteron. A. 385 ; 
 H. 636, v., 2. 30. Africanus : see Vocab. under Scipio (2). 
 
 33. quondam : belongs with the superlatives. 
 
Page 115.] NOTES 265 
 
 Page 114. 1. bis : by conquering the Teutones at Aquae Sex- 
 tiae in 102 b. c, the Cimbri at Vercellae in 101. 3. isdem 
 
 . . . continentur : cf. p. 101, 7-9, and N. 5. nisi forte: like 
 nisi vero (cf . p. 109, 24), used to introduce an exception ironically. 
 A. 315, b; G. 592, r. 4. 8. habeant, quo : i. e. liabeant locum, 
 quo. 
 
 9. uno loco: 'in one respect.' 14. cum: = 'although,' 
 
 '- even though ; ' here, as not infrequently, with the indefinite 
 second person singular. 16. possis : ' you cannot hope to 
 
 be able.' Why subj. ? 23. coniunctioiiem . . . Romano- 
 
 rum : so soon as the common danger was past, the old strife 
 between the two orders broke out again; cf. N. to p. in, 3. 
 
 XI. 26. pro : ' in place of.' imperio : the military com- 
 
 mand associated with the governorship of a province. exer- 
 
 citu : which he might have as provincial governor. 27. pro- 
 
 vincia : the provinces set aside for tlie consuls of 63 on the 
 expiration of their term of office were Cisalpine Gaul and 
 Macedonia, of which the latter fell by lot to Cicero, the former 
 to Antonius. But the orator made an exchange, in order to 
 give Macedonia, which of the two was far preferable, to his 
 colleague (see p. 38) ; and afterwards gave up Cisalpine Gaul 
 also, in order to remain at Rome. triumpho : which might 
 
 be secured by an aggressive governorship. 
 
 29. clientelis : provincial communities often retained a gov- 
 ernor after his term as their legal and business representative 
 at Rome, — a relation considered both honorable and lucrative 
 for the Roman. 30. quae: 'relations which.' urbanis 
 
 opibus : 'by my influence in the city.' 31. tueor : refers to 
 the old, comparo to the new, relations. pro : here ' in return 
 for.' 
 
 Page 115. 1- memoriam : cf. p. 100, 27, et seq. 4. meam 
 
 . . . superaverit : ' is destined to frustrate my hopes and to 
 prevail.' 5. filium : see p. 104, 24, and N. 8. suo solius 
 periculo : ' with danger to himself alone.' H. 398, 3. 
 
 Conclusion, 
 
 15. qui . . . possit : Cicero was as good as his word. After 
 the speech of Marcus Cato (Sail. Cat., lii. ; cf. p. 41), the Senate 
 voted for the execution of the conspirators. The consul thought 
 it best to carry out the decree before nightfall, as the darkness 
 
266 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE [Page 115. 
 
 might encourage an attempt at rescue (cf. Sail. Cat., LV.). Hav- 
 ing distributed an armed force about the central parts of the 
 city, he himself conducted Lentulus to the Mamertine Prison; 
 the other conspirators were brought thither by the praetors. ' In 
 the prison,' says Sallust, ' there is a place called the Tullianum 
 (see Illustration on p. 115), about twelve feet below the sur- 
 face of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it 
 there is a room constructed with stone vaulting ; but it is a dis- 
 gusting and horrible place, on account of the filth, the darkness, 
 and the stench. After Lentulus had been let down into this 
 dungeon, the executioners broke his neck with a noose ; so that 
 patrician, of the most noble line of the Cornelii, a man who had 
 exercised the consular authority at Rome, met an end suited to 
 his character and his deeds. Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and 
 Ceparius suffered the same penalty.' When they were all dead, 
 it is said that Cicero, who had waited at the door of the prison, 
 proclaimed the outcome to the silent and expectant crowd that 
 filled the Forum, with the single word Fuerunt, 'They are no 
 more.' 
 
Page 116.] 
 
 NOTES 267 
 
 THE SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION. 
 
 Page 116- Imperio ; here referring to a military command 
 of a special character (see p. 32) ; = ' Commission.' In the best 
 MSS. the title is given as de imperio Cn. Pompei y in some 
 others, as pro lege Manilia. 
 
 Introduction, i.-ii. (p. 118, 1. 3). 
 Exordium (see p. 34). 
 
 I, 1. frequens conspectus vester : refers to the sea of 
 upturned faces over which the orator looked as he came forward 
 on the Rostra; 'your assembled presence,' ' your thronging 
 presence.' For the occasion and circumstances of delivery, see 
 p. 27 et seq. 2 hie locus : see N. to Habita ad Populum, 
 
 on p. 227. ad agendum: i. e. ad agendum cum populo, 'for 
 
 addressing the people,' an expression used only of a magistrate, 
 and applicable to Cicero, as praetor ; but ad dicendum (sc. 
 apud popu/um), 'for public speaking,' has reference to any 
 one not a magistrate who may have been permitted to speak 
 from the Rostra. The same distinction is carried out in the 
 adjectives ; for what was ' most dignified ' for a magistrate 
 was ' most honorable,' ' most full of honor ' for a private 
 citizen. 
 
 4. aditu laudis : ' pathway to fame.' Kind of gen. ? 5. op- 
 timo cuique: 'to all the best' in a political sense; outside 
 of the magistrates only the most eminent men of the state 
 were allowed to speak from the Rostra. A. 93, c\ G, 305; 
 H. 458, 1. mea me: cf. p. 159, 20, and x. 6. rationes ; 
 
 = 'plan.' ab ineunte aetate : refers to the beginning of 
 
 life as a citizen, when the boy put on the toga virilis (see N. 
 to P- 11-, 3°) ! = ' from my entrance upon civil life,' ' when I 
 became of age.' 7. per aetatem : 'by reason of my years.' 
 8. huius auctoritatem loci : = ' this place of dignity.' A. 344, g. 
 
268 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 117- 
 
 9- perfectum ingenio : i. e. finished with maturity of intel- 
 lectual powers ; referring to the thought, while elaboratum has 
 reference to the form. 11 temporibus ; ' demands.' 
 
 12. Ita : belongs with the clause mens labor . . . consecictus. 
 In trans, make the first clause subordinate ; ' So while this 
 place, . . . my efforts,' etc. The co-ordinate construction was 
 preferred by the orator for the sake of the rhetorical antithesis. 
 13. vestram causam : i. e. cansam ret publicae. 14. peri- 
 
 culis : often used of criminal trials ; here a synonym of tem- 
 poribus above. caste integreque : ' irreproachably,' as not 
 having accepted presents contrary to the Cincian Law, passed 
 in 204 b. c, which made it unlawful for an advocate to receive 
 fees ; ' and incorruptibly,' as never having taken a bribe to 
 handle his side of the case poorly so as to allow an opponent 
 to win the suit over his client. 
 
 16. dilationem comitiorum : many circumstances were con- 
 sidered of enough significance to warrant the interruption and 
 postponement of an election. Such were the occurrence of 
 lightning, thunder, or rain, which were supposed to indicate the 
 disapproval of the gods ; the setting of the sun before the vot- 
 ing was all done ; and the outbreak of a disturbance in the 
 city. The reasons for a postponement in this c^se are not 
 known. \ 
 
 17. primus — renuntiatus sum ; ' I had been tlie first to be 
 announced.' There were eight praetorships to jDe filled (cf. 
 p. 59). Cicero each time received the first choice of all the 
 centuries ; but on the first two occasions the comitia were ad- 
 journed before the other seven praetors had all. been elected, 
 and the election had to be held over again - as if nothing 
 had been done. 18. quid aliis praescriberetis : i. e. ut ipsi 
 quoque caste integreque in aliorum periculis versarentur. 
 
 20. auctoritatis : ' personal influence.' 21. honoribus man- 
 dan dis : 'by entrusting official positions' to me. 22. vigilanti : 
 ' energetic ; ' so we speak of a ' wide-awake ' man. 
 
 Page 117. 1- forensi : = ' in the courts ; ' cf. p. 103, 14, 
 and N. 3. utar : ' I shall make .use (of it).' 4. in 
 
 dicendo : = ' as an orator.' 5. ei rei : ' that accomplishment.' 
 fructum : in the way of a longer opportunity to speak, and 
 that too with the prestige of an official position. 6. Atque : 
 'And further.' 7. in . . . dicendi: = 'while I have not had 
 
Page 117.] NOTES 269 
 
 practice in speaking from this place.' 9. oratio : ' speech,' 
 
 'language.' 10. Cn. : Why not Gn.f A. 6 ; H. 2, 3. 
 
 11. virtute : i. e. virtute imfteratoria, ' military character,' the 
 combination of qualities found in a perfect general. orationis : 
 
 here 'matter.' 
 
 Narratio. 
 
 II, 14. Atque : ' And so.' The narratio is brief, because the 
 people were already familiar with the facts. hide — unde , . . 
 ducitur : ' with that in which this entire state of affairs origi- 
 nates.' 16. vectigalibus : 'payers of tribute,' 'tributaries,' 
 the inhabitants of the provinces Asia and Bithynia ; while 
 sociis includes not only the provincials (see N. to p. 68, 25), but 
 also the rulers and inhabitants of associated states, as Cappa- 
 docia and Galatia. 17. Mithridate : the original form of the 
 word was Mithradates. 18. relictus : ' let slip ' by Lucullus 
 before Cabira; see p. 31. lacessitus : 'provoked' by the 
 haughty demand of the Roman ambassador Appius Claudius 
 for the surrender of Mithridates ; for the excuse which Tigranes 
 made see Memnon, xlvi. 
 
 20. Equitibus: the capitalists; cf. N. to p. ill, 3. 21. Asia: 
 the Roman province, comprising Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia, 
 and Phrygia; see Map. magnae . . . occupatae : 'great 
 
 fortunes are at stake, invested in farming your revenues ; ' see 
 n. to p. 122, 2. 23. necessitudine, etc. : Cicero's family 
 
 belonged to the order of knights ; see p. 1 . 
 
 25. Bithyniae . . . neminem : in indir. disc, as representing 
 the contents of the letters. nunc : Bithynia had been left 
 
 by will to the Roman people by Nicomedes III. in 75 b. c, and 
 organized as a province the following year. 26. regnum 
 
 Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia. 27. vestris vectigalibus : ' the 
 
 lands tributary to you,' 'your tithe-yielding lands,' the taxes 
 being put by metonymy for the regions in which they were 
 raised. 
 
 29. ab eo bello : we should say ' from the seat of war.' 
 huic qui successerit : Giabrio. 30 non esse paratum : 
 
 sc. eum ; a hint at the notorious incompetency of Glabrio. 
 31. unum : i. e. Pompey. civibus : Roman citizens in Asia 
 
 Minor, as indicated by the position after sociis- 
 
270 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 118 
 
 Partitio. 
 
 34. Causa, et seq. : a short but clear and appropriate transi- 
 tion to the treatment of the subject. A statement of the 
 theme, as that in quid agendum sit, considerate, was called by 
 the rhetoricians propositio. 
 
 Discussion. 
 A. The Character of the War. n. (p. 118, 1. 4) -vn. 
 
 Page 118. 4. quod : grammatically refers back to genus, 
 logically to belli j in our idiom, ' The war is of such a character 
 (i. e. being defensive) that it ought' 5. ad persequendi 
 
 studium: = ad id (bellum) studiose perseqnendum. 6. agitur: 
 'is at stake.' In the enumeration with agitur, aguntur (notice the 
 forceful anaphora), an outline of the subsequent argument of 
 this division is given ; first coma the considerations involv- 
 ing the national honor, then those based upon expediency. 
 
 9. amicorum : the title ' friend of the Roman People ' was 
 often conferred upon allied princes. 11. certissima : the wealth 
 and fertility of the province Asia were proverbial ; cf . p. 121, 
 17 et seq. 12. pacis ornamenta, subsidia belli: chiastic 
 
 order. The former refers particularly to the sums lavished on 
 the erection of temples and public buildings, and on the main- 
 tenance of public worship. 14. a vobis : not dat., to avoid 
 confusion with the dat. quidus ; 'for whose interests you must 
 make provision.' 
 
 III. 16. Et : ' And (indeed),' ' And (to be sure).' praeter 
 ceteras : in our idiom, ' above all other.' 18. bello supe- 
 
 riore : 88-84 c - C. ; no account is made of the second Mithri- 
 datic war, 83-81 ; cf. pp. 29, 30. 19. insedit : 'has sunk in.' 
 21. tota in Asia : used instead of tota Asia, so as to cor- 
 respond with tot in civitatiMis. Cf. A. 258, f, 2 ; G. 386 ; 
 H. 425, 2. 22. una significatione litterarum : = ' by a single 
 
 written order,' explaining nuntioj like our phrase, 'by a stroke 
 of the pen.' So Ahasuerus (Xerxes) sent forth an order to destroy 
 all the Jews (Esther hi. 12-15). 24. suscepit: 'has suffered.' 
 26. et ita:=:'yes, and so.' 28. patrio regno: cf. p. 27. 
 
 vectigalibus : cf. p. 117, 27, and n. 29. in Asiae luce : = 
 
Page 119.] NOTES 271 
 
 'in the front of Asia,' 'in the face of Asia,' the populous and 
 highly civilized regions along the Aegean Sea ; contrasted with 
 Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris. 
 
 31. insignia victoriae : for triumphos ; preferred for the sake 
 of contrast with victoriam. 32. L. Sulla : his triumph was in 
 8 1 and lasted two days, presenting a magnificent display of 
 spoils and captives; that of Murena — more a mockery than a 
 triumph — was celebrated in the following year. 34. ita : i. e. 
 in such a limited way — after the manner of "the play of Ham- 
 let with Hamlet left out." 
 
 Page 119. 1. ille . . . regnaret : ' (though) routed and van- 
 quished, he (yet) remained king.' 2. quod egerunt : ' in that 
 they were energetic,' ' in that they did something ; ' implied re- 
 flection upon Glabrio, who is doing nothing. 3. reliquerunt: 
 'left (something) undone.' 4. res publica : 'the (condition of) 
 public affairs,' 'the public interest.' 
 
 IV. 7. ad oblivionem veteris belli : i. e. ad oblivionem ve- 
 teris belli facienda?n sibi el populo Romano. 10. Bospora- 
 
 nis : peoples along the Cimmerian Bosporus (Bosporus Cim- 
 merzcus), in the modern Crimea; see Map. 12. legatos ac 
 
 litteras : a kind of hendiadys ; we should say, ' envoys with 
 letters.' duces : Sertorius and his associates. This alliance 
 was brought about by two renegade Romans, Lucius Magius 
 and Lucius Fannius. Sertorius sent Roman officers to train the 
 forces of Mithridates; the latter agreed to send ships and men 
 to Sertorius (see p. 124, 2-4). 14. disiunctissimus : 'very 
 
 widely separated,' while maxime diversis means ' most unlike,' 
 referring to the differences in climate and surroundings. 
 15. binis : why not duo ? Cf. A. 95, b; G. 95, R. 2 ; H. 174, 
 2, 3). 16. ancipiti : ' on two sides.' de imperio : ' for 
 
 empire,' 'for sovereignty.' 
 
 19. quae . . . habebat : spoken out of compliment to Pom- 
 pey. firmamenti : ' support,' referring to external resources, 
 
 as contrasted with roboris, ' strength,' internal power. 21. vir- 
 tute : cf. p. 117, 11, and N. res —est administrata : for 
 
 bellum est administratum. 22. initia . . . videantur : = ' it 
 
 appears that those great and brilliant successes at the begin- 
 ning must have been due, not to good fortune, but to general- 
 ship,' etc. Cf. N. to p. 67, 17. 24. extrema . . . fortunae : 
 see p. 31 ; the defeat of Triarius took place in the absence of 
 
272 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 120. 
 
 Lucullus. 27. ut — videatur : ' that it will be seen that.' 
 
 Why not fut. ? 30. exorsus : ' first part ; ' more general than 
 exordium. 31. putetis : Cicero often introduces a word 
 
 meaning 'think,' 'consider,' in cases like this, in order to soften 
 the expression. Trans, freely, ' in your view,' as if quem . . . 
 suscipiendum followed immediately after videte. 
 
 V. 33. nostris : ' of ours.' iniuriosius : ' (only) somewhat 
 unfairly ; ' perhaps the orator has in mind the wars against the 
 piratical peoples of Illyria. Cf. Cic. in Verr. V. lviii. 149: 
 Quot bella maiores nostras et quanta suscepisse arbitramini, 
 quod cives Romani iniuria adfecti, quod navicularii retenti, 
 quod mercatores spoliati dicerentur ? 
 
 Page 120. 2. appellati superbius : at a meeting of the 
 Achaean League, at Corinth. Cicero for obvious reasons adopts 
 the mildest form of the tradition regarding the treatment of the 
 ambassadors ; according to one account they were hooted out of 
 the meeting, and in another mention is made of violence. 
 
 3. totius Graeciae lumen : there is a similar expression in a 
 fugitive Greek verse, Kopwdos aa-rpov ova aarjpov 'E\Xd8os, ' Co- 
 rinth, of Greece the undimmed star.' So Milton (Par. Regained, 
 iv. 240) speaks of 
 
 " Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts." 
 
 exstinctum : not exstinctam, on account of the influence of the 
 nearer appositive lumen. A. 204, b ; G. 202, exc. 3 ; H. 462, N. 2. 
 
 5. legatum consularem : Manius Aquillius, who had been 
 consul in ioi B. c. with Marius ; see p. 29. 6. omni suppli- 
 
 cio : ' with every kind of torture.' excruciatum necavit : 
 
 trans, as if excruciavit et necavit. A. 292, R. ; G. 667, R. 1 ; 
 H. 549, 5. 8. vitam ereptam : ' the taking of life,' i. e. 
 
 civibus Romanis. A. 292, a; G. 667, R. 2; H. 549, 5, N. 2. 
 9. verbo : 'by a word (merely).' 10. relinquetis : for in- 
 
 ultum esse patiemini. Of the sacredness of the right of em- 
 bassy Cicero elsewhere says (de Har. Res. xvi. 34): Sic enim 
 sentio, ius legatorum, cum hominum praesidio munitum sit, 
 turn etia7n divi?io hire esse vallatum. 
 
 14. Quid, quod : cf. p. 67, 33, and N. summum pericu- 
 
 lum ac discrimen : rhetorical amplification, as if we should 
 say 'the greatest and extreme danger.' 15. animo : see 
 
 Idioms. 16. Ariobarzanes : see pp. 29, 30. 17. ami- 
 
Page 121.] NOTES 273 
 
 cus : see N. top. i iS, 9. duo reges : see p. 117, 15-19. 
 
 20. cuncta Asia : without in, after the analogy of tota Asia; 
 cf. p. 118, 21, and N. 24, id facere, etc.: Glabrio or Lucul- 
 
 lus might make life a burden for them if they should present 
 such a request. 
 
 25. quod vos : i. e. videte et senlitis. 26. summa sint 
 
 omnia : ' all qualities exist in the highest degree.' propter : 
 'close at hand,' in Cilicia, settling the affairs of that region 
 after the campaign against the pirates. 27. quo :' wherefore.' 
 carent aegrius : we might say, ' feel all the worse ' not to have 
 his help. ipso : = ' merely.' 28. maritimum bellum : 
 
 see p. 32. 29. impetus hostium repressos : it was thought 
 
 that Mithridates refrained from following up his victory over 
 Triarius and pushing again to the west of Asia on account of 
 the nearness of Pompey, who might come up from the south 
 coast and attack him in the rear. 
 
 33. dignos, et seq. : ' to consider them worthy of having 
 their welfare entrusted to such a man.' A. 320, f; G. 556, R. 2; 
 H. 503, 11. 2. 34. hoc : why abl. ? ceteros : here = ' in 
 
 other cases.' 
 
 Page 121. 2. defendant : sc. earn (i. e. provincicun). 3. ad- 
 ventus : pi. because more than one instance is thought of. 
 4. hostili expugnatione : almost = hostium expugnatione ; see 
 p. 131, 9, et seq. 5. praesentem : cf. p. 120, 26, and N. 
 
 8. commoratur : the indie, shows that here the orator is pre- 
 senting the thought as his own, rather than that of the pro- 
 vincials. 
 
 VI. 9 propter socios : unhappily in ancient as in modern 
 times, the rights of allies only too often have been made merely 
 a pretext to crush a weaker or rival power. 10. cum An- 
 
 tiocho : on behalf of the kings Attalus and Eumenes of Perga- 
 mus, and the Rhodians; 192-188 B. c. cum Philippo : at the 
 request of Athens; 201-196 B.C. 11. cum Aetolis : they 
 
 had become involved in the war with Antiochus, 191. cum 
 
 Poenis : in the First Punic war, at the request of the Mamer- 
 tini, in Messana; in the Second, for Saguntum; and in the 
 Third, for Massinissa. The orator presents instances of wars 
 for allies first with two kings, then with two peoples, making 
 no account of the chronological order. 
 
 14. de . . . agatur : trans, as if maxima vestra vectigalia 
 18 
 
274 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 122. 
 
 aguntur; cf. p. I iS, n. 16. tanta : tantula, i. e. '(only) 
 
 great enough.' ad — tutandas ; i. e. to provide for the troops 
 stationed in those provinces. 17. Asia : Sicily and Asia were 
 the most fertile among all the Roman provinces. 18. uber- 
 
 tate, etc. : an enumeration of the three great sources of revenue, 
 — produce of the soil, pasturage, and exports and imports. 
 19. fructuum : ' of products,' including not only the different 
 varieties of grain, but also vegetables, as peas and beans, and 
 olive-oil and wine. 20. quae exportentur : yielding porioria; 
 cf. 1. 31, below. 
 
 22. et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem rhetorical ex- 
 pression for eas res (i. e. vectigalia) quibus et belli utilitas et 
 pacis dignitas continentur ; cf. p. 118, 12, and N. 25. venit : 
 i. e. venit. 26. in : ' in the case of.' 31. ex portu : cor- 
 
 responds to mercatorum navigatio. Customs duties {porioria) 
 were collected at the harbors. 32. decumis : 'tithes,' i.e. a 
 tenth of all the produce of the soil. ex scriptura : ' from 
 (pasturage) registration.' The herdsmen and shepherds were 
 obliged to state in writing to the tax-collectors the number of 
 animals they purposed to keep in the pastures during the season ; 
 the lists thus obtained were made the basis of taxation for this 
 source of revenue. 
 
 Page 122. 2. qui — pensitant : the natives ; Roman citizens 
 at this time paid no taxes anywhere. qui exercent : 'who 
 farm (them).' The revenues of a province at this time were 
 sold to the highest bidder, that is to the corporation or indi- 
 vidual who would agree to collect and pay over the largest sum 
 to the state treasury each year for a specified term, keeping 
 all that might be collected over and above that sum for profit. 
 Revenue farmers were required to give ample security, and were 
 bound by rigorous contracts. In the case of Asia and the 
 other large provinces, the amounts involved were so enormous 
 that the revenues were farmed by great stock companies, which 
 kept their headquarters at Rome, where all payments were 
 made into the treasury, but had stockholders or other repre- 
 sentatives at every place in the territory in which they made 
 collections. Ordinarily each company undertook to handle but 
 one kind of revenue. So wealthy and powerful were these 
 revenue corporations, which were composed of members of the 
 equestrian order, the knights, that in a measure they took the 
 
Page 122.] NOTES 275 
 
 place of government banking institutions. 3. exigunt : '(who) 
 collect (them) ; ' refers particularly to the members of the cor- 
 poration on the ground, who in the actual collecting were assisted 
 by paid agents and slaves. 
 
 6. familias : ' troops of helpers,' mainly slaves. in salti- 
 
 bus : ' on the pasture lands,' collecting taxes on flocks and herds. 
 7. portubus : A. 70, d; G. 67, R. I ; H. 117, 1, 2). custodiis : 
 ' (at the) stations,' guarding frontiers and coasts to prevent 
 smuggling. 8. magno periculo : ' (only) at great risk.' 
 
 Putatisne : might Num fintatis have been expected? 9. vo- 
 
 bis fructui : = ' a source of income to you.' 
 
 VII. 12. Ac ne illud quidem : ' And that too — not.' 
 13. cum essem — dicturus : ' as I set out to speak.' 14. ad 
 — pertinet : ' it (i. e. belhim) affects.' 17. et : expects a cor- 
 responding et, the place of which is taken by deinde in 1. 23. 
 18. ornatissimi : from a financial point of view. rationes et 
 copias : ' enterprises and capital' 19. ipsorum per se : ' in 
 
 and of themselves ' as a class, leaving other interests out of 
 consideration. 
 
 21. nervos rei publicae : like our ' sinews of war.' 
 
 22. eum ordinem: i.e. piddicanorum. firmamentum, etc.: 
 i. e. because holding the purse-strings ; see N. to 1. 2, above. 
 
 23. ceterorum ordinum : comprising (a) the senatorial order; 
 (b) those members of the equestrian order not members of the 
 revenue corporations, i. e. or do equestris so far as this was not 
 included in the ordo (publicanorum) of 1. 22 ; and ic) the third 
 estate, or commons, — ■ all those not belonging to the senatorial 
 or equestrian orders. 
 
 25. ipsi : ' in person,' referring to the men of the commons 
 who were in the provinces, especially as traders. quibus : cf. 
 Idioms. absentibus : 'in their absence' from Italy; cf. p. 58 
 under "citizens." 26. partim eorum : '(while) part of them.' 
 
 (A. 216, «, 4; G. 371, R. 4; H. 397, 4), i. e. ex ceteris ordinibus, 
 having especial reference to members of the Senate. It was 
 considered inconsistent with the standing of senators to engage 
 openly in commercial enterprises ; hence they often made invest- 
 ments as silent partners with those engaged in business in the 
 provinces. 27. pecunias : ' sums of money ; ' hence magnas 
 
 instead of multas. collocatas habent: 'have placed' in a 
 financial sense, 'have invested.' A. 292, c; G. 230; H. 388, 1, N. 
 
276 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 123. 
 
 28. Est : subject ? 30. a re publica : i. e. a calamitate rei 
 publicae. 31. parvi refert : in reply to a possible objection, = 
 'there is little in the consideration that.' A. 252, a ; G. 379; 
 H. 404. 32. his : sc. vectigalibus. 33. isdem, etc. : the 
 
 present revenue farmers, ruined, will not have the ' means,' 
 others will not dare, to undertake the farming of revenues in 
 these regions hereafter. redimendi : sc. vectigalia ; the regu- 
 lar term used of bidding off the right to collect the revenues 
 of a particular province or district. 
 
 Page 123. 2. iste : the orator views Mithridates as if he 
 were an opponent present before them. 3. certe : with docti, 
 ' at any rate made wiser.' 4. res : ' property.' 5. solutione 
 impedita: 'by the stopping of payments' from the province. 
 6. fidem : ' credit.' 7. ut, etc. : trans, by ' without ' and a 
 
 participial construction. Is the economic principle stated a sound 
 one ? 
 
 10. haec ratio pecuniarum : ' this system of finance.' 11. in 
 foro : the shops of the money changers and money lenders 
 {tabernae argentariae) were about the Forum. 12. implicata 
 
 est cum — et cohaeret : ' is involved and intimately connected 
 with.' 13. ilia : ' those (interests).' 14. eodem motu : ' by 
 
 the same shock.' Qua re videte : introduces the summing up 
 of the first division of the speech. 15. studio : ' earnestness.' 
 17. fortunae — coniunctae cum re publica : ' interests involved 
 with those of the state.' 
 
 B. The Greatness of the War. viii.-ix. 
 
 VIII. 20. enim : 'Now really.' 22. ita magnum : used 
 
 instead of tantum, to correspond with ita necessarium. In 
 quo : ' And in this regard.' 
 
 26. L. Lucullo, et seq. : the laudation of Lucullus is intro- 
 duced opportunely at this point. The orator thereby forestalls 
 the possible charge of slighting the services of this general, 
 arouses the interest of his audience by suggesting the inquiry 
 how, if Lucullus accomplished so much, the war can now be 
 so urgent, and prepares the way for the commendation of Pom- 
 pey, who is to be made out so much greater. 
 
 28. dico : emphatic, ' I affirm.' eius adventu : ' at (the 
 
 time of) his arrival.' 29. Mithridati: A. 235, a; G. 343, R. 2 . 
 
 H. 384, 4, n. 2. copias : see p. 30. 30. instructas fuisse 
 
Page 124.] NOTES 277 
 
 — obsessam esse: in dir, disc, instructae erant — obsidebatur. 
 Why ? urbem, et seq. : after withdrawing from Chalcedon 
 
 (see p. 30) Mithridates besieged Cyzicus, which held out against 
 him with great obstinacy. After a time Lucullus cut off his 
 supplies and forced him to give up the siege and retreat. 
 
 Page 124. 1. liberavit : parenthetical statement, hence not 
 liberatam esse. classem : consisting of fifty ships and con- 
 
 veying ten thousand men ; it was defeated near the island of 
 Lemnos in the Aegean Sea. See N. to p. 154, 15. 2. stu- 
 
 dio : ' with party feeling.' 3. raperetur : ' was being hurried 
 along ; ' appropriately spoken of a fleet of war-ships driven by 
 oars. 6 Pontum : see p. 27 and Map. qui : concessive, 
 
 = cum is. 7. ex omni aditu : i. e. ex omni parte, tibi 
 
 aditus est. Cf. p. 154, 5, et seq. 8. domicilia regis: i. e. 
 
 /3ao/Afta, 'royal residences.' 10. permultas : 'in very great 
 
 number.' uno aditu: rhetorical exaggeration; several of the 
 
 cities offered vigorous resistance, and were finally taken only 
 after a siege. 
 
 12. alios reges : Tigranes, king of Armenia ; Machares, a 
 son of Mithridates, who ruled the regions about the Cimmerian 
 Bosporus ; and Arsaces, king of the Parthians. 13. salvis : 
 
 in a financial sense, as often ; freely, ' without taxing the allies 
 of the Roman people, and without drawing on your revenues,' 
 the booty amounting to more than enough to pay the expenses 
 of the war. 15. atque ita : 'and of such a degree.' 
 
 16. huic obtrectant legi: 'oppose this bill,' on the ground that 
 Lucullus is able to bring the war to a successful termination. 
 
 IX. 19. Requiretur fortasse : anticipating a possible objec- 
 tion ; having given Lucullus so high praise, the orator proceeds 
 to show why he is no longer able to cope with Mithridates. 
 
 24. Ponto : used in a broad sense, also with anachronism ; 
 for the myth of Medea was associated with Colchis, which was 
 east of Pontus proper, and could be reckoned with it only as 
 forming a part of the kingdom of Mithridates, — that, too, long 
 after the time to which the myth belonged. ilia : trans. ' the 
 
 famous.' A. 102, b; G. 292, 2; H. 450, 4. 25. quam, etc.: 
 
 as Medea was fleeing with Jason — the story ran — and wished 
 to impede the pursuit of her father Aeetes, she hacked to pieces 
 her small brother Absyrtus and scattered the fragments of his 
 body along the way. 27. eorum collectio dispersa : i. e. 
 
278 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 125. 
 
 collectio eorum dispersortun ('in different places'). 31. bello 
 
 . . . congesserat : see p. 29. direptas : trans, as if diripuerat 
 et. A. 292, r. ; G. 667, r. 1 ; H. 549, 5. 33. omnia : reason 
 
 for position ? diligentius : put mildly for avide. 34. il- 
 
 ium : Aeetes. 35. hos : the soldiers of Lucullus. 
 
 Page 125. 2. excepit: not immediately ; see p. 31. rebus: 
 dat. after diffidentem. 3. recreavit : as we say, 'put new life 
 into him.' Cuius in regnum — venit : in 69 b. c. ; see p. 31. 
 
 5. gentes : peoples along the Caspian Sea and southwards to 
 the Persian Gulf ; cf. Plut. Lucullus, xxvi. 
 
 7 quas . . . putavit : implying criticism of Lucullus, Though 
 there had been no lack of pretexts for interference, the Roman 
 Senate had refrained from becoming involved in hostilities with 
 Tigranes and other rulers in the interior. 8. lacessendas 
 
 bello : = ' provoked by (active) hostilities,' while teniptandas, 
 ' exasperated,' refers to the taxing of patience with, unreasonable 
 demands and petty meanness. 9. gravis atque vehemens 
 
 opinio : ' a deep-seated and fanatical conviction.' 10. fani : 
 
 what temple is referred to is not known; according to Momm- 
 sen (Vol. IV., p. 89), probably " the temple of the Persian 
 Nanaea or Anaitis in Elymais or the modern Luristan, the most 
 celebrated and the richest shrine in the whole region of the 
 Euphrates." 
 
 15. urbem : Tigranocerta ; see Map. ex regno : instead 
 
 of regni ; lends prominence to the fact that but one city was 
 taken, and indirectly detracts from the credit of Lucullus. 
 16. proeliis . see Idioms. 17, tamen . . . commovebatur : 
 a euphemistic way of alluding to the mutiny, which was the 
 real cause of the retreat. For the facts cf. p. 31. 18. Hie: 
 
 ' On this point.' 19. illud extremum : ' the final outcome.' 
 
 25. fortunae : pi. because referring to more than one instance. 
 multorum opes: i.e. multos potentes ; we should say 'many 
 men of resources.' 30. regnum suum : Pontus. 31. eo : 
 
 explained by the clause 7/t . . . attingeret. 
 
 Page 126. 1- poetae : as perhaps Naevius, who wrote a his- 
 tory of the First Punic War in Saturnian metre ; or Ennius 
 (see Vocab.) in his Annates. 2. calamitatem : euphemistic 
 
 for cladem, referring to the defeat of Triarius in 67 B. c. 
 4. non ex proelio nuntius : i. e. Lucullus first learned of 
 the defeat from the natives, before messengers from Triarius 
 
Page 12S.J NOTES 279 
 
 reached him. Some understand the passage to imply that not 
 a Roman of that corps was left alive to tell the tale ; this 
 would be rhetorical exaggeration, for Triarius escaped, as well 
 as a small portion of his troops. 
 
 5. in illo ipso malo : i. e. in that disaster as it stood, = 
 'immediately upon that disaster.' 6. tamen : 'nevertheless,' 
 
 in spite of the seriousness of the defeat. aliqua ex parte : 
 
 < in some measure.' 7. potuisset : i. e. if he had retained the 
 command. Why subj. ? vestro — qui : cf. nostra — qui, 
 
 p. 64, 5 and N. 9. vetere exemplo : ' in accordance with 
 
 ancient precedent.' Lucullus had held command in Asia since 
 74; but the limitation of the period of military commissions was 
 being observed now less strictly than ever before. The real 
 reason for the recall of Lucullus lay in the number and activity 
 of his personal enemies. 10. qui: '(those) who.' Lucullus 
 
 remained in charge of a part of his troops till Pompey assumed 
 command of the war against Mithridates. 
 
 12. ea : i. e. quae praetereo ; explained by quantum . . . 
 pulso. 13. quantum : i. e. quam magnum et quam pericu- 
 
 losum. putetis : 'you are to consider;' cf. N. to p. 119, 31. 
 
 14. coniungant : = 'unite in waging.' Reason for the order of 
 words in this and the following clauses ? 15. integrae : with 
 which the Romans have not yet waged war. novus : hence 
 
 inexperienced ; a hint at Glabrio. 16. noster : ' of ours,' 
 
 'sent by us.' 
 
 C. The Choice of a Commander, x.-xxiii. 
 
 A. Affirmative Argument (see p. 35). 
 
 X. 17. Satis . . . videor : ' I think I have said enough 
 (to show) ; ' followed by a summary of the preceding parts. 
 18. esset: trans, as if present; why not sit? A. 287, z; H. 
 495, 1. 19. restat ut — dicendum esse videatur : = ' there 
 
 remains only the apparent necessity of speaking,' ' I have yet 
 to speak only of ; ' restat ut, like reliqtium est ut, is used to in- 
 troduce the last point in a series ; here, the last of the three 
 main divisions of the speech. 21. videatur : used, like pu- 
 
 tetis (cf. p. 119, 31, and N.), to lend an air of modesty to the 
 expression and round out the sentence. 
 
280 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 127. 
 
 22. inuocentium : opposed to avarorum j see p. 130, 24 et 
 seq. haberetis : why not habeatis f A. 267, and b ; G. 253, 
 254; H. 483, 1, 2. 23. potissimum : = ' above all others.' 
 
 25. unus : ' (only) one.' 26. sunt : why not sint ? 27. an- 
 tiquitatis : abstract for concrete ; ' the men of the past cherished 
 in memory.' virtute : cf. p. 117, 11 and N. 30. summo : 
 
 'of the first rank.' res: 'qualities.' 31. scientiam rei 
 
 militaris : ' mastery of the art of war.' An enumeration such 
 as the following was called by the rhetoricians a thesis. vir- 
 tutern : here 'power as a general.' 
 
 33. scientior : sc. rei militaris. 34. pueritiae discipli- 
 
 nis : 'the training of childhood.' 
 
 Page 127. 1. bello maximo : the Social War. In 89 b. c. 
 Pompey's father, then consul, took Asculum and conquered the 
 people of Picenum. The next year as proconsul he reduced 
 the Vestinians and Paelignians. In 87, at the request of the 
 Senate, he went to Rome to prevent Cinna from entering the 
 city ; and at this time young Pompey rendered him important 
 service in repressing mutiny and thwarting plots to take his 
 life. 4. ineunte : see Idioms. In 83 b. c, as Sulla came 
 
 back from the East, Pompey raised three legions in the Picene 
 country, where his father had great estates, and set out to join 
 that champion of the aristocracy. On the way he gained three 
 victories over detachments of the Marian party. When he 
 finally joined Sulla, greeting his commander with the salutation 
 " Imperator," the latter, pleased with his troops and his victo- 
 ries, hailed him "Imperator" in return. 
 
 5. hoste, inimico : distinction ? 7. confecit : ' has com- 
 
 pletely reduced.' 9. alienis . . . triumphis : an elaborate but 
 
 forceful climax of antitheses. 
 
 13. Civile [bellum] : between Marius and Sulla ; reference in 
 particular to Pompey's brief and victorious campaign in 82 b. c. 
 against Carbo in Sicily, and that in jy against M. Aemilius Lepi- 
 dus, who endeavored to overthrow the constitution as established 
 by Sulla, but was driven out of Italy, then out of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 Africanum : this campaign, also in 82 b. c, was against Gnaeus 
 Domitius Ahenobarbus, of the Marian party, and Hiarbas, king 
 of Numidia, who had entered into an alliance with him. With 
 six legions Pompey destroyed the forces of both commanders 
 at Utica, and captured their camp. Domitius was killed. Hiar- 
 
Page 128.] NOTES 281 
 
 bas escaped to his own kingdom, where he was shortly 
 afterwards murdered, being succeeded by Hiempsal. 
 
 14. Transalpinum : a series of engagements with tribes of 
 Transalpine Gaul that had been induced by emissaries of Serto- 
 rius to oppose Pompey on his march to Spain, in 76 B. c. 
 Hispaniense : with Sertorius and the remnants of the Sertorian 
 party in Spain ; this war came to an end shortly after the death 
 of Sertorius in 72 B. c. Between Hispaniense and ser'vile the 
 mss. insert mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex bellicosissimis na- 
 tionibics. The thought of the inserted clause is not inappro- 
 priate in the connection ; yet it is not good Latin, and interrupts 
 the movement of the sentence, so that it may safely be rejected 
 as not Ciceronian, at least in its present form. servile : on 
 his way from Spain in 71, Pompey accidentally fell in with a 
 troop of five thousand slaves from the army of Spartacus, and 
 easily defeated and slew them. They had escaped the fate of 
 their associates in the battle with Crassus in Lucania, and were 
 trying to cut their way through into Gaul. Elated with the vic- 
 tory, Pompey sent word to the Senate that Crassus had beaten 
 the slaves in battle, but that he had plucked up the war by the 
 roots. navale : with the pirates; see p. 32, and chap. xn. 
 
 15. varia . . . hostium : i.e. 'different kinds of wars with 
 enemies in far different places.' 17. nullam . . . militari : 
 'that there is no point arising in military experience.' 
 
 XI. 19- virtuti : here 'character,' as the sum of the traits 
 mentioned below. 22. illae sunt, etc. : illae virtutes impera- 
 toriae ('qualities befitting a commander'), quae viclgo existi- 
 mantur (' are generally so regarded '), non stint solae virtutes 
 imperatoriae. The 'other qualities' are not discussed till chap. 
 xiii. (p. 130, 19 et seq.). 
 
 23. labor in negotiis : i.e.' power of application in matters 
 of routine.' 24. industria in agendo : ' energy in action.' 
 
 25. consilium in providendo : 'resource in calculation.' 
 
 26. quae : ' and these qualities.' 
 
 29. Italia, etc. : see N. to 1. 4, above. The orator touches 
 lightly on this point ; for Pompey's service under Sulla was 
 against the leaders of that party to representatives of which he 
 was speaking. 31. Sicilia — Africa: see N. to 1. 13, above. 
 
 Page 128 1. Gallia — Hispania — Italia : see n. to p. 127, 
 14. 7. absente : in Spain. Crassus requested the Senate to 
 
282 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 128. 
 
 recall Pompey from Spain and Marcus Lucullus from Thrace to 
 help in putting down the war with Spartacus, then made haste 
 to finish the war himself in order to get the full credit. 
 9. iam: 'further.' 11. universa : 'throughout their extent.' 
 
 13. Quis locus, etc. : the boldness and success of the pirates 
 at the time referred to almost transcend belief. In the words of 
 Mommsen (Vol. IV., p. 99): "Almost under the eyes of the fleet 
 of Lucullus, the pirate Athenodorus surprised in 685 (= 69 B. c.) 
 the island of Uelos, destroyed its far-famed shrines and temples, 
 and carried off the whole population into slavery. The island 
 Lipara, near Sicily, paid to the pirates a fixed tribute annually 
 to remain exempt from like attacks. Another pirate chief, Hera- 
 cleon, destroyed in 682 (72 B. c.) the squadron equipped in Sicily 
 against him, and ventured with no more than four open boats 
 to sail into the open harbor of Syracuse. . . . But even die 
 sacred soil of Italy was no longer respected by the shameless 
 transgressors : from Croton they carried off with them the tem- 
 ple treasures of the Lacinian Hera ; they landed in Brundisium, 
 Misenum, and Caieta, in the Etruscan ports, and even in Ostia 
 itself ; they seized the most eminent Roman officers as captives, 
 among others the admiral of the Cilician army, and two praetors 
 with their whole retinue, with the dreaded fasces themselves and 
 all the insignia of their dignity; . . . they destroyed in the port 
 of Ostia the Roman war fleet equipped against them and com- 
 manded by a consul. The Latin husbandman, the traveller on 
 the Appian highway, the genteel visitor at the terrestrial para- 
 dise of Baiae, were no longer secure of their property or their 
 life for a single moment ; all traffic and all intercourse were sus- 
 pended ; the most dreadful scarcity prevailed in Italy, and espe- 
 cially in the capital, which subsisted on transmarine grain." 
 
 17. hieme : i. e. exposed to winter storms; yet even these (cf. 
 Dio Cass., XXXVI., iv.) were not a protection against the 
 freebooters. Navigation on the Mediterranean ordinarily ceased 
 from about the middle of November to the earlier part of 
 March; cf. Acts xxvii. 9, 12. referto : followed by the gen. 
 
 after the analogy of plenus. A. 218, a ; G. 373; H. 399, I., 3. 
 20. omnibus imperatoribus : i. e. living at that time. Notice 
 the chiastic order in ab omnibus uno anno — omnibus annis ab 
 uno imperatore. omnibus annis : i. e. of his life. 
 
 XII. 28. Fuit: not erat, as implying that what has been no 
 
Page 129.] NOTES 283 
 
 longer is ; cf. p. 62, 5 and N. 29. proprium : ' characteristic' 
 
 30. propugnaculis : armies and fleets. 32. dicam : why 
 
 subj. ? 33. vestri : emphatic, ' your own.' According to Plu- 
 tarch (Pomp, xxiv.), the pirates had more than a thousand ships, 
 and had captured over four hundred towns. hieme : see 
 
 Idioms. 
 
 Page 129. 1. venirent: to Rome, as ambassadors. 2. re- 
 dempti sint : ' were ransomed.' There is a story that a certain 
 Roman ambassador was ransomed by his wife ; as no other 
 instance of the kind has come down to us, possibly the pi. 
 here is rhetorical. 3. duodecim secures : i. e. two praetors ; 
 for outside of Rome a praetor was allowed to have six lictors. 
 Cf. Plut. Pomp. xxiv. : ' On one occasion (the pirates) seized two 
 praetors, Sextilius and Bellinus, in their purple-bordered robes 
 of office, together with their attendants and lictors, and carried 
 them all off.' 
 
 4. Cnidum, etc. : all formerly great commercial centres. See 
 Map. 7. eos portus, quibus, etc. : Caieta, Misenum, Ostia. 
 
 Owing to the decline of Italian farming and the enormous 
 increase of population at Rome, the city depended for its sub- 
 sistence on the supplies of grain which were imported from 
 Sicily, Sardinia, Egypt, and Africa, through the harbors nearest 
 the city. If the importation of grain was interfered with, there 
 was immediate alarm ; if it was stopped, distress was soon felt. 
 
 9. An vero ignoratis : in ordinary prose, Nam profecto tion 
 ignoratis. celeberrimum : ' much frequented.' 10. inspec- 
 tante praetore : ' under the eyes of the praetor ' who, presum- 
 ably, had been sent to protect the harbor. 12. liberos : 
 rhetorical pi. ; the daughter of Marcus Antonius the orator was 
 taken, and was ' ransomed for a great sum of money ' (Plut. 
 Pomp. xxiv.). For the efforts of this Antonius against the 
 pirates in 102 B.C., see Mommsen, Vol. III., p. 171; for those 
 of his son, see n. to p. 143, 2. 
 
 15. cum : i. e. quae turn accepta est, cum. prope inspec- 
 
 tantibus vobis : Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, was only 
 sixteen miles from Rome; yet there the pirates sailed into the 
 harbor ' and burned the ships and plundered everything ' (Dio 
 Cass. XXXVI. v.). 16. consul : his name, omitted by Cicero 
 no doubt to spare the disgrace, is not known. 20. lucem : 
 i. e. hope of safety. adferre : ' shed.' 22. ei : saves the 
 
284 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 130. 
 
 repetition of vos ; in our idiom, = ' even you.' How lit.? 
 Oceani ostium : i. e. /return Gaditanum, the Straits of Gibral- 
 tar ; contrasted — also with chiastic arrangement — with ostium 
 Tiberinum. The contrast was more forceful to the ancient than 
 to the modern mind, because of the primitive but current con- 
 ception of the ocean as a stream flowing about the earth. 
 
 24. Atque: 'And then.' 25. praetereunda non sunt: for 
 
 praetereundum non est ; attracted to agree with haec, which be- 
 longs with gesta sint. 27. tarn brevi tempore : repeated in 
 celeriter j for tain brevi tempore quam celeriter is simply a 
 fuller expression for tarn celeriter quam, making prominent the 
 great rapidity of movement. 29. tanti belli impetus : i. e. 
 ' an attacking fleet of so great force ; ' a striking metaphor, per- 
 haps chosen to provide a subject parallel with quis ; in simple 
 prose, qtiam Cn. Pompeius dux cum tanta classe tanto impetu 
 navigavit. 31. adiit, exploravit, venit : simultaneously, 
 through his lieutenants. 32. frumentaria subsidia : see N. 
 to 1. 7, above. 
 
 Page 130. 1. duabus Hispaniis: Citeriore et Ulteriore ; cf. 
 p. 6o. 2. Gallia Transalpina : i. e. Gallia Narbonensis, along 
 the southern coast. 4. Achaiam : when coupled with Graecia 
 refers to the Peloponnesus only; the province of Achaia was 
 not organized till many years after the subjugation of Greece, 
 in 146 B. c. Italiae duo maria : the Tuscan and the Adriatic. 
 6. ut : ' after.' 8. Ciliciam : the stronghold of piracy. 
 
 10. imperio ac potestati : i. e. they not only surrendered, but 
 surrendered unconditionally. According to Strabo (XIV. ill. par. 
 665), Pompey burned more than thirteen hundred ships of the 
 pirates (cf. n. to p. 128, 33), 'and utterly destroyed their settle- 
 ments. Of those who survived the battles he carried some off 
 to Soli (in Cilicia ; see Map), to which he gave the name Pom- 
 peiopolis, and others to Dyme (in Thrace), which was losing 
 its population, but is now a Roman colony.' 
 
 11. Cretensibus, etc. : the task of subduing the Cretans had 
 been assigned in 68 b. c. to Quintus Metellus, who was carrying it 
 out with the greatest cruelty. Nominally Crete came under the 
 provisions of the Gabinian bill ; and Pompey, in the face of all 
 requirements of military courtesy, encouraged the inhabitants to 
 make terms with him, from whom they would no doubt receive 
 better treatment than from Metellus. The latter, however, 
 
Page 131.] NOTES 285 
 
 strenuously resisted this interference with his prerogatives, and 
 Pompey wisely let the matter drop. usque in Pamphyliam : 
 
 strong expression, appropriate for one going from Rome ; but it 
 was only a short distance from Crete to Pamphylia. Cicero's 
 hearers were not well posted on nice points in the geography 
 of the Orient. 12. legatos deprecatoresque : i. e. legatos ad 
 depreca7idii7>i. 13. non ademit ; ' he did not withhold.' -que : 
 = ' but.' 15. quo bello : ' a war in which.' 
 
 XIII. 18. Est haec: 'Such is.' 19. Quid : = ' But 
 
 further.' quas paulo ante, etc. : implied rather than men- 
 
 tioned, p. 127, 22-23. 21. bellandi virtus: not merely 'fighting 
 quality,' as shown by what follows; rather 'military character.' 
 23. artes : not ' arts ; ' used as a synonym of virtutes. huius 
 . . . virtutis : = ' which attend and wait upon this trait ; ' cf. 
 p. 35, 3. 27. Quae: 'Now — these.' Why neut. ? 28. 
 
 Summa, etc.: cf. p. 120, 26, and N. 29. aliorum : 'with 
 
 others,' we should say. 
 
 32. ullo in numero : i.e. imperatorum j = ' of any standing.' 
 34. Quid, etc. : sc. putare possumus j ' What exalted or worthy 
 thought for the welfare of the state can we suppose that this 
 man has, who.' A. 238, b; G. 331, R. 3 ; H. 378, 2. It is not 
 known to whom reference is made. 
 
 Page 131. 3. cupiditatem provinciae : i. e. cupiditatem 
 provinciae retinendae j the commander mentioned by way of 
 illustration was supposed to be already in charge. 4. in 
 
 quaestu : i. e. on interest. So Cicero charges Piso (in Pis. 
 xxxv. 86), among other dishonorable transactions, with having 
 placed 18,000,000 sesterces (more than $725,000) of govern- 
 ment money at interest in Rome. 5. facit : ' shows.' 7. nisi 
 qui : ' unless (some one) who ; ' on the principle expressed in 
 our proverb, " Whom the cap fits, let him put it on." 
 
 11. ferant : ' bring ' with them. 12. civium Romanorum : 
 free inhabitants of Italy who had become Roman citizens after 
 89 B. c. ; cf. p. 148, 1-5 and n. 13. fecerint : why not 
 
 fecerunt ? 15. plures, etc. : plures urbes hostium armis mili- 
 tum vestrorum esse deletas. Reason for the order of words ? 
 17. hibernis : provincial cities (with the exception of the Uberae 
 civitates) were required to furnish winter-quarters for the Ro- 
 man forces; but they frequently purchased exemption from the 
 intolerable burden with great sums of money. 
 
286 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 132. 
 
 18. Neque enim : ' And (with good reason), for — not. 1 
 19. qui . . . continet : perhaps a hint at the self-indulgence 
 of the luxury-loving Lucullus. 21. Hie : ' Under these con- 
 ditions.' 23. non iuodo: trans, as if non 7/iodo non ; cf. p. 71, 
 21, and N. manus, vestigium: the" former, as free from rob- 
 bery and extortion; the latter, as doing no damage to fields 
 and crops along the line of march. 24. cuiquam pacato : = 
 'a single friendly native.' 26. sermones ac litterae : we 
 
 should say, ' verbal and written reports.' 27. militem : col- 
 
 lective, ' soldiery.' 28. Hiemis : ' from the winter,' objective 
 
 gen. ; but avaritiae, ' for avarice,' is subjective. 
 
 XIV. 31. Age vero : 'But come,' like Age nunc, ' Come 
 now,' a mark of vivid transition ; used in the singular even 
 when the following verb, as here, is a pi. imp. temperantia : 
 one of the four cardinal virtues ; see p. 87, 2, and N. 33. incre- 
 dibilem cursum : ' inconceivable (rapidity of) movement.' iu- 
 veutum : sc. esse, ' was acquired,' ' was made possible.' 
 
 Page 132. 5- amoenitas : i. e. amoenilas locorum, ' the 
 charm of natural scenery.' 6. ad cognitionem : = 'to make 
 
 its acquaintance,' ' to visit it' 7. signa et tabulas ; ' statues 
 and paintings,' which Roman generals systematically appropriated 
 and carried off, as Mummius at the sacking of Corinth. 
 
 13. delapsum : we should say, ' sent down,' as having a divinely 
 appointed mission. 14. fuisse . . . quod : i. e. ' that there 
 
 really were men of Rome in the olden time who possessed such 
 self-mastery as this (which we see in Pompey),' a fact which.' 
 15. falso memoriae proditum : we should say, ' based upon 
 unfounded tradition.' 17. adferre : cf. p. 129, 20. 19. ea : 
 
 for tanta. 
 
 21. aditus ad : in our idiom, ' audiences with.' The order in 
 which the remaining artes eximiae are treated is somewhat dif- 
 ferent from that given at the beginning (p. 130, 26-27), and is as 
 follows : facilitas (11. 20-24) 5 ingenium (25-28) ; fides (28-30) ; hu- 
 manitas (30 et seq.). liberae : i. e. non impeditae. 23. par : 
 ' on a level with.' 
 
 25. quantum — valeat : ' how great power he possesses.' 
 consilio : 'insight' 26. in quo ipso: '(a talent) in which 
 
 of itself.' 27. imperatoria: 'befitting a commander.' hoc 
 ipso ex loco : put briefly for cum hoc ipso ex loco (i. e. the 
 Rostra) verba faceret. For Cicero's estimate of Pompey's ora- 
 
Page 134.] NOTES 287 
 
 tory, see Brut, lxviii. 239. 33. Et : ' then ; ' Et qUisquam in- 
 troduces the conclusion of the preceding line of argument. 
 Notwithstanding the orator's high praise, Pompey's career as a 
 whole shows that he was a cold-blooded and extremely selfish 
 man, with whom his own advancement was ever the ruling mo- 
 tive. His humaneness is praised also by Dio Cassius (XXXVI. 
 xx.) ; but the fact remains that he could be cruel, and even 
 treacherous, when his own interests seemed to demand it. 
 34. transmittendum : i. e. from the hands of Glabrio ; hence 
 not deferendum. 
 
 Page 133. 1- nostrae memoriae : i. e. nostri temporis ; 
 eius te??iporis cuius meminimus. 
 
 XV. 3. auctoritas : ' standing.' 4. multum, plurimum : 
 
 see Idioms. A. 238, b; G. 331, r. 3 ; H. 378, 2. 5. ea re: 
 ' in this regard.' 6. Vehementer pertinere ad : ' that it has 
 
 a very important bearing on.' 8. quis : cf. p. 61, 11, and N. 
 
 14. De : ' On.' 16. iudicia : in the offices and commands 
 conferred upon him by the people, as in the following instance. 
 17. illius diei : when the bill of Gabinius (see p. 32) was 
 passed. 19. templis : i. e. the steps of the temples about the 
 Forum. 
 
 23. ut plura non dicam neque : i.e.' to leave more unsaid 
 and not to ; ' stronger than tie plura dicam. 26. qui quo 
 
 die : = nam eo die quo is, ' for on the day on which he.' 
 27. vilitas aunonae : Plutarch says (Pomp, xxvi.) that ' the 
 immediate fall in the prices of market goods (rasv aviav) caused 
 the delighted people to remark that the very name of Pompey 
 had ended the war.' 28. ex summa inopia : temporal, while 
 ex summa ubertate is causal. 29. hominis : objective gen. 
 
 with spe (' in such a man ') and subjective with nomine (= ' his '). 
 31. potuisset : why subj. ? 
 
 33. invitus : trans, as if an adv. A. 191; G. 324, R. 6; 
 H. 443. admonui : p. 126, 1 et seq. 
 
 Page 134. 2. ad ipsum discrimen eius temporis : ' at the 
 decisive moment of that crisis.' 3. ad : not in, because Pom- 
 pey did not enter the regions mentioned ; trans. ' into the vicin- 
 ity of.' 1. Et: as p. 132, 33. perfecturus sit: 'he is 
 going to accomplish ; ' stronger than perficiat. 10. rumore : 
 i. e. eius advetitus. 
 
 XVI 12. Age vero: cf. p. 131, 31, and N. 16. noster 
 
288 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 135. 
 
 imperator : ' a commander of ours,' i. e. Quintus Metellus. The 
 orator makes the most of a proceeding not at all creditable to 
 Pompey ; see N. to p. 130, 11. 17. esset: A. 313, d; G. 588; 
 H. 515, in. in ultimas prope terras: rhetorical exaggera- 
 
 tion; cf. p. 130, 11, and N. 
 
 19. Quid : cf. p. 64, 6, and N. 20. Mithridates, etc. : 
 
 Mithridates conducted negotiations with Sertorius in Spain (cf. 
 p. 119, 12, and N.) ; but of this incident nothing is known be- 
 yond what is said — or intimated — here. The construction of 
 eum . . . iudicavit is awkward and un-Ciceronian ; Eberhard 
 bracketed the words eum — Pompeius legatum semper indicavit 
 as spurious, so that the sentence would read quern ei, quibus 
 erat molestum, etc. 22. quibus erat molestum : 'who were 
 vexed ; ' the reference is probably to Metellus Pius, the other 
 commander in the war with Sertorius. 23. potissimum : i. e. 
 rather than to any one else. Cf. p. 126, 23, and N. 25. hanc 
 auctoritatem : why placed here rather than in the clause quan- 
 tum . . . valituram esse? 21. iudiciis : cf. p. 133, 16, and N. 
 
 30. Reliquum est, ut : 'It only remains to;' introduces a 
 transition to the fourth and last consideration in the argument 
 concerning Pompey's military character. Cf. p. 126, 19, and N. 
 praestare de : ' guarantee for.' 31. meminisse, etc. : asyn- 
 
 deton ; in our idiom, '(but which) we,' etc. 32. sicut . . . 
 
 deorum : sc. dicere ; 'as men ought to speak of (that which 
 lies within) the power of the gods.' 33. timide et pauca : 
 
 = 'reverently and (with only) a few words.' 34. sic exi- 
 
 stimo : = ' hold this opinion.' 
 
 Page 135. 3. Fuit enim profecto adiuncta : = ' For there 
 has certainly been at the side of.' 4. ad . . . gloriam : i. e. 
 ad a?nplitudi7iem augendam et ad gloriam adipiscendam. 
 10. videamur: trans, 'that we (I) may be seen.' Why? in- 
 visa : ' offensive ' on account of arrogance and presumption, the 
 manifestation of which on the part of mortal man was thought 
 to call down the jealous vengeance and retribution of the gods. 
 The story of Niobe illustrates this belief; see the editor's 
 "Selections from Ovid," pp. 132-137. 11. ingrata : 'thank- 
 
 less,' as not recognizing in past blessings the hope and promise 
 of future gifts. 
 
 13. non sum praedicaturus : it would be difficult to present 
 the good luck of Pompey more strongly than in this paragraph, 
 
Page 136.] NOTES 289 
 
 where the orator professes to refrain from treating the topic, — 
 a fine example of the rhetorical figure called by the ancient 
 grammarians praeteritio. 17. venti tempestatesque : in our 
 
 phrase, 'wind and weather.' 18. hoc: '(only) this.' 
 
 20. tacitus : '(even) in silence,' — the unuttered prayers of the 
 heart. quot et quantas : in our idiom simply ' as ; ' the 
 
 Latin expression is more forcible than the English. 21. Quod 
 ... sit : ' And that this (favor of fortune) may be his sure and 
 lasting possession.' 24. facitis : ' you are (actually) doing.' 
 
 25. Qua re : introduces a summary of all the preceding argu- 
 ment as a preparation for that which is to follow. Cf. N. to p. 
 66, 5. 29. dubitatis : ' do you (still) hesitate ; ' followed by 
 
 quin . . . conferatis ('to,' etc.) instead of conferre, because the 
 interrogation gives the principal clause a negative force. A. 
 319, d\ G. 551, 2; H. 505, 1. 1. 30. hoc tantum boni : 'this 
 so great blessing,' 'this so great advantage.' 
 
 XVII. 34. Quod si: A. 240, b; G. 612, r. i; H. 453, 6. 
 privatus : ' a private citizen.' 
 
 Page 136. 1. is erat deligendus : ' he would be the one to 
 be chosen.' A. 30S, c\ H. 511, 2. 2. nunc: cf. p. 68, 16, 
 
 and N. 3. haec opportunitas : explained by the following 
 
 ^/-clauses. 5. qui habent : for qui exercitits habe?it ; i.e. 
 
 Lucullus, who with the remnants of his forces was on the upper 
 Halys (see Map) near Pontus ; Glabrio, who was lingering in 
 the west of Asia ; and Marcius Rex, who had three legions in 
 Cilicia. 7. cetera summa cum salute : ' other (trusts) — to 
 
 the highest welfare.' Cf. p. 74, 28, and n. 
 
 B. Refutation. 
 
 10. At enim : 'But (not so); for,' 'But indeed;' introduces 
 an objection. Cf. p. 35. 11. adfectus : 'honored;' he had 
 
 been consul in 78 b. c. 12. honoris, fortunae, virtutis, 
 
 ingeni : i. e. as an ex-consul, as a man of wealth, as a man of 
 character (though his methods of acquiring wealth were said 
 not to be above reproach), and as a man of talent. Hortensius 
 was Cicero's chief rival in oratory ; cf. p. 14. 13. ratione : 
 
 ' view.' 14. Quorum : ' Now of those men. 1 auctoritatem : 
 here ' weight of opinion.' 15. multis locis : ' on many occa- 
 
 sions.' plurimum valuisse : see Idioms. 17. virorum : the 
 supporters of Manilius ; see p. 143, 13 et seq. 18. omissis 
 
 19 
 
290 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 137. 
 
 auctoribus : ' if we lay aside (the weight of) opinions.' ipsa 
 
 re ac ratione : = ' the actual state of the case.' 21. isti : 
 the opponents of the bill. A. 102, c\ H. p. 248, foot-note 4. 
 22. summa, etc.: cf. p. 120, 26, and N. 
 
 25. ad . . . oportere : we should say, ' that all powers ought 
 not to be vested in a single individual.' The concentration of 
 power authorized by the bill of Gabinius and contemplated by 
 that of Manilius was inconsistent with both the spirit and the 
 letter of the Roman constitution. A balance of authority be- 
 tween the departments of government, so that, except in the 
 emergencies provided for by the dictatorship, one person might 
 not become supreme, had been the aim of the republican or- 
 ganization from the beginning. For this principle the aristo- 
 cratic party had earnestly contended ; and Cicero at heart was 
 thoroughly in sympathy with it. He could not return any answer 
 to the argument of Hortensius on constitutional grounds ; and 
 so he parried it skilfully by gliding off into a digression on the 
 horrors and disgrace of the supremacy of the pirates, and Pom- 
 pey's success in ridding the Mediterranean of this pest. His 
 sole counter-argument is, if Pompey rescued the state then, why 
 not now ? In fact neither Hortensius nor Cicero nor any of 
 their contemporaries, excepting possibly Caesar, understood that 
 the tendencies of the Roman government were no longer within 
 the channels of the constitution, or within the control of any 
 political party. These had long since set toward imperialism, 
 toward an absolute monarchy, which was sure to come sooner 
 or later. The bill of Manilius was passed, not so much because 
 it was supported by the eloquence of Cicero as for the reason 
 that it was directly in the line of governmental tendencies at 
 this time, another advance toward the permanent supremacy of 
 an individual. 
 
 27. ista oratio: 'that argument of yours.' 28. Hortensi : 
 A. 40, c; G. 29, R. 2; H. 51, 5. 30. fortem: as sustaining his 
 
 position against the strenuous opposition of the aristocracy. Cf. 
 p. 138, 26, and n. 32. promulgasset : 'had given notice' in 
 
 accordance with the rule which required that a bill be announced 
 publicly at least seventeen days before it could be voted on. 
 The interval afforded opportunity for the discussion of a measure 
 in the Senate as well as among the people. 
 
 Page 137- 2. vera causa : ' the true interest.' 4. An : 
 
Page 137.] NOTES 291 
 
 A. 211, b\ G. 459; H. 353, n. 4. 5. legati, etc. : see p. 129, 1 
 
 et seq. The quaestors were probably those in the retinue of 
 the captured praetors. 6. commeatu : see N. to p. 129, 7. 
 
 8. rem — obire : 'to transact business.' See n. to p. 128, 13. 
 
 XVIII. 10- Quae civitas, etc. : for the argument see N. to 
 p. 136, 25. non dico Atheniensium : = ' I do not mean that 
 of Athens.' The sovereignty of Athens as a maritime power in 
 the fourth century B. c. extended over the islands in the Aegean 
 Sea, the coast of Asia Minor as far as Pamphylia, and the 
 Thracian Bosporus as far north as the Euxine Sea. Cf. Map. 
 11. mare: i. e. imperium maris. 12. permultum: see Idioms. 
 13. Rhodiorum : after the time of Alexander Rhodes became 
 the most powerful among maritime states, and also a centre of 
 art and culture. Its power had now declined, but even in 
 Cicero's day men went to Rhodes to study oratory, as did 
 Caesar and Cicero himself. 
 
 16. quae non : = lit ea — noil. 19. legem Gabiniam : see 
 
 p. 32. 20. cuius nomen : ' although its name.' A. 320, e ; 
 
 G. 637; H. 515, in. 21. invictum: true only in a rhetorical 
 
 sense. 22. ac : = ' and in fact.' 23. utilitatis : because of 
 inability to collect revenues and protect commerce. dignitatis 
 et imperi: because unable to protect its allies or even its own 
 officers. 
 
 24. Antiochum after the battle at Thermopylae, in 191 b. c, 
 the Romans opened a way to Asia across the Aegean Sea by 
 defeating two fleets of Antiochus near the Ionian coast, and 
 also an allied fleet, commanded by Hannibal, off Aspendus. 
 Persem : after the battle of Pydna, B.C. 168, Perseus fled to 
 Samothrace, but there gave himself up without a struggle to the 
 Roman admiral Gnaeus Octavius. Octavius afterwards cele- 
 brated a triumph in honor of this event, a triumph, as Livy dryly 
 remarks (XLV. xlii.), 'without captives and without spoils.' 
 
 25. omnibus navalibus pugnis : rhetorical overstatement ; 
 witness the crushing defeat of Marcus Claudius Pulcher off 
 Drepanum, in Sicily, in 249 B. c. 27. ei : saves the repetition 
 of nos ; = 'even we.' Cf. p. 129, 22, and n. 28. pares. = 'a 
 match for.' 30. salvos praestare : = ' to guarantee the safety 
 of.' 32. quo . . . commeabant : Delos was a convenient 
 stopping-place for the route between Greece and Asia, and was 
 thought to be secure from all attack on account of the sacred- 
 
292 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 138, 
 
 ness of its sanctuaries; cf. N. to p. 70, 1. After the destruction 
 of Corinth, b. c. 146, it increased rapidly in importance as a 
 centre of traffic. Already in the First Mithridatic War it had 
 suffered at the hands of a general of Mithridates, Menophanes 
 by name, who murdered the inhabitants, carried away the offer- 
 ings and treasures of the temples, and razed the city Delos to 
 the ground. 
 
 33. referta . . . muro : ' although filled,' etc. 34. eidem : 
 
 as ei, in 1. 27. 
 
 Page 138. 2 Appia via, etc. : i. e. even the Appian Way 
 was unsafe-, see N. to p. 128, 13. 4. hunc ipsum locum: the 
 
 Rostra, as adorned with the spoils of naval victories {exuviis 
 nauticis); see n. on p. 227. 
 
 XIX. 7. Bono animo : here ' with good intentions.' 10. in 
 salute communi : = 'in a matter affecting the public safety.' 
 dolori : ' hurt.' 
 
 16. Quo, et seq. : ' Wherefore I think it all the more a shame 
 that opposition has been raised,' etc. The rest of this chapter 
 is devoted to a digression regarding the question whether 
 Gabinius should be allowed to serve under Pompey as a lieu- 
 tenant. Provincial lieutenants were nominated by the Senate, 
 which ordinarily consulted the wishes of the governors. There 
 was a law that if any one proposed a bill granting extraordinary 
 powers to a magistracy, neither he nor his relatives should be 
 eligible to the position ; and this provision was construed to 
 apply also to the subordinate officer under a magistrate with 
 extraordinary authority. When Pompey undertook the command 
 of the war with the pirates, Gabinius was a tribune, and could 
 not leave the city. Though his term as tribune had expired, 
 he was still ineligible to a lieutenancy so long as Pompey was 
 holding the command proposed by him. Here again the orator 
 does not argue the case on legal grounds, and touches very 
 lightly on the point at issue. 
 
 20. idoneus . . . impetret : = ' is not fit to have his request 
 granted.' Reason for the subjunctives ? 26. periculo : in 
 
 the confusion and strife attending the passing of this bill Gabi- 
 nius nearly lost his life. See Mommsen, Vol. IV. p. 135 et seq. 
 27. An, et seq. : trans, the clause C. Falcidhis . , . potuertmt 
 with ' while,' commencing the interrogation with in uno Gabinio. 
 The Latin often chooses the antithetical or co-ordinating form 
 
Page 139.] NOTES 293 
 
 of statement where the English prefers the arrangement of 
 principal and subordinate clauses. 
 
 28. honoris causa nomino : ' I mention with all due 
 respect ; ' a kind of apology for bringing in the names of men 
 still living. 29. anno proximo : apparently there was a pro- 
 
 vision, or at least a custom, that tribunes of the people should 
 not go out as lieutenants the next year after their term of 
 office. 31. diligentes : 'scrupulous.' 32. in: trans, by 
 
 'under' with hoc imfteratore, 'in' with exercitu. 33. prae- 
 
 cipuo iure : i. e. praeter alios; with esse \legatus~\ deberet, 
 'ought above all others to be (a lieutenant).' Some, however, 
 think that legatus need not be supplied, and render 'ought to 
 have the first claim.' 
 
 Page 139. 2. dubitabunt : i. e. rem ad senatum referre. 
 ego . . . relaturum : taking advantage of the right he had as 
 praetor to bring business before the Senate. 4. inimicum 
 
 edictum : of a consul, who as presiding officer might endeavor 
 to head off the threatened proposal by issuing a ' decree ' con- 
 fining the Senate to the order of the day. vestrum ius 
 beneficiumque : as conferred upon Pompey and entitling him to 
 have whom he might choose as lieutenants. 5. neque, etc. : 
 — ' and I shall heed nothing short of a veto,' pronounced by a 
 consul or tribune. The orator could afford to threaten ; for if 
 the bill of Manilius failed to pass, there would be no oppor- 
 tunity for Gabinius to go as lieutenant ; if it passed, so soon 
 as Pompey undertook the commission established by it the 
 main obstacle to Gabinius's lieutenancy ceased (see N. to p. 138, 
 16). In fact Gabinius did serve with Pompey under the new 
 commission, and took advantage of his position to amass a 
 fortune. 
 
 6. isti . . . considerabunt : i. e. it is very doubtful if they 
 will dare to interpose a veto. 10. socius ascribitur : ' is 
 
 enrolled as an associate.' 
 
 XX. 13. Reliquum est : cf. p. 126, 19, and N. auctori- 
 tate : cf. p. 136, 14, and n. 15. quaereret : i.e. in an address 
 to the people on the bill of Gabinius. omnia poneretis : = 
 
 'you should vest all authority;' see n. to p. 136, 25. si . . . 
 factum esset : 'if anything should happen to him,' euphemistic; 
 cf. p. 104, 17, and n. A. 244, d; G. 396, R. I ; H. 415, in., N. 1. 
 18. cum : = eo, quod, ' in that.' 
 
294 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 140. 
 
 19. talis est vir, etc. : this high tribute to the character of 
 Catulus is borne out by all that is known of him. 22. in 
 
 hoc ipso: 'on this very point,' the uncertainty of human life; 
 the orator very neatly turns the point on Catulus. vehemen- 
 tissime : see Idioms. 23. quo minus — hoc magis : ' the 
 
 less — the more.' A. 250, R. ; G. 400; H. 423. 25. viri vita 
 
 atque virtute : notice the alliteration. 
 
 27. At enim : cf. p. 136, 10, and n. ; the ellipsis maybe sup- 
 plied thus, — At intperiwm Cn. Pompeio deferendum non est; est 
 enim cavendum ne quid, etc. Our ancestors did not concen- 
 trate authority in the hands of one man ; therefore we ought 
 not to do so. Cf. N. to p. 136, 25. 28. Non dicam, etc. : cf. 
 p. 135, 13, and N. 30. ad . . . rationes : freely, 'the con- 
 
 siderations of new measures to the demands of new conditions.' 
 32. ab uno imperatore : Scipio was consul in 147 B. C, and 
 again in 134, in spite of the law that no one should be twice 
 consul ; and in both consulships he won glorious victories. 
 Marius was seven times consul. 
 
 Page 140. 2. nuper : forty years previously. 7. summa 
 
 Q. Catuli voluntate : ' with the fullest approval of Quintus 
 Catulus,' i. e. of the aristocratic party which Catulus repre- 
 sented ; it is not necessary to suppose that Catulus himself 
 actually voted for each measure mentioned. 
 
 XXI. 9- Quid : sc. fiat. 10. difficili, etc. : see Idioms. 
 
 conficere : ' raise.' For the incident referred to, see N. to p. 
 127, 4. 11. Huic praeesse : sc. what? Rem — gerere : 
 
 see Idioms. 
 
 14. a senatorio gradu : when Pompey was sent to Sicily 
 (see N° to p. 127, 13) he was only twenty-four years old. In this 
 period a man was not admitted to the Senate till he had held 
 the office of quaestor, and one could not become quaestor be- 
 fore the end of his thirtieth year. 19. deportavit : the term 
 regularly used of bringing anything from the provinces to Rome. 
 
 20. equitem Romanum triumphare : ordinarily only consuls 
 and praetors were allowed to triumph : the triumph of Pompey, 
 in celebration of his victory over Hiarbas (see N. to p. 127, 13; 
 triumphs were not allowed for victories over Roman citizens in 
 the civil wars), was the first exception to this rule. 22. vidit : 
 'has witnessed,' 'has lived to see;' while visere means 'to go 
 to see' out of curiosity, and conceleb?-are 'to join in celebrating' 
 with festal attire and shouts of joy. studio : ' enthusiasm.' 
 
Page 141.] NOTES 295 
 
 24. inusitatum : in the sense of contra morem. duo con- 
 
 sules : of the year 77 B. C, Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus and 
 Decimus Junius Brutus, both of whom had declined to assume 
 command of the war with Sertorius. 26. bellum : see N. to 
 
 Hisfianiense, p. 127, 14. pro consule : i. e. with the rank and 
 authority of a proconsul in a province. 28. 11011 nemo : we 
 should say, 'more than one.' 29. L. Philippus : famous for 
 
 his sharp wit. 31. rei . . . gerendae : ' of a successful han- 
 
 dling of the state's interest.' 
 
 Page 141. 1. ex senatus consulto : well introduced here, 
 as pointing out the favoring of Pompey by the Senate, the 
 party which was opposing this bill. The Senate settled mat- 
 ters pertaining to triumphs ; yet in setting aside the restrictions 
 referred to, it assumed a prerogative belonging to the people. 
 2. legibus solutus : ' released from the restrictions ' which 
 placed the earliest legal age for holding the consulship at forty- 
 three, and made it necessary for a man to have been praetor 
 before consul, and quaestor before praetor. Pompey became 
 consul when he was thirty-five. ullum alium magistratum : 
 Cicero is thinking only of the consular offices ; for the quaestor- 
 ship could have been held after the age of thirty. Mommsen, 
 however, thinks that the legal age for the quaestorship was 
 thirty-seven, though men were for various reasons admitted to it 
 earlier. 
 
 4. iterum eques : i. e. not yet admitted to the Senate and into 
 the senatorial order; cf. N. to p. 122, 23. This triumph was over 
 the Spanish tribes in alliance with Sertorius (n. to p. 127, 14), 
 and was celebrated Dec. 31, B. c. 71, the day before Pompey en- 
 tered upon the duties of the consulship. 5. Quae in — nova, 
 ea : = ' And the innovations which in the case of.' 8. Atque : 
 'And further;' the aristocracy through the Senate are respon- 
 sible for all these innovations. 
 
 XXII. 12. non ferendum : = intolerabile. 16. cum: 
 
 ' now that.' 24. plus . . . vidistis : ' have had a deeper 
 
 insight in regard to public interests.' 26. aliquando : for 
 
 tandem aliquando. isti principes : Catulus and Hortensius 
 
 as leaders of the aristocracy. 
 
 29. Atque, etc. : application of the more general statement 
 in chapters xiii. and xiv. to the case in hand. Asiatico et 
 
 regio : the epithets suggest the luxury of surroundings and 
 
296 SPEECH ON POMPEY'S COMMISSION [Page 142. 
 
 wealth of plunder against the seductions of which few Roman 
 officers were proof. 33. interiorum : ' further inland.' 
 
 34. nostrum imperatorem : ' a general of ours.' nihil aliud : 
 i. e. de alia re. Kind of ace. ? 
 
 Page 142. 2. pudore ac temperantia moderatiores : = 
 'possessed of more than ordinary conscientiousness and self- 
 mastery.' 3. cupidorum : i. e. pecuniae; for avarorum. 
 7. libidines : ' acts of lawlessness.' 11. quibus causa belli 
 . . . inferatur : ' against which a pretext for war can be devised.' 
 
 13. coram : as we say, ' between ourselves,' where we can 
 talk over men and deeds freely. 17. hostium simula- 
 
 tione : = ' making the enemy a pretext (merely).' 19. non 
 
 modo : trans, as if non modo non; the following sed is for sed 
 etiam. H. 552, 2. 20. animos ac spiritus capere : 'satisfy 
 
 the arrogance and insolence.' 
 
 XXIII 22. collatis signis : see Idioms. How lit. ? 24. erit 
 idem: 'shall also be (one).' 26. gaza : Persian word, gen- 
 
 erally used of oriental treasure. 27. manus, oculos, ani- 
 
 mum : rhetorical amplification of se. 29. Ecquam : emphatic. 
 pacatam fuisse : 'has been considered tranquillized,' i.e. 'has 
 been left in peace.' 31. pacata esse : ' to be in a state of 
 
 tranquillity.' The only alleviating feature of the Roman pro- 
 vincial government of this period is, that it was in many cases 
 no more harsh or rapacious than the government which pre- 
 ceded it. 
 
 Page 143- 1- pecunia publica : see p. 131, 1-4, and N. 
 praeter paucos : a saving phrase, to avoid giving offence by a 
 sweeping statement. 2. neque . . . nomine : ' and that they 
 
 were gaining nothing else with their fleets existing only in name ' 
 (how lit ?) ; i. e. the fleets being in so deplorable a state because 
 the money appropriated for them had been embezzled. A noto- 
 rious instance was that of Marcus Antonius, named Creticus, 
 son of the orator, who in 74 B. c. held a command against the 
 pirates which he turned to his own advantage, finally losing what 
 fleet he had in a battle with the Cretans. 
 
 4. cupiditate : for money. Men ran heavily into debt with a 
 view to recouping themselves from the governorship of a prov- 
 ince. 5. iacturis : 'outlays,' expenditures incurred in buying 
 one's way to power. 6. condicionibus : ' terms ' with cred- 
 itors and political supporters. 7. qui . . . arbitrantur : cf. 
 
Page 144.] NOTES 297 
 
 p. 136, 25, and n. 10. nolite dubitare : 'do not hesitate.' 
 
 A. 269, a, 2; G. 264, II. ; H. 4S9, 1). For the constr. with quin, 
 cf. p. 135, 29, and N. 11. unus : 'the (only) one.' 
 
 14. est vobis auctor . ' you have as a supporter ' of the bill. 
 15. P. Servilius : see Vocab. under Vatia. 18. Curio : see 
 
 Vocab. under Curio (1). 20. ingenio : here, as often, refers 
 
 particularly to oratorical talent. 21. pro : ' consistently with.' 
 22. gravitatem : when censor in 70 B. c. with Lucius Gellius, 
 this Lentulus (no. 4 in Vocab.) removed from the Senate no 
 fewer than sixty-four members, not far from an eighth of the 
 whole number. 24. ut : here ' how,' ' whether.' 
 
 Conclusion, xxiv. 
 
 XXIV. 27. Quae . . . sint : here used to introduce the con- 
 clusion of the entire speech ; cf. p. 36. 28. voluntatem et 
 sententiam : 'feeling and expressed opinion,' amplifying legem. 
 
 30. auctore populo Romano : as we should say ' backed by 
 the Roman people,' ' with the Roman people behind you.' 
 
 31. vim aut minas : perhaps a hint at the unhappy experience 
 of Gabinius the year before; cf. p. 138, 26, and N. 33. studio: 
 as p. 140, 22. 34. iterum nunc : counting the passing of 
 Gabinius's bill as the first time. in : ' in the case of.' 
 
 Page 144- 1. quid est, quod : ' what reason is there, that.' 
 de re : i. e. de praeficieiido Pompeio. 
 
 4. quicquid: see Idioms. hoc beneficio : 'by reason of 
 
 this preferment,' the honor of the praetorship, as explained and 
 amplified by the following clause. 9. huic loco temploque : 
 
 ' this place and consecrated spot.' The original idea of tern* 
 plum was a place set aside for worship ; after that either a 
 place or a building that had been consecrated by certain reli- 
 gious acts. The Rostra belonged to the latter category. 
 12. quo: = quia, 'because.' 13. quo : = ut eo, 'in order 
 
 that by this means.' 17. ab uno : for ab (' at the hands of ') 
 uno homine, referring to Pompey. 18. ratione : ' calling,' 
 
 ' profession,' of advocate. 
 
 20. mini: trans, as ifr^Hs- me; see N. to p. 159, 23. 22. tan- 
 
 tum, etc. : see Vocab. under absum. A. 332, d; G. 556, R. 1 ; 
 H. 502, 3. 25. non inutiles : litotes. A. 209, c\ H. 637, 
 
 viii. 27. beneficiis : praetorship, curule aedileship, quaes- 
 
 torship. 30. rationibus : ' interests.' 
 
298 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 145. 
 
 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS. 
 
 Page 145- A. Licinio Archia : the name Archias (Apxlas) 
 was not an uncommon one, particularly among the Dorian 
 Greeks. The Latin nomen and praenomen were assumed when 
 the poet became a Roman citizen, Licinius being the gens name 
 of his chief patrons, the Luculli ; but why he chose the forename 
 Aulus instead of one of those common in the family of the 
 Luculli is not clear. 
 
 O ratio: delivered before a court {quaestio), over which the 
 orator's brother, Ouintus Cicero, presided, being then praetor. 
 Whether this was one of the regular courts (cf. p. 6o), as the 
 quaestio de maiestate, or a commission established by the statute 
 under which the poet was brought to trial, is not known ; it is 
 more likely to have been the latter. For an outline of the 
 thought, see p. 48. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Exordium — Partitio. I., 11. 
 
 I. 1. Si quid, etc. : ' Whatever talent (i. e. for public speak- 
 ing ; see N. to p. 143, 20), . . . whatever readiness of speech, . . . 
 whatever (acquaintance with the) theory of this art (of public 
 speaking), . . . reside in me, jurors.' The orator mentions the 
 first two essentials to success in oratory (natural ability and 
 the readiness acquired by practice) as leading up to the third, 
 in which lay the basis of his obligation to Archias. ingeni : 
 
 why not ingenii? quod: subject of sit; trans, as if et id. 
 
 Self-depreciatory beginnings were common in speeches of this 
 kind, being intended to win the favorable attention of the 
 jurors. 2. aut — aut : for et — et, as more modest. 
 
 3. non infitior: litotes. A. 209, c; H. 637, vm. Notice the 
 increase in positiveness in sentio — non infitior — confiteor. 
 4. optimarum . . . disciplina : = ' the pursuit and training of 
 the most liberal studies' (cf. p. 146, 29), i. e. philology, or gram- 
 
Page 146.] NOTES 299 
 
 mar in the broad sense, rhetoric, music, and philosophy. Cicero 
 was a firm believer in general culture as a foundation for ora- 
 tory. 5. a qua . . . abhorruisse : ' to which . . . has been 
 inattentive,' or ' of which . . . has been neglectful ; ' the ante- 
 cedent of qua is ratio. Cicero, as a practical lawyer, in a way 
 apologizes to a jury of practical men for having given atten- 
 tion to the theory of oratory. 6. aetatis : = vitae. 7. vel : 
 ' even.' hie : not necessarily spoken with a gesture ; why ? 
 A. Licinius : the orator cleverly assumes the citizenship of Ar- 
 chias by using his Latin name. 
 
 8. suo iure : 'by an indefeasible right;' stronger than iure 
 alone, as implying that the right is fully admitted by the 
 speaker. Cf. G. 299, r. ; H. 449, 2. 9. quoad longissime : 
 
 = ' just as far as.' 10. memoriam ultimam : ' the earliest 
 
 recollection.' 11. hide usque repetens : = ' going back even 
 to that time.' How lit. ? 12. suscipiendam : ' choosing.' 
 
 13. rationem : ' course.' 
 
 14. Quod : ' Now.' A. 240, b ; G. 612, R. 1 ; H. 453, 6. prae- 
 ceptis : not institutione, ' instruction,' because Archias was only 
 an intimate adviser, not a teacher, of Cicero. 15. 11011 nullis 
 aliquando : modest expression. a quo : the apodosis begins 
 
 here. 16. ceteris : ' the rest ' of my clients in general, who 
 have availed themselves of my services. alios : ' (many) 
 
 others ' than Archias, who have been brought to trial before 
 a criminal court. Both ceteris and alios are proleptic, and 
 should be introduced in trans, after huic ipsi. 17. quantum, 
 etc. : see Idioms. 
 
 19. ita : ' so (strongly).' alia, etc. : strange that an orator 
 
 should confess obligation to a poet. 20. sit: what different 
 
 force would est have here ? neque : ' and not.' 21. aut : 
 
 instead of ac, on account of the preceding negative. huic 
 
 uni studio : of oratory. 22. penitus : ' exclusively.' dediti 
 fuimus : ' have been devoted ; ' fuimus is often preferred to 
 sumus when the accompanying perfect pass, participle, as here, 
 has more of an adjective than a participial force. 
 
 Page 146- 2. inter se continentur : ' stand related to one 
 another.' Cf. Cic. de Orat. III. vi. 21 : Est etiam ilia Platonis 
 vera . . . vox ( ' saying ' ) omnem doctrinam harum ingenua- 
 rum et humanarum artium uno quodam societatis vinculo 
 contineri. 
 
800 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 146. 
 
 II. 4. in . . . publico : in our phrase, ' before a statute 
 commission and state's court ; ' quaestio legitima, as established 
 under a statute (lex) and not as a special commission (quaestio 
 extraordinarid), such as were sometimes raised for criminal 
 cases ; indicium publicum, as a court for cases affecting the 
 state, not for the trial of contentions between individuals. res 
 agritur : ' the case is being tried.' 5. praetorem : see N. 
 
 to oratio, on p. 298. 
 
 6. conventu hominum ac frequentia : in phrases like this 
 Cicero usually puts the gen. after the first noun. Cf. A. 344, £■; 
 G. 682; H. 564, 11. 9. ut — detis veniam, ut patiamini : 
 forceful pleonasm. 11. huic reo : ' to this (my) client.' 
 
 13. hoc : ' such.' 14. hoc praetore : the commentators in- 
 
 terpret this as a complimentary reference to the taste and 
 achievements of Quintus Cicero as a literary man and poet. 
 His poems have all perished with the exception of a few verses, 
 among which are a couple of cynical epigrams. 
 
 16. liberius : i. e. liberius quam patitur cotisuetudo iudiciorum 
 et fori, as Cicero himself says elsewhere (Brut. xxxi. 120). in 
 eius modi persona: ' in (the case of) a character such as this' 
 of Archias. 17. otium ac studium : ' retirement and devotion 
 to study.' in — tractata est : we say ' has been drawn into.' 
 
 18. periculis : = ' legal actions,' referring to criminal cases, 
 
 19. Quod si : here = et si id. 20. tribui : implies that a 
 request is granted freely ; concedi, not without opposition. 
 21. segregandum : sc. esse. 23. asciscendum fuisse : sc. 
 in numerum civium j why not esse? 
 
 Narratio. iii.-iv. (1. 8). 
 
 III. 24. ut primum : see Idioms. a pueris : concrete for 
 abstract ; = a pueritia. 25. ad: 'with a view to.' 27. An- 
 tiochiae : at this time second in importance only to Alexandria 
 among the cities of the East, notwithstanding the fact that it 
 had been greatly disturbed by the dynastic quarrels which had 
 rent the kingdom of Syria, and by the inroads of the Parthians. 
 
 28. loco: 'station,' 'rank.' urbe: A. 184, c; G. 412, R. 2; 
 H. 363, 4, 2). 29. studiis : see N. to p. 145, 4. adfluenti : 
 
 = abundanti. 30. contigit : used with the infin. by Cicero 
 
 only here. 31. cuncta Graecia : cf. p. 120, 20, and N. 
 
Page 147.] NOTES 301 
 
 33. ipsius : subjective with adventus, objective with admiratio ; 
 ' his coming (in each case) and the admiration for him.' It was 
 nothing uncommon for poets, particularly such as extemporized, 
 to wander from place to place. Cf. p. 46. 
 
 Page 147. 1. Italia : contrasted with Latio, but referring 
 particularly to Southern Italy, the region of the Greek cities. 
 2. Latio : in a broad sense, meaning all that part of Italy where 
 Latin was spoken; cf. p. 155, 2, and n. 3. turn: before the 
 
 Social War. 4. tranquillitatem : between the death of Gaius 
 Gracchus (121 b. c.) and the outbreak of the Social War (91) 
 only the disturbance caused by Saturninus and Glaucia (100 B. c.) 
 broke the ' calm ' of the city. 5. et Tarentini : the et is 
 
 correlative with et before omnes, 1. 7. A man might be a citi- 
 zen of several of these Greek cities at the same time ; but the 
 citizenship of Rome was exclusive. 6. praemiis : garlands, 
 
 gifts, banquets, etc. 
 
 8. dignuni : sc. esse. 9. absentibus : from our point of 
 
 view, absens might have been expected. 10. Mario consule et 
 Catulo : 102 B.C.; perhaps instead of the usual order, Mario 
 et Catulo consulibus, because Marius was much the more promi- 
 nent of the two. 11. res maximas, res gestas : sc. suppedi- 
 tare from adhibere, which governs them loosely by zeugma. 
 12. studium atque aures : = ' literary interest and taste.' 
 Catulus was a man of unusual culture. 
 
 14. praetextatus : = adulescentnlus ; see n. to p. 77, 30. The 
 orator speaks of Archias as if he had always been a Roman. 
 It is not easy to understand how the Greek cities could have 
 granted their franchise so readily to a lad of sixteen or eighteen 
 years; perhaps Cicero's words are not to be taken literally in 
 regard to the age of the poet. 
 
 15. erat hoc : ' this was (an evidence).' 17. naturae atque 
 virtutis : ' of (his) disposition and character.' 19. tempori- 
 bus illis : following the year 102 b. c. 21. vivebat cum: 'he 
 was on intimate terms with.' 24. adficiebatur summo ho- 
 nore : ' he was the recipient of the highest honor,' not only at 
 the hands of those mentioned, but on the part of others also. 
 27. si qui : ' whoever,' ' any who,' A taste for Greek was con- 
 sidered the proper thing ; and many joined in lionizing Archias 
 merely because it was the fashion. simulabant : sc. se stu- 
 dere, etc. 
 
302 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 148. 
 
 IV. 28. Interim : Rome being still his place of residence. 
 satis : ' tolerably.' intervallo : probably not far from ten 
 
 years. Why abl. ? 29. M. Lucullo : he appears to have 
 
 gone to Sicily on private business. ex ea provincia dece- 
 
 deret : the ordinary expression used of a provincial officer 
 leaving his province ; employed here apparently to lend an air 
 of dignity and formality to the journey of Archias. 30. Hera- 
 cliam : here probably the father of Marcus and Lucius Lucullus 
 was living in exile. 
 
 31. iure : ' standing ' in the eyes of Romans, coupled with 
 foedere, 'treaty relations' with Rome. Since 278 B. c. Heraclea 
 had been connected with Rome by a treaty, the terms of which 
 were unusually favorable. 33. per se : here ' for his own 
 
 sake,' ' on his own account.' 34. auctoritate : influence aris- 
 ing from high standing, as distinguished from gratia, influence 
 due to private acquaintance. 
 
 Page 148- 1 civitas : civitas Romana. Silvani lege et 
 Carbonis : known as the lex Plautia Papiria, passed 89 B. c. ; 
 see p. 46. 2. Si qui : trans, as if eis, qui. ascripti : as 
 
 citizens. 3. si — si : introduce the conditions subordinate to 
 
 the clause si qui . . . fuissent. ferebatur : A. 342, a ; G. 
 
 630, R. 1; H. 529, 11., N. 1, 2). 4. domicilium : 'a (legal) 
 
 residence.' sexaginta diebus : ' within sixty days.' Why abl. ? 
 
 5. praetorem . in 89 B. c. there were six praetors (the num- 
 ber was raised to eight by Sulla; cf. p. 59), before any one of 
 whom the acknowledgment contemplated by the law could be 
 made ; cf. 1. 32. Three of the six are mentioned in this speech, 
 Metellus Pius (no. 2 in Vocab.), Appius Claudius Pulcher (1. 34, 
 below), and Lucius Lentulus. essent professi : sc. nomina. 
 
 6. haberet: not habuisset, in order to emphasize the fact that 
 Archias continued to reside at Rome. 7. familiarissimum : 
 
 used as subst., = familiarissimum amicum. 
 
 Discussion. 
 A. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen, iv. (1. 9)-x. 
 9. de civitate ac lege : i. e. de civitate Romana lege Plautia 
 Papiria data. 10. causa dicta est : ' our case is sta-ted,' in 
 that it has been shown that my client fulfilled the three condi- 
 tions, enrolment as a citizen in an allied state, a legal residence 
 in Italy, and proper acknowledgment before a praetor. 
 
Page 149.] NOTES 303 
 
 11. Grati : curtly addressed without his forename ; cf. Q. Hor- 
 tensi (p. 136, 28, and p. 138, 7); C. Manili (p. 143, 27); C. Caesar 
 (p. 159, 21, et al.); and even in an invective we find M. Antoni 
 (p. 173, 11). A. 40, c; G. 29, R. 2; H. 51, 5. Heracliae: A. 
 
 258, c, 2 ; G. 412; H. 425, 2. 12. Adest : as witness and 
 
 supporter; sc. nobis. auctoritate : here 'weight,' 'reliability;' 
 but religione, 'scrupulousness.' 14. opinari : i.e. luuic He- 
 
 racliae adscriptum esse. 15. egisse : 'was instrumental' in 
 
 bringing it about. 17. publico : on behalf of the corpora- 
 
 tion of Heraclea. 
 
 19. Hie : ' At this point.' tabulas : ' registers,' ' records ' 
 
 containing the names of the citizens. 20. Italico bello : 
 
 probably some sacking of the city in the Social War caused the 
 conflagration referred to. 21. ad: 'in relation to,' 'in reply 
 
 to.' 22. quaerere : = requirere. 23. hominum memoria, 
 
 litterarum memoriam : repetition of memoria in order to 
 heighten the contrast between the depositions of the witnesses 
 and the missing documentary evidence. Cf. p. 118, 31, 32, 
 and N. tacere : ' to remain silent ; ' like our phrase ' to keep 
 
 still,' implying the suppression of that which might be spoken. 
 27. corrumpi : see 1. 34 et seq. 
 
 28. Romae : consistent with 1. 6, above ; stronger than in 
 Italia, which might have been expected from the wording of 
 the statute (1. 3). 29. ante civitatem datam : i. e. to inhabi- 
 tants of allied cities. See Idioms. A. 292, a; G. 667, r. 2, 
 H. 549, 5, n. 2. 32. ilia professione collegioque praetorum . 
 — professione apud illud collegium praetorum facta, covering 
 the registration of the six praetors of 89 B. c. ; cf. N. to 1. 5. 
 
 V. 34. Appi : thought to have been the father of the disso- 
 lute Clodius, Cicero's enemy, for whom see pp. 7, 8. 
 
 Page 149. 1. Gabini : asyndeton ; we should say ' and of 
 Gabinius.' 2. calamitas : mild expression for the loss of civil 
 rights ; Gabinius Capito had been condemned for provincial extor- 
 tion in his governorship of Achaia. omnem tabularum fidem 
 resignasset : ' had destroyed all confidence in his records.' For 
 the force of re-signare, lit. 'to break open the seal of,' cf. p. 55. 
 3. sanctissimus modestissimusque : ' the most conscientious 
 and law-observing.' 4. diligentia : ' painstaking.' 5. prae- 
 torem, iudices : Metellus was probably giving testimony in a 
 case concerning citizenship. 
 
304 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 149. 
 
 7. His in tabulis : of Metellus. A. Licini : not A. Licini 
 
 Archiae, because the poet would be registered only by his 
 Latin name. 8. quid est, quod : ' what reason is there to.' 
 
 9. eius : instead of huius, because referring to Archias as reg- 
 istered, as A. Licinius, rather than as present. civitate : at 
 Heraclea. 10. fuerit : not sit, because the registration of 
 citizens in these places had ceased after 89 B. c, when the 
 inhabitants became Roman citizens. Etenim, etc.: a reductio 
 ad absurdum. 12. Graecia : = Magna Graecia. 13. credo : 
 cf. p. 63, 4, and N. Locrenses : the people of Locri Epize- 
 fthyrii, on the eastern side of the extreme southwestern part, 
 the toe, of Italy. 14. scaenicis artificibus : cf. N. to 
 p. 79, 28. 
 
 17 Quid : cf. p. 64, 6, and n. post : cf. Idioms, and 
 
 p. 148, 29. 18. legem Papiam : passed in 65 B. c, enacting 
 
 that all persons not possessing a legal residence in Italy must 
 leave Rome. It was probably under this law that Archias was 
 brought to trial. 20. illis [tabulis]: the records of Regium, 
 Locri, Naples, Tarentum. 21. Census: including each census 
 taken between 89 and 65 B. c. 
 
 22. Scilicet : ' Certainly ; ' sarcastic. obscurum [tibi] : = 
 
 tibi non notum. proximis censoribus : = ' at the last taking 
 of the census,' in 70 B. c, by Lucius Gellius Publicola and 
 Gnaeus Lentulus Clodianus. Censors had been chosen for 65 
 and for 64 b. c, but they had resigned without taking the 
 census. 24. apud exercitum : not hi exercitu, for Archias 
 
 went merely as a companion, or attache, of the commander. 
 superioribus [censoribus]: 'at the next to the last census,' 
 taken by Lucius Marcius Philippus and Marcus Perperna, in 
 86 b. c. eodem quaestore : ' the same ' Lucullus, who was 
 
 then ' quaestor ' under Sulla. 25. primis [censoribus] : ' the 
 
 first ' after Archias had become a citizen, in 89 ; Julius Caesar 
 Strabo and Publicus Licinius Crassus, the censors for that year, 
 resigned without undertaking the work. 
 
 29. pro : ' as.' eis temporibus : the apodosis begins here, 
 ne ipsius quidem iudicio : because he did not have his name 
 placed on the census registers. 30. in — esse versatum : = 
 ' had (any) share in.' 31. saepe : perhaps in times of special 
 
 danger, in his travels with Lucullus. The Roman law recog- 
 nized only the wills of Roman citizens as valid. 32. heredi- 
 
Page 150.] NOTES 305 
 
 tates civium Romanorum : in general only Roman citizens 
 could inherit from Roman citizens. 33. delatus est : ' he 
 
 was reported,' instead of nomen delatum est. Proconsuls and 
 propraetors were obliged to deliver their accounts to the Trea- 
 sury within thirty days after they came back to Rome. In 
 connection with these it was customary to hand in a list of 
 those men on the staff or in the retinue of the provincial gov- 
 ernor whose services were deemed worthy of compensation 
 from the state. 
 
 Page 150. 1. hie . . . revincetur : i. e. Archias and his 
 friends have always acted on the assumption that he was a 
 citizen. With this point the orator closes the technical side 
 of his case. Cf. p. 48. neque — neque : ' either — or.' 
 
 A. 209, a, 2; G. 444; H. 553, 2. 
 
 B. Proof that Archias ought to be a citizen, vi.-xii. (1. 30). 
 
 VI- 3. Quaeres, etc. : introduces the remarks on literature 
 anticipated in chap. 11. ; technically they are extra causam. 
 Cf. p. 47. 4. ubi : ' (that) with which ; ' with the sub), of 
 
 characteristic. 5. ex: 'after.' forensi: cf. p. 117, 1, and N. 
 6. convicio : i. e. convicio litigantium, ' din ' of voices in the 
 court. 7. suppetere : = suppeditari. nobis : ' us ' advo- 
 
 cates and orators as a class. Quintilian (X. i. 27) recommends 
 to orators the reading of poetry, and alludes to this passage. 
 
 11. his studiis : cf. p. 145, 4, and n. esse deditum : cf. 
 
 p. 145, 22, and N. 12. litteris : perhaps originally written 
 
 in litteris ; if not, must be construed as an instrumental abl. 
 13. neque — neque : as in 1. 1 above ; ad . . . fructum (== utili- 
 tateni) refers to the public services of a man of literary culture, 
 in . . . proferre to authorship. 14. aspectum lucemque : = 
 'the light of publicity.' quid: as p. 71, 5. pudeat, etc.: 
 
 another apology to the Roman jury of practical men ; cf. n. to 
 p. 145, 5. 16. tempore: for periculo (cf. p. 146, 18, and N.); 
 
 contrasted with commodo, referring to civil cases. 
 
 19. Qua re: cf. p. 66, 5, and n. 20. quantum — tem- 
 
 porum : why so far separated ? 21. ludorum : celebrated in 
 connection with the religious festivals. 22. ipsam : = ' sim- 
 
 ply,' ' merely.' 23. temporum : pi. as referring to the 
 
 portions of time given to each kind of recreation. 24. tem- 
 pestivis: 'early,' commencing before 3 p.m.; hence 'protracted/ 
 
306 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 151. 
 
 25. alveolo: cf. p. 8o, n, and N. pilae : why put after coti- 
 viviis and alveolo is not clear ; for ball-playing was considered 
 an entirely respectable form of amusement. 
 
 28. oratio et facultas : hendiadys for facultas oratorio., 
 'oratorical power.' 29. quantacumque in me est: 'so far 
 
 as it resides in me,' 'so far as in me lies.' amicorum peri- 
 
 culis : cf. p. 116, n. 30. ilia: the moral principles set forth 
 in the following paragraph. 
 
 33. praeceptis : the teachings of the philosophers. multis 
 litteris : in our phrase, ' by wide reading.' 
 
 Page 151. 1- laudem atque honestatem : i. e. ' glory gained 
 by merit,' hendiadys; hence the sing, ea in 1. 2. 3. mortis 
 atque exsili : by using atque the orator indicates that he con- 
 siders exile worse than death. parvi : A. 252, a ; G. 379; 
 H. 404. 5. profligatorum hominum : sympathizers with the 
 Catilinarian conspirators ; they finally brought about the exile of 
 Cicero. 
 
 6. pleni : i. e. talium praeceptorum. 7. sapientium voces : 
 the utterances of the philosophers. 8. quae omnia : ' all of 
 
 which,' 'and (yet) they all.' A. 216,^; G. 368, R. 2; H. 397, 
 2, n. 10. imagines — expressas : ' forms,' ' ideals ' — 
 
 ' finely portrayed ; ' exprimere is used to denote the sharp, 
 clear presentation of details by the art of the sculptor or 
 painter. 14. hominum excellentium : i. e. de hominibus 
 
 excellentibus. 
 
 VII. 16. Quaeret quispiam : introduces an objection, which 
 the orator wishes to meet ; cf. p. 48. 
 
 20. est certum : sc. mihi j 'I am decided what answer to 
 give.' 25. naturam sine doctrina — sine natura doctri- 
 
 nam : forceful chiasmus. 26. Atque idem ego contendo : 
 
 ' But I maintain (this) also.' 27. ratio quaedam conforma- 
 tioque doctrinae : quida?n is often inserted by Cicero to indi- 
 cate that he is using a word in an unusual sense, or is not 
 altogether satisfied with it ; 'what I may call the systematic 
 training and culture afforded by learning.' 28. illud . . . 
 
 singulare : ' some noble and unique excellence.' 
 
 30. hunc — Africanum : the younger Scipio; hie is used to 
 denote that which is nearer in time. 32. moderatissimos 
 
 et continentissimos : ' men of the greatest self-command and 
 even temper.' 34. qui : ' and these men.' 
 
Pack 153.] NOTES 307 
 
 Page 152. 1. nihil: as p. 6i, 4. 2. adiuvarentur : 'were 
 (continually) aided,' so long as they lived; more forcible than 
 the plup. 
 
 4. non — ostenderetur : ' were not shown (clearly),' i. e. 
 ' were not assured.' 7. ceterae : sc. animi remissiones. 
 
 8. omnium: with temporum, aetatum, locortim. 9. alunt : 
 
 ' strengthen.' 10. adversis : i. e. eis qui in adversis rebus 
 
 sunt. 
 
 VIII. 15. etiam cum — videremus : i.e. etiam videntes. 
 
 16. Rosci : his chief characteristic as an actor was gracefulness. 
 
 17. commoveretur : ' was deeply moved.' 20. Ergo, etc. : 
 argument from less to greater. motu : '(simply) by the 
 movement.' 22. motus : the Latin often uses the pi. where 
 we prefer a sing, abstract noun ; motus am'morum — ' mental 
 activity,' developed by training, as distinguished from celeritatem 
 ingenuorum, ' natural quickness.' 
 
 23. utar : ' I shall take advantage of.' 26. nullam : 
 
 emphatic, 'not a.' 28. agerentur : A. 342: G. 631 ; H. 529, 11. 
 29. revocatum : for an encore. eandem rem : for de 
 
 eadem re. 
 
 31. veterum scriptorum : i. e. Graecorum. All the writings 
 of Archias have perished with the exception of eighteen epi- 
 grams (cf. Reinach, De Archia, p. 28, et seq.), which are assigned 
 to him with a strong probability that they are genuine. To 
 judge from these, his success as an extemporizer consisted 
 chiefly in the ability to patch together, on the spur of the 
 moment, phrases, lines, and passages from the older poets which 
 had previously been committed to memory. The same explana- 
 tion would account also for the resemblance of his more elab- 
 orate productions to the writings of the classic Greek writers. 
 By having a memory stored with original and selected passages 
 appropriate to many subjects and occasions, a good ear for 
 metres, and constant practice, a professional extemporizer was 
 able to perform feats that appeared little short of the marvel- 
 lous, — and that, too, without being a great poet. 
 
 Page 153. 1 ex — constare : ' are based on.' 2. natura 
 ipsa valere : ' derives his power from nature herself.' 3. men- 
 tis viribus excitari : i. e. independently of outside influences, 
 or of education. 4. suo iure : see p. 145, 8, and N. ; cf. the 
 
 editor's "Selections from Ovid," pp. 62, 179. noster : 'of 
 
308 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 154. 
 
 ours ' as a Latin poet, in contrast with the Greek poets just 
 referred to. 
 
 10. barbaria, etc. : there was never a people so sunk in sav- 
 agery that it did not respect the poet. Saxa . . . consistunt: 
 a reference to the mythical musicians, as Amphion, Arion, and 
 Orpheus ; cf. " Selections from Ovid," p. 278, n. to 1. 40, and 
 p. 52. 12. rebus : for artibus. 13. Homerum : according 
 to the well-known Greek couplet, seven cities claimed to be the 
 birthplace of Homer : — 
 
 'Eiwra woXeis diepifrvcnv irepl plfav 'Ofx-qpov, 
 
 lifxvpva, 'P65os, Ko\o<pd}v, "SaXa/xls, Xlos, "Apyos, 'AQrjvai. 
 
 In a Latin hexameter line, — 
 
 Smyrna, Rhodos, Colophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athenae. 
 
 14. Salaminii : the inhabitants of Salamis in Cyprus. 
 16. delubrum : at Smyrna there, was a square portico with a 
 temple and statue of Homer (Strabo, XIV. 1. 37). 17. pugnant : 
 over the same thing. For the nativity of the Homeric poems, 
 see Miss Clerke's " Familiar Studies in Homer," p. 10 et seq. 
 
 IX. 19- alienum : i.e. Homer was a 'foreigner' to all the 
 cities excepting the one in which he was born. What would 
 they have said to the assertion that Homer never lived ? 
 12. praesertim cum olim : ' and that although long ago.' 
 24. Cimbricas res : = ' the war with the Cimbri,' of which 
 Marius was naturally the hero. 25. attigit: implies that 
 
 the poem was not completed. durior ad haec : ' too rough 
 
 for such.' 26. Neque enim quisquam est : ' And (yet not 
 
 strange), for there is no one.' 27. aversus a : = ' unfriendly 
 
 to ; ' difference between the Latin and the English point of 
 view ? ' 28. aeternum — praeconium : i. e. praeconhim quod 
 aetermwi sit. 30. ex eo : see Idioms. 31. cuius 
 
 vocem : i. e. cuius cantantis vocem. 34. ea, quae gesserat : 
 
 res a se gestas. 
 
 Page 154. 1. Mithridaticum bellum : no doubt chiefly that 
 part of the war with Mithridates which reflected most credit 
 on the name of Lucullus, whom the poet accompanied in the 
 Asiatic campaigns. Reinach (De Archia, pp. 46-54) has made 
 it appear at least probable that this poem consisted of four 
 books, and that it was freely used by Plutarch in writing the 
 life of Lucullus. 
 
Page 154.] NOTES 309 
 
 3. expressum est: 'has been treated.' 6. aperuit Pon- 
 
 tum : cf. p. 124, 5-7. 7. regiis opibus : including strong- 
 
 holds, troops, financial resources, etc. regione : ' by its 
 
 situation.' 
 
 9. innumerabilis Armeniorum copias : at the battle near 
 Tigranocerta, in 69 B. c. (cf. p. 31 and Map). According to the 
 figures given by Plutarch (Luc. xxvi., xxvu.), the Armenians 
 outnumbered the Romans twenty to one, mustering more than 
 200,000 men, of whom 150,000 were infantry, against a Roman 
 force of only 11,000. 10. urbem Cyzicenorum . . . serva- 
 
 tam : in 73 B.C.; cf. p. 123, 30-34, and N. In enumerating the 
 victories of Lucullus Cicero does not confine himself to the 
 chronological order. 12. ore ac faucibus : we might say 
 
 ' the open jaws.' Cf. p. 89, 7, and n. 
 
 14. interfectis ducibus : trans, as if duces interfecti sunt et. 
 15. apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis : in 73 B. c. The Ro- 
 man fleet sunk a part of the enemy's ships between the Trojan 
 coast and Tenedos (see Map) ; but the main engagement took 
 place near the island of Lemnos. The two victories are here 
 spoken of as one. Cf. p. 124, 1-4. 
 
 19. noster : cf. p. 153, 4, and N. 20. in sepulcro Sci- 
 
 pionum : the disposition of the dead by burial was kept up in 
 the Scipio family long after cremation became the prevalent 
 method at Rome. The tomb of the Scipios was opened in 
 1780. It lies on the left side of the Appian Way, a short 
 distance outside of the Servian wall. It consists of a number 
 of narrow, winding passages excavated in the soft rock, in the 
 sides of which places were cut out for the bodies of the dead 
 as in the catacombs. At the entrance in Cicero's time (see Liv. 
 XXXVIII. lvi. 4), there were three statues, of which one was 
 thought to be that of Ennius. 
 
 21. eis laudibus : ' by such praises ' as those which Ennius 
 bestowed on Scipio. 23. huius : huius Catonzs, ' the present 
 
 Cato,' i. e. Cato Uticensis ; cf. hunc Africanum, p. 151, 30, and N. 
 Cato the Censor found Ennius in Sardinia, serving in the Roman 
 army, and brought- him to Rome. 
 
 X. 28. haec fecerat : i. e. haec carmina fecerat ( ' had 
 composed'); original meaning of "poet," ftoeta, ttoltjttjs? 29. in 
 civitatem receperunt : the Roman franchise was bestowed on 
 Ennius by the son of Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (cf. p. 156, 
 
310 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 155. 
 
 18-20), in 184 b. c. The poet says of himself (Cic. de Orat. 
 III. xlii. 168): — 
 
 Nos sumus Romani, qui fuvimus ante Rudini. 
 
 30. Heracliensem : sharply contrasted with Rudinum, because 
 Heraclea was so much more important a place than Rudiae and 
 possessed special treaty relations with Rome. Cf. p. 147, 31-33, 
 and N. 
 
 33. Nam : introduces an answer to an assumed, or suppressed, 
 objection ; the ellipsis may be supplied thus, ' (But Archias 
 writes in Greek. That is no objection), for ' . . . 34. vehe- 
 menter : see Idioms. 
 
 Page 155. 1. G-raeca : neut. pi. ; we say ' Greek,' with a 
 sing. verb. 2. suis finibus : even in Cicero's time Latin 
 
 was spoken very little outside of Latium and the Roman and 
 Latin colonies. The Greek language had been carried by Greek 
 commerce and settlements — in the East also by the conquests 
 and colonies of Alexander — over the whole ancient world. Latin 
 made little progress in superseding the native dialects of western 
 Europe till the time of the Empire. 
 
 4. regionibus : = terminis. Cf. p. 101, 7, 8. 7. ampla: = 
 
 ' full of honor,' ' glorious.' It was an honor to any nation to be 
 conquered by Rome ! 8. de vita : ' at the risk of life.' 
 
 9. periculorum : i. e. ad pericula subeunda. Kind of gen.? 
 
 11. scriptores reruni suarum : among them are mentioned 
 Anaximenes, Aristobulus, Callisthenes, the poet Choerilus, One- 
 sicritus, and Ptolemaeus. 13. Achillis tumulum : in the 
 
 Troad, near the entrance of the Hellespont, there are several 
 great prehistoric mounds, or tumuli, to which the names of he- 
 roes of the Trojan war were given at a very early date. At the 
 mound said to mark the burial-place of Achilles there was a 
 temple erected in his honor (Strabo, XIII. i. 32). See Illus- 
 tration, p. 158. 15. Et vere : sc. dixit. 
 
 18. noster hie Magnus : Pompey was no doubt pleased at 
 this implied comparison of himself with Alexander. 20. civi- 
 tate donavit: magistrates sometimes received, by special enact- 
 ment, the privilege of conferring the Roman franchise on those 
 whom they might deem worthy of the distinction. 23. eius- 
 
 dem laudis : as that which Theophanes had bestowed on Pom- 
 pey. 24. credo : cf. p. 63, 4, and N. 
 
Page 156.] NOTES 311 
 
 27. petentem : = si pelisse L 28. quern: 'and (yet) we 
 
 saw him,' Sulla. in contione : here in condone civium (cf. 
 
 I. 20), in the Forum, where he was superintending the sale of 
 the possessions of the proscribed at auction. ei subiecisset : 
 'had thrust up to him (from below)' as he sat on the tribunal. 
 29. libellum : we should say 'a manuscript.' de populo : 
 i. e. common, vulgar. quod epigramma : explains libellum, 
 'an epigram which.' A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, 11. 30. tan- 
 tuni . . . longiusculis : i. e. it had no merit except that every 
 other line was longer than its mate, being written apparently in 
 elegiac stanzas, or distichs. A. 363; G. 762; H. 615. 33. se- 
 dulitatem : 'persistency,' 'ofhciousness.' 
 
 Page 156. 3. donavit : when proconsul in Spain, engaged 
 in the war with Sertorius. 4. per Lucullos : Lucius and 
 
 Marcus Lucullus were kinsmen of Metellus Pius, perhaps cousins. 
 impetravisset : sc. civitatem. qui: 'since he,' Metellus 
 
 Pius. 6. Cordubae : a number of Roman veterans had been 
 settled about Corduba, which was one of the first provincial 
 cities to become Romanized. pingue : see Idioms. 
 
 XI. 10. optimus quisque : here 'all the best,' in a moral 
 sense; the nobler a man, the more ardent his love of glory. 
 
 II. illi philosophi : the Stoics and Epicureans especially 
 claimed to be indifferent to fame. Cicero wrote a treatise De 
 Gloria, which is now lost. 13. in eo ipso : ' in regard to 
 that very matter.' 14. nominari : for se nominari, in the 
 sense of nobilitari. 
 
 16. amicissimi sui : = ' of his most intimate friend.' Cf. 
 p. 148, 7, and N. templorum, monumentorum : built with 
 
 the proceeds from the sale of booty secured in the conquest of 
 Further Spain. One of the temples was dedicated to Mars, and 
 contained a colossal statue of the god by Scopas (Plin. Nat. 
 Hist., XXXVI. v. 26). 
 
 19. Fulvius : see Nobilior in Vocab. He was severely cen- 
 sured by Cato the Censor for taking Ennius with him. Musis : 
 Fulvius built a temple in honor of Hercules and the Muses, and 
 adorned it richly with works of art taken from Ambracia in Epi- 
 rus; cf. N. to p. 132, 7. 20. prope armati : 'almost in military 
 attire;' i. e. before they had assumed the garb suitable to the 
 City and to civil life. 22. a — abhorrere : 'be insensible 
 
 to,' 'be inattentive to.' 
 
312 THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS [Page 157. 
 
 28. vobis : i. e. vobis uidicibus, taken as representatives of 
 your respective classes; for the jurors at this time were drawn 
 from the ranks of the senators, knights, and tribunes of the 
 treasury. These classes as a whole had supported Cicero heart- 
 ily in the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Cf. p. 
 no, Chap, vn., and n. to p. in, 3. 
 
 30. incohavit : a year later the poem was not yet finished, 
 greatly to the disappointment of Cicero (cf. ad Att. I. xvi. 15); 
 probably it was never completed. Quibus auditis : De eis 
 (versibus) cum audissem. 31. res : ' the theme.' 
 
 34. hanc : hanc mercedem. laudis : explanatory gen., 
 
 'which consists in praise.' 
 
 Page 157. 1. quid est, quod : cf. p. 149, 8, and N. 
 
 4. nihil — praesentiret : ' cherished no anticipation.' 5. re- 
 gionibus : asp. 155,4. 8. angeretur : 'would torment itself.' 
 A. in, a, N. ; G. 209; H. 465. de ipsa vita: = etiam de vita. 
 
 9. Nunc: 'But as it is.' quo que : i.e. quoque. virtus: 
 
 ' noble impulse,' ' noble instinct.' 11. non, etc. : well ex- 
 
 pressed by Reid, ' that the story of our fame must not be given 
 up to oblivion when the term of life ends, but that it must be 
 made coextensive with all future time.' 
 
 XII. 14. videamur : ' are we to let ourselves appear.' 
 19. statuas : ' statues ; ' imagines, ' portraits ' moulded or 
 carved in any material ; simulac?-a, ' likenesses ' whether carved, 
 drawn, or painted ; contrasted with effigiem, ' representation,' 
 here used of the ideal. animorum, corporum : we say ' of 
 
 the soul,' 'of the body,' preferring to use the generic sing, in 
 many cases where the Latin has the pi. Cf. n. to p. 152, 22. 
 
 23. summis ingeniis : i. e. a viris summo ingenio. ex- 
 
 pressam : see N. to p. 151, 10. 27. sapientissimi homines: 
 philosophers who taught the immortality of the soul, as Pytha- 
 goras, Socrates. 28. ad . . . pertinebit : 'it shall continue 
 in relation to some part of my soul,' i. e. ' my soul shall remain 
 conscious of it' 30. spe : i.e. of an immortality of fame. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 31. pudore eo : ' of so fine a sense of honor.' 
 
 Page 158. 1. eius modi : = tali. 2. testimonio muni- 
 
 cipi : see p. 148, 15-18. 10. ex eo numero, qui: = ex illo- 
 
Page 158.] NOTES 313 
 
 rum numero, qui. 11. sancti : see p. 153, 5. 12. itaque : 
 
 = et ita. 
 
 15. de causa : ' in regard to the case,' referring to the earlier, 
 technical portion of the speech. 20. qui iudicium exercet : 
 cf. p. 146, 14, and N. 
 
314 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 159. 
 
 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS. 
 
 Page 159. Pro M. Marcello Oratio : i. e. oratio in qua 
 Caesari gratias egit pro M. Marcelli restitutione (' restoration ' 
 to standing as a citizen, ' pardon ') ; the title as it stands is in- 
 exact. The speech was delivered in the course of a meeting 
 of the Senate, in the Senate-house (cf. p. 162, 10); but it was 
 addressed to Caesar, who as consul presided. After Caesar, 
 yielding to the urgent request of Gaius Marcellus and indi- 
 vidual senators, declared that he would pardon Marcus Mar- 
 cellus if the Senate so desired (see pp. 49, 50), the senators 
 gave their votes in the usual order, nearly all expressing their 
 thanks also (cf. N. to p. 64, 28); when it came to Cicero's turn to 
 speak, he responded with this address (ad Fam. IV. iv. 4: plu- 
 ribus verbis egi Caesari). The speeches for Ligarius and Dei- 
 otarus, likewise addressed to Caesar, were grouped with this by 
 the early grammarians under the title orationes Caesarianae. In 
 view of the circumstances of delivery, as well as the character 
 of the subject-matter, the pro Marcello is seen to lie on the 
 border line between the political speeches and those in criminal 
 cases ; but on the whole it may more appropriately be classed 
 — as also the other Caesarianae — with the latter. Rhetorically 
 it is an example of the demonstrative order (see p. 15). 
 
 Introduction, i. 
 
 I. 1. Diuturni silenti : lasting almost six years. In 51 B.C. 
 Cicero was in Cilicia. He returned to Rome in 49 only to find 
 the outbreak of hostilities between Caesar and Pompey inev- 
 itable : from that time to the present occasion he had had 
 neither opportunity nor inclination to exercise his oratorical 
 gifts, having firmly resolved never to let his voice be heard in 
 public again (ad Fam. IV. iv. 4 : Statueram, non me hercule 
 inertia, sed desiderio pristinae dignitatis, in perftetuum tacere). 
 patres conscripti : see n. to p. 62, 28. After the first para- 
 graph, the address changes to Caesar, but returns to the Senate 
 
Page 159.] NOTES 315 
 
 for a few sentences in Chap. v. eram usus : ' I had (have) 
 
 maintained ; ' the Latin often uses the plup. of that which has 
 just occurred, where our idiom prefers the perfect. his tem- 
 
 poribus : of civil war. 
 
 2. dolore : explained by Dolebam . . . fortuna, 11. 13—15. 
 3 verecundia : ' fear ' of doing wrong, as indicated by nee fas 
 esse, et seq., 11. 16-19. hodiernus dies: Cicero gives no clue 
 by which the exact date can be determined ; but he writes of 
 'this day' to Sulpicius (ad Fam. IV. iv. 3): Ita mihi pulcher 
 hie dies visus est, ut speciem aliquam viderer videre quasi re- 
 viviscentis rei publicae. 4. initium : notice the forceful order 
 in Diuturni silenti — finem, initium — dicendi. 
 
 6. in summa potestate : Caesar had been made dictator for 
 ten years, and censor under the title praefectus morum for 
 three; he was now also consul for the third time (cf. N. to p. 
 139, 32). Thus under the forms of the republican constitution 
 he was in reality an absolute monarch. Cf. n. to p. 136, 25. 
 7. rerum omnium modum : =r in rebus omnibus j/ioderationem 
 (' self-command '). 
 
 10, vobis : Marcellus had been a member of the Senate. 
 11. illius : i. e. vocem et auctoritatem (' influence ') ; hendiadys ? 
 14. in eadem causa : as having been a partisan of Pompey's. 
 in qua ego: sc. what? 15. in eadem fortuna: as having 
 
 received pardon from Caesar. 17. aemulo : here a subst. 
 
 18. quasi . . . distracto : '(my) associate and travelling com- 
 panion, as it were, torn away from me.' 
 
 20. mihi meae : the Latins liked to put words of kindred 
 meaning, or different forms of the same word, in juxtaposition. 
 G. 683 ; H. 563. 21. interclusam aperuisti : an expression 
 
 appropriate to the implied comparison of life to a journey in 
 the last sentence. 22. signum — sustulisti : ' you have put 
 
 up a flag, as it were,' in something the same way that a flag 
 (vexillum) was raised over the general's tent in camp as a sign 
 that the force must make ready for battle. Cf. Caes. de Bell. 
 Gall. 11. 20. 23, mihi: may be translated as if a me ; but 
 
 the dat. in such cases is by no means equivalent to an expres- 
 sion of agency, indicating rather the person who is concerned 
 in the action, on whom consequent results may rest. 24. in 
 multis : ' in the case of many (others) ' that Caesar had par- 
 doned, in me ipso : ' in my own case.' 
 
316 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 160. 
 
 Page 160. 2. commemoratis praesertim offensionibus : = 
 
 ' that too although his acts of hostility have been brought to 
 mind ; ' Caesar had just mentioned the ' bitter hatred ' of Mar- 
 cellus for him {accusata acerbitate Marcelli, ad Fam. IV. I v. 3). 
 
 3. auctoritatem . . . anteferre : see p. 50, and N. on p. 314. 
 
 4, doloribus : personal feelings. suspicionibus : Caesar had 
 spoken to the effect that if his enemies were all allowed to 
 come back his life would not be safe ; cf. p. 165, 16, and n. 
 
 5. ante, etc.: see Idioms. 6. consensu: shown by the 
 
 unanimity with which the senators had urged the recall of Mar- 
 cellus. iudicio tuo : which was a recognition of Marcellus's 
 worth. 11. ventura sit : as Marcellus was at Mytilene, it 
 
 would take nearly a month for the news of his pardon to reach 
 him. 12. optimo iure : see Idioms. 13. optimarum 
 
 artium studio: cf. p. 145, 4, and N. ; a reference to Marcellus's 
 interest in philosophy and oratory. 14. innocentia : as op- 
 
 posed to avaritiaj cf. p. 130, 24, et seq. 
 
 Discussion. 
 
 A. The Deeds of Caesar, n.-vi. 
 
 II. 15. Nullius : for the gen. of nemo ; not with ingeni. 
 16. non dicam : cf. p. 137, 10, and N. 17. sed : 'but (even).' 
 18. Tamen : we should have expected Et tamen. pace tua : 
 see Idioms. 19. quam earn, quam : it is surprising that the 
 orator did not avoid the disagreeable assonance by saying ea. 
 quam. 
 
 25. numero proeliorum : Pliny the Elder (Nat. Hist., VII. 
 xxv. § 92) says that Caesar fought in fifty pitched battles, being 
 the only commander that surpassed the number of Marcus Mar- 
 cellus (the conqueror of Syracuse), who fought in thirty-nine. 
 regionum : in Gaul, Italy, Epirus, Thessaly, Asia Minor, Egypt, 
 Africa. 
 
 26. celeritate conficiendi : cf. the editor's " Caesar's Gallic 
 War," pp. 9, 10. 27, disiunctissimas terras citius : in the 
 campaigns of the Civil War, 49-46 B. c. 
 
 30. ea — capere : in our phrase, 'take them in.' 32. bel- 
 licas laudes : introduced in contrast with the glory gained by 
 showing mercy to the conquered (p. 161, 5 et seq.). 34. mul- 
 tis : subordinate officers and soldiers. 
 
Page 162] NOTES 317 
 
 Page 161. 1. in armis : 'in the pursuit of arms,' = ' in war.' 
 3. suo iure : cf. p. 145, 8, and N. 4. Fortuna : for the im- 
 
 portant part good luck was supposed to play in the victories 
 and reverses of war, see p. 134, 30 et seq. Caesar himself often 
 attributed his successes to the kindness of fortune ; cf. De Bell. 
 Gall. VI. 42 et al. 6. es paulo ante adcptus : by conquering 
 all personal feeling and granting pardon to a political enemy; 
 cf. p. 159, 23 et seq. Cicero's praise of Caesar's magnanimous 
 treatment of the partisans of Pompey is hardly too great. See 
 Mommsen's "History of Rome," Vol. IV., p. 550 et seq. 
 
 7. quantumcumque est: 'great as it is.' 9. ista laude : 
 i. e. ista tua laude. 12. tuam esse totam : i. e. is tarn glo- 
 riam totam esse tuam. 13. temeritas, casus: characteristic 
 
 of Fortune. 
 
 III. 16. gentes, etc. : referring to the Gallic campaigns. 
 17. copiarum : here ' of resources.' 19. condicionem : ' en- 
 vironment.' 21. Animum : asyndeton, where an English 
 writer would use an adversative conj. vincere, etc. : the 
 infinitives have a loose dependence on iudico (I. 26), but are 
 gathered up by haec, the form of the sentence having been 
 changed after it was started ; anacoluthon. A. 385 ; G. 694 ; 
 H. 636, iv. 6. iracundiam cohibere : " He that is slow to 
 anger is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit 
 than he that taketh a city" (Prov. xvi. 32). 26. deo : might 
 dei have been expected ? 
 
 27. bellicae, etc. : has this prophecy been realized ? 28. sed : 
 'but (also).' 31. nescio : see Idioms. obstrepi : as we say, 
 'to be drowned out.' clamore militum — tubarum sorio : 
 
 suggesting scenes of battle, siege, sacking, and carnage. Notice 
 the chiastic order. 
 
 Page 162. 1- insolens : especially in civil war. ' And in 
 one respect particularly,' Cicero wrote to Sulpicius shortly after 
 this speech was delivered (ad Fam. IV. iv. 2), 'your lot is bet- 
 ter than mine, because you can freely write what gives you 
 pain, but I cannot do even this with safety; and that too not 
 the fault of our conqueror, — whose self-command is simply won- 
 derful, — but because victory in a civil war is always arrogant.' 
 
 4. fictis [rebus] : in the drama and in epic poetry. Cicero 
 wrote later (Lael. vm. 28) : ' There is nothing more attractive 
 than a noble character, nothing which more draws out our affec- 
 
318 THE -SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 163. 
 
 tion ; we even in a way conceive an affection for those whom 
 we have never seen, on account of their lofty character and 
 uprightness.' 
 
 5. Te . . . efferemus : A. 346; G. 685 ; H. 573. 6. mentem 
 sensusque et os : i. e. ' thoughts and feelings expressed in his 
 countenance;' cf. p. 61, 7, and n. quicquid reliquum fece- 
 
 rit : = quicquid reliquerit. 9. Parietes, etc. : spirited hyper- 
 
 bole. 10. me dius Fidius : see Fidius in Vocab. 11. futura 
 sit: vox. futura est; Cicero repeats the reason which the walls 
 give. ilia auctoritas : for vir ilia attctoritate, or vir tanta 
 
 auctoritate, i. e. Marcellus. 
 
 IV. 13. C. Marcelli : the brother of Marcus (cf. p. 169, 
 31, 32). There was another Gaius Marcellus, consul B. c. 50, who 
 was probably a cousin of Gaius and Marcus ; some have thought 
 that he was the one mentioned here. 14. lacrimis . . . vide- 
 rem : as he cast himself at Caesar's feet ; see p. 49, and cf. n. 
 to p. 104, 21. 16. M. Marcello conservato : trans, with 'by' 
 and a participial phrase. 17. nobilissimam familiam : sc. 
 
 quorum from ijuibus (1. 16). 18. ad paucos : only the three 
 
 Marcelli mentioned in n. to 1. 13 are spoken of as living at this 
 time. 19. Hunc diem : i. e. huius diei gratulationem. 
 
 23. multo magnoque : =: ' a very large.' comitatu : why 
 
 abl. ? 24. quae quidem : ' and (yet) in fact this.' tanta 
 
 est : followed by a consecutive clause, ut . . . sit aetas, where 
 a concessive clause (' although time,' etc.) might have been 
 expected; after the parenthesis the sentence is resumed not 
 with a parallel consecutive clause, but with a principal state- 
 ment co-ordinate with tanta est j anacoluthon. Cf. p. 161, 
 21 et seq. 
 
 26. opere et manu : hendiadys; 'wrought by the work of 
 (men's) hands.' 28. magis : ' more (and more).' 33. per- 
 
 inde atque : ' exactly as ; ' the orator cannot find words ade- 
 quate to express his thought. 34. victoriam vicisse videris : 
 notice the alliteration ; cf. p. 139, 25. 
 
 Page 163. 1. videris: 'you are seen.' ilia: ilia victoria. 
 victis : used as subst. 
 
 2. ipsius victoriae condicione, etc. : the meaning is made 
 clear by a passage in a letter to Marcellus (ad Fam. IV. ix. 3): 
 ' All the conditions of civil war are wretched ; . . . but nothing 
 is more wretched than victory itself. Even if this has come 
 
Page 163.] NOTES 319 
 
 into the hands of the better sort of men, yet it makes them 
 savage and violent, that even though they may not be so by 
 nature, they are forced to become so by necessity. You see, 
 the conqueror is obliged, even against his will, to do many 
 things at the beck of those with the help of whom he has 
 conquered.' 
 
 V- 6. hoc . . . pateat : ' how wide a bearing this decision 
 of Gaius Caesar has.' 7. Omnes, qui: 'all (of us) who.' 
 
 8. ilia arrna : the side of Pompey in the late war. 10. sce- 
 lere, etc. : in civil war each side considers the other an enemy 
 of the state; Caesar's generous attitude relieves those who joined 
 Pompey from the position of men charged with the ' crime ' of 
 taking up arms against their country. 
 
 12. me : sc. reddidit ; for me mihi and sibi ipsos (for ipsis), 
 see N. to p. 159, 20. 14. quorum et frequentiam et 
 
 dignitatem : abstract for concrete, = quos et f?eqnentes et 
 summa dignitate {praeditos). 15. ille induxit : first prin- 
 
 cipal clause ; Caesar allowed his opponents to come back not 
 as enemies, but as those with whom the charge of having been 
 rebels, or traitors, would not be raised. After the battles of 
 Pharsalus and Thapsus, he caused the correspondence discov- 
 ered at the headquarters of the enemy to be burned. 
 
 16. ignoratione : i. e. of the facts or merits of the case. 
 17. metu : as in the case of Metellus, who had done so much 
 to offend Caesar that he feared Caesar's resentment. 
 
 19. Quo in bello, et seq. : Cicero improves this first oppor- 
 tunity to offer a public explanation of his reasons for having 
 gone over to Pompey, and of his real attitude in the late war. 
 He had previously made similar explanations to his friends, as 
 indicated by a letter to Marius (ad Fam. VII. in. 6), in which 
 he says : ' I would have preferred to talk this over with you 
 by ourselves ; but as it would be some time before I could 
 see you, I wanted to lay the matter before you in a letter, in 
 order that, if you should chance to fall in with any of my critics 
 you might know what to say to them. For there are some 
 people who, though my taking off would have brought no ad- 
 vantage to the state, yet think it a downright sin that I am 
 alive ; ' i. e. not having laid down my life at Pharsalus or 
 Thapsus. de pace audiendum : we say 'that the voice 
 
 of peace should be heard.' 
 
320 THE SPEECH FOR MARCE1.IUS [Page 164. 
 
 21. civium pacem flagitantium : among them Cicero himself, 
 as the following sentence implies. Neque enim : ' And (with 
 consistency) for I did not,' etc. 22. ilia [arraa] : as in 1. 8. 
 
 ulla : ' any (other).' Cicero sympathized with the political affil- 
 iations of Sulla, but did not come forward as an active par- 
 tisan. 23. civilia : = ' in civil war.' Cicero did not take 
 part in the battle of Pharsalus. 24. Hominem : Pompey. 
 25. privato consilio : i. e. as a matter of personal obligation. 
 The statements here are borne out by Cicero's letters to Atticus, 
 and to Pompey himself, in 49 b. c. 
 
 26. grati . . . memoria : ' the faithful recollection of a thank- 
 ful heart,' remembering Pompey 's kindnesses. 27. non modo : 
 see N. to p. 71, 21. prudens et sciens : a stereotyped phrase, 
 
 borrowed originally from the law ; like our expression, " with my 
 eyes wide open." 30. iritegra re : before the outbreak of 
 
 hostilities between Caesar and Pompey. 31. eadem . . . 
 
 sensi : ' I retained the same opinions, even at the risk of my 
 life.' After the battle of Pharsalus Cicero refused the com- 
 mand offered him by Cato and counselled peace, whereupon he 
 was assailed by Pompey's son Gnaeus, -and would have lost his 
 life had not Cato interfered (Plut. Cic. xxxix.). 
 
 Page 164. 1. ceteris fuerit iratior: trans, as a subordinate 
 clause with ' while.' Why ? id : i. e. Caesarem pacis auctores 
 conservandos esse censere. 
 
 VI. 5- huius rei, etc. : Marcellus also was in favor of peace. 
 8. certorum hominum : the language implies that their names 
 were known to Caesar and the Senate. The leaders on the 
 side of Pompey had indulged in the most extravagant plans of 
 proscription and confiscation : Tanta e)'at in illis crudelitas, tanta 
 cum barbaris gentibus coniunctio, ut non nominatim, sed gene- 
 ratim (' by classes ') proscriptio esset informata ; ut iam om- 
 nium iudicio constitutum esset o?nnium vestrum (' of you ' who 
 had not joined the party of Pompey, even though remaining 
 neutral) bona praedam esse illius victor iae (ad Att. XI. vi. 2). 
 Cf. 11. 21-23 below. 
 
 13. proeliorum exitu terminatam : i. e. scenes of bloodshed 
 were not continued in proscriptions. vagina vacuum: for 
 
 e vagina eductum. 17. ex eadem acie : i. e. in eodem 
 
 exe7'citu. 
 
 19. Alterius partis: the side of Pompey. 23. ubi fuisset: 
 
Page 166.] [J NOTES 321 
 
 plup. because the war was now wholly in the past. Only those 
 
 who had actually followed Pompey to Greece were to be 
 
 spared. 25. poenas : see Idioms. 26. qui : = eo, quod. 
 
 28. omneni spem ad — contulisse : ' to have rested all hope 
 on,' ' to have placed all hope in.' 
 
 32. ex quo : = c7 ex eo (bond). 33. sapienti : Caesar was 
 a believer in the Epicurean philosophy. Cetera tua : ' your 
 other (deeds).' 
 
 Page 165. 1. de nobis : i. e. of your pardoning of us. 
 5. summa bona : among the philosophers summum bonum was 
 the term for ' the highest good.' 7. Virtute : personified. 
 
 9. Noli, etc. : the orator pleads for the others situated as Mar- 
 cellus was. A. 269, a, 2 ; G. 264, 11. ; H. 489, 1). 11. opinione 
 stulta : as we say, ' by a wrong idea,' ' by a mistaken notion.' 
 12. tua ulla culpa: cf. p. 77, 10, and N. 13. -que: 'but.' 
 
 B. Caesar's Danger, vil.-x. 
 
 VII. 16. suspicionem : that there was danger of a plot 
 against his life. 18. providenda : milder word for firae- 
 
 cavenda. 20. cautio : 'safety.' As Drumann aptly remarks 
 (" Geschichte Roms," Vol. VI., p. 264), " So far as human calcu- 
 lations can determine, if Caesar had not been murdered in 44 
 Cicero would not have been killed in 43." 
 
 22. tarn demens : i. e. tani demens tit tibi insidietur. 
 23. quam quibus : quam (ei), quibus. 24. ex hoc numero, 
 
 qui : = ex horum numero, qui. 26. summa : ' in the highest 
 degree,' ' to the fullest extent.' 28. nihil cogitant sceleris : 
 
 ' are plotting no crime.' 29. inimici : sc. what ? fuerunt : 
 
 sc. ini?nici. pertinacia : as in the recent struggle in Africa. 
 31. de inimicis : A. 216, c\ G. 371, R. 5; H. 397, 3, N. 3. qui 
 
 fuerunt : i. e. qui fuerunt inimici et supersunt. 
 
 33. in animis hominum : = 'in the heart of man;' cf. N. to 
 p. 157, 19. latebrae : = ' depths.' 
 
 Page 166. 3. nihil — cogitans : ' unreflecting,' ' thoughtless.' 
 nee — nee: cf. p. 150, 1, and n. 5. ex, etc.: (vitam) omnium 
 ex vita tui unius pendere. Reason for the order ? 7. dum- 
 
 taxat humanos : = ' yet only those common to humanity ; ' con- 
 trasted with sceleris . . . consensio. 9. debeat : 'is bound to 
 be;' cf. N. to p. 101, 4. 11. incertos motus : = ' the varia- 
 
 bility,' ' the uncertainty ; ' with the saine underlying idea as that 
 
322 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 166. 
 
 of our colloquial expression, " Oh, he has his ups and downs." 
 Cf. p. 152, 22, and n. 
 
 12. quern deum : owing to the association of each divinity 
 with a particular sphere of activity, and the subordination of 
 all to Fate, the gods of the ancient mythology were not looked 
 upon as omnipotent. The expression here, however, is highly 
 rhetorical. si cupiat : = etiam si rei publicae opitulari 
 
 cupiat. 
 
 VIII. 14. sunt excitanda : ' must be lifted up,' ' raised up ; ' 
 in contrast with iacere, etc. Measures looking toward all the 
 reforms suggested — and many besides — had already been sanc- 
 tioned, or were under consideration. See Mommsen's " History 
 of Rome," Vol. IV., p. 586 et seq. 16. iudicia : regulated 
 
 by a lex Iidia iudiciaria, which took away from the tribunes of 
 the treasury the privilege of sitting on juries; cf. N. to p. 11 1, 3 
 and 11. 
 
 17. fides : the lex hdia de fenore (passed B. c. 49) ordered 
 an assessment of mortgaged property at the valuation held 
 before the depreciation caused by the civil wars, and obliged 
 creditors to accept it at this valuation in satisfying their claims, 
 without the payment of any arrears of interest that might be 
 due. In this way burdensome debts were cancelled, with a loss 
 to creditors of only about one fourth their original investment 
 (Caes. de Bell. Civ. in. 1 ; Suet. Iul. Caes. xlii.). libidines : 
 here refers particularly to extravagance in living. Caesar car- 
 ried the enforcement of sumptuary laws so far as to place 
 guards about the market to confiscate forbidden luxuries ; in 
 some cases even dishes were taken from the table in private 
 houses (Suet. Iul. Caes. xliii.). 18. suboles : Caesar "pro- 
 
 posed extraordinary rewards for the fathers of numerous fami- 
 lies, while he at the same time as supreme judge of the nation 
 treated divorce and adultery with a rigor according to Roman 
 ideas unparalleled." Mommsen, Vol. IV., p. 623. 
 
 20. ardore . for the order cf. p. 146, 6, and N. 22. orna- 
 
 menta dignitatis : cf. p. 1 18, 12, and N. praesidia stabilitatis : 
 cf. p. 122, 20, 21. 23. armatus, togatus : cf. p. 156, 21-23. 
 
 28. vocem : ' utterance.' Satis diu : =r ' long enough.' 
 
 According to Suetonius (Iul. Caes. lxxxvi.) Caesar declared 
 neqite voluisse se diutius vivere, neque curasse, quod valetudine 
 minus prospera uteretur ; . . . non tarn sua quam rei ptiblicae 
 
Page 167.] NOTES 323 
 
 interesse, uti salvus esset j se iam pridem potentiae gloriaeque 
 abunde adeptum {esse); rem publicum, si quid sibi eveniret, 
 neque quietam fore et aliquanto deteriore condicione civilia 
 bella subituram. 
 
 29. naturae : i. e. for the space of life allotted by nature. 
 How old was Caesar at this time ? 31. parum : = ' not long 
 
 enough.' 32. doctorum hominum . the philosophers ; cf. 
 
 p. 106, 22, et seq. 34. enim : i. e. And I have reason for 
 
 saying this ; ' for ' . . . 
 
 Page 167. 1- Credo : i. e. credo te ita sentire. turn — 
 
 si: = '(only) in case.' id audirem : 'I would listen to it,' 
 
 in the sense of id probarem, ' I would approve of it.' 5. fun- 
 damenta, quae : i. e. fundamenta eoriun (operum), qtiae ; ref- 
 erence not only to the great plans Caesar had formed for the 
 reorganization of the state (see n. to p. 166, 14), but also to a 
 series of magnificent public buildings on which work had 
 already been commenced. 7. aequitate animi : ' by the even 
 balance of your mind,' the philosophic calm which even the 
 thought of death cannot disturb. 
 
 11. Parum — magna: ' (works) not great enough.' 12. satis: 
 i.e. satis magna. 15. futurus fuit : 'was destined to be.' 
 
 17. vide: 'see to it.' 18. virtus: here 'character.' 
 
 19. magnorum . . . meritorum : i. e. fama magnorum meri- 
 torum vel in suos cives ('towards one's fellow-citizens'), etc. 
 Reason for the order ? Cicero gives also a similar definition 
 of gloria (Phil. I. xii. 29) : Est autem gloria laus rectc fac- 
 torum magnorumque in rem publicum meritorum, quae cum 
 optimi cuiusque turn etiam multitudiuis testimonio comprobatur. 
 
 IX. 22. pars: 'part;' implied comparison of life to a 
 drama. hie actus : ' (only) this act,' the last act. 24. in 
 
 primis : = ' above all others.' 26. solveris : ' you shall have 
 
 paid (the debt).' satietate vivendi : cf. Cic. Cato Mai. xx. 
 
 76: Satietas vitae temptis maturum mortis adfert. 28. hoc 
 
 ipsum : i. e. vivere diu, or vixisse dm. extremum : in the 
 
 sense of finis ; 'And yet,' says Cicero (Cato Mai. xix. 69), 'ye 
 beneficent gods! what is there long in the life of man?' 
 29. pro nihilo : 'as nothing' at all. 30. Quamquam : as 
 
 p. 70, 14. 31. his angustiis : 'by these narrow bounds.' 
 
 32. fuit, semper : asyndeton, where we should say ' but.' im- 
 mortalitatis : cf. p. 156, 9-1 1, and N. 
 
324 THE SPEECH FOR MARCELLUS [Page 168. 
 
 34. Nee . . . est : ' And in truth this ought not to be con- 
 sidered your (real) life.' 
 
 Page 168. 1. spiritu: 'breath,' as the necessary condition of 
 the body's existence. ilia, ilia : cf. p. 62, 5, and N. ; p. 98, 34 
 
 et seq. 4. inservias : A. 331, i, with N. 1 ; G. 559, R. 1; 
 
 H. 502, 1. te ostentes : 'acquit yourself before;' ostentare 
 
 is used in the sense of our phrase, " to place one's self in the 
 right light" before another. 5. miretur : for admiretur. 
 
 7. provincias, etc. : i. e. the conquering of provinces, the cross- 
 ing of the Rhine, the advance to the ocean, the victory by the 
 Nile ; condensed and vivid statement. 8. pugnas : cf. p. 160, 
 25, and n. 9. triumphos : Caesar had just celebrated a four- 
 fold triumph for his victories in Gaul, Egypt, Asia Minor {veni, 
 vidi, vici), and over the allies of the Pompeian leaders in 
 Africa. 12. sedem . . . habebit : the orator avoids saying 
 
 outright that Rome will be destroyed; cf. p. 101, 4, and N. 
 
 14. magna dissensio : one has only to read the opinions 
 passed on Caesar in recent times by Arnold and Mommsen, 
 Froude and Trollope, to bear witness to the remarkable fore- 
 sight revealed in this passage. 16. idque vel maximum : = 
 ' and this most of all.' salute : sc. restituta, ' by restoring 
 
 the safety.' 17. illud : the flames. hoc : the extinguishing 
 of the flames. 
 
 18. Servi : ' look to.' 19. haud scio an : ' probably.' 
 
 22. ad te, etc.: cf. p. 157, 28-30, and N. quidam : the Epi- 
 cureans; cf. p. 106, 22-24, an d n. falso: as Cicero knew that 
 Caesar was an Epicurean, and was not accustomed to express 
 his own belief in the immortality of the soul so unreservedly, it 
 seems hardly possible that he could have used the word falso 
 as it stands here. Very likely it was inserted by some pious 
 copyist of the Christian epoch. 23. nunc certe : while you 
 
 are still living. 
 
 X. 26. Diversae, etc. : referring again to the period of civil 
 war through which they had just passed. 28. obscuritas : 
 
 = ' uncertainty,' ' wavering,' among those at Rome ; explained 
 by what follows. 30. quid optimum esset : whether to re- 
 
 main neutral, or to join Caesar or Pompey. 32. quid 
 
 liceret: i. e. how far they would be allowed to take advantage 
 of the undisturbed condition of affairs to their own interest. 
 34. neque omnes, etc. : in implied contrast with the position 
 
Pagr 170.] NOTES 325 
 
 assumed by Pompey, who had declared that he would treat as 
 public enemies all who failed in their allegiance. Cf. n. to p. 
 164, 8. 
 
 Page 169. 2. posita [sunt] : after the battle at Pharsalus. 
 erepta sunt : as in the struggle in Africa. 5. ille : ante- 
 
 cedent to the following qui; he who gave up his life in battle 
 rather than yield is a better man than he who submits to be 
 pardoned and yet remains hostile. 6. Quae — eadem : ' the 
 
 same (trait) which.' 
 
 10. aliquid : ' any (measure).' 13. omnes : ' all (of us).' 
 
 14. haec : cf. p. 70, II, and N. 17. subesse : = latere. 
 
 18. excubias : 'watches' stationed outside of a camp or build- 
 ing, as distinguished from citstodiae, ' guards ' set to protect a 
 given point or place, and vigiliae, 'patrol-men.' The following 
 year the Senate voted Caesar a select body-guard, but he 
 refused to accept it. 
 
 Conclusion, xi. 
 
 XI. 21. maximas gratias : see Idioms. With maximas — 
 maiores cf. certissima — certiora, p. 94, 15-18. 22. maiores 
 
 [gratias] : ' greater ' than can be expressed. idem sentiunt : 
 
 ' have the same feeling.' 24. stantibus — dicere : trans, as 
 
 if stare et dicere. 25. cui necesse est [dicere] : i. e. as an 
 
 ex-consul (cf. N. to p. 106, 10-12) and prominent member of the 
 Senate, and as the most intimate friend of Marcellus. 
 
 30. Quod : refers as antecedent not only to id, 1. 33, but also 
 loosely to id understood as object of praestare, p. 1 70, 2 ; hav- 
 ing performed the duty imposed by my affection in pleading 
 for Marcellus, I ought now to perform the gracious duty of 
 returning thanks. mea : ' on my part.' 34. tarn diu — 
 
 quam diu: = 'so long as.' 
 
 Page 170. 3. omnibus rebus : ' in all respects ; ' not in re- 
 gard to life merely, but also as regards property, civil rights, 
 and standing. me — conservato : trans, by a clause with 
 
 ' although.' 6. maximus . . . accesserit : trans, as if hoc 
 
 tuo facto maximum cumulum accessisse confitear. 
 
326 FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY [Page 171. 
 
 THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY. 
 
 Page 171. Oratio Philippic a Ouarta: delivered 
 
 from the Rostra (now in the new location ; see N. on p. 227), 
 Dec. 20, b. c. 44 ; for the occasion, and an outline of the matter, 
 see pp. 51-53. Plutarch says (Cic. xxiv.) that the orator him- 
 self called the speeches against Antony ' Philippics ; ' whether 
 that be true or not, the term was applied to them not long 
 afterwards (cf. Juv. x. 123-126), and is found in the oldest ms. 
 
 Introduction, i. (11. 1-19.) 
 
 I. 1. Frequentia vestrum : cf. p. 116, 1, and N. incredi- 
 bilis : great or numerous beyond the belief of any one who 
 had not actually seen it. 2. videor : sc. tniki. 5. tem- 
 
 pora : immediately preceding the death of Caesar, but more 
 particularly since. quae simul ac : = et simul aique ea. 
 
 6. princeps — fui : 'I took the lead in.' 8. Hodierno enim 
 
 die : i. e. You will see that this is true ; ' for to-day (first).' 
 9. rem actam : sc. esse 10. reliquarum: 'of all remaining;' 
 
 with actionum, ' of all that remains to be done.' 14. tanto 
 
 . . . approbavistis : indicates that the statement Nam . . . 
 Antonius had been vociferously applauded. 16. impii : cf. 
 
 p. 71, 2, and N. 17. ille hostis : sc. sit. 
 
 Discussion. 
 A. Antony has been judged an enemy. 1. (1. 20) -iv. 
 
 20. C. Caesar: Octavianus; cf. p. 51. 23. Laudo, etc.: 
 
 the audience had again applauded, at the mention of Octavianus. 
 24. vel pueri potius : he was in his twentieth year. 
 
 Page 172. 1. sunt . . . aetatis : = ' for his deeds are im- 
 mortal ; (only) his name (i. e. ' age ') is that of youth.' 4. tale 
 — qui : ' like (the deed of him) who.' 6. a Brundisio . . . 
 
 reditum : Antony had, with the permission of the Senate, re- 
 called four legions from Macedonia, the Second, Fourth, and 
 
Pagb 173.] NOTES 327 
 
 Thirty-fifth, and the Mars legion; on the 9th of October he 
 had gone to Brundisium to assume command of them. The 
 allegiance of the Fourth and Mars legions being doubtful (see 
 N. to 1. 16), he sent the other two north by detachments, with 
 the design of concentrating a powerful force at Ariminum in 
 Cisalpine Gaul. In the meantime, by the offer of a bounty of 
 500 denarii ( = about $80) to each of the veterans who would 
 enlist under him, Octavianus quickly raised an efficient corps, 
 which after no long time comprised five legions. 
 
 8. exercitum invictum, etc.: cf. Phil. III. 11. 3: C. Caesar 
 adulescens, paene potius fitter, incredibili ac divina quadam 
 mente atque virtute, cum maxime furor arderet Antoni cum- 
 que eius a Brundisio crttdelis et pestifer reditus timeretur, nee 
 postulanlibus nee cogitantibus, ne optantibus qttidem nobis, quia 
 non posse fieri videbatur, firmissimum exercitum ex invicto 
 genere veterano7-um militum comparavit patrimoniumque suum 
 effudit ; quamquam non sunt usus eo verbo, quo debui — non 
 enim effudit ; in rei publicae salute collocavit. 
 
 II, 16. Suessae : i. e. Suessa Aurunca, in the southern part 
 of Latium. On the way to or from Brundisium, probably on 
 the journey thither, Antony had put to death some soldiers at 
 Suessa (Phil. III. iv. 10, XIII. vm. 18). Brundisi : here 
 
 he had put to death chosen centurions of the Mars legion, and 
 other citizens (about 300 in all), on account of their lack of alle- 
 giance to him personally. 17. nihil — cogitaret : cf. p. 68, 
 17, and N. 18. erat: why not esset, or fit isset ? 19. mi- 
 litum : ' (composed) of soldiers.' 22. mihi adsensus : in 
 our parliamentary phrase, ' on my motion.' 23. ut — refer- 
 retur : i. e. ad senatum, for final action, primo, etc. : see 
 Idioms. 
 
 25. Quem : we say ' what' 26. contra . . . eis : freely, 
 
 'for whose antagonists in war;' referring particularly to Octa- 
 vianus. 29. a . . . generatum : i. e. through Romulus. 
 30. suis decretis : in deciding to desert the side of Antony ; 
 see p. 173, 1-3. 32. consulem: Antony was still consul; 
 see p. 51. 33. loco: 'in place,' i. e. 'opportunely.' re- 
 clamatione : at the words hos . . . hostes . . . ittdicemus the 
 audience had shouted ' No ! No ! ' 
 
 Page 173. 3. parricidam patriae : cf. parricidio, p. 68, 18, 
 and N. 5. Albae : Alba (2) in Vocab. 
 
328 FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY [Page 174. 
 
 HI. 11. M. Antoni: cf. N. to p. 148, 11. As Antony was not 
 present, the direct address here is introduced simply to make 
 the arraignment more vivid. 14. arcessitae sunt : from 
 
 Macedonia: see n. to p. 172, 6. 18. nisi forte: used as nisi 
 vero ; cf. p. 109, 24, and N. 
 
 20. ut ostenditis : the irony of the preceding sentence had 
 stirred the audience to another demonstration of feeling. The 
 Roman populace were as wax in the hands of the orator. 
 23. haec: as p. 70, 11. 25. hodierno eius edicto : Deci- 
 
 mus Brutus as governor of Cisalpine Gaul had issued a pro- 
 clamation that he would hold this province ' in the power of the 
 Senate and of the Roman people,' thus shutting Antony out 
 and thwarting his plan of making Ariminum a centre of mili- 
 tary operations. Cf. N. to p. 172, 6. 26. num . . . videtur : 
 followed by cries of ' No ! No ! ' shown by Recte . . . negatis. 
 29. Brutorum genus : i. e. in the expulsion of the last of the 
 early Kings, Tarquin (ad libertatem constitueudam), as well as 
 in the overthrow of these later rulers, Caesar and Antony (ad 
 libertatem recipiendam). 32. Galliam : Cisalpinam. 
 
 Page 174. I. Num . . . possumus : again shouts of ' No ! 
 No ! ' see 1. 3, iiua mente, etc. 
 
 IV. 5. optime : see Idioms. 10. resistat : why not 
 
 resistit ? 11. neque eum reciperet : = ' and were not to 
 
 receive him as such.' 12. in consulis iure : only in a general 
 way, in showing the respect appropriate to the representative 
 of the highest authority of the nation, unless, as sometimes 
 happened, the consul received an extraordinary provincial com- 
 mission ; for each province had its own governor and staff of 
 administration independent of the consular office (cf. p. 60). 
 14. rei publicae : dat. 15. negat . . . vos : climax and 
 
 anaphora, heightened by the asyndeta. 
 
 17. latrones : i. e. Antony's followers. putant : why not 
 
 putat f 22. quos, etc. : veterans of Caesar, who had been 
 
 rewarded with lands and other gifts, and had quickly wasted 
 all they had received. Cf. p. 84, 24-34, and notes. 23. hasta : 
 i. e. auction sale of confiscated property. The place of auction, 
 particularly of booty or of confiscated goods, was denoted by a 
 spear placed upright in the ground. 28. hoc omen : • this 
 
 prophetic word.' 
 
 29. Ita . . . precamini : the people had responded, with simi- 
 
Page 176.J NOTES 329 
 
 lar invocations, to the prayer just uttered (11. 27, 28). 33. pro- 
 digiis, portentis : referring perhaps to the unusual phenomena 
 noticed about the time of Caesar's death, and afterwards. Cf. 
 N. to p. 97, 16. 
 
 B. Remain in your judgment of Antony as an enemy. 
 v., vi. (1. 15). 
 
 Page 175. V. 5. Reliquum est : cf. p. 126, 19, and N. 
 8. videant: A. 313,^, N. ; G. 607, R. 1 ; H. 515, n. 1, 1). ut ; 
 
 i.e. solent {facere) ut. A. 332, e; G. 557; H. 498, 11., n. 2. 
 
 17. cum . . . belua : cf. p. 77, 2-4, and n. 20. erit recu- 
 sanda [nobis] : i. e. we may expect to suffer everything. 
 tenetur : = deprehenditur. 21. mox eis : sc. what ? 
 
 22. novi consules : Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, 
 who immediately upon their entry into office, eleven days after 
 this time, were to take measures to head off Antony ; so the 
 Senate had decreed. 26. agitur : 'the matter at issue is.' 
 
 29. crudelitatem mortis et dedecus : we should say, ' a 
 cruel and shameful death.' Cf. n. to p. 146, 6. 33. virtus: 
 
 of virtus Cicero had written, early in this same year (Lael. 
 xxvii. 100): In ea est enim convenientia rerum, in ea stabili- 
 tas, in ea constantia. 35. demoveri loco : cf. p. 76, 13, 
 
 and N. 
 
 Page 176. 3. reges: as Perseus and Antiochus; cf. p. 137, 
 24 et seq. 
 
 VI. 5- cum — res erat : = ' had to meet.' 7. rationem : 
 = 'basis.' 10. orbis terrae consilium: cf. p. 64, 25. 
 
 13. qui : ' how.' 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 17. omne certamen : ' a contest throughout.' 18. Spar- 
 
 taco : Cicero elsewhere intimates (Phil. III. vm. 21) that Antony 
 in his proclamations had alluded to Octavianus as ' a Spartacus.' 
 19. scelere, industria : see p. 79. 20. Ille . . . conflavit : 
 
 cf. N. to p. 86, 24. 21. quem accepit : a senatu, referring to 
 
 the four legions from Macedonia, of which two had deserted 
 him. 
 
 30. id : i. e. ut quicquam praetermittam, understood from 
 the preceding sentence. pro . . . beneficiis : cf. p. 114, 
 
330 FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY [Page 176. 
 
 26 et seq. 32. referente : i. e. ad senation. In the absence 
 
 of the consuls the meeting of the Senate had been called by 
 the tribunes, among whom Servilius took the lead. 33. hoc 
 M. Servilio : Servilius was probably on the Rostra, near the 
 orator; cf. p. 108, 17, and N. 34. longo intervallo : at the 
 
 time of Caesar's death, more than nine months before, it seemed 
 as if their liberties would be at once restored. 
 
Page 177.] NOTES 331 
 
 NOTES TO THE LETTERS. 
 
 Page 177. Epistolae : a letter was called epistola ( = em- 
 a-TuXrj, from {TTiareXXa, 'send by a messenger'), as having the 
 nature of a message, sent by one person to another ; litterae, 
 from the characters of the writing; or tabellae, from the sur- 
 faces on which the writing was placed ; with us, " despatch," 
 " line," " card," etc. For the form and address of Roman letters, 
 see pp. 54-56. 
 
 I. TO ATTICUS, at Athens (ad Att. I. VII.). 
 Rome ; B. c. 68. 
 
 Cicero Attico sal. : the usual heading of the letters to Atticus, 
 sal. being put briefly for sahitem dicit. This heading is prob- 
 ably not genuine, at least for the earlier letters; for in the let- 
 ters themselves prior to 50 B. c. Atticus is addressed ordinarily 
 as mi Pomponi. He owed his last name to a residence of 
 twenty years at Athens ; so Cicero playfully says to him (Cato 
 Mai. 1. 1): 'You brought back from Athens not only a surname, 
 but also culture and practical wisdom.' 
 
 1. Apud . . . est : ' All 's well at your mother's,' or ' Every- 
 thing is all right at your mother's, and I 'm looking after her.' 
 2. HS. xxcd. : ' 20,400 sesterces,' = about $840. This sum 
 would ordinarily be written xxcd; cf. A." 380; H. 180, 1, 2. But 
 in familiar correspondence, or in speaking of a sum previously 
 mentioned, the denomination might be omitted; by a similar 
 ellipsis we say " I gave twenty-four hundred for a lot," meaning 
 twenty-four hundred dollars. Atticus had probably expended 
 this money in buying works of art in Athens for Cicero's villa 
 at Tusculum ; cf. ad Att. I. vi. 2. curaturum [esse]: 'that I 
 would see to the payment of.' Idibus : see N. to p. 66, 34. 
 
 What date? A. 376, e; G. Appendix; H. 643. 
 
 3. Tu velim — des operam : ' I would like to have you see 
 to it,' = ' Will you please to see to it ; ' velim is often used thus 
 to soften a request. A. 267, c\ G. 546, R. 3; H. 499, 2. 
 6. conficere : either by purchase or by having copies made ; 
 
332 TO GNAEUS POMPEY [Page 178. 
 
 for among his slaves Atticus kept a number of copyists. 
 7. cum in otium venerimus : = ' when I shall take a vaca- 
 tion.' How lit.? 8. positam habemus : A. 292, c; G. 352; 
 H. 388, 1, N. 
 
 II. TO GNAEUS POMPEY, in Asia (ad Fam. V. vn.). 
 Rome; b. c. 62. 
 
 M. Tullius, etc. : i. e. Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marci filius, sa- 
 lute m dicit Gnaeo Pompeio, Gnaei Jilio, Magna, Imperatori. In 
 less formal correspondence forenames and titles were usually 
 omitted. 
 
 10. S . . . E. : a stately greeting, appropriate to a commander 
 with his army; not common. See Vocab. litteris tuis : 
 
 despatches to the Senate announcing the finishing of the 
 Mithridatic war. 12. oti : for pads. 13. pollicebar : par- 
 ticularly in the speech ' On Pompey's Commission,' four years 
 before. 14. veteres hostis, novos amicos : a reference to 
 
 certain persons who were then wishing to be on good terms 
 with Pompey; perhaps Caesar and other members of the popu- 
 lar party are meant. 15. ex magna spe, etc. : because 
 Pompey's unparalleled successes would render him less disposed 
 to effect a reconciliation with former enemies, and because the 
 finishing of the war would make it possible for him to come 
 back to Rome in the near future. 
 
 16. Ad me litteras : in answer to a letter of Cicero giving a 
 full account of his consulship and of his services to the state 
 in the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Pompey's 
 letter in reply was cold and formal, containing slight evidence 
 of any appreciation of the orator's achievements. 
 
 Page 178- 2. meorum officiorum : ' of my services ' to 
 others, particularly to you. 3. quibus . . . patior : ' and if 
 
 no adequate return is made to these, I am entirely satisfied 
 to let the balance of service rendered remain on my side.' 
 5. mea . . . studia : ' my most enthusiastic efforts on your 
 behalf.' Cicero had not only urged the passing of the bill of 
 Manilius, giving Pompey the command under which he was 
 still exercising authority as imperator, but had also as consul 
 in the latter part of 63 b. c. proposed a ten days' supplicatio 
 (see N. to p. 95, 21 ; de Prov. cons. xi. 27) in recognition of his 
 
Page 179.] NOTES 333 
 
 public services in the Mithridatic war. 6. inter nos : here 
 
 'to each other.' 
 
 10. Res eas, etc. : i. e. the crushing of the Catilinarian conspi- 
 racy ; Cicero had supposed that Pompey would make reference 
 to this in his despatches to the Senate. 13. cuius: some 
 
 of Pompey's supporters, who happened to be ill-disposed toward 
 Cicero at that time. 16. quae : — et ea. consilio : 
 
 'discretion.' 18. Africanus : the intimacy of the younger 
 
 Scipio with Laelius was proverbial; Cicero afterwards made it 
 the text of his treatise ' On Friendship.' It is not improbable 
 that the ex-consul had looked forward to a kind of copartner- 
 ship in public esteem and influence between himself and Pom- 
 pey; cf. p. I oi, 6-9. 
 
 III. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. II. iv.). 
 Tusculan Villa ; B. c. 59. 
 
 21. Fecisti . . . misisti : ' You did me a very great favor in 
 sending,' etc. 24. praesentem : ' at once.' 25. ex- 
 
 pensum : sc. eum (i. e. librum) ; ' that you may (why not 
 ' might ' ?) not have to carry it (in your accounts) as an expen- 
 diture under the head of gifts.' 26. amabo te, cura ut — 
 transigas : ' will you be so kind as to make a settlement ; ' 
 amabo te, ' I shall be obliged to you,' =r ' I request,' ' be so 
 kind.' 28. mihi, etc. : ' I should be most pleased to have 
 those articles sent back.' male : = ' at too high a price,' 
 ' too dear.' 
 
 Page 179. 1. Pomponiae: Quintus Cicero, or his wife, had 
 been interested in the purchase referred to. 2. nummi, etc. : 
 pay an exorbitant price rather than have any trouble. 3. velim : 
 
 cf. N. to p. 177, 3. 
 
 5. Clodius ad Tigranem : as an ambassador. Syrpiae : 
 
 from ms. readings syrpie, Sirpiae ; unintelligible as it stands. 
 The most probable explanation is that of Gronov, who reads 
 the passage velim Scepsii condicione, ' I hope with the fate of 
 the Scepsian ; ' for Metrodorus of Scepsis (see Map) went to 
 Tigranes as ambassador for Mithridates, and was put to death 
 by his king on account of his imprudent speech. Boots emends 
 
334 TO ATTICUS, AT ROME [Page 180. 
 
 the passage to read thus : Clodius ergo, ut ais, ad Tigranem vel 
 in Cyprum: opimae condiciones j sed facile patior. 
 
 6. facile patior : ' I am quite reconciled ' to it, having no 
 time for such a mission myself at present. 7. liberam lega- 
 tionem : ' a free embassy ; ' sometimes a senator was allowed 
 to travel with the rights and privileges of an ambassador, but 
 ' free ' from any responsibility as a government representative. 
 8. in otio : ' in private life ; ' Quintus Cicero was now governor 
 of Asia. 9. sacerdos Bonae Deae : playful irony ; see 
 
 pp. 6, 7. 12. mini . . . mentem : see Idioms. Crasso : 
 
 i. e. for his coalition with Pompey and Caesar in the so-called 
 first triumvirate. 13. quod . . . desciverim : ' that I have 
 
 not proved false to myself.' 
 
 14. De geographia, etc. : Cicero evidently thought of writing 
 a treatise on geography ; Attic us was anxious to have him 
 finish the work. dabo operam, ut : ' I '11 try to.' 16. pere- 
 grinationis : in the southern part of Latium ; the outing will 
 do me so much good that I '11 get the book done all the sooner 
 in consequence. 18. facito, etc. : see Idioms. 20. nihil : 
 
 see Idioms. 
 
 21. saltum : no doubt a part of Terentia's dowry. 22. quer- 
 cum Dodonaeam : the famous oak at Dodona, at which oracles 
 were received. 23. Epirum: the appearance of Terentia's 
 
 ' woodlands ' was very like that of Epirus, where Atticus had 
 extensive estates. 
 
 28. muro : Marcus and Quintus Cicero had adjoining resi- 
 dences on the Palatine hill. A wall between the orator's gym- 
 nasium and his brother's premises seemed to be unsafe ; he 
 does not wish to have it taken down, but refers the whole mat- 
 ter to Atticus, who naturally looked after the affairs of Pomponia 
 in the absence of her husband. 
 
 30. adhibeas : ' consult.' dubia vita : A. 255, a ; G. 408 ; 
 
 H. 431, 4. 31. optimi cuiusque : cf. p. 116, 5, and N. magni 
 . . . fructum : ' I consider a single summer's enjoyment — of 
 great account.' 32. ita, ut : ' (only) on condition that.' 
 
 IV. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. II. xm.). 
 Formian Villa ; b. c. 59. 
 
 Page 180. 1- Facinus indignum -. ' Too bad ! ' epistolam 
 . . . reddidisse : the infin. is sometimes used with the ace. in 
 
Page 181.] NOTES 335 
 
 exclamations. G. 534 ; H. 539, III. a-idupd : 'the very hour' 
 
 that yours was received. See p. 368. 2. ad: 'in answer to.' 
 
 4. domum : to Cicero's house on the Palatine. 6. tuam : ' to 
 you.' For tibi tuam cf. p. 159, 20, and N. referri : 'be 
 
 carried back ' to Rome again. 
 
 8. sileri : = ' that nothing is said,' i. e. about the course 
 Caesar is taking. 9. regnum vestrum : ' your lordship,' 
 
 i. e. the lordship of the triumvirs, to which Atticus and men 
 like him submitted without remonstrance. 10. TtiXe'truXov 
 
 Acucrrpu-yoviiiv : ' Laestrygonian Telepylus,' a city of the fabulous 
 Laestrygonians (Od. x. 81); applied to Formiae, which was said 
 to have been founded by a colony of Laestrygonians. 11. dico : 
 ' I mean.' 13. cuius cognomen, etc. : i. e. Pompey is no 
 
 longer spoken of as ' Great,' nor Crassus Dives as ' Rich.' 
 The Crassus mentioned is probably not the triumvir, but some 
 wealthy member of the family who had become poor. 14. Cre- 
 das mihi velim : ' I hope you '11 believe me.' 15. offendi . 
 
 ' I have come across.' 
 
 17. <(>iXoo-o<J)w)i€v : 'let us be philosophers,' 'let us take refuge 
 in philosophy.' iuratus : 'on my oath.' 18. nihil esse 
 
 tanti : ' nothing is of so great value,' ' there is nothing like (phi- 
 losophy),' in these troubled times. 18. Sicyonios : they were 
 in debt to Atticus, who seems to have hoped to get a letter 
 from the Senate or consuls advising them to pay him what 
 they owed. 19. unde nos : sc. what? 
 
 V. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. II. x.). 
 Forum of Appius, B. c. 59; written before Ep. iv. 
 
 21. Volo, etc. : ' I want you to admire my grit. I am resolved 
 not to attend the games at Antium. For it would be in bad 
 form (vnoaoXoiicov), when I wish to avoid all appearance of enjoy- 
 ing myself, suddenly to let myself be seen {avacpaiveo-Bai) travelling 
 not merely for amusement but even for foolish amusement.' He 
 had previously written that he was going with Tullia to see the 
 games at Antium (ad Att. II. vm. 2). Antium was a resort of 
 pleasure-seekers ; but attending the games there would be ' fool- 
 ish amusement ' for one accustomed to the games at Rome. 
 
 Page 181. 3. fac: see Idioms. 4. Dederam : A. 282; 
 
336 TO ATTICUS, IN EPIRUS [Page 182. 
 
 G. 244; H. 472, 1. 5. aliam [epistolam] : the letter which 
 
 went wrong ; see Ep. iv. 
 
 VI. TO ATTICUS, in Epirus (ad Att. II. xxm.). 
 Rome ; B. c. 59. 
 
 6. meam : of mine.' 8. cum . . . haberem : ' as I have 
 no leisure.' A. 282; G. 244; 472, 1. 9. recreandae voculae : 
 ' of strengthening my poor voice,' worn out with speaking in 
 the courts (1. 22). 
 
 11. Sampsiceramum : ' the Emir,' i. e. Pompey. Sampsi- 
 ceramus was an obscure Syrian prince, conquered by Pompey, 
 whose boastful references to eastern victories led to the appli- 
 cation of several sonorous oriental names to himself. Cicero 
 calls him also Arabarches, 'the Sheikh' (ad Att. II. xvn. 3), 
 and Hierosolymarius, 'the Jerusalemite,' (ad Att. II. ix. 1). 
 
 12. sui status : his relation with Caesar and Crassus, and his 
 loss of popularity. 16. illius partis : the party of the trium- 
 virate, which Cicero represents as losing all influence, with no 
 one to come to the rescue. In this he did not read aright 
 the signs of the times, and was sadly mistaken. 18. maiorem : 
 'greater' against any party. 
 
 21. totos nos : 'myself wholly.' 22, forensem : see N. 
 
 to p. 117, 1. 23. in . . . versamur : freely, 'I live amid 
 
 frequent recounting of my former deeds, and am aware of a 
 sense of loss ' which others feel. 25. fJoowiSos nostrae : ' of 
 
 our dear Cow-eyes ; ' ironical reference to Clodia, sister of Cicero's 
 bitter enemy Clodius. See p. 368. consanguineus : Clodius. 
 26. terrores : ' threats ' against me. Cf. pp. 6, 7. Samp- 
 
 siceramo . . . ostentat : ' he denies (all hostile intentions re- 
 garding me) to the Emir, (but) he makes open assertion of them 
 and displays them to others.' 
 
 Page 182. 3 in — ponam : 'I rely on.' 8. Permagni 
 
 nostra: see Idioms. A. 222, a ; H. 408, 1. 2. comitiis : for 
 
 the election of tribunes for 58. 9. potueris : sc. esse Romae. 
 illo declarato : 'when he (i. e. Clodius) is declared elected;' for 
 Cicero looks upon the election of Clodius as settled. The trib- 
 unes were chosen in July, but did not qualify till the following 
 December. 
 
Page 183.] NOTES 337 
 
 VII. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. III. in.). 
 
 En route ; B. c. 58. 
 
 11. Utinam — videam : 'May I live to see ; ' Cicero had 
 fled from Rome, and was on his way into exile. He writes as if 
 only the exhortation of Atticus had kept him from making away 
 with himself. 14. multis de causis : his friend Sicca would 
 
 entertain him at Vibo, from which he thought of crossing over 
 into Sicily. 
 
 VIII. TO HIS FAMILY, at Rome (ad Fam. XIV. iv.). 
 Brindisi ; B. c. 58. 
 
 18. Ego, etc. : Terentia had asked why he did not write 
 oftener; he answers '(Yes), I send letters less often than I 
 might.' 19. cum: 'while.' 22. fuissemus : 'that I had 
 been ; ' he regrets not having committed suicide. nihil : nihil 
 malt. 
 
 Page 183. 2. minus: see Idioms. 3. fixa sunt: 'are 
 
 permanently fixed.' 5. di, quos tu, etc. : the implication is, 
 
 a woman may well busy herself with the worship of the gods ; 
 a man's business is with men. Cf. notes to p. 97, 15, and 107, 11. 
 
 9. periculum : he who harbored an exile ran the risk of 
 losing his citizenship and one third of his property. 10. legis : 
 the enactment carried by Clodius, which forbade Cicero to live 
 within four hundred miles of Rome (ad Att. III. iv.). 13. ha- 
 bebimus : sc. gratiam. 14. profecti sumus, petebamus : 
 
 we say 'I am just setting out,' ' I am going to.' A. 282 ; G. 244; 
 H. 472, 1. prid. K. Mai. : A. 261, a; G. p. 387; H. 437, 1. 
 
 19. sic agam : ' I may put (it) this way.' 20. transactum 
 est : ' all is over (with me),' if there is no hope of a change. 
 21. venias : sc. what? 23. Tulliola mea : abl. ; 'what will 
 become of my dear Tullia?' A. 244, d\ G. 396, R. 1; H. 415, 
 in., N. 1. vos : Terentia and Piso. 25. res habebit : cf. 
 Idioms. matrimonio . . . est: 'we must look out for the 
 poor child's married estate and good name ; ' seemingly her 
 dowry had not been paid, though she had been married five 
 years. 27. sit, etc. : Tullia may remain with you and Piso, 
 but my son should be with me. 29. aliquid teneas : Cicero's 
 property is to be confiscated; he fears that the private fortune 
 
338 TO HIS FAMILY, AT ROME [Page 184. 
 
 of Terentia may share the same fate. 31. nostrum : ' faith- 
 
 ful to my interests.' Piso made most earnest efforts for the 
 recall of Cicero; cf. p. 185, 32. 
 
 32. familia liberata : knowing that his property would be 
 confiscated, Cicero had given his own slaves their freedom sub- 
 ject to two conditions : first, that in case they should be able 
 to maintain their manumission as valid (i. e. against the claim 
 that his giving them their freedom under the circumstances was 
 not lawful), and his property should be permanently alienated, 
 they should be his freedmen (p. 184, 1, 2); secondly, that if his 
 property should again come into his hands, they should again 
 be his slaves, ' excepting a very few,' to whom freedom had been 
 given outright (p. 184, 2, 3). Terentia had heard that he had 
 promised freedom to her slaves also, but he assures her that he 
 had left their case entirely in her hands. 
 
 34. in officio: 'in (meritorious) service,' 'serviceable;' Or- 
 pheus was with Cicero. 35. magno opere : 'especially (ser- 
 viceable),' ' especially (deserving).' 
 
 Page 184. 1- ea causa est : ' the case stands thus.' res : 
 
 res familiaris, ' my property.' 2, essent : used after est as 
 
 applied to an agreement made in the past and still valid. 
 obtinere : ' to make (their manumission) good.' 3. perti- 
 
 neret : i. e. ?naneret nostra ; when his property should be put 
 up at auction, he would have his friends bid it in for him, if 
 possible, so that it should not go out of his hands. oppido : 
 adv. 
 
 4. quod hortaris : A. 333, and N. ; G. 525 ; H. 540, IV., N. 
 ut . . . magno : 'that I keep my courage up.' 9. tempesta- 
 tem : here 'favorable weather,' or 'favorable wind,' for sailing. 
 11. viximus : ' I have lived.' 14. ornamentis : ' (my) digni- 
 
 ties.' 17. ipse . . . possum : i. e. me ipsum confirmare 
 
 (' encourage ') non possum. 
 
 20. officio : ' in kindness.' 27. Brundisio : why abl. ? 
 
 IX. TO HIS FAMILY, at Rome (ad Fam. XIV. 1.). 
 
 Dyrrachium ; B. c. 58. 
 
 28. perfertur ad me : ' report is brought to me,' = ' I learn,' 
 29. virtutem et fortitudinem : ' pluck and endurance.' Teren- 
 tia possessed much force of character. 
 
Page 186.] NOTES 339 
 
 Page 185. 2. te . . . incidisse : cf. n. to p. 180, I. 4. ex 
 
 quo patre — ex eo : = ex eo pat re, ex quo. A. 200, b ; G. 618 ; 
 H. 445, 9. 6. cum . . . coepit : 'ever since he began to 
 
 think for himself ; ' Marcus was now seven years old. 
 7. acerbissimos . . . percepit : ' has experienced (only) the bit- 
 terest pain and wretchedness.' For the pi. cf. N. to p. 152, 22. 
 11. nostris, etc. : ' had followed my own judgment. 1 14. Nunc : 
 as p. 68, 16. 15. ne . . . desit ; 'that the state of my health 
 may not make your efforts of no avail ; ' I shall try to keep well. 
 16. quanta : ' how important ; ' res refers to the matter of 
 health. 18. habemus : i. e. on our side, favoring my return 
 from exile. 19. si vero : 'particularly if;' sc. habetnus. 
 
 21. De familia: see N. to p. 183, 32. 22. loco : Thessalonica, 
 where Cicero had been staying. The letter may have been 
 written at Thessalonica, and brought on to Dyrrachium, whence 
 it was sent with a postscript (p. 186, 20-22). 25. loco magis 
 deserto : ' a more out of the way place.' 26. Hispo : per- 
 
 haps sent to keep an eye on Cicero's movements. 28. Quem 
 diem: 'that day ' when I may go back to Italy. 31. vestrae 
 pietatis et meae : ' of your loyalty (to me) and of mine (to 
 my country).' 
 
 33. supra possit : sc. esse. ei voluptati : ' a source of 
 
 gratification to him,' in having me back. 
 
 Page 186. 1- te accusavi : ' I have made no complaint of 
 you to my brother,' with whom Terentia seems not always to 
 have been on the best of terms. 3. egi : egi gratias eis. 
 
 Terentia had asked Cicero to thank several persons for efforts 
 in his behalf. 
 
 5. vicum : on one of her estates. 7. eadem fortuna : i. e. 
 of financial straits ; as Cicero's property had been confiscated, it 
 was all the more important that his wife's be kept in the 
 family. 8. puero : A. 244, d; G. 396, R. 1 ; H. 415, III., N. 1. 
 
 10. Tantum: '(only) this much.' erunt in officio: 'shall do 
 their duty.' 11. efficere : ' to bring about ' my return. 
 
 13. ne puerum perditum perdamus : ' that we do not ruin 
 the boy (by selling off property that ought to go to him), 
 already ruined (by my misfortunes).' Notice the alliteration. 
 Cui . . . est : = ' If he can but have enough to be above 
 want, he needs (only),' etc. 
 
 16. Fac : see Idioms. 17. quid agatur : 'what is going 
 
340 TO ATTICUS, AT ROME [Page 187. 
 
 on.' 18. exspectatio est : ' state of suspense must be.' 
 
 19. D. . . Decemb. : Data (est epistola) ante diem sextum 
 Kalendas Decembris. 
 
 20. libera civitas : ' free cities ' possessed certain privileges 
 which made them more desirable for residence than the ordi- 
 nary provincial towns. 22. celebritas : ' bustle.' 
 
 X. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. III. xxvi.). 
 Dyrrachium ; b. c. 57. 
 
 23. senatus consulto : of Jan. 1, b. c. 57; intended to pre- 
 pare the way for the recall of Cicero. The Senate took the 
 position that Cicero had been unlawfully banished, and it was 
 proposed to request the people to unite in inviting him to re- 
 turn. No motion on the subject was passed, however, owing 
 to the obstruction of a tribune who had been bought up by 
 the orator's enemies ; he did not actually interpose a veto, but 
 was able to postpone action indefinitely by demanding time for 
 deliberation ; for particulars see Cic. pro Sest. xxxnx., xxxiv. 
 Cicero supposes that the motion prevailed the day after the 
 discussion mentioned in the letter of Quintus. 
 
 25. legum lationem : i. e. to the people, for the recall of 
 Cicero : legis lationem might have been expected ; but the pi. 
 is used as referring to other matters besides the bill in his 
 favor. si obtrectabitur : in the form of a tribune's veto. 
 
 26. utar : ' I shall take advantage of.' auctoritate senatus : 
 often applied to a decree of the Senate which had been vetoed 
 by a tribune ; loosely used here, because the motion referred to 
 had not been formally vetoed. 
 
 XI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. III. xxvn.). 
 
 Dyrrachium, B. c. 57. 
 
 Page 187- 1. tuis litteris : containing the news that the bill 
 for Cicero's recall was brought before the people Jan. 25, and 
 failed to pass ; a mob incited by Clodius broke up the assembly, 
 and Quintus Cicero came near being killed (pro Sest. xxxv.). 
 2. mei : ' my family ; ' he thinks of self-destruction. 4. cito 
 videbo : seems to imply that Atticus was already on the way, 
 perhaps in Epirus; cf. N. to p. 179, 23. 
 
Page 188.] NOTES 341 
 
 XII. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. IV. x.). 
 
 Cumaean Villa ; B.C. 55. 
 
 5. Puteolis : Cumae was only six miles from Puteoli. 7. bib- 
 liotheca Fausti : Sulla Faustus had collected a number of books 
 in Athens and the eastern cities. his rebus : = ' the good 
 
 things,' sc. me pasci ; i. e. the oysters, of which the waters of 
 this region yielded an exceptionally fine variety. 10. volup- 
 
 tatum : '(consisting) of pleasures.' 12. sub imagine Aristo- 
 
 telis : in Atticus's house, at Rome. 13. istorum : Pompey 
 
 and Crassus ; Caesar was in Gaul. sella curuli : see N. to 
 
 p. 103, 18. apud te : 'at your place.' 14. eo : Pompey, 
 
 who during Caesar's absence was all-powerful in Rome. 15. ilia 
 ambulatione : ' that (political) path.' si qui — deus ; ' the 
 
 divinity, whichever it is.' 
 
 17. ambulationem : at his residence in Rome. Laconicum : 
 like the Turkish baths of our day. 19. tibi . . respondere : 
 ' to be in some degree a match for you in this department (of 
 architecture).' 20. in Cumanum : Pompey also had a villa 
 
 near Cumae. 22. vadebam : trans. ' I was intending to go.' 
 
 Why? 
 
 XIII. TO TREBATIUS TESTA (ad Fam. VII. vil.). 
 Rome; B. c. 54. 
 
 Page 188. 1- commendare : to Caesar, under whom in Gaul 
 Cicero's brother Quintus was serving as lieutenant. 4. IUud : 
 '(only) this.' 
 
 7. In Britannia : probably Trebatius was intending soon to go 
 to Britain with Caesar's army ; cf. Caes. de Bell. Gall. iv. 20-36. 
 auri : both gold and silver were found in Britain later ; cf. Tac. 
 Agr. xii. 8. essedum : as the only kind of plunder to be 
 
 obtained from the island. 14. aetatem : Trebatius was now 
 
 thirty-five years old. 
 
 XIV. TO GAIUS CURIO (ad Fam, II. 11.). 
 
 Rome ; B. c. 53. 
 
 17. Gravi teste — patre tuo : written shortly after the death 
 of the elder Curio. 18. laudibus : 'honors.' 19. te 
 
342 TO ATTICUS, AT ROME [Page 189. 
 
 filio : ' in having you as a son.' Why abl. ? 23. aeque ac : 
 'just as.' 
 
 XV. TO SILIUS (ad Fam. XIII. xlvii.). 
 
 Rome ; date not known. To recommend Egnatius. 
 
 Page 189. 1- eum : Egnatius. 2. scires : why impf . ? 
 
 diligi : applied to an affection based upon respect, while amari 
 indicates a warm personal regard arising from intimate ac- 
 quaintance. 8. Ilia nostra : ' that scheme of ours has fallen 
 through,' referring probably to some mutual business interest. 
 9. si hoc melius : ' if it had been something better than this,' 
 that turned out badly. haec coram: '(we '11 talk) this over 
 
 between ourselves.' 
 
 XVI. TO ATTICUS, at Rome (ad Att. V. xm.). 
 
 Ephesus ; b. c. 51. Cicero was on his way to his province, 
 Cilicia ; cf. p. 9. 
 
 13. post pugnam Bovillanam : half-humorous designation of 
 the skirmish at Bovillae (Jan. 20, B. c. 52), which, as it caused 
 the death of Clodius, the orator might well take as a starting- 
 point for reckoning his dates. 17. mini — praesto fuit : 
 'waited upon me.' 18. aut, etc.: aut ftuto te dicturtwi esse, 
 " Quid ad me attinet? " ' What is that to me ? ' 19. Ve- 
 rum tamen : 'But (it is of interest to you) nevertheless;' taken 
 by Tyrrell, however, in close connection with the following sen- 
 tence, with a resumptive force. 
 
 20. imperio : as governor of the province Asia, to which 
 Ephesus belonged. venissem : A. 312; G. 604; H. 513, 11. 
 
 21. Ephesio praetori : i. e. Thermus, propraetor of Asia ; the 
 term praetor was sometimes applied to provincial governors. 
 
 22. ostentationes : probably ' boastings ' that he would so con- 
 duct himself as to be just alike toward all and give offence to 
 none, and that he would show no special favor to the tithe- 
 collectors. 
 
 Page 190- 1- palaestra : ' art ' of keeping every one in good 
 humor. 3. pactiones : the ' agreements ' between the tax- 
 
 collectors and the provincials for the year 51 ; those for the 
 next year were made during Cicero's term of office. Sefl 
 
Page 191.] NOTES 343 
 
 haec hactenus : in our phrase, ' But enough on this point.' 
 5. se de nocte proficisci : ' that he starts to-night' The Ro- 
 mans dined late in the afternoon ; and as Cestius was to carry 
 the letter to Atticus, there was no time to write at length. 
 
 6. curae mini fuerunt : ' 1 looked after.' 8. tuis : ' your 
 
 (representatives).' 9. tradidi : — ' I introduced.' 10. ratio- 
 
 nem permutationis, etc. : ' an account of that exchange which 
 I got on your credit.' 
 
 15. ut simus annui : ' that I may be (here only) for a year ; ' 
 brief for ' that my term of office may be limited to a year.' 
 ne intercaletur quidem : ' that there be no intercalation even.' 
 Before Julius Caesar reformed the calendar (b. c. 46), there was 
 much confusion in the reckoning of the days of the month and 
 of the year. Until the pontifices made their announcement on 
 the first of February no one knew whether there would be an 
 intercalation in that month or not. 
 
 16. de • 'in regard to.' 17. scrupulo : ' difficulty,' ' misun- 
 derstanding,' perhaps about the betrothal of Tullia to Dola- 
 bella ; she had now been left a widow for the second time. 
 18. te auctore : ' on your advice.' Cicero had owed Caesar 
 20,800 sesterces (= $850 ; ad Att. V. v. 2), which he had now 
 paid. 19. quam meum sit: ='how natural it is for me.' 
 20. fiat, etc.: cf. p. 61, 14, and N. 22. iudiciorum : 'of the 
 trials.' 24. si, etc. : see Idioms. animadvertes : A. 
 269,/; G. 265, 1; H. 487, 4. 
 
 XVII. TO TITIUS RUFUS (ad Fam. XIII. lviil). 
 From Cilicia; B.C. 50. To introduce Lucius Custidius. 
 
 M. Cicero, etc. : Marcus Cicero Gaio Titio Rufo, Luci filio, 
 Praetori Urbano, salutem dicit. 
 
 25. tribulis, municeps : Custidius, like Cicero, was a member 
 of the Cornelian tribe, and a native of Arpinum. 28. tan- 
 
 tum: 'to this extent.' faciles aditus: cf. p. 132, 21, and n. 
 
 Page 191. 1. quae aequa postulate we should say, 'all 
 reasonable requests.' 
 
 XVIII. TO MARCUS CAELIUS (ad Fam. II. xi.). 
 
 From Cilicia ; B. c. 50. 
 M. Cicero, etc. : Marcus Cicero Imperator salutem dicit 
 Marco Caelio Aedili Curuli. The governor of a province, pos- 
 
344 TO ATTICUS [Page 192. 
 
 sessing military authority {imperium), was permitted to use the 
 title imperator j cf. p. 189, 20. 
 
 5. haec levia nostratia : = 'these humble (phrases) of 
 our mother tongue ; ' he compliments the oratory of Caelius, 
 7. quidnam . . . decernatur : he wishes to be relieved of his 
 governorship at the expiration of his term of office : cf. p. 190, 
 13-15. 11. fortuna: i. e. a change of fortune, ill-luck. 
 
 17. agitur : ' the matter is being attended to.' 19. cui- 
 
 quam : i.e. 'for any (other animal).' 22. Quicquid erit : 
 
 sc. nobis j 'All we get shall be yours,' 'You shall have all we 
 can secure.' 23. esset, nesciebamus : force of the impf. ? 
 
 25. dies me admonebat : the festival of Cybele was in 
 charge of the Curule Aediles. 26. velim : cf. p. 177, 3, 
 
 and N. 
 
 XIX. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. VI. vm.). 
 
 Ephesus; B.C. 50. Cicero is now on his way back from Cilicia. 
 For the heading cf. n. to Ep. i. 
 
 Page 192. 1. calamum : implies that this letter was written 
 on paper; see p. 55. 
 
 4. opportunitate Piliae : i. e. ' your opportune meeting with 
 Pilia,' who had somewhere joined her husband, bringing late 
 news from Rome. 5. coniugio : with Dolabella. 6. miros 
 terrores Caesarianos : ' astonishing (and) dreadful news about 
 Caesar.' 9. cum illo . . . facere : = ' are on his side.' 
 
 designatos : with Cassium and Lentulum (no. 5 in Vocab.) as 
 well as praetores. 12. illo, qui : Marcus Calidius, who had 
 been an unsuccessful competitor for the consulship for the year 
 49. 13. patruo sororis tuae fili : humorous designation of 
 himself; Pomponia and Quintus Cicero had a son named Quin- 
 tus. Calidius had spoken slightingly of Cicero's oratory. 
 a quibus victus : as we might say, 'just think who beat him!' 
 Cicero had a poor opinion of the consuls for 49, Lentulus Crus 
 and Claudius Marcellus. 
 
 15. xx. ipsos dies : = ' just twenty days ; ' the slowness ot 
 the Rhodian craft has caused a loss of twenty days beyond 
 that due to the trade-winds. 19. tranquillitates : 'calm 
 
 spells,' or ' calm days ; ' these Rhodian vessels were without 
 decks. 
 
Page 194.] NOTES 345 
 
 21. raudusculo Puteolano : the payment of a debt to some 
 one at Puteoli. gratum : = ' thanks.' 22. de triumpho : 
 
 see p. io. 24. Bibulus : Caesar's colleague in the consul- 
 
 ship (b. c. 59), who had shut himself up in his house for eight 
 months; Cicero hints that his governorship of Syria had been 
 no more vigorous than his consulate, and yet he was bound to 
 secure a triumph. 27. atcrxpov o-iawav : = turfte est tacere ; 
 
 quoted from a fragment of Euripides. See p. 368. 
 
 Page 193. 1. Sat, etc. : ' (I have written) quite enough, as I 
 am in a hurry.' Reason for mood and tense ? 2. ei : see 
 
 p. 192, 17. 
 
 4. Cicero : the orator's son, who was with him. For an in- 
 teresting account of this young man, see the " New Englander 
 and Yale Review" for 1891, pp. 236-248. dices: sc. salutemj 
 ' please give the best regards of us both in my name ' (verbis 
 = meis verbis). A. 269,/; G. 265, 1; H. 487, 4. 
 
 XX. TO TIRO, at Patrae (ad Fam. XVI. vil). 
 
 Corcyra ; B. c. 50. 
 
 6. tenebamur : i. e. my son and I ; they had left Tiro sick at 
 Patrae (ad Fam. XVI. vi.). 7. filius : the younger Quintus; 
 
 cf. n. to p. 192, 13. 9. istim : from Patrae; the same winds 
 
 favor or retard one sailing from Patras to Corfu as from Corfu 
 to Rome. See Map. 
 
 XXI. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xvn.). 
 
 End of B. c. 50, or early in 49. 
 
 17. S . . . v : see Vocab. 19. quo modo sim adfectus : 
 
 'how I am affected' by the condition of affairs.' 21. fac, 
 
 ut — cures : a parallel to our familiar exhortation, ' Do take 
 care of your health.' 
 
 XXII. TO TERENTIA AND TULLTA (ad Fam. XIV. xvm.). 
 
 Formiae ; B. c. 49. Young Marcus Cicero was with his father. 
 
 Page 194. 2. Romaene sitis, etc. : Cicero was becoming 
 more and more fully committed to the side of Pompey. But he 
 was not blind to the weakness of that leader, and was in the 
 gravest quandary what course to recommend to his wife and 
 
346 TO TERENTIA [Tace 195 
 
 daughter. If they remained at Rome, they would be under the 
 protection of Dolabella, who had joined the party of Caesar. 
 
 5. Mihi . . . mentem : see Idioms. 9. bonos : 'the pa- 
 
 triotic ' from Pompey's point of view. 10. Haec regio : Cam- 
 pania, over which Pompey had placed him in command. 
 11. nostrorum oppidorum : i. e. towns of which Cicero was 
 the patron (cf. N. to p. 91, 9); firaedioriun, 'estates' of which 
 he was the owner. 12. mecum : in the towns. 
 
 15. isto loco : = ' in the same position as you.' 18. pro- 
 
 pugnacula, praesidium : against robbers, who would take 
 advantage of times of political disturbance to commit depreda- 
 tions. 20. certos : ' special.' 22. viiii. Kal. : probably 
 ix. Kalendas Tanuarias, for Terentia and Tullia joined Cicero 
 early in February ; but the month is uncertain. There is much 
 doubt about the month and even the year in which a number 
 of Cicero's letters were written. 
 
 XXIII. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxi.). 
 
 B. c. 48, or possibly 49; probably written from the camp of 
 Pompey. 
 
 Page 195. 1. quod opus erit : i. e. id, quod tibi opus erit, 
 'whatever you may need.' 
 
 XXIV. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xi.). 
 
 Brundisium ; b. c. 47. Cicero came back to Brundisium after 
 the battle of Pharsalus (see p. 10), and received permission 
 to remain in Italy from Antony, Caesar's representative. 
 
 8. alia in fortuna, etc. : a reference to her unhappy marriage 
 with Dolabella. 9. erat : trans, as if est. 10. Cicero- 
 
 nem : the son ; the orator wishes to make terms with Caesar. 
 
 XXV. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. x.). 
 Brundisium ; B. c. 47. 
 
 14. Quid fieri placeret : about the divorce of Tullia from 
 Dolabella. Pomponium : Atticus had observed a strict 
 
 neutrality in the war, and had even kept on good terms with 
 both Pompey and Caesar ; so he had been obliged neither to 
 flee from Rome nor to stay in Italy. 
 
Page 197.] NOTES 347 
 
 XXVI. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxiv.). 
 
 Brundisium ; b, c. 47. 
 
 Page 196. *• adventu : Caesar did not return to Italy till 
 September, after he had finished the Alexandrian war and the 
 campaign against Pharnaces in Asia. 5. litteris, etc. : he is 
 
 specially anxious to hear from Caesar ; Philotimus was at 
 Ephesus. 7. fac, ut cures : cf. p. 193, 21, and n. 
 
 XXVII. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxni.). 
 
 Brundisium ; b. c. 47. 
 
 10. litterae satis liberates : the letter unfortunately is lost. 
 Caesar treated those who had joined Pompey with unlooked- 
 for clemency; cf. p. 163, 6 et seq. 11 cui obviam procedam : 
 ' I shall go to meet him ; ' Caesar landed at Tarentum. 
 
 XXVIII. TO TERENTIA (ad Fam. XIV. xxn.). 
 
 Brundisium ; b. c. 47. 
 
 16. tabellarios nostros : those whom he had asked Terentia 
 to send back at once (1. 13). It took more than two weeks to 
 send from Brundisium to Rome and back ; cf. p. 54. 
 
 XXIX. TO MARCUS MARIUS (ad Fam. VII. iv.). 
 Cumaean Villa ; b. c. 46. 
 
 Page 197. 5. cogito : sc. me iturum esse. 8. quod con- 
 
 stitutum : = ' any appointment.' 9, fac, ut differas : 'do put 
 
 it off,' 'please put it off.' 
 
 XXX. TO PAETUS (ad Fam. IX. xxiii.). 
 
 Cumaean villa; b. c. 46. 
 
 14. Etsi : ' (And I shall come) although.' 15. quid ageres : 
 ' how you were.' 16. ex pedibus laborares . ' you were hav- 
 ing trouble with your feet,' i. e. had the gout. 
 
348 TO GA1US CASSIUS [Page 198. 
 
 XXXI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. x.). 
 
 Villa at Antium ; B. c. 46. 
 
 Page 198. 1. Male, etc. : as we say, ' It is sad about Atha- 
 mas ; ' male factum, or simply male, is a common expression of 
 those mourning the death of any one. 4. impetret, etc. : ' let 
 
 reason gain what time is sure to bring ; ' how unsatisfactory 
 Cicero himself found even this source of consolation may be 
 seen from Ep. xxxvi. (particularly p. 201, 1-4). 
 
 5. imaginem Tironis : Alexis was to Atticus what Tiro was 
 to Cicero. 6. remisi : Atticus had perhaps sent him to 
 
 Cicero's place at Antium, thinking that the sea air might restore 
 him to health. collis : i. e. collis Quirinalis at Rome, where 
 
 the city residence of Atticus was. eViSijiuov : with quid, lit. 
 
 'anything contagious,' = 'any contagious disease.' Cf. p. 368. 
 ad me : ' to my house ' on the Palatine. 7. Tisameno : 
 
 whom Cicero had detailed to take care of Alexis. domus 
 
 superior : probably the part of the house nearer the top of the 
 Palatine ; for Cicero's house was built on the slope of the hill 
 (cf. Plan, p. 76). 
 
 XXXII. TO SERVIUS (ad Fam. XIII. xx.). 
 Rome ; B. c. 46. To recommend Dr. Asclapo. 
 
 9. utor familiariter : 'I am on intimate terms with.' 11. me- 
 orum : Asclapo had probably taken care of Tiro at Patras ; cf. n. 
 to p. 193, 6. 
 
 XXXIII. TO GAIUS CASSIUS (ad Fam. XV. xvm.). 
 
 Rome ; b. c. 45. 
 
 17. epistola : i. e. ' This letter.' 18. iretur : sc. a me. 
 
 Page 199. 1- <j>Xvapov : ' trifle,' ' foolery,' to write about. 
 o-irovSdteiv : — de rebus seriis agere ; cf. p. 368. 2. periculo : 
 
 the supremacy of Caesar made it necessary for his former op- 
 ponents to be careful about their expressions of opinion in 
 regard to public matters. 3. facillime : 'very readily.' 
 
 5. Ubi — philosophia: cf. p. 180, 18, and n. 6. in culina : 
 
 Cicero rallies Cassius for his belief in Epicureanism, which laid 
 
Page 200.] NOTES 349 
 
 much stress upon the enjoyment of the physical life. in palae- 
 stra: where I not only exercise the body, but also freshen and 
 train the mind in oratorical practice. 6. servire : ' to be a 
 
 slave,' under the absolute government of Caesar. 7. facio : 
 
 ' I make out,' ' pretend.' convicium Platonis : in which the 
 
 philosopher reproaches those who do not maintain their freedom. 
 
 9. Hispania : where Caesar was conducting a campaign against 
 the sons of Pompey. 10. mea causa : ' on my own account.' 
 
 XXXIV. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xv.). 
 Astura ; b. c. 45. 
 
 13. Apud Appuleium . . . ut excuser : = ' that excuse be 
 made for me to Appuleius,' who had been chosen augur. It 
 was customary to celebrate the admission of a new member 
 into the college of augurs (cf. p. 59) by a splendid banquet, con- 
 tinued for several days, at which all the members were expected 
 to be present unless suffering from illness. Cicero was stricken 
 with grief at the death of Tullia (see pp. 10, 11); not wishing 
 to seem ungracious by declining in advance to be present, he 
 wished to have his absence excused ' each day ' that the ban- 
 quet lasted. placet : sc. excusari. 14. videbis : for velim 
 {ut) videas. 21. Cum . . . des : = ' when you find a man to 
 give it (the letter for Marcus Brutus) to.' 
 
 XXXV. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xvi.). 
 Astura; b. c. 45. 
 
 23. tuis negotiis relictis venire : trans, as if relinquere tua 
 negotia et venire. Why ? 
 
 Page 200. 1. nihil: as p. 61, 4. 5. probabatur : i.e. mihi 
 te convenire. Cicero could not stay at Atticus's because of the 
 bustle and publicity, which would be unendurable to him in the 
 midst of his grief ; nor at his own home, because ot the num- 
 ber of those who would come to offer consolation which he 
 could not accept. 9. Philippus : he probably had a villa 
 
 near Cicero, at Astura. 
 
350 TO ATTICUS [Page 201. 
 
 XXXVI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xviii.). 
 
 Astura ; b. c. 45. 
 
 12. recordationes fugio : Tullia was dead, after having been 
 divorced from Dolabella ; he himself had divorced Terentia. mar- 
 ried Publilia, and now separated from her. He had had bitter 
 quarrels with his brother Quintus, and was without hope for 
 the future of the state. 
 
 16. quod, etc. : he proposes to build a chapel in honor of 
 Tullia. 19. genere : architectural 'style,' 'plan.' 21. Ve- 
 
 lim cogites : ' will you kindly give the matter considera- 
 tion.' 
 
 23. monumentorum : monumentum includes not only com- 
 memorative structures of every kind, but also memorial writings, 
 whether poetry or prose; here the. word has reference particu- 
 larly to inscriptions and poems, the latter by both Greek and 
 Roman poets. 28. ero : = exsistam. hoc exiguum [tern- 
 
 pus] : i. e. vitae. 
 
 Page 201. 2. nihil — in quo adquiescam : his philosophy 
 breaks down in the presence of death ; having no certain hope 
 of reunion with his dear Tullia in a future life, he finds no 
 consolation in anything. Cf. p. 157, 26-30, and n. temptatis : 
 render ' having tried.' 3. illud : a treatise on consolation, 
 
 De Consolatione ; cf. ad Att. XII. xiv. 3. 6. ut : 'as 
 
 soon as.' 
 
 9. Curabis cum tua perferendum : ' Kindly have it sent (to 
 him) along with your (letter).' 
 
 12. Domestica : ' my household affairs.' quod : A. 333, 
 
 and n. ; G. 525; H. 540, iv., N. scribes: 'please write.' 
 
 13. quaedam enim exspecto : i, e. quaedam enim stmt, de 
 quibus scire aipiam. Cocceius, Libo : both seem to have 
 
 owed Cicero money, Sulpicius and Egnatius perhaps being se- 
 curity for the latter, or for both. 
 
 16. quid . . . labores : ' what reason is there for you to give 
 yourself uneasiness;' cf. p. 199, 13, and N. 
 
 18. vide . . . facile : = ' do not give yourself too much 
 trouble.' 
 
Page 202.] NOTES 351 
 
 XXXVII. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xxxvi.). 
 Astura, b. c. 45. 
 
 24. Fanum : see p. 200, 12-21, and n. 26. legis : cf. p. 
 
 202, 7. oiroGeWiv : see p. 368. The deification of individuals 
 
 — so foreign to our ideas — was familiar and acceptable to the 
 Romans on account of their worship of ancestors (see Coulanges, 
 " The Ancient City "). The deification of Julius Caesar was un- 
 doubtedly talked about at this time (cf. the editor's " Selections 
 from Ovid," pp. 155-158); and later the Roman emperors were 
 worshipped even before they were dead. What Cicero's exact 
 idea was it is not easy to divine ; probably he meant in some 
 way to attach to the shrine an association of worship, so that 
 it would always be kept in repair. 
 
 27. Quod poteram : ' And I could attain this end.' in 
 
 ipsa villa : in one of the courts, which formed so attractive a 
 feature of the Roman country houses. 
 
 Page 202. 1. dominorum : i. e. of the villa ; future proprie- 
 tors would alter or rebuild the villa, and the shrine would 
 probably be neglected or destroyed. 3. habeat religionem : 
 
 i. e. treat the shrine with veneration ; this the superstitious 
 country folk were much more likely to do than the sceptical 
 people of the upper classes. 4. non habeo — quicum : = 
 
 'I have no one with whom.' 6. institutum : i. e. genus; cf. 
 p. 200, 19. 7. lege : imp. ; the law referred to {legem) was 
 
 probably some enactment of the college of pontifices regarding 
 rites in honor of the dead, and posted up where all could 
 read it. 8, in mentem veniet : sc. tibi. 
 
 11. Cumano : either Cicero's villa, or that of Marcus Brutus 
 at Cumae. 13. facere rustice : ' act rudely.' 
 
 XXXVIII. TO TREBATIUS TESTA (ad Fam. VII. xxil.). 
 
 18. Illuseras : 'You made fun (of me).' 20. furti 
 
 recte agere : ' could properly bring an action for theft,' for 
 property filched or embezzled from an estate before the heir 
 took possession. Testa had maintained that there was no divis- 
 ion of opinion on the subject, and that the action would lie. 
 A. 220; G. 377; H. 409, 11. 22. miai: 'I send' with this. 
 
 23. sensisse : used of the formal giving of a legal opinion. 
 
352 TO ATTICUS [Page 203. 
 
 XXXIX. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XII. xlviii.). 
 
 Tusculan Villa ; b. c. 45. 
 
 Page 203. 1- Domi, etc. : see Idioms. 2. iamne confe- 
 
 ceris : ' whether you have quite finished ' the business that took 
 you away from home. 6. post discessum tuum : he had 
 
 apparently met Atticus for a brief interview at some point away 
 from Tusculum. 7. totus : ' wholly,' i. e. for a long and sat- 
 isfactory visit; sc. veniam. 8. quod licebit : = quod face) e 
 poteris (as Boot suggests); in our idiom, 'whatever shall best 
 suit your convenience.' 
 
 XL. TO BASILUS (ad Fam. VI. xv.). 
 b. c. 44. 
 9. tibi gratulor : on the death of Caesar; see Vocab., 
 Basilus. 
 
 XLI. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XV. xxiii.). 
 Tusculan Villa ; B. c. 44. 
 
 13. nostro itinere : Antony had gained the upper hand at 
 Rome; the conspirators against Caesar, and their friends, were 
 fleeing. Cicero thought of going to Greece, having received a 
 free embassy (see N. to p. 179, 7). His son was at this time 
 studying at Athens. in utramque partem : whether to go or 
 not. 14. Quo usque : i. e. Quo tisque deliberabis, torqueris ? 
 erit [integrum]: '(the question) shall remain open' until I am 
 actually on shipboard. 17. Si quid novi : i. e. velim ad me 
 scribas si quid novi sit. 
 
 XLII. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XV. xxv.). 
 Tusculan villa ; b. c. 44. 
 
 Page 204. 1- meo itinere : cf. p. 203, 13, and N. multi : 
 
 sc. veniunt. 3. cogitamus : i. e. ad tirbem redire. meus 
 
 animus : I am content to go abroad or to return to Rome, 
 provided by either course I can avoid giving offence. 5. pia- 
 culum, mysteria : the 'mysteries' 1 of Bona Dea, celebrated in 
 December; called piaculum, because of the desecration by Clo- 
 dius (see pp. 6, 7). 8. eo : ' on that account ; ' he thinks of 
 
 returning to Rome before bad weather (cf. N. to p. 128, 17), and 
 
Page 206.] NOTES 353 
 
 would like to know what Atticus thinks about his being there 
 by the time of the festival of Bona Dea. 
 
 XLIII. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XV. xxvm.). 
 Villa at Arpinum ; B. c. 44. 
 
 13. ludis : given by Marcus Brutus. 15, poteram, mise- 
 
 ram : trans, as if possum, misi. 17. in te : Atticus had 
 
 either neglected to give Caecilia the greeting sent by Cicero, or 
 had not told her that he had come, so that she failed to meet 
 him. 
 
 XLIV. TO ATTICUS (ad Att. XVI. ix.). 
 
 Villa at Puteoli ; B. c. 44. 
 
 Page 205. 1. Binae : A. 95, b ; G. 95, r, 2; H. 174, 2, 3). 
 nunc quidem : sc. rogat. 2. velle : dep. on what ? 3. Cui 
 ego : sc. respondi. non posse : ' could not take action.' 
 
 5. consilio tuo : he declared that he would follow Cicero's 
 advice. Quid multa : = ' Why (say) more ? ' 6. o-ktjttto|icu ; 
 = moras necto excusando ; see p. 368. aetati : cf. p. 171, 24, 
 and n. quo animo : sc. sit. 
 
 10. pueri : Octavianus. 11. Brutum : Decimus Brutus, 
 
 who could hold Cisalpine Gaul against Antony. Cf. p. 173, 25, 
 and n. 12. centuriat : i. e. veteranos milites centuriat. See 
 p. 172, 6-1 1, and N. lam iamque : here = ' more and more 
 
 clearly.' 
 
 XLV. TO PLANCUS (ad Fam. X. xiv.). 
 Rome ; b. c. 43. 
 
 16. victoriam : over Antony, at Mutina, in April. Plancus 
 had declared against Antony and raised a force, with which he 
 afterwards joined Decimus Brutus. 
 
 22. exspectabam : ' I am looking for.' 23. Lepidum : he 
 soon afterwards united with Antony. 
 
 XLVI. TO DECIMUS BRUTUS (ad Fam. XI. xxv.). 
 Rome ; B. c. 43. 
 
 Page 206. 8. quid vellem : sc. scribere. 10. acta: 'pro- 
 ceedings' of the Senate, and also of the popular assemblies, 
 23 
 
354 TO DECIMUS BRUTUS [Page 206. 
 
 which at this time were published at the close of each session 
 or meeting. 
 
 13. collega : Plancus. 14. Bruto : Marcus Brutus. 
 
 17. Intestinum urbis malum : many were urging the choice 
 of Octavianus for the consulship, though he was far from the 
 legal age and had not held the earlier offices. 18. minus 
 
 timeremus : i. e. si adesset. \aKwvio-fi,6v tuum : =: ' your 
 
 Spartan brevity.' 19. pagella : the letter was written on a 
 small tablet. 
 
HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO. 
 
 For references on the writings of Cicero, his public life, and 
 the history of Rome in his time, see the editor's Topical 
 Outline of Latin Literature, p. 15 (Boston, 1891). 
 
 For references on special topics, see Harrington's Helps to the 
 Lntelligent Study of College Preparatory Latin (Boston, 1888). 
 
 For a concise account of the manuscripts of the various works, 
 with an enumeration of the more important editions, special 
 treatises, dictionaries, and articles, see Teuffel and 
 Schwabe's History of Roman Literature, English Trans- 
 lation of the Fifth German Edition, by Warr, Vol. 1., 
 §§ 177-189 (London, 1891). 
 
 For editions and literature prior to 1881, see Engelmann's Bib- 
 liotheca sc7-iptorum dassicorum, 8th ed., Part II. (Leipzig, 
 1882). 
 
 For ancient oratory, and Cicero as an orator, see Jebb's Attic 
 Orators (2 vols. London, 1876); Blass, Die attische Bered- 
 samkeit (3d ed., 4 vols. Leipzig, 1868-1880); Cucheval 
 and Berger, Histoire de P eloquence latin'e depuis Forigine 
 de Rome jusqiia Ciceron (2d ed., 2 vols. Paris, 1881); 
 Westermann, Geschichte der rbmischen Beredsamkeit (Leip- 
 zig, 1835), and the introductions to annotated editions of the 
 De Oratore, Brutus, and Orator. 
 
 Lives of Cicero: ancient, by Plutarch; modern, among 
 others, by Middleton (2 vols. London, 1741. New ed. 
 1848); Forsyth (2 vols. London, 1864); Trollope (2 vols. 
 London and New York, 1880); also, Boissier, Ciceron et ses 
 amis (7th ed. Paris, 1884) ; Aly, Cicero, sein Leben und 
 seine Schriften (Berlin, 1891); and Collins, Cicero, in 'An- 
 cient Classics for English Readers.' 
 
356 HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO 
 
 EDITIONS. 
 
 TEXT OF COMPLETE WORKS. 
 
 Baiter and Kayser : M. Tullii Ciceronis opera quae supersunt 
 omnia. Leipzig, 1 860-1 869. Memorabilia vitae Ciceronis 
 in Vol. 1. ; Index nominum in Vol. xi. 
 
 Klotz : M. Tullii Ciceronis scripta quae manserunt omnia. 5 
 parts, in 11 vols. Leipzig, 1 863-1 871. New revision in charge 
 of C. F. W. Miiller, of which 7 vols, have appeared. 
 
 Orelli, Baiter, Halm : M. Tullii Ciceronis opera quae super- 
 sunt oinnia. 8 vols. Zurich, 1 833-1 862. Vol. 5 contains a 
 collection of the scholiasts on Cicero ; Vols. 6-8, the valuable 
 Onomasticon Tulliauum, in which are included, — a chrono- 
 logical view of Cicero's life, the Roman calendar from 63 to 
 45 b. c, and a bibliography (Vol. 6) ; a full geographical and 
 historical index (Vol. 7) ; a lexicon of Greek words, collections 
 of the laws cited and of formulae, the Fasti consulares, and 
 the Roman triumphs to the reign of Tiberius (Vol. 8). 
 
 ORATIONS. 
 
 The following are among the annotated editions : — 
 
 Long: All the orations. 4 vols. London, 1855-1862. 
 
 Halm: Die Reden gegen Catilina, und fur Archias. 13th ed., 
 revised by Laubmann. Berlin, 1 891. English version of 
 
 Halm's 7th ed., with some additions, by A. S. Wilkins. 
 London, 1870; latest reprint, 1891. 
 
 Halm : Die Reden fiir Roscius aus Ameria und uber das Impe- 
 rium des Cn. Pompeius. 10th ed., revised by Laubmann. 
 Berlin, 1886. English version of the 8th ed., by Wilkins. 
 
 London, 1879; latest reprint, 1889. 
 
 Richter and Eberhard : Catilinarische Reden. 5th ed. Leip- 
 zig, 1888. Rede iiber das Imperium des Cn. Pompeius. 
 4th ed., 1890. Rede fiir den Dichter Archias. 3d ed., 
 1884. Reden fiir Marcellus, Ligarius, Deiotarus. 3d ed., 
 1886. 
 
 Hachtmann : Reden gegen Catilina. 3d ed. Gotha, 1890. 
 
 Upcott : Speeches against Catilina. Oxford, 1887. 
 
 Pasdera : Le orazioni Catilinarie. Turin, 1885. 
 
HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO 357 
 
 Benecke : Orationes in L. Catilinam. Leipzig, 1828. De 
 
 inperio Cn. Po?npei. Leipzig, 1834. 
 Deuerling : Rede ilber das Imperium des Cn. Pompeius. 2d ed. 
 
 Gotha, 1889. 
 Reid: Pro A rchia. New ed. Cambridge, 1 891. 
 Sturenburg : Pro Archia. Leipzig, 1839. 
 Thomas : Pro Archia, with French notes. Mons, 1882. 
 Wolf : M. Tulli Ciceronis quae vulgo fertur or ado pro M. Mar- . 
 
 cello. Berlin, 1802. Cf. with this ed., Orationem pro M. 
 
 Marcello, quam Frid. Aug. Wolfius a M. Tttllio Cicerone 
 
 abiudicavit, denuo defendit . . . Franciscus Hahne. 
 
 Dis. inaug. Braunschweig, 1876. 
 King: The Philippic Orations. 2d ed. Oxford, 1878. 
 Gast : Erste, vierte, und vierzehnte Philippische Rede. Leipzig, 
 
 1891. 
 
 Among special works bearing on the orations are : — 
 
 Beesly : Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. London, 1878. Con- 
 tains an erratic but brilliant apology for Catiline. 
 
 Hagen : Untersuchungen iiber r'dmische Geschichte. Erster Theil. 
 Cat/Una. Konigsberg, 1854. 
 
 Stern: Catilina und die Parteikdmpfe in Rom der Jahre 66-63. 
 Dorpat, 1883. 
 
 Reinach: De Archia Poeta. Paris, 1890. 
 
 letters. 
 
 Tyrrell : The Correspondence of M. Tullius Cicero, arranged 
 according to its chronological order, with a revision of the 
 text, a commentary, and introductory essays. Dublin and 
 London. Vol. I., 1879; VoL n -> 1886; Vol. ill. (including 
 letters of b. c. 50), 1890. 
 
 Schutz : All the letters, with Latin notes. 6 vols. Halle, 1809- 
 1812. 
 
 Boot : Epistolarum ad Attiatm libri xvi. Latin notes, critical 
 and explanatory. 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1 865-1 866. 
 
 There are numerous annotated collections of selected letters of 
 Cicero. Among them may be mentioned those by Tyrrell 
 (London and New York, 1891); Supfle, 9th ed., revised by 
 Boeckel (Karlsruhe, 1885) ; Watson (3d ed., Oxford, 1881); 
 
358 HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CICERO 
 
 Parry (London, 1867); Muirhead (London, 1885); Pritch- 
 ard and Bernard (2d ed., London, 1888). 
 
 Books useful in connection with the letters are : — 
 Jeans : The Life and Letters of Cicero j a translation of the 
 
 Letters in Watson's ed. London, 1880. 
 Merivale: Abeken's Cicero in his Letters. London, 1854. 
 Church : Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. London and 
 
 New York, 1884. 
 
IDIOMS AND PHRASES. 
 
 a me ipse non descivi, / did not 
 prove false to myself. 
 
 ab eo vehementissime dissentio, / 
 disagree with him most emphati- 
 cally. 
 
 ab ineunte aetate, from the begin- 
 ning of life. 
 
 ab inferis, from the Underworld, 
 from the dead. 
 
 ab oecidente, in the west. 
 
 abest non nemo, more than one is 
 azuay, some are aivay. 
 
 abiectus metu, prostrated 'with fear. 
 
 aeeipere in vestram fidem, to take 
 into yonr confidence. 
 
 ad caelum efferre laudibus, to 
 land to the skies. 
 
 ad expilandos soeios diripiendas- 
 que provincias, to rob allies and 
 plunder provinces. 
 
 ad Lepidum habitare, to live at the 
 house of Lepidus, to live at Lepi- 
 diis's. 
 
 ad rem publieam adire, to engage 
 in the administration of public 
 affairs, to take office. 
 
 adire hereditatem, to enter upon an 
 inheritance, take possession of an 
 inheritance. 
 
 adniti de triumpho, to make every 
 effort to secure a triumph. 
 
 adversae res, adversity, misfortune. 
 
 aeque cams &c,just as dear as. 
 
 aequo animo, calmly, without anx- 
 iety ; with resignation. 
 
 aequum est, it is fair, it is right. 
 aere alieno premi, to be heavily 
 
 in debt. 
 aes alienum, debt, indebtedness. 
 in tantum aes alienum, so 
 
 deeply into debt. 
 agere cum aliquo, to treat with any 
 
 one, plead with any one. 
 agere gratias, to thank. 
 nihil agis, you accomplish nothing. 
 quid agis P how do you do ? how 
 
 are you ? also, what are you 
 
 about ? what do you mean ? 
 agitur populi Romani gloria, the 
 
 glory of the Roman people is at 
 
 stake. 
 agitur de vectigalibus, the revenues 
 
 are imperilled. 
 alia omnia, all things else, every- 
 thing else. 
 aliqua ex parte, in some measure. 
 aliquid amplum cogitare, to enter- 
 tain some noble sentiment. 
 aliquid de ingeniis iudicare, to 
 
 form any judgment of (his) 
 
 abilities. 
 aliquid loci, some place, so?ne 
 
 room. 
 aliquid respondit, he made some 
 
 answer or other. 
 aliquid sapientiae, any degree of 
 
 prudence, any prudence. 
 amabo te, will you kindly, please. 
 amans rei publicae, devoted to his 
 
 country. 
 
360 
 
 IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 amantissimus rei publicae, very 
 devoted to his country, of the 
 loftiest patriotism. 
 amplius negoti, a larger measure 
 
 of difficulty, more trouble. 
 amplius negoti mini contrahitur, 
 lam more deeply involved in diffi- 
 
 cttlty. 
 aneeps contentio, a contest on two 
 
 sides. 
 animo cernere, to see in fancy, see 
 
 in imagination. 
 quo animo esse debetis? what 
 
 feeli7ig ought you to have ? how 
 
 ought you to feel ? 
 quo animo f erre debetis, zuith 
 
 what spirit ought you to endure. 
 animos ac spiritus eapere, to 
 
 endure the arrogance and inso- 
 lence. 
 animose et fortiter facere aliquid, 
 
 to do something with spirit and 
 
 bravery. 
 animum armatum retinere, to re- 
 tain a spirit of hostility. 
 animum inducere, to make up one's 
 
 mind. 
 animum vincere, to coiiquer one's 
 
 spirit. 
 ante acta vita, past life. 
 ante civitatem datam, prior to the 
 
 granting of citizeiiship. 
 p a u c i s ante diebus, a few days 
 
 ago. 
 p a u 1 o ante, a little while ago. 
 ante me, before me ; before my time. 
 apud inferos, in the Underworld. 
 apud Laecam, at Laecd's house, at 
 
 Laeca's. 
 apud Tenedum, off Tenedos. 
 aspieere inter sese, to look at one 
 
 another. 
 auctor gravior, an adviser of greater 
 
 weight. 
 audita re, having heard of the 
 
 matter. 
 aures dare, to give attention. 
 
 aversus a Musis, unfriendly to the 
 
 Muses. 
 aversus a vero, hostile to truth. 
 
 bella legere, to read about wars. 
 bellum in multa varietate versa- 
 
 tum, a war waged with many 
 
 vicissitudes. 
 bellum apparare, to get ready for 
 
 war. 
 bellum confieere, to put an end to 
 
 a war, bring a war to a successful 
 
 termination. 
 bellum coniungere, to tuiite in 
 
 waging ivar. 
 bellum excitare, to stir up war. 
 bellum inferre, to make war upon. 
 bellum suseipere, to commence 
 
 war. 
 bene barbatus, with full beard. 
 bene de re publica mereri, to do 
 
 good service for one's country, to 
 
 be useful to the state. 
 bene de re publica sperare, to have 
 
 great hope for the state. 
 bene potus, having drunk freely, 
 
 being quite mellow. 
 bono animo dicere, to say with good 
 
 intention. 
 bono animo esse, to be of good cheer ; 
 
 to be well disposed. 
 
 m e a causa, on my account, for my 
 sake. 
 
 honoris causa nomino, / men- 
 tion in the way of honor ; I men- 
 tion with due respect. 
 
 vitandae suspicionis causa, 
 in order to avoid suspicion. 
 
 d e certa causa,7^r« certain reason. 
 
 causam dicere, to state a case, to 
 plead a case. 
 
 certior factus, having been in~ 
 formed. 
 
 certior fieri, to be informed. 
 
 certior em facere, to inform. 
 
IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 361 
 
 civitatem alicui dare, to grant 
 citizenship to any one, bestow the 
 franchise on any one. 
 
 i n civitatem ascribere, to enroll as 
 a citizen. 
 
 eum civitate donare, to bestow the 
 franchise on him. 
 
 cogere senatum, to convene the 
 Senate. 
 
 collatis signis, in the shock of battle, 
 in regular engagements. 
 
 colonias constituere, to found colo- 
 nies. 
 
 concedi alicui necesse est, it must 
 inevitably be given up to some one. 
 
 consilia inire, to form plans. 
 
 consulere alicui, to look out for the 
 interest of any one. 
 
 consulere aliquem, to consult any 
 one, to ask advice of any one. 
 
 consulere vobis, to look out for your 
 interest. 
 
 contra atque, opposite to what, con- 
 trary to what. 
 
 dare operam, to take pains, to make 
 
 an effort. 
 de caelo percelli, to be struck by 
 
 lightning. 
 detrimentum accipere, to suffer loss. 
 difficili rei publieae tempore, at a 
 
 time of peril for the state, at a 
 
 critical time for the state. 
 diffidens rebus suis, in a state of 
 
 despair regarding his own re- 
 sources. 
 dilectum habere, to raise a levy, to 
 
 draft. 
 domi libenter sum, / am glad to 
 
 be at home. 
 domi meae, at my house. 
 
 e portu egredi, to set sail. 
 
 eadem fortuna quae illorum, the 
 
 same lot as that of those. 
 eo magis, all the more. 
 
 eos hoc moneo, / give them this 
 warning. 
 
 eos praemiis adfecit, he bestowed 
 gifts upon them. 
 
 erit verendum mini, I shall have 
 to be afraid, I shall have to 
 fear. 
 
 est mini tanti, it is well worth while 
 for me, it is well worth my while. 
 
 m i h i est invidiosum, I find it a 
 source of unpopularity, it is a 
 source of unpopularity to me. 
 
 etiam atque etiam, again and 
 again. 
 
 ex belli ore ac f aucibus, from the 
 open jaws of war. 
 
 ex eo quaeritur, the question is put 
 to him, inquiry is made of him. 
 
 ex hac parte, on this side. 
 
 ex magna spe deturbari, to be de- 
 prived of great hopes. 
 
 ex marmore constitutus, fashioned 
 in marble. 
 
 ex media morte,/;w« the midst of 
 death. 
 
 ex pedibus laborare, to have trouble 
 with one 's feet, to have the gout. 
 
 ex pueris,//w« childhood. 
 
 ex senatus consulto, in accordance 
 with a decree of the Senate, in ac- 
 cordance with the Senate's decree. 
 
 ex tempore, off-hand, on the spur 
 of the moment, without prepara- 
 tion. 
 
 ex vestro iudicio, in consequence of 
 your judgment. 
 
 exercitum conficere, to raise an 
 army. 
 
 extrema hieme, at the end of 
 winter. 
 
 extrema pueritia, at the end of 
 boyhood. 
 
 fac ut sciam, let me know. 
 fac ut valeas, do keep well. 
 fac ut tuam valetudinem cures, 
 
 do take care of your health. 
 
362 
 
 IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 facere alicui pergratum, to do any 
 
 one a great favor. 
 facere potestatem dicendi, to offer 
 
 an opportunity to speak, to give an 
 
 opportunity for saying. 
 faeiam te certiorem, / will inform 
 
 yon. 
 facultas oblata est, an opportunity 
 
 was presented. 
 falso memoriae proditum, based 
 
 upon unfounded tradition. 
 familiarissime vivere, to be on the 
 
 most intimate terms. 
 m e fefellit dies, / was mistaken 
 
 in the day. 
 n u m m e fefellit dies ? / was not 
 
 mistaken in the day, was I? was 
 
 I mistaken in regard to the date ? 
 v i x f eram, / shall find it hard to 
 
 endure, I shall hardly be able to 
 
 bear. 
 f erenda non fuerunt, they ought not 
 
 to have been endured. 
 ferenda mihi non fuerunt, / ought 
 
 not to have put up with them. 
 ferre moleste, to pe annoyed, to 
 
 feel grieved. 
 ferro fiammaque, with fire and 
 
 sword. 
 fidem facere, to convince, to com- 
 mand confidence. 
 minorem fidem facere, to fail. 
 
 to convince, fail to command entire 
 
 confidence. 
 fidem publieam dare, to give a 
 pledge of safety in the name of the 
 
 state. 
 fingere sibi, to imagine. 
 fundamenta iacere, to lay the 
 foundations. 
 
 gratiam alicuius conciliare, to win 
 
 the favor of some one. 
 gratiam habere, to feel thankful, 
 
 to be gratefid. 
 b o n a m gratiam quaerere, to 
 
 court popularity. 
 
 gratiam ref erre, to return a favor, 
 
 to requite, recompense. 
 gratias agere, to give thanks, to 
 
 thank. 
 raaximas gratias agere, to thank 
 
 most heartily. 
 gratum facere, to do a favor. 
 
 hieme summa, in the dead of 
 
 winter, in the depth of winter. 
 hoc praeeipiendum est, this advice 
 
 ought to be given. 
 e i s hoc praeeipiendum est, they 
 
 ought to be given this piece of 
 
 advice. 
 hodierno die mane, this morning. 
 i n honore esse debebit is, h e 
 
 will deserve to be in honor. 
 honorum gradus, the grades of 
 
 public office, the avenues of official 
 
 preferment. 
 
 iam diu teneo, / have long been 
 
 holding. 
 iam dudum hortor, I have long beeti 
 
 urging. 
 iam pridem studes, you have long 
 
 been eagerly desiring, this long 
 
 time you have been eager. 
 iam turn, even then, at that very 
 
 time. 
 id quod eonsequi conantur, what 
 
 they are trying to attain, their 
 
 ends. 
 id temporis, at that particular time, 
 
 at just that time. 
 idem qui, the same as. 
 idem sentire, to have the same feel- 
 ing, the same opinion. 
 imperare obsides, to levy hostages, 
 
 make a requisition for hostages. 
 imperare omnibus gentibus,^ rule 
 
 over all peoples. 
 in agendo, in action. 
 in armis, under arms, in arms ; in 
 
 the pursuit of arms, in war. 
 in caelum, to the skies. 
 
IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 363 
 
 in eustodiam dare, to place in cus- 
 tody, to put under surveillance. 
 
 in dato benefieio, in the granting 
 of a favor. 
 
 in dies, day by day, every day, 
 
 in dies singulos, each successive day. 
 
 in earn partem, ut, to the end that. 
 
 in eandem fere sententiam, to 
 much the same effect, of about the 
 same import. 
 
 m malis, in the midst of evils. 
 
 in optimo quoque, in all the best. 
 
 in perditis rebus, in profligacy. 
 
 in perpetuum, for all time, forever. 
 
 in posteritatem, for the future. 
 
 in posterum, for the future. 
 
 in posterum tempus, for future 
 time, for the future. 
 
 in praesens tempus, for the present. 
 
 in quaestu relinquere, to leave on 
 interest. 
 
 incumbite in causam, throw your- 
 selves into the cause. 
 
 ineunte aduleseentia, at the begin- 
 ning of youth. 
 
 ineunte vere, at the opening of 
 spring. 
 
 inferre bellum, to make war upon. 
 
 inire consilium, to form a plan. 
 
 inspectante praetore, tinder the 
 eyes of the praetor. 
 
 integris signis, with the seals un- 
 broken. ' 
 
 inter se, with each other, with one 
 another. 
 
 ira victoriae, the fury of victory. 
 
 isto pacto ut, in such a way as, 
 as. 
 
 iudicium faeere, to pass an opinion, 
 to pass judgment. 
 
 ius civitatis, the rights of citizenship, 
 citizenship. 
 
 latius opinione, more widely than 
 you think, than one would think. 
 
 laudibus in caelum f erre, to praise 
 to the skies. 
 
 loco motus est, he was forced from 
 
 his vantage-ground. 
 locorum opportunitas, advantages 
 
 of position. 
 
 magno in aere alieno, deeply in 
 
 debt. 
 male emere, to purchase at too high 
 
 a price, to buy too dear. 
 male gerere negotium, to manage 
 
 one's business badly. 
 maximas gratias agere, to return 
 
 most hearty thanks. 
 maxime elaborandum est, very 
 
 great effort must be made, all 
 
 pains must be taken. 
 me imperante, at my bidding. 
 me quid pudeat ? why should I 
 
 be ashamed ? 
 mea interest, it is for my interest, 
 
 to my advantage ; I am concerned. 
 Medea ilia, the famous Medea. 
 media aestate, at midsummer. 
 memoria tenere, to remember, to 
 
 keep in mind. 
 mente eaptus, beside himself. 
 meo nomine, in my name, on my 
 
 account ; in my honor. 
 meorum factorum paenitebit, / 
 
 shall be sorry for what I did, I 
 
 shall regret my action. 
 mibi crede, credite, believe me, 
 
 upon my 'word. 
 mihi in animo est, it is my inten- 
 tion, I intend. 
 mini in mentem venit, it occurs 
 
 to me. 
 mihi placet, / think best, I re- 
 solve. 
 mihi suadeo, / am persuaded. 
 minus est erratum, no mistake 
 
 has been made. 
 moleste ferre, to be annoyed, to feel 
 
 grieved. 
 multum valere, to be very power- 
 ful ; to have great influence, be 
 
 very important. 
 
364 
 
 IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 mutue respondere, to make ade- 
 quate return, make a fair return. 
 
 ne longum sit, not to be tedious, not 
 
 to bore you. 
 necesse est pervenire, must inevi- 
 tably come, must inevitably fall 
 
 (to). 
 nescio an, perhaps I might better 
 
 say, probably. 
 nescio quid, something, some. 
 nescio quo modo, somehow. 
 nescio quo pacto, somehow. 
 nihil aliud nisi de hoste cogitare, 
 
 to think of nothing but the enemy, 
 
 to have no thought for anything 
 
 except the enemy. 
 nihil de re publica cogitare, to give 
 
 no thought to political matters, 
 
 give no thought to public affairs. 
 nihil nisi de parricidio cogitare, to 
 
 think of nothing but murder. 
 nihil deeretum est, no decree was 
 
 passed, no motion was carried. 
 nihil mini noceri potest, no harm 
 
 can be done me. 
 nobis consulibus, in our consulship, 
 
 in my consulship. 
 noctes ac dies, day and night. 
 noli esse, be not. 
 noli defatigari, be not wearied, do 
 
 not allmv yourself to become weary. 
 nolite dubitare, do not hesitate. 
 m e o nomine, in my name, in my 
 
 honor. 
 s u o nomine, on his own account. 
 novis rebus studere, to be eager for 
 
 a revolution, be desirous of a revo- 
 
 lution. 
 nudius tertius, day before yesterday. 
 nullo impediente, with no one hin- 
 dering, with none to hinder. 
 nullo modo, in no way, by no 
 
 means. 
 
 occasio oblata est, an opportunity 
 presented itself. 
 
 omnes unum volunt, all are of one 
 opinion. 
 
 omnium rerum desperatio, utter 
 despair. 
 
 operare pretium est, /'/ is worth 
 while. 
 
 operam dare, to take pains, to make 
 an effort. 
 
 opinione celerius, sooner than was 
 expected. 
 
 t e oportet duei, you ought to be led. 
 
 te iam pridem oportebat duci, 
 you ought long ago to have been 
 led. 
 
 optime de re publica mereri, to 
 render most important service to 
 one's country. 
 
 optimo iure, with the fairest possi- 
 ble reason. 
 
 optimus quisque, all the best. 
 
 opus est, there is need, it is neces- 
 sary. 
 
 orbis terrae, orbis terrarum, the 
 world, the whole world. 
 
 pace tua, with your permission. 
 
 parum comitatus, with too small a 
 retinue, with too small an escort. 
 
 parvi refert, it matters little. 
 
 pauca dicere, to say a few words. 
 
 paulum mihi est morae, / am suf- 
 fering a little delay. 
 
 pecunias collocatas habere, to have 
 sums of money invested. 
 
 per causam, under the pretext. 
 
 per hanc causam, under this pre- 
 text, with this as a pretext. 
 
 per f ortunas vide, for heaven's sake 
 see to it, lake care. 
 
 perinde atque, just as, exactly 
 as. 
 
 permagni nostra interest, it is of 
 very great importance to us ; or, 
 it is very important for me. 
 
 permultum valere, to be exceed- 
 ingly powerful, to possess very 
 great influence. 
 
IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 365 
 
 pingue quiddam sonantes atque 
 peregrinum, offering some stupid 
 and outlandish composition. 
 
 e i s placet, they think best, they 
 resolve. 
 
 plurimum posse, to have the greatest 
 influence, to be most powerful, be 
 pre-eminent. 
 
 plurimum valere, to have very 
 great weight, exert very great in- 
 fluence. 
 
 poenam sceleris sufferre, to suffer 
 punishment for crime. 
 
 poenam suscipere, to receive 
 punish7)ient, undergo punish- 
 ment. 
 
 poenas expetere ab aliquo, to in- 
 flict punishment oti any one, to 
 visit any one with retribution. 
 
 poet civitatem datam, after the 
 granting of citizenship, after the 
 franchise was granted. 
 
 post hominum memoriam, zvithin 
 the memory of matt. 
 
 post urbem conditam, since the 
 founding of the City, since the 
 City was founded. 
 
 post hanc urbem conditam, since 
 the founding of this City, since this 
 City was founded. 
 
 praeter opinionem omnium, 
 contrary to the expectation of 
 all. 
 
 praeter spem, contrary to expec- 
 tation, beyond one's expectation. 
 
 primo quoque tempore, at the ear- 
 liest possible m oni ent. 
 
 priore nocte, night before last. 
 
 pro eo ac mereor, in such measure 
 as I deserve, in proportion to my 
 deserts. 
 
 proeliis secundis uti, to have suc- 
 cessful engagements, to come off 
 victorious in battle. 
 
 prope inspectantibus vobis, almost 
 under your eyes. 
 
 proxima nocte, last night. 
 
 qua re, wherefore. 
 
 quae cum ita sint, now since these 
 things are so, and since this is so. 
 
 quam ob rem, on what account? 
 wherefore. 
 
 quam plurimi, as many as possible. 
 
 quam primum, as soon as possible. 
 
 quantum est situm in nobis, so 
 far as in us lies, so far as in me 
 lies. 
 
 quern ad finem? to what limit? 
 how far ? 
 
 quern ad modum, in what way ? 
 how ; as. 
 
 quern venisse gaudent, at the arri- 
 val of whom they rejoice. 
 
 quicquid increpuerit, at every 
 sound. 
 
 quicquid possum, whatever influ- 
 ence I possess, whatever I can 
 accomplish. 
 
 quicquid studi, whatever enthu- 
 siasm. 
 
 quid consili ? what scheme ? what 
 plan ? 
 
 quid illo fieri placet? what does 
 he want to have done ? 
 
 quid interest? what difference is 
 there ? 
 
 quid mihi cum vobis est? what 
 business have I with you ? what 
 have I to do with you ? 
 
 quid novi ? what news ? 
 
 quid novi, a 7 ly thing new, any- 
 thing without precedetit. 
 
 quid telorum, any weapons. 
 
 s i quid telorum, whatever weapons, 
 
 quid Tullia net ? what will become 
 of Tullia ? 
 
 quieta re publica, when the state 
 is undisturbed, when the state is 
 free from agitation. 
 
 quoad erit integrum, so long as 
 it shall remain an open ques- 
 tion. 
 
 quod reliquum est, for the rest, 
 for the future. 
 
IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 ratio totius belli, the plan of the 
 
 entire campaign, or of the entire 
 
 war. 
 referre ad senatum, to lay before 
 
 the Senate. 
 referre gratiam, to return a favor, 
 
 to requite, recompense. 
 reliquum est, it remains. 
 rem deferre ad patres conscrip- 
 
 tos, to report a matter to the Sen- 
 ate in session. 
 rem gerere, to manage business. 
 rem optime gerere, to manage 
 
 business exceedingly well. 
 remoto Catilina, with Catiline out 
 
 of the way. 
 rerum potiri, to get control of the 
 
 government. 
 res gestae, achievements, exploits, 
 
 deeds. 
 res se habet, the case stands. 
 
 salutem dicere, to send greeting. 
 
 salutem nuntiare, to carry one's 
 regards. 
 
 satis f aeere rei publicae, to do one's 
 duty by the state. 
 
 satis laudis, sufficient praise, praise 
 enough. 
 
 seriptor rerum, writer of history, 
 historian. 
 
 seriptor rerum suarum, chronicler 
 of his achievements, biographer. 
 
 se praetura abdicare, to resign the 
 office of praetor. 
 
 se pro eive gerere, to conduct one's 
 self as a citizen. 
 
 secundae res, prosperity. 
 
 a senatorio gradu longe abesse, 
 to be far too young for member- 
 ship in the Senate. 
 
 senatui placuit, the Senate voted, 
 the Senate passed a resolution. 
 
 senatum consulere, to ask the opin- 
 ion of the Senate, to consult the 
 Senate. 
 
 senatum eonvocare, to convoke the 
 Senate, call a meeting of the Senate. 
 
 sententiam f erre, to cast a vote. 
 
 sententiam rogare, to put the ques- 
 tion, to call for a vote. 
 
 si curae tibi est, if you care about 
 it, if you take interest in it. 
 
 si in eo stat, if he persists in that, 
 if he remains firm in that. 
 
 si vestra voluntas feret, if such 
 be your pleasure. 
 
 si vobis placet, if you think best. 
 
 simul ac, simul atque, as soon as. 
 
 sine controversia, beyond question, 
 indisputably. 
 
 sine dubio, beyond doubt. 
 
 sine ulla mora, at once. 
 
 t u a sponte, of your own accord. 
 
 sui conservandi causa, in order to 
 save themselves. 
 
 summa res publica, the highest in- 
 terest of the state. 
 
 summum supplicium, the severest 
 punishment. 
 
 summus imperator, a commander 
 of the first rank. 
 
 suo nomine, on his own account. 
 
 superiore nocte, night before last. 
 
 supplicium de aliquo sumere, to 
 inflict punishment upon any one. 
 
 tandem aliquando, noiu at length, 
 
 then at length. 
 tantum abest ut . . . videar, ut 
 
 so far am I front appearing, . . . 
 
 that. 
 te auctore, on your advice. 
 te oportet, see oportet. 
 terra marique, on land and sea. 
 tertia fere vigilia exacta, at about 
 
 the end of the third watch. 
 si transactum est, if all is over. 
 tua sponte, of your own accord. 
 
 ubinam gentium sumus P where 
 in the world are we ? 
 
IDIOMS AND PHRASES 
 
 367 
 
 ullo modo, in any way, by any 
 
 means. 
 una signiiieatione litterarum, by a 
 
 single writte7i order. 
 urbi satis praesidi est, the city has 
 
 a sufficient garrison, the city is 
 
 amply garrisoned. 
 ut arbitror, in my judgment. 
 ut levissime dieam, to put the case 
 
 very mildly, to speak, with extreme 
 
 moderation. 
 ut primum, as soon as. 
 uti aliquo familiariter, to be on Ul- 
 timate terms with any one. 
 
 vacui temp oris nihil, no leisure 
 
 time, no leisure. 
 vadimonium deserere, to forsake 
 
 an obligation to appear in court, 
 
 to forfeit one's recognizance. 
 vehementer angere, to be greatly 
 
 troubled, be much disturbed. 
 vehementer cum senatu consoci- 
 
 ari, to be thoroughly in accord with 
 
 the Senate. 
 vehementer errare, to be very much 
 
 mistaken. 
 velim dispicias res Romanas, will 
 
 you kindly think over matters at 
 
 Rome. 
 
 velim eo me excuses, will you 
 please to make excuse for me to 
 him, excuse me to him. 
 
 veniam dare, to pardon. 
 
 ventum est, they (or he) came, have 
 come. 
 
 verba facere, to speak. 
 
 verbis amplissimis, in most distin- 
 guished terms, in the handsomest 
 terms. 
 
 verendum erat mihi, / ought to 
 have feared. 
 
 vereri ne, to fear that. 
 
 vereri ut, to fear that . .- . not. 
 
 vestrum est providere, it is your 
 duty to make provision. 
 
 vi et minis, by threats of vio- 
 lence. 
 
 vir optimus, an exceedingly worthy 
 gentleman, a most excellent man. 
 
 vis et manus, violent hands. 
 
 vitae meae rationes, my plan of 
 life. 
 
 vix feram, / shall find it hard to 
 bear, I shall hardly be able to 
 endure. 
 
 voculae recreandae causa, in order 
 to strengthen my poor voice. 
 
 voluptatem capere, to receive pleas- 
 tire, take delight. 
 
GREEK WORDS. 
 
 atcrxpos, ■<&, -6v, adj., [alax os > 
 s a me], comp. atVxiW, sup. at- 
 (rxfo"ros, shameful, base, contemp- 
 tible, disgraceful. 
 
 dva<|>aCvw, -<pavw, -necpayKa, aor. 
 averpqva, [dvd-\- (paivoo], show forth, 
 display ; mid. dvacpaivofxai, ap- 
 pear, be seen, be thought. 
 
 diro0€u)<ris, -tecs, t), [awodtScc, air6 -f 
 de6a> from 6e6s], deification, a form 
 of consecration which caused the 
 person receiving it to be con- 
 sidered as a divinity. 
 
 dpio"T€ia, -ay, 7), [apicrrevoi, be best, 
 from &pi<TTos], lit. deed of him 
 that is best; noble deed, heroic 
 action. 
 
 ovBwpei, adv., [avdeepos, adj., from 
 avrSs, &pa], at the very hour, at 
 the selfsame hour. 
 
 PouJiris, -iSos, fern. adj. and subst. 
 [jSoCs, &\f>], ox-eyed, cozv-eyed, i. e. 
 having large, lustrous eyes ; in 
 Homer applied to Juno, suggest- 
 ing her majestic beauty. 
 
 €Tri.8T|fU0S, -ov, adj., [eiri, dyj/JLOs], 
 among the people, native ; preva- 
 lent among the people, as a disease, 
 epidemic. 
 
 Acuo-Tpiryovios, -a, -ov, Homeric 
 ace. sing. fem. AaLcrrpvyoviTiv, 
 adj., [Aaio-rpvySves ], Laestrygo- 
 nian, of the Laestrygonians, a 
 mythical folk of gigantic stature, 
 
 said to have lived along the west 
 coast of Italy below Formiae, or 
 in Sicily. 
 
 XaKcovi<rp.o's, -ov, 6, \\aKwvi^, from 
 Aduoiv, Lacedaemonian], aping of 
 that which is Lacedaettionian, imi- 
 tation of Spartan custom in any- 
 thing. 
 
 (Tiwirdo), aioo-Krio-o/jiai, <re<n<i>Trr)Ka, 
 ecridnroo-a, [o-iccttt), silence], be silent, 
 keep silence, remain silent. 
 
 0-KT)1TTW, O-KTjTpto, pI'Op J mid. 0~K7\- 
 
 izTofxai, prop one 's self, lean on, 
 rely on, hence allege by way of 
 excuse, make excuses, excuse one's 
 self. 
 
 <nrov8d£w, -data, [o-irovdr;, haste], lit. 
 make haste; hence be eager, be 
 earnest, speak seriously, be hi 
 earnest. 
 
 Tt]\€'itv\os, -ov, t), [i"7)\e, far, irv\r\, 
 gate], lit. City of the widely sepa- 
 rated Gates, Telepylus, mythical 
 town of the Laestrygonians. Od. 
 xxiii. 318. 
 
 virocroXoiKOS, -ov, adj., [ viro + a 6\oi- 
 kos, barbarous], of faulty speech ; 
 in bad taste, out of place. 
 
 4>i\o<ro<J)€w or <|n\ocro<f>a>, -7)0-03, [<pi- 
 \6cro(pos], be a philosopher, love 
 wisdom. 
 
 <j)\tiapos, -ov, 6, [<p\vw, bubble over, 
 talk foolishly], idle talk, foolery, 
 trifle. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 a. 
 
 = active. 
 
 indie. 
 
 — indicative. 
 
 
 abl. 
 
 = ablative. 
 
 inf. 
 
 = infinitive. 
 
 
 abs. 
 
 = absolute. 
 
 inter. 
 
 =z interrogative. 
 
 
 ace. 
 
 = accusative. 
 
 inter j. 
 
 — interjection. 
 
 
 adj. 
 
 — adjective. 
 
 intr. 
 
 — intransitive. 
 
 
 adv. 
 
 = adverb, adverbial. 
 
 irr. 
 
 = irregular. 
 
 
 causat 
 
 = causative. 
 
 lit. 
 
 = literally. 
 
 
 chap. 
 
 = chapter. 
 
 m. 
 
 — masculine. 
 
 
 comp. 
 
 — comparative. 
 
 MSS. 
 
 — manuscripts. 
 
 
 conj. 
 
 = conjunction. 
 
 n., neut. 
 
 = neuter. 
 
 
 dat. 
 
 = dative. 
 
 nom. 
 
 = nominative. 
 
 
 decl. 
 
 = declension. 
 
 num. 
 
 = numeral. 
 
 
 def. 
 
 — defective. 
 
 Or. 
 
 = Oratio. 
 
 
 dem. 
 
 = demonstrative. 
 
 p., pp. 
 
 — page, pages. 
 
 
 dep. 
 
 (in vocabulary) = deponent. 
 
 part. 
 
 = participle. 
 
 
 dim. 
 
 = diminutive. 
 
 pass. 
 
 = passive. 
 
 
 e.g. 
 
 = exempli gratia =for exam- 
 
 patr. 
 
 — patronymic. 
 
 
 
 ple. 
 
 pers. 
 
 rz person, personal. 
 
 
 Eng. 
 
 — English. 
 
 pf. 
 
 — perfect. 
 
 
 Ep. 
 
 = Epistolae, or Epistola. 
 
 pi. 
 
 = plural. 
 
 
 et al. 
 
 = et alibi = and elsewhere. 
 
 plup. 
 
 = pluperfect. 
 
 
 et seq. 
 
 = et sequentia = and what fol- 
 
 pos. 
 
 ■=■ positive. 
 
 
 
 lows. 
 
 pred. 
 
 = predicate. 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 — et cetera — and so forth. 
 
 prep. 
 
 = preposition. 
 
 
 excl. 
 
 = exclamation . 
 
 pres. 
 
 — present. 
 
 
 f. 
 
 — feminine. 
 
 pron. 
 
 = pronoun, pronominal. 
 
 
 freq. 
 
 = frequentative. 
 
 reflex. 
 
 — reflexive. 
 
 
 fut. 
 
 = future. 
 
 rel. 
 
 := relative. 
 
 
 gen. 
 
 = genitive. 
 
 semi-dej. 
 
 . = semi-deponent. 
 
 
 ibid. 
 
 = ibidem = in the same place. 
 
 sing. 
 
 ■=. singular. 
 
 
 id. 
 
 — idem = the same. 
 
 subj. 
 
 = subjunctive. 
 
 
 i. e. 
 
 = id est = that is. 
 
 subst. 
 
 = substantive. 
 
 
 imp. 
 
 = imperative. 
 
 sup. 
 
 — superlative. 
 
 
 impers 
 
 .= impersonal, impersonally. 
 
 trans. 
 
 ■=. transitive. 
 
 
 impf. 
 
 = iinperfect. 
 
 v. 
 
 — verb. 
 
 
 inch. 
 
 = inchoative. 
 
 voc. 
 
 = vocative. 
 
 
 indecl. 
 
 = indeclinable. 
 
 i, 2 , 3. 
 
 4 with verbs = ist, 2d, 3d, 
 
 or 
 
 indef. 
 
 = indefinite. 
 
 4th 
 
 conjugation. 
 
 
 Ant. IV. = in M. Antonium oratio Philippica quarta. 
 
 Arch. = pro A. Licinio Archia. oratio. 
 
 Cat. I., II., III., IV. = in L. Catilinam oratio prima, secunda, tertia, quarta. 
 
 Imp. P. = de Imperio Gnaei Pompei oratio. 
 
 Mar. = pro M. Mar cello oratio. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 A., with proper names = Aulus, a 
 Roman praenomen, or forename. 
 
 a. d., = ante diem ; see ante. 
 
 a. u. c, = anno urbis conditae, 
 'in the year from the founding of 
 the city,' or ab urbe eondita, 
 ' after the founding of the city; ' 
 used with dates reckoned from 
 the year in which Rome was 
 said to have been founded, 753 
 B. c. 
 
 a, ab, and abs, [cf. air 6, Eng. of, 
 off], prep, with abl., originally 
 implying separation, from, away 
 from, out of; of place or direc- 
 tion, from, out of, at, especially 
 with adverbs of distance, as 
 longe a domo, procul a nobis ; 
 of time, from, since, after, as ab 
 ineunte aetate, ab adulescen- 
 tia, ab illo tempore, a sena- 
 torio gradu longe ; of agency, 
 with passive verbs and gerun- 
 dives, by, on the part of ; of source, 
 from, through, especially with 
 verbs and adj. signifying fearing, 
 hoping, expecting, defending, 
 liquidating ; the prep, a with 
 the person is used with quaeso, 
 postulo, poenas expeto, and 
 dissentio. 
 
 abdico, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab + 
 dico], 1, a., abdicate; reflex., 
 with abl., resign, lay down, re- 
 
 nouuce, used of withdrawal from 
 an office before the expiration of 
 the term of appointment, as se 
 praetura abdieavit, he resigned 
 his office of praetor. 
 
 abditus, -a, -um, [part, of abdo], 
 adj., concealed, hidden ; secluded, 
 secret. 
 
 abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ab + 
 do], 3, z.,pict away, remove, con- 
 ceal ; reflex., abdere se, to betake 
 one's self to, to devote one's self to, 
 to hide one's self in. 
 
 abeo, -ire, abivi or -ii, abitum, 
 fut. part, abiturus, [ab + eo], 
 irr., n., go away, depart, leave ; 
 pass away, be gone, disappear, 
 vanish. 
 
 aberratio, -onis, [aberro, from 
 ab + erro], f., relief, respite, as 
 from troubles. 
 
 abhorreo, -ere, -ui, , [ab + 
 
 horreo], 2, n. and a., shrink back 
 from, shudder at ; be at variance 
 with, be inconsistent with, be 
 averse to; be not connected with; 
 often construed with a and the 
 abl. 
 
 abicio, abicere, -ieci, -iectum, 
 [ab + iaci5], 3, a., throw away, 
 cast away, t/iroTu down ; give up, 
 abandon; reflex., abicere se, 
 throw one's self down, prostrate 
 one's self, give 7ip in despair. 
 
ABIECTUS 
 
 ACCUSO 
 
 abiectus, -a, -urn, [part, of abicio], 
 adj., cast down, overwhelmed, 
 despondent; low, mean, worth- 
 less. 
 
 absconditus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 abscondo] , adj ., hidden, concealed, 
 secret. 
 
 absconds, -dere, -dl, -ditum, [abs 
 + eondo], 3, a., hide, conceal ; 
 make a secret of. 
 
 absens, -entis, [part, of absum], 
 adj., absent, away, not present. 
 
 absolutio, -onis, [absolvo, dis- 
 charge], f., as a legal term, ac- 
 quittal ; completeness. 
 
 abstraho, -ere, abstraxl, abstrac- 
 tum, [abs + traho], 3, a., draw 
 away ; withdraw, remove ; divert, 
 cut off. 
 
 abstrudo, -ere, abstrusi, abs- 
 trusuni, [abs + trudo], 3, a., 
 thj-ust away, hide, conceal. 
 
 absum, abesse, aful, fut. part, 
 afuturus, [ab -f- sum], in., n., 
 be away from, be absent, be far, 
 
 be from. cuius aetas a 
 
 longe abesset, whose age was far 
 
 too young for . tantum 
 
 abest ut ut, so far from 
 
 that. 
 
 abundans, -antis, [part. of 
 abundo], adj., overflowing, rich, 
 abounding. 
 
 abundantia, -ae, [abundo], f., 
 plenty, abundance. 
 
 abundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab -f- 
 undo, from unda, wave], 1, n., 
 overflow, abound in, be rich 
 in. 
 
 abutor, -utl, -usus sum, [ab + 
 utor], 3, dep., use up ; abuse, 
 outrage. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 accedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessum, 
 [ad-f-cedo], 3, n., come to, draw 
 near to, draw near, approach ; 
 used often as synonymous with 
 the passive of addo, be added. 
 
 accelero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
 eelero, from celer], 1, a. and n., 
 hasten, quicken ; hurry, make 
 haste. 
 
 accessio, -onis, [accedo], f., a 
 coming to, approach ; increase, 
 addition, enlargement. 
 
 accidS, -cidere, -cidi, , [ad + 
 
 cado], 3, n., fall upon, fall to ; 
 reach, come to ; come to pass, hap- 
 pen, occur, take place. 
 
 accipio, -cipere, -cepl, -ceptum, 
 [ad + capio], 3, a., take to one's 
 self, receive, accept ; meet with, ex- 
 perience, suffer; take in, hear, learn, 
 understand ; undertake, assume. 
 
 Accius, -1, in., L. Accius, an early 
 Roman tragic poet, born 170 B. c. 
 He lived to a great age and wrote 
 many tragedies ; also an histori- 
 cal poem and three prose works. 
 Only a few fragments of his writ- 
 ings are extant, but these indi- 
 cate marked literary power. 
 
 accommodatus, -a, -um, [part, 
 of accommodo], adj., adapted, 
 suited, fit, suitable, appropriate. 
 
 accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [ad + commodo, from commo- 
 dus], 1, a., fit, adjust, adapt, ac- 
 commodate to. 
 
 accubo, -are, , , [ad + 
 
 cubo], 1, n., lie at, lie near ; 
 especially recline at table, in ac- 
 cordance with the Roman cus- 
 tom, the body reclining on a 
 couch, the left arm resting on a 
 cushion, the right arm being left 
 free to take food. 
 
 accurate, comp. aecuratius, sup. 
 accuratissime, [accuratus, care- 
 fully wrought], adv., carefully, 
 with pains, with painstaking ; pre- 
 cisely, exactly. 
 
 accusS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad, 
 causa], 1, a., reproach, accuse, 
 blame, find fault with ; prosecute, 
 indict. 
 
ACER 
 
 ADFECTUS 
 
 acer, acris, acre, comp. acrior, 
 sup. aeerrimus, adj., sharp, pierc- 
 ing ; harsh, bitter ; keen, zealous, 
 spirited ; passionate, violent ; 
 fierce, severe. 
 
 acerbe, comp. acerbius, sup. 
 acerbissime, [acerbus], adv., 
 harshly, cruelly, bitterly ; pain- 
 fully, grievously, severely. 
 
 acerbitas, -atis, [acerbus], £., bit- 
 terness ; harshness, severity ; pi., 
 sorrows, anguish, affliction. 
 
 acerbus, -a, -urn, [acer], adj., 
 sharp to the taste, bitter ; harsh, 
 severe, crtiel ; distressing, rigor- 
 ous, burdensome. 
 
 acervus, -I, m., heap, pile ; great 
 quantity, multitude, mass. 
 
 Achaia, -ae, ['Axafa], f., Achaia, 
 a Roman province, comprising 
 all of Greece except Thessaly 
 See N. to p. 130, 4. 
 
 Achilles, -is, ['AxtAAeus], m., 
 Achilles, son of Peleus and The- 
 tis, famous hero of the Greeks in 
 the Trojan war. Arch. x. 
 
 acies, -el, f., sharp point, sharp 
 edge ; of an army, line of battle, 
 battle-array ; battle, engagement ; 
 force, efficiency. 
 
 acriter, comp. acrius, sup. acer- 
 rime, [acer], adv., sharply, keen- 
 ly, cruelly; earnestly, zealously, 
 vigorously. 
 
 acroama, -atis, [d.Kp6a./xa, from 
 aKpoa.ojj.ai, listen], n., lit. enter- 
 tainment for the ear ; reader, 
 story-teller, musician, applied 
 especially to those who furnished 
 entertainment at table with sto- 
 ries, jests, or songs. 
 
 actio, -onis, [ago], f , a driving ox 
 doing, action ; action at law, law- 
 suit, prosecution, trial-; pi. often 
 public acts, measures. 
 
 acta, -oram, [ago], n., pi., proceed- 
 ings. 
 
 actus, -us, [ago], m., a driving or 
 doing ; act, achievement. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace. only, to; of 
 motion and direction, to, towards, 
 up to ; of place, in the vicinity of, 
 at, near to, at the house of, in the 
 presence of, among, according to ; 
 of time, till, to, up to, until ; of 
 purpose, especially with the ger- 
 und, for, in order to, for the pur- 
 pose of, in; of other relations, 
 with regard to, according to, in 
 respect to, in consequence of, as 
 to, in; about, almost, as many 
 as. 
 
 adaequo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
 aequo], 1, a. and n., make equal 
 to, make equal with, match; keep 
 up with ; in Cicero usually fol- 
 lowed by cum with an abl. 
 
 addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ad-f- 
 do], 3, a., put to, bring to ; add, 
 join to, increase, augment; con- 
 sider also. 
 
 adduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 [ad + duco], 3, a., lead to, bring 
 to, conduct, lead ; prompt, induce, 
 incite to, persuade, influence. 
 
 adeo, -ire, -il or -Ivi, -itum, [ad + 
 eo], in\, n. and a.., go to, conie to, 
 approach ; enter upon, undertake ; 
 encounter, incur ; undergo, submit 
 to. ad rem piiblicam adire, 
 to engage in the administration of 
 public affairs. hereditatem 
 
 adire, to take possession of an 
 inheritance. 
 
 adeo [ad-f eo], adv.. to this, thus 
 far, so far, so much ; so long, so. 
 usque adeo, even to such a de- 
 gree, even thus far, even so far. 
 atque adeo, and even, yet more, 
 still further. 
 
 adeps, -ipis, m. or f.. of animals, 
 fat, lard; of men, corpulence, 
 fleshiness, obesity. 
 
 adfectus, -a, -um, [part, of ad- 
 flcio], adj., provided, endowed, 
 gifted ; affected, disposed ; weak- 
 ened, impaired. 
 
ADFERO 
 
 ADMIROR 
 
 adfero, -ferre, attuli, adlatum, 
 [ad + fero], irr., a., bring to, carry 
 to ; convey, bring, introduce ; re- 
 port, announce ; produce, contrib- 
 ute, offer. 
 
 adficiS, -ficere, -feci, -feetum, [ad 
 + facio], 3, a., do something to, 
 treat, use ; affect, influence ; visit 
 with, afftict ; weaken, impair, 
 break down. 
 
 adfingo, -fingere, -finxi, -fictum, 
 [ad + fingo], 3, a., attach ; bestcnv, 
 contribute. 
 
 adfinis, -e, [ad + finis], adj., ad- 
 joining, neighboring ; connected 
 ivith, implicated in, accessory to. 
 
 adfirmo, -are, -avi, -Stum, [ad-f 
 firmoj, 1, a., stroigtlien ; con- 
 firm by words, encourage ; main- 
 tain, assert. 
 
 adflictS, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of adfligo], 1, a., break to pieces; 
 crush ; distress, torment, harass. 
 
 adflictus, -a, -um, comp. adflic- 
 tior, [part, of adfligo], adj., cast 
 down, prostrate ; dejected, discour- 
 aged, wretched, distressed. 
 
 adfligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flletum, 
 [ad + fligo], 3, a., strike at, dash 
 at ; shatter ; overthrow, ruin, 
 damage, injure, distress. 
 
 adfluens, -entis, [pies. part, of 
 adfluo], adj., abounding, over- 
 flowing, abundant. 
 
 adfluo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum, 
 [ad + fluo], 3, n., flow to, flow 
 by; with abl., abound in, be oz>er- 
 flowing, be full. 
 
 adhibeS, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad + 
 habeo], 2, a., hold to, bring, 
 apply ; furnish, offer, bestow ; 
 employ, use, exercise. 
 
 adhortor, -arl, -atus sum, [ad + 
 hortor] , 1 , dep., encourage, arouse ; 
 tirge, urge on, exhort. 
 
 adhuc [ad + hue] , adv., hereto- 
 fore, hitherto, as yet, up to this 
 time; still, yet. 
 
 adimo, -ere, ademi, ademptum, 
 [ad + emo], 3, a., take away, re- 
 move ; deprive of , free from. 
 
 adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus sum, 
 [ad + apiseor], 3, dep., arrive 
 at; obtain, attain, reach; get, 
 gain, secure, win. 
 
 aditus, -us, [adeo], m., a going to, 
 approach, access ; way of ap- 
 proach, entrance, avenue, passage ; 
 arrival. 
 
 adiumentum, -1, [for adiuva- 
 m en turn, from adiuvo], n., 
 help, assistance, aid, support. 
 
 adiungo, -ere, adiunxl, adiune- 
 tum, [ad + iungo], 3, a., join to, 
 attach to ; join, add, annex, asso- 
 ciate, unite to ; win, secure ; 
 apply. 
 
 adiuvo, -iuvare, -iuvi, -iutum, 
 [ad + iuvo], I, a., help, assist; 
 be of assistance to ; aid, supp07-t, 
 sustain. 
 
 adlicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum, 
 [ad -f lacio] , 3, a., entice to, al- 
 lure ; attract, persuade. 
 
 administer, -tri, [ad + minister], 
 m., attendant, assistant, helper; 
 tool, instrument. 
 
 administra, -ae, [administer], f., 
 female assistant, [female) servant, 
 handmaid. 
 
 administro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad 
 + ministr5, from minister], 1, 
 a., manage, control, handle, ad- 
 minister, regulate ; direct, guide, 
 serve. 
 
 admirandus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 admiror], adj., worthy of admira- 
 tion, to be admired, toonderful, ad- 
 mirable, strange. 
 
 admiratio, -onis, [admiror], f., 
 admiration, wonder ; surp7'ise, 
 astonishment. 
 
 admiror, -ari, -atus sum, [ad -f- 
 miror], 1, dep., admire, view 
 with wondering approval, wonder 
 at; wonder, be astonished. 
 
ADMITTO 
 
 ADULTUS 
 
 admitto, -ere, admisi, admis- 
 
 sum, [ad + mitto], 3, a., send to, 
 let go ; admit, receive ; give access, 
 allow access, grant admittance; 
 permit, allow to be done ; become 
 guilty of, com?nit, perpetrate. 
 
 admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad + 
 moneo], 2, a., remind, suggest ; 
 advise, urge, warn ; bid. 
 
 admonitus, -us, used only in the 
 abl., [admoneo], m., reminding, 
 request, suggestion, warning ; re- 
 monstrance. 
 
 admurmuratio, -onis, [admur- 
 muro], f., mur?nuring, murmur 
 of a crowd, expressing approval 
 or dissent. 
 
 adnitor, -nitl, -nixus sum, [ad + 
 nltor], 3, dep., lean upon ; exert 
 one's self, strive, make an effort. 
 
 adnuo, -nuere, -nui, , [ad + 
 
 nuo], 3, n., nod to, nod; nod as- 
 sent, give assent, signify approval, 
 assent. 
 
 adorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad -f- 
 orno], 1, a., provide, furnish, 
 equip, prepare; decorate, embel- 
 lish, adorn. 
 
 adquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi, 
 -quietum, [ad+ quiesco], 3, n., 
 become quiet, be at rest, have 
 peace, rest, repose ; be content, be 
 satisfied. 
 
 adqulro, -ere, adquisivi, adqui- 
 situm, [ad + quaero], 3, a., get 
 in addition, get besides, obtain be- 
 sides ; acquire, gain, add. 
 
 adsensus, -us, [adsentio], m., 
 agreement, approval. 
 
 adsentio, -Ire, adsensi, adsen- 
 sum, [ad + sentio], 4, n., also 
 dep., adsentior, -m, adsensus 
 sum, give assent, approve, agree 
 with, agree to. 
 
 adsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 [ad + sequor], 3, dep., follow up, 
 come up to; obtain, reach, gain ; 
 accomplish, effect. 
 
 adservS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
 servo], 1, a., watch over, keep, 
 preserve ; guard with care, keep 
 under guard. 
 
 adsido, -sidere, -sedl, , [ad + 
 
 sido, sit down], 3, n., sit down, 
 take a seat. 
 
 adsidue [adsiduus, continual], 
 adv., constantly, co?iti?iually, un- 
 ceasingly. 
 
 adsiduitas, -atis, [adsiduus], f., 
 constant attendance ; unremitting 
 service, devotion ; continuance, 
 constancy. 
 
 adsignatiS, -onis, [adsigno], f., 
 a marking out, allotting, assign- 
 ing. 
 
 adsuefacio, -facere, -feel, -fac- 
 tum, [adsuetus + faeio] , 3, a., 
 accustom to, habituate ; pass., be- 
 come accustomed to, be used to. 
 
 adsum, -esse, -fill, [ad + sum], 
 irr., n., be near, be present, be at 
 hand ; stand by, assist, support, 
 help ; of motion, appear, attend ; 
 of time, have come, be at hand, 
 impend. 
 
 adulescens, -entis, [part, of 
 adolesco], adj., young, youthful. 
 As subst, m. or f., youth, young 
 man, young woman. 
 
 adulescentia, -ae, [adulescens], 
 f., youth, the period of life be- 
 yond pueritia, and reckoned 
 ordinarily between the ages of 
 15 and 25 or 30 years; by met- 
 onymy, = adulescentes, young 
 people, youth. 
 
 adulescentulus,-!, [adulescens], 
 m., dim., very young man, lad, 
 young fellow. 
 
 adulter, -tera, adj., adulterous, 
 unchaste. As subst., adulter, 
 -teri, m., adulterer, seducer, para- 
 mour. 
 
 adultus, -a, -um, [adolesco], adj., 
 full grown, mature, fully devel- 
 oped, adult. 
 
ADVENTICIUS 
 
 AERARIUM 
 
 adventicius, -a, -urn, [advenio], 
 adj., foreign, imported ; strange. 
 
 adventus, -us, [advenio], m., a 
 coming, approach ; arrival ; pres- 
 ence. 
 
 adversarius, -a, -um, [adversor], 
 adj., opposed, opposite ; antagonis- 
 tic, hostile, contrary. As subst, 
 adversarius, -I, m., opponent, 
 antagonist, enemy, adversary. 
 
 adversio, -onis, [adverto], f., 
 direction ; occupation, employment. 
 
 ad versus, -a, -um, [adverto], adj., 
 turned towards, facing, in front ; 
 unfavorable, unsuccessful, adverse ; 
 opposed, hostile. adversae res, 
 misfortune, calamity, adversity, 
 trouble, troubles. 
 
 advesperascit, -ascere, -avit, 
 
 , [ad + vesperascit], 3, 
 
 n., impers., evening approaches, 
 it grows dusk, it is twilight. 
 
 advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad + 
 volo], 1, n.,ffy to, hasten to. 
 
 aedes, see aedis. 
 
 aedificium, -I, [aedifico], n , build- 
 ing, edifice. 
 
 aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, [aedis 
 + faeio], 1, a., erect a building, 
 build, erect ; construct. 
 
 aedilis, -is, [aedes], m., aedile, 
 buildings commissioner, designa- 
 tion of certain magistrates in 
 Rome, who had charge of build- 
 ings and public works, had an 
 oversight of public exhibitions 
 and dramatic performances, and 
 were entrusted with the keeping 
 of the decrees of the Senate and 
 other public documents. 
 
 aedilitas, -atis, [aedilis], f., office 
 of aedile, aedileship. 
 
 aedis or aedes, -is, f ., of the gods, 
 temple, sattctuary ; of men, in pi. 
 only, house, habitation, dwelling. 
 
 Aegaeus, -a, -um, [Aiyatos], adj., 
 Aegean. Aegaeum mare, the 
 Aegean sea. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick, ill, 
 suffering, feeble; afflicted, dis- 
 tressed, troubled. 
 
 aegre, comp. aegrius, sup. aeger- 
 rime, [aeger], adv., painfully, 
 with distress ; with difficulty, 
 hardly, scarcely ; unwillingly, 
 reluctantly. 
 
 Aelius, -i, with Sex., Sextus Aelius 
 Paetus, an early Roman jurist. 
 He was curule aedile B. c. 200, 
 consul B.C. 198, and censor b. c. 
 193. He left an important work 
 on Roman law, which has 
 perished. Ep. xxxviii. 
 
 Aemilius, -I, with M., Marcus 
 Aemilius Scaurus, a Roman 
 statesman of the time of the 
 Jugurthine war. He was born 
 B.C. 163; consul B.C. 115, with 
 M. Caecilius Metellus ; censor 
 B.C. 109. He was a warm sup- 
 porter of the aristocratic party. 
 He died B. c. 90. Arch. hi. 
 
 aemulus, -a, -um, adj., einulating, 
 vying with, emulous, rivalling; 
 envious. As subst., aemulus, 
 -1, m., rival. 
 
 aeque [aequus], adv., equally ; in 
 like manner, just as, to the same 
 extent. aeque ac, just as, as 
 much as, as. 
 
 aequitas. -atis, [aequus], f., even- 
 ness ; fairness, equity ; calmness, 
 repose, equanimity, contentment, 
 equability. 
 
 aequus, -a, -um, adj., even, plain, 
 level ; equal, equitable, reasonable, 
 fair, just, honorable ; calm, patient, 
 resigned ; favorable, kind. ae- 
 quum est, it is fair, it is reason- 
 able. 
 
 aerarium, -i, [aerarius], n., trea- 
 sury ; the public treasure , finances . 
 The Roman treasury was a part 
 of the temple of Saturn in the 
 Forum, in which public funds 
 were kept. 
 
AERARIUS 
 
 AGO 
 
 aerarius, -a, -um, [aes], adj., of 
 copper, of bronze ; of the public 
 treasury- tribuni aerarii, pay- 
 masters, who disbursed funds 
 among the soldiers. 
 
 aerumna, -ae, {., hardship, trouble, 
 tribulation. 
 
 aes, aeris, n., copper ; bronze, an 
 alloy of copper and tin ; by met- 
 onymy, applied to things made of 
 copper or bronze, as bronze tab- 
 let, money. aes alienum, debt. 
 
 aestas, -atis, f., summer. media 
 aestas, midsummer. 
 
 aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a., 
 value, esfajiate, appraise, rate. 
 
 aestus, -us, m., lit. violent agita- 
 tion ; of fire or fever, heat, glow ; 
 also = aestas, summer ; of water, 
 surge, swell, tide ; of human emo- 
 tions and actions, fire, warmth, 
 ardor ; doubt, indecision. 
 
 aetas, -atis, [for ae vitas, from 
 aevum], f., period of life, age, 
 lifetime ; time, period, genera- 
 tion ; old age ; an age, epoch. 
 ab ineunte aetate, from youth 
 up, from early manhood. 
 
 aeternitas, -atis, [aeternus], f., 
 eternity, immortality ; undying 
 fame, enduring renown. 
 
 aeternus, -a, -um, [for aeviter- 
 nus, from aevum], adj., lasting, 
 everlasting, eternal, endless ; un- 
 broken, perpetual, immortal, im- 
 perishable. 
 
 AetolT, -orum, [A'itcd\6s], m., Aeto- 
 lians, inhabitants of Aetolia, a 
 district in Greece north of the 
 entrance of the Corinthian Gulf, 
 and east of Acarnania. 
 
 Africa, -ae, f., Africa, referring at 
 first only to that part of the con- 
 tinent under the dominion of the 
 Carthaginians ; then, the pro- 
 vince Africa, comprising terri- 
 tory formerly held by Carthage, 
 and organized after the destruc- 
 
 tion of the city, b. c. 146 ; in the 
 broadest sense, the African con- 
 tinent, Africa, as the term is un- 
 derstood to-day. 
 
 Africanus, -a, -um, [Africa], adj., 
 of Africa, African. Used as a 
 surname for the two Scipios who 
 were victorious in Africa, P. Cor- 
 nelius Scipio Africanus, who de- 
 feated Hannibal at Zama, B. c. 
 202 ; and P. Cornelius Scipio 
 Aemiliduus Africanus, adoptive 
 grandson of the elder Scipio, who 
 destroyed Carthage, B. c. 146. 
 
 ager, -gri, [cf. English acre], m., 
 land, field, estate, referring to 
 improved or productive land ; 
 territory, district, domain ; pi. 
 agri, sometimes country, the open 
 country, plain, as opposed to 
 cities or mountains. 
 
 aggrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad, 
 grex], 1, a., lit. add to a flock ; 
 attach, join ; collect, bring together, 
 gather together. 
 
 agito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
 ag5], 1, a., drive, set in motion 
 move to and fro, brandish, wave, 
 agitate ; stir up, vex, trouble, dis- 
 tress ; consider, deliberate, discuss 
 
 agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum 
 [ad + gnoseo], 3, a., discern, recog- 
 nize, identify ; acknowledge ; per- 
 ceive, know by ; perceive the mean 
 ing of, understand. 
 
 ago, agere, egi, actum, 3, a. and 
 n., set in motion, drive, lead ; 
 direct, conduct, guide ; incite, 
 urge ; press forward, chase, pur- 
 sue ; drive off as plunder, rob ; 
 do, act, transact, perform ; man- 
 age, carry on, accomplish ; of 
 time, spend, pass, live ; also, treat, 
 deal with, confer, plead with; 
 pass, sometimes, be at stake, be in 
 peril. Imp. age as an inter- 
 jection, come now! come! well! 
 gratias agere, to give thanks. 
 
AGRARIUS 
 
 10 
 
 ALIQUIS 
 
 maximas gratias agere, to give 
 heartiest thanks. Quid agis ? 
 colloquially, how are you ? also, 
 what are you about ? 
 agrarius, -a, -urn, [ager], adj., of 
 land, belonging to land. As 
 
 subst., agrarii, -orum, m., pi., 
 supporters of agrarian laws, the 
 agrarians, the agrarian party. 
 agrestis, -e, [ager], adj., of fields, 
 rural, rustic; rude, coarse, un- 
 cultivated, wild. As subst., 
 agrestis, -is, m., usually in pi., 
 countryman, peasant, boor. 
 Ahala, -ae, m., name of a patrician 
 family of the Servilian gens. 
 C. Servllius Ahala, cf. Maelius, 
 and N. to p. 62, 1. 4. 
 ai5 (pres. ind. aio, ais, ait, ai'unt, 
 impf. aiebam), 3, def., n., say yes ; 
 assert, say, tell, affirm ; generally 
 used parenthetically. 
 alacer, -oris, -ere, adj., lively, 
 quick, active ; eager, excited ; 
 cheerful, happy. 
 alacritas, -atis, [alacer], f., live- 
 liness, eagerness, alacrity ; cheer- 
 fulness, delight. 
 Alba, -ae, [albus, white], i., name 
 of two important towns in Italy : 
 (ij Alba, or Alba Longa, the 
 mother-city of Rome, situated 
 between Mons Albanus and the 
 Alban Lake, 15 miles southeast 
 of Rome ; said to have been built 
 by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, and 
 destroyed at an early period. 
 
 (2) Alba, or Alba Fucentia, a 
 city and fortress situated on the 
 borders of the Marsian country, 
 about sixty miles northeast of 
 Rome and a short distance north- 
 west of the Fucine Lake, 
 alea, -ae, i.,game of chance, gaming, 
 gambling ; by metonymy, chance, 
 risk, hazard. 
 aleator, -oris, [a] ] tfayer 
 
 with dice, gam 
 
 Alexander, -dri, ['A\e£av8pos], 
 m., Alexander, in this book re- 
 ferring only to Alexander III., 
 surnamed the Great, king of 
 Macedonia. He was born b. c. 
 356, the son of Philip II. of 
 Macedonia and Olympias. He 
 broke the power of Persia, and 
 led an army beyond the Indus. 
 He died at Babylon, 323 B. c. 
 
 Alexis ["AAe|ts], m., Alexis, a 
 slave or freedman of Atticus, for 
 whom he acted as amanuensis. 
 
 alienigena, -ae, [alienus + root 
 gen in gigno], adj., m., foreign- 
 bom, foreign, strange. As 
 subst , alienigena, -ae, m., for- 
 eigner, alien. 
 
 alienus, -a, -um, [alius], adj., of 
 another, another's ; strange, for- 
 eign ; unsuitable, out of place, ill- 
 adapted ; unfriendly, hostile. As 
 subst., alienus, -1, m., stranger, 
 foreigner. 
 
 ali5 [alius], adv., to another place, 
 elsewhere. 
 
 aliquando [alius -f-quando], adv., 
 at some time or other, some time ; 
 at any time, ever ; at so?ne time in 
 the past, once, formerly ; at some 
 time in the ficture, hereafter ; at 
 length, finally, at last. 
 
 aliquantS [aliquantus], adv., in 
 a degree, considerably, so??icwhat, 
 rather; usually with compara- 
 tives, post aliquanto, some 
 time afterivards. 
 
 aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, [alius, 
 qui], indef. pron. adj., some, any, 
 some one or other, some other. 
 in aliquas terras, into some other 
 countries. 
 
 aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, nom. and 
 ace. pi. n. aliqua, [alius, quis], 
 indef. pron., some one, any one, 
 anybody ; pi., some, any. Neut. 
 aliquid as subst., something, any- 
 thing. 
 
ALIQUO 
 
 11 
 
 AMISUS 
 
 aliquo [aliqui], adv., to some place, 
 somewhere ; to some other place, 
 elsewhere. 
 
 aliquot [alius, quot], num. adj., 
 indecl, some, several, a num- 
 ber. 
 
 aliter [alius], adv., otherwise, dif- 
 ferently ; in any other way, in 
 another manner, in a contrary 
 way. 
 
 alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, 
 adj., another, some other, other, 
 
 different, else. alius alius, 
 
 one another, the one the 
 
 other ; pi , alii alii, some 
 
 others ; often as subst, alius, 
 
 another, alii, others. 
 
 Allobroges, -um, ace, Allobro- 
 gas, m., pi., Allobroges, a people 
 of Transalpine Gaul, who lived 
 on the east side of the Rhone, 
 north of the Isara. Their chief 
 city was Geneva. They were 
 brought under the rule of Rome 
 by Q. Fabius Maximus, B.C. 121, 
 and in Cicero's time their terri- 
 tory formed a part of the Roman 
 province in Gaul. 
 
 alo, alere, aim, altum or alitum, 
 3, a., nourish, sustain, maintain, 
 support; cherish, promote, in- 
 crease ; in pass., with abb, be 
 nourished by (= vescor), feed 
 upon, live on. 
 
 Alpes, -ium, f., the Alps. 
 
 altaria, -ium, [altus], n., pi., high 
 altar, altar. See ara. 
 
 alter, -tera, -terum, gen. alterius, 
 dat alter!, pron. adj., one of two, 
 the o>ie, the other, another ; second, 
 
 next. alter alter, the one 
 
 the other, the former the 
 
 latter. 
 
 alternus, -a, -um, [alter], adj., one 
 after the other, by turns, alternate, 
 reciprocal ; of verses, alternate 
 hexameter and pentameter, that 
 is, elegiac. 
 
 alteruter, -utra, -utrum, [alter + 
 uter], adj., one or the other, one 
 of two, either. in alterutro, in 
 either case, in the case of either. 
 
 altus, -a, -um, comp. altior, sup. 
 altissimus, [alo], adj., lit. nour- 
 ished, grown great; high, lofty, 
 elevated ; deep, profound. 
 
 alveolus, -1, [dim. of alveus, hol- 
 low], m., tray, basin ; dice-board, 
 a small board upon which dice 
 were thrown ; by metonymy, 
 garni ug, gambling. 
 
 amans, -antis, comp. amantior, 
 sup. amantissimus, [part- of 
 amo], adj., fond, affectionate to- 
 wards, devoted to ; often followed 
 by the gen. 
 
 amanter, comp. amantius, sup. 
 amantissime, [amans], adv., af- 
 fectionately, amiably. 
 
 ambulatio, -onis, [ambulo], f., 
 tvalking about, walking ; walk, 
 promenade. 
 
 ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n., 
 walk, walk about, take a walk. 
 
 aniens, -entis, [ab + mens], adj., 
 out of one's senses, distracted, fran- 
 tic, mad ; foolish, stupid. 
 
 amentia, -ae, [amens], f., mad- 
 ness ; folly, stupidity. 
 
 amicio, -ire, amixi or amicui, 
 amictum, [am-, for ambi-, + 
 iacip], 4, a., throw around, wrap 
 about, wrap around, used of outer 
 garments ; clothe, cover, surround, 
 enclose. 
 
 amicitia, -ae, [amicus], f., friend- 
 ship ; alliance. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, comp. amicior, 
 sup. amieissimus, [amo], adj., 
 loving, friendly, dear ; kind, well 
 disposed ; pleasing, agreeable. 
 
 amicus, -i, [adj. amicus], m., 
 friend. 
 
 Amisus, -1, ['AfilcrSs], f., Amisus, 
 an important city on the south- 
 ern shore of the Pontus Euxinus, 
 
AMITTO 
 
 12 
 
 ANIMUS 
 
 southeast of Sinope ; now Eski 
 Sam sun. Imp. P. v. 
 
 amitto, -ere, amis!, amissum, 
 [ab + mitto], 3, a., send away, 
 dismiss, let go ; lose, part with. 
 
 amo, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a., love, 
 like ; be fond of, take pleasure 
 in ; in requests, I pray, please. 
 
 amoenitas, -atis, [amoenus, 
 pleasant], {., pleasantness, charm. 
 
 amor, -oris, [amo], m., love, affec- 
 tion, devotion ; eager desire, pas- 
 sion. 
 
 ample, comp. amplius, sup. am- 
 plissime, [amplus], adv., largely, 
 amply, abundantly ; liberally, 
 magnificently. See amplius. 
 
 amplector, -ectl, -exus sum, 
 [ambi- + plecto], 3, dep., twine 
 about, encircle, embrace ; embrace 
 with esteem, love, esteem, cling to. 
 
 amplifies, -are, -avi, -atum, [am- 
 plifleus, from amplus + facio], 
 I, a., broaden, enlarge, extend ; 
 increase, amplify. 
 
 amplitudo, -inis, [amplus], f., 
 breadth, great extent, greatness, 
 size ; dignity, grandeur. 
 
 amplius [comp of amplus and 
 ample], indecl. adj. and adv., 
 further, besides, more. 
 
 amplus, -a, -um, comp. amplior, 
 sup. amplissimus, adj., large, 
 great, spacious, ample, consider- 
 able ; magnificent, splendid, glori- 
 ous ; renowned, distinguished, 
 honorable. 
 
 an, conj., introducing the second 
 member of a disjunctive ques- 
 tion, direct or indirect, or, or 
 rather, or indeed. The first mem- 
 ber ordinarily has utrum or -ne, 
 but it is sometimes omitted. In 
 direct questions an is often not 
 translated; in indirect questions, 
 whether. haud scio an = / 
 am inclined to think, perhaps, 
 probably. 
 
 anceps, -eipitis, [ambi-, capio], 
 adj., two-headed, double, twofold ; 
 wavering, uncertain, doubtful, un- 
 decided. 
 
 ango, angere, anxi, , 3, a., 
 
 drazu tight, squeeze, choke ; dis- 
 tress, torment, vex. 
 
 angulus, -I, m., angle, corner ; by 
 metonymy, nook, lurking-place. 
 
 angustiae, -arum, [angustus, 
 narrow], (., straitness, narrow- 
 ness ; narrow place, defile, strait ;. 
 of time, shortness, brevity ; scar- 
 city, want ; difficulty, distress. 
 
 anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [anhe- 
 lus], 1, n. and a., gasp, pant; 
 breathe forth. 
 
 anima, -ae, f., current of air ; air, 
 breeze; breath, soul, life; espe- 
 cially in pi., souls of the dead, 
 shades. See animus. 
 
 animadversio, -onis, [animad- 
 verts] , f ., observation, inquiry ; 
 reproach, censure ; chastisement, 
 punishment. 
 
 animadverts, -vertere, -verti, 
 -versum, [animum -f adverto], 
 3, a., direct attention to, regard ; 
 notice, observe, consider, perceive, 
 see ; censure, punish, inflict pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 animose [animosus, from ani- 
 mus], adv., with spirit, coura- 
 geously, boldly. 
 
 animus, -i, m., soul, life ; intellect, 
 mind, reason ; imagination ; 
 heart, feeling, desire, affection, 
 passion; courage, spirit; temper, 
 arrogance, haughtiness ; design, 
 resolution. animus refers to 
 
 the spiritual and emotional part 
 of man's nature as distinguished 
 on the one hand from the body 
 (corpus) and on the other from 
 the life-principle, the physical 
 life (anima). animo aequo, 
 with resignation, calmly.- ani- 
 mo bono esse, to be of good cheer. 
 
ANNIUS 
 
 13 
 
 ANTONIUS 
 
 Annius, -1, with Chilo, -onis, m., 
 Q. Annius Child, a Roman in- 
 volved in the conspiracy of Cati- 
 line. No particulars about his 
 life are known. Cat. III. VI. 
 
 annona, -ae, [annus], f., the year's 
 produce, crop ; grain, provisions ; 
 by metonymy, price of grain, 
 market. 
 
 annus, -I, m.,year. 
 
 annuus, -a, -urn, [annus], adj., 
 for a year, lasting a year ; an- 
 nual, yearly. 
 
 ante, adv. and prep., before : 
 
 (i) As adv., of space, before, 
 in front, ahead; of time, before, 
 previously, earlier, ago. paulo 
 ante, a little while ago. ante 
 quam, sooner than, before. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace. only, 
 of space and time, before, before 
 the time of, previous to, antedat- 
 ing ; in comparisons, before, su- 
 perior to, in comparison -with. 
 ante me, before my time. ante 
 eivitatem datam, prior to the 
 granting of citizenship. ante 
 diem, or (abbreviated) a. d., 
 used in expressing dates, see N. 
 to p. 63, 1. 24. 
 
 antea [ante + ea], adv., before, 
 formerly, previously, hitherto. 
 
 antecello, -ere, , , [ante 
 
 + unused cello, rise], 3, n., rise 
 ■ beyond, excel, surpass. 
 
 antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
 [ante + fero], iir., a., carry be- 
 fore ; place before, esteem more 
 highly, prefer. 
 
 antelucanus, -a, -um, [ante + 
 lux], adj., before light, before day- 
 break, antelueanae eenae, 
 feasts continuing till morning, all- 
 night dinners. 
 
 antepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 tum, [ante -f- pono] , 3, a., set 
 before ; esteem above, prefer. 
 
 ante quam, see ante. 
 
 Antias, -atis, adj., of Antium. In 
 Cicero's letters AntiatI is used 
 as a subst. in the abl. for Antiati 
 praedio, estate at Antium, a town 
 on the sea-coast of Latium, about 
 thirty miles south of Rome. 
 Cicero had a country-place in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Antiochia, -ae, ['ApTi6xeta], f., 
 Autioch, name of several cities, 
 of which the most important was 
 that in Syria, on the Orontes 
 river. Arch. hi. 
 
 Antiochus, -1, ['Avrloxos], m., 
 Antiochus, name of several kings 
 of Syria, of whom the most fa- 
 mous was Antiochus III., called 
 the Great. He came to the 
 throne of Syria b. c. 223 ; was 
 defeated by the Romans at Ther- 
 mopylae, in Greece, B. c. 191, 
 and again the following year in a 
 battle at the foot of Mt. Sipylus, 
 in Asia Minor. Two years later 
 he was forced to accept humiliat- 
 ing terms of peace, and was 
 murdered B. c. 187. 
 
 antiquitas, -atis, [antiquus], f., 
 antiquity, age ; the past. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um, comp. an- 
 tiquior, sup. antiquissimus, 
 [ante], adj., old, ancient, aged ; 
 pritnitive, former, old-fashioned ; 
 reverend, venerable. As subst., 
 antiqul, -orum, m., pi., ancients, 
 the ancients, the men of old. 
 
 Antium, -i, n., Antium, a city in 
 Latium, on the sea-coast south 
 of Rome, where there was a fa- 
 mous temple of Fortune. 
 
 Antonius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens of which there were several 
 distinguished members. The one 
 most frequently mentioned is 
 M. Antonius, -1, Marcus An- 
 tonius, Mark Antony, whom 
 Cicero attacked in his Philippic 
 orations. 
 
APERIO 
 
 14 
 
 ARA 
 
 aperio, -ire, -ul, -turn, 4, a., un- 
 cover, unclose, discover, reveal, 
 open ; lay open, open up, render 
 accessible, expose; make known, 
 unfold, explain. 
 
 aperte [apertus], adv., openly; 
 plainly, clearly, without reserve. 
 
 apertus, -a, -um, [part, of aperio], 
 adj., uncovered ; unclosed, open; 
 unobstructed, plain, clear, mani- 
 fest. 
 
 aphractus, -1, [a<ppa.KTos, uncov- 
 ered, sc. vavs], f., uncovered ship, 
 ship without a deck, open boat. 
 
 Apollonidenses, -ium, [Apollo- 
 nis], m., Apollonidensians, people 
 of Apollonis, a city in Lydia. 
 Sing. Apollonidensis, -is, a man 
 of Apollonis, an Apollonidensian. 
 
 apparatus, -a, -um, [part, of ap- 
 paro], adj., made ready, ready, 
 furnished ; sumptuous, magnifi- 
 cent. 
 
 apparo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ad + 
 paro], 1, a., prepare, make ready, 
 provide ; make ready for. 
 
 appello, -are, -avl, -atum, [ad + 
 pello], 1, a., address, speak to, 
 apply to; name, term, entitle, 
 call ; entreat, beg, call upon. 
 
 Appenninus, -1, m., the Appen- 
 nine mountains, the Appennines, 
 the high mountain-range in Cen- 
 tral Italy. 
 
 appetens, -entis, [part, of appe- 
 to], adj , eager for, desirous of; 
 greedy. 
 
 appeto, -petere, -petivl or -petii, 
 -petitum, [ad + pet5], 3, a. and 
 n., strive for, reach after ; attack, 
 assault ; long for, desire, seek. 
 
 Appi Forum, -1, n., Appi Forum, 
 Forum of Appius, a small mar- 
 ket town on the Appi an Way, 43 
 miles southeast of Rome. 
 
 Appius, -I, m., Appius, a Roman 
 forename, common in the Clau- 
 dian gens. See Puleher. 
 
 Appius, -a, -um, adj., Appian, of 
 Appius. Via Appia, Appian 
 Way, the most famous of Roman 
 roads, built by the censor Appius 
 Claudius Caecus about 300 B. c, 
 and extending from Rome to 
 Capua. 
 
 approbo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ad + 
 probo], 1, a., give assent to, ap- 
 prove, favor, sanction. 
 
 appropinquo, -are, -avl, -atum, 
 [ad + propinquo, from propin- 
 quus], 1, n., come near to, draw 
 nigh to, approach. 
 
 Appuleius, -i, m., M. Appuleius, 
 elected augur B. c. 45. Ep. 
 xxxiv., xxxvi. 
 
 Aprilis, -is, [perhaps from aperio], 
 adj., of April. As subst, Apri- 
 lis, -is, m., April. 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, [cf. apiscor], adj., 
 fitted, joined; suited, suitable, 
 proper, fit, appropriate, adapted. 
 
 apud, prep, with ace. only, with, 
 near, at, by; of persons, before, 
 in the presence of, to, among, in 
 the opinion of, in the power of, at 
 the house of, with, in the time of; 
 of place, at, near to, in, in the 
 vicinity of, off the coast of. apud 
 Laecam, at the house of Laeca, 
 at Laecd's. 
 
 Apulia, -ae, f.. Apulia, a region 
 in the southeastern part of Italy, 
 north of Calabria, east of Lucania 
 and Samnium. 
 
 aqua, -ae, f., ivater. 
 
 aquila, -ae, f., eagle ; by met- 
 onymy, eagle of a standard, the 
 metal eagle carried on a pole as 
 the standard of a Roman legion. 
 
 ara, -ae, f., altar. ara is the gen- 
 eral term for altar, while altaria 
 refers primarily to an elevation 
 on the altar to receive burnt- 
 offerings ; though the later term 
 by synecdoche is often used of 
 the altar as a whole. 
 
ARBITROR 
 
 15 
 
 ARTHRITICUS 
 
 arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, [ar- 
 biter], I, dep., give one's judg- 
 ment, declare a decision ; be of the 
 opinion, believe, think, consider, 
 judge. 
 
 arceo, -ere, -em, , 2, a., keep 
 
 away, ward off; hinder, prevent. 
 
 arcesso, -ere, arcesslvl, arces- 
 situm, [intens. of aecedo, ar- for 
 ad-], 3, a., send for, summon, in- 
 vite, fetch. 
 
 Archias, -ae, ['Apx'tas], m., A. 
 Licinius Archias, a Greek poet, 
 in whose defense Cicero deliv- 
 ered one of his most famous 
 orations. See pp. 45-48. 
 
 ardens, -entis, [part, of ardeo], 
 adj., glowing, hot ; fiery, eager, 
 ardent. 
 
 ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, 2, n., be 
 on fire, burn, glozv ; flash, shine ; 
 be inflamed, be afire. 
 
 ardor, -oris, [ardeo], m., flame, 
 fire, heat ; eagerness, zeal, anima- 
 tion. 
 
 argenteus, -a, -um, [argentum], 
 adj., of silver, made of silver, 
 silver. 
 
 argentum, -1, n., silver ; by met- 
 onymy, silverware, silver money, 
 money. 
 
 argumentum, -1, [arguo], n., ar- 
 gument, evide7ice, proof ; sign, 
 ma7'k, indication, token. 
 
 Ariobarzanes, -is, m., Ariobar- 
 zanes, name of three kings of 
 Cappadocia, in Asia Minor. The 
 most important was Ariobarzanes 
 Philorhomaeus, who came to the 
 throne by election under Roman 
 influence about b. c. 93. He 
 gained his surname (= <p(\os + 
 'PajjuaToy) from his intimate re- 
 lations with the Romans, by 
 whom he was several times re- 
 stored to his kingdom after hav- 
 ing been driven out by Mithri- 
 dates. He resigned the throne 
 
 to his son, Ariobarzanes Philo- 
 pator, probably in b. c. 63. 
 Aristoteles, -is, ['ApiaroTtKris], 
 m., Aristotle, a famous Greek 
 philosopher, born at Stagira, in 
 Chalcidice, B.C. 384. He was a 
 pupil of Plato, and the tutor of 
 the Prince Alexander, afterwards 
 called the Great. He was the 
 founder of the so-called Peripa- 
 tetic school of philosophy. He 
 left numerous writings, some of 
 the most important of which 
 have been preserved. He died 
 
 B.C. 322. EP. XII. 
 
 arma, -orum, n., pi., armor, outfit, 
 as coat of mail, helmet, shield, 
 greaves ; implements of war, 
 arms, weapons; by metonymy, 
 tools, implements. 
 
 armatus, -a, -um, [armo], adj., 
 armed, equipped, furnished, under 
 arms. As subst, armati, -orum, 
 m., pi., armed men, soldiers. 
 
 Armenius, -a, -um, adj., Arme- 
 nian, of Armenia. As subst., 
 Armenii, -orum, m., pi., Arme- 
 nians, inhabitants of Armenia, a 
 country in the northeastern part 
 of Asia Minor, north of Mesopo- 
 tamia. 
 
 Arpinas, -atis, adj., of Arpinum, 
 near Arpinum, a town in Latium, 
 about fifty miles southeast of 
 Rome, celebrated as the birth- 
 place of Gaius Marius and Cice- 
 ro. As subst., Arpinas, atis, 
 n., estate near Arpinum, Cicero's 
 favorite country-place ; his villa 
 there was surrounded by the 
 waters of the little river Fibre- 
 nus. 
 
 ars, artis, f., skill, art; science, 
 knowledge, learning ; trait, prac- 
 tice, virtue, quality. 
 
 arthriticus, -a, -um, [ap8p~riK6s, 
 from &p6pov, joint\, adj., gouty, 
 having the gout. 
 
ARTIFEX 
 
 16 
 
 ATTEND O 
 
 artifex, -icis, [ars, cf. facio], m. 
 and f., master of an art, per- 
 former, actor, professional ; con- 
 triver, trickster. 
 
 arx, arcis, f., citadel, castle, strong- 
 hold ; bulwark, refuge, protection. 
 
 ascendS, -ere, ascendi, ascen- 
 sum, [ad + scando], 3, n. and 
 a., mount, ascend, go tip, rise. 
 
 asciscS, -ere, asclvi, ascitum, 
 [ad + scisco], 3, a., receive, accept, 
 adopt ; associate with one's self, 
 win over. 
 
 AsclapS, -onis, mv, Asclapo, a 
 physician, native of Patrae in 
 Achaia (modern Patras), and 
 friend of Cicero. Ep. xxxii. 
 
 ascribS, -ere, ascripsi, aserip- 
 tum, [ad+serltao], 3, a., write 
 in addition, write in a list, en- 
 roll, enter, add ; appoint, assign ; 
 ascribe, impute. 
 
 Asia, -ae, ['Acta], f., Asia, usually 
 referring to Asia Minor. 
 
 Asiaticus, -a, -um, [Asia], adj., 
 of Asia, Asiatic. 
 
 aspectus, -us, [aspieio], m., sight, 
 look, glance ; view, appearance, as- 
 pect, countenance. 
 
 asper, -era, -erum, adj., adverse, 
 cruel, perilous ; harsh, rough, 
 wild, fierce. 
 
 aspiciS, -icere, -exi, -eetum, [ad 
 -fspecio], 3, a. and n., look upon, 
 behold, look, glance ; observe, see, 
 consider. inter sese aspicie- 
 bant, they glanced at one another. 
 
 ast5, -stare, -stitl, , [ad -f 
 
 sto], 1, n., stand by, stand near, 
 stand at ; stand up, stand. 
 
 astringS, -ere, astrinxi, astric- 
 tum, [ad + stringo], 3, a., bind 
 to ; bind together, fasten, attach ; 
 put tinder obligation, bind. 
 
 Astura, -ae, f., Astura, a small 
 island on the coast of Latium, 
 about forty miles south of Rome, 
 at the mouth of a small river also 
 
 called Astura (m.) There were 
 several fine country-places on the 
 island, among which was one be- 
 longing to Cicero. Ep. xxxv. etal. 
 at, conj., introducing 
 
 (1) A. contrast, but, but on the 
 other hand, but yet. 
 
 (2) A qualification after a neg- 
 ative and si, etsi, etc., but yet, 
 nevertheless, however, at least. 
 
 (3) A direct opposition, but, 
 but on the contrary. 
 
 Athamas, -antis, ['AOdfias], m., 
 Athamas, a favorite slave of 
 Cicero's friend Atticus. Ep. xxxi. 
 
 Athenae, -arum, ['A9rjvai.], i., 
 Athens. 
 
 Atheniensis, -e, [Athenae], adj., 
 of Athens, Athenian. As subst., 
 Atheniensis, -is, m., man of 
 Athens, Athenian. 
 
 atque, before consonants ae, [ad 
 + que], conj., copulative and 
 comparative : 
 
 (1) Copulative, and also, and 
 even, as well as, and, and espe- 
 cially, and so, and too, and yet. 
 etiam atque etiam, again and 
 again, repeatedly. 
 
 ( 2 ) C omparative, as, than, than 
 as. contra atque, contrary to 
 what. perinde atque, just as. 
 pro eo ae, according as. 
 
 atqui [at + qui], conj., and yet, 
 but yet, and nevertheless, however, 
 but somehow, but in any case. 
 
 atr5citas, -atis, [atrox], I., fierce- 
 ness, cruelty ; severity, harshness, 
 barbarity. 
 
 atrox, -ocis, [ater], adj., fierce, 
 cruel, savage ; severe, harsh ; hor- 
 rible, terrible, violent. 
 
 attendo, -ere, attend?, atten- 
 tum, [ad+tendo], 3, a., direct 
 to, used either with or without 
 animum ; consider, give heed; 
 listen, pay attention to, listen 
 to. 
 
ATTENUO 
 
 IT 
 
 AUT 
 
 attenuo, -are, -avl, -Stum, [ad + 
 tenuo], I, a., make thin; lessen, 
 diminish, reduce, weaken; make 
 less formidable. 
 
 Attica, -ae, [Atticus], {., Attica, 
 a pet name given by Cicero to 
 Caecilia, the little daughter of 
 his friend Atticus. 
 
 Atticus, -I, ['Attikos], m., Atticus, 
 Titus Pomponius Atticus, an in- 
 timate friend of Cicero, to whom 
 he dedicated several of his works 
 and addressed many letters. 
 
 attineS, -ere, attinui, attentum, 
 [ad + teneo], 2, a. and n., hold 
 fast, detain ; belong to, concent, 
 relate to, pertain to. 
 
 atting5, -ere, attigi, attaetum, 
 [ad + tango], 3, a. and n., touch, 
 touch upon ; lay hands on, seize, 
 attack; approach, reach, attain 
 to ; relate to, concern ; mention, 
 refer to. 
 
 attribuo, -buere, -bui, -butum, 
 [ad + tribuo] , 3, a., assign, allot, 
 bestow ; intrust, give in charge ; 
 attribute, ascribe. 
 
 auctionarius, -a, -um, [auctio], 
 adj., of auction, for auction. 
 
 auctor, -oris, [augeo], m., pro- 
 ducer ; father, progenitor ; found- 
 er ; writer, authority ; counsellor, 
 adviser, promoter. 
 
 auctoritas, -atis, [auctor], f., au- 
 thority, supremacy ; decision, re- 
 solve, will, opinion ; decree, war- 
 rant, assurance; influence, dignity, 
 reputation, weight, importance, 
 consequence. 
 
 aucupor, -arl, -atus sum, [au- 
 ceps, fowler], 1, dep., chase, hunt; 
 lie in wait for, strive after, 
 catch. 
 
 audacia, -ae, [audax], f., daring, 
 boldness, courage, bravery ; auda- 
 city, impudence, insolence, pre- 
 sumption ; deed of boldness, dar- 
 ing deed, effrontery. 
 
 audacter, comp. audacius, sup. 
 audaeissime, [audax], adv., 
 boldly, bravely, with courage; 
 rashly, audaciously , with despe- 
 ration. 
 
 audax, 'acis, comp. audacior, 
 sup. audacissimus, [audeo], adj., 
 daring, bold, courageous ; auda- 
 cious, rash, foolhardy, desperate. 
 
 audeo, audere, ausus sum, 2, 
 semi-dep., a. and n., dare, be bold, 
 venture, risk. 
 
 audio, -ire, -IvI or -11, -Itum, 4, a., 
 hear, hear of; listen to, learn 
 from ; assent to, agree to, approve, 
 grant. 
 
 aufero, auferre, abstuli, abla- 
 tum, [ab + fero], irr., a., take 
 away, remove, withdraw; carry 
 off, snatch away, rob, steal ; sweep 
 away, destroy. 
 
 augeo, augere, auxi, auetum, 2, 
 a. and n., increase, enlarge, aug- 
 ment ; extend, add to, enrich ; 
 praise, extol. 
 
 Aulus, -1, m , Aulus, a common Ro- 
 man forename. 
 
 Aurelium, -1, see Forum Aure- 
 lium. 
 
 Aurelius, -a, -um, adj., of an 
 Aurelius, Aurelian, name of a 
 Roman gens. Aurelia via, 
 
 Aurelian Way, the great no/th 
 coast-road, leading from Rome 
 to Pisa. 
 
 auris, -is, [cf. audio], f., ear. 
 aures adhibere, aures dare, to 
 give attention, to listen. 
 
 aurum, -I, w , gold. 
 
 auspicium, -i, [auspex, diviner], 
 n., augury from birds, auspices, 
 divination ; sign, omen ; guidance, 
 authority. 
 
 aut, conj., marking an important 
 difference, or ; corrective or 
 emphatic, or at least, or surely, 
 
 or rather, or else. aut 
 
 aut, either or. 
 
AUTEM 
 
 18 
 
 BELLO 
 
 autem, conj., always postpositive 
 and generally in weak antitheses, 
 sometimes in contrasted condi- 
 tions, however, but, on the con- 
 trary, and now. 
 
 auxilium, I, [cf augeo], n., help, 
 aid, assistance., support; in pi., 
 often auxiliary troops, auxiliaries. 
 
 avaritia, -ae, [avarus], f., greed, 
 avarice, covetousness.. 
 
 aversus, -a, -um, [part, of averto], 
 adj., turned away, turned back; 
 withdrawn; tmfavorable, averse, 
 hostile, opposed. 
 
 averto, -ere, avertl, aversum, 
 [a -f verto], 3, a , turn away, 
 turn aside ; remove, carry off, 
 withdraw ; ward off, avert, es- 
 trange. 
 
 avidus, -a, -um, [aveo], adj., 
 eager, desirous, coveting; covetous, 
 greedy, avaricious. 
 
 avitus, -a, -um, [avus], adj., of a 
 grandfather ; ancestral, heredi- 
 tary. 
 
 avoc5, -are, -avi, -atum, [a + 
 voeoj, 1, a., call away, with- 
 draw; call off, divert, turn aside, 
 turn. 
 
 avus, -1, m., grandfather. 
 
 B. 
 
 bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, [Bac- 
 chus] , 1 , dep., celebrate the festival 
 of Bacchus ; revel, hold revelry, 
 rave, exult. 
 
 Balbus, -I, m., name of several 
 men mentioned in Roman his- 
 tory, of whom the most impor- 
 tant is Lucius Cornelius Balbus, 
 a native of Gades, in Spain. He 
 served under several Roman gen- 
 erals in the war with Sertorius, 
 and was rewarded by Pompey 
 with the Roman citizenship. He 
 afterwards moved to Rome, 
 
 where he came to possess great 
 influence, through his wealth 
 and his friendship with Caesar, 
 Pompey, and other prominent 
 men. His citizenship was called 
 in question, and defended by 
 Cicero in the oration Pro Balbo, 
 which is extant. He was consul 
 E. c. 40, but the time of his death 
 is not known. Ep. xm. 
 
 barbaria, -ae, [barbarus], I., for- 
 eign country ; = b a r b a r 1, uncivil- 
 ized people ; savagery, barbarism. 
 
 barbarus, -a, -um, [@dpj3apos], 
 adj., unintelligible ; strange, for- 
 eign ; of foreigners, barbarian ; 
 barbarous, cruel, savage, rude, 
 uncivilized. 
 
 barbatus, -a, -um, [barba], adj., 
 bearded, with a beard. 
 
 Basilus, -1, m., name of a family of 
 the Minucian gens. Prominent 
 among those bearing the name 
 was L. Minucius Basilus, who 
 won distinction while serving 
 under Caesar in Gaul. After- 
 wards, however, he was one of 
 the assassins of Caesar, and his 
 share in the killing of the Dic- 
 tator drew from Cicero a cele- 
 brated letter of congratulation 
 (Ep. xl. p. 203). The year after 
 Caesar's death Basilus was him- 
 self murdered by his slaves, on 
 account of his inhuman treat- 
 ment of them. 
 
 Batonius, -1, m., Batonius, a friend 
 of Cicero and Atticus. Ep. xix. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um, [beo, make happy}, 
 adj., happy, fortunate, prosperous ; 
 wealthy, rich, opzilent. 
 
 bellicosus, -a, -um, [bellicus], 
 adj., warlike, martial. 
 
 bellicus, -a, -um, [bellum], adj., 
 of war, military ; warlike. 
 
 bello, -are, -avi, -atum, [bellum], 
 1, n., wage war, carry on war, 
 war ; fight, contend. 
 
BELLUM 
 
 19 
 
 BRUTUS 
 
 bellum, I, [for duellum, from 
 duo], n , war. 
 
 belua, -ae, f., great beast, beast, 
 wild beast, monster. 
 
 bene, comp. melius, sup. opti- 
 me, [bonus], adv., well, success- 
 fully, prosperously ; very, quite. 
 Comp , better. Sup., best. 
 
 beneficium, -I, [beneficus], n , 
 kindness, favor, service, benefit ; 
 hotior, promotion. 
 
 benevolentia, -ae, [benevolens], 
 f., good-will, kindness, friendship. 
 
 benlgnitas, -atis, [benignus], f., 
 kindness, courtesy; favor, liber- 
 ality, bounty. 
 
 bestia, -ae, f., beast, animal, brute. 
 
 bibliotheca, -ae, [^i0\wd^K-n], f., 
 library, room for books ; collection 
 of books. 
 
 bibo, bibere. bibi, bibitum, 3, a. 
 and n., drink. 
 
 Bibulus, -1, m., name of a family 
 of the Calpurnian gens. The 
 best known member is L. Cal- 
 purnius Bibulus, who was consul 
 with Caesar in the year 59 B. c. 
 Being in sympathy with the aris- 
 tocratic party, he opposed Caesar 
 whenever possible, both during 
 the consulship and afterwards. 
 He had a commission under 
 Pompey in the Civil War, but 
 died B. c. 48, just before the bat- 
 tle of Dyrrhachium. Ep. xix. 
 
 biduum, -I, [bis, cf. dies], n., 
 period of two days, two days. 
 
 blni, -ae, -a, [cf. bis], dist. num. 
 aclj , two each, two by tzvo, two at 
 a time ; double. 
 
 bipertito [bipartitus, from bi for 
 bis, partior], adv., in two divi- 
 sions, in two parts, in two parties. 
 
 Blthynia, -ae, [BWvvia], f., Blthy- 
 nia. a province in Asia Minor, 
 bounded on the west by the Pro- 
 pontis and on the north by the 
 Pontus Euxinus. 
 
 Bona Dea, -ae, f, Bona Dea, 
 the Good Goddess, an Italian di- 
 vinity, also called Fauna and 
 Mdia. She was supposed to 
 preside over the fructifying pow- 
 ers of the earth, as well as over 
 the chastity and faithfulness of 
 women. She was worshipped at 
 Rome as an austere virgin, men 
 being forbidden to enter her 
 temple. Her rites were cele- 
 brated by the Vestal Virgins 
 and by matrons. Ep. ni. 
 
 bonitas, -atis, [bonus], f., good- 
 ness, kindness, friendliness ; ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, 
 sup. optimus, adj., good, worthy, 
 excellent, kind. As subst, 
 
 bonus, -i, m., good man ; pi. 
 boni, -orum, the good, bonum, 
 -i, n., good thing, advantage ; pi, 
 bona, -orum, goods, property, 
 possessions, blessings. 
 
 Bosporanl, -ortun, [Bosporus], 
 m., people along the Bosporus, 
 dwellers by the Bosporus. 
 
 Bovillanus, -a, -um, [Bovillae], 
 adj., of Bovillae, at Bovillae, an 
 ancient town in Latium on the 
 Appian Way, about 12 miles 
 southeast of Rome. 
 
 brevis, -e, adj., short, brief, little. 
 
 bre vitas, -atis, [brevis], f., short- 
 ness, brevity ; conciseness. 
 
 breviter [brevis], adv , shortly, 
 briefly, concisely, in a few words. 
 
 Britannia, -ae, f., Britain, includ 
 ing England and Scotland. 
 
 Brundisium, -1, n., Brundisium, 
 an important seaport on the 
 Adriatic, in Calabria, It was the 
 usual port of departure for Greece 
 and the East ; nowBrindisi. 
 
 Brutus, -I, m., cognomen of several 
 well-known Romans, of whom 
 four are mentioned in this 
 book : 
 
BUTHROTUM 
 
 20 
 
 CAESAR 
 
 (i) Decimus Junius Brutus, 
 consul B. c. 138. As proconsul 
 of Further Spain he gained im- 
 portant victories, for which he 
 celebrated a splendid triumph, 
 b. c. 136. Arch. xi. 
 
 (2) Decimus Junius Brutus Al- 
 binus, who served under Caesar 
 in Gaul, later in the Civil War. 
 Afterwards he joined the con- 
 spiracy against Caesar's life, and 
 conducted the Dictator to the 
 Senate-house on the day of the 
 assassination. After Caesar's 
 death he obtained Cisalpine 
 Gaul as a province, and refused 
 to give it up to Antonius. When 
 Octavianus prepared to wreak 
 vengeance on the murderers of 
 Caesar, Brutus attempted to 
 escape into Macedonia, but was 
 betrayed by a Gallic chief and 
 put to death by order of Anto- 
 nius, b. c. 43. Ant. IV. in., iv., 
 Ep. xlvi. 
 
 (3) Marcus Junius Brutus, the 
 friend of Cassius and Cicero, 
 born B.C. 85. In the Civil War 
 he joined the side of Pompey, 
 but was pardoned by Caesar, and 
 was one of the assassins that 
 took Caesar's life. He joined 
 with Cassius in gathering an 
 army against Antonius and Oc- 
 tavianus. In the first engage- 
 ment at Philippi, B.C. 42, Brutus 
 came off victorious. But three 
 weeks later he suffered a com- 
 plete defeat and put an end to 
 his life by falling on his sword. 
 Ep. xxxiv., xxxvi., xxxvii. 
 
 (4) Marcus Junius Brutus, a 
 celebrated jurist, who lived in 
 the second century B. c. Ep. 
 xxxviii. 
 
 Buthr5tum, -1, [BovOpoorSv] , n., 
 Buthrdfum, a town on the coast 
 of Epirus, opposite Corcyra. 
 
 C, in expressions of number, — 100. 
 
 C, see Gaius. 
 
 cado, cadere, ceeidi, casum, 3, 
 n., fall, fall down ; fall away, fall 
 dead, die, be slain, perish; fall 
 under, be subject to ; fall to the lot 
 of, befall, happen. 
 
 caducus, -a, -um, [cado], adj., 
 inclined to fall, falling ; perish- 
 able, transitory, frail, fleeting. 
 
 caedes, -is, [cf. caedo], f., slatigh- 
 ter, massacre, carnage, murder. 
 
 caelestis, -e, [caelum], adj., of 
 heaven, heavenly, celestial. As 
 subst., caelestes, -ium, m., pi., 
 heaven-dwellers, the gods. 
 
 Caelius, -I, m., name of a Roman 
 gens, of which two members are 
 mentioned in this book : 
 
 ( 1 ) Q. Caelius Latiniensis, trib- 
 une of the people and the next 
 year legatus, contrary to the 
 usual practice. Imp. P. xix. 
 
 (2) M. Caelius Rufus, aedile 
 B. c. 50. In the Civil War he 
 supported the cause of Caesar 
 for a time, but prepared to join 
 a movement against the Dictator 
 and soon met a violent death. 
 Ep. xviii. 
 
 caelum, -1, n., sky, heaven, heavens; 
 the skies; air, atmosphere, climate, 
 weather. 
 
 Caeparius, -I, [caepe, onion], m., 
 M. Caeparius, an acquaintance of 
 Cicero; nothing further is known 
 about him. Ep. xxx. 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m., name of a prom- 
 inent family in the Julian gens, 
 of which four members are men- 
 tioned in this book ; 
 
 (1) Gdius Julius Caesar, the 
 Dictator, born B. c. 100, assassi- 
 nated March 15, B. c. 44. 
 
 (2) L. Jiilius Caesar, consul 
 B. c. 64, uncle of Mark Antony, 
 
CAESARIANUS 
 
 21 
 
 CARBO 
 
 whose course after the death of 
 the Dictator he opposed. Cat. 
 IV. vi. 
 
 (3) Gains Julius Caesar Octd- 
 vi&nus, see Octavianus. 
 
 (4) L. Iiilius Caesar Strabo, 
 consul with P. Rutilius B.C. 90, 
 censor with P. Crassus the fol- 
 lowing year; killed by Cinna. 
 Arch. v. 
 
 Caesarianus, -a, -urn, [Caesar], 
 adj., of Caesar, Caesar's. 
 
 Caieta, -ae, [Kairjrr/], f., Caieta, a 
 sea-coast town, with a harbor, in 
 the southwestern part of Latium. 
 
 calamitas, -atis, f., loss, damage, 
 hurt ; calamity, misfortune, ruin, 
 disaster, adversity. 
 
 calamus, -I, [/caAa^os], m., reed ; 
 by metonymy, pen made of reed, 
 reed pen ; reed pipe. 
 
 callidus, -a, -urn, [calleo], adj., 
 skilful, shrewd; crafty, cunning, 
 artful. 
 
 campus, -I, m., plain, level field, 
 open field; often = Campus Mar- 
 tius, the Campus Martins, a 
 grassy open space in the north- 
 western part of Rome, along the 
 Tiber and outside the Servian 
 Wall, where the people met for 
 reviews and elections by cen- 
 turies. 
 
 cano, eanere, ceeinl, cantum, 
 [for casno, from root cas, sing], 
 1, n. and a., sing, make music, 
 play ; sing of, celebrate; as pro- 
 phecies were given in verse, fore- 
 tell, predict. 
 
 canto, -are, -avl, -atum [freq. of 
 cano], 1, n. and a., sing, play. 
 
 cantus, -us, [cano], m., singing, 
 playing ; song, ??iusic. 
 
 capillus, -1, [cf. caput], m., hair 
 of the head, the hair. 
 
 capio, capere, cepi, captum, 3, 
 a , take, lay hold of, seize, grasp ; 
 get possession of, master, control ; 
 
 capture, storm, reduce ; captivate, 
 win ; deceive, betray, catch ; harm, 
 deprive of ; suffer, experience ; re- 
 ceive, entertain ; enter upon, un- 
 dertake ; accept, gain, enjoy, reap ; 
 take in, comprehend, grasp ; hold, 
 be large enough for. 
 
 capitalis, -e, [caput], adj., of the 
 head, foremost ; involving life, 
 capital; deadly, dangerous, baneful. 
 
 Capitolium, 1, [caput], n., (1) in 
 a narrower sense, the Capitol, a 
 temple on Mons Saturnius dedi- 
 cated by the Tarquinii to Jupiter, 
 Juno, and Minerva, afterwards 
 made the most splendid temple 
 at Rome; very often, (2) the 
 Capitoline Hill, the Capitoline, 
 the hill on which the Capitol 
 stood, which contained also the 
 citadel of Rome. See Map, p. 76. 
 
 Cappadocia, -ae, [KcnnraSoKia], f., 
 Cappadocia, an extensive country 
 of Asia Minor lying south of the 
 Euxine sea, north of Cilicia, and 
 west of the upper course of the 
 Euphrates. 
 
 Capua, -ae, f., Capua, an ancient 
 and luxurious city of Campania, 
 136 miles southeast of Rome. 
 
 caput, -itis, n., head ; by met- 
 onymy, person, being, life, soul ; 
 of elevation, top, summit ; of 
 streams, source, fountain-head ; 
 of plants, tops, heads ; of civil 
 rights, citizenship; of writings, 
 chapter, passage, point ; of things 
 in general, chief thing, principal 
 thing. 
 
 Carb5, -onis, m., Carbo, name of 
 a plebeian family of the Papirian 
 gens ; in this book, = C. Papirius 
 Carbo Arvlna, tribune B. c. 90 or 
 89. He joined with his colleague 
 M. Plautius Silvanus in propos- 
 ing a law on citizenship, which 
 was afterwards known as the Lex 
 Plautia Papiria. Arch. IV. 
 
CARCER 
 
 2-2 
 
 CATO 
 
 career, -eris, m., prison, dungeon, 
 place of confinement; by met- 
 onymy, of a race-course, usually 
 pi., carceres, -urn, starling- 
 places, barriers. 
 
 careo, -ere, -ui, fut. part, caritu- 
 rus, 2, n., be without, not have ; 
 do without, abstain from, keep 
 from, hold aloof fro??t ; want, lack, 
 be deprived of; usually with abl. 
 
 Caria, -ae, [Kapia], f., Carta, a 
 province in the southwestern 
 part of Asia Minor, south of 
 Lydia. 
 
 caritas, -atis, [cams], f., deamess, 
 high price ; love, affection. 
 
 carmen, -inis, [for casmen, from 
 root cas, sing, found in ca(s) n o], 
 n., song, strain of music ; poem, 
 verse, hymn ; as oracular re- 
 sponses and incantations were 
 in verse, response of an oracle, 
 prophecy, incantation, charm ; 
 also metrical inscription, inscrip- 
 tion in verse. 
 
 carus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious, 
 valued; esteemed, beloved ; affec- 
 tionate ; costly. 
 
 Cassius, -a, name of a prominent 
 Roman gens. Four Cassii are 
 mentioned in this book : 
 
 ( 1 ) L. Cassius Longinus, a com- 
 petitor of Cicero for the consul- 
 ship for 63 B. c. ; afterwards 
 prominent in the conspiracy of 
 Catiline, in which he asked to be 
 assigned the burning of Rome as 
 his part. He also conducted ne- 
 gotiations with the Allobroges, 
 but escaped arrest. His fate is 
 unknown. Cat. III. IV. et sea. 
 
 (2) C. Cassius Longinus, orig- 
 inator of the conspiracy against 
 the life of Caesar ; defeated by 
 Antony in the first engagement 
 at Philippi, B.C. 42, and killed 
 by one of his freedmen at his 
 own request. Ep. xxxiii. 
 
 (3) Q- Cassius Longinus, trib- 
 une of the people B. c. 49. He 
 commenced public life as a quaes- 
 tor of Pompey in Spain, but in 
 the Civil War he held a com- 
 mand under Caesar in the same 
 country. Ep. xix. 
 
 (4) C. Cassius Longinus Varus, 
 consul B. c. 73, proconsul in Cis- 
 alpine Gaul the following year. 
 Imp. P. xxiii. 
 
 caste [castus], adv., without spot, 
 purely, virtuously ; piously, relig- 
 iously. 
 
 castrensis, -e, [castra], adj., of 
 camp, iti camp ; of a military 
 movement, with a camp, i. e. open, 
 as opposed to treacherous or se- 
 cret operations. 
 
 castrum, -I, n., fortress, castle. 
 PI. castra, -orum, camp, encamp- 
 ment. 
 
 casus, -us, [cado], m., lit. a fall- 
 ing, fall ; a happening, accide?it, 
 event, occurrence ; chance, erner- 
 gency ; destruction ; mishap, mis- 
 fortune, calamity. 
 
 Catilina, -ae, m., L. Sergius Cati- 
 lina, Catiline, originator of a dan- 
 gerous conspiracy suppressed by 
 Cicero, who pronounced against 
 him the famous Catilinarian ora- 
 tions. 
 
 Cato, -onis, [catus, shrewd], m., 
 Cato, name of a noted family of 
 the Porcian gens. Three Catos 
 are mentioned in this book : 
 
 (1) M. Porcius Cato, known as 
 Cato the Elder, or Cato the Cen- 
 sor ; born 234 B. c. at Tusculum, 
 14 miles southeast of Rome; died 
 B. c. 149. He was eminent as a 
 general, statesman, orator, and 
 writer. He was considered by 
 Romans of later times, as the 
 ideal of Roman character. His 
 treatise "On Farming "is extant; 
 only fragments of his other writ- 
 
CATULUS 
 
 23 
 
 CENSOR 
 
 ings are preserved. Arch, vii., 
 
 IX. 
 
 (2) Porcius Cato, a friend of 
 Archias. It is uncertain what 
 Cato this was; but probably it 
 was M. Porcius Cato, father of 
 Cato Uticensis. Arch. hi. 
 
 (3) M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, 
 so named from Utica in Africa, 
 the place of his death ; born B. c. 
 95. In the midst of an active 
 public life he was a consistent 
 adherent of the stoic philosophy. 
 Accepting a commission from 
 Pompey in the war with Caesar, 
 he proved a failure as an officer. 
 Finding himself in straits he pre- 
 ferred suicide to surrender and 
 fell on his sword, B. c. 46. 
 Arch. ix. 
 
 Catulus, -I, m., name of a family 
 of the Lutatian gens, of which 
 two members are mentioned in 
 this book : 
 
 ( 1 ) Q. Lutdtius Catulus, consul 
 with C. Marius 102 b. c, when 
 the poet Archias came to Rome. 
 Arch. hi. 
 
 (2) Q. Lutdtius Catulus, son of 
 the preceding, consul 78 B. c. 
 He was prominent as a leader of 
 the aristocratic party, and was a 
 man of fine character. He op- 
 posed the Gabinian and Manilian 
 laws, but supported Cicero warm- 
 ly against the Catilinarian con- 
 spirators. He died b. c. 60. 
 Cat. III. x., Imp. P. xvn., xx., 
 Arch. hi. 
 
 causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; pre- 
 text, excuse, motive ; condition, 
 case, situation ; lawsuit, judicial 
 process ; side, faction. causa, 
 with preceding gen., for the sake 
 of, on account of. 
 
 cautio, -onis, [caveo], f., watch- 
 fulness, precaution ; safety, se- 
 curity. 
 
 caveo, cavere, cavl, cautum, 2, 
 
 n. and a., be on one's guard, be- 
 ware of; take precautions against, 
 guard against, take heed; as a 
 legal term, provide, order, decree ; 
 with dat. of person, protect, take 
 care of. 
 
 cedo, cedere, cessi, eessum, 3, n. 
 and a., go away, retire, retreat ; 
 yield, give place to ; submit, com- 
 ply ; be inferior to ; conform to, 
 concede. 
 
 celeber, -ebris, -ebre, adj., fre- 
 quented, crowded, thronged with ; 
 hence honored by the presence 
 of many, renowned, famous, cele- 
 brated, distinguished. 
 
 celebritas, -atis, [celeber], f., 
 crowd, throng, ynultitude ; pub- 
 licity, fame, renown, celebrity. 
 
 celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cele- 
 ber], 1, a., croivd,fill, throng, fre- 
 quent ; practice, engage in, repeat ; 
 celebrate, solemnize ; praise ; honor. 
 
 celeritas, -atis, [celer], f., swift- 
 ness, speed, quickness. 
 
 celeriter, comp. celerius, sup. 
 celerrime, [celer], adv., nviftly, 
 quickly, speedily ; in haste, imme- 
 diately. 
 
 cena, -ae, f., dinner, the principal 
 meal of the Romans, in early 
 times taken at noon, afterwards 
 later in the day. 
 
 ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, [cena], 1, 
 n. and a., dine, eat dinner. 
 
 censeo, censere, censui, censum, 
 2, a., assess, rate, estimate ; be of 
 the opinion, propose, vote, urge ; 
 suppose, imagine, think, believe; 
 decide, determine. 
 
 censor, -oris, [censeo], m., censor, 
 title of a Roman magistrate. At 
 Rome there were two censors, 
 who had charge of the registra- 
 tion lists, the valuation and as- 
 sessment of property, the farming 
 of certain revenues and the let- 
 
CENSUS 
 
 24 
 
 CHILO 
 
 ting of contracts for public 
 works. They were chosen every 
 five years, and served eighteen 
 months. 
 
 census, -us, [censeo], m., registra- 
 tion of citizens and of property, 
 enrolment, appraisement, census ; 
 by metonymy, register of the cen- 
 sus, registration list. 
 
 centuria, -ae, [centum], f., divi- 
 sion of one hundred, century, a 
 division recognized in the civil 
 as well as in the military organi- 
 zation of the Romans. The as- 
 sembly of the people by centuries 
 was called comitia centuriata. 
 
 centuriatus, -us, [centurio], m., 
 office of centurion, centurionship. 
 
 centurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [cen- 
 turia], I, a., divide into centuries, 
 organize in companies, organize ; 
 used of the organization of in- 
 fantry. 
 
 centurio, -onis, [centuria], m., 
 commander of a century, centu- 
 rion, captain, an officer ranking 
 next to the legionary tribune. 
 
 Ceparius, -I, m., M. Ceparius, one 
 of the Catilinarian conspirators, 
 from Tarracina. He had just 
 left Rome in order to stir up an 
 insurrection among the shepherds 
 of Apulia when he was arrested 
 and placed in custody. He was 
 executed with the other conspira- 
 tors, b. c. 63. Cat. III. vi. 
 
 cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, 
 3, a., separate in observation, 
 distinguish, discern, make out ; 
 perceive, see, behold ; comprehend, 
 understand ; of judicial or legis- 
 lative acts, decide, decree, resolve. 
 
 certamen, -inis, [certo], n., con- 
 test to decide a matter, conflict, 
 struggle, battle, combat, strife ; 
 dispute, dissension ; match, trial 
 of strength or skill ; rivalry, am- 
 bition to excel, competition. 
 
 certe, comp. certius, [certus], 
 adv., surely, certainly, really ; at 
 least, yet surely, yet certainly. 
 
 certo [certus], adv., with cer- 
 tainty, certainly, surely, really, 
 in fact, positively. 
 
 certo, -are, -avi, -atum, [certus], 
 1, n., vie with, either as an en- 
 emy or as a friend; fight, con- 
 tend, struggle, combat ; strive ; 
 rival, compete, emulate. 
 
 certus, -a, -um, [old part, of cer- 
 no], adj., certain, fixed, decided, 
 settled ; definite, special, particu- 
 lar ; confident, trustworthy, re- 
 liable, sure; unerring, conclusive. 
 ilium certiorem facere, to in- 
 form him. certior esse, to be 
 informed. 
 
 cervix, -icis, f., neck, throat. 
 
 Cestius, -I, m., Cestius, a friend 
 of Cicero. Nothing further is 
 known about him. Ep. xvi. 
 
 ceterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m. not 
 in use, adj., other, the other, rest, 
 remainder ; pi., the rest, all other, 
 the other. As subst., pi., m., 
 ceteri, -orum, the others, all the 
 rest, every one else ; n., cetera, 
 -orum, the rest, all else, every- 
 thing else. 
 
 Cethegus, -I, m., name of a patri- 
 cian family of the Cornelian 
 gens; in this book C. Cornelius 
 Cethegus, one of the boldest and 
 most dangerous of the Catilina- 
 rian conspirators. He joined the 
 conspiracy on account of debts 
 contracted in profligate living, and 
 was assigned the task of murder- 
 ing the principal senators. He 
 was arrested, convicted on the 
 evidence of weapons found at his 
 house and of his letter to the Al- 
 lobroges, and condemned along 
 with the other conspirators. 
 
 Chil5, -onis, [XlXwv], m., see 
 Annius. 
 
CHIUS 
 
 25 
 
 CIRCUMSCRIPTOR 
 
 Chius, -a, -urn, [X?os], adj., Chian, 
 of Chios, an island off the west 
 coast of Asia Minor. As subst, 
 Chii, -orum, m., pi., the people 
 of Chios, the Chians. ARCH. VIII. 
 
 cibus, -I, m., food, victuals, nutri- 
 ment ; sustenance. 
 
 Cicero, -onis, [cicer, chickpea], m., 
 name of a family in the Tullian 
 gens. Three Ciceros are men- 
 tioned in this book : 
 
 ( i ) M. Tullius Cicero, the ora- 
 tor and writer. See Introduc- 
 tion. 
 
 (2) Q. Tullius Cicero, brother 
 of the orator; born about 102 
 B. c. He served with distinction 
 under Caesar in Gaul, and held 
 several offices. In the Civil War 
 he went over to the side of 
 Pompey, but after the battle of 
 Pharsalia he quarreled with his 
 brother and came to terms with 
 Caesar. A reconciliation was 
 soon effected, however, and 
 Quintus was put to death in the 
 proscription of the triumvirs, 
 43 b. c. Ep. xiii. 
 
 (3) M. Tullius Cicero, son of 
 the orator and Terentia ; born 
 B. c. 65. He was not a strong 
 character, but had an eventful 
 life, being finally admitted by 
 Octavianus as a colleague in the 
 consulship, b. c. 30. Ep. viii., 
 IX. 
 
 Cilicia, -ae, [KiAt/cia], f., Cilicia, a 
 Roman province in the southern 
 part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cimber, -bri, m., see Gabinius. 
 
 Cimbri, -orum, [= Ki/xfipoi], m., 
 Cimbri, Cimbrians, a barbaric 
 people, apparently of Germanic 
 origin, which passed over the 
 Alps and invaded Cisalpine Gaul 
 B. c. 102. They were finally de- 
 feated near Vercellae (west of 
 Milan) by Gaius Marius, 101 B. c. 
 
 Cimbricus, -a, -um, [Cimbri], 
 
 adj., of the Cimbri, Cimbriau. 
 
 Cincius, -1, m., L. Cincius, a stew- 
 ard of Cicero's friend Atticus. 
 Ep. 1. 
 
 cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinetum, 3, a., 
 surround, enclose ; gird, wreathe, 
 gird on ; of places, surround, e?i- 
 circle, invest, beset, besiege. 
 
 cinis, -eris, [cf. k6vis, dust, ashes], 
 m., ashes, embers ; of the dead, 
 ashes, the remains left after cre- 
 mation. 
 
 China, -ae, m., in this book Z. 
 Cornelius China, an unprincipled 
 demagogue who became a leader 
 of the popular party during 
 Sulla's absence in the east, B. c. 
 87-84, and joined with Marius in 
 the massacre of the aristocracy. 
 He was slain in a mutiny of the 
 forces which he had collected in 
 order to meet Sulla, B.C. 84. 
 
 circiter [circus], adv., and prep, 
 with ace, about, not far from, 
 near. 
 
 circum [ace. of circus, circle], 
 adv. and prep. : 
 
 ( 1 ) As adv., about, around, 
 round about. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, around, 
 about, all around ; among, 
 through ; in the neighborhood of, 
 near, ?iear by. 
 
 circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, 
 -clusum, [circum + claudo], 3, 
 a., shut in, enclose ; hem in, sur- 
 round. 
 
 circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, 
 [circum -f- do], 1, a., put around, 
 place about ; surround, encircle, 
 besiege. 
 
 circumscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptum, [circum + scribo], 3, 
 a., encircle, limit, bound, circum- 
 scribe ; cheat; cancel, set aside. 
 
 circumscriptor, -oris, [circum- 
 scribo], m., defrauder, cheat. 
 
CIRCUMSEDEO 
 
 26 
 
 COGITATIO 
 
 circumsedeS, -sedere, -sedi, -ses- 
 sum, [circum -f sedeo], 2, a., sit 
 around ; surround, besiege, beset. 
 
 circumspicio, -spicere, -spexl, 
 -spectum, [circum + specio], 3, 
 n. and a., look about; survey, ob- 
 serve ; be cautious, exercise cau- 
 tion ; ponder, consider. 
 
 circumsto, -stare, -steti, , 
 
 [circum + sto], 1, n. and a., 
 stand around ; surround ; be at 
 hand, threaten ; as a military 
 term, surround, besiege, beset. 
 
 cito, comp. citius, sup. citissime, 
 [citus], adv., quickly, speedily, 
 soon. 
 
 civilis, -e, [civis], adj., of a citizen, 
 of citizens, civil, civic ; political, 
 public. 
 
 civis, -is, m. or f., citizen, fellow- 
 citizen. 
 
 clvitas, -atis, [civis], f., citizen- 
 ship; community of citizens, state, 
 commonwealth. 
 
 clam, adv. and prep., secretly, in 
 secret. 
 
 clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n. and 
 a., cry out, shout, exclaim ; call 
 upon, invoke ; proclaim, declare. 
 
 clamor, -oris, [clamo], m., loud 
 cry, outcry, shout ; din, uproar ; 
 acclamation, applause ; war- 
 shout ; sound, noise. 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright, 
 shining ; distinct, manifest, plain; 
 renowned, noble, illustrious, hon- 
 ored, famous. 
 
 classis, -is, f., fleet. 
 
 Claudius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens with both patrician and 
 plebeian branches. See Mar- 
 cellus, Pulcher. 
 
 claudo, claudere, clausi, clau- 
 sum, 3, a., shut, shut up, close ; 
 bring to a close, finish, end ; shut 
 in, invest, besiege. 
 
 Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, calm ; 
 gentle, kind, forbearing. 
 
 clementer [clemens] , ad v., calmly, 
 mildly , gently, kindly, with for- 
 bearance. 
 
 dementia, -ae, [clemens], f., mild- 
 ness, forbearance, clemency. 
 
 clientela, -ae, [eliens], (., relation 
 of client to patron, clientship ; pi 
 often = clientes, clients, retainers, 
 dependants. 
 
 Clodius, a form of the name Clau 
 dius ; in this book = P. Clodius 
 Pulcher, a bitter enemy of Cicero 
 He was killed in a skirmish be 
 tween his followers and those of 
 Milo near Bovillae, Jan. 20, B. c. 
 52. Ep. hi. See also Philhe 
 taerus. 
 
 Cluatius, -1, m., Cludtius, an archi 
 tect employed by Cicero. Ep. 
 xxxvi., XXXVII. 
 
 Cn, see Gnaeus. 
 
 Cnidus or Cnidos, -i, [KviSos], 
 {., Cnidus, a city in Caria, in the 
 extreme southwestern part of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 coactus, see cogo. 
 
 Cocceius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens. Cicero in his letters men- 
 tions a Cocceius about whom 
 nothing is known. Ep.'xxxvi. 
 
 coepi5, -ere, coepi, eoeptum, 
 pies, not found in classical 
 Latin, def., a. and n., begin, com- 
 mence. Part, coeptus, -a, -um, 
 commenced, begun, undertaken. 
 
 coerceo, -cere, -cui, -citum, [com- 
 + areeo], 2, a., confine on all 
 sides, hold together, shut in, en- 
 compass ; restrain, repress, hold, 
 control, curb. 
 
 coetus, -us, [coeo], m., assembly, 
 company ; crowd, meeting. 
 
 cogitate [cogitatus, from cogi- 
 t5], adv., with reflection, thought- 
 fully. 
 
 cSgitatio, -onis, [eogito], f., re- 
 flection, meditation ; thought, rea- 
 soning, imagination. 
 
COGITO 
 
 27 
 
 COLOR 
 
 cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- + 
 agito], I, a., consider thoroughly, 
 think over, ponder, reflect upon ; 
 meditate, design, pla?i, purpose, 
 plot. 
 
 cognatio, -onis, [cognatus], f., 
 kinship, relationship ; connection, 
 afliuity. 
 
 cognitio, -onis, [cognoseo], f., a 
 becoming acquainted with, know- 
 ledge, acquaintance ; as a legal 
 term, investigation, inquiry. 
 
 cognitor, -oris, [c5gnosco], m., 
 attorney, advocate ; defender, pro- 
 tector, supporter. 
 
 cognitus, -a, -um, [part, of cog- 
 noseo], adj., known, acknozv- 
 ledged, approved. 
 
 cognomen, -inis, [cf. cognoseo], 
 n., family name, surname ; 
 name. 
 
 cognoscS, -ere, cSgnovT, cog- 
 nitum, [com- + (g)nosco], 3, a., 
 become acquainted with ; learn, 
 ascertain, know thoroughly ; 
 know ; examine, inquire into, 
 investigate ; recognize, identify, 
 acknowledge ; appreciate. 
 
 cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, 
 [com- + ago], 3, a., drive together ; 
 collect, gather together, assemble ; 
 urge, oblige, constrain, compel, 
 force. 
 
 cohaereo, -ere, cohaesi, cohae- 
 sum, [com- + haereo], 2, n., cling 
 together, be united ; be closely con- 
 nected with. 
 
 cohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [com- + 
 habeo], 2, a., hold together, con- 
 fine, contain ; hold in check, re- 
 strain, repress, subdue. 
 
 cohors, -hortis, f., enclosure, yard; 
 crowd, company, throng, multi- 
 tude ; as a military term, cohort, 
 battalion, the tenth part of a 
 legion; also, staff of a general, 
 body-guard, retinue. cohors 
 
 praetoria, general's body-guard. 
 
 cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, [com- 
 + hortor], 1, dep., encourage, ad- 
 monish, exhort, urge on, address. 
 
 collectio, -onis, [collectus, from 
 colligo], f., bringing together, col- 
 lecting, gathering. 
 
 collega, -ae, [cf. colligo, unite], m., 
 associate in office, colleague. 
 
 collegium, -i, [cf. collega], n., 
 association in office, colleagueship ; 
 association, corporation, society, 
 college. 
 
 colligS, -ere, collegi, collectum, 
 [com- + lego], 3, a., gather, bring 
 together, collect, assemble ; acquire, 
 incur ; deduce, infer. 
 
 collis, -is, m., hill, height, elevation. 
 
 colloco, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 + loco], 1, a., set right, place, set, 
 put, arrange ; set up, erect ; locate, 
 station ; of money, invest, lay out. 
 
 colloquium, -I, [colloquor], n., 
 conversation, discourse, conference. 
 
 colo, colere, colui, cultum, 3, a. 
 and n., -till, cultivate ; stay at, 
 abide in, dzvell m, inhabit ; care 
 for, cherish, esteem, love, favor ; 
 of the gods, and the services of 
 religion, honor, worship, revere, 
 reverence ; of pursuits or virtues, 
 follow, seek, practice, devote one's 
 self to, adhere to, cherish. 
 
 colonia, -ae, [colonus], f., colony, 
 settlement. 
 
 colonus, -i, [colo], m., husband- 
 man, tiller of the soil ; by met- 
 onymy, colonist, settler. 
 
 ColophSn, -onis, [KoKotptiv], m., 
 Colophon, a city in the western 
 part of Asia Minor, north of 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Colophonius, -a, -um, [Colo- 
 phon], adj., of Colophon. As 
 subst, Colophonii, -orum, m., 
 pi , the people of Colophon, the 
 Colophonians. 
 
 color, -oris, m., color, tint, hue; 
 complexion ; appearance, coloring. 
 
COM- 
 
 28 
 
 COMMUTATIO 
 
 com-, prep., old form of cum ; 
 found only in composition. See 
 cum. 
 
 comes, -itis, [com-, eo], m. or f., 
 companion, associate, comrade, 
 male ; intimate ; attendant, re- 
 tainer, dependant. 
 
 comissatio, -orris, [comissor, 
 revet], f., carousal, Bacchanalian 
 revel, revelry. 
 
 comitatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 comitor], adj., attended, acccnn- 
 panied, escorted. 
 
 comitatus, -us, [comitor], m., 
 escort, train, retinue ; company, 
 band, crowd. 
 
 comitia, -orum, [pi. of comitium], 
 n., pi., assembly of the people, as- 
 sembly, election by the people in 
 assembly. comitia consula- 
 
 ria, assembly for electing consuls, 
 consular election. 
 
 comitium, -i, [com-, eo], n., place 
 of meeting ; at Rome, the Comi- 
 tium, an open place north of the 
 Forum, where assemblies were 
 held. See Map, p. 76. 
 
 commeatus, -vis, [commeo], m., 
 a passing to and fro ; furlough ; 
 provisions, supplies. 
 
 commemorabilis, -e, [comme- 
 moro], adj., memorable, remark- 
 able. 
 
 commemoratio, -onis, [com- 
 memoro], f., a calling to mind, 
 reminding ; remembrance, re- 
 minder. 
 
 commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- -f memoro], 1, a., call to 
 mind, keep in mind, remember ; 
 bring to mind, recall ; relate, re- 
 count, mention. 
 
 commendatio, -onis, [commen- 
 ds], f., a commending, recom- 
 mendation ; that which recom- 
 mends, excellence, worth. 
 
 commendS, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- -f- mando], 1, a., commit 
 
 for safe keeping, intrust, confide , 
 cotnmend, recommend, ask favor 
 for. 
 
 commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 + meo], 1, n., pass to and fro, go 
 and come ; make frequent visits. 
 
 commisceo, -miscere, -miseui, 
 -mixtum or -mistum, [com- 4- 
 misceo], 2, a., i?iingle together, 
 mingle ; unite, join. 
 
 committo, committere, -misi, 
 -mlssum, [com- + mitto] , 3, a., 
 bring together, combine, put to- 
 gether, unite ; of military engage- 
 ments, set together, engage in, 
 fight, carry on, wage ; intrust, 
 commit ; expose ; commits crime, 
 perpetrate, be guilty of, do, prac- 
 tice. 
 
 commode [commodus], adv., 
 properly, skilfully ; conveniently, 
 suitably, comfortably. 
 
 commodo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [commodus], I, a. and n., supply, 
 furnish, grant, lend. 
 
 commodum, -I, [commodus], n., 
 convenience, opportune moment ; 
 advantage, interest, gain ; emolu- 
 ment. 
 
 commoror, -an, -atus sum, 
 [com- -f moror], 1, dep., linger, 
 stay, tarry, remain. 
 
 commoveo, -movere, -movi, 
 -motum, [com- 4- moveo], 2, a ., 
 stir, shake, move, used especially 
 of violent motion ; trouble, dis- 
 turb, disquiet ; affect, influence. 
 
 communico, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [communis], 1, a., divide with, 
 share ; join, add. 
 
 communis, -e, [com-, munus], 
 adj., common, in common ; gen- 
 eral, public ; of manners, affable, 
 courteous. 
 
 communiter [communis], adv., 
 in common, generally, together. 
 
 commutatio, -onis, [eommuto], 
 f., change, alteration. 
 
COMMUTO 
 
 29 
 
 CONCUPISCO 
 
 commuto, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- + muto], I, a., change 
 throughout, change entirely : ex- 
 change, substitute, change. 
 
 comparatio, -onis, [comparo], f., 
 preparing, preparation. 
 
 comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [eom- 
 -f- paro], I, a., make ready, pro- 
 vide, prepare; get together, get, 
 collect, obtain. 
 
 comparo, are, -avi, -atum, [corn- 
 par, equal to], I, a., match, join ; 
 count as equal ; compare. 
 
 compello, -ere, compuli, compul- 
 sum, [com- + pello], 3, a., drive 
 together ; drive, impel, force ; in- 
 cite, urge, constrain. 
 
 comperio, -ire, eomperi, comper 
 turn, 4, a., find out, learn, ascer- 
 tain. 
 
 competitor, -oris, [competo], m., 
 competitor, rival, opponent. 
 
 complector, plecti, plexus 
 sum, [com- -f plecto, braid], 3, 
 dep., embrace, clasp ; encircle, 
 enclose, seize ; comprehend, un- 
 derstand ; explain, describe, sum 
 up. 
 
 compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [com- 
 -fpleo, fill], 2, a., fill up, fill ; 
 complete, fulfil, accomplish, finish ; 
 live through, pass. 
 
 complexus, -us, [complector], 
 m., embracing, embrace. 
 
 complures, -a or -ia, gen. com- 
 plurium, [com- + pliires] , adj., 
 pi., several, a number, many. 
 
 compono, -ere, composui, eom- 
 positum, [com + pono], 3, a., 
 put together, collect, unite ; com- 
 pare, contrast ; compose, write ; 
 construct, build ; set in order, ar- 
 range, prepare ; lay at rest, bury 
 
 comprehends, -hendere, -hendi, 
 -hensum, [com- + prehendo], 3, 
 a., lake hold of, seize, catch ; lay 
 hold of, arrest, capture ; grasp, 
 comprehend ; recount, set forth. 
 
 comprimo, -primere, 
 
 -pressum, [com- -fpremo], 3, a., 
 press together, compress; check, 
 repress, restrain ; subdue, sup- 
 press, keep under. 
 
 comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- + probo], i, a., approve, 
 sanction, assent to ; attest, estab- 
 lish, prove. 
 
 conatus, -us, [conor], m., attempt, 
 endeavor, ^efif/rt, undertaking. 
 
 concedo, -ere, coneessi, conces- 
 sum, [com + cedo], 3, n. and a., 
 withdraw, depart ; yield, give 
 place to, submit ; grant, concede, 
 allow ; ad?nit, acknowledge ; give 
 up, forgive, pardon. 
 
 concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- + celebro], 1, a., attend in 
 crowds, frequent ; solemnize , cele- 
 brate. 
 
 concerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 + certo], 1, n., contend with, 
 strive with ; dispute, debate with. 
 
 concido, -cidere, -cidi, , 
 
 [com- 4- cado], 3, n., fall down, 
 collapse ; fall dead, fall ; decline, 
 fail, be destroyed. 
 
 concili5, -are, -avi, -atum, [con- 
 cilium], 1, a., obtain, procure, 
 iuin, gain ; win over, win the 
 favor of, conciliate. 
 
 concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -eeptum, 
 [com- -f capio], 3, a., take up, re- 
 ceive ; imagine, conceive of; un- 
 derstand ; harbor, entertain, plan. 
 
 concito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of coneio], 1, a., stir up, arouse, 
 excite ; urge, move, instigate. 
 
 concordia, -ae, [eoncors], f., har- 
 mony, union, concord Personi- 
 fied, Concordia, -ae, f., goddess 
 of Union, Concord, in whose 
 honor several temples were 
 erected at Rome. 
 
 corjcuplsco, -Iseere, -ivi, -Itum, 
 [com-, cupio], 3, inch., greatly de- 
 sire, long for, eagerly desire, covet. 
 
CONCURSO 
 
 30 
 
 CONGREDIOR 
 
 concurso, -are, , , [freq. 
 
 of concurro], I, n. and a , run to 
 
 and fro, rush about, run about. 
 
 concursus, -us, [concurro], m., 
 running together ; co7icourse, 
 throng, assembly ; assault, attack ; 
 meeting, collision. 
 
 condemno, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- -f- damno] , i, a., sentence, 
 find guilty, convict, condemn. 
 
 condicio, -onis, [condico], f., 
 agreement, condition, compact, 
 terms; position, rank, lot, cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 condisco, -discere, -didici, , 
 
 [com- -f disco], 3, a., learn care- 
 fully, learn well. 
 
 conditus, -a, -urn, see condo. 
 
 condo, condere, eondidl, condi- 
 tum, [com- + do], 3, a., put to- 
 gether, found, build; compose, 
 write ; lay aside, store up ; pre- 
 serve ; lay in the tomb, bury ; 
 hide, conceal. 
 
 confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatum, 
 [com- -+- fero], irr., a., bring to- 
 gether, collect, gather, join ; match 
 against, oppose ; compare, con- 
 trast ; consult, confer, consider ; 
 carry, bring ; employ, devote, ap- 
 ply ; bestow, lend, grant ; refer, 
 assign; put off, postpone. se 
 conferre, to betake himself, to 
 turn, to go ; to devote himself. 
 
 cSnfertus, -a, -um, [part, of con- 
 fercio], adj., croivded, dense ; 
 compact, close ; crammed, filled, 
 gorged. 
 
 cSnfessiS, -onis, [confiteor], f., 
 confession, acknowledgment. 
 
 confestim [com-, cf. festlnus], 
 adv., immediately, speedily, forth- 
 with, suddenly. 
 
 conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 [com- -+- faeio], 3, a., accomplish, 
 execute, complete ; do, make, bring 
 about, draw up ; bring together, 
 procure, provide, prepare ; -wear 
 
 out, consume, subdue, overcome, 
 exhaust ; kill, destroy, despatch. 
 
 confldo, -fidere, fisus sum, 
 [com- 4- fido], 3, semi-dep., n., 
 trust, rely on, confide, believe ; be 
 confident, be assured. 
 
 confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 -f firmo], 1, a., make firm, make 
 strong, strengthen, reinforce ; en- 
 courage, cheer ; confirm, establish ; 
 assert, affirm, assure, prove. 
 
 confiteor, -fiterl, -fessus sum, 
 [com- + fateor] , 2, dep., confess, 
 acknowledge, admit ; allow, grant, 
 concede ; disclose, show. 
 
 conflagrS, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- 4- flagro], 1, n. and a., 
 burn, be on fire, be consumed, 
 burn up ; be destroyed by fire. 
 
 cSnfllgS, -ere, conflixi, confllc- 
 tum, [com- 4- fligo], 3, a. and n., 
 dash together ; be in conflict, con- 
 tend, fight ; be at war, be at va- 
 riance. 
 
 conflS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 4- 
 flo], I, a., blow up, kindle, in- 
 flame ; get together, bring together, 
 raise, compose ; cause, produce, 
 bring about. 
 
 cSnformatiS, -onis, [conformo], 
 {., shaping, moulding, form, fash- 
 ion ; training, culture. 
 
 conforms, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- 4- formo], 1, a., shape, 
 mould, form, fashion ; train, edu- 
 cate, cultivate. 
 
 confringS, -ere, confregi, con- 
 fractum, [com- 4- frango] , 3, a., 
 break in pieces, break up, shatter ; 
 crush, destroy. 
 
 congerS, -ere, congessl, conges- 
 tum, [com- 4- gero] , 3, a., bring 
 together, collect, heap up, accumu- 
 late ; build, construct. 
 
 congredior, -gredi, -gressus 
 sum, [com- + gradior], 3, dep., 
 come together, meet ; meet in 
 strife, contend, fight. 
 
CONGREGO 
 
 81 
 
 CONSENTIO 
 
 congrego, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com-, grex], I, a., lit. gather 
 into a flock ; assemble, gather to- 
 gether, collect ; associate, unite. 
 
 congruo, -gruere, -grui, , 3, 
 
 n., agree, coincide ; harmonise, 
 correspond, accord. 
 
 conicio, -icere, -ieei, -ieetum, 
 [com- -f- iacio], 3, a., cast to- 
 gether, unite ; drive, throw, cast, 
 hurl, direct, aim ; urge, force ; 
 place, put ; conjecture, guess ; 
 forecast, foretell. 
 
 coniectura, -ae, [conicio], f., con- 
 jecture, inference, guess. 
 
 coniugium, -I, [coniungo], n., 
 marriage, wedlock. 
 
 coniunctio, -onis, [coniungo], f., 
 union, agreement ; intimacy, close 
 friendship. 
 
 coniunctus, -a, -um, comp. con- 
 iunctior, sup. coniunctissimus, 
 [part, of coniungo], adj., united, 
 allied, connected ; intimate, ac- 
 cordant. 
 
 coniungo, -ere, coniunxi, con- 
 iunctum, [com- + iungo] , 3, a., 
 unite, connect, join ; associate, com- 
 bine in, zvage in common. 
 
 coniunx, -ugis, [cf. coniungo], 
 m. and f., married person, coitsort, 
 spouse, whether husband or wife. 
 
 coiiiurati, -orum, [coniuratus, 
 from coniuro], m., pi., conspira- 
 tors. 
 
 conitiratio, -onis, [coniuro], f., 
 association under oath, conspiracy, 
 confederacy. 
 
 coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 -f-iuro, swear], 1, n. and a., swear 
 together ; plot together, form a 
 conspiracy. 
 
 coniveo, -ere, conivl or conixi, 
 
 , [com- -f niveo], 2, n., shut 
 
 the eyes ; overlook, connive, wink at. 
 
 Conor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 undertake, endeavor, attempt, try ; 
 make an effort, seek, aim. 
 
 conquiescS, -iescere, -ievi, con- 
 quietum, [com- + quiesco], 3, 
 n., rest, repose ; stop, cease ; find 
 rest, be at rest, enjoy peace. 
 
 consanguineus, -a, -um, [com- 
 + sanguineus], adj., related by 
 blood, kindred. As subst., con- 
 sanguineus, -1, m., kinsman, 
 relative. 
 
 consceleratus, -a, -um, [consee- 
 lero], adj., stained with guilt, 
 wicked, criminal, depraved, vil- 
 la nous. 
 
 conscendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensum, [com- + scando], 3, 
 a. and n., ascend, climb, mount ; 
 of a ship, go on board, embark. 
 
 conscientia, -ae, [conseio], f., 
 knowledge shared by others, com- 
 mon knowledge ; of the individ- 
 ual, feeling, sense, cousciottsness, 
 knowledge ; sense of right, con- 
 science ; sense of guilt. 
 
 conscrlptus, -i, [part, of con- 
 scribo], m., one enrolled ; used 
 especially in addressing the 
 Roman Senate in the designa- 
 tion patres conscript!, fathers 
 elect, chosen fathers, for patres 
 et c5n script!, fathers and elect. 
 
 consecro, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 -fsacro], I, a., offer as sacred, 
 dedicate, consecrate ; devote, deify, 
 immortalize. 
 
 consenesco, -nescere, -mil, , 
 
 [com- + senesco, grow old], 3, 
 inch., grow old together, become 
 old, grow gray. 
 
 consensip, -onis, [consentio], f., 
 agreeing together, agreement, unan- 
 imity. 
 
 consensus, -us, [consentio], m., 
 agreement, unanimity, concord. 
 
 consentio, -ire, consensi, consen- 
 sum, [com-+ sentio], 4, n., agree 
 together, agree, be in accord ; de- 
 termine in common, resolve to- 
 gether, decree ; conspire, plot. 
 
CONSEQUOR 
 
 32 
 
 CONSUL 
 
 consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 [com- + sequor], 3, dep., folloiv 
 after, follow up, press upon, pur- 
 sue ; overtake, reach ; arrive at, 
 get, attain, secure ; copy after, 
 imitate, adopt ; re stilt, ensue. 
 
 conservator, -oris, [conservo], 
 m., preserver, defender. 
 
 conservo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 + servo], 1, a., preserve, keep 
 safe, keep, maintain, save; keep 
 intact, observe, guard. 
 
 cSnsessus, -us, [consido], m., as- 
 sembly, convention. 
 
 considerate [conslderatus, from 
 considers], adv., considerately, 
 th ongh tfu II y . 
 
 considers, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 a., look at closely, examine ; re- 
 flect upon, consider, C07itemplate. 
 
 consido, -sidere, -sedi, sessum, 
 [com- + sido], 3, n., sit down, seat 
 one's self, be seated, sit ; settle, 
 sink down. 
 
 consilium, -1, [cf. consulo], n., 
 body of counsellors, deliberative 
 body, council; deliberation, con- 
 sultation; plan, design, measure, 
 purpose, determination, resolu- 
 tion ; advice, counsel ; understand- 
 ing, judgmetit, prudence. 
 
 consists, -ere, constiti, , 
 
 [com- + sisto, place], 3, n., stand 
 still, stop ; stay, remain ; stand, 
 be fir7ii ; exist, stand forth ; con- 
 sist of, consist in, depend on. 
 
 cSnsociS, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 + socio], 1, a., associate, ally one's 
 self, join, unite ; agree upon. 
 
 cSnsSlatiS, -onis, [consolor], f., 
 comforting, comfort, consolation. 
 
 cSnsolor, -ari, -atus sum, [com- 
 + solor, comfort], 1, dep., en- 
 courage, comfort, cheer, console. 
 
 cSnspectus, -us, [conspicio], m., 
 sight, look, view ; presence. 
 
 conspiciS, -spicere, -spexi, con- 
 spectum, [com- + specio], 3, a. 
 
 and n., observe, see, catch sight of, 
 perceive, gaze upon ; face towards ; 
 pass., be conspicuous, be distin- 
 guished. 
 
 cSnspiratio, -onis, [conspiro], f., 
 unanimity, har?nony, agreement ; 
 plot, conspiracy. 
 
 cSnstanter [constans], adv., with 
 firmness, firmly, resolutely ; with 
 consistency, consistently, evenly. 
 
 constantia, -ae, [constans], f., 
 firmness, steadiness, steadfastness ; 
 consistency, harmony; constancy, 
 self possession. 
 
 constituS, -ere, constitui, con- 
 stitutum, [com- + statuo], 3, a., 
 put, place, set, set tip ; draw up, 
 station, cause to halt; establish, 
 constitute, prepare, cotistruct, erect, 
 found ; designate, appoint ; set in 
 order, regulate, administer; ar- 
 range, decide, determine, decree, 
 resolve. 
 
 cSnstS, -are, constiti, constatum, 
 [com- + sto], 1, n., be consistent, 
 agree, be correct; be established, 
 be settled, remain firm, stand 
 firm ; be certain, be known, be 
 clear; consist of; be depende?it, 
 depend. Impers., constat, con- 
 stare, it is clear, it is agreed? it is 
 proved. 
 
 constringS, -ere, constrinxi, con- 
 strictum, [com- + stringo] , 3, 
 a., bind, fetter ; curb, restrain, 
 hold firmly. 
 
 cSnsuetudS, -inis, [eonsuetus], 
 {., custom, habit, usage, practice ; 
 i?itif?iacy, companionship, close 
 friendship. 
 
 cSnsul, -ulis, [cf. consulo], m., 
 consul, title of the two chief 
 magistrates of Rome, who were 
 chosen annually. consul de- 
 signatus, consul elect, one who 
 has been elected consul, but has 
 not yet entered upon the dis- 
 charge of official duties. pro 
 
CONSULARIS 
 
 33 
 
 CONTRA 
 
 consule, pi. pro consulibus, 
 used as an indecl. noun, deputy 
 consul, proconsul. 
 
 consularis, -e, [consul], adj., of 
 a consul, consular ; of consular 
 rank, who has been consul. As 
 subst., consularis, -is, m., ex- 
 consul, man of consular rank. 
 
 cSnsulatus, -us, [consul], m., 
 office of consul, consulship, con- 
 sulate. 
 
 consulo, -ere, consulul, consul- 
 turn, 3, n. and a., deliberate, take 
 counsel ; decide, resolve ; with 
 ace, consult, refer to, ask advice 
 of, counsel with ; with dat., con- 
 sult for, look out for the interests 
 of, take thought for. 
 
 consults [consultum], adv., on 
 purpose, designedly, intentionally. 
 
 cSnsultum, -i, [eonsultus, from 
 consulo], n., deliberation ; decree, 
 resolution, decision. 
 
 ConsumS, -ere, consumpsi, con- 
 sumptum, [com- + sumo], 3, 
 a., use up, devour ; destroy, con- 
 sume ; waste, exhaust, weaken, 
 waste away, wear away ; of time 
 or divisions of time, spend, pass, 
 consume. 
 
 contaminS, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, 
 a., mingle, blend; pollute, stain, 
 defile. 
 
 contegS, -tegere, -texl, -tectum, 
 [com-+tego], 3, a., cover up, 
 cover ; bury ; cSnceal, hide. 
 
 contemnS, -ere, contempsi, con- 
 temptum, [com- + temno], 3, a., 
 esteem lightly, despise, disdain, 
 contemn; disparage, speak of with 
 coijtempt ; disregard, defy. 
 
 contends, -ere, contendl, con- 
 tentum, [com- + tendo], 3, a. 
 and 11., stretch tight, strain ; aim, 
 hurl ; press, hasten ; contend, vie, 
 strive, fight ; dispute; compare, 
 contrast ; maintain, assert, affirm, 
 protest. 
 
 contentio, -onis, [contends], f., 
 
 straining, strain, struggle, effort, 
 exertion ; strife, contention, con- 
 test ; dispicte, controversy ; com- 
 parison, contrast. 
 
 contentus, -a, -urn, [contineo], 
 adj., satisfied, pleased, happy, con- 
 tented, content. 
 
 conticescS, -ere, contieui, , 
 
 [com- + taceo], 3, inch., become 
 silent, be still, cease speaking ; be 
 hushed, cease, stop. 
 
 continens, -entis, [contineo], 
 adj., bordering, adjacent ; con- 
 nected, consecutive, continual ; of 
 character, self-restrained, of self- 
 control, temperate. 
 
 continentia, -ae, [continens], f., 
 restraint, self-restraint, selfcoii- 
 trol ; self-mastery, temperance. 
 
 contineo, -ere, continui, conten- 
 tum, [com- + teneo], 2, a. and 
 n., hold together, enclose, bound, 
 comprise, contain; shut in, re- 
 strain, repress, hold, check, curb ; 
 include, comprehend, involve. 
 
 contingS, -tingere, -tigi, -factum, 
 [com- -f tango], 3, a. and n., 
 touch, take hold of; extend to, 
 reach to ; affect ; reach, arrive at, 
 come to ; happen, turn out, come 
 to pass, occur. 
 
 continuus, -a, -um, [cf. conti- 
 neo], adj., continuous, unbroken, 
 without interruption. 
 
 cSntiS, -onis, [for conventio, 
 from convenio], f., gathering, 
 assembly, convocation ; address, 
 discourse, harangue. 
 
 cSntionator, -oris, [eontionor, 
 harangue'], m., haranguer, agita- 
 tor, demagogue. 
 
 contra, adv. and prep. : 
 
 (1) As adv., opposite, in front 
 of : face to face, in opposition, on 
 the other side; on the contrary; 
 in answer, in reply. contra 
 atque, contra ac, otherwise than, 
 
CONTRAHO 
 
 34 
 
 CORNELIUS 
 
 different fro?n what, contrary 
 to. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace. only, 
 against, before, opposite to, facing, 
 over against, contrary to ; in re- 
 ply to ; in hostility to, to the dis- 
 advantage of, in spite of. quod 
 contra, whereas on the contrary, 
 while on the contrary. 
 
 contraho, -ere, contraxi, contrac- 
 tual, [com- -f traho], 3, a., draw 
 together, collect, assemble ; draw 
 in, contract, shorten, diminish, 
 lessen ; accojjiplish, bring about, 
 execute ; of a debt, contract. 
 
 contrarius, -a, -um, [contra], 
 adj., opposite, lying over against ; 
 contrary, opposed, conflicting. 
 
 contrSversia, -ae, [controver- 
 sy], f., quarrel, dispute, contro- 
 versy, contention. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, [com-, cf. 
 tumeo], f., reproach, insult, in- 
 vective, abuse. 
 
 COnvalesco, -ere, convalui, , 
 
 [com- -f- valeo], 3, inch., grow 
 strong, gain strength ; recover, 
 regain health. 
 
 COnvenio, -ire, convenl, eonven- 
 tum, [com- + venio] , 4, n. and a., 
 come together, meet together, meet, 
 assemble ; be agreed upon, be set- 
 tled ; be fit, be suitable to, be appro- 
 priate to. Impers. convenit, 
 -ire, convenit, it is agreed, it is 
 settled, it is fit, it is suitable, it is 
 appropriate, it is consistent. 
 
 conventus, -us, [convenio], m., 
 assembly, meeting, throng ; cor- 
 poration ; court. 
 
 converto, -ere, convert!, con- 
 versum, [com- + verto], 3, a. 
 and n., turn around, turn about, 
 reverse, invert, throw back ; turn, 
 direct ; change, alter, transform ; 
 undergo change, be changed. 
 
 convicium, -1, [com-, cf. vox], n., 
 outcry, cry, utterance; din, noise ; 
 
 wrangling, altercation, reproach, 
 insult, abuse. . 
 
 convinco, -ere, convlei, convic- 
 tum, [com- + vineo], 3, a., over- 
 come, convict, refute; prove be- 
 yond question, show clearly. 
 
 convivium, -I, [com- -f vivo], n., 
 banquet, feasting together, social 
 meal, feast. 
 
 convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [com- 
 + voco], 1, a., call together, sum- 
 mon together, convoke, summon. 
 
 copia, -ae, [co-opia, from com- 
 + ops], f., abundance, ample sup- 
 ply, plenty ; multitude, number, 
 throng ; fulness, copiousness ; 
 ability, power, facility, fluency ; 
 mostly in pi., wealth, resource's, 
 riches, prosperity ; forces, troops. 
 
 c5pi5sus, -a, -um, [copia], adj., 
 well supplied, rich, abounding in ; 
 copious, eloquent. 
 
 coquus, -i, [coquo], m., cook. 
 
 coram [com-, cf. os], adv. and 
 prep., before : 
 
 (1) As adv., before the eyes, 
 face to face ; present, in person. 
 
 (2) As prep., with abl. only, 
 before, in the face of, in the pres- 
 ence of. 
 
 Corcyra, -ae, [KepKvpa], f., Cor- 
 cyra, an island in the Adriatic 
 Sea, off Epirus ; now Corfu. 
 
 Corduba, -ae, [Kop5u/8r?], f., Cor- 
 duba, a city on the Baetis river, 
 in the southern part of Spain ; 
 now Cordova. 
 
 Corinthus, -i, [Kopivdos], f., Cor- 
 inth, a city on the Isthmus of 
 Corinth. The name survives in 
 the village Cor into, which 
 stands near the ancient site. 
 
 Cornelius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens which included a number 
 of prominent families, both pa- 
 trician and plebeian. The Cor- 
 nelii mentioned in this book are 
 described under their family 
 
CORPUS 
 
 35 
 
 CREDO 
 
 names; see Balbus, Cethegus, 
 Cinna, Dolabella, Lentulus, 
 Sclpio, Sulla. 
 
 corpus, -oris, n., body ; living 
 body, flesh- ; dead body, trunk, 
 corpse ; substance, reality ; per- 
 son, individual ; frame, structure, 
 system, mass. 
 
 corrigo, -rigere, -rexl, -rectum, 
 [com- -f- rego], 3, a., straighten 
 out, make straight; amend, cor- 
 rect, change for the better ; im- 
 prove, reform, make good. 
 
 corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [com- -f- roboro, from robur], 1, 
 a., strengthen, encourage ; fortify, 
 confirm . 
 
 corrumpo, -ere, corrupi, cor- 
 ruptum, [com- + rumpo], 3, a., 
 destroy, spoil, ruin, waste ; bribe, 
 corrupt, buy over ; falsify, per- 
 vert, tamper with. 
 
 corruo, -ere, corrul, , [eom- 
 
 -f ruo], 3, n. and a., fall together, 
 fall down, sink down. 
 
 corruptela, -ae, [corruptus], f., 
 seduction, corruption . 
 
 corruptor, -oris, [corruptus], m., 
 seducer, corruptor, briber. 
 
 corruptus, -a, -um, [part, of cor- 
 rumpo], adj., spoiled; bad, profli- 
 gate, corrupt. As subst, quis 
 corruptus, 7vhat reprobate, what 
 profligate. 
 
 cotIdianus,-a,-um,[cotidie],adj., 
 of every day, of each day, daily. 
 
 cotidie [quot +- dies] , adv., every 
 day, daily. 
 
 Cotta, -ae, m., in this book L. 
 Aurelius Cotta, praetor B. C. 70 
 and consul, with L. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus, B.C. 65. After the Cati- 
 linarian conspiracy was crushed 
 Cotta proposed a public thanks- 
 giving for Cicero, whose firm 
 friend he remained in the troubled 
 times that followed. Cat. III. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 eras, adv., to-morrow. 
 
 Crassus, -I, m., name of a promi- 
 nent family in the Licinian gens. 
 Three of the family are men- 
 tioned in this book : 
 
 ( 1 ) L. Licinius Crassus, born 
 140 b. c, consul B. c. 95. He 
 was the most distinguished ora- 
 tor of his time. He died B. c. 91 . 
 Arch. hi. 
 
 (2) P. Licinius Crassus Dives, 
 who was consul B. c. 97. After- 
 wards for several years he com- 
 manded in Spain, and was 
 awarded a triumph in b. c. 93. 
 He was censor with L. Julius 
 Caesar in 89 b. c. Being a par- 
 tisan of the aristocracy, he killed 
 himself to escape proscription 
 when Cinna and Marius gained 
 possession of Rome. Arch. v. 
 
 (3) M. Licinius Crassus Dives, 
 born about 105 b. c He had an 
 inordinate desire for wealth, and 
 amassed a large fortune. He 
 conquered Spartacus in the 
 Servile War, B. c. 71, and was 
 consul with Pompey in the fol- 
 lowing year. He united with 
 Pompey and Caesar in the first 
 triumvirate. He set out upon 
 an expedition against the Par- 
 thians, in which he was defeated 
 with great loss and slain, b. c. 53. 
 Cf. N. to p. 180, 1. 13. 
 
 creber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick, 
 close, frequent, numerous ; crowd- 
 ed, abundant, abounding. 
 
 crebro, comp. crebrius, sup. ere- 
 berrime, [creber], adv., in quick 
 succession, frequently, repeatedly, 
 often. 
 
 credibilis, -e, [credo], adj., to be 
 believed, worthy of belief, likely, 
 credible. 
 
 credo, credere, credidi, eredi- 
 tum, 3, a. and n., lend ; intrust, 
 commit, consign; trust, confide in, 
 
CRESCO 
 
 36 
 
 CUMULO 
 
 believe in ; believe, think, suppose, 
 imagine ; often used parentheti- 
 cally, = / dare say, likely enough, 
 perhaps, of course. mini crede, 
 believe me, upon my word. 
 
 c'resco, erescere, erevi, cretum, 
 3, inch., spring lip ; grow, in- 
 crease, swell, enlarge ; grozu 
 strong, be strengthened. 
 
 Cretensis, -e, [Creta], adj., of 
 Crete, Cretan. As subst, Cre- 
 tenses, -ium, m., pi., the inhabi- 
 tants of Crete, the Cretans. 
 
 crlminor, -ari, -atus sum, [cri- 
 men], i, dep., accuse of crime ; 
 charge with, denounce, charge. 
 
 cruciatus, -us, [crueio, torture'], 
 m., torture, torment ; anguish, 
 agony. 
 
 crudelis, -e, [crudus, unfeeling}, 
 adj., unfeeling, cruel, merciless, 
 hard-hearted ; of things, pitiless, 
 harsh, bitter. 
 
 crudelitas, -atis, [crudelis], f., 
 harshness, cruelty, severity. 
 
 crudeliter, comp. erudeiius, sup. 
 crudelis sime, [crudelis], adv., 
 harshly, ci'uelly, with cruelty. 
 
 cruentus, -a, -um, [cf. cruor], 
 adj., blood-stained, bloody, smeared 
 with blood, gory ; delighting in 
 blood, bloodthirsty. 
 
 cruor, -oris, m., blood, stream of 
 blood, gore ; bloodshed, micrder. 
 
 cubile, -is, [cf. cubo, lie down], n., 
 couch,- bed. 
 
 cuicuimodi [for cuiuscuius 
 modi, gen. of quisquis -f- 
 modus], adv., of whatever kind, 
 of whatsoever sort. 
 
 culina, -ae, f., kitchen. 
 
 culpa, -ae, f., fault, error, ground 
 of reproach, blame ; crime, offence, 
 reproach. 
 
 cultura, -ae, [colo], f., tillage, cul- 
 tivation, care ; training, educa- 
 tion, culture ; refinement, style ; 
 reverence, adoration. 
 
 cum, prep, with ablative only, 
 with ; of association, with, along 
 with, in the company of, together 
 with ; of comparison, with, as 
 over against, compared with ; of 
 time, at, at the time of, together 
 with, at the same time with ; of 
 manner and circumstance, with, 
 under, amid, to, at. With the 
 personal pronouns and with qui 
 cum is enclitic ; as, mecum, no- 
 biscum, quocum. 
 
 In composition the earlier form 
 com- is used, which remains un- 
 changed before b, p, m, but is 
 changed to col- or con- before 1, 
 cor- or con- before r, con- before 
 other consonants, and co- before 
 vowels and h. 
 
 cum, conj., when ; of definite 
 time, at the time when, when, 
 while, as long as, after ; of in- 
 definite time or repeated action, 
 whenever, as often as, at times 
 when ; of relative time, descrip- 
 tive or circumstantial, when, 
 while, after, on the occasion that, 
 lender the cirewnstances that, at 
 the moment when; of cause or 
 concession, with subj., since, in- 
 asmuch as, although, notwith- 
 standing, turn — cum, then 
 — -when or while. cum — 
 turn, both — and, not only — but 
 also, while — especially. cum 
 primum, as soon as. cum prae- 
 sertim, especially since. cum 
 quippe, since of course. 
 
 Cumanus, -a, -um, [Cumae], adj., 
 Cumaean, of Cumae, an ancient 
 city on the coast of Campania, 
 west of Naples. As subst, 
 Cumanum, -I, (properly sc. 
 praedium), n., estate near Cumae, 
 Cumaean estate, where Cicero 
 had a villa. Ep. xii. 
 
 cumulo, -are, avi, -atum, [cumu- 
 lus], i, a., heap up; pile tip; 
 
CUMULUS 
 
 37 
 
 CURRO 
 
 increase, augment, accumulate ; 
 overload, overwhelm, crown. 
 
 cumulus, -I, m., heap, pile, mass ; 
 increase, accession, addition. 
 
 cunctus, -a, -vim, [for co-iunc- 
 tus, com- + iunctus], adj., all 
 together, all, whole, entire. 
 
 cupiditas, -atis, [cupidus], f., 
 desire, eagerness, passion ; greed, 
 coz>etousness, cupidity, lust. 
 
 cupidus, -a, -um, [eupio], adj , 
 eagerly desirous, desirous, eager; 
 fond, loving ; passionate, lustful ; 
 greedy, avaricious. 
 
 cupid, cupere, cupivl or -ii, cupi- 
 tum, 3, a., long for, wish, desire ; 
 be well disposed, wish well, favor; 
 be devoted to, be zealous for. 
 
 cur., see curulis. 
 
 cur [older quor, from early dat. 
 quoi + rel], adv., why ? for what 
 purpose ? wherefore ? for what 
 reason ? rel., why, wherefore. 
 
 cura, -ae, f., care, attention, pains ; 
 pursuit, business, office; arising 
 from love, love, affection ; arising 
 from mental disturbances, anx- 
 iety, solicitude, concern, trouble, 
 sorrow, grief. 
 
 curia, -ae, f., curia, association, 
 one of the ten divisions into 
 which each of the three primi- 
 tive Roman tribes were divided ; 
 by metonymy, Senate-house, the 
 place where the Roman Senate 
 sat ; the Senate. In Cicero's 
 time there were at Rome two 
 Senate-houses : 
 
 ( I ) . The Senate-house proper, 
 known as the Curia Hostilia, 
 named from Tubus Hostilius, 
 situated north of the Forum. 
 See Map, p. 76. It was enlarged, 
 destroyed by fire in 52 B, c., re- 
 built by Faustus Sulla, son of 
 the Dictator, and called Curia 
 Cornelia-, but Sulla's structure 
 was soon afterwards torn down 
 
 by Julius Caesar. Caesar com 
 menced a new Senate - house 
 which was finished in magnificenl 
 style after his death by Augustus 
 and called Curia Iulia. 
 
 (2) The Senate-house of Pom 
 fey, Pompey' s Senate ■ house, 
 Curia Pompeia, in the same 
 edifice with the Portico erected 
 by Pompey in the Campus Mar- 
 tius. Here Ceasar was assas- 
 sinated ; after that the Senate- 
 house of Pompey was closed. 
 Curio, -onis, [curio, priest of a 
 curia], m., name of a family in the 
 Scribonian gens. Two of the name 
 are mentioned in this book : 
 
 (1) C. Scribonius Curio, who 
 was consul B. c. 76, and cele- 
 brated a triumph over the Dar- 
 danians in 71 B.C. He was an 
 intimate friend of Cicero, whom 
 he supported in the defence of 
 the Manilian bill and in the exe- 
 cution of the Catilinarian con- 
 spirators. He died b. c. 53. 
 Ep. xiv. 
 
 (2) C. Scribonius Curio, son of 
 the former, a man of fine talents, 
 but of profligate habits, which 
 Cicero tried in vain to reform. 
 He rendered important services 
 to Caesar in the Civil War, and 
 was killed in Africa B. C. 49. 
 Ep. xiv. 
 
 curiosus, -a, -um, [cura], adj., 
 painstaking, careful, thoughtful j 
 attentive ; inquisitive, curious. 
 
 cur5, -are, -avi, -atum, [cura], I, 
 a., care for, look after, see to, at- 
 tend to ; preside over, govern ; 
 pay, settle. 
 
 curriculum, -I, [dim. of currus], 
 n., small chariot ; race, race- 
 course ; course, career. 
 
 curro, currere, cucurri, cur sum, 
 3, n., run, hasten ; of motion 
 over water or through the air, 
 
CURRUS 
 
 38 
 
 DECET 
 
 move quickly, sail, fly ; of water, 
 run, flow, roll, spread. 
 
 currus, -us, [cf. curro], m., chariot, 
 car, wagon ; triumphal chariot. 
 
 cursus, -us, [curro], m., a run- 
 ning; course, passage, way, march, 
 journey, voyage ; speed, race ; 
 career, progress. 
 
 curulis, -e, abbreviated cur., 
 [currus], adj., of a cha?'iot ; 
 curule. sella curulis, curule 
 
 chair, official chair, in which 
 consuls, praetors, and curule 
 aediles were permitted to sit 
 when discharging their official 
 duties. See p. 254. 
 
 Custidius, -I, m., L. Custidius, a 
 fellow-townsman and friend of 
 Cicero's. Ep. xvii. 
 
 custodia, -ae, [custos], f., a 
 guarding ; guard, watch, care, 
 protection ; confinement, custody ; 
 guard-house, prison. 
 
 custSdio, ire, -Ivi, -itum, [cus- 
 tos], 4, a., guard, watch, protect, 
 keep ; hold back, restrain ; keep 
 in custody, hold captive. 
 
 custos, -odis, m. and f., guard, 
 watch, keeper, overseer; guard- 
 ian, protector. 
 
 Cyrea,orum, [=Kyp6ia],adj.,n.,pl., 
 of Cyrus, in the province of Cyrus, 
 designed by the architect Cyrus, 
 employed by Cicero. Ep. xii. 
 
 Cyziceni, -orum, m., inhabitants 
 of Cyzicus. 
 
 Cyzicus, or Cyzicum, -i, [Kv(i- 
 kos], n., Cyzicus, Cyzicum, an im- 
 portant city of Asia Minor on 
 the south shore of the Propontis. 
 
 D. 
 
 D, as a sign of number, = 500. 
 D., see Decimus. 
 
 damnatio, -onis, [damno],f.,««- 
 viction, condemnation. 
 
 damno, -are, -avi, -atum, [dam- 
 num], 1, a., lit. inflict loss upon ; 
 find guilty, convict, condemn. 
 
 de, prep, with abl., denoting sepa- 
 ration, from ; of place and mo- 
 tion, from, away from, out of ; of 
 time, away from, after, during, 
 in the course of, in ; of source, 
 of, from, out of, proceeding from, 
 sprung from ; of the whole, par- 
 titively, of, out of , from among; 
 of material, made of, out of, from ; 
 of cause, on account of, for, 
 through, by ; of relation, con- 
 cerning, about, in respect to, of, 
 hi the matter of. de impro- 
 viso, unexpectedly. de indus- 
 trial, intentionally. 
 
 dea, -ae, [deus], f., goddess. 
 
 debeo, debere, debui, debitum, 
 [for dehibeo, de + habeo], 2, a., 
 withhold, keep back; owe, be in- 
 debted, be in debt to, be wider ob- 
 ligations ; ought, must, should. 
 
 debilis, -e, [de -f- habilis, easily 
 handled], adj., weak, frail, feeble ; 
 crippled, disabled, helpless. 
 
 debilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 
 bilis], 1, a., make weak, weaken, 
 cripple, disable ; dishearten, crush. 
 
 debitus, -a, -um, [part, of debeo], 
 adj., due, appropriate, fitting, be- 
 coming, meet ; doomed, fated. 
 
 decedo, -ere, decessi, decessum, 
 [de 4- cedo], 3, n., go away, with- 
 draw, depart ; retreat, retire, leave. 
 
 December, -bris, -bre, [decern], 
 adj., of the tenth; of the tenth 
 month, of December, so named 
 because the tenth month count- 
 ing from March, which was rec- 
 koned by the early Romans the 
 beginning of the year. 
 
 decet, decere, decuit, 2, impers., 
 n and a., be becoming, be meet, be 
 fitting, be proper ; with ace. as 
 obj., befit, be seemly for, be becom- 
 ing to, be appropriate to. 
 
DECERNO 
 
 •39 
 
 DEFIGO 
 
 decerno, -ere, decrevi, decre- 
 tum, [de-fcerno], 3, a. and n., 
 decide, determine, resolve, vote, 
 decree ; decide by combat, fight, 
 contend. 
 
 decerpo, -ere, decerpsi, decerp- 
 tum, [de + carpo], 3, a., pluck 
 off, break off, pluck, gather ; take 
 away, tear away. 
 
 decido, -ere, decidi, , [de + 
 
 cado], 3, n.,fall down, fall away ; 
 fall, perish. 
 
 decimus, -a, -um, [decern], adj., 
 tenth. 
 
 Decimus, -1, abbreviated D., [de- 
 cimus], m., Decimus, a common 
 Roman forename. 
 
 declaro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 claro], 1, a., make clear, disclose ; 
 show, prove ; declare, proclaim, 
 announce. 
 
 declinatio, -onis, [declino], f., a 
 bending aside, movement to one 
 side ; slight deviation, avoidance. 
 
 decoctor, -oris, [decoquo, boil 
 away, ruin one's self], m., spend- 
 thrift, prodigal, bankrupt. 
 
 decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 
 cus], 1, a.., adorn, embellish, beau- 
 tify ; honor, distinguish. 
 
 decretum, -i, [decerno], n., de- 
 cree, decision, resolution, vote. 
 
 decuma, -ae, [i. e. decima pars], 
 f., tenth part ; tithe, land-tax. 
 
 decumanus, -a, -um, [decimus], 
 adj . , of the tenth part, of tithes. 
 As subst, decumanus, -1, m., 
 tithe-gatherer, tax-farmer, tax- 
 collector. 
 
 dedecus, -oris, [de + decus], n., 
 disgrace, shame, infamy, dishonor ; 
 cause of shame, reproach. 
 
 dedico, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 dico], 1, a., dedicate, cotisecrate, 
 set apart as sacred. 
 
 deditiS, -onis, [dedo], f., giving 
 up, surrendering ; surrender, 
 capitulation. 
 
 deditus, -a, -um, [part, of dedol, 
 adj., given tip, devoted to, addicted 
 to. 
 
 dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [de + 
 do], 3, a., give up, surrender, 
 yield, deliver up ; devote, consign, 
 submit, abandon. 
 
 deduco, -ducere, -diixi, -ductum, 
 [de + duco], 3, a., lead down, 
 bring down, draw out ; draw off, 
 take off, remove ; bring out, with- 
 draw, lead off or away ; derive, 
 deduce ; of colonists, lead forth, 
 conduct ; of a ship, draw out 
 from the dock, draw down, 
 launch. 
 
 defatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 fatigo, tire], 1, a., tire out, ex- 
 haust; wear out, make weary. 
 
 defendo, -ere, defend!, defen- 
 sum, [de + obsolete fendo], 3, 
 a., ward off, repel, keep off ; de- 
 fend, guard, protect ; maintain in 
 defence, allege. 
 
 defensio, -onis, [defendo], f., de- 
 fence. 
 
 defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [de + 
 fero], irr., a., bear away, bring 
 down ; carry off, bear, carry ; 
 grant, allot, give ; take, transfer, 
 deliver ; report, give account of, 
 announce, state ; bring before, 
 lay before, refer to ; enter for 
 registration, register, return. 
 
 defessus, -a, -um, [part, of de- 
 fetiscor, become weary], adj., 
 tired out, weary, worn out, ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 [de + facio], 3, n. and a., with- 
 draw, fall off, revolt ; fail, cease, 
 be wanting, run out ; faint, sink, 
 become exhausted ; forsake, aban- 
 don, desert, leave. 
 
 deflgo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum, [de 
 + figo], 3, a., fasten, fix ; drive, 
 thrust; set up, plant; direct, 
 turn. 
 
DEFINIO 
 
 40 
 
 DENIQUE 
 
 definio, -ire, -lyi, -Itum, [de + 
 fini5], 4, a, bound, limit; fix, 
 determine, establish. 
 
 deflagro, -are, -avl, -atum, [de -f 
 flagro], 1, n. and a., burn down, 
 be destroyed by fire, be consumed 
 by fire. 
 
 deicio, icere, ieci, -iectum, [de 
 -f iacio], 3, a., throw down, hurl 
 down ; strike down, kill, slay, 
 destroy ; turn aside, avert ; de- 
 prive of, rob ; of the eyes or 
 face, cast down. 
 
 deinceps [dein, for deinde, 4- 
 capio], adv., one after another, 
 in order ; next, next in order. 
 
 deinde [de -f- inde], adv., from 
 that time, thereafter, thence ; 
 afterwards, then, next ; besides, 
 still. 
 
 delabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [de 
 + labor], 3, dep., glide down, 
 slip down, descend ; come down, 
 sink, fall. 
 
 delectatio, -onis, [delecto], f., 
 delight, pleasure, gratification, en- 
 joyment. 
 
 delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq., 
 de, root lac in obsolete lacio, 
 entice'], 1, a., delight, please, 
 charm, entertain. 
 
 delectus, -a, -um, [part, of de- 
 ligo], adj., chosen, elect, choice, 
 select, picked. 
 
 d§le5, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2, a., 
 erase, efface, obliterate ; blot out, 
 destroy utterly, overthrow, extin- 
 guish. 
 
 deliberatio, -onis, [delibero], 
 f . , deliberation, consideration ; 
 ground of deliberation. 
 
 delibero, -are, -avl, -atum, [de + 
 libro, from libra, balance], 1, a. 
 and n., weigh well, consider, de- 
 liberate, take counsel ; consult ; 
 resolve. 
 
 delicate [delicatus], adv., deli- 
 cately, luxuriously. 
 
 delicatus, -a, -um, [cf. deliciae], 
 adj., delightful, charming; given 
 to pleasure, voluptuous, effeminate. 
 
 deliciae, -arum, [delecto], f, 
 pleasure, delight, charm ; luxury. 
 
 delictum, -1, [delinquo], n., fault, 
 misdoing, offence ; crime, wrong. 
 
 deligd, -ligere, -legi, leetum, [de 
 + lego], 3, a., choose, select, pick 
 out, designate. 
 
 Delos, -I, [Af}Aos], f., Delos, one 
 of the Cyclades; see Map. 
 
 delubrum, 1, [de, luo, cleanse], 
 n., lit place of cleansing or expia- 
 tion ; shrine, sanctuary, temple. 
 
 demens, -entis, [de -f mens], adj., 
 out of one's mind, distracted, mad, 
 insane ; foolish, rash, blind. 
 
 dementer [demens], adv., reck- 
 lessly, foolishly, blindly. 
 
 dementia, -ae, [demens], f., in- 
 sanity, madness, folly 
 
 demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 migro], 1, n, migrate, remove ; 
 go off, go away, depart. 
 
 deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum, [de 
 -f- minuo], 3, a., make smaller, 
 diminish ; take away, reduce, im- 
 pair, curtail 
 
 deminutiS, -onis, [deminuo], f, 
 lessening, diminution, decrease, loss. 
 
 demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [de + monstro], 1, a., point out, 
 show, indicate; prove, establish. 
 
 demoveo, -ere,demovi,demotum, 
 [de + moveo ] , 2 , a , move away, stir 
 from, remove, drive forth from. 
 
 demum [de], adv., at length, at 
 last, then, just, only. turn de- 
 mum, then at length, then indeed, 
 not till then. 
 
 denique, adv., at last, at length, 
 finally ; besides, and thereafter ; 
 in a word, in short, briefly 
 nunc denique, now at length, 
 only now, not till now. turn 
 denique, then at last, not until 
 then, then only. 
 
DENOTO 
 
 41 
 
 DESINO 
 
 denoto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de -f 
 noto], i, a., mark out, point out, 
 specify, designate. 
 
 densus, -a, -um, adj., compact, 
 dense, crowded ; thick, close, full. 
 
 denuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [de 
 -f nuntio], I, a., announce, de- 
 clare, proclaim ; intimate, warn, 
 threaten, denounce ; order. 
 
 depello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum, 
 [de + pello], 3, a., drive out, drive 
 away, expel ; turn aside, ward off, 
 avert, thwart ; dissuade, drive, 
 force. 
 
 dependo, -ere, depend!, depen 
 sum, [de-Hpendo], 3, a and n., 
 pay, render, 
 
 deploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 ploro], 1, 11. and a., weep bitterly, 
 wail, lament ; bewail, deplore ; 
 abandon, give up for lost. 
 
 depono, -ere, deposui, deposi- 
 tum, [de + pono], 3, a., lay 
 down, set down, set, place ; lay 
 aside, put off, put away ; commit, 
 intrust; give up, resign. 
 
 deporto, are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 porto], 1, a., carry dozvu, take 
 away, carry off ; of movement 
 from the provinces to Rome, 
 bring home, bring back, bring 
 away. 
 
 deposed, -poscere, -poposci, , 
 
 [de + posco], 3, a., demand, re- 
 quest earnestly, call for ; request, 
 claim. 
 
 depravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de, 
 pravus], 1, a., distort, pervert , 
 corrupt, seduce, spoil, deprave. 
 
 deprecator, oris, [deprecor], m., 
 avei-ter ; advocate, intercessor. 
 
 deprecor, -ari, -atus sum, [de + 
 preeor], 1, dep., pray to avert, 
 seek to avert by prayer, plead 
 against ; plead for, intercede for. 
 
 deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 
 -hensum, [de -f prehendo], 3, 
 a., lake away ; seize upon, seize, 
 
 catch, capture ; overtake, surprise ; 
 discover, detect, find out ; compre- 
 hend, understand. 
 
 deprimo, -ere, depress!, depres- 
 sum, [de + premo], 3, a., press 
 dozvu ; sink ; overwhelm. 
 
 depromo, promere, -prompsi, 
 -promptum, [de + promo], 3, a., 
 draw out, bring forth, fetch; de- 
 rive, obtain. 
 
 derelinquo, linquere, -liqui, dic- 
 tum, [de -f relinquo] , 3, a.., for- 
 sake entirely, leave altogether, 
 abandon. 
 
 descisco, -ere, descivi, desci 
 turn, [de -f- seisco] , 3, n., with- 
 draw, leave, desert ; be untrue, be 
 unfaithful. 
 
 describo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptum, [de + seribo], 3, a., 
 copy off, transcribe, write off ; 
 draw, describe ; define, fix, assign, 
 designate. 
 
 desero, -serere, -serui, -sertum, 
 [de + sero, join], 3, a., leave, for- 
 sake, desert, abandon ; leave in 
 the lurch ; forfeit. 
 
 desertus, a, -um, [desero], adj., 
 deserted, solitary ; lonely, waste. 
 
 deslderium, -i, [desidero], n., 
 longing for, ardent desire, want, 
 wish ; regret, grief. 
 
 desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. 
 considers], 1, a., long for, desire 
 ardently, want, wish for ; call for, 
 demand, desire, expect ; miss, lack, 
 feel the want of. 
 
 designatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 designo], adj., elect, chosen, ap- 
 plied to public officers elected 
 but not yet installed. 
 
 designo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 signo], 1, a., mark out, point out, 
 designate ; choose, elect. 
 
 desino, -sinere, desii, desitum, 
 [de + sino], 3, a. and n., leave off, 
 cease, quit, desist ; come to an end, 
 stop, close. 
 
DESISTO 
 
 42 
 
 DIFFERO 
 
 desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, 
 [de + sisto], 3, n., leave off, cease, 
 desist from. 
 
 desperatiS, -onis, [despero], f., 
 losing of hope, hopelessness, de- 
 spair. 
 
 desperatus, -a, urn, [part, of 
 despero], adj., beyond hope, des- 
 perate, abandoned. 
 
 despero, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 spero], 1, a. and n., lose all hope 
 of, despair of; be hopeless, give up 
 hope, give up. 
 
 despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
 turn, [de + specio], 3, n. and a., 
 look down upon ; despise, dis- 
 dain. 
 
 destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictum, [de 4 stringo], 3, a., 
 strip off ; of a sword, unsheathe, 
 draw. 
 
 desum, -esse, -fui, [de 4- sum], 
 irr., n., be azvay, be absent ; be 
 wanting, be lacking, be missing, 
 fail ; be neglectful, be not at hand, 
 be at fault ; be inadequate. 
 
 detestor, -arl, -atus sum, [de 4- 
 testor], 1, dep., curse ; call down 
 upon, denounce ; ward off, avert. 
 
 detraho, -ere, detraxi, detrac- 
 turn, [de + traho], 3, a., drazv 
 off, pull down, pull off ; take 
 from, take away ; remove, with- 
 draw, deprive, rob ; disparage. 
 
 detrimentum, -I, [detero, rub 
 away], n., loss, damage, hurt, 
 harm. 
 
 deturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de + 
 turbo], 1, a., thrust down, strike 
 down, expel; dispossess, deprive 
 of. 
 
 deus, -1, m., god, deity, divinity. 
 For declension see A. 40,/; G. 
 29,5; H.51,6. 
 
 devincio, -ire, devinxi, devinc- 
 tum, [de + vineio], 4, a., bind 
 fast, fetter ; attach closely, lay 
 under obligation, oblige. 
 
 devincS, -ere, devici, devictum, 
 [de + vineo], 3, a., conquer com- 
 pletely, subdue ; overpower, super- 
 sede. 
 
 devius, -a, -um, [de 4- via], adj., 
 off the road, out of the way ; re- 
 tired ; inconsistent. 
 
 devoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [de4- 
 voco], 1, a., call away, recall ; 
 call off, draw away from. 
 
 devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -votum, 
 [de 4- voveo], 2, a., vow, offer, 
 devote, consecrate. 
 
 dextera, or dextra, -ae, [properly 
 dextera manus], f., right hand. 
 
 di-, see dis-. 
 
 diciS, -onis, nom. sing, and pi. not 
 used, [dico], f., dominion, rule, 
 sway, authority, jurisdiction. 
 
 dico, dieere, dixi, dictum, 3, a. 
 and n., say, tell, utter, speak ; re- 
 late, declare, affirm, assert, main- 
 tain ; name, call ; appoint, fix 
 upon, settle, fix. 
 
 dictator, -oris, [dicto], m., dicta- 
 tor, a Roman magistrate of un- 
 limited power, at first appointed 
 only in great emergencies. 
 
 dictatura, -ae, [dictator], f., dic- 
 tatorship, office of dictator. 
 
 dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens. 
 of dicto], 1, a., say frequently, 
 keep saying ; declare, maintain, 
 assert ; allege, pretend. 
 
 dictS, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of dico], I, a., say for another, 
 suggest; of dictation to an aman- 
 uensis, dictate. 
 
 dies, -ei, m. and f., f. usually of 
 a period of time, day ; daylight ; 
 set day, appointed time ; time, 
 space of time, interval, period. 
 in dies, day by day. 
 
 differS, -ferre, distull, dilatum, 
 [dis + fero], irr., a. and n., bear 
 apart, disperse ; put off, defer, 
 postpone ; be different from, differ, 
 vary. 
 
DIFFICILIS 
 
 43 
 
 DISCEDO 
 
 difficilis, -e, comp. difficilior, 
 sup. diffieillimus, [dis- + facilis], 
 adj., not easy, hard, difficult ; 
 troublesome, perilous ; hard to 
 manage, obstinate. 
 
 difficultas, -atis, [difficilis], f., 
 trouble, difficulty, embarrassment, 
 distress. 
 
 diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum, [dis- 
 + fido], 3, semi-dep., distrust, 
 lack confidence in, be distrustful 
 of", despair of. 
 
 diffluo, -fluere, -fluxi, , [dis- 
 
 + fluo], 3, n., flow in different 
 directions, flow away ; be dis- 
 solved, become lax, go to ruin. 
 
 dignitas, -atis, [dignus], f., zvorth, 
 desert, merit ; distinction, emi- 
 nence, reputation ; greatness, 
 majesty, dignity ; self-respect, 
 honor. 
 
 dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, de- 
 serving, sziitable ; fit, becoming, 
 proper. 
 
 diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- -f 
 iudico], 1, a. and n., distinguish, 
 discern ; decide, determine, settle, 
 adjust. 
 
 dilabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [di- 
 + labor], 3, dep., fall apart, fall 
 to pieces ; scatter, disperse, go to 
 ruin, perish. 
 
 dilatio, -onis, [di- 4- latio, bear- 
 ing], i., putting off, postponement, 
 adjournment, delay. 
 
 dilectus, -us, [diligo], m., a choos- 
 ing, selection, choice ; especially 
 as a military term, levy, recruit- 
 ing, draft, conscription. 
 
 diligens, -entis, comp. diligen- 
 tior, sup. dlligentissimus, [part, 
 of diligo], adj., painstaking, care- 
 fid, attentive, diligent ; scrupu- 
 lous, faithful, watchful. 
 
 diligenter, comp. diligentius, 
 sup. dlligentissime, [diligens], 
 adv., with painstaking, carefully, 
 diligently, attentively ; faithfully. 
 
 diligentia, -ae, [diligens], f., care- 
 fulness, attentiveness, watchful- 
 ness, diligence, care ; faithfulness. 
 
 diligo, -ere, dilexi, dilectum, [di- 
 -flego], 3, a., select out, single 
 out ; choose above all others, 
 esteem, prize, love, cherish ; be 
 content zvith, appreciate. 
 
 diliicesco, -ere, diluxl, , 
 
 [dilueeo, be clear], 3, inch., grow 
 light, dawn. 
 
 dimicatio, -onis, [dimico], f, 
 combat, fight, struggle ; contest, 
 rivalry. 
 
 dlmic5, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- + 
 mico, flash], 1, n., contend, fight, 
 struggle ; be in conflict, be in peril, 
 be in danger, run risk. 
 
 dimittS, -ere, dimisi, dimissum, 
 [di- + mitto] , 3, a., send in dif- 
 ferent directions, send out, send 
 aivay, send forth ; dismiss, break 
 up ; let go, discharge, release ; 
 forsake, leave, renounce, abandon. 
 
 dinumero, -are, -avi, -atum, [di- 
 -fnumero], r, a., count, number, 
 reckon, compute. 
 
 direptid, -onis, [diripi5], f., a 
 plundering, pillaging. 
 
 direptor, -oris, [diripio], m., plun- 
 derer, pillager, marauder. 
 
 diripio, -ere, diripui, direptum, 
 [dl-+ rapio], 3, a., tear asunder, 
 tear in pieces ; lay waste, pillage, 
 plunder, rob, ravage. 
 
 dis- or di-, inseparable prep., 
 used only as a prefix with other 
 words, adding the force of apart, 
 asunder, in different directions; 
 between, among ; not, tin-; utterly, 
 entirely. dis- is found before 
 c, p, q, s, and t, but becomes 
 dif- before f, and dir- before 
 vowels, di- is found before d, 
 g, 1, m, n, r, and v. 
 
 discedo, -ere, disccssi, disces- 
 sum, [dis- + cedo], 3, n., go 
 apart, withdraw ; go away, de- 
 
DISCESSUS 
 
 44 
 
 DISTRICTUS 
 
 part, leave, retire ; come off, be 
 L left, remain, as the result of a 
 battle or struggle. 
 
 discessus, -us, [discedo], m., a 
 parting, separation ; a going away, 
 departure, removal. 
 
 discipllna, -ae, [for discipullna, 
 from discipulus], f., training, 
 instruction, education ; learning, 
 science, discipline ; study, cul- 
 ture. 
 
 disco, discere, didicl, , 3, a. 
 
 and n., learn, learn to know; 
 become acquainted with ; learn 
 how. 
 
 discribo, -ere, dlseripsi, discrlp- 
 tum, [di--f- scribo], 3, a., assign 
 by parts, apportion, divide off. 
 
 discrimen, -inis, [discerno], n., 
 intervening space, interval ; sep- 
 aration, division ; distinction, dif- 
 ference ; turning point, decisive 
 moment, crisis ; peril, danger, 
 hazard. 
 
 disiunctus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 disiungo], adj., separated, parted, 
 apart ; remote, distant. 
 
 dlspergo, -ere, dispersi, dlsper- 
 sum, [di- + spargo], 3, a., scat- 
 ter, strew here and there, dis- 
 perse. 
 
 dlspersus, -a, -um, [part, of dl- 
 spergo], adj., scattered, dispersed. 
 
 dispertio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [dis- 
 + partio, from pars], 4, a., dis- 
 tribute, divide, apportion. 
 
 dlspicio, -ere, dispexi, dispec- 
 tum, [di- + specio], 3, n. and a., 
 discern, make out, perceive ; re- 
 flect upon, think about, regard, 
 consider. 
 
 displiceS, -ere, -ul, -itum, [dis- 
 + placeo], 2, n., displease. mihi 
 displicet, I dislike. 
 
 disputo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + 
 puto], I, a. and n., investigate, 
 discuss, treat; argue, maintain; 
 dispute, controvert. 
 
 disseminS, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [dis- + semino, sow seed], 1, a., 
 spread abroad, scatter abroad, dis- 
 seminate. 
 
 dissensio, -onis, [dissentio], f., 
 difference of opinion, disagree- 
 ment ; strife, discord. 
 
 dissentio, -Ire, dissensi, dissen- 
 sum, [dis-+ sentio], 4, n., differ 
 in opinion, disagree, dissent. 
 
 dissideo, -ere, dissedi, disses- 
 sum, [dis- + sedeo], 2, n., sit 
 apart, be at variance, disagree ; 
 differ, be unlike. 
 
 dissimilis, -e, [dis-+similis], adj., 
 unlike, different, dissimilar. 
 
 dissim.ilitu.d5, -inis, [dissimilis], 
 f., unlikeness, difference, dissimi- 
 larity. 
 
 dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- 
 -fsimulo], 1, a. and n., keep se- 
 cret, conceal ; dissemble, disguise. 
 
 dissip5, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- + 
 unused supo, throw], 1, a., scat- 
 ter, strew, disperse, spread 
 abroad. 
 
 dissoliitus, -a, -um, [part, of dis- 
 solvo], adj., loose ; negligent, re- 
 miss, careless ; abandoned, disso- 
 lute. 
 
 dissolvo, -ere, dissolvi, dissolti- 
 tum, [dis- + solvo], 3, a., take 
 apart, unloose, separate ; dissolve, 
 destroy ; free from debt. 
 
 distineo, -ere, distinul, disten- 
 tum, [dis- + teneo] , 2, a., hold 
 apart ; keep back, detain, occupy, 
 engage. 
 
 distraho, -ere, distraxi, distrac- 
 tum, [dis- + traho] , 3, a., pidl 
 asunder, pull to pieces ; part, sepa- 
 rate ; divide, distract. 
 
 distribuo, -ere, distribui, distri- 
 bution, [dis- + tribuo], 3, a., 
 apportion, distribute, divide off. 
 
 districtus, -a, -um, [part, of di- 
 stringo], adj., hesitating, waver- 
 ing ; distracted, harassed. 
 
DIU 
 
 45 
 
 DOLOR 
 
 diu, comp. diutius, sup. diutissi- 
 me, [cf. dies], adv., for a long 
 time, a long time, long, too long. 
 quam diu, how long ; as long as. 
 satis diu, long enough. tarn 
 diu, so long. 
 
 dius, -a, -um, [for divus], adj., 
 divine, godlike. As subst, 
 
 dius, -I, m., god, divinity. me 
 dius Fidius, see Fidius. 
 
 diuturnitas, -atis, [diuturnus], 
 f., length of time, long duration, 
 continuance. 
 
 diuturnus, -a, -um, [diu], adj., 
 of long duration, long, lasting, 
 protracted, prolonged. 
 
 divello, -ere, divelli, divulsum 
 or -volsum, [di-+vello], 3, a, 
 rend asunder, tear apart, tear 
 in pieces; separate, remove, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 dlversus, -a, -um, [part, of di- 
 verts], adj., lit. turned di/fereut 
 ways ; opposite, contrary, conflict- 
 ing ; sepa7 r ate, apart, remote, far 
 distant; different, unlike, di- 
 verse. 
 
 dives, -itis, adj., rich, opulent, 
 wealthy ; costly, sumptuous. 
 
 Dives, -itis, [dives], m., a name 
 in the Crassus family ; see 
 Crassus. 
 
 divido, -ere, divisi, divisum, 3, 
 a., divide, part, separate ; divide 
 tip, distribute, apportion, share ; 
 scatter, spread, extend ; separate. 
 
 divinitus [divinus], adv., di- 
 vinely, by inspiration ; marvel- 
 ously, admirably. 
 
 divinus, -a, -um, [divus], adj., of 
 a god, of a divinity, divine ; god- 
 like, superhujnan ; religious, sa- 
 cred ; inspired by divine in- 
 fluence, prophetic. 
 
 divisus, -a, -um, [part, of divido], 
 adj., divided, separated, spread. 
 
 divitiae, -arum, [dives], f., riches, 
 wealth, treasures. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datum, 1, a., 
 
 give, deliver ; grant, present, con- 
 fer, bestow, offer ; afford, furnish; 
 surrender, give up, yield, con- 
 cede ; resign, abandon ; spare, 
 forgive ; place, put, cause, produce, 
 inflict ; excite, awaken ; announce, 
 report. operam dare, to give 
 heed, to make an effort, to take 
 pains, take care. 
 
 doceo, doeere, doeui, doetum, 2, 
 a., teach, instruct, inform, train ; 
 explain, show, set forth, tell. 
 
 doctrina, -ae, [doceo], f., teach- 
 ing, instruction ; learning, science. 
 
 doctus, -a, -um, [part, of doceo], 
 adj., trained, learned, taught,* ex- 
 perienced ; skilled, cultured. 
 
 Dodonaeus, -a, -um, [DSdona], 
 adj., of Dodona, a city in Epirus, 
 famous as the seat of a very an- 
 cient oracle. 
 
 Dolabella, -ae, m., in this book 
 P. Cornelius Dolabella, a profli- 
 gate man, who nevertheless 
 gained the hand of Cicero's 
 daughter Tullia. They were 
 married B. c. 50, and divorced 
 four years later. Dolabella 
 joined the party of Caesar, after 
 whose death he secured the con- 
 sulship by unfair means. He 
 obtained Syria as a province, 
 where he conducted himself with 
 so great injustice and brutality 
 that he was declared a public 
 enemy. To escape capture he 
 ordered a soldier to kill him, 
 B. c. 43. Ep. xxii. 
 
 doleo, dolere, dolui, , 2, n. 
 
 and a., suffer, be in fain ; feel 
 pain, grieve, lament ; feel pained, 
 feel hurt, be sorry ; cause pain, 
 hurt. 
 
 dolor, -oris, [doleo], m., pain, suf- 
 fering, pang ; grief, sorrow, afflic- 
 tion, trouble, woe, anguish ; an- 
 ger, resentment. 
 
DOMESTICUS 
 
 46 
 
 DUX 
 
 domesticus, -a, -um, [domus], 
 adj., of the house; domestic, pri- 
 vate, personal ; as opposed to 
 that which is foreign, internal, 
 intestine, civil. 
 
 domicilium, -I, [domus], n., habi- 
 tation, dwelling, abode ; dwelling- 
 place, home. 
 
 domina, -ae, [dominus], f., mis- 
 tress, lady ; she that rules, ruler. 
 
 dominatio, -onis, [dominor, from 
 dominus], f., mastery, rule, do- 
 minion, sitpremacy. 
 
 dominus, -I, m., master, lord, pos- 
 sessor, owner ; ruler, chief. 
 
 domo, -are, -ul, -itum, i, a., tame, 
 break in, train ; master, subdue, 
 vanquish, conquer, reduce. 
 
 domus, -us, loc. domi, f., house, 
 dwelling, abode, home ; household, 
 family. domi, at home. 
 
 donatio, -onis, [dono], f., a giv- 
 ing, presenting, donation. 
 
 dono, -are, -avi, -atum, [donum], 
 I, 2i., give, present, grant as a gift; 
 forgive, pardon. 
 
 donum, -I, [do], n., gift, present ; 
 of an offering to a deity, offering, 
 sacrifice. 
 
 dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, n., 
 sleep ; be at ease. 
 
 Drusus, -I, m., in this book M. 
 Livius Drusus, a Roman promi- 
 nent as a political leader at the 
 beginning of the first century B.C. 
 He at first sided with the aris- 
 tocracy, but afterwards won over 
 the people by carrying measures 
 in their interest. Having finally 
 organized a conspiracy, he was 
 murdered in his own house, B. c. 
 91. Arch. hi. 
 
 dubitatiS, -onis, [dubito], f., 
 doubt, hesitation ; uncertainty, 
 perplexity. 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, [du- 
 bius], 1, n. and a., doubt, call in 
 question, question ; be uncertain, 
 
 waver ; deliberate, consider ; hesi- 
 tate, delay, be irresolute. 
 
 dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, 
 wavering, uncertain, undecided, 
 dubious ; precarious, critical. 
 non dubium est quin, there is 
 no doubt that. sine dubio, be- 
 yond doubt, undoubtedly, certainly. 
 
 diico, ducere, duxi, ductum, 3, 
 a., lead, guide, conduct, direct ; 
 lead forth, draw forth ; derive, 
 deduce ; take in, inhale ; calcu- 
 late, consider, esteem, reckon, in 
 matrimonium ducere, to marry. 
 
 ductus, -us, [diico], m., a leading, 
 conducting ; as military term, 
 generalship, command. 
 
 diidum [diii + dum], adv., a little 
 while ago, but now ; before, for- 
 tnerly. See iam. 
 
 dulcedo, -inis, [dulcis], f., sweet- 
 ness ; agreeableness, pleasantness, 
 charm. 
 
 dulcis, -e, adj., sweet; agreeable, 
 pleasant, charming ; dear. 
 
 dum, conj., while, whilst, all the 
 time that, as long as, until, till, to 
 the time when ; provided that, if 
 only. dum modo, if so be that, 
 provided that, if only. 
 
 dumtaxat [dum + taxo, exam- 
 ine~\, adv., lit. while one ex- 
 amines; to this extent, so far ; 
 simply, merely, only. 
 
 duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two, the 
 two. 
 
 duodecim, or XII, [duo -f de- 
 cern], num. adj., twelve. 
 
 duodecimus, -a, -um, [duode- 
 cim], num. adj., twelfth. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, adj., hard ; rough, 
 rude, uncultivated ; unfeeling, 
 pitiless, stern, cruel, inexorable ; 
 hard to bear, burdensome. 
 
 dux, ducis, [cf. diico], m. and f., 
 leader, guide ; master, counsellor; 
 commander, general; ruler, head, 
 chief, leading man. 
 
DYRRACHIUM 
 
 47 
 
 EGOMET 
 
 Dyrrachium, -J, [Avppdxiov], n., 
 Dyrrachium, formerly called 
 Epidamuus, a city on the sea- 
 coast of IHyria, nearly opposite 
 Brundisium. Ep. ix. 
 
 E. 
 
 e, see ex. 
 
 ebriosus, a, -um, [ebrius, 
 drunk], adj., giveti to drink, in- 
 toxicated, drunk, drunken. 
 
 ecqui, ecquae or eequa, eequod, 
 gen. wanting, [ec -f- qui], inter, 
 adj., in direct questions, is there 
 any? any? in indirect questions, 
 ■whether any. 
 
 ecquid [ecquis], inter, adv., in 
 direct questions, at all? giving 
 merely an emphatic turn to the 
 question, and often not trans- 
 lated in words; in indirect ques- 
 tions, if at all, whether. 
 
 edax, -acis, [edo], adj., greedy, 
 voracious, gluttonous. 
 
 edictum, -1, [edico], n., proclama- 
 tion, edict, order. 
 
 edo, edere, edidi, editum, [e -f 
 do], 3, a., give out, put fo?-th ; 
 bring forth, beget, produce ; relate, 
 tell, utter ; publish, declare, dis- 
 close, give account of. 
 
 edoceo, -ere, edoeul, edoctum, 
 [e + doeeo], 2, a., teach thor- 
 oughly, show in detail ; instruct, 
 inform, show. 
 
 educo, -ere, eduxi, eduetum, [e 
 + duco], 3, a., lead forth, lead 
 out ; dratv out, draw forth ; bring 
 7tp, rear ; of a sword, draw. 
 
 efferS, efferre, extuli, elatum, 
 [ex+fero], irr., a., carry forth, 
 bring out, remove ; carry out for 
 burial, bear to the grave ; bring 
 forth, bear, produce ; lift up, raise, 
 elevate, extol ; set forth, spread 
 abroad, publish, proclaim ; pass., 
 
 of emotions, be carried away, be 
 puffed up, be inspired. 
 
 efficio, -ere, effeci, effectum, [ex 
 -ffacio], 3, a., bring about, bring 
 to pass, cause, accomplish, make ; 
 produce, yield, bear ; tnake out, 
 show, prove. 
 
 effigies, -el, [cf. efflngo], f., copy, 
 representation, image, likeness ; 
 ideal, symbol. 
 
 effrenatus, -a, -um, [ex + frena- 
 tus, bridled], adj., unbridled, un- 
 restrained, uncontrolled. 
 
 effugio, ere, effugl, , [ex + 
 
 fugio], 3, n. and a., fee away, 
 slip out of; flee from, avoid, shun; 
 escape, get away. 
 
 egens, -entis, [part, of egeo], adj., 
 needy, lacking; in want, desti- 
 tute. 
 
 egeo, egere, egui, , 2, n., 
 
 be in want of, be lacking; need, 
 lack, want, be without, be desti- 
 tute of. 
 
 egestas, -atis, [egens], f., want, 
 need, poverty, indigence. 
 
 Egnatius, -I, m., name of two 
 persons mentioned in this book . 
 
 ( 1 ) L Egnatius, a debtor of 
 Cicero's. Ep. xxxvi. 
 
 (2) Z. Egnatius Riifus, a Ro- 
 man knight and friend of Cicero, 
 who appears to have had ex- 
 tensive investments in the prov- 
 inces. Cicero recommends him 
 by letters to several provincial 
 governors. Ep. xv. 
 
 Egnatuleius, -I, m., Z. Egnatu- 
 leius, quaestor 44 B. c. He was 
 in command of the fourth legion, 
 which deserted from Antony to 
 Octavianus. Ant. IV. 11. 
 
 ego, mei, pi. nos, gen. nostrum 
 and nostri, [cf. iyd], pers. pron., 
 Z, we. 
 
 egomet [ego -f- met, self], 
 strengthened form of ego, Z 
 myself. 
 
EGREDIOR 
 
 48 
 
 EPISTOLA 
 
 egredior, egredi, egressus sum, 
 [e + gradior], 3, dep., go out, go 
 forth, come forth ; depart, go out ; 
 go up, ascend ; of an army, march 
 out ; from a ship, disembark, 
 land. 
 
 egregius, -a, -um, [e, grex], 
 adj., exti'aordinary, remarkable, 
 distinguished ; excellent, fine, 
 noble. 
 
 eicio, eieere, eieci, eiectum, [e + 
 iacio], 3, a., cast out. cast forth, 
 hurl forth ; thrust out, drive 
 away, expel ; banish, drive into 
 exile ; wreck. se eieere, to 
 
 rush out, to break forth. 
 
 elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, [e + 
 labor], 3, dep., slip away, slip off, 
 escape, drop. 
 
 elabor5, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + 
 laboro], 1, n. and a., labor, strug- 
 gle, make an effort ; take pains, 
 work out, elaborate. 
 
 eludo, eludere, elusi, elusum, 
 [e + ludo], 3, n. and a., quit 
 playing ; parry, avoid, evade, 
 elude, escape ; dehide, deceive, 
 trifle with, make sport of, mock. 
 
 emergo, -ere, emersi, emersum, 
 [e + mergo], 3, a. and 11., bring 
 to light, raise up ; come forth, 
 come up out of, emerge, rise up, 
 as from water , free one's self, 
 get clear, escape. 
 
 emissus, see emitto. 
 
 emitto, -ere, emisi, emissum, [e 
 + mitto], 3, a., send forth, se?id 
 out, drive out, expel ; hurl, dis- 
 charge ; send out, publish ; set 
 free, let go, let slip ; utter, give 
 utterance to. 
 
 emo, emere, emi, emptum, 3, a., 
 buy, purchase. 
 
 emorior, emori, , [e + mo- 
 
 rior], 3, dep., die off, die. 
 
 enarro, -are, -avi, -atum, [e + 
 narro], 1, a., set forth in detail, 
 recoimt, describe. 
 
 enim, conj., postpositive, for, 
 becaicse ; for instance, now really, 
 in fact ; indeed, of course, really, 
 certainly ; no doubt, to be sure. 
 
 enitor, eniti, enixus or enisus 
 sum, [e + nitor], 3, dep., strug- 
 gle upwards ; bring forth, bear ; 
 exert one's self, strive, make an 
 effort. 
 
 Emiius, -1, m., Qumtus Ennhis, 
 the most eminent among the 
 early Roman poets ; born at 
 Rudiae, in Calabria, B. c. 239, 
 died at Rome, 169 B. c. He 
 wrote epic, dramatic, and mis- 
 cellaneous poetry, none of which 
 is now extant except in frag- 
 ments. His Annates, treating of 
 the history of Rome from the be- 
 ginning to his own times, was 
 the first Latin poem in hexam- 
 eter verse. Arch, ix., xi. 
 
 eo, Ire, ivi or ii, itum, irr., n., go, 
 come ; go forth, depart ; tnove on, 
 sail, fly, march, advance, enter; 
 concur in ; pass, prosper, turn 
 out. 
 
 eo [cf. is], adv., there, in that 
 place ; for that reason, on that 
 account ; to that place, thither ; 
 to that degree, so far. 
 
 eodem [idem], adv., in the same 
 place ; to the same place, thither ; 
 to the same point, to the same pur- 
 pose ; thereto, besides. 
 
 Ephesius, -a, -um, [Epnesus], 
 adj., of Ephesus, Ephesian. 
 
 Ephesus, -I, ["EpefTos], (., Ephesus, 
 a celebrated Greek city on the 
 west coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 epigramma, -atis, [iiriypa^fia], n., 
 inscription ; epigram. 
 
 Epirus, -1, ["Hirtipos], {., Epirus, 
 a country east of the Adriatic 
 Sea, north of Greece and west 
 of Thessaly. 
 
 epistola, -ae, [eiri<no\ri], i., letter, 
 epistle. 
 
EQUES 
 
 41) 
 
 ETESIAE 
 
 eques, -itis, [equus], m., horse- 
 man, rider ; cavalryman, trooper ; 
 knight, member of the equestrian 
 order. In the early days of 
 Rome the poorer citizens served 
 in the army as infantry, the 
 wealthier as cavalry. As the 
 state grew the class of cavalry- 
 men increased in importance and 
 influence, and gained special 
 privileges. In Cicero's time the 
 Roman knights (equites Ro- 
 man!) formed a distinct and 
 powerful order, between the 
 Senate and the plebs. They 
 were engaged especially in farm- 
 ing the revenues. 
 
 equidem [interj. e + quidem], 
 adv., indeed, truly, certainly, at 
 all events, at least, surely ; for my 
 part, in my case ; by all means, 
 of course, to be sure. 
 
 equitatus, -us, [equito, from 
 equus], m., cavalry ; equestrian 
 order. 
 
 erectus, -a, -urn, comp. ereetior, 
 [part, of erigo], adj , directed up- 
 wards, upright, high ; lofty, noble ; 
 arrogant, haughty ; intent, eager, 
 on the alert. 
 
 erga, prep, with ace, tozvards, to, 
 in respect to. 
 
 ergo, adv., therefore, then, accord- 
 ingly ; often used, like causa 
 and gratia, with preceding gen., 
 on account of, because of, for the 
 sake of. 
 
 erigo, erigere, erexi, erectum, 
 [e+ rego], 3, a., raise up, set up, 
 erect, elevate ; stir up, arouse, ani- 
 mate, cheer, encourage. 
 
 eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum, 
 [e + rapio], 3, a., snatch away, 
 tear away, take away ; rescue, 
 save, deliver, set free, free. 
 
 Eros, otis, ['Epos], m., Eros, a 
 steward of Cicero's friend Atti- 
 cus. Ep. xxxvr. 
 
 erro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n. and 
 
 a., wander, go astray, roam about, 
 stray ; be in error, erf, go wrong; 
 go astray, mistake. 
 
 error, -oris, [erro], m., a wander- 
 ing, straying, missing the way ; 
 doubt, uncertainty, ambiguity ; a 
 going wrong, mistake, error, de- 
 lusion. 
 
 eructo, -are, , , [e -f- 
 
 rueto, belch], 1, a., belch forth, 
 throw up, vomit. 
 
 erudio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, [e, 
 rudis], 4, a., teach, instruct ; edu- 
 cate, polish. 
 
 eruditus, -a, -urn, [part, of 
 erudio], adj., learned, educated ; 
 skilled, accomplished, cultured. 
 
 erumpo, -ere, erupT, eruptum, 
 [e + rurnpo], 3, n. and a., break 
 out, burst forth, sally forth ; cause 
 to burst forth, hurl forth. 
 
 escendo, -ere, eseendl, escen- 
 sum, [e + scando], 3, n. and a., 
 climb up, ascend ; come up, go 
 up, mount. 
 
 essedum, -1, n., two -wheeled 
 war-chariot, car, of the early 
 Britons. 
 
 et, adv. and conj. : 
 
 (1) As adv., also, too, besides, 
 moreover, even. 
 
 (2) As conj., and; introducing 
 a contrasted thought or question, 
 and yet, but still, but. et — 
 et, both — and, as well — as, 
 on the one hand — on the other. 
 et — neque, both — and not. 
 neque — et, both not — and. 
 
 etenim [et + enim], conj., for 
 truly, and really, and indeed, be- 
 cause, since. 
 
 etesiae, -arum, [eTrjuiai], m., Ete- 
 sian winds, trade-ivinds ; used 
 especially of the northwest winds 
 which blow regularly in summer 
 in the eastern parts of the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. 
 
ETIAM 
 
 50 
 
 EXCIDO 
 
 etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj., 
 and also, and furthermore, now 
 too, even yet, also, even, likewise ; 
 certainly, by all means. etiam 
 atque etiarn, again and again, 
 repeatedly, persistently. etiam 
 nunc, yet still, even now, even 
 till now. etiam si, even if, 
 
 although. 
 
 Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, a coun- 
 try in Italy, west of the Tiber 
 and south of the valley of the 
 Po. 
 
 etsi [et + si], conj., although, 
 though, even if, and yet. 
 
 evado, evadere, evasi, evasum, 
 [e -f vado], 3, n. and a., go forth, 
 come forth, come out ; get azvay, 
 escape; turn out, prove to be, 
 result. 
 
 eveniS, ire, eveni, eventum, [e 
 + venio], 4, n., come out ; come 
 to pass, happen, turn out. 
 
 eventus, -us, [evenio], m., out- 
 come, issue, result; occurrence, 
 event. 
 
 everto, -ere, everti, eversum, [e 
 4-verto], 3, a., overturn, over- 
 throw, upturn ; throw down, hurl 
 down, 7-uin, destroy. 
 
 evocator, -oris, [evoco], m., lit. 
 one who calls forth to arms ; re- 
 cruiter, summoner. 
 
 evomo, -ere, evomui, evomitum, 
 [e 4- vomo], 3, a., vomit forth; 
 cast out, expel. 
 
 ex, often before consonants e, 
 prep, with abl. only, out of, out 
 from ; of place, from, out of, down 
 from ; of t\mt, from, since, after ; 
 of source and material, from, 
 of; of partition, of, out of , from 
 among ; of transition, from, out 
 of; of cause, from, by reason of, 
 by, in consequence of; of measure 
 and correspondence, according to, 
 with, in, by, on. aliqua ex 
 
 parte, in some measure. 
 
 exacuo, -ere, exacui, exaeutum, 
 [ex 4- acuo, sharpen], 3, a., 
 sharpen; stimulate, stir up, in- 
 flame. 
 
 exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex 
 + aggero, from agger], 1, a., 
 heap tip, pile up, accumulate ; 
 magnify, exaggerate. 
 
 exanimis, -e, [ex, anima], adj., 
 breathless; lifeless, dead; dis- 
 mayed, terrified. 
 
 exanimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 
 animus], 1, a.., put out of breath, 
 fatigue ; deprive of life, kill ; 
 wear out, prostrate, unnerve. 
 
 exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exar- 
 sum, [ex 4- ardeseo], 3, inch., 
 blaze out, blaze up ; take fire, be 
 inflamed, kindle, gloiv ; become 
 aroused. 
 
 exaudio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, [ex + 
 audio], 4, a., hear from without ; 
 hear clearly ; perceive ; listen to, 
 obey. 
 
 exced5, -ere, excess!, exeessum, 
 [ex 4- eedo], 3, n. and a., go forth, 
 depart, withdraw, leave ; go be- 
 yond, exceed, pass beyond ; pass, 
 tower above. 
 
 excellens, -entis, [part, of ex- 
 cello], adj., eminent, pre-eminent; 
 superior, surpassing, distin- 
 guished. 
 
 excello, -ere, excellui, excel- 
 sum, 3, a. and n., be eminent; be 
 superior, excel, surpass. 
 
 excelsus, -a, -um, [part, of ex- 
 cello], adj., elevated, high, lofty. 
 As subst., exeelsum, -1, n., ele- 
 vation, height. 
 
 excido, -ere, excidi, , [ex + 
 
 eado], 3, n., fall from, fall azvay ; 
 slip away, escape; pass azvay, 
 perish. 
 
 excido, -ere, excidi, exeisum, 
 [ex 4- caedo], 3, a., cut out, cut 
 down, hew down ; raze, demolish, 
 destroy utterly. 
 
EXCIPIO 
 
 51 
 
 EXORNO 
 
 excipio, -ere, exeepi, exceptum, 
 [ex + capio], 3, a., take out, %vith- 
 draw ; except, make an exception 
 of; take tip, receive, welcome; 
 catch, capture; intercept ; follow, 
 succeed. 
 
 excit5, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of excio], 1, a., call out, rouse, 
 summon ; call up, raise ; build, 
 construct ; stimulate, inspire, 
 awaken ; stir up, kindle, excite. 
 
 exclud5, -ere, exclusi, exclusum, 
 [ex + claudo], 3, a., shut out, ex- 
 clude, cut off ; prevent, hinder. 
 
 excolo, -ere, excolui, excultum, 
 [ex+colo], 3, a., cultivate, im» 
 prove, refine. 
 
 excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex 
 + crucio], 1, a., torture, torment, 
 rack; harass, afflict, trouble. 
 
 excubiae, -arum, [cf. excubo, 
 watch], i., a watching; watchmen, 
 sentinels, guards. 
 
 excursi5, -onis, [excurro], f., a 
 running forth ; sally, dash, at- 
 tack; inroad, invasion, expedition. 
 
 exciisatio, -onis, [excuso], f , ex- 
 cusing, excuse. 
 
 excuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex, 
 causa], 1, a., excuse, make an 
 excuse for, apologize for ; plead as 
 excuse, allege as an excuse. 
 
 exemplum, -I, [eximo, lit. that 
 which is taken out], n., specimen, 
 sample; pattern, model; prece- 
 dent, warning, example, lesson ; 
 penalty ; way, manner; of writ- 
 ing, transcript, copy. 
 
 exe5, ire, -ii, -itum, [ex + eo], 
 irr., n., go out, come forth ; go 
 away, depart, withdraw ; turn 
 out, result ; of time, run out, end, 
 expire. 
 
 exerceo, -cere, -cm, -citum, [ex 
 + arceo], 2, a., keep busy, keep 
 active, keep at work ; train, disci- 
 pline ; employ, exercise, practice, 
 administer ; disturb, plague, vex. 
 
 exercitatio, -onis, [exercito,freq. 
 of exerceo], f., exercise, practice ; 
 training, experience. 
 
 exercitatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 exercito, freq. of exerceo], adj., 
 practiced, trained, experienced, 
 versed. 
 
 exercitus, -us, [exerceo], m., 
 army. 
 
 exhaurio, -ire, exhausi, exhaus- 
 tum, [ex + haurio], 4, a., draw 
 off, as liquid from a vessel ; draw 
 out, take out ; take away, remove ; 
 etnpty, exhaust, bring to an end ; 
 fulfil. 
 
 exigS, -ere, exegi, exactum, [ex 
 + ago], 3, a., drive out, thrust 
 out; thrust, drive; exact, de- 
 matid, require, collect ; pass, 
 spend ; examine, consider. 
 
 exiguus, -a, -um, [cf. exigo], adj., 
 small, little, scanty ; poor, mean, 
 paltry. 
 
 eximie [eximius], adv., exceed- 
 ingly, very much. 
 
 eximius, -a, -um, [eximo, take 
 out], adj., choice, fine, excellent; 
 uncoimnon, extraordinary, re- 
 markable. 
 
 existimator, -oris, [existimo], 
 m., appraiser, judge. 
 
 existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex 
 + aestimo], 1, a. and n., reckon, 
 estimate; esteetn, consider ; think, 
 suppose. 
 
 exitiosus, -a, -um, [exitium], adj., 
 destructive, deadly, pernicious. 
 
 exitium, -I, [exeo], n., destruction, 
 ruin, mischief, death. 
 
 exitus, -us, [exeo], m., a going 
 forth, departure, exit; outlet, pas- 
 sage ; way out, end, conclusion ; 
 end of life, death ; outcome, result, 
 issue. 
 
 exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-j- 
 orno], 1, a., equip, fiu-nish, sup- 
 ply, provide ; deck out, embellish, 
 adorn. 
 
EXORSUS 
 
 52 
 
 EXSTINGUO 
 
 exorsus, -us, [exordior], m., a 
 beginning, commencement. 
 
 expedio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [ex, 
 pes], 4, a., lit. make the foot free ; 
 set free, let loose, liberate, extri- 
 cate ; bring out, make ready ; 
 arrange, settle ; be of advantage, 
 be expedient, be profitable. 
 
 expedite, comp. expedltius, sup. 
 expedltissime, [expedltus], adv., 
 readily, quickly, without hin- 
 drance. 
 
 expello, -ere, expull, expulsum, 
 [ex + pello], 3, a., drive out, 
 thrust forth, cast forth, expel. 
 
 expensum, -I, [expensus], n., 
 payment, disbursement, expense. 
 
 experglscor, -glscl, experrectus 
 sum, [expergo, arouse], 3, dep., 
 wake tip, awake; be alert. 
 
 experior, -Iri, expertus sum, 4, 
 dep., try, prove, test, find out by 
 a test ; make trial of, undertake ; 
 undergo, experience. 
 
 expers, -tis, [ex -f pars], adj., lit. 
 having no part in; destitute of 
 devoid of, without. 
 
 expeto, -ere, expetivi, expeti- 
 tum, [ex + peto], 3, a., seek after, 
 strive for, aim at ; ask, demand, 
 request ; desire, wish. 
 
 expilS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-f- 
 pllo], 1, a., pillage, rob. 
 
 expleo, -ere, -evl, -etum, [ex + 
 -pleo], 2, a., fill up, fill full ; 
 complete, finish ; satisfy, appease ; 
 discharge, perform, do. 
 
 explicS, -are, -avi and -ui, -atum 
 and -itum, [ex + plico], 1, a., 
 unfold, unroll ; spread out, dis- 
 play ; set free, release ; set in or- 
 der, adjust, set forth, explain. 
 
 exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
 ploro], 1, a., search out, investi- 
 gate ; spy out, examine. 
 
 expono, -ere, exposul, exposi- 
 tum, [ex + pono], 3, a., put 
 forth, exhibit ; put on shore, dis- 
 
 embark ; set forth, relate, ex- 
 plain. 
 
 exports, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
 porto], 1, a., carry away, send 
 away, export. 
 
 exprimo, -ere, expressl, expres- 
 sum, [ex + premo], 3, a., press 
 oict, squeeze forth ; extort, wrest 
 from ; represent, copy, imitate ; 
 portray, express, describe. 
 
 expromo, -ere, exprompsi, ex- 
 promptum, [ex + promo], 3, a., 
 shozv forth, exhibit, display ; utter, 
 state. 
 
 expugnatio, -onis, [expugno], f., 
 taking by storm, a storming. 
 
 exquiro, -ere, exqulslvl, exqul- 
 sltum, [ex + quaero], 3, a., 
 search out, inquire into, inquire, 
 ask ; seek out, devise. 
 
 exqulsitus, -a, -um, [part, of ex- 
 quiro], adj., choice, select, exqui- 
 site. 
 
 exsilium, -I, [exsul], n., exile, 
 banishment ; place of exile, re- 
 treat. 
 
 exsisto, -ere, exstitl, exstitum, 
 [ex + sisto], 3, n., come forth, 
 come out, appear ; spring up, arise, 
 become ; be manifest, be, exist. 
 
 exsolvS, -ere, exsolvl, exsolu- 
 tum, [ex+ solvo], 3, a., unloose, 
 free, release, deliver; discharge, 
 pay. 
 
 exspectatio, -onis, [exspecto], 
 f., awaiting for, expecting, expec- 
 tation ; longing for. 
 
 expectatus, -a, -um, [part, of ex- 
 specto], adj., longed for, welcome. 
 
 exspectS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex 
 + specto], 1, a. and n., look out 
 for, wait for, await ; long for, de- 
 sire, expect ; apprehend, dread. 
 
 exstinguS, -ere, exstinxl, ex- 
 stinctum, [ex+stinguo,^z^7z<r,&], 
 3, a., quench, put out, extinguish ; 
 deprive of life, kill ; blot out, de- 
 stroy utterly, annihilate. 
 
EXSTO 
 
 53 
 
 FAESULANUS 
 
 exsto, -are, , , [ex + st5], 
 
 i, n., stand out, stand forth, pro- 
 ject ; appear, exist, be found. 
 
 exsul, -ulis, m. and f., exile, out- 
 taw, wanderer. 
 
 exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of exsilio], I, n., leap up, bound 
 up ; revel, exult, delight in. 
 
 extenuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex + 
 tenuo], I, a., make thin ; lessen, 
 diminish, detract from . 
 
 exter or exterus, -a, -um, adj., 
 outward, outer ; foreign, strange. 
 Comp. exterior, -us, outer, ex- 
 terior. Sup. extremus, -a, -um, 
 outermost, utmost ; last, remotest, 
 extreme. As subst, extremum, 
 -I, n., end. 
 
 extermino, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex, 
 terminus], i, a., drive out, expel, 
 banish, remoi'e. 
 
 externus, -a, -um, [exter], adj., 
 outward, external ; foreign, 
 strange. 
 
 extimesco, -ere, extimui, , 
 
 [ex+timesco, from timeo], 3, 
 inch., fear greatly, dread. 
 
 extollo, -ere, - — , , [ex + 
 
 tollo], 3, a., lift up, raise, elevate ; 
 extol, praise highly. 
 
 extorqueo, -ere, extorsi, extor- 
 tum, [ex + torqueo], 2, a., 
 -ivrench from, wrest away ; obtain 
 by force, extort. 
 
 extra [exter ; for extera, sc. 
 parte], adv. and prep. : 
 
 (1) As adv., on the outside, 
 without. 
 
 (2) As prep., outside of, be- 
 yond, aside from-, except. 
 
 extremus, -a, -um, see exter. 
 
 exuro, -ere, exussi, exustum, [ex 
 + uro], 3, a., bum up, con- 
 sume. 
 
 exuviae, -arum, [exuo], f., 
 equipments, arms, especially 
 those taken from an enemy; 
 spoils. 
 
 F., see filius. 
 
 faber, -bri, m., work?nan, artisan, 
 smith. 
 
 Fabius, -a, name of an ancient 
 and distinguished patrician gens. 
 See Maximus. 
 
 facile, comp. facilius, sup. faeil- 
 lime, [facilis], adv., easily, with- 
 out trouble ; readily, willingly, 
 promptly. 
 
 facilis, -e, comp. facilior, sup. 
 facillimus, [facio], adj., easy, not 
 difficult ; accessible, approachable, 
 affable, courteous, kindly. 
 
 facilitas, -atis, [facilis], f., ease, 
 readiness, facility ; affability, cour- 
 tesy. 
 
 facinerosus, -a, -um, [faeinus], 
 adj., criminal, vicious. As subst. ; 
 facinerosus, -I, m., criminal, 
 felon, malefactor. 
 
 faeinus, -oris, [cf. facio], n., deed, 
 act, action; evil deed, misdeed; 
 outrage, crime, villainy. 
 
 facio, facere, feci, factum, 3, a. 
 and n., make, fashion, construct; 
 compose ; do, perform, execute ; 
 bring abotrf, cause, produce ; con- 
 duct, represent ; choose, appoint ; 
 render, grant ; value, esteem. 
 satis facere, to give satisfaction, 
 to satisfy ; to make amends, to 
 excuse. See fio. 
 
 factum, -1, [faetus, facio], n., deed, 
 act, exploit, achievement ; event. 
 
 facultas, -atis, [facilis], f., capa- 
 bility, ability, power ; possibility, 
 opportunity, means ; supply, stock, 
 property; especially in pi., re- 
 sources, goods, riches. 
 
 Faesulae, -arum, f., Faesulae, an 
 ancient city in the northern part 
 of Etruria; now Fiesole, near 
 Florence. 
 
 Faesulanus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Faesulae, Faesulan. 
 
FALCARIUS 
 
 54 
 
 FERO 
 
 falcarius, -i, [falx], m., scythe- 
 maker, sickle-maker. 
 
 Falcidius, -I, m., C. Falcidius, a 
 Roman citizen who was tribune 
 of the people and in the follow- 
 ing year legatus. Imp. P. xtx. 
 
 fallo, fallere, fefelll, falsum, 3, a. 
 and n., deceive, cheat, betray ; dis- 
 appoint ; escape the notice of, es- 
 cape notice, be unobsej-ved ; pass, 
 often be mistaken, deceive one's 
 self, be wrong, be deceived. 
 
 falso [falsus], adv., falsely, uti- 
 truly, erroneously. 
 
 falsus, -a, -urn, [part, of fallo], 
 adj., deceptive, false, delusive; 
 groundless, unfounded, misleading. 
 
 fama, -ae, [for, speak], I., report, 
 rumor, sayi?ig, tradition ; public 
 opinion, repute, renown, fame, 
 reputation. 
 
 fames, -is, f., hunger, starvation ; 
 want, famine. 
 
 familia, -ae, [famulus, servant], 
 f., body of servants, household, 
 domestics ; family, kindred; es- 
 tate, pater familias, master 
 of a house, head of a fai?iily. 
 mater familias, mistress of a 
 house, matron. 
 
 familiaris, -e, [familia], adj., be- 
 longing to a household, private ; 
 intimate, friendly, familiar. As 
 subst., familiaris, -is, m., inti- 
 mate friend, friend, companion. 
 
 familiariter, comp. familiarius, 
 sup. familiarissime, [familiaris], 
 adv., intimately, on intimate ter?ns. 
 
 fanum, -1, [for], n., shrine, sanc- 
 tuary. 
 
 fas, only nom. and ace. in use, 
 [for, speak], n., right according 
 to divine law; divine law, jus- 
 tice, fas est, it is right, it is 
 allowable, it is proper, it is per- 
 mitted. 
 
 fasciculus, -i, [dim. of fascis], 
 m., little packet, small package. 
 
 fascis, -is, m., bundle, packet ; in 
 pi., the fasces, the bundle of rods 
 tied about an axe, carried before 
 the highest magistrates of Rome 
 as a symbol of authority. 
 
 fatalis, -e, [fatum], adj., of fate, 
 ordained by fate, destined ; fate- 
 ful, destructive, dangerous. 
 
 fateor, faterl, fassus sum, [for], 
 2, dep., confess, admit, own, ac- 
 knowledge ; show, indicate. 
 
 fatum, -i, [for], 11., prophetic utter- 
 ance, prediction, oracle ; destiny, 
 fate ; ill fate, calamity, ruin, de- 
 struction ; death. 
 
 fauces, -ium, f., pharynx, throat, 
 jaws; entrance, defile, pass. 
 
 Faustus, -I, [faustus, lucky], m., 
 Faustus, surname of L. Cornelius 
 Sulla, son of the dictator. See 
 Sulla (2). 
 
 faveo, favere, favT, fautum, 2, 
 n., be kind to, be well disposed 
 tenvard, favor ; befriend, protect, 
 promote. 
 
 fax, facis, [cf. facio], f., torch, fire- 
 brand ; by metonymy, fire-ball, 
 meteor, comet ; fire, flame. 
 
 febris, -is, i., fever. 
 
 Februarius, -a, -um, [februa, ex- 
 piatory rites], adj., of February, 
 originally the last month of the 
 Roman year, later the second. 
 
 felicitas, -atis, [felix], {., good for- 
 tune, good luck, success. 
 
 femina, -ae, f., female, woman. 
 
 fere, adv., almost, nearly, about ; 
 usually, generally, for the most 
 part. 
 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr., a. 
 and n., bear, carry, bring ; lead, 
 conduct, drive; bring forth, pro- 
 duce ; yield ; endure, put up 
 with, suffer, tolerate ; report, tell, 
 celebrate ; allow, perjnit, require. 
 prae se ferre, to profess, to show, 
 to manifest. sententiam ferre, 
 to cast a vote. 
 
FEROCITAS 
 
 55 
 
 FLACCUS 
 
 ferocitas, -atis, [ferox], f., wild- 
 
 ness, fierceness ; savageness, fury. 
 
 ferramentum, -I, [ferrum], n., 
 
 iron tool, tool ; axe, hatchet. 
 
 ferreus, -a, -urn, [ferrum], adj., 
 of iron, iron ; hard-hearted, un- 
 feeling, cruel. 
 
 ferrum, I, n., iron; by metonymy, 
 iron tool, sword. flamma 
 
 atque ferrum, fire and sword. 
 
 fertilis, -e, [fero], adj., fertile, 
 fruitful, productive. 
 
 festln5, -are, -avi, -atum, [festi- 
 nus, hasty], i, n. and a., hasten, 
 hurry ; do quickly, quicken. 
 
 fictum, -I, [fingo], n., falsehood, 
 fiction. 
 
 fidelis, -e, [fides], adj., faithful, 
 trustworthy, trusty ; safe, relia- 
 ble. 
 
 fidelitas, -atis, [fidelis], f., faith- 
 fulness, trustworthiness, fidelity. 
 
 fides, -e or -ei, [fido], f., confide?tce, 
 trust, reliance, faith, credence ; 
 good-faith, trustworthiness, fidel- 
 ity, honor ; credibility ; assurance, 
 promise, pledge of safety ; in busi- 
 ness relations, credit. 
 
 Fidius, -I, [fides], m., All-faithful, 
 an epithet of Jupiter as protector 
 of oaths and defender of good 
 faith. me dius Fidius, = ita 
 me dius Fidius iuvet, so 
 help me the All-faithful! by the 
 god of Truth ! most certainly ! 
 Mar. in. 
 
 fidus, -a, -um, [fido], adj., trusty, 
 faithful ; trustivorlhy, credible. 
 
 fig5, figere, fixi, fixum, 3, a., 
 fix, set, place, fasten, attach ; 
 set up, post up. 
 
 filia, -ae, [filius], f, daughter. 
 
 filiola, -ae, [dim. of filia], f., little 
 daughter. 
 
 filius, -1, sometimes abbreviated, 
 F., f., m., son. 
 
 fingo, fingere, finxl, fictum, 3, 
 a., touch gently ; mould, fashion ; 
 
 compose ; instruct, teach ; imag- 
 ine, think ; invent, contrive, feign. 
 
 finis, -is, [cf. findo], m., limit, bor- 
 der, boundary, end; in pi., borders, 
 hence territory, land, country. 
 
 finitimus, -a, -um, [finis], adj., 
 bordering on, neighboring, adjoin- 
 ing. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, irr., n., 
 used as pass, of faeio, be made, 
 be done ; become, happen, come 
 to pass. fieri potest, it may 
 happen. 
 
 firmamentum, -i, [firmo], n., 
 means of strengthening ; support, 
 stay, prop. 
 
 firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [firmus, 
 steadfast], 1, a., make firm, 
 strengthen, fortify, secure ; en- 
 courage, animate ; confirm, estab- 
 lish, declare. 
 
 firmus, -a, -um, adj., steadfast, 
 strong, powerful ; firm, fast, 
 trusty, faithful. 
 
 fixus, -a, -um, [part, of Ago], adj., 
 fixed, fast ; established, settled. 
 
 Flaccus, -i, [flaccus, flabby, flap- 
 eared], m., a Roman surname 
 especially common in the Ful- 
 vian and Valerian gentes. Four 
 of the name are mentioned in 
 this book : 
 
 (1 ) M. Fulvius Flaccus, a friend 
 of the Gracchi, and consul 125 
 B. c. In the disturbances attend- 
 ing the attempt of C. Gracchus 
 to carry out reforms, Flaccus or- 
 ganized an armed band. He 
 came into conflict with the forces 
 of the senatorial party, and was 
 routed and slain, B.C. 121. Cat. 
 I. II. XII. 
 
 (2) L. Valerius Flaccus, consul 
 with Marius, B. c. 100. In this 
 year the reckless measures and 
 violent deeds of Saturninus and 
 Glaucia led to a decree of the 
 Senate that the consuls should 
 
FLAGITIOSE 
 
 56 
 
 FORMIAE 
 
 maintain the dignity of the state. 
 As Marius was in sympathy with 
 the revolutionary party, Valerius 
 Flaccus was instrumental in put- 
 ting Saturninus and Glaucia to 
 death. He was Master of the 
 Horse under Sulla, B.C. 82. He is 
 often confused with another Flac- 
 cus of the same-name; Mommsen, 
 Vol III., n. on p. 394. Cat. I. 11 
 
 (3) L. Valerius Flaccus, son of 
 the preceding. He was praetor 
 B. c. 63, and assisted Cicero in 
 obtaining evidence of the Cati- 
 linarian conspiracy. The fol- 
 lowing year he had Asia as his 
 province. In 59 b. c. he was 
 accused of extortion in his ad- 
 ministration of the province, and 
 defended by Cicero in an oration 
 which is still extant. Though no 
 doubt guilty, he was acquitted. 
 Cat. III. 11., in., vi. 
 
 (4) M. Laenius Flaccus, a 
 friend of Atticus. When Cicero 
 was driven into exile by the edict 
 of Clodius, b. c. 58, Flaccus pro- 
 vided him with a place of refuge 
 at a country-seat near Brundi- 
 sium until he could take ship for 
 the East. Ep. viii. 
 
 flagitiose, sup. flagitiosissime, 
 [flagitiosus] , adv., shamefully, 
 basely. 
 
 flagitiSsus, -a, -um, [flagitium], 
 adj., shameful, base, disgraceful ; 
 profligate, dissolute. 
 
 flagitium, -I, [cf. flagito], n., lit. 
 importunity ; shameful act, out- 
 rage ; burning shame, shame, dis- 
 grace. 
 
 flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., 
 ask urgently, demand, requii-e ; 
 press earnestly, importune. 
 
 flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n., 
 burn, blaze, flame, glow ; burn 
 with desire for anything, be on 
 Jire, be stirred. 
 
 flamma, -ae, f., blaze, flame, fire ; 
 warmth, passion ; glow, rage, 
 wrath. 
 
 flecto, flectere, flexl, flexum, 3, 
 a. and n., bend, turn, direct; sway, 
 change ; move, persuade, influence; 
 prevail upon, soften, appease. 
 
 fletus, -us, [fleo], m., weeping, 
 crying. 
 
 florens, -entis, [floreo], adj., 
 in bloom, flowering, blooming ; 
 flourishing, prosperous. 
 
 floreo, -ere, -ul, , [flos], 2, n., 
 
 bloom, blossom ; flourish, prosper ; 
 be eminent. 
 
 fl6resc5,-ere, , , [floreo], 
 
 3, inch., begin to blossom ; begin to 
 flourish, bloom. 
 
 flos, floris, m., flower, blossom, 
 bloom; period of bloom, prime, 
 promise; ornament, best part. 
 
 flumen, -inis, [fluo], n., stream, 
 flood, river ; flow, fluency. 
 
 focus, -1, m., fire-place, hearth ; 
 home. 
 
 foederatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 foedero], adj., leagued, allied, 
 confederate. 
 
 foedus, -a, -um, adj., foul, filthy, 
 ugly; vile, base, shameful. 
 
 foedus, -eris, [cf. fldo], n., treaty, 
 compact, league, alliance; cove- 
 nant, agreement, contract. 
 
 foils, fontis, m., spring, fountain, 
 well ; source, origin, cause. 
 
 foras [cf. foris, door], adv., of di- 
 rection, out of doors, out, forth. 
 
 fore, see sum. 
 
 forensis, -e, [forum], adj., of the 
 market, of the forum ; public, 
 forensic. 
 
 foris [foris], adv., of place, out of 
 doors, without, abroad. 
 
 Formiae, -arum, f., Formiae, a 
 coast city in the southern part of 
 Latium, on the Appian Way. 
 Cicero had an estate and a fa- 
 vorite villa in the vicinity. 
 
FORMIANUS 
 
 57 
 
 FRETUS 
 
 Formianus, -a, -um, [Formiae], 
 adj., of Formiae, Formian. As 
 subst., Formianum, -I, (prop- 
 erly sc. praedium), n., estate at 
 Formiae, Formian country-seat. 
 
 formldo, -inis, f., dread, fear, ter- 
 ror ; of religious emotions, awe, 
 reverence. 
 
 formldolosus, -a, -um, [formido], 
 adj., dreadful, fearful, terrible. 
 
 fors, fortis, [cf. fero], f., chance, 
 luck, accident. 
 
 f orsitan [— fors sit an] , adv., per- 
 haps, perchance, it may be. 
 
 fortasse [for fortassis, = forte 
 an si vis], adv., perhaps, pos- 
 sibly, perchance. 
 
 forte [abl. of fors], adv., by 
 chance, by accident, accidentally ; 
 perhaps, perchance. 
 
 fortis, -e, adj., strong, mighty ; 
 sturdy, brave, manly, bold, fear- 
 less ; spirited, impetuous. 
 
 fortiter, comp. fortius, sup. for- 
 tissime, [fortis], adv., strongly, 
 steadily ; boldly, bravely, man- 
 fully. 
 
 fortitudo, -inis, [fortis], f., 
 strength ; firmness, courage, 
 bravery, fortitude. 
 
 fortuna, -ae, [fors], f., chance, 
 luck, fate, fortune ; condition, lot, 
 circumstances ; prosperity, suc- 
 cess ; misfortune, adversity; by 
 metonymy, possessions, property ; 
 personified, Goddess of Fortune, 
 Fortune. per fortunas, for 
 
 heaven's sake ! 
 
 fortunatus, -a, -um, [part, of for- 
 tuno], adj., prosperous, fortunate, 
 lucky, happy. 
 
 fortunS, -are, -avi, -atum, [for- 
 tuna], I, a., make prosperous, 
 prosper, bless. 
 
 Forum Appi, see Appi Forum. 
 
 Forum Aurelium, -I, n., Forum 
 Aurelium, or Forum Aureli, a 
 town on the coast of Etruria and 
 
 the Via Aurelia, about 75 miles 
 north of Rome. 
 
 forum, -i, n., public square, public 
 place ; market-place, exchange, 
 forum ; at Rome, often for 
 Forum Komanum, the Roman 
 Forum, the Forum, an open 
 space between the Palatine and 
 Capitoline hills, surrounded by 
 public buildings and shops, 
 where the political and commer- 
 cial life of the Roman world 
 centred. See Map, p. 76. 
 
 fovea, -ae, i.,pit; especially a pit 
 dug as a trap for wild beasts, 
 pitfall. 
 
 fove5, fovere, fovi, fotum, 2, a., 
 ■warm, keep warm ; cherish, fos- 
 ter ; encourage. 
 
 fragilitas, -atis, [fragilis], f., 
 weakness, frailty. 
 
 frango, frangere, fregi, fractum, 
 3, a., break, shatter, dash to pieces, 
 crush ; break dozvn, zveaken, sub- 
 due, overcome. 
 
 frater, -tris, m., brother. 
 
 fraudatio, -onis, [fraudo], f., 
 cheating, deceiving, deception. 
 
 fremitus, -us, [fremo], m., loud 
 noise, rushing, roaring, murmur- 
 ing. 
 
 frequens, -entis, adj., regular, re- 
 peated ; frequent, common, usual ; 
 in great numbers, crowded ; 
 thronged, in crowds. 
 
 frequentia, -ae, [frequens], f., 
 assembling in great numbers, 
 thronging together, concourse ; 
 multitude, great numbers, crowd, 
 throng. 
 
 frequents, -are, -avi, -atum, [fre- 
 quens], 1, a., visit often ; visit in 
 great numbers, throng, frequent ; 
 gather in throngs, crowd together. 
 
 fretus, -a, -um, adj., sustained by, 
 relying on ; depending, trusting, 
 confident; usually followed by an 
 abl. 
 
FRIGUS 
 
 58 
 
 FUTURUS 
 
 frigus, -oris, n., cold, chilliness 
 
 frons, frontis, f., brow, fore- 
 head , countenance, face ; front, 
 forepart. 
 
 fructus, -us, [fruor], m., enjoy- 
 ment, delight, pleasure , fruit, 
 produce , income, yield, profit ; 
 reward, return, recompense. 
 
 frumentarius, -a, -um, [frumen- 
 tum], adj., of grain, of provisions, 
 gram-. 
 
 fruor, frui, fructus sum, 3, dep., 
 enjoy, delight in, take pleasure in, 
 rejoice in. 
 
 frustror, -ari, -atus sum, [frus- 
 tra, /;/ error, 111 vain], I, dep., 
 deceive, elude, disappoint. 
 
 fuga, -ae, [cf. fugio], f., flight, 
 escape, exile, banishment; avoid- 
 ance, shunning 
 
 fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, 3, n. 
 and a., flee, fly, run away ; be- 
 come a fugitive, go into exile ; 
 vanish, disappear ; avoid, shun ; 
 escape the notice of, escape ; omit, 
 forbear. 
 
 fugitlvus, -a, -um, [fugio], adj., 
 that has rim away, fugitive. As 
 subst., fugitlvus, -i, m., run- 
 away, deserter. 
 
 fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, , 2, 
 
 n., flash, lighten ; gleam, glisten, 
 shine, glitter. 
 
 fulmen, -inis, [fulgeo], n., flash 
 of lightning, stroke of lightning, 
 thunderbolt ; destructive power. 
 
 Fulvius, -a, name of a prominent 
 plebeian gens, which removed to 
 Rome at an early date from Tus- 
 culum , pi. Fulvii, -orum, m., 
 the Fulvii, meaning the eminent 
 men of the gens who had done 
 good service for the state. For 
 the Fulvii mentioned in this 
 book see the family names, 
 Flaccus, Nobilior. 
 
 fundamentum, -1, [fundo], n., 
 foundation, basis, support. 
 
 funditus [fundus], adv., from the 
 bottom ; utterly, entirely. 
 
 fund5, -ere, fudi, fusum, 3, a., 
 pour, pour out, shed , scatter, dif- 
 fuse , bring forth, bear ; over- 
 throw, vanquish, rout. 
 
 fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fundus], 
 i, a., found, establish. 
 
 funestus, -a, -um, [funus], adj., 
 deadly, fatal, destructive , as- 
 sociated with death, mournful, 
 sad. 
 
 fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3, 
 dep., be engaged in, perform ; 
 fulfil, discharge, execute, do. 
 
 furens, -entis, [part, of furo], 
 adj., raving, raging, mad, furi- 
 ous. 
 
 furiosus, -a, -um, [furia], adj., 
 full of raging, mad, furious. 
 
 Furius, -a, name of an ancient 
 patrician gens. Two of the 
 name are mentioned in this 
 book : 
 
 ( 1) P. Furius, one of the Cati- 
 linarian conspirators, from Fae- 
 sulae. Cat III. vi. 
 
 (2) L Furius Fhilus, consul 
 B c. 136. Receiving Spain as 
 his province he took thither two 
 of his bitterest enemies as quae- 
 stors, that they might be forced 
 to attest to the uprightness of 
 his administration. He was a 
 man of unusual culture for the 
 times. Arch. vu. 
 
 furo, -ere, furui, , 3, n., rave, 
 
 rage, be i?iad, be furious. 
 
 furor, -oris, [furo], m., frenzy, 
 rage, fury, madness ; prophetic 
 frenzy, inspiration. 
 
 furtim [furtum], adv., by stealth, 
 secretly, furtively. 
 
 furtum, -i, n., theft, robbery; 
 thing stolen ; artifice, craft. 
 
 futurus, -a, -um, see sum. As 
 subst., futurum, -I, n., the fu- 
 ture. 
 
GABINIUS 
 
 59 
 
 GERO 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabinius, -a, name of a plebeian 
 gens. In this book three ot the 
 name are mentioned 
 
 (i) A Gabinius, tribune of the 
 people, B. c. 66. He proposed a 
 bill the result of which was to 
 put the entire command of the 
 war against the pirates into the 
 hands of Pompey, with almost 
 unlimited power. He was prae- 
 tor B.C. 6l. In 58 B.C. he was 
 consul with Clodius, whom he 
 assisted in procuring the exile of 
 Cicero. As proconsul he gov- 
 erned the province of Syria so 
 unlawfully that on his return to 
 Rome he was sent into exile, his 
 property being confiscated. He 
 died B. c 48. Imp. P. xvii., xix. 
 
 (2) P. Gabinius Capiio, praetor 
 b. c 89. Arch. v. 
 
 (3) P. Gabinius Cimber, one 
 of the worst of the Catilinarian 
 conspirators. Cat. III. in. el al. 
 
 Gabinius, -a, -urn, adj., of a Ga- 
 binius, Gabinian. lex Gabmia, 
 bill of Gabinius ; see p. 32. 
 
 Gaius, -1, abbreviated C, m., 
 Gains, a Roman forename. 
 
 Galli, -orum, m., natives of Gaul, 
 Gauls. 
 
 Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, including 
 
 ( 1 ) Gallia C i s a 1 p T n a, or 
 Gallia citerior, Cisalpine 
 Gaul, south of the Alps and 
 north of the Apennines. 
 
 (2) Gallia Tran sal pin a, or 
 Gallia ulterior, Transalpine 
 Gaul, Gaul, covering the regions 
 now included in France, Bel- 
 gium, Holland, the western parts 
 of Germany and Switzerland. 
 
 Gallicanus, -a, -um, adj , of Cis- 
 alpine Gaul, Galilean. 
 
 Gallicus, -a, -um, adj , of the 
 Gauls, of Gaul, Gallic. 
 
 gallinarius, -a, um, [galhna], 
 
 adj., of kens, of poultry. ^ silva 
 Galllnaria, Gallinariau\ Wood, 
 Hen Forest, an extensive forest 
 on the coast of Campania, north 
 of Cumae It was on the road 
 to Cumae, and a favorite resort 
 of bandits. Ep. xxx. 
 
 ganeo, -onis, [ganea, eating- 
 house], m., glutton, debauchee. 
 
 gaudens, -entis, [part, of gaudeo], 
 adj., joyful, joyous, glad, cheerful. 
 
 gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, 2, 
 semi-dep., n., rejoice, be glad, de- 
 light in. 
 
 gaudium, -I, [gaudeo], n., joy, 
 gladness, delight, enjoyment. 
 
 gaza, -ae, i., treasure, ivealth, 
 riches. 
 
 gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu], adj., very 
 cold, ice-cold, cold. 
 
 gener, -erl, m., daughter's husband, 
 son-in-law. 
 
 genero, -are, -avi, -atum, [genus], 
 1, a., beget, produce , pass , be be- 
 gotten, spring. 
 
 gens, gentis, [cf. geno, bear], f., 
 clan, house, used of a group of 
 families tracing descent from a 
 common ancestor, having a com- 
 mon name, and participating in 
 the same religious rites ; hence, 
 species, breed, brood ; people, na- 
 tion, race. 
 
 genus, -eris, [cf. geno, bear], n., 
 birth, descent, family , sort, kind ; 
 race, hired, stock , class, order, 
 description. 
 
 geographia, -ae, [yeooypcupia], {., 
 geography. 
 
 ger5, -ere, gessl, gestum, 3, a., 
 bear, carry, have ; cherish, enter- 
 tain ; perform, do; manage, con- 
 duct, transact, accomplish ; of 
 war, carry on, tvage. se ge- 
 rere, to conduct one's self to 
 behave, to act. res gestae, 
 
 exploits, deeds, achievements. 
 
GESTIO 
 
 60 
 
 GRATULATIO 
 
 gestiS, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [gestus, 
 bearing}, 4, n., leap with joy, 
 skip , desire eagerly, earnestly de- 
 sire, long. 
 
 GlabriS, -orris, m., M'. Acilius 
 Glabno, consul with C Calpur- 
 nius Piso, B. c. 67. The follow- 
 ing year he was proconsul of 
 Cilicia, and succeeded Lucullus 
 in the direction of the war 
 against Mithridates. He proved 
 a failure as a general and was 
 succeeded by Pompey. At the 
 trial of the Catilinarian conspira- 
 tors he spoke in favor of the 
 death penalty. Imp. P. ix. 
 
 gladiator, -oris, [gladius], m., 
 swordsman, fighter in the public 
 games, gladiator. 
 
 gladiatorius, -a, -um, [gladiator], 
 adj., oj gladiators, gladiatorial. 
 
 gladius, -T, m., sword. 
 
 Glaucia, -ae, m., C. Servilius 
 Glaucia, praetor B. c. 100. He 
 united with Saturninus in oppo- 
 sition to the Senatorial party, 
 was declared an outlaw, and 
 perished with Saturninus at the 
 hands of a mob. Cat. I. ir., 
 III. vr. 
 
 gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, praise ; 
 pride, vanity, ambition. 
 
 glorior, -ari, -atus sum, [gloria], 
 1, dep., boast, brag, vaunt, pride 
 one's self. 
 
 Gnaeus, -i, abbreviated Cn., m., 
 Gnaeus, a Roman forename. 
 
 gnavus, -a, -um, adj., busy, active, 
 diligent. 
 
 Gracchus, -I, m., name of a fam- 
 ily of the Sempronian gens. The 
 two most distinguished members, 
 often together called Gracchi, 
 gen. orum, the Gracchi, were : 
 
 ( 1 ) Tiberius Sempronius Grac- 
 chus, quaestor in Spain B. c. 137, 
 where he distinguished himself. 
 He was tribune of the people 
 
 B. c. 133, and inaugurated salu- 
 tary reforms looking toward an 
 equable distribution of the public 
 lands. Standing for re-election 
 for the next year, he was slain 
 in a tumult stirred up by the 
 aristocracy. Cat. I. 1., IV. ir. 
 
 (2) C. Sempronius Gracchus, 
 brother of Tiberius. He entered 
 upon the tribuneship B. c. 123, 
 followed in the footsteps of his 
 brother as a reformer, and met 
 a violent death b c. 121. Cat. 
 I. 11., IV. IT. 
 
 gradus, -us, m., step, pace, walk ; 
 position, base ; stairs ; approach, 
 advance ; degree, grade, rajik, in- 
 terval. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, f., Greece; some- 
 times = Magna Graecia, Mag- 
 na Graecia, a name applied to 
 Lower Italy on account of the 
 number of Greek cities there. 
 
 Graecus, -a, -um, [rpaiKos], adj., 
 of the Greeks, Grecian, Greek. 
 As subst, Graeci, -orum, m., 
 pi., the Greeks. Graeca, -orum, 
 n., pi., Greek writing, Greek. 
 
 gratia, -ae, [gratus], f., favor, 
 esteem, regard, love ; kindness, 
 courtesy ; gratitude ; grace ; re- 
 turn of courtesy, thanks, return, 
 recompense. gratia, with gen., 
 for the sake of, on account of. 
 gratias habere, to be grateful, 
 to feel grateful. gratiam re- 
 ferre, to make grateful return, 
 to recompense . 
 
 Gratius, -I, m., Grdtius, the op- 
 ponent of the poet Archias. 
 Arch, iv., vi. 
 
 gratulto [gratuitus, without pay], 
 adv., without pay, without recom- 
 pense, for nothing, gratuitously. 
 
 gratulatio, -onis, [gratulor], f., 
 showing joy, rejoicing, congratu- 
 lation ; joyful festival, public 
 thanksgiving. 
 
GRATULOR 
 
 61 
 
 HERACLIA 
 
 gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, [gra- 
 tus], i, dep., show joy, rejoice; 
 congratulate. 
 
 gratus, -a, -am, adj., pleasing, 
 agreeable, acceptable, dear ; thank- 
 ful, grateful, deserving. 
 
 gravis, -e, adj., heavy, of -weight ; 
 loaded, laden ; oppressive, offen- 
 sive, severe, difficult ; hard to 
 bear, burdensome ; weighty, im- 
 portant ; eminent, venerable ; 
 great, of authority. 
 
 gravitas, -atis, [gravis], f., weight, 
 heaviness ; oppressiveness, sever- 
 ity ; importance, dignity, gravity, 
 influence. 
 
 graviter, comp. gravius, sup. 
 gravissime, [gravis], adv., 
 weightily ; vehemently, violently, 
 severely, strongly ; deeply, sadly. 
 
 gravor, -ari, -atus sum, [pass, of 
 gravo, from gravis], i, dep., be 
 burdened ; be reluctant, hesitate. 
 
 grex, gregis, m., flock, herd ; band, 
 company, clique, gang. 
 
 gubernati5, -onis, [guberno], f., 
 piloting, guidance ; direction, man- 
 agement. 
 
 guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. 
 Kvftepvdcc], I, a., steer, act as pilot ; 
 direct, guide, control. 
 
 gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, [gustus], 
 I, a., taste, partake of , enjoy. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo, -ere, -ui, ltum, 2 a , have, 
 hold, possess ; carry, 7uear ; re- 
 tain, keep, detain, contain ; occupy, 
 inhabit ; be master of, own, rule ; 
 treat, use ; pronounce, utter ; have 
 in mind, entertain ; purpose, in- 
 tend ; think, believe, esteem ; ex- 
 ercise, practice , receive, accept ; 
 reserve, conceal. 
 
 habit5, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq 
 of habeo], 1, a. and n., occupy 
 
 continually, inhabit; dwell, re- 
 side, live. 
 
 habitus, -us, [habeo], m., condi- 
 tion, appearance ; attire, dress; 
 nature, character, quality. 
 
 hactenus [hac + tenus], adv., so 
 far, thus far, no farther. 
 
 haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum, 2, 
 n., stick, hang, cleave, cling ; hold 
 fast, be fixed ; be perplexed, hesi- 
 tate, be at a loss. 
 
 haesito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq 
 of haereo], 1, n., stick fast ; beat 
 a loss, hesitate. 
 
 Hannibal, -alis, m , Hannibal, the 
 famous general of the Carthagin- 
 ians in the second Punic War. 
 When only twenty-nine years of 
 age he led an army from Spain 
 and over the Alps into Italy, 
 where he sustained himself for 
 fifteen years. His campaigns 
 cost the Romans not less than 
 300,000 men. He was finally 
 forced to withdraw to Africa, 
 where he was defeated at Zama, 
 B c. 202. He led the life of a 
 fugitive for twenty years after- 
 wards, and perished, it is said 
 by poison, in Bithynia. Cat. 
 IV. x. 
 
 haruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer, 
 diviner. 
 
 hasta, -ae, f., staff, pole; spear, 
 lance. 
 
 haud, adv., not at all, by no means. 
 
 haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, 4, 
 a., draw off, drain, empty ; pierce, 
 penetrate ; drink in, imbibe, take 
 in, receive. 
 
 hebesco, -ere, , , [hebeo, 
 
 be dull], 3, inch., grow blunt, be- 
 come dull. 
 
 Heraclin, -ae, f'Hpa/cAeia], f., 
 Heraclea, a Greek city in Luca- 
 nia, near the shore o£ the Gulf 
 of Tarentum, below Metapon- 
 
HERACLIENSES 
 
 HORTENSIUS 
 
 Heracllenses, -ium, [Heraclia], 
 m., people of Heraclea, Hera- 
 cleans ; sing. Heracliensis, -is, 
 m., man of Heraclea, Heraclean. 
 
 hercule [voc. of Hercules], 
 interj., by Hercules! assuredly! 
 me hercule, in Hercules' name ! 
 most assuredly ! 
 
 hereditas, -atis, [heres], f., heir- 
 ship, inheritance. 
 
 heres, -edis, m. and f., heir, 
 heiress ; successor. 
 
 heri, adv., yesterday. 
 
 hesternus, -a, -um, [heri], adj., 
 of yesterday, yesterday's. 
 
 heus ! interj., ho ! holloa ! ho 
 there ! 
 
 hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum, [hi- 
 bernus], i, n., pass the winter, 
 winter, be in winter quarters, 
 have winter quarters. 
 
 hibernus, -a, -um, [hiems], adj., 
 of winter, in the winter, winter-. 
 As subst., hlberna, orum, 
 (properly sc. castra), n., pi., 
 winter quarters 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, dem. 
 pron., this, this — here, used with 
 reference to the speaker ; the 
 present, the actual ; the following, 
 the one, referring to that which 
 follows ; he, she, it. ille — 
 hie, the former — the latter. 
 
 hie [hie], adv., here, in this place , 
 herein, in this, on this point; 
 now, at this time, then. 
 
 hice, haece, hoce, gen. huiusce, 
 emphatic form of hie, this. 
 
 hiems, -emis, f, whiter, winter 
 time; wintry weather, stoi-m, tem- 
 pest. 
 
 hinc [hie], adv., hence, from this 
 place, from this. hinc — il- 
 
 linc, on the one side — on the 
 other, on this side — on that, 
 here — there. 
 
 Hispanl, -orum, m., Spaniards. 
 
 Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 
 
 Hispaniensis, -e, adj., of Spain, 
 
 Spanish, in Spain. 
 Hispo, -onis, m., Hispo, apparently 
 a centurion, whom Cicero at the 
 time of his exile was anxious to 
 avoid Ep. ix. 
 hodie [hoc, die], adv., to-day , at 
 
 this time, now , to this day. 
 hodiernus, -a, -um, [hodie], adj., 
 of to-day, to-day's. hodiernus 
 dies, this day, to-day. 
 Homerus, -i, fO^pos], m., Homer. 
 
 Arch. viii. 
 homo, -inis, m. and f., human be- 
 ing, man ; race of man, mankind, 
 human race. 
 honestas, -atis, [honos], f., honor 
 bestowed by others, reputation ; 
 uprightness, integrity. 
 honeste [honestus], adv., honor- 
 ably, creditably, virtuously. 
 honesto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ho- 
 nestus], i, a, cover with honor, 
 dignify, honor, adorn. 
 honestus, -a, -um, [honos], adj., 
 honored, respected ; zvorthy of re- 
 spect, honorable , noble, worthy. 
 honos, or honor, -oris, m , honor, 
 esteem, repute ; praise, glory, re- 
 nown ; public honor, dignity, of- 
 fice. 
 hora, -ae, [cf. obpa], f., hour, which 
 among the Romans was properly 
 a twelfth part of the time from 
 sunrise to sunset. 
 horribilis, -e, [horreo], a.d).,fear- 
 
 ful, dreadful, terrible, horrible. 
 hortatus, -us, found only in the 
 abl., [hortor], m., encouragement, 
 incitement. 
 Hortensius, -a, name of a ple- 
 beian gens. Three of the name, 
 the orator, his father, and his 
 brother, are spoken of by Cicero 
 together as Hortensii, gen. 
 -oriim. Q. Hortensius, the ora- 
 tor, was born B. c. 114. He be- 
 came eminent as an advocate at 
 
HORTOR 
 
 63 
 
 IDONEUS 
 
 an early age. He was consul 
 B. c. 69. In 66 B. c he spoke in 
 opposition to the Manilian bill, 
 which Cicero defended. After- 
 wards he was viewed by Cicero 
 with jealousy as a rival, though 
 sometimes they were both re- 
 tained upon the same side of a 
 case. He died b. c. 50. Imp. 
 
 P. XVII., XIX. 
 
 hortor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 urge, eticourage, exhort, incite. 
 
 hospes, -itis, m., entertainer, host; 
 one entertained, guest, visitor. 
 
 hospitium, -I, [hospes], n., enter- 
 tainment, reception as a guest ; 
 tie oj hospitality, hospitality, 
 friendship; guest-chamber, inn. 
 
 hostllis, -e, [hostis], adj., of an 
 enemy, enemy 's ; hostile, inimical. 
 
 hostis, -is, m. and f., stranger, for- 
 eigner ; public enemy, enemy, foe. 
 
 HS., see sestertius. 
 
 hue [hie], adv., hither, to this 
 place , to this point, so far. 
 
 humanitas, -atis, [humanus], f., 
 human nature, humanity ; kind- 
 ness, good nature, politeness ; cul- 
 ture, refinement. 
 
 humanus. -a, -um, [homo], adj., 
 of man, human ; humane, kind, 
 courteous, polite ; cultured, refined. 
 
 humilis, -e, [humus], adj., low ; 
 slight, small , base, mean, obscure, 
 insignificant. 
 
 humus, -I, f ., ground, soil, earth ; 
 land, country ; locative humi, on 
 the ground, to the ground. 
 
 hypomnema, -atis, [\nr6ixvr)ixa], 
 n., written remark, memorandum, 
 note. 
 
 I. 
 
 iaceo, ere, -ui, , [cf. iacio], 
 
 2, n., lie, lie prostrate, be prostrate; 
 lie dead, have fallen ; be level ; be 
 cast down, be dejected; be despised. 
 
 iacio, lacere, ieci, iactum, 3, a., 
 
 throw, cast, hurl , lay, establish ; 
 build, construct ; throw up, charge; 
 throw out, mention, declare, utter. 
 
 iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
 iacio], 1, a., throw, fling, hurl; 
 toss, toss about ; shake, brandish ; 
 emit, utter, say. se iactare, 
 
 to boast, show off, make a display. 
 
 iactura, -ae, [iacio], f., throwing 
 away ; loss, damage ; outlay, ex- 
 pense, sacrifice. 
 
 iactus, -us, [iacio], m., throwing, 
 casting, throw, cast, stroke. 
 
 iam, adv., now, at this time, just 
 now ; already, ere now, so soon ; 
 forthwith, straightway, immedi- 
 ately, presently ; then, then surely, 
 no doubt, precisely, indeed, even ; 
 besides, again, moreover ; with 
 comp., from time to time, grad- 
 ually, iam dudum, long be- 
 fore, for a long time, this long 
 time. iam pridem, long since, 
 long ago. iam turn, even then, 
 at that very time. 
 
 Ianuarius, -a, -um, [Ianus], adj., 
 of fanuary. As subst, Ianua- 
 rius, -I, to.., January. 
 
 ibi or ibi, adv., there, in that 
 place ; then, thereupon ; in that 
 case, on that occasion. 
 
 Id., see Idus. 
 
 idcirco [id, circus], adv., there- 
 fore, on that account, for this rea- 
 son. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, gen. eius- 
 dem, [is], dem. pron., the same ; 
 often with the force of an adv., 
 also, besides, too, likewise, further- 
 more , followed by et, -que, or 
 atque, the same as, identical with. 
 
 ideo [id + eo] , adv., for that rea- 
 son, on this account, therefore. 
 
 idonee [idoneus], adv., fitly, suit- 
 ably. 
 
 idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable, 
 proper ; capable, sufficient. 
 
IDUS 
 
 04 
 
 IMMINUO 
 
 Idus, Iduum, abbreviated Id., f , 
 pi , the Ides, the middle of the 
 month, one of the three days to 
 which dates were reckoned in 
 the Roman Calendar. In March, 
 May, July, and October the 
 Ides came on the 15th; in other 
 months, on the 13th. 
 
 igitur, conj , then, therefore, accord- 
 ingly j in summing up, / say 
 then, you see, in short. 
 
 ignarus, a, -um, [in- + gnarus] , 
 adj., unfamiliar with, not know- 
 ing, unacquainted with, ignorant; 
 unskilled in, inexperienced. 
 
 Ignavia, -ae, [Ignavus], f., lazi- 
 ness, idleness, listlessness, coward- 
 ice. 
 
 Ignis, -is, m , fire. 
 
 Igndminia, -ae, [in-, nomen], f, 
 disgrace, dishonor, infamy, ig- 
 nominy ; degradation. 
 
 TgnoratiS, -onis, [Ignoro], f, lack 
 of knowledge, ignorance. 
 
 ignoro, are, -avi, -atum, [cf. 
 ignarus], 1, a. and n., not know, 
 be unacquainted with, be igno- 
 rant. 
 
 TgnSsco, -ere, Ignovi, Ignotum, 
 [in- + (g)nosco], 3, a., pardon, 
 forgive, excuse, overlook. 
 
 Ignotus, -a, -um, [in-+ (g)notus], 
 adj., unknown, unrecognized, un- 
 familiar, strange ; without re- 
 pute, obscure, ?nean. 
 
 Ilias, -ados, ['IAias], f., the Iliad. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius or illius, 
 dem. pron., that, referring to that 
 which is remote; he, she, it; re- 
 ferring to that which is familiar, 
 the well-known, the famous. 
 ille — hie, the former — the 
 latter. 
 
 illecebra, -ae, [in, lacio, entice], 
 f.j enticement, allurement, charm, 
 seduction. 
 
 illim [ille], adv., thence, from that 
 place. 
 
 illinc [illim], adv., from that place, 
 thence ; on that side. See nine. 
 
 illudo, -ere, illiisi, illusum, [in-f- 
 ludo], 3, n. and a., play at; make 
 sport; ridicule, jeer at, mock. 
 
 illustris, -e, [in, cf. lustro, make 
 bright], adj., bright, shining, bril- 
 liant ; clear, manifest, plain ; fa- 
 mous, distinguished, noble. 
 
 illustro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-f 
 lustro, make bright], 1, a., make 
 light ; make clear, clear up, dis- 
 close, explain; make famous, make 
 renowned. 
 
 Illyricum, -I, n., Illyria, a coun- 
 try on the east side of the Adri- 
 atic sea, north of Epirus. 
 
 Illyricus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 Illyrians, of Illyria, Illyrian. 
 
 imago, -inis, [cf. imitor], f., copy, 
 likeness, form, iniage ; statue, 
 bust ; phantom, ghost ; conception, 
 thought ; se?nblance, shadow. 
 
 imbecillitas, -atis, [imbeeillus, 
 feeble], f., feebleness, weakness-/ 
 helplessness, powerlessness. 
 
 imberbis, -e, [in- + barba], adj., 
 beardless, without a beard. 
 
 imitator, -oris, [imitor], m., imita- 
 tor, copyist. 
 
 imitor, -arl, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 imitate, copy after ; copy, portray. 
 
 immanis, -e, adj., monstrous, huge; 
 fierce, cruel, zaild, inhuman. 
 
 immanitas, -atis, [immanis], f., 
 hugeness, enormity ; monstrosity, 
 heinousness, savageness, cruelty. 
 
 immaturus, -a, -um, [in- + matu- 
 rus], adj., unripe ; untimely ; pre- 
 ?nature. 
 
 hummed, -ere, , , [in, cf. 
 
 minor], 2, n., overhang; be near, 
 be at hand, impend ; threaten, 
 menace ; be eager for, long for. 
 
 imminuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [in-f 
 minuo], 3, a., lessen, diminish; 
 encroach upon, infringe upon, re- 
 duce. 
 
IMMITTO 
 
 65 
 
 IMPULSUS 
 
 immitto, -ere, immisi, immis- impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-f 
 
 sum, [in + mitto], 3, a , send in, patro, perform'], I, a., gain one's 
 
 let in, admit, introduce ; send end, accomplish, get, obtain, pro- 
 
 against, set on ; discharge, hurl. cure, by request or by means of 
 
 iramo, adv., nay indeed, nay, on influence. 
 
 the contrary, no indeed. immo impetus, -us, [impeto], m., onset, 
 
 vero, nay rather, nay more. attack, assault ; impulse, rapid 
 
 immortalis, -e, [in- + mor talis], motion, rush; violence, fury. 
 
 adj., undying, immortal ; endless, impius, -a, -um, [in- + pius], adj., 
 
 eternal, imperishable. undutiful, irreverent, ungodly ; 
 
 immortalitas, -atis, [immorta- wicked, impious, shameless. As 
 
 lis], f., immortality, endless life ; subst, impii, -drum, m., the 
 
 undying renown, imperishable wicked. 
 
 fame. implicS, -are, -avi or -ui, -atum 
 
 impedio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in, cf. or -itum, [in + plieo], i, a., en- 
 
 pes, ped-is], 4, a., entangle; hin- tangle, involve, encircle, clasp; 
 
 der, embarrass ; obstruct, impede, connect intimately, unite, join. 
 
 check, prevent. imploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
 
 impell5, -ere, impuli, impulsum, ploro], 1, a. and n., beseech, en- 
 
 [in + pello], 3, a., strike against, treat, implore. 
 
 strike ; move, impel ; urge, incite, importunus, -a, -um, zd].,unsuit- 
 
 persuade. able; harsh, rude, hard, cruel, 
 
 impendeS, -ere, , , [in+ savage. 
 
 pendeo], 2, n. and a., overhang ; improbitas, -atis, [improbus], f., 
 
 be near, be at hand, be imminent ; zuickedness, badness, depravity. 
 
 impend, threaten. improbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- -f 
 
 imperator, -oris, [impero], m., probo], 1, a., disapprove of cen- 
 
 commander-in-chief, gefieral ; com- sure, condemn, bla7ne. 
 
 mander, leader, director. improbus, -a, -um, [in- + probus], 
 
 imperatorius, -a, -um, [impera- adj., luicked, bad, depraved, base ; 
 
 tor], adj., of a commander, of a shameless, oictrageous. 
 
 general. impubes, -eris, [in-+pubes], adj., 
 
 imperitus, -a, -um, [in- + peritus] , under age, youthful, beardless. 
 
 adj., inexperienced, unskilled, uu- impudens, -entis, [in- + pudens], 
 
 acquainted with. adj., without sense of shame, 
 
 imperium, -I, [impero], n., com- shameless, indecent, impudent. 
 
 mand, order ; authority, control ; impudenter [impudens], adv., 
 
 sovereignty, dominion, empire, su- shamelessly, indecently, impu- 
 
 premacy, sway. dently. 
 
 imperd, -are, avi, -atum, [in + impudentia, -ae, [impudens], f., 
 
 paro], 1, a. and n., command, shamelessness, impudence. 
 
 order; control, be master of; impudlcus, -a, -um, [in- + pudl- 
 
 rule, govern; viake requisition cus], adj., shameless, i77imodest, 
 
 for, require, levy. unchaste. As subst., impudiel, 
 
 impertio, Ire, -Ivi, -"turn, [in + -orum, m., pi., the unchaste. 
 
 partio, from pars], 4, a., share impulsus, -us, [impello], m., strik- 
 
 with, bestow upon, bestow, impart; ing against, shock; impulse, in- 
 
 assign, give. I fluence. 
 5 
 
IMPUNITUS 
 
 INCOMMODUM 
 
 impunltus, -a, -um, [in- + purti- 
 tus], adj., unpunished, without 
 restraint, unrestrained, secure. 
 
 impurus, -a, -um, [in- + purus], 
 adj., unclean, filthy ; defiled, aban- 
 doned, vile. As subst., impuri, 
 -orum, m., pi., the filthy. 
 
 in, prep, with ace. and abl. : 
 
 (i) With the ace.: of place, 
 after verbs implying motion, 
 into, 'to, up to, towards, against ; 
 of time, into, till, to, unto, for ; 
 of purpose, for, with a view to ; 
 of result, to, unto ; of other rela- 
 tions, to, in, respecting, concern- 
 ing, according to, after. 
 
 (2) With the abl.: of place, 
 in, within, on, upon, among, over, 
 under ; of time, in, in the course 
 of, within, during, while ; of 
 other relations, involved in, un- 
 der the influence of, in case of, in 
 relation to, on the condition, re- 
 specting. 
 
 In composition in retains its 
 form before the vowels and 
 most of the consonants ; is often 
 changed to il- before 1, ir- be- 
 fore r ; usually becomes im- 
 before m, b, p. 
 
 in-, inseparable prefix, = un-, not, 
 as in inauditus, unheard; in- 
 certus, uncertain. 
 
 inanis, -e, adj., empty, vacant, un- 
 occupied; useless, profitless, worth- 
 less, vain. 
 
 inauditus, -a, -um, [in + audl- 
 tus], adj., unheard-of unusual, 
 strange. 
 
 inauratus, -a, -um, [part, of in- 
 auro, gild], adj., gilded, golden. 
 
 incendium, -I, [incendo], r\.,fire, 
 conflagration ; of the feelings, 
 heat, flame, vehemence, passion. 
 
 incendS, -ere, incendi, incen- 
 sum, 3, a., set fire to, kindle, 
 burn; of the feelings, inflame, 
 arouse, incite, irritate, enrage. 
 
 incensio, -onis, [incendo], f., 
 
 burning. 
 
 inceptum, -I, [incipio], n., begin- 
 ning, undertaking ; attempt. 
 
 incertus, -a, -um, [in- + certus], 
 adj., unsettled, 7tot dele7'7nined, 
 uncertain, . unascertained, doubt- 
 ful ; of persons or character, 
 wavering, irresolute, at a loss. 
 
 incido, -ere, incidl, incasum, [in 
 + eado], 3, n., fall in, strike ; 
 light upon, fall in with ; fall 
 into, become involved ; fall out, 
 happen, occur. 
 
 incido, -ere, ineidi, incisum, [in 
 + caedo], 3, a., cut into, cut open, 
 cut through ; carve, engrave ; 
 break off, interrupt. 
 
 incipiS, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 [in + capio], 3, a. and n., take 
 hold of; begin, commence, begin 
 to speak; begin to be or to ap- 
 pear. 
 
 incitamentum, -!, [ineito], n., 
 incentive, inducement. 
 
 incito, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
 cito, hasten], 1, a , hasten, quick- 
 en ; urge on, spur on, rouse, stir. 
 
 inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a. 
 and n., bend, turn; incline; be 
 inclined, be favorably disposed. 
 
 includS, -ere, inclusi, inelusum, 
 [in+claudo], 3, a., shut in, en- 
 close, confine, shut up in; obstruct, 
 hinder ; include, comprehend. 
 
 incognitus, -a, -um, [in-+cogni- 
 tus], adj., not examined, untried, 
 unknown. 
 
 incob.5, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a. 
 and n., begin, commence ; of a 
 subject, take in hand, begin to 
 discuss, undertake to treat. 
 
 incolu lis, -e, [in- + columis], 
 adj., nharmed, uninjured, safe, 
 sound, whole. 
 
 incommodum, -1, [inoommodus], 
 n., inconvenience, disadvantage, 
 trouble ; misfortune, loss, defeat. 
 
INCORRUPTE 
 
 67 
 
 INFERO 
 
 incorrupte, comp. incorruptius, 
 [incorruptus], adv., uncorruptly, 
 fairly, justly. 
 
 incredibilis, -e, [in- + credibilis] , 
 adj., beyond belief, incredible, ex- 
 traordinary, unparalleled. 
 
 increpo, -are, -ui, -itum, [in + 
 crepo], i, n. and a , make a noise, 
 resound, crash ; occur, be noised 
 abroad; cause to resound ; tip- 
 braid, SCold. 
 
 incumbS, -ere, incubui, ineubi- 
 tum, [in + obsolete cum bo, 
 lie], 3, n., lie upon, lean, rest, 
 recline ; press upon, oppress ; 
 exert one's self, make an effort, 
 apply one's self; be inclined, 
 lean towards. 
 
 indago, -are, -avi, -Stum, [indu, 
 old form of in, + ago], 1, a., seek 
 out, investigate, trace, explore. 
 
 inde, adv., fro?n that place, thence, 
 from that point; therefrom, from 
 that; from that time, thereafter, 
 after that ; in consequence, there- 
 fore. 
 
 indemnatus, -a, -um, [in- + dam- 
 natus], adj., uncondemnned, with- 
 out being sentenced. 
 
 index, -icis, [cf. indico], m. and f., 
 discloser, informer, witness ; sign, 
 mark ; inscription, title ; fore- 
 finger. 
 
 indicium, -I, [indico], n., disclos- 
 ure, information ; mark, sign, 
 p7-oof ; testimony, evidence. 
 
 indico, -are, -avi, -atum, [index], 
 I, a., point out, make known, 
 disclose, reveal, designate ; accuse, 
 charge. 
 
 indico, -ere, indixi, indictum, 
 [in+dico], 3, a., announce, de- 
 clare publicly, declare, proclaim ; 
 convoke, order ; impose, enjoin. 
 
 indigeo, -ere, -ui, , [indu, 
 
 old form of in, + egeo], 2, n., 
 need, want, lack ; stand in need 
 of, require. 
 
 \ indigne [indignus], adv., un- 
 worthily, undeservedly, shame- 
 fully. 
 
 indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus], 
 adj., unworthy, undeserving, un- 
 becoming, not fit ; shameful, out- 
 rageous. As subst, indignum, 
 -T, n , outrage, shame. 
 
 induco, -ere, induxi, inductum, 
 [in + duco], 3, a., lead in, in- 
 troduce, bring forward, conduct; 
 spread over, overspread, overlay; 
 move, persuade, induce. ani- 
 mum inducere, to make up one's 
 mind, to bring one's self to, to 
 resolve. 
 
 industria, -ae, [industrius], f., 
 activity, diligence, zeal, indus- 
 try. 
 
 industrius, -a, -um, adj., active, 
 diligent, zealous, industrious. 
 
 ineo, ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, [in + 
 eo], irr., a. and n., go into, enter ; 
 come in, come on, begin ; under- 
 take, engage in, adopt. 
 
 inepte [ineptus], adv., improperly, 
 unbecomingly, absurdly. 
 
 ineptia, -ae, [ineptus], f., folly, 
 absurdity, foolishness ; pi., trifles, 
 notions, absurdities. 
 
 iners, -ertis, [in-+ars], adj., un- 
 skilful, awkward; idle, indolent, 
 inactive, sluggish, worthless. 
 
 inertia, -ae, [iners], f., unskilful- 
 uess, want of skill ; idleness, indo- 
 lence, inactivity. 
 
 infamis, -e, [in- + fama], adj., dis- 
 reputable, notorious, infamous. 
 
 inferior, -ius, [comp. of Inferus], 
 adj., lower, inferior. 
 
 Infeio, -ferre, intuli, illatum, [in 
 + fero], irr., a., carry in, bring 
 in, introduce ; bring to, carry in- 
 to, convey, bring ; bring against, 
 wage, direct ; bring forward, pro- 
 duce ; excite, cause, inflict. se 
 Inferre, to presetit one's self, to 
 repair, to enter. 
 
INFERUS 
 
 68 
 
 INIQUUS 
 
 inferus, -a, um, comp. Inferior, 
 sup. Infimus or Imus, [cf. infra], 
 adj., below, underneath, lower, un- 
 derground ; of the Underworld. 
 As subst., infer!, -orum, m., pi., 
 folk of the Underworld, inhabit- 
 ants of the Lower World ; the 
 dead, the shades. 
 
 Infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe, dis- 
 turbed, molested ; hostile, trouble- 
 some, dangerous. 
 
 infimus, -a, -um, [sup. of Inferus], 
 adj., lowest, last ; meanest, most 
 degraded, basest. 
 
 infinitus, -a, -um, [in- + f Inltus] , 
 adj., boundless, unlimited ; end- 
 less, infinite. 
 
 Inflrmo, -are, -avi, -atum, [Inflr- 
 mus], i, a. and n., weaken; re- 
 fute, disprove. 
 
 Inflrmus, -a, -um, [in- + firmus] , 
 adj., not strong, weak, infirm, 
 feeble, unhealthy ; inconstant, 
 superstitious ; of no account, 
 trivial, invalid. 
 
 infitiator, -oris, [Infltior], m., de- 
 nier, repudiator. lentus In- 
 fitiator, bad debtor. 
 
 infitior, -arl, -atus sum, [in- + 
 fateor], I, dep., not acknowledge, 
 deny, disown ; repudiate. 
 
 Inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in 
 -f flammo], i, a., set on fire, light 
 up, kindle ; inflame, excite, arouse, 
 stir. 
 
 inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + fio], 
 I , a., blow into, breathe upon ; in- 
 spire ; puff up, elate. 
 
 InformS, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
 formo], I, a., shape, mould ; in- 
 struct, educate ; describe. 
 
 ingenium, -I, [in, cf. gigno], n., 
 innate quality, nature; disposi- 
 tion, character, temper ; ability, 
 capacity, talent, genius. 
 
 ingens, -entis, adj., beyond natural 
 size, huge, enormous ; great, re- 
 markable. 
 
 ingenuus, -a, -um, [in, cf. gignS], 
 
 adj., native ; free-born, of free 
 parents; noble, upright, ingenu- 
 ous. As subst., ingenul, -orum, 
 m., pi., the free-born, meaning 
 the better classes of Roman 
 citizens. 
 
 ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus] , 
 adj., imacceptable, unpleasant ; 
 ungrateful, thankless. 
 
 ingravesco, -ere, , , [in- 
 
 gravo], 3, inch., grow burden- 
 some ; grow worse, be aggravated, 
 increase. 
 
 ingredior, -gredl, -gressus sum, 
 [in -+- gradior], 3, dep., advance, 
 go forward, proceed ; go into, e?t- 
 ter ; enter upon, engage hi, under- 
 take, begin. 
 
 inhio, -are, -avi, -atum, [in + 
 hio], 1, n. and a., gape, open the 
 mouth to; gape with amazement, 
 be amazed ; gaze eagerly. 
 
 inhumanus, -a, -um, [in- + huma- 
 nus], adj., rude, brutal, inhu- 
 man ; ill-bred, coarse, unculti- 
 vated. 
 
 inicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectum, [in-f 
 iacio], 3, a., cast into, throw in; 
 hurl upon, cast upon; heap up, 
 build ; put on, throw around ; lay 
 hands upon, take possession of ; 
 inspire in, cause. 
 
 inimicitia, -ae, [inimieus], f., hos- 
 tility, enmity. 
 
 inimieus, -a, -um, [in- + amicus], 
 adj., unfriendly, hostile, inimical; 
 hurtful, injuriotis. As subst., 
 inimieus, -I, personal ene?ny, 
 enemy. 
 
 inlquitas, -atis, [iniquus], f., in- 
 equality ; unfavorableness, diffi- 
 culty ; unfairness, injustice. 
 
 iniquus, -a, -um, [in- + aequus], 
 adj., unei'en, sloping, steep; ill- 
 matched, unequal ; unfavorable, 
 disadvantageous .; 11 -fair, unjust ; 
 adverse, hostile. 
 
INITIO 
 
 69 
 
 INSOLENTIA 
 
 initio, -are, -avl, -atum, [initium], 
 I, a., initiate, consecrate ; used 
 especially of initiation into the 
 sacred mysteries. 
 
 initium, -I, [ineo], n., entrance ; 
 beginning, com mencement. 
 
 iniucundus, -a, -urn, [in- + iucun- 
 dus], adj., unpleasant, displeas- 
 ing, disagreeable. 
 
 iniuria, -ae, [iniurius, from in- -f 
 ius], f., outrage, wrong, injury, 
 injustice; insult ; abl. iniuria, 
 often with the force of an adv., 
 unjustly, undeservedly, wrong- 
 fully. 
 
 iniuriose, comp. iniuriosius, [in- 
 iuriosus], adv., unfairly, tin- 
 justly, unlawfully. 
 
 iniussus, -us, found only in the 
 ab!., [in + iussus], m., command, 
 bidding, orders. 
 
 iniustus, -a, -um, [in- + iustus], 
 adj., unfair, unjust, unreason- 
 able ; wrongful ; excessive, bur- 
 densome. 
 
 innocens, -entis, [in- + nocens], 
 adj., harmless, inoffensive ; blame- 
 less, innocent, upright. 
 
 innocentia, -ae, [innocens], f., 
 blamelessness, innocence ; upright- 
 ness, integrity. 
 
 innumerabilis, -e, [in- + numera- 
 bilis], adj., countless, innumera- 
 ble. 
 
 inopia, -ae, [inops], f., want, lack ; 
 need, scarcity, poverty. 
 
 in primis, see prior. 
 
 inquam, inquis, inquit, def., n., 
 postpositive, say. 
 
 inrepo, -ere, inrepsi, inreptum, 
 [in-|-repo], 3, n., creep in, steal 
 in ; be stealthily inserted. 
 
 inretio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [in, rete, 
 net~\, 4, a., catch in a net, ensnare ; 
 entangle, entrap, involve. 
 
 inrito, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a., in- 
 cite, instigate ; irritate, exasperate, 
 provoke. 
 
 inruptio, -onis, [inrumpo], f., 
 
 breaking in ; inroad, incursion, 
 invasion. 
 
 inscribo, -ere, InscrlpsI, Inscrip- 
 tum, [in+scribo], 3, a., write 
 upon, inscribe; assign, appro- 
 priate; mark. 
 
 insepultus, -a, -um, [in- + se- 
 pultus], adj., unburied, without 
 burial. 
 
 inservio, -ire, , -itum, [in -f- 
 
 servio], 4, n. and, a., devote one's 
 self to, be devoted] to; be submis- 
 sive to, serve. 
 
 Insideo, -ere, insedi, Insessum, 
 [in + sedeo], 2, n. and a., sit 
 upon; settle, be inherent in, in- 
 here ; take possession of, hold. 
 
 Insidiae, -arum, [cf. Insideo], f., 
 ambush, ambuscade ; snare, trap, 
 plot, artifice, device. 
 
 Insidiator, -oris, [insidior], m., 
 lurker, waylayer, highwayman. 
 
 insidior, -ail, -atus sum, [In- 
 sidiae], 1, dep., lie in wait for, 
 watch for, plot against. 
 
 Insidiosus, -a, -um, [Insidiae], 
 adj., deceitful, treacherous, dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 Insldo, -ere, Insedi, Insessum, 
 [in+sldo], 3, n. and a., settle 
 on, occupy ; be fixed in, remain, 
 adhere to. 
 
 Inslgne, -is, [Insignis], n., mark, 
 sign, token ; indication, proof ; 
 badge, decoration, distinction. 
 
 Insimulo, -are, -avl, -atum, [in + 
 simulo], 1, a., charge, bring as a 
 charge ; accuse, blame. 
 
 Insolens, -entis, [in- + solens], 
 adj., unusual ; immoderate, arro- 
 gant, haughty, insolent. 
 
 Insolenter, comp. Insolentius, 
 [Insolens], adv., unusually ; im- 
 moderately, haughtily, insolently. 
 
 Insolentia, -ae, [Insolens], f., 
 novelty, strangeness ; haughtiness, 
 arrogance, insolence. 
 
INSOLITUS 
 
 70 
 
 INTEREA 
 
 Insolitus, -a, -um, [in- + solitus] , 
 adj., unaccustomed, unwonted, un- 
 usual ; uncommon, strange. 
 
 inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, only 
 pres. part, found in classical 
 Latin, [freq. of Inspicio], I, a. 
 and n., look at, observe, view. 
 Inspectante praetore, under the 
 eyes of the praetor. 
 
 Insperans, -antis, [in- + sperans, 
 spero], adj., not hoping, beyond 
 hope, not expecting. 
 
 Insperatus, -a, -um, [in- + spera- 
 tus, spero], adj., unhoped for, 
 unexpected, unforeseen 
 
 instituo, -ere, institui, institu- 
 tum, [in -f- statuo] , 3, a. and n., 
 put in place, plant ; found, estab- 
 lish ; arratige, draw up ; build, 
 construct ; provide, prepare ; un- 
 dertake, begi?i ; appoint, designate ; 
 purpose, resolve, decide, propose ; 
 teach, instruct, train up. 
 
 institutum, -i, [instituo], n., pur- 
 pose, design, plan ; custom, usage, 
 practice, precedent ; institution, 
 regulation. 
 
 insto, -stare, -stiti, -statum, [in -f 
 sto], 1, n., stand upon, be near at 
 hand, approach, draw nigh , press 
 upon, pursue, harass , menace, 
 threaten ; insist upon, urge. 
 
 Instructus, a, -um, [part of In- 
 struo], adj , furnished, provided, 
 equipped ; arranged ; versed. 
 
 Instrumentum, -1, [instruo], n , 
 implement, tool, appliance ; set of 
 tools, stock, furniture ; supply, 
 store, means, furtherance. 
 
 instruS, -ere, Instruxi, Instrue- 
 tum, [in+struo], 3, a., build in . 
 make ready, furnish, provide, pre- 
 pare, equip', of troops, draw up, 
 set in array, array. 
 
 insula, -ae, f., islatid, isle. 
 
 insum, inesse, Infui, [in + sum], 
 irr., n., be in, be on ; exist in, 
 belong to. 
 
 integer, -gra, grum, comp. in- 
 tegrior, sup. integerrimus, [in, 
 cf. tango], adj., untouched, whole, 
 entire , unimpaired, unhurt , 
 sound, fresh, vigorous ; unde- 
 cided, undetermined , impartial ; 
 blameless, spotless, pure , of a 
 seal, unbroken. 
 
 integre [integer], adv., faultlessly; 
 blamelessly, irreproachably, with- 
 out prejudice. 
 
 integritas, -atis, [integer], f., com- 
 pleteness, soundness ; blameless- 
 ness, integrity, uprightness. 
 
 intellego, -ere, intellexl, intel- 
 leetum, [inter -f lego], 3, a., see 
 info, perceive, gather ; understand, 
 discern, comprehend. 
 
 intendo, -ere, intendl, intentum 
 or -sum, [in + tendo], 3, a. and 
 n., stretch out, extend; stretch, 
 fasten ; direct, aim ; bend, strain, 
 turn ; urge ; purpose, intend. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace. only, among; 
 of position and relation, between, 
 among, amid, surrounded by, into 
 the midst of; of time, between, 
 during, in the course of, through, 
 while, in, within. 
 
 intercalo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in 
 ter + ealo], 1, a., insert in the 
 calendar, intercalate ; put off, 
 postpone. 
 
 intercedo, -ere, intereessi, inter- 
 cessum, [inter -+- eedo], 3, n., 
 come between, intervene, pass , 
 come to pass, occur ; interpose ; 
 oppose, withstand. 
 
 intercessio, -onis, [intercedo], f ., 
 intervention, protest, veto. 
 
 intercludo, ere, interelusl, in- 
 tercliisum, [inter + claudo], 3, 
 a., shut out, cut off, intercept; 
 hinder; divide. 
 
 interdum [inter + dum], adv., 
 now and then, sometimes, at times. 
 
 interea [inter-)- ea], adv., mean- 
 while, in the meantime. 
 
INTEREO 
 
 71 
 
 INVIDIA 
 
 intereo, -ire, -il, itum, [inter + 
 eo], irr., n., go among; be lost 
 among, hence go to ruin, decay, 
 perish, die. 
 
 interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 [inter -f facio], 3, a., destroy; 
 slay, kill, murder. 
 
 interim, adv., meamvhile, in the 
 meantime ; nevertheless. 
 
 interimo, -ere, intereml, inter- 
 emptum, [inter + emo], 3, a., do 
 away with, destroy ; slay, kill. 
 
 interior, -ius, gen. -oris, sup. in- 
 timus, adj., inner, interior ; 
 nearer, deeper ; sup., inmost, in- 
 nermost, deepest; intimate, close. 
 
 interitus, -us, [intereo], m., over- 
 throw, ruin ; destruction, death. 
 
 internecio, -onis, [inter, cf. nex], 
 f., massacre, slaughter , utter de- 
 struction, destruction. 
 
 interpello, -are, -avl, -atum, [in 
 ter -f unused pello], 1, a., in- 
 terrupt; hinder, obstruct, prevent. 
 
 interpretor, -ari, -atus sum, [in- 
 terpres], 1, dep., explain, intei- 
 pret ; understand, comprehend, 
 make out ; conclude, decide. 
 
 interrogo, -are, -avl, -atum, [in- 
 ter + rogo], 1, a., ask, inquire of, 
 question. 
 
 intersum, -esse, -fui, [inter + 
 sum], irr., n., be between, lie be- 
 tween ; intervene, elapse ; be dif- 
 ferent, differ ; be present, take 
 part in. Impers., interest, /'/ 
 concerns, it is important, it makes 
 a difference. 
 
 intervallum, -I, [inter + vallum], 
 n , lit. room between (two) pali- 
 sades; hence, intermediate dis- 
 tance, distance, interval , intermis- 
 sion. 
 
 interventus, -us, [intervenio], 
 m., coming between, coming in; 
 intervention, appearance. 
 
 intestinus, -a, -um, [intus], a. 1 ;.. 
 internal, intestine. 
 
 intimus, -a, um, see interior 
 
 intra [cf interior], prep, with 
 ace only, tvithin, inside oj , into; 
 during, in the course of 
 
 introduco, -ere, introdvixi, in 
 troductum, [intro + dueo], 3, 
 a., lead in, bring in, introduce. 
 
 intueor, -eri, intuitus sum, [in -f 
 tueor], 2, dep., look upon, gaze 
 at , contemplate, consider ; ad- 
 mire, "wonder at. 
 
 intus [in], adv., within, on the in- 
 side. 
 
 inultus, -a, -um, [in- + ultus],adj., 
 unavenged ; unpunished, unc/ias- 
 Used ; safe, with impunity. 
 
 inuro, -ere, inussi, inustum, [in 
 + uro], 3, a., burn in, brand 
 upon, brand, imprint. 
 
 inusitatus, -a, -um, ■ [in- + usita- 
 tus], adj., unusual, uncommon, 
 rare. 
 
 inutilis, -e, [in- -futilis], adj., use- 
 less, unprofitable, unserviceable , 
 inexpedient, unavailing, hurtful. 
 
 invenio, -Ire, invenl, inventum, 
 [in -f- venio], 4, a., come upon, 
 find, meet ; discover, invent, con- 
 trive, devise ; find out, learn. 
 
 investlgo, -are, -avl, -atum, [in 
 -f vestlgo], 1, a., track; trace 
 out, search into, investigate, find 
 out. 
 
 inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, 
 
 , [in + veterasco], 3, inch., 
 
 grow old ; become fixed, be estab- 
 lished, become rooted. 
 
 invlctus, -a, -um, sup. invictissi- 
 mus, [in- -f victus] , adj., uncon- 
 quered , unconquerable, invinci- 
 ble. 
 
 invideo, -ere, invldl, invlsum, 
 [in -f video], 2, n. and a., look 
 askance at, be prejudiced, be jeal- 
 ous , envy, grudge. 
 
 invidia, -ae, [mvidus], f., envy, 
 jealousy ; dislike, hatred, grudge ; 
 odium, unpopularity. 
 
INVIDIOSUS 
 
 72 
 
 1UGURTHA 
 
 invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia], 
 
 adj., full of envy, invidious, ex- 
 citing envy, enviable, envied ; caus- 
 ing hatred, hateful, hated, odious 
 
 invidus, -a, -um, [invideo], adj., 
 envious, jealous. As subst., in- 
 vidus, -I, m., envious person, pi., 
 the envious. 
 
 inviso, -ere, invisi, invisum, [in 
 + vlso], 3, a., go to see, look after, 
 visit. 
 
 invisus, -a, -um, [part, of in- 
 video], adj., hated, detested, 
 odious, hostile. 
 
 invito, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a., in- 
 vite, ask, urge; attract, allure ; 
 entertain, feast. 
 
 invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling, 
 reluctant, against the will. 
 
 ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipsius, dem. 
 pron., self, himself, herself, itself; 
 often emphatic, he ; often best 
 rendered freely, as very, pre- 
 cisely, likewise, in person. 
 
 Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath; rage, pas- 
 sion, indignation, fury. 
 
 Iracundia, -ae, [iracundus], f., 
 proneness to anger ; anger, rage, 
 passion, violence. 
 
 iracundus, -a, -um, [Ira], adj., 
 prone to anger, irritable ; passion- 
 ate, wrathful, angry. 
 
 irascor, -asei, -atus sum, [Ira], 
 i, dep., be in anger, get angry ; 
 fly into a passion, rave, be furious. 
 
 Iratus, -a, -um, [part, of irascor], 
 adj., angered, angry, furious, vio- 
 lent. 
 
 is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron., 
 he, she, it , that, this, the, the one ; 
 before ut, = talis, such; with 
 comparatives abl. eo = the, all 
 the, as eo magis, all the more ; 
 after et, -que, atque, and that 
 too, and in fact. id temporis, 
 see Idioms. 
 
 iste, ista, istud, gen. istlus, dem. 
 pron., referring to the person 
 
 addressed, sometimes ironically, 
 that, that of yours ; he, she, it; 
 this ; such. 
 
 istim, adv., thence, from thence. 
 
 ita, adv., thus, so, in this way, as 
 follows ; such, of this kind , to 
 such a degree, so far. quae 
 cum ita sint, and since this is 
 so, and accordingly . 
 
 Italia, -ae, [ha\6s], (., Italy. 
 
 Italicus, -a, -um, adj., of Italy, 
 Italic, Italian. 
 
 itaque [ita + -que], conj., and so, 
 and thus, accordingly ; conse- 
 quently, therefore. 
 
 item, adv., likewise, also, besides, 
 moreover, too. 
 
 iter, itineris, [cf. eo], n., a going ; 
 way, journey, tnarch ; road, path, 
 passage, course. 
 
 iterum, adv., a second time, again ; 
 once more, in turn. iterum et 
 saepius, again and again. 
 
 iubeo, -ere, iussl, iussum, 2, a., 
 order, bid, give orders, command, 
 direct; exhort, entreat; decree, 
 ratify, approve. 
 
 iucunditas, -atis, [iucundus], {., 
 pleasantness ; delight, enjoyment. 
 
 iucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, 
 agreeable, pleasing, delightful. 
 
 iudex, -icis, [ius, cf. dico], m. and 
 f., judge ; juror ; decider, umpire. 
 
 iudicialis, -e, [iudieium], adj., of 
 a court, of the courts, judicial. 
 
 iudieium, -I, [iudex], n., trial, 
 court ; judgment, sentence ; deci- 
 sion, opinion, conviction. 
 
 iudico, -are, -avi, -atum, [iudex], 
 i, a., judge, pass judgment, de- 
 cide ; pronounce judgmetit upon, 
 judge of ; declare, proclaim. 
 
 iugulum, -i, [dim. of iugum], n., 
 collar-bone'; throat, neck. 
 
 Iugurtha, -ae, m.,_fugurlha, king 
 of Numidia, who came to the 
 throne on the death of Micipsa, 
 b. c. nS. Through his treatment 
 
IULIUS 
 
 73 
 
 LABORO 
 
 of the sons of Micipsa he became 
 involved in a war with Rome, 
 and was captured by Marius, 
 B c. 106. After adorning the 
 triumph of Marius, B.C. 104, he 
 was thrown into the lower cham- 
 ber of the Mamertine prison, and 
 there starved to death. Imp. P. 
 xx. 
 
 Iulius, -a, name of a celebrated 
 patrician gens, of which the Cae- 
 sar family formed a part. See 
 Caesar. 
 
 iung5, iungere, iunxi, iunetum, 
 [cf. iugum], 3, 3.., join, unite, con- 
 nect ; yoke, attach ; bring together, 
 associate, ally. 
 
 Iunius, -a, urn, adj., of June. As 
 subst., Iunius, -I, m., June. 
 
 Iunius, -a, name of prominent ple- 
 beian gens, to which the Brutus 
 family belonged. See Brutus. 
 
 Iuppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, son 
 of Saturn, chief of the gods ; by 
 metonymy, heaven, sky, air. 
 
 iuratus, -a, -um, [iuro], adj., 
 sivorn, oath-bound, under oath. 
 
 iiis, iuris, n., right, law, duty ; jus- 
 tice, equity ; prerogative, author- 
 ity, power ; court of justice, abl. 
 iure often with adverbial force, 
 by right, rightficlly, justly. 
 
 iiis iurandum, iuris iurandi, n , 
 oath. 
 
 iussum, -I, [iubeo], n., order, com- 
 mand, prescription, direction. 
 
 ivissus, -us, only abl. in use, 
 [iubeo], m., order, command, 
 decree. 
 
 iuste [iustus], adv , rightly, justly; 
 Jairly, uprightly. 
 
 iustitia, -ae, [iustus], f., justice, 
 equity, uprightness ; clemency, 
 compassion. 
 
 iustus, -a, -um, [ids], adj., just, 
 upright ; fair, lawful, proper, 
 equitable; right, suitable, sufficient, 
 complete. 
 
 iuventus, -utis, [iuvenis], f., age 
 of youth, youth, reckoned ordi- 
 narily from the twentieth to the 
 fortieth year ; by metonymy, 
 young people, young folk, youth . 
 
 iuv5, -are, iuvl, iutum, 1, a. 
 and n., help, aid, assist, support ; 
 gratify, please, delight. 
 
 Kal., = Kalendae. 
 
 Kalendae, -arum, abbreviated 
 Kal., [cf. calo, convoke'], f., the 
 Calends, the first day of the 
 month. Kalendae Maiae, the 
 first of May. 
 
 Karthaginiensis, -e, [Karthago], 
 adj., of Carthage, Carthaginian. 
 As subst., Karthaginienses, 
 -ium, m., people of Carthage, 
 Carthaginians- 
 
 Karthago, -inis, f., Carthage. 
 
 L. 
 
 L., — Lucius 
 
 labefacto, are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of labefacio], 1, a., cause to totter, 
 shake, disturb , weaken, under- 
 mine ; overthrow, ruin, destroy. 
 
 labes, -is, [labor], f., sinking in, 
 settling , spot, blemish, stain, dis- 
 grace. 
 
 labor, labi, lapsus sum, 3, dep., 
 glide, slip, sink, fall ; go to ruin, 
 perish ; fall into error, err, go 
 astray. 
 
 labor, -oris, m., labor, toil, effort, 
 exertion, care , hardship, trouble. 
 
 laboriosus, -a, -um, [labor], adj., 
 laborious, toilsome, wearisome ; 
 troubled. 
 
 labor 0, -are, -avi, -atum, [labor], 
 1, n. and a., toil, labor ; be in dis- 
 tress, be in trouble, suffer pain, suf- 
 fer ; totter, threaten to give way. 
 
LACESSO 
 
 LATROCINOR 
 
 lacesso -ere, lacessivl, lacessl- 
 tum, [lacio, entice], 3, a., excite, 
 provoke; irritate, harass, defy. 
 
 Laconicus, -a, -um, [AaKonyiKos], 
 adj., of Lacoma, Laconian. As 
 subst, Laconicum, -1, sweating- 
 room, sweating- bath, of the sort 
 first used by the Lacedaemo- 
 nians. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, f., tear. 
 
 lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacri- 
 ma], 1, n. and a., shed tears, 
 iveep ; bewail, lament. 
 
 lactens, -entis, [part, of unused 
 lacteo, from lac], adj., taking 
 
 , milk, suckling. 
 
 Laeca, -ae, m., M. Porcius Laeca, 
 a senator who took a prominent 
 part in the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 Cat. I. iv., II. vi. 
 
 laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, 3, a., 
 hurt, wound, injure ; offend, 
 grieve, pain, vex; betray, vio- 
 late. 
 
 Laelius, -I, m., Gdius Laelius 
 Sapiens, whose friendship with 
 the younger Scipio Africanus 
 was proverbial, and is celebrated 
 in Cicero's D'e Amiatid. He 
 was born about 186 B. c , per 
 formed heroic exploits in the 
 third Punic War, and was con- 
 sul B c. 140. He is Cicero's 
 typical example of the best re- 
 sults of cultivation acting on a 
 character which exhibited in 
 their fullest extent the ideal Ro- 
 man virtues. Arch. vii. 
 
 Laenius, -1, m., see Flaccus, (4). 
 
 laetitia, -ae, [laetus], f., joy, re- 
 joicing , delight, gladness, pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 laetor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf. lae- 
 tus], 1, dep., rejoice, be joyful, be 
 glad. 
 
 lamentatio, -onis, [lamentor], f., 
 wailing, moaning, weeping; la- 
 menting', lamentation. 
 
 lamentor, -ari, -atus sum, [la- 
 mentum, -wailing], 1, dep., wail, 
 moan ; lament, bewail, bemoan. 
 
 languidus, -a, -um, adj., weak, 
 sluggish, languid ; feeble, inac- 
 tive, listless. 
 
 largior, -Irl, Itus sum, [largus] 
 4, dep., lavish, dispense, distrib 
 ute, bestow ; give largesses, bribe. 
 
 largitiS, -onis, [largior], f., lavish 
 giving, dispensing, bestowing, dis- 
 tribution ; bribery. 
 
 largitor, oris, [largior], m., lavish 
 giver, dispenser, spendthrift, prod- 
 igal ; giver of bribes, briber. 
 
 late [latus], adv., broadly, widely 
 extensively, far and wide. 
 
 latebra, -ae, [lateo], f, hiding 
 place, lurking-place, recess, re- 
 treat ; pretence, excuse. 
 
 lateo, -ere, -ui, , 2, n., lie hid, 
 
 be hidden, lurk; be concealed, 
 escape notice. 
 
 Latmieiisis, -is, m., see Caelius 
 (i)- 
 
 Latinus, -a, -um, adj., of Latium 
 Latin ; Roman. 
 
 latio, -onis, [cf. latus, tollo], f. 
 bringing forward , of a law 
 proposal. 
 
 Latium, -i, ri., Latium, the coun 
 try in which Rome was situated 
 on the west side of Italy, between 
 Etruria and Campania. 
 
 lator, -oris, [cf. latus, tollo], m. 
 bringer ; of a law, proposer 
 mover. 
 
 latro, -onis, m., originally mer 
 cenary soldier; hence, highway- 
 man, bandit, brigand. 
 
 latrocinium, -I, [latrocinor], n 
 highway-robbery, brigandage, rob- 
 bery ; band of robbers. 
 
 latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum, [la- 
 tro], 1, dep , originally be a hired 
 soldier; hence practice highway 
 robbery, plunder, rob along the 
 highways. 
 
LATUS 
 
 (D 
 
 LENTULUS 
 
 latus, -eris, n., side, flank; by 
 metonymy, body, person, life. 
 
 laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [laus], 
 I, a., praise, commend, extol, eulo- 
 gize. 
 
 laus, laudis, f., praise, commenda- 
 tion; glory, fame, renown, credit, 
 merit. 
 
 lectito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of lego], i, a., read often, read 
 again and again, peruse. 
 
 lectulus, I, [dim of lectus], m., 
 small couch, {little) bed. 
 
 lectus, -a, -um, [part, of lego], 
 adj., chosen, picked, selected ; 
 choice, excellent. 
 
 lectus, -I, m , couch, bed, lounge. 
 
 legatio, -onis, [lego], f., embassy, 
 legation. 
 
 legatus, -I, [lego], m., embassador, 
 envoy, legate ; lieutenant. 
 
 legio, -onis, [cf. lego], f., legion, a 
 body of soldiers containing ten 
 cohorts of infantry, and accom- 
 panied ordinarily by three hun- 
 dred cavalrymen. 
 
 legitimus, -a, -um, [lex], adj., 
 legal, lawful, legitimate , just, 
 proper. 
 
 lego, -are, -avi, -atum, [lex], i, a., 
 lit. appoint legally; hence, com- 
 mission, send as embassador ; 
 send as deputy, commission as 
 lieutenant ; leave by will, will. 
 
 lego, -ere, legl, leetum, 3, a., 
 bring together, collect ; select, 
 choose , coast along; elect, ap- 
 point ; read, peruse. 
 
 lenio, Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [lenis], 4, 
 a., soften, mollify, calm, soothe ; 
 appease, mitigate, pacify. 
 
 lenis, -e, adj., soft, gentle, mild, 
 smooth, calm ; kind, moderate. 
 
 lenitas, -atis, [lenis], f , soft- 
 ness, gentleness, mildness, tender- 
 ness. 
 
 ISno, -onis, m., panderer, procurer, 
 seducer. 
 
 lentg [lentus], adv., slowly, lei- 
 surely ; calmly, indifferently. 
 
 Lentulus, -I, [lens, lentil], m., 
 name of one of the proudest 
 families of the Cornelian gens. 
 Of the eighteen Lentuli men- 
 tioned by Cicero the following 
 are referred to in this book : 
 
 ( 1 ) P Cornelius Lentulus, con- 
 sul 162 B. c, afterwards princeps 
 senatus. He was wounded in 
 the riot in which C. Gracchus 
 was slain, B. c. 121, and died 
 soon afterwards. He was grand- 
 father of the Lentulus associated 
 with Catiline. Cat. IV. vi. 
 
 (2) L. Cornelius Lentulus, prae- 
 tor b. c. 89 Arch, v 
 
 (3) Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, 
 tribune of the people and the 
 following year legatus. Imp. P. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 (4) Cn. Cornelius Lentulus 
 Clodidnus, consul in 72, censor 
 70 B.C., and one of the lieuten- 
 ants of Pompey in the campaign 
 against the pirates. Imp. P. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 (5) L.. Cornelius Lentulus Criis, 
 consul B. c. 49. In the strife be- 
 tween Caesar and Pompey he 
 took sides with the latter. After 
 the battle of Pharsalia he fol- 
 lowed Pompey to Egypt, and 
 was there imprisoned and put 
 to death. Ep. xix. 
 
 (6) P Cornelius Lentulus Spin- 
 ther, consul B. c. 57. On the day 
 of his entering upon the duties 
 of his office he brought forward 
 a proposal for the recall of Cicero 
 from exile. In the Civil War he 
 joined the party of Pompey. Ep. 
 
 IX. 
 
 (7) P Cornelius Lentulus Sura, 
 an important member of the Cati- 
 linarian conspiracy. He was con- 
 sul b. c. 71, but was expelled 
 
LENTUS 
 
 76 
 
 LIBERALITER 
 
 from the senate the following 
 year on account of his infamous 
 morals. He expected, from his 
 high rank, to become a leader in 
 the conspiracy, but he lacked the 
 resolution requisite for success. 
 He was executed along with the 
 other conspirators, Dec. 5, B. c. 
 63. Cat. III. 11. et sea. 
 
 lentus, -a, -urn, [cf. lenis], adj., 
 pliant, yielding, tough ; slow, 
 backward ; easy, unconcerned. 
 
 lepidus, -a, -um, [cf. lepos], adj., 
 pleasant, agreeable, fine ; nice, 
 pretty. 
 
 Lepidus, -1, [lepidus], m., name 
 of a distinguished family of the 
 Aemilian gens. The following 
 members are mentioned in this 
 book: 
 
 (1) M. Aemilins Lepidus, con- 
 sul B. c. 78. He attempted to 
 overthrow the constitution es- 
 tablished by Sulla, was opposed 
 by Catulus, his colleague in the 
 consulship, and unsuccessful. 
 The following year he took up 
 arms against his opponents, was 
 defeated in a battle in the Cam- 
 pus Martius, fled from Italy, and 
 died shortly after. Cat. III. x. 
 
 (2) M'. Aemilins Lepidus, con- 
 sul B. c. 66. He was a member 
 of the aristocratic party, but 
 when the war broke out between 
 Caesar and Pompey he went into 
 retirement. Cat. I. VI., VIII. 
 
 (3) I\l. Aemilius Lepidus, con- 
 sul with Julius Caesar, b. c. 46. 
 He rendered valuable assistance 
 to Caesar in the war with Pom- 
 pey, and afterwards was united 
 with Antony and Octavianus in 
 the second triumvirate. He died 
 B.C. 13. Ep. xlv. 
 
 Lepta, -ae, m., Q. Lepta, a native 
 of Cales, in Campania, and com- 
 mander of the engineering corps 
 
 {praefectus fabruni) under Cicero 
 in Cilicia, B.C. 51. He was a 
 debtor of Cicero, with whom he 
 remained on intimate terms. Ep. 
 xix., XXI. 
 
 levamen, -inis, [levo], n , consola- 
 tion, solace. 
 
 levis, -e, adj., light ; airy , flitting, 
 swift, nimble; slight, trifling, 
 trivial, easy ; capricious, incon- 
 stant, fickle. 
 
 levitas, -atis, [levis], f., lightness ; 
 light-mindedness, fickleness, incon- 
 stancy. 
 
 leviter, comp. levius, sup. levis- 
 sime, [levis], adv., lightly; 
 slightly, somewhat ; easily. 
 
 levo, -are, -avi, -atum, [levis], 1, 
 a., lift tip, raise; lighten, make 
 lighter, relieve ; remove ; take 
 away, take down; console, re- 
 fresh ; mitigate, alleviate, lessen ; 
 release, discharge, free. 
 
 lex, legis, £., law, enactment, stat- 
 ute ; rule, regulation ; manner ; 
 agreement ; condition, stipulation, 
 terms. 
 
 libellus, -1, [dim. of liber], m., 
 little book, pamphlet ; memorial, 
 notice, indictmetit. 
 
 libens, -entis, [libet], adj., willing, 
 with good will ; glad, with plea- 
 sure. 
 
 libenter [libens], adv., willingly, 
 cheerfully ; gladly, with pleasure. 
 
 liber, -era, -erum, [cf. libet], adj., 
 free ; unrestrained, unrestricted ; 
 unimpeded, loose. 
 
 liberalis, -e, [liber], adj., of free- 
 dom ; worthy of a freeman, noble, 
 honorable, dignified, ingenuous ; 
 kind, gracious ; generous, liberal, 
 munificent. 
 
 liberalitas, -atis, [liberalis], f., 
 nobility, kindness, courtesy ; gen- 
 erosity, liberality. 
 
 liberaliter [liberalis], adv., nobly, 
 kindly ; generously, liberally. 
 
LIBERE 
 
 77 
 
 LONGINQUITAS 
 
 libere, comp. llberius, [liber], 
 
 adv., freely ; frankly, openly, 
 boldly. 
 
 llberl, -orum or liberum, [liber], 
 m., properly free persons ; hence, 
 children of a family, children. 
 
 lTbero, -are, -avi, -atum, [liber], 
 i, a., set free, make free, free, lib- 
 erate ; release, extricate, deliver ; 
 acquit, absolve. 
 
 libertas, -atis, [liber], f., freedom, 
 liberty, independence. 
 
 libertmus, -a, -um, [libertus], 
 adj., of a freedman. liber ti- 
 
 nus homo, freedman. As 
 
 subst., libertmus, -i, m., freed- 
 man. 
 
 libertus, -I, [liber], m., one made 
 free, freedman. 
 
 libet, -ere, libuit and libitum 
 est, 2, n., impers., it pleases, it 
 is pleasing, it is agreeable. 
 
 libidS, -inis, [libet], f., desire, 
 longing, inclination ; passion, sen- 
 suality, wantonness, lust. 
 
 Libo, -onis, m., L. Scribonius Libo, 
 consul B. c. 34. His daughter 
 married one of the sons of Pom- 
 pey, to whom he rendered valu- 
 able assistance in the Civil War. 
 Ep. xxix., xxxvi. 
 
 licet, -ere, licuit and licitum est, 
 2, n., impers., it is allowed, it is 
 lawful, it is permitted ; used to 
 introduce a concessive subj., 
 passing over into a conjunction, 
 granted that, even if, conceding 
 that, notwithstanding. 
 
 Licinius, -a, name of a plebeian 
 gens, to which belonged several 
 prominent families and many 
 distinguished members. See 
 Archias, Crassus, Lucullus, 
 Murena. 
 
 lingua, -ae, f., tongue; by met- 
 onymy, language, uttera7ice ; 
 speech, dialect ; garrulity, boast- 
 ful speech. 
 
 linum, -I, [\ivov], n.,flax; by met- 
 onymy, flaxen thread, thread, 
 cord; rope, cable ; ' linen cloth ; 
 net. 
 
 liquefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 tum, pass, liquefio, -fieri, -fac- 
 tus sum, [liqueo + faeio], 3, a., 
 make liquid, dissolve, melt. 
 
 littera, -ae, I., letter, written char- 
 acter ; writing, document, inscrip- 
 tion ; letter, epistle ; literature, 
 letters. 
 
 litteratus, -a, -um, [littera], adj., 
 of letters ; learned, liberally edu- 
 cated. 
 
 litura, -ae, [lino, smear], f., smear- 
 ing, erasure, especially of wax on 
 a writing-tablet in order to make 
 an erasure ; hence, blotting out, 
 correction. 
 
 loco, -are, -avi, -atum, [locus], 
 1, a., put, place; arrange, dis- 
 pose ; place by contract, let a con- 
 tract. 
 
 Locrenses, -ium, m., Locrians, 
 inhabitants of Locri Epizephyrii, 
 in the southwestern part of Italy. 
 
 locuples, -etis, [locus, cf. -pleo], 
 adj., rich in lands, opulent, 
 wealthy ; richly stored, well sup- 
 plied ; trustworthy. 
 
 locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum, [lo- 
 cuples], 1, a., enrich, make rich. 
 
 locus, -i, m., pi. loci, -orum, when 
 referring to single places, loca, 
 -orum, when referring to places 
 connected, as a region, place, 
 spot ; post, station, position ; loca- 
 tion, region, country ; topic, subject 
 under discussion or cited ; oppor- 
 tunity ; room. 
 
 longe, comp. longius, sup. longis- 
 sime, [longus], adv., far, far off, 
 at a distance ; for a long time, 
 long; greatly, much, by far. 
 
 longlnquitas, -atis, [longin- 
 quus], f., distance, remoteness ; 
 of time, length, duration. 
 
LONGINQUUS 
 
 78 
 
 LUXURIA 
 
 longinquus, -a, -um, [longus], | 
 adj., far removed, remote, dis- 
 tant ; prolonged, lasting. As 
 subst, longmqua, -orum, n., 
 pi., far-off events, remote events. 
 Imp. P. xii. 
 
 longiusculus, -a, -um, [longior], 
 adj ., rather long, quite long. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, adj., long, ex- 
 tended, far-reaching, expanded ; 
 of long duration, prolonged, te- 
 dious ; distant, remote. ne 
 longum sit, ?iot to be tedious, to 
 speak briefly. 
 
 loquor, loqui, locutus sum, 3, 
 dep., speak, say, talk ; tell, men- 
 tion, declare ; show, indicate, tes- 
 tify. 
 
 Lucius, -I, abbreviated L., m., 
 Lucius, a Roman forename. 
 
 Lucrinensis, -is, [Lucrinus] , adj., 
 Lucrine, of the Lucri?ie Lake, 
 near Baiae, west of Naples. Ep. 
 xii. 
 
 luctuSsus, -a, -um, [luctus], adj., 
 fill of sorrow, lamentable, sor- 
 rowful, mournful. 
 
 luctus, -us, [lugeo, mourn], m., 
 mourning, grief, sorrow, lattienta- 
 tion ; distress, affliction. 
 
 Lucullus, -1, m., name of a family 
 in the Licinian gens. Three 
 members of it, L. Licinius Lu- 
 cullus and his sons Lucius and 
 Marcus, are mentioned together 
 by Cicero as Luculli, gen. 
 -orum, (Arch. hi. eta/.) : 
 
 (1) Z. Licinius Lucullus, prae- 
 tor b c. 103. He was sent the 
 following year to quell an in- 
 surrection of slaves in Sicily. 
 Though at first successful, he 
 soon lost ground to the enemy 
 and was recalled. On his return 
 to Rome he was convicted of 
 maladministration and exiled. 
 
 (2) Z. Licinius Lucullus, son 
 of the preceding, consul b. c. 74. 
 
 He distinguished himself as 
 quaestor of Sulla in Greece and 
 Asia, and afterwards by his suc- 
 cesses in the war with Mithri- 
 dates. As he failed to bring this 
 to a successful termination, he 
 was recalled, and afterwards re- 
 signed himself to a life of luxury. 
 Imp. P. 11. et al. 
 
 (3) M. Licinius Lucullus, 
 brother of (2), consul B. c. 73. 
 Having obtained Macedonia as 
 his province, he defeated the 
 barbarous tribes along the north- 
 ern frontier in numerous engage- 
 ments and captured several sedi- 
 tious Greek cities on the Euxine 
 sea. He was honored with a 
 triumph, b. c. 71. Arch. iv. 
 
 ludus, -i, [cf. ludo], in., play, 
 game, sport, pastime ; joke, fun ; 
 pi. often public games, spectacles. 
 
 lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctum, 2, a. 
 and n., mourn, lament, bewail, 
 deplore. 
 
 lumen, -inis, [cf. luceo], n., light ; 
 by metonymy, source of light, as 
 lamp, torch ; light of the eye, eye ; 
 brightness, glory. 
 
 lupinus, -a, -um, [lupus], adj., of 
 a wolf, zvolf's. 
 
 Lupus, -i, m., Lupus, a friend of 
 Cicero and of D. Brutus. Ep. 
 
 XLVI. 
 
 lustro, -are, -avl, -atum, [lus- 
 trum], 1, a., make light, light 
 
 up ; wander over, traverse ; of 
 religious services, make pure by 
 expiatory offerings, purify, lus- 
 trate. 
 
 lux, lucis, [cf. lueeo], f., light, 
 brightness; by metonymy, day- 
 light, day ; light of life, life ; eye- 
 sight, eye ; public view, the pub- 
 lic ; help, succor. 
 
 luxuria, -ae, [luxus], f., extrava- 
 gance, riotous living, excess, lux- 
 ury. 
 
79 
 
 MANDATUS 
 
 M. 
 
 M., = Marcus, a common Roman 
 forename. 
 
 M 1 ., = Mdnius, a Roman forename. 
 
 Macedonia, -ae, [MaKtSovia], f., 
 Macedonia, Macedo/i. Ep. VII I. 
 
 machinator, -oris, [machinor], 
 m.j contriver, designer, deviser, 
 inventor. 
 
 machinor, -ari, -atus sum, [ma- 
 china], i, dep., contrive, design, 
 devise, invent; scheme, plot. 
 
 macto, -are, -avi, -atum, [mac- 
 tus, glorified}, I, a., glorify, extol; 
 sacrifice, devote in honor of the 
 gods ; kill, put to death ; afflict, 
 visit with punishment, punish. 
 
 macula, -ae, f., spot, stain; blem- 
 ish, fault, disgrace. 
 
 Maelius, -i, m., with Sp., Spurius 
 Maelius, a wealthy plebeian who, 
 in a time of great famine at 
 Rome, 440 B. C, bought up grain 
 in Etruria and either distributed 
 it among the poor gratuitously or 
 sold it at a very low price. In 
 the following year he was ac- 
 cused of aiming at the supreme 
 power and slain by Servilius 
 Ahala, the master of the horse, 
 while attempting to escape ar- 
 rest. Cat. I. 1. 
 
 maeror, -oris, [maereo], m., 
 mourning, sadness, grief, sorrow. 
 
 magis [root mag in magnus], 
 adv., more, in a greater measure ; 
 in a higher degree, far more, 
 rather, in preference. 
 
 magister, -trl, [cf. magnus], m., 
 master, leader, director ; instruc- 
 tor, teacher ; guide, guardian. 
 
 magistrates, -us, [magister], m., 
 office of magistrate, civil office, 
 magistracy ; by metonymy, ma- 
 gistrate, public officer. 
 
 magnifice, comp. magnificentius, 
 sup. magnificentissime, [mag- 
 
 nifieus], adv., nobly, grandly, 
 gloriously ; splendidly, magnifi- 
 cently. 
 
 magnitudo, -inis, [magnus], f., 
 greatness, size, magnitude ; quan- 
 tity, abundance, extent. 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior, 
 sup. maximus, adj., great, vast, 
 wide, large, tall ; abundant, con- 
 siderable ; grand, noble, mighty ; 
 stately, lofty ; eminent, powerful ; 
 old, aged ; proud, boastful. As 
 subst, comp. maiores, -um, m., 
 p\.,J'athers, ancestors. 
 
 Magnus, -i, m , surname of Pom- 
 pey. See Pompeius. 
 
 maior, see magnus. 
 
 Maius, -a, -um, adj., of May. As 
 subst., Maius, -I, m., May. 
 
 male [maius], comp. peius, sup. 
 pessime, adv., ill, badly, wretch- 
 edly, awkzvardly ; maliciously, 
 evilly, wickedly ; unfortunately ; 
 unsuccessfully ; excessively, great- 
 ly ; sometimes with adj., scarcely, 
 not at all. 
 
 maleficium, -i, [maleficus], n., 
 evil deed, offense, wickedness ; mis- 
 chief, hurt, wrong. 
 
 malleolus, -i, [dim. of malleus, 
 hammer], m., small hammer ; by 
 metonymy, fire-dart, fire-brand. 
 
 malo, malle, malui, [magis -f- 
 volo], irr., a., wish rather, choose 
 rather, prefer. 
 
 malum, -i, [maius], n., evil, mis- 
 fortune, calamity ; hurt, punish- 
 ment ; wrong-doing, crime. 
 
 maius, -a, -um, comp. peior, sup. 
 pessimus, adj., bad ; zvicked, de- 
 praved, rail, impious ; pernicious, 
 hostile, injurious, destructive. 
 
 mandatum, -i, [mando], n., 
 charge, commission ; command, 
 order, instruction. 
 
 mandatus, -us, used only in the 
 abl., [mando], m , order, com- 
 mand. 
 
MANDO 
 
 80 
 
 MARCELLUS 
 
 mando, -are, -avi, -atum, [manus 
 + do], I, a., put in hand, commit; 
 deliver over, confide, intrust ; en- 
 join, order, command. 
 
 mane, adv., in the morning, early 
 in the morning. 
 
 maneo, -ere, mansl, mansum, 2, 
 n. and a., stay, remain, tarry ; 
 continue, last, persist, endure ; 
 await, wait for, expect; fall to 
 one's lot, be destined to. 
 
 manicatus, -a, -um, [manicae, 
 sleeve], adj., with long sleeves, 
 long-sleeved. 
 
 manifests [manifestus], adv., 
 clearly, plainly, manifestly. 
 
 manifestus, a, -um, [manus, cf. 
 unused f endo], adj., clear, plain; 
 evident, manifest, exposed ; con- 
 victed from direct evidence, 
 caught in the act. 
 
 Manllius, -a, name of a plebeian 
 gens. Two Manilii are men- 
 tioned in this book : 
 
 ( 1 ) C. Manllius, tribune of the 
 people b. c. 66. He brought for- 
 ward the bill placing Pompey in 
 command of the war with Mithri- 
 dates. After the expiration of 
 his term of office he was brought 
 to trial and condemned. The 
 nature of his offence is not un- 
 derstood. Imp. P. xxiv. 
 
 (2) M\ Manllius, a celebrated 
 jurist, consul B. c. 149. Cicero 
 introduces him as one of the 
 speakers in his dialogue De Re 
 publicd, ' On the State.' Ep. 
 xxxviii. 
 
 Manius, -I, abbreviated M'., 
 [mane], m., Mdnius, a Roman 
 forename. 
 
 Manlianus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Manlius, Manlian. 
 
 Manlius, -a, name of a patrician 
 gens. Two of the name are 
 mentioned in this book : 
 
 (1) C. Manlius, an important 
 
 member of the Catilinarian con- 
 spiracy. Having served with 
 distinction as a centurion under 
 Sulla, he was placed by Catiliue 
 in charge of the troops at Fae- 
 sulae. In the final battle with 
 Antony, Manlius commanded the 
 right wing and was killed. Cat. 
 I. ill. et al. 
 
 (2) L. Manlius Torquatus, 
 consul with L. Aurelius Cotta, 
 B. c. 65. He was active in help- 
 ing to suppress the Catilinarian 
 conspiracy. Cat. III. vin. 
 
 mano, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n. and 
 a., drip, trickle, flow ; spread 
 abroad, be diffused. 
 
 mansuete [mansuetus] , adv., 
 gently, mildly, calmly. 
 
 mansuetudo, -inis, [mansue- 
 tus], f., gentleness, mildness, 
 clemency. 
 ; manubiae, -arum, [manus], f., 
 booty taken in war, spoils ; pro- 
 ceeds from the sale of booty, 
 booty-money, prize-money. 
 
 manus, -us, f., hand ; handwrit- 
 ing, style ; band, force, company, 
 forces, troops. 
 
 Marcellus, -I, [Marcus], m., 
 name of a plebeian family in the 
 Claudian gens. Prominent mem- 
 bers are together referred to as 
 Marcelli, gen. -orum (Arch, 
 ix., Mar. iv.). Three are men- 
 tioned in this book: 
 
 ( 1 ) M. Claudius Marcellus, the 
 most illustrious of the family, 
 five times consul. When consul 
 the third time, B.C. 214, he went 
 to Sicily, and after a siege of two 
 years' duration took Syracuse, 
 though it was defended by the 
 engines of Archimedes. He also 
 rendered other important ser- 
 vices to the state. Imp. P. xvr. 
 
 (2) M. Claudius Marcellus, 
 consul B. c. 51 and subject of 
 
MARCUS 
 
 81 
 
 MAXIMUS 
 
 the oration Pro Mdrcello ; see 
 pp. 159-170 and notes. Cat. I. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 (3) C. Claudius Mdrcellus, 
 brother of the preceding, consul 
 B. C. 49. He was an opponent of 
 Caesar, but did not follow Pom- 
 pey to Greece, and easily ob- 
 tained pardon from the dictator, 
 with whom he interceded for the 
 restoration of his brother to civil 
 rights. Mar. iv., xi. 
 
 Marcus, -1, abbreviated M., m., 
 Marcus, a common Roman fore- 
 name ; our Mark. 
 
 mare, -is, abl. marl, sometimes 
 mare, n., sea. 
 
 maritimus, -a, -um, [mare], adj., 
 of the sea, marine, maritime. 
 
 maritus, -i, [cf. mas, male], m., 
 married man, husband. 
 
 Marius, -a, name of a plebeian 
 gens. Two of the name are 
 mentioned in this book : 
 
 (1) C. Marias, famous as the 
 conqueror of the Teutones and 
 Cimbri, and as a leader of the 
 popular party ; born 157 B. c, 
 near Arpinum. He served with 
 distinction under Scipio in Spain, 
 being present at the siege of Nu- 
 mantia. He put an end to the 
 war with Jugurtha, B. c. 106. He 
 annihilated the Teutones near 
 Aix, in France, B. c. 102, and the 
 Cimbri the following year near 
 Vercelli, in Italy. His opposi- 
 tion to the aristocratic party led 
 to a merciless Civil War. He 
 was seven times consul, and died 
 b. c. 86. Cat. I. 11. et al. 
 
 (2) M. Marius, a congenial 
 friend of Cicero's. Ep. xxix. 
 
 marmor, -oris, [=: fidpnapos], n., 
 marble, block of marble ; by met- 
 onymy, marble monument, statue. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the Ro- 
 man god of war, identified with 
 
 the Greek Ares ; by metonymy, 
 war, battle ; conflict, contest. 
 
 Martialis, -e, adj., of Mars, Mar- 
 tial. As subst, Martiales, -ium, 
 m., pi., men of the Mars legion, 
 soldiers of the Mars legion. 
 
 Martius, -a, -um, [Mars], adj., 
 of Mars, sacred to Mars ; of the 
 month of March, of March. 
 Martia legio, the Mars legion. 
 
 Massilia, -ae, [= MaaaiXia], i., 
 Massilia, an important city of 
 Greek origin on the south coast 
 of Gaul ; now Marseilles. 
 
 Massilienses, -ium, [Massilia], 
 m., people of Massilia, Massilians. 
 
 mater, -tris, f., mother ; parent, 
 nurse ; origin, source. 
 
 matrimSnium, -I, [mater], n., 
 marriage, wedlock, matrimony. 
 
 mature, comp. maturius, sup. 
 maturissime, [maturus], adv., 
 seasonably, opportunely ; ea?'ly, 
 soon, speedily. 
 
 maturitas, -atis, [maturus], f., 
 ripeness, maturity. 
 
 maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ma- 
 turus], 1, a. and n., make ripe, 
 bring to maturity, ripen ; hasten, 
 accelerate. 
 
 maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, ma- 
 ture: fit, proper; of mature 
 years ; early, speedy. 
 
 maxime [maximus], adv., in the 
 highest degree, especially, particu- 
 larly ; exceedingly, very. 
 
 Maximi, -orum, pi. of Maximus, 
 m., men like Maximus (referring 
 to Q. Fabius Maximus), Maximi. 
 Arch. ix. 
 
 maximus, see magnus. 
 
 Maximus, -i, Maximus, m., name 
 of a family of the Fabian gens. 
 The most famous was Q. Fabius 
 Maximus, whose policy of avoid- 
 ing open battle wore out Hanni- 
 bal, and won for him the epithet 
 Cunctdtor. Imp. P. xvi. 
 
MEDEA 
 
 82 
 
 METELLUS 
 
 Medea, -ae, [M^Seto], f., Medea, a 
 mythical sorceress, said to have 
 been a daughter of Aee'tes. king 
 of Colchis, and to have been 
 married to Jason, leader of the 
 Argonauts, by whom she was 
 afterwards deserted. Imp. P. ix. 
 
 niedeor, -eri, , 2, dep., heal, 
 
 cure ; relieve, remedy, correct, 
 restore. 
 
 medicina, -ae, [medicus], f., the 
 healing art, medicine ; remedy, 
 antidote. 
 
 medicus, -I, m., physician, doctor. 
 
 mediocris, -e, [medius], adj., 
 middling, moderate, ordinary ; 
 mean, poor, inferior, indifferent. 
 
 mediocriter [mediocris], adv., 
 moderately, ordinarily ; some- 
 what, slightly. 
 
 meditor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 reflect upon, think of, consider ; 
 meditate, plan, devise ; study, ex- 
 ercise, practice, prepare. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, adj., middle, in 
 the middle, in the midst; mid- 
 way, intervening, between, among. 
 media aestate, at midsummer. 
 ex media morte, from the midst 
 of death. 
 
 Megalensia, -ium, [Me7aA?j/^T7?p, 
 i. e. Magna Mater, a name for 
 Cybele], n., festival of Cybele, 
 whose worship was introduced 
 at Rome from Pessinus, in Asia 
 Minor, B. c. 204. The festival 
 began on April 4th, and the 
 games, at least in later times, 
 lasted till the 10th. Ep. xviii. 
 
 melior, see bonus. 
 
 membrum, -1, 11., limb, member; 
 part, branch, portion, division. 
 
 memim, -isse, , def., n. and 
 
 a., retnember, recollect ; be mind- 
 ful, bear in mind. 
 
 Memmius, -1, m., C. Memmius, 
 tribune of the people, B. C. III. 
 He exposed the bribery of in- 
 
 fluential nobles by Jugurtha, 
 thus arousing bitter hatred. 
 When a candidate for the con- 
 sulship, B. c. 100, he was slain 
 by a mob acting under the di- 
 rection of Saturninus and Glau- 
 cia. Cat. IV. 11. 
 
 memor, -oris, [cf. memini], adj., 
 mindful, remembering, heedful. 
 
 memoria, -ae, [memor], f., mem- 
 ory, reme?nbrance, recollection ; 
 7iarration, tradition. 
 
 mendicitas, -atis, [mendicus, 
 beggarly], f., beggary, indigence, 
 extreme poverty. 
 
 mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect, 
 soul ; feeling, disposition, heaj't, 
 spirit ; plan, purpose, design, in- 
 tent ; boldness, courage. captus 
 mente, beside himself. 
 
 mensis, -is, m., month. 
 
 mercator, -oris, [mercor, trade], 
 m , trader, merchant, dealer. 
 
 merces, -edis, f., price, pay, wages; 
 reward, recompense. 
 
 mere or, -eri, -itus sum, 2, dep., 
 deserve, be eii titled to, tnerit ; 
 merit recompense, behave. 
 
 merito [meritum], adv., deserved- 
 ly, justly. 
 
 meritum, -1, [meritus], n., merit, 
 service, kindness, favor. 
 
 meritus, -a, -um, [part, of mereo], 
 adj., deserving ; deserved, just, 
 due, proper. 
 
 merx, mercis, f., goods, merchan- 
 dise, coimnodities , wares. 
 
 -met, enclitic suffix used with 
 most of the personal pronouns, 
 adding an intensive force. 
 
 Metellus, -1, m., name of a promi- 
 nent plebeian family of the Cae- 
 cilian gens. The Metelli men- 
 tioned in this book are the 
 following : 
 
 (1) Q. Caecilius Metellus Nu- 
 midicus, consul B. c. 109. For 
 two years, first as consul, then 
 
METUO 
 
 83 
 
 MIRIFICE 
 
 as proconsul, he conducted the 
 war against Jugurtha, with such 
 success that, although super- 
 seded in command by Marius, 
 he was honored with a triumph 
 on his return to Rome B.C. 107, 
 and received the honorary sur- 
 name Numidicus. Having in- 
 curred the enmity of the leaders 
 of the popular party, he was 
 driven into exile, B. c. 100, but 
 was recalled the following year. 
 Arch. hi. 
 
 (2) Q. Caecilius Metellus Pins, 
 son of the preceding, praetor 
 B. c. 89, consul B. c. 80. He re- 
 ceived the surname Pius (= 'De- 
 voted') because of his activity in 
 procuring the recall of his father 
 from exile. He was a successful 
 general under Sulla in the war 
 against the Marian party. Like 
 his father he was a patron of lit- 
 erature and the arts. Arch. III. 
 eta/. 
 
 (3) Q. Caecilius Metellus Cr'eti- 
 cus, tribune of the people B. c. 
 75 ; legatus the following year, 
 and consul B. c. 69. He gained 
 his honorary surname from his 
 conquest of Crete, which he com- 
 pleted in two years, returning to 
 Rome b. c. 66. Imp. P. xix. 
 
 (4) Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, 
 praetor b. c. 63, consul B. c. 60. 
 He rendered valuable assistance 
 to Cicero in suppressing the con- 
 spiracy of Catiline, and was an 
 ardent supporter of the aristo- 
 cratic party. He died B. c. 59. 
 Cat. I. viii., II. hi., xii. 
 
 (5) M. Metellus, an associate 
 of Catiline, about whom nothing 
 further is known. Cat. I. VIII. 
 
 metuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [metus], 
 3, a. and n., fear, be a/raid, 
 dread ; be apprehensive of 
 avoid. 
 
 metus, -us, m., fear, dread, appre- 
 hension, anxiety. 
 
 meus, -a, -um, [me], poss. pron., 
 adj., of me, mine, my, my own. 
 As subst, mei, -orum, m., my 
 kindred, my friends. 
 
 mi, voc. of meus. 
 
 miles, militis, m. and f., soldier, 
 common soldier ; foot-soldier, in- 
 fantry ; by metonymy, soldiery, 
 army. 
 
 militaris, -e, [miles], adj., of a 
 soldier, of war, warlike, military. 
 res militaris, art of war. signa 
 militaria, military standards. 
 
 militia, -ae, [miles], f., military 
 service, warfare, service, war ; by 
 metonymy, soldiery. 
 
 millesimus, -a, -um, [mille], adj., 
 the thousandth. 
 
 minae, -arum, f., of a wall, pro- 
 jecting points, pinnacles ; threats, 
 menaces. 
 
 minime, see parum. 
 
 minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. 
 
 minitor, -ari, -situs sum, [freq. 
 of minor], 1, dep , keep threaten- 
 ing, threaten, menace. 
 
 minor, -ari, -atus sum, [minae], 
 1, dep., project ; threaten, men- 
 ace. 
 
 minor, see parvus. 
 
 Minucius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens, with both patrician and 
 plebeian branches. Minucius, 
 -i, Minucius, an associate of Cati- 
 line. Cat. II. 11. See also 
 Basilus, Thermus. 
 
 minuS, -ere, minui, minutum, 
 [cf. minor], 3, a. and n., make 
 small, lessen, diminish ; reduce, 
 lower, weaken. 
 
 minus, see parvus and parum. 
 
 mirabilis, -e, [miror], adj., mar- 
 vellous, wonderful, admirable; ex- 
 traordinary, strange, singular. 
 
 mirifice" [mirificus], adv., wonder- 
 fully, exceedingly. 
 
MIROR 
 
 84 
 
 MODUS 
 
 miror, -ari, -atus sum, [mlrus], i, 
 dep., wonder at, marvel ; be as- 
 tonished, be amazed ; admire, es- 
 teem, regard. 
 
 mlrus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, 
 marvellous, strange, amazing, ex- 
 traordinary. Nee mirum, and 
 7io wonder, and it is not strange. 
 
 misceo, -ere, miscul, mixtum, 
 2, a., mix, mingle, blend ; unite, 
 join, associate, assemble ; stir up, 
 disturb, embroil. 
 
 misellus, -a, -um, [miser], adj., 
 poor, wretched. As subst, mi- 
 sella, -ae, f., tmhappy one, poor 
 thing. Ep. VIII. 
 
 MIsenum, -I, [= Wiartv6v\, n., 
 Misenum, a promontory and 
 town on the coast of Campania, 
 west of Neapolis (= Naples) ; 
 now Capo Miseno, Miseno. 
 
 miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched, 
 miserable, unhappy, pitiable ; sad, 
 distressing ; poor, worthless, vile. 
 Me miserum ! ah, ztnhappy 7iie ! 
 wo me ! 
 
 miserandus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 miseror], adj., to be pitied, pitia- 
 ble, deplorable; wretched, touch- 
 ing. 
 
 miseria, -ae, [miser], f., wretch- 
 edness, affliction, misery, distress. 
 
 misericordia, -ae, [misericors], 
 f., tender-heartedness, compassion, 
 mercy, pity. 
 
 misericors, -cordis, [misereor -f 
 cor], adj., tendej'-hearted, compas- 
 sionate ; merciful, pitiful. 
 
 Mithridates, -is, [= MidpiSdryis. 
 name of Persian origin, —given 
 to Mithras, gift to the Sun], m., 
 Mithridates, name of several 
 kings of Pontus, of whom the 
 best known is Mithridates Eupa- 
 tor, also called the Great. He 
 waged war with Rome for many 
 years. He committed suicide, 
 b. c. 63. Imp. P. viii. et al. 
 
 Mithridaticus, -a, -um, [Mi- 
 thridates], adj., of Mithridates. 
 Mithridaticum bellum, the war 
 with Mithridates. Arch. IX. 
 
 mltis, -e, adj., mild, mellow, 7-ifie ; 
 soft, gentle, kind. 
 
 mitto, -ere, misi, missum, 3, a., 
 send, despatch ; announce, report, 
 suggest; furnish, produce; dis- 
 miss, let go ; forget, cease ; re- 
 lease; put forth, send forth ; hurl, 
 cast, throw. 
 
 mixtus, -a, -um, [part, of misceo], 
 adj., mixed, confused. 
 
 mobilis, -e, [moveo], adj., easy to 
 be moved, movable ; pliant, flex- 
 ible ; nimble, quick; inconstant, 
 fickle, changeable. 
 
 moderate [moderatus], adv., 
 with moderation, with self-control, 
 moderately. 
 
 moderatio, -orris, [moderor], f., 
 keeping within boimds, regida- 
 tion ; self-restraint, self-control, 
 moderation, temperance. 
 
 moderatus, -a, -um, [part, of mo- 
 deror], adj., kept within bounds, 
 restrained ; self-restrained, mod- 
 erate. 
 
 moderor, -ari, -atus sum, [mo- 
 dus], 1, dep., to keep within 
 bounds, limit, regulate ; control, 
 restrain, govern. 
 
 modestus, -a, -um, [modus], adj., 
 keeping within bounds ; gentle, 
 forbearing, modest, discreet. 
 
 modo [modus], adv. and conj. : 
 
 (1) As adv., only, merely, sim- 
 ply, but ; just now, lately, a little 
 while ago, recently. non modo 
 . . . sed, not only . . . but. 
 See dum. 
 
 (2) As conj., if only, on condi- 
 tion that, provided that. 
 
 modus, -i, m., measure, extent; 
 rhythm, melody ; proper measure, 
 moderation; limit, bound; way, 
 manner, fashion, method. hu- 
 
MOENIA 
 
 Su 
 
 MULTUS 
 
 iusce modi, of this sort, of such a 
 kind. 
 
 moenia, -ium, n., walls for de- 
 fence, city walls, fortifications ; 
 by metonymy, walled tozvn, city. 
 
 moles, -is, f, mass, bulk ; massive 
 structure, dam, dyke, foundation ; 
 weight, greatness, strength, quan- 
 tity ; difficulty, labor. 
 
 moleste [molestus], adv., with 
 difficulty, with vexation. mo- 
 leste ferre, to bear with vexa- 
 tion, to be annoyed. 
 
 molestia, -ae, [molestus], f., trou- 
 ble, annoyance, vexation, distress. 
 
 molestus, -a, -um, [moles], adj., 
 troublesome, annoying, irksome, 
 grievous. quibus erat moles- 
 turn, who were annoyed. 
 
 molior, -iri, -itus sum, [moles], 
 4, dep., endeavor, strive, toil ; set 
 in motion, labor upon ; direct, 
 continue ; undertake, attempt ; 
 build, construct. 
 
 mollis, -e, adj., supple, pliant; 
 tender, delicate, soft ; mild, easy, 
 agreeable ; effeminate, weak. 
 
 moneo, ere, -ui, -itum, 2, a., re- 
 mind, admonish, warn ; instruct, 
 teach ; foretell, announce. 
 
 monstrum, -1, [moneo], 11., omen, 
 portent, miracle ; prodigy, mon- 
 ster, monstrosity, abomination. 
 
 monumentum, -i, [moneo], n., 
 lit. means of reminding ; memo- 
 rial, monument; chronicle, rec- 
 ord. 
 
 mora, -ae, f., delay, pause ; cause 
 of delay, hindrance, obstacle. 
 
 morbus, -i, [morior], m., sickness, 
 disease, ailment, disorder. 
 
 morior, mori and moriri, mor- 
 tuus sum, 3 and 4, dep., die, 
 expire ; wither, decay, pass aivay. 
 
 mors, mortis, f., death ; by met- 
 onymy, dead body, corpse. 
 
 morsus, -us, [mordeo], m., biting, 
 bite ; pain, sting. 
 
 mortalis, -e, [mors], adj., subject 
 to death, mortal ; of a ?nortal, 
 human, transitory. As subst., 
 mortales, -ium, m., pi., mortals, 
 mortal men, men, mankind. 
 
 mortuus, -a, -um, [part, of mo- 
 rior], adj., dead ; decayed. As 
 subst., mortui, -orum, m., pi., 
 the dead. 
 
 mos, moris, m , manner, habit, 
 custom, way, humor ; usage, prac- 
 tice, fashion ; pi., mores, -um, 
 manners, morals, often charac- 
 ter. 
 
 motus, -us, [moveo], m., motion, 
 movement ; graceful movement, 
 gesticulation ; emotion, affection, 
 impulse, agitation ; disturbance, 
 tumult, commotion. terrae mo- 
 tus, earthquake. 
 
 moveo, -ere, movi, motum, 2, a. 
 and n., move, set in motion, dis- 
 turb, remove ; excite, affect, stir 
 up ; produce, promote ; change, 
 transform. 
 
 mox, adv., soon, presently ; after- 
 wards ; thereupon, then, in the 
 next place 
 
 mucro, -onis, m., point, edge, es- 
 pecially of a sword ; by metony- 
 my, sword ; sharpness, edge. 
 
 mulier, -eris, f., woman, female ; 
 wife. 
 
 muliercula, -ae, [dim. of mulier], 
 f., little woman, girl. 
 
 multitudo, -inis, [multus], f., 
 great number, multitude, crowd, 
 throng. 
 
 multo, -are, -avi, -atum, [multa, 
 fine], I, a.., punish. 
 
 multo [abl. n. of multus], adv., 
 by much, ?nuch ; far, by far, very, 
 greatly. 
 
 multum [multus], adv., much, 
 greatly, far ; often, frequently. 
 
 multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, sup. 
 plurimus, adj., much, pi. many, 
 hi large numbers ; abundant. 
 
MULVIUS 
 
 86 
 
 NATURA 
 
 considerable ; often used as subst. 
 in m. and n., pos., comp., and sup. 
 
 Mulvius, adj., Mulvian. Mul- 
 vius pons, the Mulvian bridge, 
 which crossed the Tiber two 
 miles north of Rome ; now 
 Ponte Molle. It was built 
 by M. Aemilius Scaurus, the 
 censor, B. c. 109. Cat. III. II. 
 
 municeps, -ipis, [munia, official 
 duties, capio], m. and f., inhabi- 
 tant of a free town, citizen, bur- 
 gher ; fellow citizen. 
 
 municipium, -I, [municeps], n., 
 free city, free town, municipality, 
 a city which had lost its inde- 
 pendence and submitted to 
 Rome, but which was permitted 
 to retain self-government in local 
 affairs, its citizens becoming Ro- 
 man plebeians. 
 
 muni5, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [moenia], 
 4, a., defend with a wall, wall ; 
 fortify, defend, protect; secure, 
 guard, strengthen. 
 
 munitus, -a, -urn, [part, of mu- 
 nio], adj., fortified, defended ; 
 secure, safe. 
 
 munus, -eris, n., service, office, 
 employ?nent, function, duty ; fa- 
 vor, kindness ; present, gift. 
 
 Murena, -ae, m., L. Licinius Mii- 
 rena. He went with Sulla to 
 Asia Minor B. c. 84, and re- 
 mained there as propraetor two 
 years. He provoked Mithri- 
 dates, who had made a treaty 
 with the Romans, to hostilities, 
 and after some successes suf- 
 fered defeat. He returned to 
 Rome in 81 B. c. and celebrated 
 an ill-deserved triumph. Imp. 
 P. in. 
 
 murus, -1, m., wall, especially of a 
 city, city wall. 
 
 Musa, -ae, [Moutra], f., Muse, one 
 of the nine Muses, goddesses of 
 music, poetry, and the sciences. 
 
 Mutinensis, -e, [Mutina], adj., 
 of Mutina, an important city of 
 Cisalpine Gaul, now Modena. 
 proelium Mutinense, the battle 
 at Mutina, April 27, B. C. 43, in 
 which Antony was defeated and 
 forced to leave the city. 
 
 muto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
 moveo], 1, a. and n., move, re- 
 move ; change, alter, transform ; 
 interchange, exchange. 
 
 mutue [mutuus], adv., in return, 
 muhially. 
 
 mutus, -a, -um, adj., dumb, with- 
 out speech, speechless, voiceless ; 
 silent, mute, still. 
 
 mysterium, -I, [/xva-rripiov], n., se- 
 cret rite, divine mystery, a secret 
 service in honor of some divinity 
 which only the initiated were 
 permitted to witness. 
 
 Mytilenaeus, -a, -um, [Mytile- 
 ne], adj., of My tile ne, a city on 
 the island of Lesbos; now My- 
 tilini. 
 
 N. 
 
 nam, conj., explanatory and causal, 
 for, for instance ; for, seeing that, 
 because, inasmuch as. 
 
 nanciscor, -1, nactus and nanc- 
 tus sum, 3, dep., obtain, secure, 
 get, receive ; meet with, fall in 
 with, find, reach ; incur. 
 
 nascens, -entis, [part, of naseor], 
 adj., rising, young, nezvly fledged. 
 
 naseor, nasci, natus sum, 3, dep., 
 be born, be produced ; spring up, 
 grow, start ; arise, begin. 
 
 natio, -onis, [naseor, natus], f., 
 birth ; breed, stock, kind ; nation, 
 people. 
 
 natura, -ae, [naseor], f., birth; 
 innate quality, disposition ; in- 
 clination, temper, character ; law 
 of nature, course of things, nature, 
 world. 
 
NATUS 
 
 87 
 
 NEGLEGENTIA 
 
 natus, -a, -um, [part, of naseor], 
 adj., bom, produced, sprung from ; 
 designed by nature, constituted by 
 nature. As subst, natus, -1, 
 m., son. 
 
 naufragus, -a, -um, [navis + fran- 
 go], adj., skipwrecked, wrecked ; 
 ruined. As subst., naufragi, 
 -orum, m., pi., castaways; ruined 
 men, bankrupts. 
 
 nausea, -ae, [vavaia, vads], f , sea- 
 sickness. 
 
 nauta, -ae, [for navita, from 
 navis], m., sailor, seaman. 
 
 nauticus, -a, -um, [= vo.vtikos], 
 adj., of ships, of sailors, naval, 
 nautical. 
 
 navalis, -e, [navis], adj , of ships, 
 ship-, naval, nautical. 
 
 navicularius, -a, -um, [navicula], 
 adj., of a boat. As subst., na- 
 vicularius, -I, m., ship-master, 
 boat-owner. 
 
 navigatio, -onis, [navigo], f., sail- 
 ing, navigation. 
 
 navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [navis 
 -f- ago], I, n. and a., sail, set sail, 
 cruise ; sail over, navigate. 
 
 navis, -is, f., ship. navis longa, 
 ship of war, war-ship. 
 
 ne, adverb and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., not. ne — qui- 
 dem, not — even. 
 
 (2) As conj., in order that not, 
 that not, lest, for fear that. 
 
 ne, [= vai, vri\, interj., truly, indeed, 
 verily. Cat. II. in. 
 
 -ne, enclitic adv. and conj. : 
 
 (1) As adv., purely interroga- 
 tive and marking a direct ques- 
 tion, untranslatable except in the 
 inflection of the voice. 
 
 (2) As conj., introducing an 
 indirect question, whether. -ne 
 — an, -ne ne, whether — or. 
 
 Neapolitan!, -orum, m., Neapoli- 
 tans, inhabitants of A T eapolis, now 
 Napoli, Naples. 
 
 nee, neque, [ne-| -que], adv. and 
 conj., and not, also not, nor, nor 
 yet, 7ior however. nee — nee, 
 neither — nor. nee — et, nee 
 
 que, 0)i the one hand not — 
 
 on the other, not only tiot — but 
 also. nee non, and certainly, 
 and indeed. neque enim, for 
 — not, arid yet — not. 
 
 necessario, [necessarius], adv., 
 unavoidably, inevitably. 
 
 necessarius, -a, -um, [necesse], 
 adj . , unavoidable, inevitable, press- 
 ing, needful. As subst., neces- 
 sarius, -i, m., kinsman, relative, 
 friend, client. 
 
 necesse, adj., n., indecl., unavoid- 
 able, inevitable, necessary. ne- 
 cesse est, it is inevitable, it is 
 necessary, one must. 
 
 necessitas, -atis, [necesse], f., 
 unavoidableness, necessity, exigen- 
 cy ; need, want ; connection, rela- 
 tionship, friendship. 
 
 necessitudo, -inis, [necesse], f., 
 inevitableness, necessity ; intimate 
 relation, relationship, intimacy, 
 friendship. 
 
 necne [nec + -ne], conj., found in 
 the second part of a double ques- 
 tion, direct or indirect, or not. 
 
 neco, -are, -avi, -atum, [nex], 1, 
 a., kill, slay, put to death, destroy. 
 
 nefandus, -a, -um, [ne + fandus, 
 from for], adj., 7iot to be men- 
 tioned, unutterable : wicked, im- 
 pious, heinous, abominable. 
 
 nefarie [nefarius], adv., impiously, 
 heinously, abominably. 
 
 nefarius, -a, -um, [nefas], adj., 
 impious, heinous, abominable, ne- 
 farious ; wicked, dastardly. 
 
 neglegenter, comp. neglegen- 
 tius, [neglegens], adv., care- 
 lessly, negligently, heedlessly. 
 
 neglegentia, -ae, [neglegens], f., 
 carelessness, negligence, heedless- 
 ness, neglect- 
 
NEGLEGO 
 
 NOBILIOR 
 
 neglego, -ere, neglexi, neglec- 
 tum, [nee + lego], 3, a., disre- 
 gard, neglect, not attend to, not 
 heed, slight ; despise, contemn, 
 treat with indifference. 
 
 nego, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, n. and 
 a., say no ; deny, refuse, decline. 
 
 negotiolum, -1, [dim. of nego- 
 tium], n., small matter of busi- 
 ness, small affair. 
 
 negotior, -ari, -atus sum, [nego- 
 tium], 1, dep., do business, carry 
 on business, trade, traffic. 
 
 negotium, -1, [nee + otium], 11., 
 business, employment, occupation ; 
 difficulty, trouble ; matter, affair. 
 
 nemo, pi. and gen. and abl. sing, 
 not in use, being replaced by 
 forms from nullus, [ne + homo], 
 m. and f., no one, no body. non 
 nemo, many a one, somebody. 
 
 nempe [nam + -pe], conj., cer- 
 tainly, without doubt, obviously, in- 
 deed; of course, forsooth, to be sure. 
 
 nepos, -otis, m., grandson ; spend- 
 thrift, prodigal. 
 
 nequam, pos. indecl., comp. ne- 
 quior, sup. nequissimus, adj., 
 worthless, vile, bad. 
 
 neque, see nee. 
 
 nequior, see nequam. 
 
 nequitia, -ae, [nequam], f., worth- 
 lessness, inefficiency ; wichedness, 
 vileness. 
 
 nervus, -I, m., sinew, muscle, ten- 
 don ; by metonymy, string of a 
 bow, bow-string ; of a musical in- 
 strument, string, chord. 
 
 nescio, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, [ne 
 + scio], 4, a., not know, be igno- 
 rant; often used in parenthetical 
 phrases expressing uncertainty, 
 nescio an, / know not whether 
 = perhaps, probably. nescio 
 
 quid, nescio quod, / know not 
 what = something, some, certain. 
 nescio quo modo, / know not 
 horv = somehow. 
 
 neu, see neve. 
 
 neve, or neu, [ne + -ve], conj., 
 and not, nor ; and that not, and 
 lest, and in order that not. 
 
 nex, neeis, f., death by violence, 
 murder, slaughter. 
 
 nihil, or nil, [ne -f- hilum, trife~\, 
 n., indecl., nothing; ace. often 
 with adverbial force, not at all, 
 in no respect, by no means. 
 
 Nilus, -1, [NeiAos], m., Nile, the 
 great river of Egypt. Mar. ix. 
 
 nimlrum [ni + mirum], adv., 
 doubtless, without doubt, certainly; 
 to be sure, truly. 
 
 nimis, adv., too, too much, beyond 
 measure, excessively. 
 
 nimiurn [nimius], adv., loo much, 
 too ; very, greatly, exceedingly. 
 
 nimius, -a, -um, [nimis], adj., ex- 
 cessive, beyond measure, too great, 
 too much. As subst., nimium, 
 -1, n., too much, excess. 
 
 nisi [ne + si], conj , if not, unless, 
 except, save only. nisi vero, 
 ironical, unless perchance, unless 
 perhaps. 
 
 niteo, -ere, -ul, , 2, n., shine, 
 
 glisten ; be sleek, look spruce ; 
 thrive. 
 
 nitidus, -a, -um, [cf. niteo], adj., 
 shining, bright, glittering; sleek, 
 spruce, trim, blooming. 
 
 nix, nivis, f., snow. 
 
 Nobilior, -oris, [nobilis], m., 
 name of a family of the Fulvian 
 gens. The most distinguished 
 member was M. Fulvius Nobi- 
 lior, who was curule aedile B.C. 
 195, and praetor two years later. 
 When consul, B.C. 189, he set 
 out against the Aetolians, taking 
 the poet Ennius with him. Hav- 
 ing been successful in his expe- 
 dition, he returned to Rome B.C. 
 187, and celebrated the most 
 magnificent triumph and games 
 witnessed up to that time. He 
 
NOBILIS 
 
 89 
 
 NOVUS 
 
 was a patron of the liberal arts, 
 and left many public works. 
 Arch. xi. 
 
 nobilis, -e, [cf. nosco], adj., well- 
 known, famous, renowned, il- 
 lustrious ; high-born, of noble 
 descent ; noble, excellent, fine. 
 
 nobilitas, -atis, [nobilis], f., ce- 
 lebrity, fame ; high birth, ?ioble 
 origin ; aristocracy, nobles ; no- 
 bility, excellence, superiority. 
 
 nocens, -entis, [noceo], adj., 
 harmful, hurtful ; guilty, crim- 
 inal. As subst, nocens, -entis, 
 m., culprit, criminal. 
 
 noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n. and 
 a., harm, hurt, injure; inflict 
 iujicry, do mischief. 
 
 nocturnus, -a, -um, [nox], adj., 
 of night, by night, nocturnal. 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne + 
 
 volo], irr., n., wish not, will not, 
 not wish, not will, be unwilling. 
 noli esse, be not. 
 
 nomen, -inis, [cf. nosco], n., 
 natne, appellation, designation ; 
 fame, renown, repute. 
 
 nominatim [nomino], adv., by 
 name ; expressly, in particular, 
 especially. 
 
 nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [nomen], 1, a, call by name, 
 name ; render famous, make re- 
 nowned ; nominate, designate ; 
 mention, report ; accuse, charge. 
 
 non, [old noenum, from ne + 
 oenum, = unum], adv., not, not 
 at all, by no means. non modo 
 — sed, not only — but. non 
 nisi, only. non tarn, not par- 
 ticularly, not so very. 
 
 Nonae, -arum, abbreviated Non., 
 [nonus], f., the Nones, one of the 
 days of the month to which dates 
 were reckoned in the Roman 
 calendar. It was the ninth day 
 before the Tdes, and hence came 
 on the fifth day of the month, 
 
 except in March, May, July, and 
 October, when it fell on the 
 seventh. See Idiis, Kalendae. 
 
 nondum [non + dum], adv., not 
 yet. 
 
 nonne [non + -ne], inter, adv. 
 expecting an affirmative answer, 
 in a dir. question, not ; in an 
 indir. question, if not, whether 
 not. 
 
 nonus, -a, -um, [novem], num. 
 adj., ninth. 
 
 nos, nostrum, see ego. 
 
 nosco, -ere, novi, notum, 3, a., 
 become acquainted ivith, get knowl- 
 edge of, learn ; in tenses from 
 pf. stem, have learned, hence 
 know, be familiar with, under- 
 stand. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, [nos], poss. 
 pron. adj., our, ours, our own, 
 of us. de nostro omnium in- 
 teritu, about the destruction of us 
 all. Cat. I. iv. 
 
 nostras, -atis, [noster], adj., of 
 our country, native. Ep. XVIII. 
 
 nota, -ae, [cf. nosco], f., mark, 
 sign ; stamp, spot ; letter ; nod, 
 token ; mark of ignominy, dis- 
 grace. 
 
 noto, -are, -avi, -atum, [nota], i, 
 a., mark, stamp ; note, observe ; 
 single out, designate ; censure, 
 reprimafid . 
 
 notus, -a, -um, [part, of nosco], 
 adj., known, fatniliar ; well- 
 known, famozts, notorious ; of ill 
 repute, ill-reputed. 
 
 novem or Villi., IX., num. adj., 
 nine. 
 
 November, -bris, -bre, [novem], 
 adj., lit. of the ninth ; of A T ovem- 
 ber, the ninth month reckoning 
 from March, which the early 
 Romans considered the first 
 month of the year. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, adj., new, re- 
 cent, fresh, young ; unfamiliar. 
 
NOX 
 
 90 
 
 OBEO 
 
 strange ; last, latest, extreme. 
 re's novae, new things ; in a po- 
 litical sense, innovations, revolu- 
 tion, tabulae novae, new ac- 
 counts, a new account, meaning 
 the cancelling or abolition of 
 debts. 
 
 nox, noctis, f , night ; by meto- 
 nymy, darkness, obscurity. 
 
 nudius [for nunc dies, sc. est], 
 adv., used only with an ordinal 
 number in phrases expressing 
 time, it is now the . . . day 
 since, nudius tertius, it is now 
 the third day, day before yester- 
 day. 
 
 nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare, 
 uncovered ; often, without an 
 outer garment or without a shield, 
 lightly clad, exposed ; vacant, des- 
 titute, without ; mere, only. 
 
 nullus, -a, -um, gen. nulllus, [ne 
 + ullus], adj., not any, none, 
 no. As subst., nullus, -lus, m., 
 nobody, no one, no man. non 
 nullus, someone, pi. some. nul- 
 lus non, every, all. 
 
 num, inter, adv., usually expecting 
 a negative answer, in a direct 
 question, now, then, or, following 
 a negative translation of the 
 question, . . . not so, . . . is it? 
 in an indirect question, whether, 
 
 if- 
 
 Numantia, -ae, f., JVumantm, an 
 important city in Spain near the 
 upper course of the river Durius. 
 It was besieged and destroyed by 
 Scipio Africanus B.C. 134. 
 
 numen, -inis, [nuo], n., nod; will, 
 command ; divine will, divine 
 pozuer, divinity, deity ; divine fa- 
 vor, favor of the gods. 
 
 numerus, -1, m., number; large 
 number, multitude, quantity, 
 body; rank, position, place; 
 measure of music or poetry, 
 rhythm, time, numbers. 
 
 Numidicus, -a, -um, [Numidia], 
 adj., Nmnidian, of Numidia, a 
 country in northern Africa be- 
 tween Mauritania and the terri- 
 tory of Carthage ; modem A ]- 
 giers. See Metellus (1). 
 
 nummus, -1, m., coin, mo?iey ; re- 
 ferring to the Roman silver coin 
 of account, sestertius, sesterce; 
 penny, farthing, trifle. 
 
 numquam [ne + umquam] , adv., 
 never, at no time ; by no means. 
 
 nunc [num + -ee], adv., now, at 
 this time, at present, at the pres- 
 ent time ; under these circum- 
 stances, as it is, as matters are. 
 
 nuntiS, -are, -avi, -atum, [nun- 
 tius], 1, a., announce, declare; 
 report, communicate. 
 
 nuntius, -a, -um, adj., that brings 
 tidings, announcing, informing. 
 As subst., nuntius, -I, m., news- 
 carrier, messenger, reporter ; 
 nexus, message, tidings. 
 
 nuper, sup. nuperrime, [novus + 
 per], adv., lately, recently, not 
 long since. 
 
 nuptiae, -arum, [nupta, bride], {., 
 marriage, wedding, nuptials. 
 
 nvitus, abl. -u, found only in nom., 
 ace , and abl. sing., ace. and abl. 
 pi., [nuo], m, nod ; co?npliance, 
 assent ; will, command. 
 
 o. 
 
 6, interj., O ! oh! 
 
 ob, prep, with ace, to, towards, 
 for, on accoimt of, by reason of. 
 quam ob rem, wherefore, hence. 
 In composition ob is usually 
 assimilated before c, f, g, p, but 
 remains unchanged before other 
 letters. It adds the meaning to- 
 wards, at, before, against. 
 
 obeo, -Ire, -IvI, -itum, [ob + eo], 
 irr., n. and a., go to meet ; come 
 
OBICIO 
 
 91 
 
 OBSTO 
 
 up to, reach ; go over, traverse, 
 visit; engage in, undertake, enter 
 upon ; perform, discharge, ex- 
 ecute, accomplish ; of a crime, 
 commit. 
 
 obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [ob 
 + iacio], 3, a, throw before; 
 offer, present, expose ; upbraid, 
 reproach with, taint. 
 
 obiurgS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob -f 
 iurgo], i, a., chide, rebuke, re- 
 prove ; urge, adjure. 
 
 oblectatio, -onis, [oblecto], f., 
 delight, charm. 
 
 oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob 
 + laeto, allure'], i, a., delight, 
 amuse, entertain, divert, inter- 
 est. 
 
 obligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob -f 
 ligo], I, a., bind up; bind, ob- 
 lige, put under obligation ; pledge, 
 mortgage. 
 
 oblino, -ere, oblevi, oblitum, 
 [ob-f-lino], 3, a., bestnear, smear, 
 stain, daub ; cover with, defile. 
 
 oblitus, see oblino. 
 
 oblitus, -a, -um, [part, of obli- 
 vlscor], adj., forgetful, unmind- 
 ful, regardless. 
 
 obllvio, -onis, [obliviscor], f., 
 forgetfulness, oblivion. 
 
 obliviscor, -visci, oblitus sum, 
 3, dep., forget, be forgetful ; dis- 
 regard, neglect, omit. 
 
 oboedio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [ob-f- 
 audio], 4, n., hearken, listen; 
 give heed to, obey, yield obedience, 
 be subject. 
 
 obruo, -ere, obrui, obrutum, [ob 
 + ruo], 3, a., overwhelm, cover, 
 bziry ; overthrozv, destroy. 
 
 obscure [obscurus], adv., darkly, 
 indistinctly, obscurely, covertly. 
 
 obscuritas, -atis, [obscurus], f., 
 obscurity, indistinctness, uncer- 
 tainty. 
 
 obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob- 
 scurus], i, a , make dark, darken, 
 
 obscure ; hide, conceal ; keep hid- 
 den, suppress. 
 
 obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, 
 dusky, dim, obscure ; not known, 
 unfamiliar ; indistinct, unintel- 
 ligible, hard to U7iderstand ; ig- 
 noble, mean, low. 
 
 obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob -f- 
 sacro], i, a., beseech, i?nplore, en- 
 treat. 
 
 obsecundS, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [ob+ secundo], i, n., be favor- 
 able, comply with, humor, accom- 
 modate. 
 
 observans, -antis, [part, of ob- 
 servo], adj , watchful, attentive, 
 respectful. 
 
 observo, are, -avi, -atum, [ob-f 
 servo], I, a., watch, heed, observe, 
 take notice of; guard, keep ; treat 
 with respect, pay attention to, re- 
 gard, honor. 
 
 obses, -idis, [ob, cf. sedeo], m. 
 and f., hostage ; security, pledge, 
 surety, assurance. 
 
 obsideS, -ere, obsedi, obsessum, 
 [ob + sedeo], 2, n. and a., stay, 
 remain; beset, invest, besiege; lie 
 in wait for, look out for. 
 
 obsidio, -onis, [obsideo], f., siege, 
 blockade. 
 
 obsisto, -ere, obstiti, obstitum, 
 [ob + sisto], 3, n., take one's 
 stand before, stand in the way ; 
 withstand, oppose, resist. 
 
 obsolesco, -lescere, -levi, -le- 
 tum, [obs, old form of ob, + 
 unused olesco, grow\, 3, inch., 
 grow old, become antiquated ; lose 
 force, become obsolete. 
 
 obstipesco, -ere, obstipui, , 
 
 3, inch., be astounded, stand 
 amazed, be amazed ; become sense- 
 less, be stupefied. 
 
 obstS, -are, obstiti, obstatum, 
 [ob + sto], 1, n., stand before; 
 be in the way ; withstand, oppose, 
 hinder, thwart, restrain. 
 
OBSTREPO 
 
 92 
 
 OCTAVIANUS 
 
 obstrepo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ob -f 
 strepo], 3, n. and a., roar at, 
 resound, niake a noise ; outbawl, 
 drown out by cries. 
 
 obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 tum, pass, obstupefio, -fieri, 
 -f actus sum, [ob + stupef acio] , 
 3, a., astonish, amaze, astound, 
 benumb. 
 
 obsum, -esse, -ful, [ob + sum], 
 irr., n., be against; injure, hurt, 
 be prejudicial to. 
 
 obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [ob + tempero], i, n., comply, 
 conform, submit, obey. 
 
 obtineo, -ere, obtinui, obten- 
 tum, [ob + teneo], 2, a. and n., 
 hold fast, keep, maintain ; assert, 
 prove, show. 
 
 obting5, -ere, obtigi, , [ob + 
 
 tango], 3, a. and n., fall to one's 
 lot, befall ; happen, occur. 
 
 obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob -f- 
 tracto], I, a. and n., disparage, 
 underrate, decry ; raise objections 
 to, be opposed to, thwart. 
 
 obturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
 turbo], i, a., stir up, trouble; 
 confuse, disturb, distract. 
 
 obviam [ob + viam], adv., in the 
 way, against, in face of, to meet. 
 mihi obviam venit, he came to 
 meet me. 
 
 occaeco, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob + 
 caeco, from caecus], i, a., make 
 blind, blind, darken ; delude. 
 
 occasio, -onis, [ob, cf. casus, 
 cado], f., opportunity, suitable 
 time, favorable moment, occasion ; 
 pretext, excuse. 
 
 occasus, -us, [ob + casus, from 
 cado], m., of the heavenly bod- 
 ies, going down, setting; by met- 
 onymy, sunset, west; downfall, 
 destruction, ruin, death. 
 
 occidens, -entis, pi. wanting, 
 [part, of occido], m., sunset, west. 
 ab occidente, in the west. 
 
 occido, -ere, occidi, occisum, 
 [ob + caedo], 3, a., strike down ; 
 cut down, kill, slay, murder. 
 
 occidS, -ere, occidi, occasum, 
 [ob + cado], 3, n., fall down, 
 fall ; die, perish, be slain ; of 
 heavenly bodies, go down, set. 
 
 occludS, -ere, ocelusi, ocelusum, 
 [ob + elaudo], 3, a., shut tip, 
 close. 
 
 occulte [occultus], adv., secretly, 
 privately ; in concealment, in 
 secret. 
 
 occulto, are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of occulo, cover], 1, a., conceal, 
 hide, secrete. 
 
 occultus, -a, -um, [part, of oc- 
 culo, cover], adj., concealed, cov- 
 ered up / hidden, secret. 
 
 occupatio, -onis, [occupo], f., 
 taking possession, seizure; busi- 
 ness, employment. 
 
 occupatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 occupo], adj., absorbed, busy, en- 
 gaged, employed. 
 
 occupS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob, 
 cf. capio], 1, a., take possession cf, 
 seize, gain ; fall upon, szirprise, 
 attack; anticipate, outstrip ; take 
 up, employ. 
 
 occurr5, -ere, oceurri, occur- 
 sum, [ob -f curro], 3, n., run to, 
 run to meet, meet, fall in with ; 
 rush upon, attack ; oppose, resist ; 
 present itself or one's self, occur, 
 suggest itself, be thought of. 
 
 Oceanus, -I, ['fl/ceovos], m., the 
 great sea that encompasses the 
 land, outer sea, ocean. 
 
 Octavianus, -1, [Octavius], m., 
 Octavian, usually called Augus- 
 tus ; born B. c. 63, son of C. 
 Octavius and Atia, daughter of 
 Julia, sister of Julius Caesar. 
 His name was at first the same 
 as that of his father, C. Octavius. 
 He was adopted by Julius Cae- 
 sar, and his name became, ac- 
 
OCTAVIUS 
 
 93 
 
 OPIMIUS 
 
 cording to the rule in such cases, 
 C. Julius Caesar Octdvidnus. 
 The title Augustus was added 
 B.C. 27, when the supremacy of 
 Octavian as emperor was for- 
 mally recognized. His reign 
 lasted till his death, a. d. 14. 
 Ant. IV. 1. et seq., Ep. xliv. 
 
 Octavius, -a, [octavus], name of 
 a plebeian gens, raised to patri- 
 cian standing by Julius Caesar. 
 Cn. Octavius, consul B. C. 76, L. 
 Octavius, consul 75, and perhaps 
 other members of the family are 
 mentioned together by Cicero as 
 Octavii, gen. -orum (Arch. hi.). 
 The father of L. Octavius was 
 Cn. Octavius. a partisan of Sulla, 
 consul with China B. c. 87. As 
 Cinna endeavored to bring back 
 the party of Marius to power, 
 Octavius opposed him with force. 
 In the violent conflict that en- 
 sued he was murdered. Cat. 
 III. x. 
 
 octavus, -a, -urn, or VIII., [octo], 
 num. adj., eighth, 
 
 October, -bris, -bre, [octo], adj., 
 lit. of the eighth ; of October. 
 
 oculus, -I, m, eye. 
 
 odi, odisse, fut. part, osiirus, def., 
 a., hate ; dislike, be displeased with. 
 
 odiosus, -a, -um, [odium], adj., 
 hatefhd, offensive ; unpleasant, 
 disagreeable. 
 
 Odium, -1, [cf. odi], n., hatred, 
 grudge, ill-will, enmity ; offence, 
 avei'sion, abomination, nuisance; 
 disgust, dissatisfaction. 
 
 offendo, -ere, offendi, offensum, 
 [ob + unused fendo], 3, a. and 
 n., strike against, stumble ; hit 
 upon, find ; commit a fault, of- 
 fend, be offensive ; vex, displease. 
 
 offensio, -orris, [offendo], f., stutn- 
 bling ; aversion, dislike, disgust, 
 hatred; mishap, misfortune, de- 
 feat. 
 
 offensus, -a, -um, [part, of of- 
 fendo], adj., offended, vexed, 
 imbittered ; offensive, odious. 
 
 offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, 
 [ob + fero], irr., a., present, offer, 
 exhibit ; . bring forward, adduce ; 
 bestow, confer. 
 
 officiosus, -a, -um, [offlcium], 
 adj., courteous, obliging, servicea- 
 ble. 
 
 officium, -I, [for opificium, opus 
 + facio], n., service, kindness, fa- 
 vor, courtesy ; duty, obligation ; 
 office, function, employ 111 cat. 
 
 offundo, -ere, offudi, offusum, 
 [ob + fundo], 3, a., pour out, 
 pour down ; fill to overflowing, 
 flood, fill. 
 
 Slim [cf. ollus, old fori, of ilie], 
 adv., at that time, formerly, once, 
 long since ; ever ; some time, some 
 day, hereafter. 
 
 omen, -mis, n., omen, sign, token, 
 harbinger. 
 
 omitto, -ere, omisi, omlssum, 
 [ob + mitto], 3, a., let go, let 
 loose ; lay aside, give up, dis- 
 miss, neglect ; pass by, pass over, 
 omit. 
 
 omnino [omnis], adv., altogether, 
 wholly, at all, by all means, cei~- 
 tainly ; with numerals, in all, 
 just. 
 
 omnis, -e, adj., all, every, entire; 
 all sorts of. As subst., pi., 
 omnes, -ium, m. and f., all men, 
 all ; omnia, -ium, n., everything, 
 all things. 
 
 onus, -eris, n., load, burden, freight, 
 cargo ; "weight, trouble, difficidly. 
 
 opera, -ae, [opus], f., effort, exer- 
 tion, 7vork, labor ; service. 
 
 Opimius, -1, m., L. Opimius, con- 
 sul B. c. 121. He was an ardent 
 and unscrupulous adherent of the 
 aristocratic party, and was re- 
 sponsible for the death of C. 
 Gracchus. Cat. I. 11. 
 
OPIMUS 
 
 94 
 
 ORIENS 
 
 opimus, -a, -um, adj., fat ; fertile, 
 fruitftcl, rich; abundant, sump- 
 tuous, noble. 
 
 opinio, -onis, [opinor], f., opinion, 
 supposition, conjecture, expectation. 
 praeter opinionem, contrary to 
 expectation, opinione celerius, 
 sooner than ivas expected. 
 
 opinor, -an, -atus sum, i, dep., 
 be of the opinion, suppose ; conjec- 
 ture, imagine, think, judge. 
 
 opitulor, -ari, -atus sum, [ops, 
 cf. tuli], i, dep., bear aid, aid, 
 help, assist, succor. 
 
 oportet, -ere, oportuit, 2, impers., 
 it is necessary, it behooves. me 
 
 opcrtet, J ought, I must. 
 
 oppet5, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, [ob + 
 peto], 3, a., ±0 to meet, encounter 
 
 oppido [abl. of eppidum], adv., 
 very, exceedingly, very much. 
 
 oppidum, -1, n., town, city. 
 
 oppono, -ere, opposui, opposi- 
 tum, [ob \- pono], 3, a., place 
 opposite, set before, oppose ; bring 
 forward, present, adduce. 
 
 opportunitas, -atis, [opportti- 
 nus], f., suitableness, fitness, ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 opportunus, -a, -um, [ob, porto], 
 adj., suitable, fit, convenient'; 
 meet, advantageous, useful. 
 
 oppositus, -us, used only in abl. 
 sing, and ace. pi , [oppono], m., 
 placing against, opposition, inter- 
 position. 
 
 oppressus, see opprimo. 
 
 opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppres- 
 sum, [ob + premo], 3, a., press 
 against, press upon ; oppress, 
 weigh doxvn, overwhelm, cover ; 
 put doivn, suppress ; overthrow, 
 crush, subdue; of a fleet, sink. 
 
 oppiigno, -are, -avl, -atum, [ob 
 + piigno], 1, a., attack, assail; 
 assault, storm, besiege. 
 
 ops, opis, nom. and dat. sing, not 
 in use, f., aid, assistance, help, 
 
 support ; power, ability ; often in 
 pi., property, riches, means, re- 
 sources, treasure, wealth. 
 
 optimas, -atis, [optimus], adj., of 
 the best, aristocratic. As subst., 
 optimas, -atis, m., adherent of 
 the nobility, aristocrat. 
 
 optime, see bene. 
 
 optimus, see bonus. 
 
 opto, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a., 
 choose, select, prefer ; wish, desire, 
 wish for, long for. 
 
 opus, -eris, n., work, task, labor, 
 toil ; structure, building ; work 
 of art, book ; deed, action, effect ; 
 in phrases with esse, necessity ; 
 as opus est, it is necessary, there 
 is need of often followed by the 
 abl. magno opere, very ?mcch, 
 exceedingly, greatly ; earnestly, 
 vehemently, urgently. tanto 
 
 opere, so much, so very, in so 
 great a measure. 
 
 ora, -ae, f., edge, border ; boundary, 
 limit; coast, sea-coast; by met- 
 onymy, territory, region, coun- 
 try. 
 
 oratio, -onis, [oro], f., speaking, 
 speech, discourse ; diction, style; 
 set speech, harangue, oration; sub- 
 ject, the7ne ; oratorical power, elo- 
 quence. 
 
 oratorius, -a, -um, [orator], adj., 
 of an orator, of oratory, oratori- 
 cal. 
 
 orbis, -is, m., ring, circle; orb, 
 disk; by metonymy, wheel ; re- 
 gion, country, territory ; round, 
 circuit. orbis terrae or terra- 
 rum, earth, zvorld, universe. 
 
 ordior, -ire, orsus sum, 4, dep., 
 begin, co??imence ; set about, un- 
 dertake. 
 
 5rdo, -inis, m., row, line ; order, 
 rank; series, array. 
 
 oriens, -ientis, [part, of orior], 
 m., rising sun, morning sun ; by 
 metonymy, east, Orient. 
 
ORIOR 
 
 95 
 
 PAETUS 
 
 orior, orirl, ortus sum, 4, dep., 
 arise, rise, become visible ; spring, 
 descend, begin, originate ; be born, 
 be descended. 
 
 omamentum, -I, [orno], n., out- 
 fit, equipment, apparatus ; mark 
 of honor, decoration ; distinction, 
 ornament. 
 
 ornate [ornatus], adv., elegantly, 
 ornately. 
 
 ornatus, -a, -um, [part, of orno], 
 did)., fitted out, equipped, provided; 
 furnished, decorated, adorned ; 
 emine?it, illustrious. 
 
 orno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., ft 
 out, equip, prepare ; adorn, em- 
 bellish, decorate; honor, distin- 
 guish. 
 
 6r6, -are, -avi, -atum, [6s, mouth], 
 1, n. and a., speak ; argue, plead, 
 entreat, implore, beseech. 
 
 Orpheus, -el or -eos, ace. -eum, 
 -eaor -ea, ['Op(f)evs],m., Orpheus: 
 
 (1) A mythical singer of Thrace, 
 son of Apollo and Calliope. 
 
 (2) A slave or freedman of 
 Cicero. Ep. viii. 
 
 Ortus, -us, [orior], m., a rising, 
 rise ; beginning, origin, source. 
 ortus solis, sunrise ; by metony- 
 my, east. 
 
 6s, oris, n., mouth ; by metonymy, 
 face, look, countenance, features ; 
 orifice, aperture. 
 
 ostendo, -ere, ostendi, osten- 
 tum, [obs, old form of ob, + 
 tendo], 3, a., stretch out, spread 
 before; show, disclose, manifest, 
 point out ; make known, tell, de- 
 clare. 
 
 ostentatio, -onis, [ostento], f, 
 exhibition, display ; vain display, 
 pomp, ostentation, boasting. 
 
 ostento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of ostendo], 1, a., show, exhibit ; 
 
 _ show off, display, parade, boast. 
 
 Ostiensis, -e, [ostium], adj., of 
 Ostia, the seaport of Rome at 
 
 the mouth of the Tiber. Os- 
 tiense incommodum, the disas- 
 ter at Ostia. Imp. P. xir. 
 
 ostium, -I, [os], n., door; by 
 metonymy, mouth, entrance. 
 Oceani ostium, the mouth of 
 the Ocean, i. e. the Straits of 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 otiosus, -a, -um, [otium], adj., at 
 leisure, unoccupied, disengaged ; 
 indifferent, neutral ; calm, quiet, 
 peaceful. As subst, otiosi, 
 
 -orum, m., pi , the idle, the neu- 
 tral, the peaceable. 
 
 otium, -I, n., leisure, ease, idleness ; 
 repose, rest ; quiet, peace. 
 
 P. 
 
 P., see Publius. 
 
 paclscor, paclsci, pactus sum, 
 3, dep., agree, agree upon ; con- 
 tract, covenant, stipulate. 
 
 paco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pax], 1, 
 a., make peaceful, pacify, subdue. 
 
 pacti5, -onis, [paclscor], f., agree- 
 ment, covenant, contract, stipula- 
 tion. 
 
 pactum, -I, [pactus], n., agree- 
 ment, compact, manner, way, 
 means. nullo pacto, by no 
 
 means. 
 
 pactus, -a, -um, [part, of pacl- 
 scor], adj., agreed, settled, stipu- 
 lated. 
 
 paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 
 paeniteo, -ere, -ui, , 2, a., 
 
 make sorry ; be sorry, repent. 
 Impers., paenitet, -ere, paeni- 
 tuit, it makes sorry, it repents, 
 it grieves, it displeases, it offends. 
 me numquam paenitebit, / 
 shall never regret. Cat. IV. X. 
 
 Paetus, -i, m., L. Papirius Paetus, 
 a friend of Cicero, who had a 
 residence near Naples. Ep. xxx. 
 See also Aelius. 
 
PAGELLA 
 
 96 
 
 PARUM 
 
 pagella, -ae, [dim., cf. pagina], f., 
 
 small page, little page, sheet of 
 writing-material. 
 
 palaestra, -ae, [ira\aia-Tpa], f., 
 wrestling-place, wrestling-school, 
 gymnasium ; by metonymy, 
 wrestling, wrestling-match ; school 
 of rhetoric, school ; practice, skill, 
 art. 
 
 palam, adv., openly, plainly, pub- 
 licly. 
 
 Palatums, -a, -urn, [Palatium], 
 adj., of the Palatine hill, Palatine. 
 Palatina palaestra, Cicero's 
 gymnasium on the Palatine. Ep. 
 hi. 
 
 Palatium, -I, [Pales, an ancient 
 divinity of shepherds], n., 
 Palatine, one of the seven hills 
 of Rome, southeast of the Fo- 
 rum. See Map, p. 76. 
 
 Pamphylia, -ae, [Uaficpv\la], L, 
 Pamphylia, a narrow country on 
 the south coast of Asia Minor, 
 bounded on the east by Cilicia, 
 on the north by Pisidia, and on 
 the west by Lycia. 
 
 Pansa, -ae, m., C. Vibius Pdnsa, 
 consul with A. Hirtius B.C. 43. 
 He was a partisan of Caesar. 
 Both Pansa and Hirtius set out 
 against Antony, and fell before 
 Mutina. Ep. xli., xliv. 
 
 panther a, -ae, [Travdrip], {., pan- 
 ther. 
 
 Papius, -a, -urn, adj., of a Papius. 
 lex Papia, the law of Papius, a 
 law proposed by C. Papius con- 
 cerning the expulsion of foreign- 
 ers from Rome. Arch. v. 
 
 par, paris, adj., equal ; as large as, 
 like; well-matched ; suitable. 
 
 paratus, -a, -um, [part, of paro], 
 adj., prepared, ready ; furnished, 
 provided ; versed, skilled. 
 
 parco, -ere, pepercl and parsT, 
 parsum, 3, n., spare ; treat with 
 forbearance, use carefully, be in- 
 
 dulgent ; abstain, cease, refrain, 
 stop ; let alone, omit. 
 
 parens, -entis, [pario], m. and f., 
 parent, father, mother ; ancestor, 
 progenitor. 
 
 pared, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n., ap- 
 pear, be visible ; obey, submit, 
 comply ; gratify, yield. 
 
 paries, -etis, m., wall, house wall. 
 
 Parilis, -e, [Pales], adj., of Pales, 
 an ancient Italian divinity of 
 flocks and shepherds. As subst., 
 Parilia, -ium, n., pi., Parilia, 
 festival of Pales, celebrated an- 
 nually on April 21. 
 
 pario, parere, peperi, partum, 
 fut. part, pariturus, 3, a., bring 
 forth, give birth to, produce ; ac- 
 quire, obtain, secure ; procure, get, 
 gain. 
 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a. and 
 n.j make ready, prepare, provide, 
 furnish, arra?ige ; intend, pur- 
 pose, design ; procure, acquire, 
 get. 
 
 parricida, -ae, [pater, caedo], m., 
 murderer of a parent, parricide ; 
 murderer, assassin ; murderous 
 criminal, outlaw. 
 
 parricidium, -I, [parricida], n., 
 murder of a parent, parricide ; 
 murder, assassination ; horrible 
 crime, treason. 
 
 pars, partis, f., part, portion, share, 
 division ; several, some ; party, 
 side ; office, function ; rdle, char- 
 acter ; region, country ; direction, 
 end. 
 
 particeps, -eipis, [pars + eapio], 
 adj., sharing, partaking. As 
 subst., particeps, -cipis, m., 
 sharer, partner, comrade, col- 
 league. 
 
 partim [pars], adv., partly, in 
 part. 
 
 parum, comp. minus, sup. mini- 
 me, [cf. parvus], adv., too little, 
 not enough, insufficiently ; comp., 
 
PARVULUS 
 
 97 
 
 PAULUS 
 
 less, too little ; sup., least, in the 
 smallest degree, very little, not at 
 all, not in the least. 
 
 parvulus, -a, -um, [dim. of par- 
 vus], adj., very small, little ; 
 young. 
 
 parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, 
 sup. minimus, adj., little, small ; 
 inconsiderable, insignificant. As 
 subst, parvum, -i, n., a little. 
 parvl, of little value, of slight 
 moment, of small account. par- 
 vi refert, it ?natters little, it 
 makes little difference. 
 
 pasco, -ere, pavl, pastum, 3, a. 
 and p., feed, nourish, support, 
 sustain ; pasture, atteiid ; feed 
 upon, feast ; pass., pascor, -i, 
 pastus sum, often with reflex, 
 sense, be fed, feed, feast upon. 
 
 passus, -us, [cf. pando], m., step, 
 pace, footstep ; track, trace. 
 
 pastio, -onis, [pasco], f., grazing, 
 pasturage, pasture. 
 
 pastor, -oris, [pasco], m., shep- 
 herd, herdsman. 
 
 patefacio, -facere, -feci, patefac- 
 tum, [pateo + facio], 3, a., open 
 up, lay open, throw open ; disclose, 
 bring to light. 
 
 pateo, -ere, -ui, , 2, n., lie 
 
 open, be open, stand open ; be 
 accessible, be exposed ; extend ; be 
 evident, be clear, be well known. 
 
 pater, -tris, m., father ; pi., fathers, 
 forefathers, ancestors ; elders, sen- 
 ators. See conscriptus. 
 
 paternus, -a, -um, [pater], adj., 
 of a father, father's, paternal ; 
 of one's native country, of the 
 fatherland. 
 
 patientia, -ae, [patiens], f., long- 
 suffering, endurance, submission, 
 patience ; forbearance, indidgence, 
 lenity. 
 
 patior, pati, passus sum, 3, dep., 
 suffer, bear, endure, undergo, meet 
 with ; allow, permit, let. 
 
 Patiscus, -I, m., Patiscus, an ac- 
 quaintance of Cicero, who, while 
 Cicero was proconsul of Cilicia, 
 obtained panthers for the shows 
 of the aediles at Rome. In B. c. 
 43 he was pro-quaestor in Asia. 
 Ep. xviii. 
 
 Fatrensis, -e, [Patrae], adj., of 
 Patrae, a city on the south shore 
 of the entrance of the Gulf of 
 Corinth; now Pat r as. Ep. 
 xxxii. 
 
 patria, -ae, [patrius], f., father- 
 land, native country, native place ; 
 dwelling-place, hotne. 
 
 patricius, -a, -um, [pater], adj., 
 of fatherly dignity ; patrician, no- 
 ble. As subst., patricil, orum, 
 m., pi., patricians, nobility. 
 
 patrimonium, -i, [pater], n., in- 
 heritance from a father, inherit- 
 ance, patrimony. 
 
 patrius, -a, -um, [pater], adj., of 
 a father, father's, fatherly ; of 
 one's fathers, ancestral. 
 
 patruus, -I, [pater], m., father's 
 brother, uncle on the father's side. 
 
 paucitas, -atis, [paucus], {., few- 
 ness, scarcity. 
 
 paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, small, 
 little. As subst., pi., pauci, 
 •orum, m., few, a few ; pauca, 
 -orum, n., a few things, little, a 
 few words, fezv words. 
 
 paulisper [paulum -fper], adv., 
 for a little while, for a short time. 
 
 paulo [abl. of paulum], adv., by a 
 little, a little, somewhat. paulo 
 ante, a little while ago, shortly 
 before. 
 
 paulus, -a, -um, adj., little, small, 
 slight. As subst., paulum, -i, 
 n., a little, trifle. 
 
 Paulus, -i, [paulus], m., L. Aemi- 
 lius Paulus, named also Macedoni- 
 cus after his victory over Perseus, 
 born B. C. 230 or 229 ; consul 182 
 and 168 B.C. When consul the 
 
PAX 
 
 98 
 
 PERCULSUS 
 
 first time he subdued the Ingauni, 
 a piratic people of Liguria, and 
 was honored with a triumph. In 
 168 B. c. he took command of the 
 war with Perseus, king of Mace- 
 donia, whom he completely de- 
 feated at the battle of Pydna. 
 He celebrated a splendid triumph 
 the following year, and died B. c. 
 160. Cat. IV. x. 
 
 pax, pacis, f ., peace ; treaty, agree- 
 metzt, reconciliation ; concord, har- 
 mony ; tranquillity, rest, quiet. 
 pace tua, by your leave, with 
 your permission. Mar. II. 
 
 peccatum, -I, [pecco], n., fault, 
 transgression, sin. 
 
 pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, i, n. and 
 a., make a mistake, transgress, of- 
 fend ; commit a fault, sin, do 
 wrong. 
 
 pecto, -ere, pexl, pexum, 3, a., 
 comb, comb out. 
 
 pectus, -oris, n., breast, breast- 
 bone ; by metonymy, heart, soul, 
 feeling ; mind, understanding. 
 
 pecuarius, -a, -urn, [pecu, cattle'], 
 adj., of cattle. As subst, pecu- 
 aria, -ae, (properly sc. res), f., 
 stock-raising, cattle-breeding. 
 
 pecunia, -ae, [pecus], f., lit. 
 wealth in cattle ; hence property, 
 wealth ; tnoney. 
 
 pecus, -udis, f., a head of cattle, 
 meaning one of a number ; brute, 
 animal, beast; especially, a sheep. 
 
 pedester, -tris, -tre, [pes], adj., 
 on foot, pedestrian ; on land. 
 pedestres copiae, forces of in- 
 fantry. 
 
 peior, see malus. 
 
 pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, 3, a., 
 strike, push ; drive away, force 
 back, banish, rout; remove, dis- 
 pel ; of a musical instrument, 
 strike, touch, play. 
 
 Penates, -ium, [-penns, provision], 
 m., household gods, guardian 
 
 deities of the house, Penates ; by 
 metonymy, hearth, home. 
 
 pendeo, -ere, pependi, , 
 
 [pendo], 2, n., hang, hang down ; 
 be suspended, overhang, float; 
 rest, be dependent ; be in sus- 
 pense, be undecided, hesitate. 
 
 penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a. 
 and n., enter, petietrate ; make 
 way to, reach. 
 
 penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply, 
 far within ; thoroughly, utterly, 
 through and throitgh. 
 
 pensito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of penso], 1, a., weigh out, 
 pay. 
 
 per, prep, with ace. only, through ; 
 of space, through, across, along, 
 over, among ; of time, through, 
 during, in the course of, at the 
 time of ; of agency, means, and 
 manner, through, by, by the hands 
 of, by means of under pretence of, 
 for the sake of ; in oaths, in the 
 name of by. 
 
 In composition per adds the 
 force of through, thorotighly, per- 
 fectly, completely, very much, 
 very. 
 
 peradulescens, -entis, [per + 
 aduleseens], adj., very young. 
 
 peragr5, -are, -avi, -atum, [per, 
 ager], 1, a., wander through, pass 
 over, traverse. 
 
 perbenevolus, -a, -um, [per + 
 benevolus], adj., very friendly, 
 exceedingly kind. 
 
 perbrevis, -e, [per + brevis] , adj., 
 very short, very brief. 
 
 percellS, -ere, pereull, percul- 
 sum, 3, a., beat down, strike 
 dozvn, smite ; overthrow, destroy ; 
 deject, dishearten. 
 
 percipiS, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 [per+capio], 3, a., take wholly, 
 seize ; perceive, observe ; learn, 
 know, understand. 
 
 perculsus, see percello. 
 
PERCUSSOR 
 
 99 
 
 PERINDE 
 
 percussor, -oris, [percutio], m., 
 striker, smiter ; murderer, assas- 
 sin. 
 
 percutio, -cutere, percussl, per- 
 cussum, [per-fquatio, shake], 3, 
 a., strike through, thrust through, 
 pierce, transfix ; strike hard, 
 smite, hit, kill, slay. de eaelo 
 percussus, struck by lightning. 
 
 perditus, -a, -um, [part, of perdo], 
 adj., lost, hopeless, ruined, desper- 
 ate ; corrupt, profligate, incorri- 
 gible. 
 
 perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum, 
 [per + do], 3, a., make way with, 
 waste, destroy, ruin ; squander, 
 dissipate, lose utterly. 
 
 perduco, -ere, perduxi, perduc- 
 tum, [per + duco], 3, a., lead 
 through, conduct, guide; lengthen, 
 prolong ; win over, gain over, in- 
 duce. 
 
 peregrinatiS, -onis, [peregrmor], 
 f., sojourning abroad, travelling, 
 wandering, travel. 
 
 peregrmor, -ari, -atus sum, [per- 
 egrinus], 1, dep.,' sojourn abroad, 
 travel, wander, roam. 
 
 peregrinus, -a, -um, [per + ager], 
 adj., strange, foreign, alien. As 
 subst., peregrinus, -I, m., for- 
 eigner, stranger. 
 
 pereo, -Ire, -il or -Ivi, -itum, [per 
 + eo], irr., n., pass away, vanish, 
 disappear ; perish, be destroyed, 
 die ; be wasted, fail, be lost. 
 
 perfectio, -onis, [perfieio], i., fin- 
 ishing, completion, perfecting, ac- 
 complishment. 
 
 perfectus, -a, -um, [part, of per- 
 fieio], adj., finished, complete, per- 
 fect, excellent. 
 
 perfero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, [per 
 + fero], irr., a., bear through ; 
 bring, convey ; carry news, an- 
 nounce, report ; carry through, 
 accomplish, bring about ; J>ut up 
 with, bear, suffer, endure. 
 
 perfieio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 fut. part, perfecturus, [per + 
 facio], 3, a., carry through, com- 
 plete, accomplish ; bring about, 
 cause, effect. 
 
 perfringo, -ere, perfregl, per- 
 fractum, [per + frango], 3, a., 
 break throtigh, break in pieces, 
 shatter, fracture ; of laws, violate, 
 break. 
 
 perfruor, -frui, -fructus sum, 
 [per + fruor], 3, dep., enjoy fully, 
 be greatly delighted. 
 
 perfugium, -1, [perfugio], n., 
 refuge, shelter, asylum. 
 
 perfungor, -fungi, -functus sum, 
 [per + fungor], 3, dep., perform, 
 discharge ; go through with, un- 
 dergo, get rid of, pass throtigh. 
 
 pergo, -ere, perrexl, perreetum, 
 [per + rego], 3, a. and n., go on, 
 proceed, advance, march ; hasten, 
 make haste. 
 
 pergratus, -a, -um, [per -f gra- 
 tus], adj., very agreeable, exceed- 
 ingly pleasant. As subst., per- 
 gratum, -I, n., a great favor, as 
 fecistl mihi pergratum, you 
 have done me a great favor. 
 
 perhorresco, ere, perhorrul, 
 
 , [per + horresco], 3, inch., 
 
 become rough, bristle up ; quake 
 with terror, tremble greatly ; 
 shudder at, shudder to think of, 
 have a great horror of. 
 
 periclitor, -ari, -atus sum, [perl- 
 culum], 1, dep., try, test, make 
 trial of; imperil, risk, endanger. 
 
 periculSsus, -a, -um, [perlcu- 
 lum], adj., full of danger, dan- 
 gerous, perilous. 
 
 periculum, -1, n., trial, attempt ; 
 risk, hazard, danger, peril ; legal 
 action, lawsuit, suit. 
 
 perinde [per + inde], adv., in 
 the same manner, just so, equally, 
 in like manner. perinde ac, 
 or 2L%qi\e,just as. 
 
PERINIQUUS 
 
 100 
 
 PERSPICIO 
 
 periniquus, -a, -um, [per + ini- 
 quus], adj., very unfair, exceed- 
 ingly unjust. 
 
 peritus, -a, -um, adj., experienced, 
 practised, tr ained ; skilled, skilful, 
 expert. 
 
 periucundus, -a, -um, [per + iu- 
 cundus], adj, very agreeable, 
 very acceptable. 
 
 permagnus, -a, -um, [per + mag- 
 nus], adj., very great, very exten- 
 sive, exceedingly important. As 
 subst., permagnum, -I, n., 
 a very great thing. permagni 
 interest, it is of very great im- 
 portance. 
 
 permaneo, -ere, permansi, per- 
 mansum, [per + maneo], 2, n., 
 remain, stay; hold out, continue, 
 persist. 
 
 permitto, -ere, permisi, permis- 
 sum, [per + mitto], 3, a., let go; 
 commit, surrender, intrust, put in 
 charge of; allow, suffer, permit, 
 grant. 
 
 permodestus, -a, -um, [per + 
 modestus], adj., exceedingly mod- 
 est, very shy. 
 
 permoveo, -ere, permovi, per- 
 motum, [per + moveo], 2, a., 
 move deeply ; arouse, agitate, in- 
 fluence, prevail upon. 
 
 permultum [permultus], adv., 
 very much, very far. 
 
 permultus, -a, -um, [per + mul- 
 tus], adj., very much ; pi., very 
 many, in great numbers. As 
 subst., permultum, -I, n., a great 
 deal, very much. 
 
 permutatio, -onis, [permuto], f., 
 complete change, revolution ; ex- 
 change, interchange, barter. 
 
 pernicies, -ei, [per + nex], f., 
 destruction, ruin, overthrow, dis- 
 aster. 
 
 pemiciosus, -a, -um, [pernicies], 
 adj., destructive, ruinous, baleful, 
 pernicious. 
 
 J pernocto, -are, -avi, fut. part, per- 
 noetaturus, [per -f nocto], 1, n. 
 remain all night, stay all itight, 
 pass the night. 
 
 perpetuus, -a, -um, [per, cf. peto], 
 adj ., continuous, uninterrupted, 
 constant, perpetual ; whole, entire. 
 As subst., n., in the phrase in 
 perpetuum, for all ti?ne, forever. 
 
 persaepe [per + saepe], adv., 
 very often, very frequently. 
 
 perscribo, -ere, perscripsi, per- 
 scriptum, [per -f scribo], 3, a., 
 write in full, write out ; describe 
 fully in writing, recount, detail ; 
 of public documents, put on 
 record, record. 
 
 persequor, -sequl, -secutus sum, 
 [per + sequor], 3, dep., follow 
 persistently ; follow after, pursue ; 
 prosecute, avenge; perform, ac- 
 complish ; set forth, relate. 
 
 Perses, -ae, [Uepcnjs], m., Perses 
 or Perseus, last king of Macedo- 
 nia. He came to the throne B. c. 
 179. He entered into a war with 
 Rome E. c. 171, and was totally 
 defeated by L. Aemilius Paulus 
 at Pydna, B. c. 168. He adorned 
 the triumph of Paulus, B. c. 167, 
 and passed the remainder of his 
 life in captivity. Cat. IV. x., 
 Imp. P. xviii. 
 
 perse verantia, -ae, [persevero], 
 {., steadfastness, persistency, per- 
 severance. 
 
 persevero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [per, severus], 1, n. and a., con- 
 tinue steadfastly, persist, perse- 
 vere. 
 
 persona, -ae, [per, cf. sonus], f., 
 mask, part, character, role ; per- 
 sonage, perso?z. 
 
 perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, per- 
 spectum, [per + speeio], 3, a., 
 look through, look into ; inspect, 
 examine; perceive clearly, see 
 plainly, observe, discern, note. 
 
PERSUADEO 
 
 101 
 
 PHILIPPUS 
 
 persuaded, -ere, persuasi, per- 
 suasum, [per + suadeo], 2, n. 
 and a., convince, persuade ; induce, 
 prevail upon. 
 
 perterreo, -ere, perterrul, per- 
 territum, [per + terreo], 2, a., 
 frighten greatly, terrify. 
 
 pertimesco, -ere, pertimui, , 
 
 [per + timeseo], 3, inch., be 
 greatly alar7ned, be much fright- 
 ened ; fear greatly, be much afraid 
 of. 
 
 pertinacia, -ae, [pertinax], f., 
 persistency, obstinacy, stubborn- 
 ness. 
 
 pertineo, -ere, -ul, , [per + 
 
 teneo], 2, n., reach, extend ; be- 
 long, pertain, concern, refer ; tend, 
 lead, be conducive, conduce. 
 
 perturbatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 perturbo], adj., disturbed, agi- 
 tated, embarrassed, unsettled. 
 
 perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [per 
 + turbo], 1, a., greatly disturb, 
 throw into disorder ; disturb, con- 
 fuse, unsettle. 
 
 pervado, -ere, pervasi, perva- 
 sum, [per 4- vado], 3, n. and a., 
 go through, spread through, pre- 
 vail ; penetrate, pervade, extend, 
 reach. 
 
 pervagatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 pervagor], adj., widespread, 
 zvell-knozvn. 
 
 pervenio, -Ire, perveni, perven- 
 tum, [per + venio], 4, n., come 
 through, come up, arrive, reach ; 
 attain, come to ; come, fall. 
 
 Pescennius, -i, m., Pescennius, a 
 friend of Cicero who befriended 
 him during his exile, especially 
 during his stay at Brundisium. 
 Ep. viii. 
 
 pestifer, -era, -erum, [pestis, 
 fero], adj., destructive, pernicious, 
 noxious, baleful. 
 
 pestilentia, -ae, [pestilens], f., 
 infectious disease, epidemic, pesti- 
 
 lence ; unhealthful climate, un- 
 wholesome atmosphere. 
 
 pestis, -is, f., plague, pest, pesti- 
 lence ; bane, curse ; ruin, destruc- 
 tion, death. 
 
 petitio, -onis, [peto], f., in fen- 
 cing or fighting, thrust, blow, 
 aim, attack ; canvass for votes, 
 candidacy ; claim, suit. 
 
 peto, -ere, petlvi and -ii, peti- 
 tum, 3, a., strive for, aim at, 
 seek ; rush at, attack, assail ; de- 
 mand, require; beg, beseech, en- 
 treat; woo, court ; pursue ; wrest, 
 draw from. 
 
 petulantia, -ae, [petulans, pert], 
 f., per tu ess, sauciuess, impudence. 
 
 pexus, -a, -um, see pecto. 
 
 Philhetaerus, -1, [(piAtratpos, true 
 to comrades], m., Clodius Philhe- 
 taerus, a freedman of Cicero's. 
 Ep. viii. 
 
 Philippus, -i, [*iA.i7T7ros], m., 
 Philip, name of three persons 
 mentioned in this book : 
 
 (1) Philippus V., Philip V., 
 king of Macedonia b. c. 220- 
 179. He was an active and able 
 ruler, and for a time greatly in- 
 creased the power of his state. 
 He entered into an alliance with 
 Hannibal, but rendered little 
 assistance against the Romans, 
 who, after the close 61 the second 
 Punic War, engaged in active 
 hostilities against him. He was 
 conquered in B. c. 196 and ob- 
 liged to submit to humiliating 
 terms. Imp. P. vi. 
 
 (2) L. Mdrcius Philippus, con- 
 sul B.C. 91. He was prominent 
 as an orator and as a political 
 leader. Imp. P. xxi. 
 
 (3) L. Mdrcius Philippus, pro- 
 praetor in Syria B. c. 59, consul 
 B. c. 56. He was the stepfather 
 of C. Octavius. During the civil 
 wars, however, he remained neu- 
 
PHILOGENES 
 
 102 
 
 PLEBS 
 
 tral, and lived to see his step- 
 son the emperor Augustus. Ep. 
 XVI., XXXV. 
 
 Philogenes, -is, [(piAos, cf. yens], 
 m., Philogenes, a freedman of At- 
 ticus. Ep. xv r. 
 
 philosophia, -ae, [<pi\o<ro(pia], £., 
 philosophy. 
 
 philosophus, -a, -um, [<pt\6<Tocpos], 
 adj., philosophical. As suLst., 
 philosophus, -I, m., philosopher. 
 
 Philotimus, -I, [*i\o'ti>os], m., 
 Philotimns, a freedman of Cicero 
 or of Terentia. Ep. hi. el al. 
 
 piaculum, -I, [pio], n., propitia- 
 tory sacrifice, expiatory offering ; 
 victim offered in sacrifice, offering ; 
 atonement, sacrifice. 
 
 Picenum, -I, n., Picenum, a dis- 
 trict on the east coast of Italy, 
 lying northeast from Rome and 
 east of Umbria. 
 
 Picenus, -a, -um, adj., of Pice- 
 num, Picene. 
 
 pietas, -atis, [pius], f., dutiful 
 conduct, dutifulness, sense of 
 duty ; religiousness ; faithfulness 
 in discharge of duty, particularly 
 toward kindred ; duty, fealty, af- 
 fection, gratitude, loyalty, devotion ; 
 towards one's country, patriotism. 
 
 piget, -ere, piguit and pigitum 
 est, 2, a., impers., it annoys, it 
 troubles, it disgusts ; it causes to 
 repent, it makes sorry. nee 
 
 me piget, and I am not sorry. 
 
 pila, -ae, f., ball ; by metonymy, 
 ball-playing, game of ball. 
 
 Pilia, -ae, f., Pilia, wife of Cicero's 
 friend Atticus, to whom she was 
 married b. c. 56. Ep. xix. 
 
 pinguis, -e, adj., fat, rich, fertile ; 
 dull, stupid. 
 
 PiSO, -onis, m., C. Calpurnius Piso 
 Friigi, son-in-law of Cicero. He 
 was betrothed to Cicero's daugh- 
 ter Tullia B. c. 67, married B. c. 
 63. He was quaestor, B. c. 58, 
 
 and made every effort to secure 
 the recall of Cicero from banish- 
 ment. He died the following 
 year. Ep. viii., ix. 
 
 pius, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, con- 
 scientious, devout, religious ; de- 
 voted, especially to kindred; 
 faithful, loving, filial. 
 
 Pius, -i, [pius], m., Pius, honorary 
 surname of Q. Caecilius Metellus. 
 See Metellus, (2). 
 
 pi., see plebs. 
 
 placeo, -ere, -ui or -itus sum, 2, 
 n., please, be pleasing ; give pleas- 
 ure, meet with approval, suit, 
 satisfy; often impers., placet, 
 -ere, -itum est, it pleases, it is 
 agreed, it seems right, it is re- 
 solved, it is decided. 
 
 placo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. pla- 
 ceo], 1, a., quiet, soothe, calm; 
 appease, conciliate, reconcile. 
 
 Plancius, -1, m., Cn. Plancius, 
 quaestor in Macedonia B. c. 58, 
 where he showed great kindness 
 to Cicero, then in exile. Some 
 years later Plancius was charged 
 with bribery at an election and 
 defended by Cicero, who secured 
 his acquittal. Ep. ix. 
 
 Plancus, -I, m., L. Munaiius Plan- 
 cus, consul B. c. 42. He was a 
 lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul 
 (Caes. Bel. Gal. v. 24, 25), and 
 afterwards a partisan of the Dic- 
 tator. After the death of Caesar 
 he was active in political affairs 
 until the establishment of the 
 Empire. Ep. xlv. 
 
 plane [planus], adv., plainly, clear- 
 ly, distinctly ; entirely, wholly, 
 quite. 
 
 plebs, plebis, and plebes, -ei or 
 -1, often abbreviated pi., plural 
 wanting, f., common people, com- 
 mons, common folk, populace, 
 lower class ; mass, throng, mul- 
 titude. 
 
PLENUS 
 
 103 
 
 POPINA 
 
 plenus, -a, -urn, [cf. -pleo], adj., 
 full, filled; complete, whole; 
 abounding, rich . 
 
 plerumque [plerusque], adv., for 
 the most part, generally, common- 
 ly, very often. 
 
 plerusque, -raque, -rumque, 
 [plerus], adj., a very great part, 
 the majority, most. As subst., 
 plerique, -orumque, m., pi., the 
 greater part, the majority, about 
 all. 
 
 Plotius, -I, m., L. Plotius Galhcs, 
 a native of Cisalpine Gaul, and 
 a rhetorician. He opened a 
 school for the study of Latin and 
 rhetoric at Rome about 88 B. c. 
 Arch. ix. 
 
 plurimum [plurimus], adv., very 
 much, very greatly ; for the most 
 part, commonly. 
 
 plurimus, -a, -urn, see multus. 
 
 plus, pluris, see multus. 
 
 podagra, -ae, [TroSdypa], f., gout. 
 Ep. xxix. 
 
 poena, -ae, \iroivrj], i., compensa- 
 tion, recompense ; penally, pun- 
 ishment, retribution, vengeance. 
 
 Poem, orum, m., Phoenicians ; 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 poeta, -ae, [7ro"i?jT7jj] 5 m., poet. 
 
 poliS, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, a., smooth, 
 polish ; adorn, decorate, embel- 
 lish. 
 
 polliceor, -erf, -itus sum, [por, 
 for pro, + lieeor], 2, dep., offer, 
 promise. 
 
 Pompeianus, -a, -um, [Pompeii], 
 adj., Pompeian, of Pompeii, a city 
 in the southern part of Campa- 
 nia, near Neapolis (Naples), bu- 
 ried by an eruption of Vesuvius, 
 A. D. 79. As subst., Pompeia- 
 num, -i, n., estate near Pompeii, 
 Po?npeian villa, belonging to 
 Cicero. Ep. hi., xxix. 
 
 Pompeius, -a, name of a plebeian 
 
 - gens. The most distinguished 
 
 person bearing the name was 
 Cn. Pompeius Magnus, born 
 Sept. 30, B. c. 106. He was 
 victorious over the pirates and 
 over Mithridates, was a member 
 of the first triumvirate, and was 
 killed in Egypt, whither he had 
 fled for refuge, after the battle of 
 Pharsalia, Sept. 29, b. c. 48. 
 
 Pomponia, -ae, f., Pompouia, sis- 
 ter of Cicero's friend Atticus, and 
 wife of Q. Cicero, the orator's 
 brother. Ep. hi. 
 
 Pomponius, -a, name of a ple- 
 beian gens. The best known 
 member is T. Pomponius Atticus. 
 See Atticus. 
 
 Pomptinus, -i, m., C. Pomptinus, 
 praetor when Cicero was consul, 
 B. c. 63. He rendered important 
 service in crushing the Catilina- 
 rian conspiracy. In B. c. 51 he 
 was legatus to Cicero in Cilicia. 
 Cat. III. 11., in., vi. 
 
 pon5, -ere, posui, positum, 3, a., 
 set down, place, set, put ; lay, fix, 
 station ; lay aside, take off; allay, 
 quiet ; spend, employ ; count, 
 reckojt, consider ; assert, allege, 
 maintain ; propose, offer ; put 
 away, dismiss ; of arms, lay 
 down. 
 
 pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
 
 pontifex, -icis, [pons, cf. faeio], 
 m., highpriest, pontiff, pontifex. 
 Pontifex Maximus, supreme 
 pontiff, chief of the priests, the 
 chief of the guild of pontifices, or 
 pontiffs, who had the supervision 
 of all sacred observances at 
 Rome. 
 
 Pontus, -I, [T\6vtos], m., Pontus, 
 a large country in the northeast- 
 ern part of Asia Minor, south of 
 the Pontus Euxinus, from which 
 it received its name. 
 
 poplna, -ae, f., eating-house, cook- 
 shop. 
 
POPULARIS 
 
 104 
 
 POTIS 
 
 popularis, -e, [populus], adj., of 
 the people ; devoted to the people, 
 democratic ; acceptable to the peo- 
 ple, popular. 
 
 populus, -I, m., people, nation ; 
 multitude; host, throng. po- 
 pulus Eomanus, the Roman peo- 
 ple, meaning the zvhole body of 
 citizens taken together, as distin- 
 guished from foreign peoples or 
 from the classes and factions at 
 Rome. 
 
 porta, -ae, f., gate of a city, city- 
 gate, gate ; passage, outlet. 
 
 portentum, -I, [portendo], n., 
 07nen, sign, portent ; motister, 
 monstrosity. 
 
 portuosus, a, -um, [portus], adj., 
 rich in harbors, supplied with 
 harbors. 
 
 portus, -us, m., harbor, port j ha- 
 ven, refuge. ex portu vecti- 
 gal, revenue from customs. ■ 
 
 positus, -a, -um, [part, of pono], 
 adj., placed, situated, lying. 
 
 possessio, -onis, [por, for pro, + 
 sedeo], f., taking possession, seiz- 
 ure ; occupation, possession; es 
 pecially in pi., property, estates, 
 possessions. 
 
 possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, 
 [por, for pro, + sedeo], 2, a., 
 possess, be master of, own ; hola 
 possession of, occupy. 
 
 possido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, 
 [por, for pro, + sido], 3, a., take 
 possession of, possess one's self of, 
 occupy, seize. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, [potis + 
 sum], irr., n., be able, can, have 
 power ; have influence, avail. 
 
 post, adv., of place, behind, back, 
 backwards ; of time, afterwards, 
 after, later, next. 
 
 post, prep, with ace, after; of 
 place, behind; of time, after, 
 since; of other relations, after, 
 inferior to, beneath, next to. 
 
 postea [post + ea], adv., after 
 that, thereafter, later ; then, after- 
 wards, postea quam, fol- 
 lowed by a clause, after, after 
 that. 
 
 posteritas, -atis, [posterus], f, 
 future time, the future ; future 
 generations, posterity. in pos 
 teritatem,/0r the future. 
 
 posterus, -a, -um, nom. sing, m 
 not found, comp. posterior, sup 
 postremus, [post], adj., follow 
 iug, coming after, subsequent, fie 
 ture. Comp., posterior, -us, 
 later, inferior, less important. 
 Sup., postremus, -a, -um, last 
 hindmost ; lowest, worst. As 
 subst, posterl, -orum, m., pi. 
 ?nen of the future, descendants, 
 posterity; also, n. sing, in the 
 phrase in posterum, = in pos- 
 terum tempus,/br the future. 
 
 posthac [post + hac], adv., after 
 this, henceforth, hereafter, in the 
 future. 
 
 postremo [postremus], adv., at 
 last, finally, lastly. 
 
 postremus, see posterus. 
 
 postrldie [posterl + die], adv., 
 the next day, the day after. 
 
 postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., 
 ask, request ; demand, require, 
 claim, desire. 
 
 potens, -entis, [part, of possum], 
 adj., able, strong, powerful, 
 mighty ; potent, influential. 
 
 potestas, -atis, [potis], f., ability, 
 power, capacity ; authority, sover- 
 eignty ; magistracy, office ; oppor- 
 tunity, privilege. 
 
 potior, -Iri, -Itus sum, [potis], 4, 
 dep., become master of, take pos- 
 session of, obtain, acquire ; be 
 master of, hold, possess. 
 
 potis or pote, comp. potior, sup. 
 potissimus, pos. indecl., adj., 
 able, capable. Comp., better, 
 
 preferable, superior, more impor- 
 
POTISSIMUM 
 
 105 
 
 FRAEFERO 
 
 tant. Sup., chief, principal, 
 
 most prominent. 
 
 potissimum [potissimus], adv., 
 chiefly, principally ; especially, 
 above all, most of all. 
 
 potius [potis], adv., comp., rather, 
 more. 
 
 potus, -a, -um, adj., that has drunk, 
 di'iuiken. bene potus, having 
 drunk freely. Ep. XXXVIII. 
 
 pr., see pridie. 
 
 PR., see praetor. 
 
 prae, prep, with abl., before, in 
 front of; in comparison with, 
 compared zvith, in view of; by 
 reason of, on account of, because 
 of. In composition, before, very. 
 
 praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae + 
 habeo], 2, a., hold forth, offer ; 
 give, furnish, supply, grant ; pre- 
 sent, show. 
 
 praeceps, -cipitis, [prae + caput] , 
 adj., headlong, head foremost, in 
 haste ; steep, precipitous, abrupt ; 
 rash, hasty, inconsiderate. 
 
 praeceptum, -1, [praecipio], n., 
 maxim, precept, teaching; injunc- 
 tion, direction, order. 
 
 praecipio, -cipere, -cepl, prae- 
 ceptum, [prae + capio], 3, a. 
 take beforehand, anticipate; ad- 
 vise, admonish, instruct, enjoin, 
 bid. 
 
 praecipue [praecipuus], adv., 
 especially, chiefly, eminently. 
 
 praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae, cf. 
 capio], adj., lit. taken before 
 others ; hence, special, particular, 
 peculiar ; eminent ; distinguished; 
 extraordinary. 
 
 praeclare [praeelarus], adv., very 
 clearly, very plainly ; excellently, 
 admirably. 
 
 praeelarus, -a, -um, [prae + 
 clarus], adj., very bright; splen- 
 did, ad?nirable, excellent ; distin- 
 guished, famous, illustrious, re- 
 nozuned. 
 
 praeco, -onis, [prae + voco], m., 
 crier, herald ; auctioneer ; eulogist. 
 
 praeconium, -1, [praeconius, from 
 praeco], n., proclaiming, herald- 
 ing ; commendation, eulogy. 
 
 praecurr5, -ere, praecucurrl, 
 
 , [prae + curro], 1, n. and a., 
 
 run before, hasten on before ; out- 
 strip, surpass, excel. 
 
 praeda, -ae, f., booty, plunder, 
 spoil ; by metonymy, gain, profit. 
 
 praedator, -oris, [praedor], m., 
 plunderer, pillager. 
 
 praedicatio, -onis, [praedico], f., 
 proclaiming, proclamation ; com- 
 mendation, praise. 
 
 praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, [prae 
 -fdieo], 1, a. and n., proclaim, 
 announce ; relate, declare openly, 
 assert ; praise, boast. ut prae- 
 dicas, as you assert. 
 
 praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, 
 [prae + dieo], 3, a., tell before- 
 hand, foretell, predict ; advise, 
 warn, admonish. 
 
 praeditus, -a, -um, [prae + 
 datus], adj., gifted, endozued, 
 provided. 
 
 praedium, -I, x\.,farm, estate. 
 
 praedo, -onis, [praeda], m., plun- 
 derer, robber. 
 
 praedor, -arl, -atus sum, [prae- 
 da], 1, dep., take booty, plunder, 
 rob, spoil. 
 
 praefectura, -ae, [praefectus], f., 
 overseership, office of prefect, pre- 
 fectshif ; prefecture, a subject 
 community governed by a pre- 
 fect sent from Rome. 
 
 praefectus, -1, [praeficio], m., 
 overseer, director, prefect ; gov- 
 ernor, conmiander ; cavalry cap- 
 tain. 
 
 praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
 [prae + fero], irr., a., carry in 
 front of, bear before, bear for- 
 ward ; place before, set before, 
 prefer ; manifest, reveal. 
 
PRAEFICIO 
 
 106 
 
 PRAETEXTATUS 
 
 praeficio, -ficere, -feci, praefec- 
 tum, [prae + facio], 3, a., set 
 over, put in charge ; appoint to 
 command, place at the head. 
 
 praefulciS, -Ire, praefulsi, prae- 
 fultum, [prae + fulcio], 4, a., 
 prop up, support ; make sure. 
 
 praemitto, -ere, praemisi, prae- 
 missum, [prae + mitto], 3, a., 
 send forward, despatch in ad- 
 vance. 
 
 praemium, -1, [prae, cf. emo], n., 
 advantage, favor ; reward, recom- 
 pense, prize, booty. 
 
 praemunio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [prae 
 -f- munio] , 4, a , fortify in front, 
 protect ; set forth as a defence ; 
 secure beforehand. 
 
 Praeneste, -is, n., Praeneste, an 
 ancient city of Latium, 23 miles 
 east of Rome; now Pales trina. 
 Cat. I. in. 
 
 praepono, -ere, praeposui, prae- 
 positum, [prae + pono], 3, a., 
 place before ; set over, put in 
 charge, place in command, ap- 
 point ; set before, prefer.- 
 
 praescribo, -ere, praeserlpsi, 
 praescriptum, [prae + scribo], 
 3, a., write before ; determine be- 
 forehand, order, prescribe, give 
 directions. 
 
 praesens, -entis, [part, of prae- 
 sum], adj., at hand, present, in 
 person , prompt, instant, impend- 
 ing ; powerful, influential ; fa- 
 voring, propitious. 
 
 praesentia, -ae, [praesens], f., 
 presence , present time. 
 
 praesentio, -ire, praesens!, prae- 
 sensum, [prae + sentio], 4, a., 
 perceive in advance, presage, di- 
 vine. 
 
 praesertim [prae, cf. sero], adv., 
 especially, chiefly ; particularly, 
 principally. 
 
 praesideo, -ere, praesedl, , 
 
 [prae +sedeo], 2, n and a., lit. 
 
 sit before ; hence watch over, 
 guard, protect ; preside over, di- 
 rect, manage. 
 
 praesidium, -I, [praeses], n., de- 
 fence, protection ; guard, garri- 
 son ; post, intrenchment, fortifi- 
 cation ; aid, help, assistance. 
 
 praestans, -antis, [part, of prae- 
 sto], adj., pre-eminent, excellent, 
 superior, distinguished. 
 
 praesto, adv., at hand, prese?it, 
 here. 
 
 praesto, -are, -stiti, -statum or 
 -stitum, [prae-fsto], 1, n. and 
 a., stand before ; stand out, excel, 
 be pre-eminent, be excellent ; vouch 
 for, be responsible for, answer for ; 
 fulfil, perform, discharge ; main- 
 tain, keep, preserve. 
 
 praestSlor, -arl, -atus sum, 1, 
 dep., stand ready for, wait for. 
 
 praesum, -esse, -fui, [prae + 
 sum], in., n., be set over, have 
 charge of, ride, command. 
 
 praeter [prae], prep, with ace, 
 past, by, before, in front of, along ; 
 contrary to, against ; except, be- 
 sides, apart from. In composi- 
 tion, past, by, beyond, besides. 
 
 praeterea. [praeter + ea], adv., 
 besides, moreover, further. 
 
 praetereo, -Ire, -ivi or -il, -itum, 
 [praeter + eo], irr., a. and n., go 
 by, go past, pass by ; pass over, 
 disregard, omit. 
 
 praeteritus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 praetereo], adj., gone by, past. 
 As subst., praeterita, -orum, n., 
 pi., the past, bygones. 
 
 praetermitto, -mittere, -mlsl, 
 -missum, [praeter + mitto], 3, 
 a., let pass ; omit, leave undone, 
 neglect , pass over, oveidook. 
 
 praeterquam [praeter + quam], 
 adv., except, besides, save. 
 
 praetextatus, -a, -um, [prae- 
 texta], adj., wearing the toga 
 praetexta ; juvenile. 
 
PRAETEXTUS 
 
 107 
 
 PRO 
 
 praetextus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 praetexo, border}, adj , bordered, 
 edged. toga praetexta, or, as 
 subst., praetexta, -ae, f., bor- 
 dered toga, toga praetexta, the 
 praetexta, a toga having a pur- 
 ple border, worn as the official 
 robe of the higher magistrates, 
 and by the children of Roman 
 citizens until they became of age. 
 
 praetor, -oris, sometimes abbre- 
 viated PR., [for unused prae- 
 itor, from praeeo], m., chief 
 magistrate, commander; as an 
 officer of Rome, praetor, a magis- 
 trate intrusted with the adminis- 
 tration of justice. 
 
 praetorius, -a, -um, [praetor], 
 adj., of a praetor, of praetors, 
 praetorian ; of a general, of a 
 commander. 
 
 praetura, -ae, [praeeo], f., office 
 of praetor, praetorship. 
 
 pravitas, -atis, [pravus], f., crook- 
 edness, irregidarity ; perverse- 
 ness, viciousness. 
 
 precor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf. prex], 
 I, dep., entreat, pray, supplicate, 
 beg, beseech ; call upon, invoke. 
 
 premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, 3, 
 a., press ; press hard, pursue 
 closely, croivd ; cover, crcnvn, 
 adorn ; press dcnon, cause to sink ; 
 load, burden, oppress; ovenvhehn, 
 crush, restrain, check ; urge. 
 
 pretium, -1, n., price, value, worth ; 
 reward, recompense, return. 
 operae pretium est, it is worth 
 the effort, it is worth while. 
 
 prex, precis, nom. and gen. sing. 
 not found, [cf. precor], I., prayer, 
 petition, entreaty ; imprecation, 
 curse. 
 
 prid., see pridie. 
 
 pridem, adv., long ago, long since. 
 iam pridem, this long time. 
 
 pridie, in dates often abbreviated 
 pr., prid., [root pri in prior, + 
 
 die], adv., on the day before, the 
 previous day. 
 
 primo [primus], adv., at first, first, 
 in the first place. 
 
 primum [primus], adv., at first, 
 in the first place, first ; for the 
 first lime. ut primum, as soon 
 as. quam primum, as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 primus, see prior. 
 
 princeps, -ipis, [primus, cf. 
 capio], adj., first, foremost, chief. 
 As subst., princeps, -ipis, m., 
 chief, leader, head ; founder, ori- 
 ginator, contriver. 
 
 prlncipium, -i, [princeps], n., 
 beginning, commencemeiit, origin, 
 principle. principio, abl., in 
 the beginning, at first, i?t the first 
 place. 
 
 prior, -us, gen. -oris, adj. in the 
 comp. degree, sup. primus, for- 
 mer, previous, prior, first. Sup. 
 primus, -a, -um, first, foremost ; 
 chief ; first in excellence, noble, 
 eminent, distinguished. As subst., 
 n., pi., in the phrase in primis, 
 among the first, especially, chiefly, 
 principally. 
 
 prlstinus, -a, -um, [prius], adj., 
 former, early, original. 
 
 prius [prior], adv., in the comp. 
 degree, sooner, before ; previously. 
 prius quam, sooner than, earlier 
 than, before, before that. 
 
 privatus, -a, -um, [part, of privo], 
 ad)., personal, individual, private, 
 retired. As subst., privatus, -i, 
 m., private citizen, private per- 
 son, as opposed to one holding 
 office. 
 
 privo, -are, -avi, -atum, [piivus, 
 one's oivn~\, 1, a., deprive, strip, 
 rob , free, release, deliver. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl., before, in front 
 of 111 the presence of ' ; for, in be- 
 half of ; instead of, in place of, 
 in return for, for ; in comparison 
 
PRO 
 
 108 
 
 PROHIBEO 
 
 with, according to, because of, on 
 account of. pr5 eo atque, just 
 the same as, just as, even as. 
 In composition, before, forwards, 
 for. 
 
 pr5, interj., Oi ah! alas! 
 
 proavus, -I, [pro + avus], m., 
 great-grandfather ; forefather, an- 
 cestor. 
 
 probitas, -atis, [probus, good], 
 f., goodness, uprightness, worth. 
 
 probo, -are, -avi, -atum, [probus, 
 good], I, a., approve, commend, 
 esteem, recommend ; make credi- 
 ble, show, prove, demonstrate. 
 
 procedS, -ere, process!, proces- 
 sum, [pro + cedo], 3, n., go be- 
 fore, go forward, proceed, advance ; 
 appear, arise. 
 
 procella, -ae, f., violent wind, 
 storm, teinpest ; by metonymy, 
 violence, commotion. 
 
 prScessio, -onis, [procedo], f., 
 a marching forward, advance. 
 
 procul, adv., afar off, at a distance, 
 far away ; from afar. 
 
 prociiratio, -onis, [procuro], f., 
 charge, management, administra- 
 tion. 
 
 prodigium, -i, n., omen, sign, por- 
 tent ; prodigy, monster. 
 
 prodigus, -a, -um, adj., lavish, 
 wasteful, prodigal. As subst., 
 prodigus, -1, m., spendthrift, 
 prodigal. 
 
 prodd, -ere, prodidi, proditum, 
 [pro + do], 3, a., put forth, ex- 
 hibit ; relate, report, hand down, 
 transmit; make known, disclose, 
 betray. 
 
 proelior, -ari, -atus sum, [proe- 
 lium], 1, dep., join battle, engage 
 in battle, fight. 
 
 proelium, -1, n., battle, strife, con- 
 test, combat. 
 
 profectiS, -onis, [profectus, from 
 profielscor] , t, setting out, de- 
 parture. 
 
 profecto [pro + facto], adv., act- 
 ually, indeed, in fact, really, by 
 all means. 
 
 profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [pro 
 + fero], irr., a., carry out, bring 
 out, bring forth, produce ; put 
 forth, stretch out, extend ; make 
 known, reveal, show. 
 
 professio, -onis, [profiteor], f., 
 acknoivledg?nent, declaration, pro- 
 fession, protnise. 
 
 proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 [pro + facio], 3, n. and a., make 
 progress, advance, succeed; ac- 
 complish, effect, bring about, gain ; 
 help, avail, be serviceable. 
 
 profielscor, -ficiscl, -feetus sum, 
 [proficio] , 3, dep., set out, go 
 forward, start, go, depart, pro- 
 ceed ; begin, commence. 
 
 profiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum, 
 [pro + fateor], 2, dep., declare 
 publicly, make a declaration ; ac- 
 knowledge, own, profess ; avow 
 one's self, profess to be ; promise. 
 
 profligatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 profiigo], adj., abandoned, vile, 
 dissolute, profligate. 
 
 prSfligo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., 
 strike to the ground, overthrow, 
 overcome ; destroy, crush, ruin. 
 
 profugio, -fugere, -fugl, , 
 
 [pro + fugio], 3, n. and a., flee, 
 run away, escape , flee for refuge, 
 take refuge. 
 
 profundo, -ere, profudi, pro- 
 fusum, [pro + fundo], 3, a., 
 pour out, pour forth ; spend free- 
 ly, lavish ; squander, dissipate, 
 waste. 
 
 prSgredior, -gredl, -gressus sum, 
 [pro -f gradior], 3, dep., go forth, 
 go forward, proceed, advance 
 
 prohibe5, -ere, -ui, -itum, [pro 
 + habeo], 2, a., hold before; hold 
 back, hold, restrain, check, re- 
 press ; hinder, prevent ; keef, 
 protect, defend, preserve. 
 
PROICIO 
 
 109 
 
 PROSPICIO 
 
 proicio, ieere, -ieci, -iectum, 
 [pro -+- iacio], 3, a., throw forth, 
 cast out, expel, banish ; hold forth, 
 extend ; throw away, give up, 
 resign. 
 
 proinde [pro + inde], adv., hence, 
 accordingly, then ; just so, in like 
 manner, equally, even. 
 
 prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, [prola- 
 tus, from profero], 1, a., extend, 
 enlarge ; put off, postpone, defer, 
 delay. 
 
 promlssum, -1, [promitto], n., 
 thing promised, promise. 
 
 promitto, -ere, promisi, promis- 
 sum, [pro + mitto], 3, a., put 
 forth ; foretell ; promise, assure ; 
 hold out, give hope of, cause to 
 expect. 
 
 promulgS, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 a., propose openly, bring forward, 
 publish. 
 
 pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro 
 + nuntio], 1, n. and v.., proclaim, 
 announce, publish ; decide, pro- 
 nounce ; promise, offer. 
 
 propago, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., 
 extend, enlarge, increase ; gener- 
 ate, propagate ; prolong, continue, 
 preserve. 
 
 prope, comp. propius, sup. proxi- 
 me, adv., near, near by, nigh ; 
 nearly, almost ; often having the 
 force of a preposition and fol- 
 lowed by the ace, near, near 
 to, almost to, in the vicinity of. 
 Comp., propius, nearer. Sup., 
 proxime, next, most nearly, very 
 near, nearest. 
 
 proper5, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro- 
 perus, quick], 1, n. and a., make 
 haste, hasten, hurry ; quicken, ac- 
 celerate, do quickly. 
 
 propinquus, -a, -um, [prope], 
 adj., near, neighboring, near at 
 hand ; kindred, related. As 
 subst, propinquus, -1, m., rela- 
 tive, kinsman. 
 
 propior, -us, gen. -oris, adj. in 
 comp. degree, sup. proximus, 
 7iearer, closer, nigher ; later, more 
 recent; of more concern, of greater 
 importance. Sup. proximus, -a, 
 -um, nearest, next, closest ; latest, 
 last, most recent ; most unportant. 
 
 propius, see prope. 
 
 propono, -ere, proposui, proposi- 
 tum, [pro + ponS], 3, a., put 
 Jorth, set before, display ; propose, 
 resolve, intend; point out, declare; 
 determine upon, settle, determine. 
 
 proprius, a, -um, adj., own, indi- 
 vidual, peculiar ; personal, char- 
 acteristic ; exact, appropriate ; 
 lasting, enduring. 
 
 propter [prope], adv. and prep., 
 near : 
 
 (1) As adv., near, at hand, 
 hard by, near by. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, near, 
 next to, close to ; on accointt of, 
 by reason of, for, because of, for 
 the sake of. 
 
 propterea [propter -f ea], adv , 
 therefore, for this reason, on that 
 account. propterea quod, be- 
 cause. 
 
 propugnaculum, -i, [propugno], 
 n., bulwark, rampart, place of de- 
 fence ; defence, protection. 
 
 propulso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of propello], I, a., ward off, repel, 
 repulse, avert. 
 
 proscriptio, -onis, [proscrlbo], 
 f., public notice of sale ; confisca- 
 tion, proscription. 
 
 prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 [pro + sequor], 3, dep., follow, 
 attend, accompany, escort ; follow 
 up, pursue ; honor, distinguish. 
 
 prospere [prosperus], adv., favor- 
 ably, fortunately, luckily, ^prosper- 
 ously. 
 
 prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, pro- 
 spectum, [pro -f speeio], 3, n. 
 and a., look forward, look out, 
 
PROSTERNO 
 
 110 
 
 PUERILIS 
 
 behold ; look out for, provide for, 
 take care of. 
 prosterno, -ere, prostravi, pro- 
 stratum, [pro + sterno], 3, a., 
 spread out ; cast down, overthrow, 
 prostrate; throw to the ground, 
 ruin, destroy. 
 
 prostratus, see prosterno. 
 
 prosum, prodesse, profui, [pro + 
 sum], irr., n., be of use, profit, 
 serve, help. 
 
 providentia, ae, [providens], f., 
 foresight ; forethotight, precau- 
 tion. 
 
 provided, -ere, providi, provi- 
 sum, [pro + video], 2, a. and n., 
 see beforehand, see in advance, 
 foresee, discern ; see to, take care, 
 look after, provide, be careful. 
 
 provincia, -ae, f., office, duty; 
 public office, command; province, 
 territory governed by a magis- 
 trate sent out from Rome ; ad- 
 ministration of a province, pro- 
 vincial government. 
 
 provincialis, -e, [provincia], 
 adj., of a province, provincial. 
 
 provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro 
 -f-voco], 1, a. and n., call out, 
 sumtnon, challenge ; arouse, pro- 
 voke, exasperate. 
 
 proxime, see prope. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, see propior. 
 
 prudens, -entis, [for providens], 
 adj., foreseeing ; knowing, experi- 
 enced, versed ; with knowledge, 
 deliberate; discreet, wise, prudent, 
 circumspect. 
 
 prudentia, -ae, [prudens], f., fore- 
 sight ; knowledge, acquaiitiance, 
 skill ; sagacity, discretion, practi- 
 cal wisdom, good sense. 
 
 prulna, -ae, f., hoar-frost, frost, 
 rime. 
 
 Ptolemaeus, -1, m., Ptolemy, name 
 of a line of Egyptian kings ; in 
 this book Ptolemy XI., surnamed 
 Auletes. He came to the throne 
 
 of Egypt B. c. 80, was driven out 
 of the country on account of his 
 vices and extortionate govern- 
 ment B. c. 58, but was restored 
 with the help of Gabinius three 
 years later. He died b. c. 51. 
 Ep. xii. 
 publicanus, -a, -um, [publicus], 
 adj., of the public revenue. As 
 subst, publicanus, -I, m., farmer 
 of the public revenue, revenue 
 farmer, publican. 
 publicatio, -onis, [publico], f., 
 
 seizure for the state, confiscation. 
 publice [publicus], adv., for the 
 state, in the name of the state, pub- 
 licly, officially. 
 Publicius, -i, m., Piiblicius, an in- 
 timate of Catiline's. Cat. II. 11. 
 publico, -are, -avi, -atum, [pub- 
 licus], 1, a., seize for the state, 
 confiscate. 
 publicus, -a, -um, [for pop ulc- 
 eus, from populus], adj., of the 
 people, public ; common, general ; 
 usual, ordinary. res publiea, 
 commonwealth, state, republic. 
 Publius, -I, abbreviated P., m., 
 
 Pilblius, a Roman forename. ' 
 pudeo, -ere, -ul, and puditum est, 
 2, n. and a., be ashamed, make 
 ashamed, put to shame. Com- 
 monly impers., pudet, -ere, pu- 
 ditum est, it makes ashamed. 
 me pudet, I am ashamed. 
 pudicitia, -ae, [pudicus], f., mod- 
 esty, virtue, chastity. 
 pudor, -oris, [pudeo], m., shamed 
 sense of shame ; sense of right, 
 conscientiousness ; feeling of de- 
 cency, modesty, propriety ; cause 
 for shame, ignominy, disgrace. 
 puer, -eri, m., boy, lad, youth, 
 properly used of boys and young 
 men till they reached the seven- 
 teenth year. 
 puerllis, -e, [puer], adj., boyish, 
 childish, youthful ; puerile, triv- 
 
PUERITIA 
 
 111 
 
 QUAESTOR 
 
 ial. aetas puerilis, the age of 
 childhood. 
 
 pueritia, -ae, [puer], £., boyhood, 
 childhood, youth. 
 
 pugna, -ae, f., fight, battle, engage- 
 . ment, contest. 
 
 pugno, -are, -avl, -atum, [pugna], 
 I, n. and a., fight, give battle ; 
 contend, engage in strife, dispute ; 
 straggle, strive, endeavor. 
 
 pulcher, -ehra, -chrum, comp. 
 
 / pulehrior, sup. puleherrimus, 
 adj., beautiful, handsome, lovely, 
 fair ; fine, excellent ; noble, hon- 
 orable ; illustrious, glorious. 
 
 Pulcher, -chrl, m., a surname in 
 the Claudian gens. Appius 
 
 Claudius Pulcher, praetor B.C. 
 89. Arch. v. 
 
 pulvinar, -aris, [pulvinus, bol- 
 ster], n., couch of the gods, placed 
 before a statue of a deity at the 
 time of a religious festival ; by 
 metonymy, shrine, temple. 
 
 punctum, -T, [pungo], n., punc- 
 ture ; point. punctum tem- 
 poris, moment, instant. 
 
 Punicus, -a, -um, [Poeni], adj., 
 Picnic, Carthaginian. 
 
 punio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, [poena], 
 4, a., punish, chastise. 
 
 purgo, -are, -avl, -atum, [for 
 purigo, purus + ago], I, a., 
 . make clean, cleanse, purify ; jus- 
 tify, vindicate. 
 
 purpura, -ae, [iroptpvpafiurplefish, 
 purple], {., purple color, purple ; 
 purple cloth, purple garment. The 
 color meant is not our purple, 
 but more like our crimson or 
 scarlet. 
 
 purpuratus, -a, -um, [purpura], 
 adj., clad in purple. As .subst, 
 purpuratus, -1, m., purple-clad 
 attendant, as those about a king, 
 courtier. 
 
 Puteolanus, -a, -um, [Puteoli], 
 adj., of Puteoli, Puteolan. As 
 
 subst., Puteolanum, -1, n., estate 
 at Puteoli, Puteolan villa, belong- 
 ing to Cicero. 
 
 Puteoli, -orum, m., Puteoli, a city 
 of Campania, situated on the 
 coast seven miles west of Nea- 
 polis (Naples) ; now Pozzuoli. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., 
 cleanse; reckon, estimate, esteem, 
 value, deem, regard ; think, judge, 
 consider, suspect, believe, suppose. 
 
 Q., see Quintus. 
 
 qua [abl. fern, of qui], adv., on 
 
 which side, at what place, by what 
 way, where. 
 
 quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi- 
 tum, 3, a., seek, look for, strive to 
 obtain ; save, acquire, get, gain ; 
 miss, lack ; demand, require ; 
 make inquiry, investigate ; aim 
 at, plan. 
 
 quaesltor, -oris, [quaero], m., 
 investigator, prosemting officer. 
 
 quaeso, -ere, , , [cf. 
 
 quaero], def., a. and n., beg, pray, 
 beseech, entreat ; often parenthet- 
 ical, quaeso, I pray, please. 
 
 quaestio, -onis, [quaero], f., ex- 
 amination, inquiry, investigation ; 
 judicial investigation, trial, court ; 
 subject of investigation, qtiestion, 
 case. 
 
 quaestor, -oris, [for quaes it or, 
 from quaero], m., quaestor, an 
 officer charged with public du- 
 ties which varied according to 
 the period and circumstances. 
 At first there were but two 
 quaestors, but the number was 
 increased from time to time until 
 it reached forty under Caesar's 
 administration, B.C. 45. At that 
 time the quaestors were engaged 
 in the care of public moneys and 
 
QUAESTUS 
 
 112 
 
 QUERELLA 
 
 of military stores, partly at Rome 
 and partly in the provinces, 
 which were assigned by lot. 
 They were chosen annually, at 
 the comitia tributa. 
 
 quaestus, -us, [quaero], m.,gain, 
 acquisition ; profit, advantage, in- 
 terest ; business, employment, occu- 
 pation. 
 
 qualis, -e, [cf. qui], pron. adj., 
 inter, and rel., of what sort ? what 
 kind of? of such a kind, such. 
 talis — qualis, such — as. 
 
 quam [qui], adv., in what man- 
 ner ? hotv, how much, as, just as, 
 even as; after comparatives, than. 
 quam diu, as long as, how long ? 
 quam prlmum, as soon as possi- 
 ble, tarn — quam, so — as. 
 
 quam ob rem, see ob. 
 
 quamquam [quam -f quam], 
 conj., though, although, notwith- 
 standing that ; and yet, how- 
 ever. 
 
 quamvls [quam + vis, from volo], 
 adv. and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., as you will, as 
 much as you will, hozvever much. 
 (2) As conj., however much, al- 
 though, albeit, no matter how much 
 or many. 
 
 quando [quam], adv. and conj., 
 when : 
 
 (1) As adv., when, at what 
 time ; inter., when ? at what 
 time ? after ne, nisi, num, or si, 
 some time, at any time, ever. 
 
 (2) As conj., whe?i, atthe time 
 that f~$ince, because, seeing that, 
 inasmuch as. 
 
 quantum [quantus], adv., relat., 
 so much as, so far as, as far as ; 
 inter., how muck ? how far ? 
 
 quantumcumque [quantuseum- 
 que], adv., as much soever, how- 
 ever much. 
 
 quantus, -a, -um, adj., inter., how 
 great ? how much ? rel., as great 
 
 as, as much as. tantus — quan- 
 tus, as great as, as much as. 
 
 quantuscumque, -tacumque, 
 -tumcumque, [quantus + cum- 
 que], rel. adj., of whatsoever size, 
 however great, no matter how 
 great; hozvever small, however 
 trifling. 
 
 quapropter [qua + propter], 
 adv., inter., wherefore ? for what 
 reason ? why ? rel., zvherefore, 
 and on this account. 
 
 qua re, adverbial phrase, inter., 
 by what means ? whereby ? how ? 
 on what account ? wherefore ? 
 why? rel., wherefore, and for 
 that reason, therefore ; by reason 
 of which, so that. 
 
 quartus, -a, -um, or IV., [quat- 
 tuor], num. a.c\]., fourth. 
 
 quasi [qua + si], adv and conj., 
 as if just as if, as though, as it 
 were, as one might say. 
 
 quasso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of quatio], 1, a. and n., shake 
 violently, brandish ; dash to 
 pieces, shatter; shake, impair, 
 weaken. 
 
 quattuor, or IIII, IV., num. adj., 
 indecl., four. 
 
 quattuordecim, XIIIL, or 
 XIV., [quattuor + decern], 
 num. adj., indecl., fourteen. 
 
 -que, enclitic conj., and, and so; 
 adversatively, usually after a neg- 
 ative, but. -que — -que, -que 
 — et or atque, both — and, as 
 well — as. 
 
 quem ad modum, adverbial 
 phrase, inter., in what way ? 
 how ? rel., in what way, how, 
 just as, as. 
 
 que5,. quire, quivi or quii, qui- 
 tum, irr., n., be able, can. 
 
 quercus, -us, f., oak-tree, oak. 
 
 querella, -ae, [queror], f., com- 
 plaining, complamt, lament, lam- 
 entation, plaint. 
 
QUERIMONIA 
 
 113 
 
 QUIS 
 
 querimonia, -ae, [queror], f., 
 
 complaining, lamentation ; com- 
 plaint, accusation, charge, re- 
 proach. 
 
 queror, querl, questus sum, 3, 
 dep., complain, lament ; bewail, 
 bemoan ; make complamt. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, inter, 
 adj. pron., which ? what? what 
 sort of a ? 
 
 qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. 
 pron., who, which, what, that ; at 
 the beginning of a clause often 
 best rendered by a personal or 
 demonstrative pron., with or 
 without and or but. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, indef. 
 adj. pron., used after si, nisi, ne, 
 and num, any. 
 
 qui [old abl. of rel. qui], adv., in- 
 ter., how ? in what way ? by what 
 means ? rel., whereby, wherewith- 
 
 quia, conj., because, since. 
 
 qulcum [old abl. of rel. and inter. 
 qui -f- cum] , = cum quo or cum 
 qua, with whom, together with 
 whom. 
 
 qulcumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 cumque, [qui + cumque] , indef. 
 rel. pron., whoever, whatever^ 
 whichever; whosoever, whatsoever; 
 any whatever, every, all that. 
 
 quid, see quis. 
 
 quldam, quaedam, quiddam, 
 and, as adj., quoddam, [qui], 
 indef. pron., a certain one, a cer- 
 tain ; a certain man, one, some- 
 body, something ; pi., some, cer- 
 tain, certain ones. 
 
 quidem [qui], adv., indeed, in fact, 
 
 certainly ; at least, yet. ne — 
 
 quidem, setting off an emphatic 
 
 word, not — even. 
 
 quies, -etis, f., rest, repose, quiet ; 
 
 sleep. 
 quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum, 
 [quies], 3, n., rest, repose, be at 
 rest, keep quiet ; sleep, be silent. 
 
 quietus, -a, -um, [part, of qui- 
 esco], adj., at rest, undisturbed, 
 quiet, at peace. 
 
 quin [qui + -ne], adv. and conj., 
 why not ? wherefore not ? but in- 
 deed, in fact, nay indeed ; in de- 
 pendent clauses, so that not, but 
 that, but, without ; after words of 
 ' doubting, that; after words of 
 hindering translate by from with 
 a participle, quin etiam, ?nore- 
 ove-r, nay more. 
 
 qulnam, quaenam, quodnam, 
 [qui + nam], inter, adj. pron., 
 which then ? what, pray ? 
 
 Qulnctllis, -e, [quintus], adj., of 
 the fifth month, i. e. of July. The 
 name of the month was changed 
 to /alius (July) in honor of Julius 
 Caesar. 
 
 qulndecim, or XV., [quinque -f- 
 decem], num. adj., hided., fif- 
 teen. 
 
 qulngentesimus, -a, -um, [quin- 
 genti], num. adj.,yfo<? hundredth. 
 
 quinque, or V., num. adj., hided., 
 five. 
 
 quintus, -a, -um, or V., [quin- 
 que], num. adj., fifth. 
 
 Quintus, -i, abbreviated Q., 
 [quintus], m., Quintus, a common 
 Roman forename. See especially 
 Cicero (2). 
 
 Quirites, -ium, [Cures, an an- 
 cient town of the Sabines], m., 
 originally people of Cures ; after 
 the union of the Sabines with the 
 Romans, Roman citizens, Quiri- 
 tes ; sometimes in sing., Quiris, 
 -Itis, a Roman citizen, Quirite. 
 
 quis, quae, quid, inter, pron., 
 who ? which ? what ? ace. n. 
 quid, often with an adverbial 
 force, why ? 
 
 quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., 
 often found after si, nisi, ne, 
 and num, any one, any, any- 
 thing. 
 
QUISNAM 
 
 114 
 
 RATIO 
 
 quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, 
 [quis + nam], inter, pron., who 
 then ? which, what, pray ? who 
 in the world ? 
 
 quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam, 
 and, as adj , quodpiam, indef. 
 pron., any one, anybody , any- 
 thing; some one, something, some, 
 any. 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quic- 
 quam, indef. adj. pron., any; 
 often as subst, any one, anybody, 
 anything. neque quisquam, 
 and no one, and none. 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quidque, 
 and, as adj., quodque, indef. 
 pron., each, every, every one, 
 everything, all. 
 
 quisquis, , quicquid, and, 
 
 as adj., quodquod, indef. rel. 
 pron., whoever, whatever, what- 
 soever, every one who, everything 
 which. 
 
 quivis, quaevls, quidvls, and, as 
 adj., quodvls, [qui -f- vis, from 
 volo], indef. pron., zvhom you 
 please, what you please, any you 
 please; any at all, any one, any- 
 thing. 
 
 quo [old dat. and abl. of qui], 
 adv. and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., inter., whither? 
 to what place ? to what end ? 
 wherefore ? why ? rel., whither, 
 where, at what time, when ; of 
 degree of difference, by what, by 
 as much as ; of result, by reason 
 of which, wherefore, whereby, 
 and so. 
 
 (2) As conj., that, in order 
 that, that thereby. quo mi- 
 
 nus, that not, usually best trans- 
 lated by from with a participle. 
 
 quoad [quo + ad], adv., as far as, 
 till, until ; as long as, while. 
 
 quocumque [quo + -cumque], 
 adv., whithersoever, to whatever 
 place. 
 
 quod [ace. neut. of qui], conj., 
 that, in that, the fact that ; be- 
 cause, since, inasmuch as ; in 
 view of the fact that, as regards 
 the fact that, wherein ; so far as, 
 to the extent that. 
 
 quondam [quom, old form of 
 cum, + -dam], adv., once on a 
 ti?ne, at one time, once, formerly ; 
 at times, sometimes, once in a 
 while. 
 
 quoniam [quom, old form of 
 cum, + iam], conj., since, seeing 
 that, whereas, because. 
 
 quoque, conj., placed after the 
 emphatic word, also, too, even. 
 
 quot, indecl. adj., how many ? 
 
 quotannls [quot + annis, from 
 annus], adv., annually, every 
 year, year by year. 
 
 quotiens [quot], adv., how often? 
 as often as, as many as, as. 
 
 quotienscumque [quotiens + 
 -cumque] , adv., just as often as, 
 as often as. 
 
 quo usque, adverbial phrase, till 
 what time? how long? 
 
 radix, -Icis, f ., root ; by metonymy, 
 foot, foundation, base, source. 
 
 rapina, -ae, [rapio], f., robbery, 
 plundering ; pillage, plunder. 
 
 rapio, rapere, rapul, raptum, 3, 
 a., seize, snatch, tear away, carry 
 off ; snatch away, hurry along, 
 impel ; rob, ravage, p hinder, lay 
 waste. 
 
 rati5, -onis, [reor], I., reckoning, 
 calculation, account ; transaction, 
 business, matter, affair; respect, 
 regard, consideration ; relation, 
 condition ; tnanner, way, mode, 
 plan, kind, style ; judgment, rea- 
 son, understanding ; propriety, 
 order, rule ; theory, doctrine, 
 science, knowledge. 
 
RAUDUSCULUM 
 
 115 
 
 REDIMIO 
 
 raudnsculum, -I, [raudus, bit of 
 bronze], n., small bronze coin ; by 
 metonymy, small debt, trifling 
 debt. 
 
 re- or red-, inseparable prefix, 
 again, back, anew, against. 
 
 Reatinus, -a, -um, [Reate], adj., 
 of Reate, an important town in 
 the Sabine country, 48 miles 
 northeast of Rome. In Cicero's 
 time it was governed as a pre- 
 fecture. Cf. praefectura. 
 
 recens, -entis, adj., fresh, young, 
 recent, ne%v ; vigorous. 
 
 receptus, see recipio. 
 
 recessus, -us, [recedo], m., re- 
 treat, withdrawal, departure ; by 
 metonymy, retired spot, recess, 
 nook, corner, retired place. 
 
 recido, -ere, reccidl, recasum, 
 [re- + cado], 3, n., fall back; fall, 
 sink, be reduced ; fall to, be 
 handed over ; of evil, recoil, re- 
 turn, be visited. 
 
 recipio, -ere, recepl, receptum, 
 [re- -f capio], 3, a., take back, 
 receive back, regain, recover ; ad- 
 mit, receive, welcome ; acquire, 
 gain : promise. se recipere, 
 to withdraw, to retire. 
 
 recito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 cito], 1, a., read aloud, declaim, 
 rehearse. 
 
 reclamatio, -5nis, [reclamo], f., 
 shout of disapproval. 
 
 reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
 + elamo], 1, rr. and a., cry out 
 against, exclaim against, pro- 
 test. 
 
 recognoscS, -gnoscere, -gnovi, 
 -gnitum, [re- + cognosco] , 3, a., 
 recall to mind, recollect, recall ; 
 review, examine, look over. 
 
 recolS, -ere, recolui, recultum, 
 [re- + colo], 3, a., cultivate again; 
 practice again, resume, renew. 
 
 reconciliatio, -onis, [reeoncilio], 
 f., restoration, renewal. 
 
 recondo, -ere, recondidi, recon- 
 ditum, [re- + condo], 3, a., 
 
 put back ; put away, shut up, 
 hide, conceal, cover. 
 
 recordatiS, -onis, [recordor], f., 
 recollection, remembrance. 
 
 recordor, -art, -atus sum, [re-, 
 cor], 1, dep., call to mind, recall, 
 remember, recollect. 
 
 recreo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re--|- 
 creo], 1, a., recreate; renevv, re- 
 store, revive, invigorate. 
 
 recta [abl. of rectus, sc. via], adv., 
 straightway, directly, straight. 
 
 recte [rectus], adv., in a straight 
 line ; rightly, correctly, properly ; 
 suitably, well, duly, appropriately. 
 
 rectus, -a, -um, [part, of rego], 
 adj., straight; upright; correct, 
 proper, befitting; just, virtuous. 
 
 recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., 
 get back, regain, recover. 
 
 recurro, -ere, recurri, , [re- 
 
 + curro], 3, n., run back, hasten 
 back; return, revert, recur. 
 
 recusatio, -onis, [recuso], f., de- 
 clining, refusal, protest. 
 
 recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-, 
 causa], 1, a. and n., raise objec- 
 tions to, decline, refuse, reject ; 
 protest. 
 
 red-, see re-. 
 
 redactus, see redigo. 
 
 reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum, 
 [red- + do], 3, a., give back, re- 
 turn, restore ; pay back, requite ; 
 render, make ; give, grant ; sur- 
 render, resign ; report, declare. 
 
 redeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [red- + eo], 
 irr., n., go back, return, come back ; 
 be brought back, be 7-estored. 
 
 redigo, -ere, redegi, redaetum, 
 [red-+ag5], 3, a., drive back, 
 lead back, bring back ; bring un- 
 der, reduce, subdue. 
 
 redimio, -ire, -ii, -Itum, 4, a., 
 wreathe around, encircle, crenvn, 
 deck. 
 
REDIMO 
 
 116 
 
 RELIGIOSUS 
 
 redimo, -ere, redemi, redemp- 
 tum, [red- + emo], 3, a., buy 
 back, redeem, ransom ; buy up, 
 take by contract, farm ; gain, ac- 
 quire, secure. 
 
 reditus, -us, [redeo], m., going 
 back, returning, return ; income, 
 revenue. 
 
 redundo, -are, -avl, -atum, [red- 
 + undo, from unda], 1, n., run 
 over, overflow; swim, reek; re- 
 main, be left, be in excess, 
 abound. 
 
 refero, -ferre, rettull, relatum, 
 [re- + fero], irr., a., bring back, 
 lead back, carry back ; give back, 
 restore, repay ; reply, answer ; 
 repeat ; report, announce, relate ; 
 consider, refer. ad senatum 
 referre, lay before the senate, sub- 
 mit to the senate for consideration. 
 se referre, to go back, to return. 
 Cf. gratia. 
 
 refert, referre, retulit, [re, from 
 res, + fero], impers., it is of ad- 
 vantage, it profits ; it is of impor- 
 tance, it matters. 
 
 refertus, -a, -urn, [part, of refer- 
 eio], adj., crowded full, stuffed, 
 filled ; thronged, replete. 
 
 reficio, -ficere, refeci, refeetum, 
 [re- + facio], 3, a., make over, 
 reconstruct, restore ; renew, re- 
 fresh, reinvigorate, recruit. 
 
 reformidS, -are, , -atum, [re- 
 
 + formido], I, a., dread greatly, 
 shrink from, shudder at, be afraid 
 of. 
 
 refrico, -are, -ui, -atum, [re- + 
 frieo], 1, a. and n., rub again, 
 irritate; of a wound, reopen. 
 
 refugiS, -fugere, refugi, , [re- 
 
 + fugio], 3, n. and a., flee back, 
 take refuge, flee ; turn away, 
 avoid, shun. 
 
 refuto, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a., 
 repel, resist, oppose ; disprove, re- 
 but, refute. 
 
 regie [regius], adv., after the man- 
 ner of a king, despotically, impe- 
 riously. 
 
 Reginus, -a, -um, [Regium], adj., 
 of Regiu?n, a city in the south- 
 western part of Italy, on the 
 Sicilian strait: now Reggio. 
 As subst, Kegini, -orum, m., 
 pi., people of Regium. 
 
 regio, -onis, [rego], f., direction, 
 line ; by metonymy, boundary 
 line, limit ; region, territory, 
 country ; tract, quarter. 
 
 regius, -a, -um, [rex], adj., of a 
 king, like a king, kingly, royal, 
 regal. bellum regium, war 
 with the king. 
 
 regn5, -are, -avl, -atum, [reg- 
 num], 1, n. and a., be king, rule, 
 reign ; hold sway, prevail. 
 
 regnum, -I, [rego], n., kingship; 
 dominion, rule, government, power, 
 authority ; realm, kingdom. 
 
 rego, regere, rexi, rectum, 3, a., 
 keep straight, lead straight ; direct, 
 lead, guide ; control,- regulate ; 
 rule, govern, be master of. 
 
 reicio, -icere, reieei, reieetum, 
 [re- + iaeio], 3, a., throw back, 
 force back ; cast off, repel, reject ; 
 refuse, disdain. 
 
 relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- -f 
 laxo], 1, a., make wide, loosen, 
 open ; relieve, ease, cheer, lighten. 
 
 relevo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- + 
 levo, lift up], 1, a., lift up ; make 
 light, lighten ; relieve, free, ease ; 
 soothe_, alleviate, mitigate, con- 
 sole. 
 
 religiS, -onis, f., conscientiousness, 
 sense of right ; devoutness, piety, 
 reverence, devotion ; religious scru- 
 ple, fear of the gods, religious ob- 
 ligation ; worship of the gods, 
 religion, faith, cult ; sacred ness, 
 holiness. 
 
 religiosus, -a, -um, [religio], adj., 
 conscientious, scrupulous, devout, 
 
RELINQUO 
 
 117 
 
 REQUIES 
 
 pious; sacred, consecrated, holy, 
 venerable. 
 
 relinquS, -ere, reliqui, relictum, 
 [re- + linquo], 3, a., leave behind, 
 leave, abandon ; forsake, desert ; 
 relinquish, dismiss, give up ; be- 
 queath, transmit. 
 
 reliquus, -a, -um, [cf. relinquo], 
 adj., left, remaining ; future, sub- 
 sequent ; other, rest. As subst., 
 reliquum, -I, n., the rest, the 
 future ; also, reliqua, -orum, n., 
 pi., the balance, the future. re- 
 liquum est ut, it remains that, 
 it only remains to. 
 
 remaneS, -ere, remansi, , 
 
 [re- + maneo], 2, n., stay behind, 
 remain, be left ; continue, last, 
 abide, endure. 
 
 remex, -igis, [remus + ago], in., 
 rower, oarsman. 
 
 remlssiS, onis, [remitto], t., send- 
 ing back ; easing, relaxing, abate- 
 ment ; relaxation, recreation. 
 
 remissus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 remitto], adj., relaxed; mild, 
 gentle, indulgent ; negligent, slack, 
 remiss ; light, merry. 
 
 remitto, -ere, remisi, remissum, 
 [re- + mitto], 3, a. and n., send 
 back, cause to return ; loosen, 
 slacken, relax ; give back, return, 
 restore ; give up, grant, pardon. 
 
 remoror, -ari, -atus sum, [re- + 
 moror], 1, dep., hold back, delay, 
 detain, hinder. 
 
 removed, -ere, removi, remo- 
 tum, [re- + moveo], 2, a., move 
 back ; remove, take away ; with- 
 draw, set aside ; abolish, deprive 
 of. remoto Catilina, with 
 
 Catiline out of the way. 
 
 renovo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 novo], 1, a., renew, resto7-e, 
 revive. 
 
 renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
 + nuntio], 1, a., bring back word, 
 report; give notice, announce, 
 
 declare, proclaim ; with two 
 ace, declare elected, proclaim as 
 chosen. 
 
 repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsum, 
 [re- + pello], 3, a., drive back, 
 thrust back, repel ; keep back, 
 ward off, repulse, reject. 
 
 repente [repens], adv., suddenly, 
 unexpectedly. 
 
 repentinus, -a, -um, [repens], 
 adj., sudden, unexpected, unlooked 
 for, hasty. 
 
 reperio, ire, repperl, repertum, 
 4, a.., find again, find, meet with ; 
 find out, discover, learn ; invent, 
 devise. 
 
 repeto, -ere, repetivi, repetitum, 
 [re-+peto], 3, a., seek again; at- 
 tack anew, fall upon again ; de- 
 mand anezv, demand back, claim ; 
 repeat, undertake again, renew ; 
 recall, recollect. 
 
 reporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 porto], 1, a., carry back; carry 
 off, obtain, get, gain. 
 
 reprehends, -ere, reprehendl, 
 reprehensum, [re- + prehendo], 
 3, a., hold back, hold fast, seize ; 
 restrain, check ; blame, censure, 
 rebuke, reprove. 
 
 reprimS, -ere, repressi, repres- 
 sum, [re-+premo], 3, a., press 
 back ; check, restrain, confine, 
 curb, repress. 
 
 repudiS, -are, -avi, -atum, [repu- 
 dium, casting off], 1, a., cast off, 
 put away ; reject, refuse, repu- 
 diate, scorn, disdain. 
 
 repugnans, -antis, [part, of re- 
 pugno], adj., inconsistent, contra- 
 dictory. 
 
 repugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 pugno], 1, n., oppose, resist, strug- 
 gle, contend against. 
 
 requies, -etis, ace. requietem or 
 requiem, [re-+quies], f., rest, 
 pause ; repose, recreation ; respite, 
 relief. 
 
REQUIRO 
 
 118 
 
 REVOCO 
 
 requiro, -ere, requisivi or -ii, 
 requisitum, [re- + quaero], 3, 
 a., seek again, search for ; ask, 
 inquire, demand ; miss, lack, feel 
 the want of. 
 
 res, rei, f., thing, object, matter, 
 affair ; occurrence, event, case ; 
 condition, circumstance ; reality, 
 fact ; effects, property, possessions, 
 estate ; profit, advantage, interest ; 
 cause, reason, ground, account ; 
 business, suit, actio7i ; battle, cam- 
 paign ; state, commonwealth, gov- 
 ernment, res gestae, exploits. 
 res secundae, prosperity. re- 
 rum potiri, to obtain the sove- 
 reignty. 
 
 rescrlbo, -ere, reseripsi, reserip- 
 tum, [re-+ scribo], 3, a., write 
 back, reply in writiftg. 
 
 reseco, -are, resecui, reseetum, 
 [re- + seco], 1, a., cut off, cut 
 loose ; check, restrain, stop. 
 
 reservS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 servo], 1, a., keep back, save up, 
 reserve, retain. 
 
 resideS, -ere, resedi, , [re- + 
 
 sedeo], 2, n. and a., remain sit- 
 ting; remain, stay, reside; remain 
 behind, be left, stay. 
 
 resigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 signo], 1, a., unseal, open; an- 
 nul, cancel, destroy. 
 
 resisto, -ere, restiti, , [re- + 
 
 sisto], 3, n., stand back; remain 
 behind, stay, be left; withstand, 
 oppose, resist. 
 
 respicio, -ere, respexi, respec- 
 tum, [re- + speeio, look], 3, n. 
 and a., look back, look behind; 
 look back jipon, gaze upon ; look 
 out for, have a care for, be mind- 
 ful of consider. 
 
 responded, -ere, respond!, re- 
 sponsum, [re- + spondeo], 2, a. 
 and n., answer, reply ; give an- 
 swer, respond ; be a match for ; 
 accord, agree. 
 
 resp5nsum, -1, [respondeo], n., 
 
 answer, reply, response. 
 
 res publica, rei publicae, f., see 
 publiea. 
 
 respuo, -ere, respui, , [re- + 
 
 spuo], 3, a., spit back, spit out; 
 reject, repel, spurn. 
 
 restinguo, -ere, restinxi, restinc- 
 tum, [re- + stinguo] , 3, a., put 
 out, extinguish, quench ; annihi- 
 late, destroy. 
 
 restituo, -ere, restitul, restitu- 
 tum, [re-+ statuo], 3, a., replace, 
 rest0)-e ; revive, renew, reinstate. 
 
 resto, restare, restiti, , [re- 
 
 + sto], 1, n., ivithstand, resist, 
 oppose ; be left, remain. Impers., 
 restat, it remains. 
 
 retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 tardo, impede], 1, a. and n., keep 
 back, hinder, impede ; delay, tarry. 
 
 reticeS, -ere, reticui, , [re- + 
 
 taceo], 2, n. and a., be silent, 
 keep silent ; keep secret, co?iceal. 
 
 retineS, -ere, retinui, retentum, 
 [re- + teneo], 2, a., hold back, 
 hold fast ; detain, restrain, check, 
 repress ; keep, preserve, main- 
 tain. 
 
 retorqueo, -ere, retorsi, retor- 
 tum, [re--f torqueo], 2, a., turn 
 back, throw back. 
 
 retundS, -ere, rettudi, retiisum 
 or retunsum, [re- -f tundo], 3, 
 a., beat back, blunt, dull ; check, 
 restrain. 
 
 reus, -I, [res], m., defendant in a 
 legal action, the acaised, prisoner. 
 
 revertor, reverti, reversus sum, 
 [re- + vertor], 3, dep., turn back, 
 . return, go back. 
 
 revinco, -ere, reviei, revictum, 
 [re- + vineo], 3, a., conquer; con- 
 vict, refute. 
 
 revocS, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- + 
 voeo], 1, a., call back, call again, 
 recall, bring back ; withdraw, 
 turn aside, divert. 
 
REX 
 
 119 
 
 S. D. PLUR. 
 
 rex, regis, [cf. rego], m., king, 
 
 chief, ruler, monarch, despot. 
 Rhenus, -I, m , the Rhine. Mar. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Rhodius, -a, -um, [Rhodus, 
 'Pd5os], adj., Rhodian, of Rhodes, 
 an important island near the 
 southwestern coast of Asia Mi- 
 nor. As subst, Rhodil, -orum, 
 m., pi., people of Rhodes, Rho- 
 dians. 
 
 rideo, -ere, risi, rlsum, 2, n. and 
 a., laugh ; laugh at, ridicule, de- 
 ride. 
 
 ridiculus, -a, -um, [rideo], adj., 
 laughable, amusing; absurd, ri- 
 diculous, contemptible. 
 
 robur, -oris, n., hard wood ; oak- 
 tree, oak; strength, power, vigor, 
 force ; best part, pith, kernel. 
 
 robustus, -a, -um, [robur], adj., 
 of oak-wood ; strong, hardy, firm, 
 robust. 
 
 rogatus, -us, found only in the 
 abl., [rogo], m., request, en- 
 treaty. 
 
 rog5, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a., ask, 
 question, inquire ; reqtcest, im- 
 plore, beg for ; of a bill or reso- 
 lution, bring forward for ap- 
 proval, propose, introduce. sen- 
 tentiam rogo, ask an opinion, 
 call upon to vote. 
 
 Roma, -ae, f., Rome. 
 
 Romanus, -a, -um, [Roma], adj., 
 of Rome, Roman, Latin. As 
 subst., Romanus, -i, m., Roman. 
 
 Romulus, -1, m., Romulus, mythi- 
 cal founder and first king of 
 Rome ; said to have been the 
 son of Mars and Rhea Silvia. 
 
 Roscius, -i, m., Q. Roscius, the 
 most famous comic actor at 
 Rome. He was an intimate 
 friend of Cicero. He died B. C. 
 62. Arch. viii. 
 
 Rudinus, -a, -um, [Rudiae], adj., 
 of Rudiae, a town in Calabria, 
 
 celebrated as the birth-place of 
 Ennius. Arch. x. 
 
 rudis, -e, adj., umurought, wild, 
 coarse; rude, uncultivated, rough, 
 unpolished ; tmskilled, ignorant. 
 
 Rufus, -i, [rufus, red, red-haired], 
 m , a family name common to 
 several gentes. See Caelius, 
 Sulpicius, Titius. 
 
 ruina, -ae, [ruo], f., a tumbling 
 down, falling dozvu ; downfall, 
 fall, ruin, destruction, overthrow, 
 calamity ; pi., ruins. 
 
 rumor, -oris, m., report, rumor, 
 common talk ; current opinion, 
 reputation. 
 
 rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, 3, a., 
 break, tear, split ; break open, 
 burst, break through ; interrupt, 
 cut short ; violate, annul. 
 
 ru5, -ere, rui, rutum, 3, n. and 
 a., fall with violence, tumble 
 down, fall in ruins, go to rui?t ; 
 hasten, hurry, dash along, run. 
 
 rursus or rursum, [for rever- 
 sus, reversum, from reverto], 
 adv., on the contrary, on the other 
 hand, in turn ; again, once more, 
 anezv. 
 
 rustice [rustieus], adv., like a rus- 
 tic ; boorishly, awktvardly, rudely. 
 
 rusticor, -ari, -atus sum, [rusti- 
 eus], 1, dep., sojourn in the coun- 
 try, stay in the country, rusticate. 
 
 rustieus, -a, -um, [rus, country], 
 adj., of the country, rural, rustic; 
 rough, coarse, plain, simple. As 
 subst., rustieus, -1, m., rustic, 
 peasant, countryman. 
 
 s. 
 
 S. D. = salutem dicit, sends greet- 
 ing. 
 
 S. D. PLUR. = salutem dicit 
 plurimam, sends heartiest greet- 
 ing. 
 
S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. 
 
 120 
 
 SAPIENTIA 
 
 S. T. E. Q, V. B. E. = si tu ex- 
 
 ercitusque valetis, bene est. 
 
 S. V. B. E. V, = si vales, bene 
 est ; valeo. 
 
 sacerdos, -otis, [sacer, cf. do], 
 m. and f., priest, priestess. 
 
 sacrarium, -I, [sacrum], n., shrine, 
 sanctuary, chapel. 
 
 sacrosanctus, -a, -um, [sacer + 
 sanctus], adj., revered as sacred, 
 inviolable. 
 
 sacrum, -I, [sacer], n., sacred 
 thing, sacred place, sanctuary ; 
 act of worship, sacred rite, rite, 
 sacrifice, worship. 
 
 saeculum, or, by syncope, sae- 
 clum, -I, n., race, breed ; gener- 
 ation, lifetime, age ; century, hun- 
 dred years. 
 
 saepe, comp. saepius, sup. sae- 
 pissime, adv., often, frequently, 
 many fifties. iterum et sae- 
 pius, over and over again. 
 
 saepio, -Ire, saepsi, saeptum, 
 [saepes, hedge}, 4, a., hedge in, 
 enclose, surround ; fortify, pro- 
 tect, guard. 
 
 sagax, -acis, adj., of acute senses, 
 keen - scented ; sagacious, keen, 
 quick, shrezvd. 
 
 SAL., see salus. 
 
 Salaminius, -a, -um, [Salamis], 
 adj , of Salamis, an island 
 southwest of Attica ; also, of 
 the city Salamis on the island 
 of Cyprus. As subst , Salamlnil, 
 -orum, m. pi., people of Sala- 
 mis. 
 
 Sallustius, -I, m., Cn. Sallustius, 
 a client or friend of Cicero's, 
 and a man of some literary taste. 
 Ep. viii., XXIV. 
 
 salt5, -are, -avl, -atum, [freq. of 
 salio], 1, n. and a., dance. 
 
 saltus, -us, m., woodland, forest ; 
 wooded mountain land, forest pas- 
 ture; mountain valley, glen, thick- 
 et ; pass, defile. 
 
 salus, -utis, in addresses of letters 
 abbreviated Sal., S., f., health, 
 vigor ; welfare, prosperity, safety, 
 deliverance ; greeting, salutation. 
 
 saluto, -are, -avl, -atum, [salus], 
 1, a., greet, salute, hail ; wish 
 health to, visit, call upon. 
 
 salvus, -a, -um, adj., well, sound, 
 safe ; unharmed, uninjured, in 
 good condition, in good health. 
 
 Samos or Samus, -I, [So^os], f., 
 Samos, an island in the Aegean 
 sea, near Ephesus. 
 
 Sampsiceramus, -I, m., Sampsi- 
 ceramus, a nickname of Pompey. 
 See N. to p. 181, 1. 11. 
 
 sancio, -Ire, sanxi, sanctum, 4, 
 a., make sacred, consecrate ; estab- 
 lish, decree, ordain, enact ; ap- 
 prove, ratify. 
 
 sanctus, -a, -um, [part, of sancio], 
 adj., consecrated, inviolable, sa- 
 cred ; venerable, holy, divine ; 
 pure, upright, conscientious, just. 
 
 sane [sanus], adv., sensibly, rea- 
 sonably, discreetly ; indeed, by all 
 means, truly, very. 
 
 sanguis, -inis, m., blood ; by met- 
 onymy, bloodshed, slaughter ; 
 stock, family ; vigor, force. 
 
 sanitas, -atis, [sanus], f., sound- 
 ness, health ; right reason, discre- 
 tion, sanity. 
 
 san5, -are, -avl, -atum, [sanus], 
 1, a., make sound, heal, cure ; re- 
 store, repair, allay. 
 
 sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, whole, 
 healthy, well ; sensible, discreet, 
 sober, sane. 
 
 sapiens, entis, [part, of sapio], 
 adj., wise, discreet, sensible, pru- 
 dent. 
 
 sapienter [sapiens], adv., wisely, 
 discreetly, prudently. 
 
 sapientia, -ae, [sapiens], f., good 
 sense, discernment, discretion, 
 prudence ; wisdom, philosophy ; 
 
SAPIO 
 
 121 
 
 SCIPIO 
 
 sapid, sapere, sapivi, , 3, n. 
 
 and a., taste; have taste, have 
 discernment, discern ; be wise, be 
 discreet. 
 
 Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia, an 
 island west of Italy. 
 
 sat, see satis. 
 
 satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant, 
 follower ; assistant in crime, ac- 
 complice, abettor, tool. 
 
 satietas, -atis, [satis], f., suffi- 
 ciency, fulness, satiety ; weari- 
 ness, loathing, disgust. 
 
 satio, -are, -avi, -atum, [satis], 1, 
 a., satisfy, sate, satiate ; appease, 
 glut, fill ; cloy, disgust. 
 
 satis, or sat, adj., indecl. subst., 
 and adv. : 
 
 (1) As adj., enough, sufficient, 
 ample. 
 
 (2) As subst., enough, suffi- 
 ciency, plejity. 
 
 (3) As adv., sufficiently, enough, 
 adequately, amply. 
 
 satis facio, facere, feci, factum, 
 3, n., satisfy, give satisfaction ; do 
 enough for, do one's duty by. 
 
 Saturnalia, -orum, [Saturnus], 
 n., festival of Saturn, the Satur- 
 nalia, which commenced on the 
 17th of December, and at differ- 
 ent periods lasted three, four, 
 five, and even seven days. 
 
 Saturninus, -1, m., L. Appuleius 
 Sdtuminus, a leader of the demo- 
 cratic party, tribune for the sec- 
 ond time B. c. 100. Resorting to 
 violent measures in order to 
 carry out his plans, he was de- 
 clared a public enemy by the 
 Senate, and was slain by a mob 
 in the Curia Hostilia. Cat. I. 
 11., xii. ; IV. 11. 
 
 saucius, -a, -urn, adj., wounded, 
 hurt ; injured, weakened, smitten. 
 
 saxum, -Ij n., large stone, rock. 
 
 SCaena, -ae, [atrnvo], f-, stage, 
 scene. in scaena, on the stage. 
 
 scaenicus, -a, -um, [scaena], 
 
 adj., scenic, dramatic, theatrical. 
 scaenici artifices, actors. 
 
 Scaevola, -ae, [scaeva, left- 
 handed], m., P. Mucins Scaevola, 
 one of the most eminent of the 
 early Roman jurists, consul B. C. 
 133. Ep. xxxviii. 
 
 scelerate [sceleratus], adv., im- 
 piously, wickedly, scandalously. 
 
 sceleratus, -a, -um, [part, of sce- 
 lero, pollute], adj., polluted, de- 
 filed, profaned ; wicked, impious, 
 accursed ; sacrilegious, infamous, 
 scandalous. As subst., scelera- 
 tus, -i, m., scoundrel, rogue. 
 
 scelus, -eris, n., wicked deed, 
 crime; sin, wickedness. 
 
 sciens, -entis, [part, of scio], adj., 
 knowing, intelligent, skilled, ex- 
 pert, versed ; often used where 
 the English idiom prefers an 
 adv., knozuittgly, intentionally. 
 
 scientia, -ae, [sciens], f., knowl- 
 edge, acquaintance, science, skill, 
 art. 
 
 scilicet [= scire licet], adv., you 
 may know, certainly, obvious- 
 ly, of course ; no doubt, forsooth, 
 likely. 
 
 scintilla, -ae, f., spark ; glimmer, 
 trace. 
 
 scio, scire, scivi, scitum, 4, a., 
 know, understand ; perceive, have 
 knowledge of, be assured. 
 
 Scipio, -onis, [scipio, staff], m., 
 Scipio, name of a celebrated fam- 
 ily of the Cornelian gens; pi., 
 Scipiones, -um, the Scipios, the 
 Scipio family. Three Scipios are 
 mentioned in this book : 
 
 (1) P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- 
 nus, also called Maior to distin- 
 guish him from (2), born about 
 B. c. 234. After several years of 
 successful generalship in Spain, 
 he was consul B. c. 205. In the 
 following year he conveyed an 
 
SCORTUM 
 
 122 
 
 SEDES 
 
 army to Africa, where he was 
 uniformly successful against the 
 Carthaginians, finally defeating 
 Hannibal near Zama, B.C. 202. 
 He was honored with a triumph, 
 B. c. 201. The year of his death 
 is uncertain. Cat. IV. x., Arch. 
 
 IX. 
 
 (2) P. Cornelius Scipio Aeniili- 
 dnus Africdnits, often called 
 Minor to distinguish him from 
 (1), born about B.C. 185. He 
 was the son of L. Aemilius 
 Paulus, the conqueror of Mace- 
 donia (see Paulus), and was 
 adopted by Scipio Africanus 
 Maior. He was elected consul 
 for B.C. 147, and took charge of 
 the war against Carthage then in 
 progress, capturing and destroy- 
 ing the city the following year. 
 In 134 B. C. he was again made 
 consul, and took command of 
 the war in Spain. He captured 
 and razed Numantia in 133 B. C. 
 Returning to Rome, he violently 
 opposed the measures of Ti. 
 Gracchus. He died B. c. 129. 
 Cat. IV. x., Arch, vii., Imp. P. 
 xx. 
 
 (3) P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica 
 Serdpio, consul B. c. 138, and 
 pontifex maximus. He also op- 
 posed Ti. Gracchus, and was the 
 leader of the mob which slew 
 Gracchus. Cat. I. I. 
 
 scortum, -I, n., hide ; harlot, 
 prostitute. 
 
 scr. = serxpta, i. e. scrlpta est 
 epistola. 
 
 scriba, -ae, [scribo], m., scribe, 
 clerk, secretary. 
 
 scribo, -ere, seripsi, scrlptum, 
 3, a., scratch, engrave ; write, write 
 out ; compose. 
 
 scriptio, -onis, [scribo], f., a writ- 
 ing ; composing in writing, com- 
 position. 
 
 scrlptor, -oris, [scribo], m., writ- 
 er, scribe ; author, composer, re- 
 porter, narrator. rerum scrip- 
 tor, writer of history, historian. 
 
 scrlptura, -ae, [scribo], f., writ- 
 ing ; composing, composition ; tax 
 on public pastures, pasture tax. 
 
 scrupulus, -I, [dim. of serupus, 
 sharp stone'], m., difficulty, trouble; 
 doubt, scruple. 
 
 scyphus, -I, [o-Kvcpos], m., cup, gob- 
 let, wine-cup. inter scyphos, 
 over the wine. 
 
 se, see sul. 
 
 se or sed, old prep, with abl., 
 apart from, without ; used espe- 
 cially in composition. 
 
 secedo, -ere, secessl, secessum, 
 [se + cedo], 3, n., go apart, sep- 
 arate ; withdraw, go away. 
 
 secerno, -ere, secrevi, secretum, 
 [se + cerno], 3, a., separate, part, 
 sever, divide ; set apart. 
 
 secundum [secundus], prep, 
 with ace, following, after, next 
 to ; according to, in accordance 
 with. 
 
 secundus, -a, -urn, [sequor], adj., 
 following, next, second ; second- 
 ary, inferior ; favorable, fair, 
 prosperous ; fortunate, propi- 
 
 ' tious. 
 
 securis, -is, abl., securl, [seco], 
 f., axe, battle-axe. 
 
 sed, see se. 
 
 sed, conj., but, but also, on the con- 
 trary ; however, yet. non so- 
 lum — sed etiam, not only — 
 but also. sed iam, now how- 
 ever, sed vero, but actually. 
 
 sedecula, -ae, [dim. of sedes], f., 
 little seat, lozv seat. 
 
 sedeo, -ere, sedl, sessum, 2, n., 
 sit ; sit idle, be inactive ; be set- 
 tled, remain fast. 
 
 sedes, -is, [cf. sedeo], f., seat, 
 chair ; abode, dwelling-place, habi- 
 tation ; place, site, foundation. 
 
SEDITIO 
 
 123 
 
 SEQUOR 
 
 sgditio, -onis, [sed + itio, from 
 eo], (., dissension, discord; in- 
 surrection, mutiny, sedition. 
 
 sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. se- 
 deo], i, a. and n., bring to rest ; 
 calm, quiet, check, stop ; allay, 
 appease. 
 
 sedulitas, -atis, [sedulus], f., as- 
 siduity, persistency, earnestness. 
 
 sedulo [sedulus], adv., busily, 
 diligently ; eagerly, zealously, as- 
 siduously. 
 
 segrego, -are, -avi, -atum, [se, 
 grex], i, a., lit. separate from the 
 flock ; separate, set apart, remove. 
 
 seiungo, -ere, seiimxi, seiunc- 
 tum, [se + iungo], 3, a., disjoin, 
 disunite, part, separate ; keep 
 apart, disconnect. 
 
 Seius, -1, m , M. Seius, a friend of 
 Atticus and of Cicero. He was 
 aedile B. c. 74, died B. c. 45. 
 Ep. xvi. 
 
 selectus, -a, -um, [part, of seligo], 
 adj., chosen, selected, select. 
 
 sella, -ae, f., seat, chair; tvork- 
 stool ; official chair. 
 
 semel, adv., once, a single time ; 
 once for all, but once ; finally. 
 
 semen, -inis, [cf. sero, sow], n., 
 seed; by metonymy, race ; source, 
 origin, essence, principle. 
 
 seminarium, -I, [semen], n., nur- 
 sery, school ; hot-bed. 
 
 semper, adv., always, ever ; at all 
 times, perpetually, forever. 
 
 sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper], 
 adj., everlasting, eternal, perpet- 
 ual, imperishable. 
 
 Sempronius, -a, name of a Ro- 
 man gens with both patrician 
 and plebeian branches. See 
 Gracchus. As adj., of a Sem- 
 pronius, Sempronian. 
 
 senator, -oris, [cf. senex], m., sen- 
 ator, member of the Senate. 
 
 senatorius, -a, -um, [senator], 
 adj., of a senator, senatorial. 
 
 senatus, -us, [senex], m., council 
 of elders, Senate. senatus con- 
 sultum, decree of the senate. 
 
 senectus, -utis, [senex], f., old 
 age, advanced years. 
 
 senex, senis, comp. senior, adj., 
 old, aged. As subst, senex, -is, 
 m., old man ; senior, -oris, m., 
 elder, older person. 
 
 senior, -oris, see senex. 
 
 sensus, -us, [sentio], m., percep- 
 tion, sense, consciousness ; sensa- 
 tion, emotion, feeling, sentiment. 
 
 sententia, -ae, [sentio], f., opinion, 
 judgment, notion ; decision, will ; 
 resolution, determination, sen- 
 tence. 
 
 sentlna, -ae, f., bilge-water; off- 
 scourings, dregs, refuse. 
 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, 4, a., 
 feel, hear, see, perceive ; experi- 
 ence, discern, obsei-ve ; think, be- 
 lieve, suppose, judge ; decide, de- 
 clare. 
 
 sepelio, -ire, sepelivi or -ii, se- 
 pultum, 4, a., bury, inter ; over- 
 whelm, ruin, destroy. 
 
 septem or VII., num. adj., indecl., 
 seven. 
 
 September, -bris, [septem], adj., 
 of the seventh ; of the seventh 
 month, reckoning March as the 
 first month of the /year, of Sep- 
 te?nber. 
 
 septemdecim, or XVII., [sep- 
 tem+ decern], num. adj., indecl., 
 seventeen. 
 
 Septimus, -a, -um, or VII., [sep- 
 tem], adj., seventh. 
 
 sepulchrum, -1, [cf. sepelio], n., 
 grave, tomb, sepulchre. 
 
 sepultus, see sepelio. 
 
 sequor, sequi, seeutus sum, 3, 
 dep. , follow, attend, accompany; 
 come after, come next ; seek, be 
 destined for , chase, pursue; re- 
 sult, ensue; conform to, comply 
 with ; strive after, aim at. 
 
SERAPIO 
 
 124 
 
 SEXAGINTA 
 
 Serapio, -onis, m., Serdpio, a na- 
 tive of Antioch and writer on 
 geography. Cicero found his 
 work unintelligible. Ep. ill. 
 
 serius, see sera 
 
 sermo, -onis, [sero, weave, com- 
 pose], m., conversation, talk, dis- 
 course, speech ; report, rumor, 
 common talk. 
 
 sero, comp. serius, sup. serissime, 
 [serus], adv., late, at a late hour, 
 at a late period. Comp., serius, 
 later, often too late. 
 
 serpo, -ere, serpsl, serptum, 3, 
 n., creep, crawl, glide; come 
 imperceptibly, extend gradually, 
 spread abroad stealthily, increase. 
 
 serta, -orum, [sero, entwine], n., 
 garlands, wreaths. 
 
 Sertorianus, -a, -um, adj., of Ser- 
 torius, Sertorian, from Sertorius, 
 referring to Q. Sertorius, a Ro- 
 man general of the party of 
 Marius. He carried on war in 
 Spain for ten years against the 
 party of Sulla until he was mur- 
 dered, B.C. 72. 
 
 servllis, -e, [servus], adj., slavish, 
 servile, of a slave. 
 
 Servilius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens, at first patrician, afterwards 
 including plebeian families also. 
 The following Servilil are men- 
 tioned in this book : 
 
 ( 1 ) M. Servilius, tribune of the 
 people b. c. 43. Ant. IV. vi. 
 
 (2) C. Servilius AhaZla, cf. 
 Maelius, and n. to p. 62, 1. 4. 
 
 (3) C. Servilius Glaucia, see 
 Glaucia. 
 
 (4) P. Servilius Valia, see 
 Vatia. 
 
 serviS, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [servus], 
 4, n., be a servant, serve ; be de- 
 voted to, aim at, labor for, have 
 regard to; gratify, court. 
 
 servitium, -1, [servus], n., servi- 
 tude, slavery ; body of slaves. 
 
 servitus, -utis, [servus], f., sla- 
 very, service, serfdom. 
 
 Servius, 1, m., Servius, a friend 
 of Cicero's, to whom he wrote a 
 letter introducing the physician 
 Asclapo. Ep. xxxii. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a., save, 
 preserve, keep, protect, guard; 
 store away, maintain ; give heed, 
 watch, observe. 
 
 servus, -I, m., slave, servant. 
 
 sese, see sui. 
 
 sestertius, -a, -um, [for semis 
 tertius, three less one half], or 
 HS [for 11+ semis], num. adj., 
 two and a half. As subst, ses- 
 tertius, -1, gen. pi. sestertium, 
 (originally sc. nummus), m., 
 sesterce, a small silver coin, origi- 
 nally 2\ asses, = about 4^5 cents. 
 
 Sestius, -I, m., P. Sestius, quaes- 
 tor of C. Antonius, Cicero's col- 
 league in the consulship B. c. 63. 
 He was tribune B. c. 57, and was 
 active in procuring Cicero's re- 
 call from banishment. The fol- 
 lowing year he was brought to 
 trial for the use of violence, and 
 was defended by Cicero in an 
 oration which is still extant. In 
 the Civil War he at first joined 
 the side of Pompey, but after- 
 wards went over to Caesar. 
 Cat. I. viii. 
 
 seu, see sive. 
 
 severe [severus], adv., gravely, 
 seriously; with severity, severely. 
 
 severitas, -atis, [severus], f., 
 gravity, seriousness ; sternness, 
 severity. 
 
 severus, -a, -um, adj., grave, se- 
 rious ; stern, strict, severe, rigid. 
 
 Sex., see Sextus. 
 
 sex, or VI., num. adj., indecl., six. 
 
 sexagesimus, -a, -um, [sexagin- 
 ta], num., adj., sixtieth. 
 
 sexaginta, or LX., num. adj., 
 indecl , sixty. 
 
SEXT. 
 
 125 
 
 SIMPLICITER 
 
 Sext., see Sextilis. 
 
 Sextilis, -e, in dates often ab- 
 breviated Sext., [sextus], adj., 
 sixth ; of the sixth month, reckon- 
 ing from March, of August. The 
 name of the month Sextilis was 
 changed to Augustus in honor of 
 the emperor, B. C. 8. 
 
 sextus, -a, -um, or VI., [sex], 
 num. adj., sixth. 
 
 Sextus, -I, abbreviated Sex., 
 [sextus], m., Sextus, a Roman 
 forename. See Aelius. 
 
 si, conj., if; if indeed, inasmuch 
 as, since ; when ; even if, though, 
 although ; in indir. questions, 
 whether ; in purpose clauses, to 
 see if, to try whether. si qui- 
 
 dem, if only, if indeed. 
 
 Sibyllinus, -a, -um, [Sibylla], 
 adj., of a Sibyl, Sibylline. Cf. N. 
 to p. 92, 1. 24. 
 
 Sic [si + -ce], adv., thus, in this 
 way ; so, in such a manner ; just 
 so, in the same way. sic — ut, 
 thus — so, just as — so. ut — 
 sic, while — yet, though — 
 still. 
 
 sica, -ae, f., dagger, poniard. 
 
 Sicarius, -I, [sica], m., assassin, 
 murderer. 
 
 Sicca, -ae, m., Sicca, an intimate 
 friend of Cicero. He had an 
 estate at Vibo, in the southwest- 
 ern part of Italy, where Cicero 
 took refuge from his enemies for 
 a time in B. C. 58, and again in 44 
 B. c. Ep. viii. 
 
 Sicilia, -ae, [2«KfA/o], f., Sicily. 
 
 slcut, or sicuti, [sic + ut], adv , 
 just as, so as, as ; as indeed, as it 
 were, as if. 
 
 Sicyonius, -a, -um, [Sicyon], 
 adj., Sicyonian, of Sicyon, a city 
 on the Asopus river near the 
 south shore of the Corinthian 
 Gulf, northwest of Corinth. As 
 subst., Sicyonil, -orum, m., pi., 
 
 people of Sicyon, Sicyonians. Ep. 
 IV. 
 
 SIgeum, -1, [Siyeiov], n., Sig'eum, 
 a promontory of Troas, at the 
 entrance of the Hellespont. 
 Near it there was a town of the 
 same name. 
 
 slgnificatio, -onis, [signifies], f., 
 expression, indication, sign, token. 
 
 slgnum, -1, n., sign, mark, token, 
 indication ; ensign, standard ; 
 omen, prognostication ; image, fig- 
 ure, statue; of a letter, seal, 
 signet. 
 
 Silanus, -I, m., D. Junius Silduus. 
 He distinguished himself by the 
 magnificent games which he gave 
 in his aedileship, about 70 B. c. 
 He was consul b. c. 62. Cat. 
 IV. iv., vi. 
 
 silentium, -1, [silens], n., silence, 
 quiet, stillness. 
 
 sileo, -ere, -ul, , 2, n. and a., 
 
 be silent, keep silence, be still ; 
 pass over in silence, suppress. 
 
 Sllius, -I, m , P. Silius Nerva, a 
 friend of Atticus, propraetor of 
 Bithynia and Pontus B.C. 51. 
 Ep. xv., xli. 
 
 silva, -ae, f., forest, wood, grove. 
 
 Silvanus, -I, [silva], m., M. Plau- 
 tius Silvanus, tribune of the peo- 
 ple B. c. 89, at the same time 
 with C. Papirius Carbo. Arch. 
 iv. 
 
 silvestris, -e, [silva], adj., of a 
 forest, wooded, zvoody. 
 
 similis, -e, comp. similior, sup. 
 simillimus, adj., like, similar, 
 resembling. Sup., very like, 
 
 closely resembling. 
 
 similiter, comp. similius, sup. 
 simillime, [similis], adv., in like 
 manner, likewise, similarly. 
 
 similitudo, -inis, [similis], f., 
 likeness, similarity, resemblance. 
 
 simpliciter [simplex], adv., sim- 
 ply, plainly ; frankly, artlessly. 
 
SIMUL 
 
 126 
 
 SOLLICITUS 
 
 simul, adv., it the same time, at 
 once, simultaneously , together ; 
 and also. simul — simul, 
 
 partly — partly, not only — but 
 at the same time. simul ac, or 
 simul atque, as soon as. 
 
 simulacrum, -I, [simulo], n., like- 
 ness, image, form, figure ; appear- 
 ance, semblance, pretence. 
 
 simulatiS, -onis, [simulo], f., 
 feigning, pretence, simulation, 
 deceit. 
 
 simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [simi- 
 lis], i, a., make like, imitate, copy, 
 reproduce, represent; feign, simu- 
 late, pretend. 
 
 simultas, -atis, [simul], f., hostile 
 encounter ; grudge, jealousy, en- 
 mity, hatred, animosity. 
 
 sin [si + ne], conj., if however, 
 but if 
 
 sine, prep, with abl., without. 
 
 singularis, -e, [singuli], adj., one 
 by one, alone, single, solitary ; 
 singular, matchless, extraordi- 
 nary, unique, remarkable. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, adj., pi., one at a 
 time, single, individual, one to 
 each, separate. in dies singu- 
 los, each successive day, day by day. 
 
 sino, -ere, sivi, situm, 3, a., let 
 down, place, situate , give leave, 
 permit, allow, suffer, let. 
 
 Sinope, -es, [Sivciwri], f., Sinope, 
 a prosperous commercial Greek 
 city on the southern shore of the 
 Pontus Euxinus, about half way 
 between Trapezus and Heraclea ; 
 originally a colony from Miletus. 
 
 sinus, -us, m., fold, curve, hollow, 
 coil ; fold of a garment ; by met- 
 onymy, bosom, lap ; bay, gulf ; 
 hollozv, valley. 
 
 sitis, -is, ace. -im, pi. wanting, f., 
 thirst ; eager desire, eagerness. 
 
 situs, -a, -um, [part, of sino], adj., 
 placed, situated, lying ; buried, 
 laid at rest. 
 
 sive, or seu, [si + -ve], conj., or 
 if, or. sive — sive, whether — 
 or, be it that — or that, either 
 — or. 
 
 Smyrnaei, -orum, [Smyrna], m., 
 pi., people of Smyrna. 
 
 sobrius, -a, -um, [se + ebrius], 
 adj., not intoxicated, sober ; tern- 
 per ate, self-possessed, moderate. 
 
 societas, -atis, [socius], {^fellow- 
 ship, associatio7i, union, society ; 
 league, alliance. 
 
 socius, -a, -um, [cf. sequor], adj., 
 sharing, partaking, associated, al- 
 lied. As subst., socius, -I, 
 m., fellow, partner, sharer ; com- 
 panion, associate, friend ; ally, 
 helper. 
 
 sodalis, -is, adj., companionable, 
 sociable, friendly. As subst., m. 
 and f., companion, associate, inti- 
 mate friend, comrade. 
 
 sol, solis, m., sun ; by metonymy, 
 sunshine, suit's heat. 
 
 s51acium, -1, n., comfort, solace, 
 consolation. 
 
 sole 6, -ere, solitus sum, 2, semi- 
 dep., be accustomed, be wont, be 
 used. 
 
 solitudo, -inis, [solus], f, being 
 alone, loneliness ; lonely place, 
 solitude, wilderness. 
 
 sollicitatio, -onis, [sollicito], f., 
 vexing, harassing, vexation ; in- 
 citing, instigation, solicitation. 
 
 sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum, [solli- 
 citus], 1, a., stir, agitate, move ; 
 trouble, harass ; urge, incite, in- 
 stigate, tempt, solicit. 
 
 sollicitudo, -inis, [sollicitus], 
 f., apprehension, anxiety, solici- 
 tude. 
 
 sollicitus, -a, -um, [unused sol- 
 lus, = totus, + citus], adj., 
 agitated, disturbed ; troubled, wor- 
 ried, anxious, alarmed; causing 
 anxiety, alarming, distressing ; 
 uneasy, restless. 
 
SOLUM 
 
 127 
 
 STABILIS 
 
 solum, -i, n., bottom, base, founda- 
 tion ; ground, soil, floor ; by met- 
 onymy, country, region, place. 
 
 solum [solus], adv., only, ?nerely. 
 non solum, not only, not merely. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, dat. 
 soli, adj., alone, only, single ; 
 lonely, solitary, deserted, unfre- 
 quented. 
 
 solutio, -onis, [solvo], f., loosing, 
 relaxation ; payment. 
 
 solutus, -a, -um, [part, of solvo], 
 adj., unbound, free, loose ; lax, 
 negligent, careless, remiss. 
 
 solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, [se + 
 luo], 3, a., loose, unbind, release, 
 disengage, free ; break up, dis- 
 miss ; relax, overcome ; annul, 
 make void, end ; perform, keep, 
 fulfil ; pay, pay off. 
 
 somnus, -I, m , sleep, slumber. 
 
 sono, -are, -ui, -itum, [sonus], I, 
 n. and a., sound, resound ; sing, 
 celebrate ; speak, utter, express. 
 
 sonus, -I, m., sound, noise. 
 
 soror, -oris, f., sister. 
 
 sors, sortis, f ., lot ; casting of lots, 
 drawing of lots ; destiny, fortune, 
 condition ; oracular response, pro- 
 phetic utterance, prophecy. 
 
 spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, 3, 
 a., strew, scatter ; cast, hurl ; 
 spread abroad, disperse, dissemi- 
 nate. 
 
 Spartacus, -I, m., Spartacus. He 
 was a Thracian by birth, but ta- 
 ken prisoner and trained as a 
 gladiator in the school at Capua. 
 Making his escape with about 70 
 followers in 73 B. c, he became 
 the leader of the Servile War, 
 which taxed the energies of Rome 
 for two years. He fell bravely 
 fighting b. c. 71. Mark Antony is 
 called a Spartacus, Ant. IV. VI. 
 
 spatium, -I, n., space, distance, in- 
 terval ; room, extent ; path, track ; 
 period, time. 
 
 species, -el, [specio], f., aspect, 
 sight, appeat-ance ; vision, appari- 
 tion ; beauty, splendor, show. 
 
 spect5, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of specio, look], 1, a., look on, be- 
 hold, observe; gaze at, inspect; 
 face, lie, be situated ; try, test, 
 prove ; of games, attend. 
 
 speculator, -oris, [speculor], m., 
 spy, scout, explorer. 
 
 speculor, -ari, -atus sum, [spe- 
 cula, watch-towe7-\, I, dep., spy 
 out, watch, examine, explore. 
 
 spero, -are, -avi, -atum, [spes], 1, 
 a., hope, hope for, look for, expect ; 
 believe, trust. 
 
 spes, spel, f., hope, expectation ; 
 trust, promise ; anticipation, 
 prospect. 
 
 spiritus, -us, [spiro, breathe], m., 
 breath, breathing ; by metonymy, 
 breeze, air ; breath of a god, inspi- 
 ration ; breath of life, life, spirit ; 
 courage, haughtiness, pride. 
 
 splendor, -oris, [cf. splendeo],m., 
 brightness, brilliancy ; splendor, 
 dignity, eminence, honor. 
 
 spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, [spo- 
 lium], 1, a., strip, uncover ; rob, 
 plunder, despoil, deprive. 
 
 spolium, -1, n., skin, hide; by 
 metonymy, arms stripped from 
 an enemy, spoils, booty, prey. 
 
 spons, found only in the abl. 
 sponte, [cf. spondeo], f., free 
 will, accord. sua sponte, of 
 one's own accord, of their own 
 accord, freely, voluntarily. 
 
 Sp., see Spurius. 
 
 Spurius, -1, abbreviated Sp., 
 [spurius, illegitimate], m., Spu- 
 rius, a Roman forename. 
 
 stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, [stabi- 
 lis], 4, a., make firm, stay, sup- 
 port ; fix, establish, secure. 
 
 stabilis, -e, [sto], adj., firm, stead- 
 fast, stable, fixed ; lasting, endur- 
 
STABILITAS 
 
 128 
 
 SUBEO 
 
 stabilities, -atis, [stabilis], f., 
 
 steadfastness, stability, durability, 
 security. 
 
 Statilius, -I, m., L. Slatiliics, a 
 man of equestrian rank who 
 joined the conspiracy of Cati- 
 line. He was arrested and ex- 
 ecuted along with the other con- 
 spirators in December, B.C. 63. 
 Cat. III. in. et seq. 
 
 statim [sto], adv., steadily, regu- 
 larly ; forthwith, straightway, in- 
 stantly, immediately, at once. 
 
 stator, -oris, [cf. sisto, sto], m., 
 stay, supporter, protector ; used 
 as an epithet of Jupiter, Iuppiter 
 Stator. Cf. N. to p. 74, 32. 
 
 statua, -ae, [sto], f., image, statue. 
 
 statuo, -ere, statul, statutum, 
 [status], 3, a., set up, erect, con- 
 struct, make; establish, fix ; re- 
 solve, deter 7tiine, decide, settle. 
 
 status, -us, [sto], m., standing, 
 posture ; position, attitude ; state, 
 situation, condition, constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 stimulus, -I, m., goad, prick ; spier, 
 incentive, encourage??ient ; tor- 
 ment, pain. 
 
 stipendium, -1, [stips, gift, cf. 
 pendo], n., tax, tribute ; income, 
 pay, bounty ; military service, 
 campaigning. 
 
 stirps, stirpis, f., trunk, stem, 
 stalk ; race, family ; offspring, 
 descendant ; source, origin, be- 
 ginning. 
 
 sto, stare, steti, statum, 1, n., 
 stand ; stand up, be upright ; 
 stand firm, abide, endure, con- 
 tinue ; stand still, delay, lin- 
 ger ; remain, be fixed, be deter- 
 mined. 
 
 strepitus, -us, [strepo], m., noise, 
 din, clash, crash, murmur. 
 
 stude5, -ere, -ui, , 2, a. and 
 
 n., be eager, be zealous, be devoted; 
 strive after, desire, wish. 
 
 studiose [studiosus], adv., eager- 
 ly, zealo7isly, devotedly, studiously, 
 carefully. 
 
 studiosus, -a, -um, [studium], 
 adj., eager, zealous, assiduous, de- 
 voted, studious ; friendly, favor- 
 able. 
 
 studium, -I, [studeo], n., zeal, 
 desire, inclination, enthusiasm, 
 endeavor; pursuit, inquiry, study, 
 research; good-will, devotion, at- 
 tach?nent. 
 
 stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish, sim- 
 ple ; stupid, dull, silly. 
 
 stuprum, -T, n., defilement, dis- 
 grace, outrage ; debauchery, lewd- 
 ness. 
 
 suadeS, -ere, suasi, suasum, 2, 
 n. and a., advise, ?-ecommend ; 
 exhort, urge, impel, persuade. 
 
 suavis, -e, adj., sweet, agreeable, 
 grateful, pleasant. 
 
 sub, prep, with ace. and abl., 
 under : 
 
 (1) With ace, after verbs of 
 motion, under, below, near to, to, 
 up to, towards, down into ; until, 
 about, just before; follozving, after, 
 just after. 
 
 (2) With abl., of place, under, 
 beneath, below, behind, at the foot 
 of, by, near ; of time, during, hi, 
 within, at, by, in the time of; of 
 other relations, under, in the 
 power of, subject to ; by reason of, 
 in consequence of. 
 
 In composition, sub is often 
 assimilated before m, r, and 
 usually before c, f, g, p. It 
 adds the force of under, beneath ; 
 somewhat, a little ; secretly, by 
 stealth. 
 sube5, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, [sub 
 + eo], 4, n. and a., go under, 
 enter ; advance, draw near ; come 
 after, succeed ; come up, occur, 
 suggest itself ; undergo, submit to, 
 be subject to, e?idure, suffer. 
 
SUBICIO 
 
 129 
 
 SUM 
 
 subicio, -icere, -ieci, -ieetum, 
 [sub -f- iacio], 3, a., throw under, 
 place under ; submit, presefit, give ; 
 subordinate ; subjoin, append ; 
 forge, counterfeit. 
 
 subiector, -oris, [subicio], m., 
 forger. 
 
 subigo, ere, subegi, subaetum, 
 [sub + ag5], 3, a., bring under; 
 subdue, conquer, subjugate, reduce. 
 
 subitS [subitus], adv., suddenly, 
 unexpectedly. 
 
 suboles, -is, f., sprout, shoot ; off- 
 spring, posterity, stock, race- 
 
 subsellium, -i, [sub, sella], n., 
 low bench, seat, form ; court, tri- 
 bunal. 
 
 subsidium, i, [sub, sedeo], n., 
 reserve force; aid, help, assist- 
 ance, support, protection. 
 
 subsum, -esse, , , [sub 
 
 + sum], irr, n., be under; be 
 near at hand, be near ; impend, 
 approach ; be concealed, lurk in, 
 be in reserve. 
 
 succedo, -ere, success!, succes- 
 sum, [sub -f- cedo] , 3, n. and a., 
 cotne under, enter; approach, 
 draw near, come to ; follow, suc- 
 ceed, take the place of; be success- 
 ful, prosper. 
 
 Suessa, -ae, f., Suessa, a town in 
 the southern part of Latium, 
 near the border of Campania; 
 sometimes reckoned a city of 
 Campania. Ant. IV. n. 
 
 suffero, -ferre, sustull, sublatum, 
 [sub + fero], irr., a., undergo, en- 
 dure, suffer. 
 
 suffragium, -i, [sub, cf. frango], 
 n., lit. fragment ; voting-tablet, 
 vote, ballot, suffrage ; right of 
 suffrage, elective franchise. 
 
 sul, sibi, se or sese, nom. wanting, 
 reflex, pron., himself, herself, it- 
 self themselves ; him, her, it, etc. 
 inter se, mutually, reciprocally, 
 one another, each other. 
 
 Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla, name of a 
 patrician family of the Cornelian 
 gens. Two members of it are 
 mentioned in this book: 
 
 (1) L. Cornelius Sulla, the dic- 
 tator, born b. c. 138. He served 
 with distinction under Marius, 
 first in the Jugnrthine War, af- 
 terwards, B. C. 104-101, in the 
 campaigns against the Teutones 
 and Cimbri. He became a leader 
 of the aristocratic party, defeated 
 his enemies, and in B. c. S2 was 
 made dictator. After two years 
 of absolute government, in which 
 he introduced many reforms, he 
 retired from the dictatorship, and 
 died the following year, B.C. 78. 
 Cat. II. IX. et al. 
 
 (2) L. Cornelius Sulla Faustus, 
 son of the dictator, born about 
 B. c. 89. In the war between 
 Caesar and Pompey he took 
 sides with the latter, but was 
 captured by Caesar B.C. 46, and 
 lost his life at the hands of Cae- 
 sar's soldiers in a tumult. Ep. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Sulpicius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens, at first patrician, afterwards 
 including plebeian families also. 
 Three of the name are mentioned 
 in this book : 
 
 (1) Sulpicius, with whom Ci- 
 cero had some financial transac- 
 tion. Ep. xxxvi. 
 
 (2) C. Sulpicius, praetor B.C. 
 63. Cat. III. in. 
 
 (3) P. Sulpicius Rufus, born 
 124 B.C., tribune of the people 
 B.C. 88. At first he supported 
 the aristocratic party. After- 
 wards he joined Marius, with 
 whom he fled on the approach 
 of Sulla, but was captured and 
 murdered. Cat. III. x. 
 
 sum, esse, ful, fut. part, futurus, 
 irr., n., be, exist; stay ; fall ; with 
 
SUMMA 
 
 130 
 
 SUSPICIO 
 
 gen., belong to, be the part or duty 
 of, be possessed of, be valued at, 
 cost ; with dative, be for, serve 
 for, belong to, possess, have. 
 
 summa, -ae, l>- , v erly f. of sum- 
 mus, sc. res], f., chief place, 
 highest " rank, leadership ; sum, 
 aggregate, whole ; main thing, 
 chief reason. 
 
 summus, a, -urn, see superus. 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
 [sub + emo], 3, a., take, lay hold 
 of; assume, take on ; consume, 
 spend ; enter upon, begin ; exact ; 
 obtain, acquire ; select, choose. 
 
 sumptuose [sumptuosus], adv., 
 expensively, sumptuously . 
 
 sumptuosus, a, -urn, [sumptus], 
 adj., expensive, costly, sumptuous ; 
 wasteful, extravagant. 
 
 sumptus, -us, [sumo], m., ex- 
 penditure, expense, cost, outlay 
 sumptum faeere, to be at an ex- 
 pense, to ?nake an expenditure. 
 
 superbe [superbus], adv., haugh- 
 tily, proudly. 
 
 superbus, -a, um, [super], adj.. 
 haughty, proud, arrogant, domi- 
 neering. 
 
 superior, see superus. 
 
 supero, are, -avi, -atum, [supe- 
 rus],!, n. and a., rise above, over- 
 top, surmount, transcend ; exceed, 
 be abundant ; surpass, outstrip ; 
 overcome, subdue, defeat, suppress, 
 conquer. 
 
 supersum, -esse, fui, [super + 
 sum], irr., n., be left, remain over 
 or from, remain ; live after, sur- 
 vive, outlive, be still alive. 
 
 superus, -a, -um, comp. superior, 
 sup. supremus or summus, [su- 
 per], adj., above, upper, higher. 
 Sup supremus, -a, -um, high- 
 est, loftiest, topmost; last, final ; 
 extreme, utmost, outermost , 
 sup. summus, highest, topmost , 
 greatest, best, utmost, extreme ; 
 
 often used of a part, as sum- 
 mus mons, the top of the moun- 
 tain. Comp. as subst., supe- 
 riores, -um, m., pi., men of the 
 older time, elders. 
 
 suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 [sub, pes], 1, a. and n., furnish, 
 provide, supply freely ; abound, be 
 in store, be at hand. 
 
 suppeto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -Itum, 
 [sub + peto], 3, n., be at hand, 
 be in store, be available ; be suffi- 
 cient for, be equal to. 
 
 supplex, -icis, [sub, cf. plieo], 
 adj., bending the knee, begging, 
 entreating ; submissive, suppliant. 
 As subst., m , suppliant, peti- 
 tioner. 
 
 supplicatiS, -onis, [supplies], f., 
 public supplication, public thanks- 
 giving, day of prayer. 
 
 supplicium, -I, [supplex], n , en- 
 treaty, supplication ; kneeling for 
 punishment, punishment, penalty, 
 torture, torment. 
 
 supra [for supera, abl. f of supe- 
 rus, properly sc. parte], adv. 
 and prep. ■ 
 
 ( 1 ) As adv., above, on top, over. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, over, 
 above, beyond, more than. 
 
 supremus, see superus 
 
 surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum, 
 [sub + rego], 3, a. and n., rise, 
 get up, stand up. 
 
 suscenseo, -ere, -ui, , [sue- 
 
 census, from suceendo], 2, n., 
 be angry, be provoked. 
 
 suscipio, -eipere, -cepi, suscep- 
 tum, [subs, old form of sub, + 
 capio], 3, a., take up ; undertake, 
 begin, enter upon ; incur, un- 
 dergo, submit to, suffer, bear. 
 
 suspectus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 suspicio], adj , mistrusted, sus- 
 pected, sidfect to suspicion. 
 
 suspicio, onis, [suspicio], f., mis- 
 trust, suspicion, distrust. 
 
SUSPICOR 
 
 131 
 
 TANGO 
 
 suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, [sub, 
 cf. speeio], I, dep., mistrust, dis- 
 trust, suspect ; surmise, suppose. 
 
 sustento, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. 
 of sustineo], i, a., hold up, sus- 
 tain ; hold out, endure, suffer, 
 bear ; put off, defer, delay. 
 
 sustineo, -ere, sustinui, susten- 
 tum, [subs, old form of sub, + 
 teneo], 2, a , hold up, bear up, 
 support, sustain ; hold in, control, 
 check ; bear, undergo, endure, 
 hold out. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, [cf. sul], poss. 
 pron.'adj., his, her, its, their, his 
 own, their own; own, peculiar, 
 just, suitable, favorable; dear, 
 beloved ; self-possessed, composed. 
 As subst, sui, orum, m., pi., 
 one's people, friends, relatives, 
 party. sua, -orum, n., pi., one's 
 possessions, one's property. 
 
 Syria, -ae, [Svpia], f, Syria, a 
 country lying east of the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, between Cilicia and 
 Palestine ; organized into a Ro- 
 man province B. C. 64. Ep. XIX. 
 
 Syrpiae, see n. to p. 179, 1. 5. 
 
 T. 
 
 T , see Titus. 
 
 tabella, -ae, [dim. of tabula], f., 
 
 tablet ; writing-tablet, juror's tab- 
 let, vote ; pi. often tvnting, letter, 
 despatch. 
 
 tabellarius, -a, -um, [tabella], 
 adj., of a tablet. As subst., 
 tabellarius, -i, m., letter-carrier, 
 messenger, courier. 
 
 Tabernae, see Tres. 
 
 taberna, -ae, f , hut, cabin ; booth, 
 stall, shop, office ; inn, tavern. 
 
 tabesco, -ere, tabui, , [tabeo, 
 
 waste away], 3, inch., melt, decay, 
 decompose ; pine away, languish, 
 waste away. 
 
 tabula, -ae, f., board, plank ; tablet, 
 writing-tablet ; writing, record, 
 memorandum, account ; picture, 
 painting. n ^abulae publicae, 
 public records. 
 
 tabularium, -I, [tabula], n., depos- 
 itory of records, archives. 
 
 taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n. and 
 a., be silent, keep silence ; pass 
 over in silence, leave unsaid. 
 
 tacite [tacitus], adv., silently, in 
 silence. 
 
 taciturnitas, -atis, [taeiturnus] , 
 f., keeping silent, silence. 
 
 tacitus, -a, -um, [part, of taceo], 
 adj., silent, passed in silence ; cofi- 
 cealed, hidden, secret ; still, mute, 
 noiseless. 
 
 taeter, -tra, -trum, comp. tae- 
 trior, sup. taeterrimus, adj., 
 offensive, loathsome, foul ; repul- 
 sive, shameful, abominable, base. 
 
 talaris, -e, [talus, ankle], adj., 
 of the ankles, teaching to the 
 ankles. 
 
 talis, -e, pron. adj., such, of such a 
 kind ; such as this, as follozus ; 
 of so especial a kind, so distin- 
 guished, talis — qualis, such 
 — as. 
 
 tarn, adv., so much, to such a de- 
 gree, so, so very. tarn — quam, 
 so — as, as much — as. 
 
 tamen, adv., notwithstanding, nev- 
 ertheless, for all that ; however, 
 yet, still. qui tamen, although 
 he. 
 
 tametsi [for tamen etsi], conj., 
 although, though, notwithstand- 
 ing that ; and yet. 
 
 tamquam [tarn -f quam], adv., 
 just as, as if ; as it were, just as 
 if, as much as. 
 
 tandem [tam + -dem], adv., at 
 length, at last, finally ; in ques- 
 tions, pray now, now, I pray. 
 
 tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, 3, a., 
 touch : border on, adjoin ; arrive 
 
TANTO OPE RE 
 
 132 
 
 TENEO 
 
 at, come to ; move, affect, impress ; 
 of lightning, strike. 
 
 tanto opere, see opus. 
 
 tantum [tantus], adv., so much, 
 so greatly, to such a degree ; only 
 so much, only, merely. 
 
 tantum modo, adv., only, merely. 
 
 tantus, -a, -um, adj., of such size, 
 so great, such ; so very great, so 
 important ; only so much, so triv- 
 ial, so small. As subst, tan- 
 tum, -I, n., so much. tanti, 
 gen. of price, of such a price, of 
 so great value ; of so little account, 
 of so slight importance. tanto, 
 abl. of degree of difference, by 
 so much, so much. tantus — 
 quantus, so much — as, so great 
 — as. 
 
 tarde, comp. tardius, sup. tardis- 
 sime, [tardus], adv., slowly, late. 
 Sup., latest, very late. 
 
 tarditas, -atis, [tardus], f., slow- 
 ness, tardiness. 
 
 tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tardus], 
 i, a. and n., make slow, hinder, 
 delay, retard ; linger, tarry. 
 
 Tarentlnus, -a, -um, [Tarentum], 
 adj., Tarentine, of Tare7itu?n, an 
 important Greek city on the Gulf 
 of Tarentum. As subst., Ta- 
 rentinl, -orum, m., pi., people of 
 Tarentum. 
 
 Tarquitius, -I, m., L. Tarquitius, 
 an acquaintance of Cicero's. Ep. 
 xix. 
 
 tectum, -I, [tego], n., covered 
 place, shelter ; house, dwelling ; 
 covering, roof. 
 
 tego, -ere, texi, tectum, 3, a., 
 cover ; hide, conceal, shelter ; 
 cloak, veil ; protect, guard. 
 
 telum, -i, n., missile, spear, dart, 
 javelin, arrow; by metonymy, 
 sword, axe, dagger, weapon. 
 
 temere, adv., by chance, at ran- 
 dom, ivithout design; rashly, heed- 
 lessly, thoughtlessly, recklessly. 
 
 temeritas, -atis, [temere], f., 
 chance, accident ; rashness, reck- 
 lessness, indiscretion, foolhardi- 
 ness. 
 
 temperantia, -ae, [temperans], 
 f., moderation, discretion, selfcotz- 
 trol, teniperance. 
 
 tempers, -are, -avi, -atum, [tem- 
 pus], 1, n. and a., be moderate, 
 control one's self, forbear, be tem- 
 perate ; control, rule, govern, reg- 
 ulate, restrain. 
 
 tempestas, -atis, [tempus], f., 
 period, time, season ; weather, bad 
 weather, storm, tempest; calam- 
 ity, misfortune. 
 
 tempestivus, -a, -um, [tempes- 
 tas], adj., seasonable, opportune, 
 timely ; appropriate , fitting, suita- 
 ble ; in good season, early. 
 
 templum, -1, n., consecrated place, 
 sacred enclosure, sanctuary ; tem- 
 ple, shrine, fane. 
 
 tempto, -are, -avi, -atum, [inten- 
 sive of tendo], 1, a., handle, 
 touch, feel ; try, attempt, essay ; 
 attack, assail. 
 
 tempus, -oris, n., period of time, 
 time, season, point of time ; right 
 time, opportunity, occasion ; condi- 
 tion, times, circumstances ; time 
 of need, exigency, emergency- 
 id temporis, at that time. 
 ex tempore, off hand, without 
 preparation. 
 
 tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum and 
 
 tensum, 3, a. and n., stretch out, 
 
 stretch, extend; hold a cotirse, 
 
 direct one's course, go, proceed ; 
 
 ■ aim at, strive, endeavor. 
 
 tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness, 
 gloom ; darkness of night, night. 
 
 Tenedos or Tenedus, -I, [TeVe- 
 Sos], f., Tenedos, an island in the 
 Aegean Sea, near the coast of 
 Troas. Arch. rx. 
 
 teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, 2, a. 
 and n., hold, have, keep ; possess, 
 
TENUIS 
 
 133 
 
 TIGRANES 
 
 be master of, occupy; grasp 
 firmly, hold fast, fetter, bind ; 
 restrain, check, guard, preserve, 
 defend. 
 
 tenuis, -e, adj., thin, fine ; tiar- 
 row, slight, insignificant ; mean, 
 poor, weak. 
 
 ter [cf. tres], num. adv., thrice, 
 three limes. 
 
 Terentia, -ae, f., Terentia, wife of 
 Cicero, to whom she was mar- 
 ried about B. c. 80. She was a 
 woman of strong character, and 
 had a large property. Cicero 
 divorced her b. c. 46. She is 
 said to have married again and 
 to have lived to be over a hun- 
 dred years old. Ep. vili., IX., 
 xxr.-xxvni. 
 
 termino, -are, -avi, -atum, [ter- 
 minus], 1, a., bound, limit; set 
 limits to, circumscribe ; close, end, 
 finish, terminate. 
 
 terminus, -I, m., boundary, limit, 
 end. 
 
 terra, -ae, f., land, as opposed to 
 the water ; soil, ground, region, 
 country; earth. orbis terrae 
 or terrarum, the world, the 
 whole world. terra, marique, 
 by laud and sea. 
 
 terror, -oris, [cf. terreo], m., fright, 
 alarm, terror, overwhelming fear ; 
 by metonymy, cause of fright, 
 dread ; terrible news. 
 
 tertius, -a, -um, or III., [ter], 
 num. adj., third. 
 
 Testa, -ae, m., C. Trebdtitcs Testa, 
 an eminent jurist, a friend of 
 Cicero and of Caesar. He wrote 
 on legal subjects, but his writings 
 have perished. Ep. xiil, xxr., 
 xxxv in. 
 
 testamentum, -!, [testor], n., will, 
 testament. 
 
 testimonium, -I, [testis], n., evi- 
 dence, attestation, testimony, proof. 
 
 testis, -is, m. and f., witness. 
 
 TeutonI, -orum, or Teutones, 
 
 ■um, m., Teutones, Teutons, a 
 people of Germanic origin, that 
 appeared in Gaul about 113 B.C., 
 and were well-nigh annihilated 
 by Gaius Marius at Aquae Sex- 
 tiae (Aix), B. c. 102. The survi- 
 vors established themselves be- 
 tween the Meuse and the Schelde, 
 and became the ancestors of the 
 Aduatuci. Imp. P. xx. 
 
 Themistocles, -1 or -is, [06^io-to- 
 kAtjs], m., Themistocles, the great 
 leader of the Athenians and of 
 Greece in the wars with Persia. 
 Arch. ix. 
 
 Theophanes, -is, [©eo^d^j], m., 
 Cn. Pompeius Theophanes, a 
 learned Greek, native of Myti- 
 lene. He became an intimate 
 friend of Pompey, whose name 
 he took. He accompanied Pom- 
 pey, who considered his advice 
 of much weight, in a number of 
 campaigns. After the battle of 
 Pharsalia he returned to Italy, 
 and was pardoned by Caesar. 
 He appears to have outlived both 
 Caesar and Cicero. Arch. x. 
 
 Thermus, -1, m., Q. Minucius 
 Thermits, propraetor of the prov- 
 ince of Asia 51-50 B.C. His 
 administration was praised by 
 Cicero. In the Civil War he 
 joined the party of Pompey. 
 Ep. xvi. 
 
 Ti., see Tiberius. 
 
 Tiberinus, -a, -um, [Tiberis], adj., 
 of the Tiber. 
 
 Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber, the great 
 river of western Italy, on which 
 Rome is situated; now Tevere. 
 
 Tiberius, -1, abbreviated Ti., m., 
 Tiberius, a Roman forename. 
 
 Tigranes, -is, [Tiypdv-ris], m., Ti- 
 grdnes, king of Armenia and 
 neighboring regions, and son-in- 
 law of Mithridates, whom he as- 
 
TIMEO 
 
 134 
 
 TRANS 
 
 sisted in the wars with Rome. 
 He surrendered to Pompey B. c. 
 66, who left him the government 
 of Armenia proper and the title 
 of king. Imp. P. n. et al. 
 
 timeo, -ere, -ui, , 2, a. and n., 
 
 be afraid, be fearful ; be apprehen- 
 sive, be anxious ; dread, fear. 
 
 timide [timidus], adv., feaifully, 
 timidly. 
 
 timidus, -a, -um, [timeo], adj., 
 afraid, fearful , timid, cowardly. 
 
 timor, -oris, [cf. timeo], m., fear, 
 dread, apprehension, alarm, tim- 
 idity ; awe, reverence. 
 
 Tiro, -onis, [tiro, recruit], m., 
 Tiro, at first a slave of Cicero, 
 then set free and given the name 
 M. Tullius Tirb. Being a man 
 of ability and culture, he became 
 the confidential secretary and 
 literary assistant of the orator. 
 He also wrote works of his own. 
 He is said to have collected and 
 published Cicero's letters. A 
 system of short-hand was credited 
 to him as inventor. Ep. xx. et al. 
 
 Tisamenus, -1, [Ticrd/ui.ei'os, from 
 rivee, requite], m., Tisamenus, a 
 slave of Cicero's. Ep. xxxi. 
 
 Titinius, -1, m., Q. Titinius, a 
 money-lender. Ep. hi. 
 
 Titius, -i, m., C. Titius Rufus, city 
 praetor b. c. 50. Ep. xvii. 
 
 Titus, -T, abbreviated T., m., Titus, 
 a Roman forename, said to be of 
 Sabine origin. 
 
 toga, -ae, [tego], f., toga, gown, 
 an outer robe of white woolen 
 stuff, worn by Roman citizens 
 when not engaged in military 
 pursuits ; hence, peace. 
 
 togatus, -a, -um, [toga], adj., 
 wearing the toga, clad in the toga ; 
 in the garb of peace, in civil life, 
 as a civilian. 
 
 tolerabilis, -e, [tolero], adj., 
 bearable, endurable, tolerable. 
 
 tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. 
 tollo], 1, a., bear, endure, sustain, 
 suffer. 
 
 toll5, -ere, sustull, sublatum, 3, 
 a., lift, lift up, raise, elevate; 
 bring up, educate; make away 
 with, retnove, dispose of ; ruin, 
 destroy. 
 
 Tongilius, -i, m., Tongilius, a dis- 
 reputable youth, a favorite of 
 Catiline. Cat. II. 11. 
 
 Torquatus, -i, [torquatus, from 
 torquis, necklace], m., T. Mdnlius 
 Torquatus ; see Manlius (2). 
 
 torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum, 2, 
 a., turn, turn about, betid, wind, 
 twist ; rack, torture, tor?nent. 
 
 tot, num. adj., indecl., so many, in 
 such nutnbers. 
 
 totiens [tot], num. adv., so often, 
 as often, so many times. 
 
 totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj., 
 all, the whole, total, entire, all ; 
 used where the English idiom 
 prefers an adv., altogether, wholly, 
 entirely, fully. 
 
 tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
 traho], 1, a., draw, pull ; touch, 
 handle ; manage, practice, conduct, 
 control ; treat. 
 
 trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum, 
 [trans + do], 3, a., deliver, sur- 
 render, hand over ; commit, in- 
 trust, confide ; give over, betray ; 
 transmit, relate. 
 
 traho, -ere, traxi, traetum, 3, a., 
 draw, drag ; drazv in, take on, 
 assume; lead on, attract, influ- 
 ence ; get, obtain, derive ; pro- 
 tract, extend. 
 
 tranquillitas, -atis, [tranquillus], 
 f., quietness, stillness, calmness; 
 tranquillity, serenity. 
 
 tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., quiet, 
 still, calm, tranquil ; peaceful, 
 undisturbed, serene. 
 
 trans, prep, with ace, across, over, 
 beyond. In composition 
 
TRANSALPINUS 
 
 135 
 
 TULLIA 
 
 stands as tran-, rarely trans-, 
 before s ; trans-, or tra-, before 
 i, d, 1, m, n ; trans-, rarely 
 tra-, before f, v; and remains 
 unchanged before the other let- 
 ters. 
 
 Transalplnus, -a, -um, [trans + 
 Alpinus], adj., beyond the Alps, 
 Transalpine. Cf. Gallia. 
 
 transcends, -ere, transcendl, 
 transcensum, [trans + scando], 
 3, a. and n., climb over, pass over, 
 surmount ; overstep, transgress. 
 
 transfers, -ferre, -tun", -latum, 
 [trans + fero], irr., a., bear across, 
 convey over, transport, transfer, 
 turn. 
 
 transigS, -ere, transegl, transae- 
 tum, [trans -f ago], 3, a., pierce 
 through ; carry through, bring to 
 an end, conclude, perform, accom- 
 plish, transact ; settle, agree, make 
 a settlement. 
 
 transmarlnus, -a, -um, [trans + 
 marinus], adj., beyond the sea, 
 transmarine. 
 
 transmitto, -ere, transmisi, 
 transmissum, [trans + mitto], 
 3, a. and n., send across, carry 
 over, bring across, transmit ; pass 
 over, cross over, traverse ; hand 
 over, intrust, commit, devote. 
 
 Trebatius, -1, see Testa. 
 
 tredecim, or XIII., [tres + de- 
 cern], num. adj., indecl., thirteen. 
 
 trgs, tria, gen. trium, num. adj., 
 three. 
 
 Tres Tabernae, abl. Tribus 
 Tabernis, f., pi., the Three Tav- 
 erns, a station on the Appian 
 Way, 31 miles from Rome. Ep- 
 iv., v. 
 
 tribulis, -is, [tribus], m., man of 
 the same tribe, fellow tribesman. 
 
 tribunal, -alis, [tribunus], n., 
 judgment-seat, tribunal, a raised 
 platform on which were the seats 
 of magistrates. 
 
 tribunus, -I, [tribus], m., repre- 
 sentative of a tribe, tribune. tri- 
 bunus plebis or plebei, or sim- 
 ply tribunus, tribune of the 
 people, i. e. of the common peo- 
 ple or commons, a magistrate 
 whose duty it was to protect the 
 plebeians against the patricians. 
 
 tribuS, -ere, tribui, tributum, 
 [tribus], 3, a., assign, bestow, 
 confer, grant, give ; concede, al- 
 low ; spend, devote. 
 
 triduum, -1, [tres + dies], n., three 
 days' time, space of three days, 
 three days. 
 
 triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum, [tri- 
 umphus], 1, n. and a., celebrate a 
 triumph, triumph; exult, greatly 
 rejoice. 
 
 triumphus, -I, m., triumphal pro- 
 cession, triumph, the ceremonial 
 entrance of a commander into 
 Rome in celebration of an im- 
 portant victory ; celebration of 
 victory. 
 
 tropaeum, -I, [rp6iraiov], n., me- 
 morial of victory, trophy. 
 
 trucldatio, -onis, [trucldo], f., 
 slaughter, massacre, butchery. 
 
 trucidS, -are, -avi, -atum, [trux, 
 caedo], 1, a., slaughter, massacre, 
 butcher. 
 
 tu, tui, pi., vos, pers. pron., thou, 
 you. 
 
 tuba, -ae, f., trumpet, war-trumpet. 
 
 tueor, -eri, tuitus sum, 2, dep., 
 look at, gaze tifon, consider ; care 
 for, preserve, guard, uphold, de- 
 fend, keep, maintain. 
 
 Tullia, -ae, f., Tullia, daughter of 
 Cicero and Terentia, born prob- 
 ably 79 or 7S B. c. She was 
 married in 63 B.C. to C. Calpur- 
 nius Piso, but was left a widow 
 B. c. 57. The following year she 
 became the wife of Furius Cras- 
 sipes, a young man of wealth 
 and high position, but was soon 
 
TULLIOLA 
 
 136 
 
 UBICUMQUE 
 
 divorced. In B. c. 50 she was 
 married to P. Cornelius Dola- 
 bella. She died 45 B c Though 
 her life was far from fortunate, 
 she appears to have possessed 
 a lofty nature, and was the idol 
 of her father, who was broken- 
 hearted over her death. See 
 Dolabella, Piso. Ep. VIII., XIX., 
 
 XXI., XXIV. 
 
 Tulliola, -ae, [dim. of Tullia], f. 
 Tulliola, Cicero's pet name for 
 his daughter Tullia. Ep. viii., ix. 
 
 Tullius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens, to which the Cicero family 
 belonged. See Cicero. 
 
 Tullus, -I, m., L. Volcatius Tullus, 
 consul B. c. 66 with M'. Aemilius 
 Lepidus. Cat. I. vi. 
 
 turn, adv., then, at that time ; there- 
 upon, moreover. cum — turn, 
 often both — and, not only — but 
 also. turn vero, then indeed, 
 just then. 
 
 tumultus, -us, [tumeo], m., com- 
 motion, disturbance, tumult, up- 
 roar ; insurrection, mutiny. 
 
 tumulus, I, [tumeo], m., mound, 
 hillock, hill; grave, sepulchral 
 mound 
 
 tunc, adv., then, at that time, just 
 then, thereupon. 
 
 tunica, -ae, f., tinder-garment, tu- 
 nic, shirt. 
 
 turbulentus, -a, -urn, [turba], 
 adj., disturbed, boisterous, stormy ; 
 restless, disordered, troublesome. 
 
 turma, -ae, f., throng, crowd, band, 
 body ; of calvary, squadron, com- 
 pany, troop. 
 
 turpis, -e, adj., ugly, unsightly, re- 
 pulsive , shameful, base, disgrace- 
 ful, dishonorable. 
 
 turpiter, comp. turpius, sup. 
 turpissime, [turpis], adv., in 
 an unsightly manner, repulsively ; 
 shamefully, basely, disgracefully, 
 dishonorably. 
 
 turpitudd, -inis, [turpis], f , un- 
 
 sightliness, repulsiveness ; shame- 
 fulness, baseness, disgrace, dis- 
 honor. 
 
 Tiisculanus, -a, -urn, [Tuseu- 
 lum], adj., Tusculan, of Tuscu- 
 lum, a town on -a spur of the 
 Alban mountains, 15 miles south- 
 east of Rome. As subst, Tus- 
 culanum, -1, n., estate at Tuscu- 
 lum, Tusculan villa, a favorite 
 villa of Cicero's. 
 
 tuto, sup. tutissimo, [tutus], 
 adv., safely, securely, in safely. 
 Sup., in the greatest safety, most 
 safe. 
 
 tutor, -arl, -atus sum, [tueor], 1, 
 dep., watch, guard, defend, pro- 
 tect. 
 
 tutus, -a, -um, [parf. of tueor], 
 adj. , guarded, safe, secure, out of 
 danger ; watchful, cautious. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, [tu], poss. pron. 
 adj., thy, thine, your, yours , your 
 own. As subst., pi., tui, -orum, 
 m., your kinsmen, your friends , 
 tua, -orum, n., your property, 
 your possessions. 
 
 tyrannus, -1, [rvpavvos], m., ruler, 
 monarch, sovereign, king; despot, 
 tyrant. 
 
 u. 
 
 uber, -eris, n., udder, breast. 
 
 ubertas, -atis, [uber], f. , richness, 
 fertility, fruitfulness, productive- 
 ness. 
 
 ubi or ubi, adv., of place, where, 
 wheresoever, in what place ; of 
 time, when, whenever, as soon 
 as ; used in place of a relative 
 pron., wherewith, by which, with 
 whom, by whom. 
 
 ubicumque or ublcumque, [ubi 
 + -cumque], adv., wherever, 
 wheresoever. 
 
UBINAM 
 
 137 
 
 UT 
 
 ubinam, [ubifnam], adv., inter., 
 
 where ? where on earth ? 
 ubique [ubi-f-que], adv., any- 
 where, in any place; in every 
 place, everywhere. 
 ulciscor, ulclsci, ultus sum, 3, 
 dep., take vengeance on, punish ; 
 avenge, requite. 
 
 villus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, adj., 
 any. As subst, ullus, ullius, 
 m., any one, anybody. 
 
 ulterior, -ius, gen. -oris, sup. 
 ultimus, [cf. ultra], adj. in the 
 comp. degree, farther, beyond, 
 more distant, more remote. Neut. 
 ulterius, often as adv., beyond, 
 farther on, further, ??iore, longer, 
 to a greater degree. Sup. ulti- 
 mus, -a, -um, farthest, most dis- 
 tant, uttermost, extreme, last. 
 
 ultimus, -a, -urn, see ulterior. 
 
 iiltro [cf. ultra], adv., beyond, 
 on the other side ; besides, more- 
 over , of one's own accord, volun- 
 tarily. 
 
 Umbrenus, -I, m., P. Umbrenus, 
 a freedman, one of the Catilina- 
 rian conspirators. Having been 
 engaged in the business of money- 
 lending in Gaul, he was employed 
 to try to win the support of the 
 Allobroges to the conspiracy. 
 Cat. III. vr. 
 
 umquam, adv., at any time, ever. 
 
 una [tinus], adv., together, at once, 
 at the same time. 
 
 unde, adv., whence, from which 
 place 1 from which, from whom. 
 
 undecim, or XL, [Gnus + decern] , 
 num. adj., indecl., eleven. 
 
 undecimus, -a, -um, or XL, [un- 
 decim], num. adj., eleventh. 
 
 undequinquagesimus, -a, -um, 
 [undequlnquaginta] , num. adj., 
 forty-ninth. 
 
 undique [unde+-que], adv., from 
 all sides, on all sides, all around, 
 everywhere. 
 
 unguentum, -I, [unguo], n., oint- 
 ment, perfume. 
 
 unice [unieus], adv., singularly, 
 uniquely, above all others. 
 
 universus, -a, -um, [unus + ver- 
 sus], adj., all together, whole, en- 
 tire ; general, universal. As 
 subst., universl, -orum, m., 
 pi., the whole body of men, all 
 men. 
 
 iinus, -a, -um, gen. unius, some- 
 times in poetry, unius, num. adj., 
 one, one only, a single one ; alone, 
 sole, single ; one and the same. 
 
 U R B., see_air-baBus. 
 
 urbanus, -a, -um, in titles some- 
 times abbreviated urb., [urbs], 
 adj., of the city; in city fashion, 
 polite, refined, courteous. As 
 subst., urbana, -orum, n., pi., 
 the affairs of the city. 
 
 urbs, urbis, f., city ; especially 
 the city, Rome. 
 
 urgueS, -ere, ursl, , 2, a. and 
 
 n., press, press on, push, impel, 
 urge; press hard, weigh down, 
 oppress; urge on, drive. 
 
 uspiam, adv., at any place, any- 
 ' where, somewhere. 
 
 usquam, adv., anywhere, at any 
 place, in any place, to any place. 
 
 usque, adv., even to, even, as far 
 as ; all the way, continuously, as 
 long as. 
 
 usura, -ae, [utor], f., use, enjoy- 
 ment; interest on money, usury. 
 
 usurpS, -are, -avi, -atum, [usus, 
 cf. rapio], 1, a., lit. seize for use ; 
 make use of, use, employ ; practice, 
 adopt; speak of, talk of; resort to. 
 
 visus, -us, [utor], m.^use, employ- 
 ment, enjoyment ; practice, expe- 
 rience, skill ; i7itercourse, familia- 
 rity ; benefit, profit, advantage, 
 service, need. 
 
 ut or utT, adv., of place, where ; 
 of time, as, as soon as, just as, 
 of manner, interrogative, how ? 
 
UT 
 
 138 
 
 VARIUS 
 
 in what way ? in what manner ? 
 relative, as, as for instance, see- 
 ing that, as if, on the supposition 
 that. ut primum, as soon as. 
 ut — ita, so — as, while — still. 
 
 ut or uti, conj. with subj., of re- 
 sult, that, so that ; of purpose, in 
 order that, that ; of concession, 
 though, although. 
 
 uter, -tra, -trum, gen. utrius, 
 pron. adj., which of two, which- 
 ever, either of two. 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, 
 gen. utriusque, [uter + -que], 
 adj., each, either ; one and the 
 other, both; pi. as subst., each 
 party, each side, both. 
 
 utilis, -e, [utor], adj., useful, 
 serviceable ; profitable, expedient, 
 advantageous ; fit, suitable. 
 
 utilitas, -atis, [utilis], f., utility, 
 use ; profit, benefit, advantage, ex- 
 pediency. 
 
 utinam [uti + nam], adv., oh 
 that ! if only ! would that ! 
 
 utor, uti, iisus sum, 3, dep., use, 
 employ, make use of; exercise, 
 practice, perform ; serve one's self 
 with, enjoy, indulge in ; find to 
 be, find. 
 
 utrum [uter], adv., in direct ques- 
 tions indicated only by the inflec- 
 tion of the voice in translating ; 
 in indirect questions, whether. 
 utrum — an, whether — or. 
 
 utut, adv., however, in whatever 
 manner. 
 
 uxor, -oris, f., wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 vacillS, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n., 
 
 sway to and fro, stagger, totter ; 
 waver, hesitate, vacillate. 
 vac5, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, n., be 
 empty, be vacant ; be without ; be 
 idle, be at leisure, have time. 
 
 vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 tum, [vacuus + facio], 3, a., 
 make etnpty, make vacant, clear, 
 free. 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, [vaeo], adj., 
 empty, void, vacant, free, without; 
 idle, unemployed, unengaged, at 
 leisure. 
 
 vadimonium, -1, [vas, bail], n., 
 guarantee of an appearance be- 
 fore a tribunal at a given time 
 by bail ; bail-bond, bail, security. 
 vadimonium deserere, to for- 
 feit one's bail. 
 
 vado, -ere, , , 3, n., go, 
 
 especially go in haste, rush, pro- 
 ceed rapidly. 
 
 vagina, -ae, f., scabbard, sheath. 
 
 vagor, -ari, -atus sum, [vagus], 
 1, dep., stroll about, wander, 
 roam, rove ; be spread, extend, 
 spread abroad, diffuse itself 
 
 valde, com p. valdius, [for valide 
 from validus], adv., strongly, ex- 
 ceedingly ; very much, very. 
 
 valens, -entis, [part, of valeo], 
 adj., strong, vigorous, powerful, 
 mighty. 
 
 vale5, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n., be 
 strong, be vigorous, be healthy ; 
 have power, avail, prevail, suc- 
 ceed ; be able, be capable. Imp. 
 vale, as a greeting, farewell, 
 good-bye. 
 
 Valerius, see Flaccus, (2), (3). 
 
 valetudo, -inis, [valeo], f., health, 
 state of health ; ill health, sick- 
 ness, feebleness, weakness. 
 
 vall5, -are, -avi, -atum, [vallum], 
 I, a.., fortify with a 1'ampaj't ; for- 
 tify, protect, defend. 
 
 varietas, -atis, [varius], f., diver- 
 sity, variety ; difference, disagree- 
 ment, dissension ; change, vicis- 
 situde. 
 
 varius, -a, -um, adj., diversified, 
 varying, changeable, various, man- 
 ifold ; diverse, different. 
 
VARRO 
 
 139 
 
 VERBER 
 
 Varro, -onis, m., M. Terentius 
 Varro, " the most learned of the 
 Romans," born 116 B.C. In the 
 Civil War he held a command 
 under Pompey, but was pardoned 
 by Caesar, and afterwards de- 
 voted himself exclusively to 
 literary pursuits. He wrote 
 voluminously, on a great variety 
 of subjects. He was an intimate 
 friend of Cicero. He died B. c. 
 28. Ep. xliv. 
 
 vastatio, onis, [vasto], f., laying 
 waste, devastating, devastation. 
 
 vastitas, -atis, [vastus], f., zvaste, 
 desert, desolation, ruin, destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, [vastus], 
 I, a., make desert, lay waste, make 
 desolate, devastate, destroy. 
 
 vates, -is, m. and f., seer, prophet, 
 diviner, soothsayer, 
 
 Vatia, -ae, m., [vatius, bow-legged], 
 m., name of a family of the Ser- 
 vilian gens. The most prominent 
 member was P. Servilius Vatia, 
 grandson of Q. Metellus Mace- 
 donicus, consul B. C. 79. In 
 b. c. 78 he was proconsul of Cili- 
 cia, and went against the pirates 
 that infested the southern coast 
 of Asia Minor. He was success- 
 ful, receiving the honorary sur- 
 name Isauricus for the reduction 
 of the Isauri. He was honored 
 with a triumph, b. c. 74. He 
 died b. c. 44. Imp. P. xxm. 
 
 -ve, enclitic conj., [vel], or, or if 
 you please, or also ; after a nega- 
 tive, and. 
 
 vectigal, -alis, [veho], n., revenue 
 of the state, tax, impost, duty, 
 tribute. 
 
 vectigalis, -is, [vectigal], m., 
 payer of tribute, tributary. 
 
 vehemens, -entis, adj., eager, ar- 
 dent, impetuous, vehement; strong, 
 forcible, vigorous, effective. 
 
 vehementer, comp. vehemen- 
 tius, sup. vehementissime, 
 [vehemens], adv., eagerly, im- 
 petuously, vehemently , strongly, 
 exceedingly, very micch, extremely. 
 
 vel [old imp. of volo], conj., or, or 
 if you will, or even. vel — vel, 
 either — or, whether — or. 
 
 vel [volo], adv., or even, or indeed, 
 assuredly, certainly ; perhaps, it 
 may be; very, utmost. vel 
 maxime, in the very highest de- 
 gree, most of all. 
 
 velum, -i, n., sail ; by metonymy, 
 awning, curtain, veil. 
 
 vena, -ae, f., blood-vessel, vein, ar- 
 tery ; pi. veins, heart. 
 
 vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditum, 
 [venum, sale, do], 3, a., sell ; 
 sell for a bribe, give for pay, 
 betray. 
 
 veneficus, -i, [venenum, cf. fa- 
 cio], m., poisoner. 
 
 venerium, -1, n., poison, venom ; 
 by metonymy, magical potion, 
 charm. 
 
 veneo, -Ire, -Ivi or -il, -itum, 
 [venum, sale, + eo], irr., n., go 
 to sale, be sold. 
 
 veneror, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 reverence , worship, adore ; vene- 
 rate, do homage to ; beseech. 
 
 venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor, 
 kindness ; permission ,■ pardon, 
 forgiveness. 
 
 venio, -Ire, venl, ventum, 4, n., 
 come ; come into, enter ; approach ; 
 spring; result, occur. 
 
 venor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 hunt, chase. 
 
 ventus, -1, m., wind. 
 
 venustas, -atis, [venus, charm], (., 
 comeliness, attractiveness, beauty; 
 artistic grace, taste, art. 
 
 ver, veris, n., spring, spring-time. 
 
 verber, -eris, n., lash, whip, 
 scourge ; by metonymy, blow, 
 stroke, scourging, flogging. 
 
VERBUM 
 
 140 
 
 VICINUS 
 
 verbum, -I, n., word. verba 
 
 facere, to speak. 
 
 vere [verus], adv., really, truly, 
 in fact ; properly, rightly. 
 
 verecundia, -ae, [verecundus] , 
 f., coyness, shyness, modesty, sense 
 of shame, bashfulness. 
 
 vereor, -eri, -itus sum, 2, dep., 
 reverence, stand in awe of, revere ; 
 fear, be afraid, dread, apprehend. 
 
 Veritas, -atis, [verus], f., truth, 
 truthfulness ; sincerity, straight- 
 forwardness ; reality, fact. 
 
 ver5 [verus], adv., truly, certainly, 
 in truth ; but in fact, however, 
 but. immo vero, ?to indeed, 
 nay rather. 
 
 verso, -are, -avl, -atum, [freq. of 
 verto], 1, a., turn often, keep 
 turning, turn over, turn ; man- 
 age, direct; revolve, consider. 
 Pass., versor, -ari, -atus sum, 
 move about, dwell, remain, slay ; 
 be situated, be associated, be ; be 
 engaged in, be busy, be employed. 
 
 versus, -us, [verto], m., line, verse. 
 
 verum, -I, [verus], n., truth, fact, 
 reality. 
 
 verum [verus], adv., truly ; but in 
 truth, but notwithstanding, but, 
 however, still. non modo — 
 verum, not only — but. non 
 modo — verum etiam, not only 
 — but also. 
 
 verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real, 
 ge?iuine, well founded ; proper, 
 reasonable, just ; truthful, vera- 
 cious. 
 
 vesper, -eri or -eris, m., evening- 
 star , by metonymy, evening, eve. 
 Loc. vesperl, in the evening. 
 
 vespera, -ae, f., evening. 
 
 Vesta, -ae, [cf. 'Earia], f., Vesta, 
 a Roman divinity, daughter of 
 Saturn and Ops ; in her service 
 were the Vestal Virgins, who 
 kept a fire always burning on 
 her altar. 
 
 Vestalis, -e, [Vesta], adj., of 
 Vesta, Vestal. virgo Vestalis, 
 Vestal virgin. 
 
 vester, -tra, -trum, [voe], poss. 
 pron. adj , your, yours. 
 
 vestigium, -1, n., sole of the foot ; 
 by metonymy, foot, step, foot-print, 
 track ; trace, sign, vestige. 
 
 Vettius, -1, m., Vettius Chrysippus, 
 an architect, freedman of the 
 architect Cyrus. This is prob- 
 ably the Vettius referred to in 
 Ep. in. 
 
 vetus, -eris, sup. veterrimus, adj., 
 old, aged ; of long standing ; of a 
 former time, former, earlier, an- 
 cient. 
 
 vetustas, -atis, [vetus], f., old age, 
 age ; long duration, long stand- 
 ing ; great age, antiquity, ancient 
 times. 
 
 vexatio, -onis, [vexo], f., disturb- 
 ing, troubli7ig, harassing ; dis- 
 tress, hardship, trouble. 
 
 vex5, -are, -avl, -atum, [freq. of 
 veho], 1, a., shake, jolt ; disturb, 
 harass, trouble, waste. 
 
 via, -ae, f., way, road, street ; by- 
 metonymy, passage, march, jour- 
 ney ; mode, manner. 
 
 Vib5, -onis, f., Vibo, a city in the 
 southwestern part of Italy, on the 
 west coast of Bruttium. It was 
 originally a Greek settlement 
 with the name Hipponium ('lirircb- 
 viov), but it received a Roman 
 colony B.C. 192. In Cicero's 
 time it was a nourishing munici- 
 pal town. Ep. vii. 
 
 vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a. and 
 n., brandish, shake, hurl, throiv ; 
 quiver, gleam, flash. 
 
 vicesimus, -a, -um, [viginti], 
 num. adj., twentieth 
 
 vicinus, -a, -um, [vieus, street, 
 quarter'], adj., of the neighborhood, 
 neighboring, near, adjacent. As 
 subst., vicinus, -1, m., neighbor. 
 
VICTOR 
 
 141 
 
 VITO 
 
 victor, -oris, [vinco], m., con- 
 queror, victor ; often in apposi- 
 tion with the force of an adj., 
 victorious, conquering. 
 
 victoria, -ae, [victor], f., victory ; 
 success, triumph. 
 
 vlcus, -I, m , properly abode; 
 hence, street, quarter, of a city ; 
 village, hamlet ; country - seat, 
 villa. 
 
 videlicet [for videre licet], adv., 
 it is evident, clearly, plainly, ob- 
 viously, evidently , of course, you 
 see, forsooth, to wit, namely; often 
 used ironically. 
 
 video, -ere, vldl, visum, 2, a., 
 see, discern, perceive ; look at, ob- 
 serve ; understand, comprehend ; 
 see to, care for, provide. Pass, 
 videor, videri, visus sum, be 
 seen, appear, seem, be regarded , 
 impers , videtur, it seems right, 
 it seems best. 
 
 vigeo, -ere, -ul, -, 2, n., be vig- 
 orous, be strong, thrive, flourish, 
 bloom. 
 
 vigilans, -antis, [part, of vigilo], 
 adj., watchful, vigilant, anxious, 
 careful. 
 
 vigilia, -ae, [vigil], f., watching, 
 wakefulness ; tvatch, guard ; 
 watchfulness, vigilance ; pi., 
 zuatchmen, sentinels. 
 
 vigilS, -are, -avl, -atum, [vigil], 
 1, n. and a., keep aivake, be wake- 
 ful ; be watchful, keep ivatch, be 
 vigilant, watch. 
 
 viginti, or XX., num. adj., indecl., 
 twenty. 
 
 vilis, -e, adj., of small price, of 
 little value, cheap ; poor, mean, 
 worthless, base, vile. 
 
 vilitas, -atis, [vilis], f., cheapness. 
 
 villa, -ae, f., country-seat, farm- 
 dwelling, villa, farm. 
 
 vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, 4, 
 a., bind, fetter, tie; fasten, re- 
 strain, confine. 
 
 vinco, -ere, vlcl, victum, 3, a. 
 and n., conquer, overcome, defeat, 
 subdue ; be superior, excel, sur- 
 pass ; convince, get the better of; 
 demonstrate. 
 
 vinculum, or, by syncope, vin- 
 clum, -i, [vincio], n., band, fet- 
 ter, rope, cord ; bond, tie, rela- 
 tion. 
 
 vindex, -icis, m. and f., defender, 
 protector ; avenger, punisher. 
 
 vindico, -are, -avl, -atum, [vin- 
 dex], 1, a., lay claim to, claim, 
 assume ; protect, defend, liberate, 
 deliver ; avenge, punish, take ven- 
 geance 
 
 vliium, -1, n., ivine. 
 
 violo, -are, -avl, -atum, [cf. vis], 
 1, a., treat with violence, injure, 
 outrage ; profane, desecrate. 
 
 vir, virl, m., man , husband ; man 
 of courage, hero. 
 
 virgo, -inis, [cf. vireo], f., maid, 
 maiden, girl, virgin. 
 
 virtus, -utis, [vir], f., manliness ; 
 courage, fortitude, bravery ; moral 
 worth, goodness, virtue, merit. 
 Personified, Virtus, -utis, god- 
 dess of Valor, Virtus. 
 
 vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, pi. vires, 
 -ium, f., force, strength, energy, 
 power ; violence, compulsion ; 
 quantity, number ; pi. often mil- 
 itary forces, forces, troops. 
 
 viscus, -eris, often in pi., viscera, 
 •um, n., internal organs, vitals, 
 inwards, viscera; inmost part, 
 bowels, centre, heart. 
 
 viso, vlsere, vlsl, visum, [freq. of 
 video], 3, a., look at attentively, 
 view, behold ; go to see, visit. 
 
 vita, -ae, [vivo], f., life, existence ; 
 mode of life, course of life ; 
 career. 
 
 vitium, -I, n., fault, blemish, de- 
 fect ; failing, offence, vice, crime. 
 
 vito, -are, -avl, -atum, 1, a. and 
 n., shun, avoid, evade. 
 
VITUPERATIO 
 
 142 
 
 XENO 
 
 vituperatio, -onis, [vitupero], f., 
 
 blaming, blame, censure, reproach, 
 charge. 
 
 vivo, vivere, vixl, victum, 3, n., 
 live, be alive; pass the time, reside, 
 dwell ; support life, sustain life ; 
 live at ease ; last, endttre. 
 
 vlvus, -a, -um, [cf. vivo], adj., 
 alive, living, having life ; green, 
 vigorous. As subst, vivl, 
 
 -orum, m., pi., the living, those 
 who are alive. 
 
 vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty, 
 scarcely, barely. 
 
 vixdum [vix + dum], adv., scarce- 
 ly yet, hardly, but just. 
 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atum, [vox], 1, 
 a. and n., call, summon, invoke ; 
 call together, convoke; call by 
 name, name, designate. 
 
 vocula, -ae, [dim. of vox], f., weak 
 voice, small voice. 
 
 volito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of 
 volo], I, n., flit about, fly about, 
 flutter ; hover about, wander. 
 
 volo, velle, volui, irr., a., will, 
 wish, desire; intend, purpose, 
 mean ; claim, assume, assert. 
 
 Volturcius, -I, m., T. Volturcius, 
 a native of Croton, one of the 
 Catilinarian conspirators. After 
 his arrest at the Mulvian Bridge 
 he turned state's evidence, was 
 pardoned, and was rewarded for 
 the information he gave. Cat. 
 III. 11. et sea. 
 
 voluntarius, -a, -um, [voluntas], 
 adj., of one's free will, willing ; 
 wilful, intentional, voluntary. 
 
 voluntas, -atis, [volo, wish], f., 
 will, wish, inclination, desire ; 
 purpose, aim ; good-will, favor. 
 
 voluptas, -atis, [cf. volo], i., plea- 
 sure, delight, enjoyment ; gratifi- 
 cation, satisfaction. 
 
 vos, see tu. 
 
 vosmet [vos -f -met], strengthened 
 form of vos. 
 
 votum, -1, [voveo], n., vow, pledge; 
 wish, desire, prayer. 
 
 vox, vocis, [cf. voco], f, voice, 
 sound ; call, cry, speech, word, ut- 
 terance, saying. 
 
 vulgaris, -e, [vulgus], adj., of the 
 multitude, common; commonplace, 
 low, mean, vulgar. 
 
 vulgo [vulgus], adv., generally, 
 commonly, publicly, everywhere. 
 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, [vul- 
 nus], 1, a., wound, htirt, injure, 
 harm, pajn. 
 
 vulnus, -eris, n., wound, injury; 
 blow, stroke ; disaster, misfortune, 
 calamity. 
 
 vultus, -us, m., look, expression; 
 features, face, countenance, visage. 
 
 Xeno, -onis, m., Xeno, a native of 
 Apollonis, in Lydia. Ep. xvi. 
 

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