Class _ / . jlAxl 
 
DIVfSJOM Otr nOCIIMf^MTn 
 
 HANDBOOK OF TENNESSEE 
 
 Contamingf descriptive and statistical matter relative 
 to the resources and products of the State 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS H. PAINE 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 McQtriDDY Printing Company 
 
 1903 
 
HANDBOOK OF TENNESSEE 
 
 Gjntaining descriptive and statistical matter relative to 
 the resources and products of the State 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS H. PAINE 
 COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 ^. 
 
 LMjU 
 
 Vfvt^'JK^, 
 
 Nashville, Tenn^ 
 
 McQuiDDY Printing Company 
 
 1903 
 
JAN 7 1906 
 D.ofD, 
 
NOTE 
 
 Owing to the limited fund at my command, I have 
 sought to eiTibody in this Handbook only snch information 
 as my correspondence v.uc] experience have led me to be- 
 lieve would be most useful to those asking for information 
 about the products and resources of the State. 
 
 In the preparation of this work, much labor has been 
 expended in collecting information and in culling from 
 the various volumes of the ''Reports of the Federal Census 
 for 1900" what I regard as the most important statistical 
 information al>out the State of Tennessee and about each 
 county in the State ; and I have'combined it with descrip- 
 tive matter so arranged that the seeker after information 
 abont our resources and our products may find this an 
 accurate and a reliable book of ready reference. It should 
 be borne in mind that the agricultural statistics given for 
 t-ach corinty, being compiled from tlie censiLs reports of 
 1900, were based on the products of what was considered 
 an unfavorable crop year, and, therefore, do not show the 
 full capacity of the State for the various products enumer- 
 ated. 
 
 In the hope that this work may measurably answer the 
 purposes of its publicatir»n, it is respectfully submitted. 
 
 THOMAS H. PAINE, 
 C omraissioner of Agriculture. 
 
NDBOOK OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 This office receives numeroais inquiries from residents 
 and nonresidents of tlie State asking for information about 
 the resources and the advantages of the State in general, or 
 asking for information about certain localities with a view 
 to seeking homes and making investments. This publi- 
 cation is designed to meet tliis demand and to disseminate 
 among our own people a better idea of the extent and vari- 
 ety of the resources of the State, in the hope that such in- 
 formation will tend to not only keep more of our own 
 people in the State, but to induce desirable immigrants 
 from other sections to cast their fortunes with us. 
 
 In addition to the general descriptive matter and the 
 special articles on particular subjects, the statistical pic- 
 ture of every county in the State, compiled from the cen- 
 sus re]>ort of 1000, will convey to the mind of the reader 
 a definite idea of what each county is capable of producing 
 and does produce. These facts and figures speak more 
 truthfully, if not more eloquently, than words could tell 
 it the story of the State's progress in everv' lin,e of indus- 
 try, while the special articles briefly indicate the splendid 
 opportunities which Tennessee presents to home seekers 
 and capitalists. It is believed thaj:, a careful study of the 
 facts herein presented will convince thinking men that 
 the Eldorado of opportnnity lies not in the West, but in 
 Tennessee. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The population of Tennessee in 1900 was 2,020,G16, 
 showing an increase over 1890 of 253,098 and an increase 
 over 1800 of 1,901,430. 
 
2 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 brief sketch. 
 
 Tennessee shines like a rich jewel in a magnificent set- 
 ting. Eight great States toucli lier borders and empha- 
 size her gi'andenr. Tlie names of her statesmen, and pa- 
 triots constitute a roll of honor in the history of popular 
 government in the United States. She not only holds a 
 proud position in, the nation's history, but a beneficent 
 Providence has endowed her with natural resources and 
 advantages of soil, climate, and conditions Avhich entitle 
 her to rank anumg tlie richest and most powerful States 
 of the T^nion. 
 
 The " Fatlier of Waters " sweeps along her western 
 borders, and with its tributaries and those beautiful rivers, 
 the Tennessee and the Cumberland, and llieir tributaries, 
 she has about 2,700 miles of navigable rivers, fiu'nishing 
 cheap transportation for the rich and varied prodiu'ts of 
 a vast section, rivaling in fertility and productive power 
 the famous valley of the jSTile. 
 
 More than 3,000 miles of railroads operating within her 
 borders bring her priinary markets in touch with the mar- 
 kets of the world and aft'ord to her people transportation 
 facilities equal to those enjoyed by the most favcn-ed of 
 her sister States. Still other railroad lines are projected 
 and in process of construction, whicli will open up vast 
 forests, gi'eat coal fields, rich agricultural sections, and 
 give a fresh impetus to her progress and add millions of 
 dollars to her material wealth. The spirit of progress in 
 the matter of good roads is abroad in the State, and the 
 rural free delivery mail servdce is being rapidly extended, 
 with all the concomitants of progTess and enlightemnent. 
 The contact with steel rails and electric wires is quicken- 
 ing whole communities into new life, and schools and 
 cliurches, homes and factories are springing up all along the 
 highways of progress. Yet old as her civilization is, stand- 
 ing as she does in the front rank of educational progress in 
 the South, with all of her schools and churches and facto- 
 
Haistdbook of Tennessee. 3 
 
 ries, with all of her treasures of mine an J field and forest, 
 with all of her railroads and telegraphs and telephones, 
 Tennessee is still in the infancy of her material develop^- 
 ment. Her great natural resources have scarcely been 
 more than touched. She has the soil, she has the wat^r, 
 and she lias the seasons that enable her people to prod vice at 
 homo almost ever}^ important crop mentioned in the cen- 
 sus schedide and everything that is absolutely essential 
 to the sup]>ort of an enlightened people. There is no' State 
 in the Union where the cost of living, one year with an- 
 other, is so reasonable, on account of the variety and abun- 
 dance of her home products. Her people are exempt from 
 t,he extremes ^of heat and cold, exempt from the enervat- 
 ing heat of the Gulf States and the bitter blasts of the 
 Eastern x\tlantic (.'oast, exempt from the humid atmos- 
 phere of the South Atlantic C-oast and the scorching breath 
 of the arid regions of the West. Tennessee is the land 
 of the happy mediuui. Her mountains and her hills, her 
 talde-lands and her valleys are covered with native grasses 
 that fatten vast flocks and herds. The limpid waters gush 
 forth to fructify the soil from beds of coal and iron, mar- 
 ble and granite, and C(3pper and zinc ; while untold wealth 
 still lies sleeping beneath the surface of her soil awaiting 
 the touch of the magic hand of industry to bring it to light. 
 Considering hei- natural advantages and properly estimat'- 
 ing her present opportunities, her lands can be secured at 
 comjiaratively low prices. It requires n6 seer to see that 
 Tennessee, with her immense coal fields ; with mines of 
 iron ore of incalculable value and extent; with the finest 
 marble beds in the world ; with her gTeat coke industry ; 
 with her vast de]30sits of phosphate, zinc, barytes, copper, 
 and lithograph stone ; with her soil and climate ; with her 
 advantages as a stock-growing State ; with her great water 
 power ; with her rivers and her railroads ; with her ad- 
 vantages in agriculture and in manufacturing, must, and 
 \vill, soon,er or later, enter the front rank of the great in- 
 dustrial and commercial States. 
 
4 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 Whether this consimimation so devoutlj to be wished 
 is to be attained within a few years, or to be attained by a 
 later generation, rests with those of us who are now on the 
 stage of action. Our enterprise will achieve it or our lack 
 of enterprise will defer it. If we devote our hands, our 
 brains, and our capital to the work and profit by the exam- 
 ple of our competitors in the struggle, we will succeed. 
 First, Tennesseans must know and appreciate the advan- 
 tages we possess ; secondly, Tennesseans must strive to 
 bring to the attention of the world those advantag'es and 
 invite others to share wuth us the rich resources that await 
 intelligent enterprise and determined effort. 
 
 If we shall address ourselves to the task and use the ad- 
 
 ^Tantages we possess ; if we shall invite immigTation and 
 
 capital as other progressive States are doing, we will soon 
 
 add to that proud title, " The Volunteer State," that other 
 
 proud tijle, " The Empire State of the South." 
 
 EDUCATTONAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 In a republic popular education should be the first con- 
 sideration. With the love of liberty sliould be coupled the 
 intelligence to preserve it. To this vital essential Ten- 
 nessee is awake. Her public-school system, imperfect 
 
 as it is, challenges comparison with that of other States, 
 and " progress " is the watchword. Her private institu- 
 tions of learning easily place her in the lead of all the 
 Southern States and abreast of the most advanced States 
 of the Union in the matter of educational enterprise. 
 
 PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS OF EEAKNING. 
 
 In every county in the State are private schools, which, 
 taken in connection with the public schools, show an edu- 
 eational interest in the State unsurpassed anywhere. In 
 his re]>ort for 1900 the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction gives a list of universities, colleges, high 
 seliools, training schools, and other private institutions of 
 
Haxbbook of Tennessee. 5 
 
 learning in the various counties of the State, to the num- 
 ber of 403, lieaded by such institutions as Vanderbilt Uiii- 
 versit}'. Xashville; Cumberland University,, Lebanon; tlie 
 Southwestern Baptist University, Jackson; the University 
 of the South, Sewanee; the University of Tennesse(\ Knox- 
 ville; and the Southwestern Presbyterian University, Clarks- 
 viile. Nashville, the capital city of the State, ranks seeonfi 
 as an educational center in the United States. 
 
 EDUCATIO-VAL AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The State supports three magnificent asylums for the in- 
 sane — at Ivnoxville, Xashville, and Bolivar — in addition to 
 the Deaf and Dumb School, the Tennessee Industrial School, 
 the Tennessee School for the Blind, and the Confederate 
 Soldiers* Home. These institutions are all well equipped 
 and economically conducted, and they are a source of pride 
 to the people of the State. 
 
 TAXATION. 
 
 The State tax is : For schools, 15 cents on the $100 worth 
 of property and 35 cents for other purposes. The county 
 rate is limited to 30 cents on the $100, though sDecial taxes 
 may be levied for schools and highways. 
 
 The assessment for 1902 was 25,259,- 
 
 980 acres of land valued at $173,207,406 
 
 Town lots, valued at 124,757,254 
 
 Value of other property 49,923,052— $347,887,713 00 
 
 Assessed value of railroad property. '^6,710,396 99 
 
 Number of miles of telegraph and 
 
 telephone lines, 34,107.51; assessed 
 
 value 1,618,132 74 
 
 Total 1406,216,242 73 
 
 Other taxes are collected on privileges. 
 
 STATE DEBT. 
 
 The State debt in 1900 amounted to $16,373,600; but since 
 December, 1900, the State has retired $1,029,300 of the 
 
6 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 bonded debt; and with tlie present rate of taxation and ex- 
 penditures continued, the debt would continue to be extin- 
 guished at the rate of $400,000 per annum. 
 
 NATURAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 There are well-defined natural divisions in this wonder- 
 fully diversified State, which will be readily recognized by 
 the student of her geography, soil, and climate. 
 
 THE UNAKAS. 
 
 The ITnaka range of mountains forms the eastern bor- 
 der of tbe State, its loftiest peaks rising 6,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. The counties of Johnson, Carter. 
 Washington, Greene, Cocke, Sevier, Blount, Monroe, Mc~ 
 Minn, and Polk touch upon and are partially included 
 in this range, which covers an area of 2,000 square miles. 
 Tlie smiling valleys and nestling coves in this section are 
 very rich and productive, and the range for stock is good. 
 Mining, stock raising, and agriculture are the principal in- 
 dustries. Iron, copper, marble, and timber are among the 
 valuable products. Corn, wheat, pork, and the grasses are 
 the staple products of tlie farm. 
 
 THE VALLEY OF EAST TEIs^NESSEE. 
 
 This valley, viewed from the Unalvas, presents a pan- 
 orama of singular beaut}'. It is rich in minerals, and is 
 a splendid agricultural country, where grain and grasses, 
 fruits and vegetables yield an abundant revenue to the 
 husbandman. The fertile valleys are watered by numer- 
 ous streams, while the rainfall and the climate make it an 
 ideal farming country. As a stock-raising section it is 
 unsurpassed. The farmers raise wheat, corn, oats, hay, 
 cattle, horses, mules, hogs, fruit, vegetables, and poultry 
 for the market. It is also a fine country for dairying, 
 and in some portions of it considerable attention is given 
 to this branch of agriculture. Mining and manufactur- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 7 
 
 inir industries are nniltiplying; and furnishiag- larger and 
 better liome markets for the products of the soil. JSTo other 
 \ section of the State enjoys a greater degTee of general 
 
 prosperity than this section; in fact, this may be said of 
 all that grand division of the State known as " East Ten- 
 nessee." 
 
 THE CUMEERLANl) TABLE-LAND. 
 
 Adjoining tliis valley on the west lies the Cumberland 
 Table-land, covering an area of 5,100 square miles, rich 
 beyond estimate in coal and iron and bearing upon the 
 surface fortunes in timber and agTicultural opportunities. 
 The mountain gi-asses grow in wild luxuriance, furnish- 
 ing pasturage enoug'li from April to ISTovember to fatten 
 all the sheep and cattle it would require to supply the 
 whole State with meat. Thousands of cattle and hogs 
 annually fatten on the range, requiring no other feed and 
 no care, except to keep tliem from straying from their 
 owners. 
 
 The climate lias made this section famous as a sum- 
 mer resort for imalids. It is a fine fruit-gTowing sec- 
 tion. Apples are a sure crop and of unsurpassed qual- 
 ity. Targe quantities of this fruit are dried and shipped 
 to mark(>t every year. Pears, quinces, grapes, cherries, 
 strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and all 
 kinds of cantaloupes and melons grow to perfection in 
 this region. It offers extraordinary attractions for those 
 wiio mny desire to engage in fruit growing and stock 
 raising in a most delightful climate, where good health 
 always figures in the profits of the business. Lands suit- 
 able for fruit growing and stock raising are remarkably 
 cheap. The wild pea, the hog pea, beggar lice, and other 
 leguminous plants flourish ; and various native grasses are 
 spontaneous. Herd's grass and orchard grass grow well 
 in -^-arious parts of this section. Indian corn, wlieat, and 
 buckwJieat yield well in some localities; cabbag'e, beans, 
 peas, onions, and sweet potatoes are profitable crops; 
 
8 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 while the Irish potato grows to perfection. Honeybees 
 thrive in the wild state, and bee keeping is a profitable 
 industry for those who engage in it. 
 
 Extensive developments in the coal fields are in progress, 
 and the opportunities for profitable investments in timber 
 and coal in this section are abundant. 
 
 THE HTGHT.AND RIM. 
 
 This rim, 9,300 square miles in extent, surrounds the 
 blue-grass region of Middle Tennessee. The counties of 
 Macon, Overton, Pickett, Putnam, Clay, Jackson, White, 
 Warren, Coffee, Franklin, Lawrence, Wayne, Lewis, 
 Hiclanan, Humphreys, Dickson, Cheatham, Stewart, 
 j\lontgomery, and Robertson, with parts of Perry, Hardin, 
 Sumner, Cannon, and DeKalb, compose the Highland Eim. 
 It is a splendid agricultural belt. On, the eastern edge 
 of the rim the grasses grow luxuriantly, and stock rais- 
 ing — including cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, and mules — is 
 extensively carried on. Wheat, com, and oats are staple 
 products in all these counties; fruits and vegetables 
 flourish in all of them, and especially on the borders of 
 the table-lands ; tobacco is a staple crop on the northern 
 part of the rim ; and peanuts are extensively grown in some 
 of the western counties. 
 
 The lands are reasonable in price in all this section, and 
 the people are wide awake and progressive. 
 
 THE CENTRAL BASIN. 
 
 The area of this basin is 5,450 square miles, embracing 
 the counties of Smith, Trousdale, Sumner, Wilson, Ruth- 
 erford, Davidson, Bedford, Moore, Lincoln, Giles, Mar- 
 shall, Maury, and Williamson. Here the blue grass grows 
 spontaneously, and all crops suited to the latitude are 
 grown with profit. Wheat, corn, oats, barley, timothy, 
 herd's gTass, clover, and vegetables and fruits are exten- 
 sively cultivated. This region is the paradise of every 
 kind of live stock, from the thoroughbred hog to the tlior- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 9 
 
 oiiglibred race horse. Maniifacturiiig is increasing, and 
 agriculture in all its branches is in a flonrishing condition. 
 The great phosphate beds are located in this basin, and 
 in some counties the developments are of man^elous rich- 
 ness. The lands are cheaper than lands of like quality 
 and productiveness, with equally good and convenient 
 markets, an}^vhere in the world. 
 
 WESTERN VAT.LEY OF THE TENNESSEE. 
 
 The Western Tennessee Valley, 1,200 square miles in 
 extent, embraces portions of Hardin, Wajme, Mcl^airy, 
 Henderson, Decatur, Plumphreys, Benton, Stewart, Hous- 
 ton, and Henry. The valley itself is rich and fertile, with 
 occasional swampy places ; and the valleys of the tribu- 
 taries of the Tennessee River are very productive. Corn, 
 cotton, oats, grasses, hogs and mules are the principal 
 products of this section. Fruits and vegetables thrive 
 well. Lands are reasonable in price. 
 
 THE PLATEAir, OR SLOPE, OF WEST TENNESSEE. 
 
 This area of 8,850 square miles includes the counties of 
 Carroll, Madison, Haywood, Henderson, Gibson, Weak- 
 ley, Crockett, and Fayette, with parts of Henry, Hender- 
 son, Obion, Tipton, and Shelby. The surface is compar- 
 atively level ; the soil is light, porous, and siliceous, with a 
 quick fertility that adapts it to the growth' of cotton, com, 
 wheat, tobacco, clover, and the grasses, and makes it the 
 " garden spot " of the State in the production of small 
 fruits and vegetables. Tobacco, wheat, corn, oats, peas, 
 cattle, horses, and mules are the staple products of the 
 northern end of this ]>lateau ; while cotton, corn, fruit, 
 and vegetables are the chief products of the southern end. 
 
 In the central portion all kinds of grain, clover, and the 
 grasses grow well, and the small fruits and vegetables ap^ 
 proximate perfection. Large quantities of fruits and veg- 
 etables are grown for the jSTorthern markets, and those 
 who have engaged in the business have found.it very profit- 
 
10 Haistdbook of Tennessee. 
 
 able. Tomatoes, strawberries, aspara^s, and early apples 
 and peaches have been especially profitable to growers. 
 The shipping facilities are excellent, the markets are con- 
 venient, and the lands are low in price compared with 
 lands of equally productive capacity in any other part of 
 the United States. Witli Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, 
 and Cincinnati in direct rail connnunication, from ten to 
 twelve hours distant, early fruits and vegetables grown in 
 this section find a ready market at remunerative prices. 
 Diversity of crops enables the fanners who practice that 
 system of fanning to have something coming into market 
 all the year around, though many still adhere tO' cotton 
 as the staple crop. 
 
 There is profit in raising horses and mules, hogs and 
 cattle, chickens and turkeys, hay and grain, as well as in 
 cotton and fruits and vegetables ; and the farmers of this 
 section of the State are every year diversifying more and 
 more. There is a notable increase in manufacturing in 
 this section, which augurs still greater prosperity in the 
 future. 
 
 THE MISSISSIPPI BOTTOMS. 
 
 That portion of the Mississippi Valley ]:)roper v.-hicli 
 marks the western border of the State, including the coun- 
 ties of Lake, Dyer, Lauderdale, nearly all of Tipton and 
 Shell)y, and a part of Obion, Crockett, and Haywood, is 
 900 square miles in area, and is the richest soil in the 
 State. The soil is especially adapted to the growth of 
 com, cotton, and the grasses. Its fertility is inexhausti- 
 ble, and vegetation grows rank all over it. It was origi- 
 nally rich in timber, which has been cut away in a large 
 measure and the lands brought into cultivation. Develop- 
 ment in this section has been rapid in the past decade, and 
 it still continues on enlarging lines. While cotton and 
 corn are the leading crops, more attention is paid each year 
 to fruits and vegetables, grasses and stock. The price of 
 land is moderate and the opportunities for profitable in- 
 vestment are excellent. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 11 
 
 MANUPWCTl RERS. 
 
 A comparative statement of the manufaetiiriiio; and me- 
 chanical industries of the State, as shown hv each census 
 from 1850 to 1900, shows a remarkable fi^owth during* 
 tliat period. Tlie population during" that period increased 
 from 1,002,717 to 2,020,616, or 101.5 percent; while the 
 average number of wage earners employed increased from 
 12,039 to 50,167, or 816.7 per cent. The largest number 
 of wage earners employed at any one time in, 1900 was 
 72,618, or 3.6 per cent of the total population. The cap- 
 ital employed increased from $6,527,729 in 1850 to $71,- 
 182,966 in 1900; the cost of material used increased 
 from $5,166,886 in 1850 to $63,384,665 in 1900, while 
 the value of products increased from $9,725,608 in 1850 
 to $107,437,879 in 1900. The capital employed in 1900, 
 compared with 1890, increased from $51,475,092 to 
 $71,182,966; the cost of material used in 1900, compared 
 with 1890, increased from $4-0,463,782 to $63,384,665; 
 the value of products in 1900, compared with 1890, in- 
 creased from $72,355,286 to $107,437,879; the average 
 number of wage earners employed in 1900, compared witli 
 1890, increased from 37,487 to 50,167. 
 
 The census report for 1900 says: 
 
 " The manufactures of Tennessee are based largely upon 
 natural resources. Since 1880 the increase in the more 
 important manufactures has been marked. Mineral de- 
 posits, including iron and copper ores and coal, largely 
 neglected until within the last twenty-five years, are the 
 chief causes of this growth. Fields of coal of excellent 
 coking quality underlie 5,100 square miles of the State, 
 and the production in 1899 amounted to 3,330,659 short 
 tons, or nearly twice the production in 1889. In 1899 
 Tennessee ranked thirteenth among the States in coal pro- 
 duction. 
 
 " Tennessee is traversed by several trunk railways. In 
 1900 its mileage aggregated 3.137 miles, or 7.51 miles ]>er 
 
12 Haistdbook of Tenjn^essee. 
 
 100 square miles of territory, as compared with an aver- 
 a;2:e of 6.51 miles for the United States. 
 
 " The State also has several navigable rivers. The 
 Mississippi Eiver, its western boundary, furnishes com- 
 munication with the entire Mississippi Valley. Manu- 
 factures are fairly well distributed and diversified, those 
 based upon grain and lumber predominating in the cen- 
 tral and western sections ; those based upon minerals, in 
 the eastern part." 
 
 The ten leading industries of the State in 1900 em- 
 braced 3,787 establishments, or 47.3 per cent of the total 
 •number in the State; used a capital of $43,813,589, or 
 61 .6 per cent of the total ; gave employment to 28,478 wage 
 earners, or 56.8 per cent of the total numbfer; and paid 
 $9,080,597, or 55 per cent of the total wages. 
 
 EEOUR. 
 
 The manufacture of flour-mill and gristmill products 
 is the most important industry in the State. The 1,618 
 establishments reported in 1900 gave employment to 1,154 
 'wage earners, or 2.3 per cent of the wage earners employed 
 in the State; and the products were valued at $21,798,929, 
 or 20.3 per cent of the total value of the products of the 
 State. In 1890 there were 918 establislmients, 1,417 
 wage earners, and products valued at $12,474,284. The 
 increase in the value of products during the decade was 
 $9,324,645, or 74.8 per cent. Tennessee has good water 
 power and excellent distributing facilities. Flour and 
 gristmills are found in all parts of the State, though 
 j^asliville is the chief center of the industry. Knoxville 
 is the milling center of the eastern section of tlie State, 
 and the industry is rising into importance at Memphis. 
 
 LUMBER. 
 
 The manufacture of lumber and timber products ranks 
 second among the industries of the State, with 1,732 es- 
 tablislnnents, 11,192 wage earners, and products valued 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 13 
 
 at $18,127,784. In 1890 there were 820 establishments, 
 7,424 wage earners, and products valued at $9,073,686. 
 Tlie increase in the value of products during the decade 
 was $9,054,098, or 99.8 per cent. The forests of Ten- 
 nessee contain many species of trees and are among the 
 best in the United States. 
 
 The most valuable timbers in the eastern part of tlie 
 State include oak, ash, hickory, maple, poplar, and chest- 
 nut. The Tennessee River and its tributaries bring the 
 logs from the mountains do"\vn to Knoxville and Chatta- 
 nooga,' which are leading manufacturing points. jSTash- 
 ville is the principal lumber-manufacturing city in the 
 central part of the State. Poplar, the timber most used 
 there, is found in comparative abundance in the northern 
 and central counties of Eastern and Central Tennessee and 
 in the river counties of Western Tennessee. It is adapted 
 to all purposes of house building, both for construction and 
 outside and inside finish. Oak ranlcs next in importance. 
 Ash is used for the inside finish of houses and for the man- 
 ufacture of agricultural implements. For the latter pur- 
 pose it ranks next to hickory, which is used almost ex- 
 clusively for wagons, carriages, and handles. The scar- 
 city of walnut and cherry has led to the increasing use of 
 oalc, maple, birch, sycamore, and poplar in the manufac- 
 ture of furniture. Quantities of these timbers are shipped 
 to other States of the Union, to Canada and Mexico, and 
 to Great Britain and other European countries. Mean- 
 phis is the headquarters of the lumber manufacture in 
 West Tennessee. The chief varieties cut in this section 
 are poplar, white oak, ash, hickory, sycamore, and cypress. 
 Much of it is shipped to the Xorth in th<> form of planks 
 and staves. 
 
 IRON AXD STEEI-. 
 
 In 1900 there were 16 establishments engaged in the 
 manufacture of iron and steel (the industry is third in 
 rank), with 1,979 wage earners, and products valued 
 at $5,080,624; in 1890 there were 15 establishments, 
 
14 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 1,472 wage earners, and products valued a.t $4,247,868. 
 The increase in the value of products during the decade 
 was $832,756, or 10,6 per cent. This industry has been 
 stimulated by abundant deposits of fuel and ore. Coking 
 coal of excellent quality is found in the Cumberland re- 
 gion, the State in 1809 being sixth in rank among the 
 coke-producing States, with a production of 380,525 short 
 tons. This was an increase of 23,561 tons, or 6.Q per 
 cent, over the production of 1880. 
 
 The three chief iron-producing districts correspond, in 
 a general way, to tlie location of the iron-ore deposits. 
 T]ie Eastern District comprises the counties of Johnson, 
 Sullivan, aufl Washing'ton; the Chattanooga District, the 
 most im]>ortant of the three, includes the counties of 
 Roane, lihea, Hamilton, Marion, and Franklin ; and the 
 Central District, the counties of Montgomery, Stewart, 
 Dickson, Hickman, l^ewis, Lawrence, and Wayne. The 
 fu.rnaces in the last-named district rel}^ chiefly upon char- 
 coal, though some of them have recently begim, the use of 
 coke. 
 
 FOUNDRIES AND :\IACHINE SHOPS. 
 
 In 1000 there were 05 establishments engaged in 
 the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop prod- 
 ucts, with 3,146 wage earners, and products valued at 
 $1,074,500; in 1800 there were 68 establishments, 
 2,620 v/age earners, and products valued at $4,427,187. 
 The decrease in the value of products during the decade 
 was $352,678, or 8 per cent. 
 
 TEXTILES. 
 
 In 1000 there were 72 establishments engaged in the 
 manufacture of textiles, with 4,251 wage earners, and 
 products valued at $3,007,270 ; in 1800 there were 60 
 establishments, 3,051 wage earners, and products valued 
 at $3,724,138. The increase in the value of prodiicts 
 during the decade was $183,141, or 4.0 per cent. 
 
 Tennessee possesses facilities for the ordinary textile 
 
Handbook; of Teistnessee. 15 
 
 inanufactnres, the eastern section being well adapted to 
 the production of wool. Knoxyille has a large woolen 
 mill, and small woolen mills are scattered over the eastern 
 and central sections. No factories for the manufacture 
 of hosier)' and knit goods were reported in 1890 ; in 1900 
 there were 4. 
 
 RAILROAD SHOPS. 
 
 In 1900 there Avere 16 establishments engaged in car 
 construction and general shop work of steam railroad 
 companies, witli 2,817 wage earners, aaid products valued 
 at $3,113,053; in 1890 there were 10 establishments, 
 1,772 wage earners, and products valued at $1,605,778. 
 The increase in tlie value of products during the decade 
 was $1,507,275, or 93.9 per cent. 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 In 1900 there were 92 establishments engaged in the 
 manufacture of tobacco, with 1,237 wage earners, and 
 products valued at $3,010,602 ; in 1890 there were 54 es- 
 tablishments, 700 wage earners, and products valued at 
 $853,529. The increase in the value of products during 
 the decade Avas $2,157,073, or 252.7 per cent. In addi- 
 tion to the ordinary varieties, Tennessee produces several 
 kinds of fine tobaccos, tlie most important being the bright 
 tol)accos of Greene County and the fine red shipping to- 
 baccos of the Clarksville District. 
 
 COTTOlV-SEEr) OIL. 
 
 Ill 1900 there were 17 establishments engaged in the 
 manufacture of cotton-seed oil and cake, with 751 wage 
 earners, and products valued at $2,980,041 ; in 1890 there 
 were 15 establislmients, 1,030 wage earners, and products 
 valued at $2,504,741. Tlie increase in the value of prod- 
 ucts during the decade was $475,300, or 19 per cent. The 
 industry is carried on most extensively in tiie western sec- 
 tion of the State, centering at Mempliis. 
 
16 Handbook or Tennessee. 
 
 LEATHER. 
 
 In 1900 there were 44 establislmients engaged in the 
 manufacture of leather, with 803 wage earners, and prod- 
 ucts valued at $2,802,117; in 1890 there were 60 estalv 
 lishnients, 612 wage earners, and products valued at $1,- 
 266,556. The increase in the value of products during 
 the decade was $1,535,561, or 121.2 per cent. 
 
 PLANING :SIILES. 
 
 In 1900 tliere were 85 eBtablishments engaged in the 
 manufacture of planing-mill products, with 1,148 wage 
 earners, and products valued at $2,273,457; in_1890 there 
 were 73 establishments, 1,498 wage earners, and products 
 valued at $3,450,243. The decrease in tlie value of prod- 
 ucts during the decade was $1,176,786, or 34.1 per cent. 
 
 AOKTCULTURAl. CONDITIONS IN TENNESSEE. 
 
 Agricultural conditions in Tennessee are steadilj im- 
 proving, keeping pace with the growth of commerce and 
 the developments in mining and manufacturing. The 
 total number of farms on June 1, 1900, was 224,623. 
 The value of farms at that date was $265,150,750. The 
 lands and improvements other than buildings were val- 
 ued at $202,013,790, and the value of buildings on the 
 farms was $63,136,960. The live stock was valued at 
 $60,818,605, and the value of fanu implements and ma- 
 chinery was $15,232,670. 
 
 Adding all these items together gives us $341,202,025 
 as the value of farm property. The total value of farm 
 products for 1899 was $106,166,440. Of this amount, 
 33.4 per cent, amounting to $35,421,198, represents the 
 value of animal products, and 66.6 per cent, amounting to 
 $70,745,242, represents the value of crops, including tim- 
 ber cut from tlie land. 
 
Handbook oi< Tena'essee. 
 
 17 
 
 FARM PRODUCTS. 
 
 Corn $28,059,508 
 
 Wheat 7,882,(597 
 
 Oats 887,940 
 
 Other cereals 84,447 
 
 Potatoes 817,419 
 
 Sweet potatoes 888, ()20 
 
 Onions 10(5,421 
 
 Beans .... 57,()()0 
 
 Peas. 767,840 
 
 Vahie of other vegeta- 
 bles '..... 3,;}39.1«2 
 
 Clover seed 34,145 
 
 Other grass seed 70.332 
 
 Peanuts $ 392,648 
 
 Fruits 2,193,318 
 
 Hay and forage 6,811,577 
 
 Sorghum cane sold. . . 61,793 
 
 Sorghum sirup 585,336 
 
 Cotton 8,192,642 
 
 Cotton seed 974,046 
 
 Tobicco 2,748,495 
 
 Broom corn 47,252 
 
 Value of forest prod- 
 ucts 5,086,624 
 
 Miscellaneous 660,350 
 
 Total $70,745,242 
 
 ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Wool $ 263,779 
 
 Dairy products 8,028,466 
 
 Poultr}- and eggs 7,398,075 
 
 Honey and wax 259,691 
 
 Meat products 19,471,187 
 
 Total $35,421,198 
 
 FRUIT TREES. 
 
 There are in the State fruit trees as follows : 
 
 Apple 7,71 4,053 
 
 Peach 2,749,203 
 
 Apricot, cherry, pear, plum, and prune 1,198,286 
 
 Total fruit trees 11,708,629 
 
 COTTON AND GRAIN PRODUCTION. 
 
 The cotton and g;rain prodnetion in Tennessee, accord- 
 ing- to the census report for 1000, is as follows: 
 
 Cotton production for 1899-1900 (500-pound bales) . . 235,008 
 
 Wheat production for 1899 (bushels) 11,924,010 
 
 Corn production for 1899 (bushds) 67,307,790 
 
 Oat production for 1899 ( bushels) 2,725,330 
 
 Other cereal production for 1899 (bu.shels) 138,402 
 
18 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. 
 
 The live stock on hand, according to the census of 1900, 
 was as follows : 
 
 Cattle of all kinds 962,553 
 
 Dairy cows 351,949 
 
 Horses , 391,(504 
 
 Mules 264,248 
 
 Sheep 499,277 
 
 Hogs 2,059,896 
 
 Asses and burros *. 9,395 
 
 KAinrs AND FARM ACREAGE FKOM 1850 TO 1900. 
 
 The f(dlowin,a' table from the census report for 1900 
 shows the farm acreage and the number of fanris from 
 IS 50 to 1890, as shown in each census vear: 
 
 
 O . 
 
 <> S 
 
 NUMBER OF ACRES IN FARMS. 
 
 Percent, of 
 Farml,and 
 Improved. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Improved. 
 
 Unim- ~ . 1 
 proved. Total. 
 
 Average. 
 
 1900 
 
 1890 
 
 1880 
 
 1870 
 
 1860 
 
 1850 
 
 224,623 
 174.412 
 165,6-50 
 118,141 
 82,368 
 72,735 
 
 10,245,9.50 
 9,362,555 
 8,496,556 
 6,843,278 
 6,795,337 
 5,175,173 
 
 10,096,108 
 10.79ti,028 
 12,170,3)9 
 12,737,936 
 13,873,828 
 13,808,849 
 
 20,312,058 
 20,161,583 
 20,666,915 
 19,581,214 
 2i),6i9,I65 
 18,984,022 
 
 90.6 
 115.6 
 124.8 
 165.7 
 2.50.9 
 261.0 
 
 50.4 
 46.4 
 41.1 
 34.9 
 32.9 
 27.3 
 
 The total number of fanns reported in 1900 was over 
 three times as great as in 1850 and 28.8 per cent greater 
 than in 1890. Tlie total acreage has not increased rap- 
 idly, the gain since 1850 being but 7.2 per cent, and in 
 the last decade but 0.9 per cent. These changes have re- 
 sulted in a continuous decrease in the average size of 
 farms, indicating a progressive division of farm holdings 
 and a more complete utilization of the soil. The area of 
 improved land has increased continuously since 1870 and 
 at a more rapid rate than the total farm acreage, the per 
 cent of farm land improved being greater in 1900 than 
 in any previous census year. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 19 
 
 FAim PROPERTY AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 The following: table froni the census report for 1900 
 shows the vahies of specified classes of farm property and 
 of products from 1850 to 1900: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Land, Im- 
 provements, 
 and 
 Buildings. 
 
 Implements 
 
 and 
 Machinery. 
 
 Total Value 
 of Harm 
 Property. 
 
 Live 
 Stock. 
 
 Farm 
 Products.* 
 
 1900 
 
 $265,150,7F0 
 212,700,540 
 206,749,837 
 21 -,743,747 
 271,358,'. 85 
 97,851,212 
 
 $15,232,670 
 9,9:ii>,880 
 9,051,86:! 
 S, 199.487 
 8,465,792 
 5,3)0,210 
 
 $ 541,202, 025 
 3i2,8'.il,6"0 
 2."i9,4r6,i70 
 282,027,309 
 3(0,0;!6,202 
 133,189,438 
 
 $60,818,605 
 60,2.-4,230 
 43,651,470 
 55,084 075 
 60,211,425 
 29,978,016 
 
 $106,166,440 
 
 1890 
 
 f.5, 194,181 
 
 1880 
 
 1870t 
 
 62,076,311 
 t86,472,H7 
 
 1860 
 
 
 1850 
 
 
 
 
 * For year preceding that designated. 
 
 fValues for 1870 vrere reported in depreciated currency. To reduce to specie 
 
 basis of other years, they must be diminished one-fifth, 
 t Includes betterments and additions to live stock. 
 
 The total value of fanu property for 1860 includes 
 slaves and other propert-y swept away by the Civil War. 
 Deducting one-fifth from the total value of farm property 
 for 1870 would reduce it to $225,621,848, showing a loss 
 on account of the war of $114,414,354, in addition to the 
 loss of the large percentage of increase during the decade 
 from 1860 to 1870 which, but for the war, would liave fol- 
 lowed. A comparison of the tables for 1860 and 1900 
 shows that it has required forty years for Tennessee to 
 reach the total value of farm property that she had before 
 the war. jN^otwithstanding the destruction of property 
 caused by tlie Civil War, the State shows a remarkable 
 agricultural growth and development in the last half cen- 
 tury. The increase in the total value of farm property 
 since 1890 was $28,310,375, or 9 per cent. The increase 
 in tlie value of land, improvements, and buildings was 
 $22,450,210, or 9.3 per cent; in that of implements and 
 machinery, $5,295,790, or 53.3 per cent; and in that of 
 live stoclv, $564,375, or 0.9 per cent. The value of farm 
 products in 1899 was 92.4 per cent greater than tlie value 
 reported for 1889. 
 
20 Handbook ok Tennessee. 
 
 COAi. AND IKOX. 
 
 [The following article on the coal and iron interests of Tennes- 
 see was especially prepared for this publication by Col. A. M. 
 Shook, of Nashville, Tenn., who is perhaps the best-informed 
 man in the State on this subject:] 
 
 The coal and iron deposits of Tennesseo commence with 
 its northeastera boundary and follow closely the Tennes- 
 see and Cumberland Hivers or their respective tributaries 
 almost as far as tliey run through the State. East Ten- 
 nessee is very abundantly blessed with both coal and iron 
 ore, widely distributed. The coals rank high, especially 
 for steam and domestic purposes. It also contains a large 
 area of coking coals tliat compare favorabl}^ with other 
 coking coals of the South. The ores, also widely distrib- 
 uted, are both red and browm. The red ores are a part of 
 the great Clinton lead, extending from New York to Ala- 
 bama and passing through East Tennessee. The quantity, 
 quality, location, and dip control the value of these ores, 
 which have a very wide range, varying from a high-grade 
 soft ore, carrying 55 per ceut metallic iron, to a low-grade 
 hard ore, carrying only about 20 per cent metallic iron. 
 The brown ores' are also widely scattered, and vary about 
 as much in quality as the red ores. Some of the brown 
 ores in Cocke (.bounty are especially fine, carrying nearly 
 60 per cent metallic iron; but, unfortunately, they also 
 carry a high percentage of phosphorus. The highrgrade 
 magnetic ores of the Cranberry field also occur in limited 
 quantities in one or two border counties in Tennessee. 
 
 All the ores of East Tennessee carry a large percentage 
 of silica, except the magnetic ores of Carter and Jolmson 
 Counties and the high phosphonnis ores of Cocke County. 
 The most abimdant and reliable supply is from the Clin- 
 ton lead, which carries either a large percentage of silica 
 or too much lime. Tennessee, like the other Southern 
 States, has practically no ore that is low enough in phos- 
 phorus to make acid Bessemer steel; while all the East 
 Tennessee ores make an iron that is splendidly adapted 
 
Hani»booi^ of Tennessee. 21 
 
 to the inannfactnre of basic, open-heartli steel, which is 
 the coniing" product. 
 
 Chattanooga seems to be the logical and natural center 
 of the iron and coal industry of East Tennessee on account 
 of its geoo-raphical position, in, the center of the coal and 
 iron fields ; its magnificent r abroad facilities for assem- 
 bling the raw materials and distributing the manufactured 
 products; its gTeat river, the upper tributaries- of which' 
 drain the virgin forests of Upper East Tennessee and Vir- 
 ginia, and also the coal and iron, ore deposits ; while the 
 Lower Tennessee Tiiver furnishes an outlet by water for 
 its manufactured products. Chattanooga is the oidy city 
 or town in the South to-day that is making pig iron, that 
 consumes more than it mW^es. Notwithstanding the fact 
 that it is the third largest pig-iron producing district in 
 the South, it is to-day importing pig iron from the other 
 Southern districts, for the reason that its manufacturing 
 establishments consume more than the local furnaces pro- 
 duce. 
 
 The coal field of Tennessee, lying between the Tennes- 
 see and Cumberland Rivers and their tributaries, is the 
 largest undeveloped coal field in the United States. It 
 is true that the C'incinnati Southern Railroad crosses the 
 field and some development has been done along its line. 
 The Southern Railway also penetrates tlie field from Knox- 
 ville to Jellico, and here is found the largest development 
 of domestic and steam coal. The JTashville, Chattanooga 
 and St. liOuis Railway skirts the western border* from 
 Cowan to (yhattanooga, the largest development being at 
 Tracy City, Whitwell, and Bon Air. The Tennessee Cen- 
 tral Railroad, just completed to jN'ashville, opens up the 
 eastern side of the field and makes available the magnif- 
 icent domestic coals of the Upper Cumberland River. 
 This great coal field, with the Tennessee River on one side, 
 the Cumberland River on the other side; the Cincinnati 
 Southern Railroad crossing it from north to south; the 
 Southern Railwav iDenetrating the eastern end ; the ISTash- 
 
22 Handbook of Tennessjee. 
 
 ville, Chattanoog-a and St. Louis Railway skirting its 
 western and soiithern borders ; the Jasper, Tracy City, 
 and Sparta branches penetrating it on the south and 
 west : and the Tennessee Central Railroad skirting the 
 eastern and northern boundary, is still practically unde- 
 veloped. 
 
 Recent tests in Grundy, Marion, and Whiter Counties 
 ''have greatly increased the value of this part of the coal 
 field. I^he Sewanee vein is justly entitled to first place 
 as a coking and steam coal. It has, until quite recently, 
 been regarded as the top, or upper, scam, and is easily 
 located, being inmiediately above tlie lower conglomerate, 
 which fonus the table stone, or capstone, of the Cumber- 
 land Plateau. Four miles north of Tracy City recent 
 tests have developed a vein above the Sewanee vein, and 
 also the presence of the upper conglomerate, which is im- 
 mediately under the upper Sewanee seam. This vein, 
 until the last few months, has been regarded as the main 
 Sewanee vein. The fact that it is the upper seam and 
 40 feet above the main Sewanee seam greatly enlarges the 
 area occupied by the main Sewanee. seam. 
 
 The lower measures have only been, worked successfully 
 at Bon Air, in White County. While the coal is found 
 under the table rock and can be traced without difficulty 
 from Pikeville, Tenn., to Bridgeport, Ala., on. the east, and 
 from Cowan to Bon Air, on the west, at no other place 
 has it been found thick enoug'h to work successfully until 
 witliiil the past few months. The " Xeed More " mines 
 have been opened in Marion County, near Bridgeport, 
 Ala., where the coal is uniform in quality and averages 
 from 3 feet 4 inches to 5 feet 2 inches in thickness. Re- 
 cent test holes a few miles north of Bon Air, in White 
 County, have developed a tliickness ranging from 3 feet 
 6 inches to 5 feet 4 inches. A sliaft has been sunk less 
 tlian 200 feet deep to the coal, and the I^ashville, Chatta- 
 nooga and St. Louis Railway is extending the Sparta 
 branch to the place. This is a fine domestic coal, a good 
 
]Iandbook of Tennessek. 23 
 
 steajii coal, and a fair gas coal, and is now being' worked 
 extensively at Bon Air. 
 
 The Sewanee and Bon Air veins have been definitely 
 and accurately located with pick and shovel. The veins 
 that are being developed by tlie Tennessee Central Rail- 
 road have not been definitely located with reference to tlie 
 Sewanee and Bon Air veins. A thorough and accurate 
 geological survey of this coal field is greatly needed, so 
 tliat the value, extent, ^ideographical and geological position 
 this great coal field holds can be seen and appreciated. 
 
 What is laiown as the " western iron belt " of Lower 
 ^fiddle Tennessee' and West Tennessee extends entirely 
 across tlie State, from Kentucky, on tlie north, to Alabama, 
 on the south, embracing the counties of Stewart, Lewis, 
 LaAvrence, Wayne, and others. Six blast funiaces are now 
 operating in tliis belt — two in ^Vayne County, one in Hick- 
 man Coimty, one in Dickson County, one in Montgomery 
 County, and one in Stewart County. All use local ores, 
 with coke as fuel, except the Stewart County plant, which 
 uses charcoal ; and this plant occupies the proud distinc- 
 tion of being able to sell its product at a higher prices than 
 any other blast furnace in tlie LTnited States on, account 
 of its superior quality, almost the entire output being used 
 at Pittsburg in the manufacture of chilled rolls. 
 
 From the ores of Stewart County the celebrated " Ten- 
 nessee iron '' of fifty years ago was made. The quality 
 was so good that the makers proudly advertised the fact 
 that no boiler made from " Tennessee iron " had ever been 
 known tf) explode. 
 
 The ores of Wayne County are as remarkable as those of 
 Stewart, but of a very diiferent character, and the product 
 is used for a very different purpose. While the ores of 
 Stewart County get their value from low phosphorus and 
 low silicon product, the ores of Wayne Couiity derive their 
 value from high phosphorous and high silicon product. A 
 recent sale of high phosphorus, high silicon pig iron from 
 Wayne County brought higher prices than, any pig iron 
 
24 Haistdbook of Tennessee. 
 
 in this country, except tlie low phosphorous, low silicon, 
 cold-blast charcoal iron of Stewart County. The Stewart 
 County ores puddle well ; the Wayne County ores melt 
 well. Between these extremes are found larg'e quantities 
 of ore suitable for forge and foundry iron required for 
 ordinary purposes. 
 
 All the furnaces in the field, except the one in Mont- 
 gomery County, were originally built for the manufacture 
 of charcoal iron, including' three others that are now idle ; 
 but all are now running on coke, except the Stewart County 
 furnace. The reasons that brought about tlie change from 
 charcoal to coke are that the amount of Avood required to 
 make charcoal, even for a small furnace, yery soon ex- 
 hausts the adjacent country of timber. Through this sec- 
 tion the average yield is about 25 cords per acre. The 
 average yield of charcoal is 40 bushels per cord. It takes 
 100 bushels of charcoal to make a ton of hot-blast iron. 
 So that a furnace running on charcoal and making 50 tons 
 per day will consume the entire yield of 5 acres every 
 day, or 1 acre for every 10 tons of iron made; while a 
 vein of coal 4 feet thick will produce 5,000 tons per acre 
 and make 3,000 tons of coke per acre, which will make, 
 approximately, 3,000 tons of pig iron. In other words, 
 an acre of coal 4 feet thick will make 300 times as much 
 coke iron as an acre of timber that will cut 25 cords will 
 make of charcoal iron. An additional reason for chang- 
 ing from charcoal to coke is that by the use of coke the 
 capacity of the furnace is increased nearly 50 per cent; 
 and still another reason is that for ordinary forge and 
 foundry work coke iron sells for about as much as char- 
 coal, the exception being for specialties, such as car wheels, 
 chilled rolls, etc. 
 
 The future of this great iron field depends upon the 
 price of coke. To-day it is shipping all the coke used in 
 the five furnaces that are in blast from Big Stone Gap, 
 Ky., an average of over 500 miles by rail; and while the 
 rate of freight is not excessive, being less than one-half 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 25 
 
 of a cent per ton per mile, it amounts to nearly $3 per ton 
 of iron. 
 
 If the coal fields that are penetrated by the IsTashville, 
 Chattanoog'a and St. Louis Railway and the Tennessee 
 Central Kailroad were sufficiently developed and equipped 
 with coke ovens to- furnish this supply of coke, it would 
 reduce the average haul to less than 250 miles, reduce the 
 freight cost per ton of iron from $3 to $1.50, and give 
 employment to 1,500 men at the mines, increasing' the 
 value of both coal and iron ore lands and increasing the 
 tonnage to- our railroads. This applies only to the fur- 
 naces in Tennessee. The extensive developments at Flor- 
 ence, Ala., and Sheffield, Ala., draw largely on this ore 
 field for a supply for six large coke fiirnaces at these 
 places. These furnaces will consume 2,000 tons of coke 
 daily, which means 3,500 tons of coal. This would more 
 than double the nmnber of men employed in the coal mines 
 and ratably increase the value of our coal fields^ in addi- 
 tion to giving a largely increased tonnage to our railroads. 
 
 Present conditions and the outlook for iron products 
 certainly warrant the development of this great coking 
 coal field to a point that will at least supply the present 
 demand. 
 
 The undisputed fact that coal and iron are our greatest 
 wealth-producing commodities and the presence of both 
 in such large quantities in Tennessee only emphasizes the 
 necessity for their greater development. 
 
 TENNESSEE PHOSPHATES. 
 
 [Through the courtesy of Dr. C. W. Hayes, of the United States 
 Geological Survey, I present to those interested a practical treat- 
 ise prepared by him on the phosphates of the State, the mining of 
 which, though now only in its infancy, will doubtless prove a 
 great industry.] 
 
 High-gTade phosphate rock, in sufficient quantity to be 
 of commercial importance, was first discovered in Tennes- 
 
26 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 see in 1893. jSTo rock was mined for shipment in that 
 year, but in 1894 shipments began and liave steadily in- 
 creased np to 1900. During 1901 the prodnetion on the 
 sales basis showed a slight decrease from the previous year. 
 This was due in part to heavy rainfall flooding the mines 
 and in part to the attitude of foreigii pliosphate manufac- 
 turers, who withheld orders, awaiting a fall in the price. 
 From 1894 to the close of 1901, 1,808,943 tons had been 
 mined and sold at a total valuation at the mines of $4,596,- 
 158. The rapid development of the industry is shown by 
 the following table, taken from " Statistics of the Divi- 
 sion of Mineral Eesources of the United States Geological 
 Survey " for 1901, which gives the production and value 
 of the product by years : 
 
 PRODUCTION OF PHOSPHATE ROCK IN TENNESSEE. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity — 
 Long Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1894 
 
 19,188 
 38,515 
 26,157 
 128,723 
 308,107 
 424,109 
 454,491 
 409,653 
 
 $ 67,158 
 82,160 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 57,370 
 193,115 
 
 498,392 
 
 1899 
 
 1,177 166 
 
 1900 
 
 1,328,707 
 
 1901 
 
 1,192,090 
 
 
 
 It will thus be seen that, next to^ coal, phosphate is the 
 most important mineral product of the State. 
 
 CInssificalion. — Three distinct species of phosphate 
 rock occur in commercial quantities in Tennessee, and all 
 of them, so far as at present loiown, are confined to this 
 State. These three species are conveniently distinguished 
 by their prevailing color, as (1) bi'own, (2) black or blue, 
 and (3) white phosphate. The black phospluite is further 
 distinguished as " bedded " and " nodular," only the 
 bedded rock, however, being commercially important. 
 Also, the white rock is distinguished as " lainellar," "' brec- 
 cia," and " stonv." Here, again, only the first is at pres- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 27 
 
 ent utilized. Tliese several species and varieties of the 
 phosphate rock occur at different geological horizons, have 
 different associations and origins. They will be taken up 
 and described in tlie order given above, which is that of 
 their relative age, and happens also to be the order of their 
 relative couiiiiercial importance. 
 
 Composiiion. — Phosphate rock consists essentially of 
 tricalcimn ]>hosphate, which has the chemical formula 
 Ca.s Po Os. This is often referred to as '" bone phosphate 
 of lime," because it is the substance which enters chiefly 
 into the composition of bone. Tn addition to this calcium 
 phosphate, the rock contains a variety of other substances 
 as impurities. The most abundant are silica, in the form 
 of quartz or chert ; various iron compounds, as' the oxide, 
 sulphide (iron pyrites), carbonate or phosyvhate, silicate 
 of aluminium (clay), calcium carbonate (calcite or lime- 
 stone) ; and organic matter, both of animal and vegetable 
 origin. The sum of these accessor}^ constituents of the 
 phosphate rock is rarely less than 20 per cent, the remain- 
 ing SO per cent being calcium phosphate. From this mini- 
 mum of 18 or 20 per cent, they increase until the phosphate 
 itself becomes a subordinate constituent or disappears, and 
 the rock passes into a sandstone, limestone, or shale. 
 There is, therefore, no shai-p' line separating phosphate 
 rock from other rocks of gTcat diversity, but a gradual 
 passage from one to the others. To form a commercial 
 product, however, the rock must have at least 65 per cent 
 of calcium ]>hosphate, and its value increases rapidly with 
 each additional per cent, since the other constituents are 
 not only objectionable as so much dead weight to be trans- 
 ported, but some of them seriously interfere with the -treat- 
 ment of the rock in cmiverting it into fertilizer. 
 
 Brown Flinsphaie. — Bro^m phosphate, as its name im- 
 plies, is characterized by a rusty brown or yellowish color, 
 frequently a decided gray oh a fresh fracture. The bro^\m 
 color is due to iron oxide, which is always more or less 
 abundantlv associated with the rock. It always has a 
 
28 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 porous strnctnre, and consequently a low specific ^'avity. 
 In some cases it is composed chiefly of very small rounded 
 and hig'hly polislied grains of lime phosphate; in other 
 cases these gTains are obscure or wanting, and the rock con- 
 sists of a cellular mass, the walls of the cells being made 
 up of compact gTay phosphate. The casts of numerous 
 minute coiled shells also occur in the rock, and in some 
 cases impressions of large bivalve shells. The rock occurs 
 in the form of loose plates from 1/2 inch to 4 inches in 
 thickness,' and sometimes several feet broad. These are 
 separated by more or less reddish clay. They sometimes 
 retain very nearly their original horizontal position,, al- 
 ii lOugh they are elsewhere often grea,tly disturbed. These 
 plates, as tiiey are exposed in the process of mining, have 
 the appearance of a rather evenly laid stone wall. They 
 form a layer which varies widely in thickness in different 
 parts of the field, from a few inches up to 15 or 18 feet. 
 The phosphate is generally covered by a layer of red clay 
 from a fcAv inches up to 10 feet in thickness. 
 
 The immediate source of the phospliate is very evident, 
 although its remoter origin is more difficult to deteraiine. 
 Tn mining, masses of limestone are frequently met with 
 replacing the layer of phosphate rock. These are seen to 
 be composed of alternating bands of partially crystalline 
 blue limestone and gray or brownish phosphatic limestone. 
 When such a rock is exposed to the action of surface waters 
 containing carbonic and other organic acids, the lime is 
 leached out and removed, while the phosphate, being very 
 much less soluble, remains. The layers of gi'ay phosphatic 
 limestone thus give rise to the plates of brown phosphate, 
 while the intervening" layers of blue limestone a-re reduced 
 to the thin layers of ferruginous clay which occur between 
 the phosphate plates. There is, in, tliis process of leaching, 
 generally, a great reduction in the volume of the original 
 rock. The phosphatic layers usually retain their original 
 thickness in the plates of brown phosphate, but the inter- 
 venine: layers of blue limestone are reduced to a small 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 29 
 
 fraction of their orifz'iiial volume. Whenever the leaching 
 takes place irregularly and masses of unleached limestone 
 are left, the resulting phosphate plates sag down between 
 adjacent limestone masses, and are thus in many places 
 more or less broken and disturbed. They can, however, be 
 seen to pass directly into the phosphatic layers of the lime- 
 stone, and their derivation from the latter is, therefore, 
 unquestionable. The brown phosphate varies greatly in 
 hardness, from a soft, incoherent sand to a hard, ringing 
 rock. 
 
 At a few localities the pliosphate, instead of occurring 
 in alternating layers of phospliatic limestone and blue crys- 
 talline limestone, is concentrated in beds of considerable 
 thickness, up to 2 or 3 feet. These beds contain only 
 a small percentage of lime, and, therefore, form high- 
 grade phosphates without the preliminary leaching which 
 is essential in most cases. In some cases the color is light 
 gray ; in others, bluish gray grading into black. The lat- 
 ter rock very closely resembles the blue Devonian rock, to 
 be described later, and has sometimes been mistaken for it. 
 This variety of rock has been found at only a few localities 
 in ]\Iaury 'rbunty. 
 
 The brown phosphate is associated with several of tlie 
 Silurian limestone formations whicli fomi the surface in 
 the C^^entral Basin of Tennessee. These formations, from 
 the Devonian downward, are named as follows: Clifton, 
 Fernvale, I.eiper, Cathey, Bigby, Hermitage, Carter, and 
 Lebanon. (" Columbia Quadrangle, Geological Atlas of 
 tlie United States, United States Geological Suiwey " — 
 in press.) Three of these formations — na^nely, the 
 Leiper, Bigl)y, and ITermitage — contain limestones which 
 are sufficiently phosphatic to yield high-grade rock in 
 commercial quantities. The phosphate of the Hermitage 
 formation is the least important and is confined to tlia 
 soutliern portion of the field, chiefly in tlio vicinity of 
 Mount Pleasant. The most important phosphatic beds 
 occur in the Bigby formation. Brown phosphates de- 
 
30 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 rived from tliis fonnation are found in Giles Connty, ver)' 
 extensively in IVfanrj County, and to sonio extent in Will- 
 ia.inso'n and Davidson C^ounties. The phosphates derived 
 from the Leiper oocnr to some extent in Maury County, 
 l)ut cliiefly in vSumner County. It will thus be seen that 
 all tlie counties which occupy the western margin of the 
 (Vntral Basin of Tennessee contain more or less of the 
 hvnwii ]>hosphate. At many ]>laces this is not sufficiently 
 hioh n'rade or sufficient in amount to warrant workino- at 
 t.lie ]u-espnt time. The workable field, however, wliile it 
 is strictly limited by a'cologic and topographic conditions,, 
 will gradually expand as means of transportation are im- 
 proved and the demand for Inw-grade roclv increases. 
 
 The geologic conditions which determine the presence of 
 workable phosphate are: First, the presence at 4he surface 
 of one or the other of the phosphate-bearing forhiations ; 
 secondly, the presence in these formations of beds suffi- 
 ciently high in phosphate to yield a commercial product 
 after the removal of the lime. While these limestones 
 were being formed on the sea bottom, the sea appears to 
 have been quite shallow, and only in certain places, where 
 conditions were favorable by reason of the depth of water 
 or the direction of the currents, was the phosphate de- 
 posited. TIence it is only in these favorable localities that 
 the rock now yields a phosphate. Even v/here an abun- 
 dance of pliosphate was deposited, it was sometimes so inti- 
 mately associated with other insoluble materials, as sand 
 and clay, that the res\dting beds are too low grade to be 
 utilized. 
 
 Tt is further important that the topogTaphic conditions 
 shall be such as to favor the weathering of the phosphatic 
 l>eds over considerable areas. In case the phosphatic bed 
 outcrops on a steep slope, the width of the zone where 
 weathering can tal^e place will be very sliglit, the greater 
 part of the foiination being protected by a great thickness 
 of overlying rocks ; also, the leached material, being upon 
 a steep slope, will ])e rapidly removed ; hence the amount 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 31 
 
 of phosphate contained in the belt will be small. In case 
 the phosphatic bed, on the other hand, forms the surface 
 over a considerable stretch of level crMintry, below wdiich 
 the streams are cut sufficiently deep to afford perfect drain- 
 age, the conditions are favorable for leaching- of the rock 
 over a broad area, and the width of the phosphate-bearing 
 belt will be correspondingly great. 
 
 The importance of these topographic conditions is illus- 
 trated in the Swan C"^reek and Sugar Creek Valleys. In 
 Swan Creek Valley the phosphatic limestone outcrops upon 
 the steep slopes, while the bed, all except a shallow belt, 
 is protected by a great thickness of overlying carboniferous 
 shale and chert ; lience the zone of weathering is narrow, 
 and the productive area is correspondingly restricted. In 
 Sugar Creek Valley, on the other hand, the phosphatic beds 
 occupy the surface in broad terraces which extend from the 
 margin of the creek, frequently a quarter or a, half mile, 
 back to the foot of the steep slopes. Conditions for leach- 
 ing are favorable in these terraces, and the areas of the 
 leached rocks are, therefore, very large. 
 
 The browTL phosphate is mined entirely in open cuts. 
 The clay overburden, from 1 foot to 10 feet in thickness, is 
 first removed, usually with plow and scraper, and the phos- 
 phate then taken out with pick and shovel. The rock, after 
 being luindled with forks to separate it from the clay, is 
 spread out on the ground and allowed to dry. The drying 
 is hastened by stirring the rock with a harrow. After ex- 
 posure to the sun in this manner for several days, the rock 
 is more perfectly dried by means of open kilns, being piled 
 up on a platform of wood, which is then burned. While 
 this method of drying is almost universally emyiloyed, it 
 gives only moderately satisfactory results. It is neither 
 so economical nor so uniform in its results as some of the 
 more improved driers would appear to be. In some cases 
 the rock is washed, the entire mass of phosphate plates and 
 the intervening clay as it comes from the mine passing 
 throuirh an ordinary log washer, in which t he clay is mostly 
 
32 Handbook of Texa^essee. 
 
 removed, to!o:etlier with a large amount of the more friable 
 portions of the phosphate. This method of working is 
 much more economical than the ordinary method of fork- 
 ing, for everything which passes through the forks is lost ; 
 and where the rock is friable this includes a considerable 
 proportion of the phosphate, along with most of the clay. 
 The present wasteful methods of mining will doubtless l>e 
 follo^ved until it becomes generally recognized tliat the 
 supply of high-grade phosphate is by no means inexhausti- 
 ble. The present dumps will tlien be worked over at a 
 greatly added cost, since no attempt is ordinarily made t-o 
 keep the overburden separate from the phosphate waste. 
 If the latter were dried, crushed, and screened or bolted, 
 it appears probable that a high-grade product might be 
 obtained from material which is now a dead loss. 
 
 Some attempts have been made to estimate the total 
 amount of brown phosphate in the Tennessee field, but as 
 yet the data are not available for an estimate which !ias 
 any value. It is impoc Bible to tell, until a field is thor- 
 oughly developed, what proportion of the rock is suffi- 
 ciently leached to make it available. This is the principal 
 source of error in making estimates. Also, the thickness 
 of the phosphate layer is variable, as well as the grade of 
 the rock and the proportion which can be saved in mining, 
 While no estimate in tons can yet be made of the probable 
 yield of the field, it may be definitely stated that the field 
 is by no means inexhaustible. Injudicious statements in 
 the newspapers with regard to the inexhaiislible supply of 
 liigh-grade rock in sight have been of great damage t/i the 
 producers in demoralizing the markets. Some of the pro- 
 ducers themselves believe the supply to be inexhaustible, 
 and consequently pursue ruinously extravagant metliods of 
 mining and marketing tlie rock. JSTothing is more certain 
 than that ]jrices will become steady and greatly improve 
 if the producers will exercise ordinary precaution in ex- 
 jiloiting their properties. 
 
 Tlie most active and extensive development of the brov\^n 
 
IIaxdbook of Teistnessee. 33 
 
 s 
 
 phosphate has heen in the immediate vicinity of Mount 
 
 Pleasant. Half a dozen larji'e companies are at present 
 engaged in this district, and the shipments from Mount 
 Pleasant greatlv exceed those from all the other districts 
 combined. Two companies are operating north of Colum- 
 bia, on Carter's Creek, and one in Sumner Conntj^ on De- 
 Shea Creek. The mines at these several localities repre- 
 sent the greater part of the present development ; but, in 
 addition, small amounts of rock have been mined from 
 various other localities witliin the belt indicated along the 
 western margin of the Central Basin ; also, considerable 
 brown rock has been shipped from the vicinity of Center- 
 ville, in Hickman County. The most active company in 
 this region is the Virginia and Carolina Chemical Com- 
 pany, which is developing rather extensive deposits near 
 the mouth of Swan Creek. 
 
 BlacJc Plwsphafe. — The next variety of Tennessee phos- 
 phate, and the fir . to be discovered and mined on a com- 
 mercial scale, is of Devonian age; therefore it always oc- 
 curs above the various horizons at which the brown phos- 
 phate is found. 
 
 The Devonian of Middle Tennessee is represented by 
 only a few feet of rock — which, however, is very character- 
 istic and easily recognized. Although only a few feet, and 
 sometimes a few inches, in thickness, there are three well- 
 charaeterized and persistent subdivisions, all of which aie 
 generally, though not always, present. These are : At the 
 top, the greensand bed; in the middle, the black shale; 
 and at the base, the phosphate bed. 
 
 The upper bed is the most persistent of the three. It 
 varies in thickness from 2 or 3 inches to 3 feet. It is 
 greenish in color from the presence of glauconite, or green- 
 sand, which also gives it a somewhat sandy texture. It 
 usually contains the phosphatic nodules which form one 
 variety of the black pliosphate. 
 
 Beneath the greensand bed is the black shale. This is 
 very persistent to the westward, in Hickman and Perry 
 
 2 
 
34 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 Counties ; but eastward, in Maury and Williamson Coun- 
 ties, it is srenerally wanting. It occasionally reaches a 
 thickness i:)f 10 fc^et, although it is more generally about 
 4 feet. The black shale, as its name implies, is almost 
 ■jet-black in color, due to the presence of a large amount 
 of finely disseminated organic matter, probably of vegeta- 
 ble origin. It e'enerally splits easily into very thin leaves. 
 This division of the Devonian also occasionallj' contains 
 phosy)hatic nodules, but less often than the greensand. 
 
 Immediately under the black shale is the bed of blai.'k 
 pliospliate, which varies in thickness from 1 inch up to 
 40 inches. While this bed of phosphate is persistent over 
 a large area, embracing the western portions of Maury 
 and Williamson Counties, and the whole of Hickman, 
 Lewis, Perry, and Wayne Counties, it is only locally of 
 sufficient thickness and purity to be of commercial impor- 
 tance. The black phosphate varies widely in appearance 
 and composition. Only that rock which contains more 
 than 60 per cent of lime phosphate can be at present re- 
 garded as commercially important. This high-grade rock 
 varies in color from dense black to bluish gray. It may 
 be either fine-grained, having the appearance of a fine 
 black sandstone, or it may have an oolitic structure, being 
 composed largely of small rounded grains with highly pol- 
 ished surfaces. Lt frequently contains well-rounded water- 
 worn pebbles of phosphate or other material. These con- 
 glomerate phases are generally low grade, since the pebbles 
 are apt to bo composed of siliceous materials. It also con- 
 tains occasional fragments of large fish bones and some 
 small bivalve shells. In jNIauiy County and on. the vari- 
 ous creeks which flow into Duck River, in the eastern, por- 
 tion of Hickman County, the phosphate bed is thin and 
 low grade, containing much quartz and iron pyrites. The 
 greater part of the high-grade rock is found in the valley of 
 I^uck River, between Totty's Bend and Centerville, and 
 in the valley of Swan Creek. While the bed is continuous 
 over the whole of this region, it is only in comparatively 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 35 
 
 small areas that it is siifFicientlj thick for profitable min- 
 ing. Westward from Centerville the bed becomes con- 
 glomerate and siliceous ; while to the sonthwestward, in 
 Perry and Wayne Counties, it increases in thickness, but 
 also becomes siliceous. In this region it passes into a 
 sandy, phosphatic shale, and is in part represented by sev- 
 eral feet of fine gray sandstone. 
 
 The black phosphate is mined both by open cuts and tun- 
 neling. Since its outcrop is usually on a rather steep 
 slope, the belt within which stri]>ping is profitable is usu- 
 ally quite narrow, and the greater part of the rock must 
 be won by underground mining. When first discovered, 
 the bed was mined where the thickness was 18 inches or 
 more; but since the discovery of the brown phosphate, most 
 of the mines have been abandoned, and only those having 
 an exceptionally high-grade rock or favorable transporta- 
 tion facilities are working at the present time. With an 
 incease in the price of phosphate rock, which will inevita- 
 bly come, considerable areas of black rock in this field will 
 be worked at a profit. Probably all the beds of 70 per 
 cent of rock over 18 inches in thickness can b© profitably 
 mined when the price goes above $3 per ton. It is evi- 
 dent, tliei'efore, that, while this field shows little activity 
 at present, it is destined to be of considerable importance 
 in the future. It should be clearly understood, however, 
 that the rock is by no means inexhaustible, and the min- 
 ing should be done in. a systematic and economic man- 
 ner. There is less temptation here, however, to mine ex- 
 travagantly than in the brown phosphate field. 
 
 WJi,itc FhospJiafe. — The brown and black phosphates, 
 al>ove descrilied, are now found associated with the rocks 
 with which they were originally deposited on the sea bot- 
 tom. While they have been consolidated since their deposi- 
 tion, and to some extent changed in composition by leach- 
 ing, they retain their original position with reference to 
 associated formations. They may, therefore, be called 
 ^' original deposits." The white phosphate differs from 
 
36 Handbook of Tenxessee. 
 
 these in that it is a secondary deposit, and consequently is 
 much inoi'e variable in its geoloo:ical associations than the 
 otlier two species. Although calcium phosphate is so much 
 less soluble than calcimn carbonate that the latter may be 
 entirely remoA'ed, Avhile the former is scarcely at all af- 
 fected (as is seen in the brown phosphates), nevertheless, 
 under certain conditions the calcium phosphate may itself 
 be dissolved. These conditions are probably an abundant 
 supply of the complex organic acids which result from the 
 decomposition of vegetable matter. The phosphate, how- 
 ev^er, is quickly deposited when the solution reaches the 
 surface, and the character of the resulting deposit will 
 depend upon the conditions under which tliis deposition 
 took place. 
 
 The white phosphate, so far as at present known, is con- 
 fined chiefly to Perry County. Small amounts have been 
 discovered in Maury County north of Columbia, in con- 
 nection with the brown phosphates, from which they are 
 evidently derived. The largest deposits, however, are in 
 Perry County, on streams flowing into the Buffalo and 
 Tennessee Rivers. This region between these two rivers 
 consists of a level plateau a little under 1,000 feet in 
 altitude, which has been deeply dissected by the present 
 streams. The surface of this plateau is composed of car- 
 boniferous chert. The chert beds, here generally resting 
 immediately upon Silurian limestones, are somewhat un- 
 dulating; and while many of the streams have cut dovm 
 through the chert, others have not reached the limestone, 
 their valleys being entirely in the overlying chert. When 
 erosion had reduced the land surface nearly to its present 
 configuration, conditions were favoralile for the solution 
 of lime phosphate, probably partly from the thin layer of 
 low-grade Devonian phosphate, partly from the overlying 
 carboniferous limestone, and partly from the underlying 
 Silurian fonnations. In some places, as on Terrapin and 
 Redhank Creeks, this solution of calcium phosphate came 
 in contact with an extremely siliceous limestone. The cal- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 37 
 
 ciiiin carbonate of this rock being more easil_y soluble than 
 the calcium phosphate, the former was replaced by the 
 latter in accordance with well-understood chemical laws. 
 The rock was thus changed from a siliceous limestone to a 
 siliceous phosphate, but retained very nearly its original 
 structure. This constitutes the stony phosphate. It has 
 a rough fracture, and, when examined under the micro- 
 scope, is seen to consist of a siliceous skeleton with rhom- 
 boidal cavities originally occupied by crystals of calcium 
 carbonate, now filled with white amorphous phosphate. 
 This rock is always toO' low grade to be utilized at present, 
 since it rarely carries more than 33 per cent of lime phos- 
 phate. 
 
 In some cases the phosphate-bearing solution reached 
 the surface, where it was covered with a mass of angular 
 cliert fragments derived from the disintegTation of the car- 
 boniferous chert beds. The pliosphate was there deposited 
 in the interstices, cementing tlie chert fragments together. 
 This gave rise to the second variety of breccia phosphate. 
 Wliile the phosphate between, the chert fragments is very 
 high grade, it is so intimately mixed with the chert that 
 great difficulty would doubtless be found in separating 
 the two. No attempts have yet been made to utilize this 
 variety. 
 
 In some cases the phosphate-bearing solution entered 
 limestone caverns and was there deposited. The surroimd- 
 ing' walls of these caverns were subsequently more or less 
 wholly removed by solution and the phosphate was left in 
 the residual clay. In this manner the third variety, the la- 
 mellar phospliate, was probably formed. It has thus far 
 been found only at a very few points in sufficient quantity 
 to be of commercial importance. These are in the vicinity 
 of Beardstovni and on Tom's Creek, both in Perry County. 
 Small quantities have been found on several of the creeks 
 flo\ving westward to the Tennessee River south of Tom's 
 Creek, but the conditions are not such as to favor the 
 formation of extensive dejX)sits. It will be readily seen 
 
38 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 that these creeks, which have not yet cut down through the 
 chert to the underlying' limestone in which the caverns 
 might be formed, do not afTord conditions favorable for 
 the accumulation of this variety of phosphate. Such con- 
 ditions prevail in several of the creeks immediately north 
 of Tom's Creek, and hence phosphate need not be looked 
 for in this region. The lamellar phosphate, as its name 
 implies, is made up of thin plates or lamella of nearly 
 pure calcium phosphate. These vary in color from cream 
 white to pink, yellow, or green. The successive lamclhe 
 are often differently colored, giving the rock a beautiful 
 banded appearance. When freed from the greater part of 
 the clay in which it is imbedded, this rock will run over 
 80 per cent of calcium phosphate. At Wilsdorf's Branch 
 of Tom's Creek the deposit has a thickness of from .') to 
 6 feet and covers several acres. It is mined in part by 
 stripping, and, after the overburden becomes too heavy, 
 by tunneling. The rock is prepared for market by being 
 dried in open kilns and then being crushed. These depos- 
 its are at present worked by one company on Tom's Creek. 
 The rock is hauled to the Tennessee River, a distance of 
 five uiiles, and loaded on barges. 
 
 WOOD-AYORKING INTERESTS OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Tennessee was originally covered by as dense a forest as 
 any other hardwoc'd section in the Union. The necessi- 
 ties of the early settlers and the demand for bread called 
 \J for the most rapid destruction of the forests possible with 
 
 the means at hand. These means were ample and sure.. 
 The girdling ax, winds, rains, and fire did the work rap- 
 idly and effectually. The necessities that compelled the 
 earlier settlers to use these destructive means to open 
 fields are not so urgent now as to justify their descendants 
 in using the same means, which are in practice in some 
 sections of the State to-day. For whatever purpose and 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 39 
 
 by whatever means the forests of the State may have been 
 and are being destroyed, there has been all along, for 
 more than a centnry, a wonderful lack of economy prac- 
 ticed in the process of destruction. The early settler cut 
 a young, vigorous tree to make a maul ; his successors of 
 to-day cut the stateliest oak for the sake of a few short cuts 
 for staves. A large portion of every tree felled by the 
 lumbermen, stave men, and shingle men is not only an ab- 
 solute waste, but cumbers the ground and retards other 
 growths. 
 
 Xotwithstanding the wasteful methods of the past cen- 
 tury, Tennessee is still among the leading States, both in 
 quantity and value of forest resources. There are large 
 bodies of the finest of hardwood timber still standing, and 
 there is not a single ccunty in the State where there is 
 any scarcity that is seriously felt; and shipments are con- 
 stantly made froin at least three-fourths of the area of 
 the State. It must be remembered that during the past 
 century of forest destruction there has been a constant 
 and steady reproduction of forest growth on l^ature's own 
 plan, unaided by man. In the iron ore countieSi, where 
 the nature of the soil is not such as to promote rapid tree 
 growth, the third crop of timber for charcoal is now be- 
 ing cut from lands that were absolutely denuded of tim- 
 ber less than ninety years ago. One charcoal iron com- 
 pany is getting its cord wood deli^ered at $1.50 per cord 
 from the third crop of timber, cut from lands that were 
 called " coalings " and were treeless eighty years ago. 
 Some lands that Avere abandoned as '' old fields " half a 
 century ago are now covered with merchantable timber. 
 
 Another idea must be kept in mind: Nearly all the 
 timber in Tennessee is hardwoods, and from twO' to four 
 times more valuable than the so-called " soft woods." One 
 white ash tree — standing in one of the oldest-settled and 
 most densely-populated counties in the State and only 
 twelve miles from its capital city — sold during the month 
 of August, 1902, for more cash than any ten of the best 
 
40 Handbook of Texxessee. 
 
 pine trees standing in any of the yellow pine States would 
 bring. 
 
 To those not rersed in the nomenclature of the lumber 
 trade many of the terms nsed are misleading. " Hard- 
 wood " and '' soft wood " are temis that have no relation 
 whatever to the texture of the wood itself. The term 
 ^'hardwood" applies to all trees that have broad leaves, 
 whether deciduous or evergreen. The " soft woods " in- 
 clude all trees which, instead of leaves, have spines — either 
 single, like the cedar and juniper; or in bunches, like the 
 pines. All trees that have spines for leaves or bear fruit 
 in cones are soft woods. This classification has the sanc- 
 tion of the Division of Forestry of the United States De- 
 partuient of Agriculture and tlie decisions of several courts. 
 
 " Inexhaustible " and " exhausted " are two tenns used 
 in the timber trade, as well as in other trades, wathout re- 
 gard to their proper meaning. ISTothing is inexhaustible 
 except that which ]n'oduces itself faster than it is con- 
 sumed, and nothing except inorganic matter can be entirely 
 exhausted. The phosphate rocks of Tennessee may, in 
 the course of ages, become exhausted, because they do not 
 increase. Twenty years ago the large operators in Ten- 
 nessee red cedar agreed that that timber was exhausted; 
 now we see larger and taller cedar ])oles for electric wires, 
 just as many fence posts, and the market well supplied 
 with cedar hollow ware, clothes chests, etc. The term 
 ''exhausted" will never apply in its literal definition to 
 any of the native families of Tennessee trees. 
 
 Prior to 1860 there were no forest ])roiluct.s slii|)])ed 
 out of the State, with two exceptions, ^"ast quantities of 
 rived white oak staves were shi|)])ed from the lands bor- 
 dering on the Mississippi River and its tributaries to the 
 ISTew Orleans agents of the French wine growers and the 
 German brewers; also millions of feet of red cedar were 
 sent from ]\[iddle Tennessee to Bayou Sara, La. This 
 cedar was used for railroad cross-ties, a purpose for which 
 the wood is less fitted than anv hardwood or anv of the 
 
Handbook of Te.xxessee. 41 
 
 pines. Bayou Sara was the distributing point, and it 
 flowed throng'li a dense brake of cypress, one tie of which 
 wood is worth three ties of red cedar. It was the most ab- 
 surd mistake known in lumber history, and stripped the 
 counties of Wilson, Rutherford, and Davidson of many 
 square miles of a timber now among the most valuable on 
 the market. 
 
 It was not until several years after the close of the war 
 between the States that the grand raid on the hardwoods 
 of the State began in earnest. First came H. Herrmann, 
 the Singer Sewing Machine Company, and othei's, after 
 black walnut. So anxious w^ere they for the timber and 
 so fully did they realize that the supply was rapidly being 
 exhausted in the States north of the Ohio River that they 
 bonght far in advance of immediate needs. They ]iaid 
 for standing trees and let them stand for years; they fur- 
 nished some mills and hired others; they piled millions of 
 feet on sticks in the woods and hired watchmen to guard 
 it. Thus it happened that the bulk of walnut in accessi- 
 ble localities passed out of the hands of the original owners 
 at merely nominal prices. Many of the stumps sold after- 
 wards for more than the entire tree brought. 
 
 The next raid was for yellow poplar, and it is still quite 
 active. The people of the State had a much better idea 
 of the value of poplar than thev had of walnut. The lat- 
 ter was looked upon as useful for furniture only, whereas 
 poplar is an "' all-around " wood, good for any pui-]>ose. 
 A house, from mudsill to roof, together with all the finish 
 and furniture that goes in it, can be made of poplar. The 
 growing scarcity of walnut and its high price have gTeatly 
 lessened the demand for it, and other woods have been 
 substituted for it; but there is no satisfactory substitute 
 for poplar for all purposes, and probably the demand for 
 it and its price will hold up as long as there is any of it. 
 There yet remains a large amount of poplar in the State, 
 but much of it is remote from transportation points. 
 
 AVhen the rush was greatest for the leading woods' — 
 
42 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 -walnut, poplar, oak, and ash — many other native woods 
 that are now prominently on the market were neglected. 
 During the last fifteen years red gum, cypress, chestnut, 
 elm, dogwood, persimmon, and some others are to be 
 found in most large lumber yards; in fact, the State can 
 still furnish almost any kind of wood that gTows in the 
 United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Some trees 
 peculiar to a northern climate are found in this State. 
 There is quite a body of white pine in Cumberland County, 
 and there are smaller bunches in several other localities. 
 One sawmill in Johnson County makes a specialty of cut- 
 ting spruce and hemlock. Any one desirous of engaging in 
 the liardwood wood-working industiy need have no fears 
 of lack of suitable woods for any purpose. The leading 
 woods are pretty well distributed all over the State, but 
 the characteristic qualities of every species of trees are 
 considerably modified by quality of soil, elevation, and 
 age. The white oaks on the elevated lands are of much 
 slower growth than those that grow on the alluvial bot- 
 tom lands, and consequently are closer gi'ained and 
 tougher, therefore better adapted for wagon and imple- 
 ment stock and other purposes. 1'he la.rge, coarser-grained 
 O'lks are better suited for cooperage stock and such like, 
 and are more easily worked. The same is true of the hick- 
 ories and several other \voods. 
 
 There are ninety-six counties in the State, and there 
 were in operatio]i for more or less time, up to June 30, 
 1902, 561 sawmills, with a daily capacity of from 5,000 
 feet up to over ] 00,000 feet. This is nearly one-half 
 do/en to each .'ounty. The number of small sawmills 
 that do only a local business is not known, because they do 
 not appear on the books of the regular wholesale lumber 
 dealers, and are not included in the list given below. 
 Only four counties — Jackson, Clay, Hancock, and Cocke 
 — report no sawmill. The reason is that these counties 
 have good rafting streams to the hirge markets, where the 
 loo-s will brinar more monev than the merchantable lumber 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 43 
 
 , in them would bring if cnt at home. As a rnle, the coun- 
 try mills use circular saws that cut a wide kerf; and prac- 
 tically all the shipping and mill culls, slabs, and other 
 offal are worse than a dead loss and in the way. In 
 the cities and lar-ge markets band saws, which cut a very 
 narrow kerf, are used, and all the offal is utilized. This is 
 why the city mill man can afford to pay such liigh prices 
 for logs. 
 
 There are only 148 planing mills in the State. Some of 
 these — probably thirty — are operated solely by the coffin 
 and box factories; the rest, in connection ^^dth sawmills 
 and furniture factories. It can readily be seen that not 
 m.or6 than 10 per cent of the output of the sawmills is 
 worked to a finish. Nearly all the rest is shipped to dis- 
 tant points in the rough. 
 
 On the three following pages is given a list of the saw- 
 mills and planing mills in the State by counties and grand 
 divisions. This list is printed here in order to give those 
 interested an idea of the location of the greatest amount 
 of standing timber in reach of transportation, as, presum- 
 ably, the counties having the greatest number of sawmills 
 have also the largest amount of available timber. This 
 will not hold true as regards many of the mountain coun- 
 ties in which are vast amounts of fine timber inaccessible 
 as yet for lack of roads. 
 
44 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 SAWMILLS AND PLANING iMILLS, BY COUNTIES, IN TENNESSEE. 
 EAST TENNESSEE. 
 
 COUNTIKS. 
 
 Planing Mills. 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Bledsoe 
 
 Blount 
 
 Bradley 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Carter 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 Cocke 
 
 Grainger 
 
 Greene 
 
 Hamblen 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Hawkins 
 
 James 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Johiibon 
 
 Knox 
 
 Loudon 
 
 McMinn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Meigs • 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Polk 
 
 Rhea 
 
 Roane 
 
 Scott. .. 
 
 Sequatchie 
 
 Sevier 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Unicoi 
 
 Union 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 Washington 
 
 Total for East Tennessee 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 V 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 •> 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 141 
 
 ^2 
 
HA^^DBOoK OF Tennessee. 
 
 MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 
 
 45 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Sawmills. 
 
 Planing Mills. 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Cannon 
 
 Cheatham 
 
 Clav 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Davidson 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 Dickson 
 
 Fentress 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Giles 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Hickman 
 
 Houston 
 
 Humphreys 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Lincoln ; . . . . 
 
 Macon 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Maury 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Moore 
 
 Perry 
 
 Overton 
 
 Pickett. 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Robertson 
 
 Rutherford 
 
 Smith . 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Sumner ". 
 
 Trousdale 
 
 Warren 
 
 Wavne 
 
 White 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Total for Middle Tennessee 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 (5 
 14 
 
 7 
 3 
 8 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 11 
 4 
 2 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 222 
 
 15 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
46 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 WEST TENNESSEE. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Sawmills. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Chester 
 
 Crockett 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Dyer 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Gibson 
 
 Hardeman 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Haywood 
 
 Henderson 
 
 Henry 
 
 Lake 
 
 Lauderdale 
 
 McNairv 
 
 Madison 
 
 Obion ■ 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Tipton 
 
 Weakley 
 
 Total for West Tennessee 
 
 198 
 
 Planing Mills. 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 STATE DIVISIONS. 
 
 Sawniill.s. 
 
 Planing Mills. 
 
 Total for East Tennessee 
 
 141 
 222 
 
 198 
 
 561 
 
 62 
 
 Total for Middle Tenne.ssee 
 
 58 
 28 
 
 Total for the State 
 
 148 
 
 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 47 
 
 The table below gives the actual number of wood-work- 
 ing plants in operation in the State. The classification^ 
 however, is not completely accurate. For instance, some 
 under the item " Cooperage and cooperage stock " make 
 onlv staves ; others make nothing except heading. Com- 
 plete wagons, buggies, wheelbarrows, etc., are put un- 
 der the same heading as the plants that manufacture only 
 spokes, felloes, etc. This is done for the purpose of con- 
 densing this article. The classification is sufficient for all 
 practical purposes. The table is as follows: 
 
 WOOD-WORKING PLANTS IN TENNESSEE, 
 
 Cooperage and cooperage stock 47 
 
 Hardwood doors, sash, frames, etc 45 
 
 Furniture and furniture stock 35 
 
 Boxes and crates 22 
 
 Implements 10 
 
 Wagons and vehicle stock 32 
 
 Handles 13 
 
 Shingles ... 6 
 
 Cedar goods and wooden-ware S 
 
 Burial cases and coffins 8 
 
 Chairs and chair stock i> 
 
 Veneers 2 
 
 Oars 1 
 
 Faucets ■ 1 
 
 Telegraph and telephone poles, pins, brackets, etc 3 
 
 M eat skewers 1 
 
 Pumps 2 
 
 Only 245 plants in the State that work wood to a com- 
 plete or partial finish! This is truly a sorry showing for 
 a State possessing such vast timber resources; but it also- 
 shows most conclusively what a splendid inducement the- 
 conditions offer for the profitable investment of capital in 
 additional and larger plants. It will surprise one not fa- 
 miliar with the subject to be told that more timber is con- 
 sumed in the manufacture of packing cases, boxes, crates, 
 coffins, cooperage, and burial cases than enters into the 
 construction of houses, but such is a fact; and there are 
 only 22 box factories in the State, and there are only 8- 
 
48 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 factories to maniifaetiire coffins for the annual dead of a 
 population of over 2,000,000 ! In all otn^x lines our 
 productive capacity is still farther l>elo\v the normal de- 
 mand. 
 
 To those not familiar with the conditions in this State 
 a few g-eneral remarks may lie of value and interest. The 
 matter of transportation is a controlling factor in the man- 
 ufacture and marketing' of all manner of w^ood goods. In 
 this respect the State is well provided. Besides tAVO' splen- 
 did navigable rivers that traverse the State for almost its 
 entire length, there are a great number ofl splendid log- 
 ging streams; and the laws relating to flotation of log 
 and lumber rafts are quite favorable to lumbermen. 
 There are more than 40 railroads traversing or touching 
 the State that w^ere built under as many different char- 
 ters, but by process of consolidation and '^ merging " they 
 are all operated u'lder 30 names. This "merging" proc- 
 ess, however, does not reduce their mileage or affect their 
 freight schedules. The average rainfall is ample to insure 
 several tides in all the navigable and logging streams every 
 year. 
 
 Timber in this State is real estate as long as it is stand- 
 ing, but it becomes personal 'property as soon as it is cut 
 down. The assessment of timber lands for taxation is 
 very low, and in the mountain sections it is merely noininal ; 
 and in many cases no attempt is made to collect any tax 
 at all. Under the State Constitution no tax can be levied 
 upon any article manufactured in the State from the prod- 
 ucts of the soil of the State. Taxes on the lumber indus- 
 tries are inconsequential. 
 
 Prices of stau'ling timber vary, of course, with kind, 
 quality, and location; and any attempt tO' give them would 
 lead to more confusion than ]U'<)tit. It is bought in niaiiy 
 ways ; 
 
 1. Land and timber on it arc bought by the aero, or by 
 a luui]) sum for an entire tract. lu some sections the 
 purchase of land with the timber has jiroven highly ju'ofit- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 49 
 
 able, as the land after the timber has been cut O'ff is ac- 
 tually worth, and sells for, more iov farming purposes than 
 it cost with the timber on it. This applies to the fertile, 
 alluvial lands, and is an important feature, because it does 
 not apply to the barren, sandy soils of the white pine re- 
 gion of the jSTorthwest, some sections of the pine belt of 
 the South, and the mountain spruce and hemlock lands 
 of Pennsylvania and other of the Northeastern States, 
 which are worthless after the timber is removed. 
 
 2. The entire timber on a given tract is bought, with a 
 definite time limit for its removal. 
 
 3. Sometimes only a certain species of trees on a tract — 
 say hickory, for instance — is wanted. In such case the 
 contract generally specifies all the trees of the kind wanted 
 on the tract, from a given diameter up. 
 
 4. Very often tind)er is bought to be cut and delivered 
 at so much per 1,000 feet by a given measure. 
 
 5. Sometimes the owner of a portable sawmill, having 
 but limited capital, contracts with a timber owner to cut 
 it into lumber for so much per 1,000 feet. 
 
 There are in this State two distinct rules for the meas- 
 urement of logs, both of which are recognized by custom 
 and the courts. One is for the measurement of logs in 
 water, in rafts, wliere but few of the defects can be seen. 
 It is known as the " Cnmberland River Rule," and was first 
 used in this State in the early fifties. At that time only 
 7-gauge and 8-gauge circular saws were used, and the rule 
 allowed for a quarter of an inch saw kerf and a liberal al- 
 lowance for slabbing. The rule is: " From the diameter 
 of the log subtract one-third for squaring (slabbing). 
 From the square ihus obtained subtract one-fifth one way 
 for saw kerf." The result is the contents of the log in 
 inch boards. Large logs, if free of defects, cut under this 
 rule by a 16-gauge band saw, will produce 40 per cent 
 more of inch boards than the rule calls for. But river logs 
 are rarely free from defects; and a big allowance must 
 be made for " plugging," " edging up," " loading with 
 
50 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 sand/" and other rascally tricks familiar to every log rafts- 
 man. 
 
 The olher rule is used exclusively for measuring logs on 
 land when all the defects can be seen, and is known as 
 the " Dojle Knle.'' It is given fullv in " Scribner's Log 
 Book," an old and standard work. It superseded the 
 " Scribner Rule " about 20 yeai's ago. Doyle arrived at 
 the contents of a log by this process: " From the diameter 
 in inches subtract four. Square one-fourth of the re- 
 mainder and multiply^ the product by the length in feet." 
 In practice the rule is simplified thus: " From the diame- 
 ter in inches subtract four and square the remainder." 
 This gives the contents of a 16-foot log. Then in- 
 crease or diminish for other lengths, thus: For a 20- 
 foot log, add one-fourth; for a 14-foot log, subtract 
 one-eighth; and so on. In actual practice no figuring is 
 done, but a stick, containing the contents of all diameters 
 and lengths for either rule, is used. 
 
 THE CLAY DEPOSITS OF TE^XESSEE. 
 By Lucius Polk Brown. 
 
 As a preliminary to the detailed consideration of tli& 
 clay deposits of Tennessee, a short eixplanation of general 
 considerations as to clays is appropriate. 
 
 The ultimate source of all clays is the " weathering " 
 of the feldspars of the igneous rocks. These consist of 
 several varieties, agreeing in that they all may be consid- 
 ered as silicate of aluminium in combination in varying 
 amounts with silicates of potash, lime, and soda. Much 
 the most important of these from the present standpoint 
 is orthoclase, or potash feldspar, the chemical formula of 
 which is KAL SI3 Os- On " weathering," this splits up 
 into a potash compound, which is soluble, and is carried 
 off in the drainage and the hydrated silicate of alumina^ 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 51 
 
 known as '' kaolin " — or, commonly, " porcelain clay " — 
 which is not dissolved. This contains 46.30 per cent of 
 silica, 39. SO per cent of akimina, 13.90 per cent of water. 
 It is white in color, plastic when moistened, shrinks con- 
 siderably on drying, and, when heated highly, consolidates 
 into a hard, dense mass, requiring a very high temperature 
 to fuse it. The various clays of commerce are mixtures 
 of kaolin with extraneous matters of different classes in 
 varying proportions. 
 
 Clays with regard to present location may be of two 
 <?lasses — i. e., original or transported. The former results 
 from the decay, under atmospheric or (often) fumarolic 
 action, of feldspar in place and subsequent removal of the 
 alkalis; the latter results from transportation of the de- 
 cayed material of the feldspathie rocks and redeposition at 
 a locality more or less remote from its source. In iliis 
 the sorting action of water plavs an important part., and a 
 pulverulent material, like clay, may remain in suspension 
 long after such comparatively coarse matter as sand, mica 
 flakes, etc., has been dep>sited. The contact of fresh wa- 
 ter and salt water also has probably acted in a very im- 
 portant manner to effect the precipitation of suspended 
 ■clay matters. Clays are divided according to their de-- 
 grees of purity and intended uses into kaolin, pipe clay, 
 potters' clay (including ball clays), fire clay, brick clays, 
 or loam, etc. While this classification is empirical, it 
 is based chiefly on physical properties, which are deter- 
 mined by tests. The different foreign materials act about 
 as follows : Sand, the most abundant, usually has no pos- 
 itively bad effects, and may even be beneficial in pre^vent- 
 ing shrinkage in drying ; but in fire clays, a clay contain- 
 ing any large proportion of sand is less apt to stand up 
 than one approaching nearer to kaolin in its composition. 
 For all uses except paving brick (in which a glassy surface 
 is desirable) the other impurities of clays — which are usu- 
 ally iron oxides, lime carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and 
 the alkalis, potash and soda — are positive disadvantag-es, 
 
52 Handbook ok Tennessee. 
 
 caiisiiio- tlio wave to melt (lown in buniiiiii' and to take dis- 
 agreeable colors, etc. 
 
 Besides clays, the other insiTedients used in the inanu- 
 t'acture of pottery are feldspar, silica (as a pure sand ot 
 flint), and various coloring- materials. Their distribution 
 in the State will be briefly noticed later. Mention must 
 also be made oi the fact that the various slates and shales 
 are simjily clay beds consolidated by time and pressure. 
 They may r)bviously range in purity just as clays them- 
 selves do, and are now becoming' an important source of 
 material tor paving bricks. They are, of course, nour 
 plastic, and must be ground up very fine for use. Clays 
 themselves possess varying degrees (^f plasticity, and s(>n\e 
 im]>ortaut varieties are nonplastic. Obviously also tlie 
 " weatliering " of a slate or shale may furnisli material for 
 other slates, shales, or clays under the above-mentioned ac- 
 tion of Avater-; and so our present clay beds may have been, 
 several times Avorked over since their material was first 
 parted from its parent rock. 
 
 EAST TE X .\ ESSEE. 
 
 The clays of each grand division of the State will be con- 
 sidered separately. In Tennessee, so far as I know, no 
 nontransported clay materials exist; but if any such occur, 
 tliev will be found along tlie eastern boundary, in the area 
 of the metamorphic and igneous rocks. A number of good 
 dejiosits <if potters' clay and one or two of the better-coT 
 ored pipe clay occur in Upper East Tennessee as trans- 
 ported maierial deposited in old or existing river bottoms. 
 iSTot far from Cleveland, in Bradley ( 'Ounty, a bed of white 
 clay occurs in association -with infusorial earth; and it has 
 l)een used for making white or cream brick, for which it 
 seems well adapted. In the valley of the Tennessee River 
 rtc-cur several small deposits of potters' clay of fair qual- 
 ity, some of -which are, I believe, -worked for the manuf ac- 
 rure of sewer pipe at Chattanooga, where large factories 
 are in (>])eration. The clays of the coal measures of the 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 53 
 
 Cumberland Plateau are usually of considerable impor- 
 tance, and are probably deserving of more attention than 
 they have had. They usually rank as fire clays, are pretty 
 abundant, and, of course, will be easily worked, omng to 
 tlieir proximity to the coal seams. In some instances coal 
 miners are manufacturing fire brick, etc. ; and with the 
 present considerable attention to, and denumd for, clay 
 wares in the South, other miners would probably find it to 
 their interest to at least consider the matter fully. 
 
 MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 
 
 The same coal-measure clays as just mentioned occur to 
 a small extent in the eastern counties of this division. ; l)ut, 
 for the most part, the clays of the division are impure 
 river-bottom deposits or residual deposits left by the decay 
 of argillaceous limestones in situ. At l^ashville are found 
 several excellent beds of a " fat," red loam ; and several 
 quite extensi^'e brickyards making ordinary red pressed 
 brick and terra cotta, all of a ])leasing red color, have been 
 established on them. The red clays of the division gener- 
 ally are excellently adapted tO' such manufactures, and 
 the products are usually tough and without a tendency 
 to efflorescence. As to the residual clays, an historic- 
 ically interesting fact is that, in connection with a small, 
 onenwheel ]iottery maintained in Hickman County sev- 
 eral years ago l^y the descendants of old English potters, 
 on a bed of clay left by tlie '' weathering " of an argilla- 
 ceous limestone of ]S[iagara age, the first mine of manga- 
 nese ore in the T'nited States was opened. This was in 
 the small ]X)ckets of pyrolusite found extensively in the 
 lower carboniferous of the Highland Rim, and the ore was 
 used for glazing. The clay made a close, firm ware of a 
 red color. , 
 
 WEST TENNESSEE. 
 
 This is much the richest in clays of any of the gTand 
 divisions of the State. Thev ranee from brick clavs, or 
 
54 Hats'dbook of Tennessee. 
 
 loams, up to fine " ball clays " in variety, and occur in the 
 Tertiary and Cretaceous areas, possibly most largely in the 
 latter. Tlie vicinity of Paris, in Henry County, and 
 Camden, in Benton County, are quite rich in these cla.ys, 
 the first especially having; been well exploited. In color 
 these Henry County clays vary greatly, from cream and 
 nearly ]>ure white to a dark brown or black. Some of the 
 last are ]>ai-ticularly "fat," or plastic; but the color does 
 not seem to bum out, and they are, therefore, adapted 
 only to soaue special uses. A " ball clay " is a quite plastic 
 clay used in mixture with less plastic clays. Only within 
 the past few years has much attention been ])aid to West 
 Tennessee clays ; but it is my opinion that larg-e bodies of 
 excellent '' ball clays,"' besides those already worked, 
 abound there. • Seeing' that these clays sell for two or three 
 times as much as ordinary potters' clay, this fact is of im- 
 p;>riarjce. The clays of West Tennessee occur practically 
 all over the division, from the tier of counties bordering 
 the Tennessee River, in beds of somewhat irregailar thit:'k- 
 ness and extent, but often of enormous size and without 
 very considerable overburden. Mention is tO' be made 
 parti^'ularly of the large deiposits at Grand Jimction, La- 
 Grange, etc. The West Tennessee clays will usually class 
 as excellent potters' clay, or stoneware clay. Many local 
 potteries of some size already exist — as at Paris, Grand 
 Junction, Pinson, McKenzie, etc. — and their product is 
 a hard, dense stoneware, usually glazed with "Albany 
 slip," or salt-glazed. Excellent fire bricks have also been 
 manufactured from certain of these clays. No rocks, of 
 course, exist in the beds to interfere with their working; 
 but occasionally small lenses and stringers of sand are met 
 with, and some nodules of ironstone and pyrite. These 
 latter may disappear witli depth, as they seem at present 
 to be mostly on the upper surfaee. There is usually lit- 
 tle lime, magnesia, or alkalis. Most of the clays require 
 some washing for use in the finer kinds of ware, such as 
 "hotel china" " C. C," etc. 
 
Hajn'dbook of Tennessee. 55 
 
 The prospects of building up local pottery industries 
 would seem fairly good, provided care is taken to locate 
 where a local market can be had and help can live com- 
 fortably. The coals of Western Kentucky, East Tennes- 
 see, and Southern Illinois are comparatively close, and i.lie 
 great development of railways in West Tennessee makes 
 almost any of its larger towns an. excellent distributing 
 point Well-conducted potteries on the same belt outside, 
 the State have been successfid. To the fanner his clay beds 
 may be of value, but in order to derive the best results he 
 should ascertain their extent and quality. The former is 
 easily done by simple means — such as pitting, or boring 
 with an earth auger — and the latter cani be ascertained by 
 having his clay tested and analyzed, the expense of neither 
 of which is gTeat. 
 
 OTHER POTTERY MATERIALS IN THE STATE. 
 
 It seems probable that no feldspar, which is used pretty 
 extensively as a flux, exists in the State. Considerable 
 beds of sand, fu.rnishini!: the quartz needed in pottery mak- 
 ing, exist; and probably some of them are sufficiently 
 pure both for pottery and glass. I^car Saulsbury consid- 
 erable beds of a colored sand are worked a little and 
 shipped to Memphis for making coloured mortars. The 
 Chilhowee standstone of the Eastem Division is often, very 
 pure and white; and it, or beds derived from it, might also 
 be used for these purposes. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 Copper is found in the counties of Polk and Monroe, 
 but the only mines in operation in the State are those 
 at Ducktown, Polk County. The Ducktown Mineral 
 District embraces Polk County, Tenn. ; Fannin County, 
 Ga.; and Cherokee Countv, K. C; though the develojy- 
 
56 Handbook oi-' Tennessee. 
 
 meiil^ are coiifirifd to Tennessee. Tlie Duektown Sul- 
 phur, Copper and Iron Company is operating three mines, 
 and the Tennessee Copper Company is operating the same 
 numher, making a total of six mines in the State. The 
 ])rodiiction for 1898 was 89,721 long tons, for 1899 it was 
 100,029 tons, and for 1900 it was 116,000 long tons, show- 
 ing an increase in the output of 26,297 tons in 1899 over 
 1898 and an increase of 15,978 tons in 1900 over 1899. 
 The production for ^ 1901 was 203,580 long tons, show- 
 ing an increase for 1901 over 1900 of 87,580 long tons. 
 The production for 1901 in short tons w^as 263,571. 
 Both of these conipanies are doing a profitable business; 
 and considering rhe extent of the Ducktown Mineral Dis- 
 trict and its richness, we may reasonably expect the in- 
 vestment of more capital in this field and larger and richer 
 developments in the future. 
 
 MARBLE. 
 
 The Tennessee marbles are known the world over for 
 their varied beauty, burden-bearing strength, and durabil- 
 ity. Actual tests have shown them to be the most com- 
 pact stones of the kind in existence. They range in color 
 from very dark-mottled chocolate to pure white, and they 
 are susceptible of the highest polish. Their solidity com- 
 mends them for exterior finishings, and their beauty cre- 
 ates a demand for them for interior decorations. Tennes- 
 see marbles do not absorb stains from soot or sulphur 
 fumes or tannin from overhanging trees; and if stained 
 in any way, they are easily cleansed with plain soap and 
 water. For monuments or for building stones the Ten- 
 nessee marbles stand unrivaled. 
 
 The National Capitol at Washington, tlie State Ca])itol 
 at Nashville, and numerous other public buildings attest 
 their su|)eriority. The marble belt is about 150 miles in 
 lenatli and averao'cs about 20 miles in width. Over this 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 57 
 
 immense territory great deposits of fine marble are found. 
 Knoxville has four large mills working in marble, and all 
 running to their fullest capacity. In Hawkins County 
 there is one mill in operation. Knoxville is the center of 
 the marble industry. This, district extends from a point 
 in McMinn County below Athens to Hawkins County, 
 near the eastern border of the State. It is traversed by 
 the Southern Railway; the Knoxville and Ohio Railway; 
 the Atlanta, Knoxville and ISTorthern Railroad; the Mor- 
 ristown and Cumberland Gap Railroad; and the Knox- 
 ville, Cumberland Gap and Louisville Railroads; and is in- 
 tersected in many places by the Tennessee River. The 
 railroads and the river furnish very cheap transportation 
 to market, and the field is one which affords splendid op- 
 portunities for the profitable investment of capital. 
 Marble is also found in the counties of Lincoln, Benton, 
 and Henry, but there has not been any development in 
 these counties. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Lead ore is found in various localities in Tennessee, but 
 there are not any lead mines now in operation in the State. 
 The Confederate States Governmtnt mined considerable 
 lead at or near Philadelphia, London County, during the 
 Civil War; but the Federal forces seized the mine and 
 suspended the operations, since which time it has remained 
 idle. On Flat Creek, in tlie same county, lead was mined 
 and smelted fifty years ago; but the field was abandoned 
 long ago for unknown reasons. Lead was also mined at 
 Leadvale, Jefferson County, forty yeai-s ago, but that is 
 now an abandoned field. There is a body of undeveloped 
 lead ore near Carpenter's Station, Blount County, con- 
 trolled by Knoxville parties. A mine at Cleveland was 
 profitably work(>d to a depth of about 100 feet and then 
 abandoned, but work has since been resumed, with ample 
 
58 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 capital, and the developments point to very profitable re- 
 sults. The work in this branch of mining- has heretofore 
 been done in an unsatisfactory and irregnilar fashion -by 
 persons of small means and limited experience, but it is 
 the helief of those best informed on, the subject tliat there 
 will be lai'ge profits in tlie lousiness for men of capital and 
 ex]>erience. 
 
 EARYTES. 
 
 This mineral is being mined and shipped from Sweet- 
 water and Philadelphia and from the Matlock Mines, on the 
 Tennessee River below Loudon. The product occurs in 
 bodies or beds of clay at numerous points in the valley of 
 the I'ennessee River ii; East Tennessee, but the largest 
 known deposits are in Sevier County, thirty miles above 
 Knoxville; in Coeke and Greene Counties, near Madison- 
 ville and SweetAvater, Monroe County; and near Phila- 
 delphia, Loudon County. A mill for grinding the ores 
 has been erected at Knoxville. The deposits in Cocke and 
 Greene Counties are said to be practically inexhaustible, 
 and the ores are of excellent quality. Near Myer's Station, 
 on the Southern Railway, there are six parallel veins, 
 crossed ])y sharj3 ridges, so tliat the ore may be crosscut 
 by tunneling and stoped at low cost, without the necessity 
 of hoisting or pumping for years to come. 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 The zinc-mining industry is in its infancy in this State. 
 Splendid opportuiiities exist for profitable investments in 
 this business at sc'veral points in East Tennessee. Tbe 
 Knoxville zinc belt passes through Monroe , County. It 
 has been opened at Eve Mills, and shows an extensive body 
 of ore-bearing dolomite. The ore body is some 400 feet 
 across, and extends for miles across the countrv. Ne^ir 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 59 
 
 Carpenter's Station, Blount County, on the line of the 
 Atlanta, Ivnoxville and Northern Railroad, both zinc and 
 lead are found. Assays shoAv 81 per cent of lead. At 
 Love's Creek there is a larg'e body of ore-bearing dolomite, 
 where a shaft has been sunk, and good ore is found. 
 Mines are being worked at McMillan's Station and at 
 Mascot, on the Southern Railway, with satisfactory results. 
 Some work has been done at Mossy Creek, Leadvale, and 
 other points in this field; but the developments are slight. 
 The Clinton zinc belt contains extensive ore deposits, but 
 they are not bein,'^' worked to any considerable extent, be- 
 cause the transportation facilities are not satisfactory. 
 Tests with the diamond drill have demonstrated that this 
 is a very rich field, which only needs capital for its devel- 
 opment into a rield of immense productiveness. These 
 two belts continue through the entire eastern portion of 
 the State, and the field is one well worth the consideration 
 and investigation of capitalists. 
 
 MANGANESE. 
 
 Deposits of this ore occur at various points throughout 
 East Tennessee. It is found in pockets of clay along the 
 lines of the Southern Railway; the Atlanta, Knoxville and 
 Northern Railroad; and the Virginia and Southern Rail- 
 road. Several years ago several car loads of it were mined 
 and shipped from Sweetwater, and it averaged 60 per cent 
 metallic manganese. The clay in this section is ore bearing, 
 and would pay a good dividend if properly treated. The 
 same quality of ore is found at Hodge's Switch, on the 
 Southern Railway ; and at points near Madisonville, Friend- 
 ship, and Louisville, along the Atlanta, Knoxville and 
 Northern Railroad. Considerable quantities of ore are 
 found at jMontvale Springs, and ihe deposits have been 
 partially opened. Good ore is found near Newport, on the 
 lands of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company. 
 
60 IIaxdbook of Texxessee. 
 
 There are large and valuable deposits of this ore in Carter, 
 Jefferson, and Unicoi Comities, which should engage the 
 attention of capitalists. 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 Slate of the best quality is found at several points in 
 East Tennessee. Near Tellico Plains, the terminus of the 
 Tellico Railway, both purple slate and black slate of firet- 
 class quality for roofing have been found; and on the Ten- 
 nessee liiA^er, some eighteen miles from McCihee's Station, 
 large quarries have been opened, showing inexhaustible 
 quantities of slate of the best quality; but the work at the 
 (luarr)' has ceased, because the lack of proper transpor- 
 tation facilities rendered the business unprofitable. The 
 same belt crops out in Sevier County, but it is too far from 
 means of transportation to be made available. The slate 
 quaiTies of East Tennessee will engage the attention of 
 capitalists as the means of transportation improve. 
 
 STONE. 
 
 'llie different varieties of sandstone in the State are des- 
 ignated as " brown," " gray/' " iron," and '' Pottsdam " 
 (or " Chilhowee "). The iron variety is a lime of coarse 
 crystallization carrying considerable iron. This stone 
 neither cracks nor disintegrates under exposure to the 
 weather. It is largely used by railway companies in the 
 constiiiction of culverts and abutments and for bridge 
 piers. Pottsdam (or Chilhowee) sandstone is composed of 
 a clear, white, coarsely-ciwstallized sand, and is an excel- 
 lent building stone. Gray sandstone is also a fine building 
 stone, and is found in quantities that promise an ample 
 supply for an indefinite period of time. There are large 
 bcKlies of the brown sandstone on the Clinch River, near 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 61 
 
 Clinton, and it was lai'gely used in the construction of the 
 courthouse at Clinton. All these building stones, in ad- 
 dition to the supply of marble, will furnish ample building 
 material of the finest quality for ages to come. There are 
 still splendid opportunities for investments in the operation 
 of stone and marble quarries in this State. 
 
 PETROLEUM. 
 
 Great interest has been awakened recently in the Ten- 
 nessee oil field, and prospecting is going forward at various 
 points in the recognized oil belt. So far the only paying- 
 wells in the State are located at and around Bob's Bar, in / 
 Fentress County. These wells are connected with the- 
 Wa^^Tie County (Ky.) oil fields by pipe line. This oil belt 
 extends through Kentucky across Tennessee on a direct 
 line with tlie Beaumont (Texas) field, the belt lying along 
 a line north, 45 degrees east, and underlying in parti the 
 counties of Clay, Jackson, Pickett, Fentress, Oveirton, 
 Putnam, Smith, DeKalb, Wilson, Rutherford, Cannon, 
 Bedford, Lincoln, Marshall, and Giles. The develop- 
 ments on the eastern end of this belt in Kentucky, just 
 across the Tennessee line, warrant the belief that oil will 
 be found in paying quantities at other points in the Ten- 
 nessee field. 
 
 THE BEEF-CATTLE IIsTDUSTRY. 
 
 By Andrew M. Soule. 
 introduction. 
 The present status of the beef-cattle industry in the 
 State is far from satisfactory. As a business, it has re- 
 ceived luit little attention in the past, owing to the belief 
 that other forms of farming were more profitable and to 
 the lack of easy shipping facilities and the failure to ]>ur- 
 
62 Hai??dbook of Tennessee. 
 
 sue a systematic rotation of crops, which is necessary in 
 order to pro\dde suitable "roughness" and concentrates for 
 the winter feeding of beef cattle. 
 
 BEEF CATTLE IN THE STATE. 
 
 Unfortunately, no tigures are available to show the pres- 
 ent condition of the industry ; but it is manifest to all 
 thoughtful persons that it is growing rapidly in public 
 favor. With the assistance of some figures drawn from 
 the census report of 1900, it will be possible to give a 
 fair idea of the number, age, and character of beef cattle 
 held in the State; and with this information in hand, 
 some very important and useful deductions can be drawn 
 for the future guidance of our people. The census report 
 s'lows that on June 1, 1900, there were held on the farms 
 of the State 230,000 calves under one year of age, 110,000 
 steers over one year and under two years, 68,301 steers 
 two and under three years, and 20,127 steers three years 
 and over. There were also 94,224 heifers one year and 
 under two years old and 49,560 neat cattle two years and 
 over classed as other than dairy cows. Doubtless a num- 
 ber of the 94,224 heifers should be classed as dairy ani- 
 mals, but on that point the census makes no distinction. 
 These figures apply only to cattle held on farms and 
 ranges, and not on all inclosures in the State. If all the 
 inclnsures were considered, the number in each class would 
 be considerably increased. According to these figures, 
 the annual calf crop is 236,000. As the total nimiber of 
 aniuials classed as one-year-olds, two-year-olds, and threes 
 3'ear-olds aggregates only 198,796, it seems that 37,204 
 of these calves must either be classed as dairy animals, 
 slaughtered or disposed of in some other way, or else the 
 number of beef cattle in the State would have increased 
 more rapidly during the last decade. 
 
HANDiiooK OF Tennessee. 63 
 
 DEMAND FOR " STOCKERS." 
 
 While our common cattle are frequently deficient in 
 quality and often do not mature and fatten so rapidly as 
 animals of a higher grade, their value is fully appreciated, 
 or else they would not be in such great deuiand. That 
 they are in keen demand is shown by the fact tliat of the 
 198,796 l^eef cattle which must have been disposed of in 
 1900, or else the total number held in the State would 
 have increased in the past decade, only 20,127 were classed 
 as three-year-olds and 68,301 as two-year-olds, leaving 
 110,368 that were either fed and slaughtered in the State 
 or shipped out as " stockers." These figures are very sur- 
 prising; for without native cattle, one would naturally 
 expect many more of them to be two-year-olds and tliree^- 
 year-olds before they were ready for sale, even off the grass 
 in lean condition for winter feeding. This is the best 
 evidence of the demand for them and of the appreciation 
 in which they are held in other sections of the country. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF CATTLE INTERESTS. 
 
 Leaving out of consideration the calf crop, the other 
 three classes of cattle, according to the figures quoted 
 above, would be worth $3,137,744.36. The animals sold 
 in the State had an aggregate value of $11,121,141 ; the 
 aniuuils slauglitered, a value of $8,350,046 — making a to- 
 tal of $19,471,087, constituting 18.3 per cent of the value 
 of all fanu products. The number of farms that report 
 animals slaughtered having an average farm value of 
 $45.75 is 182,375, or 81.2 per cent. The animals re- 
 p<irted slaughtered by 122,341 fanus constitute 54.5 per 
 cent of the total number, the average amount received per 
 farm being $90.91. The animals slaughtered on the 
 farms would, as a rule, be hogs ; so that a large per cent 
 of the beef cattle disposed of would of necessity go outside 
 the State. The farmers' interest in beef cattle is showTi 
 by the fact that of the 224,623 farms in the State, 185,311 
 
64 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 report live-stock interests. This leaves 39,312 farms 
 wliere no apparent interest is taken in stock hnsbandry. 
 The nuinl)er not interested in live stock is snrprisingly 
 large, representing as it does about onehfifth of all the 
 farms in the State. 
 
 COMPARATIVE VAEUE OF BEEF CATTLE IN SEVERAL STATES. 
 
 The value of all the cattle held in the State is ]>laeed at 
 $16.88 per head; of calves, at $6.81 per head; of " long " 
 yearlings, at $12.98 per head ; of two-year-olds and over, 
 at $18.10 per head; and of steers, at $24.38 per head. 
 Let ns see how these prices compare with those in a num- 
 ber of other States where the agricultural industries are 
 both specialized and varied: 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Calves. 
 
 Yearling.s. 
 
 Two-year- 
 olds. 
 
 Over Two 
 Years. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Virs^inia 
 
 $6 81 
 9 90 
 7 86 
 3 85 
 3 87 
 7 20 
 
 |12 98 
 
 20 00 
 
 16 83 
 
 8 30 
 
 6 84 
 
 16 01 
 
 |]8 10 
 30 90 
 27 00 
 12 41 
 9 76 
 29 62 
 
 |24 38 
 43 17 
 36 61 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 18 64 
 
 Alabama ... 
 
 20 56 
 
 Pennsvlvania 
 
 43 51 
 
 
 
 The table shows that while the value of all classes of ani- 
 mals ill Virginia and Kentucky is somewhat liigher t!ian 
 in Tennessee, the gTeatest diiference is observed between 
 the twoi-vear-olds and the threery ear-olds. As already in- 
 dicated, most of the animals sent from Tennessee leave 
 the State as yearlings. They are winter fed in, Kentucky 
 and ^'irginia, a fact which explains their higher value, 
 and should convince our fanners of the importance of kee^p^ 
 ing them at home and feeding them here, as we possess 
 advantages not enjoyed by the feeders of these other States. 
 So the difference in the average value of the live stock in 
 Tennessee and these other States would not be very great, 
 provided the animals received the same treatment. >Vny 
 remaining difference due to better quality possessed by 
 the average animal in Kentucky and Virginia can be easily 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 65 
 
 overcome through the general use of pure-bred sires on our 
 common cows. Notice that North Carolina and Alabama, 
 States which produce a large amount of cotton, are a long 
 waj behind Tennessee in the quality of their stock, a calf, 
 yearling, and two-year-old being worth only half as much 
 as in Tennessee. In Pennsylvania, a State where diversi- 
 fied and intensive agriculture is practiced, yearlings and 
 two-year-old and three-year-old animals are worth consid- 
 erably more than in Tennessee. This is not due so much 
 to a difference in '" quality " as to the better feeding they 
 received from birth forward, a point that cannot be empha- 
 sized too strongly. 
 
 TENNESSEE S RAKK IN THE PRODUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE. 
 
 According to the Twelfth Census, Tennessee ranks 
 twenty-second in the ow^lersllip of neat cattle. With re- 
 gard to the number of beef cattle held in the Southern 
 States, Tennessee stands second only to Kentucky. Texas 
 is, of course, left out of the reckoning, as its area is so 
 much greater than that of any of the other States con- 
 sidered, (^omparing the number of cattle held in the fol- 
 lowing States, Tennessee shows up well in regard to niun- 
 bers, though the total value of all animals still leaves much 
 to be desired. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 Year- 
 
 Two- 
 
 Three- 
 
 
 Calves. 
 
 year- 
 
 year- 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 olds. 
 
 olds. 
 
 
 236,n(X1 
 
 110,3r,S 
 
 (58,301 
 
 20,127 
 
 434,7% 
 
 250,o02 
 
 141,943 
 
 107,055 
 
 49,580 
 
 549,680 
 
 162,053 
 
 91,579 
 
 87,026 
 
 79,203 
 
 419,861 
 
 142,t>.St) 
 
 43,.S2S 
 
 2(i,579 
 
 30,692 
 
 243,785 
 
 213,:!97 
 
 52,023 
 
 37,001 
 
 40,436 
 
 ;i-12,8.57 
 
 211,579 
 
 «2,12S 
 
 3(5,100 
 
 31,254 
 
 341,061 
 
 $ 4,766,641 
 10,798,342 
 8,064,388 
 1,815,684 
 2,374,885 
 1,789,970 
 
 In prepanng this table, all the animals classed as calves 
 in the census report have been included. Doubtless a 
 number of these were dairy animals ; but as the census 
 makes no distinction on that point, the comparison is fair 
 
 3 
 
66 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 to the several States. Observe tliat Kentucky has ouly 
 14,502 more calves and 31,575 more yearlings than Ten- 
 nessee, but over 39,354 two-yeaf-olds and more than 29,- 
 453 three-year-olds, which gives it 114,884 more neat cat> 
 tie than Tennessee owns; and as nearly half this number 
 are two-year-olds and three-year-olds, their value is much 
 greater and accounts in part for the high value of the beef 
 cattle held in that State. Virginia has 18,789 less year- 
 lings, but 18,715 more two-year-olds and 59,076 more 
 three-year-olds, though lier annual calf cropis 73,947 less 
 than Tennessee's. The total number of the different ani- 
 mals held, however, is 419,864, almost as many as in this 
 State, while their total value is much greater. The dif- 
 ference is chiefly due to the high average value of the two- 
 year-olds and the three-year-olds. On the basis of tbc' calf 
 crop the large number of two-year-olds and threef-year- 
 olds possessed by Virginia and Kentucky can only be ac- 
 counted for throug'h the purchase of large numbers from 
 other States, and it is for the purpose of bringing out tliis 
 fact and pointing out the error of our breeders in permitr 
 ting their cattle to go to other States in a " half-finished " 
 condition and at a low sale price that this table has been 
 introduced. What Tennessee farmers ne«d to do is to 
 keep their ''half -finished" beef cattle at home and "finish" 
 them here, and so obtain the top market price. The con- 
 dition of the stock in many of the cotton-growling States is 
 certainly deplorable, empliasizing the importance of 
 " grading up " and the necessity of giving better care and 
 management to those animals already owned in the several 
 States.- 
 
 INFLUENCE OF THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 In this connection it will be interesting to see what prog- 
 ress has been made in the cattle business in some of the 
 Southern States in the past thirty or forty years. The 
 following table brings tliis out very nicely, giving the total 
 number of animals on all the farms in 1860, 1870, and 
 1900: 
 
Hai^dbook of Tennessee. 
 
 67 
 
 Tennessee. .... 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Georgia 
 
 NUMBER OF ANIMALS. 
 
 764,732 
 S;}(j,()59 
 
 1,014,467 
 6!):], 810 
 729,909 
 770,396 
 
 1,005,882 
 
 643,696 
 700,327 
 511,743 
 521,162 
 501,075 
 487,163 
 697,903 
 
 1900. 
 
 912,183 
 1,083,248 
 825,512 
 624,518 
 873,356 
 799,734 
 899,491 
 
 The effects of the war are very clearly sliown, as many 
 of the States did not possess as many animals in 1870 as 
 they did in 1860. In 1900 most of them show a satis- 
 factory increase, and among' this nmnber is Tennessee. 
 Virginia, North C^arolina, and Georgia do not now possess 
 as many cattle as they did in 1860 ; while Tennessee, Ken- 
 tncky, and Mississippi have made a very satisfactory in- 
 crease. These fignres indicate . an increasing interest in 
 the cattle business; and having now fully recovered from 
 the eft'ects of tlie war, we may expect the matter of winter 
 feeding to receive the attention, its importance: merits. 
 
 BTSTRIBUTTON OF CATTLE BY TYPE OF FARM. 
 
 There is no way of distinguishing between the nmnber 
 of beef and dairy cattle held on the different type farms 
 of the State; but a study of the figures presented here- 
 with is instructive, because it shows that more than one- 
 third of all the cattle in the State are found on live-stock 
 farms. The number of animals on stock farms was 240,- 
 150 on Jane 1, 1900; the next largest number fonud 
 on hay and grain farms was 143,290 ; while on the 53,405 
 farms on which cotton was produced there were only 37,- 
 447 head of cattla Yet these farms in the majority of 
 instances had more grain to feed tO' cattle than any of the 
 others. The number of cattle held on farms where di- 
 versified agriculture is practiced was 99,116. Onlv a 
 
68 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 comparatively few animals M^ere held on special-t\pe 
 farms, such as vegetable, fruit, sugar, etc. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF CATTEE BY OWNERSHIP. 
 
 Of tlie total number of neat cattle held in the State, 
 355,644 were the property of owners; of part o-svners, 31,- 
 286; the joint property of owners and tenants, 14,130; 
 belonging to managers of estates, 9,828; the propertv of 
 cash ten,ants, 34,148; belonging to share tenants, 66,988. 
 By far the greater number of the cattle in the State were, 
 tlierefore, tlie property of the owners of the land, and so 
 there should be every incentive for the improvement of 
 their quality. 
 
 CATTLE PER FARM. 
 
 At an earlier day many of the cattle were held on a few 
 fanns of large area. According to the census of 1900, 
 there were 711 cattle on farms of imder three acres, 5,116 
 on farms of from 3 to 10 acres, 16,117 on farms of from 
 10 to 20 acres, 60,730 on farms of from 20 to 50 acres, 
 101,548 on farms of from 50 to 100 acres, 136,134 on 
 farms of from 100 to 175 acres, 83,055 on farms of from 
 175 to 200 acres, 86,215 on farms of from 200 to 500 
 acres, 23,767 on farms of from 500 to 1,000 acres, and 
 17,464 on fanns of over 1,000 acres. It seems that by 
 far the greater number of the cattle owned in Tennessee are 
 found on farms of from 50 to 500 acres; in other words, 
 tliey are in the hands of small farmers, and not on the 
 ranges or great estates. Thus every farmer in the State 
 has an interest in the development of the beef -cattle in- 
 dustry. • 
 
 SHOULD TENNESSEE DEVELOP THE BEEF INDUSTRY ? 
 
 The acreage of improved land in Tennessee is from 25 
 to 50 per cent of the total area. During the past decade 
 our improved lands increased only 16 per cent. As the 
 majority of our farms are fi^om 100 to 200 acres in extent 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 69 
 
 and the vahie of our farm products is only from 4 to 7 per 
 cent and the value of our farm lands is from 10 to 20 
 per cent, there is certainly every reason why an effort 
 should he made to conserve and improve the fertility of 
 our land, thereby increasin£>' its productiveness, the value 
 of the crop per acre, and the price of the land. Tliis can 
 undoubtedly be done more economically and with the 
 greatest dispatch through the development of our cattle 
 interests. Tennessee should certainly develop the feed- 
 ing of beef cattle on a large scale because of the many 
 excellent food stuffs tliat are grown which are not now very 
 largely utilized at home, but are permitted to go to other 
 States where the winter feeding of beef cattle is engaged 
 in more extensively. 
 
 THE cotton crop. 
 
 In 1899 there were produced 234,592 bales of cotton, 
 yielding 117,504,070 pounds of lint. As already no- 
 ticed, 39,312 farms report no interest in stock, whereas 
 the 623,137 acres cultivated in cotton in the State in 1899 
 were on 53,405 farms. It appears that on an average 
 these farms produced 2,200 pounds of lint, or 189 pounds 
 per acre; and the total value of the crop, including the 
 cotton seed, was $14.72 per acre. It is plain on the face 
 of these returns that the cotton lands are not producing 
 what they would under better treatment. If farmyard 
 manure were available, the yield would be materially iu/- 
 creased and the purchase of commercial- fertilizer would 
 be very considerably reduced. By maintaining stock on. 
 -the fann, many of the legimiinous crops which improve 
 the soil could be brought into the rotation and pastured 
 off to advantage. The writer does not wish to see the per- 
 centage of cotton produced in Tennessee decreased. Those 
 who advocate the abandonment of cotton farming take an 
 unreasonable view of the situation. What should be done 
 is to combine cotton and stock fanning, not only improv- 
 ing the cotton farms, but feeding the meal and by-products 
 
70 Handbook of Tein^nessee. 
 
 of the cotton plant on the lands producing tliem, and then 
 their fertility can be maintained indefinitely. If the cot- 
 ton farms produce more bv-products than they can con- 
 sume on their own lands, they should certainly be utilized 
 by fanners in other sections of the State, and not be per- 
 mitted to go outside the State, Allowing that two pounds 
 of cotton seed were produced for each poimd of lint in 
 1899, there were produced 117,504 tons of cotton seed, 
 equal to 47,001.6 tons of ineal; allowing that a pound of 
 cotton-seed meal is equal to one and one-half pounds of c irn 
 for feeding purposes (a moderate estimate), the cotton 
 products were equal to 2,517,943 bushels of com, or 
 enough to feed 70,503 1,000-pound steers for 120 days. 
 If this number of steers had been fed on the cotton prod- 
 ucts wliich must be combined with corn in oxder to make 
 tlie most economical gains, all of the " stockers " must have 
 been sold into other States, or else the number of beef cat- 
 tle would materially increase and could be fed at home, 
 and, instead of selling for 3 cents, would have brought 
 nearer 5 cents. In addition, the excreta from the animals 
 fed cotton products, if properly preserved, would contain 
 about 96 per cent of all the fertilizing elements in, the 
 original foods. If only 75 per cent of the excreta were 
 properly presented and returned to the soil, it would have 
 been worth $705,015, which in itself would have been a 
 handsome profit, even if the cattle had not brought more 
 than the pm-chase price in addition to paying for the feed 
 consumed. 
 
 THE corn crop. 
 
 Besides the cotton crop, the State can produce an almost 
 unlimited supply of corn, if the area devoted to that cereal 
 is sufiiciently increased. The present year it is estimated 
 that the crop will approximate 80,000,000 bushels, grown 
 on less than 3,500,000 acres of land. The area devoted to 
 the coiTi crop could be doubled to advantage. As it is, 
 there are many farmers in Tennessee, especially in the 
 river bottoms, who are trvins' to sell their corn at from 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 71 
 
 35 cents to 40 cents per bnshel, whereas it lias been shown 
 at the Experiment Station that they can obtain, much 
 more than this for it tlirongh the winter feeding of cat- 
 tle or the fattening of hogs. On one farm wlil^jh has been 
 called particnlarly to the attention of the writer there is 
 enough com produced to winter fatten the 7,000 head of 
 '■ stockers " which one buyer in the State purchased and 
 sent out this year to be winter fed in Maryland, Pennsylva- 
 nia, and Virginia. Why the fanners should desire to sell 
 their corn at so great a sacrifice, when they can purchase 
 the beef cattle at home at a reasonable cost, is hard to vin- 
 derstand. It certainly must be attributed to a failure to 
 recognize the importance of tlie industry. 
 
 CENTEK of the BEEF-CATTLE INDUSTRY. 
 
 The table below shows the counties in which the beef 
 cattle are found in greatest numbers. The column show- 
 ing' calves under on© year old doubtless includes dairy 
 calves, but there is no way of making" a distinction on this 
 point. Only a few counties can be considered in this ta- 
 ble, but tliose liolding the largest number of beef cattle 
 liave been selected, the others not mentioned ranging be- 
 low these; and, in fact, in some counties hardly any beef 
 cattle are o^vned. The table follows : 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Dyer 
 
 Gibson 
 
 Greene.. . . 
 
 Maury 
 
 Rutherford 
 
 Giles 
 
 Obion .... 
 Shelby .... 
 Sumner.. . . 
 Lincoln. . . . 
 Bedford . . . 
 Weakley. . . 
 Williamson 
 
 Blount 
 
 Knox 
 
 Davidson . . 
 
 Calves. 
 
 Yearlings. 
 
 Two-vear- 
 olds. 
 
 Three- 
 j^ear-olds. 
 
 .5,300 
 
 2,881 
 
 1,707 
 
 276 
 
 5,271 
 
 2,380 
 
 1,600 
 
 678 
 
 5,787 
 
 2,191 
 
 1,555 
 
 282 
 
 5,251 
 
 2,971 
 
 1,257 
 
 205 
 
 4.799 
 
 2,905 
 
 1,417 
 
 326 
 
 5,102 
 
 3,008 
 
 1,141 
 
 169 
 
 4,589 
 
 2,-529 
 
 1,564 
 
 336 
 
 4,795 
 
 2,305 
 
 1,148 
 
 283 
 
 5.752 
 
 1,2(57 
 
 1,009 
 
 265 
 
 3,521 
 
 2,398 
 
 1,827 
 
 130 
 
 3,991 
 
 2,484 
 
 797 
 
 92 
 
 3,334 
 
 2,229 
 
 1,380 
 
 237 
 
 4,537 
 
 1.479 
 
 699 
 
 180 
 
 4,158 
 
 1,720 
 
 837 
 
 99 
 
 3,001 
 
 2,099 
 
 1,380 
 
 242 
 
 4,313 
 
 1,497 
 
 i)V ( 
 
 213 
 
 3,849 
 
 1,336 
 
 1,083 
 
 301 
 
 10,164 
 9,929 
 9,815 
 9,684 
 9,447 
 9,420 
 9,018 
 8,531 
 8,293 
 7,876 
 7,364 
 7,180 
 6,895 
 6,814 
 6,722 
 6,600 
 6,591 
 
72 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 The largest number of beef cattle are held in Wilson 
 County — namely, 10,164; Dyer County is second, with 
 9,929; Gibson County is third, with 9,815; Greene 
 Coimty is fourth, with 9,684; and Maury Coimty is fifth, 
 with 9,447 ; and so they go on doAvn. There is not one of 
 these counties which could not maintain from three to five 
 times as many beef cattle as it now owns, were the busi- 
 ness developed on the basis its importance as a means of 
 improving the agriculture of the South, coupled with its 
 profitableness, would warrant. The indifferent de\'el- 
 opment of the cattle business in some of the counties can 
 be imagined when it is seen that the county holding the 
 largest number in the State possesses only 10,164 head. 
 In order that the importance of developing the cattle busi- 
 ness may be more clearly recognized, it is necessary to 
 study this table in conjunction with the two following 
 ones, which deal with the centers of corn and cotton j)ro- 
 dnctioii in the State. 
 
 CENTER OF CORN PRODUCTION. 
 
 Witli regard to the corn prodnction, only those counties 
 have been mentioned where the yield in 1899 was over 
 1,000,000 bushels: 
 
 Number of 
 Acres. . 
 
 Yield, 
 in Bushels. 
 
 Gibson 
 
 Obion 
 
 Giles 
 
 Weakley . . . 
 
 Maury 
 
 Rutherford.. 
 Lincoln ... 
 
 Dyer 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Williamson . 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Lauderdale . 
 
 Henry 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Sumner . . . . 
 Tipton 
 
 815 
 195 
 294 
 8S8 
 611 
 982 
 881 
 287 
 828 
 679 
 094 
 266 
 722 
 499 
 719 
 714 
 751 
 564 
 
 1,988,480 
 1,878,790 
 1,798,040 
 1,741,560 
 1,597,400 
 1,465,800 
 1,459,840 
 1,449,000 
 1,858,820 
 1,842,720 
 1,287,570 
 1,182,380 
 1,161.130 
 1,106,670 
 1,081,400 
 1,058,950 
 1,036,810 
 1,007,220 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 73 
 
 In glancing at this table, it is quite apparent that in 
 some connties the yield per acre is much greater than in 
 others ; and if equal areas were cultivated in all the coun- 
 ties, some of those now making only 1,000,000 bushels 
 each would probably run close to 2,000,000 or 2,500,000 
 bushels. Every one of the counties mentioned could 
 produce at least t^viee the number of bushels of corn 
 with Avhich it is here credited. The county produ- 
 cing the largest crop of corn in 1899 was Gibson, with 
 1,988,480 bushels; Obion was second, with 1,873,790 
 bushels; and Giles was third, with 1,798,040 bushels; and 
 so it goes gradually on down tO' Tipton, which produced 
 1,007,220 bushels. 
 
 Comparing this table with the centers of the cattle in- 
 dustry, it seems that Wilson Coimty, containing the larg- 
 est number of cattle, stood nintb in tlie production of 
 corn ; Dyer County was second in the number of cattle 
 and eightli in the production of corn ; Gibson County was 
 third in the production of cattle and first in the produc- 
 tion of corn ; Greene County was foui-th in the production 
 of cattle, but produced less than 1,000,000 bushels of 
 corn, and had no cotton products available for winter feed- 
 ing except by purchase; Maury County was fifth in the 
 number of cattle and also in the production of corn; and 
 Rutherford was sixth in each instance. 
 
 It thus seems that the cattle industry in the counties 
 mentioned was not developed in proportion to the produc- 
 tion of grain; and the writer desires to' emphasize this 
 point most emphatically, as it brings out one of tlie great- 
 est weaknesses in our present system of farming — ^namely, 
 the failure to keep at home and utilize the grain crops in 
 the production of a finished article, a manufactured arti- 
 cle, and high-class beef cattle that command a good mar- 
 ket price and enable the farmer tO' retain at least threes 
 fourths of the fertilizing ingredients in his crops on his 
 farm. Xotice that Greene, Blount, and Knox Counties, 
 which produced less than 1,000,000 bushels and bad no 
 
74 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 cotton products, possessed very considerable numbers of 
 live stock — more in proportion to tlie topograplij than 
 many otlier counties in the State. The census shows that 
 the winter maintenance of these cattle is probably due to 
 the large amount of shredded stoA^er put up in these coun- 
 ties. In Greene County in 1899 it amounted to 8,274 
 tons; in Blount County, U) 6,478 tons; and in Knox 
 County, to 6,143 tons. In the whole State 123,270 tons 
 of shredded fodder were put up that year. There were 
 3,374,574 acres of corn cultivated, however, eveiw acre of 
 which should yield fi/^ tons of corn stover. The yield 
 of corn stover on this basis would be 5,061,861 tons; so 
 that 4,938,591 tons were either fed in tlie field or allowed 
 to waste altogether. When fed in the field, not more than 
 one-third of its feeding value would be obtained. It is 
 quite evident from these figures that there is enough 
 shredded stover and corn produced in the State, if prop^ 
 erly utilized, to permit of the profitable winter feeding of 
 all the beef cattle produced in the State and allow for a 
 generous increase besides. 
 
 CENTER of cotton PRODUCTION. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 l,int Cotton — 
 Pounds. 
 
 Seed Cotton- 
 Pounds. 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Fayette ... 
 
 Tipton 
 
 Ivauderdale 
 
 39,175 
 
 25,881 
 25,604 
 15,929 
 15,914 
 13,197 
 12,488 
 
 19,587,500 
 12,940,500 
 12,802,000 
 7,964,500 
 7,957,000 
 6,598,500 
 6,244,000 
 
 39,175,000 
 
 25,881,000 
 25,604,000 
 15,929,000 
 
 Haywood 
 
 Hardeman 
 
 15,914.000 
 13,197,000 
 12,488,000 
 
 
 
 This table is calculated on the basis of 2 pounds of seed cotton for 1 pound of 
 lint. 
 
 While the production of wheat in the State now barely 
 suffices for the needs of our own people and the growth 
 of the other winter cereals is as yet insignificant, there is 
 another great concentrate produced in the State which 
 is not utilized to any considerable extent as yet in the 
 
Hanbj30ok of Tennessee. 75 
 
 winter feeding of beef cattle. Coupled with the com crop 
 produced and which the State is capable of producing and 
 the large increase that might be had in the production 
 of cotton if the lands are improved througli the winter 
 feeding of beef cattle and the return of the droppings to 
 the soils on the cotton farms, there is practically no litnit 
 to the amount of cheap concentrates that may be had for 
 winter feeding, once the farmers come to realize the im- 
 portance of the industry. 
 
 Acco]'ding- to theforegoing table, the largest cotton-produ- 
 cing county in the State is Shelby, which made 39,175 bales 
 in 1899; Fayette came second, with 25,881 bales; Tipton 
 came third, with 25,604 bales; Lauderdale came fourth, 
 with 15,929 bales; Haywood came fifth, with 15,914 
 bales; Plardeman came sixth, with 13,197 bales; and Mad- 
 ison came seventh, with 12,488 bales. These seven coun- 
 ties produced 148,188 bales of cotton, or three-fifths of the 
 entire crop. 
 
 Returning to the table showing the center of the cattle 
 industry, it appears that Shelby is the only county hav- 
 ing any considerable interest in the business; yet these 
 seven counties produced the equivalent of 2,646,214 bush- 
 els of corn — ^enough concentrates to make 15,877,284 
 pounds of beef, equivalent to 200 pounds of gain on 79,- 
 386 head of beef cattle, or 300 poirnds of gain on 52,924 
 head of l>eef cattle in a 150-day feeding period; yet the 
 largest number of beef cattle held by any one of these 
 counties was by Shelby — namely, 8,293 head. In some 
 of these counties there is practically no' interest in beef 
 cattle. The yield of lint cotton per acre in these coun- 
 ties could be greatly increased by improving the fer- 
 tility of the soil, which can be most cheaply and ef- 
 fectively done through the feed of the by-products of 
 the cotton plant in conjunction with the corn which these 
 counties are capable of producing. It is noteworthy 'that 
 the cotton seed produced in Shelby County was equiva- 
 lent in feeding value to 700,000 bushels of corn, enough 
 
76 Handbook of Texnessek. 
 
 to winter feed 21,000 head of beef cattle; while in Fay- 
 ette County the cotton crop was equivalent to 462,160 
 bushels of com, enough to Avinter feed 13,864 head of 
 beef cattle for the period mentioned, while making a gain 
 of 200 pounds. 
 
 THE CEREALS. 
 
 In addition to the corn and cotton crops which are now 
 available, large yields of winter cereals — oats, barley, and 
 rye — can be produced and utilized for feeding, not only 
 acting as winter cover crops, but leaving the land free for 
 tlie production of a summer crop of cowpea hay, soy beans, 
 or even corn or sorghum for forage or silage. All that is 
 necessary is to prepare the land well and seed these crops 
 early in the fall in order to get proper yields from them 
 and produce an abundance of cheap grain for combining 
 with the cotton-seed meal and corn already produced for 
 winter feeding. 
 
 TJiE SOY BEAN. 
 
 There is another crop that should also receive attention 
 ai the hands of the farmer, and that is the soy bean, wliicii 
 will yield on a fair type of land from 25 to 40 bushels 
 per acre of grain, containing about 28 per cent of protein, 
 or more than twice as much as wheat bran and about three 
 times as much as corn. In addition, the soy beau will 
 produce a larger amount of '' roughness " than an acre of 
 com, and it is also of superior feeding value to shredded 
 stover. 
 
 SiLAOE CKOP8. 
 
 Combination crops of cowpeas and corn or sorghum and 
 veh^et beans can be made into silage to the greatest advan- 
 tage in the State. It need not cost in an average season 
 more than -^1 per ton to make the silage, consisting of 
 from 10 to 15 per cent of pea vines. The silage is thus 
 not only unusually rich, but it can be utilized for either 
 sumjuer or winter feeding, and, if properly made, will 
 produce larger gains, as experimental results referred to 
 later will substantiate, than dr>^ fodders alone. With 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 77 
 
 such an array of fine foods at the command of the feeder 
 and taking into consideration the ease and cheapness with 
 which they can be produced, there is nO' reason why the 
 feeding" of beef cattle should not be made a paramount 
 industry in the State. The feeding of beef cattle will also 
 enable tiie land to be put down in grass and stop the fright- 
 ful soil w^ashing wdiich is now apparent on every hand and 
 which has already ruined gTeat sections of the country 
 almost beyond redemption. 
 
 CHEAP GKAZING LANDS. 
 
 While many of the grasses which do' best in the jS^orth 
 may not take so kindly to our soil, there are others adapted 
 to the South which are very successful, if not superior. 
 Lands subject to washing can be put down in Bermuda 
 grass to the greatest advantage ; lands better situated can 
 be seeded to redtop, orchard grass, and tall oat gTass. 
 The fescues can be used to advantage in our pasture lands ; 
 and, when properly treated, thousands of acres can be suc- 
 cessfully cultivated in red and alsike clover, or, it may be, 
 even in alfalfa. It is absolutely necessary that the farmers 
 of the State pnt down vast areas of their land m grasses 
 in order to preserv^e it, and it is best for them to get the 
 densest turf they can. The objection to Bermuda grass, 
 that it cannot he eradicated, is not worthy of serious con- 
 sideration in view of the large destruction the erosion is 
 now causing on many of our farms. The mere putting 
 down of the grass in sod will enrich it, as all know who 
 have attempted to cultivate com or other crops after it, and 
 it Avill enable us to maintain our beef cattle in good 
 growing condition through the summer and a ]X)i'tion 
 of the winter as well. Our stocker cattle are sold at a sac- 
 rifice. True, they may be produced on cheap lands and 
 the farmer may think he cannot afford to feed them ; but 
 the difference between 3 cents and 5 cents per poimd on all 
 the animals sold in the State is too gTeat a loss for the 
 farmers to sustain. Then if these cattle can be fed sue- 
 
78 Handbook of Teiv'tv^essee. 
 
 cessfully in other States without advantages such as we 
 enjoy, it is clearly evident that they should be kept at 
 hoi'ne. Every one knows that the finished product brings 
 the highest price and shows the largest profit. One: has 
 to pay a high price for a watch or any other article re- 
 quiring skill and care in the manufacturei, and the ditfer- 
 ence is as proportionately great between the haK-fattened 
 steer of indifferent quality and one properly bred and 
 " finished." Our farmers can no longer permit the several 
 millions of dollars which they are losing through the pres- 
 ent ])ractice of disposing of their cattle to go further, ]>e- 
 cause tlie time has come when every source of revenue nmst 
 be fully developed if the farmer is to obtain a just reward 
 for his labors. 
 
 In addition to these many reasons, there is an abun- 
 dance of cheap land suitable for grazing, and for no other 
 purpose, which used to be covered with timber, but which 
 now has been cut off. TTnless it is put down in sod, it will 
 be entirely destroved; and owing to its steep, rough na- 
 ture, it is quite unsuited for agricultural purposes. Such 
 lands are adjacent to almost every farm in. the State. 
 They can be purchased for a song and can be used for 
 grazing purposes during the summer, while the richer, 
 lower lands of the valleys are utilized for the production of 
 grain and forage crops for winter feeding. lii this way 
 the farmer can raise and produce his own stock very 
 cheaply — sl manifest advantage, as he not only knows the 
 quality of the stocky but is not forced to purchase at a 
 good deal of trouble and expense each year. 
 
 CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE LAND. 
 
 The carrying capacity of Tennessee land when properly 
 managed is surprising, and it is quite feasible to duplicate 
 these results on thousands of acres of land in the State. 
 The improvement of our meadows and pastures will not 
 be a difiicult matter M-hen the soil is properly enriclied 
 by the use of barnyard manure and plenty of shade is pro- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 79 
 
 vided to enable the production of Kentucky blue grass and 
 orchard g-rass. The following- fig-ures relating to the ':;ar- 
 rying capacity of Tennessee lands were furnished, through 
 the courtesy of Hon. C. H. JS^imson, of Bellevue Farms, 
 Cranberry, 1^. C. Mr. Nimson went into this counti-y 
 and cleared the primeval forest at a cost of $29.30 per acre, 
 and has maintained it as a stock farm for many years, and 
 so consei-^'ed all its original fertility. I quote his figures 
 because they will be of unusual interest and value to t.he 
 people of the State, and should convince them beyond all 
 (piestion of the momentous importance of the live-stock 
 industry when properly developed and the marvelous car- 
 rying capacity of our soils when intelligently treated : 
 
 " Pasture 'No. 2, 84 acres, carried live weight of cattle 
 and sheep, weighed in on May 1, 1902, 446 pounds tO' the 
 acre. 
 
 " Pasture Ko. 3, 14 acres, a pasture used continuously 
 summer and winter for sheep, with cattle added in sum- 
 luer, carried live weight, weighed in on May 1, 1902, 298 
 pounds to the acre. 
 
 " Pasture No. 5, 22 acres, a division also' pastured sum- 
 mer and AA^nter with sheep, and cattle added in sununer, 
 carried, weighed in on May 1, 1902, 230 pounds to the 
 acre. 
 
 " Pasture No. 13, 20 acres, carried an average of 327 
 pounds live weight to the acre, weighed in on May 1, 1902. 
 
 " Pasture No. 18, 26 acres, carried 230 pounds to the 
 acre, weighed in on May 1, 1902. 
 
 " In making up a record of cattle grazing, we found that 
 74 head of one-year-olds and two-year-olds pastured at the 
 rate of 300 pounds to the acre (weighed in) gained in 
 111 days, 65 per cent; for the season of 51/^ months, 80 
 per cent — the heifers gaining 79.3 per cent; the steers, 
 81.6 per cent. 
 
 " We feel very safe in estimating tliat our lands will 
 carry, on an average, 275 pounds of live stock to the acre. 
 
80 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 weighed in, and make an increase in a season's pasturage 
 of 51/0 months of from 75 per cent to 80 per cent." 
 
 DIFFICULTIES of THE BUSINESS. 
 
 It has been urged that one of the principal drawbacks 
 to the development of the stock industry in Tennessee is 
 the cattle tick. As a inatter of fact, the majority of coun- 
 ties in the State are above the quarantine line, and there 
 is no reason why all should not enjoy perfect immunity 
 from tliis pest if they take systematic steps with that cud 
 in view. If each county would appoint a live-stock in- 
 spector whose duty it is to exterminate the ticks, as can 
 be done a\ itli comparative ease by destroying them on the 
 cattle held on the various famis and by keeping iiifecied 
 cattle outside that county, the peoplei of that section can 
 scon be placed above the quarantine line, and then the pres- 
 ent difficultly will disappear and tlie discrimination which 
 now affects the business will be disposed of. Let the peo- 
 ple understand that they are to blame entirely if this is 
 the only drawback they can urge against the development 
 of their stock interests. Railroad rates have been so exor- 
 bitant as to militate against the business. Better times 
 are in sight, however, and the day is not far distant 
 wlien packing houses will be established in this section 
 of the South. As soon as our farmers demonstrate that 
 they can produce cattle of good quality and in sufficient 
 numbers, packing houses mil come tO' their doors. If 
 they are not willing to make some sacrifice in order to 
 build up the industry, they must remain as they are. It 
 is first necessary for any man to demonstrate what he can 
 do before he can enlist the interest and sympathy of cap- 
 italists, and so the same rule holds with our farmers. Our 
 people must first make the effort, even at some sacrifice, 
 and all the profits will flow into their coffers. 
 
 It has been said that markets are not available; but 
 there are four large and growing cities in Tennessee, and 
 we are not far distant in the eastern part of the State from 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 81 
 
 Washington, Baltimore, and Philadelphia; in the middle 
 part, from Louisville and Cincinnati ; and in the west- 
 ern part, from St. Louis, and even Chicag'o. The mai-^ 
 ket facilities are improving all the time ; and if Vir- 
 ginia can develop a large stock business by taking the 
 cattle from East Tennessee and winter feeding them, there 
 is no reason why our own people should not and will not 
 do the same thing as soon as they realize the value of tlie 
 business. 
 
 EESITT.TS OF FEEDING BEEF CATTLE AT THE TENNESSEE 
 EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 It lias been said that our native cattle could not make 
 profitable gains ; that it was useless to try to feed them. 
 If those of better quality are fed for 150 days, they will 
 make satisfactory^ gains and show a fair profit. It is not 
 a difficult matter to improve the quality of stock. Im- 
 proved sires are being brought into every section, of the 
 State, and the first cross is effecting a very desirable 
 change. After we have effected the improvement in 
 blood, wliicli is now being rapidly done, the cattle must 
 be put on better pastures and receive better attention if 
 they are to improve as rapidly as desired. These matters 
 are entireJy in the hands of the farmers ; and if tliey fail 
 to avail themselves of the natural advantages by which 
 they are surrounded, they can be attributed only to their 
 own negligence. 
 
 Some have stated that cattle feeding is not profitable; 
 but if one goes out and studies the problem on many of 
 the farms, he will be struck at once with the wasteful 
 methods of feeding which largely prevail and which ac- 
 count for the small profits obtained. One-tliird of the 
 food could frequently be saved and still make satisfactory 
 gains, were the rations intelligently combined or the ani- 
 mals fed in a careful and economic way. The one-crop 
 and two-crop system in vogue, which has been practiced so 
 long, has also militated ag'ainst the development of cattle 
 
82 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 feeding, because there has not been enough grain and 
 forage produced to make the business feasible. 
 
 ISJ^one of these questions, however, are serious, and can 
 all be disposed of as soon as the farmers make up their 
 minds to encourage the industry on a businesslike basis. 
 That even our native stock can be fed successfully in Ten- 
 nessee is sliown by the following table, which gives the 
 results of feeding beef cattle at the Tennessee station for 
 three years past. The table shows the number of days 
 fed, the rations fed per 1,000 pounds, the gain at the end, 
 tlie gain per group, the gain per day, the " roughness " and 
 concentrates per pound of gain, the per cent of good meat, 
 the value of the manure, and the net profit per groLip 
 at high prices and Ioav prices for food stuffs : 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 83 
 
 FEEDING TEST WITH BEEF CATTLE AT TENNESSEE EXPERIMENT 
 
 STATION. 
 
 
 Q 
 
 RATIONS 
 PER 1,000 LBS. 
 
 bi) 
 'S 
 
 a 
 
 ■d 
 s 
 W 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 o 
 
 il 
 
 0. 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 
 £ 1 
 V 
 
 d 
 "3 
 
 ci-r 
 
 Oh 
 
 o s 
 
 > 
 
 net PROFIT 
 PER GROUP. 
 
 s 
 o 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 Si 
 
 
 91 
 
 Experiment for 1900. 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4-7 
 
 6-lt) 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 () 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 2 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 30 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 ! 7 
 8 
 
 11 
 10 
 6 
 
 4-7 
 5 
 8 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 fi 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 30c 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 46c 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 640 
 
 1.8 
 
 7 
 
 3.7 
 
 53.00 
 
 |18 98 
 
 $17 60 
 
 $28 12 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 (Corn stover 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 591 
 
 1.6 
 
 8.2 
 
 3.9 
 
 52.20 
 
 27 86 
 
 8 36 
 
 12 26 
 
 
 
 
 II. 
 
 "1| 1 rrittnn-cpcH hra n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 120 
 120 
 120 
 
 Experiment FOR 1901- 
 (Corn meal 
 
 605 
 
 1.3 
 
 10.3 
 
 4:8 
 
 55.30 
 
 27 47 
 
 12 42 
 
 26 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IV. 
 
 f Corn meal 
 
 < Cotton-seed meal 
 
 523 
 
 1.1 
 
 6.6 
 
 7.9 
 
 57.10 
 
 30 05 
 
 12 12 
 
 21 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 728 
 
 1.5 
 
 23.7 
 
 4.2 
 
 .56.20 
 
 S3 28 
 
 13 22 
 
 26 70 
 
 V. 
 
 -< Sorghum silage 
 
 (Pea hay 
 
 
 740 
 
 2.1 
 
 18.7 
 
 4.5 
 
 ii7.50 
 
 25 34 
 
 16 29 
 
 25 43 
 
 VI 1W 
 
 J rr,ttr.n.cp.pH ni(>a1 
 
 
 
 
 (Sorghum silage 
 
 Experiment for 1902. 
 
 f Corn meal, 1 ") 
 
 n)n 1 Cotton-seed meal, 2 . / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VII. 
 
 886 
 
 1.9 
 
 16.9 
 
 4.1 
 
 56.50 
 
 39 81 
 
 28 91 
 
 37 55 
 
 
 120 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VIII. 
 
 fCorn meal, 1 ) 
 
 I Cotton-seed meal, 2. . j 
 ; 1 Pea hay 
 
 705 
 
 1.5 
 
 7.8 
 
 5.2 
 
 55.20 
 
 42 27 
 
 24 62 
 
 35 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IX. 
 
 f Cotton-seed meal, 52. \ 
 J Cotton-seed bran, 48. J 
 
 1 Pf.c. Viair 
 
 662 
 
 1.4 
 
 23.9 
 
 5.3 
 
 54.60 
 
 41 91 
 
 28 24 
 
 34 53 
 
 
 1, Corn si'lage 
 
 C Cotton-seed meal, 52. \ 
 TOA ' Cotton-seed bran, 48. j 
 
 i-" 1 Doo V,.,,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X. 
 
 422 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.8 
 
 6.2 
 
 53.90 
 
 32 26 23 50 27 91 
 
 1 It,::,:::' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This table is worthy of careful study and consideration 
 at the hands of our fanners. It shows that native cattle 
 on a ration of com meal, cotton-seed meal, and silage will 
 make as much as two pounds of gain per day for a feed- 
 ing period of 120 days ; that when fed corn meal, cotton- 
 seed meal, pea hay, and silage, they will also make excel- 
 
84 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 lent gains — in the experiment quoted, 1.9 pounds per head 
 per day. The poorest gains by any group for a loiig feed- 
 ing period were made on com meal, pea hay, and corn 
 stover, and corn meal, cotton-seed meal, and corn stover; 
 but even these gains for stocker cattle run through the 
 winter to be finished on grass would prove satisfactory. 
 The per cent of good meat obtained from these animals 
 was also encouraging, and the value of the manure is an 
 item not to be overlooked. The profits s1io^\ti per grou]>, 
 even with such high prices as prevailed in 1901 and 190:2, 
 were still satisfactory ; and if the farm price of these food 
 stuffs is considered, and not the market price when deliv- 
 ei'ed in the large towns and cities, the profit is still highly 
 satisfactorv. 
 
 There is everything, then, to encourage the feeding of 
 beef cattle on, rations that can be produced on Tennessee 
 farms. i-\s the quality of stock improveiS, the profits 
 shown will be largely increased. These figures have been 
 obtained as a result of careful and prolonged investiga- 
 tions, and they are certainly reliable. The results stated 
 are always minimized on purpose, so they may never prove 
 misleading. 
 
 A careful study of the above table should encourage 
 many of our farmers to give this business their serious 
 consideration. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE TENNESSEE EXPERIMENT 
 STATION IN 1902, 1903. 
 
 To further inform the fanners about the value of die 
 business, feeding investigations have been imdertakeu nhis 
 year at the station with 32 head of cattle, 16 head of which 
 have already been put on, high-pressure feed tO' be sold as 
 beef cattle in the spring, and 16 head are tO' be run tlirough 
 on very cheap '' roughness " and a light grain ration and 
 put on pasture the following sumiuer and sold as export 
 cattle next fall. The idea is to compare the two methods 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 85 
 
 of feeding for Tennessee conditions and see which will be 
 most profitable to tlie fanner. 
 
 There is much to be learned about selecting feeders. 
 The animals intended for this purpose should have a good 
 spring of ribs, a short middle piece, heavily-fleshed quar- 
 ter, and a refined- head and intelligent expression. They 
 should be uniform in color whenever possible and be fed 
 in large enough numbers to permit their being shipped in 
 car-load lots, if necessary. The winter treatment of the 
 cattle is a very simj^le nuitter. Cheap, shedlike barns can 
 b© erected at but a small cost. All that is needed is some 
 place to protect the manure from leaching and give the 
 animals plenty of room for exercise and provide a suit- 
 able manger for feeding and protection, from inclement 
 weather, the severe rains of the winter being even worse 
 on them than our very cold weather. A shed capable of 
 feeding 40 or 50 head of cattle can be erected for about 
 $500 out in the country where labor and lumber are cheaip. 
 The provision of barns, buildings, and silos will never be 
 a serious obstacle to the development of cattle feeding, 
 and the investment required to provide buildings admira- 
 bly adapted to the purpose is very small indeed, and is 
 within the reach of very many of our farmers. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be well to state that feeding beef 
 cattle will be more ]:)rofitable in the future than in the 
 past, because of our rapidly-increasing po]>ulation and the 
 breaking up of the ranching system in the West, wliich 
 means that the cattle industry must be carried on more 
 largely on the small farms in the future. Then our o\vn 
 population in Tennessee and the Southeastern States prom- 
 ises to increase rapidly in the next decade. Manufactur- 
 ing indnstries are coming in large numbers, and coal, iron, 
 and other mineral resources are being developed very rap^- 
 idly. This means that better prices will prevail for beef. 
 
86 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 that we will have a larger population to feed, and tliat we 
 must produce far more meat in the future in order to sup- 
 ply the demand of our home market. For these reasons 
 the outlo(5k for the future of the business is very encour- 
 aging indeed. 
 
TENNESSEE BY DIVISIONS AND GODNTIES. 
 
 The purpose of the following descriptive and statistical 
 matter is to enable the reader to see at a glance the kind, 
 character, and aniomit of the products of each particular 
 county, as well as to gather a general idea of the adapta- 
 bility of the county to any particular pursuit. The sta- 
 tistical tables were compiled from the census reports for 
 1900, and they embrace statistics of the most important 
 products of each county in the State. The coimties arc 
 arranged in alphabetical order by gTand divisions, begin- 
 ning.' with 
 
 EAST TENNESSEE. 
 
 A^n:)ERSON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 17,634; population in 1890, 15,- 
 128. This county has an estimated area of 360 square 
 miles, and is drained by the Clinch and Powell Rivers. 
 Cmnberland Mountain occupies a part of the county. Its 
 valleys are very fertile. Wheat, corn, and oats are the 
 staple products. Oak, hickory, and sugar maple abound 
 in its forests. The coimty is traversed by the Southern 
 Railway. 
 
 The county seat, Clinton, lies on the west bank of the 
 Clinch River, 22 miles northwest of Knoxville; and it 
 has several churches, flouring mills, a tanner>^, and a 
 weekly newspaper. The population of the town was 1,111 
 under the census of 1900. 
 
 The assessed value of land in 1900 was $6.90 per acre. ■ 
 
 Numljer of mauuf acturing establishments in the county, 
 70; capital employed, $224,389; amount of wages paid 
 
88 
 
 Hain^dbook: of Tennessee. 
 
 during the year, $40,512 ; number of farms, 1,595 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 180,291 ; number of acres improved, 70,295; 
 value of buildings, $386,100; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $85,620 ; value of live stock, 
 $378,428 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $491,- 
 557; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $26,- 
 260; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,381,210. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 379,380 
 
 Wheat 26,33U 
 
 Oats 29,830 
 
 Other cereals 1 ,260 
 
 Potatoes 19,147 
 
 Sweet potatoes 22,877 
 
 Onions 3,480 
 
 Beans 1,471 
 
 Peas 8,008 
 
 Value of other vegetables.|26,201 
 
 Clover seed 21 
 
 Other grass seed 226 
 
 Peanuts 70 
 
 Apples 67, 0(52 
 
 Plums and prunes. ...... 9 
 
 Wild grasses 428 
 
 Millet 1,689 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 Other forage crops.. . . . . 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 867 
 
 3,757 
 
 1,278 
 
 2,436 
 
 39 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons).. 22,126 
 
 Cotton (bales) 2 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 28,070 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 2,180 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 44,300 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 91,967 
 
 Plum and prunes 14 
 
 Grapevines 6,474 
 
 Value of forest products. . $ 100 
 Value of small fruits. . . . 2,585 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultrv on hand $ 13,867 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 27,864 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 246,900 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,908 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 29,920 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 880 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 67,890 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 58,517 00 
 
 Total ^126,407 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,933 
 
 Sheep 2,665 
 
 Hogs 14,842 
 
 Horses 2,656 
 
 Mules 1,469 
 
 Asses and burros 39 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 89 
 
 BLEDSOE COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 6,626; population in 1890, 6,134. 
 This is one of the nioimtainous counties of the State, and 
 has an area of 300 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Sequatchie TJiver and its tnbutaries. Its surface is some- 
 what mountainous. Cattle, hog's, and fruit are the prin- 
 cipal products of the county. It has fine timber, consist- 
 ing of poplar, ash, oak, pine, lin, chestnut, and hickory 
 Tlie pasturage for cattle and sheep is good. Coal and 
 limestone abound in the county. Com, oats, and wheat 
 are successfully grown throughout the county. 
 
 Pikeville is the county seat, and it is situated near the 
 Cumberland Mountain. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $2.33 
 per acre. 
 
 iSTuudx-r of manufacturing establishments in the coimty, 
 25 ; capital employed, $57,592 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $4,692 ; number of farms, 984 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 140,101 ; number of acres improved, 50,493 ; 
 value of buildings, $235,040; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $57,730; value of live stock, $321,- 
 440; value of products not fed to live stock, $392,626; 
 amount paid for fann labor during the year, $18,900 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings,. 
 $1,102,790. 
 
% 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Corn 317,110 
 
 Wheat 43,790 
 
 Oats 12,230 
 
 Other cereals 403 
 
 Potatoes 15,62S 
 
 Sweet potatoes 6,573 
 
 Onions 520 
 
 Beans 416 
 
 Peas 4,182 
 
 Value of other vegetables. |14,000 
 
 Peanuts 31 
 
 Apples 33,415 
 
 Cherries 9 
 
 Pears 49 
 
 Plums and prunes 242 
 
 Wild grasses .... 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 
 124 
 
 226 
 
 177 
 
 2,012 
 
 1,311 
 
 Other forage crops 5,893 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 1 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons).. 11,944 
 
 Cotton (bales) 4 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 16,110 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 2,180 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 13,260 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 26,526 
 
 Wine (gallons) 10 
 
 Cider (barrels) 24 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 22 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 107,768 
 
 Cherry 2.362 
 
 Peach 12,122 
 
 Pear 1,334 
 
 Plum and prune 2,135 
 
 Grapevines 2,122 
 
 Value of forest products. .$19,363 
 Value of small fruits 1,000 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 7,211 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 13,263 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 109,550 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,307 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 24,330 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 770 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 81,215 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 37,780 00 
 
 Total 1118,995 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 8,107 
 
 Sheep 4,863 
 
 Hogs 15,643 
 
 Horses 
 
 Mules 
 
 Asses and burros. 
 
 1,228 
 866 
 
 27 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 91 
 
 BLOUNT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 19,206 ; population in 1890, 17,- 
 589. This county has an area of 614 square miles. The 
 Ilolston Tiiver, which is navigable for steamboa.ts, bounds 
 the county on the northwest; the Little Tennessee River 
 flows thi'oug'h the county. The surface of the county is 
 mountainous, with fertile valleys, which produce wheat, 
 corn, oats, and fruit as staple products. The county has 
 splendid forests of oak and pine, and marble and iron ore 
 are both found in profitable quantities. 
 
 Maryville, the county seat, is on the Knoxville and Au- 
 gusta Uailroad. It has good ch arches, public schools, and 
 colleges. 
 
 The average assessed value of land is $5.25 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establislmients in the county, 
 75 ; capital employed, $375,166 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $55,569 ; number of farms, 2,161 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 277,982 : number of acres improved, 131,- 
 944 ; value of buildings, $633,750; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $184,070 ; value of live stock, 
 $612,447; value of products not fed to live stock, $912,- 
 555 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $42,- 
 660 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,447,520. 
 
92 
 
 .Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKLS. 
 
 Corn 608,900 
 
 Wheat 157,500 
 
 Oats 49,520 
 
 Other cereals -idO 
 
 Potatoes 9,236 
 
 Sweet potatoes 27, -41 3 
 
 Onions 1,963 
 
 Beans 753 
 
 Peas 13.800 
 
 Value of other vegetables. 136, 030 
 
 Clover seed 31 
 
 Other grass seed 16 
 
 Peanuts 683 
 
 Apples 66,892 
 
 Cherries 49 
 
 Peaches 32 
 
 Pears 353 
 
 Plums and prunes 325 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 495 
 
 Millet 2,687 
 
 Clover 1,829 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 4,413 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. . 2,602 
 
 Other forage crops 9,598 
 
 iSorghum cane sold 5 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons).. 38,014 
 
 Cotton (bales) 7 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 19,650 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 2,990 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 17,140 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 135,951 
 
 Wine (gallons) 84 
 
 Cider (barrels) 55 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 80 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 110,067 
 
 Cherrv 2,647 
 
 Peach 40,838 
 
 Pear 2,199 
 
 Plum and prune 4,069 
 
 Grapevines 15,499 
 
 Value of forest products, .f 61, 239 
 Value of small fruits 1,604 
 
 00 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES.. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand | 19,622 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 42,489 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 315,820 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7,507 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 85,530 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 770 
 
 VALUK OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |188,198 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 80,903 00 
 
 Total 1269,096 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 12,994 
 
 Sheep 5.252 
 
 Hogs 24,398 
 
 Horse 4,299 
 
 Mules 2,008 
 
 Asses and burros 31 
 
Handbook of Tennessee, 93 
 
 ETiADLEY COUXTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 15,759; population in 1890, 13,- 
 607. This coiintj borders on Georgia, and has an area 
 of 280 square miles. The Hiwassee River flows along 
 the northeast boundary of the county. The surface is 
 hilly and well timbered ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, corn, 
 and live stock are the leading products. The county is 
 rapidlv coming to the front in fruit growing, especially 
 apples, peaches, and strawberries. The soil and climate 
 are Avell adapted to all kinds of fruit. 
 
 The county seat, Cleveland, is situated on the Southern 
 Railway. It is well supplied with churches and schools. 
 It has one of the largest chair factories in the South, a 
 large woolen mill and irousers factory, a stove foundry, 
 and the largest coffin factory in the State. The town has 
 an electric light plant and several national banks. 
 
 The average price of improved land is $15 per acre; 
 unimproved land can be purchased from $2 to $5 per acre. 
 The extremely low price of land, the good schools estab- 
 lished in this county, tlie healthfulness of the climate, 
 and the productiveness of the soil oifer special induce- 
 ments. 
 
 T^Tumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 84 ; capital employed, $364,385 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $129,433 ; number of farms, 1,728 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 192,081; niunber of acres improved, 93,040; 
 value of buildings, $476,850; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $133,210; value of live stock, 
 $393,091; value of products not fed to live* stock, $524,- 
 636 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $17,- 
 830 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,405,600. 
 
94 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 503,660 
 
 Wheat 79,440 
 
 Oats 7,840 
 
 Other cereals 292 
 
 Potatoes 5,372 
 
 Sweet potatoes 16,304 
 
 Onions 1,005 
 
 Beans 311 
 
 Peas 11,520 
 
 Value of other vegetables. |16, 050 
 
 Clover seed 2 
 
 Peanuts 48 
 
 Apples 9.463 
 
 Cherries 7 
 
 Peaches 327 
 
 Pears 80 
 
 Plums and prunes 108 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 
 185 
 
 695 
 
 547 
 
 3,032 
 
 Grains cut green for hay . 1,703 
 
 Other forage crops 2,887 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 51 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 15,717 
 
 Cotton (bales) 231 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 12,170 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) .... 580 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 890 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 47,465 
 
 Wine (gallons) 77 
 
 Cider (barrels) 6 
 
 'Vinegar (barrels) 6 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 69,589 
 
 Cherry 963 
 
 Peach 48,453 
 
 Pear 2,450 
 
 Plum and prune 2,803 
 
 Grapevines 10,698 
 
 Value of forest products. .|21,387 
 
 Value of small fruits 2,365 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 14,160 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 21,719 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 224,400 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,045 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 19,240 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 340 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 43,860 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 56,742 00 
 
 Total 1100,602 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON H.-VND. 
 
 Cattle 6,202 
 
 Sheep 3,266 
 
 Hogs 11,342 
 
 Horses 2,661 
 
 Mules 1,832 
 
 Asses and burros 87 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 95 
 
 CAMPBELL COUXTY. 
 
 Population in 1000, 17,317; population in 1890, 13,- 
 486. This county borders on Kentucky, and lias an area 
 of 488 square miles. The Clinch River flows along its 
 southeast border; several small streams drain the county^ 
 emptying into the Cumberland Piver. The surface of the 
 county is somciwhat mountainous and covered with fine 
 forests. The Southern Railway traverses the county 
 through Jellico to Knoxville. The staple products are 
 com, oats, and grass. Rich bituminous coal deposits are 
 found in the county. 
 
 Jacksboro, the county seat, is near the Knox^dlle and 
 Ohio Railroad, 33 miles from Knoxville. Coal mines are 
 in operation near this place. It has general stores, 
 churches, and schools. Its population in 1900 was 621. 
 
 The average assessed value of land is $5.65 pei- acre. ' 
 
 JSTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 83; capital employed, $195,939; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $44,172; number of farms, 1,834; num- 
 ber of acres, 167,969 ; number of acres improved, 68,392 ; 
 value of buildings, $328,170 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $67,010 ; value of live stock, $384,- 
 623 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $477,508 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $18,710 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,031,660. 
 
96 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 339,330 
 
 Wheat 19,520 
 
 Oats 43,900 
 
 Other cereals 346 
 
 Potatoes 21,471 
 
 Sweet potatoes 13,739 
 
 Onions 2,060 
 
 Beans 1,375 
 
 Peas 908 
 
 Value of other vegetables.|21,638 
 
 Clover seed 2 
 
 Peanuts ^2 
 
 Apples 77,636 
 
 Cherries 107 
 
 Peaches 218 
 
 Pears 341 
 
 Plums and prunes 564 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 41 
 
 Millet 1,«7S 
 
 Clover 1,086 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 1,715 
 
 Grains cut green for hay . 395 
 
 Other forage crops 2,887 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 49 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) . . 11,284 
 
 Cotton (bales) 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 7 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 3 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 9 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 15 
 
 Wine (gallons) 
 
 Cider (barrels) 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES, 
 
 Apple 74, 
 
 Cherrv 1, 
 
 Peach 12, 
 
 Pear 
 
 Plum and prune 3, 
 
 Grapevines 1, 
 
 Value of forest products. .$48, 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 680 
 
 450 
 
 240 
 
 422 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 392 
 
 ,684 
 ,683 
 845 
 462 
 ,201 
 
 ,956 
 
 802 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 13,310 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 27,141 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 173,680 
 
 Value of bees on hand 8,392 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 60,660 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 490 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold I 65,343 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 65,336 00 
 
 Total $130,679 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 8,081 
 
 Sheep 3,759 
 
 Hogs 13,929 
 
 Horses 2,044 
 
 Mules 1,375 
 
 Asses and burros 14 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 97 
 
 CARTER COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 16,688; population in 1890, 13,- 
 389. This county has an area of about 298 square miles. 
 The Watauga River flows through the county, and the Iron 
 ACountain constitutes the soiitheastem boundary. Its 
 surface is mountainous, with fertile valleys, and it is well 
 timbered. Corn, oats, grass, and live stock are the sta- 
 ple products. There is an abundance of iron ore in the 
 county. It is traversed by the East Tennessee and West- 
 ern jSTorth Carolina Railroad. 
 
 The county seat is Elizabetliton, located east of Johnson 
 City. It has churches, a school, a bank, and woolen mills. 
 
 The average assessed value of land is $4.73 per acre. 
 
 ]!^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 74; capital employed, $286,068; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $63,825 ; niunber of farms, 2,027 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 134,838 ; number of acres improved, 55,637 ; 
 value of buildings, $506, 77t) ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $79,750; value of live stock, $311,- 
 614; value of products not fed to live stock, $544,014; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $29,870; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,598,560. 
 4 
 
98 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn .....271,750 
 
 Wheat 83,880 
 
 Oats 56,360 
 
 Other cereals 3,770 
 
 Potatoes 26,326 
 
 Sweet potatoes 8,737 
 
 Onions 2,863 
 
 Beans 2,087 
 
 Peas 291 
 
 Value of other vegetables.$22,185 
 
 Clover seed 48 
 
 Other grass seed 52 
 
 Peanuts 7 
 
 Apples 202,899 
 
 Cherries 262 
 
 Peaches 1,158 
 
 Pears 184 
 
 Plums and prunes 54 
 
 Wild grasses 4 
 
 Millet 714 
 
 Clover 816 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 
 Other forage crops 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 
 Dried fruit (pounds) . . . 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 
 
 Wine (gallons) 
 
 Cider i barrels) 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 
 
 TONS. 
 
 2,808 
 
 356 
 
 739 
 
 57 
 
 19,538 
 
 6,920 
 
 2,660 
 
 91,710 
 
 57,414 
 
 119 
 
 141 
 
 116 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 187,182 
 
 Cherry 2,356 
 
 Peach 15,038 
 
 Pear 748 
 
 Plum and Prune 773 
 
 Grapevines 2,784 
 
 Value of forest products . 
 Value of small fruits. . . . 
 
 . 142,016 
 636 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 15,578 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 37,461 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 197,360 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7,921 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 64,060 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,570 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold '. $ 54,096 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 58,672 00 
 
 Total $112,768 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,482 
 
 Sheep 3,194 
 
 Hogs 10,354 
 
 Horses 1,942 
 
 Mules 813 
 
 Asses and burros 19 
 
Ha.ndbook of Tennessee. 99 
 
 CLAIBOKNE COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 20,696; population in 1890, 15,- 
 103. The area of this county is about 472 square miles. 
 The PoAvell Piver intellects the county, and the Clinch 
 River bounds it on the southeast. Climberland Mountain 
 constitutes the northwest border of the county. The sur- 
 face is generally moiuntainous and well covered with tim- 
 ber. The soil in the valleys is fertile. Wheat, corn, oats, 
 and grass are the staple ])roducts. Iron, zinc, and lead ores 
 are found in the county. The Knoxville, Cumberland 
 Gap and LouisA^illo Eailroad intersects the county. 
 
 Tazewell, the county seat, has schools, churches, and a 
 weekly newspaper. Coal is found near the town. 
 
 The average assessed value of land is $4.41 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establisliments in the county, 
 67; capital employed, $163,736; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $27,094 ; number of farms, 2,809 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 222,536 ; nmnber of acres improved, 113,634 ; 
 value of buildings, $493,220 ; value of farming imple^ 
 ments and machinery, $89,240 ; value of live stock, $562,- 
 313; value of products not fed to live stock, $768,080; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $22,210; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,438,580. 
 
 ..of G. 
 
100 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICUI.TURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 558,800 
 
 Wheat 50,150 
 
 Oats 60,140 
 
 Other cereals 249 
 
 Potatoes 28,()99 
 
 Sweet Potatoes . . .' 22,888 
 
 Onions 8,586 
 
 Beans 1,004 
 
 Peas 414 
 
 Value of other vegetables. |27, 888 
 
 Clover seed IS 
 
 Other grass seed 168 
 
 Peanuts 42 
 
 Apples 93,011 
 
 Cherries. 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes. 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover, 
 
 Other cultivated grasses . 
 
 116 
 885 
 
 285 
 389 
 
 TONS. 
 
 89 
 
 879. 
 
 952 
 
 3,570 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for haj' . 869 
 
 Other forage crops 2,835 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 1 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 21,679 
 
 Cotton (bales) 2 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 36,500 
 
 Broom corn (pounds). .. . 5,760 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 76,160 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 23,817 
 
 Wine (gallons) 102 
 
 Cider (barrels) 78 
 
 Vinegar (barrels). 73 
 
 NCTMBKR OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 112,019 
 
 Cherry 1,976 
 
 Peach 25,765 
 
 Pear 1,644 
 
 Plum and prune 2,588 
 
 Grapevines 1,989 
 
 Value of forest products. .$62,486 
 Value of small fruits..... 1,957 
 
 POULTRY .A.ND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 20,459 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 56,047 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 310,660 
 
 Value of bees on hand 11,403 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 60,700 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,520 
 
 VAI<UE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |122,658 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 98,074 00 
 
 Total 1220,782 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 4,267 
 
 Sheep 1,423 
 
 Hogs 12,980 
 
 Honses 1,609 
 
 Mules 315 
 
 Asses and burros 24 
 
Handbook of Tetynessee. 101 
 
 COCKE COUiYTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,153; popnktion in 1890, 16,- 
 523. This connty has an-area of about 458 square miles. 
 The French Broad "River intersects tlie county, and the 
 jS^olachucky Kiver bounds it on the north. Smoky Moiui- 
 tain extends along the southeastern border of the county, 
 and this section is covered with timber. The soil in the 
 valleys is very fertile. The staple products are corn, 
 wheat, and grass. The Southern Railway passes through 
 the county. 
 
 The county seat is Newport, situated on the Big Pigeon 
 River and the Southern Railway, 50 miles east of Knox- 
 ville. It has several churches, an electric light plant, a 
 flour mill, and a weekly newspaper. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $6.22 
 per acre. 
 
 IN" umber of manufacturing establishmemts in the county, 
 73 ; capital employed, $550,883 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $42,790; nmuber of farms, 2,534; num- 
 ber of acres, 216,048 ; number of acres improved, 107,441 ; 
 value of buildings, $444,000 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $109,570 ; value of live stock, 
 $518,115 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $737,- 
 800 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $32,- 
 750 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,873,810. 
 
102 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 18i>t). 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 588,310 
 
 Wheat 131,450 
 
 Oats 23,180 
 
 Other cereals 1,B24 
 
 Potatoes 13,811 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15,947 
 
 Onions 998 
 
 Beans 1,394 
 
 Peas 4,832 
 
 Value of other vegetables. .|28,070 
 
 Clover seed 304 
 
 Other grass seed 130 
 
 Peanuts 57 
 
 Apples 89,258 
 
 Cherries 41 
 
 Peaches 261 
 
 Pears (537 
 
 Plums and prunes 200 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 14 
 
 Millet 635 
 
 Clover 1,273 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 2,217 
 
 Grains cut green for ha3^. 167 
 
 Other forage crops 1,916 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 159 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) . 22,740 
 
 Cotton (bales) 9 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 86,830 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 14,950 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds' 28,570 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 44,985 
 
 Wine (gallons) 161 
 
 Cider (barrels) 151 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 114 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 82,269 
 
 Cherry 1,706 
 
 Peach 23,414 
 
 Pear l-,036 
 
 Plum and prune 1,499 
 
 Grapevines 3,053 
 
 Value of forest products. .$32,962 
 Value of small fruits 694 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand | 22,813 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 55,755 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 321,160 
 
 Value of bees on hand. 7,019 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 31,960 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 640 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |168,310 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 67,291 00 
 
 Total , $235,601 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 10,669 
 
 Sheep 3,295 
 
 Hogs 22,077 
 
 Horses 2,799 
 
 Mules 1,454 
 
 Asses and burros 17 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 103 
 
 GRAI^GEK COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 15,512; population in 1890, 13,- 
 106. This country has an area of about 300 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the northwest by the Clinch River ; on the 
 south, by the llolston River. It has a high-ridge surface 
 called " Clinch Mountain." The county is well timbered. 
 The soil in the valley is very fertile ; and com, oats, wheat, 
 ^•rass, cattle, mules, and hogs constitute the staple prod- 
 ucts. Fine iron-ore deposits are found in the county. It 
 is intersected by the Middlesboro, branch of the Southei-n 
 Railway and by the Knoxville and Bristol Railroad. 
 There are many noted mineral springs in this county'. 
 The averag^e value of improved lands is about $10 per acre. 
 
 Rutledge, the county seat, is located near the base of 
 Clinch Mountain, about 33 miles northeast of Knoxville, 
 and has good churches and schools. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $6.53 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the coimty, 
 45 ; capital employed, $60,188 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the jear, $10,265; number of farms, 2,069; num- 
 ber of acres, 177,829 ; number of acres improved, 103,479 ; 
 value of buildings, $520,800 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $104,360 ; value of live stock, $430,- 
 556; value of products not fed to live stock, $639,648; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $34,420 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,319,860. 
 
104 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICUL,TURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS 
 
 Corn 510,500 
 
 Wheat 116,760 
 
 Oats . . . 26,190 
 
 Other cereals 280 
 
 Potatoes 15,167 
 
 Sweet potatoes 16,158 
 
 Onions 2,204 
 
 Beans ' 593 
 
 Peas 990 
 
 Value of other vegetables. $18, 82i 
 
 Clover seed 106 
 
 Other grass seed 162 
 
 Peanuts 39 
 
 Apples 70,903 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses.. 
 
 92 
 302 
 445 
 523 
 
 TONS. 
 
 29 
 
 1,141 
 
 614 
 
 1,585 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 
 Other forage crops 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). 
 
 Cotton (bales) 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 
 
 Broom corn (pounds).. . . 
 Dried fruit (povmds) . . . . 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 
 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 
 Cider (barrels). 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 
 
 TONS. 
 
 939 
 
 2,473 
 
 11 
 
 11,31(> 
 
 2 
 
 17,740 
 
 2,800 
 
 11,740 
 
 19,894 
 
 111 
 
 112 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 73,828 
 
 Cherry 891 
 
 Peach 9,198 
 
 Pear 950 
 
 Plum and prune 1,330 
 
 Grapevines 775 
 
 Value of forest products. .131,412 
 Value of small fruits 878 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 21,554 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 45,868 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 312,640 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,544 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 22,770 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 980 
 
 VAI.UE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |94,504 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 82,811 00 
 
 Total 1177,315 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,769 
 
 Sheep 3,767 
 
 Hogs 15,239 
 
 Horses 2,975 
 
 Mules 1,253 
 
 Asses and burros. 30 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 105 
 
 GEEEIS^E COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 30,596; population in 1890, 26,- 
 614. This comity borders on Korth Carolina, and has an 
 area of about 580 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 jSTolachucky River and drained by it and Lick Creek. Its 
 surface is partly mountainous and well timbered. Its 
 valleys are fertile ; and the staple products are corn, wheat, 
 oats, grass, tobacco, and ]X)rk. The Southern Railway in- 
 tersects the county. Fine deposits of iron ore and Silurian 
 limestone are found in this county. 
 
 Greeneville, the county seat, is on the Southern Railway, 
 and is one of the most progressive to"wns in East Tennes- 
 see. It has fine churches, an electric liglit plant, welb 
 equipped newspaper offices, banks, and business houses. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $5.78 
 per acre. 
 
 I^umber of nianuf acturing establishments in the county, 
 108; capital employed, $376,644; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $50,054 ; number of farms, 4,188 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 355,948 ; number of acres improved, 229,823 ; 
 value of buildings, $1,266,850; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $270,450; value of live stock, 
 $1,016,556; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 396,985; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $65,260; total value of land and iniprovements, except 
 buildings, $3,830,430. 
 
106 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Corn 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 761.530 
 
 Wheat 3-25.030 
 
 Oats 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 .... 72,120 
 .... 1,310 
 21,566 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 27,587 
 
 Onions 
 
 2,451 
 
 Beans 
 
 668 
 
 Peas 
 
 1.17'^ 
 
 Value of other vegetables. |53, 285 
 
 Clover seed 854 
 
 Other grass seed 367 
 
 Peanuts 51 
 
 Apples 
 
 189,437 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 879 
 ... 1,736 
 
 1,388 
 
 Plums and prunes. . . 
 
 161 
 
 Wild grasses 246 
 
 Millet, 1,433 
 
 Clover 3,518 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 13,281 
 
 Grains cut green for hay . 571 
 
 Other forage crops 6,7-17 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 228 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 35,195 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 517,150 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 9,610 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 88,380 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 66,718 
 
 Wine (gallons) Ill 
 
 Cider (barrels) 496 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 412 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 175,688 
 
 Cherry 4,316 
 
 Peach 60,263 
 
 Pear 2,747 
 
 Plum and prune 2,664 
 
 Grapevines 8,448 
 
 Value of forest products. .|59,444 
 Value of small fruits 2,999 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 44,514 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 126,725 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 854,770 
 
 Value of bees on hand 14, 144 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 58,920 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 880 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |234,522 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 114,447 00 
 
 Total 1348,969 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 21,254 
 
 Sheep 7,101 
 
 Hogs 29 501 
 
 Horses 8,090 
 
 Mules 2,568 
 
 Asses and burros 76 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 107 
 
 hambj;ex county. 
 
 Population in 1900, 12,728; population in 1890, 11,-' 
 418. This county is bounded on the northwest by the 
 Holston River; on the south, by the French Broad River; 
 and has an area of about 150 square miles. The surface 
 is undulating', and the soil is fertile. The Southern Rail- 
 way intersects the couutj. Grass, fruit, and live stock 
 are the principal products of the county. It is one of the 
 best fruit counties in the Eastern Division of the State. 
 
 MorristowTi, the county . seat, is situated on. the Hol- 
 ston River and the Southern Railway. It is a flounsh- 
 ing- toAvn, with a population of 2,973. It has splendid 
 churches, good schools, numerous manufacturing establish- 
 ments, se^'eral banks, many prosperous business houses, and 
 several well-equipped newspaper establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in the county in 1900 
 was $10.81 per acre. 
 
 [NTumber of manufacturing establislunents in the county, 
 61 ; capital employed, $172,651 ; amount of wages paid 
 during: the year, $22,594 ; number of farms, 1,207 ; nmu- 
 ber of acres, 107,071 ; number of acres improved, 76,183 ; 
 value of buildings, $464,130 ; value of fanning" imple- 
 ments and machinery, $101,660 ; value of live stock, $338,- 
 828 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $524,582 ; 
 amomit paid for farm labor during the year, $34,520 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,385,170. 
 
108 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAI, PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKLS. 
 
 Corn 347,850 
 
 Wheat 142,010 
 
 Oats 14,!»!)0 
 
 Other cereals 4"20 
 
 Potatoes 8,815 
 
 Sweet potatoes 12,148 
 
 Onions 845 
 
 Beans 241 
 
 Peas 900 
 
 Value of other vegetables. $17,914 
 
 Clover seed 325 
 
 Other grass seed 3,229 
 
 Peanuts <!0 
 
 Apples 44,489 
 
 Cherries 103 
 
 Peaches 1,171 
 
 Pears 866 
 
 Plums and prunes 169 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 11 
 
 Millet 1,755 
 
 Clover 1,123 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cuUivated grasses. . 2,036 
 
 Grain- cut green for hay.. 773 
 
 Other forage crops 1 , 145 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 104 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). 11,922 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 8,380 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 3,440 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 10,740 
 
 Grapes (pounds") 102,207 
 
 Wine (gallons).' 191 
 
 Cider (barrels) 135 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) Ill 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 51,118 
 
 Cherry 930 
 
 Peach 11,274 
 
 Pear 1,447 
 
 Plum and prune 1.287 
 
 Grapevines 19,961 
 
 Value of forest products. .|29,466 
 Value of small fruits 2,803 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 16,140 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 35,802 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899. 219,820 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,489 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 13,740 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 210 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 90,804 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 40,284 00 
 
 Total $131,088 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,021 
 
 Sheep 1,037 
 
 Hogs 11,316 
 
 Horses 2,622 
 
 Mules 988 
 
 Asses and burros 25 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 109 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 61,695; population in 1890, 53,- 
 482. This county has an area of 575 square miles. Cum- 
 berland Mountain occupies the northAvestern part. It has 
 a varied and fertile soil, well adapted to the growth of 
 all kinds of crops, including the different gTains, grasses, 
 fruits, and vegetables. Tiiick farming is carried on to a 
 considerable extent; and large quantities of beans, peas, 
 onions, tomatoes — and, in fact, almost every laiown. veg- 
 etable — are shipped from Chattanooga to the Northern 
 markets. The tinick farmer always finds a ready market 
 at good prices, and the length of the growing season makes 
 it possible sometimes to grow three crops in one year on 
 the same groiuid. Fruit gr(3wing is receiving considerable 
 attention, and is steadily gTovv'ing in importance; and 
 while other fruits can be grown to perfection, the groAving 
 of strawberries is the most important. Large shipments 
 of this berry are made every year. The poult.r\^ and daii'y 
 business is also profitable to those engaged in it. Prices 
 of farms are reasonal^le, varying from $10 to $100 per 
 acre, according to the improvements and distance from the 
 city and railway. The staple products are corn, wheat, 
 oats, cattle, and hogs. Splendid mines of bitmninous coal 
 and iron ore are being actively operated. The coimty is 
 traversed by the Cincinnati Southern Railroad ; the Chat- 
 tanooga Southern Railroad ; the Nashville, Chattanooga 
 and St. Louis Railway ; and the Southern Iiailway. There 
 are eleven free turnpikes in the county. Lookout Moun- 
 tain is situated in the southern half of the county, and is 
 famed for its splendid scenery. It is noted as a health 
 resort as well as on account of its historic interest. 
 
 Chattanooga, the county seat, is located at the foot of 
 Lookout Mountain, on the Tennessee River, and is the 
 largest city situated immediately on its course. It is the 
 gateway between the Middle and Eastern States and the 
 Southern States. Its river and railroad connections fur- 
 
110 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 nish first-class transponation facilities. There are 10 rail- 
 roads entering the city. It has 21 miles of paved streets, 
 37 miles of sewers, a steel bridge over the Tennessee 
 River, and numerous handsome buildings. It has electric 
 light plants; telegraphic and telephonic connections with 
 all points; and 116 miles of electric and steam railway 
 lines, reaching all points in the city and suburbs — fare, 5 
 cents. It has 118 churches in the city and suburbs, with 
 many fine church buildings, representing all denomina- 
 tions. It is well supplied with a pumping and reservoir 
 system, with filters, costing over $1,000,000. It has one 
 of the best public school systems in the Soutli, besides 
 three colleges and many private schools. It is one of the 
 healthiest cities in the United States. The annual death 
 rate among the whites averages 10 to 1,000. The many 
 manufacturing and agricultural interests surrounding 
 Chattanooga make it a gi'eat commercial point. The ele- 
 vation of the city is 700 feet; the elevation of the moun- 
 tain, 2,000 feet. Hotel accommodations are excellent, 
 banking facilities are ample, and the newspapers are 
 imbued with the enterprising spirit of the city. The 
 points of historic interest which may be mentioned 
 are the il^ational Cemetery, Orchard Knob, Missionary 
 Ridge, Lookout Mountain, and the great National Mili- 
 tary Park at Chickamauga. The manufacturing inter- 
 ests of the city are very much diversified, including iron, 
 steel, wood, textiles, leather, marble, slate, clay, oil, furni- 
 ture, flour, glass, drug's, medicines, groceries, etc. There 
 are 332 manufacturing plants in operation in the city. It 
 is estimated that since the census of 1900 was taken there 
 has been an increase of 3,000 in the population, giving the 
 city and suburbs a total population of 50,000. The whole- 
 sale trade amounts annually to about $20,000,000. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $14.41 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 392 ; capital employed, $8,793,053 ; amount of wages paid 
 
Handbook ob^ Tennessee. 
 
 Ill 
 
 during the year, $2,076,521; number of farms, 1,665; 
 number of acres, 138,182 ; number of acres improA^ed, 67.- 
 794; value of buildings, $558,680; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinerv, $131,880; value of live stock, 
 $408,449 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $696,- 
 166; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $81,~ 
 460 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,231,480. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 448,840 
 
 Wheat .■ 26,700 
 
 Oats 22,850 
 
 Other cereals 1,020 
 
 Potatoes 18,503 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 23,305 
 
 Onions l,7t)4 
 
 Beans 420 
 
 Peas 6,129 
 
 Value of other vegetables. $56, 824 
 
 Peanuts 225 
 
 Apples 19,366 
 
 Cherries 7 
 
 Peaches 150 
 
 Pears 37 
 
 Plums and prunes 117 
 
 TONS. 
 
 "Wild grasses 583 
 
 Millet 3,319 
 
 Clover 305 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 1,168 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. . 1,455 
 
 Other forage crops 1,686 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 12 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 9,179 
 
 Cotton (bales) 12 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 5,590 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 1,250 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 58,343 
 
 Wine (gallons) 300 
 
 Cider (barrels) 3 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 1 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple.....' 139,655 
 
 Cherry 6,296 
 
 Peach 117,615 
 
 Pear 8,350 
 
 Plum and prune 7,230 
 
 Grapevines 23,122 
 
 Value of forest products. .|25,632 
 Value of small fruits 91,936 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand | 15,738 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 25,467 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 226,270 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,083 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 21,620 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 380 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 38,161 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 50,266 00 
 
 Total I 88,417 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 8,946 | Horses 4,157 
 
 Sheep 2,269 
 
 Hogs 14,766 
 
 Mules 2,189 
 
 Asses and burros 32 
 
112 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 HAm:^OOK COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 11,1-17; population in 1890, 10,- 
 342. This county borders on Virginia, and lias an area 
 of 260 square miles. It is intersected by the Clinch River. 
 Its surface is partly mountainous and covered with a fine 
 gro^vth of timber. It is rich in all kinds of minerals, in- 
 cluding iron ore, lead ore, zinc, marble, granite, ocher, phos- 
 phates, coal oil, coal, and some silver. It has fine gran- 
 ite and marble building stone arid splendid timber lands. 
 The climate is genial and of even temperature ; the water 
 is pure and abundant; tlie valleys are very fertile. There 
 are some unimproved timber and mineral lands ; average 
 price, about $10 per acre. The best improved bottom 
 lands are worth about $75 per acre. Corn, wheat, oats, 
 fruit, and pork are its staple products. The county has 
 fine water power and a projected line of railway. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.76 
 per acre. 
 
 Sneedville, the county seat, is situated on the Clinch 
 River, 50 miles northeast of Knoxville. 
 
 ISTumber of manTif acturing establishments in the county, 
 28 ; capital employed, $24,623 ; amount of wag'es i>aid dur- 
 ing the year, $1,798 ; number of farms, 1,623 ; number of 
 acres, 121,519; number of acres improved, 65,133; value 
 of buildings, $285,560; value of farming implements 
 and machinery, $50,770; value of live stock, $324,485: 
 value of products not fed to live stock, $470,001 ; amomiT 
 paid for farm labor during the year, $15,410; total value 
 of land and improvements, except buildings, $1,051,130. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 113 
 
 AGRICUIvTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 367,150 
 
 Wheat 29,710 
 
 Oats 26,630 
 
 .Other cereals 70 
 
 Potatoes 13,221 
 
 Sweet potatoes 9,390 
 
 Onions 1,313 
 
 Beans 687 
 
 Peas 70 
 
 Value of other vegetables. $12, 736 
 
 Grass seed 59 
 
 Peanuts 18 
 
 Apples 88,256 
 
 Cherries . 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes. 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 
 123 
 312 
 
 99 
 50 
 
 TONS. 
 
 . 4 
 377 
 440 
 
 1,691 
 
 Grains cut green for hay.. 131 
 
 Other forage crops 892 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 92 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) . . 11,837 
 
 Cotton (bales) . 1 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 34,460 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 580 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 116,790 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 2,385 
 
 Wine (gallons) 4 
 
 Cider (barrels) 8S 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 38 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 68,622 
 
 Cherrv 613 
 
 Peach 2,860 
 
 Pear 243 
 
 Plum and prune 771 
 
 Grapevines 192 
 
 Value of forest products. .f41,631 
 Value of small fruits. . . . 509 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 13,871 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 , . . 33,050 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 161,440 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,319 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 25,680 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 740 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 92,908 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 59,854 00 
 
 Total 1152,762 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,084 
 
 Sheep 4,520 
 
 Hogs 12,817 
 
 Horses 1,933 
 
 Mules 1,038 
 
 Asses and burros 38 
 
114 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 HAWKINS COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 24,267; population in 1890, 22,- 
 246. This county is in tlie Eastern Division of the State, 
 bordering' on Virginia, and has an area of about 490 square 
 miles. ' It is intersected by the Tennessee River, and is 
 bounded on the northwest by Clinch Mountain. Its sur- 
 face is hilly ; its valleys are fertile ; while the county is 
 well covered with a fine growth of timber, including; the 
 numerous kinds of hardwoods and soft woods common to 
 the South. Among the minerals of the county are iron, 
 zinc, lead, barytes, magnesia, iron pyrites, salt, marble, and 
 oil. Its staple products are com, wheat, oats, grass, cattle, 
 hogs, and sheep ; while perhaps no county in the State of its 
 population ships more chickens, eggs, butter, etc., than does 
 Hawkins. The Southern Railway passes through the southern 
 portion of the county. A franchise has been secured for an 
 electric railway over the public roads of the county, and a 
 movement is on foot to build an electric line of railway 
 through from Knoxville to Bristol, which road, when com- 
 pleted, will run directly through the center of the count,y 
 froin one end to the other. It is finely watered by nu- 
 merous large creeks, thus affording cheap power for all 
 manufacturing purposes ; while the many mineral springs 
 — including sulphur, chalybeate, lithia, alum, etc. — place 
 it far ahead of any section in the entire South as a health 
 and pleasure resort. 
 
 Rogersville, the county seat, is situated on the Southern 
 Railway, and is among the best business towns of its size 
 in the State. It is near the Tennessee River. Its streets 
 are well paved, and it has a fine electric light plant, five 
 churches, three prosperous schools, two banks, and tliree 
 newspapers. One mile from the depot is a quarry, from 
 which is mined a beautiful variegated marble, wliioh for 
 decorative and interior use is pronounced the most desir- 
 able found in the United States. A fine mineral well is 
 located in the center of the Public Square, affording pure, 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 115 
 
 health-giving water to all visitors. Its population in 1900 
 was 1,386. 
 
 The average assessed value of land for 1900 was $6.47 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the countv, 
 81 ; capital employed, $89,209 ; amount of wages paid dur- 
 ing the year, $19,174; number of fanns, 3,263; number 
 of acres, 281,924; number of acres improved, 150,298; 
 value of buildings, $876,530 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $149,390 ; value of live stock, 
 $773,068 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,094,- 
 155 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $68,- 
 620 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,589,680. 
 
116 
 
 IIa2^"^dbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 796,080 
 
 Wheat 137,<55() 
 
 Oats 57,080 
 
 Other cereals 595 
 
 Potatoes 26,9(58 
 
 Sweet potatoes 26,490 
 
 Onions 2,299 
 
 Beans 7B7 
 
 Peas 894 
 
 Value of other vegetables. $41, 680 
 
 Clover seed -540 
 
 Other grass seed 972 
 
 Peanuts 28 
 
 Apples 162,210 
 
 Cherries 122 
 
 Peaches 480 
 
 Pears 685 
 
 Plums and prunes 192 
 
 Wild grasses 1 
 
 Millet 1,864 
 
 Clover 2,661 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 9,470 
 
 Grains cut green for hay . 1,237 
 
 Other forage crops 3,790 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 52 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 35,830 
 
 Cotton (bales) 1 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 60,050 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 1,220 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 46,900 
 
 Grapes ( pounds) 26,040 
 
 Wine (gallons) 122 
 
 Cider ( barrels) 266. 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 220 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 126,384 
 
 Cherry 1,699 
 
 Peach 13,973 
 
 Pear 1,416 
 
 Plum and prune 1,246 
 
 Grapevines 1.603 
 
 Value of forest products. .|73,559 
 Value of small fruits 1,356 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 36,349 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 81,234 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 458,910 
 
 Value of bees on hand 11,870 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 54,190 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,320 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $214,567 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 111,292 00 
 
 Total $325,859 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 16.131 
 
 Sheep 8,580 
 
 Hogs 22,875 
 
 Horses 5,409 
 
 Mules 1,792 
 
 Asses and burros 62 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 117 
 
 JAMES COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 5,407; population in 1890, 4,90-3. 
 This county has an area of 210 square miles, and is 
 bounded on the west by the Tennessee River. Its surface 
 is rolling-, and the soil is partly fertile. The county is 
 traversed by the Southern Railway. The value of im- 
 proved lands is about $-20 per acre. There is a large acre- 
 age of unimproved lands, the average price being about $5 
 per acre. 
 
 Ooltewah, the county seat, is located on the Southern 
 Railway. It has churches and schools, two fine flouring 
 mills, one bank, and a pottery manufacturing plant. 
 
 There are valual)le iron ores found in the county, mostly 
 nndeveloped. Cheap lands, a healthful climate, and a low 
 tax rate offer induceinents t*") home seekers. The average 
 assessed value of lands in 1900 was $5.42 per acre. 
 
 ISTumber of manufacturing establishments in the countv, 
 20; capital employed, $123,462; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $16,222 ; number of farms, 719 ; nmnber 
 of acres, 85,517 ; nmnber of acres improved, 38,236 ; value 
 of buildings, $15-!:,890; value of farming implements and 
 machinery', $44,590; value of live stock, $172,219; value 
 of products not fed to live stock, $275,402 ; amount paid 
 for fann labor during the year, $16,320 ; total value of 
 land and improvements, elcept buildings, $729,990. 
 
118 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKLS. 
 
 Corn '273,610 
 
 Wheat :.'9,550 
 
 Oats 5,860 
 
 Other cereals 80 
 
 Potatoes 2,(5(54 
 
 Sweet potatoes 11 ,198 
 
 Onions 844 
 
 Beans 50 
 
 Peas 730 
 
 Value of other vegetables. |12, 199 
 
 Clover seed 93 
 
 Peanuts 13 
 
 Apples 0,792 
 
 Cherries 3 
 
 Peaches 300 
 
 Pears 110 
 
 Plums and prunes . 78 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 
 1(57 
 589 
 441 
 647 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 
 Other forage crops 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 369 
 
 204 
 
 79 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) . . 4,773 
 
 Cotton (bales) 37 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 7,410 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 340 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 360 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 21,(500 
 
 Wine (gallons) 57 
 
 Cider (barrels). 6 
 
 Vinegar 4 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRF.ES. 
 
 Apple 37,154 
 
 Cherrv 1 ,043 
 
 Peach 16,939 
 
 Pear 1,110 
 
 Plum and prune 3,607 
 
 Grapevines * . . 2,396 
 
 Value of forest products. .$18,971 
 
 Value of small fruits 2,290 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 7,225 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 '. 13,400 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 144,440 
 
 Vnlue of bees on hand 2,011 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 7,020 00 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 110 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |34,310 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 28,823 00 
 
 Total. 
 
 5,133 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 3,131 
 
 Sheep 1 ,802 
 
 Hogs 7,061 
 
 Horses 
 
 Mules 
 
 Asses and burros. 
 
 866 
 
 946 
 
 14 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 119 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 Popailation in 1900, 18,590; population in 1890, 16,- 
 478. This county has an area of 310 square miles, and is 
 bounded on the nortliwest by the Holston River and inter- 
 sected bv the French Broad River. Its surface is marked 
 by high ridges and fertile valleys. It has a fine timber 
 growth of oak, hickoiy, maple, poplar, ash, gum, and syc- 
 amore. Iron ore and limestone are found in paying quan- 
 tities. Wheat, corn, oats, grasses, fruit, and pork are the 
 staple products. The Southern Railway intersects the 
 county. 
 
 Dandridge, the county seat,* lies three miles north of the 
 French Broad River. It is a flourishing town, with a 
 weekly newspaper, a bank^ good churches, and flourish- 
 ing commercial and manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Mossy Creek and Jefferson City are floitrishing towns in 
 the county, with weekly newspapers, schools, churches, com- 
 mercial establishments, and manufacturing enterprises. 
 
 The average assessed value of lands in 1900 was $10.21 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufactttring establishments in the cotmty, 
 90; capital employed, $229,905; aniotmt of wages paid 
 during the year, $27,170 ; number of farms, 2,162 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 188,557 ; number of acres improved, 125,618 ; 
 valtie of ])uildings, $800,080 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $173,510; valite of live stock, $596,- 
 325; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,014,949; 
 amoimt paid for farm labor during the year, $64,040 ; to- 
 tal value of land and improvements, except btiildings, 
 $2,681,490. 
 
120 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 733,010 
 
 Wheat 244,480 
 
 Oats 27,070 
 
 Other cereals 1,090 
 
 Potatoes 10,598 
 
 Sweet potatoes 19,523 
 
 Onions 1,931 
 
 Beans 798 
 
 Peas 3,693 
 
 Clover seed 781 
 
 Other grass seed 1,286 
 
 Peaniits 158 
 
 Apples 86,046 
 
 Cherries 69 
 
 Peaches 1 ,369 
 
 Pears 2.591 
 
 Plums and prunes 635. 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 196 
 
 Millet 3,111 
 
 Clover 2,257 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 5,616 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. . 981 
 
 Other forage crops 8,017 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 145 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 23,800 
 
 Cotton (bales) 1 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 19,540 
 
 Broom corn (pounds).. . . 12,560 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 8,780 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 45,219 
 
 Wine (gallons) 74 
 
 Cider (barrels) 238 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 182 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 66,625 
 
 Cherrv 593 
 
 Peach 25,592 
 
 Pear 2,166 
 
 Plum and prune 1,457 
 
 Grapevines 3,960 
 
 Value of forest products. .$52,699 
 
 Value of small fruits 2,127 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 25.336 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 56,904 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 441,580 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,244 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 18,750 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 560 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899 
 
 Live animals sold $187,973 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 88,676 00 
 
 Total $276,649 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 10,697 
 
 Sheep 2,736 
 
 Hogs 21,711 
 
 Horses 4,408 
 
 Mules 1,567 
 
 Asses and burros 89 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 121 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,589 ; population in 1890, 8,858. 
 This county has an area of 340 square miles, and borders 
 on Virginia and North Carolina. The Watauga River 
 drains a part of the countj. The surface of the county 
 is mountainous, with fertile vallej'S. The grazing is fine 
 for sheep and cattle. It has a timber growth of chestnut, 
 ash, oak, and other varieties. The soil in its valleys pro- 
 duces corn, wheat, oats, grasses, etc. Iron ore is found 
 in the county. 
 
 Mountain City is the county seat. It has a weekly news- 
 paper, schools, churches, and commercial establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of lands in 1900 was $3.65 
 per acre^ 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 42 ; capital employed, $45,742 ; amount of wages paid dur- 
 ing the year, $5,345 ; number of farms, 1,429 ; nmnber 
 of acres, 122,570; number of acres improved, 55,992; 
 value of buildings, $404,380; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $60,680 ; value of live stock, 302,- 
 537 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $418,081 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $24,930 ; to- 
 tal value of land and improvements, except buildings, $1,- 
 392,290. 
 
122 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAIv PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 224,190 
 
 Wheat 34,500 
 
 Oats 69,900 
 
 Other cereals 5,450 
 
 Potatoes 20,662 
 
 Sweet potatoes 5,650 
 
 Onions 1 ,397 
 
 Beans 2,408 
 
 Peas 224 
 
 Value of other vegetables. $14, 230 
 
 Peanuts 15 
 
 Apples 210,800 
 
 Cherries 104 
 
 Peaches 333 
 
 Pears 87 
 
 Plums and prunes 51 
 
 TONS. 
 
 36 
 
 185 
 
 4,214 
 
 10 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 
 Other forage crops. 
 Sorghum cane sold. 
 
 1,788 
 12 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 24,966 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 10,860 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 730 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 256,730 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 27,678 
 
 Wine (gallons) 181 
 
 Cider (barrels) 80 
 
 Vinegar \ barrels) 56 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 64,848 
 
 Cherrv 693 
 
 Peach 5,911 
 
 Pear 273 
 
 Plum and prnne 228 
 
 Grapevines 1 ,962 
 
 Value of forest products.. 122,036 
 Value of small fruits 523 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 9,006 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 21,454 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 97,690 
 
 Value of bees on hand. . 4,727 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 22,110 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 72,268 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 51 ,446 00 
 
 Total $123,714 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,216 
 
 Sheep 8,087 
 
 Hogs 7,117 
 
 Horses 1,529 
 
 Mules 592 
 
 Asses and burros 11 
 
Hajtdbook of Tennessee. 123 
 
 KXOX COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 74,302; population in 1890, 59,- 
 557. This county has an area of about 612 square iniles. 
 The Clinch River forms the Avestem boundary of the 
 county, and there are many rich fanns in the valley along 
 this stream. The Holston and Trench Broad Rivers form 
 a junction four miles east of Knoxville, making the Ten- 
 nessee River. The farms are very rich and prod\ictive 
 along the banks of these streams, and the other valleys 
 worthy of special mention are Grassy and Beaver. Im- 
 proved valley lands range in price between $20 and $100 
 ]>er acre. The county owns about 200 miles of fine mac- 
 adamized turnpikes, which reach every important section 
 of the count V. The lands in the immediate vicinity of 
 Knoxville are well adapted to truck farming. iVll kinds 
 of vegetables and fruits adapted to the climate are profita- 
 bly grown aro'und Knoxville, which furnishes a ready mar- 
 ket. There is an abundance of grasses, the hay products 
 being the most valuable. Excellent schools and churches 
 of the various denominations are distributed throughout 
 the county. An invigorating climate, good society, and 
 arood lands are inducements offered to home seekers. 
 
 Knoxville, the county seat, is beautifully situated on 
 the bank of the Tennessee River. The city has 120 miles 
 of good streets; 27 milgs of sewers; an abundance of good 
 water; an electric light plant; a gas plant; 27 miles of 
 electric car lines; one steam motor line, starting near the 
 center of the city and reaching a suburb. Fountain City, 5 
 miles distant. The following are the railroads entering the 
 city: Southern Railway; Knoxville and Ohio Railroad; 
 Knoxville, Cumberland Gap and Louisville Railroad; At- 
 lanta, Knoxville and ISTorthem Railroad; and Knoxville 
 and Augusta Railroad; and, with their various branches, 
 they reach all important points, furnishing ample ship- 
 ping facilities to the leading markets. The wholesale 
 trade of the city is very extensive, and its manufacturing 
 
124 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 interests are steadily growing-. The Fedei-al courts and 
 the State Supreme Court for East Tennessee are held at 
 Knoxville, The government buildings are among the 
 finest in the State. On account of the number of churches 
 and schools, Knoxville is known as a religious and educa- 
 tional center. The University of Tennessee, the State 
 School for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Insane Asylum 
 for the Eastern Division of the State are located here. 
 The public schools are equal to any in the State, and there 
 are numeroiis private institutions of learning located in 
 this city. The shops of the Southern Railway are located 
 at this point. Knoxville has many fine residences and 
 all the conveniences of au up-to-date city. The magnifi- 
 cent scenery around it makes it one of the most attractive 
 places of residence in the State. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $16. 6G. 
 
 ISTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 336; capital emiployed, $61,182,803; amount of wages 
 paid during the year, $1,686,822; number of farms, 
 3,862; number of acres, 290,955; number of acres im- 
 proved, 188,771; value of buildings, $1,739,620; value 
 of farming implements and machinery, $354,410; value 
 of live stock, $957,296; value of products not fed to live 
 stock, $1,776,044; amount paid for fann labor during 
 the year, $188,710; total value of land and improvements, 
 except buildings, $5,644,870. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 125 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 906,(580 
 
 Wheat 188,500 
 
 Oats 77,450 
 
 Other cereals 2,(570 
 
 Potatoes 43,609 
 
 Sweet potatoes (58,165 
 
 Onions 13,662 
 
 Beans 75B 
 
 Peas 4,098 
 
 Value of other vegetables $142,236 
 
 Clover seed 201 
 
 Other grass seed 337 
 
 Peanuts 389 
 
 Apples 140,088 
 
 Cherries 538 
 
 Peaches 1,623 
 
 Pears 1,890 
 
 Plums and prunes 2,611 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 476 
 
 Millet 8,2:)0 
 
 Clover 2,376 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 10,130 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay.. 4,270 
 
 Other forage crops 8,347 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 9 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). 32,415 
 
 Cotton (bales) 1 
 
 Tobacco (pounds).. 18,000 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 3,070 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 14,960 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 5(50,495 
 
 Wine (gallons) 2,351 
 
 Cider (barrels) 517 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 389 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 340,992 
 
 Cherry 18,285 
 
 Peach 119,986 
 
 Pear 19,334 
 
 Plum and prune 18,697 
 
 Grapevines 99,528 
 
 Value of forest products. .|61,745 
 Value of .small fruits 32,557 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 35,511 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 73,215 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 587,290 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7, 103 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 31,940 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $164,284 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 125, 1 55 00 
 
 Total 1289,439 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 18,842 
 
 Sheep 1,902 
 
 Hogs 19,397 
 
 Horses 8,134 
 
 Mules 3,361 
 
 Asses and burros ........ 132 
 
126 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 LOITDOX COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,838 ; population in 1890, 9,273. 
 This oonntj has an area of 256 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the north bj the Clinch Hiver, intersected by 
 the Holston River, and drained by the Little Tennessee 
 River. The surface is hilly, but the soil is fertile. There 
 is a fine forest growth in the county, and the price of land 
 ranges from $5 tO' $25 per acre. There are good openings 
 in the county for marble works and furniture factories. 
 The county is intersected by the Southern Railway. 
 
 Loudon, the county seat, is situated on the Tennessee 
 River and the Southern Railway. It is a fine sliipping 
 point to Chattanooga by river; has splendid schools, 
 churches, a weekly newspaper, and general stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land for 1900 was $9.13 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 56 ; capital employed, $873,936 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $93,064; number of farms, 1,206; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 139,819 ; number of acres improved, 81,356 ; 
 value of buildings, $429,470 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $111,990 ; value of live stock, $346,- 
 436; value of products not fed to live stock, $514,591; 
 amoimt paid for farm labor during the year, $43,160; 
 t«tal value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,484,560. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 127 
 
 AGRICUI.TURA"L PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Oats 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 Onions 
 
 Beans 
 
 Peas 
 
 Value of other vegetables. 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes 
 
 BUSHKLS. 
 
 . 407,550 
 ..145,2(30 
 
 , . 28,540 
 
 140 
 
 , . 4,835 
 
 . . 9,839 
 
 485 
 
 1(31 
 
 . . 4,743 
 
 ;23,19(3 
 
 41 
 
 ■ 147 
 
 21,(327 
 
 65 
 
 86 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses . 
 
 92 
 
 TONS. 
 
 116 
 810 
 
 768 
 2,116 
 
 Grains cut green for hay.. 1,820 
 
 Other forage crops 4,026 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 214 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons).. 9,141 
 
 Cotton (bales) 2 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 11,100 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 3,110 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 2,850 
 
 Grapes ( pounds) 49,462 
 
 Wine (gallons) 681 
 
 Cider (barrels) 38 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 32 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 32,621 
 
 Cherry 969 
 
 Peach 11,081 
 
 Pear 793 
 
 Plum and prune 749 
 
 Grapevines 6,829 
 
 Value of forest products. .|3 1,475 
 Value of small fruits 1,291 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 11,645 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 24,450 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 171,990 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,752 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 14,880 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 76,270 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 48,540 00 
 
 Total $124,810 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,370 
 
 Sheep 2,150 
 
 Hogs 11,999 
 
 Horses 2,232 
 
 Mules 1,345 
 
 Asses and burros 37 
 
128 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 M'MI^^N COLT^TTT. 
 
 Population in 1900, 19,163; population in 1890, 17,- 
 890. This is an Eastern Division county, witli an area 
 of 452 square miles, and is bo'unded on the northwest by 
 the Hiwassee River. Its surface is well covered with for- 
 ests. The soil is very fertile in the valleys. The Soutli- 
 ern Railway intersects the county. Com, wheat, oats, 
 grasses, and pork are the staple products. 
 
 Athens, the county seat, is situated on the Southern 
 Railway, about 55 miles southwest of Knoxville. It has 
 a fine electric light plant, churches, good schools, the 
 U. S. Grant University, and storehouses. Its population 
 in 1900 was 1,849. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $5.34 
 per acre. 
 
 ]Sr umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 81; capital employed, $366,702; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $53,086 ; number of farms, 2,542 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 268,704 ; number of acres improved, 149,149 ; 
 value of buildings, $661,290; value of farming imple- 
 ments and ma.chiner)", $188,640 ; value of live stock, 
 $622,849 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $982,- 
 532 ; amoimt paid for farm labor during the year, $43,- 
 390; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,995,310. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 129 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 784,040 
 
 Wheat 143,760 
 
 Oats 27,770 
 
 Other cereals 185 
 
 Potatoes 9,904 
 
 Sweet potatoes 19,1S2 
 
 Onions 1,085 
 
 Beans 832 
 
 Peas 37,512 
 
 Value of other vegetables. $34,437 
 
 Clover seed 198 
 
 Other grass seed 401 
 
 Peanuts 310 
 
 Apples 118,723 
 
 Cherries 138 
 
 Peaches 8,477 
 
 Pears 3«8 
 
 Plums and prunes 961 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 1,047 
 
 Millet 2,152 
 
 Clover 739 
 
 Other cultivated grasses.. 4,247 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. . 2,582 
 
 Other forage crops 3,736 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 29 
 
 Scrghum sirup (gallons).. 26,802 
 
 Cotton (bales) 391 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 15,460 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . . 1,540 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 2,540 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 94,900 
 
 Wine (gallons) 73 
 
 Cider (barrels) 56 
 
 Vinegar ( barrels) 40 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 79,585 
 
 Cherr}' 2,718 
 
 Peach 38,947 
 
 Pear 2,175 
 
 Plum and prune 4,646 
 
 Grapevines 11,092 
 
 Value of forest products. .149,614 
 Value of small fruits. . . . 1,351 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultrv on hand $ 24,518 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 46,667 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 365,900 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,597 00 
 
 Pounds of honey (.reduced in 1899 42,030 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |1 21,787 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 82,632 00 
 
 Total 1204,869 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 11,718 
 
 Sheep 4,512 
 
 Hogs 20,840 
 
 Horses 3,755 
 
 Mules 2,599 
 
 Asses and burros. ...... 54 
 
130 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 MAKIO^T COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 17,281 ; population in 1890, 15,411. 
 This county is boiinrled on the east by Hamilton County, 
 and borders on Alabama and Georgia. Tt has an area of 
 500 square miles. Tt is intersected by the Sequatcliie 
 River, and is touched by the Tennessee River on the south- 
 eaet corner. The surface is broken by high ridg'es run- 
 ning- parallel with Cmnberland ^Tountain. The soil is 
 fertile, with fine fore.*ts in many localities. The sta- 
 ple products are corn, cotton, oats, wdieat, hay, and pork. 
 Several mines of bituminous coal are found in the county. 
 South Pittsburg, Jasper, and Whitwell are three flour- 
 ishing towns. South Pittsburg is situated on the Se- 
 quatchie River and the iSTashville, Chattanooga and St. 
 Louis Railway. 
 
 Jasper, the county seat, is situated on the Sequatchie 
 River and the ISTashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Rail- 
 way, and has several churches, schools, and stores. 
 
 Coal is mined near each of the three above-mentionod 
 to"\vns. There is a considerable amount of improved and 
 unimproved land throughout the connty, which can be pur- 
 chased at a reasonable price. The inducements to home 
 seekers are very inviting. The average assessed value of 
 land for 1900 was $4.15 per acre. 
 
 ]Sr umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 53 ; capital employed, $1,884,347 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $236,066 ; number of farms, 1,186 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 123,181 ; nmnber of acres improved, 50,154; 
 value of buildings, $350,260; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and macliinery, $84,790 ; value of live stock, $352,- 
 228 : value of products not fed to live stock, $461,085 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $22,110; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildingSv 
 $1,238,750. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 131 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 
 
 .451,050 
 
 Wheat 
 
 . -VS,WA) 
 
 Uats 
 
 8,900 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 210 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 9,05(5 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 . 18,()12 
 
 Onions 
 
 . i,i;]9 
 
 Beans 
 
 159 
 
 Peas 
 
 1 "'.^i 
 
 Value of other ve'^^claljlts.^ 2 .,:':91 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 S! 
 
 Apples 
 
 . i:],;]42 
 
 Cherries 
 
 101 
 
 Peaches 
 
 2SS) 
 
 Pears 
 
 1)9 
 
 Plums and prunes ..... 
 
 90 
 
 
 TONS- 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 9S 
 
 Millet 
 
 ;5;]7 
 
 Clover 
 
 128 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 
 S4:5 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay . 2,719 
 
 Other forage crops 818 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 34 
 
 Sorghum sirup i gallons). . 10,248 
 
 Tobacco ( pounds) ;J,850 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) ... ;}0 
 
 Dried fruit i pounds) .. . . ;5,500 
 
 Grapes i pounds ) 91, 120 
 
 Wine I gallons! 39B 
 
 «. ider (barre's 1(5 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 10 
 
 NTMBKR OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 80,182 
 
 Cherry 2,999 
 
 Peach 31,223 
 
 Pear 1,346 
 
 Plum and prune 6,192 
 
 Grapevines 21,152 
 
 Value of forest products. .|;42,613 
 Value of small fruits 713 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 12,00") 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 IS, 302 0I> 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 209.8('0 
 
 Value of bees on hand 8,94(5 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 43,550 
 
 VALUE OF .ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 47,040 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 57,93(i 00 
 
 Total 1104,97(5 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,033 
 
 Sheep 3,999 
 
 Hogs 18,553 
 
 Horses 
 
 ... 1,875 
 
 Mules 
 
 . . 1,646 
 
 Asses and burros 
 
 48 
 
132 Handbook ok Tennessee. 
 
 MEIGS COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 7,491 ; population in 1890, 6,0;]0. 
 This county has an area of about 200 square miles. It 
 is 45 miles in length and al^out 6 or 8 miles in width, and 
 is bounded on the west by the Tennessee River the entire 
 length. The Iliwassee River crosses the southern por- 
 tion. River and valley lands are very fertile, and are 
 worth from $20 to $100 per acre; ridge and timber lands, 
 from $2 to $10 per acre. Corn, wheat, oats, hogs, hay, 
 cattle, sheep, horses, and mules are the principal products. 
 
 Decatur, the county seat, is located 214 miles east of 
 the Tennessee River. 
 
 The county is well supplied with stores, schools, and 
 churches. The average assessed value of land in 1900 was 
 $5.97 per acre. 
 
 l^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 25 ; capital employed, $64,338 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $5,468; number of farms, 983; number 
 of acres, 124,918; number of acres improved, 64,248; 
 value of buildings, $282,580 ; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $75,000; value of live stock, $304,- 
 499 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $461,926 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during tlie year, $24,680; 
 total value of land and im]>rovements, except buildings, 
 $1,212,460. 
 
Handuook of Texnessee. 
 
 133 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 18!)9. 
 
 Corn 497,i:rt(> 
 
 Wheat 47,()tiU 
 
 Oats 25,240 
 
 Other cereals 00 
 
 Potatoes 3,641 
 
 Sweet potatoes ... 7,805 
 
 Onions 971 
 
 Beans 870 
 
 Peas 15,347 
 
 Clover seed 23 
 
 Other grass seed 5 
 
 Peanuts 50 
 
 Apples 54,411 
 
 Cherries 21 
 
 Peaches 122 
 
 Pears 589 
 
 Plnms and prunes 719 
 
 Wild v:ra.sses 313 
 
 Millet 436 
 
 Clover 334 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 1 ,242 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. . 1,441 
 
 Other forage crops. ...'.. 626 
 
 Sorghum .sirup (gallons).. 17,116 
 
 Cotton (bales 1 5 
 
 Tobacco I pounds) 15,590 
 
 Ero 'm corn (pounds) 1,950 
 
 Drir-d fruit (pounds) 11,960 
 
 Grapes (pounds i 92,952 
 
 Wine (gallons ' ] ,048 
 
 Cider (barrels) 36 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ....... 26 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRKES. 
 
 Apple 57,555 
 
 Cherrv 677 
 
 Peach' 22,650 
 
 Pear 1,324 
 
 Plum and prune 4,880 
 
 Grapevines 11 .900 
 
 Value of forest products. .|;12 635 
 
 Value of small fruits. ... 2,774 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 10,720 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 21,204 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 209,460 
 
 V alue of bQCS on hand 2, 599 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 13,700 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 60,442 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered . 45,636 00 
 
 Total 1106.078 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON H.\ND. 
 
 Cattle. 
 Sheep. 
 Hogs. , 
 
 5.196 
 1,835 
 9,748 
 
 Horses 1 ,625 
 
 Mules 1,340 
 
 Asses and burros 29 
 
134 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 ]vio:n'iioe couxty. 
 
 Population in 1900, 18,585; population in 1800, 15,- 
 329. This county lias an area of 580 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the east bv Xorth Carolina; on the north, 
 l)y the Little Tennessee Eiver. The eastern portion is 
 mountainous and covered with valuable timbers. There 
 are also gold, iron ore, and copper in the mountainous 
 section ; there is a considerable amount of zinc and lead 
 thrtniiih the northern ])ortion of the county. The soil is 
 fertiU^ where cultivated, and the ]>rincipal products are corn, 
 wheat, potatoes, grasses, cattle, and hogs. The Southern 
 Railway traverses the northwestern portion of the. county ; 
 the Atlanta, Tvnoxville and Xorthern Railroad passes 
 througli the center; while the Tellico Railway reaches the 
 eastern and mountainous portion of the county. 
 
 Madisonville, the county seat, is located 45 miles from 
 Knoxville. It has good schools, a bank, and two weekly 
 newspapers. 
 
 The county presents a very inviting field for immi- 
 grant fanners. The average price of improved land in 
 the county is about $10 per acre. Most of the unimproved 
 land is in the hands of capitalists; price, from $2 to $1 
 per acre. The average assessed value of land in 1000 
 was $3.75 per acre. 
 
 ^Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 78; capital employed, $309,696; amount of wages i>aid 
 during the year, $80,701; number of farms, 2,384; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 286,223; number of acres improved, 120,- 
 950; value of buildings, $530,750; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $152,640; value of live stock, 
 $570,571 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $709,- 
 632 ; amotmt paid for fann labor during the year, $34,- 
 540 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,012,220. 
 
Handbook: of Tets^nessee. 
 
 135 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Oats 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 Onions 
 
 Beans 
 
 Peas 
 
 Value of other vegetables 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Other grass seed 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes 
 
 655, 
 
 146, 
 
 20, 
 
 8, 
 
 19, 
 
 1, 
 
 1, 
 
 21, 
 
 60 
 
 ,820 
 ,260 
 650 
 575 
 ,868 
 ,808 
 ,252 
 ,199 
 ,794 
 ,538 
 292 
 400 
 281 
 ,239 
 109 
 701 
 113 
 765 
 
 Wild grasses 327 
 
 Millet 1,291 
 
 Clover. 995 
 
 Other cultivated grasses.. 3,355 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. . 2,624 
 
 Other forage crops 6,031 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 13 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 27.142 
 
 Cotton (bales) 78 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 28,770 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) .... 23,510 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 12,460 
 
 Grapes ( I ouuds) . 61,197 
 
 Wine (gallons) 309 
 
 Cider (barrels) 42 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 38 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 81,853 
 
 Cherry 775 
 
 Peach 28,792 
 
 Pear 1,584 
 
 Plum and prune 3,748 
 
 Grapevines 14,036 
 
 Value of forest products. .|59,664 
 
 Value of small fruits 943 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand . $ 19,622 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 34,327 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 . . 305,780 
 
 Value of bees on hand 8,572 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 55,490 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |102,006 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 76,844 00 
 
 Total $178,850 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 12,445 
 
 Sheep 4,461 
 
 Hogs 19,537 
 
 Horses 3,410 
 
 Mules 2,203 
 
 Asses and burros 75 
 
136 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 MOEGAIT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 9,587 ; population in 1890, 7,639. 
 This conntj has an area of -448 square miles. Embry and 
 Obed's Rivers drain the county. Its surface is mostly 
 hilly, and it is well timbered with chestnut, oak, and pine. 
 The staple products are corn, grasses, and pork. A large 
 deposit of bitimiinous coal is found here. The Southern 
 Railway intersects the county. Improved land ranges 
 from $5 to $10 per acre; unimproved land, from $-2 t'l 
 $10, according to location. 
 
 Wartburg, the county seat, is 44 miles west of Knoxville. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.09 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the connry, 
 3S ; capital employed, $156,414; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $23,256 ; nmnber of farms, 1,143 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 126,113 ; number of acres improved, 33,092 ; 
 value of buildings, $243,060 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $46,830; value of live stock, $248,- 
 215; value of products not fed tO' live stock, $286,950; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $12,150; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $510,460. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 137 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS, 
 
 Corn 130,830 
 
 Wheat 1,040 
 
 Oats 10,880 
 
 Other cereals 2,30(5 
 
 Potatoes 29,08(5 
 
 Sweet potatoes 18,434 
 
 Onions 2,731 
 
 Beans 58(5 
 
 Peas 1,315 
 
 Value of other vegetables. |20, 610 
 
 Peanuts 45 
 
 Apples 64,296 
 
 Cherries 10(5 
 
 Peaches 32 
 
 Pears 55 
 
 Plums and prunes 570 
 
 Wild grasses. . . . 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated 
 
 341 
 
 758 
 107 
 
 1,877 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay . . 728 
 
 Other forage crops. ...'. . 1,016 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 327 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 7,730 
 
 Cotton (bales) 3 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 10,070 
 
 Drit-d fruit (pounds) 35,630 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 73,923 
 
 Wine (gallons) 1,209 
 
 Cider (barrels) 101 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 32 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 94,563 
 
 Cherrv 1,490 
 
 Peach 9,259 
 
 Pear 879 
 
 Plum and prune 4,424 
 
 Grapevines 9,735 
 
 Value of forest products. .$21,612 
 
 Value of small fruits .... 1,228 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 7,384 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 13,583 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 123,940 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7,474 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 37,910 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $29,725 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 35,0(50 00 
 
 Total |(54,785 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 5,554 
 
 Sheep 6,668 
 
 Hogs 11,256 
 
 Horses .... . . 
 
 Mules 
 
 Asses and burros. 
 
 1,172 
 
 683 
 
 12 
 
138 Handbook: of Tennessee. 
 
 POLK COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 11,357; population in 1890, 8,361. 
 This coimtv has an area of 400 square miles. The Hi- 
 wassee and Ocoee Pivers flow through the county. The 
 surface is mountainous and well timbered. The gra^^inii' 
 for sheep and cattle is abundant. It has fine quarries 
 of gi*ay limestone and extensive copper mines; lead has 
 also been found in the county. Corn, Avheat, cattle, grass, 
 and pork are the staple products. The Marietta and 
 North Georgia Pailroad traverses the comity. 
 
 Benton, the county seat, is 40 miles northeast of Cliat- 
 tanooga and 3 miles south of the Hiwassee River. It has 
 churches, schools, and a courthouse. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.03 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in tlie county, 
 43 ; capital employed, $289,408 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $66,405; number of farms, 1,130; num- 
 ber of acres, 131,051 ; number of acres improved, 44,022 ; 
 value of buildings, $205,450 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $62,200 ; value of live stock, $238,- 
 644; value of products not fed to live stock, $369,038; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $14,420; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $664,140. 
 
Haxdbook of Tennessee. 
 
 139 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR lS9i). 
 
 BUSHBLS. 
 
 Corn 280,550 
 
 Wheat 25,4lJ0 
 
 Oats 8,;560 
 
 Other cereals 5-28 
 
 Potatoes 4,198 
 
 Sweet potatoes 9,()S!) 
 
 Onions .... 710 
 
 Beans 1,180 
 
 Peas. H,2lji 
 
 Value of other vegetables.|;j8,154 
 
 Peanuts 62 
 
 Apples . . 22,41(i 
 
 Cherries 17 
 
 Peaches 102 
 
 Pears 20 
 
 Plums and prunes 200 
 
 Wild f^rasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated .s^rasses. . 
 Grains cut green for hay.. 
 
 TONS. 
 
 227 
 
 83 
 128 
 
 :}17 
 
 Other forage crops 811 
 
 S.^rghuni cane sold 27 
 
 Sorghum sirup gallons).. 11,270 
 
 Cotton ( Ijales i . . .". 981 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 6,820 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 1,0:50 
 
 Dried Cruit (pounds) 6,5(50 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 11,417 
 
 Wine (gallons) 97 
 
 Cider (barrels) 60 
 
 Vinegar ^barrels) 10 
 
 NUMBER OF KRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple ;55.;}90 
 
 Cherrv 384 
 
 Peach" 18,;]72 
 
 Pear 362 
 
 Plum and prune 1 ,570 
 
 Grapevines 1,271 
 
 Value of forest products. .515,183 
 Value of small fruits .... 83 
 
 POULTRY AND BKES. 
 
 Value of pou;trv on hand $ 8,386 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 15.133 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 111,630 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,265 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1S99 35,210 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |32 840 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 39,307 00 
 
 Total $72,147 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 5,241 
 
 Sheep 3,{!33 
 
 Hogs 3,572 
 
 Horses 1,207 
 
 Mules 1,174 
 
 .\sses and burros 19 
 
140 Handbook of 'J'exxessee. 
 
 EHEA (^OimTY. 
 
 Popialation in 1900, 14,318; population in 1890, 12,- 
 647. This county has an area of 360 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the southeast hj the Tennessee River ; on 
 the northwest, by Walden's Ridge. Its surface is partly 
 mountainous. Cattle, corn, wheat, grass, fruit, and pork 
 are the staple products of the soil. It has an abundance 
 of coal and iron ore and fine forests of oak, hickory, gum, 
 sycamore, and ash. The coiuity is traversed by the Cin- 
 cinnati Southern Railroad. Improved land ranges in 
 price from $20 per acre for uplands to $50 per acre for 
 river-bottom lands; unimproved hmd, from $5 to $10 per 
 acre. 
 
 Dayton, the coimty seat, is 38 miles northeast of Chat- 
 tanooga. It is an u]>to-date town, with good business 
 houses, churches, schools, banks, two- weekly newspapers, 
 and a number of manufacturing establishments. Its pop- 
 ulation in 1900 was 2,004. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $5.74 
 per acre. 
 
 Kumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 45; capital employed, $672,703; amount of wages paid 
 during tlie year, $144,510 ; nmnber of fanns, 1,131 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 115,993; number of acres improved, 55,377; 
 value of buildings, $304,050 ; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $77,650 ; value of live stock, $283,- 
 249; value of products not fed to live stock, $432,595; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $36,240; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,175,530. 
 
Handbook of Tenxesseb. 
 
 141 
 
 AGRICULTURAT, PRODUCTS FOR IS'.M). 
 
 BUSH 
 
 Corn 4;]o 
 
 Wheat 44 
 
 Oats 17 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 Potatoes If) 
 
 Sweet potatoes. 11 
 
 Onions 1 
 
 Beans 
 
 Peas U) 
 
 Value of other ve.^etaUles.^lT 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples -S 
 
 Cherries ... 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes 
 
 KLS. 
 
 ,4-20 
 .510 
 070 
 140 
 74(5 
 949 
 '201 
 '2()7 
 ,10(5 
 
 ]o2 
 1-2 
 
 (>0 
 IS 
 92 
 
 Wild gra.sses. . . 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated wras.ses. 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 
 TONS. 
 
 i;5;] 
 
 7(V.i 
 
 Sll 
 
 l,4o0 
 
 1.289 
 
 Other forage crops. 
 Sorghum cane sold. 
 
 851 
 17 
 
 Sorghum .sirup (gallonsi . . 11,287 
 
 Cotton (bales) 1 
 
 4V)bacco ' jxnmds) 9,330 
 
 Broom corn (])oiinds) 410 
 
 Dried fruit ]) uuds^ 2,900 
 
 Grapes (])Oundsj 132,145 
 
 Wine gallons) 38 
 
 Cidt-r |l)arrel.s) 30 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 22 
 
 NU.MUER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 102,655 
 
 Cherrv 1,486 
 
 Peach 82,123 
 
 Pear .' . . 5,330 
 
 Plum and prune 1,847 
 
 Grapevines 17,583 
 
 Value of forest products. .I 9,307 
 Value of .small fruits 45,371 
 
 POULTRY .\ND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultrv on hand $ 11 ,493 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 17,240 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1S99 1(59,210 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,038 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 21,270 
 
 V.\LUe OK .\NI.M.\L PRODUCTS FOR 1899 
 
 Live animals sold |41,342 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 34,590 00 
 
 Total $75,932 00 
 
 livf: stock on h.\nd. 
 
 Cattle 5,417 
 
 Sheep 2,781 
 
 Hogs 11,392 
 
 Horses 1,730 
 
 Mules 1,233 
 
 .Asses and burros 40 
 
142 Haj^dbook of Tennessee. 
 
 r.OAXE rOUIvTY. 
 
 Population in 1000, 22,738; population in 1890, 17,- 
 418. This county lias an area of 450 square miles, and il 
 intersected by the Clinch and Holston Rivers. Its surface 
 is hilly or mountainous, and is covered with fine forests of 
 oak, hickory, pine, and other timber. The county com- 
 prises part of Cumberland Mountain. The soil is very 
 fertile in the valleys and river bottoms. The mineral re- 
 sources of the coimty are oo^al, iron ore, and fine building- 
 stone. • The staple products are com, wheat, grass, cattle, 
 and hogs. It has fine gra-zing lands, and is traversed by 
 the Soutliern Railway. The price of improved land ranges 
 from $10 to $15 per acre for uplands to $100 per acre 
 for river-bottom lands. There is a large amount of un- 
 improved land for sale, ranging in price from $5 to $10 per 
 acre. Tliere are splendid opportunities for investment 
 of capital in the maiiiufacture of hardwood, and in foun- 
 dries. The spirit of advancement is abroad in the comity. 
 The county has 40 miles of completed turnpikes and about 
 25 miles under construction. The prices for homes are rea- 
 sonable, health is good, and there is a plentiful supply of 
 good water and good timber. The schools of the county 
 are excellent. There are a university and several high 
 schools, and the various denominations are well repre- 
 sented in churches. 
 
 Kingston, the co-unty seat, is situated at the junction 
 of the Tennessee and Clinch Rivers, with a po]>ulation of 
 800. It has splendid manufacturing establishments, and 
 is noted as a health resort. It has good schools and 
 churches, hosjiitable people, and enterprising merchants. 
 It is 120 miles by water from Chattanooga, mtli steamboat 
 navigation. 
 
 Tlie average assessed value of land in 1900 was $7.58 
 per acre. 
 
 ]^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 110 ; capital employed, $1,449,838 ; amount of wages paid 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 143 
 
 during the year, $179,363 ; number of farms, 1,883 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 198,034;niimber of acres improved, 95,005; 
 value of building's, $495,080 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and macliinery, $111,500 ; value of live stock, $447,- 
 394 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $678,831 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $36,980; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,641,590. 
 
 AGRICULTURAI. PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Oats 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 Onions 
 
 Beans 
 
 Peas 
 
 Value of other vegetables, 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples 
 
 Cherries. 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes 
 
 ()26,49() 
 
 62,090 
 
 48,9:i0 
 
 l,19i> 
 
 14,2t9 
 
 14,08:3 
 
 1,198 
 
 891 
 
 4,854 
 
 581,541 
 
 21 
 
 84 
 
 59,610 
 
 72 
 
 946 
 
 7119 
 
 1,081 
 
 Wild grasses 488 
 
 Millet 1,521 
 
 Clover 488 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 4,7-14 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay.. 1,812 
 
 Other forage crops 1,219 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . 46 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons).. 22,258 
 
 Cotton (bales) 8 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 14,480 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 5,970 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 9,910 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 58,867 
 
 Wine gallons) 171 
 
 Cider (barrels) 62 
 
 Vinegar (barrels 88 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 80,455 
 
 Cherrv 1,850 
 
 Peach 19,482 
 
 Pear 2,721 
 
 Plum and prune 8,909 
 
 Grapevines 8,489 
 
 Value of forest products. .$80,185 
 
 Value of small fruits 4,563 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 14,907 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 25,840 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 215,590 
 
 Value of bees on hand. 5,095 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 28,270 
 
 VAIjUE of animal PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold I 78,904 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 78,004 00 
 
 Total $146,908 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 9,448 
 
 Sheep 2,198 
 
 Hogs 14,185 
 
 Horses 2,867 
 
 Mules 2,248 
 
 Asses and burros 85 
 
144 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 SCOTT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 11,077; population in 1890, 9,794. 
 Tliis county has an area of 620 square miles. It borders 
 on Kentucky, and is intersected by the Cumberland River. 
 Its surface is hilly and covered with fine forests. The 
 staple products are corn, grass, and pork. The avera^'e 
 price of improved land is from $15 to $20 per acre. There 
 is much unimproved land for sale in the county at about 
 $6 per acre. Timber and coal interests furnish opportu- 
 nities for profitable investment of capital. The county 
 also has a fine fire clay. The county is healthy, and is 
 noted for its pure air and pure water, hospitable people, 
 and oood schools and churches. 
 
 Huntsville, the county seat, is about 41 miles southwest 
 of Knox^'ille. It has schools, churches, and up-to-date 
 merchants. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $2.39 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 42 ; capital employed, $428,469 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $64,577 ; number of farms, 1,389 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 164,743 ; number of acres improved, 39,728 ; 
 value of building-s, $210,880; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $42,520 ; value of live stock, $273,- 
 694; value of products not fed to live stock, $352,410; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $11,920; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $545,220. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 145 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Oats 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 Onions 
 
 Beans 
 
 Peas . . . . 
 
 Value of other vegetables. 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples 
 
 Cherries. 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 
 202 
 
 17, 
 
 1, 
 
 21, 
 
 lo, 
 
 2, 
 
 2 
 
 109, 
 
 780 
 560 
 730 
 855 
 97(5 
 458 
 951 
 619 
 882 
 274 
 23 
 534 
 
 lis 
 
 297 
 101 
 540 
 
 TONS. 
 
 155 
 
 906 
 
 154 
 
 1 ,034 
 
 151 
 
 Other forage crops 1,542 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 16 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons).. 7,611 
 
 Cotton (bales) i 
 
 Tobacco , pounds ) 5,980 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 70 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds, 24,540 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 14,238 
 
 Wine (gallons) 44 
 
 Cider (barrels) 24 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 23 
 
 NUMBKR OK FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 98,499 
 
 Cherry 848 
 
 Peach 5,152 
 
 Pear 492 
 
 Plum and prune 2.174 
 
 Grapevines 1,882 
 
 Value of forest products. .$56,691 
 Value of small fruits 1,141 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand | 10,406 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 19,887 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 142,080 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7.016 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 47,840 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |29,626 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 35,552 00 
 
 Total 165,178:00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 5,523 
 
 Sheep 6,889 
 
 Hogs 15,002 
 
 Horses 1,395 
 
 Mules 704 
 
 Asses and burros 23 
 
146 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 SEQUATCHIE COUJ^TY. 
 
 Popuktion in 1900, 3,326 ; population in 1890, 3,027. 
 This connty has an area of 250 square miles, and is in- 
 tersected by the Sequatcliie Valley and tlie Secinatchie 
 I\iver. The soil in the valleys is fertile. Tliis is one of 
 the best g'rape-producing counties in the Soiitli. A fine 
 gro\\i:.h of beech, oak, hickory, and maple- timber is found 
 in many localities. Limestone, iron ore, and coal abound 
 in this county. The staple products are corn, wheat, oats, 
 grass, cattle, and pork. There are splendid grazing lands 
 for cattle. The county is traversed by the ]!!^ashville, 
 (^hattanooga and St. Louis Railway. 
 
 Dunlap, the coiuity seat, is situated on the Sequatchie 
 River, 40 miles northwest of Chattanooga. 
 
 Tlie average assessed value of land in 1900 was $2.07 
 per acre. 
 
 Xumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 15; capital eniployed, $34,908; amomit of wages paid 
 during the year, $6,023 ; niunber of farms, 383 ; nmnber 
 of acres, 57,034 ; number of acres improved, 19,850 ; 
 value of buildings, $99,550; value of farming imple- 
 ments and macliinery, $31,480; value of live stock, $137,- 
 113; value of products not fed to live stock, $167,191; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $7,470; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $425,290. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 147 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 126,720 
 
 Wheat 19,(580 
 
 Oats l,f)()0 
 
 Other cereals 40 
 
 Potatoe ■ 7,094 
 
 Sweet potatoes 4,957 
 
 Onions 72 
 
 Means 127 
 
 Peas 1,084 
 
 Value of other vegetables.! (),19r) 
 
 Apples " 12,8o4 
 
 Cherries 28 
 
 Peaches oO 
 
 Pears 27 
 
 Plums and prunes 193 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses .... .... 19 
 
 Millet 178 
 
 Clover l-> 
 
 Other cultivated grasses . 2i')4 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. 
 
 Other forage crops 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons).. 3, 
 
 Cotton (bales) . .". . 
 
 Tobacco ( pounds) 2, 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 
 Dried fruit ( pounds ) 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 16, 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 50, 
 
 Cherry 1, 
 
 Peach'. 8, 
 
 Pear 
 
 Plum and prune 2, 
 
 Grapevines 1, 
 
 Value of forest products. . $11, 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 800 
 
 424 
 
 11 
 
 882 
 1 
 950 
 560 
 60 
 495 
 
 891 
 268 
 255 
 
 848 
 485 
 446 
 
 744 
 78 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of jioultry on hand $ 5,257 00 
 
 Va ue of po iltry raised in 1899 10.485 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 8;3,]00 
 
 Value of l)ees on hand 8,602 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 15,870 
 
 VALUE OK ANIMAL PRODUCT.S FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold ... |;25,889 00 
 
 Animals .slaughtered 19,613 00 
 
 Total 545,002 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK OX H.\ND. 
 
 Cattle 2,897 
 
 Sheep 2,016 
 
 Hogs 6,257 
 
 Horses 
 
 Mules 
 
 Asses and burros. 
 
 602 
 
 450 
 
148 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 SEVIER COUNTY. 
 
 PopulatioTi in 1900, 22,021; population in 1800, 18,- 
 701. This county has an area of 560 square miles. It 
 borders on I^orth Carolina, and is intersected liy tlio 
 French Broad River. Its surface is mountainous, and i:> 
 partially covered with oak, hickory, sycamore, chestnut, 
 walnut, maple, and pine timber. The soil in the valleys 
 is ricli and fertile. Fine limestone is quarried in the 
 county. The staple products are wheat, corn, grass, cat- 
 tle, and hogs. The grazing for cattle and sheep is abun- 
 dant. 
 
 Sevierville, the county seat, is situated on Little Pigeon 
 River, 30 miles southeast of Knoxville. It has churciico. 
 schools, and general stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.1 • 
 per acre. 
 
 ]^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county. 
 83 ; capital employed, $146,234 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $19,455 ; number of farms, 3,193 ; ninn- 
 ber of acres, 249,233 ; number of acres improved, 114,794 ; 
 value of buildings, $536,730 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and maehineiy, $132,770 ; value of live stock, $567,- 
 380; value of products not fed to live stock, $947,494; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $39,060 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,977,750. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 149 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHBLS. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Oats 
 
 Other cereals 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 Onions 
 
 Beans 
 
 Ptas 
 
 Vahie of other vegetables. 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Other yrass seed 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes 
 
 586,900 
 
 128,220 
 
 34.510 
 
 907 
 
 16,802 
 
 26,138 
 
 1,765 
 
 2.067 
 
 10,940 
 
 $84,495 
 
 992 
 
 439 
 
 72 
 
 80,895 
 
 76 
 
 218 
 
 498 
 
 925 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 22 
 
 Millet 970 
 
 Clover. 2,574 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. . 8,715 
 Grains cut green for hay . 675 
 Other forage crops. ...'.. 2,808 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons). . 44,976 
 
 Cotton (bales) .... 7 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) 47,140 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) .... 8,960 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds). 14,770 
 
 Grapes (pou' ds) 87,859 
 
 Wine (gallons) 39 
 
 Cider (barrels) 92 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 48 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 117,784 
 
 Cherry 1,491 
 
 Peach 28.846 
 
 Pear 1,588 
 
 Plum and prune 4,838 
 
 Grapevines 2,675 
 
 Value of forest products. .$43,627 
 Value of small fruits 1,170 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand . $ 28,854 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 55,780 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in la99 387,680 
 
 Value of bees on hand 11,584 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 ... 42,580 
 
 VALUE OF ANIM.\L PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |;129,721 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 192,665 00 
 
 Total $322,386 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 11,908 
 
 Sheep 5,413 
 
 Hogs 23,220 
 
 Horses 4,108 
 
 Mules 1,531 
 
 Asses and burros 45 
 
150 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 SULLIVAX COUNTY. 
 
 Po]ni]atioii in 1000, 24,935; populatioi) in 1890, 20,- 
 879. This comity has an area of 410 square miles, and 
 borders on Virginia. Its surface is a beautiful, undulat- 
 ina- valley, lying lietween the ( Himl^erland and Appalach- 
 ian ranges of mountains, and is drained by the Holston 
 ]\iver and the head waters of the Tennessee River. The 
 county lias a fine growth of ash, walnut, beech, maplei, oak, 
 hemlock, chestnut, and hickory timber. The soil is fer- 
 tile. There are splendid deposits of iron ore of higdi 
 grade, also large deposits of limestone of splendid fluxing* 
 quality. Tlie staple prodnets are fruits, wheat, corn, oats, 
 grasses, horses, cattle, hogs, poultry, butter, and eggs. 
 
 Bristol TTenn.) is located in this county. It is the 
 largest city between Ivnoxville, Tenn., and Roanoke, Va., 
 and is 131 miles from Ivnoxville and Roanoke. One <if 
 the prettiest government buildings in the South is located 
 here. The city has beautiful churches, fine colleges and 
 schools, splendid banks, a fine courthouse, law and 
 chancery court, and register's office. It has five railroads 
 entering the city from north, south, east, and west, in- 
 cluding" the two great systems, the Southern Railway and 
 the ISTorfolk and AVestern Railroad. Bristol has within 
 a radius of 50 miles — including Upper East Tennessee, 
 Southwest Virginia, and Western North Carolina — a terri- 
 tory as rich in mineral deposits as any to be found in the 
 world It has large lumber interests, the finest tannery 
 in the South, a large pa]>er mill, all varieties of manufac- 
 turing establishments, an electric street railway, gas and 
 electric light companies, theaters, clubhouses, a 1)oard of 
 trade, two telephone systems, and as fine a waterworks sys- 
 tem as can be found anywhere. It kas a. splendid whole- 
 sale and retail trade. Bristol is the headquarters of the 
 Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company (the second larg- 
 est iron company in the South), its largest iron furnace 
 being located here, with cheap iron ore, coal, coke, and 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 151 
 
 limestone near by — ^all of fine quality. The city of Bris- 
 tol is located in both Tennessee and Virginia, about one- 
 half in each. The population of Bristol, Tenn., in lilOO 
 was 5,271, an increase of 50 per cent over the census of 
 1890. 
 
 Blountville, the county seat, is miles southwest of 
 Bristol. 
 
 The averacre assessed value of land in 1900 was $7.17 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTumlier of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 130; capital employed, $865,813; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $158,013 ; number of farms, 2,732 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 238,148 ; number of acres improved, 150,084- ; 
 value of buildings, $968,390; value of farming imy)le- 
 ments and machinery, $179,6-^0; value of live stock, 
 $688,568 : value of products not fed to^ live stock, $887,- 
 667 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $52,- 
 240; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,715,310. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn . 570,150 
 
 Wheat 197,200 
 
 Oats 81,480. 
 
 Other cereals 1,435 
 
 Potatoes 83,560 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15.359 
 
 Onions 3,9(58 
 
 Beans 788 
 
 Peas 236 
 
 Value of other vegetables. |;32, 533 
 
 Clover seed 966 
 
 Other grass seed 498 
 
 Peanuts 27 
 
 Apples ...106,89: 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears . . . '. 
 
 Plums and prunes. 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 
 172 
 510 
 926 
 126 
 
 TONS. 
 
 9 
 
 857 
 
 3,543 
 
 6,576 
 
 TONS. 
 
 765 
 
 4,147 
 
 44 
 
 Grains cut green for hay. . 
 
 Other forage crops 
 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons: . . 22,308 
 
 C' tton (bales) . 6 
 
 Tobacco ( pounds i 46,830 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 6,500 
 
 Dried fruit (pounds) 64,790 
 
 Grapes (pounds) 25,186 
 
 Wine (gallons) 115 
 
 Cider (barrels) . 420 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) 359 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 109,410 
 
 Cherry 2.385 
 
 Peach 20,165 
 
 Pear 2,317 
 
 Plum and prune 1,734 
 
 Grapevines 3,115 
 
 Value of forest products. .|46,076 
 Value of small fruits 1,886 
 
152 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 31,638 00 
 
 Dalue of poultry raised in 1899 67,293 00 
 
 Vozens of eggs produced in 1899 334,490 
 
 Value of bees on hand 11,474 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 44,600 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold |114,790 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 84,553 00 
 
 Total $199,343 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 13,761 
 
 Sheep 9,035 
 
 Hogs 19,344 
 
 Horses 5,170 
 
 Mules 1,355 
 
 Asses and burros 23 
 
 U^^iqOI COUISTTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 5,851; population in 1890, 4,619. 
 This county has an area of 196 square miles, and borders 
 on l^orth Carolina. It is drained by the Kolachucky 
 Hiver, and is intersected by the Southern Railway. Its 
 surface is mountainous. Cotton, corn, oats, grass, and 
 live stock are the staple products. 
 
 Erwin, the county seat, is situated 15 miles south of 
 Johnson City, on a branch of the Southern Railway. It 
 has churches, schools, a weekly newspaper, and general 
 stores. 
 
 The assessed value of land in 1900 was per acre. 
 
 iN^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 25 ; capital employed, $110,215 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $34,414 ; number of farms, 678 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 52,551; number of acres improved, 18,950; 
 value of building's, $154,010; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $30,610; value of live stock, $110,- 
 308; value of products not fed to live stock, $168,087; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $22,290; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $422,150. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 153 
 
 AGRICTILTUKAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 "BUSHELS- 
 
 Corn 84,050 
 
 Wheat 13,280 
 
 Oats 19,150 
 
 Other cereals 760 
 
 Potatoes 8,786 
 
 Sweet potatoes 2,124 
 
 Onions 1,525 
 
 Beans 500 
 
 Peas 27 
 
 Value other vegetables . $6,927 
 
 Grass seed 4 
 
 Peanuts 5 
 
 Apples 67,175 
 
 fherries 18 
 
 Peaches 2 
 
 Pears 8 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 34 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Millet • . • 109 
 
 Clover 299 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 965 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 28 
 Other forage crops . . . 390 
 
 Sorghum simp (gallons) 6,986 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 3,180 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 30 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 48,820 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 1,734 
 
 Wine (gallons) 15 
 
 Cider (barrels) 40 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 26 
 
 numi!i;r of fruit trees. 
 
 Apple 38,617 
 
 Cherry 92 
 
 Peach 2,447 
 
 Pear 16 
 
 Plum and prune 56 
 
 Grapevines 136 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$28,811 
 510 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 4,748 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 9,900 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 44,150 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,957 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 18,360 
 
 A'ALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 10,551 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 14,451 00 
 
 Total $ 25,002 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 2,454 
 
 Sheep 1,658 
 
 Hogs 3,645 
 
 Horses 
 
 Mules 
 
 Asses and burros 
 
 622 
 381 
 
154 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 UXIOTsT COUIiTY. . 
 
 Population in 1900, 12.894:; population in 1890, 11,- 
 459. This countv lias an area of 220 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Clinch River, and is bounded on the 
 north by Powell's River. Its surface is mountainous and 
 partly covered with hickory, oak, chestnut, and maple 
 timber. There are also fine deposits of iron, zinc, lead 
 ore, and marble in the county. The sta]jle products are 
 corn, oats, ^vheat, butter, and pork. Tlie average price 
 of improved land is about $20 per acre. There is a large 
 quantity of unimproved land in the county, Avhicli can be 
 bought at about $5 per acre. Pure water, pure air, and 
 cheap homes offer inducements to home seekers. 
 
 Maynardville, the county seat, is situated in Raccoon 
 Valley, 24 miles northeasi of Knoxville, and has fine 
 schools and churches. 
 
 The average assessed value of lands in 1900 was $5.30 
 per acre. 
 
 l^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 64 ; capital employed, $49,702 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $4,655; number of farms, 1,952; num- 
 ber of acres, 152,918; nmnber of acres improved, 80,654; 
 value of buildings, $312,360; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery^ $73,880; value of live stock, $363,- 
 288; value of products not fed to live stock, $535,406; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $22,340 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $944,540. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 155 
 
 AGEICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BU.SHKLS. 
 
 Corn 397,270 
 
 Wheat 42.510 
 
 Oats 31.020 
 
 Other cereals 300 
 
 Potatoes 17,484 
 
 Sweet potatoes 17,345 
 
 Onions 2,746 
 
 Beans 1,461 
 
 Peas 1,555 
 
 Value other vegetables . $23,388 
 
 Clover seed 139 
 
 Other grass seed .... 58 
 
 Peanuts 40 
 
 Apples 83.083 
 
 Cherries 31 
 
 Peaches 575 
 
 Pears 474 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 938 
 
 TON'S 
 
 Wild grasses 58 
 
 Millet 1,547 
 
 Clover 844 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,113 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 177 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,769 
 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 2 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 16,672 
 
 Cotton (bales) 17 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 22,360 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 6,050 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 70,710 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 26,250 
 
 Wine (gallons) 97 
 
 Cider (barrels) 178 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 162 
 
 NUMBER OF FUUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 84,222 
 
 Cherry 1,724 
 
 Peach 12,473 
 
 Pear 1,522 
 
 Plum and prune 3,350 
 
 Grapevines 1,546 
 
 Value forest products . .$57,659 
 
 Value of small fruits . . 2,179 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 16,380 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 35,320 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 268,910 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,445 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 30,670 
 
 A^ALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 66,842 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 72,231 00 
 
 Total $139,073 00 
 
 LIVE .STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,204 
 
 Sheep 3,001 
 
 Hogs 12,875 
 
 Horses 2,760 
 
 Mules 1,176 
 
 Asses and burros .... 29 
 
156 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 va:n^ btjreat county. 
 
 Population in 1900, 3,126; population in 1890, 2,803. 
 This county has an area of 322 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the north bv the Cumberland River and C^aney 
 Fork Tiiver, and is drained by the Rock River. It is a 
 hilly county. It has fertile valleys and line gjazing' lands 
 for sheep and cattle, and also fine forests of chestnut, hick- 
 ory, oak, poplar, and wild cherry. The staple products 
 are corn, ii'rass, fruit, honey, ginsens:, cattle, and pork. 
 Grapes and other fruits grow splendidly in the county. 
 The JSTashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway runs 
 near the nort-hem border of the county. 
 
 Spencer, the county seat, has good schools, churches, and 
 general stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land for 1900 was $1.59 
 per acre, 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county. 
 14; capital employed, $19,450; amount of wages paid 
 durinu' the year, $3,830 ; number of farms, 482 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 83,401 ; nmnber of acres improved, 24,229 : 
 value of buildings, $100,080; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $25,730 ; value of live stock, $134,- 
 270; value of products not fed to live stock, $155,137: 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $4,290 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings,. 
 $306,510. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 157 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKLS. 
 
 Corn 130.660 
 
 Wheat 13,020 
 
 Oats 4,370 
 
 Other cereals 250 
 
 Potatoes 7,784 
 
 Sweet potatoes 3,331 
 
 Onions 12 
 
 Beans 103 
 
 Peas 491 
 
 Value other vegetables . $6,157 
 
 Apples 45,348 
 
 Cherries 11 
 
 Plums and prunes ... 56 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 5 
 
 Millet 180 
 
 Clover 13 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 695 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 445 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other forage crops ... 37 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 105 
 
 Cotton (bales) 10 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 6,790 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 47,480 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 3,600 
 
 Wine (gallons) 220 
 
 Cider (barrels) 11 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 82,178 
 
 Cherry 497 
 
 Peach 4,782 
 
 Pear 63 
 
 Plum and prune .... 401, 
 
 Grapevines 847 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$11,065 
 28 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 4,320 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 7,581 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 39,690 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,368 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 12,900 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 26,745 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 16,512 00 
 
 Total $ 43,257 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 2,551 
 
 Sheep 2,480 
 
 Hogs 7,817 
 
 Horses 
 
 Mules 
 
 Asses and burros 
 
 646 
 
 518 
 
 40 
 
158 Handbook of Texa'essee. 
 
 WASIIINGTOA^ COLWTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 22,601:; population in 1890, 20,- 
 354. This county has an area of ahont 344 sqnare miles, 
 and is Ixmnclecl on the northeast bv the ^\''atauga and Hol- 
 ston T'ivers and intersected by the J^olachucky River. 
 Its surface is diversified with monntains and valleys. It 
 has forests of hickory, chestnut, maple, oak, ]>ine, and 
 other timber. Iron ore and building' stone are found in 
 paying quantities. The county is intersected by the South- 
 ern Railway. 
 
 Jonesboro, the county seat, is situated in a beautiful 
 and fertile valley, on the Southern Railway. It has ex- 
 cellent schools, churches, a number of general stores, an 
 iron foundry, and several manufacturing* establishments. 
 Its population in 1900 was 854. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $9.79 
 per acre. 
 
 Xuraber of manufacturing establishments in the county,. 
 131 ; capital employed, $1,747,681 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $167,287 ; number of farms, 2,457 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 185,073 ; number of acres improved, 132,789 ; 
 -^alue of buildings, $957,930 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and macliinery, $186,760 ; value of live stock, $581.- 
 785; value of products not fed to live stock, $854,874; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $79,170 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except luuldings, 
 $2,473,000. 
 
Handbook of Tenxessee. 
 
 159 
 
 AGRICULTUKAL, TRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 359,630 
 
 Wheat 294,940 
 
 Oats 83,890 
 
 Other cereals 4,600 
 
 Potatoes 21,313 
 
 Sweet potatoes 14,226 
 
 Onions 868 
 
 Beans 372 
 
 Peas 1,507 
 
 Value other vegetables . $33,712 
 
 Clover seed 807 
 
 Other grass seed 369 
 
 Peanuts 7 
 
 Apples 125,657 
 
 Cherries 494 
 
 Peaches 677 
 
 Pears 941 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 352 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 40 
 
 Millet 919 
 
 Clover 3,529 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 6,275 
 
 1,026 
 
 4,406 
 
 214 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 14,813 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 63,660 
 
 8,910 
 
 118,240 
 
 126,260 
 
 548 
 
 696 
 
 63() 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 141,795 
 
 Cherry 5,886 
 
 Peach 46,049 
 
 Pear 3,000 
 
 Plum and prune 4,142 
 
 Grapevines 12,586 
 
 Value forest products . 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$46,563 
 . 3,415 
 
 POULTRY AND ItEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 23,489 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 62,748 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 297,020 
 
 Value of bees on hand 8,775 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 34,410 
 
 VALUE OF AMMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $120,109 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 78,528 00 
 
 Total $198,637 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 12,249 
 
 Sheep 8,695 
 
 Hogs 16,077 
 
 Horses 4,978 
 
 Mules 1,477 
 
 Asses and burros .... 58 
 
160 Handbook of Tenxessek. 
 
 MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 
 
 BEDFORD COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 23,845; population in 1890, 24,- 
 739. This county has an area of 550 square miles. It 
 lies in the Central Basin, and its surface is rolling, with 
 occasional flat-topped hills. The county is exceedingly 
 ^\ell watered. Duck River flowing tlirough it from east to 
 west ; and the farms are generally in a fine state of cultiva- 
 tion. The N^asliville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway 
 traverses the county. It has a splendid system of public 
 schools, and the private schools are of a liigh character. 
 The county is well supplied with churches of the various 
 denominations. 
 
 Shelbyville, the county seat, is located on a branch of 
 the jSTash-^ille, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. It 
 has an electric light plant, a system of waterworks, a cot- 
 ton factory, a hub and spoke factory, a foundry, sawmills, 
 planing mills, flouring mills, and other manufacturing en- 
 terprises, with good schools and churches. There are two 
 banks in the town and four in the county. There are three 
 newspapers in the town. The population of the town in 
 1900 was 2,236. 
 
 There are five prosperous towns in the county — 'Bell- 
 buckle, Wartrace, ISTormandy, Flat Creek, and Unionville. 
 Bellbuckle is noted as an educational point. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $11.53 
 per acre. 
 
 ^MTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 83; capital employed, $432,154; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $53,225 ; number of farms, 2,889 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 287,612 ; nmnber of acres improved, 190,144 ; 
 value of buildings, $1,441,930; value of farming im- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 161 
 
 pleinents and inaehineiy, $345,010 ; value of live stock, 
 $],253,90S; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 537,455 ; amount paid for farm labor during" the year, 
 $97,100; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $5,187,330. 
 
 AGKICULTUEAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. TONS. 
 
 Corn 1,182,380 . Other cultivated grasses 3,077 
 
 Wheat 465,920 Grains cut green for hay 3,524 
 
 Oats 55,020 Other forage crops . . . 1,126 
 
 Other cereals 13,780 Sorghum cane sold . . . 847 
 
 Potatoes 7,279 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 12,500 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15,468 cotton (bales) 73 
 
 Onions 882 
 
 Beans 278 
 
 Peas 5,580 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 2,610 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 5,820 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 6,050 
 
 Value other vegetables .$45,315 q^^^^^ (pounds) .... 40,515 
 
 Clover seed .... 2/ ^^^^ (gallons) 19 
 
 Other grass seed .... 1,877 ^ider (barrels) 118 
 
 Peanuts 83 yinegar (barrels) .... 79 
 
 Apples 49,026 
 
 Cherries 92 , numbkr of fruit trees^ 
 
 Peaches 220 Apple 86,521 
 
 Pears 200 g^erry 3,369 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 251 Peach ^f 'lor 
 
 Pear 1,435 
 
 TONS. Plum and prune .... 4,138 
 
 Wild grasses 26 Grapevines 10,397 
 
 Millet 2,629 Value forest products .$116,191 
 
 Clover 2,966 Value of small fruits . . 861 
 
 POtl.TBY AND "BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 45,088 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 90,032 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 568.670 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,522 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 19,680 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 850 
 
 A ALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOE 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $316,066 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 127,971 00 
 
 Total $444,037 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 14,691 Horses 8,437 
 
 Sheep 15,446 Mules 5,000 
 
 Hogs 33,972 Asses and burros .... 477 
 
162 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 CAXNON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 12,121; population in 1890, 12,- 
 197. This county has an area of 280 square miles. It 
 is drained by numerous small streams. It.s surface is 
 hilly and rolling, and its soil is very productive. Apples 
 do well in tins county. Corn, wheat, and hogs are the sta- 
 ble products. 
 
 Woodbury, the county seat, is located 50 miles south- 
 east of JSTashville. It ha.s schools, churches, a bank, a 
 newspaper, and a flouring mill. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $7.16 
 per acre. 
 
 N^umber of manufacturing establisluiients in the county, 
 89 ; capital employed, $50,205 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $8,585; nmnber of farms, 1,950; num- 
 ber of acres, 155,225 ; number of acres improved, 74,353 ; 
 value of buildings, $4-16,080 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $110,340 ; value of live stock, $548,- 
 196; value of products not fed to live stock, $713,424; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $34,590 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,395,270. 
 
Handbook of Te.nnessep:. 
 
 163 
 
 AGETCUXTUEAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 HUBHKl.S. 
 
 Corn 779,240 
 
 Wheat 96,840 
 
 Oats 27,5^0 
 
 Other cereals 4,100 
 
 Potatoes 5,261 
 
 Sweet potatoes 8.979 
 
 Onions 539 
 
 Beans 193 
 
 Peas 6.022 
 
 Value other vegetables .$30,174 
 
 Clover seed 5 
 
 Other grass seed 1.348 
 
 Peanuts 29 
 
 Apples 80,157 
 
 Cherries ; . . . 110 
 
 Peaches 1.005 
 
 Pears 135 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 247 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Millet 2.834 
 
 Clover 830 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 254 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,014 
 Other forage crops . . . 556 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 407 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 25,677 
 
 Cotton (bales) 5 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 33.860 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 9,920 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 62,920 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 1,356 
 
 Wine (gallons) 15 
 
 Cider (barrels) 64 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 44 
 
 NUMUER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 110.030 
 
 Cherry 1,924 
 
 Peach 15,44& 
 
 Pear 775 
 
 Plum and prune . .' . . 3.603 
 Grapevines 262 
 
 Value forest products . .$32,448 
 Value of small fruits . . 167 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 22,716 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 36,984 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 422,270 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,643 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 16,790 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 480 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $155,394 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 78,535 00 
 
 Total $233,929 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,684 
 
 Sheep 6.060 
 
 Hogs 21,735 
 
 Horses 3,631 
 
 Mules 2,918 
 
 Asses and burros .... 134 
 
164 Handbook of Ten:s^essee. 
 
 (^HE AT 11 AM COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,112 ; popiilation in 1890, 8,845. 
 Tliis county has an area of 400 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Cumberland River and drained by the Ilar- 
 peth River. Its surface is rolling, and the soil is gener- 
 ally fertile. The cx)unty has a fine growth of timber. 
 Corn, tobacco, and hogs are the staple products. The av- 
 erage price of improved lands is about $20 per acre. The 
 ISTashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway traverses 
 a portion of the county. 
 
 Ashland City, the county seat, is situated on the Cum- 
 berland River, about 20 miles northwest of I\ashville. 
 It has a daily stage line connecting it with ISTashville; and 
 the Tennessee Central Railroad, in process of construc- 
 tion, will give it railroad connection with jSTashville and 
 Clarksville. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, good 
 schools, churches, and mercantile establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $5.3(i 
 per acre. 
 
 J^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 23; capital employed, $130,010; amoimt of wages paid 
 during the year, $22,018 ; number of farms, 1,562 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 143,093 ; number of acres improved, 60,842 : 
 value of buildings, $456,930; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $112,050 ; value of live stock, $361,- 
 139; value of products not fed to live stock, $560,276; 
 amount ]>aid for fami laWor during the year, $32,100; 
 total value of land and im]n'ovements, except buildings, 
 $1,276,860. 
 
Ha>!)B()<)k of Texxessek. 
 
 165 
 
 AGRICULTURAI. PRODl'CTS I'OR 1899. 
 
 r.VSHKI.S. 
 
 Corn 476,230 
 
 Wheat 44,370 
 
 Oats 9,440 
 
 Other cereals 20 
 
 Potatoes 7,381 
 
 Sweet potatoes 7.996 
 
 Onions 1,565 
 
 Beans 225 
 
 Peas 1,560 
 
 Value other vegetables .$23,413 
 
 Peanuts 85 
 
 Apples 11,587 
 
 Cherries 11 
 
 Peaches 250 
 
 Pears 130 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,043 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 1 
 
 Millet 533 
 
 Clover 1,112 
 
 TONS . 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 394 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 79 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 105 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 125 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 1,536 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .2,129,760 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 470 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 13,73;^ 
 
 Wine (gallons) 10 
 
 Cider (barrels) 78 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 49 
 
 NUJIBKR OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 62,439 
 
 Cherry 14,453 
 
 Peach 26.832 
 
 Pear 3,458 
 
 Plum and prune 8,896 
 
 Grapevines 645 
 
 Value forest products . . $52,744 
 
 Value of small fruits . . 1,497 
 
 POULTRY AXi) BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 16,996 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 31,666 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 180,150 
 
 Value of bees on hand 884 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 6,380 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 260 
 
 VALUE OF AXT.MAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 26,990 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 63,497 00 
 
 Total $ 90,487 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON H VXLi. 
 
 Cattle 4.267 
 
 Sheep 1,422. 
 
 Hogs 12,980 
 
 Horses 1,609 
 
 Mules 315 
 
 Asses and burros .... 24 
 
166 lL\NDBOOK OK TeXNESSEE. 
 
 CLAY COUA'TY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 8,421; population in 1890, 7,200. 
 This oonnty borders on Kentuckv, and is intersected by 
 the Cumberland Eiver. It has 143,013 acres of land, and 
 is drained by Obej-s River. Its siu-face is hilly, and the 
 soil in the valleys is very fertile. It has fine forests of 
 beech, hickory, maple, oak, chestnut, etc. Corn, tobacco, 
 wheat, oats, and hogs are the staple products. 
 
 Celina, the county seat, is located on the Cmnberlajid 
 lliver, at the mouth of Obey's River. It lias good schools, 
 churches, and a nundjer of general stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.97 
 per acre. 
 
 dumber of manufacturing establislunents in the county, 
 21 ; capital employed, $21,930 ; amount of wages paid dur- 
 ing the year, $6,079; number of farms, 1,350; nmuber 
 of acres, 143,013 ; number of acres improved, 57,803 : 
 value of buildings, $168,980; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $56,130; value of live stock, $283,- 
 616 ; vahie of products not fed to live stock, $371,668 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $13,520 ; 
 total value of laud and im]ir()vements, except buildings, 
 $718,040. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 167 
 
 AGRICULTUKAI, PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 457,330 
 
 Wheat 13,120 
 
 Oats 18,980 
 
 Other cereals 77 
 
 Potatoes 6,095 
 
 Sweet potatoes 11,432 
 
 Onions 919 
 
 Beans 438 
 
 Peas 5,606 
 
 Value other vegetables .$19,052 
 
 Peanuts 14 
 
 Apples 77,252 
 
 Cherries 11 
 
 Peaches 262 
 
 Pears 75 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 530 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 3 
 
 Millet 272 
 
 Clover 218 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 203 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 816 
 Other forage crops . . . 607 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 5 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 14,835 
 
 Cotton (bales) • 11 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 14,140 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 20 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 20,370 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 2,604 
 
 Cider (barrels) 47 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 36 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 55,154 
 
 Cherry 471 
 
 Peach 4,861 
 
 Pear 552 
 
 Plum and prune .... 2,316 
 
 Grapevines 484 
 
 Value forest producib 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$38,728 
 250 
 
 POXJI.TRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 8,904 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 12,743 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 114,110 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,526 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 9,590 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 320 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $725,173 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 108,382 00 
 
 Total $833,555 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 14.721 
 
 Sheep 6,095 
 
 Hogs 29,098 
 
 Horses 4,793 
 
 Mules 3,175 
 
 Asses and burros .... 59 
 
168 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 COFFEE COUNTY. 
 
 Population in ie»00, 15,574; population in 1890, 13,- 
 827. This county is situated at the western base of Cum- 
 berland Mountain, and is 1,121 feet above the Silurian 
 Basin of Middle Tennessee. It is near the center of 
 the State, about 60 miles southeast of ISTashville. The 
 ISI^ashville, Cliattanooga and St. Louis Railway passes 
 tlirough the southwest portion of the county, and the Mc- 
 j\Iinnville and Manchester Railway passes througli the 
 center. The soil of tliis county is a mixture of loam and 
 sand, with a good clay subsoil, easily worked. It is capa- 
 ble of containing a gTeat deal of moisture, not liable to 
 break, and very susceptible of improvement by deep plow- 
 ing, subsoiling, and manuring. A failure in crops frnm 
 drought lias not been known in this section for many 3'ears. 
 Fruits and vegetables can> be produced in gi^eat abundance. 
 IMany parts of the coimty are well adapted to vineyards 
 and the production of wine. During the past five years it 
 has been practically demonstrated that a superior quality 
 of tobacco can be grown to gi'eat ad^'antage. Corn, oats, 
 rye, and other small grains are cultivated with much suc- 
 cess. The leading staple, however, is wheat, fr>r which 
 this soil and climate seem peculiarly adapted to the ]>ro- 
 diiction of a superior quality, and yearly it is gro\\ai in 
 greater quantity. As a grass-growing and stock-gTowing 
 county, it is unsurpassed. There is no county in the State 
 better ada]>ted for wool gTowing than this ; and, in fact, 
 all that extensive range of country known as the "" table- 
 lands " of the Cumberland Mountain is as well adapted to 
 sheep raising as any section of equal extent in the Ignited 
 States. 7'lie surface of this county is level or gently un- 
 dulating, except along the streams, where it is a little 
 broken. The county is abundantly watered, abounding 
 as it does in springs and brooks of ever-running freestone 
 water, clear as crystal. Chalybeate, sulphur, and almn 
 springs are also found. The two forks of Duck River 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 169 
 
 have their sources in this county, and their falls produce 
 a water jwwer and facilities for manufacturing' purposes 
 unsurpassed by any in the State. They unite just below 
 the falls and within 1 mile of Manchester. 
 
 ]\[anchp/ster, the county seat, is situated on the Xorth 
 Fork of Duck River and on the ISTashville, Chattanooga and 
 St. Louis Railway. It has churches, schools, banks, water- 
 works, newspapers, etc., with a population of about 1,200. 
 
 Tullalioma, a prosperous tO'\vn of 3,000 inliabitants, is 
 in this county and on the main line of the ]^asliville, Chat- 
 tanooga and St. Louis Railway. Its schools are excellent ; 
 its cburch facilities are good ; and it has numerous manu- 
 facturing industries, iirst-class hotels, a weekly newspaper, 
 and a good electric light plant. It is a great simmier r&- 
 sort. 
 
 The price of improved land in the county ranges from 
 $10 to $50 per acre; unimproved land, from $2 to $8 per 
 acre. There are excellent opportunities for profitable in- 
 vestment in cheap timber lands. The inducements tlie 
 county offers to hoane seekers are a fine climate, good citi- 
 zenship, g"ood schools, and good churches. 
 
 The assessed value of land in 1000 was $4.10 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 69 ; capital employed, $460,051 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $101,727 ; number of farms, 1,956 ; uuiii- 
 l)er of acres, 193,788; number of acres improved, 97,420; 
 value of buildings, $463,730; value of farming' imple- 
 ments and machinery, $146,140 ; value of live stock, $534,- 
 835 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $735,124 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $34,710; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,675,760. 
 
170 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHEI-S. 
 
 Corn .694,110 
 
 Wheat 156,630 
 
 Oats 19,650 
 
 Other cereals 4,480 
 
 Potatoes 7,821 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15,190 
 
 Onions 394 
 
 Beans 319 
 
 Peas 5,776 
 
 Value other vegetables .$27,229 
 
 Grass seed 28 
 
 Peanuts 187 
 
 Apples 123,043 
 
 Cherries 88 
 
 Peaches 9 
 
 Pears 140 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 498 
 
 TONS- 
 
 Wild grasses 57 
 
 Millet 1,168 
 
 Clover 441 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,806 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 3,53& 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,182 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 480 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 21,539 
 
 Cotton (bales) 3 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 47,400 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 12,63<0 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 92,910 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 30,242 
 
 Wine (gallons) 122 
 
 Cider (barrels) 116 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 56 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 125,749 
 
 Cherry 2,170 
 
 Peach 22,767 
 
 Pear 1,813 
 
 Plum and prune 5,072 
 
 Grapevines 4,157 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$31,349 
 474 
 
 POULTRY AjSTD BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 17,715 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 35,436 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 320,960 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,152 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 14,170 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 780 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $126,272 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 75,056 00 
 
 Total $201,328 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 8,134 
 
 Sheep 6.306 
 
 Hogs 16,232 
 
 Horses 3,947 
 
 Mules 2,545 
 
 Asses and burros .... 125 
 
Haxdbook of Tenmkssee. 171 
 
 rUMBEPtLANI) (^OUXTY. 
 
 Population in 1000, 8,311; population in 1890, 5,376. 
 This county has an area of nearly 800 square miles. It 
 is situated centrally upon the Cuipberland Plateau, at an 
 elevation of about 2,000 feet above sea level, and is drained 
 by affluents of both the Cmuberland and Tennessee Rivers. 
 The surface is g'ently undulatiuG,', generally covered with 
 timber, and entirely covered during nine or ten months 
 each year with a luxuriant gro^vth of native grass, which 
 constitutes it one of the very best gracing counties in tJie 
 State. Coal is the most valuable possession, comp'rising 
 two veins, kno^\Ti as the '' Bon Air block vein " and the 
 " Sewanee coking vein," than which no better coal exists. 
 Four coal mines are in successfid operation^ in the eastern 
 and northern portions of the county, and two others are 
 projected in the west and southwest. 
 
 Crossville, the county seat, is located on the Tennessee 
 ( entral Kailroad, about the center of the county. Its sit- 
 uation affords a commanding view of a wide extent of 
 country and makes it a desirable summer resort. It has 
 churches, schools, general stores, a bank, a weekly news- 
 paper, and is the financial center of the rapidly-developing 
 coal and timber industries. 
 
 The average price of improved land in, the county ranges 
 from $10 to $15 ]>er acre. C^oal and timber lands range 
 in price from $10 to $15 per acre, while fine gTazing lands 
 may be bought at $5 per acre. The opportimities for 
 profitable investment in coal and timber lands and in stock 
 raising, fruit growing, and other agricidtural pursuits are 
 excellent. Inducements to home seekers wdiich the county 
 offers are a healthful climate, pure water, hospitable and 
 law-abiding citizenship, low price of lands, etc. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $l.<i5 
 per acre. 
 
 Xumber of manuf actmdng establislmients in the county, 
 26: capital employed, $32,188; amount of wages paid 
 
172 
 
 HAisfDBOOK OF Tennesseji;. 
 
 during the year, $9,503 ; number of farms, 1,035 ; nnni- 
 ber of acres, 152,417 ; nnmber of acres improved, 24,288 ; 
 value of building's, $182,000 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $44,530 ; value of live stock, $246,- 
 828 ; value of products* not fed to live stock, $247,941 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $9,600 ; total 
 value of land and imnrovements, except buildings, $463,- 
 300. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 117.690 
 
 Wheat 2,060 
 
 Oats 3,190 
 
 Other cereals 1,716 
 
 Potatoes 31,710 
 
 Sweet potatoes 7,653 
 
 Onions 850 
 
 Beans 665 
 
 Peas 1,348 
 
 Value other vegetables .$15,492 
 
 Peanuts 5 
 
 Apples 53,873 
 
 Cherries 108 
 
 Peaches 169 
 
 Pears 38 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 65 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 389 
 
 Millet 1,220 
 
 Clover 247 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 1,503 
 
 1,261 
 
 742 
 
 4 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 11,516 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 14,960 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 37,100 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 40,350 
 
 Cider (barrels) 75 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 18 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 61,215 
 
 Cherry 559 
 
 Peach 5,621 
 
 Pear 335 
 
 Plum and prune .... 575 
 
 Grapevines 4,772 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$19,023 
 . 1,021 
 
 POULTRY AXD BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 5.291 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 9.814 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 80,810 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,454 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 32,790 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 770 
 
 VALUE OF A.NIMAL PRODl'CTS LOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 36,839 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 28,359 00 
 
 Total 
 
 .$ 65,198 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON TIAND. 
 
 Cattle 5,444 
 
 Sheep 9.532 
 
 Hogs 18,998 
 
 Horses 1,325 
 
 Mules 923 
 
 Asses and burros .... 33 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 173 
 
 DAVIDSON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 122,815; population in 1890, 108,- 
 174. This county has an area of 508 square miles, and 
 is intersected hy the Cumberland River and Stone's 
 River. Its surface is undulating, and in many localities 
 it is well timbered. The soil is fertile and well adapted to 
 diversified agriculture. The county snccessfully produces 
 sixty-seven different field crops and fifty-four varieties of 
 garden vegetables. The horticultural interests of the county 
 are very considerable, and the conditions are favorable to 
 this branch of industry. Ten varieties of berries are suc- 
 cessfully grown in the county, and more than a dozen vari- 
 eties of other fruits succeed well. There are twenty-one free 
 turnpikes in the county, with a total mileage of 167 miles. 
 The staple products are corn, wheat, oats, grass, fruits, cat- 
 tle, hogs, and mules. 
 
 Nashville, the county seat, is located on the Cumberland 
 River, at an elevation above sea level of 460 feet. The river at 
 this point is practically naAngable all the year around. Nash- 
 ville is the capital of the State, and the Supreme Court aiid 
 Court of Chancery Appeals for the Middle Division of the 
 State hold their sessions here; the Federal Court for the !Micl- 
 dle Division also holds its sessions here. The city has 140 
 miles of improved streets, 59 miles of sewers; owns its electric 
 light plant ; and is supplied with water from a reservoir hav- 
 ing a capacity of 51,000,000 gallons. It has 72 miles of elec- 
 tric street railways, carrying passengers to any part of the city 
 for a single fare of 5 cents. The Nashville, Chattanooga and 
 St. Louis Railway; the Louisville and Nashville Railroad; 
 the Tennessee Central Railroad; and the Cumberland River 
 furnish excellent transportation facilities. The freight rates 
 are as favorable as those enjoyed by any other city in the State. 
 The city has recently granted a franchise to a projected line 
 of suburban electric railways, which is to connect it with 
 various points in the surrounding country. This line, when 
 constructed, will add largely to the city's transportation fa- 
 
174 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 cilities. The wholesale trade of Nashville amounts to over 
 $72,000,000 annually, and it is steadily increasing. It is 
 the largest majiufacturing city in the State, producing 17 
 per cent of the manufactured products of ' the State. The 
 capita] employed in manufacturing industries is a little over 
 $14,000,000, giving employment to 10,000 persons and an- 
 nually disbursing $2,889,241 in wages. It is one of the 
 largest hardwood lumber markets in the United States. Its 
 milling interests are larger than those of any other South- 
 ern city. It is the fourth boot-and-shoe market in the 
 United States. Its bank clearings for 1902 show an average 
 increase of 37 per cent over 1901. As an educational center, 
 ISTashville ranks second in the United States. Its public 
 schools are of the highest grade, and its numerous private 
 institutions of learning have made it famous in all the 
 branches of education. It has the largest printing and pub- 
 lishing business of any city in the South, and its noM^spapers 
 have a wide circulation and influence. It is in the front 
 i-ank in the march of progress, growing and prospering daily. 
 It wants more capital and more population. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in the county in 1900 
 was $28.67 per acre. 
 
 The census of 1900 gives the following statistics of David- 
 son County: Number of manufacturing establishments in 
 the county, 580; capital employed, $15,024,878; amount of 
 wagfes paid during the year, $3,180,025; number of farms, 
 3,316; number of acres, 302,844; number of acres improved, 
 177,337; value of buildings, $3,059,980; value of farming 
 implements and machiner}^ $470,550; value of live stock, 
 $1,486,389 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $2,083,- 
 062 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $272,860 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, $9,- 
 663,080. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 175 
 
 AGRICULTUKAL PRODtTCTS FOB 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 726,960 
 
 Wheat 321,370 
 
 Oats 65,050 
 
 Other cereals 8,760 
 
 Potatoes 68,565 
 
 Sweet potatoes 100,760 
 
 Onions 19,293 
 
 Beans 248 
 
 Peas 8,570 
 
 Value other vegetables. $171,755 
 
 Grass seed 2 
 
 Peanuts 115 
 
 Apples 38,547 
 
 Cherries 313 
 
 Peaches 380 
 
 Pears 1,549 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 7,950 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 15 
 
 Millet . 3,129 
 
 Clover 3,496 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 6,121 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 6,124 
 Other forage crops . . . 3,219 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 701 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 43,618 
 
 Cotton (bales) 4 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . .224,900 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 8,170 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 230 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . .220,059 
 
 Wine (gallons) 2,215 
 
 Cider (barrels) 90 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 48 
 
 NU.VBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 171,222 
 
 Cherry 7,771 
 
 Peach 64,615 
 
 Pear 12,577 
 
 Plum and prune .... 385 
 Grapevines 33,951 
 
 Value forest products . .$60,034 
 Value of small fruits . . 41,917 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 45,494 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 86,251 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 664,510 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,090 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 23,870 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 440 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $274,320 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 131,748 00 
 
 Total $406,068 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 21,81S 
 
 Sheep 8,554 
 
 Hogs 22,911 
 
 Horses 14,733 
 
 Mules 5,280 
 
 Asses and burros .... 243 
 
176 Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 D'KALB COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 16,460; population in 1890, 15,- 
 650. Tliis county has an area of 310 square miles, and is 
 intersected by the Cumberland River and the Caney Fork 
 Tviver. Its surface is hilly in part and is well covered 
 with forests. Its soil is fertile. Tlie staple products are 
 corn, wheat, and pork. The average price of improved 
 land in tlie highlands ranges from $2 to $15 per acre; low- 
 lands and river bottoms, from $10 to $75 per acre. The 
 price of unimproved land in the highland coimtry ranges 
 from $2 to $5 per acre. The county has beds of kaolin and 
 coal, and zinc and iron ore are found in diiferent paxtsi of 
 the county. It is a splendid fruit-growing sciction. As a 
 special inducement tO' home seekers may be mentioned the 
 high and dry climate, good water, good schools, fine society, 
 no droughts or epidemics. 
 
 Smithville, the county seat, is 60 miles east by south 
 of Xashvillei. It has churches, schools, good general 
 stores, a spoke and liandle f actoi-y, flouring mills, a weekly 
 newspaper, and a bank. The population of the to^vn is 
 1,000. 
 
 Alexandria is a thriving town, with a weekly newspa^^er, 
 schools, churches, and excellent commercial facilities. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $7.23 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 17 ; capital employed, $71,548 ; amount of wages paid dur- 
 ing the year, $7,526 ; nmnber of fanns, 2,446 ; number 
 of acres, 193,331; number of acres improved, 96,212; 
 value of buildings, $435,910; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $121,130; value of live stock, 
 $672,621 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $919,- 
 880 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $20,- 
 630 ; total value of laud and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,655,140. 
 
Handbook ok Tennessee. 
 
 177 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Bl'SHELS 
 
 Corn 917.730 
 
 Wheat 108,200 
 
 Oats 22,030 
 
 Other cereals 1,850 
 
 Potatoes 8,494 
 
 Sweet potatoes 14,336 
 
 Onions 1.094 
 
 Beans 498 
 
 Peas 12.174 
 
 Value other vegetables .$26,001 
 
 Clover seed 10 
 
 Other grass seed .... 1,739 
 
 Peanuts 8 
 
 Apples 115,723 
 
 Cherries 43 
 
 Peaches 1,528 
 
 Pears 105 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 357 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Millet 3,214 
 
 Clover 901 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,618 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 334 
 Other forage crops . . . 830 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 131 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 34,195 
 
 Cotton (bales) 6 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 59,200 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 1,220 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . .129,580 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 18,767 
 
 Wine (gallons) 42 
 
 Cider (barrels) 141 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 101 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRF.ES. 
 
 Apple 127,137 
 
 Cherry 1,751 
 
 Peach 28,670 
 
 Pear 1,058 
 
 Plum and prune 13,934 
 
 Grapevines 2,410 
 
 Value forest products . . $49,279 
 Value of small fruits . . 96 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value Of poultry on hand $ 26,443 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 51,977 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 594,730 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,932 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 23,790 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 810 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $192,489 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 106,333 00 
 
 Total $298,822 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,807 
 
 Sheep 7,035 
 
 Hogs 28,584 
 
 Horses 4,424 
 
 Mules 3,478 
 
 Asses and burros .... 185 
 
178 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 dicksoj^ county. 
 
 Population in. 1900, 18,635; population in 1890, 13,- 
 645. This county has an area of about 620 square miles, 
 and is l>ounded on the northeast by the Cuinberlan,d. River 
 and partly drained by the Harpeth River. Its surface is 
 undulating- and in many localities covered with forests. 
 JliumeroLis stave factories are scattered throughout the 
 county. Its soil is fertile, and its products are corn, to- 
 bacco, wheat, and pork. Celery is grown very satisfac- 
 torily in this county. 
 
 Charlotte, tlie county seat, is 12 miles from the Nash- 
 ville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. It has a 
 weekly newspaper, churches, schools, and splendid com- 
 mercial facilities. 
 
 Dickson, on the JS^ashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis 
 Railway, is in tliis county, and is a flourishing' town of 
 1,363 inhabitants, a,c<?ording to the census of 1900, which 
 is an increase of 25 per cent over 1890. It has pros- 
 perous business houses of various kinds, good churches, 
 a fine normal school (extensively patronized), a national 
 bank, and weekly newspapers. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.41 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the comity, 
 79 ; capital employed, $387,028 ; amoimt of wages paid 
 during the year, $122,155 ; number of farms, 2,209 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 237,881 ; number of acres improved, 88,676 ; 
 value of buildings, $519,060; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $141,350; value of live stock, 
 $570,259 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $709,- 
 613 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $30,- 
 160 ; total ■\'alue of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,263,410. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 179 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1S99. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 558,730 
 
 Wheat 58,290 
 
 Oats 42,470 
 
 Other cereals 158 
 
 Potatoes 7,402 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15,179 
 
 Onions 997 
 
 Beans 594 
 
 Peas 5,554 
 
 Value other vegetables .$36,274 
 
 Peanuts 604 
 
 Apples • • • • 31,950 
 
 Cherries 84 
 
 Peaches 110 
 
 Pears 230 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 775 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 41 
 
 Millet 551 
 
 Clover 1,038 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,597 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,219 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,005 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 175 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 15,600 
 
 Cotton (bales) 1 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .1,236,310 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 2,580 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 2,200 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 29,157 
 Wine (gallons) 119 
 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 
 179 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 
 55 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 68,430 
 
 Cherry 1,631 
 
 Peach 38,580 
 
 Pear 1,786 
 
 Plum and prune .... 5,545 
 
 Grapevines 5,156 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$80,762 
 536 
 
 I'OULTRY AXK I'.EES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 19,353 00 
 
 Value of poultry laised in 1899 29.963 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 286,710 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,663 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 16,970 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 980 
 
 A'ALL'K OF AXX^rAI. PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 85,117 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 90,080 00 
 
 Total $175,197 00 
 
 I,IVE ST'OCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 8,075 
 
 Sheep 5,391 
 
 Hogs 21,885 
 
 Horses 2,668 
 
 Mules 3,249 
 
 Asses and burros .... 77 
 
180 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 FENTEESS COl^XTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 6,106; population in 1890, 5,226. 
 This oonnty has an area, of about 510 square miles. It 
 borders on Kentucky, and is drained bj the Cuniberland 
 River and Obe^^'s River. Its surface is marked by hills 
 and high table-lands. It has line timber and coal. The 
 range for stock is splendid. There are good opportunities 
 for investments in oil, timber, and coal lands. The sta- 
 ple products of the county are com, wheat, pork, and cat- 
 tle. The county is well adapted to sheep raising. The 
 average price of land is about $4 per acre. 
 
 Jamestown, the county seat, is situated 70 miles north- 
 west of Knoxville. It has a weekly newspaper, schools, 
 churches, and general mercantile establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $2.16 
 per acre. 
 
 T^inuber of manufacturing establisliments in the county, 
 21; capital employed, $41,545; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $4,658 ; numter of farms, 972 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 177,022 ; nimiber of acres improved, 37,607 ; 
 value of buildings, $140,580 ; value of farming imyde- 
 ments and machinery, $45,230; value of live stock, $211,- 
 847; value of products not fed to live stock, $236,145; 
 amount paid for farm labor during tlie year, $11,040; 
 total value of land and improvements, except liuildings, 
 $507,440. 
 
Ha N D H < ) (J K < ) F T E N N E S S E K . 
 
 181 
 
 AGRTCULTUKAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 155,570 
 
 Wheat 4,610 
 
 Oats 9,140 
 
 Other cereals 1,440 
 
 Potatoes 15,293 
 
 Sweet potatoes 9,650 
 
 Onions 1,207 
 
 Beans 957 
 
 Peas 1,075 
 
 Value other vegetables. $11,503 
 
 Peanuts 13 
 
 Apples 79,732 
 
 Cherries 2 
 
 Peaches 3 
 
 Pears 16 
 
 Plums and prunes ... 16 
 
 TON.S. 
 
 Wild grasses 267 
 
 Millet 316 
 
 Clover 675 
 
 Other cultivated grasses. 297 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 72 
 Other forage crops . . . 103 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 188 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 3,900 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 16,690 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 960 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 49,260 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 15,839 
 
 Cider (barrels) 129 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 61 
 
 xr.MnER OF FRUIT trf:ks. 
 
 Apple 74,737 
 
 Cherry 479 
 
 Peach 7,055 
 
 Pear 382 
 
 Plum and prune .... 809 
 Grapevines 3,993 
 
 Value forest products . .$27,430 
 Value of small fruits . . 246 
 
 POl'LTRY A.\D BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 5,365 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 11,099 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 75,570 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,164 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 27,210 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 690 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 25,616 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 30,998 00 
 
 Total $ 56,614 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 4,195 
 
 Sheep 4,844 
 
 Hogs 11,755 
 
 Horses 
 
 Mules 
 
 Asses and burros 
 
 956 
 
 741 
 
 31 
 
182 Handhook of Tennessee. 
 
 FRANKLIN' COU^TTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 20,392 ; population in 1890, 18,- 
 929. This county has an area of 570 square miles, and 
 is drained by Elk River and numerous small streams. 
 A portion of its surface is embraced in the Cumberland 
 Alountain. The surface is hilly or table-lands, and in 
 many localities there is a fine growth of timber. Its soil 
 is partly fertile. Tobacco can be growm, with pi'ofit. 
 Com, wheat, and hogs are the staple products. The ISTash- 
 ville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway intersects the 
 county. 
 
 Winchester, the county seat, is situated on a brancii of 
 the l^ashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway and 
 on Elk River, 85 miles southwest of Xashville. It 
 has good schools and churches, two weekly newspapers, and 
 is a first-class coimty town, surrounded by beautiful scen- 
 ery. Tlie Paulist Fathers have a beautiful retreat of over 
 300 acres near the town. The population of the town in 
 1900 was 1,338. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $5.29 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 59 ; capital employed, $234,793 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $72,327 ; number of farms, 2,342 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 254,441 ; number of acres improved, 128,983 ; 
 value of buildings, $717,990; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $218,130 ; value of live stock, $631,- 
 732; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,062,856; 
 amomit paid for farm labor during the year, $60,820; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $2,274,580. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 183 
 
 AGRICXJLTUBAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 868,670 
 
 Wheat 323 J60 
 
 Oats 33,620 
 
 Other cereals 2,332 
 
 Potatoes 7,644 
 
 Sweet potatoes 21,458 
 
 Onions 757 
 
 Beans 388 
 
 Peas 10,670 
 
 Value other vegetables .$33,096 
 
 Clover seed 29 
 
 Other grass seed .... 673 
 
 Peanuts 154 
 
 Apples 48,143 
 
 Cherries 21 
 
 Peaches 135 
 
 Pears 140 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 124 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 92 
 
 Millet 1,217 
 
 Clover 55& 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,464 
 Grains cut green for hay 4,643 
 Other forage crops . . . 2,412 
 
 Cotton (bales) 29 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 26,140 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 1,100 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 890 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 72,952 
 
 Wine (gallons) 1,148 
 
 Cider (barrels) 86 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 58 
 
 NUMBUR OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 93,731 
 
 Cherry 1,289 
 
 Peach 22,465 
 
 Pear 1,074 
 
 Plum and prune .... 1,6(2 
 
 Grapevines 28,688 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$35,962 
 . 1,096 
 
 POT LTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 23,099 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 45,559 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 360,220 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,383 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 32.160 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 940 
 
 VALUE OF AMMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $107,717 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 94,691 00 
 
 Total $202,408 00 
 
 LlYK .STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 10,541 
 
 Sheep 3,745 
 
 Hogs 25,055 
 
 Horses 4,444 
 
 Mules 2,989 
 
 Asses and burros .... 90 
 
184 Ha:^dijook of Tejvn^essee. 
 
 GILES COUXTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 33,035; population in 1890, 34,- 
 957. This county borders on Alabama, and has an area 
 of 656 square miles. It is drained by Elk River and 
 Richland Creek. Its surface is undulating, and many 
 parts of the county are well timbered with oak, ash, hick- 
 ory, locust, poplar, and cedar. The soil is very produc- 
 tive. It is one of the few cotton-producing counties in 
 tlie ]\riddle Division. Com, cotton, wheat, cattle, hogs, 
 and fruit are the staple products. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Louisville and ]S[ashville Railroad. 
 
 Pulaski, the county seat, is located on Ricliland Creek 
 and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 81 miles south 
 by west of ISTashville. It is an up-to-date town, of 2,838 
 population in 1900. It has two newspapers, strong banks, 
 fine churches and schools, and floiurishing mercantile estab- 
 lishments. It ships from 8,000 to 10,000 bales of cotton 
 annually. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $9.55 
 per acre. 
 
 Xmnber of manufacturing establishments in the counts', 
 109 ; capital employed, $30-1,846 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $65,874; number of farms, 4,276; num- 
 ber of acres, 340,702 ; number of acres improved, 224,- 
 783; value of buildings, $1,438,850; value of farming 
 implements and machinery^, $329,370; value of live stock, 
 $1,263,235; value of products not fed to live stock, $L,- 
 784,432 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $82,630 ; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $4,445,400. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 185 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOE 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,798,040 
 
 Wheat 265,110 
 
 Oats 69,310 
 
 Other cereals 8,330 
 
 Potatoes 6,141 
 
 Sweet potatoes 10,486 
 
 Onions 644 
 
 Beans 604 
 
 Peas 18,181 
 
 Value other vegetables .$49,455 
 
 Clover seed 3 
 
 Other ^ass seed .... 1.559 
 
 Peanuts 262 
 
 Apples 42,21? 
 
 Cherries 28 
 
 Peaches 400 
 
 Pears 566 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 328 
 
 TONS 
 
 Wild grasses 21 
 
 Millet 1,694 
 
 Clover 1,284 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,099 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,466 
 Other forage crops . . . 2,300 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 2,079 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 40,536 
 
 Cotton (bales) 6,122 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 6,250 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 3,490 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 11,280 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 44,349 
 
 Wine (gallons) 2 
 
 Cider (barrels) 48 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 35 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 104,339 
 
 Cherry 1,907 
 
 Peach 54,784 
 
 Pear 6,789 
 
 Plum and prune .... 7,o59 
 
 Grapevines 6.285 
 
 Value forest products .$107,156 
 Value of small fruits . . 916 
 
 POULTRY AXD BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 48,942 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 90.062 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 588.880 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5.213 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 32.640 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,680 
 
 VALUE OF A.M.\rAL PP.ODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $295,339 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 156,627 00 
 
 Total $451,966 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 19,123 
 
 Sheep 9,631 
 
 Hogs 41,430 
 
 Horses 9,013 
 
 Mules 5,551 
 
 Asses and burros .... 299 
 
186 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 GRUATDY COUNTY. ^ 
 
 Population in 1900, 7,802 ; population in 1890, 6,345. 
 Tliis county lies on the southern border of the Middle 
 Division, and bounds the Eastern Division of the State 
 on the north and west. 
 
 Altamont, the county seat, is on the Cumberland Moun- 
 tain, 140 uiiles southeast of Nashville. 
 
 Tracy ('ity, tbe principal town, also on the Cumberland 
 Mountain, 13 miles south of Altamont, has a. population 
 of 3,000. It is a mining town, the mines being operated 
 by 600 resident miners, who are excellent citizens. It is 
 on the line of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis 
 Railway, and is the terminus of a branch road from Cowan 
 by way of the University of the South, at Sewanee. 
 
 Gruetli, a Swiss settlement and village, is located on 
 the Cumberland i\Iountain, l^/o miles southeast of Alta- 
 mont. The Swiss settlers are all doing well, and have 
 nicely-arranged mountain farms, producing grapes, which 
 are manufactured into excellent wine. 
 
 The county produces an abundance of vegetables, such 
 as potatoes, cabbage, onions, etc. It also produces hay 
 and different grains, such as com, rye, and oats. Elk 
 liiver drains the ( Jumberland Mountain from the east and 
 south, and the (lollins River drains it from tlie east and 
 north. The county has an area of 325 square miles. It 
 is 1,800 feet above sea level, and the mountain portion 
 of it is about 2,200 feet above sea level. The average 
 price of improved land in the valleys is about $20 per acre ; 
 on the mountain, $2.50. There is considerable unim- 
 proved land for sale at about $1.50 per acre, also unim- 
 proved valley land at $12.50 per acre. There are op- 
 portunities for investment of capital in coal, timber, and 
 agricultural lands. The inducemenits to home seekers are 
 cheap lands, fine climate, hospitable people, and good citi- 
 zenship, with good school and church facilities. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 187 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $1.!K) 
 per acre. 
 
 Xinnber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 24; capital employed, $204,082; amoimt of wages ])ai(l 
 during the year, $43,680; number of farms, 584; nuui- 
 ber of acres, 69,406; number of acres improved, 19,297; 
 value of building's, $126,920; value of farming imple- 
 uients and machinery, $40,500; value of live stock, $145,- 
 395 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $198,158 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $9,600 ; 
 total value of land and impro^'ements, except buildings, 
 $356,090. 
 
 AGKICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 116,940 
 
 Wheat 23.710 
 
 Oats 1,160 
 
 Other cereals 310 
 
 Potatoes 10,423 
 
 Sweet potatoes .... 7,38b 
 
 Onions 671 
 
 Beans 251 
 
 Peas 1,303 
 
 Value other vegetables. $12,053 
 
 Clover seed 15 
 
 Peanuts 20 
 
 Apples 39,891 
 
 Cherries 172 
 
 Peaches 23 
 
 Pears 427 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 96 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated gi'asses 
 
 TONS. 
 
 45 
 313 
 251 
 319 
 
 TONS- 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,492 
 Other forage crops . . . 359 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 162 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 3,567 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 7,140 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 310 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 3,470 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 48,150 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 2,255 
 
 Cider (barrels) 231 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 76 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 61,328 
 
 Cherry 1,304 
 
 Peach 6,721 
 
 Pear 899 
 
 Plum and piime .... 1,732 
 Grapevines 11,128 
 
 Value forest products . .$20,622 
 Value of small fruits . . 385 
 
188 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 4,153 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised In 1899 7,304 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 54,630 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,961 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 20,160 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 ' 840 
 
 A'^VLUE OF AiXIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 20,421 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 23,303 00 
 
 Total $ 43,724 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 3,776 Horses 1,070 
 
 Sheep 1,277 S Mules 749 
 
 Hogs 8,472 Asses and burros .... 31 
 
 HICKMA^T COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 16,367; population in, 1890, 14,- 
 499. This county has an area of 640 square miles, and is 
 intersected by Duck River. The soil is very fertile. The 
 southwestern, portion of the county is especially adapted 
 to cattle and hog' raising', and the eastern portion, which 
 eni]>races Duck River Valley, produces wheat, corn, oats, 
 blue grass, and other gTasses. The uplands are suitable 
 for tobacco, small gTain, and fruit growing. A large 
 yiixri of this section is unimproved and would make beau- 
 liful homes for home seekers. The uplands are covered 
 with a fine growth of oak, poplar, and chestnut, with some 
 liickory and walnut. There are a nmnber of stave man- 
 ufactories in portions of the county. The; sta]ilei products 
 are corn, wheat, pork, peanuts, and mules. 
 
 Around Centerville, the county seat,, rich ]>lio-sphate 
 mines are located, and south of Centerville: are rich l)eds 
 of iron ore. There are three large iron furnaces in the 
 county. At tlie present time only one of these is in oper- 
 ation. Centerville has a weekly news])aper, schools, 
 churches, banks, and live and entei"p rising merchants. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 189 
 
 The Xasliville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway 
 runs through the mineral and timber portions of the 
 county. Th.e county, being located in the highest latitude, 
 is noted for its healthful and delightful climate. The 
 average price of improved upland is about $15 per acre: 
 creek bottom land, about $40 ; river bottom land, about 
 $60. There is considerable unimproved land at from $3 
 to $5 per acre. There are six rolling mills, one handle 
 factory, a nimil>er of saA\anills, and one cotton mill in the 
 county. It is suggested that a plant toi clean, and dr\- 
 pliosphate would prove a good investment, also a fertilizer 
 factory, and one or two furnaces to work up- the iron ore. 
 Fruit growing, tobacco culture, cattle and sheep raising- 
 are all profitable agricultural pursuits, and there are large 
 liodies of land in the county especially adapted to this liusi- 
 ness for sale at reasonable prices. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $o.7- 
 per acre. 
 
 Niunber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 76; capital employed, $477,230; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $80,004 ; number of farms, 1,883 ; nmu- 
 ber of acres, 242,815 ; number of acres improved, 87,673 ; 
 value of buildings, $524,080 ; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $140,500 ; value of live stock, 
 $710,710; value of products not fed to live stock, $978,- 
 028 : amount paid for farm labor during the year, $42,- 
 780 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,720,250. 
 
190 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICTJLTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 990,090 
 
 Wheat 92,710 
 
 Oats 49,590 
 
 Other cereals 870 
 
 Potatoes 7.775 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15,286 
 
 Onions 1,323 
 
 Beans 451 
 
 Peas 12,173 
 
 Value other vegetables .$41,367 
 
 Clover seed 80 
 
 Peanuts 55,039 
 
 Apples 43,441 
 
 Cherries 27 
 
 Peaches 7,397 
 
 Pears 579 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 890 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 18 
 
 Millet 653 
 
 Clover 1,258 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,180 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,027 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,417 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 829 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 22,641 
 
 Cotton (bales) 10 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 8,190 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 1,680 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 6,410 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 9,433 
 
 Wine (gallons) 25 
 
 Cider (barrels) 137 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 4S 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 A.pple 44,557 
 
 Cherry 641 
 
 Peach 26,875 
 
 Pear 1.617 
 
 Plum and prune .... 6,0i0 
 
 Grapevines 1,770 
 
 Value forest products .$83,948 
 Value of small fruits . . 124 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 25,423 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 36,432 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 308,370 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,691 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 27,890 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,380 
 
 VALUE OF AN.tMAE PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $166,490 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 110,212 00 
 
 Total $276,702 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HANL. 
 
 Cattle 8,840 
 
 Sheep 6,865 
 
 Hogs 25,530 
 
 Horses 2,690 
 
 Mules 3,959 
 
 Asses and burros .... 126 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 191 
 
 HOUSTON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in U)00, 6,476; population in 1890, 5,890. 
 This county has an area of 210 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the north by the Cviniberland River; on the 
 H'cst, by the Tennessee River. Its surfac© is hilly, and 
 tlie soil is fertile. The county is moderately well supplied 
 with timber. The staple products are tobacco, corn, grass, 
 and fruit. It is traversed by the Louisville and Nash- 
 ville Railroad. The average price of improved land is 
 $6 per acre. A large quantity of unimproved land ranges 
 from $1 to $2 per acr(^'. The cxjunty has good schools, 
 churches, an abundant supply of water, and the climate 
 is healthful. There are opportunities for profitable in- 
 vestments in cattle, also in mining. The indications for 
 coal oil are as good as any elsewhere in the State. 
 
 Erin, the county seat, is located near the Cmnberland 
 River, 28 miles southwest of ClarksviUe. It has churches, 
 schools, general stores, a weekly newspaper, a wagon fac- 
 tory, and a sawmill. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $8.89 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 20; capital employed, $151,690; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $62,732 ; nmnber of farms, 693 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 75,110; number of acres improved, 25,714; 
 value of buildings, $137,490; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $34,640 ; value of live stock, $174,- 
 507; value of products not fed to live stock, $199,120; 
 amount paid for fanu labor dirring tlie year, $6,480 ; to- 
 tal value of land and impirovements, except buildings, 
 $353,770. 
 
192 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGEICULTUKAL PRODUCTS FOK 1899. 
 
 BUSHEI^S. 
 
 Corn 197,710 
 
 Wheat 9,930 
 
 Oats 6,360 
 
 Other cereals 20 
 
 Potatoes 6,459 
 
 Sweet potatoes 7.524 
 
 Onions 85 
 
 Beans 63 
 
 Peas 490 
 
 Value other vegetables . $9,441 
 
 Peanuts 163 
 
 Apples 4,224 
 
 Cherries 3 
 
 Peaches 16 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 101 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 2 
 
 Millet 475 
 
 Clover 543 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 404 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 425 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 143 
 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 20 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 6,241 
 Tohacco (pounds) . . .494,260 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 550 
 
 Cider (barrels) 8 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 4 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRF.F.S. 
 
 Apple 11,026 
 
 Cherry 31 
 
 Peach 2,645 
 
 Pear 570 
 
 Plum and prune .... 445 
 
 Value forest products .$11,552 
 Value of small fruits . . 262 
 
 POTTLTRY Ar^D BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 6,372 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 10,019 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 88,830 
 
 Value of bees on hand 1,242 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 6,230 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 300 
 
 VALVE OF ANIMAL PRODt'CTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 18,674 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 30,051 00 
 
 Total $ 48,725 00 
 
 LIA'^E STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 3,016 
 
 Sheep 1,883 
 
 Hogs 8,038 
 
 Horses 829 
 
 Mules 1,089 
 
 Asses and burros .... 26 
 
Handbook of Tennessee, 193 
 
 IIUMPHREYS COUNTY. 
 
 Popiilatioii in 1900, 13,398; population in 1890, 11,- 
 720. This county has an area of 420 square miles, and is 
 bounded on the west by the Tennessee River. Its surface 
 is partly hillj, but immense bodies of the richest land 
 lie along Duck River and in the valley of the Tennessee 
 River. In some localities forests of ash, oak, walnut, 
 beech, and hickory are found. This is one of tbe few 
 good peanut-producing' counties in the State. Corn,, 
 wheat, peanuts, grass, and pork are the staple products. 
 The J^ashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway trav- 
 erses tlie county. 
 
 Waverly, the county seat, is located on the ]*^ashville, 
 Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. It has churches and 
 schools, general stores, a weekly newspaper, and a national 
 bank, and is one of the largest shipping points in the State 
 for peanuts. Its population in 1900 was 786. 
 
 McEwen is a floiirisliing town on the l^ashville, Chat- 
 tanooga and St. Louis Railway. It lias fine schools, a 
 weekly newspaper, and prosperous mercantile establish- 
 ments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 Avas $4.40 
 per acre. 
 
 !N umber of manufacturing establishments in tJie county, 
 67: capital euj ployed, $202,194; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $50,684 ; number of farms, 1,643 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres,- 235,369 ; nimiber of acres improved, 69,095 ; 
 value of buildings, $392,170 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $106,610 ; value of live stock, $532,- 
 034: value of products not fed to live stock, $694,559; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $39.040 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,556,760. 
 
194 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGKICTTXTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 856,670 
 
 Wheat 8,280 
 
 Oats 34,710 
 
 Other cereals 2 
 
 Potatoes 8,992 
 
 Sweet potatoes 14,765 
 
 Onions 168 
 
 Beans 123 
 
 Peas 4,197 
 
 Value other vegetables .$21,893 
 
 Grass seed 40 
 
 Peanuts . . . 197,469 
 
 Apples 17,869 
 
 Cherries 1 
 
 Peaches 115 
 
 Pears 372 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 848 
 
 TON'S. 
 
 Wild grasses 16 
 
 Millet 1,179 
 
 Clover 712 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 904 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 3,186 
 Other forage crops . . . 320 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 14 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 16,973 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 20,900 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 1,680 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 9,510 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 11,012 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 8 
 
 Cider (barrels) 66 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 2b 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRF.K.S. 
 
 Apple 32,917 
 
 Cherry 886 
 
 Peach 16,944 
 
 Pear 1,195 
 
 Plum and prune .... o,448 
 
 Grapevines 1,597 
 
 Value forest products .$57,995 
 Value of small fruits . . 176 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 15,560 00 
 
 Value of poultry I'aised in 1899 27,900 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 214,100 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,803 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 11,800 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,400 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 90,905 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 76,631 00 
 
 Total $167,536 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 8,672 
 
 Sheep 4,944 
 
 Hogs 21,348 
 
 Horses 2,184 
 
 Mules 3,046 
 
 Asses and burros .... 51 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 195 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 15,039; population in 1S!)(), l;5,- 
 325. This connty lias an area of '2S0 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Cumberland Kiver. The surface of 
 the county is hilly and well covered with timber, and its 
 soil is fertile. It is a good county for slieep' and cattle 
 raisin.2:, havinc: fine pasture lands. The staple products 
 are corn, wheat, gTass, cattle, and pork. The average 
 price of improved land is $10 per acre. There are oppor- 
 tunities for investment of capital in timber lands, and in 
 some sections of the county coal oil is found. It is a splen- 
 did comity for fruit growing. Land is cheap and fertile 
 and convenient to railroad and river. The county is well 
 supplied with schools. 
 
 The county seat, Gainesboro, is situated near the right 
 bank of the Cumberland River, 68 miles east of jSTashville 
 by land. It has churches, a bank, a weekly newsjiaper, 
 and general stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land for 1900 was $6.13 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 35; capital employed, $53,930; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $14,269 ; number of farms, 2,365 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 175,842 ; number of acres improved, 81,560: 
 value of buildings. $349,830 ; value of farming im])le- 
 ments and machinery, $89,020 ; value of live stock, $544,- 
 751; value of products not fed to live stock, $768,987; 
 amount paid for f ann labor during the year, $29,800 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,532,770. 
 
1% 
 
 Ih 
 
 .-VNDIJOOK OF 
 
 EXNESSEE. 
 
 AGKICTVLTVIJAI. PRODtC'TS FOU 1899. 
 
 Ul'SHHLS. 
 
 €orn 912,960 
 
 Wheat 54.590 
 
 Oats 23,370 
 
 Other cereals 780 
 
 Potatoes 9,135 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15,654 
 
 Onions 675 
 
 Beans 549 
 
 Peas 15,842 
 
 Value other vegetables .$39,099 
 
 Peanuts 17 
 
 Apples 69,281 
 
 Cherries 62 
 
 Peaches 665 
 
 Pears 363 
 
 Plums and piiines . . . 3,478 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 56 
 
 Millet 786 
 
 Clover 768 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 177 
 
 ^Grains cut green for hay 1,393 
 
 
 TON.S- 
 
 Other forage crops . . 
 
 866 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . 
 
 25 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons] 
 
 47.011 
 
 Cotton (bales) .... 
 
 3 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 
 387,520 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 
 
 2,090 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 
 
 81,850 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 
 6,608 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 
 
 3 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 
 80 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 53 
 
 N'I'MHER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 76,352 
 
 Cherry 1,068 
 
 Peach 17,972 
 
 Pear 1,663 
 
 Plum and prune 36,397 
 
 Grapevines 778 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$52,752 
 32 
 
 POri/rKY AND liEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 23,534 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 47,151 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 318,310 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,651 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 27.850 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 930 
 
 VALUE OF ANI.MAL PROIUTTS FOIi 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $144,925 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 86,243 00 
 
 Total $231,168 00 
 
 IJA'F, STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,770 
 
 Sheep 6,289 
 
 Hogs 24,595 
 
 Horses 3,075 
 
 Mules 2,538 
 
 Asses and burros .... 60 
 
]Ia>'1)Book ov Tennessp:e. 197 
 
 LAWRENCE COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 15,402 ; population in 1890, 12,- 
 286. This county has an area of 676 square miles. Its 
 suii'ace is diversified in the southern section and well tim- 
 hered ; tlie section north of Lawrencehurg is nearly 
 level. The price of improved land varies from $.") to $40 
 per acre. ]\Iuch of it is wild and covered with timber. 
 This land sells for a nominal price — say, from $1 to $2.50 
 per acre. There are large areas of this land suitable for 
 grazing, and the sheep industry is being introduced with 
 success. There are excellent beds of iron ore in the south- 
 ern part. There are also deposits of phosphate in- the 
 vicinity of Lawrenceburg and Pleasant Point which have 
 not yet been dev^eloped. Farms can be bought on ^'ery 
 reasonable terms. Its school and church facilities are 
 equal to those of many Avealthier counties. It is practi- 
 cally a "■ dry " county, the saloons having been voted out 
 (if the county seat under the 2,000-population exten- 
 sion of the four-mile law. There are a number of 
 thriving little towns in the county, which afford good 
 trade centers for their respective communities. That 
 which promises more than all else in the upbuilding of the 
 county is the cultivation of tobacco. This industry has 
 been tried for the past few years with marked success. 
 It seems that the cheapest grade of land in the county is 
 proving to be the best tobacco land, a fact which means 
 much for the increase in wealth of tlie county where! the 
 tobacco industiw has been established. The staple ]>rod- 
 ucts of the country are corn, cotton, wheat, grass, and pork. 
 
 Lawrenceburg, the county seat, is situated on the 
 Louisville and Nash^dlle Railroad and Shoal Creek, 74 
 miles southwest of Nashville. It has fine churches, 
 schools, a good electric light system, a bank, a weekly news- 
 paper, a lumber mill, a planing mill, and well-built houses. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $2.95 
 per acre. 
 
198 
 
 Handbook of Texnessee. 
 
 . ]Sr umber of manufacturing establislimeuts in the cnunty, 
 S-l ; capital employed, $240,045 ; amount of wages i^iiid 
 during the year, $100,153 ; number of farms, 1,724 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 219,282; number of acres improved, 63,553 ; 
 value of buildings, $312,540; value of farming imple^ 
 ments and machinery, $99,610; value of live stock, $353,- 
 199; value of products not fed to live stock, $450,689; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $12,250; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $931,640. 
 
 AGKICULTURAIi PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKLS. 
 
 Corn 408,930 
 
 Wheat 55,510 
 
 Oats 18,330 
 
 Other cereals 520 
 
 Potatoes 6,144 
 
 Sweet potatoes 8,659 
 
 Onions 447 
 
 Beans 266 
 
 Peas 3,370 
 
 Value other vegetables .$17,132 
 
 Grass seed 207 
 
 Peanuts 1,174 
 
 Apples 38,003 
 
 Cherries 2 
 
 Peaches 32 
 
 Pears 31 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 441 
 
 Wild grasses . . 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated 
 
 grasses 
 
 1 
 598 
 214 
 
 1.085 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 450 
 Other forage crops . . . 466 
 Sorghum cane sold . . 
 
 259 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons 
 
 ) 5,454 
 
 Cotton (bales) .... 
 
 113 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 
 16,760 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 
 
 130 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 
 
 . 4,830 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 
 .104,745 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 
 
 . 4.379 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 
 85 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 54 
 
 NUMBER OF FRl'IT TREES. 
 
 Apple 56,064 
 
 Cherry 657 
 
 Peach 28,673 
 
 Pear 1.554 
 
 Plum and prune 3,817 
 
 Grapevines 31,011 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$56,317 
 286 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 199 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 11,902 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 18,777 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 194,360 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,527 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 18,870 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,500 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 37,625 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 62,235 00 
 
 Total $ 99,860 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,520 | Horses 2,621 
 
 Sheep 5.590 j Mules 1,732 
 
 Hogs 17,797 Asses and burros .... 40 
 
 LEWIS COU^TXY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 4,455 ; population in 1890, 2,555. 
 This county has an area of 280 square miles, and is 
 drained by Duck River and Buffalo River. Its surface is 
 uneven and hillj, with a fine growth' of timber. It is one 
 of the best peanut-producing counties in the State. It is 
 intersected by tlie Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis 
 Railway. Its staple products are corn, wheat, peanuts, 
 grass, oats, and pork. The average price of improved 
 land is about $25 per acre. There is a large amount of 
 unimproved land in the county for sale at about $2 per 
 acre. Iron ore, oxide of iron, and ocher are found in tlie 
 county. The county is fast developing as a wheat-growing 
 section. Lands heretofore called " barren " are producing 
 froui 25 to 30 bushels tO' the acre. This wheat was sown 
 after two crops of stock peas on land that originallly cost 
 about $2 per acre. Water power in tlie county is good. 
 
 Hohenwald is the connty seat. It has a weekly news- 
 paper, fine schools and churches, and flourishing mercan- 
 tile establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.01 
 per acre. 
 
200 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 ISTumber of maniif acturing establishments in the county, 
 24 ; capital employed, $323,302 ; amount of wages paid 
 dui-ing the year, $40,419 ; nmnber of farms, 540 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 62,282 ; nmnber of acres improved, 15,967 ; 
 value of buildings, $89,160 ; value of farming implements 
 and machinery, $31,700; value of. live stock, $138,196; 
 value of products not fed to live stock, $150,286; amount 
 paid for farm labor during the year, $3,190 ; total value 
 of land and improvements, except buildings, $350,600. 
 
 AGRICUT.TUKAIi PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. TONS. 
 
 Corn 138,750 Grains cut green for hay 631 
 
 Wheat 5,060 Other forage crops ... 484 
 
 Oats 2,350 Sorghum cane sold ... 7 
 
 Other cereals 210 
 
 Potatoes 2,495 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 7,308 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 7,560 
 
 Sweet potatoes 3.389 Broom corn (pounds) ". '. '2OO 
 
 ^^^°^^ *^ Dried fruits (pounds) . . 3,180 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 4,029 
 
 ,. , ., , ,, ».,rtono Wine (gallons) 186 
 
 value other vegetables .$10,803 cider (barrels) 12 
 
 Beans 173 
 
 Peas 1,534 
 
 Peanuts 4,343 
 
 Apples 6,946 
 
 Cherries 1 
 
 Pears 13 
 
 Plums and prunes ... 58 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 2 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 12,641 
 
 Cherry 1,288 
 
 Peach 9,524 
 
 Top^s Pear 1,608 
 
 Wild grasses 17 P^"™ ^.^^ P^"°^ • • • • ,1'??^ 
 
 Millet 109 Gi-apevmes 13,11.> 
 
 Clover 543 Value forest products . .$14,176 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 17 Value of small fruits . . 54 
 
 POITLTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 4,431 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 7,006 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 53,300 
 
 Value of bees on hand 1,932 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 9,940 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 700 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOE 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 18,553 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 19,163 00 
 
 Total $ 37,716 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON H.\ND. 
 
 Cattle 1,214 Horses 664 
 
 Sheep 2,675 Mules 855 
 
 Hogs 5,887 ; Asses and burros .... 25 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 201 
 
 Population in 1900, 26,304; population in 1890, 27,- 
 382. This county has an area of 540 square miles. Its 
 surface is diversified by numerous ridges and valleys. Elk 
 Eiver divides the county. Its soil, with few exceptions, 
 is fertile. The forest growth, which is abundant, consists 
 of black walnut, cherry, oak, locust, poplar, and tulip 
 trees. Tlie Kashville, Cliattanooga and St. Louis Rail- 
 way traverses the county. Millet is grown veiy exten- 
 sively in this county. It is one of the Middle Division 
 cotton counties, growing tliis staple in abundance; but 
 tlie leading crops are corn, wheat, and grass. It is also a 
 fine stock county. 
 
 Fayette\dlle, the county seat, is located on a branch of 
 the jSTashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. It 
 has a good electric light plant, a first-class water^vorks sys- 
 tem, and good schools and cliurches. Its population in 
 1900 was 2,708. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $9.58 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTumber of manufacturing establislunents in the county, 
 103; capital employed, $268,148; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $65,759 ; number of farms, 3,669 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 337,277 ; number of acres improved, 181,- 
 932 ; value of buildings, $1,117,880; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $284,140 ; value of live stock, 
 $1,094,049 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 486,453 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $62,700; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $4,280,520. 
 
202 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 AGRICLFLTURAt, PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,459,840 
 
 Wheat 356,050 
 
 Oats 20,020 
 
 Other cereals 11,430 
 
 Potatoes 4,397 
 
 Sweet potatoes 6,444 
 
 Onions 1,361 
 
 Beans 62 
 
 Peas 9,576 
 
 Value other vegetables . $37,967 
 
 Clover seed #4 
 
 Other grass seed .... 1,528 
 
 Peanuts 130 
 
 Apples 56,773 
 
 Cherries 115 
 
 Peaches 768 
 
 Pears 340 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 618 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 19 
 
 Millet 2,458 
 
 Clover 324 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,969 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 594 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,090 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 47'i 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 23,605 
 
 Cotton (bales) 2,304 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 4,240 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 690 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 290 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 27,721 
 
 Wine (gallons) 12 
 
 Cider (barrels) 52 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 36 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 126,035 
 
 Cherry 1,569 
 
 Peach 34,101 
 
 Pear 3,775 
 
 Plum and prune .... 4,108 
 
 Grapevines 5,766 
 
 Value forest products .$42,782 
 Value of small fruits . . 541 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 47,521 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 95,060 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 574,480 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,539 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 23,230 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,570 
 
 VALUE OF ANIAfAL PRODUCTS lOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $287,995 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered .' 132.757 00 
 
 Total $420,752 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND, 
 
 Cattle K 15,696 
 
 Sheep . . . t 10,152 
 
 Hogs 40,713 
 
 Horses 6,996 
 
 Mules 5,971 
 
 Asses and Burros . . . , 136 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 203 
 
 MACON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 12,881; population in 1890, 10.- 
 8?8. This county borders on Kontueky, and has an area 
 of 450 square miles. It is drained by affluents to the 
 Cumberland Eiver and the Big Barren River. Its sur- 
 face is generally uneven and covered with forests. Its soil 
 IS fertile, and it is a good fruit district. The staple prod- 
 ucts are corn, cotton, .tobacco, wheat, and pork. Coal 
 has been discovered within 2i miles of the county seat. 
 Lead ore has also been found in the county. There 
 are indications of the presence of an abundant supply 
 of coal oil. The timber consists of oak, chestnut, and 
 poplar. Most of the timber is located on the Highland 
 Rim. There is a plentiful supply of limestone and free- 
 stone water, with hundreds of Silurian springs. ' It is one 
 of the best gardening and truck-farming counties in the 
 State. The county has not suft'ered from a drought in twenty 
 years. 
 
 Lafayette, the county seat, is 30 miles northeast of (ial- 
 latin. It has churches, schools, a weekly newspaper, several 
 mercantile establishments, and a flour mill. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.83 |M?r 
 acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing estahlishments in the county, 
 39 ; capital employed, $68,102 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $22,857; number of farms, 2,132; num- 
 ber of acres, 176,130; number of acres improved, 78,384: 
 value of buildings, $368,670; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machiner}', $97,930 ; value of live stock, $466,- 
 946; value of products not fed to live stock, $590,000; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $18,920; to- 
 tal value of land and improvements, except buildings, $967,- 
 650. 
 
204 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOE 1899. 
 
 BrSHEI.S. 
 
 Corn 408,040 
 
 Wheat 46.940 
 
 Oats 29,630 
 
 Other cereals 123 
 
 rotatoes 9,047 
 
 Sweet potatoes 19,205 
 
 Onions 941 
 
 Beans 1,031 
 
 Peas 3,697 
 
 Value other vegetables .$26,958 
 
 Grass seed 459 
 
 Apples 71,983 
 
 Cherries 72 
 
 Peaches 208 
 
 Pears 402 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 2,660 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 58 
 
 ivullet 1,858 
 
 Clover 917 
 
 Otner cultivated grasses 238 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,064 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 795 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 14 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 36,039 
 
 Cotton (bales) 2 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .6io,850 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 470 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 32,620 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 12.066 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 13 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 217 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 94 
 
 NUMHER OF FRUIT TREE.S. 
 
 Apple 126,564 
 
 Cherry 2,520 
 
 Peach 18,340 
 
 Pear 2,637 
 
 Plum and prune .... 16,144 
 Grapevines 3,643 
 
 Value forest products .$73,853 
 Value of small fruits . 258 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 19,650 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 36,069 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 268,460 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,118 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 23,490 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 650 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOB 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 69.427 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 85,277 00 
 
 Total -. $154,704 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 5,408 
 
 Sheep 5,930 
 
 Hogs 18.457 
 
 Horses 2,867 
 
 Mules 2,309 
 
 Asses and burros .... 83 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 205 
 
 MAESHALL COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 18,763; population in 1890, 18,- 
 90G. This county has an area of 377 square miles. Duck 
 River flows west through the county. The northern part 
 of the county is generally level. What was once a fine belt 
 of cedar timbeir is now partially covered with oak. The 
 southern portion of the county is hilly, Avith creeks and 
 valleys. The staple products are coru, oats, wheat, cattle, 
 hogs, sheep, and fruits. A hrancli of the Xashville, Chat^ 
 tanooga and St. Louis Railway crosses tliis county. It ib 
 a good county for raising fine saddle stock. There is a fine, 
 belt of grindstone grit in tlie county about 9 miles long,, 
 which was utilized for making grind stxjnes before the Civil 
 War. Tliis stone is foimd in vast quantities, and is said 
 to be the best on the market. Improved lands can be 
 bought for about $16 per acre. 
 
 Lewisburg, the county seat, is located on the railroad. 
 It has good schools, churches, an electric light plant, a pen- 
 cil factory, a planing mill, two newspapers, two good ho- 
 tels, and a flour mill. Its pojuilation in 1900 was 1,421. 
 
 The average assessed ^ alue of land in 1900 was $10.14 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTuniber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 60 : capital employed, $160,605 ; amount of wages paid dur- 
 ing tlie year, 67.253 ; number of farms, 2,703 ; number of 
 acres, 229,482 ; number of acres improved, 136,927 ; value 
 of buildings, $1,031,030 ; value of farming implements and 
 machinery, $238,230; value of live stock, $1,026,241; 
 value of products not fed to live stock, $1,100,756 ; amount 
 paid for farm labor during the year, $56,030 ; tetal value 
 of land and imjirovements, except buildings, $3,290,210. 
 
206 
 
 IIaxdbook of Texxessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Corn 894,130 
 
 Wheat 258,120 
 
 Oats 45,640 
 
 Other cereals 1,400 
 
 Potatoes 4,362 
 
 Sweet potatoes 4,630 
 
 Onions 729 
 
 Beans 61 
 
 Peas 4,528 
 
 Value other vegetables .$41,895 
 
 Grass seed 1,432 
 
 Peanuts 121 
 
 Apples 20,871 
 
 Cherries 7 
 
 Peaches 469 
 
 Pears 43 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 602 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 16 
 
 Millet 3,367 
 
 Clover 377 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,465 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 749 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,559 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 465 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 8,837 
 
 Cotton (bales) 85 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 8,690 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 1,150 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 10 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 15,329 
 
 Vvane (gallons) 13 
 
 Cider (barrels) 41 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 22 
 
 XrMBF;R OF FRITT TREES. 
 
 Apple 70,838 
 
 Cherrv 1,346 
 
 Peach 29,369 
 
 Pear 1,694 
 
 Plum and prune .... 10,718 
 
 Grapevines 2,472 
 
 Value forest products .$58,136 
 Value of small fruits . . 286 
 
 POrLTKY AND BEEi*. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 39,945 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 81,025 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 627,400 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,567 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 : . 20,320 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 950 
 
 VALi'E OF Axr.\rAi. PRomcTS roR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $257,949 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 131,034 00 
 
 Total $388,983 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 13,184 
 
 Sheep 10,608 
 
 Hogs 28,316 
 
 Horses 7,364 
 
 Mules 4,958 
 
 Asses and burros .... 505 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 207 
 
 MAURY COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 42,703 ; population in 1890, 38,112. 
 This county has an^ area of 596 sqiiare miles. Blue grass 
 grows throughout the eountj, and Duck River almost 
 equally divides it. It is traversed by the Louisville and 
 iSTashville Railroad and the !Ni ashville, Chattanooga and St. 
 Louis Railway. It is the fifth county in population in the 
 State. The land is very fertile, and it is one of the richest 
 agricultural counties in tlie State. Its dairy interests are 
 first-class, and it is the central mule market of the South. 
 It is also the center of the phosphate mining industry in 
 the South. 
 
 Columhia, the county seat, is located on Duck River. It 
 has an electric light plant, good wat^erworks system, fine 
 public and private schools, ample banking facilities, first- 
 class mercantile establishments, and a splendid LTnited 
 States Arsenal ; it also has live, enterprising, and up-to- 
 date newspapers. The town is 644 feet above sea level, 
 and had a population in 1900 of 6,052. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, which is the center of the phosphate 
 mining industry, has a population of 2,007 by the census 
 of 1900. It has good schools, churches, fine mercantile es- 
 tablishments, banks, and a weekly newspaper. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $17.79 
 per acre. 
 
 JSTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 244; capital employed, $776,844; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $233,087 ; number of farms, 3,945 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 368,104 ; number of acres improved, 233,671 ; 
 value of buildings, $1,879,660; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $425,830; value of live stock, 
 $1,633,806; value of products not fed to live stock, $2,- 
 092,705 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $152,890; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $7,886,920. 
 
208 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGEICULTLTvAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS 
 
 Corn 1,577.460 
 
 Wheat 630,660 
 
 Oats 124.020 
 
 Other cereals 6,207 
 
 Potatoes 56,479 
 
 Sweet potatoes 9,936 
 
 Onions 773 
 
 Beans 122 
 
 Peas 12,394 
 
 Value other vegetables .$40,661 
 
 Clover seed 2 
 
 Other grass seed .... 6,287 
 
 Peanuts 50 
 
 Apples 27,650 
 
 Cherries 213 
 
 Peaches 1,767 
 
 Pears 917 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 685 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 16 
 
 Millet 1,757 
 
 Clover 4,724 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,829 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,999 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 2,112 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 743 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 39,760 
 
 Cotton (bales) 174 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 12,960 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 5,090 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 3,530 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 64,024 
 
 Wine (gallons) 355 
 
 Cider (barrels) 74 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 39 
 
 NUJIBKK OF FRrrr TREES. 
 
 Apple 101,156 
 
 Cherry 4,890 
 
 Peach 53,092 
 
 Pear 11,075 
 
 Plum and prune 9,944 
 
 Grapevines 18,804 
 
 Value forest products .$105,018 
 Value of small fruits . . 2,323 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 50,439 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 97,561 00 
 
 Dozers of eggs produced in 1899 720,470 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,843 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 33,550 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,340 
 
 VALUE OF AXTMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $517,389 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 178,755 00 
 
 Total 
 
 ,144 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 19,82(j 
 
 Sheep 13,214 
 
 Hogs 38,563 
 
 Horses 10,226 
 
 Mules 7,984 
 
 Asses and burros .... 516 
 
Handbook of Texxesree. 209 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 3(3,017 ; population in 1890, 29,697. 
 This county borders on Kentucky, and has an area of 54:0 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Cumberland River 
 and drained by Red River. Its surface is undulating and 
 partly timbered with oak, chestnut, hickory, gum, pop- 
 lai', and other varieties. It is one of the very best tobacco- 
 groAving counties in the State. Its soil is fertile. There 
 fire fine limestone and iron-ore deposits in tlie county. Its 
 farais generally are in a fine state of cultivation. The sta- 
 ple products are corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, cattle, and pork. 
 The county is traversed by the Louisville and Naslndlle 
 Railroad and the Tennessee Central Railroad. 
 
 Clarks'\dlle, the county seat, is situated on the Cumber- 
 land River at the mouth of Red River, about 50 miles from 
 Nashville, on the Louisville and NashviUe Railroad and 
 the Tennessee Central Railroad, the latter now under con- 
 struction. It is an up-to-date, progTessive city of 9,431 
 inhabitants, according to the census of 1900, and has one 
 of the finest courthouses in the State. It has first-class ho- 
 tels, good schools, beautiful churches, magnificent resi- 
 dences, gas works, an electric light plant, daily newspa- 
 pers, good street car lines (electric), and is one of the larg- 
 est tobacco markets in America. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $8.79 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 159 ; capital employed, $1,543,014; amoimt of wages paid 
 during the year, $269,793 ; nmnber of farms, 3,494 ; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 321,368 ; number of acres improved, 204,103 ; 
 value of buildings, $1,451,170; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery', $248,750 ; value of live stock, $982,- 
 888; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,631,426; 
 amoimt paid for fai-m labor during the year, $148,230 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $3,781,660. 
 
210 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AOEICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 915,240 
 
 Wheat 154.530 
 
 Oats 50,370 
 
 Other cereals 20 
 
 Potatoes 7,049 
 
 Sweet potatoes .... 18,520 
 
 Onions 1,828 
 
 Beans 656 
 
 Peas 5,851 
 
 Value other vegetables .$58,638 
 
 Peanuts 43 
 
 Apples 23,858 
 
 Cherries 333 
 
 Peaches 9,492 
 
 Pears 5,811 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,005 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 69 
 
 Millet 446 
 
 Clover 2,886 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 3,401 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 679 
 
 Other forage crops 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 610 
 309 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 5,781 
 Tobacco (pounds) . .12,360,480 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 850 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 220 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 99,187 
 
 Wine (gallons) 84 
 
 Cider (barrels) 93 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 24 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 80,728 
 
 Cherry 2,932 
 
 Peach 45,695 
 
 Pear 651 
 
 Plum and prune .... 5,660 
 
 Grapevices 6,519 
 
 Value forest products .$62,091 
 Value of small fruits . . 1,808 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand .$ 33,841 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 60,744 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 454,550 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,106 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 21,860 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,120 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 77,338 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 144,558 00 
 
 Total $221,896 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON H.\ND. 
 
 Cattle 11,110 
 
 Sheep 2,872 
 
 Hogs 32,250 
 
 Horses 4,399 
 
 Mules 5,835 
 
 Asses and burros .... 87 
 
Hain^dbook of Tennessee. 211 
 
 MOORE COUKTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 5,706; population in 1890, 5,975. 
 Tliis county, called the '' corn, coimty of tlie State," is lo- 
 cated in the Middle Division, and has an area of 170 
 square miles. It is bounded on the soutli by Elk River, 
 is drained by many constantly flowing" creeks, and has an 
 abundance of good springs for domestic use. Its surface 
 is hilly and partly covered with timber. Two of the larg- 
 est sour-mash distilleries in the State are located in tliis 
 county. Its soil is fertila The staple products of the 
 county are com, oats, cattle, hogs, and slieep; it is also 
 noted as a fine mule-producing county. 
 
 Lyncliburg, the county seat, the second largest and best 
 mule market in tlie State, is located about 64 miles from 
 IN^ashville. It has good schools and churches and a weekly 
 newspaper. 
 
 The average price of improved land is about $10 per 
 acre. There is a small amount of unimproved land in the 
 eastern part of the county, near the I^ashville, Chattanooga 
 and St. Touis Railway, at about $2 per acre. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $8.01 
 per acre. 
 
 Xuniber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 23; capital employed, $106,219; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $10,727 ; number of farms, 918 ; number 
 of acres, 68,743 ; number of acres improved, 43,195 ; value 
 of buildings, $235,450; value of farming implements and 
 machinery, $69,460 ; value of live stock, $294,049 ; value 
 of products not fed to live stock, $414,527; amount paid 
 for farm labor during the year, $13,710 ; total value of land 
 and improvements, except buildings, $897,300. 
 
212 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTIKAI. PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BrSHELS. 
 
 Corn 422,020 
 
 Wheat 67,520 
 
 Oats 14,230 
 
 Other cereals 8,020 
 
 Potatoes 1,927 
 
 Sweet potatoes 3,897 
 
 Onions 462 
 
 Beans 318 
 
 Peas 7,759 
 
 Value other vegetables .$11,289 
 
 Grass seed 150 
 
 Peanuts 33 
 
 Apples 30,662 
 
 Cherries 97 
 
 Peaches 146 
 
 Pears 116 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 13S 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 2 
 
 Millet 461 
 
 Clover 92 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 916 
 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for haj' 577 
 
 Other forage crops . . 
 
 83 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . 
 
 329 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons 
 
 8,250 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 
 8,360 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 
 320 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 
 5,990 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 
 11,351 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 
 
 133 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 
 33 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 28 
 
 NfMBKR OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 24,724 
 
 Cherry 1.103 
 
 Peach 6,276 
 
 Pear 726 
 
 Plum and prune .... 722 
 
 Grapevines 1,182 
 
 Value forest products . $8,000 
 
 Value of small fruits . . 173 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 13,631 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 27.334 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 182,580 
 
 Value of bees on hand 1,327 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 5,750 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 360 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAX PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 86,485 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 37,641 00 
 
 Total $124,126 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 3,498 
 
 Sheep 1,787 
 
 Hogs 9,236 
 
 Horses 1,768 
 
 Mules 1,372 
 
 Asses and burros ... 53 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 213 
 
 OVEKTON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 11)00, 13,353; population in 1890, 12,- 
 03!). This county is bounded on the north by the counties 
 of Pickett and (^lay, which border on Kentucky. It has 
 an area of 376 square miles, and is drained by the East 
 Fork and West Fork of Obed River. Its surface is hilly, 
 and a firvixt portion of its soil is fertile. There are fine 
 oTazinc lands for cattle and sheep. The county is well 
 ^!U]>plied with fine forests of timber, oak, poplar, chestnut, 
 and hickory, (^oal is found in paying quantities. 
 
 Living'ston, the county seat, has a population of 450. 
 and is located 95 miles east of Naslwille. It has four dr\- 
 goods stores, two weekly newspapers, a drug store, a flour- 
 ing mill, a sawmill, three churches, and good schools. 
 
 The average price of improved land is about $8 per 
 acre; unimproved land, from $1 to $5 ]>er acre. The tim- 
 ber and coal lands furnish excellent opportunities for the 
 investment of capital. Cheap lands, splendid water, aud 
 hospitable neighbors are the inducements offered to those 
 looking for homes. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.10 
 per acre. 
 
 Xumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 55; capital employed, $82,310; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $16,477; number of farms, 2,214; num- 
 ber of acres, 235,615; number of acres improved, 99,414; 
 value of buildings, $318,960; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $82,640 ; value of live stock, $449,- 
 112: value of products not fed to live stock, $574,420; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $22,500 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $958,040. 
 
214 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGKICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 nrsni-:!,s. 
 
 Corn 469,740 
 
 Wheat 29.410 
 
 Oats 28,780 
 
 Other cereals 491 
 
 Potatoes 12,264 
 
 Sweet potatoes 24,171 
 
 Onions 1,076 
 
 Beans 918 
 
 Peas 4,161 
 
 Value other vegetables .$25,118 
 
 Peanuts 69 
 
 Apples 203.556 
 
 Cherries 44 
 
 Peaches 66 
 
 Pears 245 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 516 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 72 
 
 Millet 1,320 
 
 Clover 286 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 354 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,342 
 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other forage crops . . 
 
 1,455 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . 
 
 14 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons] 
 
 25,643 
 
 Cotton (bales) .... 
 
 12 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 
 46,780 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 
 4,660 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 
 145,410 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 
 9,885 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 
 
 4 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 
 183 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . . 
 
 86 
 
 NI'MBER OF FRl^IT TREES. 
 
 Apple 143,716 
 
 Cherry 2,297 
 
 Peach 19.942 
 
 Pear 1,677 
 
 Plum and prune .... 7,447 
 Grapevines 3,117 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$63,i83 
 397 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 15,004 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 32,973 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 235,270 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7,972 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 36,720 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1.070 
 
 A^ALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 69,454 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 82,077 00 
 
 Total $151,531 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,452 
 
 Sheep 8,912 
 
 Hogs 18,950 
 
 Horses 2,761 
 
 Mules 2,167 
 
 Asses and burros .... 43 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 215 
 
 PEERY COU^^TY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 8,800 ; population in 1890, 7,785. 
 This coaintv has an area of 420 square miles, is bounded 
 on the west bj tlie Tennessee River, and is drained by Buf- 
 falo River. Its surface is diversified by high ridges and 
 rich valle_ys, and portions of it are well covered with for- 
 ests of hickory, oak, walnut, ash, sycamore, and cypress. 
 Its soil is very fertile. Peanuts grow to perfection in tliis 
 locality. The staple products are com, wheat, peanuts, 
 buckwheat, and pork. 
 
 Linden, the county seat, is situated on Buffalo River, 
 about 80 miles southwest of ISTashville and 13 miles east of 
 the Tennessee River. It has general stores, a weekly 
 newspaper, churches, and good schools. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.15 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 37 ; capital employed, $88,834 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $15,170; number of farms, 1,319; num- 
 ber of acres, 194,481 ; number of acres improved, 45,055 ; 
 value of buildings, $275,340; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $71,800 ; value of live stock, $376,- 
 461; value of products not fed to live stock, $532,720; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $20,080; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,128,010. 
 
216 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICXJIiTURAL PRODUCTS POR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 556,950 
 
 Wheat 9,780 
 
 Oats 7,800 
 
 Other cereals 180 
 
 Potatoes 5,919 
 
 Sweet potatoes 7,285 
 
 Onions 481 
 
 Beans 81 
 
 Peas 2,189 
 
 Value other vegetables .$17,610 
 
 Clover seed 19 
 
 Peanuts 232,137 
 
 Apples 13,685 
 
 Cherries 65 
 
 Peaches 2 
 
 Pears 76 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,143 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 
 
 TONS. 
 
 5 
 205 
 336 
 
 . 286 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,149 
 Other forage crops . . . 407 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 41 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 15,139 
 
 Cotton (bales) .... 
 
 116 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 
 
 1,790 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 
 1,940 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 
 610 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 
 3,180 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 
 22 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . . 
 
 5 
 
 Nl'MBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 20,474 
 
 Cherry 286 
 
 Peach 22,781 
 
 Pear 1,253 
 
 Plum and prune .... 8,940 
 
 Grapevines 345 
 
 Value forest products 
 \"alue of small fruits . 
 
 .$45,055 
 
 245 
 
 POULTKY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 11,163 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 14,903 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 131,410 
 
 Value of bees on hand ■ 4,602 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced m 1899 17,540 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,150 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS I'OR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 50,512 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 61,690 00 
 
 Total $112,202 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 4,722 
 
 Sheep 3,116 
 
 Hogs 17,925 
 
 Horses 1,147 
 
 Mules 2,246 
 
 Asses and burros .... 33 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 217 
 
 PICKETT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 5,366; population in 1890, 4,736. 
 This county has an area of 240 square miles. It is 
 bounded as follows: On tlie north, by the State of Ken- 
 tucky ; on the south, by Overton and Fentress Counties : 
 on the east, by Scott County ; on the west, by Clay County. 
 Its surface is hilly, and it is well watered by Obed and 
 Wolf Rivers. In many localities the county is well cov- 
 ered with a fine iiTowtli of timber. The staple products 
 are corn, wheat, oats, grass, cattle, and hogs. 
 
 Byrdstown, the county seat, has g'ood schools, churches, 
 and general stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.51 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTuuiber of manufacturing estuldishments in the county, 
 15; capital employed, $15,910; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $2,090; number of farms, 926; num- 
 ber of acres, 88,025; number of acres improved, 37,680; 
 value of buildings, $115,830; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $32,870; value of live stock, $179,- 
 137 : value of products not fed to live stock, $246,547 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $9,540 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $322,390. 
 
218 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 205,270 
 
 Wheat 10,800 
 
 Oats 10,170 
 
 Other cereals 20 
 
 Potatoes 4,525 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 9,802 
 
 Onions 573 
 
 Beans 261 
 
 Peas 1,924 
 
 Value other vegetables .$12,382 
 
 Peanuts 25 
 
 Apples 59.125 
 
 Cherries 24 
 
 Pears 72 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 343 
 
 Wild grasses 7 
 
 Millet 497 
 
 Clover 303 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 85 
 
 Grains cut green for hay- 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 ,612 
 
 255 
 
 1 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 11,723 
 
 10 
 22,420 
 
 50 
 
 34,170 
 
 2,775 
 
 92 
 
 67 
 
 Cotton (bales) .... 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 73,505 
 
 Cherry 744 
 
 Peach 7,390 
 
 Pear 394 
 
 Plum and prune .... 3,699 
 
 Grapevines 162 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .?l>38.382 
 93 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 5,686 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 13,169 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 93,580 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,156 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 16,220 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 470 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 28,481 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 32,088 00 
 
 Total $ 60,569 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 3,107 
 
 Sheep 2,950 
 
 Hogs 7,321 
 
 Horses 
 
 958 
 
 Mules 
 
 817 
 
 Asses and burros . . . 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 219 
 
 PITTXAM COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 16,890; population in 1890, 13,- 
 (iS3. This county has an area of 430 square miles, 
 with the Cumberland River touching its nortkwestern 
 bordei". Its surface is undulating and partially cov- 
 ered ^xdtli f(u-ests of cliestnut, hickory, oak, walnut, and 
 poplar groAvtli. The soil is moderately fertile, and the 
 county is well adapted to stock raising. Corn, grass, cat- 
 tle, and hogs are the staple products. Fine coal deposits 
 are found here. The Tennessee Central Railroad inter- 
 sects the county, and there are flourishing lumber mills 
 located along this road. 
 
 Cookeville, the county seat, is sit\iated on the Tennessee 
 Central Railroad. It has churches, schools, general stores, 
 national banks, lumber mills, weekly new^spapers, and fair 
 grounds. Its population in 1900 was 1,800. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1000 Avas $4.75 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 66 ; capital employed, $284,489 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $66,405 ; number of farms, 2,616 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 209,388; number of acres improved, 93,015; 
 value of buildings, $414,950; value of fari^iing imple- 
 ments and machinery, $122,280; value of live stock, 
 $554,501 ; Vc%lue of products not fed to live stock, $749,- 
 072 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $18,- 
 950; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ino-s, $1,064,030. 
 
220 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 AGRICVLTUKAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BI'SHELS. 
 
 Corn 674,210 
 
 Wheat 51,240 
 
 Oats 39.490 
 
 Other cereals 880 
 
 Potatoes 22,030 
 
 Sweet potatoes 24,406 
 
 Onions 807 
 
 Beans 242 
 
 Peas 6,694 
 
 Value other vegetables .$49,108 
 
 Peanuts 21 
 
 Apples 227,397 
 
 Cherries 174 
 
 Peaches 177 
 
 Pears 33 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 807 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 21 
 
 Millet 1,469 
 
 Clover 268 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 825 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,567 
 Other forage crops . . . 788 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 22,789 
 
 Cotton (bales) 5 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) .... 37,200 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 160 
 Dried fruits (pounds) .181,160 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 16,806 
 
 Wine (gallons) 45 
 
 Cider (barrels) 75 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 45 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 151,298 
 
 Cherry 1,507 
 
 Peach 17,171 
 
 Pear 795 
 
 Plum and prune .... 5,598 
 Grapevines 1,621 
 
 Value forest products .$60,690 
 Value of small fruits . . 161 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 22,488 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 53,820 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 348,540 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,809 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 31,900 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,430 
 
 VALT E OF AXI^IAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $126,323 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 98,235 00 
 
 Total $224,558 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,812 
 
 Sheep 7.010 
 
 Hogs 22,371 
 
 Horses 3,474 
 
 Mules 2,346 
 
 Asses and burros .... 6T 
 
Handbook of Tennkssee. 221 
 
 kobei:tso:n county. 
 
 Population in 1900, 25,029; population in 1890, 20,- 
 078. This county borders on Kentucky, and has an area 
 of about 536 square miles. Its surface is hilly and well 
 covered with forests. Its soil is partly fertile. Corn, 
 wheat, tobacco, cattle, and hogs are tlie staple products. 
 Fertilizers are very largely used in this county. It is 
 one of the largest tobacco counties in the South, and none 
 surpasses it in the cpiality of its tobaccO'. It is also a large 
 producer of whisky. Tlie Louisville and jSTashville Rail- 
 road traverses the county. 
 
 Springfield, the county seat, is situated on the Louis\'ille 
 and jSTashville Eailroad, about 30 miles north of jSTash- 
 ville. It is well located ; has fine schools, churches, and 
 general stores; and is one of the largest tobacco nuirkeis 
 in the State. It also has two banks and three weekly news- 
 papers. Its population in 1900 was 1,732. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was r$9.65 
 per acre. 
 
 Xiuuber of manufacturing establishments in the countv, 
 67: capital employed, $392,057; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $58,662; number of fanns, 3,290; num- 
 ber of acres, 278,608 ; nmnber of acres improved, 196,112 : 
 value of buildings, $1,443,260; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $333,620; value of live stock, 
 $847,754; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 6^6.505; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $116,760; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $3,877,860. 
 
'7'7'7 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGEICTJLTURAL PEODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 770,110 
 
 Wheat 333,550 
 
 Oats 34,500 
 
 Other cereals 320 
 
 Potatoes 5,646 
 
 Sweet potatoes 8,375 
 
 Onions 1,009 
 
 Beans 77 
 
 Peas " 810 
 
 Value other vegetables .$54,470 
 
 Clover seed 2 
 
 Peanuts 1 
 
 Apples 39,129 
 
 Cherries 165 
 
 Peaches 50 
 
 Pears 391 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 411 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 1 
 
 Millet 155 
 
 Clover 3,071 
 
 Other cultivated gi-asses 1,508 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,583 
 uther forage crops . . . 2,269 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 91 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 2,639 
 Tobacco (pounds) . .10.431,470 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 320 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 490 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 66,300 
 
 Wine (gallons) 282 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 287 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 67 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREKS. 
 
 Apple 98,855 
 
 Cherry 4,209 
 
 Peach 32,651 
 
 Pear 2,663 
 
 Plum and prune .... 7,901 
 
 Grapevines 11,926 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$36,761 
 608 
 
 POrLTltY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 31.708 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 59,224 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 314,210 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,062 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 19,560 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,060 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 67.002 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 150,433 00 
 
 Total $217,435 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,959 
 
 Sheep 2,413 
 
 Hogs 27,767 
 
 Horses 4,761 
 
 Mules 4,631 
 
 Asses and burros .... 85 
 
i 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 223 
 
 RUTHERFOKD COU^ttY. 
 
 Population, in 1900, 33,543 ; population in 1890, 35,- 
 097. This county kas an area of 580 square miles. It 
 is watered east and west by forks of Stone's River. There 
 is considerable timber in the county, consisting of oak, 
 poplar, hickory, sugar tree, linden, beech, buckeye,^ syca- 
 more, l)lack and yellow locust, papaw, box elder, black 
 gum and sweet gTim. The average price of improved land 
 ranges from $20 to $30 per acre; unimproved land, from 
 $10 to $20. There are fine opportunities in timber in 
 the county, and the prospects for oil are flattering. The 
 lands in the county are cheap. The soil is remarkably 
 well adapted to diversification. The staple products are 
 com, cotton,, wheat, sorghum, peas, clover, and grasses. 
 The livc'-stock interests of the county are considerable. 
 Fine h<3rsee, cattle, sheep, and hogs are abundant in tlie 
 county. 
 
 Murfreesboro, the county seat, is a flourishing city of 
 alx>ut 4,000 popidation. It has splendid churches, good 
 schools, prosperous business houses and banks, entei-pris- 
 ing newspapers, and considerable manufacturing interests. 
 The celebrated battle of Stone's River was fought near 
 Murfreesboro. In a threchdays' engagement 25,000 sol- 
 diers were killed, wounded, or missing. Efforts are being- 
 made to have Congress establish a battlefield park at tliis 
 point. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.41 
 per acre. 
 
 Nmnber of manufacturing establislmients in the county, 
 94 ; capital employed, $395,257 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $64,577; number of farms, 4,335; num- 
 ber of acres, 361,299 ; numl-)er of acres improved, 214,- 
 949; value of buildings, $1,700,060; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $370,830; value of live stock, 
 $1,458,283 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 
224 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 796,662 ; amount paid for farm labor durinig the year, 
 $88,070; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $5,360,270. 
 
 AGRTCtTLTUKAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSH 
 
 Corn 1,465 
 
 Wheat 269 
 
 Oats 59 
 
 Other cereals 2 
 
 Potatoes 9 
 
 Sweet potatoes 16 
 
 Onions 2 
 
 Beans 
 
 Peas 
 
 Value other vegetables 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Other grass seed . . . 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pears 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 ELS. 
 
 ,300 
 ,510 
 ,940 
 ,420 
 ,678 
 435 
 272 
 423 
 ,109 
 ,618 
 5 
 ,812 
 59 
 ,623 
 398 
 301 
 ,173 
 ,429 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 13 
 
 Millet 3,460 
 
 Clover 2,092 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 
 
 Cotton (bales) 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 
 
 Wine (gallons) 
 
 Cider (barrels) 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 95,572 
 
 Cherry 5,840 
 
 Peach . 69,813 
 
 Pear 6,222 
 
 Plum and prune .... 13,137 
 
 Grapevines 12,418 
 
 Value forest products .$126,450 
 
 Value of small fruits . . l,b/9 
 
 TONS. 
 
 1,517 
 
 4,603 
 
 3,942 
 
 997 
 
 83,336 
 
 4,102 
 
 28,040 
 
 11,540 
 
 3,060 
 
 89,155 
 
 25 
 
 83 
 
 32 
 
 POULTRY AND BEKS. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 50,078 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 84,098 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 804,630 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,687 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 24,330 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 740 
 
 VALUE OF AXIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $328,208 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 177,349 00 
 
 Total $505,557 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 ■Cattle . .• 20,393 
 
 Sheep 13,941 
 
 Hogs . . . . ' 38,365 
 
 Horses 10,749 
 
 Mules 7,006 
 
 Asses and burros .... 642 
 
Handbook of Tennessee, 225 
 
 SMITH COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 19,026; population in 1890, 18,- 
 404. Tliis county, the largest tobacco-growing county of 
 Middle Tennessee, has an area of o68 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Cuniberhuid River and drained by tlie 
 Caney Fork River. Its surface is hilly and well covered 
 with forests of oak, ash, chestnut, hickory, walnuti, and 
 poplar. The county is traversed by the Tennessee Cen- 
 tral Railroad. It furnishes good grazing for cattle and 
 sheep. The staple products are corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, 
 cattle, sheep, and hogs. 
 
 Carthage, the county seat, is situated on the right bank 
 of the Cumberland River, at the mouth of the Caney Fork 
 River, at the terminus of the Carthage branch of the Ten- 
 nessee Central Railroad, and is 50 miles northeast of 
 ]^ashville. Large shipments of tobacco are made from 
 this point by steamboat by way of the Cumberland River. 
 The toAvn has churches, schools, general stores, a national 
 bank, and a weekly newspaper. Its population is 940. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $12.91 
 per acre. 
 
 ]Srimiber of manuf actui-ing establishments in the county, 
 4{) ; capital employed, $102,558; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $34,565; number of farms, 2,665; num- 
 ber of acres, 203,870 ; number of acres improved, 115,240 ; 
 value of buildings, $859,750; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $167,190; value of live stock, 
 $981,803 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,133,- 
 523 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $46,- 
 280; total value of land and improvements, except buikl- 
 ings. $2,866,900. 
 
226 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTUKAL PRODCCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,166,370 
 
 Wheat 164,830 
 
 Oats 32,250 
 
 Other cereals 1,700 
 
 Potatoes 7,496 
 
 Sweet potatoes 15,669 
 
 Onions 1,054 
 
 Beans 102 
 
 Peas 6,419 
 
 Value other vegetables .$37,180 
 
 Clover seed 28 
 
 Other grass seed .... 151 
 
 Apples 69,734 
 
 Cherries 61 
 
 Peaches 196 
 
 Pears 240 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,231 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 29 
 
 Millet 2,682 
 
 Clover 2,297 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,148 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,350 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,724 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 630 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 41,367 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .1,187,070 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 19,170 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 15,110 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 12,586 
 
 Wine (gallons) U 
 
 Cider (barrels) 98 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 68 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 97,559 
 
 Cherry 2,611 
 
 Peach 14,487 
 
 Pear 3,227 
 
 Plum and prune .... 7,043 
 Grapevines 1,409 
 
 Value forest products .$60,894 
 Value of small fruits . . 338 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 39,926 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 73,745 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 534.090 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,529 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 25,930 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,040 
 
 VALUE OF AXIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $216,114 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 109,524 00 
 
 Total $325,638 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 12,451 
 
 Sheep 13,572 
 
 Hogs 31,754 
 
 Horses 5,996 
 
 Mules 4.428 
 
 Asses and burros .... 194 
 
Handbooic of Tennessee. 227 
 
 STEWART (X)ITNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 15,224; population in InDO, 1-\- 
 VXo. This county borders on Kentucky, and has an area 
 of 500 square miles. The r^miberland River intersects 
 it, and the Tennessee River floAvs along its western, hovder. 
 The surface is hilly and covered in many localities with 
 forests of hickory, oak, ash, and other varieties of tind)e.r. 
 The soil is comparatively fertile. The staple products ar(^ 
 corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, and p'ork. Iron ore is found 
 in paying- quantities here. It is a good section for th" 
 production of export tobacco. There are several iron fur- 
 naces located in the county, wliich is intersected l>y tlic 
 LoTiisville and Xashville Railroad. 
 
 l)(n'er, the county seat, is situated on the left bank of 
 tlie Cuniberland Rivei-, (Vo miles northwest of JSTashville. 
 The battlefield of Fort Donelsoai is located near the town. 
 It has schools, churches, a weekly newspaper, and general 
 stores. Its population in 1900 was 400. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $;>.9 1 
 ]>er acre. 
 
 ISTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 t9 : capital employed, $202,030; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $31,349; number of farms, 1,900; nmn- 
 ber of acres, 197,694; number of acres improved, 83,199 ; 
 value of buildings, $453,310: value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $125,480; value of live stx)ck, 
 $574,465 ; value of products not fed to^ live stock, $757,- 
 206: amount paid for fanii labor during the year, $36,- 
 170; total value of land and im]>rovements, except buihl- 
 ings, $1,046,500. 
 
228 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGBICULTUEAL PRODUCTS FOK 1899. 
 
 UrSHHI.S. 
 
 Corn 720,780 
 
 Wheat 40,460 
 
 Oats 6,030 
 
 Potatoes 6,768 
 
 Sweet potatoes 9,234 
 
 Onions 444 
 
 Beans 112 
 
 Peas 830 
 
 Value other vegetables .$22,026 
 
 Peanuts 23 
 
 Apples 17,305 
 
 Cherries 80 
 
 Peaches 514 
 
 Pears . 313 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,656 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 44 
 
 Millet 593 
 
 Clover 1,037 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,847 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 915 
 
 16? 
 
 53 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 8,118 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .2,738.060 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 1,770 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 10,019 
 
 Cider (barrels) 145 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 45 
 
 NUMllRR OF KRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 32,850 
 
 Cherry 808 
 
 Peach 20,674 
 
 Pear 1,168 
 
 Plum and prune 7,774 
 
 Grapevines 894 
 
 Value forest products .$70,286 
 Value of small fruits . . 119 
 
 POULTRY AXD BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 20,856 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 32,151 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 332,150 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,776 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 12,900 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,000 
 
 VAl.l VE Oi" ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 84,078 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 102,891 00 
 
 Total 
 
 .$186,969 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,510 
 
 Sheep 4,056 
 
 Hogs 23,360 
 
 Horses 2,263 
 
 Mules 3,506 
 
 Asses and burros .... 70 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 229 
 
 SUMXEK COFNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 26,072 ; popailation in 1890, 23,- 
 668. This county has an area of 536 square miles. It 
 is one of the finest stock-raising- and agricultural counties 
 in the State. The Louisville and Xashville Railroad and 
 .the Chesapeake and Xashville Railroad traverse the 
 conntv. The county borders on Kentucky, and is bounded 
 on the south by the Cumberland River. It is a splendid 
 county for fruit growing. Many portions of it are well 
 timbered with oak, poplar, hickory, gum, sycamore, ash, 
 chestnut, and elm. There are large deposits of b^o^vn 
 phospljate rock and numerous sulphur wells throughout 
 the county. The county is well supplied with first-class 
 turnpikes. The average price of improved land ranges 
 from $2 to $50 per acre. There are indications of the 
 presence of coal oil in paying quantities. 
 
 Gallatin, the county seat, is situated 26 miles north- 
 east of Xashville. It has first-class schools, good churches, 
 t\v() A\-eekly newspapers and one semiweekly, a number of 
 manufacturing establishments, a fine Avaterworks system, 
 an electric light plant, flonrishing banks, and mercantile 
 establishments. There are macadamized turnpikes lead- 
 ing to the town. It is a fine poultry market. The ])opu- 
 lation of the town in 1900 was 2,409. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $8.80 
 per acre. 
 
 dumber of manufacturing establislnnents in the county, 
 7,8; capital employed, $217,405; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $57,806 ; number of fiirms, 3,280 ; mun- 
 ber of acres, 312,740; number of acres improved, 187,- 
 509 : value of buildings, $1,529,930 ; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $290,570; value of live stock, 
 $1,251,684; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 316,486; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $90,200; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $4,179,030. 
 
230 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 I 
 
 AORXCULTUKAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BISHEI-S. 
 
 Corn 1,036,810 
 
 Wheat 251,590 
 
 Oats 47,480 
 
 Other cereals 1,380 
 
 Potatoes 34,550 
 
 Sweet potatoes 12,345 
 
 Onions 3,079 
 
 Beans 199 
 
 Peas 11,006 
 
 Value other vegetables .$42,929 
 
 Grass seed 200 
 
 Peanuts 38 
 
 Apples 83,279 
 
 Cherries 586 
 
 Peaches 885 
 
 Pears 1,105 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,145 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 41 
 
 Millet 2,039 
 
 Clover 1,495 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 4,665 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 3,584 
 Other forage crops . . . 2,169 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 4,545 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 25,127 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .569,140 
 Broom corn (pounds) . .158,160 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 20,700 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 89,874 
 
 Wine (gallons) 1,009 
 
 Cider (barrels) 417 
 
 V'inegar (barrels) .... 124 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 179,637 
 
 Cherry 3,654 
 
 Peach 29,343 
 
 Pear 4,750 
 
 Plum and prune .... 6,165 
 Grapevines 13,551 
 
 Value forest products . .$62,882 
 Value of small fruits . . 2,910 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 41,166 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 69,495 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 597,310 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,098 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 31,750 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,050 
 
 VALUE OF AXIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $280,809 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered : 141,912 00 
 
 Total $422,721 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 15,429 
 
 Sheep 12,581 
 
 Hogs 29,849 
 
 Horses 8.718 
 
 Mules 4,454 
 
 Asses and burros .... 259 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 231 
 
 TROUSDALE COUNTY. 
 
 Population, in 1900, 6,004; population in 1890, 5,850. 
 This county has an area of 166 square miles, and is 
 bounded on the south by tlie Cumbeirland River. Its sur- 
 face is hilly, with rich valleys. The price of improved 
 land is about $30 per acre, and plenty of unimproved land 
 can be bought at from $25 to $35 per acre. The farms are 
 generally in good condition, and both farms and homes are 
 kept in excellent order. It is a splendid stock-raising 
 county. Wheat, com, oats, fruit, hay, tobacco, and pork 
 are the staple products of the county. 
 
 Plartsville, the county seat, is situated on the north bank 
 of the Cumberland River and on the Chesapeake and ISTash- 
 ville railroad. It has good churches, schools, and general 
 stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $11.08 
 per acre. 
 
 l^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 17 ; capital employed, $59,600 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $10,645 ; number of farms, 810 ; number 
 of acres, 71,457 ; number of acres improved, 42,431 ; value 
 of buildings, $307,850 ; value of fanning implements and 
 machinery, $54,990; value of live stock, $329,209; value 
 of products not fed to live stock, $318,879; amount paid 
 for farm labor during the year, $13,630 ; total value of 
 land and improvements, except buildings, $830,670. 
 
232 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICTJXTITBAL, PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 330,550 
 
 Wheat 53,390 
 
 Oats 9,080 
 
 Other cereals 110 
 
 Potatoes 2,910 
 
 Sweet potatoes 2,677 
 
 Onions 128 
 
 Beans 83 
 
 Peas 8,506 
 
 Value other vegetables .$14,467 
 
 Grass seed 163 
 
 Peanuts 83 
 
 Apples 8,561 
 
 Cherries 21 
 
 Peaches 63 
 
 Pears 273 
 
 Plums and prunes . ' . . 238 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Millet 514 
 
 Clover 292 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 777 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,221 
 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other forage crops . . 
 
 618 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . 
 
 16& 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons] 
 
 4,339 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 
 249,480 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 
 30.810 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 
 
 560 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 
 300 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 
 
 22 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 
 46 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . . 
 
 20 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 18,816 
 
 Cherry 484 
 
 Peach 6,931 
 
 Pear 676 
 
 Plum and prune .... 1,695 
 
 Grapevines 59 
 
 Valvie forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$14,329 
 58 
 
 POtTLTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 8,228 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 1,509 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 140,440 
 
 Value of bees on hand 1,167 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 7,990 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 19T) 
 
 VALUE OF AXIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 84,645 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 34,938 00 
 
 Total $119,583 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 4,667 
 
 Sheep 2.826 
 
 Hogs 9,420 
 
 Horses 2,147 
 
 Mules ^1.470 
 
 Asses and burros . . . . ' 53 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 233 
 
 WAREEN COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 16,410; population in 1890, 14,- 
 413. This county has an area of 440 square miles, and 
 is intersected by the Canej Fork and Rock Rivers. Its 
 surface is hillj, and the valleys are very fertile. It is a 
 splendid fruit-growing' county, apples growing to perfec- 
 tion here. The forests are of ash, oak, hickory, pophir, 
 and maple^ Hogs, cattle, oats, wlieat, and corn are the sta- 
 ple products. The Nashville, Chattanooga a^d St. Louis 
 Railway runs through the county. 
 
 ^McMinnville, tlie county seat, is located on the rail- 
 road. It lias churches, good schools, an electric light 
 plant, a national bank, weekly newspapers, flour mills, a 
 sa^^inill, and a number of prosperous mercantile estab- 
 lishments. Its population in 1900 was 1,980. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $5.34 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 82 ; capital employed, $364,485 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $100,835 ; nmnber of farms, 2,301 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 233,466; number of acres improved, 122,- 
 426; value of buildings, $711,460; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $214,270; value of live stock, 
 $578,929 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $967,- 
 922 : amount paid for farm labor during the year, $39,- 
 710 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,790,540. 
 
234 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICXILTURAT. PRODljCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 732.880 
 
 Wheat 237,610 
 
 Oats 44,950 
 
 Other cereals 1,540 
 
 Potatoes 11,472 
 
 Sweet potatoes 14,842 
 
 Onions 579 
 
 Beans 425 
 
 Peas 5,258 
 
 Value other vegetables .$43,824 
 
 Grass seed 847 
 
 Peanuts 179 
 
 Apples 180,486 
 
 Cherries 60 
 
 Peaches 197 
 
 Pears 48 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 242 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 78 
 
 Millet 2,165 
 
 Clover 59 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 731 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 4,399 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,977 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 162 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 30,408 
 
 Cotton (bales) 41 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 27,310 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 320 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 75,800 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 69,282 
 
 Wine (gallons) 2,393 
 
 Cider (barrels) 68 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 26 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 287,061 
 
 Cherry 2,020 
 
 Peach 38,943 
 
 Pear .l,903 
 
 Plum and prune .... 5,795- 
 Grapevines 14,232 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$55,329 
 . 1,767 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 22,438 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 39,065 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 419,350 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,763 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 25,070 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 990 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $104,523 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 81,559 00 
 
 Total $186,082 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7,533 
 
 Sheep 5,732 
 
 Hogs 16,380 
 
 Horses 4,199 
 
 Mules 2,385 
 
 Asses and burros .... Ill 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 235 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 Population iu 11)00, 12,930; population in 1890, 11,- 
 471. This county borders on Alabama, and has an area 
 of about 720 square miles. It is drained by Buffalo, 
 Beech, and Cypress Creeks. Its surface is generally hilly. 
 It is a splendid fruit-growing county. The forest 
 growth is of hickory, ash, oak, poplar, maple, pinei, and 
 tulip. There is considerable timber in the county. 
 Limestone and iron ore are found in, paying (luant.ities. 
 Freestone springs are numerous. The staple products are 
 cotton, corn, wheat, cattle, and pork. 
 
 ■ Waynesboro, the county seat, is about 90 miles south- 
 west of Nashville. It has good schools, churches, a weekly 
 newspaper, and a nmnber of mercantile establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in, 1900 was $2.25 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 56; capital employed, $1,747,681; amoim.t of wages paid 
 during the year, $167,287 ; number of farms, 1,717 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 2ol,70S ; number of acres improved, 62,488 ; 
 value of buildings, $282,520; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $84,550 ; value of live stock, $445,- 
 216; value of products not fed to, live stock, $495,152; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $23,260; 
 total value of land and im]>rovements, except buildings, 
 $984,250. 
 
236 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGBICUXTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKI.S. 
 
 Corn 543,080 
 
 Wheat 28,230 
 
 Oats 8,320 
 
 Other cereals 1,025 
 
 Potatoes 4,059 
 
 S'-veet potatoes 6,789 
 
 Onions 801 
 
 Beans 320 
 
 Peas 8,604 
 
 Value other vegetables .$17,494 
 
 Peanuts 9,788 
 
 Apples 44,091 
 
 Cherries 1 
 
 Peaches 43 
 
 Pears 230 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 886 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 10 
 
 Millet 334 
 
 Clover 619 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 404 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Giains cut green for hay 514 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,030 
 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 10 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 19,797 
 
 Cotton (bales) 201 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 2,580 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 710 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 19,160 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 11,733 
 
 Cider (barrels) 18 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... & 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRKES. 
 
 Apple 47,034 
 
 Cherry 308 
 
 Peach 33,335 
 
 Pear 1,668 
 
 Plum and prune .... 10,290 
 
 Grapevines 898 
 
 Value forest products . .$61,959 
 
 Value of small fruits . . 90 
 
 POULTRY AND BEE 5. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 11,866 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 24,785 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 150,640 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,337 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 24,390 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 2,000 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 77,409 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 61,081 00 
 
 Total $138,490 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 7.320 
 
 Sheep 4,680 
 
 Hogs 18,283 
 
 Horses 2,049 
 
 Mules 2,687 
 
 Asses and burros .... Ill 
 
Handiioox of Tennessee. 237 
 
 WHITE COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1000, 14,157: population iu 1890, !:>,- 
 384. This connty has an area of 300 square miles, and 
 is drained by the Caney Fork River, Fallinu' Water Creek, 
 and Calf Killer Creek. The snrfaee is uneven and is ex- 
 tensively covered with forests of ash, hickory, maple, 
 heech, cherry, oak, and walnnt. The soil is fertile. The 
 sta]ile p'rodncts are corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and hoe's. 
 The Bon Air (^oal Mines are located in this county, and 
 are amoni!,- th.e best in the State. The Nashville, Cliatta- 
 noo2:a and St. Lonis Railway traverses the connty. Tlie 
 averag'e price of improved land is about $15 per acre: 
 there is plenty of nniniproved land in the connty for sale 
 from about $5 to $10 per acre. The supply of timber and. 
 the excellent water power oifer inducements for the in- 
 vestment of capital in sawmills, stave and handle factories, 
 and other wood-workino- establishments. 
 
 Sparta, the county seat, is located on a branch of the 
 Nashville, Chattanooga and St-. Louis Railway, aljout .'> 
 miles from the Cumberland Mountain. Fine coal mines 
 are operated near the town. It hks churches, schools, two 
 weekly newspapers, a national bank, and a number of flour- 
 ishing mercantile establishments. Its population in 1900 
 was 895. 
 
 The average assessed A^alue of land iu 1000 was $4.3*^ 
 per acre. 
 
 Nuuiber of manufacturing establisluueuts iu the county, 
 43; capital employed, $226,010; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $39,738 ; number of farms, 1,794; num- 
 l)er of acres, 182,104; number of acres improved, 97,324; 
 value of buildings, $410,000: value of farming- imple- 
 ments and machinery, $110,310; value of live stock, 
 $478,787; value of products not fed to live stock, $601,- 
 80-1- : amount paid for farm labor during the year, $24,- 
 730: total value of land and improvements, except build 
 ings, $1,248,310. 
 
238 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 508,690 
 
 Wheat 74.050 
 
 Oats 22,840 
 
 Other cereals 400 
 
 Potatoes 8,107 
 
 Sweet potatoes 12,435 
 
 Onions 652 
 
 Beans 605 
 
 Peas 5,376 
 
 Value other vegetables .$27,137 
 
 Grass seed 387 
 
 Peanuts 70 
 
 Apples 139,042 
 
 Cherries 54 
 
 Peaches 378 
 
 Pears 125 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 886 
 
 T.i.NS. 
 
 Wild grasses 88 
 
 Millet 730 
 
 Clover 2b8 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 655 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,356 
 Other forage crops . . . 2,000 
 
 Cotton (bales) 7 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 33,820 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 2,480 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . .137,660 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 73,504 
 
 Wine (gallons) 218 
 
 Ciaer (barrels) 90 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 52 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 129,447 
 
 Cherry 1,906 
 
 Peach 25,211 
 
 Pear 1,191 
 
 Plum and prune 6,595 
 
 Grapevines 7,312 
 
 Value forest products . . $50,201 
 Value of small fruits . . 892 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 15,262 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 33,113 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 235,150 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7,646 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 46,250 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 790 
 
 VAI.UE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $102,744 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered #. . . 65,643 00 
 
 Total $168,387 00 
 
 LI'V'F STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 8,603 
 
 Sheep 5,096 
 
 Hogs 18.682 
 
 Horses 3,443 
 
 lyiules 1,806 
 
 Asses and burros .... 70 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 239 
 
 WILLIAMSON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 26,429; population in 1890, 26,- 
 321. This conntj has an area of 550 square miles, and is 
 drained by Harpeth River. Its surface is liilly, and the 
 soil is very fertile. It has a fine growth of timber, com- 
 prising ash, oak, hickory, maple, poplar, beech, and wal- 
 nut. AVheat, corn, oats, cotton, cattle, sheep, and liogs 
 are the staple products. 
 
 Franklin, the county seat, is situated on the Louisville 
 f.nd Nashville llailroad and Harpeth River. It is a pro- 
 gressive city, and has fine churches, good schools (both 
 public and private), two newspapers, two national banks, 
 several manufacturing establishments, and nmnerous ware^ 
 houses. The bloody battle of Franklin was fought near 
 this place on November 30, 1864. The population of the 
 town in 1900 was 2,180. 
 
 The average assessed va]ue of land in 1900 was $11.94 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 83; capital employed, $269,494; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $41,272; number of farms, 3,152; num- 
 ber of acres, 340,886 ; number of acres improved, 182,- 
 179 ; value of buildings, $1,610,980 ; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $345,200 ; value of live stock, 
 $1,234,082 ; value of products not fed tO' live stock, $1,- 
 646,293; amount paid for farm labor dui*ing the year, 
 $155,590; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $6,046,420. 
 
240 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL. PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,237,570 
 
 Wheat 686,510 
 
 Oats 49.030 
 
 Other cereals 3,550 
 
 Potatoes 29,337 
 
 Sweet potatoes 8.448 
 
 Onions 1,083 
 
 Beans 373 
 
 Peas 8,111 
 
 Value other vegetables .$48,375 
 
 Clover seed 23 
 
 Other grass seed .... 44,229 
 
 Peanuts 107 
 
 Apples 44,940 
 
 Cherries 448 
 
 Peaches 1.364 
 
 Pears 2.558 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 773 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 14 
 
 Millet 2,479 
 
 Clover 4,424 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,660 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,492 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,908 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 248 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 28,497 
 
 Cotton (bales) 2S* 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .129,520 
 Broom corn (pounds) .471,440 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 7,750 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 20,331 
 
 Wine (gallons) 160 
 
 Cider (barrels) 147 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 47 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRKKS. 
 
 Apple 114,500 
 
 Cherrv 45,770 
 
 Peach 22,004 
 
 Pear 19,730 
 
 Plum and prune .... 3,179 
 Grapevines 3,483 
 
 Value forest products . .$61,741 
 Value of small fruits . . 1,741 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 38,112 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 65,980 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 536,380 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,251 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 25,050 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 810 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $207,372 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 157,932 00 
 
 Total $365,304 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 15,451 
 
 Sheep 11,222 
 
 Hogs 30,390 
 
 Horses 8,200 
 
 Mules 6,153 
 
 Asses and burros .... 299 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 241 
 
 WILSOX COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 27,078; population in 1890, 27,- 
 148. This county has an area of 5-36 sqiuire miles, and is 
 hounded on the north h\ tlie C^unherland River. It is one 
 of the feAv counties that have cedar timber left in them. 
 The soil is very fertile in many parts of the county, and 
 blue grass grows spontaneously throughout the count3^ It 
 is one of tlie best stock-producing counties in the State, and 
 has a considerable supply of ash and cedar timber. The 
 staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, cattle, 
 hogs, butter, and pork. The coiinjty is traversed by the 
 N^ashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Kailway and the 
 Tennessee Central Railroad. 
 
 Lebanon, the coiinty seat, is situat.ed at the eastern ter- 
 minus of the Lebanon branch of the Nashville, Chatta- 
 nooga and St. Louis Railway and on the Tennessee 
 Central Railroad. Cumberland TTniversity, one of the 
 leading educational institutions of the South, is situated 
 at tliis place. It also has a splendid seminary for the edu- 
 cation of young ladies and one of the finest training schools 
 for boys in the South. The schools (botli public and pri- 
 vate) are first-class. It has two newspapers, numerous 
 business houses, national banks, manufacturing establish- 
 ments, and a first-class electric light plant. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $11. 4H 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTumlier of manufacturing establislmients in the county, 
 93 ; capital employed, $135,611 ; amouiit of wages paid 
 during the year, $31,997; number of farms, 3,880; num- 
 ber of acres, 364,731 ; nnmbeir of acres improved, 202,990 ; 
 value of buildings, $1,577,260; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $323,140; value of live stock, 
 $1,598,047; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 776.404; amount paid for fainn labor during the year, 
 $83.090 ; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $4,851,850. 
 
242 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGEICtlLTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,353,820 
 
 Wheat 273,120 
 
 Oats 61,940 
 
 Other cereals 3,405 
 
 Potatoes 15,284 
 
 Sweet potatoes 25,783 
 
 Onions 1,549 
 
 Beans 126 
 
 Peas 19,330 
 
 Value other vegetables . $63,16? 
 
 Clover seed 69 
 
 Other grass seed .... 1,581 
 
 Peanuts 18 
 
 Apples 86,652 
 
 Cherries 1,350 
 
 Peaches 9,948 
 
 Pears 6,323 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 4,806 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 189 
 
 Millet 4,173 
 
 Clover 3,205 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 4,581 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 4,003 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 6,374 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 613 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 41,648 
 
 Cotton (bales) 5 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 13,380 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 3,770 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 4,750 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 42,251 
 
 Wine (gallons) 507 
 
 Cider (barrels) 196 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . . 120 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 195,085 
 
 Cherry 4,712 
 
 Peach 36,398 
 
 Pear 10,482 
 
 Plum and prune .... 11,886 
 
 Grapevines 7,299 
 
 Value forest products .$116,124 
 Value of small fruits . . 2,692 
 
 POITLTRT AND BKES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 55,568 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 101,355 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 1,115,530 
 
 Value of bees on hand 7,389 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 32,640 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 850 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $463,547 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 183,962 00 
 
 Total $647,509 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 21,365 
 
 Sheep 23,159 
 
 Hogs 47,398 
 
 Horses 10,237 
 
 Mules 7,239 
 
 Asses and burros .... 1,048 
 
HaNDDOOK of 'rKX.XF.SSKlO. 243 
 
 WEST TENNESSEE 
 
 BEISTTO^T COimXY. 
 
 Popnlaiion, in 1000, 11,888; population in 1890, i 1,- 
 230. This county has an area of 412 square miles, and 
 is hounded on the east by the Tennessee River ; on the 
 north\\'est, by the Big Sand}'- Eiver. Considerahle forests 
 of tinil)er are still to be found in tJie county, consisting 
 lai-gel_y of oak, hickory, gaim, cypress, and ash. The sur- 
 face is level and generally fertile. The average price of 
 improved land is aliout $8 per acre; there is much ini- 
 inijiro'^^ed land for sale in the coiuity at an average ]Di'ice 
 of $3 per acre. There is an opportiUnity for the in\'est- 
 ment of capital in the timber business. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Xashville, C'hattamwga and St. Louis 
 Railway. 
 
 Canulen, the county seat, is located (Ui the Xashville, 
 C'hattanooga and St. Louis Railway, 87 miles west of 
 Xashville. It has good schools, churches, a weekly news- 
 paper, a bank, and a nmnber of flourishing mercantile es- 
 tablishments. Its population in 1900 was 399. 
 
 Xumber of manufactui'ing establishments in the county, 
 35 ; capital employed, $66,606 ; amomit of wages paid 
 during the year, $10,420; number of farms, 1,916; num- 
 ber of acres, 204,047 ; numl')er of acres improved, 70,420 ; 
 value of buildings, $294,930 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machineiy, $77,710; value of live stock, $444,- 
 690 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $600,840 ; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $10,570 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 ••$876,720. 
 
244 
 
 Handbook of Tenxessei 
 
 AGKICULXrRAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 625,450 
 
 Wheat 16,860 
 
 Oats 9,270 
 
 Other cereals 10 
 
 Potatoes 10,488 
 
 Sweet potatoes 341 
 
 Onions 1,031 
 
 Beans 126 
 
 Peas 3,507 
 
 Value other vegetables .$26,420 
 
 Peanuts 148,378 
 
 Apples 13,684 
 
 Cherries 92 
 
 Peaches 220 
 
 Pears 200 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 251 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 8 
 
 Millet 1,001 
 
 Clover . 87 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 420 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 3,690^ 
 Other forage crops . . . 242 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 15,785 
 
 Cotton (bales) 428 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .114,760 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 50 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 6,050 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 40,515 
 
 Wine (gallons) 19 
 
 Cider (barrels) 118 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 79 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TRKES. 
 
 Apple 38,003 
 
 Cherry 3,369 
 
 Peach 32,720 
 
 Pear ' . . . 1,435 
 
 Plum and prune .... 4,138 
 
 Grapevines 10,397 
 
 Value forest products .$116,191 
 Value of small fruits . . 861 
 
 POULTBY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 17,393 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 28,559 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 329,390 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,254 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 18,180 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,260 
 
 VALUE OF ANIAIAL PRODUCTS !• OR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 47,954 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 67,478 00 
 
 Total $115,432 00 
 
 T.IVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 6,554 
 
 Sheep 3,330 
 
 Hogs i.,117 
 
 Horses 2,050 
 
 Mules 2,360 
 
 Asses and burros .... 38 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 245 
 
 CAKKOLL COimTY. 
 
 Popiiltition in 1900, 24,250; population in 1890, 23,- 
 630. This coimtj has an area of 600 square miles, and is 
 intersected h\ the Big Sandy River and drained bv the 
 South Fork of the Obion River. Its surface is generally 
 le^'el, and there are considerable quantities of timber still 
 left in tlie county, consisting of oak, hickory, poplar, and 
 chestnut. The vestern half of the county has fine farm- 
 ing lands, -while tlie eastern part is hillv, with good lands 
 in the creek and river bottoms. The average price of im- 
 ])roved land is about $12 per acre; unimpiroved land, about 
 $5 per acre. Corn, cotton, wheat, pork, oats, and fruits 
 are the staple products. Fruit growing and poultry rais- 
 ing are ]>rofitable industries in portions of the county, 
 espeeially in the vicinity of the flourishing towns of Me- 
 Kenzie and Trezevant. 
 
 Huntingdon,, the county seat, is situated on the Xash- 
 ville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. The Sonth- 
 ern ^"ormal Fniversity is situated at this place. The 
 t' Avn has two newspapers, good schools, a bank, water- 
 M'oi'ks, electric lights, telephones, various churches, and 
 good hotel accommodations. It has a number of flourish- 
 ing mercantile establishments. Its population in, 1900 
 was 1,332. 
 
 i\rcKenzie, located at the intersection of the Nashville, 
 Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway and the Louisville 
 aud [NTashville Railroad, is quite au educational center. 
 Bethel College is located at tliis point. There are excel- 
 lent public and private schools, with churches of various 
 denominations, a bank, a newspaper, and numerous pros- 
 perous mercantile establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $6 
 per acre. 
 
 jSTumber of manufacturing establisliments in the countv, 
 91; capital employed, $246,531; amoimt of wages paid 
 ■during the year, $47,301 ; number of farms, 3,785 ; num- 
 
246 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 ber of acres, 320,326; uimiber of acres improved, 173,- 
 287; value of buildings, $738,340; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $227,620; value of live stock, 
 $007,575) ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 278,611 ; amount paid for farm labor during the veav, 
 $32,940 ; total value of land and impirovements, except 
 buildings, $1,977,500. 
 
 AGBICTJLTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKI.S. 
 
 Corn 1,161,130 
 
 Wheat 105,880 
 
 Oats 12,590 
 
 Other cereals 470 
 
 Potatoes 6,506 
 
 Sweet potatoes 24,029 
 
 Onions 553 
 
 Beans 128 
 
 Peas 31,861 
 
 Value other vegetables .$41,764 
 
 Peanuts 2,812 
 
 Apples 28,740 
 
 Cherries 232 
 
 Peaches 91 
 
 Pears 279 
 
 Plums and prunes . . 1,99S 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 37 
 
 Millet 99 
 
 Clover 410 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,005 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 8,214 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 
 Cocton (bales) .... 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . , 
 
 TONS. 
 
 1,746 
 8 
 
 42,902 
 
 6,571 
 
 85,020 
 
 3,0zU 
 
 2,240 
 
 35,945 
 
 177 
 
 238 
 
 126 
 
 NUMBER OV FKUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 66,275 
 
 Cherry 5,051 
 
 Peach 57,450 
 
 Pear 3,820 
 
 Plum and prune .... 8,209 
 
 Grapevines . 5,077 
 
 Value forest products .$102,673 
 Value of small fruits . . 9,389 
 
 POt'LTRY ANT> BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 40,417 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 75,227 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 442,360 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,529 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 21,390 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1.160 
 
 VALUE OF ANTMAJL PRODUi'TS FOR 1899. 
 
 l.ive animals sold $107,427 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 150,001 00 
 
 Total $257,428 00 
 
 LIVE. STOCK ON HAND, 
 
 Cattle 12,849 
 
 Sheep 4,625 
 
 Hogs 33,668 
 
 Horses o,»j-3 
 
 Mules 4,110 
 
 Asses and burros .... 88 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 247 
 
 CHESTER C0U:N'TY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 9,896; population in 1890, 9,069. 
 This county is situated on the Ingiilands of West Ten- 
 nessee, in the southwestern part of the State. It has au 
 area of 288 square miles. It is -watered by the Soutli 
 Fork of Forked Deer River, which traverses the entire 
 width of the county. It is intersected by the Mobile and 
 Ohio Railroad, which gives it railroad facilities to all parts 
 of the country. The soil is sandy and very fertile. All 
 cro]is adapted to tliat section are gTowo^i, but cotton is 
 tlie leading staple. Attention is being paid to fruit and 
 vegetable culture. The eo'Unty is well timbered, and till- 
 able land ranges from $6 to $10 per acre. Several vil- 
 lages are situated in different parts of the county. 
 
 Henderson, the county seat, is located on the ]\Iobile 
 and Ohio Railroad, and is a flourishing town, noted for its 
 educational facilities, hustling business men, and thrifty 
 citizenship. It has tw^o weekly new^spapers, two banks, 
 splendid schools and churches, several factories, and a 
 number of mercantile establishments. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.0-2 
 per acre. 
 
 jSTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 48; capital employed, $78,911; amount of wages iiaid 
 during the year, $21,217; number of farms, 1,603; num- 
 ber of acres, 152,148; number of acres improved, 55,270; 
 value of buildings, $251,-350; value of farming imple^ 
 raents and machinery, $88,790 ; value of live stock, $371,- 
 713; value of products not fed to live stock, $532,16^; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $11,650 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $676,500. 
 
248 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 AGRICUiTUKAL. PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 409,330 
 
 Wheat i6,880 
 
 Oats 14,8d0 
 
 Other cereals 450 
 
 Potatoes 4,165 
 
 Sweet potatoes 7,909 
 
 Onions 423 
 
 Beans 110 
 
 Peas 6,498 
 
 Value other vegetables .$15,864 
 
 Peanuts 203 
 
 Apples 5,617 
 
 Cherries 39 
 
 Peaches 14 
 
 Pears 118 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 386 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 
 
 TONS. 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 163 
 
 767 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 1,666 
 1,428 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 22,026 
 
 Cotton (bales) 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 3,985 
 
 4,210 
 
 2,340 
 
 760 
 
 20,228 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 18,314 
 
 Cherry 606 
 
 Peach 18,107 
 
 Pear • • • ■ 633 
 
 Plum and prune .... 924 
 
 Grapevines 3,203 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$42,945 
 . 2,323 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 13,954 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 22,501 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 225,180 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,327 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 12,620 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 230 
 
 VAUUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 38,748 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 65,192 00 
 
 Total $103,940 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 €attle 5,771 
 
 Sheep 3,391 
 
 Hogs 14,129 
 
 Horses 2,177 
 
 Mules 1,603 
 
 Asses and burros .... 33 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 249 
 
 CROCKETT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 15,867 ; population in 1890, 15,- 
 146. This county, situated about the center of West Ten- 
 nessee, has an area of 275 square miles, is oblong in form, 
 and is drained bv the South Fork and the Middle Fork 
 of Forked Deer River. Cypress Creek and Beech Creek 
 run north across the east end of the county, and Big Black 
 Creek runs northwesterly from Johnson's Grove to Chestr 
 nut Blutf. Along these rivers and creeks fine forests of 
 red oak, white oak, gum, cypress, hickory, and ash timber 
 still grow. The soil in the eastern portions of the county 
 is sandy loam and sandy clay, peculiarly adapted to the 
 production of fruits and vegetables. The soil in the mid- 
 dle and ^\'estern portions of the connty is very rich, and 
 the land' lies level. It is well adapted to the growing of 
 wlieat, oats, corn, potatoes, sorghum, and all grasses. The 
 farms are small and usually o\A'neid by the occupants. The 
 health of the people is good, and most of them are pros- 
 perous and happy. 
 
 Alamo, the county seat, is situated 6 miles from the 
 Louisville and Nashville Railroad. It has a fine court- 
 house and jail, several stores, a bank, a, newspaper, three 
 churches, a good school, and several manufacturing estab- 
 lishments. 
 
 Bells is the largest town in the county, 70 miles from 
 Memphis, on the lyouisville and JSTashville Railroad. It 
 has a fine school, several churches, a bank, a newspaper, 
 a good rolling mill, a sawmill, and several general stores 
 and groceries. 
 
 Gadsden, a station on the Louisville and Nashville 
 Railroad, 77 miles from Memphis, was first to engage in 
 the production of fruits and vegetables, and is noted as a 
 shipping point for these commodities. It has three 
 churches, good schools, and several stores. 
 
 Crockett Mills has the largest rolling mill in the county. 
 
 Maury City, 7 miles west of Alamo, has a fine schooL 
 
250 Handbook of Tei^nessee. 
 
 several churches, a fine rolling mill, a sawmill, and sev- 
 eral stores. 
 
 Friendship, 13 miles northwest of Alamo, has three 
 •churches, good schools, and a line mill. 
 
 Chestnut Bluff is a small town, 13 miles west of Alamo, 
 and has several business houses, two churches, a good 
 scliool, and is surrounded by verv fertile soil and pro- 
 gressive people. 
 
 The average price of improved land is $12.50 per acre. 
 There is but little unimproved land in the county; tliis 
 is generally in the lowlands along the river. There are 
 opportunities for profitable investmetnts in timber. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $7.16 
 per acre. 
 
 l^umber of manirfacturing establisliments in the county, 
 54; capital employed, $112,945; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $17,081; number of farms, 2,567; num- 
 ber of acres, 151,499; number of acres improved, 97,184; 
 value of buildings, $648,600; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $202,070 ; value of live stock, 
 $754,131 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,009,- 
 796; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $35,- 
 810; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,465,680. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 251 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHKLS. 
 
 Corn 816,176 
 
 .Wheat 80,790 
 
 Oats 21,830 
 
 Other cereals 70 
 
 Potatoes 17,291 
 
 Sweet potatoes 17,138 
 
 Onions 1,448 
 
 Beans 614 
 
 Peas 13,897 
 
 Value other vegetables .$47,257 
 
 Clover seed 55 
 
 Peanuts 236 
 
 Apples 9,663 
 
 Cherries 8 
 
 Peaches 98 
 
 Pears 63 
 
 Plums and prunes .... 1,385 
 
 T0N8. 
 
 Wild grasses 13 
 
 Millet 608 
 
 Clover 523 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 3,617 
 
 TON*. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,337 
 Other forage crops . . . 2,224 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 534 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 20,725 
 
 Cotton (bales) 6,335 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 11,180 
 
 hircom corn (pounds) . . 5,510 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 530 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 5,600 
 
 Wine (gallons) 11 
 
 Cider (barrels) 28 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 10 
 
 NUMBER OF FKUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 41,884 
 
 Cherry 1,555 
 
 Peach 29,333 
 
 Pear 1,158 
 
 Plum and prune 11,729 
 
 Grapevines 921 
 
 Value forest products .$49,251 
 Value of small fruits . . 35,174 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 30,019 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 53,208 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 379,190 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,386 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 14,580 -""' 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 840 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $103,464 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 107,169 00 
 
 Total $210,633 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 11,637 
 
 Sheep 2,426 
 
 Hogs 26,196 
 
 Horses . " 5,205 
 
 Mules 2,359 
 
 Asses and burros .... 91 
 
252 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 DECATUE COimTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,439 ; population in 1890, 8,995. 
 This county has an area of 310 square miles, and is' 
 bounded on the east and south by the Tennessee River and 
 intersected by Beech Creeik. The surface is compara- 
 tively level, and is covered with a. fine gTowth of timber. 
 Some of the finest iron ore in the State is found in this 
 county. There is a large deposit of liigh-gTade phosphate 
 rock in paying quantities in shipping distance of the rail- 
 road ; also numerous deposits of coal, kaolin, etc. Phos- 
 phate is being mined and shipped by rail. Marble 
 and gTanite abound in several localities in paying quan- 
 tities. There are also deposits of both red and yell; w 
 pcher, and some indications of lead. Corn, cotton, and 
 liogs are the staple products. There are some fine stock 
 farms in the coim^ty, and a large part of the land is well 
 adapted to the growth of timber. The average price of 
 improved land is from $10 to $30 per acre; there is con- 
 siderable unimproved land in the county at from $.5 to 
 $10 per acre. 
 
 Decatuiwille, the county seat, is located 5 miles west 
 of the Tennessee Kiver and 5 miles sonth of the jSTash- 
 ville, Ohaltanooga and St. Louis Railway. It has 
 churches, schools, one bank, and a weekly newspaper. 
 
 Parsons is the principal business point on the railroad. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.49 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 38 ; capital employed, $75,661 ; amount of wages paid dur- 
 ing the year, $13,948 ; number of farms, 1,819 ; nmnber 
 of acres, 180,457; number of acres improved, 57,091; 
 value of buildings, $245,040 ; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $76,450; value of live stock, $376,- 
 280; value of products not fed to live stock, $601,808; 
 amount paid for fann labor during the year, $16,810; 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 253 
 
 total A^alue of land and iniprovemeints, except build ini>s, 
 
 $918,970. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHhLS. 
 
 Corn 634,920 
 
 Wheat 13,040 
 
 Oats 5,550 
 
 Potatoes 7,009 
 
 Sweet potatoes 7,280 
 
 Onions 1,325 
 
 Beans 126 
 
 Peas 4,556 
 
 Value other vegetables .$25,648 
 
 Clover seed 3 
 
 Peanuts 77,962 
 
 Apples 15,811 
 
 Cherries 26 
 
 Peaches 2,915 
 
 Pears 110 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,604 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 8 
 
 Millet 201 
 
 Clover 121 
 
 Other cultivated gi'asses 579 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 955 
 
 Other forage crops 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 TONS. 
 
 112 
 6 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 19,438 
 
 Cotton (bales) 
 Tobacco (pounds) . , 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Diied fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 1,688 
 
 3,450 
 
 2,140 
 
 2,850 
 
 22,030 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 NUMBEll OP FUUIT TKEES. 
 
 Apple 25,995 
 
 Cherry 963 
 
 Peach 30,578 
 
 Pear 1,083 
 
 Plum and prune .... 21,726 
 Giapevines 1,033 
 
 Value forest products . .$67,132 
 Value of small fruits . . 230 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 13,995 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 25,761 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 235,170 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,029 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 12,050 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 690 
 
 VALUE OF AM5IAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 55,043 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 71,816 00 
 
 Total $126,859 00 
 
 LIVK STOCK ON H.VND. 
 
 •Cattle 5,161 
 
 Sheep 2,889 
 
 Hogs 19,640 
 
 Horses 1,736 
 
 Mules 2,052 
 
 Asses and burros .... 28 
 
254 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 DYER COUXTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 23,776 ; population in 1890, 19,- 
 878. This county has an area of 495 square miles, and 
 is bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It is 
 watered by five rivers and numerous creeks. It is hilly, 
 rollinii', and level, and is one of the most fertile coun- 
 ties in the State. It is well adapted to the growth of ce- 
 reals, cotton, tubers, and almost any other crop gTowinu' 
 in the State. The climate is liealtliful, and it is a desir- 
 able country in which to reside. There is considerable 
 limber in the county. There are fine gTazing lands for cat- 
 tle and stock. The Illinois Central Railroad runs through 
 the county. It has numerous churches, good schools, 
 and rich lands adapted to the raising of all kinds of crops. 
 It has an abundant supply of w^ater, and is a splendid stock 
 country. The staple products are com, cotton, tobacco, 
 pork, wheat, potatoes, hay, and lumber. The o]>]>ortimi- 
 ties for investment in manufacturing from hardwood are 
 excellent. The price of improved land ranges from $10 
 tx) $50 per acre; the average price of unimproved hnid 
 varies from $6 to $25 per acre. 
 
 Dyersbnrg, the county seat, is situated on the Forked 
 Deer River at the intersection of the river and the railroad, 
 76 miles north of Memnhis. It is a manufacturing town. 
 Its po'])ulation in 1900 was 3,647 ; it is now estimated to be 
 4,500. It has churches, good schools, banks, two weekl%- 
 newspapers, and all the appurtenances of a prosperous, 
 growing town. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $8.11 
 per acre. 
 
 jSTumber of maiiufactui-ing establishments in the county, 
 70; capital employed, $746,213; amo'imt of Avages paid 
 during the year, $154,183 ; number of farms, 2,861 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 212,214; number of acres improved, 125,- 
 576; value of buildings, $864,810; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $249,170; value of live stock, 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 255 
 
 $1,063,128 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 340,4-53 ; amount paid for farm la,bor during the year, 
 $60,290 ; total value of land and improvements, except 
 luiildings, $3,108,570. 
 
 AGKICUI.XrRAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,449,000 
 
 Wheat 337.290 
 
 Oats 31.660 
 
 Other cereals 390 
 
 Potatoes 10,780 
 
 Sweet potatoes 11,795 
 
 Onions 413 
 
 Beans 185 
 
 Peas 2,059 
 
 Value other vegetables .$33,628 
 
 Clover seed 115 
 
 Peanuts 616 
 
 Apples 1.^29 
 
 Cherries 10 
 
 Peaches 23 
 
 Pears 170 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 2V0 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 4 
 
 Millet 69 
 
 Clover 4,142 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,220 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,939 
 Other forage crops . . . 893 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 88 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 13,269 
 
 Cotton (bales) 8,526 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .282,820 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 750 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 14,685 
 
 Wine (gallons) 14 
 
 Cider (barrels) 2 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 2 
 
 NUMBKK OF FRUIT TKEES. 
 
 Apple 26,142 
 
 Cherry 570 
 
 Peach 22,217 
 
 Pear 1,253 
 
 Plum and prune 1,991 
 
 Grapevines ....... 3,216 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$75,055 
 . 1,371 
 
 POULTEY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 41,253 GO 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 57,113 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 423,700 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,012 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 15,200 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 750 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $166,241 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 11,755 00 
 
 Total $177,996 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HANI* 
 
 Cattle 19,478 
 
 Sheep 2,730 
 
 Hogs 30,577 
 
 Horses 5,92? 
 
 Mules 4,155 
 
 Asses and burros ... 89' 
 
25b Hai^dbook of Texxessee. 
 
 FAYETTE COUXTY. 
 
 Population in 1900. 29,701; population in 1890, 28.- 
 878. This county borders on the State of Mississippi, 
 and has an area of 630 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Loosahatchie River and the WoK River. The surface is 
 generally level and in many localities well timbered. Be- 
 fore tlie (^i\dl War this was one of the leading cotton- 
 growing counties in the South, and that is still the staple 
 product of the county. It is well adapted to tlie growth 
 of fruit, being one of the best strawberry counties in tlie 
 South. The soil is very fertile. Cotton, com, fruit, an«i 
 pork are tlie staple products. The average price of im- 
 proved land ranges from $10 to $15 per acre. ]Much ol 
 the land, which has been exhausted in the cultivation ol 
 cotton, can be bought at a reasonable price and easily re- 
 stored. Stock raising in this county can be made a proiit- 
 able business in conjunction with the restoration of this 
 land. The Xashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Rail- 
 way ; tlie Southern Railway ; and the Louisville and Xasii- 
 ville Railroad traverse the county. 
 
 Somerville, the county seat, is located on the Lo<:)sa- 
 hatchie River. It has fine schools, good churches, banks, 
 two weekly newspapers, numerous mercantile establish- 
 ments, and is surroimded by rich cotton plantations. Its 
 population in 1900 was 777. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $5.89 
 per acre. 
 
 Xumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 52 ; capital employed, $90,579 ; amount of wages paid dur- 
 ing the year, $14,358 ; number of farms, 4,886 : nimiber 
 of acres, 380,121; number of acres improved, 205,741; 
 value of buildings, $821,110; value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $237,590 ; value of live stock, 
 $1,035,548 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1.- 
 816,226; amount paid for farm labor during the year. 
 
Haistdbook of Tennessee. 
 
 257 
 
 $59,120 ; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $2,4:75,680. 
 
 AGBICULTTJBAL, PRODLTCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 846,030 
 
 Wheat 2,320 
 
 Oats 13,260 
 
 Other cereals 52 
 
 Potatoes 13,376 
 
 Sweet potatoes 24,675 
 
 Onions 1,169 
 
 Beans , . 252 
 
 Peas 20,772 
 
 Value other vegetables .$52,586 
 
 Peanuts 87 
 
 Apples 7,192 
 
 Cherries 249 
 
 Peaches 9,062 
 
 Pears 514 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 4,613 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 706 
 
 Millet 97 
 
 Clover 61 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,544 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 2,774 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 
 Cotton (bales) . . . 
 Tobacco (pounds) . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 2,573 
 210 
 
 37,132 
 
 25,881 
 
 3,690 
 
 15,900 
 
 170 
 
 22,929 
 
 119 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 22,563 
 
 Cherry 1,914 
 
 Peach 49,351 
 
 Pear 4,335 
 
 Plum and prune .... 11,844 
 Grapevines 2,343 
 
 Value forest products . .$30,898 
 Value of small fruits . . 1,341 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 37,218 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 58,477 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 493,360 
 
 Value of bees on hand 1,833 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 10,560 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 530 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 64,512 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 129,881 00 
 
 Total $194,393 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 17,908 
 
 Sheep 2,048 
 
 Hogs 30,753 
 
 Horses 6,458 
 
 Mules 5,134 
 
 Asses and burros .... 35 
 
258 Ha^stdbook of Tennessee. 
 
 GIBSOisT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 39,408; population in 1890, 35,- 
 859. This county has an area of 615 square miles. It 
 is traversed by the Obion Hiver and the Forked Deer River. 
 Its surface is generally level, and it has a plentiful supply 
 of timber — cypress, gum, oak, hickory, and tulip. Its soil 
 is very fei-tile. The shipping facilities of the county are 
 excellent. Cotton, corn, wheat, grass, fiiiits, vegetables, 
 and hogs are the staple products. 
 
 Trejitou, the county seat, is situated on the Forked Deei- 
 River and the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. It has on^ of 
 the finest courtliouses in the State, a number of manufac- 
 turing establishments, good schools, churches, banks, and 
 flourishing mercantile establishments. The population of 
 the town in 1900 was 2,238. 
 
 Among the number of prosperous towns in this county 
 is Humboldt, with a population of 3,800, which is liic 
 center, of the fruit-gTowing and vegetable-growing section. 
 There were shipped from this point 297 car loads of toma- 
 toes during the year 1902. Strawberries, apples, peaches, 
 and other fruits, as well as vegetables, are gro^vn; and 
 shipped in large quantities in this section. Humboldt is 
 a considerable manufacturing town, with excellent school 
 facilities, good churches, a bank, a weekly newspaper, and 
 other appurtenances of a prosperous town. It is located 
 at the intersection of tlie Mobile and Ohio Railroad and 
 the Louisville and I^ashville Railroad. 
 
 Milan, which has a population of 1,682, has two weekly 
 newspapers, a bank, good schools and churches, and numer- 
 ous manufacturing establishments. It is located at the 
 intersection of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad and 
 the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 
 Dyer, with a population of 1,204, is located on the 
 Mobile and Ohio Railroad. It has a bank, a weeldy 
 newspaper, good schools and churches, and is one of the 
 most flourishing towns in the county. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 259 
 
 Portland, Rutherford, Bradford, Medina, Gibson, Bra- 
 zil, Eaton, JSTeboville, and Laneview are important towns 
 in this connty. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in liM)0 was $',).. >1 
 per acre. 
 
 T^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 153; capital employed, $773,381; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $282,872 ; number of farms, 5,486 ; nuui- 
 ber of acres, 354,011 ; number of acres improved, 234,- 
 310 ; value of buildings, $1,504,500 ; value of fanning 
 implements and machinery, $439,810; value of live stock, 
 $1,483,954; value of products not fed to live stock, $2.- 
 319,961 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $86,760; total value of land and .improvements, except 
 buildings, $4,233,760. 
 
 AGRTCLXTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Corn 1,988,480 
 
 Wheat 366,660 
 
 Oats 23,290 
 
 Other cereals 60 
 
 Potatoes 25,532 
 
 Sweet potatoes 30,678 
 
 Onions 1,542 
 
 Beans 1,006 
 
 Peas 47,016 
 
 Value other vegetables. $124,876 
 
 Clover seed 36 
 
 Peanuts 1,602 
 
 Apples 11,231 
 
 Cherries 148 
 
 Peaches 183 
 
 Pears 294 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 2,567 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 54 
 
 Millet 115 
 
 Clover 2,233 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 9,657 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 7,580- 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,165 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 676 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 39,328 
 
 Cotton (bales) 8,864 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 29,060 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 4,950 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 430 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 37,839 
 
 Wine (gallons) 482 
 
 Cider (barrels) 42 
 
 Vinegar (ban^els) ... 16 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 73,934 
 
 Cherry 3,856 
 
 Peach 51,054 
 
 Pear 6,784 
 
 Plum and prune .... 26,695 
 Grapevines 10,455 
 
 Value forest products .$ 92,039 
 Value of small fruits . 127,696 
 
260 Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 63,315 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899. 154,524 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 695,900 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,213 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 32,320 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899. 1,110 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODtXTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $226,672 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 215,152 00 
 
 Total $441,824 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 21,152 I Horses 10,769 
 
 Sheep 4,373 I Mules 5,469 
 
 Hogs 46,657 Asses and burros . . . 124 
 
 HARDEMAIvT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 22,976; population in 1890, 21,- 
 029. This county borders on Mississippi, and lias ani area 
 of 640 square miles. It is drained by the Big; Hatchie 
 River. Its surface is nearly level and in man.y localities, 
 covered with fine timber. The soil is very fertile, and it 
 is one of the best cotton-producing counties in the State. 
 The staple products are cotton, com, hay, coal, and timber. 
 The county is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad ; 
 the Southem Railway; and the Nashville, Chattanooga 
 and St. Louis Railway. 
 
 Bolivar, the county seat, is situated on the Big Hatchie 
 River and the Illinois Central Railroad, 18 miles south 
 of Jacksoui. The Hospital for the Insane of the western 
 division is located near Bolivar. The toA\ai has churches, 
 manufacturing establishments, two weekly newspapers, 
 good schools, and banks. The population of the iovm. in 
 1900 was 1,035. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $1.07 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in tlie county, 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 261 
 
 (i9 : capital employed, $111,920; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $45,679: number of farms, 3,296; num- 
 ber of acres, 348,521; number of acres improved, 130,- 
 594; value of buildings, $641,410; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $176,390; value of live stock, 
 $768,563; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,289,- 
 555 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $40,440 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,565,240. 
 
 AGRICULTUBAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 770,590 
 
 Wheat 10,580 
 
 Oats 9,930 
 
 Other cereals 250 
 
 Potatoes 9,867 
 
 Sweet potatoes .... 15,934 
 
 Onions 688 
 
 Beans 166 
 
 Peas 15,110 
 
 Value other vegetables .$44,009 
 
 Apples 10,345 
 
 Cherries 116 
 
 Peaches 1,164 
 
 Pears 611 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,303 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 184 
 
 Millet 122 
 
 Clover 256 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,413 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,865 
 
 Other forage crops 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 TON'S. 
 
 1.437 
 508 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 33,984 
 
 Cotton (bales) 13,197 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 2,620 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 3,420 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 920 
 urapes (pounds) . . . 25,367 
 Wine (gallons) .... 107 
 
 Cider (barrels) 27 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 18 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 29,906 
 
 Cherry 269 
 
 Peach 49,708 
 
 Pear 4,062 
 
 Plum and prune .... 17,034 
 Grapevines 4,379 
 
 Value forest products .$113,914 
 Value of small fruits . . 5,592 
 
 POULTRY ASD BEES. 
 
 Value Of poultry on hand $ 27,659 00 
 
 Value Of poultry raised in 1899 46,392 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 335,720 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,511 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 19,670 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 560 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 49,655 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 108,382 00 
 
 Total $158,037 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 14,721 I Horses 4,793 
 
 Sheep 6,095 
 
 Hogs 29,098 
 
 Mules 3,175 
 
 Asses and burros .... 59 
 
262 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 HARDIX COUNTY. 
 
 Population iu 1900, 19,246; jwpiilation in 1890, 17,- 
 098. Tliis county borders on Alabama and Mississippi, 
 and is intersected by the Tennessee Eiver, which passes 
 through the county from south to north and is navigable 
 all the year around. The western portion of the county is 
 generally level, while the eastern portion is hilly, with many 
 fertile valleys. Forests abound in the eastern part, consist- 
 ing of oak, hickory, poplar, yellow pine, ash, red gum, beech, 
 elm, and cypress. The staple products are corn, cotton, hogs, 
 and cattle. 
 
 ^Vt Savannah, the county seat, is located the Savannah 
 Institute. The institute building is one of the finest 
 school buildings in the State. Savannah is located on the 
 eastern bank of the Tennessee Eiver. It has a weekly news- 
 paper, a bank, good church and school buildings, good pul> 
 lic and private schools, and numerous mercantile establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Shiloh, one of the most noted battlefields of the Civil War, 
 is in tbis county, 8 miles south of Savannah, at Pittsburg 
 Landing, on the Tennessee River. Congress has established 
 a national park at this place, covering 2,000 acres, which is 
 being improved. 
 
 The average price of improved land is $15 per acre; 
 there is considerable unimproved land at from $1 to $2.50 
 ])er acre. The timber lands offer opportunities for profit- 
 able investment ; the low price of land, educational ad- 
 vantages, healthfulness of the climate, and the abundant 
 supply of j)ure water offer special inducements to home 
 seekers. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $4.20 per 
 acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 ()4 ; capital employed, $122,549; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $27,983; number of farms, 3,024; num- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 263 
 
 ber of acres, 258,720 ; number of acres improved, 102,- 
 635; value of buildings, $1:55,890; value of fanning 
 implements and machinery, $142,880; value of live stock, 
 $714,641:; value of products not fed to live stock, $950,- 
 366; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $17,- 
 030 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $1,601,180. 
 
 AGRICUXTUEAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Bl!SHELS. 1 TONS 
 
 Corn 1,058,950 Grains cut green for hay 1,599 
 
 Wheat 22,700 Other forage crops ... 506 
 
 Oats 4,870 Sorghum cane sold ... 70 
 
 Other cereals 50 ^ , . ^ ,, .„„„„. 
 
 Potatoes 3 457 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 20,994 
 
 Sweet potatoes ". ". *. '. '. 6J10 Cotton (bales) ..... 4,623 
 
 Onions 605 ! Tobacco (pounds) . . . 3,340 
 
 Beans .' .' . .' .' .' .' '. '. 96 Broom corn (pounds) . . 2,980 
 
 Pg^g ' ' g 021 I Dried fruits (pounds) . . 1,430 
 
 Value "other Vegetables !$23!213 , Gi'apes (pounds) .... 10,683 
 
 Wine (gallons) 3 
 
 Cider (barrels) 4 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 1 
 
 NUMBER OF FKUIT TREES. 
 
 Grass seed 75 
 
 Peanuts 2,294 
 
 Apples 11,743 
 
 Cherries 7 
 
 Peaches 368 Apple 34,646 
 
 Pears 106 Cherry 934 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 700 Peach 48,162 
 
 TONS i P®^^ ^'^'^'^ 
 
 „,., , „V Plum and prune .... 22,776 
 
 Wild grasses ...... 61 Qivaoevines 1 734 
 
 Millet 480 '^lape^mefe ±,io^ 
 
 Clover 310 Value forest products .$108,850 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 412 Value of smaU fruits . . 56 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 22,872 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 39,361 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 309,470 
 
 Value of bees on hand 5,694 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 21,340 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,070 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 95,646 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 107,178 00 
 
 Total $202,824 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 11,978 j Horses 3,611 
 
 Sheep 6,509 I Mules 4.108 
 
 Hogs 34,296 Asses and burros .... 91 
 
264 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 HAYWOOD COUI^TY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 25,189; population in 1890, 23,- 
 558. This country has an area of 570 square miles, and 
 is intersected by the Hatchie River and the Forked Deer 
 River. Its surface is nearly level, and there is an abun- 
 dant supply of timber. It is a fine cotton-growing county. 
 The soil is fertile and capable of great diversification of 
 crops. Fruit growing is a profitable business in the 
 county. The staple products are fruit, corn, cotton, grass, 
 and hogs. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad trav- 
 erses the county. 
 
 Brownsville, the county seat, is situated about 56 miles 
 northeast of Memphis, on the Louisville and ]^ashville 
 Railroad. It is a wide-awahe and progressive town, with 
 splendid schools, numerous churches, and considerable 
 manufacturing establislunents. It has two weekly new^s- 
 papers, excellent banking facilities, and over 25,000 bales 
 of cotton are shipped annually from this point. Its popu- 
 lation in 1900 was 2,645. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $6.12 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTumber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 85 ; capital employed, $294,547 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $62,030; number of farms, 3,653; num- 
 ber of acres, 259,160; number of acres improved, 155,- 
 549; value of buildings, $791,470; value of fanning 
 implements and machinery, $222,430 ; value of live stock, 
 $941,602 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,412,- 
 473 ; amount paid for farm labor during' the year, $42,- 
 640 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,157,470. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 265 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 802,040 
 
 Wheat 32,630 
 
 Oats 22,550 
 
 Other cereals 100 
 
 Potatoes 16,815 
 
 Sweet potatoes .... 13,897 
 
 Onions 102 
 
 Beans 270 
 
 Peas 14,153 
 
 Value other vegetables .$47,783 
 
 Clover seed 5 
 
 Peanuts 108 
 
 Apples 2,673 
 
 Chei-ries 22 
 
 Peaches 277 
 
 Pears 107 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 206 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 58 
 
 Millet 103 
 
 Clover . 380 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,863 
 
 Grains cut green for hay- 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 4,192 
 
 534 
 
 5 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 32,922 
 
 Cotton (bales) . . . . ; 15,914 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 2,990 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 380 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 20 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 20,815 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 22 
 
 Cider (barrels) 10 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 6 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 27,517 
 
 Cherry 1,200 
 
 Peach 30,880 
 
 Pear 2,238 
 
 Plum aarl prune .... 6,113 
 
 Grapevines 1,154 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$84,610 
 832 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 28,880 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 46,293 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 392,580 
 
 Value of bees on hand 1,741 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 14,020 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 240 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 76,002 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 110,459 00 
 
 Total $186,461 00 
 
 LIVE sroCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 15,550 
 
 Sheep 2,086 
 
 Hogs 23,953 
 
 Horses 5,929 
 
 Mules 3,450 
 
 Asses and burros .... 82 
 
266 Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 HElsTDERSON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 18,117; pop^ulation in 1890, 16,- 
 336. This county lias an area of 530 square miles. It 
 is drained by Beech Creek and Big Sandy River, both of 
 which empty into the Tennessee Kiver. The surface is 
 generally level, and there are considerable forests of oak, 
 beech, and gum in the county. The soil is verj^ fertile, 
 especially in the valleys and along the river bottoms. It 
 is a fine county for cotton cultiu-e. The staple prodncts 
 are cotton, com, grass, hogs, and mules. The average 
 price of improved land is $15 per acre; unimproved land, 
 about $5 per acre. 
 
 Lexington, the county seat, is situated near Beech River 
 and on the ISTashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Rail- 
 way, which traverses the county. It has churches, good 
 schools, a fine electric light plant, a large stave factoi^, 
 two newspapers, and a number of general stores. Tlie 
 population in 1900 was 1,332. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.75 
 per acre. 
 
 I^umber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 72; capital employed, $123,541; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $28,814; number of farms, 3,008 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 298,990; number of acres improved, 109,- 
 876; value of buildings, $362,370; value of farming im- 
 plements and machinery, $137,200 ; value of live stock, 
 $629,923 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $986,- 
 203 ; amount paid for farai labor during the year, 
 $20,410 ; total value of land and improvements, except 
 building-s, $1,138,900. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 267 
 
 AGRICULTt'BAL PRODTTCTS !• OR 1899. 
 
 BUSHRLS. 
 
 Corn 877,250 
 
 Wheat 26,910 
 
 Oats 10,690 
 
 Other cereals 60 
 
 Potatoes 7,465 
 
 Sweet potatoes 18,512 
 
 Onions 1,406 
 
 Beans 302 
 
 Peas 15,128 
 
 Value other vegetables .$33,724 
 
 Peanuts 4,834 
 
 Apples 20,211 
 
 Cherries 146 
 
 Peaches 120 
 
 Pears 216 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 3,001 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 9 
 
 Millet 47» 
 
 Clover •. . . . 535 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,428 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 3,399 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 
 Cotton (bales) . . . 
 Tobacco (pounds) . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 1,027 
 39 
 
 32,304 
 
 5,749 
 
 13,500 
 
 6,360 
 
 4,890 
 
 45,615 
 
 747 
 
 58 
 
 24 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 58,226 
 
 Cherry 2,534 
 
 Peach 54,540 
 
 Pear 2,056 
 
 Plum and prune .... 36,538 
 
 Grapevines 6,372 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$93,731 
 489 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 29,587 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 48,293 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 398,900 
 
 Value of bees on hand 3,982 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 19,060 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 960 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 70,927 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 121,236 00 
 
 Total $192,163 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 9,267 
 
 Sheep 4,836 
 
 Hogs 28.448 
 
 Horses 3,172 
 
 Mules 3,518 
 
 Asses and burros ... 56 
 
268 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 HEXRY COUA^TY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 24,208 ; population in 1890, 21,- 
 070. This county has an area of 580 square miles, and 
 is bounded on the east by the Tennessee River, Big Sandy 
 River, and Obion River; on the north, by the State of 
 Kentucky. The surface is g-onerally level, and has tine 
 timber in niany localities throughout the county. It has 
 a rich, loamy soil, and is well adapted to diversified farm- 
 ing. The crops that grow well are cotton, corn, wheat, 
 oats, fruit, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, clover, tomatoes, 
 stock peas, sorghum, peanuts, broom corni, and all kinds 
 of garden vegetables ; also all the liardy large and snuill 
 fruits. JMarket gardening and fruit culture are very prof- 
 itable. Tlie county is speciality adapted to, the raising and 
 shipping (if live stock, and large shipments are made 
 throughout the year. The poultry business is also profita- 
 ble. (Considerable land is being exhausted by the culti- 
 vation of corn, cotton, and tobacco. These lands can bo 
 bought at a very low price, and can be easily restored by 
 crops of peas and clover. The Louisville and J^ashville 
 Railroad and the jSTashville, (^hattanooga and St. Louis 
 Raih\'ay intersect the county. 
 
 Paris, the county seat, is situated at the intersection of 
 these railroads, and is one of the most progressive towns 
 in West Tennessee. It had a population of 2,018 under 
 the census of 1900, and it is estimated that there are over 
 2,000 people living in the suburl)s outside the corporate 
 limits. The Louisville and Xashville Railroad construc- 
 tion and repair shops have been located at this ]>oint, em- 
 ploying a large force, -with a monthly pay roll auiount- 
 ing to $30,000. Paris has churches of various denomina- 
 tions, first-class public and private schools, two weekly 
 newspapers, two banks, fine hotels, and numerous mer- 
 cantile establishments. It has an electric light plant, 
 waterworks, and telephone connections with all points. 
 
 Improved land can be bought at $10 per acre; un- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 269 
 
 improved land, with alioiit oiie-tliird in tiniher, averages 
 al:>out $10 per acre. There are excellent opportunities tor 
 investment in the county in potteries to work tlie Une 
 clavs (which abound in the county) into the various wares 
 which can be manufactured from these clays. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $().05 
 per acre. 
 
 j^uiiiber of manufacturing establishments in the connty,. 
 98; capital employed, $:^23,987; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $84,604 ; number of fanns, 3,540 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 320,948 ; number of acres improved, 172,809 ; 
 value of buildings, $892,540 ; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $252,220; value of live stock, 
 $933,018 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,328,- 
 399 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $42,- 
 920 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,593,340. 
 
 AGEICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,081.400 
 
 Wheat 218,180 
 
 Oats 18,220 
 
 Other cereals 2,420 
 
 Potatoes 8,505 
 
 Sweet potatoes 17,415 
 
 Onions 759 
 
 Beans 414 
 
 Peas 20,46S 
 
 Value other vegetables .$49,870 
 
 Clover seed 29 
 
 Peanuts 157 
 
 Apples 12,232 
 
 Cherries 158 
 
 Peaches 185 
 
 Pears 295 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 183 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 
 
 TONS. 
 
 243 
 
 363 
 
 2,969 
 
 1,942 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 6,162 
 
 417 
 
 27 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 43,792 
 
 Cotton (bales) 1,342 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .3,508,220 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 1,100 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 250 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 40,122 
 
 Wine (gallons) 412 
 
 Cider (barrels) 43 
 
 "Vinegar (barrels) ... 8 
 
 NUMBEK OP FRUIT TRRES. 
 
 Apple 57,027 
 
 Cherry 4,753 
 
 Peach 47,689 
 
 Pear 3,856 
 
 Plum and prune .... 5,001 
 Grapevines 8,21'! 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$70,985 
 . 2,597 
 
270 Handbook: of Tennessee. 
 
 POLI.TRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 33,890 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 58,085 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 447,020 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,643 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 22,200 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 840 
 
 YALVE OF ANIMAL PKODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold .' $167,187 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 130,182 00 
 
 Total $297,369 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 12,75& I Horses 5,712 
 
 Sheep 5,957 Mules 4,469 
 
 Hogs 35,270 Asses and burros ... 127 
 
 LAKE COUA^TY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 7,368 ; population in 1800, 5,301. 
 This county, tlio most northwestern county in the State, 
 has an area of 210 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 west Ijy the Mississippi Eiver ; on the east, by Reelfoot 
 Lake, one of the most remarkable fresh-water bodies in 
 x\.merica. The lake is 18 miles long and 7 miles in width. 
 It is really a submerged forest formed during an earth- 
 quake in the year 1811. It is fed by the following creeks : 
 Indian, Keelfoot, Pawpaw, an.d Brown's. The outlet is 
 the Reelfoot River, whicii empties into the Obion River. 
 The county is divided into two sections, the western half 
 being level and high, above the overflow froui the Missis- 
 sippi River, and in an advanced state of cultivation; the 
 southern half is more or less subject tO' overflow, trnd, 
 therefore, not so well improved. A fine growth of gmii, 
 Cottonwood, cypress, and oak is found in this section. The 
 levee, already haK completed, wliich will cost $300,000. 
 will redeem thousands of acres of land. The soil in the 
 county is the richest in the' State. Corn, cotton, and ]>ork 
 are the products. The hunting and fishing on the lake 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 271 
 
 are unsurpassed in America, Tlie average price of im- 
 proved land is from $35 to $40 per acre; unimproved land, 
 $12 per acre. 
 
 Tiptonville, the county seat, situated on' the Mississippi 
 River, has churches, schools, a weekly newspaper, and gen- 
 eral stores. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $9.04 
 per acre. 
 
 ISTumher of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 30; capital employed, $263,083; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $56,031 ; number of farms, 696 ; nmuber 
 of acres, 54,285 ; number of acres improved, 42,372 ; 
 value of buildings, $173,170 ; value of fanning imple- 
 ments and machinery, $44,350; value of live stock, $290,- 
 525; value of products not fed to live stock, $586,828; 
 amount paid for farm labor during the year, $98,640 ; 
 total value of land and improvements, except buildings, 
 $1,301,080. 
 
 AGRICULTUEAL PRODUCTS FOB 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. TONS. 
 
 Corn 368,940 Clover 507 
 
 Wheat 4,360 Other cultivated grasses 361 
 
 Oats 1,600 
 
 Potatoes 2,219 Grains cut green for hay 171 
 
 Sweet potatoes .... 1,500 other forage crops ... 13 
 
 Onions 2 Cotton (bales) 12,967 
 
 Peas 41 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 3,000 
 
 Value other vegetables . $2,644 
 Peanuts 85 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 ^PP^f ^'^11 Apple 1,497 
 
 Pe^^^ 200 p^^^j^^ 492 
 
 Pear 66 
 
 Plum and prune .... 184 
 
 Plums and prunes ... 5 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 1 
 
 Millet 38 Value forest products . . $65 
 
272 Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 10,614 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 11,305 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 87,120 
 
 Value of bees on hand 416 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 3,330 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 90 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 18,133 GO 
 
 Animals slaughtered 16,101 00 
 
 Total $ 34,234 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 4,628 | Horses ........ 872 
 
 Sheep 7 , Mules . . .' 1,817 
 
 Hogs 10,056 Asses and burros .... 6 
 
 LATTDERDALE COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 21,971 ; population in 1800, 18,- 
 756. This co'imtj lias an area of 450 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the south by the Hatohie River; on the 
 west, by the Mississippi River ; and is drained by the 
 Eorked Deer River. The soil is very fertile. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, with a good groAvth of timber. This 
 is a larare cotton-produeino- county. The staple products 
 are cotton, com,, fruit, and pork. The averag'e price of 
 improved land ranges from $15 to $30 per acre; unim- 
 proved land, about $10 to $15 per acre. There are splen- 
 did opportunities for profitable investments in timber land 
 in this county. The inducements which the county offers 
 to liome seekers are a healtlif ul climate, a fine soil, churches 
 of various denominations, good schools, splendid shipping 
 facilities, reasonable ]5rice of land, and the high moral tone 
 £[nd respectable character of the people. 
 
 Ripley, the coim^ty seat, is located on the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 56 miles nortlieast of Memphis. It has 
 good schools, churches, two weekly newspapers, good bank- 
 ing facilities, and general stores. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee, 
 
 273 
 
 Tlie average assessed value of land in 1900 was $6.91 
 per acre, 
 
 jSTumber of manufacturing establishments in the comity, 
 82 ; capital employed, $313,535 ; amoimt of wages paid 
 during the year, $01,031 ; number of farms, 3,086; num- 
 ber of acres, 315,965 ; number of acres improved, 119,- 
 545; value of buildings, $668,030; value of farming im- 
 plements and macliinery, $190,930 ; value of live stock, 
 $823,464 ; value of products not' fed to^ live stock, $1,461,- 
 265 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $128,- 
 720 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,340,470, 
 
 AGEICtlLTUKAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,106,570 
 
 Wheat 75,040 
 
 Oats • . . . 14,000 
 
 Other cereals 30 
 
 Potatoes 9,303 
 
 Sweet potatoes 6,810 
 
 Onions ' 284 
 
 Beans 115 
 
 Peas 7,137 
 
 Value other vegetables .$33,353 
 
 Peanuts 175 
 
 Apples 2,083 
 
 Cherries 8 
 
 Peaches 718 
 
 Pears Ill 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 127 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 2 
 
 Millet 67 
 
 Clover 1,076 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,974 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,872 
 
 Other forage crops 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 TONS. 
 
 381 
 95 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 16,914 
 Tobacco (pounds) . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . , 
 Vinegar (barrels) . 
 
 1,420 
 
 570 
 
 40 
 
 6,666 
 
 136 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 16,398 
 
 Cherry 634 
 
 Peach 14,897 
 
 Pear 2,414 
 
 Plum and prune .... 4,282 
 Grapevines 583 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$97,780 
 . 13,684 
 
274 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 , . POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 30,185 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 36,069 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 281,420 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,439 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 13,300 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 610 
 
 VALUE or ANIAIAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 87,935 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 106,401 00 
 
 Total $194,336 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 13,636 | Horses 4,551 
 
 Sheep 1,220 , Mules 3,564 
 
 Hogs 25,332 ! Asses and burros .... 60 
 
 M'NAIRY COUIsrTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 17,760; population in 1890, 15,- 
 510. This county has an area of 550 square miles, and is 
 drained by the Hatchie River and small affluents of the 
 Tennessee River. A considerable portion of the county 
 is level, and in various portions there are fine growths of 
 timber, consisting of ash, hickory, chestnut, oak, gtun, and 
 cypress. The staple products are cotton, corn, and pork. 
 The Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the Southern Raibvay 
 traverse the county. 
 
 Selmer, the county seat, is located on the Mobile and 
 Ohio Railroad, 19 miles north of Corinth, Miss., and 
 about 35 miles south of Jackson, Teaan. It has a bank, 
 two weekly newspapers, good schools, churches, mills, 
 lumber-manufacturing establislmients, and general stores. 
 Its population in 1900 was 588. 
 
 Adamsville, Stan^tonville, and Bethel Springs are flour- 
 ishing to\vns in the county. 
 
 The avej^age assessed value of land in 1900 was $3.15 
 per acre. 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 275 
 
 jSTmiiber of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 64; capital employed, $112,063; amomit of wages paid 
 during the year, $17,650; number of farms, 3,012 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 291,422 ; number of acres improved, 87,743 ; 
 value of buildings, $379,120: value of farming imple>- 
 ments and machinery, $123,670 ; value of live stock, 
 $637,497 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $941,- 
 565 ; amount paid for fami labor during the year, $15,- 
 470 ; total value of land and improvements, except build • 
 inas, $1,065,020. 
 
 AGRICULTU"KAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 811,970 
 
 Wheat 15,390 
 
 Oats 23,140 
 
 Other cereals 310 
 
 Potatoes 4,999 
 
 Sweet potatoes 7,859 
 
 Onions 561 
 
 Beans 152 
 
 Peas 8,404 
 
 Value other vegetables .$26,916 
 
 Peanuts 375 
 
 Apples 11,364 
 
 Cherries 10 
 
 Peaches 730 
 
 Pears 175 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,783 
 
 Wild grasses 
 
 Millet . . ; 
 
 Clover 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 
 Crains cut green for hay 
 
 TONS. 
 
 273 
 33 
 41 
 
 565 
 2,248 
 
 Other forage crops 
 Sorghum cane sold 
 
 TONS. 
 
 857 
 37 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 32,448 
 Cotton (bales) 7,506 
 
 3,500 
 
 140 
 
 610 
 
 11,388 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) .... 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 NUMBEU OP FRUIT TREEt-. 
 
 Apple 23,559 
 
 Cherrv 696 
 
 Peach 29,141 
 
 Pear 3,334 
 
 Plum and prune .... 56,308 
 
 Grapevines 2,636 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$53,444 
 . 1,463 
 
276 IIandisook of Tennessee. 
 
 POITLTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 28.422 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 42,926 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 397,310 
 
 Value of bees on hand 4,147 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 21,150 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 690 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 56,758 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 100,432 00 
 
 Total $157,190 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 11,292 1 Horses 3,896 
 
 Sheep 8,376 Mules 2,727 
 
 Hogs 24,720 Asses and burros .... 60 
 
 MADISOIvT COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 36,333; population in 1890, 30,- 
 497. This county has an area of 520 square miles, and 
 is intersected by Forked Deer River. Its surface is .gen- 
 erally level. Hickory, oak, ash, beech, walnut, sycamore, 
 and poplar constitute the forest growtli. The soil is very 
 fertile. The staple products are corn, cotton, fruits, cat- 
 tle, and hogs. The Illinois Central Railroad ; the Mobile 
 and Ohio Railroad ; and the Nashville, Chattanooga and 
 St. Louis Railway traverse the county. A large cottx^n- 
 manufacturing establishment has been erected at Bemis, 
 2 miles south of Jackson, on the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road, at a cost of $400,000, to wliich $50,000 in new 
 machinery has recently been added; and a considerable 
 manufacturing toMm has grown up around it, giving em- 
 plo;^^nent to a large number of persons. 
 
 Jackson, the county seat, is located at the intersection 
 of the three above-mentioned railroads, and is the fifth 
 largest city in population in the State. Under the census 
 of 1900 the population was 14,507, and tliere has been a 
 steady growth since that time, which justifies the claim 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 277 
 
 that there are between 18,000 and 20,000 inhabitants in 
 the corporation and in the suburbs outside the corporate 
 limits. This city has all the public improvements tliat go 
 to make a live and prosperous city. The waterworks, 
 owned by the city and supplied by artesian wells, furnish 
 an unlimited supply of the purest water. The city owns 
 its own electric light plant. The street railway owns an 
 electric light plant and gas works, and operates its cars by 
 electricity. The city has splendid public schools, equal 
 to any in the State, and fine graveled streets. The South- 
 western Baptist University is located at this place; ako 
 the Memphis Conference Female Institute, St. Mary's 
 Catholic School, and Lane College (for the education, of 
 the colored). Jackson has the best boiler works plant in 
 the State, the largest skewer factory in America, and a large 
 number of other tliriving establislmients, among which may 
 be mentioned the Southern Seating and Cabinet Company, 
 a large spoke factory, the Jackson, Oil Mills, a large head- 
 ing factory, a cotton compress, several ice-manufaoturing 
 etablishments, and the Jackson Woolen Mills. The shops 
 of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the repair shops of 
 the Illinois Central Railroad are located at this point. 
 Jackson has four banks, two daily newspapers, one polit- 
 ical weekly, and other piublications. There are fine 
 churches of the vai"ious denominations. The Carnegie 
 Free library has recently been erected, also a branch of 
 the Armour Packing Company. A movement has recently 
 been inaugnirated betweeai the Commercial Club and the 
 farmers in the surroiinding" country to increase tlie pro- 
 duction of small fruits and vegetables in the county to 
 supply the local demand and to ship to other markets. 
 Considerable additions are being made to the manufac- 
 turing interests of the city, and the population is steadily 
 increasing'. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $6.22 
 per acre. 
 
278 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 ISTnmber of manufacturing establiskments in the county^ 
 139 ; capital emplojed, $1,279,914 ; amount of wages paid 
 during tlie year, $503,366 ; number of farms, 3,672 ; niun- 
 ber of acres, 298,363; number of acres improved, 157,- 
 657: value of buildings, $774,360; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $162,690 ; value of live stock, 
 $853,925 ; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,458,- 
 539 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, $49,- 
 940 ; total value of land and improvements, except build- 
 ings, $2,237,040. 
 
 AGKICULTUBAL PRODL'CTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 985,050 
 
 Wheat 39,920 
 
 Oats 27,300 
 
 Other cereals 125 
 
 Potatoes 7,867 
 
 Sweet potatoes 17,427 
 
 Onions 768 
 
 Beans 177 
 
 Peas 17,369 
 
 Value other vegetables .$44,354 
 
 Clover seed 9 
 
 Peanuts 110 
 
 Apples 19,989 
 
 Cherries 221 
 
 Peaches 1,766 
 
 Pears 247 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 943 
 
 TONS. 
 
 "Wild grasses 8 
 
 Millet 267 
 
 Clover 665 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 1,455 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . . . 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 
 
 TONS. 
 
 4,987 
 
 2,569 
 
 83 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 45,426 
 Cotton (bales) 12,488 
 
 3.800 
 
 2,630 
 
 1.070 
 
 67,612 
 
 112 
 
 56 
 
 22 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . , 
 Broom corn (pounds) 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . 
 
 NUMBER OP FKUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 54,882 
 
 Cherry 7,524 
 
 Peach 40,342 
 
 Pear 4,283 
 
 Plum and prune .... 31,930 
 Grapevines 7,934 
 
 Value forest prodacts 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 ,$81,257 
 . 23,900 
 
Handbook of Tennessee, 279 
 
 POULTKY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 30,681 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 53,802 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 527,790 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,835 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 14,060 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 870 
 
 VALI'E OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 76,274 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 129,769 00 
 
 Total $206,043 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 14.717 [ Horses 6,192 
 
 Sheep 2,618 ] Mules 3,841 
 
 Hogs 27,151 Asses and burros .... 49 
 
 OBioTs^ cou:ntty. 
 
 Population in 1900, 28,286 ; population in 1800, 27,- 
 273. This county lias an area of 540 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Obion River, and is bounded on the 
 west by E-eelfoot Lake. It is one of the richest ai^-icul- 
 tural counties in the State. Its surface is nearly level, and 
 has a plentiful supply of timber, such as ash, cypress, fi^tun, 
 hickory, oalv, and poplar. The soil is rich and fertile. 
 Wheat, com, cotton, oats, cattle, and hogs are the staple 
 products. It is among the best wheat-producing- counties 
 in the State. It is intersected by the Illinois Central 
 Railroad ; the Mobile and Ohio Railroad ; and the N"ash- 
 ville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. 
 
 Union City, the coimty seat, is located at the junction 
 of these railroads, and is one of the most prosperous and 
 thriving towns in West Tennessee. It has splendid 
 churches, good schools, banks, weekly newspapers, and lum- 
 ber mills, railroad shops, and other manufacturing estab- 
 lishments. Its population in 1900 was 3,407. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $13.75 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county. 
 
280 
 
 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 99 ; capital employed, $596,542 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $147,364 ; number of farms, 3,192 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 304,879 ; nmnber of acres improved, $186,- 
 788 ; value of buildings, $1,264,270 ; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $424,090 ; value of live stock, 
 $1,315,725; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 943,905 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $105,050 ; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $5,624,770. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,873,790 
 
 Wheat 780,870 
 
 Oats 14,830 
 
 Other cereals 224 
 
 Potatoes 12,008 
 
 Sweet potatoes 10,764 
 
 Onions 1,044 
 
 Beans 260 
 
 Peas 19,114 
 
 Value other vegetables .$49,501 
 
 Clover seed 51 
 
 Peanuts 72 
 
 Apples 12,823 
 
 Cherries 94 
 
 Peaches 204 
 
 Pears 977 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 1,584 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 413 
 
 Millet 127 
 
 Clover 7,054 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 3,304 
 
 Crrains cut green for hay 
 Other forage crops . 
 Sorghum cane sold . 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 9,161 
 
 Cotton (bales) ....'. 1,032 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .1,822,200 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 36,100 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 450 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 59,175 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 180 
 
 Cider (barrels) 40 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) ... 13 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 54,059 
 
 Cherry 1,682 
 
 Peach 29,435 
 
 Pear 3,324 
 
 Plum and prune .... 9,063 
 
 Grapevines ........ 7,241 
 
 TONS. 
 
 3,558 
 
 897 
 
 57 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$118,003 
 . 11,580 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 41,191 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 67,621 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 401,920 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,031 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 23,530 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 1,050 
 
 VALUE OF AXIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $250,661 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 126,595 00 
 
 Total $377,256 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 18,302 
 
 Sheep 4,957 
 
 Hogs 47,923 
 
 Horses 7,702 
 
 Mules 5,236 
 
 Asses and burros .... 94 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 281 
 
 SHELBY COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 153,557; population in 1890, 112,- 
 740. This county has an area of 728 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the west by the Mississippi River; on the 
 south, by the State of Mississippi; and is intersected by 
 the Loosahatchie Eiver and Wolf River. Its surface is 
 level, Avdth forests of ash, elm, gum, oak, walnut, hickory, 
 cypress, and other trees. The soil is very rich and fertile. 
 It is one of the finest cotton-producing counties in the 
 State. The staple products are cotton, com, lumber, and 
 pork. The land produces from 15 to 60 bushels of corn 
 per acre, and the yield of cotton per acre is greater in this 
 county than in any other county in the State. The straw- 
 berry industry is large and increasing. Market garden- 
 ing is carried on extensively in the coiuitry around Mem- 
 phis. The soil is especially adapted to all kinds of veg- 
 etables. Oats, wheat, corn, sorghum, red and white clover, 
 and Bermuda and blue grass grow extensively in the county. 
 The county is dotted with thriving towns, and the educational 
 facilities throughout the county are unexcelled. 
 
 ]\Iemphis, the county seat, is the largest city in the 
 State. It is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi 
 River, on the Chickasaw Bluff, just below the mouth of 
 Wolf River, 420 miles below St. Loujs and 209 miles 
 southwest of Xashville. It is the most populous and im- 
 portant city between New Orleans and St. Louis. It has 
 100 miles of paved streets and 180 miles of sewers, the lat- 
 ter built since 1878 and 100 miles built within the past 
 three years, the whole system costing $1,100,000. There 
 are 826 factories of various kinds in the city, employing 
 15,000 workmen at an average of $12 per week, or $180,- 
 000 per week for the whole, making a total of $9,360,000 
 per annum. Between 35,000 and 40,000 people are sus- 
 tained through the wage outlay of industrial enterprises 
 of the city. The city covers an area of 16 square miles, 
 and is bountifully supplied with water by an artesian 
 
282 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 well system. The electric car system covers 100 miles, 
 with 17 different lines. The company employs 500 men. 
 There are twelve railroads entering the city, among the 
 most important being the Illinois Central; the Yazoo and 
 Mississippi Valley; the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf; the 
 Iron Mountain; the ''Frisco; the Kansas City, Memphis and 
 Birmingham; the Louisville and Nashville; the ISTashville, 
 Chattanooga and St. Louis Eailway ; the Cotton Belt ; the St. 
 Louis, Memphis and Southeastern; and the Southern Eailway. 
 The navigation of the river is open the year around. Its ship- 
 ping facilities have made Memphis one of the leading marts 
 of the United States. The city is rapidly growing, and its 
 business is expanding in every direction. Churches of 
 all denominations are represented within its borders, and 
 its schools and colleges furnish educational advantages 
 unexcelled. Its enterprising newspapers herald its prog- 
 ress to the world. It has many beautiful private residences 
 and splendid public buildings. The large manufacturing 
 interests of the city are steadily growing. It is the lead- 
 ing cotton market of the South; it is also a leading lum- 
 ber market. About 4,000 head of mules and horses were 
 marketed there during 1900. It is the center of the cotton- 
 seed oil industry in the South, and is the largest cotton-seed 
 oil market in the world. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $16.34 
 per acre. 
 
 The United States census for 1900 gives the following 
 statistics of Shelby County : JSTumber of manufacturing es- 
 tablishments in the county, 735; capital employed, $11,480,- 
 781; amount of wages paid during the year, $3,760,429; 
 number of farms, 6,887 ; number of acres, 377,689 ; num- 
 ber of acres improved, 343,181 ; value of buildings, $2,005,- 
 430; value of farming implements and machinery, $432,- 
 500; value of live stock, $1,549,000; value of products not 
 fed to live stock, $3,294,392 ; amount paid for farnr labor 
 during the year, $343,160; total value of land and improve- 
 ments, except buildings, $6,245,940. 
 
Handbook of Tei^nessee. 
 
 283 
 
 AGRIGULTUBAL PRODUCTS FOK 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,342,720 
 
 Wheat 8,860 
 
 Oats 26,410 
 
 Other cereals ^70 
 
 Potatoes 149,220 
 
 Sweet potatoes 140,575 
 
 Onions 6,120 
 
 Beans 398 
 
 Peas 25,840 
 
 Value other vegetables. $126,072 
 
 Peanuts 478 
 
 Apples 4,574 
 
 Cherries 9 
 
 Peaches 1,113 
 
 Pears 634 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 332 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 3 
 
 Millet 159 
 
 Clover 455 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 4,084 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 4,616 
 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Other forage crops . . 
 
 740 
 
 Sorghum cane sold . . 
 
 512: 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 
 
 12,581 
 
 Cotton (bales) .... 
 
 39,175 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . 
 
 2,110 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 
 
 2.620 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . 
 
 320 
 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 
 49,839 
 
 Wine (gallons) .... 
 
 263 
 
 Cider (barrels) .... 
 
 70 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) . . . 
 
 65 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREKS. 
 
 Apple 37,808 
 
 Cherry 1.062 
 
 Peach 46,489 
 
 Pear 5,896 
 
 Plum and prune .... 7,588 
 
 Grapevines 19,212 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$56,091 
 .$13,742 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 66,013 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 101,459 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 036.100 
 
 Value of bees on hand 2,164 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 13,380 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 550 
 
 ^"ALUE OF ANIMAU PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 92,00^ 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 161,870 00 
 
 Total $253,876 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 24,076 
 
 Sheep 3,642 
 
 Hogs 35,655 
 
 Horses 13,790 
 
 Mules 8,437 
 
 Asses and burros .... 90 
 
284 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 TIPTON COUNTY. 
 
 Population in 1900, 29,273; population in 1890, 24,- 
 271. This connty lias an area of 400 square miles. It 
 is bounded on tlie north by the Hatchie River; on the 
 west, by the Mississippi River. The surface is level, ex- 
 cept the range of hills near the Mississippi River. It is 
 well covered with oak, g'um, hickory, poplar, and cypress. 
 It is well watered with running streams and artesian wells 
 of moderate depth. The soil is rich. Cotton, co^m, 
 wheat, oats, fruit, vegetables, cattle, pork, and lumber are 
 the products. The public schools are as good as the best. 
 The Louisville and Nashville Railroad and the Illinois 
 Central Railroad traverse the county. The average price 
 of improved land is about $20 per acre. 
 
 Covington, the county seat, is situated 38 miles north 
 of Memphis, on the Illinois Central Railroad. The city 
 has splendid public graded schools, which were awarded 
 the silver medal at the Tennessee Centennial Expositiun. 
 It has nine church buildings of the various denominations, 
 two banks, electric lights, waterworks, a $100,000 cotton 
 mill, a $60,000 cotton-seed oil mill, a $30,000 compress, a 
 $25,000 flouring mill, and other manufacturing establish- 
 ments. It has two weekly newspaiDcrs, and is a live, pro- 
 gressive txiAvn. The population of the town in 1900 was 
 2,787, an increase of more than 150 per cent over 1890. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $8.04 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county, 
 59 ; capital employed, $192,508 ; amount of wages ]iaid 
 during the year, $23,585; number of farms, 4,168; num- 
 ber of acres, 244,561 ; number of acres improved, 155,- 
 956; value of buildings, $1,011,940; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $253,190 ; value of live stock, 
 $1,007,163; value of products not fed to live stock, $1,- 
 889,057 ; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 285 
 
 $76,610 ; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $2,752,630. 
 
 agricxjIiTueal products for 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,007,220 
 
 Wheat 40,170 
 
 Oats 25,100 
 
 Other cereals 175 
 
 Potatoes 21,315 
 
 Sweet potatoes 18,224 
 
 Onions 681 
 
 Beans 83 
 
 Peas 8,506 
 
 Value other vegetables .$46,866 
 
 Clover seed 2 
 
 Peanuts 83 
 
 Apples 2,088 
 
 Cherries 10 
 
 Peaches 188 
 
 Pears 794 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 237 
 
 TOWS. 
 
 Wild grasses 11 
 
 Millet 49 
 
 Clover 279 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 2,876 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 1,990 
 
 Other forage crops . . . 524 
 
 Sorghum cane sold ... 10 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 16,668 
 
 Cotton (bales) 25,604 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . . 4,480 
 
 Broom corn (pounds) . . 13,890 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) . . 60 
 
 Grapes (pounds) .... 13,067 
 
 Wine (gallons) 5 
 
 Cider (barrels) 4 
 
 Vinegar (barrels) .... 2 
 
 NUMBER OP FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 28,354 
 
 Cherry 983 
 
 Peach 26,660 
 
 Pear 3,325 
 
 Plum and prune .... 7,058 
 
 Grapevines 2,128 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits . 
 
 .$61,078 
 . 2,328 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 38,111 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 66,285 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 521,370 
 
 Value of l)ees on hand 3,678 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 16,630 
 
 Pounds of vi^ax produced in 1899 880 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $ 96,178 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 123,216 00 
 
 Total $219,394 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 16,575 
 
 Sheep 2,817 
 
 Hogs 30,418 
 
 Horses 6,968 
 
 Mules 4,051 
 
 Asses and burros .... 29 
 
286 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 WEAKLEY COUNTY. 
 
 Pop-nlation in 1900, 32,546; population in 1890, 28,- 
 955. This county borders on Kentucky, and has an area 
 of 620 square miles. It is intersected by the Obion KiAer. 
 "f he timber, of v/hich there is a considerable supply, is ash, 
 beech, hickory, gmn, oak, poplar, and cypress. The sur- 
 face is generally level, and the soil is very fertile. It is a 
 fine county for growing the long "staple" cotton,; it is 
 also a good tobacco-producing county. Corn, wheat, 
 fruits, cotton, oats, tobacco, cattle, and hogs are the staple 
 products. The Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis 
 Eailway and the Illinois Central Eailroad traverse the 
 county. 
 
 Dresden, the county seat, has good schools, churches, 
 lumber mills, a spoke and stave factory, general stores, a 
 tannery, a bank, and a weekly newspaper. 
 
 Martin is a prosperous town in this county, located at 
 the crossing of tlie Illinois Central Railroad and the 
 Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. It is 
 a town of 1,730 inhabitants. It has thirty-five busi- 
 ness houses, six leaf-tobacco firms, good schools and 
 churches, several manufacturing establishments, good ho- 
 tels, and newspapers. 
 
 Sharon and Greenfield are flourishing towns on. the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, with fine schools, churches, news- 
 papers, and flourishing manufacturing and commercial in- 
 terests. 
 
 The average assessed value of land in 1900 was $10.01 
 per acre. 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in the county ,^ 
 98 ; capital employed, $471,471 ; amount of wages paid 
 during the year, $109,950 ; nmnber of farms, 5,010 ; num- 
 ber of acres, 343,005; number of acres improved, 214,- 
 172 ; value of buildings, $1,454,420 ; value of farming 
 implements and machinery, $422,670 ; value of live stock, 
 $1,365,647; value of products not fed to live stock, $2,- 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 287 
 
 206,326; amount paid for farm labor during the year, 
 $142,140; total value of land and improvements, except 
 buildings, $3,889,540. 
 
 AGKICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 Corn 1,741,560 
 
 Wheat 307,980 
 
 Oats 19,770 
 
 Other cereals 636 
 
 Potatoes 6,088 
 
 Sweet potatoes 13,200 
 
 Onions 2,766 
 
 Beans 587 
 
 Peas 30,177 
 
 Value other vegetables .$75,163 
 
 Clover seed 1/8 
 
 Peanuts 610 
 
 Apples 20,216 
 
 Cherries 288 
 
 Peaches 372 
 
 Pears 946 
 
 Plums and prunes . . . 2,088 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Wild grasses 28 
 
 Millet 215 
 
 Clover 1,708 
 
 Other cultivated grasses 3,512 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Grains cut green for hay 6,780 
 Other forage crops . . . 1,961 
 Sorghum cane sold . . . 265 
 
 Sorghum sirup (gallons) 46,379 
 
 Cotton (bales) 1.904 
 
 Tobacco (pounds) . . .8,744,570 
 Broom corn (pounds) . 2,880 
 
 Dried fruits (pounds) 
 Grapes (pounds) . . . 
 Wine (gallons) . . . . 
 Cider (barrels) . . . 
 Vinegar (Jjarrels) . . . 
 
 910 
 
 116,750 
 
 60 
 
 94 
 
 26 
 
 NUMBER OF FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Apple 88,069 
 
 Cherry 5,808 
 
 Peach 73,061 
 
 Pear 5,168 
 
 Plum and prune .... 26,323 
 Grapevines 12,142 
 
 Value forest products 
 Value of small fruits 
 
 .$128,390 
 . 50,777 
 
 POULTRY AND BEES. 
 
 Value of poultry on hand $ 66,302 00 
 
 Value of poultry raised in 1899 116,028 00 
 
 Dozens of eggs produced in 1899 663,050 
 
 Value of bees on hand 6,900 00 
 
 Pounds of honey produced in 1899 38,130 
 
 Pounds of wax produced in 1899 2,180 
 
 VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS FOR 1899. 
 
 Live animals sold $229,506 00 
 
 Animals slaughtered 217,079 00 
 
 Total $446,585 00 
 
 LIVE STOCK ON HAND. 
 
 Cattle 16,127 
 
 Sheep 4,693 
 
 Hogs 54,578 
 
 Horses 8,443 
 
 Mules 5,779 
 
 Asses and burros . . . US 
 
 / 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 17, line 24, should read: "Total, 11,661,542." 
 
 Page 100, last item, " L,ive Stock on Hand," should read: "Cattle, 10,(i68; horses, 
 3,488; sheep, 5,425; mules, 1,515; hogs, 17,713; asses and burros, 26. "i 
 
 Page 114, line 28, should read: " It is near the Holston River." 
 
 Page 124, in line 18, should read: "Capital employed, $6,182,808." 
 
 Page 132, in line 18, should read: "Acres, 124,819." 
 
 Page 151, in lines 15 and 16, should read: " Value of live stock, $658,568." 
 
 Page 167, in lines 27, 28, and 29, should read: " I,ive animals sold, $10,690; ani- 
 mals slaughtered, $45,601. Total, $92,291." 
 
 Page 167, last item, " I^ive Stock on Hand," should read : "Cattle, 3,832; horses, 
 1,710; sheep, 3,606; mules, 1,200; hogs, 14,380; asses and burros, 42." 
 
 Page 182, in line 23, should read: "Capital employed, $334,793." 
 
 Page 225, in lines 2 and 3, should read: " This county, one of the largest tobacco- 
 growing counties of Middle Tennessee," etc. 
 
 Page 235, in lines 17 and 18, should read: "Capital employed, $906,792; amount 
 of wages paid during the year, $83,119." 
 
IINDBX. 
 
 A Brief Sketch of Tennessee 3-11 
 
 General Statistics of Manufactures 11-16 
 
 General Statistics of Agriculture 16-19 
 
 Coal and Iron, by Col. A. M. Shook 20-25 
 
 Phosphates, by Dr. C. W. Hayes 35-38 
 
 Timber and Wood-working Interests 38-50 
 
 Clays, by Lucius Polk Brown 50-55 
 
 Copper 55, 56 
 
 Marble 56, 57 
 
 Lead 57, 58 
 
 Barytes 58 
 
 Zinc 58, 59 
 
 Manganese 59, 60 
 
 Slate 60 
 
 Stone 60, 61 
 
 Petroleum 61 
 
 The Beef -cattle Industry, by Prof. A. M. Soule 61-86 
 
 EAST TENN^ESSEE. 
 
 Anderson County 87, 88 
 
 Bledsoe County 89, 90 
 
 Blount County 91, 93 
 
 Bradley County 93, 94 
 
 Campbell County 95, 96 
 
 Carter County •. . 97, 98 
 
 Claiborne County 99, 100 
 
 Cocke County 101, 102 
 
 Grainger County 103, 104 
 
 Greene County 105, 106 
 
 Hamblen County 107, 108 
 
 Hamilton County 109-111 
 
 Hancock County 113, 113 
 
290 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 Hawkins County IM-llG 
 
 James County 117, 118 
 
 Jefferson County 119, 120 
 
 Johnson County 121, 122 
 
 Knox County 123-125 
 
 Loudon County 126, 127 
 
 MeMmn County 128, 129 
 
 Marion County 130, 131 
 
 Mei.o-s County 132, 133 
 
 Monroe County 134, 135 
 
 Morgan County 136, 137 
 
 Polk County 138, 139 
 
 Rhea County 140, 141 
 
 Roane County 142, 143 
 
 Scott County 144. 145 
 
 Sequatchie County 146, 147 
 
 Sevier County 148, 149 
 
 Sullivan County 150-152 
 
 Unicoi County 152, 153 
 
 Union County 154, 155 
 
 Van Buren County 156, 157 
 
 Washington County 158, 159 
 
 MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 
 
 Bedford County 160, 161 
 
 Cannon County 162, 163 
 
 Cheatham County 164, 165 
 
 Clay County 166, 167 
 
 Coffee County 168-170 
 
 Cumberland County 171, 172 
 
 Davidson County ! 173-175 
 
 DeKalb County ' 176, 177 
 
 Dickson County 178, 179 
 
 Fentress County 180, 181 
 
 Franklin County 182, 183 
 
 Giles County 184, 185 
 
 Grundy County • • 186-188 
 
Handbook of Tennessee. 291 
 
 Hickman County 188-190 
 
 Houston County 191, 192 
 
 Humphreys County 193, 194 
 
 Jackson County 195, 196 
 
 Lawrence County 197-199 
 
 Lewis County 199, 200 
 
 Lincoln County 201, 202 
 
 Macon County 203, 204 
 
 Marshall County 205, 20G 
 
 Maury County 207, 208 
 
 Montgomery County 209, 210 
 
 Moore County 211, 212 
 
 Overton County 213, 214 
 
 Perry County 215, 216 
 
 Pickett County 217, 218 
 
 Putnam County 219, 220 
 
 Robertson County 221, 222 
 
 Rutherford County 223, 224 
 
 Smith County 225, 226 
 
 Stewart County 227, 228 
 
 Sumner County 229, 230 
 
 TrousdaJe County 231, 232 
 
 Warren County 233, 234 
 
 Wayne County 235, 236 
 
 White County 237, 338 
 
 Williamson County 239, 240 
 
 Wilson County 241, 242 
 
 WEST TENNESSEE. 
 
 Benton County 243, 244 
 
 Carroll County 245, 246 
 
 Chester County 247, 248 
 
 Crockett County 249-251 
 
 Decatur County 252, 253 
 
 Dyer County 254, 255 
 
 Fayette County 256, 257 
 
 Gribson County 258-260 
 
292 Handbook of Tennessee. 
 
 Hardeman County 260, 361 
 
 Hardin County 262, 263 
 
 Haywood County 264, 265 
 
 Henderson County 266, 26T 
 
 Henry County 268-270 
 
 Lake County 270-272 
 
 Lauderdale County 272-274 
 
 McNairy County 274-27G 
 
 Madison County 276-27!) 
 
 Obion County 279, 280 
 
 Shelby County 281-283 
 
 Tipton County 284, 285 
 
 Weakley County 286, 287 
 
 -BJL '05 
 
f-\. ■> 
 
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