' .cf \ ...,. ^ •3 v^ 1 v*-^ * .V-^. <0 ^ ..^^^ .^^^fA' ^^> .low from anotlier quarter. He had sent (Jolonel Baume to collect stores at Bennington and to prevent !New Eng- land troops from opposing the march on Albany. Colo- nel liaunie did not get beyond the limits of Xevv York. He entr(;nched on the Walloomsac Kiv^er, seven miles from licnnington, and wrote to Burgoyne for more troops. Colonel Jolin Stark had a corps of Xew Hamp- shire militia " to stop the progress of the enemy/' and was joined by militia from Vermont, Massachusetts, and New York. He attacked Baume on every side, and in less than two hours l>aume was slain and his troops were forced to surrender. The first battle was over when Colonel Breyman ar- rived with help for Baume. Fortunately Colonel Seth Warner and his ^' Green Mountain Boys " reached the battle-field at this time. With these troops and such others as he could collect Stark hegan the second battle. At sunnset Breyman retreated, leaving his artillery, and was saved from his pursuers only by the darkness (Aug. 10). Nearly 700 prisoners were marched to Bennington. British Open the Hudson. — Burgoyne's sky was very cloudy now. In no direction was there a ray of hope. Sir Henry Clinton conducted a marauding expedition of 4,000 men up the Hudson. General Israel Putnam was deceived by the landing of the British eight miles below Peekskill, for the greater part of their forces crossed under a heavy fog to the western shore to cap- ture Forts Clinton and Montgomery. Putnam sent 92 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK troops over tlie river, but it was too late. Governor Clinton at Kingston, suspecting Sir Henry's purpose, hastened to take command of one of the forts, while his brother James commanded the other. The force in both forts did not exceed 600. The attack and defense were furious. The Americans refused to surrender and were either killed, or captured, or escaped (Oct. 6). Fort Independence, on the eastern bank, and Fort Constitution, on an island opposite "West Point, were also abandoned. The British removed the obstructions in the river, and now the way was open to Albany. Sir Henry sent the expedition up the river, while he re- turned to New York. The shores were plundered and Kingston was reduced to ashes (Oct. 16), in spite of Governor Clinton's efforts to prevent it. But no aid reached Burgoyne from Sir Henry Clinton. Fall of Burgoyne. — St. Leger's failure, Baume's de- feat, lack of help from the south, and the desertion of his Indian and Canadian allies led Burgoyne to think of retreating to Ticonderoga. The patriots under Schuy- ler were rallying to capture the invaders, when Congress removed Schuyler from command and appointed Gates to succeed him. On September 19 the battle of Bemis Heights was fought, but neither side was victorious. Burgoyne had lost 600 men, but remained on the battle- field. On October 7 the battle of Stillwater, or the battle of Saratoga, was fought with desperate bravery on both sides. At length the British gave way, and ten days later Burgoyne surrendered (Oct. 17). The Amer- icans had won one of the " decisive battles of the world." All patriots rejoiced and saw victory ahead. King George III. and his ministers were in dismay. France THE WAR BROUGHT TO AN END 93 was glad, and Dr. Franklin persuaded Louis XVI. to recognize the independence of the United States and to form an alliance with them (Feb., 1778).^ Chapter XX. — The War Brought to an Eto) Situation in 1778. — In the beginning of 1778 Lake Champlain, the Mohawk, and the Hudson down to New York were free from the British. In the western part n? (lovcnioi- Wii<';li(, in lii.s rtn's- supjt^ Hii^T^dHtdd u ('OiiHtJl iilioiial codvciilioii. Tlic '' 1 1 nil- kcirH," iisr \v'i\r of losin/j; llicii* )h)vv<'|-, oppose*! i(. '\\\r, raiiiil I <■(! (Jie (pieslioii to iJin jx'ople, vvlio voted I'or it, — 21 .'5,^^57 to I',.",, SCO (Nov. 1, IHir,). Constitutional Convention. I'Ik' <*<)iiveiit,ioii wan e;illed aeeordiii/.',! y to iiie(-l, .lime 1 ;it, Albany. TIk^ I)omo(irat,H had a niajOrily ol" tho 128 d(de^at,(!H. TlK^n^ vv('r nieehanies present. At, h'ast, l\'.\ were not, nalj'v<' New \'orkers. Many ^rejil, men were in the eon vent ion. I i-a Harris, (Hiarh-s ()'('<»nor, S;imii(d .1. Tildeii, \Villi;im ( '. IJoiiek, and dames Tallmad/j^'e worn the only menihers who had also attcnde(| Ihe eonv<'n- tlon of |S;>|. The Chanj^cs made to improve the social and political condition of the state were many anngine was exhibited in Xew York City. The next year at the West Point foundry Detmold built for a south- ern road the first two practical locomotives in America. The third engine made was for the MohaAvk and Hudson Railroad Company. A " grand excursion," the first of its kind, took place September 24, 1831, at which this prophetic toast was given : ^^ The Buffalo railroad! May we soon breakfast in Utica, dine at Rochester, and sup with our friends on Lake Erie ! " Soon the " De "Witt Clinton '' and the " John Bull " engines were running over the 12J miles, with stage coaches on trucks, in an hour and thirty-five minutes. Coke was used for fuel. In a short time ^^ Brother Jonathan " made the trip in thirty-four minutes. Railroad Convention. — The railroad craze soon took THE Mi A OF RAILROAD BUILD tNG 101 hold of the people as the canal fever had done. In 1831 the legislature was petitioned for charters amounting to $43,000,000. A ''railroad convention" was held at Syracuse, and the 84 delegates resolved to incorporate a railroad from Albany to Buffalo to carry passengers and freight (1831). There was like agitation for a road from Troy to Whitehall, and from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. Soon roads were branching out in every direction to connect the chief points. By 1836 the railroad was formally opened from Albany to Utica by Vice-President Van Buren and the state officials. A train covered the 77 miles from Utica to Schenectady in three hours and fifty-four minutes. Three years later a train passed over the road to Syracuse, and the Syracuse Standard said, '' It is an important event in our village history to be thus brought within ten hours of Albany." The Erie Railroad. — Meanwhile the E'ew York and Erie Railroad was chartered " to lay a single, double, or triple track from the city of ]N"ew York to Lake Erie " (April 24, 1832). The capital stock was limited to $10,000,000, and the charter was good for fifty years. The national government made the preliminary survey, and the state completed it (1834). A railroad through a sterile country was denounced as " chimerical, im- practicable, and useless " ; still the state had confidence enough in it to loan the company $3,000,000 (Sept. 8, 1.836). Construction began at once, and by 1841 the road was opened 46 miles from Piermont to Goshen, by 1843 to Middletown, by 1848 to Binghamton, by 1849 to Elmira, by 1850 to Hornellsville, and by April 22 of the next year to Dunkirk. 192 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Opening of the Erie. — Sucli an enterprise must be celebrated with fitting ceremonies. Two carloads of people, with President Fillmore, Daniel Webster, and other great men among them, were carried over the 446 miles from the Hudson to the Lakes. At all points boom- ing cannon, flving flags, cheering multitndes, banquets, and addresses greeted them. The New York Tribune stated that the train left the metropolis on " Monday, stopped for the night at Elmira, and arrived at Dunkirk about six o^clock on Tuesday evening, amid the rejoic- ings of thousands who had gathered to witness the ad- vent of the first train of cars from the banks of the Hud- son " (April 25). The road cost about $33,500,000. In 1854 it carried 1,125,123 passengers and 743,250 tons of freight, earning $5,360,000. It has had a very un- fortunate career, but has been an undoubted benefit to the state. Formation of the New York Central. — All this time short lines Avere being built over the state, such as the Albany and Schenectady; the Schenectady and Troy; the Utica and Schenectady; the Rochester and Syra- cuse; the Buffalo and Lockport; the Mohawk Valley; the Rochester, Lockport, and Xiagara Falls; and the Buffalo and Rochester. These were soon incorporated into the ISTew York Central, the second state trunk line (April 2, 1853). In 1846 the Hudson River Railroad Company was chartered, and in 1851 it carried pas- sengers from New York City to Albany in four hours. These two lines were consolidated in 1869 into a system which now includes the West Shore, from Buffalo to Kew York, leased in 1886 for 475 years, and the Harlem Railroad, also leased in 1873 for 400 years. TSE ERA OF RAILROAD BUILDING 193 Other Railroads. — The Long Island Railroad Com- pany was operating a road in 1844 from Brooklyn to Greenport, 95 miles. The Northern Railroad Company in 1850 opened a road from Ogdensburg to Lake Cham- plain. The Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Rail- road was organized in 1853 by the union of short roads, and in 1882 it ran to Buffalo. The 325 miles of rail- road in ]^ew York in 1838 grew to 1,019 miles in a decade. Over $73,000,000 had been invested in 1,763 miles of road (1851) doing an $8,000,000 business. To give the canals an equal chance railroads had to pay tolls, and in 1853 $661,000 was paid to the state. Up to 1867 the state had given $8,000,000 to railroads. A board of railroad commissioners was created to manage them (1855). All the cities and villages were united by rail- roads and stages, and scarcely any part of the state was now distant more than a day from the metropolis. Morse's Telegraph. — With railroads came the tele- graph invented by S. F. B. Morse, a resident of New York City after 1815, a scholar, artist, and teacher. In 1837 he sent a telegraph message half a mile. Congress ridiculed his request for aid at first, but finally voted $30,000 for a test (1843). A line was built from Wash- ington to Baltimore and successfully operated. Soon lines ran from New York to all the principal cities. In 1866 these various lines were consolidated into the Western Union. The railroad and telegraph revolu- tionized business. The Erie Railroad first used the tele- graph to do its business (1852). In 1861 New York was united with San Francisco by telegraph. The Submarine Telegraph, was discussed by Peter Coo- per, Moses Tyler, and Cyrus W. Field in 1854. Morse 194 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK had proved its possibility (1842), and ISTew York and Jersey City had been united (1848). Field organized a company to cross the Atlantic. The first attempt (1857) failed, but the next year the cable was laid (Aug. 4), and 366 messages had been sent when the wire broke. The project w^as resumed after the Civil War (1865), and proved to be a great success (July 27, 1866). Express Companies. — With railroads and telegraph lines arose the need of express companies. This busi- ness had been done by stage-drivers, captains of canal- boats, and railroad conductors. In 1839 William F. Harnden established the first package express between Kew York and Boston. He soon operated other lines and even one to Europe. Alvin Adams organized the Adams Express Company (1840), which by 1854 had swallowed up seven rival companies. Money was first sent by express in 1850. Other companies soon fol- lowed—American (1850), Wells Fargo (1852), the National (1853), and the United States (1854). :N'ew York men had most to do in organizing this branch of business. The Traffic of the Canals was not immediately in- jured by the railroads. In 1855 over $2,805,000 in tolls was paid to the state — all but $300,000 coming from the Erie Canal. During the 25 years after 1835 over 68,000,000 tons, valued at $3,232,775,000 or a yearly average of $129,311,000, were moved. Forest products amounted to $229,000,000, agricultural produce $912,- 000,000, and manufactures $185,000,000. This was a large business for that day. RESULTS OF THE BUILDING OF TEE RAILROADS 195 Chapter XL. — General Results of the Building of THE Railroads World's Fair in 1853. — As a fitting celebration of the marvelous inventions and growth of the state, the first '^ World's Fair " in America was held in the famous iron and glass building, the Crystal Palace, in New York City. It was opened (July 14, 1853) by President Pierce, accompanied by Jefferson Davis and other cabinet members, senators, three governors, officers of the army and navy, foreign ministers, and other digni- taries. The President and cabinet were banqueted. Eleven toasts were given praising the fair, the city, the state, and the nation. Davis eulogized the flag, under which both he and his father had fought, and the bless- ings of peace secured through free trade. Exhibits from all the civilized countries of the world were there from over 6,000 contributors. It was the largest collection of paintings, sculpture, arts, inven- tions, and products ever seen up to that time in Amer- ica. The newspapers of the day gave a glowing account of the varied display. About 4,000 persons each day visited it. The Neiv Yoi^h Tribune said: " The Crystal Palace is the most eminent tribute to art and industry that this country and this century can pay." It lasted several months and did much to further develop the state and nation. Of the exhibitors 2,083 were Ameri- cans. Growth of the State. — The railroads continued the prosperity begun by the canals. The era of railroad 196 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE! building (1830-1855) was one of remarkable expansion. The population increased from 2,175,000 (1835) to 3,466,000 (1855). There were 60 inhabitants to each square mile (1850). Hamlets developed into villages, and villages into cities. When the first shovel of dirt was dug for the railroads there was not a single city west of Schenectady, but Utica and Buffalo were incor- porated in 1832, Brooklyn and Bochester in 1834, Syracuse in 1847, and Auburn and Oswego, the '^ little ^ew Yorks," in 1848. The wealth of the state was valued at $1,080,000,000 (1850). New York City, the heart, pumped the life-blood of trade to and from every corner of the state. Big business enterprises could be conducted with ease at great distances from the seaport. Hence more factories were built, mills increased, stores mul- tiplied, and money was lavishly invested. It was an era of great things. More was done in 'New York within a quarter of a century than in Europe in several cen- turies. Cities and Villages felt a new life stimulating tlieui. In 1850 Buffalo had a smaller population than Albany — only 42,000 — but in five years it went up to 74,000 — 80 per cent ! The lake trade had become enormous. Buf- falo was the distributing station for the western country. Factories and stores were thriving. Syracuse had changed from a village of 7,000 (1840) to an active city of 25,000 (1855), and was fast becoming famous for salt-factories. The population of Kochester more than tripled in twenty years — from 14,500 (1835) to 44,000 (1855) — and had gained a world-wide reputation through its flour-mills. Utica grew from RESULTS OF THE BUILDING OF THE RAILROADS 197 10,000 (1835) to 22,000 (1855). Oswego had 16,000 inhabitants, Auburn 9,500, and Troy 33,000 (1855). Brooklyn had increased nine-fold — from 24,500 (1835) to 205,500 (1855)— but Hudson, Schenectady, and Poughkeepsie had made little progress. New York City gained more than any other. All railroads ran to her marts and there unloaded their bur- dens for sale or shipment across the seas. Merchants came from all directions to buy their summer and winter supplies. Great wholesale and retail houses arose. Brokers and shippers came into existence. The city became the recognized business head of the western hemisphere. During the first half of the century her population had more than doubled every decade, and in 1855 had reached 630,000. Her exports amounted to $99,000,000, and her imports reached $196,000,000 (1856). It took over 4,000 cartmen to do the trans- ferring of goods, and 600 omnibuses to care for the pas- sengers. The 32 churches of 1800 were 260 fifty years later, while 250 public schools educated 80,000 children. Industry. — The railroads did even more for industry than the canals. Now working men began to leave the farm to enter mines and shops newly opened by the hundreds. There were about 24,000 establishments (1850), employing 200,000 hands and $100,000,000 capital, and producing $240,000,000 worth of goods. This was far ahead of any other state. The chief articles made were farming implements, $3,000,000 ; metal tools and fixings, $43,000,000; cloth, $20,000,000; chemicals, $62,000,000; steam-engines and ships, $13,000,000; grist-mills, $52,000,000; lumber-mills, $24,000,000; pottery and glass, $10,000,000; leather, $28,000,000; 198 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE household goods, $9,000,000; fine arts, $8,000,000; and clothing, $22,000,000. Agriculture. — From 1835 to 1855 improved land in- creased from 10,000,000 to 13,700,000 acres. There were 361,000 owners of land. The farm produce was enormous. There were raised over 9,000,000 bushels of Avheat, 27,000,000 of oats, 20,000,000 of corn, 5,000,- 000 of potatoes, 4,000,000 of rye, 14,000,000 of apples, and 3,000,000 of buckwheat, besides many other grains and fruits. Over 3,000,000 tons of hay were moved. Garden produce amounted to over $2,500,000. In the spring 5,000,000 pounds of maple sugar were made and 85,000 gallons of syrup. During the summer over 2,500,000 pounds of honey and 138,000 pounds of beeswax were secured. About 90,000,000 pounds of butter and 40,000,000 pounds of cheese were made. General Improvement in Farming. — These figures show that the farmers and their wives and families were not idle. Yet they only show a part of the real produce of the farms. Improved machinery enabled the farmer to do four times as much as before. The land was cleared of stones and stumps. The reaping and mowing machine replaced the sickle and cradle for harvesting grains and hay. Plows and harrows were improved. Many other inventions made farming easier and more profitable. But the greatest benefit was the good markets brought by the canal and railroad. The num- ber of horses, cattle, swine, and sheep had increased comparatively little in the twenty years. Over 9,000,- 000 pounds of wool were growTi, however, in 1855. EDUCATION AND LITERATURE 199 Chapter XLI. — Education and Literatuee Public Schools. — During this period there was more interest in education than ever before. The legislature decided " to arouse the public attention to the important subject of education, and, by adopting a system of com- mon schools, in the expense of which the state would largely participate, to bring instruction within the reach of the humblest citizen.'' Education by the state had become a clear duty and not a begrudged act of charity. But the extension of the free public school up through the high school to the college was yet to be worked out. In 1840 573,000 children were being educated in 11,000 districts. Educational Progress. — District school libraries were suggested as early as 1830, established in 1835, and given $55,000 in 1838. Many of these books are still scattered over the state. They have done a great deal of good and enlightened many a mind. The cities were imitating the Public School Society of New York. The great educator, Horace Mann, said in 1845, ^'^ The great state of I^ew York is carrying forward the work of public education more rapidly than any other state in the Union or any other country in the world." This was a glowing tribute to the great statesmen and edu- cators who developed New York's educational system. County superintendents were elected in 1841, but for political reasons this method of selecting them was soon abolished and was not revived again until 1856. Trained Teachers. — As the schools grew a demand for trained teachers arose. Some academies attempted this 200 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK work (1835), but the first school for the purpose was the Albany I^ormal School (1851). The first teachers' in- stitute was held at Ithaca (1843), and soon it became a permanent institution. The secret '^ Society of As- sociated Teachers '' in New York City (1794) led to county and town organizations (1830). The first state convention of teachers was held at Utica (1830), and annually afterward. The State Teachers' Association was formed at Syracuse (1845). In 1854 the first superintendent of public instruction, Victor M. Eice, was appointed by the legislature for three years. No Free-school System. — Still the state had no free- school system. Some districts made their schools free. The schools received a large sum from the state, $1,600,- 000 in 1850, but not enough to pay all expenses. Hence parents paid '' rate-bills " in proportion to the number of days their children went to school. In 1840 $475,- 000 was raised in this way. This system lasted till 1867. A cry arose for free schools, and the " rate-bills '' were denounced as unjust to the poor. The legislature finally submitted the question of their abolition to the people (1849), when 250,000 persons favored making the " state educate the children of the state '' and 92,000 opposed it. The matter was compromised by letting the '^ rate-bills " stand for 16 years, but at the same time relieving the parents by a state tax of $800,000. Newspapers and Magazines. — One of the evidences of progress in general intelligence is seen in the increase of magazines and newspapers, which numbered 428 in 1850 and had a circulation of 1,625,000. There were 51 dailies, 308 weeklies, and 36 monthlies. Tive years later the number had increased to 571 — 73 dailies, 411 EDUCATION AND LITERATURE 201 weeklies, and 113 monthlies. The total circulation in 1860 was 6,000,000. The New York Tribune, estab- lished by Horace Greeley as a penny paper (1841), first used the Atlantic cable to get foreign news. The New Yorh Times, famous for helping to destroy the Tweed Ring, was established (1851) and edited by Henry J. Raymond. ]!^otwithstanding the growth in schools and the increase of newspapers, there were 99,000 illiterates in the state, 68,000, however, being foreign-born (1850). Literature during the Revolution. — Little of real literary merit was produced during the Revolution. Dr. Myles Cooper, Rev. Samuel Seabury, and Charles Inglis wrote keen, logical pamphlets on the loyalist side. Alexander Hamilton and John Jay wrote most of the essays in the Federalist in support of the constitution of 1787. Philip Freneau, the first American poet of note, wrote much political prose and verse on the Anti- federalist side. Thomas Paine, author of ^^ Common Sense," closed his life in New York. William Dunlap, artist, playwright, and scholar, wrote a History of New York and some other works. Charles Brockden Brown, the earliest romance-writer, published his first novel in New York. Lindley Murray produced an English Grammar and an English Reader. Writers after the Revolution. — In 1806 Washington Irving published the first of his many works. He was the first American author whose books obtained recog- nition abroad. He helped to give New York a place of honor in the world of literature. His works, from " Salmagundi " and ^' Knickerbocker's History of New York " to the ^' Life of Washington," stand among 202 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the highest of their class in literature. James Kirke Paulding, a friend and co-laborer of Irving, wrote about scenes and subjects wholly American. James Fenimore Cooper, the first American novelist of dis- tinction, gained a world-wide reputation through his 34 sea-tales and '^ Leather Stocking " stories. Josepli Rodman Drake, remembered for his poems, " The Cul- prit Fay " and " The American Flag," and Fritz-Greene Halleck, author of ^^ Marco Bozzaris,'* were friends of Cooper. Other writers remembered for single pieces were Samuel Woodworth, author of " Old Oaken Bucket " ; George Perkins Morris, who wrote ^' Wood- man, Spare that Tree " ; Clement C. Moore, who pro- duced " A Visit from St. Nicholas " ; Charles Fenno Hoifman, known for the song '^ Sparkling and Bright " and the ballad '^Monterey"; Robert H. Messinger, who penned ''Give Me the Old"; William Allen Butler, recollected for '' Nothing to Wear "; and John Howard Payne of " Home, Sweet Home " fame. Later Writers. — Another resident of Kew York of recognized ability was Nathaniel Parker Willis, who wrote a volume of poems and thirteen volumes of prose. Edgar Allan Poe removed to New York in 1838. " The Raven," published in 1845, made him famous. His poems are very beautiful, and his stories are weird and fantastic. As time passes his place becomes more as- sured among the best American poets. Bayard Taylor wrote many books descriptive of his foreign travels, four novels, and a quantity of poetry. William Cullen Bryant, author of " Thanatopsis," was editor of the New York Evening Post and a leader of literary society. One of the most popular story-writers forty years ago SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 203 was Herman Melville, whose sea-tales are compared to those of Cooper. James Macauley wrote the Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, and William Starbuck Mayo wrote two books for boys. New York's Position in Literature. — Thus while New York was becoming famous through her canals, manu- factures, railroads, commerce, and wealth, she was also gaining through her literary men an enviable reputa- tion both among her sister states and across the sea. Chapter XLII. — Social Institutions Social Status. — At the close of this period the people in all parts of the state were in a better social condition. The constitution of 1846 had abolished feudal rights, and only a few remnants were left. Travel was more common now that the fare from Buffalo to Albany was reduced from $20 to $6.15 in 1853, and similarly on other routes. Provincialism died out in consequence. The log-rolling and the barn-raising began to disappear, though the party and the dance remained. Mass-meetings, political gatherings, and conventions were held. Democracy was prevalent in spirit and practice. Log houses gave way to comfortable frame or brick buildings, and a thousand conveniences unknown before were enjoyed in city and country. The indi- vidual counted for more than ever in the history of the state. Morals and Religion. — Increased wealth, a higher in- telligence, and a better social plane had their religious 204 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE and moral effects. There were 4,400 ministers in 1845, and ^YQ years later 5,000 churches. The Roman Catholics had the largest number of the 703,000 church- members, and then in order came Methodists, Presby- terians, Baptists, Episcopalians, Reformed Protestants, and Dutch Reformed, with a number of smaller sects. These organizations with their private schools and insti- tutions of charity, their missionarj^ societies, Sunday- schools, and other channels of activity, were a powerful factor in pointing the way toward a higher civilization. Prison Reforms. — ^Morals were improving. A law for- bade lotteries which had once been used to raise money for state, church, and school. No one could any longer be imprisoned for debt. '' The Prison Association " was organized (1844) and the Clinton state prison author- ized. The humane ^^ Auburn prison system " was adopted (1821), to be copied over the world. Homes for the sick, orphaned, blind, deaf and dumb, insane, aged, and other unfortunates were built in various sec- tions and endowed by the benevolent rich. In 1850 there were 10,280 criminals and 60,000 paupers sup- ported at a cost of $818,000. Miss Dorothy L. Dix in 1844 stirred up the second great prison reform. The county poorhouses had become breeders of pauperism and " disgraceful monuments of public charity.'' They were reorganized and conducted on different principles. Plagues and Disasters. — The state had its plagues and disasters. In 1832 the Asiatic cholera appeared. It spread all over the state and was especially fatal in the cities. In New York half of the 6,000 persons afflicted died, 336 died in Albany, over 100 in Syracuse, and many in Utica, Rochester, and Buffalo. The people were SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 205 greatly frightened. Though bad in itself, the cholera led to the creation of a board of health in nearly every city. It reappeared in ISTew York City in 1849 and carried away 3,000 again, and broke out the third time in 1865, but was checked in its ravages. The hygienic reforms resulting from the disease led to the removal of fi dozen '' burying-grounds " to places outside of the city. The reform was followed in other cities over the state. Great Fires played havoc in the cities owing to the wooden buildings and lack of protection against fire. The most disastrous were in the metropolis. When Washington evacuated the city in 1776, 493 houses had been burned. A gas-pipe explosion in 1835 caused the burning of 528 houses and the bankruptcy of nearly all the fire-insurance companies. This fire occurred in freezing winter weather, and the suffering was intense. Ten years later 345 buildings, valued at $10,000,000, w^ere burned and many merchants and insurance com- panies were crippled. The fires were also blessings in a way, for old buildings were replaced by brick and granite structures, and crooked streets were straight- ened. Like the phoenix, a new city grew up out of the burnt one. Three weeks after the last fire Mr. Hone wrote in his diary that " fine stores were in process of construction amidst smouldering ruins.'' Of course the suffering among the poor was very great. Every city in the state has had an experience like New York. When the Chicago fire took place New York sent $3,000,000 in goods and money to the suffering. Water-supply in New York City. — The cholera led -to a denunciation of the drinking-water, and the disastrous fires caused complaints against the fire departments in 206 SHORT HISrORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK all the large cities, but especially in New York. These expressions of public opinion brought action. In 1774 the legislature had given the city permission to issue $12,500 in paper money to build a reservoir for supply- ing the city with pure water. The Revolution stopped the enterprise and left the city too poor to begin it again. The '^ Tea-water Pump/' a natural fountain, supplied the people for a long time. Many had pumps in their back yards. As early as 1798 a committee re- ported in favor of bringing Bronx River water into the city. The project was used by politicians to further their own interests. Aaron Burr, then an assemblyman, had the Manhattan Company incorporated with the especial privilege to run a bank and likemse with the right to supply the city of New York with water. A well was sunk and water was forced into a reservoir fifty feet above Broadway. From there it was dis- tributed over the city in wooden pipes. The supply, however, was soon inadequate and the quality bad.-^ A fire (1828) led to the construction of a big well up- town, and a reservoir with iron pipes running through the chief streets, but soon the supply was again too small. Croton Aqueduct. — This condition called attention to the Croton River as a source of water, but it was forty miles away. A survey was made (1832-3) and the work of constructing the Croton aqueduct was authorized. The greatest engineering feat in America up to that time was completed July 4, 1842, and the great city ^ From this company's charter and operations arose the term " watered stock." The Manhattan Company now stands very- high financially. SOCIAL INSTITUTJONS 20T had the best of water in abundance. A huge reservoir was formed by damming the river, and then a granite aqueduct of horseshoe form, 7^ feet wide and 8J feet high, was built 40^ miles long. It rested upon 114 culverts, ran through more than a mile of tunnels, and then across Harlem River, over the '' High Bridge," into the city. It cost $9,000,000. By 1850 over 200 miles of pipe had been laid in the city, and a reservoir, covering 105 acres, had been built in Central Park. Celebration. — Well might the people make the com- pletion of this grand project a day of civic and martial rejoicing. It was to the health and comfort of the city what the canal and railroad were to trade and industry. Enlargements. — Less than fifty years later the city had grown so rapidly that the water-supply was once more insufficient. An additional aqueduct was built (1885-1890), therefore, from the Croton River to the city. By using more tunnels it was made seven miles shorter. It is circular and 12^ feet in diameter in the tunnels, but elsewhere horseshoe-shaped and about 13 J feet wide and 13^ feet high. The Harlem River is passed by an inverted siphon 150 feet below the bed of the river. Already this supply is inadequate for the homes, shops, and streets of the great city. Up to 1868 nearly $16,000,000 in water-rent had been paid the city. The action of New York was copied all over the state and elsewhere. 20S BHORT HISTOMT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK V. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1835-1855 I. Primary Sources Hammond, " Political Parties in the State of New York." (To 1842.) " A Gazetteer of the State of New York " (1840). Holley, " The New York State Register for 1843." Gordon, "Gazetteer of the State of New York" (1836). Williams, "New York Annual Register" (1835-1840). Seward, " Autobiography and Letters of Seward." 3 vols. Croswell, " Debates and Proceedings in the Constitutional Con- vention of 1846." State Assembly and Senate Documents. Bonney, " Legacy of Historical Gleanings," Vol. 11. Barber and Howe, " Historical Collections of the State of New York." (To 1845.) Jenkins, " Lives of the Governors of the State of New York." (To 1852.) Jenkins, " History of Political Parties in the State of New York." Crockett, " Life of Martin Van Bur en." Holland, " Life of Martin Van Buren." Newspapers. Haswell, " Reminiscences of an Octogenarian." Child, " Letters from New York." 2 vols. Watson, " Annals and Occurrences of New York City and State." (To 1846.) Hotchkin, " A History of the Purchase and Settlement of Western New York." (To 1848.) United States Census for 1830, 1840, and 1850. New York State Census for 1835, 1845, and 1855. 2. Secondary Sources Lossing, " Empire State," pp. 387-510. Randall, " History of New York State." Roberts, " New York," II., pp. 562-651. Brooks, " Story of New York," pp. 145-219. Wilson, " Memorial History of the City of New York," III., pp. 364-447. Lamb, " History of the City of New York," II., pp. 727-768. Todd, " Story of the Qty of New York." CBRONOLOGIGAL SUMMARY 200^ Roosevelt, "New York," pp. 190-201. Stiles, " History of the Qty of Brooklyn." Ketchum, " History of Buffalo." 2 vols. Bancroft, " Martin Van Buren." Shepard, " Martin Van Buren." Murray, " The Antirent Episode in the State of New York." Historical Magazines. Local Histories. Cooper, " Satanstoe." 3. Fiction CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 1836. Black River and Genesee canals authorized. 1837. Van Buren President. " Chenango Canal completed. " Financial panic. 1838. General banking law passed. 1839. Educational appropriations " Seward Governor. " Antirent trouble. 1840. Seward refuses to give up colored fugitives. " Imprisonment for debt abolished. " Trouble with Virginia. 1841. Common-school law amended. " Trouble with England. " Erie Railroad opened to Goshen. 1842. Slavery trouble. " School commissioners in New York City. " Bouck Governor. " Croton Aqueduct completed. 1844. Act passed to enlarge Erie Canal. " Antirent difficulties. " American party organized. " Wright Governor. " Constitutional amendments. 1845. Constitutional Convention called. " Antirent war. 1846. War with Mexico. " Third Constitution adopted. " Young Governor. 210 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF J^EW YORK 1847. Free Academy established in New York City. " Mexican War ended. 1848. Appropriations for canals. " Fish Governor. " Fillmore Vice-President. " New York and New Haven Railroad opened. 1849. Free-school law passed. " Slavery extension condemned. 1850. Asylum for idiots founded at Syracuse. " Fillmore President. " Hunt Governor. 1851. Free-school law modified. 1852. Seymour Governor. 1853. State Agricultural and Scientific College founded. " Railroad laws passed. 1854. People vote to enlarge canals. " Clark Governor. 1855. Prohibition law passed. " Slavery denounced. lY. CIVIL WAE AND POLITICS Chapter XLIII. — Fall of the Whig Party The Presidential Campaign of 1848 in I^ew York was based upon personal and factional feelings and also upon the questions of the annexation of Texas and the exten- sion of slavery. Yan Buren and Wright joined the Whigs in opposing the spread of slavery, while some of the con- servative Whigs united with the Democrats in denounc- ing opposition to an institution upheld by public law. "New York objected to the introduction of slavery into territory received from Mexico. The legislature upheld the Wilmot proviso almost unanimously, and all of the 'New York congressmen but one voted for it. Both " Hunkers '' and " Barnburners '' sent a set of delegates to the national Democratic convention at Baltimore, but neither set was allowed to vote. The choice of Cass and Butler angered the radicals of l^ew York, so they held a state convention and nominated Yan Buren (May 22). The Whigs nominated General Taylor and Millard Fill- more at Philadelphia (June 7). The dissatisfied Free-soil Whigs met at Buffalo and nominated Yan Buren and Charles Francis Adams. The Liberty Party also convened at Buffalo (Jan.), and named Gerrit Smith for President. It denounced 211 212 SHORT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK slavery as sinful and asked the national government to abolish it. Smith, a native of New York, was a wealthy business man, a reformer, philanthropist, and one of the first abolitionists. Later he gave freely to make Kansas a free state, and John Brown used his money. He played a prominent part in the Civil AYar, and, at its close, with Horace Greeley went bail for Jefferson Davis. New York's Second President. — Again IsTew York's electoral vote decided the national election, but this time in favor of the Whig candidates. The death of President Taylor (July 9, 1850) gave Fillmore the office, and the Empire State had a second President. The division of the Democrats in the state allowed the Whigs to elect Hamilton Pish governor over John A. Dix. Fish was well educated, wealtliy, of high social position, trusted for his prudence and good judgment, and an experienced statesman. After three years' ser- vice as governor he was made United States senator, and ended his official career as Secretary of State under Grant (1869-1877). The Liberty Party urged the election of William Goodell as governor. Fugitive-slave Law. — Fillmore's term was full of ex- citing events. The compromise of 1850 settled for a time the question of free and slave territory. The Fugi- tive-slave Law was enforced and threats of secession sub- sided. New York City was made the headquarters for agents of futile filibustering expeditions against Cuba. Soon the struggle over Kansas and Nebraska was to appear, and with it the forerunners of civil war. The first arrest under the Fugitive-slave Law took place in New York City (1850). James Hamlet, a slave from Baltimore, was torn away from his family and returned FALL OF THE WHIG PARTY 213 to his owner. The negroes in the north were wild with fear, and the whites were very indignant. The blacks held meetings and prayed the whites to repeal the law. A mass-meeting at Syracuse denounced the law and pledged aid to slaves in resisting it. Ministers like Beecher and Storrs said that it violated God's law, and editorials against it appeared in the newspapers. The Famous " Jerry Rescue '* occurred in Syracuse (Oct., 1851). An escaped slave, Jerry McHenry, who had lived there several years as a cooper, was seized and carried before the United States commissioner. During the trial Jerry ran out of the room. He was caught, however, and after a fierce struggle brought back. Public sentiment was aroused by this time, and a mob led by Gerrit Smith and Eev. Samuel J. May broke into the court-room, rescued the negro and smuggled him safely to Canada. Eighteen of the party were arrested, but never tried. Hunt and Seymour. — The continued division in the Democratic ranks gave the Whigs another governor in 1850 — Washington Hunt, a self-made man, who had held national and state offices. Horatio Seymour was the Democratic candidate, and in a second contest beat Hunt (1852). Seymour was a man of wealth, liberally educated, a disciple of Marcy, and a powerful political leader for many years. He was New York's famous war governor, and in 1868 he was the Democratic candidate for President. Few men have had their party's con- fidence sufficiently to be named five times for the highest office in the state and once in the nation. He was a champion of the canals and was called the ^^ Henry- Clay of New York." 214 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE The Whig Party by 1852 was hopelessly wrecked be- cause it was unable to cope with the new national issues. The Free-soil Whigs, led by Seward, now United States senator, refused to help perpetuate slavery. The con- servative Whigs admitted the legality of slavery, and contended that nature would prevent the extension of slavery in the regions acquired through the Mexican War. The national Whig convention nominated Gen- eral Winfield Scott for President, although Fillmore made a forlorn struggle. Marcy hoped to be named by the Democrats, but failed because of the opposition of Daniel S. Dickinson and the factional fight in I^ew York. Franklin Pierce was nominated and elected (1852). Slavery and Temperance. — The state campaign of 1854 was a very significant one. Old parties were break- ing up and new ones were forming. Slavery and tem- perance were the issues. It was a campaign of morality. The extensive use of intoxicating liquors was charac- teristic of Xew York as a colony and a state. Drinking was a social custom recognized by all, even the minis- ters. Drunkenness was common, but the belief was early formed that it was hurtful and wicked. This idea led to the first " Temperance Society " in the state at Moreau, Saratoga county, in 1808. The Rev. Libbius Armstrong was the founder. The organization spread so rapidly that in 1833 there were 230,000 members in the state and 1,500,000 in the nation. In Albany alone there were 14 societies with 4,164 members out of a pop- ulation of 26,000 (1832). Temperance Legislation. — The order was non-political at first and forced the national government to stop giv- FALL OF THE WHIG PARTY 215 ing liquor rations to sailors and soldiers. The first tem- perance law in the state was one forbidding the employ- ment by stage companies of drivers who drank liquor. After Maine's prohibition law (1851) the sentiment be- came so strong in New York that in 1854 the legislature passed a similar law. Governor Seymour vetoed it, however, upon the ground of its unconstitutionality in violating the rights of citizens. The veto aroused in- tense excitement. In a message to the people the gov- ernor discussed both the illegality and the policy of pro- hibition. He was denounced from the stump and the pulpit and by the press. At last the question was brought before the people as a leading political issue in the approaching election. Election of Governor Clark. — The Democrats renomi- nated Governor Seymour. The American Party, or Know-nothings, holding secret meetings all over the state to keep political offices for native Americans, named Daniel Ullman. Myron H. Clark was supported by the Whigs and indorsed by the State Temperance Convention and the Free-soil Democrats. He was thus a fusion candidate of those elements which later united to form the Republican party. He was the last Whig nominated to a state office in I^ew York and the first Republican officer in the nation. His majority over Seymour was only 309. He was a man of strong char- acter and great ability. He had held many offices in the state. He labored for a popular two-cent fare on the IN'ew York Central Railroad, in behalf of the cause of temperance, and for the abolition of slavery. Prohibition Act. — The new legislature was in harmony with the governor and passed " An act for the preven- 216 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE tion of intemperance, pauperism, and crime " (April 9, 1855). This measure prohibited the use of liquors ex- cept for mechanical, chemical, or medicinal purposes. It was a rigid law and at once gave rise to many lawsuits. Finally it was carried to the court of appeals, where a bare majority decided it to be unconstitutional (March, 1856). The next year harsh license-laws were passed to regulate the liquor traffic, and the excitement abated. Various laws have been passed since that day to regulate intemperance. Chapter XLIV. — Sla\t:ry in Xew York Slaves in New York. — Indian slavery paved the way for the introduction of African slavery into ^New York. The Dutch brought negro slaves to New [N'etherland in 1626. In spite of the grand ideas of 1776 there were 33,300 slaves in New York in 1800. Ten years later the number was reduced to 15,000, and in another dec- ade to 10,000. In 1830 the number had fallen to 75, and in 1840 to 4. Thus for more than two centuries slavery was a legal institution in Ncav York. Western New York. — Slaves were owned all over the state, even in the western part. A run-away slav« founded Paris (1789). Slave-sales were common in Utica, and the last one took place in 1817. Robert S. Rose, a Virginian, settled in Seneca county with 40 slaves (1803), and Captain Helm brought 100 with him. There were a few slaves at Auburn, and in Cherry Valley they were common till 1825, Oneida county SLAVERY I]}f NEW TORE 217 had 9 slaves (1820), and Onondaga 59 (1823). Cruel treatment was not common, however. The Slave-traffic. — In the early days and occasion- ally later the blacks were advertised for sale or for rent. The old newspapers are full of such notices. " A parcel of likely young slaves, men, women, and boys," was offered for sale (1762). In 1664 a minister bought a slave for $175, and some of the slaves con- fiscated from Loyalists during the Revolution sold for $1,000 in paper money. Although the slave-trade was abolished in 1808, still slaves were smuggled into Kew York City. All the great families owned slaves before and after the Revolution. The Abolition of Slavery was early advocated in New York. Until that was done John Jay said that the prayers of New York would ^' be impious." In 1799 slavery was provisionally abolished, 28 years of owner- ship being given over those born in slavery. The act of 1817 declared all slaves born before 1799 free after 1827. New York now stood for human freedom. The Quakers of New York City and the sons of John Jay deserve most credit for this action. It was not until after the Civil War that the negro was granted full political equality. To free him was one thing, to give him a vote quite another. Antislavery Ideas gave birth to organizations to overthrow the hated social system. State and county societies followed the American Antislavery Society (1833). Antislavery literature was issued, paid lectur- ers were sent out to create public sentiment, and petition after petition was sent to Congress. The State Society met first in 1835 at Utica, but a mob including some of 218 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the best citizens hooted the 600 delegates out of the city. The Genesee County Society was also routed by a mob (1836). Governor Marcy denounced the aboli- tionists in his message as tending to foment sectional jealousies (Jan., 1836). The Western New York Anti- slavery Society met at Warsaw and nominated for Presi- dent James G. Birney. The Abolitionist party was formed, and existed until merged into the great Repub- lican party. New York Freed her Slaves when the institution was becoming the most important question in national affairs. Gradually the people took a firm stand against the spread of slavery. They opposed the admission of Missouri as a slave state. They disfavored Texan an- nexation and denounced the resulting war, though when war was once declared no state gave men and money more loyally. They objected to the compromise of 1850, which extended slavery to western territory and forced free states to return runaway slaves to their masters. They denounced the Dred Scott decision which committed the Supreme Court to the validity of slavery in all the territories until changed by the states. They watched with great eagerness the contest over Kansas and Nebraska. Still they were disposed to let slavery alone in the states where it existed. Republican Party Formed. — National parties soon formed on this issue. Seward had suggested the Repub- lican party in 1855, and the next year it was definitely or- ganized. It was an amalgamation of Whigs, Democrats, and several other factions. It stood for a liberal inter- pretation of the powers of the national government about slavery, a protective tariff, and a national bank. It SLAVERY IN NEW YORK 219 demanded that Congress restrict slavery to slave states. It met in a national convention at Philadelphia and nominated John C. Fremont and William L. Day- ton (June 17, 1856). The Know-nothings had held their convention in the same city, and had chosen Fillmore as their candidate (Feb. 22), and he was in- dorsed by the Whigs at Baltimore (Sept. 17). The Democrats at Cincinnati named James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge (June 2), and they were elected by a large majority. In New York, however, Buchanan received 80,000 votes less than Fremont, but 70,000 more than Fillmore. By more than 400,000 ballots New York disapproved of Buchanan and his platform. In the state election the Republicans had an easy victory. John A. King defeated Amasa J. Parker and Erastus Brooks for governor. Panic of 1857. — The growth and expansion of New York was rapid and in all directions, but still for the most part steady and normal since the panic of 1837. So great were the resources of the state that the panic of 1857 did comparatively little damage. Ships came and went, factory wheels hummed, railroads and canals were busy, and all kinds of business thrived. New York against Slavery Extension. — After the election of Buchanan the voice of New York was raised continually against the extension of slavery to new soil. The press, the pulpit, and the state government re- flected the people's will. It was a clear contest for principle against business interests. New York de- pended greatly upon the south for trade by sea and land. Her factories, insurance companies, newspapers, and wholesale houses demanded friendly relations with the 220 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK south at any price. But the people's consciences led them to refuse to sacrifice right for gain. State Politics. — While Buchanan's administration was carrying out its timid, mistaken policy, the people of this section were making a record in state matters. To succeed Governor King, Edwin D. Morgan Avas elected, defeating the nominees of the Democrats, Americans, and Abolitionists (1858). Morgan was born in Mas- sachusetts (1811), but grew up in J^ew York, where he made a fortune as a wholesale grocer. At the outbreak of civil war he was in the executive chair and ren- dered invaluable service to the nation by organizing 492,000 soldiers. He was governor till 1862, and the next year was elected United States senator. In 1877 he was again the Republican candidate for governor, but was defeated. National Issues. — State issues were soon lost in national questions. All eyes were on the struggle over Kansas. John Brown, a native of Connecticut, a resident of the ^^ John Brown tract " in Xew York, a fighting abolitionist, led a crusade into Kansas and was forced to flee from there charged with murder. With a few desperate followers he went to Harper's Ferry, Maryland, to make war upon slavery (1859). Most of his comrades were shot in the fight which resulted, and he with a few others was taken prisoner, tried, and hanged by the state of Virginia (Dec. 2). His body now lies buried at ^orth Elba, Essex county, N. Y. In the summer of 1899 the remains of seven of his asso- ciates were placed by his side amid impressive cere- monies. In the Presidential Election of 1860 sectional hostil- SLAVERY m NEW YORK ^21 ity reached its climax. The Democrats split into a northern and southern wing on the question of slavery. The southerners seceded from the national convention held at Charleston, met at Richmond, and nominated John C. Breckinridge (June 28). The northerners ad- journed to Baltimore and chose Stephen A. Douglas as their candidate (June 18). The Americans named John Bell at Baltimore (May 19). The Eepublicans met at Chicago (May 16). Seward, the father of the party, was the most prominent candidate. He was aided by Thurlow Weed, editor of the Albany Journal and the most skillful politician of his age, and Horace Greeley, editor of the Neiv York Tribune. For some years this triumvirate had controlled ^N^ew York politics. Greeley Defeats Seward. — Seward was backed for the nomination by a solid delegation from his own state. But Greeley suddenly deserted his friend and at Chicago worked against him. He accused Seward of selling city franchises for campaign funds. This, with personal hatreds, defeated Seward and led to the selection of Abraham Lincoln. Seward was disappointed, but did all in his power to elect Lincoln and thus have his own principles triumph. The Republican candi- dates received a majority of the electoral college, but no candidate got a majority of the popular vote. I^ew York gave Lincoln a majority of 50,000. Seward, as Lincoln's Secretary of State, labored for the success of his party and won for himself a name among America's most distinguished patriots and statesmen. 22^ SHORT EISTOUY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Chaptek XLV. — New Yokk and the Civil War Threats of Secession. — During the campaign of 1860 a few hot-headed southern politicians declared that if the " black Kepublicans " elected Lincoln they would secede. These threats had no effect on the people whose conscience was stirred so deeply. Lincoln once elected, the calmer northern statesmen sought to quiet the south. ]N"ewspapers urged moderation. New York especially was desirous of averting war. She extended a friendly hand to Senator Crittenden, who fathered a compromise in vain. She warmly accepted Virginia's invitation to send delegates to the peace conference at Washington (Feb. 4, 1861). Mass-meetings were held over the state to avert war and to preserve an honorable peace. Wealthy merchants, manufacturers, and traders did all within their power to avoid the conflict. But the day of compromise was past. The nation could not endure " half slave and half free." Activity of New York. — South Carolina seceded (Dec. 20, 1860), followed by six other states within forty days. Lincoln denied the right of secession. All peace efforts failed. The Confederate States of America were formed. Fort Sumter was taken (April 14). The gun of a New York boy. Captain Abner Doubleday, first answered the southern attack and spoke the mind of the north. The flag was shot down by the Confeder- ates. New York's first volunteer, Peter Hart, recklessly seized it and nailed it to the staff amid missiles of death and cheers. Daniel Hough, killed by the explosion of a ]^BW YORK AND THE CIVIL WAR 22^ gun, the first martyr to the Union, was a ISTew- Yorker. Party lines faded away in defense of the nation's life. The masses of the north clamored for arms, leaders, and organization to bring the south back to law and order at the bayonet's point. The President called for 75,000 troops (April 15), and the Civil War had begun in earnest. " The Union Defense Committee," organ- ized in New York City with John A. Dix as chairman, sent 7,000 men within ten days to answer Lincoln's call. Later it helped to organize forty-nine regiments of 40,- 000 men. Other cities took like action. The legisla- ture almost unanimously offered the President men and money to uphold the nation's integrity (Jan. 11). Opposition to the War. — A respectable minority, however, found mostly in the cities, sent memorials to Congress and held mass-meetings to avert hostilities. At a big gathering in the metropolis, attended and ad- dressed by men of both parties, three commissioners were sent south to ^' restore the peace and integrity of the Union " (Jan. 28). In another noted meeting at Albany, Judge Amasa J. Parker presided and iirged compromise. Ex-Governor Seymour asked whether ^^ successful coercion by the north is less revolutionary than successful secession by the south." " If a revolu- tion by force is to begin," said another speaker, " it shall be inaugurated at home." At Utica, Syracuse, Roches- ter, Buffalo, and elsewhere these southern sympathizers held meetings. Some of the leaders were imprisoned and a few New York City newspapers were forced to raise the stars and stripes. A delegation from Brooklyn and New York, moved by a generous spirit, carried a petition signed by 40,000 citizens to Seward urging him ^24 SHORT msTonr of rim state of new tork to persuade Congress to concede such terms to the south as would bring her back into the Union. Loyalty of the State Government. — The state gov- ernment, voicing the majority in the state, acted without fear or delay. Lincoln asked ^ew York for 13,000 men for three months, and she voted $3,000,000 and 30,000 men for two years. By July 1 she had enlisted 46,700 men, and in six months more 120,000 men. The emj^ty state arsenals were equipped with 19,000 rifles. Wealthy men loaned the government $210,000,000 of the $260,- 000,000 asked for by Congress. When the campaign of 1862 closed 250,000 of Xew York's sons were on the battle-fields of nine southern states. The people were fired with patriotism, l^early every home had a hero in the army. Boys ran away and overstated their ages to enlist. Companies were formed and drilled every- where. Little else was talked of in schools, churches, and social gatherings. Sisters, wdves, and mothers made flags and clothing for the soldiers. Men left the shop, the desk, the schoolroom, and the pulpit to uphold the LTnion. Heroism was not dead in New York. The State Election of 1861 was of unusual interest. Local issues were dropped out of sight. The Kepub- licans rallied all who supported the war against disunion, and elected their candidates by over 100,000 majority. Then reaction set in. The first glow of patriotism sub- sided. The conduct of the war was criticised. The burdens of taxation, the depressed trade, and high prices led to discontent and restlessness. The south had de- feated the north at Bull Eun. General McClellan was retreating. Those who looked for a short, decisive, easy victory were losing heart. Even Lincoln's promise KEW YORK AND THE CIVIL WAR 225 of emancipation (Sept. 22) only increased the doubt and fear. The new draft, ordered on the eve of election, embittered many. This change of feeling and the loss of the soldier vote led to the election of Seymour for governor over General James S. Wadsworth by 10,752 majority (Nov., 1862). Conduct of the War Denounced. — Thus the people showed their distrust in the conduct of the war, though not in the justice of the war itself. The " peace-at- any-price " men were jubilant. Seymour denounced the Republican management of the war, and most bit- terly assailed the plan for freeing and arming the slaves as one ^^ for the butchery of women and children, for scenes of lust and rapine, of arson and murder, un- paralleled in the history of the world." But he favored war to preserve the Union. This was the feeling of thousands of other honest citizens. Position of Governor Seymour. — By 1862 the de- mand for recruits in New York could not be met by voluntary enlistment. The draft helped elect Seymour, but, once in office, he had to enforce it — a hard task for him. He boldly said that New York had not received due credit for her men, and hinted that, being Demo- cratic, a heavier quota was assigned her. Finally the draft began (July 11, 1863). The first day passed quietly, but there w^ere signs of danger ahead. A mob was organizing to resist the draft. Mob Material. — From the days of Leisler's Rebellion to the present time. New York City, like all large cities, has had an element that could easily be incited to acts of violence by wily leaders. There were the negro riots of 1712 and 1741, the Stamp Act riot of 1765, the \ 226 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK doctors' riot of 1788, the election riots of 1834, the abolition riots of 1834 and 1835, the flour riot of 1837, the actors' riot of 1849, the police riot, " dead rabbit " riot, and bread riot of 1857, the draft riots of 1863, the Orange riots of 1870, and numerous labor riots since. Draft Riots. — Evil conspirators, guided by southern leaders, planned an outbreak for July 4, 1863, but it was impossible under the show of loyalty after Vicksburg and Gettysburg. The leaders and a few newspapers shrewdly kept the pot of discontent bubbling until the reckless, lawless mob broke forth in wanton fury (July 13). A crowd of disloyalists, both honest and rascally, aided by criminals and vagabonds, surrounded the provost-marshaFs office at the corner of Third avenue and Forty-sixth street, where the draft was being made. First a mndow was broken, then the officers were stoned, and finally the mob rushed into the room, smashed the furniture, and destroyed the papers. To complete the savage act, the building was burned and the police and firemen prevented from stopping the flames. Ravages of the Mob. — This was the beginning of a wild scene of murder and arson. The rioters, gloating over their first victory, scattered over the city and all day and night looted, burned, assaulted, and murdered. The armory on Second avenue was captured and burned and the arms seized. The draft office at Broadway and Twenty-eighth street was sacked and the whole block fired. The New Yorh Trihune^s business office was broken to pieces and the building saved only by a dash of the police. Colored men, women, and children were abused, beaten, and killed. The asylum for negro chil- WORK OF TRE EMPIRE STATE IN THE CIVIL WAR 227 dren was burned and the inmates abused. Black waiters were driven out of hotels and restaurants. Riots duelled. — For forty-eight hours the rioters held fearful sway. The police fought bravely with the mad thousands. General John E. Wool called upon the old soldiers to help quell the riots. Governor Seymour hastened to the city, proclaimed that '^ riotous proceed- ings must be put down/' declared the city to be in a state of insurrection, and ordered the harshest measures to be used. The best citizens upheld him. Business had ceased, stores were closed, street-cars were not run- ning. Loyal citizens began to organize. The national government sent forces to stop the riot. Archbishop Hughes pleaded w^ith the Irish Catholics to uphold the law. After three days of carnage Mayor Opdyke an- nounced that lawlessness had ceased. Seymour es- timated the loss at 1,000 lives and $2,000,000 in prop- erty. The example of the ]^ew York mob in resisting the draft was followed elsewhere in the state. Little damage was done, however. Chapter XLVI. — The Work of the Empire State IN THE Civil War Election of 1864. — The state and national elections stirred all hearts in ^N'ew York. The progress of the war and the nation's future depended upon the results. There were fears of fraud and violence. General Dix Avarned rebel agents in Canada not to try to influence the election. All southerners in the north were regis- S28 SHOUT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOItK tered and watched by detectives. Democrats denounced these measures as violating personal rights. Troops were sent to the northern frontier and the wildest rumors were afloat. Governor Seymour pleaded for the united action of all good men '^ to avoid all measures tending to strife and disorder.'' Peace and quiet reigned on elec- tion-day. Lincoln electors in I^ew York w^ere chosen over those of McClellan by only 6,749 votes, while Reuben E. Fenton was elected governor over Seymour by 8,293 majority. By an amendment to the constitu- tion (March, 1864) the soldiers were allowed to vote, and probably decided the result. The method of voting was questionable, however, and some officers were found guilty of fraud and punished. Governor Fenton, of illustrious descent, was a farmer's boy who made a fortune as a lumber merchant. He upheld Lincoln's vigorous war policy, and in 1866 was re-elected. His rule was also noted for its defense of the people's rights against railroads, and by the improve- ment of city government in the state. He was elected to the United States senate, and served the state in a distinguished way for six years (1869). He died at Jamestown (Aug. 25, 1885). Rebel Plots. — Reports of conspiracies to murder great men, to burn villages and cities, and to incite mobs were rampant in ^New York. Most of them were imagina- tions, but others were true. The draft riots looked like part of a conspiracy to help the south. Later a number of hotels were set on fire (I^ov. 25, 1864). Robert Ken- nedy confessed that he was one of eight who had sworn to set thirty-tAVO fires to retaliate for the acts of Union troops in the Shenandoah Valley. These conspirators WOBK OF THE EMPIRE STATE IN THE CIVIL WAR 220 had come from Canada, and were to go soiitli after com- pleting their work. With the collapse of the Confed- eracy after 1864 these plots ceased. Draft in New York. — Governor Seymour's protest against the draft in New York resulted in a revision of the lists and other changes. I^ew York's apportion- ment was reduced 13,000. The draft over the state was disappointing. Of 77,862 persons called 53,109 were released for disability, 14,073 paid the fine for exemp- tion, 6,619 furnished substitutes, and only 2,557 entered service. Still in 1863 about 50,000 volunteers went to the front from New York. The next year liberal state and county bounties induced 204,105 to enlist — an ex- cess of 5,301 over the requisition. The Southern Sympathizers, or ^' Copperheads," were still numerous, and many good citizens opposed the ex- treme war measures. Meetings w^ere also held over the state. At Albany Seymour declared that half of the loyal states questioned whether the war was '^ waged to put down rebellion at the south or to destroy free insti- tutions at the north." But these meetings were more than counteracted by loyal ones pledging unlimited sup- port to suppress rebellion and to preserve the Union. The Assassination of Lincoln and the attack on Sew- ard gave the people of New York a great shock. An hour after the sad news was received houses and places of business were draped in black. A great, solemn gathering was held in the metropolis, and a committee of thirteen was sent to Washington to express the city's grief. The same sorrow was felt over the state. The funeral train on its way to Illinois passed over the New York Central Railroad from east to west. George Ban- 230 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK croft, the historian, delivered a funeral oration, and William Cullen Bryant a enlogv on the dead President. The people mourned his loss as they would that of a father. New York's Officers. — That ^N'ew York took a leading part in the Civil War is shoAvn by her list of valiant officers. They were men of brains and bravery. Among the generals were Daniel Butterfield, the hero of Kesaca, the gallant James S. Wadsworth, who fell at the Wilderness, Phil Kearny, who died at Chantilly, Daniel E. Sickles, Benjamin F. Tracy, and Henry W. Slocum, so prominent in politics since the war, and Floyd, Webb, Morrell, Sumner, Barlow, Barnum, Jacobs, Sharpe, I^agle, Townsend, Strong, Stewart, Cochrane, Dodge, and others. Scarcely less prominent were scores of under-officers. ISTo state can boast of a nobler list. West Point Monument. — At historic West Point, where many of the brave army officers of the nation have been educated since 1802, a battle monument was erected May 30, 1897, in memory of the gallant soldiers who fell in the Civil War. On this granite shaft 46 feet high are recorded the names of 2,042 privates and 788 officers. This was ^^ew York's sacrifice in blood upon the altar of the Union. General John M. Wilson pre- sented the monument to the national army and govern- ment, and General John M. Schofield and the Secretary of War accepted it. The Statesmen had as hard a battle to fight as the sol- diers. They waged the contest of diplomacy, of taxation, of enlisting and paying men, of quelling riots, and of conducting the government. Seward, senator when the WOBK OF THE EMPIRE STATE IN THE CIVIL WAR 231 war broke out, and Secretary of State under Lincoln, was dealing giant blows for the Union. Preston King and Edwin D. Morgan represented New York in the Senate. Such men as Roscoe Conkling, William A. Wheeler, Charles B. Sedgwick, James Brooks, and John A. Griswold were in the House of Representa- tives. Morgan, Seymour,- and Fenton were good gov- ernors in these trying times, and many illustrious men were in the state senate and assembly during this criti- cal period of our history. Activity of New-Yorkers. — General John A. Dix directed the first successful military movement of the war (July, 1861). Captain Allan Rutherford issued the first call for volunteers (Jan. 11, 1861). General John Cochrane first publicly urged the arming of slaves. A IN^ew- Yorker fired the first gun for the Union. The boys in blue from this state turned the tide at Gettys- burg and formed over one-third of the Union army. More than a quarter of the medals of honor given by the War Department went to I^ew York boys. The first Confederate flag was captured by the daring Ellsworth at Alexandria, Va. N"ew York lost 33,000 soldiers and 1,100 commissioned officers. Of the 270,000 soldiers taken prisoner during the war 46,000, or over one-sixth, were from New York, and more than 5,500 of them died in southern prisons. Loyalty of Professional and Business Men. — Promi- nent ministers of all sects in the state acted as chap- lains, and some even served in the ranks. The doctors deserted paying practices and college halls to care for the sick and wounded. The lawyers Avere no less patri- otic. The bar of l^ew York City at once voted $30,000 232 SHORT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK to raise troops (April 22, 1861). Men like Whitelaw Reid, Edmund C. Stedman, George W. Smallej, and Henry Villard represented the press on the battle-field. Merchants and bankers bought the first United States bonds, proposed the greenback sj'stem, and suggested the national banking law. The first private gift came from Colonel John Jacob Astor, and it was followed by scores of others. Woman's Relief Association. — The charitable work of this state was second to none. The ^ew York women were no less patriotic than the men. They could not bear arms and fight in the field, but they could nurse the sick, care for the wounded, and make supplies for the Avell. The great mass-meeting of 3,000 women in Coo- per Union was held to devise means to aid the disabled soldiers and to comfort sorroAving relatives. From all spheres of life went forward women to the fields of ac- tion as angels of mercy. The ^' AYoman's Central Relief Association '' was organized to do active work in hos- pitals and on the battle-field. Xew York City was the headquarters. Thousands of wounded soldiers owed their lives to these women of Xew York. ^' The American Sanitary Commission " (June 9, 1861), which watched over the purity and comfort of camps and hospitals, was due in large part to the benevolent spirit of I^ew York women. Branches were established in all the states, ^ew York City was the headquarters. This was followed by the " Allotment Commission," to send the pay of soldiers home to their families, and the *^ Christian Commission," to guard the spiritual welfare of the boys in blue. John F. Seymour was made a general agent to watch over the ^ew York soldiers ia WOEK OF THE EMPIRE STATE IN THE CIVIL WAR 233 the field. He appointed special surgeons and nurses, distributed comforts to the soldiers, and gave them per- sonal attention and sympathy. Many local organiza- tions, unknown to the world up to that time, helped complete the work. The Masses of the People, the children, women, working men, old men, and business and professional men, kept the homes sweet ; ran the shop, store, factory, and farm; sent love and comfort to homesick sailors and soldiers; and supplied food, clothing, and war materials. It was an heroic struggle, and to-day it is commemo- rated in many a song, poem, book, statue, building, tablet, and organization. It is thus nations remember their periods of heroism. New York may well be proud of her record as a part of the great nation in the struggle for a united democracy. Cost to New York. — N^ew York need not be ashamed of her part in the Civil War. She sent to the field and navy 475,000 men — one-fifth of all the troops sent out to save the Union, and one-eighth of the whole popula- tion in the state. Over 4,000 were colored troops. So great was the drain that the census of 1865 showed a decrease in population of about 50,000 as compared with 1860. The state paid almost $87,000,000 in bounties. I^ew York City furnished 116,000 men at a cost of $14,500,000, and Brooklyn sent forth 35,000— a larger number in proportion to population than Boston. New York's Gallant Troops showed patriotic devotion equal to any on the field of battle. Her brave sailors withstood the terrors of wind and storm, and shot and shell. Ericsson^ an adopted son of New York^ built 234 SHORT HTSTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the famous " Monitor," the ^^ cheese-box on a raft," and was backed by rich citizens. Every loyal army heard the victorious shout and dying sigh of some son of I^ew York, and every battle-field was moistened with his blood. Chapter XL VII. — Industrial Condition The Fenian Movement. — After the rebellion Avas quelled thousands of soldiers returned to the tasks of peace. New York had no trouble wdth these rough warriors save the attempted invasion of Canada by the Irish. This was part of the Fenian movement against England. The fire of war was still in the hearts of the Irish soldiers when they planned to seize Canada. Arms were sent to the border and 1,500 men crossed Magara River (June 1, 1866), took Fort Erie, and defeated the Canadians at Ridgeway. But they returned to !N'ew York during the night, and two prisoners were saved from death only by the intervention of the United States. The leaders quarreled and the invasion stopped, though it was some time before the excitement died down on the northern boundary. Results of the War. — The Civil War killed state sovereignty and made the nation supreme. It led to the abolition of slavery by the XIII. Amendment (Dec. 18, 1865). It gave the negro citizenship and the protection of law by the XIV. Amendment (July 28, 1868), and it enfranchised him by the XV. Amendment (March 30, 1870). These amendments were all ratified by Xew York, The state had never removed the property INDUSTRIAL CONDITION 235 qualification of $250 put upon negroes in 1822, though repeated efforts had been made to do so. Hence the nation and not the commonwealth gave the black man equal political rights in New York. Peace and Prosperity Followed on the heels of war in the Empire State. The channels of trade opened with renewed vigor. Commerce sprang into new life. Local factories and all kinds of industries soon employed thousands. The shop, farm, and store were thriving as in the past. People invested money in all kinds of busi- ness enterprises. The new industrial life demanded new railroads, telegraph lines, and canals. The state was entering upon an era of prosperity unknown in the past and scarcely dreamed for the future. Population. — In the face of a bloody and costly war, the state steadily increased in population from 1855 to 1875. Her people now numbered 4,700,000 — an in- crease of a million and a half in twenty years — and her rank was still first. The voters had doubled and num- bered 1,267,000, of whom 395,000 were foreign-born. Those who came from other countries formed one- fourth of the population and were mostly Irish, Ger- man, English, Canadian, and Scotch, in the order named The percentage of foreigners in the metropolis was 43, in Brooklyn 35, and in Buffalo 34. In Erie county the naturalized voters exceeded the native by 400, in Kings county by 5,600, and in ISTew York City by 50,000. The Increase of Cities characterizes the new era. They numbered 21 in 1870 and 46 a decade later. !N'ew York City still held first place in America with a million people. Brooklyn had passed from the seventh to the third largest city in the country with 400,000 inhabit- 230 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ants. Buffalo was the third city in the state and num- bered 118,000. Rochester, Syracuse, and Troy had doubled in size. Albany fell from the ninth to the twen- tieth place in the nation, though it had increased 20,000. Utica had grown 11,000 and Binghamton, Elmira, Yonkers, Long Island City, and Auburn had become im- portant centers. Eight of the fifty chief cities in the United States were in Kew York. There were 159 vil- lages in 1870, and the wealth of the state had increased more than sLx-fold and was $6,500,000,000. Banks and Insurance Companies. — Prosperity can be measured by the number and character of the banks. The single savings bank of 1819 had grown to 155 with $285,300,000 in deposits (1873). This shows how thrifty the poorer people were. In 1876 there were 365 other banks in the state with $128,100,000 capital, $294,000,000 deposited, $42,300,000 in circulation, and $322,000,000 out in loans. The whole system was over- looked by a state bank department. Insurance com- panies grew with the banks. In 1860 there were 135, and in 1875 they numbered over 300. Life, fire, and marine insurance companies were followed by special companies for accidents, theft, live stock, cyclones, plate glass, and other purposes. The insurance depart- ment was created in 1859 and now controls the whole system. In the same year the first state convention of life-insurance companies w^as held in New York City, and in 1871 the first national convention convened. Canals and Railroads. — The industrial development of this period was a continuation of the preceding one. The thirteen canals with the navigable rivers and lakes furnished 1,393 miles of waterway, on which in a year INDUSTRIAL CONDITtON 287 5,800,000 tons of freight were carried at an expense of $4,336,000 and $2,550,000 in tolls (1874). But the canals were gradually replaced by faster means of transportation. The railroads had proved their value for travel and freight traffic. The 2,700 miles at the beginning of the war had grown to 5,210 miles of steam railroads and 400 miles of horse-car lines (1875). The railroads carried 35,000,000 passengers at a cost of $25,000,000, and the horse-cars 228,000,000 at a cost of $12,000,000 (1874). The freight amounted to $65,000,000. This enormous business had been built up in less than half a century. In 1850 New York was first in railroads, but by 1860 she was only third, so rapidly were they built over the wide west. Street-cars. — When the war began Brooklyn had 80 miles of street-car lines and l^ew York City only 62 miles. As early as 1830 elevated railroads were dis- cussed. As the metropolis grew rapid transit became a necessity. The E'ew York Elevated Railroad Com- pany and the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad Company were organized (1872). In 1879 two trunk lines were completed. To-day one can travel all around the great city. Brooklyn copied New York. Thousands of busi- ness men were thus enabled to live in healthy suburbs and still look after their business in the heart of the busy city. The Industrial Establishments increased from 23,- 500 (1850) to 36,000 (1870), and the hands employed doubled. The money invested almost quadrupled. The value of products more than trebled and reached the sum of $785,000,000. The 352,000 persons thus employed were paid $142,000,000 in wages. The chief ^38 SHORT mSTOBT OF THE STATE OF NEW YOMK manufacturing counties were, in the order named, N^ew York, Kings, Rensselaer, Erie, Albany, Monroe, Onon- daga, Oneida, Westchester, Oswego, Dutchess, Orange, and Ulster. From 1850 to 1860 New York led the states in making agricultural implements, engines, iron, books, sewing-machines, clothing, lumber, flour, malt liquors, leather, furniture, salt, gas, soap, and candles. She was second in making boots, shoes, woolen goods, and musical instruments. In 1870 she ranked first in manufacturing copper, war materials, furniture, paper, tobacco, farming tools, cheese, musical instruments, salt, maple sugar, and syrup. She stood second in pro- ducing brass, foods, iron, leather, liquors, lumber, books, clothing, carpets, flour, and woolen goods, and third in lead, nails, tacks, and silk. Averaging all products, l^ew York led the country in manufacturing. Agriculture. — Farming was never a more desirable nor a more profitable occupation than during the period More than one-tenth of the people owned farm-lands, and 375,000 were engaged in this work (1870). There were 242,000 farms, and only 258 over 1,000 acres. Of the 25,660,000 acres in farms 15,900,000 acres were improved. The farms were valued at $1,221,500,000, the stock on them at $146,500,000, and the produce at $121,188,000 (1875). The crops had increased one- third. Of hay 5,500,000 tons were raised, of barley ■5,000,000 bushels, of buckwheat 4,000,000, of corn 20,- .000,000, of rye 3,000,000, of wheat 10,000,000, of po- tatoes 37,000,000, and of apples 18,000,000. Of grapes 17,000,000 pounds were grown. Over 9,000,000 pounds of maple sugar, 219,000,000 pounds of butter, and 106,000,000 pounds of cheese were made. Of milk 41,- INDUSTRIAL CONDITION 230 500,000 gallons were sold, and of wine 311,000. Large quantities of hops, poultry, and tobacco were raised. Swine, horses, and cattle increased in number 25 per cent, but sheep decreased. The markets were good and prices were high. Farmers became rich, built fine houses and barns, tilled their land, bred fancy kinds of stock, and sent their children to academies and colleges to be educated. Improved machinery made the work easier and gave more time for culture and travel. The country began to supply the cities with brain and mus- cle as well as food. From 1850 to 1860 New York led in farming, but since then other states have surpassed her. Commerce, both domestic and foreign, kept pace with the general prosperity. More than 235,000 persons were engaged in transportation. The domestic exports from the port of New York amounted in 1856 to $99,000,000, and the foreign exports were $6,000,000. Twenty years later they were $295,000,000 and $14,- 000,000. The imports during the same time increased from $196,000,000 to $312,000,000. Work was plenty and wages were good. Probably at no time in the history of the state were all classes so busy and so well satisfied. MO SHOliT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Chapter XLYIII. — Schools, Churches, and Society Free Public Schools. — This period saw a tremendous advance in education. The common schools were made free, and every boy and girl could be educated at the cost of the state (1867). The common schools were linked with the colleges by the formation of high schools in all the cities and large villages and by numer- ous academies. These secondary schools numbered 300 (1880). The colleges were increased and liberalized. Thus the great educational dream of De Witt Clinton was at last realized after many a hard and almost hope- less contest. For the masses there were 11,700 free common schools and 1,300 other institutions of learning (1870). The attendance had increased from 727,000 (1850) to 1,059,000 (1875), and 135,000 went to private schools. Still half a million of children of school age did not go to school. Educational Progress. — formal schools grew up grad- ually as the demand for trained teachers arose. They resulted from the teachers' institutes. The Albany ITormal was the first (1844). Oswego soon followed, and before long six more were established. These were supported by the state and were free. The three col- leges had become twenty-seven (1880). The girls were not neglected. Every city had one or more seminaries for them, and three colleges were exclusively for their use. At first education was held to be a family duty, but by this time the conviction prevailed that it was the state's duty to educate all boys and girls. This led to BCE00L8, CHURCHES, AND SOCIETY 241 tlie compulsory-education law, whick went into effect January 1, 1875. Newspapers and libraries. — The growing popular in- telligence was marked by the rapid progress in papers and books. The 428 newspapers of 1850 changed in number to 835 in 1870. The 51 dailies had increased to 87; the 36 monthlies to 163; and the 308 weeklies to 518. The total circulation advanced from 1,625,000 to 472,000,000. These papers represented the whole range of human interests. Another evidence of enlarged intel- lectual activity was the growth in libraries. In 1870 there were 21,000 libraries of all kinds in the state with 6,300,000 books. There were 10,000 school libraries, 3,500 Sunday-school libraries, 144 circulating libraries, 130 city and village libraries, 26 law libraries, 2 state libraries, and numerous private libraries. Post-offices. — That great educator, the post-office, was perfected during this epoch. Up to 1845 there was little change in the rates. It cost six cents to send a letter of one sheet 30 miles, ten cents up to 80 miles, and twenty-five cents for 400 miles. If the letter had two, three, or four sheets the price was doubled, trebled, or quadrupled. Drop letters and newspapers in the state cost one cent. In 1835 I^ew York paid $401,000 in postage. In 1845 a great change came. Letters of half an ounce were carried 300 miles for five cents, and beyond that the cost was double. I^ewspapers were carried free 30 miles, 100 miles for one cent, and be- yond that for half a cent more. In 1851 the rate for a letter was reduced to three cents for 3,000 miles, and two-cent letter postage was introduced in 1883. Post- age stamps were first used in 1847. The registration of 242 SHORT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK letters began in 1854, and free delivery and money orders originated in 1863. The Religious and Moral Life of the people was not neglected. The Civil War was a great moral educator. Man's freedom became a sacred thing. Loyalty was holy. The antislavery movement was looked upon as a sacred warfare. Along with it and overclouded by it was the temperance crusade. Charity, mercy, and honor took a new hold on men. Churches increased from 4,134 (1850) to 6,320 (1875) with 1,147,000 members. The 43 sects paid $5,308,000 to ministers in salaries and owned 'buildings valued at $101,106,000. The Methodists had the largest number of houses of worship, then came Baptists, Presbyterians, and Roman Catholics. The Roman Catholics had the largest number of mem- bers, and were followed by the Methodists, Presbyte- rians, and Baptists. Mrs. Bethune's small Sunday-school (1816) soon expanded into 7,000, attended by 1,200,- 000 scholars and teachers (1888). Prosperity and Intelligence. — The Civil War devel- oped a love of country not known since the Revolution. Confidence in the national government was strength- ened. Plenty of money, high bounties, and high prices for labor and products enabled the poor to pay off debts and become well-to-do. Shrewd merchants and bankers made large fortunes. There was an in- creased knowledge of local and national geography. Political science was better understood, and individual responsibility was realized as never before. The Social Condition of the people was greatly im- proved. The railroads, canals, and telegraph lines united the people as one big family. J^ewspapers guided public SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, A^B SOCIETY M3 opinion more easily. People thought, read, and felt more. Man's equality was vindicated by war. Travel brought broad views and sympathy. Inventions made life easier and happier. The poor man in his humble home had more comfort than the rich a half-century before. Emigration was becoming a serious problem, especially in the large cities. From the 50,000 foreigners who came to New York between 1790 and 1800 the numbers had grown to 1,427,000 during the ten years before 1850. The decade before the Civil War saw nearly 3,000,000 land at New York, and from there scatter over the nation. Nearly 26 per cent of the population of New York was foreign-born in 1860, but five years later only 14 per cent. After the war the inflow revived. The 400,000 aliens of 1865 coming into the state increased to 1,196,000 in 1875, or more than 150 per cent. Character of Immigrants. — The danger came not from the number of immigrants, but their character. Most of them were poor and ignorant. These foreigners also helped to swell the list of paupers and criminals. Many have become our very best citizens. The process of Americanizing them was very slow and in some cases discouraging. Fraudulent practices led to the formation of a Board of Commissioners of Emigration (1849). Private Charity. — The state institutions were sup- plemented by private ones. The first hospital was es- tablished in New York City (1770). From time to time others were built for the sick and disabled until every city had one or more. There were 49 in 1880. Orphan asylums, free dispensaries for the sick, homes for 244 8B0RT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK soldiers and sailors, inebriates, and the aged, reform schools and farms, houses of refuge, and many other forms of charity grew up side by side with those founded by the state. A Board of State Commissioners of Public Charity was created to superintend the philan- thropy of the state. Over $40,000,000 has been in- vested by the commonwealth for the unfortunates, and about $10,000,000 is spent annually. Society. — The paupers decreased from 60,000 (1850) to 26,000 (1870) in face of the great increase in popula- tion. But over three times as much money was spent for the care of the latter as for that of the former. Criminals changed in number from 10,280 to 5,500, of which 2,000 were foreigners. Here was a decided social gain. Illiteracy increased, due entirely to emigration. The Elmira Reformatory for making good men out of criminals was authorized (1869). " The Year 1875 closed the first century of the great republic of the West.'' At Philadelphia, the birthplace of the nation, a grand centennial was held. New York made a magnificent display of her inventions, her fac- tory, farm, and garden products, and her various other industries. THE POLITICAL SITUATION 245 Chapter XLIX. — The Political Situation Seymour a Candidate for President.— In 1868 ]!Tew York had another candidate for President, Horatio Sey- mour, a '^ favorite son/' five times a nominee for gov- ernor and twice elected, who was nominated by the Democrats (July 4). The Republicans named U. S. Grant, the successful general of the recent w^ar. Sey- mour worked with might and main in a hopeless contest against the popular hero. Xew York gave a solid vote to her favorite, but he was beaten by 214 to 80 electoral votes. Seymour never ran for public office again, but, like De Witt Clinton, devoted the rest of his life to the canals, topography, and history of the state he loved. He died at Utica (Feb. 12, 1886), lamented as a states- man, orator, writer, and, above all, citizen. Governor Hoffman. — Seymour's popularity carried the Democrats into power again in the state. They elected as governor John Thompson Hoffman, a graduate of Union College (1846), a lawyer and politician, over John A. Griswold, the Republican candidate. Governor Hoffman was re-elected (1870), defeating Stewart L. Woodford by 33,000 majority. His administration was distinguished for his opposition to special legislation, his contention for '^ home rule '' in cities, his effort to cen- tralize the control of the canals, and to lengthen the term of supreme-court judges to fourteen years. The Tweed Ring. — The Democratic victory in ^ew York led to charges of fraud, especially in Kew York City. The legislature was asked to interfere in behalf 246 SHORT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW lORK of honest local government. Laws were passed to that end, but only served to aid dishonest politicians. The terms " ring/' " machine/' and " boss '' became signifi- cant in politics at this time. To take the government of the metropolis out of the hands of a partj, a bipartisan board was appointed to rule for six years. The board soon became a " ring " under a " boss." While the peo- ple were bent on making money just after the war, they forgot their civic duties. This was the era of gigantic swindling. Men of both parties were bought and used as tools. Infamous deals were made for railroad and corporation monopolies. Courts and legislatures were bought up. The climax was reached in the notorious " Tweed Ring." " Boss " Tweed.— By 1868 the " boss " in 'New York City and in the state was William M. Tweed, a chair- maker, able and jovial, but with little education, coarse, and without conscience. He was the master spirit of the worst part of the Democrats, and controlled enough Republicans to carry out his schemes. He boasted that every man had his price. He had been a congressman (1850), and then was on the bipartisan board of super- visors for the city (1851). Four times he was chosen president of the board. His next ofiice was deputy street commissioner (1863), and a few years later he went to the state senate (1867) to guide his crooked legislative schemes directly. The Robbery. — He now controlled the government of Xew York City. Tammany Hall made him its Grand Sachem. He held in his hand the nominations of the city and state. Greedy officials carried out his will. He organized his friends into a '^ ring " to plunder the city. THE POLITICAL 8ITVATI0N 247 His servants were in the courts. From the unsuspect- ing people he drew taxes enough to run a nation. He professed to use the money on streets, parks, armories, public buildings, and improvements of various kinds, but most of it went to himself and his fellow conspira- tors. A new court-house, to cost $250,000 (1868), was used to cover thefts of over $10,000,000. Contractors received this sum and then repaid Tweed and his allies from 15 to 85 per cent. New Charter of 1870. — Pretending that the people de- manded more concentrated responsibility, Tweed secured a new charter for the city (1870). All power was put into the hands of a mayor, comptroller, commis- sioner of parks, and commissioner of public works. This " big four,'' led by Tweed, was absolute. It controlled all moneys and offices. It met but once, allowed $6,- 000,000 of fraudulent bills, and then gave all power to the chief. He helped elect Hoifman governor (1870). He taxed everything possible, and gave out money with a royal hand. A record of the robberies and division of the spoils was kept accurately in the auditor's office. Discovery of the Fraud. — Few crimes on so great a scale are known to history. Tweed's princely airs, the gaudy show of his colleagues, the pretensions of Tammany Hall in politics — city, state, and national, — and the burdens of the expensive frauds led to exposure after millions upon millions had been stolen from the people. Crime will out. The New Yorlc Times and Harper^s Weekly exposed the steal. Indignation meet- ings were held. A Committee of Seventy was appointed to act (Sept. 4, 1871). Tweed only answered, ^^ What are you going to do about it ? " 248 SIIOBT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Overthrow of the Eing. — Retribution came speedily. Connolly, the comptroller, was arrested, bailed out on $500,000, and escaped to Europe. Tweed gave $1,000,- 000 bail, but was at last sentenced to twelve years' im- prisonment (1873). His friends secured his release in two years. He was rearrested on a new charge, but escaped to Europe. He was recaptured in Spain (1876) and returned to prison, where he soon died, at the age of fifty-five (1878). Mayor Hall was also tried, but es- caped punishment. The legislature secured the removal or resignation of three judges who had co-operated with the " ring.'' Changes in Government. — The Committee of Seventy failed to secure a new charter, but had the old one so modified as to place the legislative power in the hands of a board of twenty-two aldermen. The mayor still named the heads of departments. Subsequent years have not been wholly free from charges of fraud and corruption in city politics. Many investigations have been made since and some wholesome laws have been passed, so that cities are governed better to-day than ever before. Still the problem of city government is not yet wholly solved. The " Tweed Ring " called out heroic action and civic devotion as nothing else could have done. Horace Greeley. — In the coming contest for President (1872) another New York son was a candidate. The " Liberal Republicans," who opposed what they con- sidered Grant's usurpation of power, held a national convention at Cincinnati and nominated the venerable Horace Greeley (May 1), and the Democrats seconded the nomination at Baltimore (June 9). The Ilepubli- THE POLITICAL SITUATION 249 cans meanwhile renominated Grant (June 5). The people still trusted Grant. Even JSTew York gave Grant 53,500 more votes than Greeley. Before the electoral college met, Greeley, disappointed, broken in health, and grieved over the loss of his wife, died. Greeley should be classed among New York's greatest men. Born in Vermont (1811), he went to New York at the age of twenty. He helped to establish modern journal- ism. Through the New Yorh Tribune he became a leading politician in the state and nation. He stood for a protective tariff; he fought the extension of slavery; he labored for the preservation of the Union. He served a term in Congress and was ambitious to be gov- ernor. He was odd in dress and eccentric in manners, but honest, brave, independent, and charitable. His re- fusal to submit to leadership, his defiance, his scathing criticism of men and parties, his undoubted genius and ability made him feared and hated by many politicians but loved by others. He opposed war at first, then stood for the Union, and was the first to offer bail for Jefferson Davis. State Politics.' — The state election of 1872 was inter- esting. The colored voters held their first convention at Troy, and pledged their support to Grant and demanded a recognition of their rights (May 3, 1872). The next year a law opened all places of amusement to them. John A. Dix defeated Francis Kernan for governor by 53,500 votes. Dix was a lawyer and had held various state and national offices. While Secretary of the Treasury (1861) he wrote that famous order to the lieu- tenant of a revenue cutter at New Orleans, ^' If any man attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him 250 SHOBT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK on the spot." That order electrified the north and fired every patriotic heart. He was a scholar, business man, soldier, statesman, and one of New York's best gov- ernors. He helped to improve the state's financial condition; he ended much local special legislation; he checked many corporate privileges; he reformed the canal management and the prison system; and he im- proved city government. He was renominated for the office (1874) but was defeated, and died five years later. Chapter L. — Tilden's Reforms Governor Tilden. — The state campaign of 1874 was a very interesting one. The Prohibitionists met at Au- burn and nominated ex-Governor Clark for the highest office (June). At the same time and place fifty Repub- licans condemned Governor Dix for vetoing a temper- ance bill. The Liberal Republicans convened at Albany, but made no nominations (Sept.). The Democrats named Samuel J. Tilden, and the Republicans the same month renominated Governor Dix by acclamation at Syracuse. The Democrats were victorious. Tilden defeated Dix by over 50,000 and became governor. Tilden was a native of the state (b. 1814) and the son of a rich merchant w^ho was a close friend of Van Buren and the " Albany Regency." Educated at Yale and the University of the City of New York, young Til- den studied law with Benjamin F. Butler. He first took up newspaper work (1844), and then entered poli- tics (1846). He censured Lincoln for not calling out TILDEN'8 REFORMS 251 500,000 volunteers in 1861, instead of 75,000. He be- came a great corporation lawyer, and had charge of many western railroads, thus accumulating a fortune of $7,000,000. Tilden and Tweed. — Tweed led the worst faction of Democrats in ^ew York, and Tilden the best. Tilden organized his party and began a systematic attack on the infamous Tweed Ring (1869). As an assemblyman he conducted the legislative investigation and exposed the clique (1871). This gave him the people's confidence and made him governor. Tilden's term of office began with a bold attack on the canal ring, which, under a sys- tem of repairs by contract, had plundered the state of hundreds of thousands of dollars. The legislature had appointed a committee to investigate the frauds (1867). Popular indignation led to a canal convention which de- manded the dismissal of the canal board and the swift punishment of all persons guilty of frauds. The com- mittee reported that the contractors combined to control prices and then divided profits. One canal commissioner was tried, but acquitted. A few inadequate laws had been passed under Governor Dix to protect the state. Tilden's Reforms. — Governor Tilden demanded a new investigation, and caused the arrest of many officials and of a few private individuals. Although they were not convicted, reformation followed, and no doubt the state was saved millions of dollars. Tilden's reform spirit left its mark on the public conscience. It spread from city to city, then to the state government, and finally to national affairs. As a result the responsibility of public officials was viewed differently, and there was a more rigid accountability of public expenditure to the 252 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK people. It was proved that when the people were once aroused to their duties of citizenship they would act de- cisively and on the right side. New York's Presidential Aspirants. — Looked upon as the champion of honest government, and trusted as the leader of his party, Tilden was early mentioned as a can- didate for President. The Democratic state conven- tion proposed his nomination for '' national regeneration and reform.'' Tammany Hall bitterly opposed him, but he was nominated in the national convention at St. Louis on the first ballot (June 28, 1876). The Eepub- licans of Xew York also had a candidate for the highest office, Roscoe Conkling, a L'nited States senator and a popular orator and statesman who had supported Grant. Their state convention suggested his candidacy, and promised the state's electoral votes for him. A strong faction in the state opposed him, however. He received only 99 votes in the national convention at Cincinnati, and was beaten by Kutherford B. Hayes (June 14). To appease !N'ew York William A. AVheeler was nominated for Vice-President. Tilden's Defeat. — The presidential election was one of the most exciting in our history. Xew York gave Til- den a majority of 32,700. The general result was in dispute. An electoral commission finally decided that Hayes had received 185 votes and Tilden 184. Til- den's friends insisted that he was elected, and he did re- ceive a majority of the popular vote, but he made no open protest and retired from active politics. In 1880 and again in 1884 his admirers would have made him a candidate for President, but he declined to accept the nomination. Two years later he died. He deserves to TILDEN'S REFORMS 253 rank with De Witt Clinton as a statesman, and with Van Buren as a politician. Well had he won the title of ''the sage/' He left $5,000,000 for a free public library, but his heirs broke his will and reduced the amount to $1,000,000. This sum has been used as the basis of the consolidation of the Astor and Lenox libraries into one great central library for E^ew York City. It is now in course of erection in Bryant Park, and will be the largest in America. State Factions. — The election of Hayes led to party divisions in New York. He chose William M. Evarts as his Secretary of State. The political leaders in the state opposed the policy of the administration. The Republican state convention criticised the national gov- ernment, and voted down resolutions commending it by 295 to 109. This division let the Democrats carry all the minor state elections (1877), th-ough the Repub- licans were victorious the following year. The Green- back party, born in 1876, which had nominated Peter Cooper of New York for President, polled 20,282 votes the next year, and in 1878, 75,133 votes for state officers. Governor Robinson. — The Democrats nominated Ho- ratio Seymour for governor in 1876, but he declined to run for the office, so Lucius Robinson was named and elected over Edwin D. Morgan, Republican, by 30,000 majority. The new executive was born in Xew York (1810), taught school, and became a famous lawyer. In 1861 he was elected comptroller by 108,200 votes, a majority larger than ever before given in the state, and was twice re-elected. In 1879 he was renominated for governor, but was defeated by Alonzo B. Cornell. 254 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Governor Robinson was the first to serve again the three-year term. His administration was notable for its strict economy and the rapid decrease of the state debt. He died in 1890, an honored citizen. THE CAPITOL AT ALBANY The New Capitol. — Since 1Y97 the legislature has met at Albany. First it assembled in the Stadt Huis, then in the old capitol, built at a cost of $110,000 (1806) and used till 1879, when the state government moved into the present splendid structure. Agitation for a new capitol had begun before the Civil War, and a committee was appointed to report on the project (1863). ^New York City offered to build the capitol, and also a fine governor's mansion, free of cost to the state, if located there. Syracuse, the central city of the state, also TILBEN'S REFORMS 255 wanted it. The legislature, however, authorized the construction of a new capitol near the old site. Three commissioners were appointed. The building was not to exceed $4,000,000 in cost. Work began in 1867, and in two years the first stone was laid. The masonic order laid the corner-stone in the presence of 20,000 persons (June 24, 1871). Opening. — The work progressed from year to year, as money was appropriated, under a changing board of commissioners. In 1883 the whole work was placed in the hands of Isaac G. Perry as capitol commissioner. The work has gone on with long delays for lack of funds. Many a scandal has been connected with it, and used by both parties for political purposes. Up to 1900 the capitol had cost about $24,000,000. On January 7, 1879, the capitol was formally opened by the legisla- ture. The building is one of the finest in the world, a pride to the Empire State, and a source of instruction and admiration to thousands of visitors from all parts of the world. Centennial. — The hundredth anniversary of the estab- lishment of the state capitol at Albany was celebrated January 6, 1897. One hundred citizens, headed by the governor, arranged a fine program. Chauncey M. Depew delivered the historical address, and William H. McElroy read the commemorative poem. 256 SHOUT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1855-1876 I. Primary Sources French, " Gazetteer of New York State " (1860). Hough, "Gazetteer of the State of New York" (1872). Seward, " Autobiography " and Letters of Seward. 3 vols. Baker, " Works of Seward." 5 vols. Parton, "The Life of Horace Greeley." Dix, " Memoirs of John Adams Dix." 2 vols. State Assembly and Senate Documents. " United States Census " for 1850, 1860, and 1870. " New York State Census " for 1855, 1865, and 1875. Report of the State Historian (1897). Vol. 2, Colonial Series. Weed, " Autobiography." Rarnes, " Memoir of Thurlow Weed." " Civil List," 1870. Newspapers. "Manuals of the Corporation of the City of New York" (1855- 1870). 2. Secondary Sources Lossing, " Empire State," pp. 510-553. Randall, " History of New York State." (To 1870.) Roberts, " New York," II., pp. 633-678. Brooks, " Story of New York," pp. 244-270. Wilson, " Memorial History of the City of New York," III., pp. 447-570. Lamb, " History of the City of New York," II., pp. 768-787. (To 1880.) Roosevelt, " New York," pp. 201-210. Todd, " Story of the City of New York." Lossing, "History of New York City." Stone, "History of New York City." (To 1872.) Stiles, " History of the City of Brooklyn." (To 1870.) Ketchum, "History of Buffalo." (To 1865.) Townsend, " Honors of the Empire State." Lothrop, "Life of Seward." McCabe, " Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour." Shepard, " Van Buren." Bigelow, " Life of Samuel J. Tilden." 2 vols. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 25' 3. Fiction Ford, " Honorable Peter Stirling." Dickinson, " What Answer ? " CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 1856. State tax for schools amended. " King Governor. 1857. Temperance law passed. " Slavery resolution. " Financial panic. 1858. Morgan Governor. " John Brown invades Virginia. 1859. Negro suffrage rejected by the people. 1860. Provision for public works made. " Southern States secede. 1861. Civil War begins. " New York resolves to sustain the war. " Legislature appropriates $3,000,000. " Morgan calls for 25,000 troops. 1862. 120 regiments sent to war. " $3,500,000 paid in bounties. " Erie Canal enlargement completed. " Van Buren dies. " Seymour Governor. 1863. Draft riots in New York City. 1864. State tax levied for war. " Fenton Governor. " Conspiracy to burn New York. 1865. Lincoln assassinated. " Civil War ends. 1867. Locks on Erie and Oswego canals enlarged. "■ Constitutional Convention called. '* Common schools made free. 1868. Cornell University opened. " Hoffman Governor. 1869. Legislature ratifies the XV. Amendment. 1870. Brooklyn Bridge begun. 1871. Tweed Ring exposed. " Corner-stone of State Capitol laid at Albany. ^58 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1871. Orange Riot in New York City. 1872. Greeley defeated for President. " Wheeler Vice-President. " Dix Governor. 1873. Financial panic. 1874. Tilden Governor. " Canal Ring investigated. " Fillmore dies at Buffalo. 1875. Tweed convicted. 1876. Tilden defeated for President. *' Robinson Governor for three years. " Centennial of independence celebrated. V. CEl^TENJSriALS A^T> PROSPERITY Chapter LE. — Revolutionary MemorIx\ls and 'Ntav York's Third and Fourth Presidents Centennial Celebrations. — This last period of history opened and closed with civic celebrations. The Presi- dent proclaimed Jnly 4^ 1876, a day of extraordinary rejoicing. In sclioolhoiise, town-hall, theater, church, and cemetery were heard patriotic songs and oratory commemorating the century of freedom. (^harles O'Conor delivered a remarkable address before the New York Historical Society. Kingston celebrated the adoption of the first state constitution (July 30, 1877) in splendid decorations, military parades, and speeches. Oriskany followed with a memorial of the bloody battle fought there, and ex-Governor Seymour gave the address (Aug. 6, 1877). Cherry Valley remembered the horrible massacre (Aug. 15, 1877). The battle of Bemis Heights was next celebrated (Sept. 19, 1877). At Schoharie the corner-stone of a monument to David Williams, one of the captors of Andre, was laid (Sept. 23, 1876). Burgoyne's surrender was commemorated at Schuylerville (Oct. 17, 1877). And General Sulli- van's remarkable expedition (1779) was celebrated a century later at Elmira, Newtown, Waterloo, Geneseo, Aurora, and other places. S59 2 GO SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORK Governor Cornell. — The Kepublican victory in the gubernatorial election of 1879 was due to a breach in the Democratic ranks. Tammany Hall opposed Kobin- son for governor and nominated John Kelly, whose TTjOOO votes would have re-elected Robinson. Cor- nell's majority was 43,000. He Avas born in the state (1832), learned the trade of telegraph-operator, and at 33 was manager of the Western Union in I^ew York City. In 1859 he returned to Ithaca to manage his father's business, and from this time on took a very active part in local and state politics. His administra- tion was marked by the passage of many reform acts for city government. The national guard was reduced from 20,000 to 12,000 and increased in efficiency. After his term expired he engaged in great business enterprises in the metropolis. Breach in the Republican Party. — The Republicans w^ere in control of the state, but were divided into hostile camps. One, led by Piatt and Conkling, favored the nomination of Grant for a third term; the other, headed by Warner Miller, Chauncey M. Depew, and William A. Wheeler, opposed it. In the state conven- tion the former predominated, but could not prevent the sending of anti-Grant delegates to the national con- vention. Grant was defeated, and James A. Garfield was nominated with Chester A. Arthur of Kew York for second place. They received !N"ew York's electoral vote. Garfield felt no obligation to the Grant faction in [N'ew York, and hence trouble arose over patronage. Thomas L. James was appointed Postmaster-General. The name of William H. Robertson was sent to the Senate by the President for collector of the port at I^BW YORK'S THIRD AND FOURTH PRESIDENTS 261 !N^ew York. Conkling and Piatt, United States senators from [N'ew York, protested against the nomination. Their protest was unheeded, so they resigned (May 14, 1881) and stood for re-election. After a hard fight Warner Miller and Elbridge G. Lapham were chosen to succeed them. New York's Third President. — Garfield's assassination (July 2, 1881) made Arthur President (Sept. 19) and gave N^ew York her third chief executive. lie made such a good record that his friends tried to nomi- nate him for President (1884), but, though get- ting 278 votes on the first ballot, he was defeated by James G. Blaine. To con- trol the situation in i^ew York it was thought best by Arthur and his friends to nominate for governor Judge Charles J. Folger, Arthur's Secretary of the Treasury. This was done in a convention full of heat and divisions (1882). Governor Cornell's friends de- nounced the act as one of force. Thousands of Republi- cans, while admiring Polger personally, repudiated his nomination at the polls. Consequently he was defeated by a plurality of 192,854, unparalleled up to that time in the state's history. Grover Cleveland. — The Democrats' victorious can- didate, Grover Cleveland, took his office with both houses in accord with him (1882). For the next twelve ^ / \ % ^■ > rT / 1 i 1 -- ^^^ H ft^ ^^. ^ ^/^fc ^^s^ ^^H^" ^^ ■■ ^^^B ^S m I^B S ^ ^H ^^B I"- ^^B ^^^a I ^ CHESTER A. ARTHUR 262 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK years his party was in power. He was born in IN'ew Jersey (1837), the son of a Presbyterian clergy- man. He was store-clerk, teacher of the blind, book- keeper, and lawyer, being admitted to the bar at Buffalo (1859). During the war he entered political life, and in 1881 was elected mayor of Buffalo. His inaugura- tion was simple, and his term of office was marked by radical reforms in his own office, by careful appoint- ments, strict watch over corporations, and rigid economy. President Cleveland.— Cleveland's rapid political rise in New York soon won him a national reputation so great that he w^as nomi- nated for President in the Democratic national con- vention at Chicago (July 8, 1884). The campaign was personal rather than political, and New York w^as the battle-field. The canvass was hot and bitter. The CleA^eland men w^ere active and ^\e\\ organized. The Independents worked for him. Other Parties. — The Republicans were no less alert and united. Their candidate, Blaine, the '' plumed knight," went up and down the state greeting thousands. The Prohibitionists worked hard for their nominee, and no doubt drew largely from the Republican ranks. The Greenback Labor party's leader. General Benjamin F. Butler of New York, also made a tour of the state. GROVER CLEVELAND NEW YORK'S THIRD AND FOURTH PRESIDENTS 263 For some days the result of the contest was in doubt. By a close vote J^ew York chose Cleveland electors, and this decided the national contest and gave New York her fourth President. Cleveland was renominated (1888), but was defeated by Benjamin Harrison on the tariff issue. Four years later Cleveland Avas victorious over Harrison (1892). For a dozen years, therefore, he was the standard-bearer of the Democrats. In 1896 he retired to Princeton, ^ew Jersey. !\ t a • l^ ^^^iMa. ^ BROOKLYN BRIDGE Brooklyn Bridge. — The first ferry between Manhattan and Long Island was established in 1642, and was fol- lowed in 1814 by the first steam-ferry. In 1836 the receipts on the New York side for a day were $100, 264 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE but in 1897 ^xe lines collected $1,241,000 and carried 46,000,000 passengers. A bridge across the East River was early advocated. In 1867 the legislature authorized the bridge and Congress approved of it (1869). The great engineer, John A. Roebling, planned Brooklyn Bridge. Construction began in 1870, and it was opened to the public May 23, 1883. It is 6,537 feet long, 85 feet wide, and has five parallel avenues. It weighs 15,000 tons, and is supported by four great cables 16 inches in diameter. This marvelous structure cost orig- inally $15,000,000, and half that sum has been spent in repairs and additions. It w one of the wonders of the world. The cable-car has been replaced by the electric car. On July 1, 1898, the elevated-railroad companies leased the bridge roads for $250 a day. Other Bridges. — Plans are now under way to build a bridge across the Hudson at Fifty-ninth street for rail- road business exclusively, at a cost of $17,000,000. A new East River bridge, costing $12,000,000, is also being built. Other noted bridges in the state are the Niagara cantilever bridge (1883), 910 feet long; the Pough- keepsie bridge of the same style, 6,767 feet long, with two railroad-tracks over it (1889); Washington Bridge over the Harlem (1889), 2,375 feet long: and the Magara suspension bridge (1854), 821 feet long, with two decks, built by the architect of the Brooklyn bridge. Washington Monument and Evacuation Day. — The fine statue of Washington on the steps of the Sub- Treasury building was unveiled on Evacuation Day and made the property of the nation (Xov. 26, 1883). George William Curtis Avas the orator of the day. President Arthur said : ^' I have come to this GOVERNOR RILL'S ADMINISTRATION 265 historic spot, where the first President of the Re- public took oath to preserve, protect, and defend its constitution, simply to accept in behalf of the govern- ment this tribute to his memory. Long may the noble statue you have set up stand where you have placed it, a monument alike to your generosity and public spirit, and to the wisdom, virtue, and genius of the immortal Washington.'' This fitly closed the great series of Revolutionary centennial celebrations. Chapter LII. — Goveknor Hill's Administration Hill Becomes Governor. — When Cleveland became President David B. Hill succeeded him as governor (1884). The next year Hill was nominated for the office of governor by the Democrats, and was elected over Ira Davenport, Republican, by 11,000 plurality. Governor Hill was born in the state (1843), and, like so many of IN^ew York's executives, had to carve his own way to fame. After an academic edu- cation he was admitted to the bar at Elmira (1864). He was sent to the Assembly (1870), and became Til- den's assistant in overthrowing the corrupt Tweed Ring. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Elmira and lieutenant- governor. He was renominated for governor in 1888, and re-elected over Warner Miller by 19,000 plurality. Thus he sat in the executive chair seven years, a term of service longer than that of any governor except the two Clintons and Tompkins, 266 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE Hill's Administration. — Tilden was Governor Hill's model. He served the people faithfully, and saved the taxpayers at least $5,000,000 by his policy of economy. He simplified and centralized the departments and bureaus of the state government. He advocated " home rule," and no governor has done more than he to curtail special legislation. To this end he vetoed hundreds of bills and even angered many of his friends. He favored organized labor and suggested many whole- some laws to protect and to aid the working man. He befriended the farmer, favored religious freedom, and was interested in charities. At the close of his second term he was chosen United States senator, as nine of his predecessors had been (1891). Fearing defeat, his party forced him to enter the gubernatorial race again in 1894, but he was defeated by Levi P. Morton, the Republican candidate. He was succeeded in the Senate by Thomas C. Piatt (1897) and returned to his law practice. Death of Grant. — During the summer of 1885 Gen- eral Grant died at Mount MacGregor, near Saratoga Springs (July 23). His remains were taken to New York City, wdiere 50,000 persons followed them to Riverside Park. Among the mourners were the Presi- dent, two .ex-Presidents, and great warriors and states- men from every part of the Union and from foreign lands. " He was a great soldier, a faithful public serv- ant, a devoted defender of public truth, and a sincere patriot." On the seventieth anniversary of his birth the corner-stone of a splendid tomb was laid by Presi- dent Harrison (April 27, 1892). The ceremonies were solemn and impressive. On the banks of the Hudson GOVERNOR HILL'S ADMINISTRATION 267 stands the magnificent monument built by a grateful people in memory of '^ the great silent man " who was the ^' greatest American soldier since Washington." Each year many thousands visit his grave to do this hero honor. Grant's Tomb.— On April 27, 1897, the tomb was dedi- cated. The legislature voted the day a public holiday. The city appropriated $50,000 for the occasion. The land parade, made up mostly of old soldiers, was very impressive. The naval display was grand as the huge war-vessels steamed up the Hudson to fire the salute of honor. President McKinley made the opening speech. Ex-President Cleveland was present. General Horace Porter was the orator of the day. A reception, banquet, and a ball at night closed the ceremonies in honor of one of the greatest of the " Eathers of the Republic." Death of Arthur. — The year following Grant's death ex-President Arthur died in 'New York City (Nov. 18, 1886). Broken in health, he had retired from an ofiice which he filled with dignity and courtesy. Although not a great statesman, yet he gave the country a good, clean administration. Statue of liberty. — In the harbor of I^ew York, on Bedloe's (now Liberty) Island, stands the statue of Liberty, the largest statue in the New World, and per- haps in the Old. The Erench people gave it to the people of the United States, and the ceremony of pres- entation took place amid a scene of joy and friendship (Oct. 28, 1886). National war-ships and hundreds of other craft surrounded the small island and with flags, guns, voices, and whistles celebrated the occasion. Yicomte de Lesseps, of the Suez Canal fame, presented 268 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the gift, and President Cleveland accepted it as a " statue to the friendship of nations and the peace of the world.'' Bicentennial at Albany.— On July 18, 1886, Albany celebrated her bi- centennial amid songs of praise, ser- mons of thanks- giving, parades, m n s i c, streaming banners and flags, banquets, balls, and oratory. The past was sanctified and hearts were stirred to patriotism. The magnificent history of the city was recounted by writers, poets, min- isters, and states- men, and in many a fine memorial tab- let. Since 1777 the state capitol had been there. Albany helped to form the institutions of the colony and the com- monwealth. During the early period she was a strong rival of :N'ew York City in trade, and for 150 years was the leading fur center in America. In 1657 the beaver- 8TATUE OF LIBERTY GOVERNOR HILL'S ADMINISTRATION 260 trade alone amounted to $150,000. After the Revo- lution Albany was a noted grain-market. In 1813 1,000,000 bushels of wheat were sold there. '' It is doubted/' said a state senator in that year, '' if there be a place on this continent which is daily visited by so many teams, and Albany possesses greater wealth, more real capital, than any other place in the United States containing the same population (9,400).'' Growth of Albany. — Albany was not slow to adopt new institutions and methods. The first newspaper ap- peared May 28, 1784. The next year the first stage line to JN^ew York was opened, and soon others were ex- tended in various directions. In 1792 the second bank in the state was established there. Captain Dean sailed a sloop to China (1785), and a decade later ninety sloops Avere engaged in the Albany trade. Fulton's steamer marked a new era for the city. Albany worked hard for the Erie Canal, which quadrupled her trade in five years. The railroads continued the prosperity. The lumber trade amoimted to $2,150,000 in 1840, and soon rose to $15,000,000 (1865). Albany became famous as a live-stock mart. In 1875 often 1,000 cars of cattle arrived in one week, and the yearly business was estimated at $10,000,000. Great Changes. — A century ago Albany was a village receiving mail once a week. Though 185 years old in 1790, the population was only 3,500. An old book says that Pearl street was then the fashionable place of resi- dence; that the people, houses, and dogs were Dutch; and that education Avas sacrificed for trade. The inhabit- ants lived quietly, rose early, and Avlien the curfew rang at 8 P.M. covered their fires and retired. In the morniuii; ^TO SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORR these venerable '^ mynlieers '' sat smoking on their stoops with sharp-cocked hats or red-ringed worsted caps on their heads. On Sabbath, with ruffled shirt-front, knee-breeches, silver-buckled shoes, and immense wigs, these burghers would go to church. AVhat a contrast to Albany of to-day as she enters upon the third century of her history with a population of 100,000, covering an area of 11 square miles, and with taxable property worth $70,000,000 ! The center of half a dozen rail- roads, the head of river navigation, a terminus of the great canal system, and the capital of the state, she will continue to be one of the great cities. The Anniversary of the Adoption of the Federal Con- stitution (1789) was celebrated with appropriate cere- monies in ]^ew York City. The people understood that this government, but a century old, had secured order, enforced law, given the common man a chance he had never had before, and built up a nation which is the pride of the world. In the poor parts of the city, w^here the inhabitants were mostly foreigners, the flag and a picture of Washington adorned every window. This was the best evidence that they were rapidly being Americanized. Chapter LIII. — The Constitutional Convention OF 1894 Governor Flower. — The governor who succeeded Hill was pre-eminently a business man and not a lawyer, Ros- well P. Flower, born in Xew York (1835) and the son of a well-to-do farmer and merchant. Educated in the public schools, he won his way by teaching school, as a THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1894 ^Tl clerk in a store, by working on the farm, and in the jew- elry business. In 1869 he was called to New York City to manage the estate of his rich brother-in-law, Henry Keep, and there he became a broker and speculator, thus accumulating a fortune. He was always interested in politics, and twice served as a Democratic congressman. He refused the nomination for lieutenant-governor (1885), and later was chosen governor by 50,000 votes more than Jacob Sloat Fassett, the Republican can- didate (1892). After serving the people faithfully for three years he returned to his business enterprises in the metropolis, where he died admired and respected by all who knew him (1899). Constitutional Amendments. — Our constitutions are instruments of government made by the people to meet the needs of business and the wants of human life. A progressive people outgrows its supreme law. Then a new constitution or an amendment results. In l^ew York five constitutional conventions have been held since 1777 (1801, 1821, 1846, 1867, and 1894). In 1867 only the judicial system was changed, but various amendments followed. Bribery at elections was made punishable. Members of the legislature were prohibited from holding other offices. The legislature was for- bidden to pass certain private bills, to grant special char- ters to savings banks, or to loan state funds to private corporations. The salaries of state officers were fixed. The office of canal commissioner was abolished and the office of superintendent of public works created. State- prison inspectors were replaced by a superintendent of prisons. Tolls on the state canals were abolished and the limit of the indebtedness of cities and counties fixed. 272 SHORT HISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Constitution of 1894. — The last constitutional con- vention called bj the j)eople, in 1894, was attended by 175 delegates (May 8— Sept. 29, 1894). They were men of ability from all parts of the state. Joseph H. Choate Avas chosen presiding officer. More than 400 amendments to the constitution were proposed, but only 45 were accepted, and 28 new sections were inserted. Farmers were allowed to drain their lands across adjoining farms. Cities were given home rule. Local elections w^ere separated in time from state and national elections. The state was allowed to sell the Onondaga salt springs and the Hamburg canal in Buffalo because of their slight value. The forest preserve was made inviolable. Lotteries and gambling were prohibited. Before a foreigner could vote ninety instead of ten days' citizenship was required, and voters were compelled to register. Thus no longer could a single judge naturalize five hundred voters in one day before an important election. Important Features. — The legislature was increased one-fourth in number. Senators and assemblymen were reapportioned and now numbered 50 and 150 respec- tively. Ko further change was to be made till 1905. Greater Xew York was restricted in representation so as not to hold the controlling power in the state. The governor's term was again shortened to two years. The contract system of convict labor was done away with. The people were permitted to order the im- provement of the canals. Public schools w^ere encour- aged, but no state funds were to go to sectarian schools. The judicial system was simplified and made uniform. THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1894 273 And there was provision for a naval force, and a militia of at least 10,000 men. Constitution Ratified. — The people voted on the new constitution in three parts: iirst, the reapportionment of members of the legislature; second, canal improve- ments; and finally, all the rest. Each was carried by over 404,000 votes, though 327,000 opposed the changes (^ov. 6). The new constitution went into effect Janu- ary 1, 1895. " It is the most universal opinion," said Governor Morton when leaving ofiice (Jan. 1, 1897), ^^ that we now have a constitution ample in its scope, simple and clear in its declaration of principles, suffi- ciently elastic in its provisions, and adequate for all general purposes of government under present con- ditions." World's Columbian Exposition. — The echoes of the centennial celebration of American independence had scarcely died away when men began to plan a greater. The proposal to celebrate the four-hundredth an- niversary of Colum- bus's discovery of America was approved by all. Chicago led (1888) and ISTew York followed (1889) in the effort to secure the World's Columbian Exposition. After a hard contest the former secured it. Then New York did her best to make it a success. She OHKISTOPHER COLUMBUS 274 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK gave money and men to it. Her statesmen, professional men, and business men were on all important com- mittees. Her architects built many of the best build- ings, and her artists helped decorate them. Vice-Presi- dent Morton dedicated the Exposition (Oct. 21, 1892), Chauncey M. Depew delivered the Columbian Oration and President Cleveland formally opened the Exposition (May 1, 1893). The Kew York state mansion cost $600,000. ^^ew York Day was celebrated Sept. 4, 1893, with an attendance of over 160,000. The !N'ew York exhibits were very extensive and compared very favor- ably with those of any other state. Governor Flower declared that they " were exceedingly creditable and, as a whole, surpassed in variety and excellence those of any other state." Greatness of New York. ■ — In dedicating the state mansion Chauncey M. Depew could proudly say: " Our metropolis is the center of the intellectual, the artistic, the financial, and the industrial activities of the New World. Our state justifies her imperial title by continu- ing to be the greatest in population, in manufacturing, in agriculture, and in commerce. . . . New York con- tributes every year more for the education of her peo- ple; more in charity and benevolence for the relief of the helpless, the injured, and the maimed; has greater facilities for the transportation of her citizens and their products; is further advanced in the arts, in the sciences, and in the inventions; possesses greater wealth, more extensive and valuable commerce; could raise and put into the field a more efficient army, and upon the seas a more powerful navy, than all Europe could have done at the time when Columbus sailed from Palos." THS CONSTtTUTtON-AL GONVENTIOIT OF 1S94 275 Columbus Day. — With fitting honors New York cele- brated the discovery by Columbus. The legislature decreed the day a holiday and voted $50,000 for its observance. In city, town, and district schools, flags waved, patriotic speeches were made, and songs were sung. The metropolis appropriated $150,000 for the oc- casion. The churches opened the ceremonies there with suitable programs. The next day 25,000 school children and college boys, the '^ grand army of the future," rep- resenting all races and religions, paraded the city. Gorgeous fireworks at night honored '' him who led the way across the dark sea." The third day Spain, France, and Italy joined in the grand naval display. An athletic carnival was held in the afternoon, and in the evening there was a parade by the Catholic societies, a chorus concert of 6,000 Germans, and brilliant fireworks on Brooklyn Bridge. On the anniversary day (Oct. 12) the celebration culminated in the largest military parade ever seen in the city. More than 70,000 persons were in line, and among them Vice-President Morton, ex- President Hayes, President-elect Cleveland, Governor Flower, and other dignitaries in church and state, army and navy. Monument to Columbus. — At the close of the parade the beautiful Columbus monument was unveiled at the southwest corner of Central Park. More than a hun- dred Italian societies took part in the dedication. The statue for the monument, given by Italians in America and Italy, was 14 feet high and of pure white marble. It was placed on an artistic pedestal 75 feet high. The monument stands as a grand memorial of the " great pilot," the liberality of our Italian citizens, and the 2T6 SHORT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK celebration of " the birthday of the great western world.'' Other cities over the state copied New York. Brooklyn dedicated a soldiers and sailors' memorial arch. Buffalo, Albany, Kochester, and Syracuse made the day a memorable one in their history. " The naval, the military, the civic, and the allegorical processions told the story in object lessons of the evolution of mod- ern civilization through the success of the little fleet of Christopher Columbus." The Fleet of Columbus. — On April 25, 1893, thirty- two men-of-war, flying the flags of nine nations, escorted into New York har- bor the " Pinta," '' Nina," and '' Santa Maria," copies of the vessels of the " boldest navigator of the fifteenth cen- turv for a vovao-e Avhich Avas to revo- lutionize the world." How great the con- trast ! The next day the greatest naval parade New York ever saw took place. President Cleveland, his cabinet, and hundreds of other distinguished men greeted the visitors. A national salute at Grant's tomb, a land parade, ball, and banquet closed the cele- bration. The Buffalo Strike. — The great strikes in Pennsylva- nia and Idaho in July, 1893, were followed by the switchmen's strike at Buffalo (Aug. 14). The object was to force eastern roads to pay the same wages as western THE PINTA NEW YORK UNDER GOVERNOR MORTON 27T roads. Only one road yielded. The others engaged non-union men. A large number of loaded freight-cars and several passenger-coaches were burned. Trains were derailed and an engine was wrecked. The new men were stoned and the county sheriff's posse of 42 men was disarmed. Governor Flower sent 8,000 soldiers to quell the 650 strikers. The strike was soon declared oif and nothing had been gained by the strikers (Aug. 24). Chapter LIV. — I^ew Yoek under Goveristok Morton Governor Morton. — Most of E^ew^ York's governors were poor boys who, by pluck and hard work, climbed the ladder to fame and wealth. Levi P. Morton, the mil- lionaire banker, was no exception. Born in Vermont (1824), the son of a Congregational minister, educated in the common schools, he was a school-teacher and storekeeper. In 1854 he removed to Kew York City as a dry-goods merchant. At the outbreak of the war his firm failed at fifty cents on the dollar. Four years later he gave a dinner to his creditors, when each one found under his plate a check to cancel the debt. Be- ginning business again as a banker (1861), he was soon a leader, and then organized a bank in London (1868). He helped the United States resume specie payment, which saved the country $70,000,000, He was instru- mental, also, in having the Alabama claims settled, 278 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Morton's Administration. — After making a fortune lie entered, politics. Congressman (1878), and minister to France (1880), lie was nominated for Vice-President by the Republicans and elected (1888). Then he was elected governor of the state by 156,000 plurality over David B. Hill. In 1896 the Republican state conven- tion unanimously resolved to present his name for Presi- dent and he received 58 electoral votes. During his term as governor many laws were passed to enforce the new constitution. In 1895 there were passed 1,005 laws. Patriotic laws required the flag to be floated over every schoolhouse, and provided for the purchase of historic sites and the erection of monuments to the brave dead. Reform measures were passed to improve and protect public health. The state board of charities was organized with extended powers over the poor and the unfortunate. Temperance legislation provided for the instruction of the youth in the evils of narcotics and liquors, and for a heavy tax on the sale of intoxicants. The scheme of statutory revision began with the enactment of ten general laws. And the peo- ple of the state voted to expend $9,000,000 on canal improvements. Suspected Corrupt Practices of the New York City police, and charges of election frauds, led to demands for an examination. Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst secured the appointment of a senate committee, but Governor Flower vetoed the bill to grant money for its expenses. Meanwhile Parkhurst organized the Society for the Prevention of Crime and became its president. Brav- ing the jeers and sneers, he and his co-workers began to ferret out the evils of the police system. It was iO^TF YORK UNDER GOVERNOR MORTON 279 soon evident that several city departments were sys- tematically plundering the public. Gamblers, lottery agents, saloon-keepers, and criminals were protected by policemen and even by judges by paying well for it. Appointments to the police force were sold — one cap- tain paying $15,000 for his office. Lexow Committee. — At last a senate committee com- posed of both parties, with Senator Clarence Lexow at its head, began its inquiries. John W. Goff conducted the investigation as chief counsel, and did it boldly and thoroughly. The data gathered by Parkhurst were used as a guide. The revelations aroused the public con- science for reform. The best citizens appointed a com- mittee of seventy to lead the political contest against the corrupt Tammany ring. Men of all parties united on a reform ticket and elected William L. Strong mayor over Hugh J. Grant by 45,000 votes. Goff was elected recorder of the city. Reform under Mayor Strong. — Week after week the Lexow committee worked on, and on January 17, 1895, made a public report. As a result a number of city officials were indicted for corrupt practices, but only five were dismissed from office and but one was punished for crime. LTnder Mayor Strong, however, the city government was reformed. The legislature gave the mayor power to remove certain officials (Feb. 11, 1895), and he at once used his power to appoint honest men. The bipartisan police bill became a law (May 11), though denounced by the ardent reformers, and enabled the mayor to name some of the best men of the city as police commissioners. Another law enabled the mayor to remove police justices (April 25). Altogether 280 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Mayor Strong removed 3,000 out of 5,000 city officials and radically changed the city government. On June 16, 18D5, the committee of seventy disbanded. Anniversary of the Founding of the Public-school System. — On April 9, 1795, the public-school system of the state was founded. It seemed fitting that the hun- dredth anniversary be celebrated. Therefore Governor Morton issued a proclamation asking the schools to " devote some portion at least of that day to appropriate exercises by the pupils, their officers and friends, in recognition of this important anniversary.'' The ad- dresses, patriotic songs, and decorations in the city, village, and country schools showed what magnificent results the century had wrought. The Atlanta Exposition. — The Empire State took an active part in promoting the Cotton States and Inter- national Exposition at Atlanta (1895). The legislature appropriated $25,000 and authorized Governor Morton to appoint a general commission. A fine ^ew York state building was erected. The Chamber of Commerce of Xew York City worked zealously for the enterprise, ^ew York's exhibits were equal to those of any com- monwealth and won hundreds of gold and silver medals. The exposition did much to unite the north and the south in friendly sympathy. The Money Question. — In 1896 the money question caused a general breaking up of parties in New York. The Democratic state convention at Saratoga (June 24) declared against free silver. President Cleveland and William C. Whitney led the gold Democrats and Avere supported by the New Yorlx Sun, the BrooMyn Eagle, and the Buffalo Cowier. The revolt against the nomi- NEW YORK UNDER GOVERNOR MORTON 281 nation of William J. Bryan for President was prompt and strong. Within a few hours many leading Demo- crats repudiated the free-silver Chicago platform. As a result the party was hopelessly divided on the eve of a campaign, and defeat was certain. The state con- vention at Buffalo (Sept. 16) ^^ unreservedly indorsed " Bryan and free silver and then, to hold the gold Demo- crats, nominated John Boyd Thatcher, a gold man, for governor. But the silver men forced him to decline the nomination. The state conmiittee then named Wilbur F. Porter in his place. People's Party and Gold Democrats. — The People's party held their convention at Syracuse (Sept. 2), favored Bryan and free silver, and at a later meeting (Oct. 1) indorsed the Democratic candidates for the state. The gold Democrats met in ]N"ew York City (July 15), denounced the Chicago platform, and called for a new Democratic organization. They met again at Syracuse (Aug. 31), adopted a gold platform, and sent delegates to the sound-money convention at Indian- apolis. At a third meeting in Brooklyn (Sept. 24) they named Daniel C Griffin for governor. The Republicans were now a unit, though there were still personal divisions. Of the fourteen candidates for governor Frank S. Black was nominated on the fourth ballot, and the national platform and candidates were heartily indorsed. Black was elected by the unpre- cedented plurality of 213,000 votes. McKinley re- ceived 820,000 votes in the state, Bryan 551,000, and other candidates 53,000. 282 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Chapter LY. — The City of Greater ]^ew York Governor Black was a native of Maine (b. 1853), a poor farmer's son, who paid his own way through Dart- mouth College and won honors. Then he drifted to l^ew York, edited the Johnstoivn Journal^ and at Troy was admitted to practice law (1879). He soon forged his way to the head of the bar of northern N^ew York. Having unearthed election frauds in his own county and secured the passage of a law to prevent their repetition, he was twice elected to Congress. Governor Black, in his inaugural message, urged prison reforms, just bank- ing and insurance laws, the abolition of the governor's staff, the encouragement of agriculture, canal improve- ments, the education of every boy and girl in the state, civil service, the preservation of the forests, and bi- ennial sessions of the legislature. Change in the Judicial System. — The most important change in the judicial system of ^N'ew York since 1846 took place under Governor Black. The highest city courts were united with the supreme court, and the number of judges was increased. The state was divided into four supreme-court districts, and these courts decided finally on most questions. The court of appeals thus heard only a few questions of law and cases in- volving big sums of money. In the districts the supreme-court justices were made elective. Other courts were abolished, so that the whole system was simplified and made more effectual. The danger of delay was avoided and the people could secure more speedy justice. THE CITY OF GREATER NEW YORK 283 Origin of Greater New York. — In I^ew York ^' fully 5,000j000^ or 70 per cent of the entire population/' said Governor Morton, '^ live in cities or incorporated vil- lages." This fact shows the centralizing tendency of the century. The climax was reached in the formation of the city of Greater New York. Andrew H. Green was the father of the idea and early began the agitation. In 1890 the legislature appointed a Greater New York commission, with Green as president. Governor Flower signed the Greater New York bill (1894), and the question went to the various communities interested (Nov. 6). This preliminary vote showed a small ma- jority in favor of consolidation — in Brooklyn only 277. There was fierce opposition and charges and counter- charges of political schemes were made. Mass-meetings were held in Brooklyn to denounce the movement and 73,000 citizens petitioned to have the question voted on again. Greater New York a Fact. — In 1896 the legislature passed a bill to unite the communities around N ew York harbor into one great city. A new commission was ap- pointed to draw up a charter and to suggest further ac- tion. Mayor Strong, Seth Low, and thirteen other prominent men formed it. A report was made in favor of creating a Greater New York (Feb. 22, 1897), and then the legislature granted the charter (March 24). The charter, filling a book of 700 pages, was sent to the mayors of New York, Brooklyn, and Long Island City for approval. If one of them vetoed it. the legislature would have to repass it. In general the people favored the change. It was thoroughly discussed in pamphlets, papers^ and clubs. Mayor Strong vetoed the charter 284 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK (April 9), but the legislature passed it again and the governor signed it (May 5). Greater New York was now a fact. Government. — This new political organization included Xew York City, and Kings, Richmond, and part of Queens counties. It was divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Rich- mond. Each borough was to elect its own president for four years. Legislative power rested in a council of twenty-nine members, elected for four years, and in a board of sixty aldermen, chosen for two years. The mayor was elected for four years at a salary of $15,- 000. He could remove and appoint within the first six months of his term all heads of departments not elec- tive, such as law, police, parks, buildings, charities, cor- rection, fire, docks, health, and public improvements. Other boards and bureaus were created to carry on the government. Civil courts Avere replaced by municipal courts. The charter thus gave the city more home rule than ever before. Franchises were limited to twenty- five years, and minority representation was allowed. On January 1, 1898, the charter went into effect. Proposed Changes. — The government of the metrop- olis, in accordance with the charter, has elicited much praise and much blame. In fact the weaknesses of the charter were so evident that Governor Roosevelt ap- pointed sixteen representatives from the various bor- oughs to revise it. This committee, knowing the needs of various interests, recommended, on December 1, 1900, that a number of changes be made. The legis- lature then amended the charter (April 22, 1901). The council was abolished and the legislative power put into THE CITY OF GREATER NEW YORK ^85 tlie hands of 73 aldermen. The mayor's term of office was reduced to two years, but his power to remove public officers was greatly increased. The presidents of boroughs were given more power and their term was limited to two years. The board of estimate and apportionment was given increased power over the city's finances, and consisted of the mayor, comptroller, and the president of the board of aldermen, with three votes each; the presidents of Manhattan and Brooklyn boroughs, Avith two votes apiece ; and the presidents of the boroughs of the Bronx, Richmond, and Queens, mth one vote each. Certain boards were abolished and their powers centralized in the hands of single responsible departments, which in turn were reduced in number. All salaries wore fixed by a central authority. Institutions. — Greater New York covers 359 square miles and has a population of 3,500,000. Of the cities in the world London alone surpasses it. It sends over a third of the members of the assembly, and soon will have a majority in the senate. It has 1,100 churches, two great universities, nearly 100 other educational in- stitutions of high grade, 63 libraries, 30 art galleries, 54 theaters, 112 hotels, and 218 banks. It has over 73,000 acres in parks, 1,-200 miles of streets, 1,156 miles of sewers, 350 miles of water front, 66 miles of elevated railroads, 466 miles of street railways, an annual city budget of $98,000,000, and real estate valued at $3,500,000,000. Every year it raises $77,000,000 in taxes. Its foreign commerce is more than that of all the rest of the United States. First Election. — There was a great political contest for the control of the first citv in America. The Citizens^ ^8Q SHOUT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Union wished to separate local from state or national politics, and nominated Seth Low for major. Many Republicans refused to indorse him, and named Greneral Benjamin F. Tracy. The United Democracy selected Henry George, the great labor leader. The Tammany Democrats put forth Robert A. Van Wyck. The Socialist-Labor party and the Prohibitionists also had candidates. The campaign was extraordinary in both the number of parties and confusion of issues. The Sun turned Republican, and the Tribune favored Low, The contest was furious and exciting. As it closed Henry George died and was at once replaced by his son. Van Wyck was elected by a plurality of 80,000 over Low. The Democrats also elected presidents of the ^yq boroughs. Thus closed one of the most memorable local campaigns in the history of the state. The Demo- crats were also victorious in the state elections (1897). Nassau County. — In 1898 a new county was created in the state. It was called ISTassau, and was the smallest of the 61 counties. Its population was nearly 50,000 and it included the towns of E'orth Hempstead and Oyster Bay and part of Hempstead. The new county runs from the Atlantic 22 miles across to Long Island Sound, and is about 16 miles wdde. The assessed value is $25,000,000. It became a separate county January 1, 1899. A New State Proposed. — The agitation about Greater Xew York led to the proposal to form the city of New York and some of the surrounding counties into a new state. The project was even introduced into the legis- lature (March 22, 1897). This would make the upper state Republican and the lower one Democratic. The wah with spai]^ and its results 287 proposition met with little favor from any section or party. Primaryxelection Law. — Under Governor Black an effort was made to end the shameful frauds long known to exist in the primary elections of both parties. A law was passed to reform the primaries (March 23, 1899). All voters were required to register before being allowed to vote at a party primary. The preliminary election was to occur before election officials by secret ballots. The law gave general satisfaction, especially in the cities. Chapter LVI. — War with Spain and its Results Causes of the War. — The war with Spain took place while Black was governor. In 1895 the Cubans, for the sixth time in fifty years, rebelled against Spanish rule. A ruinous war followed. President Grant had, during a previous revolt, offered ^' in the name of humanity ... to put an end to the strife," but Spain rejected the offer. In vain President Cleveland made a similar proposition. President McKinley declared to Congress that the most important problem was " its duty towards Spain and the Cuban insurrection." The shameful blowing up of the Maine made war inevitable (Feb. 15, 1898). Congress voted $50,000,000 for war, demanded the independence of Cuba, and authorized the President to use force (April 19). Spain at once declared war, and the contest " in the interest of humanity " had begun. ^8S BEORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK New York's Part. — From the first Kew York took an active interest in the struggle. Wealth fears war, hence many merchants and bankers opposed it. But the masses were with the President. The legislature im- mediately voted $1,000,000 to pay the soldiers and sailors. The sons of Xew York volunteered with eager- ness. They came from farm, shop, pulpit, desk, and college in overwhelming numbers. They were found among the Rough Riders, in the infantry, cavalry, and on the battle-ships. By May 2, 12,000 troops were in camp at Peekskill and Hempstead. Prominent among the army officers of this state was Theodore Roosevelt, the daring leader of the Rough Riders, who resigned his position in the N^avy Department to fight for his country. End of the War.— The three months' war was notable for the wonderful activity of the daily press of ^ew York City. The people had the details placed at their doors almost as soon as they occurred. On August 12 President McKinley declared the war ended. Spain re- linquished her title to Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States, which paid $20,000,000 for the latter. Por the first time this country held possessions in the eastern world. Many of the natives of the Philippines refused to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and broke out in rebellion. With the capture of Aguinaldo, their leader, the insurrection subsided (1901). Dewey Honored. — The reception given to Admiral George Dewey, the hero of Manila Bay, by N^ew York was a magnificent ovation (Sept. 29, 1899). The cele- bration in the metropolis lasted two days and was wit- WAJR WITE SPAIN AND ITS RESULTS 289 nessed bj 2,000,000 visitors. On the first daj I^ew York Bay and Hudson Kiver were black with all kinds of craft to honor the man who " only did his duty." Mayor Van Wyck bestowed upon him the freedom of the city and said: '^ The greatest reception awaits you that was ever tendered military or civil hero." The great naval parade was led by Dewey on the Olympia, followed by several dozen vessels that had seen service in the war, 100 steam-yachts, and then merchant marine and excursion boats. The line extended several miles up the river past Grant's tomb. The songs, flags and banners, and roars of saluting cannon revealed the civic pride of a chivalrous people. At night the same spirit was manifested in banquets, balls, and fireworks. Greater I^ew York was ablaze from one end to the other. Brooklyn Bridge was aglow with letters thirty feet high reading '^ Welcome, Dewey," and the grand triumphal arch at Madison Square was lighted up all night. The Next Day was given up to an ovation on land. The city's guest landed from his ship early in the morn- ing and was driven to the City Hall, where the mayor presented him with a fine gold loving-cup and 1,500 school children sang national hymns. The military parade was unexcelled by any ever seen in the city. On the grand stand with Dewey were prominent men from all parts of the state and Nation. The troops of ten states joined the navy in the parade. The displays and festivities of the second evening closed the reception. Cities and villages over the state welcomed the victor with smaller celebrations. 290 SHORT EISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW rORK Canal Improvements. — The people had authorized the improvement of the canals to the extent of $9,000,000 (]^ov., 1895), and it was decided to deepen the Erie and Oswego canals to 9 feet and the Champlain canal to 8 feet. The work began, and in 1897 it was seen that the large appropriation was not enough to finish the work. An investigation was demanded to see whether the money had been properly spent, and also to estimate how much was needed to complete the work. Seven men of ability and honesty were appointed a committee. Their report charged the state officials with carelessness, fraud, and the misuse of at least $1,000,000. The canal frauds thus became an issue in the coming state election. The Campaign of 1898 was remarkable for the issues and the candidates. It was soon evident that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, fresh from his Cuban victories with the gallant Eough Riders, was the popular can- didate. This the Republican leaders saw, and nomi- nated him for governor at Saratoga (Sept. 27), with Timothy L. Woodruff for second place. The Democrats met at Syracuse and named Judge Augustus Van Wyck of Brooklyn, brother of the mayor of I^ew York City, as governor, and Elliot Danforth for lieutenant-gov- ernor. The Silver Democrats selected Henry George, Jr., who declined the nomination, and then Henry M. McDonald. Election of Governor Roosevelt. — The situation was uncommon. The Republicans had been in power four years and Black had been an efficient governor, but the canal scandal was charged up to them, and the superin- tendent of public works was arrested for the misuse of WAR WITH SPAIN AND ITS RESULTS 291 funds. The Democrats used these facts with telling effect in their campaign speeches and literature, and sought to exclude national issues. Colonel Koosevelt promised rigid reforms in canal management and brought in national issues. Both candidates made tours over the state and addressed thousands. The " warrior statesman '' carried the people with him, and won the election by a plurality of 18,000 votes. He entered upon his duties January 1, 1899. Governor Roosevelt was born in New York City (1858), was graduated from^Harvard (1880), studied law, and at the age of 23 was sent to the assembly, where he remained four years. Defeated for the mayoralty of the metropo- lis (1886), President Cleve- land appointed him a mem- ber of the United States Civil Service Commission, and Mayor Strong made him a police commissioner in Kew York City (1895). After improving the de- moralized police force he thbodore roosevelt resigned to become Assistant Secretary of the Navy (April 6, 1897), in which capacity he helped to pre- pare the navy for its swift and brilliant victories in the war with Spain. His Part in the Late War. — For years he spent his vacations hunting in the west. He came to know and admire the cowboys. His military training was secured 292 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK as a member of the New York National Guard (1884-8). His patriotism and loA^e of an active life led him to re- sign his position at Washington and to raise a regiment of Rough Eiders for the war. Cowboys from the west, policemen, and college athletes from the east, rich and poor, but all brave Americans, filled the ranks. Their gallant charge at San Juan Hill, Cuba, was one of the most brilliant deeds of the war. His Literary Work. — Statesman, traveler, hunter, ranchman, and soldier, he is also an essayist and histo- rian. His histories of the west, of naval affairs in the War of 1812, of the city of New York, and of the Rough Riders, are standard works. His biographies are clear and complete, and his essays cover a multitude of subjects. Investigation of Canal Frauds. — True to his word, Governor Roosevelt began a thorough investigation of the canal scandal (March 8, 1899). He engaged two prominent Democratic lawyers to conduct legal proceed- ings. Five experts were appointed to examine the case. A divided report was made^ Evidence seemed to show that the charges of fraud were exaggerated. No fur- ther prosecutions were made, and the excitement died away or was swallowed up in a discussion over a large barge canal. Governor Roosevelt urged such a canal at a cost of $63,000,000, and in April, 1900, the legisla- ture appropriated $200,000 for a canal survey. Roosevelt's Administration. — The legislature was Re- publican by a small majority and ably seconded Roose- velt's policy and measures. Perhaps the most im- portant law enacted was the one taxing public fran- chises. The governor urged this action in a special mes- WAR WITH SPAIN AND ITS RESULTS 293 sage (March 27, 1900). The purpose was to force rich corporations to pay a just proportion of taxes. The bill was passed and became a law. It was estimated that $17,000,000 would be realized in taxes over the state from this source, and that the poorer classes would be relieved to that extent. An anti-trust law was also passed. The law legalizing prize-fighting was repealed. These and other measures will make Governor Roose- velt's administration one of note in the history of the state. The Mazet Committee. — The Democrats, organized in Tammany Hall, controlled the city government of IN^ew York, and the Republicans ruled the state. The latter charged the former with having a corrupt police force, and appointed the Mazet committee to investigate (March 31, 1899). Of the committee five were Repub- licans and two were Democrats. Senator Piatt urged this course, but Dr. Parkhurst denounced it as a political scheme. After many weeks' work the committee made a divided report (Jan. 15, 1901). The majority thought the situation warranted state interference, and sug- gested eight reform bills. The minority stood for home rule and reformation. A committee was appointed to revise the charter. Prominent New-Yorkers have been called to places of honor and trust in the national government. To suc- ceed Edward Murphy, Jr., Chauncey M. Depew, prom- inent in business and politics, was elected United States senator by a Republican legislature and joined his col- league, Thomas C. Piatt, in the Senate (Jan. 12, 1900). President McKinley appointed Joseph H. Choate, a famous lawyer, as ambassador to England (1899). Elihu 294 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Root was called to the President's cabinet as Secretary of War. As the Presidential Election of 1900 approached it be- came apparent that the Eepublicans would renominate President McKinley. Their general choice for Vice- President was Governor Roosevelt. At first he declined to be a candidate (Feb. 12), but the E'ational Republican Convention held at Philadelphia (June 21) unanimously nominated him with McKinley. The Democrats named Bryan and Stevenson (July 4). The campaign was a memorable one in our history. The issues were money, trusts, and our foreign possessions. McKinley and Roosevelt were elected by a large majority (Kov. 6). The state election was conducted wholly on national issues and was an educational campaign. The Repub- licans elected Benjamin B. Odell, Jr., and Timothy L. Woodruff as governor and lieutenant-governor by a plurality of 111,000 over John B. Stanchfield and William F. Mackey, the Democratic nominees. The legislature was also Republican by a large majority. Anti-vice Crusade. — A loud outcry of the press and public against the corruptions in the city of Xew York led to an official crusade against vice (March, 1900). The question was taken up in the annual convention of the Episcopal Church (Sept. 27). Bishop Potter laid the matter before Mayor Van Wyck (JN'ov.), who promised to do all he could to remedy the situation. The agitation continued through 1901, and had much to do with the campaign for the election of a mayor. The numerous anti-Tammany organizations nominated for mayor Seth Low, President of Columbia Uni- versity. The Tammany party, under the leadership of WAB WITH SPAJ]^ AND ITS RESULTS 295 Richard Croker, selected as their candidate Edward M. Shepard. The contest resulted in the election of Seth Low as second mayor of Greater !N^ew York. All his associates on the ticket were also elected. The New-World Fair. — INew York has always taken an active interest in every effort to advance civilization. Her exhibits at the Paris Exposition (1900) were an honor to the commonwealth. Her metropolis voted $10,000 for a relief map of the whole city, and Buffalo did the same thing. The first Pan-American Congress (1889-1900) was the father of the great Pan-American Exposition held at Buffalo during the summer of 1901 to show the i^ew World's progress in all lines of human effort. The project was conceived in 1897, approved by President McKinley the next year, and then authorized by the i^ew York state legislature (Jan., 1899). The state appropriated $300,000 for a state building and exhibits (March 1), and Congress gave $500,000 (March 3). Vice-President Roosevelt formally opened the ex- position on May 20, 1901. Assassination of President McKinley.— This worthy enterprise, how^ever, was marred by one of the blackest crimes in our history. On September 6 the world was startled by the news that President McKinley had been shot while attending the Pan-American Exposition. September 5 was President's Day, and the President delivered a masterly speech before a multitude of peo- ple. The next day he visited Magara Ealls in the fore- noon, and returned in time to hold a reception at the ex- position, in the Temple of Music, in the afternoon. While shaking hands with the people he w^as treacher- ously and wickedly shot by an anarchist. A sad- 296 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE hearted nation awaited the result. Soon the country was told that the President's recovery was certain. The reports were encouraging until the 12th, when a sudden change for the worse took place. Finally in the early morning of Saturday, September 14, in the bosom of the Queen City of the Empire State, surrounded by his heart-broken relatives, and grave warriors and statesmen, in the midst of many thousands who came from all parts of the earth to see the progress of the Xew World, and while a whole nation wept, the stricken chief said: '^ Good-by, all; good-by. It is God's way. llis will be done." Roosevelt Becomes President. — Vice-President Theo- dore Koosevelt had hastened to Buffalo upon learning of the attack upon the President. But when he was de- clared to be out of danger the Vice-President joined his family in the Adirondacks. The unexpected change in the President's condition recalled him to Buffalo. He reached the city about noon on Saturday, the 14th. After visiting the Milburn house to honor his dead leader, the cabinet members asked him to take the oath of office of President of the United States. " I am ready to take the oath," he replied. ^^ And I wish to say that it shall be my aim to continue, absolutely unbroken, the policies of President McKinley for the peace, the prosperity, and the honor of our beloved country." Judge Hazel then administered the oath, and Theodore Roosevelt became the twenty-sixth President of the Republic, and the fifth man to be thus honored from this commonwealth. Memorial Services for the Dead President. — All day Sunday, after simple and beautiful services at the Mil- WAM WITH SPAIJV AND ITS RESULTS 297 burn house, the dead President lay in state in the Buf- falo Citj Hall. Monday a special train bore the body to Washington through a continuous double line of mourners. On Tuesday impressive services were held in the rotunda of the Capitol, and that night the funeral train left for Canton, Ohio. The next day the remains of the President lay in state among his friends and neighbors. On Thursday, September 19, the martyred President was buried. Memorial services were held in the chief cities of the world, and in every city, hamlet, and home in the United States. " The people never lost one whom they had loved better." The Failure of Anarchy. — The misguided assassin, forgiven by his noble victim, sa.ved with difficulty from an enraged people, and given a fair trial according to law, w^as a Pole of American birth. His trial was prompt and dignified. He was sentenced to be electro- cuted on October 29 at Auburn prison. The attack on our free institutions lost us one great leader and gave us another, but, aside from the sad tragedy, it only served as another illustration of the stability of our institu- tions. The nation arose to a man to denounce the futile attack of anarchy, and made it manifest that the people love and will defend their cherished institutions. 298 SHORT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Chapter LYII. — Progress in Population and Industry General Advance. — While these political events were occurring the great Empire State was steadily march- ing forward in industrial, educational, religious, and social lines. The commonwealth was becoming richer, more enlightened, better, and happier than ever before. New York still leads in numbers, as has been true for seventy-five years. The population in 1880 was 5,083,- 000, and in 1900 it was Y,268,000. This was twenty- one times as large as in 1790, and as great as that of the whole country in 1810. Nearly a million of the people were foreign-born, and were found mostly in New York, Kings, Erie, Queens, Westchester, and Albany counties. They constituted one-tenth of all the for- eign-born in the nation. They were located mostly in the large cities, the percentage being for the borough of New York 42, the borough of Brooklyn 33, Buffalo 35, Eochester 30, Albany 24, Syracuse 25, Troy 28, Utica 27, Yonkers 34, and Binghamton 14. About 61 per cent of them are naturalized, and 33 per cent speak English. The process of Americanizing them is rapid and encouraging. We must remember that 57 per cent of the people are of foreign parentage, and that the ^^ sons and grandsons of immigrants of fifty years back have, as a whole, become good Americans." Cities and Villages. — The 460 incorporated villages and cities have been following on the heels of New York. In half a century small villages have become flourishing centers of trade and industry. Buffalo now PROGRESS IN POPULATION AND INDUSTRY 299 covers 50 square miles and has a population of 400,000. In 1880 the inhabitants numbered only 155,000. The Queen City of the Great Lakes, the chief eastern port on the lakes and a great thriving railroad and canal shipping point, is the pride and honor of the state. Albany, the capital city, with nearly three hun- dred years of splendid history, has grown steadily. In 1820 the population was only 12,500. Now the city covers 11 square miles and the inhabitants number 100,000. There the lawmakers assemble year after year to conduct the state's business. Her trade and manufactures, lumber and foundries make her an active commercial center. From a few houses less than a century ago Rochester has grown to a city of 175,- 000, famous the world over for her flour-mills and clothing-factories. The little village of Salina has spread over 23 square miles of swamps and hills as Syracuse with 130,000 people. The Convention City has a wide reputation for her salt-works and bicycle- factories. This '^ most wonderful out-of-the-way place," as Dickens called it in 1868, has one hundred and fifty separate industries producing $25,000,000 worth of goods. The Smaller Cities have kept proportionate pace with the larger ones. The steel-works, car-shops, stove- foundries, and collar-factories have made Troy well known and increased the population to 65,000. Utica follows Troy with 60,000 inhabitants, and has large car- riage-works and boiler-shops. Yonkers covers 21 miles with 45,000 people, and is noted for beautiful residences and manufacturing interests. Elmira with her iron- works and tanneries, Oswego with her lake traffic and 300 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORE starch-works, Geneva with her nurseries, Schenectady with her electric works, Dunkirk with her locomotive- works, Cohoes with her mills, Poughkeepsie with her breweries and iron-furnaces, Watertown with her flour- mills and paper-mills, and other places with their par- ticular interests, are now what the large cities were half a century ago. The Last City. — Of the thirty largest cities in the United States four are in New York. There are eight cities containing above 50,000 inhabitants each, and twenty-one of over 20,000 each. The thirty-eighth city to be incorporated Avas Watervliet (May, 1896) with a population now of 15,000. It is famous for railroad supplies, electric materials, bells, stoves, cement, shawls, and knit goods. The national arsenal located there makes 16-inch guns for coast defense. The lumber trade is second to that of Albany. Because just across the river from Troy, the city has but one newspaper, and that is a weekly. New York First in Wealth.— In 1850 A^ew York's assessed value was $1,080,000,000 This gave her first place, which she has held ever since. To-day the assessed value is $9,000,000,000 and the state taxes amount to almost $100,000,000. Thus in wealth 'Eew York has kept pace with her general improvement. First in Manufacturing. — The Empire State still leads in manufacturing, a rank kept for more than half a cen- tury. The 23,500 establishments of 1850 now number Y5,000. Fifty years ago 200,000 hands were employed, but to-day over a million are thus engaged. Then $49,- 000,000 were paid in wages, and in 1890 $467,000,000. The $100,000,000 capital invested half a century ago PROGRESS IN POPULATION AND INDUSTRY 80l increased five-fold in thirty years, doubled the next decade, and now approximates $1,600,000,000. Dur- ing these five decades the value of products has jumped from $238,000,000 to nearly $2,500,000,000. These startling figures show a growth unequaled in the world's history. The Chief Products are, in the order named, men's clothing, foundry and machine-shop materials, malt liquors, flour- and grist-mill products, tobacco, cigars and cigarettes, women's clothing, and printing and pub- lishing. N"ew York leads the states in the manufac- ture of millinery goods, art materials, awnings and tents, carriages and wagons, books, boots and shoes, bakery products, furniture, street-cars, cheese and butter, confectionery, clothing, barrels, electrical apparatus, files, flags, food preparations, foundry prod- ucts, furs, men's furnishing goods, gas, gloves and mittens, glue, hats and caps, hardware, horseshoes, ink, lamps, mattresses, mirrors, monuments, musical instru- ments, optical goods, paints, paper, printed material, harness, showcases, and hundreds of less important things. The Salt Industry. — The salt springs, early known to the Indians and Jesuits, were first used by Asa Danf orth and Colonel Comfort Tyler to make salt at Syracuse (1789). The water was boiled in kettles, and the salt sold for a dollar a bushel. The state bought the '^salt reservation " of the Indians (1788). The first superin- tendent was William Stephens (1797). Brine was pumped from shallow wells. In 1838 a well 600 feet deep was sunk. The industry became important in Cayuga, Oneida, Delaware, Madison, Broome, Cort- B02 JSROnr HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK land, Oswego, Wavne, Monroe, Livingston, Orleans, and. Xiagara counties. The discovery of a 70-foot layer of rock salt at Wyoming 1,279 feet below the sur- face was an accident (1878). This rock-salt mining soon largely superseded the older industry. In 1890 Xew York produced 31 per cent of all salt in the country, over 16,000,000 bushels, and was surpassed only by Michigan. Two years later the output was 23,000,000 bushels, valued at eight cents a busheh There are seventy factories in the state. ' Farms. — For some years there has been a movement of money and men from the farms to the cities. The number of farms has increased from 171,000 (1850) to 226,000 (1890), and the average size has fallen from 112 to 97 acres. In 1880 the improved land was 17,718,000 acres, but ten years later it had fallen to 16,390,000 acres. At the same time the value of farms fell $77,000,000, and mortgages on real estate amounted to $2,277,000,000. The farm machinery improved, but the land, fences, and buildings were neglected. People raised more live stock than before. Horses and swine increased, but mules and sheep decreased in number. Farm Products varied. Wool decreased almost one- half in half a century. Milk increased twelve-fold in thirty years, while butter fell 23,700,000 pounds in ten years (1880—90), and cheese dropped 50 per cent. More poultry was raised and more eggs and honey sold than ever before. With a greater use of fertilizers more grain was harvested. Fewer acres were sowed in 1890 than in 1880, but more barley, buckwheat, oats, and rye were raised, and less corn and wheat. Hay in- creased 1,400,000 tons, and tobacco had become a pay- PROGRESS IN POPULATION AND INDUSTRY 303 ing industry. Potatoes, hops, broom-corn, and garden produce all decreased. Fruits were raised more ex- tensively. It is evident from these facts that farming as an industry has been outstripped by manufacturing. Agriculture has made little advance in the last twenty years, and in many lines has declined. The causes are the low price of farm products, competition with the fertile west, easy means of reaching the markets, and better returns for capital and labor in other lines. Yet in the last ten years the state has spent nearly $3,400,- 000 for agricultural purposes. The future must solve grave agricultural problems. Industrial Centralization.— The modern industrial ten- dency is toward centralization. Labor and capital have each organized for its own advantage. Although capital and its products have increased so marvel- ously, the number of factories has decreased very notice- ably. In 1880 there were 265 manufactories of agricul- tural implements, employing $10,000,000. Ten years later the capital had doubled, but the factories had been reduced to 116. Leather establishments changed from 571 to 200 during the same time. Boot and shoe indus- tries decreased from 272 to 251, while the money in- vested doubled. Paper-mills dropped from 168 to 128, and the capital increased $5,000,000. The salt-works were reduced in number, while the capital tripled. Flour-mills fell from 1,768 to 1,235, but the capital increased a million. Trusts. — So dangerous has this centralization seemed to many that the legislature has been urged to pass laws restricting combines or trusts. A committee was named to investigate them (Feb., 1897). An anti-trust law was 304 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK passed in 1899 prohibiting the formation of trusts in the state. It was estimated that there were 72 trusts in IN^ew York alone. The question became a national political issue in 1900. Labor. — Along with trusts have come organizations of labor. The people of nearly every branch of trade and industry are united into societies for mutual help and protection. As a result there have been strikes, boy- cottSj and lockouts in shops, factories, coal-mines, on railroads, street-cars, bridges, and other lines of work. Thousands of dollars have been lost in wages, much property has been destroyed, the public has suffered, and the state has been put to an enormous expense. In 1898 there were 1,009 labor unions in the state and 30,000 unemployed men. Grave problems in this line remain to be solved in this century. Remarkable Age. — The dawn of the twentieth century closed the most wonderful industrial century the world has seen. The innumerable inventions seem to be almost superhuman achievements. They meet us at every turn and make life happier and easier in a thou- sand different ways. The part the Empire State has played in this progress is one which may well fill her citizens with conscious pride. COMMERCIAL PR08PERITT 805 Chapter LVIII. — Commercial Prosperity Transportation. — A large increase in farm and fac- tory products demanded improved means of transpor- tation. The 132 railroads in the state in 1880 covered nearly 6,000 miles, with 4,000 miles of side-track, cost $600,000,000, and handled 1,150,000 tons of freight yearly. In ten years there were 7,653 miles, and 8,230 miles in 1900. New York now ranks fourth in rail- roads, but still has more miles than most of the coun- tries of Europe. In 1890 more than 527,000 persons were engaged in trade and transportation, and in 1900 74,000,000 passengers were carried on the steam-roads. Street-cars. — John Stephenson introduced the first horse street-car in 1831 in New York City, and in 1869 an elevated railroad four miles long, drawn by a cable, was used. In 1879 32 miles of elevated tracks were operated, and in 1885 such a road was introduced into Brooklyn, which had 25 miles a decade later. In 1883 the cable was first used on Brooklyn Bridge, and then adopted on surface roads in New York (1886). In 1880 there were 385 miles of street-car lines in the state, and in 1898 2,293 miles. Greater New York is now the first city in the nation in this res]3ect. About 1,986,- 000,000 persons are carried in one year on these lines. Electricity has driven out horses and even locomotives. Binghamton first used it as power on a five-mile road (1886) which is still operating. In 1890 there were only 61 miles of electric roads, but in 1897 there were 1,862 miles. The cars doubled in number, and the capital invested tripled. This is an " electric age.'' 306 SBORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK The great silent power was applied first to the telegraph, and then was soon used in connection with other inven- tions. It was early employed by the ^ew York police system (1856), and then adapted to house- and street- lighting. The first electric lamp was used in 1876, NIAGABA FALLS and the incandescent lamp in 1880. The first busi- ness firm to use electricity for illuminating purposes was in Xew^ York City (1881), and then it was em- ployed in a mill at ^ewburg. The first hotel to adopt it was the Blue Mountain House in the Adirondacks. The New York Herald was the first newspaper to intro- duce it (1882), and the same year a part of the metropo- lis was lighted by it, and then Lockport adopted it. By COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY 30T 1890 the 7 electric-light plants (1880) had increased to 650, and 57 steamboats and 10 electric roads were using the power. For police patrol 5 cities were em- ploying electricity, and 36 for fire-alarms. Electric welding and smelting began. Electricity is also found to be helpful for heating and domestic purposes, and serviceable for physicians, surgeons, and hospitals. Every city, village, and home is made happier by the great discovery. It was early seen that the great falls of Magara might be used for vast industrial purposes. The Magara Power Company put up a plant of 27,000 horse-power, and another corporation has one of 100,- COO horse-power. The first practical test of the hy- draulic tunnel, which cost $4,000,000, made by the sec- ond company, was a success (Jan. 25, 1894). The mar- velous lighting effects at the Pan-American Exposition were derived from that source. It is hoped that in time the tremendous power now wasted may be utilized for factories, light, street-cars, and railroads. The Canals have continued to be a source of profit to the state and a convenience to the public. The rail- roads have been strong competitors, but under free tolls (1882) the canal trade continues to be enormous. Wheat is carried from Chicago to I^ew York for four cents a bushel, and corn for a little less. The price from Buffalo to New York is three and two cents. In 1900 more than 3,350,000 tons were carried on the canals. Various routes have been suggested for a great ship canal connecting the Great Lakes with the ocean, but the project remains for the future. The Harlem ship-canal was opened June 17, 1895, with a land and marine parade, banquet, and fireworks. It opens up g08 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK navigation directly from Hudson River to Long Island Sonnd. Congress appropriated $2,700,000 for the work. On March. 24, 1900, the mayor of Xew York City cut the earth in front of the City Hall, and work on the rapid transit railway began. In a few years this underground railroad will carry passengers ^' to Harlem in fifteen minutes.'' It will cost $35,000,000. The Hudson tunnel, connecting Jersey City with Greater I:^ew York, begun in 1873 and long delayed, will be completed in due time. Commerce. — ^cav York is the greatest commercial state in the union. In 1900 there were nearly 5,000 licensed vessels, 185 being new ones. This is three times the number in any other commonwealth. The canal traffic, mostly of agricultural, forest, and mining prod- ucts, amounts to $96,000,000 (1897). In 1898 24,426,- 000 bushels of corn were carried east from Buffalo. 'No other state has better advantages for traffic by water than !N"ew York. The increase in trade has been phenom- enal. In 1836 at Buffalo 1,240,000 bushels of grain were received; sixty years later the amount was 214,- 355,000 bushels. Through Lake Champlain the trade is large in coal, stone, iron ore, and lumber. The com- merce at ISTew York is truly gigantic. Only a few cen- turies ago the great emporium Avas but a point on Man- hattan Island; to-day it is the best mart of the world. Trade. — Before the Eevolution the trade of New York was inferior to that of the Carolinas, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, or ^N'ew England. The English Board of Trade reported to Parliament that " they have no manufactures in the Province of ^ew York worth mentioning." To-day the Chamber of Com- COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY 309 merce, founded in 1768, chartered in 1770, and reor- ganized in 1784, controls much of the world's com- merce, establishes laws and usages, and regulates the value of money. The Marine Society, chartered in 1770 and revived in 1786, extends sea-trade and cares for sailors and their families. From the time the ^' Em- press of China'' made her first trip to the east (1784), E^ew York's foreign trade has increased until 37 per cent of all exports and 63 per cent of all imports of the nation pass through her ports (1900). She pays 70 per cent of all tariff duties. In 1900 the imports reached $562,000,000 and the exports $606,785,000— more than all the other ports of the country combined. New York a Center of the World. — Greater Xew York is the great depot to and from Europe. Of the 312,- 000 travelers and immigrants to this country in 1899, 243,000 landed at New York. Lines of steamships run to and from her port to all parts of the world — 17 to Great Britain, 4 to Germany, 6 to France, 2 to the IN'etherlands, 2 to Belgium, 4 to the Baltic, 2 to Spain and Portugal, 8 to the Mediterranean, 36 to China, Japan, India, and the East, 4 to Central America, and 15 to Mexico and the West Indies. Cables carry mes- sages from ISTew York City to 85 points over the world for from 25 cents to $1.58 a word. Banking Institutions. — The business of the state is carried on largely through banking organizations. There were 337 national banks in operation in the state in 1900 with a capital of $97,337,000. The New York Clearing House, composed of 64 banks with a capital of $74,222,000, "cleared" nearly $52,000,000,000— an average daily business of $171,000,000. All other 310 SHORT BISTORT OF TUB STATE OF NEW YORK cities in the nation ''cleared" but $26,000,000,000. The Empire State leads in savings banks. Governor Black said, '' Our savings banks are, and have long been, a source of pride." They show the thrift of the com- mon people. The $354,000,000 deposited in 1880 more than doubled in twenty years, when the depositors numbered 1,806,000, and 43 per cent of such deposits in the country were in ^ew York. Wall Street is a finan- cial giant. Supplementing the banks are hundreds of building and loan associations over the state. They numbered 300 in 1900, 86 being in the metropolis. The Sub-Treasury in ^ew York City does far more business than the Treasury at Washington. The Insurance Business has become enormous. It now covers a wdde field — fire, life, water, live stock, per- sonal property, tornadoes and hail, plate glass, wages, strikes, and many other things. About two hundred and fifty companies are doing business in the state, with assets of nearly $2,000,000,000. A superintendent of insurance overlooks the whole system. Retrospect. — In reviewing the commercial progress of the century now past in this state it is apparent that !N"ew York enters the new century with a record for achievements unparalleled in all history. Her steam, electric, and cable railroads for freight and travel cover the state like a netw^ork and enable the cities to extend in all directions. Her canals and improved water- courses furnish excellent highways for cheap transporta- tion. Her steamships run to all corners of the earth. Her banks, factories, and business corporations of vari- ous kinds show an unsurpassed prosperity. Her trade amounts to more in one day now than it did in a year a EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 311 century ago. In short, ^ew York has become a busi- ness center of the world. Chapter LIX. — Educational Institutions Educational System. — The marvelous material growth of ^New York has not hindered the education of her sons and daughters. The people believe in the public schools, and the legislature has very generously sup- ported them. Private individuals have endowed tech- nical and professional schools, seminaries, colleges, and universities to crown the educational system of the state. The board of regents oversees the whole system of public education. Growth of Schools. —The number of children of school age is 1,700,000 — an increase of a million in half a century. The number of teachers has increased from 21,000 (1880) to 35,000. The average daily attendance has changed from 552,000 (1880) to 850,000. The comforts of the schoolroom and the books have greatly improved. In 1897 there were still 22 log school- houses in the state. The expenditure for public schools now amounts to $28,000,000 — twice as much as in 1885. The school term is now one-third longer, the attendance is one-third larger, the teachers' salaries have advanced one-half, three times as much is spent on buildings, and school property has doubled in value since 1880. New Laws. — ^In 1895 the school age was extended to from five to twenty-one. Each school district must sup- port a school. Every boy and girl is compelled to at- 312 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK tend school. The examinations for teachers are now nniform, and also for pupils. The state supports over a hundred teachers' institutes at a cost of $40,000. In- struction in the lower grades is uniform, but after that there is variety enough to permit pupils to prepare for college, business, or professional life. Patriotism. — The true object of a good education is to make a genuine man, or woman, and a good citizen. The state may well demand that our schools '' shall inspire our youth to a love of country and its institutions." A thorough study of American and ISTew York history brings that result. The old soldiers of the Civil War have been instrumental in having " Flag Day '' cele- brated each year, and in having the stars and stripes float over every schoolhouse during school hours. Arbor Day is also generally celebrated, and about 20,- 000 trees are planted each year to beautify school grounds. In 1895 the legislature created the office of state historian and appointed Hugh Hastings to that position. Much valuable material has been collected and printed, and more remains to be done to preserve the noble past from oblivion. County and state organi- zations are doing valuable service in the same direction. The Educational System of New York City is a model for the country. The School Reform Bill, passed by the legislature and signed by Mayor Strong (1896) took the school system out of politics, gave it unity and a new life. The charter of Greater ISTew York reorganized the school system. One central board controls the finances and business for all the boroughs. Each borough also has a board appointed by the mayor for purely educational affairs. The superintendent, whose term is six years, is EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 313 the chief executive of the whole system, while the borough superintendents look after the practical man- agement of the schools. The system has been pronounced '^a distinct advance upon any other scheme that has been put into operation in the United States." Institutions of Higher Learning" have kept pace with the new age. The 10 colleges of 1845 have increased to 23 with 1,500 instructors and 15,000 students. Those established before the Civil War are Columbia (1754), Union (1795), Hamilton (1812), Colgate (1819, Hobart (1825), Alfred (1836), College of the City of IsTew York (1847), St. Francis Xavier (1847), St. John's (1846), Elmira (1855), and Magara (1856). Those or- ganized since that time are St. Steven's (1860), Vassar (1861), Manhattan (1863), Wells (1868), Cornell (1868), Syracuse (1870),Barnard (1889),Teachers' Col- lege (1889), Keuka (1892), and Adelphi (1896). The regents report 688 institutions of higher learning in the university with 6,500 teachers and 81,500 students, and property worth $88,000,000. There are five colleges for women in the state. Normal Schools. — The one normal school of 1844 is now assisted by ten others with 10,000 pupils and 14,- 000 graduated teachers. Their property is valued at $2,252,000, and they receive from the state $300,000 annually. The last normals to be organized were New Paltz (1885), Plattsburg (1889), and Oneonta (1887). The professional schools have multiplied and extended their courses, until now they draw students from every state in the Union. Many educational problems still confront the state, but time will bring the needed solu- tion. 314 SHORT BISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Illiteracy is disappearing among the native-born, and the people are far more intelligent than a few decades ago. In 1880 over 4 per cent of persons over ten could not read and 5j per cent could not write, but two-thirds of them were foreign-born. In 1890 the illiterates above ten numbered 267,000 and were mostly females. But of that number 198,000 were foreign-born, 21,000 were of foreign parentage, and 62,000 were negroes. The problem of illiteracy, therefore, almost entirely con- cerns the blacks and foreigners. Libraries. — The library is a powerful educational factor in every community and an absolute necessity. The regents control about 500 school libraries with 2,000,000 volumes, and appropriate a large sum each year to sustain them. In 1893 traveling libraries were introduced, and now books are constantly sent to every part of the state. There are over 700 other libraries in the state with 4,000,000 books, and 80 of these have more than 10,000 volumes each. The Astor with 250,- 000 volumes was the largest until the consolidated N^ew York Public Library was created (1897). These libraries help to educate thousands. Andrew Carnegie's gift of $5,000,000 for libraries in Greater IsTew York is most significant. Newspapers and Magazines. — The press, with its tremendous power for good or evil, has made a wonder- ful record. For years ^New York has ranked first in the number of papers and circulation. In 1880 the whole number was 1,411, of which 115 were dailies, 892 weeklies, 282 monthlies, and 40 quarterlies. In 1900 1,936 newspapers and periodicals were published. The dailies had increased to 185, the weeklies to 1,097, the EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 315 monthlies to 599, and the quarterlies to 55. The circulation had climbed up to 25,000,000. The press is also a great industry, and in 1890 employed 18,000 persons, consumed 275 tons of paper a day, and received $17,800,000 annually for advertisements. Our huge city papers are marvels. In the metropolis alone 50 dailies are published, in Buffalo 10, in Roches- ter 7, in Brooklyn 5, and in Syracuse 4. The political papers number 1,000, the religious 200, and the agri- cultural 30. New York City has become the great newspaper and book center of the nation. Here the chief magazines are printed and the great publishing houses are located. The world's news, in twenty dif- ferent languages, may be laid on any man's table each day for a penny. Illustrated newspapers began with the Daily Graphic of New York, and larger papers soon adopted the idea. Harper's Weekly and Frank Leslie^s became prominent pictorial weeklies, and Puck, Judge, and Life were started after 1880. 'New York is the literary center of the continent. Histories of the Civil War. — In this work only a few of the many excellent writers of the past fifty years can be mentioned. Among those whose writings tell of the Civil War are William H. Seward, who wrote A Diplomatic History of the Civil War; Charles A. Dana, who recorded his recollections of the Civil War and edited the Sun; Ulysses S. Grant, who left his Personal Recollections of the War; Horace Greeley, who penned a record of the great conflict; and John W. Draper, who published a History of the Civil War and other works. Poets, Writers, and Artists. — Some poets of the period are Alice and Phoebe Cary, Walt Whitman, Richard 316 SUORT III8T0RT OF THE STATE OF JSEW TORE Henrv Stoddard, Edmimd Clarence Stedman, Richard Watson Gilder, and Emma Lazarus. Among the later novelists are Edgar Fawcett, George Parsons Lathrop, Edgar Payson Roe, Charles King, John Habberton, H. H. Boyesen, Henry Cuyler Banner, Harold Erederick, and Henry Harland. Other persons noted for literary and artistic work in various lines are James Brander Matthews, John Burroughs, John James Audubon, William Hamilton Gibson, Richard Grant White, Ham- ilton W. Mabie, Andrew Sloan Draper, Edwin Law- rence Godkin, Moses Coit Tyler, George William Curtis, Carl Scliurz, and Henry Wheeler Shaw (Josh Billings). Among those who have contributed to the written history of the state are J. Romeyn Brodhead, Edmund O'Callaghan, Benjamin E. Lossing, William L. Stone, Sr., William L. Stone, Jr., Ellis H. Roberts, James A. Roberts, H. B. Daw^son, Martha J. Lamb, Mary L. Booth, General James Grant Wilson, and Theodore Roosevelt. Public Parks. — In 1873 the state set aside 5,000 square miles for a park. By 1897 the legislature ap- propriated 6,000,000 acres for the same purpose and voted $1,000,000 to buy more. The commissioners pur- chased 250,000 acres, making a park of nearly a million acres. Cornell University w^as given $10,000 with which to buy 30,000 acres in the Adirondacks (1897), on which a college of forestry has been built. The public park of 107 acres around Magara Falls, costing $1,500,000, was opened in 1885 and has since been greatly beautified. The site of old Fort George has been purchased by the state, and steps have been taken to preserve the beautiful Palisades along the lower RELIGION ANi) SOCIETY 317 Hudson. Many sites of historic interest or of natural beauty remain to be purchased and preserved by the state. General Progress. — The educational record of the state has kept pace with the phenomenal growth in in- dustry. From a few private schools the state has developed a splendid system of public schools. Her in- stitutions of higher education are the peer of any in the land. She leads unquestionably in literature, books, and papers. She has made great inroads in the ranks of illiteracy, and has made a splendid fight against igno- rance. She has awakened a new and higher sense of patriotism among her people which has showed itself in better laws, in needed reforms, and a better local and state government. Well may she enter the new century confident that through her agencies of culture the many grave problems still confronting her will be solved. Chapter LX. — ^Religion and Society The Growth in Religious Organizations has been very marked during the past quarter of a century. Old churches have grown steadily in wealth and numbers, and new ones have come into existence. Associations for religious and moral purposes have multiplied at an astonishing rate. New York is first in the number of church members and the value of church property, yet only 36 per cent of the people belong to churches. This state ranks fifth in the number of church organizations. The 54 sects have property worth $140,000,000. The borough of Manhattan's 644 churches are valued at 318 SHORT HIBTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW TORK $55,000,000. Brooklyn comes next with 360 churches, then Buffalo, 156, Rochester, 98, and Syracuse, 74 (1890). In none of these cities are more than one- third of the people church members. In this respect Xew York ranks fifteenth. The chief denominations rank thus: Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, and Lutheran. The Moral Development has been very conspicuous. The state laws show that the people have come to believe that lotteries and gambling are wrong, drunkenness is a disgrace, and political dishonesty a crime. Conse- quently lotteries are forbidden and gambling is re- stricted. The Eaines law (1896) seeks to regulate the liquor traffic by decreasing the number of saloons and thus the extent of drinking. At the same time $12,- 000,000 are collected annually from saloons in taxes and licenses for public use. The popular revolts against political corruption in the great cities show an awakened public conscience and an appreciation of the duties of citizenship. Many organizations are seeking to improve the moral condition of old and young. The Manners and Customs of the people have changed. Xew forms of amusement have come into existence and but few of the old ones remain. Social classes based on blood and birth have given way largely to those founded upon wealth. Democracy has outgrown aristocracy. Dress, house and street etiquette, forms of address and social usages have been greatly modified. Social Changes. — In the country log-rollings and barn- raisings and quilting-bees have almost disappeared. The dance and the party remain, but are changed. Church festivals, civic celebrations, political jubilees, and vari- UELIGION AND SOCIETY 319 OTIS societies have sprung np to amuse and educate the people. The manners and customs of the cities are imitated more and more in rural districts. In the cities the club has grown to be the leading form of social inter- course. Theaters, music-halls, and contests of skill and trength on land and water entertain the people. There are thousands of organizations for all purposes. Excur- sions by rail and by boat amuse and educate. In the summer the people go to the ocean, lakes, or moun- tains, and in winter they go to warmer climes at home or abroad. Hundreds spend their vacations in Europe or some other part of the world. Charity. — With more wealth, intelligence, and re- ligion, our ideas and methods of charity have improved. We now discriminate between the needy unfortunate and the pauper wdio can but will not work. Those who are unable to earn a living are cared for in charitable institutions, where they may be comfortable and happy. Those who can support themselves but do not, for lack of work, are given an opportunity. To search out and care for the needy there are more than 1,000 organizations in the state, owning $103,000,000 worth of property. The state supports 22 public insti- tutions with 75,000 inmates. More than 270,000 are cared for .outside, and 2,550,000 persons are given some relief each year. Not less than $24,000,000 is spent annually for charity, and most of it comes from individ- ual generosity. Treatment of Criminals. — While the state cares for the helpless it must punish the vicious. The 8,000 prisoners of 1880 now number 14,000, of whom 4,000 are foreign-born, 800 are negroes, and 2,000 are 820 SHORT mSTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK females. Two-thirds of tliese criminals are in tlie penitentiaries. About 4,000 boys and girls are in re- form schools, and 11,000 panpers, of whom half are foreign-born and half are females, are in alms- houses. The treatment of criminals has greatly changed. Many of them are now regarded as unfor- tunates, and it is believed that these can be made good, honest citizens. Therefore the state proposes to give them every opportunity to reform. In this 'New York took the lead by establishing the Elmira Reformatory (1876). Young criminals are sent there and encour- aged in every way to change their lives. Social Organizations. — Every city now has its organiza- tions to guide the children in right habits, to help the discouraged, to reform the bad, to find work for the un- employed, and to establish clubs, libraries, and clean places of amusement. College men and women are doing social settlement work, living noble, helpful lives among the lowly to inspire them to better things. Time is bringing rich rewards to all these sensible philan- thropic efforts. State Control of Social Welfare.— The state board of health urges pure water, good drainage, destruction of garbage, and has charge of all dangerous and contagious diseases. The lunacy commissioners guard and care for the insane. The superintendent of prisons oversees the security and comfort of the vicious and criminal. A board of charities looks after the poor and unfortunate. Quarantine commissioners prevent diseases and plagues from coming into the state by sea. In these various ways the state protects society and enables it to attain its greatest perfection. RELIGION AND SOGIETT 321 Renewed Patriotism.— One of the most hopeful signs of the twentieth century is the renewed patriotism of the latter part of the nineteenth century. The Civil "War killed state sovereignty and made the flag and the Union supreme. The war with Spain united both sec- tions as never before. The series of centennials from the celebration of a hundred years of independence (1876) to the reception of Admiral George Dewey (1899) has made both young and old better Americans. A new interest in the glorious history of this state and in the fathers who made it has been created. It shows itself in city and county civic and historical societies, in monuments for the great and noble, and in landmarks on historic sites. The past has been made to live over in oratory, sermons, history, song, stone, and bronze. A higher conception of state, national, and world citi- zenship has resulted. " New York is well called the Empire State, therefore, not only because of the vast- ness of its resources, but because it so conspicuously illustrates the imperial power of law-abiding liberty among the people." Statesmen. — K"ew York's roll of honor has on it men and women famous in every walk of life. Only a few of their names can be mentioned here. From the earliest days to the present, her statesmen have been men of eloquence and ability. Stuyvesant, Leisler, De Lancey, and Golden were giants in their day. At least a dozen prominent leaders in the Revolution were from New York, chief among whom were Hamilton, Jay, Clinton, Schuyler, Lamb, and the Livingstons. The array of governors is a gallant one and includes the Clintons, Jay, Tompkins, Van Buren, Marcy, Seward, 822 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Morgan, Dix, Seymour, Tilden, Cleveland, and Eoose- velt. Five of her sons have been Presidents, anu nine Vice-Presidents. In nearly every national campaign Is'ew York has had one or more candidates. The most important cabinet officers from Hamilton to Hay have been ]^ew- Yorkers. Her senators and representatives have been leaders of brains and patriotism. Her judges and lawyers have been the peers of any in the land. Of the Military and Naval Heroes of the United States, ^ew York claims a goodly share as her sons by birth or adoption. Great warriors like Grant and Sheridan have made I^ew York their home. In medicine, surgery, dentistry, drugs, and chemistry the Empire State has always taken front rank. Her clergy- men and professors have been leaders in their fields. Artists, poets, novelists, essayists, and editors have brought her to an enviable position in art and literature. Inventors, scientists, and skilled artisans have made her famous. Her lecturers and musicians have pleased and instructed the world. Thus hand, brain, voice, and pen have united to build up the great Empire State. ^'Ex- celsior '' on seal and flag has been a constant inspiration. The Past. — In all the lines of human progress — the political, religious, social, educational, and industrial — i^Tew York has given more than a hundred-fold for what she received a century ago. She has helped to carry forward the torch of civilization with an earnest, noble spirit and an unconquerable zeal. She has sacrificed her sons and her wealth for every great cause. She has met her own threatening problems, and solved them well. To her past record her sons may point with justi- fiable pride, and in her future they may glory. In the RELIGION AND SOCIETY 323 century gone by they were taught to be good citizens of their communities, good citizens of their common- wealth, good citizens of the Republic, and good citizens of the world, and in the century now upon us the per- plexities of life will center in these relationships, but we need have little fear about their solution. The Future. — '' Grim dangers confront us in the fu- ture, yet there is more ground to believe that we shall succeed than that we shall fail in overcoming them. Taking into account the enormous mass of immigrants, utterly unused to self-government of any kind, who have been thrust into our midst and are even yet not assim- ilated, the wonder is not that universal suffrage has worked so badly, but that it has worked so well. We are better, not worse off, than we were a generation ago. There is much gross civic corruption and commercial and social selfishness and immorality, upon which we are honor bound to wage active and relentless war. But honesty and morah cleanliness are the rule; and under the laws order is well preserved, and all men are kept secure in the possession of life, liberty, and property. . . . There is no reason to suppose that the condition of the working classes has grown worse, though there are enormous bodies of them whose condition is certainly bad. There are grave social dangers and evils to meet, but there are plenty of earnest men and women who devote their minds and energies to meeting them. With many very serious shortcomings and defects, the average ISTew Yorker yet possesses courage, energy, business capacity, much generosity of a practical sort, and shrewd, humorous common sense. The greedy tyranny of the unscrupulous rich and the anarchic 324 SHORT HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK violence of the vicious and ignorant poor are ever threatening dangers; but though there is every reason why Ave should realize the gravity of the perils ahead of us, there is no reason why we should not face them with confident and resolute hope, if only each of us, ac- cording to the measure of his capacity, will with manly honesty and good faith do his full share of the all-im- i:>ortant duties incident to American citizenship." ^ VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1876-1902 I. Primary Sources State Assembly and Senate Documents. Beach, " Centennial Celebrations of the State of New York.*' " United States Census " for 1870, 1880, 1890, and 1900. Xewspapers and Magazines. " World Almanac." '■ Tribune Almanac." Murlin, " New York Red Book." . Annual Reports of the various State Deparcments and Boards. Comley, " History of the State of New York." " New York in the Spanish-American War." 3 vols. 2. Secondary Sources Lossing, "Empire State," pp. 553-570. (To 1887.) Roberts, "New York," II., pp. 678-739. (To 1888.) Brooks, " Story of Ncav York," pp. 270-282. Wilson, " Memorial History of the Qty of New York," III., pp. 570-661, and Volume IV. (To 1892.) Roosevelt, " New York," pp. 210-216. (To 1890.) Todd, " Story of the City of New York." Harrison, "History of the City of New York." (To 1896.) Lossing, "History of New York City." (To 1884.) 2 vols. Field, " Political Primer of New York State and City." Bruce, "The Empire State in Three Centuries." 3 vols. Van .Pelt, "^Leslie's History of the Greater Isiew York." 3 vols. ^Roosevelt, ISfew York. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 325 McAdams and others, " History of the Bench, and Bar of New York." Local Histories. Historical Magazines. » 3. Fiction Bardeen, " Roderick Hume." Ford, " Honorable Peter Stirling." Harland, "Mrs. Peixada." " The Yoke of the Thorah." Fawcett, " The House at High Bridge." " " Social Silhouettes." CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 1876. Centennial year. 1877. Revolutionary centennials. 1878. Elevated railroad built. 1879. Cornell Governor. " New Capitol at Albany opened. 1880. Egyptian obelisk set up in New York City. " Arthur Vice-President. 1881. Quarrel in Republican party. " Arthur President. ** Elevated Railroads consolidated. 1882. Cleveland Governor. 1883. Brooklyn Bridge opened. " Anniversary of disbanding of the American Army at New- burg. " British-evacuation centennial celebrated. " Railroad bridge over Niagara River opened. 1884. Cleveland elected President. " Hill Governor. 1885. Niagara Falls State Park created. " Adirondack forests preserved. " New Croton Aqueduct begun. " Grant dies near Saratoga. 1886. Twelve hours made a day's labor. " Women admitted to legal practice, " Grant monument fund begun. " Bicentennial at Albany. " Statue of Liberty erected in New York harbor. 326 SHORT UISTORT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1886. Political frauds exposed in Xew York City. " Arthur dies in Xew York City. 1887. Centenary of Regents' control of state education.. 1888. Great snow-storm over the state. " Morton Vice-President. 1889. Centennial of Washington's inauguration celebrated. 1891. Flower Governor. 1892. Columbus Day celebrated in New York. " Vice-President Morton dedicates the World's Fair. 1893. New York Day at W^orld's Fair. " Great naval parade at New York City. " Buffalo strike. 1894. Morton Governor. " Fourth Constitution adopted. " Parkhurst movement and Lexow Committee. " Strong elected Mayor of New York. " Greater New York bill introduced. 1895. Public schools celebrate their birthday, " Atlanta Industrial Exposition. 1896. Black Governor. " Changes in the judiciary. 1897. Charter granted for Greater New York. " Van Wyck the first Mayor. " New state proposed. " Grant's monument completed. 1898. Roosevelt Governor. " Greater New York charter goes into effect. " Nassau County created. " Primary Election Law passed. " Flag ordered on every public schoolhouse. " Canal scandals. " War with Spain. 1899. Mazet Inquiry Committee appointed. " Canal frauds investigated. " Great snow-storm in New York City, " Ford bill to tax public franchises. " Reform Conference held at Buffalo. " The Independent Labor Party formed in Greater New York. " The Ramapo \^'ater Scheme denounced. " The Dewey reception. 1900. Odell Governor. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 327 1900. Roosevelt Vice-President. " Ice Trust in New York City denounced. " Anti-vice crusades in the metropolis. " Davis Law modifies the educational system of Greater New York. " Efforts to unify the educational system of the state. " Croton Dam strike. " Rapid transit begun for New York City. " Committee appointed to revise the charter of Greater Nev. York. 1901. Celebrations of the twentieth century over the state. " Pan-American Exposition. " President McKinley shot at Buffalo. " Roosevelt becomes President. 1902. Low second Mayor of Greater New York. THE ARMS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, AS RE-ESTABLISHED BY CHAPTER 190 OF THE LAWS OF 1882 AND AMENDED IN 1895. CHAPTER 190. An Act to re-establish tlie original arms of the State of New York, and to provide for the use thereof on the public seals. Passed May 20, 1882; three-fifths being present. The people of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : Section 1. The device of arms of this State, as adopted March six- teenth, seventeen hundred and seventy-eight, is hereby declared to be correctly described as follows: Charge. — Azure, in a landscape, the sun in fess, rising in splendor, or,* behind a range of three mountains, the middle one the highest; in base a ship and sloop under sail, passing and about to meet on a river bordered below by a grassy shore fringed with shrubs, all proper, f Crest. — On a wreath, azure and or, an American eagle proper, * This word, or, derived through the French language from the Latin word aurum, gold, means yellow or gold color, and is represented in engravings by small dots. + i.e., represented in their natural color. 339 330 NEW YORK STATE. rising to the dexter, from a two-tliirds of a globe terrestrial showing the North Atlantic Ocean, with outlines of its shores. Supporters. — On a quasi-compartment formed by the extension of the scroll. Dexter. — The figure of Liberty proper, her hair disheveled and decorated with pearls, vested a,zure, sandaled gules, about the waist a cincture or, fringed gules, a mantle of the last depending from the shoulders behind to the feet, in the dexter hand a staff ensigned with Phrygian cap or, the sinister arm embowed, the hand support- ing the shield at the dexter chief point, a royal crown by her sinister foot dejected. Sinister — The figure of Justice proper, her hair disheveled and decorated with pearls, vested or, about the waist a cinctured azure, fringed gules, sandaled and mantled as Liberty, bound about the eyes with a fillet proper, in the dexter hand a straight sword hilted or, erect, resting on the sinister chief point of the shield, the sinister arm embowed, holding before her her scales proper. Motto. — On a scroll below the shield, argent, in sable. Excelsior. Sec. 7. During the hours when the legislature is in session, the State flag shall be displayed from the Capitol together with the flag of the United States; the State flag shall be blue containing a white circular space charged with the arms of the State in the colors as described in the blason of section one of this Act. STATE COLOR. By common consent the imperial color, purple, has been used as the color of the Empire State. No official action was taken as to its adoption, however, till the Columbian exposition of 1893, when the State commissioners in charge of New York's exhibit adopted it as the color emblem of the Empire State. STATE TREE AND STATE FLOWER. By vote of the school children of the State taken on Arbor day in 1889 the maple was adopted as the State tree, and in the same way in 1891 the rose was adopted as the State flower. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK Adopted Nov. 3, 18^6, as Amended, and in Force Jan. 1, 1895. Sections marked thus, f , are the additions to the Constitution of 1846 which were adopted in 1894. We the People of the State of New York, grateful to Almighty God for our Freedom, in order to secure its blessings, do estab- lish THIS Constitution. ARTICLE I— Certain Personal Rights * § I. Persons not to be disfranchised. — No member of this State shall be disfranchised, or deprived of any of the rights or privi- leges secured to any citizen thereof, unless by the law of the land, or the judgment of his peers. § 2. Trial by jury. — The trial by jury in all cases in which it has been heretofore used, shall remain inviolate forever; but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in all civil cases in the manner to be prescribed by law. § 3. Religious liberty. — The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or prefer- ence, shall forever be allowed in this State to all mankind; and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse * The first 8 sections of Art I may be called the " Bill of Rights " of the N. Y. Constitutiou (see page 193, sees. 2 and 3), though § 6 is indicated in the text as the Bill of Rightg. 331 332 NEW YORK STATE acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this State. § 4. Habeas corpus. — The privilege of the writ of Jiaheas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- sion, the public safety may require its suspension. § 5. Excessive bail and fines. — Excessive bail shall not be re- quired nor excessive fines imposed, nor shall cruel and unusual punishments be inflicted, nor shall witnesses be unreasonably de- tained. § 6. Grand jury — bill of rights. — No person shall be held to an- swer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime (except in cases of impeachment, and in cases of militia when in actual service; and the land and naval forces in time of war, or which this State may keep, with the consent of Congress, in time of peace; and in cases of petit larceny, under the regulation of the Legislature), unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury; and in any trial in any court whatever the party accused shall be allowed to appear and defend in person and with counsel as in civil ac- tions. No person shall be subject to be twice put in jeopardy for the same offence; nor shall he be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. § 7. Compensation for taking private property; private roads; drainage of agricultural lands. — When private property shall be taken for any public use the compensation to be made therefor, when such compensation is not made by the State, shall be ascer- tained by a jury or by not less than three commissioners appointed by a court of record, as shall be prescribed by law. Private roads may be opened in the manner to be prescribed by law; but in every case the necessity of the road, and the amount of all damage to be sustained by the opening thereof, shall be first determined by a jury of freeholders, and such amount, together with the ex- penses of the proceeding, shall be paid by the person to be bene- fited, f General laws may be passed permitting the owners or oc- cupants of agricultural lands to construct and maintain for the drainage thereof, necessary drains, ditches and dykes upon the lands of others, under proper restrictions and with just compensa- tion, but no special laws shall be enacted for such purposes. § 8. Freedom of speech and press; criminal prosecutions for libel. — Every citizen may freely speak, write and publish his CONSTITUTION 333 sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions or indict- ments for libels, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to the jury, that the matter charged as libellous is true, and was published with good motives, and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. §9. Right of petition; divorces; lottery, and gambling. — No law shall be passed abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government, or any department thereof, nor shall any divorce be granted, otherwise than by due judicial proceedings; nor shall any lottery, or the sale of any lottery tickets, f pool-selling, book-making, or any other kind of gambling hereafter be authorized or allowed within this State; and the Legislature shall pass appropriate laws to prevent offences against any of the provisions of this section. § 10. Escheats. — The people of this State, in their right of sovereignty, are deemed to possess the original and ultimate property in and to all lands within the jurisdiction of the State; and all lands the title to which shall fail, from a defect of heirs, shall revertj or escheat to the people. § II. Feudal tenures abolished. — All feudal tenures of every description, with all their incidents, are declared to be abolished, saving however all rents and services certain which at any time heretofore have been lawfully created or reserved. § 12. Allodial tenures. — All lands within this State are declared to be allodial, so that, subject only to the liability to escheat, the entire and absolute property is vested in the owners, according to the nature of their respective estates. § 13. Leases of agricultural lands.— No lease or grant of agricul- tural land, for a longer period than twelve years, hereafter made, in which shall be reserved any rent or service of any kind, shall be valid. § 14. Fines and quarter sales abolished. — All fines, quarter sales, or other like restraints upon alienation reserved in any grant of land, hereafter to be made, shall be void. § 15. Purchase of lands of Indians. — No purchase or contract for the sale of lands in this State made since the fourteenth day of October, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, or which may hereafter be made of, or with the Indians, shall be 334 ^^W TORE STATE valid, unless made under the authority, and with the consent of the Legislature. § 1 6. Common law and acts of the Colonial and State Legisla- tures. — Such parts of the commoJi law, and of the acts of the Legislature of the Colony of New York, as together did form the law of the said Colony, on the nineteenth day of April, one thou- sand seven hundred and seventy-five, and the resolutions of the Congress of the said Colony, and of the convention of the State of New York, in force on the twentieth day of April, one thou- sand seven hundred and seventy-seven, which have not since ex- pired, or been repealed or altered; and such acts of the Legisla- ture of this State as are now in force, shall be and continue the law of this State, subject to such alterations as the Legislature shall make concerning the same. But all such parts of the com- mon law and such of the said acts, or parts thereof, as are repug- nant to this Constitution, are hereby abrogated. § 17. Grants of land made by the King of Great Britain since 1775. — All grants of land within the State^ made by the king of Great Britain, or persons acting under his authority, after the fourteenth day of October, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, shall be null and void; but nothing contained in this Constitution shall atlect any grants of land within this State, made by the authority of the said king or his predecessors, or shall annul any charters to bodies politic and corporate, by him or them made, before that day; or shall affect any such grants or charters since made by this State, or by persons acting under its authority; or shall impair the obligation of any debts contracted by the State^ or individuals, or bodies corporate, or any other rights of property, or any suits, actions, rights of action, or other proceedings in courts of justice. § 18. Damages for injuries causing death. — f The right of action now existing to recover damages for injuries resulting in death, shall never be abrogated; and the amount recoverable shall not be subject to any statutory limitation. ARTICLE II— Voting § I. Oualification of voters. — Every male citizen of the age of twenty-one years who shall have been a citizen for ninety days and an inhabitant of this State one year next preceding an elec- tion, and for the last four months a resident of the county and CONSTITUTION 835 for the last thirty days a resident of the election district in which he may offer his vote, shall be entitled to vote at such election in the election district of which he shall at the time be a resident, and not elsewhere, for all officers that now are or hereafter may be elective by the people, and upon all questions which may be submitted to the vote of the people, provided that in time of war no elector in the actual military service of the State, or of the United States, in the army or navy thereof, shall be deprived of his vote by reason of his absence from such election district; and the Legislature shall have power to provide the manner in which and the time and place at which such absent electors may vote, and for the return and canvass of their votes in the election dis- tricts in which they respectively reside. § 2. Bribery. — No person who shall receive, accept or offer to receive, or pay, offer or promise to pay, contribute, offer or promise to contribute to another, to be paid or used, any money or other valuable thing as a compensation or reward for the giving or with- holding a vote at an election^ or who shall make any promise to influence the giving or withholding any such vote, or who shall make or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election, shall vote at such election; and upon challenge for such cause, the person so challenged, before the officers authorized for that purpose shall receive his vote, shall swear or affirm before such officers that he has not received or offered, does not expect to receive, has not paid, offered or promised to pay, contributed, offered or promised to contribute to another, to be paid or used, any money or other valuable thing as a compensation or reward for the giving or withholding a vote at such election, and has not made any promise to influence the giving or withholding of any such vote, nor made or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of such election. f The Legislature shall enact laws excluding from the right of suffrage all persons convicted of bribery or of any infamous crime. § 3. Residence for voting purposes.— For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence, by reason of his presence or absence, while employed in the service of the United States; nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United States, or of the high seas; nor while a student of any seminary of learning; nor while kept at any alms-house, or other asylum, f or institution wholly or 336 J^£!W YOUK STATE partly supported at public expense or by charity; nor while con- fined in any public prison. § 4. Registration and election laws to be passed. — Laws shall be made for ascertaining by proper proofs the citizens who shall be entitled to the right of suffrage, hereby established, and for the registration of voters, which registration shall be completed at least ten days before each election. •\ Such registration shall not be required for town and village elections except by express pro- vision of law. In cities and villages having five thousand inhabi- tants or more, according to the last preceding state enumeration of inhabitants, voters shall be registered upon personal application only; but voters not residing in such cities or villages shall not be required to apply in person for registration at the first meeting of the officers having charge of the registry of voters. § 5. Manner of voting. — All elections by the citizens, except for such town officers as may by law be directed to be otherwise chosen, shall be by ballot, f or by such other method as may be prescribed by law, provided that secrecy in voting be preserved. § 6. Registration and election boards to be bi-partisan, except at town and village elections.— t All laws creating, regulating or affecting boards or officers charged with the duty of registering voters, or of distributing ballots at the polls to voters, or of re- ceiving, recording or counting votes at elections, shall secure equal representation of the two political parties which, at the general election next preceding that for which such boards or officers are to serve, cast the highest and the next highest number of votes. All such boards and officers shall be appointed or elected in such manner, and upon the nomination of such representatives of said parties respectively, as the Legislature may direct. Existing laws on this subject shall continue until the Legislature shall other- wise provide. This section shall not apply to town meetings or to village elections. ARTICLE III— The Legislature § I. Two houses. — The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and Assembly. § 2. How constituted. — t The Senate shall consist of fifty mem- bers, except as hereinafter provided. The Senators elected in the year 1805 shall hold their offices for three years, and their CONSTITTITION 337 successors shall be chosen for two years.* The Assembly shall consist of one hundred and fifty members who shall be chosen for one year. §3. Senate districts. — fThe State shall be divided into fifty districts, to be called Senate districts, each of which shall choose one Senator. The districts shall be numbered from one to fifty inclusive. (For list of Senate districts see page 421.) §4. How changed. — ^ An enumeration of the inhabitants of the State shall be taken under the direction of the Secretary of State, during the months of May and June, in the year 1895, and in the same months every tenth year thereafter; and the said districts shall be so altered by the Legislature at the first regular session after the return of every enumeration, that each Senate district shall contain as nearly as may be an equal number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, and be in as compact form as practicable, and shall remain unaltered until the return of another enumeration, and shall at all times consist of contiguous territory, and no county shall be divided in the formation of a senate district except to make two or more senate districts wholly in such county. No town, and no block in a city enclosed by streets or public ways, shall be divided in the formation of senate districts ; nor shall any district contain a greater excess in population over an adjoining district in the same county, than the population of a town or block therein, adjoining such district. Counties, towns or blocks which, from their location, may be included in either of two districts, shall be so placed as to make said districts most nearly equal in number of inhabitants, excluding aliens. No county shall have four or more senators unless it shall have a full ratio for each senator. No county shall have more than one-third of all the senators; and no two counties or the territory thereof as now organized, which are adjoining counties, or which are separated only by public waters, shall have more than one-half of all the senators. The ratio for apportioning senators shall always be obtained by dividing the number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, by fifty, and the senate shall always be composed of fifty members, except that if any county having three or more senators at the time of any * To bring the elections of State officers on even-numbered years, and of municipal officers on odd-numbered years, it was necessary to rearrange the terms of office and the times of election of governor. State officers, senators, and municipal officers. 338 :N'BW YORK STATE apportionment shall be entitled on such ratio to an additional senator or senators, such additional senator or senators shall be given to such county in addition to the fifty senators, and the whole number of senators shall be increased to that extent. § 5. Assembly districts. — t The members of the assembly shall be chosen by single districts, and shall be apportioned by the leg- islature at the first regular session after the return of every enum- eration among the several counties of the State, as nearly as may be according to the number of their respective inhabitants, exclud- ing aliens. Every county heretofore established and separately organized, except the county of Hamilton, shall always be entitled to one member of assembly, and no county shall hereafter be erected unless its population shall entitle it to a member. The county of Hamilton shall elect with the county of Fulton, until the population of the county of Hamilton shall, according to the ratio, entitle it to a member. But the legislature may abolish the said county of Hamilton and annex the territory thereof to some other county or counties. The quotient obtained by dividing the whole number of inhab- itants of the State, excluding aliens, by the number of members of assembly, shall be the ratio for apportionment, which shall be made as follows: One member of assembly shall be apportioned to every county, including Fulton and Hamilton as one county, containing less than the ratio and one-half over. Two members shall be apportioned to every other county. The remaining mem- bers of assembly shall be apportioned to the counties having more than two ratios according to the number of inhabitants, excluding aliens. Members apportioned on remainders shall be apportioned to the counties having the highest remainders in the order thereof respectively. No county shall have more members of assembly than a county having a greater number of inhabitants, excluding aliens. Until after the next enumeration, members of the assembly shall be apportioned to the several counties as follows: (See page — .) In any county entitled to more than one member, the board of supervisors, and in any city embracing an entire county and hav- ing no board of supervisors, the common council, or if there be none, the body exercising the powers of a common council, shall assemble on the second Tuesday of June 1895, and at such times as the legislature making an apportionment shall prescribe, and divide such counties into assembly districts as nearly equal in CONSTITUTION 339 number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, as may be, of convenient and contiguous territory in as compact form as practicable, each of which shall be wholly within a senate district formed under the same apportionment, equal to the number of members of assembly to which such county shall be entitled, and shall cause to be filed in the office of the Secretary of State and of the clerk of such county, a description of such districts, specifying the number of each district and of the inhabitants thereof, excluding aliens, ac- cording to the last preceding enumeration; and such apportion- ment and districts shall remain unaltered until another enumera- tion shall be made, as herein provided; but said division of the city of Brooklyn and the county of Kings to be made on the second Tuesday of June 1895, shall be made by the common council of said city and the board of supervisors of said county, assembled in joint session. In counties having more than one senate district, the same number of assembly districts shall be put in each senate district, unless the assembly districts cannot be evenly divided among the senate districts of any county, in which case one more assembly district shall be put in the senate district in such county having the largest, or one less assembly district shall be put in the senate district in such county having the smallest number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, as the case may require. No town, and no block in a city enclosed by streets or public ways, shall be divided in the formation of assembly districts, nor shall any district contain a greater excess in population over an adjoining district in the same senate district, than the population of a town or block therein adjoining such assembly district. Towns or blocks which, from their location, may be included in either of two dis- tricts, shall be so placed as to make said districts most nearly equal in number of inhabitants, excluding aliens; but in the di- vision of cities under the first apportionment, regard shall be had to the number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, of the election dis- tricts according to the state enumeration of 1892, so far as may be, instead of blocks. Nothing in this section shall prevent the di- vision, at any time, of counties and towns, and the erection of new towns by the legislature. An apportionment by the legislature, or other body, shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court, at the suit of any citizen, under such reasonable regulations as the legislature may prescribe ; and any court before Avhich a cause may be pending involving an apportionment shall give precedence thereto over all other causes 340 -ZVaS'TT TOBK STATE and proceedings, and if said court be not in session it shall convene promptly for the disposition of the same. § 6. Compensation of members. — Each member of the legisla- ture shall receive for his services an annual salary of one thousand five hundred dollars. The members of either house shall also receive the sum of one dollar for every ten miles they shall travel, in going to and returning from their place of meeting, once in each session, on the most usual route. Senators, when the senate alone is convened in extraordinary session, or when serving as members of the Court for the Trial of Impeachments, and such members of the assembly, not exceeding nine in number, as shall be appointed managers of an impeachment, shall receive an additional allowance of ten dollars a day. § 7. Civil appointments of members void. — ^o member of the legislature shall receive any civil appointment svithin this State, or the senate of the United States, from the governor, the gover- nor and senate, or from the legislature, or from any city govern- ment during the time for which he shall have been elected; and all such appointments and all votes given for any such member for any such office or appointment shall be void. § 8. Persons disqualified from being members. — No person shall be eligible to the legislature who, at the time of his election, is, or within one hundred days previous thereto has been, a member of congress, a civil or military officer under the United States, or an officer under any city government; and if any person shall, after his election as a member of the legislature, be elected to congress, or appointed to any office, civil or military, under the government of the United States, or under any city government, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. § 9. Time of elections. — The elections of senators and members of assembly, pursuant to the provisions of this constitution, shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November, unless otherwise directed by the legislature. § 10. Quorum; rules; determining membership; oflS.cers of each house. — A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business. Each house shall determine the rules of its own pro- ceedings, and be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifica- tions of its own members; shall choose its own officers; and the senate shall choose a temporary president f to preside in case of the absence or impeachment of the lieutenant-goveraor, or when he shall refuse to act as president, or shall act as governor. CONSTITUTION 341 §11. Journals; open sessions; adjournments. — Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days. § 12. Privilege, or freedom of debate. — For any speech or de- bate in either house of the legislature, the members shall not be questioned in any other place. (No member is liable for slander or libel for any speech in the house.) § 13. Bills may originate in either house. — Any bill may origi- nate in either house of the legislature, and all bills passed by one house may be amended by the other. § 14. Enacting clause of bills. — The enacting clause of all bills shall be " The people of the State of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows," and no law shall be enacted except by bill. § 15. Manner of passing bills. — ^No bill shall be passed or be- come a lawf unless it shall have been printed and upon the desks of the members, in its final form, at least three calendar legisla- tive days prior to its final passage, unless the governor, or the acting governor, shall have certified to the necessity of its im- mediate passage, under his hand and the seal of the State; nor shall any bill be passed or become a law, except by the assent of a majority of the members elected to each branch of the legisla- ture; and upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereof shall be allowed, and the question upon its final passage shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered on the journal. § 16. Private bills. — No private or local bill, which may be passed by the legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. § 17. Existing laws made applicable, to be inserted in acts. — No act shall be passed which shall provide that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be made or deemed a part of said act, or which shall enact that any existing law, or part thereof, shall be applicable, except by inserting it in such act. § 18. Cases in which private and local bills shall not be passed; restrictions as to laws authorizing street railroads. — The legisla- ture shall not pass a private or local bill in any of the following 342 iV^TT YORK STATE Changing the names of persons. Laying out, opening, altering, working or discontinuing roads, highways or alleys, or for draining swamps or other low lands. Locating or changing county seats. Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. Incorporating villages. Providing for election of members of boards of supervisors. Selecting, drawing, summoning or impanelling grand or petit jurors. Regulating the rate of interest on money. The opening and conducting of elections or designating places of voting. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentage or allowances of public officers, during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed. Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks. Granting to any private corporation, association or individual any exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. Providing for building bridges, and chartering companies for such purposes, except on the Hudson river below Waterford, and on the East river, or over the waters forming a part of the boun- daries of the State. The legislature shall pass general laws providing for the cases enumerated in this section, and for all other cases which in its judgment may be provided for by general laws. But no law shall authorize the construction or operation of a street railroad except upon the condition that the consent of the owners of one-half in value the property bounded on, and the consent also of the local authorities having the control of that portion of a street or high- way upon which it is proposed to construct or operate such rail- road be first obtained, or in case the consent of such property owners cannot be obtained, the appellate division of the Supreme Court, in the department in which it is proposed to be constructed, may, upon application, appoint three commissioners who shall de- termine, after a hearing of all parties interested, whether such railroad ought to be constructed or operated, and their determina- tion, confirmed by the court, may be taken in lieu of the consent of the property owners. § 19. Private claims not to be audited by legislature. — The leg- islature shall neither audit nor allow any private claim or account CONSTITUTION 343 against the State, but may appropriate money to pay such claims as shall have been audited and allowed according to law. § 20. Two-thirds bills. — The assent of two-thirds of the mem- bers elected to each branch of the legislature shall be requisite to every bill appropriating the public moneys or property for local or private purposes. § 21. Appropriation bills. — Xo money shall ever be paid out of the treasury of this State, or any of its funds, or any of the funds under its management, except in pursuance of an appropria- tion by law; nor unless such payment be made within two years next after the passage of such appropriation act; and every such law making a new appropriation, or continuing or reviving an appropriation, shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated, and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient for such law to refer to any other law to fix such sum. § 22. Restrictions as to provisions in the appropriation or supply bills (i.e., prohibiting "riders" on appropriation bills.) — f No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the annual appro- priation or supply bill, unless it relates specifically to some par- ticular appropriation in the bill ; and any such provision or enact- ment shall be limited in its operation to such appropriation. § 23. Certain sections not to apply to commission bills. — Sec- tions seventeen and eighteen of this article shall not apply to any bill, or the amendments to any bill, which shall be reported to the legislature by commissioners who have been appointed pursuant to law to revise the statutes. § 24. Tax bills to state tax distinctly.— Every law which im- poses, continues or revives a tax shall distinctly state the tax and the object to which it is to be applied, and it shall not be suffi- cient to refer to any otlier law to fix such tax or object. § 25. When ayes and nays are necessary: three-fifths to con- stitute a quorum for money-bills.— On the final passage, in either house of the legislature, of any act which imposes, continues or revives a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust money or property, or releases, discharges or commutes any claim or demand of the State, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, which shall be duly entered upon the journals, and three-fifths of all the mem- bers elected to either house shall, in all such cases, be necessary to constitute a quorum therein. § 26. Boards of supervisors. — There shall be in the several coun- 34:4 JSTEW YORK STATE ties, except in cities Avhose boundaries are the same as those of the county, a board of supervisors, to be composed of such mem- bers, and elected in such manner, and for such period, as is or may be provided by law. In any such city the duties and powers of a board of supervisors may be devolved upon the common coun- cil or board of aldermen thereof, § 27. Local legislative powers. — The legislature shall, by gen- eral laws, confer upon the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the State such further powers of local legislation and administration as the legislature may from time to time deem expedient. § 28. Extra compensation prohibited. — The legislature shall not, nor shall the common council of any city nor any board of super- visors, grant any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, agent or contractor. §29. Prison labor: contract system abolished. — fThe legisla- ture shall, by law, provide for the occupation and employment of prisoners sentenced to the several state prisons, penitentiaries, jails and reformatories in the State; and on and after the first day of January, in the year 1897, no person" in any such prison, peniten- tiary, jail or reformatory, shall be required or allowed to work, while under sentence thereto, at any trade, industry, or occupa- tion, wherein or whereby his work, or the product or profit of his work, shall be farmed out, contracted, given or sold to any person, firm, association or corporation. This section shall not be con- strued to prevent the legislature from providing that convicts may work for, and that the products of their labor may be disposed of to, the State or any political division thereof, or for or to any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State, or any political division thereof. ARTICLE IV — The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor § I. Executive power; term of office.— The executive power shall be vested in a governor, who shall hold his office forf two years; * a lieutenant-governor shall be chosen at the same time, and for the same term. The governor and lieutenant-governor elected next preceding the time when this section shall take effect shall hold office until and including the thirty-first day of December 1896, , .-■ * See foot-note on page 337. CONSTITUTION 345 and their siiceepsors shall be chosen at the general election in that year. § 2. Eligibility. — No person shall be eligible to the office of gov- ernor or lieutenant-governor, except a citizen of the United States, of the age of not less than thirty years, and who shall have been five years, next preceding his election, a resident of this State. § 3. Election, — The governor and lieutenant-governor shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the assem- bly. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes for governor and lieutenant-governor, shall be elected; but in case two or more shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for governor, or for lieutenant-governor, the two houses of the legislature, at its next annual session, shall, forthwith, by joint ballot, choose one of the said persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes for governor or lieutenant-governor. § 4. Duties and powers of governor; compensation. — The gover- nor shall be commander-in-cliief of the military and naval forces of the State. He shall have power to convene the legislature (or the senate only) on extraordinary occasions. At extraordinary sessions no subject shall be acted upon, except such as the gover- nor may recommend for consideration. He shall communicate by message to the legislature at every session the condition of the State, and recommend such matters to it as he shall judge expedi- ent. He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the legislature, and shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. He shall receive for his services an annual salary of ten thousand dollars, and there shall be provided for his use a suitable and furnished executive residence. § 5. Reprieves, commutations and pardons. — The governor shall have the power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after conviction, for all offences except treason and cases of im- peachment, upon such conditions, and with such restrictions and limitations, as he may think proper, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to sus- pend the execution of the sentence, until the case shall be reported to the legislature at its next meeting, when the legislature shall either pardon, or commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall annually com- 346 J^^W YORK STATU municate to the legislature each ease of reprieve, commutation or pardon granted; stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, and the date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve. § 6. Power may devolve on lieutenant-governor. — In case of the impeachment of the governor, or his removal from office, death, inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, resignation or absence from the State, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve upon the lieutenant-governor for the residue of the term, or until the disability shall cease. But when the gov- ernor shall, with the consent of the legislature, be out of the State in time of war, at the head of a military force thereof, he shall continue commander-in-chief of all the military force of the State. §7. Qualifications and duties of lieutenant-governor, f Guber- natorial succession. — The lieutenant-governor shall possess the same qualifications of eligibility for office as the governor. He shall be president of the senate, but shall have only a casting vote therein. If, during a vacancy of the office of governor, the lieu- tenant-governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, die, or be- come incapable of performing the duties of his office, or be absent from the State, the president of the senate shall act as governor until the vacancy be filled, or the disability shall cease; f and if the president of the senate for any of the above causes shall be- come incapable of performing the duties to the office of governor, the speaker of the assembly shall act as governor until the vacancy be filled or the disability shall cease. § 8. Salary of lieutenant-governor. — The lieutenant-governor shall receive for his services an annual salary of five thousand dollars, and shall not receive or be entitled to any other compen- sation, fee or perquisite for any duty or service he may be required to perform by the constitution or by law. § 9. Bills to be presented to governor; approval or veto; passage of bill by legislature if vetoed.— Every bill which shall have passed the senate and assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the objections at large on the journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon- sideration, two-thirds of the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objections to the other house by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and CONSTITUTION 34T if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law notwithstanding the objections of the gover- nor. In all such cases the votes in both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legisla- ture shall, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law without the approval of the governor. No bill shall become a law after the final adjournment of the leg- islature, unless approved by the governor within thirty days after such adjournment. If any bill presented to the governor contain several items of appropriation of money, he may object to one or more of such items while approving of the other portion of the bill. In such case, he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the items to which he objects; and the appro- priation so objected to shall not take effect. If the legislature be in siBssion he shall transmit to the house in which the bill origi- nated a copy of such statement, and the items objected to shall be separately reconsidered. If, on reconsideration, one or more of such items be approved by two- thirds of the members elected to each house, the same shall be part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. All the provisions of this section, in relation to bills not approved by the governor, shall apply in cases in which he shall withhold his approval from any item or items contained in a bill appropriating money. ARTICLE V— Other State Officers § I. State officers. — The secretary of state, comptroller, treas- urer, attorney-general and state engineer and surveyor shall be chosen at a general election, at the times and places of electing the governor and lieutenant-governor, and shall hold their offices for two years, except as provided in section two of this article. Each of the officers in this article named, excepting the speaker of the assembly, shall, at stated times during his continuance in office, receive for his services a compensation which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected; nor shall he receive to his use any fees or perquisites of office, or other compensation, f No person shall be elected to the 348 NEW YORK STATE office oi state engineer and surveyor who is not a practical civil engineer. §2. When elected; terms of office. — f The first election of the secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general and State engineer and surveyor, pursuant to this article, shall be held in the year 1895, and their terms of office shall begin on the first day of January following, and shall be for three years. At the general election in the year 1898, and every two years thereafter, their successors shall be chosen for the term of two years.* § 3. Superintendent of public works.— A superintendent of pub- lic works shall be appointed by tlie governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, and hold his office until the end of the term of the governor by whom he was nominated, and until his successor is appointed and qualified. He shall receive a com- pensation to be fixed by law. He shall be required by law to give security for the faithful execution of his office before entering upon the duties thereof. He shall be charged with the execution of all laws relating to the repair and navigation of the canals, and also of those relating to the construction and improvement of the canals, except so far as the execution of the laws relating to such construction or improvement shall be confided to the State engi- neer and surveyor; subject to the control of the legislature, he shall make the rules and regulations for the navigation or use of the canals. He may be suspended or removed from office by the governor, whenever, in his judgment, the public interest shall so require; but in case of the removal of such superintendent of public works from office, the governor shall file with the secre- tary of State a statement of the cause of such removal, and shall report such removal, and the cause thereof, to the legislature at its next session. The superintendent of public works shall ap- point not more than three assistant superintendents, whose duties shall be prescribed by him, subject to modification by the legis- lature, and who shall receive for their services a compensation to be fixed by law. They shall hold their office for three years, subject to suspension or removal by the superintendent of public works, whenever, in his judgment, the public interest shall so re- quire. Any vacancy in the office of any such assistant superintend- ent shall be filled for the remainder of the term for which he was appointed by the superintendent of public works; but in case of * See foot-note on page 337. CONSTITUTION 349 the suspension or removal of any such assistant superintendent by him, ha shall at once report to the governor, in writing, the cause of such removal. All other persons employed in the care and management of the canals, except collectors of tolls, and those in the department of the State engineer and surveyor, shall be ap- pointed by the superintendent of public woi'ks, and be subject to suspension or removal by him. The superintendent of public works shall perform all the duties of the canal commissioners, and board of canal commissioners, as now declared by law, until otherwise provided by the legislature. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall have power to fill vacancies in the office of superintendent of public works; if the senate be not in session, he may grant commissions which shall expire at the end of the next succeeding session of the senate. § 4. Superintendent of State prisons. — A superintendent of State prisons shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, and hold his office for five years unless sooner removed; he shall give security in such amount, and with such sureties as shall be required by law for the faithful dis- charge of his duties; he shall have the superintendence, manage- ment and control of State prisons, subject to such laws as now exist or may hereafter be enacted; he shall appoint the agents, wardens, physicians and chaplains of the prisons. The agent and warden of each prison shall appoint all other officers of such prison, except the clerk, subject to the approval of the same by the super- intendent. The comptroller shall appoint the clerks of the prisons. The superintendent shall have all the powers and perform all the duties not inconsistent herewith, which were formerly had and performed by the inspectors of State prisons. The governor may remove the superintendent for cause at any time, giving to him a copy of the charges against him, and an opportunity to be heard in his defence. § 5. Commissioners of the land ofifice; of the canal fund; canal board. — The lieutenant-governor, speaker of the assembly, secre- tary of State, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general and State engineer and surveyor, shall be the commissioners of the land office. The lieutenant-governor, secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer and attorney-general shall be the commissioners of the canal fund. The canal board shall consist of the commissioners of the canal fund, the State engineer and surveyor, and the super- intendent of public works. 350 l^EW TORE STATE § 6. Powers and duties of boards. — The powers and duties of the respective boards, and of the several officers in this article mentioned, shall be such as now are or hereafter may be prescribed by law. § 7. State treasurer may be suspended. — The treasurer may be suspended from office by the governor, during the recess of the legislature, and until thirty days after the commencement of the next session of the legislature, whenever it shall appear to him that such treasurer has, in any particular, violated his duty. The governor shall appoint a competent person to discharge the duties of the office during such suspension of the treasurer. § 8. Certain offices abolished. — All offices for the weighing, gauging, measuring, culling or inspecting any merchandise, prod- uce, manufacture or commodity whatever, are hereby abolished, and no such office shall hereafter be created by law; but nothing in this section contained shall abrogate any office created for the purpose of protecting the public health or the interests of the State in its property, revenue, tolls, or purchases, or of supplying the people with correct standards of weights and measures, or shall prevent the creation of any office for such purposes hereafter. § 9. t Civil service. — Appointments and promotions in the civil service of the State, and of all the civil divisions thereof, including cities and villages, shall be made according to merit and fitness to be ascertained, so far as practicable, by examinations, which, so far as practicable, shall be competitive; provided, hov/ever, that honor- ably discharged soldiers and sailors from the army and navy of the United States in the late civil war, who are citizens and residents of this State, shall be entitled to preference in appointment and promotion, without regard to their standing on any list from which such appointment or promotion may be made. Laws shall be made to provide for the enforcement of this section. ARTICLE VI— The Judiciary § I. Supreme Court; how constituted; judicial districts. — fThe Supreme Court is continued, vdth. general jurisdiction in law and equity, subject to such apellate jurisdiction of the Court of Ap- peals as now is or may be prescribed by law not inconsistent with this article. The existing judicial districts of the State are con- tinued until changed as hereinafter provided. The Supreme Court shall consist of the justices now in office, and of the judges trans- CONSTITUTION' 351 ferred thereto by the fifth section of this article, all of whom shall continue to bo justices of the Supreme Court during their respect- ive terms, and of twelve additional justices who shall reside in, and be chosen by the electors of, the several existing judicial dis- tricts, three in the first district, three in the second, and one in each of the other districts; and of their successors. The succes- sors of said justices shall be chosen by the electors of their respect- ive judicial districts. The legislature may alter the judicial dis- tricts once after every enumeration, under the constitution, of the inhabitants of the State, and thereupon reapportion the justices to be thereafter elected in the district so altered. § 2. Judicial departments; appellate division; governor to desig- nate justices; time and place of holding court. — f The legisla- ture shall divide the State into four judicial departments. The first department shall consist of the County of New York; the others shall be bounded by county lines, and be compact and equal in population as nearly as may be. Once every ten years the legislature may alter the judicial departments, but without in- creasing the number thereof. There shall be an appellate division of the Supreme Court, con- sisting of seven justices in the first department, and of five justices in each of the other departments. In each department four shall constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of three shall be neces- sary to a decision. No more than five justices shall sit in any case. From all the justices elected to the Supreme Court the governor shajl designate those who shall constitute the appellate division in each department; and he shall designate the presiding justice thereof, who shall act as such during his term of office, and shall bo a resident of the department. The other justices shall be desig- nated for terms of five years, or the unexpired portions of their respective terms of offices, if less than five years. From time to time as the terms of such designations expire, or vacancies occur, he shall make new designations. He may also make temporary- designations, in case of the absence or inability to act, of any jus- tice in the appellate division. A majority of the justices desig- nated to sit in the appellate division in each department shall be residents of the department. Whenever the appellate division in any department shall be unable to dispose of its business within a reasonable time, a majority of the presiding justices of the several departments, at a meeting called by the presiding justice of the department in aiTearS; may transfer any pending appeals from 352 i^BW YORK STATE * such department to any other department for hearing and deter- mination. No justice of the appellate division shall exercise any of the powers of a justice of the Supreme Court, other than those of a justice out of court, and those pertaining to the appellate division or to the hearing and decision of motions submitted by consent of counsel. From and after the last day of December 1895, the appellate division shall have the jurisdiction now exer- cised by the Supreme Court at its general terms, and by the gen- eral terms of the Court of Common Pleas for the City and County of New York, the Superior Court of the City of New York, the Superior Court of Buffalo and the City Court of Brooklyn, and such additional jurisdiction as may be conferred by the legisla- ture. It shall have power to appoint and remove a reporter. The justices of the appellate division in each department shall have power to fix the times and places for holding special and trial terms therein, and to assign the justices in the departments to hold such terms; or to make rules therefor. § 3. Judge or justice not to sit in review; testimony in equity cases. — -fNo judge or justice shall sit in the appellate division or in the Court of Appeals in review of a decision made by him or by any court of which he was at the time a sitting member. The testimony in equity cases shall be taken in like manner as in cases at law; and, except as herein otherwise provided, the legislature shall have the same power to alter and regulate the jurisdiction and proceedings in law and in equity that it has here- tofore exercised. § 4. Terms of oflace ; vacancies, how filled. — f The official terms of the justices of the Supreme Court shall be fourteen years from and including the first daj^ of January next after their election. When a vacancy shall occur otherwise than by expiration of term in the office of justices of the Supreme Court, the same shall be filled for a full term, at the next general election, happening not less than three months after such vacancy occurs; and, until the vacancy shall be so filled, the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate, if the senate shall be in session, or if not in session, the governor may fill such vacancy by appoint- ment, which shall continue until and including the last day of De- cember next after the election at which the vacancy shall be filled. § 5. City courts abolished; judges become justices of Supreme Court; salaries; jurisdiction vested in Supreme Court. — f The Su- perior Court of the City of New York, the Court of Common CONSTITUTION 353 Pleas for the City and County of New York, the Superior Court of Buffalo^ and the City Court of Brooklyn, are abolished from and after the first day of January 1896, and thereupon the seals, records, papers and documents of or belonging to such courts shall be deposited in the offices of the clerks of the several counties in which said courts now exist; and all actions and proceedings then pending in such courts shall be transferred to the Supreme Court for hearing and determination. The judges of said courts in office on the first day of January 1896, shall, for the remainder of the terms for which they were elected or appointed, be justices of the Supreme Court; but they shall sit only in the counties in which they were elected or appointed. Their salaries shall be paid by the said counties respectively, and shall be the same as the salaries of the other justices of the Supreme Court residing in the same counties. Their successors shall be elected as justices of the Supreme Court by the electors of the judicial districts in which they respectively reside. The jurisdiction now exercised by the several courts hereby abolished shall be vested in the Supreme Court. Appeals from inferior and local courts now heard in the Court of Common Pleas for the City and County of New York and the Superior Court of Buffalo shall be heard in the Supreme Court in such manner and by such justice or justices as the appellate division in the respect- ive departments which include New York and Buffalo shall direct, unless otherwise provided by the legislature. § 6. Circuit courts and courts of Oyer and Terminer abolished. — -{■ Circuit courts and courts of Oyer and Terminer are abolished from a.xd after the last day of December 1895. All their jurisdiction shall thereupon be vested in the Supreme Court, and all actions and proceedings then pending in such courts shall be transferred to the Supreme Court for hearing and determination. Any justice of the Supreme Court, except as otherwise provided in this article, may hold court in any county. § 7. Court of Appeals. — f The Court of Appeals is continued. It shall consist of the c4iief judge and associate judges now in office, who shall hold their offices until the expiration of their respective terms, and their successors, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State. The official terms of the chief judge and associate judges shall be fourteen years from and including the first day of January next after their election. Five members of the court shall form a q.uorum, and thei concurrence of four shall 354 N^y^ YORK STATE be necessary to a decision. The court shall have power to appoint and to remove its reporter, clerk and attendants. § 8. Vacancies in Court of Appeals; how filled. — When a vacancy shall occur, other^vise than by expiration of term, in the office of chief or associate judge of the Court of Appeals, the same shall be filled, for a full term, at the next general election happening not less than three months after such vacancy occurs; and until the vacancy shall be so filled, the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate, if the senate shall be in session, or if not, the governor may fill such vacancy by appointment, f ^^ ^^7 such appointment of chief judge shall be made from among the associate judges, a temporary appointment of associate judge shall be made in like manner; but in such case, the person appointed chief judge shall not be deemed to vacate his office of associate judge any longer than until the expiration of his appointment as chief judge. The powers and jurisdiction of the court shall not be suspended for want of appointment or election, when the num- ber of judges is sufficient to constitute a quorum. All appoint- ments under this section shall continue until and including the last day of December next after the election at which the vacancy shall be filled. § 9. Jurisdiction of Court of Appeals.— f After the last day of December 1895, the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals, except where the judgment is of death, shall be limited to the review of questions of law. No unanimous decision of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court that there is evidence supporting or tend- ing to sustain a finding of fact or a verdict not directed by the court, shall be reviewed by the Court of Appeals. Except where the judgment is of death, appeals may be taken as of right to said court only from judgments or orders entered upon decisions of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, finally determin- ing actions or special proceedings, and from orders granting new trials on exceptions, where the appellants stipulate that upon affirmance judgment absolute shall be rendered against them. The Appellate Division in any department may, however, allow an ap- peal upon any question of law which, in its opinion, ought to be reviewed by the Court of Appeals. § lo. Judges not to hold any other officer^The judges of the Court of Appeals, and the justices of the Supreme Court, shall Bot hold any other office or public trust. All votes for any of C0N8TITTTTI0N 355 them for any other than a judicial office, given by the legislature or the people, shall be void. § II. Removal of judges. — Judges of the Court of Appeals and Justices of the Supreme Court may be removed by concurrent resolution of both houses of the legislature, if two- thirds of all the members elected to each house concur therein. All other judicial officers, except justices of the peace and judges or justices of inferior courts not of record, may be removed by the senate, on the recommendation of the governor, if two-thirds of all the members elected to the senate concur therein. But no officer aJiall be removed by virtue of this section except for cause, which shall be entered on the journals, nor unless he shall have been served with a statement of the cause alleged, and shall have had an op- portunity to be heard. On the question of removal, the yeas and nays ^hall be entered on the journal. § 12. Compensation of judges; age restriction; assignment by governor. — The judges and justices hereinbefore mentioned shall receive for their services a compensation established by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during their official terms, except as provided in section five of this article. No person shall hold the office of judge or justicq of any court longer than until and including the last day of December next after he ^liall be seventy years of age. No judge or justice elected after the first day of Januaiy 1894, shall be entitled to receive any compensa- tion after the last day of December next after he shall be seventy years of age; but the compensation of every judge of the Court of Appeals or justice of the Supreme Court elected prior to the first day of January 1894, whose term of office has been, or whose present term of office shall be, so abridged, and who shall have served as such judge or justice ten years or more, shall be con- tinued during the remainder of the term for which he was elected; but any such judge or justice may, with his consent, be assigned by the governor, from time to time, to any duty in the Supreme Court while his compensation is so continued. § 13. Trial of impeachments. — The assembly shall have the power of impeachment by a vote of a majority of all the mem- bers elected. The court for the trial of impeachments shall be composed of the president of the senate, the senators, or a major part of them, and the judges of the Court of Appeals, or the major part of them. On the trial of an impeachment against the gover- nor, the lieutenant-governor shall not act as a member of the 356 NEW TORE STATE court. No judicial officer shall exercise his office, after articles of impeachment against him shall have been preferred to the senate, until he shall have been acquitted. Before the trial of an im- peachment the members of the court shall take an oath or affirma- tion, truly and impartially to try the impeachment, according to the evidence; and no person s'hall be convicted without the con- currence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, or removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under this State; but the party impeached shall be liable to indictment and punishment according to law. §14. County courts. — f The existing county courts are con- tinued, and the judges thereof now in office shall hold their offices until the expiration of their respective terms. In the County of Kings there shall be two county judges and the additional county judge shall be chosen at the next general election held after the adoption of this article. The successors of the several county judges shall be chosen by the electors of the counties for the term of six years. County courts shall have the powers and jurisdic- tion they now possess, and also original jurisdiction in actions for the recovery of money only, where the defendants reside in the county, and in which the complaint demands judgment for a sum not exceeding two thousand dollars. The legislature may here- after enlarge or restrict the jurisdiction of the county courts, pro- vided, however, that their jurisdiction shall not be so extended as to authorize an action therein for the recovery of money only, in which the sum demanded exceeds two thousand dollars, or in which any person not a resident of the county is a defendant. Courts of Sessions, except in the County of New York, are abolished from and after the last day of December 1895. All the jurisdiction of the Court of Sessions in each county, except the County of New York, shall thereupon be vested in the County Court thereof, and all actions and proceedings then pending in such Courts of Sessions shall be transferred to said County Courts for hearing and determination. Every County Judge shall per- form such duties as may be required by law. His salary shall be established by law, payable out of the county treasury. A County Judge of any county may hold County Courts in any other county when requested by the judge of such other county. % 15. Surrogates' Courts. — f "^^^ existing Surrogates' Courts are CONSTITUTION 357 continued, and the Surrogates now in ofRce shall hold their offices until the expiration of their terms. Their successors shall be chosen by the electors of their respective counties, and their terms of office shall be six years, except in the County of New York, where they shall continue to be fourteen years. Surrogates and Surrogates' Courts shall have the jurisdiction and powers which the Surrogates' and existing Surrogates' Courts now possess, until otherwise provided by the Legislature. The County Judge shall be Surrogate of his county, except where a separate Surrogate has been or shall be elected. In counties having a population ex- ceeding forty thousand, wherein there is no separate Surrogate, the Legislature may provide for the election of a separate officer to be Surrogate, whose terra of office shall be six years. When the Surrogate shall be elected as a separate officer, his salary shall be established by law, payable out of the county treasury. No County Judge or Surrogate Shall hold office longer than until and including the last day of December next after he shall be seventy years of age. Vacancies occurring in the office of County Judge or Surrogate shall be filled in the same manner as like vacancies occurring in the Supreme Court. The compensation of any County Judge or Surrogate shall not be increased or diminished during his tenn of office. For the relief of SuiTogates' Courts the Legis- lature may confer upon the Supreme Court in any county having a population exceeding four hundred thousand, the powers and jurisdiction of Surrogates, with authority to try issues of fact by jury in probate cases. § i6. Local judicial officers. — The Legislature may, on applica- tion of the Board of Supervisors, provide for the election of local officers, not to exceed two in any county, to discharge the duties of County Judge and of Surrogate, in cases of their inability, or of a vacancy, and in such other cases as may be provided by law, and to exercise such other powers in special cases as are or may be provided by law. § 17. Justices of the peace; district court justices. — The electors of the several towns shall, at their annual town meetings, or at such other times and in such manner as the Legislature may di- rect, elect Justices of the Peace, whose term of office shall be four years. In case of an election to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of a full term, they shall hold for the residue of the unexpired term. Their number and classification may be regu- lated by law. Justices of the Peace, and judges or justices of in- 358 NEW YORK STATE ferior courts not of record and their clerks may be removed for cause, after due notice and an opportunity of being heard by such courts as are or may be prescribed by law. Justices of the Peace and District Court Justices may be elected in the different cities of this State, in such manner, and with such powers, and for such terms, respectively, as are or shall be prescribed by law; all other judicial officers in cities, Avhose election or appointment is not otherwise provided for in this article, shall be chosen by the elec- tors of such cities, or appointed by some local authorities thereof. § 1 8. Inferior local courts. — Inferior local courts * of civil and criminal jurisdiction may be established by the Legislature, f but no inferior local court hereafter created shall be a Court of Record. The Legislature shall not hereafter confer upon any inferior or local court of its creation any equity jurisdiction or any greater jurisdiction in other respects than is conferred upon County Courts, by or under this article. Except as herein otherwise provided, all judicial officers shall be elected or appointed at such times and in such manner as the Legislature may direct. § 19. Clerks of courts. — Clerks of the several counties shall be Clerks of the Supreme Court, with such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by law. f The justices of the Appellate Division in each department shall have power to appoint and to remove a clerk who shall keep his office at a place to be designated by said justices. The Clerk of the Court of Appeals shall keep his office at the seat of government. The Clerk of the Court of Appeals and the Clerks of the Appellate Division shall receive compensation to be established by law and paid out of the public treasury. § 20. No judicial officer, except Justices of the Peace, to receive fees; not to act as attorney or counsellor. — No judicial officer, except Justices of the Peace, shall receive to his OAvn use any fees or perquisites of office; nor shall any Judge of the Court of Appeals, or Justice of the Supreme Court, f or any County Judge or Surrogate hereafter elected in a county having a population exceeding one hundred and twenty thousand, practise as an at- torney or counsellor in any Court of Record in this State, or act as referee. The Legislature may impose a similar prohibition upon County Judges and Surrogates in other counties. JSTo one shall be eligible to the office of Judge of the Court of Appeals, Justice of the Supreme Court, or, except in the County of Hamilton, to the * i.e., police courts* marine courts, district court in New York City, etc. CONSTITUTION 359 office of County Judge or Surrogate, who is not an attorney and counsellor of this State. § 21. Publication of statutes. — The Legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statutes, and shall regulate the reporting of the decisions of the courts; but all laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person, § 22. Terms of office of present justices of the peace, and local judicial officers. — f Justices of the peace and other local judicial officers provided for in sections seventeen and eighteen, in office when this article takes effect, shall hold their offices until the expiration of their respective terms. § 23. Courts of special sessions. — Courts of special session shall have such jurisdiction of offences of the grade of misdemeanors as may be prescribed by law. ARTICLE VII— Property and Debts of the State § I. State credit not to be given. — The credit of the State shall not, in any manner, be given or loaned to, or in aid of any in- dividual, association or corporation. § 2. State debts; power to contract. — The State may, to meet casual deficits or failures in revenues, or for expenses not pro- vided for, contract debts, but such debts, direct or contingent, singly or in the aggregate, shall not, at any time, exceed one million of dollars; and the moneys arising from the loans creating such debts shall be applied to the purpose for which they were obtained, or to repay the debt so contracted, and to no other pur- pose whatever. § 3. State debts to repel invasions. — In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in war; but the money arising from the contracting of such debts shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever. § 4. Limitation of legislative power to create debts. — Except the debts specified in sections two and three of this article, no debts shall be hereafter contracted by or on behalf of this State, unless such debts shall be authorized by a law, for some single work or object, to be distinctly specified therein; and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax to pay, and sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls 360 J^EW YORK STATE due and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt within eighteen years from the time of the contracting thereof. No such law shall take effect until it shall, at a general election, have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it, at such election. On the final pas- sage of such bill in either house of the Legislature, the question shall be taken by ayes and noes, to be duly entered on the Journals thereof, and shall be: " Shall this bill pass, and ought the same to receive the sanction of the people ? " The Legislature may at any time, after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same; and may at any time, by law, forbid the contracting of any further debt or liability under such law; but the tax imposed by such act, in proportion to the debt and liability which may have been contracted, in pursuance of such law, shall remain in force and be iiTepealable, and be annually collected, until the proceeds thereof shall have made the provision hereinbefore specified to pay and discharge the interest and principal of such debt and liability. The money arising from any loan or stock creating such debt or liability shall be applied to the work or ob- ject specified in the act authorizing such debt or liability, or for the repayment of such debt or liability, and for no other purpose whatever. No such law shall be submitted to be voted on, within three months after its passage, or at any general election, when any other law or any bill, or any amendment to the Constitution shall be submitted to be voted for or against. § 5. Sinking funds, how kept and invested. — The sinking funds provided for the payment of interest and the extinguishment of the principal of the debts of the State shall be separately kept and safely invested, and neither of them shall be appropriated or used in any manner other than for the specific purpose for which it shall have been provided. § 6. Claims barred by statute of limitations. — Neither the Legis- lature, Canal Board, nor any person or persons acting in behalf of the State, shall audit, allow or pay any claim which, as between citizens of the State, would be barred by lapse of time. This pro- vision shall not be construed to repeal any statute fixing the time within which claims shall be presented or allowed, nor shall it ex- tend to any claims duly presented within the time allowed by law, and prosecuted with due diligence from the time of such pre- sentment. But if the claimant shall be under legal disability, the ; CONSTITUTION 361 claim may be presented within two years after such disability is removed. §7. Forest preserve. — fThe lands of the State, now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed, or de- stroyed. § 8. Canals, not to be sold; disposition of funds.— The Legisla- ture shall not sell, lease, or otherwise dispose of the Erie canal, the Oswego canal, the Champlain canal, the Cayuga and Seneca canal, or the Black River canal, but they shall remain the property of the State and under its management forever. The prohibition of lease, sale or other disposition herein contained, shall not apply to the canal known as the Main and Hamburg street canal, situ- ated in the city of Buffalo, and which extends easterly from the westerly line of Main street to the westerly line of Hamburg street. All funds that may be derived from any lease, sale or other disposition of any canal shall be applied to the improve- ment, superintendence or repair of the remaining portion of the canals. § 9. Canals, tolls, expenses, contracts. — No tolls shall hereafter be imposed on persons or property transported on the canals, but all boats navigating the canals, and the owners and masters thereof, shall be subject to such laws and regulations as have been or may hereafter be enacted concerning the navigation of the canals. The Legislature shall annually, by equitable taxes, make provision for the expenses of the superintendence and repairs of the canals; All contracts for work or materials on any canal shall be made with the person who shall offer to do or provide the same at the lowest price with adequate security for their performance. No extra compensation shall be made to any contractor; but if, from any unforseen cause, the terms of any contract shall prove to be unjust and oppressive, the Canal Board may, upon the ap- plication of the contractor, cancel such contract. § 10. Canal improvement and cost thereof.— f The canals may be improved in such manner as the Legislature shall provide by law. A debt may be authorized for that purpose in the mode described by section four of this article, or the cost of such im- provement may be defrayed by the appropriation of funds from the State treasury, or by equitable annual tax, 362 NEW YORE STATE ARTICLE VIII— Corporations; Use of Public Funds in Aid of Private Enterprises; Charitable Institutions § I. Corporations, formation of. — Corporations may be formed under general laws; but shall not be created by special act, ex- cept for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be at- tained under general laws. All general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this section may be altered from time to time or repealed. § 2. Dues of corporations. — Dues from corporations shall be se- cured by such individual liability of the corporators and other means as may be prescribed by law. § 3. Corporation, definition of term. — The term corporations as used in this article shall be construed to include all association and joint-stock companies having any of the powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. And all corporations shall have the right to sue and shall be subject to be sued in all courts in like cases as natural persons. § 4. Savings bank charters; restrictions upon trustees; special charters not to be granted. — The Legislature shall, by general law, conform all charters of savings banks, or institutions for sav- ings, to a uniformity of powers, rights and liabilities, and all char- ters hereafter granted for such corporations shall be made to con- form to such general law, and to such amendments as may be made thereto. And no such corporation shall have any capital stock, nor shall the trustees thereof, or any of them, have any in- terest whatever, direct or indirect, in the profits of such corpora- tion; and no director or trustee of any such bank or institution shall be interested in any loan or use of any money or property of such bank or institution for savings. The Legislature shall have no power to pass any act granting any special charter for bank- ing purposes; but corporations or associations may be formed for such purposes under general laws. § 5. Specie payments. — The Legislature shall have no power to pass any law sanctioning in any manner, directly or indirectly, the suspension of specie payments, by any person, association or cor- poration issuing bank notes of any description. § 6. Registry of bills or notes. — The Legislature shall provide by law foi' the registry of all bills or notes issued or put in cir- CONSTITUTION 3^3 culation as money^ and shall require ample security for the re- demption of the same in specie. § 7. Liability of stockholders of banks. — The stockholders of every corporation and joint-stock association for banking purposes shall be individually responsible to the amount of their respective share or shares of stock in any such corporation or association, for all its debts and liabilities of every kind. § 8. Billholders of insolvent banks, preferred creditors. — In case of the insolvency of any bank or banking association, the bill- holders thereof shall be entitled to preference in payment over all other creditors of such bank or association. § 9. Credit or money of the State not to be given. — Neither the credit nor the money of the State shall be given or loaned to or in aid of any association, corporation or private undertaking. This section shall not, however, prevent the Legislature from making suc'h provision for the education and support of the blind, the deaf and dumb, and juvenile delinquents, as to it may seem proper. Nor shall it apply to any fund or property now held, or which may hereafter be held by the State for educational purposes. § 10. Counties, cities and towns not to give or loan money or credit; limitation of indebtedness.— No county, city, town or village shall hereafter give any money or property, or loan its money or credit, to or in aid of any individual, association or cor- poration, or become, directly or indirectly, the owner of stock in or bonds of any association or corporation, nor shall any such county, city, town or village be allowed to incur any indebtedness, except for county, city, town or village purposes. This section shall not prevent such county, city, town or village from making such pro- vision for the aid or support of its poor, as may be authorized by law. No county or city shall be allowed to become indebted for any purpose or in any manner to an amount which, including ex- isting indebtedness, shall exceed ten per centum of the assessed valuation of the real estate of such county or city subject to taxa- tion, as it appeared by the assessment-rolls of said county or city on the last assessment for State or county taxes prior to the in- curring of such indebtedness; and all indebtedness in excess of such limitation, except such as may now exist, shall be absolutely void, except as herein otherwise provided. No county or city whose present indebtedness exceeds ten per centum of the assessed valua- tion of its real estate subject to taxation shall be allowed to be- come indebted in any further amount until such indebtedness shall 364 NEW YORK STATE be reduced within sucli limit. This section shall not be construed to prevent the issuing of certificates of indebtedness or revenue bonds issued in anticipation of the collection of taxes for amounts actually contained^ or to be contained in the taxes for the year when such certificates or revenue bonds are issued and payable out of such taxes. Nor shall this section be construed to prevent the issue of bonds to provide for the supply of water, but the term of the bonds issued to provide for the supply of water shall not exceed twenty years, and a sinking fund shall be created on the issuing of the said bonds for their redemption, by raising annually a sum M'hich Avill produce an amount equal to the sum of the prin- cipal and interest of said bonds at their maturity. All certificates of indebtedness or revenue bonds issued in anticipation of the col- lection of taxes, which are not retired within five years after their date of issue, and bonds issued to provide for the supply of water, and any debt hereafter incurred by any portion or part of a city, if there shall be any such debt, shall be included in ascertaining the power of the city to become otherwise indebted. Whenever hereafter the boundaries of any city shall become the same as those of a county, the power of the county to become indebted shall cease, but the debt of the county at that time existing shall not be included as a part of the city debt. The amount hereafter to be raised by tax for county or city purposes, in any county containing a city of over one hundred thousand inhabitants, or any such city of this State, in addition to providing for the principal and interest of existing debt, shall not in the aggregate exceed in any one year two per centum of the assessed valuation of the real and personal estate of such county or city, to be ascertained as prescribed in this section in respect to county or city debt. § II. State boards and commissions; charities; lunacy; prisons. — ■}• The Legislature shall provide for a State Board of Charities, AVhich shall visit and inspect all institutions, whether State, county, municipal, incorporated or not incoi^porated, which are of a charitable, eleemosynary, correctional or reformatory character, excepting only such institutions as are hereby made subject to the visitation and inspection of either of the commissions here inafter mentioned, but including all reformatories, except those in which adult males convicted of felony shall be confined; a State Commission in Lunacy, which shall visit and inspect all institu- tions, either public or private, used for the care and treatment of the insane (not including institutions for epileptics or idiots) ; a OONSTtTUTIOir 365 State Commission of Prisons, which shall visit and inspect all in- stitutions used for the detention of sane adults charged with oi* convicted of crime, or detained as witnesses or debtors. § 12. Boards appointed by Governor. — f The members of the said board and of the said commissions shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ; and any member may be removed from office by the Governor for cause, an opportunity having been given him to be heard in his defence. § 13. Existing laws to remain in force. — Existing laws relating to institutions referred to in the foregoing sections and to their supervision and inspection, in so far as such laws are not incon- sistent with the provisions of the Constitution, shall remain in force until amended or repealed by the Legislature. The visita- tion and inspection herein provided for shall not be exclusive of other visitation and inspection now authorized by law. § 14. Maintenance and support of inmates of charitable institu- tions. — t Nothing in this Constitution contained shall prevent the Legislature from making such provision for the education and sup- port of the blind, the deaf and dumb, and juvenile delinquents, as to it may seem proper; or prevent any county, city, town or village from providing for the care, support, maintenance and secular education of inmates of orphan asylums, homes for de- pendent children or correctional institutions, whether under pub- lic or private control. Payments by counties, cities, towns or villages to charitable, eleemosynary, correctional and reformatory institutions, wholly or partly under private control, for care, sup- port and maintenance, may be authorized, but shall not be re- quired, by the Legislature. No such payments shall be made for any inmate of such institutions who is not received and retained therein pursuant to rules established by the State Board of Chari- ties. Such rules shall be subject to the control of the Legislature by general laws. § 15. Commissioners continued in office. — Commissioners of the State Board of Charities and commissioners of the State Commis- sion in Lunacy, now holding office, shall be continued in office for the term for AVhich they were appointed, respectively, unless the Legislature shall otherwise provide. The Legislature may confer upon the commissioners and upon the board mentioned in the fore- going sections any additional powers that are not inconsistent with other provisions of the Constitution. 366 iV^^TF TORE STATE ARTICLE IX— Education and School Funds § I. Common schools. — f The Legislature shall provide for the maintenance and support of a system of free common schools, wherein all the children of this State may be educated. § 2. The Regents. — f "^^^ corporation created in the year 1784, under the name of The Regents of the University of the State of New York, is hereby continued under the name of The University of the State of Xew York. It shall be governed, and its corporate powers, which may be increased, modified or diminished by the Legislature, shall be exercised, by not less than nine regents. §3. Common school fund; literature fund; United States de- posit fund. — The capital of the common school fund, the capital of the literature fund, and the capital of the United States deposit fund, shall be respectively preserved inviolate. The revenue of the said common school fund shall be applied to the support of common schools; the revenue of the said literature fund shall be applied to the support of academies, and the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars of the revenues of the United States deposit fund shall each year be appropriated to and made part of the capital of the said common school fund. § 4. No aid to denominational schools. — f Neither the State, nor any subdivision thereof, shall use its property or credit or any public money, or authorize or permit either to be used, directly or indirectly, in aid or maintenance, other than for examination or inspection, of any school or institution of learning wholly or in part under the control or direction of any religious denomina- tion, or in which any denominational tenet or doctrine is taught. ARTICLE X— County Officers § I. Sheriffs, clerks of counties, district attorneys and registers; Governor may remove.--Sheriffs, clerks of counties, district at- torneys and registers in counties having registers, shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties, once in every three years, and as often as vacancies shall happen, -j- except in the coun- ties of New York and Kings, and in counties whose boundaries are the same as those of a city, where such officers shall be chosen by the electors once in every two or four years * as the Legislature * See foot-note on page ^37. COMTITXTTION' 36Y shall direct. Sheriffs shall hold no other office, and be ineligible for the next term after the termination of their offices. They may be required by law to renew their security, from time to time, and in default of giving such new security, their offices shall be deemed vacant. But the county shall never be made responsible for the acts of the sheriff. The Governor may remove any ofhcer in this section mentioned, within the term for which he shall have been elected, giving to such officer a copy of the charges against him, and an opportunity of being heard in his defence. § 2. Appointment or election of officers not provided for by this Constitution. — All county officers whose election or appoint- ments is not provided for by this Constitution^ shall be elected by the electors of the respective counties or appointed by the boards of supervisors, or other county authorities, as the Legisla- ture shall direct. All city, town and village officers, whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, shall be elected by the electors of such cities, towns and villages, or of some division thereof, or appointed by such authorities thereof, as the Legislature shall designate for that purpose. All other officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, and all officers whose offices may hereafter be cre- ated by law, shall be elected by the people, or appointed, as the Legislature may direct. § 3. Duration of term. — ^When the duration of any office is not provided by this Constitution, it may be declared by law, and if not so declared, such office shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment. § 4. Time of election. — The time of electing all officers named in this article shall be prescribed by law. § 5. Vacancies, how fiUed.^ — The Legislature shall provide for filling vacancies in office, and in case of elective officers no person appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold his office by virtue of such appointment longer than the commencement of the political year next succeeding the first annual election after the happening of the vacancy. § 6. Political year. — The political year and Legislative term shall begin on the first day of January; and the Legislature shall, every year, assemble on the first f Wednesday in January. § 7. Removal from office for misconduct, etc. — Provision shall be made by law for the removal for misconduct or malversation in office of all officers (except judicial) whose powers and duties ^68 NEW YORK STATE are not local or legislative and Avho shall be elected at general elections, and also for supplying vacancies created by such removal. § 8. Offices deemed vacant. — The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant when no provision is made for that purpose in this Constitution. § g. Salaries. — No officer whose salary is fixed by the Constitu- tion shall receive any additional compensation. Each of the other state officers named in the Constitution shall, during his continu- ance in office, receive a compensation, to be fixed by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected or appointed; nor shall he receive to his use, any fees or perquisites of office or other compensation. ARTICLE XI— Militia § I. State Militia. — All able-bodied male citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, who are residents of the State, shall constitute the militia, subject however to such exemp- tions as are now, or may be hereafter, created by the laws of the United States, or by the Legislature of this State. § 2. Enlistment. — The Legislature may provide for the enlist- ment into the active force of such other persons as may make application to be so enlisted. §3. Organization of militia. — f The militia shall be organized and divided into such land and naval, and active and reserve forces, as the Legislature may deem proper, provided however that there shall be maintained at all times a force of not less than ten thousand enlisted men, fully uniformed, armed, equipped, dis- ciplined and ready for active service. And it shall be the duty of the Legislature at each session to make sufficient appropriations for the maintenance thereof. § 4. Appointment of military officers by the Governor. — f The governor shall appoint the chiefs of the several staff departments, his aides-de-camp and military secretary, all of whom shall hold office during his pleasure, their commissions to expire with the term for which the governor shall have been elected; he shall also nominate, and ^^'ith the consent of the Senate, appoint all major-generals. § 5. Manner of electing military officers not appointed by the Governor. — f All other commissioned and non-commissioned officers CONSTITUTION 369 shall be chosen or appointed in such manner as the Legislature may deem most conducive to the iinprovement of the militia, pro- vided however that no law shall be passed changing the existing mode of election and appointment unless two-thirds of the mem- bers present in each house shall concur therein.* § 6. Commissioned officers; removal. — The commissioned officers shall be commissioned by the Governor as commander-in-chief. No commissioned officer shall be removed from office during the term for which he shall have been appointed or elected, unless by the Senate on the recommendation of the Governor, stating the grounds on which such removal is recommended, or by the sentence of a court-martial, or upon the findings of an examining board organized pursuant to law, or for absence without leave for a period of six months or more. ARTICLE XII— Cities and Villages § I. Organization of cities and villages. — fit shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, as- sessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments, and in contracting debt by such municipal corporations. § 2. Classification of cities; general and special city laws. — f All cities are classified according to the latest state enumera- tion, as from time to time made, as follows: The first class in- cludes all cities having a population of two hundred and fifty thousand, or more; the second class, all cities having a popula- tion of fifty thousand and less than two hundred ami fifty thou- sand; the third class, all other cities. Laws relating to the prop- erty, affairs or government of cities, and the several departments * The following is an abstract of the law in force at present : OflELcers, how Chosen.— (a) Captains, subalterns, and non-commissioned officers to be elected by their companies, {b) Field-officers of regiments or battalions to be elected by the commissioned officers of their regiments or hattalions. (c) Brigadier-generals and brigade inspectors to be elected by the field-officers of their brigades, {d) Staff-officers to be appointed by the commanding officer of the regiment or battalion. AppointmentB by Governor.— (a) Major-generals and the commissary- general to be appointed by the governor and senate, (b) Adjutant general, chiefs of staff departments, and aides-de-camp of the commander-in-chief to be appointed by the governor alone. 370 ^^W YORK STATE thereof, are divided into general and special city laws; general city laws are those which relate to all the cities of one or more classes; special city laws are those which relate to a single city, or to less than all the cities of a class. Special city laws shall not be passed except in conformity with the provisions of this section. After any bill for a special city law, relating to a city, has been passed by both branches of the Legislature, the house in which it originated shall immediately transmit a certified copy thereof to the mayor of such city, and within fifteen days there- after the mayor shall return such bill to the house from which it was sent, or if the session of the Legislature at which such bill was passed has terminated, to the Governor, with the mayor's cer- tificate thereon, stating whether the city has or has not accepted the same. In every city of the first class, the mayor, and in every other city, the mayor and the legislative body thereof concurrently, shall act for such city as to such bill; but the Legislature may provide for the concurrence of the legislative body in cities of the first class. The Legislature shall provide for a public notice and opportunity for a public hearing concerning any such bill in every city to which it relates, before action thereon. Such a bill, if it relates to more than one city, shall be transmitted to the mayor of each city to which it relates, and shall not be deemed accepted unless accepted as herein provided, by every such city. Whenever any such bill is accepted as herein provided, it shall be subject, as are other bills, to the action of the Governor. Whenever, during the session at which it w^as passed, any such bill is returned with- out the acceptance of the city or cities to which it relates, or within such fifteen days is not returned, it may nevertheless again be passed by both branches of the Legislature, and it shall then be subject, as are other bills, to the action of the Governor. In every special city law which has been accepted by the city or cities to which it relates, the title shall be followed by the words " accepted by the city" or "cities," as the case may be; in every such law which is passed without such acceptance, by the words " passed without the acceptance of the city," or " cities," as the case may be. § 3. City elections. — t -^^^ elections of city officers, including supervisors and judicial officers of inferior local courts, elected in any city or part of a city, and of county officers elected in the counties of New York and Kings, and in all counties whose boun- CONSTITUTION 371 daries are tlie same as those of a city, except to fill vacancies, shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in No- vember in an odd-numbered year, and the term of every such officer shall expire at the end of an odd-numbered year.* The terms of office of all such officers, elected before the first day of January 1895, whose successors have not then been elected, which under existing laws would expire with an even-numbered year, or in an odd-numbered year and before the end thereof, are extended to and including the last day of December next following the time when such terms would otherwise expire; the terms of office of all such officers, which under existing laws would expire in an even- numbered year and before the end thereof, are abridged so as to expire at the end of the preceding year. This section shall not apply to any city of the third class, or to elections of any judicial officer, except judges and justices of inferior local courts. ARTICLE XIII— Oath of Office; Bribery and Official Corruption § I. Oath of office. — Members of the Legislature, and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as shall be by law exempted, shall, before they enter on the duties of their re- spective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirma- tion: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of New York, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of according to the best of my ability;" and all such officers who shall have been chosen at any election shall, before they enter on the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the oath or affirmation above prescribed, to- gether with the following addition thereto, as part thereof: "And I do further solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have not directly or indirectly paid, offered or promised to pay, contributed, or offered or promised to contribute, any money or other valuable thing as a consideration or reward for the giving or withholding a vote at the election at which I was elected to said office, and have not made any promise to influence the giving or withholding any such vote," and no other oath, declaration or test, shall be required as a qualification for any office of public trust. ♦ See foot-note on page 337 372 2^EW YORK STATE § 2. Official bribery and corruption. — f^^y person holding office under the laws of this State, who, except in payment of his legal salary, fees or perquisites, shall receive or consent to receive, di- rectly or indirectly, any thing of value or of personal advantage, or the promise thereof, for performing or omitting to perform any official act, or with the express or implied understanding that his official action or omission to act is to be in any degree influenced thereby, shall be deemed guilty of a felony. This section shall not affect the validity of any existing statute in relation to the oflFence of bribery. §3. Offer or promise to bribe. — f Any person who shall offer or promise a bribe to an officer, if it shall be received, shall be deemed guilty of a felony * and liable to punishment, except as herein pro- vided. No person offering a bribe shall, upon any prosecution of the officer for receiving such bribe, be privileged from testifying in relation thereto, and he shall not be liable to civil or criminal prosecution therefor, if he shall testify to the giving or offering of such bribe. Any person who shall offer or promise a bribe, if it be rejected by the officer to whom it was tendered, shall be deemed guilty of an attempt to bribe, which is hereby declared to be a felony. § 4. Person bribed or offering a bribe may be a witness. — Any person charged with receiving a bribe, or with offering or promis- ing a bribe, shall be permitted to testify in his own behalf in any civil or criminal prosecution therefor. § 5. Free passes, franking privileges, etc., not to be received by public officers: penalty.— f No public officer, or person elected or appointed to a public office, under the laws of this State, shall directly or indirectly ask, demand, accept, receive or consent to receive for his own use or benefit, or for the use or benefit of another, any free pass, free transportation, franking privilege or discrimination in passenger, telegraph or telephone rates, from any person or corporation, or make use of the same himself or in con- junction with another. A person who violates any provision of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall forfeit his office at the suit of the attorney-general. Any cor- poration or officer or agent thereof who shall offer or promise to a public officer, or person elected or appointed to a public office, any * A crime that is punishable by imprisonment In State prison or by death. CONSTITUTION 373 such free pass, free transportation, franking privilege or discrimina- tion, shall also be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to punishment, except as herein provided. No person, or officer, or agent of a corporation giving any such free pass, free transporta- tion, franking privilege or discrimination hereby prohibited, shall be privileged from testifying in relation thereto, and he shall not be liable to civil or criminal prosecution therefor, if he shall testify to the giving of the same. § 6. Removal of district attorney for failure to prosecute ; ex- penses of prosecutions for bribery. — t^^y district attorney who shall fail faithfully to prosecute a person charged -with the viola- tion in his county of any provision of this article which may come to his knowledge shall be removed from office by the governor, after due notice and an opportunity of being heard in his defence. The expenses which shall be incurred by any county, in investi- gating and prosecuting any charge of bribery or attempting to bribe any person 'holding office under the laws of this State, within such county, or of receiving bribes by any such person in said county, shall be a charge against the State, and their payment by the State shall be provided for by law. ARTICLE XIV— Amendments § I. How made. — ^Any amendment or amendments to this Con- stitution may be proposed in the Senate and Assembly ; and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the Legislature to be chosen at the next general election of senators, and shall be published for three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if in the Legislature so next chosen, as aforesaid, such proposed amend- ment or amendments shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the Legislature to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people for approval, in such manner and at such time as the Legislature shall prescribe; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, by a majority of the elec- tors voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become part of the Constitution f from and after the first day of January; next after such approval, 374 NEW YORK STATE § 2. Future constitutional conventions. — f ^^ ^^^ general elec- tion to be held in the year 1916, and every twentieth year there- after, and also at such times as the Legislature may by law pro- vide, the question, " Shall there be a convention to revise the Con- stitution and amend the same? " shall be decided by the electors of the State; and in case a majority of the electors voting thereon shall decide in favor of a convention for such purpose, the elec- tors of every Senate district of the State, as then organized, shall elect three delegates at the next ensuing general election at which Members of the Assembly shall be chosen, and the electors of the State voting at the same election shall elect fifteen delegates-at- large. The delegates so elected shall convene at the capitol on the first Tuesday of April next ensuing after their election, and shall continue their session until the business of such convention shall have been completed. Every delegate shall receive for his services the same compensation and the same mileage as shall then be an- nually payable to the Members of the Assembly. A majority of the convention shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and no amendment to the Constitution shall be submitted for approval to the electors as hereinafter provided, unless by the assent of a majority of all the delegates elected to the convention, the yeas and nays being entered on the journal to be kept. The convention shall have the power to appoint such officers, employes and assistants as it may deem necessary, and fix their compensa- tion and to provide for the printing of its documents, journal and proceedings. The convention shall determine the rules of its own proceedings, choose its own officers, and be the judge of the elec- tion, returns and qualifications of its members. In case of a va- cancy, by death, resignation or other cause, of any district dele- gate elected to the convention, such vacancy shall be filled by a vote of the remaining delegates representing the district in which such vacancy occurs. If such vancancy occurs in the office of a delegate-at-large, such vacancy shall be filled by a vote of the remaining delegates-at-large. Any proposed constitution or con- stitutional amendment which shall have been adopted by such convention, shall be submitted to a vote of the electors of the State at the time and in the manner provided by such convention, at an election which shall be held not less than six weeks after the adjournment of such convention. Upon the approval of such con- stitution or constitutional amendments, in the manner provided in the last preceding section, such constitution or constitutional SENATE DISTRICTS 375 amendment shall go into effect on the first day of January next after such approval. § 3. Priority of amendments. — Any amendment proposed by a constitutional convention relating to the same subject as an amendment proposed by the Legislature, coineidently submitted to the people for approval at the general election held in the year 1894, or at any subsequent election, shall, if approved, be deemed to supersede the amendment so proposed by the Legislature. ARTICLE XV § I. f This Constitution shall be in force from and including the first day of January 1895, except as herein otherwise provided. Done in Convention at the Capitol in the city of Albany, the twenty-ninth day of September, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and nineteenth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. Joseph Hodges Choate, President and Delegate-at-Large. Charles Elliott Fitch, Secretary. SENATE DISTRICTS Consist of counties or wards as follows: 1. Suffolk and Richmond. 2. Queens. 3. The First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth wards of Brooklyn. 4. The Seventh, Thirteenth, Nineteenth and Twenty-first wards of Brooklyn. 6. The Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth, Thirtieth and Thirty-first wards of Brooklyn. 6. The Ninth, Eleventh, Twentieth and Twenty-second wards of Brooklyn, 376 NEW YORK STATE 7. The Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth wards of Brooklyn. 8. The Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- ninth wards of Brooklyn and the town of Flatlands. 9. The Eighteenth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh and Twenty- eighth wards of Brooklyn. 10 to 21., inclusive, are wholly within the County of New York. The boundaries are arbitrary, being fixed without regard to ward lines. 22. Westchester. 23. Orange and Rockland. 24. Dutchess, Columbia and Putnam. 25. Ulster and Greene. 26. Delaware, Chenango and Sullivan. 27. Montgomery, Fulton, Hamilton and Schoharie. 28. Saratoga, Schenectady and Washington. 29. Albany. 30. Rensselaer. 31. Clinton, Essex and Warren. 32. St. Lawrence and Franklin- 33. Otsego and Herkimer. 34. Oneida. 35. Jefi"erson and Lewis. 36. Onondaga. 37. Oswego and Madison. 38. Broome, Cortland and Tioga. 39. Cayuga and Seneca. 40. Chemung, Tompkins and Schuyler. 41. Steuben and Yates. 42. Ontario and Wayne. 43. The part of Monroe County comprising the towns of Brighton, Henrietta, Irondequoit, Mendon, Penfield, Perrinton, Pitts- ford, Rush, Webster, also the Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Sixteenth, Seven- teenth and Eighteenth wards of Rochester. 44. The towns of Chili, Clarkson, Gates, Greece, Hamlin, Ogden, Parma, Riga, Sweden and Wheatland in the County of Monroe, and the First, Second, Fifteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth wards of the city of Rochester. 45. Niagara, Genesee and Orleans. 46. Allegany, Livingston and Wyoming. ASSEMBLY DISTRICTS 377 47. The First, Second, Third, Sixth, Fifteenth, Nineteenth, Twen- tieth, Tw^enty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth wards of Buffalo. 48. The Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Sixteenth wards of Buffalo. 49. The Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Twenty-fifth wards of Buf- falo and the remainder of Erie County. 50. Chautauqua and Cattaraugus. ASSEMBLY DISTRICTS Allegany, Chemung, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Dela- ware, Essex, Franklin, Genesee, Greene, Herkimer, Lewis, Liv- ingston, Madison, Montgomery, Ontario, Orleans, Otsego, Put- nam, Richmond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Seneca, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Warren, Washing- ton, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates Counties are each one district. Fulton and Hamilton are united, forming one district. Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Dutchess, Jefferson, Niagara, Orange, Oswego, St. I^awrence, Steuben, Suffolk and Ulster Counties have each two districts. Oneida, Queens, Rensselaer and Westchester Counties have each three districts. Albany, Monroe and Onondaga Counties have each four districts. Erie County has eight districts. Kings County has twenty-one districts. New York County has thirty-five districts. ars i^£!W YORK 8TATM DEPARTMENTS, DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES EMBRACED IN A GENERAL TERM OP THE SUPREME COURT J^IRST Department I City and County * ^ T. . . . . I of New York 1st JJistrici [ Second Department Sd District \ Third Department 3d Dutrict 4th District r Counties Richmond Kings Queens Suffolk Westchester Putnam Dutchess Orange Rockland f Counties Columbia Rensselaer Sullivan Ulster Albany Greene Schoharie Counties Warren Saratoga St. Lawrence Washington Essex Franklin Clinton Montgomery Hamilton Fulton Schenectady Fourth Department 5t7i District 6th District Fifth Department 7th District 8th District r Counties I Onondaga Jefferson -{ Oneida Oswego Herkimer t Lewis r Counties Otsego Delaware Madison Chenango - Tompkins Broome Chemung Schuyler Tioga . Cortland Counties Livingston Ontario Wayne Yates Steuben Seneca Cayuga . Monroe Counties Erie Chautauqua Cattaraugus Orleans Niagara Genesee Allegany Wyoming THE COITSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ]^EW YOKK Adopted Nov. 3, 1846, as Amended, and in Force Jan. 1, 1895. Sections marked thus, f , are the additions to the Constitution of 1846 which were adopted in 1894. We the People of the State of Xew York, grateful to Almighty God for our Freedom, in order to secure its blessings, do estab- lish THIS Constitution. ARTICLE I— Certain Personal Rights * § I. Persons not to be disfranchised. — ^No member of this State shall be disfranchised, or deprived of any of the rights or privi- leges secured to any citizen thereof, unless by the law of the land, or the judgment of his peers. § 2. Trial by jury. — The trial by jury in all cases in which it has been heretofore used, shall remain inviolate forever; but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in all civil cases in the manner to be prescribed by law. § 3. Religious liberty. — The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or prefer- ence, shall forever be allowed in this State to all mankind; and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse * The first 8 sections of Art I may be called the " Bill of Rights " of the N. Y. Constitution (see page 193, sees. 2 and 3), though § 6 is indicated in the text as the Bill of Rights. 379 880 APPENDIX Col. "William Smith, Col. Abraham De Peyster, Col. Peter Schuyler,* March 5, 1701, to May 19, 1701. John Nanfan, Lieutenant-Governor, May 19, 1701. Lord Cornbury May 3, 1703. Lord Lovelace, December 18, 1708. Peter Schuyler, President, May 6, 1709. Kichard Ingoldesby, Lieutenant-Governor, May 9, 1709. Peter Schuyler, President, May 25, 1709. Richard Ingoldesby, Lieutenant-Governor, June 1, 1709, Gerardus Beekman, President, April 10, 1710. Robert Hunter, June 14, 1710. Peter Schuyler, President, July 21, 1719. William Burnet, September 17, 1720. John Montgomerie, April 15, 1728. Rip Yan Dam, President, July 1, 1731. William Cosby, August 1, 1732. George Clarke, President, March 10, 1736. George Clarke, Lieutenant-Governor, October 30, 1736. George Clinton, September 2, 1743. Sir Danvers Osborne, Bart., October 10, 1753. James De Lancey, Lieutenant-Governor, October 12, 1755. Sir Charles Hardy, Knt., September 3, 1755. James De Lancey, Lieutenant-Governor, June 3, 1757. Cadwallader Colden, President, August 4, 1760. Cadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, August 8, 1761. Robert :Monckton, October 26, 1761. Cadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, November 18, 1761. Robert Monckton, June 14, 1762. Cadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, June 28, 1763. Sir Henry Moore, Bart., November 13, 1765. Cadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, September 12, 1769. Earl of Dunmore, October 19, 1770. William Try on, July 9, 1771. Cadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, April 7, 1774. William Tryon, June 28, 1775. James Robertson, f March 23, 1780. Andrew Elliott,f Lieutenant-Governor, April 17, 1783. Peter Yan Brugh Livingston, May 23, 1775. * The Earl of Bellomont died March 5, 1701. During the absence of Lieutenant-Governor Nanfan, and until May 19, 1701, the government was administered by the council, at which the oldest councilor presided during this period. t Military governors during the Revolutionary War not recognized by the state of New York. COLONIAL AND STATE OFFICERS OF NEW TORE 381 The Provincial Congress, etc. Nathaniel Woodbull, President pro tern., August 28 1775 Abraham Yates, Jr., President pro tern., November 3, 1775. Nathaniel Woodbull, December 6, 1775. John Harding, President pro tern., December 16, 1^<5. Abraham Yates, Jr., President pro tem., August 10, 1776. Abraham Yates, Jr., August 28, 1776. Peter R. Livingston, September 26, 1776. Abraham Ten Broeck, March 6, 1777. Leonard Gansevoort, President pro tem., April 18, 1777. Pierre Van Cortlandt, Presid(;nt Council Safety, May 14, 1777. 382 APPENDIX Governors of the State Names. Residences. Elected. George Clinton * July April, March, November February November March November January November 9, 1777 New York City 1795 George Clinton Morgan Lewis Daniel D. Tompkins John Taylert Dpi "Witt Clinton Ulster county Dutchess county Richmond county Albany, Albany county — New York City Schenectady, Schenectady county New York City 1801 1804 1807 1817 1817 ■Rp Witt Clinton 6, 1822 8, 1824 Nathaniel Pitcher + Martin Van Buren Sandy Hill, Washington county Kinderhook, Columbia county Auburn, Cayuga county.... Troy, Rensselaer county.. . . Auburn, Cayuga county Fultonham, Schoharie 11, 1828 5, 1828 12, 1829 William L. Marcy William H. Seward William C. Bouck 7, 1832 7, 1838 8, 1842 Silas Wright Canton, St. Lawrence 5, 1844 John Young Geneseo, Livingston county 3 1846 TTamilton Fish New York City Lockport, Niagara county.. Deerfield, Oneida county... Canandaigua, Ontario county 7, 1848 Washington Hunt TTnmtin Spvmoiir. ... ... 5,1850 2 1852 Myron H. Clark John A, King Edwin D. Morgan Horatio Seymour Reuben E. Fenton 7,1854 4, 1856 New York City 2,1858 Deerfield, Oneida county... Frewsburgh, Chautauqua county 4, 1862 8 1864 New York City 3, 1868 New York City 5, 1872 New York City 3, 1874 Elmira, Chemung county... New York City 7, 1 876 Alonzo B. Cornell Grover Clevelandll David B. Hillt. Roswell P. Flower Levi P.Morton 4 1879 Buffalo, Erie county Elmira, Chemung county... New York City 7, 1882 6, 1885 3, 1891 6 1894 Troy 3, 1896 Theodore Roosevelt Benjamin B. Odell, Jr. . . . Oyster Bay Newburg 8, 1898 6,1900 * The Constitution of 1777 did not specify the time when the governor should enter on the duties of his office. Governor Clinton was declared elected July 9th, and qualified on the above day. On the 13th of February, 1787, an act'was passed for regulating elections, which provided that the governor and lieutenant-governor should enter on the duties of their respective offices on the 1st of July after their election. + Lieutenant-governor, acting governor. % The Constitution of 1821 provided that the governor and lieutenant- governor shall, on and after the year 1823, enter on the duties of their respective offices on the 1st of January, § Lieutenant-governor became governor upon resignation of Martin Van Buren, March 12, 1829. Elected November. 1830, for a full term. II Elected President of the United States in 1884, and resigned the office of governor January 6, 1885. 1 Lieutenant-governor, became governor upon resignation of Grover Cleveland, January 6, 1885. Elected November 6, 1885, for a full term, and re-elected November 6, 1888, COLONIAL AND STATE OFFICERS OF NEW YORK 383 Lieutenant-Governors of the State Naraes. Residences. Elected. Albany . - ■ • •.- • • New York City. Albany. ■■•••••• New York City . Albany Delhi .... ....••• Dutchess county. Sandy Hill. ........ Dutchess county.. Lowville Auburn Cazenovia Penn Yan Columbia county Oxford Malone Binghamton Rochester New York City... Westfleld Albion.....------- New York City.. - Rochester - • Bath...- Oyster Bay Syracuse Brooklyn Watertown Binghamton Buffalo Bennington Elmira Syracuse Binghamton Buffalo • Clyde Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn January 29, April, November, February 16, October 7, November, March 13, January 5, November, ^T /^-.T-ti « n rl t . . Croton Landing Pierre Van Cortlandt a ihanv Stephen Van Rensselaer^ I Albany Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, John Broome JohnTayler*..-. De Witt Clinton t John Tayler Erastus Root.. James Tallmadge Nathaniel Pitcher % Peter R. Livingston Charles Dayan EnosT. Throopg Charles Stebbins William M. Oliver Edward P. Livingston. . . . John Tracy •• Luther Bradish Daniels. Dickinson Addison Gardiner Hamilton Fish II George W. Patterson Sanford E. Church Henry J Raymond Henry R. Selden Robert Campbell David R. Floyd Jones .... Thomas G.Alvord.... .-• Stewart L. Woodford. . . - Allen C Beach John C. Robinson William Dorsheimer George G. Hoskms David B.Hill ^. . • • Dennis McCarthy J Edward F. Jones** William F. Sheehan Charles T. Saxton. ....•- Timothy L. Woodruff . . - Timothy L. Woodruff. . - - Timothy L. Woodruff. -T^;::^^:^'^^^^^ wa. elected president of the senate Livingston and Dayan were su gtebbms and 0fiv?rTe?erc^casfv"eTy%te^^^^^ Gardhier having been elected judge ot the J^^u t i^^i^^ ^^ that year elected to fill the vacancy ^^ff^^lll%^^of^^iv.IcQB.vt\.Y was elected 1 Hill having succeeded Clevelana as g president of the senate January b, 188o. ** Re-elected November b, 18b8. January November, 1777 1795 1801 1804 1811 1811 1813 18:^3 1824 1836 1838 1838 1838 1839 ,1830 1830 1833 1838 1843 1844 1847 1848 1850 1854 1856 1858 1862 1864 1866 1868 1873 1874 1879 1883 3, 1885 1885 1891 1894 1896 1900 384 APPENDIX Secretaries of State Names. John Morin Scott Lewis Allaire Scott — Daniel Hale Thomas Tillotson Elisha Jenkins Thomas Tillotson Elisha Jenkins Daniel Hale Elisha Jenkins Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer Peter B . Porter Robert B. Tillotson Charles D. Cooper John Van Ness Yates Azariah C. Flagg John A. Dix , John C. Spencer Samuel Young Nathaniel S. Benton Christopher Morgan Henry S. Randall Elias W. Leavenworth, JoelT. Headley Gideon J. Tucker David R. Floyd Jones Horatio Ballard Chauncey M. Depew Francis C. Barlow Homer A. Nelson , G. Hilton Scribner Diedrich Willers, Jr John Bigelow Allen C. Beach Joseph B. Carr Frederick Cook Frank Rice John Palmer John Palmer John T. McDonough John T. McDonough Residences. New York City. . New York City. . . Albany Red Hook Hudson Red Hook Hudson Albany Hudson Claverack Niagara Falls. . .. Red Hook Albany Albany Plattsburg Cooperstown Canandaigua ... Ballston Little Falls Auburn Cortland Village. Syracuse New Windsor . . . New York City . . South Oyster Bay Cortland Village. Peekskill New York City . . . Poughkeepsie — Yonkers Varick Highland Falls . . Watertown Troy Rochester Canandaigua Albany Albany Albany ■sLlbany Appointed. March October March August March February April 13, 1778 23, 1789 24, 1793 10, 1801 16, 1806 16, 1807 1,1808 2, 1810 1, 18U 23, 1813 16, 1815 12, 1816 16, 1817 ~, 1818 13, 1826 1, 1833 4, 1839 7,1842 3, 1845 Elected. November 2. 1847 4, 1851 8, la'K? 7, 1855 3, 1857 8, 1859 5, 1861 3, 186;$ 7, 1865 5, 1867 7, 1871 4, 1873 2, 1875 6, 1877 4, 1879 3, 1885 5, 1889 7,1893 5, 1895 6, 1900 Comptrollers of the State Names. Residences. Appointed. Ovster Bay March 15, 1797 John V. Henry Elisha Jenkins Albany Find "Son 12, 1800 August 10, 1801 March 26, 1806 February 12, 1821 13, 182;} January 27, 1829 11, 1834 February 4, 18;}9 Januarv 27, 1841 Archibald Mclntyre John Savage William L. Marcy Silas Wright, Jr Albany ,. .. Salem .... Albany Canton Azariah C. Flagg Bates Cook Albany John A. Collier Binghamton Albany Azariah C. Flagg : February 7, 1842 COLONIAL AND STATE OFFICERS OF NEW YORK 385 386 APPENDIX Comptrollers of the State (Cont'd) Names. Millard Fillmore * — Washington Hunt +. . . Philo C. Fuller * JohnC. Wright James M. Cook Lorenzo Burrows Sanford E. Church Robert Denniston Lucius Robinson Thomas Hillhouse William F. Allen Asher P. Nichols § Nelson K. Hopkins — Lucius Robinson Frederic P. Olcott II. .. James W. Wadsworth Ira Davenport Alfred C . Chapin Edward Wemple 1" Frank Campbell James A. Roberts . James A. Roberts William J. Morgan. . . . Edward C. Knight.... Residences. Buffalo November Lockport Februarj' Geneseo December Schenectady November Ballston Albion Albion Salisbury Mills Elmira Geneva Oswego Buffalo ' June Elected. Buffalo. Elmira New York City Geneseo Bath Brooklyn Fultonville Bath Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo November January November 2, 1847 17, 1849 18, la^o 4, 1851 8, 185; J 7, 18.55 y, 1857 8, ia59 6, 1861 7, 1865 5, 1867 14, 1870 7, 1871 2, 1875 1, 1877 4, 1879 8, 1881 6, 1883 8, 1887 3, 1891 7, 1893 5, 1895 8, 1898 6,1900 * Resigned upon being elected Vice-President. + Appointed by legislature ; elected November 5, 1849.' X Appointed vice Hunt, elected governor. § Appointed vice Allen, and elected November following. II Appointed vice Robinson, resigned ; elected November 6, 1877. 1 Re-elected November 5, 1889. Treasurers of the State Names. Peter B. Livingston — Gerardus Bancker Robert McCallen Abraham G. Lansing. David Thomas Abraham G. Lansing . David Thomas Charles Z. Piatt Gerret L. Dox Benjamin Knower Abraham Keyser, Jr. . Gamaliel H. Barstow. Abraham Kevser Gamaliel H. Barstow. Jacob Haight Thomas Farrington.. . Benjamin Enos . . Thpmas Farrington. . . Residences. New York City. New York City. Albany Albany Salem Albany Salem Albany Albany Albany Schoharie Nichols Schoharie Nichols Catskill Owego De Ruyter Owego Appointed. September 17, April 1, March 16, February 8, 5, 8, 18, 10, 12, .Tanuary 29, November 25, February 16, 14, 5, 4, 7, 3, 2, 1776 1778 1798 1803 1808 1810 1812 18a 3 1817 1821 1824 1825 1826 1&38 1839 1842 1845 1^ COLONIAL AND STATE OFFICERS OF NEW TORK 387 Treasurers of the State (Cont'd) Names. Alvah Hunt James M. Cook Benjamin Welch, Jr.* . . Elbridge G. Spaulding.. Stephen Clark Isaac V. Vanderpool . . . Philip Dorsheimer William B. Lewis George W. Schuyler — Joseph Rowland Wheeler H. Bristol Thomas Raines + Charles N. Ross James Mackin Nathan D. Wendell Robert A. Maxwell Lawrence J. Fitzgerald Elliot Danforth Addison B. Colvin Addison B. Colvin John P. Jaeckel John P. Jaeckel Residences. Greene Ballston Spa Buffalo Buffalo Albany Buffalo Buffalo Brooklyn Ithaca . Matteawan Owego Rochester Auburn Fishkill-on-the-Hudson Albany Batavia Cortland Village Bainbridge Glens Falls Glens Falls Auburn Auburn Elected November 2,1847 4,1851 20, 1852 8, 1853 7, 1855 3, 1857 8, 1859 6, 1861 3, 186;} 7, 1865 5, 1867 7, 1871 2, 1875 6, 1877 6, 1879 8, 1881 3, 18&5 5, 1889 7, 1893 5, 1895 8, 1898 6, 1900 * Election contested ; succeeded Cook on above date. + Re-elected in 1873. Abraham Lansing, of Albany, was appointed Act- ing State Treasurer June 1, 1874, Raines having been suspended on account of illness. Lansing served until September 15, 1874. Attorneys-General of the State Names. Egbert Benson Richard Varick Aaron Burr Morgan Lewis Nathaniel Lawrence — Josiah Ogden Hoffman. Ambrose Spencer John Wood worth Matthias B. Hildreth. .. Abraham Van Vechten. Matthias B. Hildreth. . . Thomas Addis Emmett. Abraham Van Vechten Martin Van Biiren Thomas J. Oakley. Samuel A. Talcott Greene C. Bronson Samuel Beardsley Willis Hall George P. Barker John Van Buren Ambrose L. Jordan Levi S. Chatfield Gardner Stow Ogden Hoffman Stephen B. Cushing Residences. Jamaica New York City New York City. Rhinebeck Hempstead New York City. Hudson Albany Johnstown. ... Albany Johnstown New York City. Albany Kinderhook — Poughkeepsie. . Utica Utica Utica New York City Buffalo Albany Hudson Laurens Troy New York City. Ithaca Appointed. May September November December November February March February Augiist February July February January February 1777 1788 1789 1791 1792 1795 1802 1804 1808 1810 1811 1812 1813 1815 1819 1821 1829 1836 1839 1842 1845 Elected. November 2, 1847 December November 6, 1849 8, 1853 8,1853 7, 1855 388 APPENDIX Attorney s-G-eneral of the State (Cont'd) Names. Lyman Tremain Charles G. Myers Daniel S. Dickinson John Cochrane John H. Martindale Marshall B. Champlain Francis C. Barlow. Daniel Pratt Charles S. Fairchild Augustus Schoonmaker, Jr. . Hamilton Ward Leslie W. Russell Denis O'Brien Charles F. Tabor * Simon W. Rosendale Theodore E. Hancock Theodore E. Hancock John C. Davies John C. Davies Residences. Albany Ogdensburg. . . Binghamton New York City Rochester Cuba New York City Syracuse... — Albany Kingston Belmont Canton Watertown Buffalo Albany Syracuse Syracuse Camden Camden Elected. November , 3, 1857 '• 8, 1859 "• 5, 1861 " 3,1863 " 7, 18&5 " 5, 1867 " 7, 187] " 4, 1873 " 2, 1875 "• 6, 1877 '■'• 4, 1879 " 8, 1881 "■ 6, 1883 "• 8, 1887 "■ 3, 189] " 7, 1813 " 5, 1895 "• 8, 1898 " 6.1900 * Re-elected November 5, 188 Surveyors-General Names. Residences. Appointed. Philip Schuyler Simeon De Witt Albany Albany March 30, 1781 May 13, 1784 Simeon De Witt William Campbell Oiville L Holley Albany Cherry Valley , Albany . February 8, 1823 January 20, 1835 February 5, 1838 Newburg Bridgehampton 7, 1842 Hugh Halsey 3, 1845 State Engineers and Surveyors Names. Charles B. Stuart Hezekiah C. Seymour William J. Mc Alpine * Henry Ramsey t John T. Clark Silas Seymour Van Rensselaer Richmond... William B. Taylor J. Piatt Goodsell Van Rensselaer Richmond... William B. Taylor Sylvanus H. Sweet John D. Van Buren, Jr Horatio Seymour, Jr Silas Seymour Elnathan Sweet John Bogart X Martin Sclienck Campbell W. Adams Campbell W. Adams E ward A. Bond Eward A. Bond Residence. Geneva Nyack Albany Schenectady Utica Piermont Lyons Utica Utica Lyons LTtica Albany New York City. . . Utica Saratoga Springs Albany New York City.. . Greenbush Utica Utica Watertown Watertown Elected. November 2 1847 6 1849 4 ia5] December 10, 1853 November 8, 185;^ 7, 1855 3 18.57 5, 1861 " 7, 18a5 5, 1867 7, 1871 4, 1873 2, 1875 6, 1877 8, 1881 6, 188;{ 8, 1887 3, 1891 ^ 7, 1893 5, 1895 8, 1898 6, 1900 * Resigned August 1, 1853. + Appointed. $ Re-elected November 5, COLONIAL AND STATE OFFICERS OF NEW YORK 389 S90 ' APPENDIX United States Senators from New York Senators. Residence. When elected. In whose place. Philip Schuyler * Rufus King t. .. . Albanv New York City. New York City. New York City. Queens county. Albany July 16, 1789 July 16, 1789 Jan. 19, 1791 Jan. 27, 1795 Nov. 9,1796 Jan. 24, 1797 Jan. 11, 1798 May, 1798 Aug. 17, 1798 April 3, 1800 Nov. 6, 1800 Jan. 27, 1801 Feb. 9, 1802 Feb. 1, 1803 Dec, 1803 Feb. 4, 1804 Feb. 4, 1804 Nov. 9, 1804 Feb. 3, 1807 Feb. 7, 1809 Feb. 2, 1813 Feb. 7, 1815 Jan, 8, 1820 Feb. 6, 1821 Jan. 14, 1826 Feb. 6, 1827 Jan. 15, 1829 Feb. 1, 18:31 Jan. 4, 1833 Feb. 5, 1833 Feb. 7, 1837 Jan. 14, 1840 Feb. 7, 1843 Nov. 30, 1844 Nov. 30, 1844 Jan. 18, 1845 Jan. 18, 184.5 Feb. 4, 1845 Feb. 6, 1849 March 19, 18.51 Feb. 6, 1855 Feb. 3, 1857 Feb. 5, 1861 Feb. 3, 1863 Jan. 16, 1867 Jan. 20, 1869 Jan. 22, 1873 Jan. 21, 1875 Jan. 22, 1879 Jan. 20, 1881 July 16, 1881 July 22, 1881 Jan. 20, 1885 Jan. 20, 1887 Jan. 21, 1891 Jan. 17, 1892 Jan. 20, 1897 Jan. 20, 1899 Schuyler. Ro. elected Rufus King $ .... John Lawrence t Philip Schuyler t John Sloss Hobart % William North $ James Watson % . . Gouverneur Morris King, Burr. Huntington Duanesburgh . New York City. Morrisania Rhinebeck Rhinebeck Newtown Poughkeepsie.. Rhinebeck Brookhaven Rhinebeck New York City. Brookhaven Norwich Jamaica New York City. Jamaica Kinderhook New York City. Kinderhook .... Albany. . . . Schuyler. Hobart. North. Watson. John Armstrong $ De Witt Clinton * Theodorus Bailey $ John Armstrong John Smith Armstrong. Morris. Clinton. Armstrong. Bailey. Armstrong. Re-elected. Mitchill. Smith. German. Re-elected. Sanford. King. Re-elected. Van Buren John Armstrong % Samuel L. Mitchill John Smith Obadiah German Rufus King* Nathan Sanford Rufus King* Martin Van Buren Nathan Sanford Martin Van Buren t Charles E. Dudley William L. Marcy * Silas Wright, Jr Nathaniel P. Tallmadge Silas Wright, Jr Albany. Canton. Sanford. Marcy. Dudley. Re-elected. Poughkeepsie . . Nathaniel P.Tallmadge* Silas Wright, Jr.* Henrv A. Foster Poughkeepsie. . Re-elected. Rome Wright. Tallmadge. To fill vacancy. Foster Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson John A Dix Bingham ton . . . Binghamton ... Albany Binghamton ... Auburn Daniel S. Dickinson William H. Seward . Re-elected. Dix. Hamilton Fish William H. Sewar4 Preston King New York City. Auburn Ogdensburg.... Dickinson. Re-elected. Fish. Edwin D. Morgan New York City. Utica King. Harris. Reuben E. Fenton Roscoe Conkling .... Jamestown Utica Utica Utica Owego .. Herkimer Canandaigua. .. New York City. Syracuse Elmira . . . Morgan. Re-elected. Francis Kernan. Roscoe Conkling * Thomas C. Piatt * Fenton. Re-elected. Kernan. Piatt. ' Elbridge G. Lapham ... William M. Evarts Frank Hiscock David B Hill.... Conkling. Lapham. Miller. Evarts Edward Murphy, Jr Thomas C. Piatt. Troy Hiscock. Owego Hill. Chauncey M. Depew.... Poughkeepsie . . Murphy. * Two years. t Six years. * Resigned. COLONIAL AND STATE OFFICERS OF NEW YORK 39 1 Regents Names. Martin I. Townsend Anson J. Upson, Chancellor Chauncey M. Depew Charles E. Fitch Whitelaw Reid William H.Watson Henry E. Turner St. Clair McKelway . . Daniel Beach Carroll E Smith Pliny T. Sexton T. Guilford Smith William Croswell Doane, Vice- Chancellor Lewis A. Stimson Albert Vander Yeer Chester S. Lord Thomas A. Hendrick Robert C. Pruyn William Nottingham Date of Appointment. 1873, April 24 1874, February 11 1877, January 31 1877, January 31 1878, January 17 1881, February 2 1881, February 2 1883, January 188.^, March 1888, January 24 1890, April 1890, April 1892, February 10 1893, April 10 1895, February 13 1897, January 20 1900, April 3 1901, February 3 1902, February 27 Residences. Troy. Glens Falls. New York City. Rochester. New York City. Utica. Lowville. Brooklyn. Watkins. Syracuse. Palmyra. Buffalo. Albany. New York. Albany. Brooklyn. Rochester. Albany. Syracuse. Population of New York: 1790 to 1900 Census Year. Population. Increase. Number. Per Cent. 1900 7,268,012 5,997,853 5,082,871 4,382,759 3,880,735 3,097,394 2,428,921 1,918,608 1,372, Ul 959,049 589,051 340,120 1,270,159 914,982 700,112 502,024 783,341 668,473 510,313 546,497 413,062 369,998 248,931 21 2 1890 18.0 1880 16 1870 . . 12 9 I860 25.3 1850 1840 .... 27.5 26 6 1830 1820 39.8 43.1 1810 1800 62.8 73.2 1790 Notes. — 1. The population has had a greater numerical increase since 1890 than during any former decade. 2. The population at present is 21 times as large as in 1790. 3. The number of persons to the square mile is 152.6. 4. Of the population in 1900 there were 3,614,780 males, 3,&54,114 females, 5,368,469 native-born, 1,900,425 foreign-born, 99,232 negroes, 7,170 Chinese, 5,257 Indians, and 354 Japanese. New York county had the most foreign- born '850,984) and Hamilton county the fewest (462). 5. The people in cities of 8,000 or more were 3,.599,877 or 60^ in 1890 and 4,980,042 or 68i^ in 1900. The number in cities of 4,000 or more was 3,805,477 or 63^ in 1890 and 5,176,414 or 71^ in 1800. The increase in urban population during that decade is 36^. 6. The children of school age number 2,146,764, of whom 257,721 are foreign- born. 7. The voters in the State number 2,184,965, of whom 838,136 are foreign- born. In New York City alone there are 1,007,670 voters. 8. The illiterates in the State number over 130,000, of whom 50,601 are aliens, 38,235 are naturalized, 27,515 are natives, and about 14,000 are un- classified. New York City has the most illiterates (65,556), then come Buffalo (5,168), Rochester (1,327), Syracuse (1,071), Troy (895), and Albany (762). 392 APPENDIX COLONIAL AND STATS OFFICERS OF NEW YORK 393 Population o f New York by Count ies=J1790toJjOO Counties. The State. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung.. •• •• Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dtitchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery . . . . Nassau * New York + Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens* Rensselaer Richmond Rockland St. Lawrence.. Saratoga. Schenectady... Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins. . . Ulster Warren Washington... Wayne. Westchester t . Wyoming Yates 1900 7,268,012 1890 1860 1830 5,997,853 165,571 41,501 69,149 &5,643 66,234 88,314 44,06;3 36,568 47,230 43,511 27,576 46,413 81,670 43;J,686 30,707 42,a53 42,842 34,561 31,478 4,947 51,049 76,748 1,166,582 27,427 37,059 40,545 217,854 47,488 55,448 2,a50,600 74,961 132,800 168,735 49,605 103,a59 :%,164 70,881 48,939 13,787 152,999 121,697 67,021 38,298 89,083 61,089 46,&52 26,854 15,811 28,114 77,582 32,306 27,951 33,8:30 88,422 29,943 45,624 48,660 183,375 30,413 20,318 ,880,7a5 164,555 43,240 62,973 60,866 &5,302 75,202 48,265 37,776 46,437 46,172 28,657 45,496 j 77,879 322,981 33,052 38,110 37,650 33,2&5 31,598 4.762 45,608 68,806 838,547 29,806 37,801 42,892 189,586 45,699 1,515,301 62,491 122,922 146,247 48,45:5 97,859 30,803 71,883 50,861 14,849 128,059 124,511 51,693 a5,162 85,048 57,663 29,797 29,164 16,711 28,227 81,473 62,491 31,031 29,9a5 32,923 87,062 27,866 45,690 49,729 146,772 31,193 21,001 1,918,608 113,917 41,881 a5,906 43,886 55,767 58,422 26,917 40,934 45,735 47,172 26,294 42,465 64,941 141,971 28,214 30,837 24,162 32,189 31,930 3,024 40,561 69,825 279,122 28,580 39,546 43,545 100,648 30,866 813,669 50,399 105,202 44,.563 63,812 28,717 75,958 50,157 14,002 57,391 86,328 25.492 22,492 83,689 51,729 20,002 44,469 18,840 28,138 66,690 43,275 32,385 28,748 31,409 76,;381 21,434 45,904 47,762 99,497 31,968 20,290 1T90 340,120 53,520 26,276 17,579 16,724 47,948 34,671 37,238 19,344 39,907 23,791 33,024 50,926 a5,719 19,287 11,312 52,147 29,525 1,;325 a5,870 48,493 20,535 15,239 27,729 39,038 49,855 43,715 202,589 18,482 71,326 58,973 40,288 45,366 17,732 27,119 51,372 12,628 22,460 49,424 7,082 9,388 36,354 38,679 12,347 27,902 21,041 33,851 26,780 12,364 27,690 36,545 36,550 11,796 42,6a5 33,643 36,456 19,009 75,736 1,614 27,732 45,266 4,495 28,848 33,131 1,075 18,492 L6,014 3,835 16,440 29,397 14,042 24,003 * Nassau organized from part of Queens m lb t Part of wfstchester annexed to New York since 1890. 394 APPENDIX Population of the Principal Cities of New York: 1790 to 1900 Cities. Albany Auburn Binghamton. Buffalo Elmira New York . . . Rochester — Schenectady, Syracuse Troy Utica Yonkers 1900 94,151 30,345 39,647 a52,387 35,672 ,437,202 162,608 31,682 108,374 60,&51 56,383 47,931 1890 94, 25, ,35, 255, 30, 1,515, 133, 19, 88, 60, 44, 32, 1880 1870 90,758 69,422 21,924 17,225 17,317 12,692 155,134 117,714 20,541 15,863 1,206,299 942,292 89,366 62,386 13,&55 11,026 51,792 43,a51 .56,747 46,4a5 3:^,914 28,804 18,892 12,733 1860 62,367 10,986 8,325 81,129 8,682 813,669 48,204 9,579 28,119 39,235 22,529 11,848 1850 50,763 9,548 42,261 8,166 515,547 36,403 8,921 22,271 28,7&5 17,5&5 4,160 1840 1830 1820 1810 1800 i^go Albany 33,721 5,626 ■ ■18,213 ■ 4,791 312,710 20,191 6,784 24,209 4,486 ■"■8,'668 2,892 202,589 9,207 4,268 12,630 10,762 5,349 3,448 Binghamton Buffalo ■■"2,"095" 2,945 123,706 2,063 3,939 Elmira New York Rochester Schenectady 96,373 60,515 a3,131 5,289 756 Troy utica lonKers 19,a34 12,782 2,968 11,556 8,323 5,264 2,972 3,895 4,926 Immigration Numbers ani> Nationalities During 22 Years Ending June 30, 1890 Countries. and Europe : Austria-Hungary — Denmark, Norway, Sweden France Germany Great Britain and Ireland England Scotland Ireland Italy Netherlands and Belgium Russia and Poland Spain and Portugal Switzerland Other Europe Total Europe. North and South America. . Asia Africa Islands of the Atlantic Islands of the Pacific All other islands and ports.. Total I Males. Number. 280,554 603,297 84,0.59 1,407,895 786,922 1.58,319 612,a53 288,910 63,443 207,420 13,434 75,238 7,481 .589.625 ,540,180 213,880 5.58 17,600 17,929 1,764 5,381. .536 Per cent of total. 64.8 61.8 63.9 ft5.2 61.2 61.4 51.5 78.6 61.7 65.0 72.6 64.3 75.0 60.2 60.3 96.8 72.5 61.0 61.2 Females. Number, 152,058 370,896 47,499 1,012,524 498.888 99,386 577,482 78,.538 39,321 111„580 .5,121 41,768 2,547 3,a37,608 356,488 7,097 211 9,129 5.595 1.111 3,417,238 Per cent of total. 36.1 41.8 38.8 38.6 48.5 21.4 38.3 a5.o 27.4 35.7 25.0 39. 39.7 3.2 27.5 34.1 23.7 39.0 Total. 432,612 974,193 131,5.58 2,420,419 l,2a5,810 2.57,705 l,190,ia5 367,448 102.764 319,000 18,.5,55 117,006 10,028 r,627,233 220,977 769 26,729 23,.524 2,875 8.798,775 SALARIES 395 •SALARIES. Governor $10,000 Lieutenant-Governor 5,000 Secretary of State 5,000 Comptroller 6,000 Treasurer 5,000 Attorney-General 5,000 Engineer and Surveyor 5,000 Superintendent of Insurance 7,000 Superintendent of Banking 7,000 Eailroad Commissioners (three) each 8,000 Superintendent of Public Works 6,000 " Public Buildings 5,000 " State Land Survey 5,000 '' State Prisons 6,000 " Elections 5,000 '' Public Instruction 5,000 Secretary, Eegents of U. S. l!^. Y 5,000 Excise Commissioner 5,000 Water " 4,000 Capitol " 7,500 President, Eorest, Fish and Game Commission. 5,000 President, Commission in Lunacy 7,500 Civil Service Commission: Three commissioners each 2,600 Secretary 3,000 Chief Examiner 3,600 Board of Mediation and Arbitration (three commissioners) each 3,000 Board of Tax Commissioners (three) .... " 2,500 Statutory revision (three commissioners). '^ 3,000 396 JYMW TORE STATE Inspector of gas meters 5,000 Superintendent of weights and measures 300 State historian 4,500 Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Greneva 4,000 Health officer. Port of jS^ew York 12,500 Quarantine commissioners (three) each 2,500 Judges, Court of Claims (three) " 5,000 Court of Appeals, Chief Judge 12,500 " " " Associate Judges 12,000 State Eeporter 5,000 Supreme Court, Appellate Division: First department, 7 justices each 17,500 Second " 5 " " 8,500 Third " 5 '' '" 7,200 Fourth '' 5 " " 7,200 Supreme Court: First district, 19 justices each 17,500 13,200 10,950 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 Second ii. \ 4 Third iC 5 Fourth a 3 Fifth a 4 Sixth u 4 Seventh iC 5 Eighth u 7 INDEX Abercrombie, 57. Abolitionists, 158, 178, 179, 180, 212, 217, 218, 220, 226, 234, 242. Adelphi College, 313. Adventists, second, 170. Agriculture, 7, 11, 13, 25, 150, 151, 198, 274, 282, 302, 303, 308, 315. Albany, 6, 10; county created, 37 city charter, 39; rule of Leisler, 41 Dutch Reformed Church, 44, 51 Colonial Congress, 53; delegates to Continental Congress, 77, 78, 89, 91, 92; at close of Revolution, 100, 102, 105, 106, 110; stage, 111; mail. 111, 112, 113; steamboats, 126, 127; Erie canal, 133; constitutional conven- tion, 136, 141; road convention, 142; canal, 144, 146; agricultural conven- tion, 150, 151, 152; tariff, 160; visitors, 161-163, 171; land riot, 183- 186; constitutional convention, 187; railroad, 190, 191, 196; travel, 203; cholera, 204; temperance, 214; in- dustry, 2.38; normal school, 240, 250; capitol, 254, 255; Bicentennial, 268- 270, 276, 298, 299, 300. Albany Regency, 134, 140, 142, 156, 159, 172, 175, 250. Aldermen, 21. Alexander, James, 49. Algonquins, 6, 11, 18, 19. Alleganv countv, 107. Allen, Colonel Ethan, 78, 80, 81, 104, 105. Alsop, John, 77. American defeat at Brooklyn, • 84; prisoners badly treated, 86; "fleet prison," 87; Saratoga, 92; Stony Point, 96; in New Yorlc, 114 Lundy's Lane, 132; commerce, 128 Patriot War, 176; first poet, 201 first author, 201, 202; 215, 250, 270 273, 292, 298, 321, 324. Amersfoort, 21. Amherst, General, 58, Amsterdam, 4, 51. Andrei, Major, 96, 97, 259. Andros, Major Edmund, 35, 36. Andrustown, 94. Anti-federalists, 101, 102, 104, 115, 201. Anti-masons, 157, 161, 167, 168, 172. Anti-renters, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189. Anti-trust law, 293, 303, 304. Arbor Day, 312. Arnold, Benedict, 79, 81, 86, 90, 93, 96, 97. Arthur, Chester A., 260, 261, 264, 267. Assembly, first general, 36; Charter of Liberties, 37, 39; demands self-taxa- tion, 45, 46; refuses revenue, 50; term limited to seven years, 51; denounces involuntary taxes, 71; Stamp Act, 71 ; statue to Pitt and George III., 73; refuses to supply British troops, 73; suspended, 74; Tories control, 76; Whigs and Tories, 77; last session, 77; Provin- cial Congress, 78; of new state, 88; Anti-federalists control, 104; Whig, 175; Anti-renters in, 185; 265, 285, 291. Astor, Colonel John .Jacob, 232. Astor, John Jacob, 159. Auburn, 107, 151, 158, 196, 197, 204, 216, 236, 250, 297. Aurora, 100, 259. Banks, 172, 173, 174, 175, 218, 232, 236, 242, 269. 271, 277, 282, 288, 309, 310. Baptists, 113, 204, 242, 318. Barlow, General, 230. Barnard College, 313. Barnburners, 180, 189, 211. Barstow, 173. Batavia, 107, 111, 151, 167, 182, 183, 28.5 Bath,' 106, 107. Baume, Colonel, 91, 92. Becchpr, H. W., 214. Bell, John, 221. Bellomont, Earl of, 44, 45. Bemis Heights, battle of, 92, 93, 259. Bennett, James Gordon, 157. Bennington, battle of, 91. Benson, Egbert, 104. Binghamton, 106, 236, 298, .305. Birge, General John W., 177. S97 398 INDEX Birney, James G., 180, 218. Black, Frank S., 281, 282-287, 290. Black Rock, 127, 132. Bleecker, Mrs. Ann Eliza, 63. Block, Adriaen, 1), 10, 11. Bloomfield, 113. Boerum, Samuel, 77. Bogardus, Everardus, 20, 24, 25. Booth, Mary L., 316. Borroughs, John, 316. Bouck, William C, 178, 187. Bovesen, H. H., 316. Bradford, William, 43, 44, 48. Bradish, 178. Bradley, Robert, 189. Bradstreet, Colonel William, 57, 58. Brant, Joseph, 54, 79, 80, 90, 93, 94. Breyman, Colonel, 91. British ministers hanged in ofRgy, 73; statue of Pitt torn down, 73; prod- ucts bovcotted, 76, 79; guns cap- tured, 80; fleet, 81; Hickey plot, 82; New York Citv, 84; southern New York taken, 86, 87, 88; at Peekskill, 91, 93; Indians and, 93; Stony Point, 96, 97; evacuate New York, 99; American sailors taken, 128, 129, 130, 132; Lundy's Lane, 132; Buffalo burned by, 152; rule in Canada, 176; territory invaded, 177. Brock, General, 129. Brodhead, John R., 316. Bronx Borough, 284, 285. Broome countv, 301. Brooklvn, 13,' 14, 21, 25, 84, 87, ]93, 196, 197, 223, 233, 235, 237, 276, 281, 283, 298, 315, 318. Brooklyn Borough, 284, 285. Brooklvn Bridge, 263, 264, 275, 289. Brooks, Erastus, 219. Brooks, James, 231. Brown, Charles Brockden, 201. Brown, General Jacob, 128, 130, 132. Brown, John, 88, 212, 220. Brown, John, Tract, 220. Brvant, W^illiam Cullen, 202, 230. Bucktails, 135, 159. Buel, 173. Buffalo, 6, 107, 111, 112, 114, 127, 128, 132, 133, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 172, 179, 190, 191, 193, 196, 203, 204, 211, 223, 235, 236, 262, 272, 276. 280, 295, 296, 297, 298, 307, 308, 315,' 318. Bunner, Henry Cuyler, 316. Burgovne's campaign, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 259. Burnet, William, 47, 48. Burr, Aaron, 81, 104, 117, 118, 156, 206. Butler, Benjamin F., 139, 180, 211, 250, 262. Butler, John, 79, 90, 94. Butler, Walter, 79, 93. Butler, William Allen, 202. Butterfield, General Daniel, 230. Cabot, Sebastian, 1, 22. Canals, 113, 124, 125, 128, 133, 143-148; 152, 160, 172, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 203, 207, 219, 235, 236, 237, 242, 245, 251, 269, 270, 272, 278, 282, 290, 292, 299, 307, 308, 310. Canandaigua, 106, 110, 111, 114, 125, 151, 167. Canton. 297. Cary, Alice and Phoebe, 315. Carleton, Sir Guy, 99. Carnegie, Andrew, 314. Cartier, Jacques, 62. Carver, Captain Joseph, 124. Cavuga, 114. County, 105, 107, 301. Cayuga s, 6, 47. Cazenovia, 177. Chambers, John, 53. Champlain canal, 144, 290. Samuel de, 5, 62. Charitable institutions, 154, 158, 176, 204, 242, 243, 244, 266, 274, 278, 319, 320. Charlotte county, 105. Charter of Liberties, 37, 38, 137. Greater New York, 283, 284, 285, 293, 312. Chauncey, Captain Isaac, 129, 130. Chautauqua county, 112, 182, 183. Chenango countv, 105, 110. Cherrv Vallev, 94, 216, 259. Chief Justice, 71, 83, 88, 103. Chippewa, 132. Cnoate, Joseph H., 272, 293. Christiansen, Ilendrick, 9, 10. Churches, 24, 25, 35, 60, 64, 81, 112, 113, 148, 154, 158, 168, 197, 224, 242, 259, 275, 2S5, 317, 318, 322. Cities, 148, 151, 152, 186, 193, 196, 235, 240, 251, 270, 271, 272, 275, 276, 283, 285, 287, 289, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 307, 310, 318, 319. Clark, Mvron H., 215, 216, 250. Clarke, George, 49, 50. McDonald, 182. Clayton, 177. Claus, Daniel, 79. Cleveland, Grover, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 275, 276, 280, 287, 291, 322. Clinton, 106; prison at, 204. County, 105, 107. Clinton, Admiral George, 50, 51, 52. Clinton, De Witt, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 142, 143, 151, 156, 158, 159, 160, 167, 168, 240, 245, 253, 265, 321. Clinton, George, 78, 88, 92, 99, 101, 102, 108, 115, 116, 124, 134, 155, 156, 265, .321. Clinton, James, 92, 95. Clinton, Sir Henry, 50, 81, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99. Clintonians, 135, 140, 141, 156, 161, 172. Cobleskill, 94. Cochrane, General John, 230, 231. Cohoes, 300. Colden, Cadwallader, 52, 63, 71, 72, 74, 124, 321. Colgate University, 313. INDEX 399 College of the City of New York, 154, 313. Colleges, 154, 158, 199, 231, 240, 275, 288, 311, 313, 320. Colles, Christopher, 124. Colley, John G., 178. Columbia College, 62, 70, 86, 117, 154, 155. County, 105, 117, 155, 170, 182, 184. University, 294, 313. Columbus, 273, 274, 275, 276. Colve, Captain Anthony, 35. Commerce, 35, 145, 146, 152, 175, 203, 235, 239, 274, 285, 299, 308, 309, 310, 323, Committee of Correspondence, 72, 76. Committee of Fifty-One, 76, 77. Committee of Observation, 78. Committee of Safety, 83. Committee of Seventy, 247, 248, 279, 280. Confederation, Articles of, 98, 101. Congregational Church, 113, 277. Congress, Colonial, first, 41, 52, 53. Continental, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 90, 92, 93, 104. National, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 163, 180, 193, 217-219, 223, 224, 263, 278, 282, 287, 295, 308. Provincial, 78, 80, 83. Stamp Act, 72. Conkling, Roscoe, 231, 252, 260, 261. Connolly, 248. Constitution of Nevp York, 88, 115, 1.35, 136-138, 174, 186, 188, 189, 201, 228, 259, 271-273, 278. of United States, 101, 102, 234, 270. Constitutional Convention, 88,101,102, 1.36, 186-189, 187, 203, 271, 272. Convention, Provincial, 33, 53. State, 83, 141, 142, 150. Cooper, Dr. Myles, 64, 79, 201. .1. Fenimore, 114, 202. Peter, 159, 193, 253. Cooperstown, 106, 114. Corlears Hook, 19. Cornbury, Lord, 45, 46. Cornell,' Alonzo B., 253, 260, 261. Cornell University, 313, 316. Corning, 106. Corporations, 262, 27l, 292, 293, 310. Corruptions, 278, 279, 293, 294, 318, 323. Cortland county, 107, 301. Cosbv, Governor, 48, 49. Counties, 37, 104, 112, 151, 186, 229, 271, 286. Courts, 37, 71, 136, 138, 184, 186, 187, 188, 245, 246, 272, 282. Cowperthwaite, Elizabeth, 61. Crary, John, 161. Crime, 158, 204. 216, 244, 279, 319, 320. Croker, Richard, 295. Crosvvell, Edwin, 1.39. Croton Aqueduct, 206, 207. Crown Point, 51, 53, 54, 58, 79, 86. Cruger, John, 72. Curtis, George William, 264, 316. Curtius, Alexander Carolus, 24. Dana, Charles A., 315. Danforth, Asa, 301. Danforth, Elliot, 290. Davenport, Ira C, 265. Dawson, Henry B., 316. Dayton, William L., 219. Debts, 154, 186, 187, 188, 204, 242, 254, 271. Declaration of Independence, 73, 82, 83. De Lancey, James, 52, 53, 71, 321. Stephen, 47. Delaware county, 105, 184, 185, 301. De Leat, John, 62. Democratic-Republicans, 115. Democrats, 115, 136, 1.39, 140, 142, 159, 161, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 185, 187, 189, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218, 219, 220, 225, 228, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 271, 281, 286, 290, 292, 293, 294. De Monts, 5. Denton, Daniel, 63. Depew, Chauncey M., 255, 260, 274, 293. Detmold, C. E., 190. De Vries, 17, 18. Dewev, Admiral George, 288, 289, 321. De Witt, Charles, 88. Dickinson, Daniel S., 178, 189, 214. Directors General, 15. Dix, Dorothv L., 204. John A.", 156, 180, 189, 212, 223, 227, 231, 249, 250, 251, 322. Dodge, General, 230. Dongan, Thomas, 36, 37, 39, 44. Doubleday, Captain Abner, 222. Draft, 22.5-227, 228, 229. Drake, Joseph Rodman, 202. Draper, Amos, 106. Andrew Sloan, 316. John W., 315. Dresden, 113. Drummond, General, 132. Duane, .James, 77, 102. Duer, William, 88. Duke of York, 23, 34, 35, 38. Dunkirk, 192, 300. Dunlap, William, 201. Dutch, 2, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23-27, 34, 35, 60, 62, 64, 100, 106, 114, 136, 181, 182, 216, 267. Dutch Reformed Church, 44, 204. Dutch West India Company, 62. Dutchess county, 37, 77, 78, 238. Duties, 75, 101, 153, 309. Dyke, Nathaniel, 107. Earl of Dunmore, 75. East India Company, 75. Education, 7, 8, 24, 59-64, 114, 154, 155, 160, 176, 199, 201, 240, 241, 269, 270, 274, 282, 285, 294, 298, 311-317, 322. Edmunds, Judge, 171. 400 TKDEX Edwards, Ogden, 189. Elections, 135, 226, 249, 250, 271, 272, 282, 287, 290. Electors, Presidential, 140, 142, 161, 186, 212, 221. Electricity, 264, 300, 305-307. Elliot, Lieutenant, 129. Ellsworth, 231. Elmira College, 313. Emigration, 15, 17, IS, 105, 145, 179, 243 309 323 Empire State,' 114, 144. 235, 255, 280, 296, 298, 300, 304, 310, 321, 322. England, 34, 94, 115, 116, 124, 127, 128, 142 234. English, 2, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 35, 38, 40, 43, 44, 47, 52, 53, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 75, 82, 109, ISl, 190, 235, 298. Episcopal Church, 44, 113, 204, 294, 318. Equal Rights Partv, 172, 173, 175. Erie canal, 124, 125, 133, 134, 143-148, 269, 290. County, 235, 238, 298. Ericsson, 233, 234. Esopus, 22, 33. Indians, 6. Essex county, 105, 107, 220. Evacuation Day, 84, 99. Evarts, William M., 253. Exports, 149, 1.53, 197, 239, 309. Express companies, 194. Factories, 25, 175, 219, 235, 302, 303, 304, .305, 307, 310. Fairfield, 158. Farmers, 13, 17, 25, 90, 112, 113. 140. 181, 183, 186, 187, 198, 228, 235. 2.3S, 239, 266, 272, 288, 302, 303, 305. Fassett, Jacob Sloat, 271. Fawcett, Edgar, 316. Fayette, 169. Federalists, 101, 102, 103, 104, 115, 117, 135, 141, 156. Fenians, 234. Fenton, Reuben E., 228, 231. Feudalism, 15, 16, 70, 181, 185, 186, 203. Fillmore, Millard, 180, 192, 211, 212, 214, 219. Fish, Hamilton, 189, 212. Fishkill, 83. Flagg, Azariah C, 156, 180, 189. Flathush, 25. Flatlands, 16. Fleet prison, 87. Fletcher, Benjamin, 42, 43. 44, 48. Flower, Roswell P., 270, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277, 283. Flovd, General, 230. 'William, 71, 82, 83, 104. Folger, Charles J., 261. Foot, Moses, 106. Foreigners, 18, 37. 179, 180, 235, 243, 270, 272, 298, .314, .323. Forsyth, Mayor. 129. Fort Amsterdam, 13, 14, 26, 33. Fort Bull, 56. Carillon, 56. Clinton, 91. Constitution, 92. Covington, 129. Defiance, 89. Edward, 54, 56, 57. Erie, 129, 132, 234. Frontenac, 57. George, 130, 131, 316. Good Hope, 14. Green Park, 87. Independence, 92. Lafayette, 95, 96. Montgomery, 91. Nassau. 10, 11, 13. Niagara, 53, 58, 167. Orange, 13, 14, 25, 26. Oswego, 56. Plain. 99. Schuyler, 90. Stanwix, 58. Ticonderoga, 56, 57, 58, 78, 89, 92. Washington, 86. William, .52. William Henry, 56, 57. France, 1, 93, 116, 161, 275, 278, 309. Franchise, 116, 1.35, 136, 137, 142, 149, 160, 186, 234, 235, 272, 323. Franklin county, 107, 157. Frederick, Harold, 316. Fredonia, 162. Freesoilers, 189, 211, 214, 215. French, 1, 2. 5, 43, 47, 50, 51, 52-59, 163, 176, 267. ;'nd Indian War, 52-59. Mills, 129. Protestant Church, 44. Freneau, Philip. 156. 201. Friends, 59, 114. 108. Frontenac. 43. .53. Fulton, Robert. 126, 127. 269. Fur trade, 5. 11, 12, 13, 25, 39, 100, 113, 145, 146, 159, 268. Oap-p, Genenil, 73. Gansevoort, Colonel Peter, 90. Gardiner, 180. 185, 189. Gates, General Horatio, 86, 92. Geddcs, James, 125. Genesee County Antislavery Society, 218 Land Company, 108, 109. Geneseo, 106, 259. Geneva, 106, 114, 151, 161, 300. College, 154. George, Henry, 286. Henry, Jr., 290. German Flats, 47, 94. Palatines, 46, 47. Germans. 106, 114. 235, 213, 275. Gibson, William H., .316. Gilder. Richard Watson, 316. Gloucester, N. J.. 13. Godkin, Edwin Lawrence, 316, Goff, John W., 279. GoMen Hill, battle of, 74. Goodell, William, 212. INDEX 401 Gorham Purchase, 109. Governors, IS, 33, 88, 99, 115-118, 128- 135, 137, 272, 277, 282. Govvanes, 14. Grafton, 184. Granger, Francis, 172, 173. Granger, Horace, 161. Grant, U. S.,,212, 245, 248, 249, 252, 260, 266, 267, 276, 287, 289, 315, 322. Grant, Hugh J., 279. Greater New York, 272, 282-286, 287, 294, 308, 309. Greeley, Horace, 151, 179, 201, 212, 248, 249, 315. Green, Andrew H., 283. Greene county, 105. General, 82, 84. Greenback party, 253, 262. Greenport, 193. Greenwich, 18. Griffin, Daniel G., 281. Griswold, John A., 231, 245. Habberton, John, 316. Hale, Nathan, 84. Hall, Mayor, 248. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 202. Hamilton, Alexander, 70, 76, SO, 100, 101, 102, 103, 117, 118, 174, 201, 321. Andrew, 49. Hamlet, James, 212. Hamilton College, 154, 313. Hammondsport, 107. Hampton, General Wade, 131. Handy, Colonel John, 106. Hardy, Sir Charles, 52. Harland, Henry, 316. Harlem, 83, 85, 86, 192, 207, 264, 307, 308. Harnden, William F., 194, Harper, Mayor, 179. Harris, Ira,' 187. Harris, Samuel, 106. Hart, Peter, 222. Hastings, Hugh, 312. Hathorn, John, 104. Hawlev, Jesse, 125, 156. Hay, John, 322. Hazel, Judge, 296. Hector, 128. Helme, Captain, 216. Hempstead, 286, 288. Hendrick, King, 53, 54. Herkimer, 172. County, 105. General Nicholas, 90. Herring, John, 77. Hessians, 82, 87, 88. Hickey Plot, 82. Highlanders, 80. Hill, David B., 265, 266, 270, 278. History of New York, 175, 201, 203, 231, 245, 278, 299, 310, 312, 316, 317, 321. Hobart College, 313. Hobart, John Sloss, 88. John W., 102. Hoboken, 15. Hoffman, Charles F., 202. John T., 245, 247. Holland, 4, 21, 34, 124, 1S2. Land Company, 109. Purchase, 109. Honeoye, 106. Horseheads, 106. Hough. Daniel, 222. Howe, Admiral Lord, 82, 87. Lord, 57. General William, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89. Hubbardtown, 89. Hudson, Henry, 2, 3, 4, 5, 22, 157. River, 2, 83, 87, 89, 95, 96, 105, 111, 125, 126, 127, 134, 142, 161, 162, 192, 264, 266, 267, 289, 308, 317. Hughes, Archbishop, 227. Hunkers, 180, 187, 189, 211. Hunt, Washington, 213. Hunter, General Robert, 46, 47. Hydesville, 171. Illiteracy, 201, 244, 314, 317. Imports, 149, 153, 197, 239, 309. Indians, 4, 5, 6-9, 11, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 35, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 109, 110, 113, 129, 130, 174, 177, 184, 190, 216, 301. Industry, 7, 25, 26, 112, 113, 148-154, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 235, 236, 237, 238, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 315, 817, 322. Inglis, Dr. Charles,' 201. Ingoldsbv, Mayor Richard, 41, 42. Insurance, 205, 219, 236, 282, 310. Internal improvements, 48-52, 143, 172. Inventions, 195, 243, 274, 306, 322. Iroquois, 6, 11, 36, 38, 47, 51, 53, 59, 63, 79, 88, 93, 94, 95. Irish, 227, 234, 235, 243. Irving, Washington, 156, 201, 202. Ithaca, 106, 151, 260. Izard, General, 132. Jacobs, General, 230. James, Mayor, 72. James, Thomas L., 260. Jamestown, 228. Jay, John, 70, 77, 88, 98, 100, 102, 103, 115, 136, 156, 201, 217, 321. Peter A., 136. Jefferson county, 107. Thomas, 117, 143, 151, 162, 167. Jerry Rescue, 213. Jersey City, 194, 308. Jesuits, 44, 62, 113, 301. Jews, 25, 44, 49. Jogues, Isaac, 25, 27. Johnson, Guy, 79, 80. Sir John, 79, 80, 90. Dr. Samuel, 70. Sir William, 51, 53, 54, 56, 53, 59, 79, 181. Johnstown, 80, 93. Jones, Horatio, 106. 402 INDEX Jones, Samuel, 102. Jorvis, Adrian, 13. Juet, Robert, 3. Kearney, Philip, 188, 230. General Stephen Watts, 1S8. Keep, Henrv, 271. Kelly, 260. ' Kennedy, Robert, 228. Kent, Chancellor James, 136. Kernan, Francis, 249. Keuka College, 313. Kidd, Captain William, 45. Kieft, William, 17, 18, 19, 20. King, John A., 219, 220. Preston, 231. Rufus, 104, 136. Kings College, 62, 64, 70, 79, 155. County, 37, 77, 235, 238, 284, 208. Kingston, 44, 83, 88, 92, 130, 259. Knovver, Benjamin, 139. Know-Nothing party, 215, 219. Labor, 242, 266, 272, 276, 277, 2S6, 303, 304. La Calle, 132. Lafayette, 93, 94, 162, 163. Lamb, John, 72, 80. ilrs. Martha J., 316. Land, 98, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 149, 155,' 174, 181, 182, 183. Landlords, 174, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185. Lansing, Abraham, 102. John, Jr., 101, 102. Lapham, Elbridge G., 261. Lathrop, George Parsons, 316. Lawrence, Cornelius W., 153. John, 104. Lazarus, Emma, 316. Lee, Anna, 169, 170. Charles, 79, 81, 82. Leeds, Daniel, 63. Legislature formed, 37, 101, 102, 104, 108, 109; education, 114; canal, 125, 134; constitutional changes, 1.^6, 137, 139; chooses presidential electors, 140, 141, 155, 157; protective tariff, 160, 168; banks, 174, 178, 179; Anti- rent war, 184-186; changes in consti- tution, 185, 187; Mexican war, 188; railroads, 190, 191; education, 199, 211; temperance, 214, 215, 223; edu- cation, 245; Tweed ring, 246, 248, 251, 254, 255, 261, 203, 267, 271; in- crease in number, 272, 275, 279, 280, 282; Greater New York, 283, 284; Spanish war, 288, 292, 294, 295; trusts, 303; schools, 311-313, 314; parks, 316, 317. Leisler, Jacob, 40, 41, 42, 43, 225, 321. Leonard, Captain Joseph, 106. Lewis county, 107, 162. Francis, 78, 83. Morgan, 117, 155, 156. Lewiston, 131. Lexow, Senator Clarence, 279, Committee, 279, 280. Libel suit, first great, 49. Liberal Republicans, 248, 250. Liberty Party, 179, 180, 189, 212. pole, 73, 74. political, 35, 72, 74, 321, 323. Libraries, 157, 199, 241, 253, 285, 314. 320. Lincoln, Abraham, 221, 222, 223, 224, 228, 229, 231, 250. Literature, 62, 108. 156, 201-203, ''1" 315, .316, 317, 322. Livingston countv, 166, 170, 302, John Philip, "77, 145, 182. Peter R., 134, 136. Philip, 72, 82, 83, 88. Robert, 38. Robert R., 72, 78, 79, 82, 83, S3, 102, 127. AVilliam, 63, 71. Lockport, 151, 162, 306. Loco-Focos, 172, 173. Long Island, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 34, 44, 82, 83, 84, 127, 193, 263. Citv, 236, 283. Sound. 10, 286, 308. Lossing, Benson J., 316. Lotteries, 153, 204, 272, 279, 318. Lovelace, Francis, 34. Low, Hampton, 170. Isaac, 77. Seth, 283, 286, 294, 295. Lovalists, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 93, 94, 95, 99, 100, 107, 201, 217. Lundv's Lane, 132. Lutheran Church, 44, 113, 318. Lyman, Phineas, 54. Lyons, 106. Mabie, Hamilton W., 316. MacDonough, Captain, 132, 133. Mackey, AVilliam F., 294. Macomb, General, 133. Magaw, Colonel, 86. Manchester, 131. Manhattan, 11, 13, 14, 16, 84, 263, 308. Borough, 284, 285. College, 313. Indians, 6. Manlius, 113. Mann, Horace, 199. Manufactures, 17, 25. 113, 145, 149, 150, 151, 203, 219, 237-239, 274, 299, 300, 301, 303. Marcv, William L., 139, 147, 156, 172, 173, 175, 177, 183, 188, 189, 213, 214, 218, 321. Markets, 113, 145, 153, 269. Masons, 167, 168, 172, 255. Mathews, James Brander, 316. Mav, Rev. Samuel J., 213. MaVo, William Starbuck, 203. MaVville, 182, 183. McCauley, James, 203. McClure, General, 131. McCrea, Jane, 90. ISlcDonald, Henry M., 290. McDougall, Alexander, 72, 74. INDEX 403 McElroy, William H., 255. McKinley, William, 267, 281, 287, 293, 294, 295, 296. Megapolensis, Dominie Johannes, Melville, Herman, 203. Mercer, Colonel, 54, 56. Merchants, 72, 75, 153, 159, 187, 22S, 232, 242, 250, 277, 288. Messenger, Robert H., 202. Methodists, 113, 204, 242, 318. Metropolis, 99, 145, 147, 175, 180, 193, 205, 229, 237, 246, 260, 271, 275, 291, 295, 305, 310. Michaelus, Jonas, 24. Milbourne, Jacob, 41, 42. Militia, 128, 175, 177, 183, 273, Miller, Colonel, 132. Warner, 260, 261, 265. William, 170. Millerites, 170. Minuit, Peter, 13, 14, 16. Mohawk River, 6, 93, 95, 124. Mohawks, 6, 9, 19, 43, 80, 90, 93 Mohegans, 6. Monckton, Robert, 52. Money, 45, 109, 121, 174, 175, 217, 281, 294, 309. Monroe, Colonel, 57. County, 105. Montgomery county, 105. John, 48. Richard, 79, 80, 81. Moore, Clement C, 202. Governor George, 124. Morality, 44, 158, 203, 204, 214, 242, 272, 278, 279, 293, 294, 318 Morgan, Edwin D., 220, 231, 253, William, 167. Mormons, 168, 169. Morrell, General, 230. Morris, George Perkins, 202. Gouverneur, 70, 88, 124, 125. Lewis, 78, 82, 83. Richard. 102. Robert, 109. Morse, Samuel B., 193. 288, 25. 192, 274, 215, 322. 273, 274, 277, 293. Morton, Levi P., 26( 278, 280, 283. Mosely, David, 168. Mott, Gershom, 72. Muirson, George, 60. Murphy, Edward, Jr. Murray, John, 75. Joseph, 53. Lindley, 201. Nagle, General, 230. Nassau countv, 286. Native American Party, 179, 180, 187, 189. Negroes, 50, 213, 216, 217, 225, 226, 227, 234, 235, 249, 314. New Amsterdam, 9, 10, 16, 21, 22, 33, 107. New-Englanders, 18, 19, 25, 54, 89, 91, 96, 106, 112, 114, 136, 308. New Jersev, 34, 35, 36, 49, 86, 117, 127, 262, 263. New Netherland, 12, 13, 14, 33, 35, 62, 216. New Paltz, 313. New York, 1, 2, 33; recaptured by Dutch, 34; ruled by Andros, 36; county of, 37; crown colonv, 39; Revolution of 1688, 40; religion, 44; Queen Anne's War, 45; population in 1730, 48; libel suit, 49; free press, 49; King George's War, 51, 52; Al- bany Congress, 53, 56, 63, 70; French and Indian War, 70; population in 1763, 70; non-importation, 75; con- tinental congress, 76, 77; provincial congress, 78; Lexington, 78; Tories, 81; British plan to take, 82; be- comes a state, 83; first constitution, 88; Burgoyne, 88, 91, 95; ratifies Articles of Confederation, 98; Loyal- ists, 99, 100; western New York, 101; U. S. constitution, 102; first Presi- dent, 104; Vermont, 105; land to soldiers, 107, 108; state road, 110; slavery abolished, 116; War of 1812, 128-133; imports and exports, 149; agricultural society, 150; state li- brary, 157; DeWitt Clinton, 160; visitors, 161-163; Antimasonic move- ment, 167, 168; first President from, 173; panic of 1837, 174, 175; patriot war, 177; election of 1840, 178; war with Mexico, IBS, 189, express com- panies, 193, 194; education, 199; liter- ature, 201-203; fires and cholera, 204, 205; election of 1848, 211; second President from, 212; temperance, 215; slaverv, 216-221; civil war, 222- 227; election of 1864, 227, 228; draft, 229; soldiers, 230, 231; effort and cost of war, 233; railroads, 237; manufactures, 238, 239; commerce and agriculture, 238, 239; Horace Greeley, 248, 249; campaign of 1884, 262. 263; fourth President, 263; Hill, 266-270; election of 1896, 280, 281; Spanish war, 288; sixth President, 296; railroads, 305; business, 310, 311; newspapers, 314, 315; churches, 317, 318; statesmen, 322; past and future, 322, 324. New York City charters, 34, 37, 48; churches, 44; piracy, 41; population, 48; first newspaper, 48; negro plot. 50; fires, 50; grammar school, 60; Stamp Act Congress, 72, 76; first Continental Congress, 77; Com- mittee of One Hundred, 78; captured by the British, 84, 86, 96; evacuated. 99, 100; capital, 102, 104; roads, 110; stages 111; mail, 111, 115, 116; steamboats, 126-128, 141; Erie canal, 143, 145, 150; condition in 1835, 152; mayor elected, 153; social condition, 153, 154; schools and newspapers, 156, 157; religion and charity, 158, 163, 171; riot, 175; fugitive slave, 178; new party, 179, 186, 188, 190: railroads, 191, 196; telegraph, 193; 404 INDEX World's Fair, 193; population, 197; Public School Society, 199; cholera, fires, and water, 205-207; slave-trade, 212; civil war, 223; election of 1861, 224; riots, 225-227; bar, 231; women, 232; soldiers and money, 233; foreigners, 235; population, 235; charity, 242, 243; Tweed rinj?, 245- 248; charter of 1870, 247, 248; li- brary, 253; wealth, 254; collector of port, 261, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271. 277; corruptions, 278; Chamber of Commerce, 280, 284; Spanish war, 288; Dewey reception, 288, 289; history of, 292, 298; street-cars, 305, 308; educational system, 312, 313; newspaper and book center, 314, 315; churches, 317, 318. New York Historical Society, 73, 157, 259, 321. Kew- Yorkers, 187, 188, 223, 230-234, 293, 322, 323. Newark, 107, 131. Newburg, 99, 100, 306. Newspapers, 43, 44, 48, 49, 70, 71, 72, 114, 136, 151, 152, 156, 157, 168. 184, 185, 191, 192, 195, 200, 201, 213, 217, 221, 219, 222, 223, 226, 232, 241, 242, 250, 269, 280, 282, 288, 294, 300, 306, 314, 315. Newtown, 259. Niagara, 129, 132, 307. College, 313. County, 302. Falls, 161, 295, 316. Fort, 41, 53, 58, 59, 110. River, 108, 130, 131, 167, 176, 231, 264. Nicholson, Lieutenant Francis. 40. Nicolls, Colonel Richard, 22, 33, 34. Nine Men, 21. Non-importation agreement, 72, 73, 75. Normal schools, 156, 200, 240, 241, 250, 31.3. Nortli Elba, 220. North Hempstead, 286. Noyes, John Humphrej', 170. O'Callaghan, Edmund, .316. O'Conor, Charles, 187, 259. Odell, Benjamin B., Jr., 294. Ogdensburg, 52, 128, 129, 130, 177, 193. Oneonta, 313. Oneida, 110. Communitv, 170, 171. Countv, 105, 113, 125, 216, 238, 301. Lake,' 107. Oneidas, 6, 8, 93, 94. Onondaga county, 105, 106, 125, 217, 238. Lake, 6, 113. salt springs, 272. Onondagas, 6, 8, 47. Ontario county, 105, 107, 113. Opdyke, Mayor, 227. Orange county, 37, 77, 23S. Orleans county, 302. Oriskany, battle of, 90, 259. Osborn, Sir Danvers, 52. Oswego, 47, 53, 56, 57, 59, 101, 106, 132, 151, 196, 197, 240, 290, 299, Countv, 107, 238, 302. Otsego county, 105, 114. Lake, 94. Ovid, 106. Oyster Bay, 286. Paine, Thomas, 201. , Palatine Bridge, 47, 56 Palatines, 46, 47. Palmyra, 106, 169. Pan American Congress, 295. Exposition, 295, 296. Panics, 172, 174, 219. Parker, Amasa J., 219, 223. Parkliurst, Rev. Charles H., 278, 279, 293. Parties, 43, 76, 101, 102, 115, 135, 139, 140, 143, 172, 178, 179, 214, 218, 219, 24(5-248, 286, 287. Patriotism, 224, 242, 259, 278, 312, 317, 321, 322. Patroons, 15, 16, 17, 21, 18L Paulding, James K., 202. John, 97. Paupers, 158, 204, 216, 244, 319. Pauw, Michael, 15. Pavonia, 19, 21, 22. Pavne, .John Howard, 202. Peekskill, 91, 288. Pendleton, Judge, 143. Penn, William, 38, 181. Penn Yan, 106. People's Party, 140, 141, 228.. Perrv, Isaac G., 255. Oliver H., 1.30. Phelps, Oliver, 106. and Gorham purchase, 109. Philipse, Adolph, 47. Pike, General, 130. Piatt, Thomas C, 260, 261, 206, 293. Plattsburg, 128, 132. Plvmouth, 14. Poo, Edgar Allan. 202. Population, 8, 13, 15, 35, 70, 105, 110, 148, 151, 152, 196, 235, 269, 270, 274, 283, 285, 286, 298, 299. Porter, General Horace, 267. Post-office, 35, 111, 112, 153, 156, 241, 242, 269. Potter, Bishop, 294. Poughkeepsie, 83, 102, 197, 264, 300. Presbvterians, 44, 113, 204, 242, 262, 318.' Presidential election, 103, 104, 116, 117, 134, 135, 140, 141, 161, 177, 179, 211, 212, 220, 227, 228, 245, 248, 249, 252, 294. Prescott, 177. Prideau, General John, 58. Prisons, 1.58, 204, 231, 282. Prohibitionists, 213-216, 250, 260, 286, Quakers, 44, 63, 217. Queens countv, 37, 44, 284, 298. Borough, 284, 285. INDEX 405 Queenstown, 189. Railroads, 146, 190-194, 195, 197, 203, 207, 215, 219, 228, 229, 235, 237, 242, 246, 251, 264, 269, 270, 285, 299, 300, 305, 307, 308, 310. Raines Law, 318. Raritans, 18. Ravmond, Henry J., 201. Reforms, 189, 204, 205. 251, 260, 262, 278, 279, 282, 291, 293, 317. Regents of the University, 114, 155, 311 313. Reid,' Whitelaw, 232. Religion, 7, 13, 25, 33, 36, 44, 61, 63, 113, 114, 157, 203, 204, 266, 275, 298, 315, 317, 318, 322. Rensselaer county, 184, 238. Rensselaerwyck, 15, 19, 25. Republicans, 115, 116, 117, 134, 135, 171, 172, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 225, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 259, 261, 262, 265, 266, 271, 278, 281, 286, 290, 293, 294. Revolution, 49, 50, 70, 73, 74, 79, 93, 105, 111, 112, 115, 150, 155, 161, 174, 181, 182, 201, 206, 216, 223, 242, 265, 269, 308, 321. Rice, Victor M., 200. Richmond, 284, 285. Borough, 284. County, 37, 44, 221, 284. Riots, 174, 175, 182, 183, 225-227, 228, 229, 230. River Indians, 6, 19. Rivington, James, 78. Roads, 25, 110, 113, 142, 190, 191. Roberts, Ellis H., 316. James A., 316. Robertson, William H., 260. Robinson, Lucius, 253, 260. Thomas, 72. Rochester, 101, 148, 149, 151, 162, 171, 190, 196, 204, 223, 226, 276, 298, 299, 315, 318. Colonel, 151. ;. Judge, 159. Rockland county, 105. Roe, Edgar Payson, 316. Roebling, John A., 264. Roman Catholics, 204 (see Catholics). Rome, 56, 58, 134, 144, 148. Root, Elihu, 294. Roosevelt, Theodore, 284, 288, 290-296, 316, 322, 323, 324. Rose, Robert S., 216. Rutherford, Captain Allan, 231. Sacketts Harbor, 127, 128, 129, 130. St. Regis, 129, 131. St. Stevens College, 313. Salt, 272, .301, 302, 303. Sandy Hook, 145. Sanford, 135. Saratoga, 51, 52, 92, 162, 266, 280, 290. Countv, 105, 214. Schenectady, 6, 41, 76, 100, 112, 125, 151, 184, 190, 191, 196, 197. Schoharie, 94. County, 105, 259. Schools, 24, 35, 59, 60, 61, 62, 112, 134, 148, 154, 155, 156, 168, 188, 199, 200, 204, 224, 240, 269, 272, 277, 280, 310-317. Schoultz, Von, 117. Schurz, Carl, 316. Schuyler county, 108. John, 43. Peter, 43, 46, 47, 51, 52. Philip, 78, 79, 80, 88, 89, 90, 104. Schuylerville, 259. Scotch, 50, 79, 80, 235. Scott, John Morin, 71, 88. Winfield, 130, 132, 177, 214. , Seabury, Rev. Samuel, 201. Sears, Isaac, 72, 77, 78, 80. Sedgwick, Charles B., 231. Senate of New York, 88, 103, 163, 185, 186, 285. Seneca county, 107, 169, 216. Falls, 106, 125. Senecas, 6, 8, 38, 47, 93. Seward, William H., 163, 172, 175, 179, 183, 184, 214, 218, 221, 223, 230 315 321 Seymour, Horatio, 213, 215, 223, 227, 228, 229, 245, 253, 259, 322. John F., 232. Shakers, 169, 170. Sharpe, General, 230. Shaw, Henry Wheeler, 316. Shepard, 178. Edward M., 294. Sheridan, General Phil, 322. Sickles, Daniel E., 230. Silvester, Peter, 104. Sing Sing, 158. Skenesborough, 89. Skinner, Robert, 134, 189. Slavery, 27, 116, 153, 154, 178, 179, 188, 189, 211, 212, 214, 216-222, 225, 231, 284, 249. Sloat, Commodore, 188. Slocum, Henry W., 280. Sloughter, Colonel Henry, 41, 42. Smalley, George W., 232. Smith, Gerrit, 178, 211, 212, 213. Joseph, 169. Lawrence, 106. Melancthon, 102. Sheldon, 143. William, 49, 53, 63, 71, 88. Social conditions, 7, 8, 26, 27, 36, 149, 150, 158, 159, 167-171, 187, 207, 242-244, 269, 270, 298, 318, 323. Soldiers, 78, 106, 107, 128, 178, 226, 227, 228, 230, 232, 283, 267, 288, 812. Sons of Liberty, 49, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 100. Southwick, Solomon, 139, 161. Spencer, 156. John C, 168. Rachel, 59. 92, 175, 178, 229, 180, 224. 64, 208- 188, 234, 77, 406 inBEX Spiritualism, 171. Springfield, 94. Stadt Huis, 254. Stage-coaches, 111, 153, 193, 269. Staten Island, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 82, 118. St. Clair, General, 89. St. Francis Xavier College, 313. St. John's College, 313. St. Leger, Colonel, 88, 90, 91, 92. St. Regis Indians, 8. Stamp Act, 71, 72, 73, 225. Stanchfield, John B., 294. Stanwix, General, 58. Stark, Colonel John, 91. Statesmen, 230, 249, 253, 274, 293, 296, 321, 322. Stedman, Edmund Clarence, 232, 316. Steuben, Baron, 107. County, 105, 106, 107. Stephens, William, 301. Stephenson, John, 305. Stevens, 172. Stevenson, 294. n Stewart, Alexander T., 159. General, 230. Stillwater, battle of, 92. Stirling, General, 84. Stoddard, Richard Henry, 316. Stone, William L., 144, 156, 316. William L., Jr., 114, 316. Stony Point, 95, 96. Storrs, Rev. Henrv R., 213. Street-car, 153, 237, 264, 304, 305, 307. Strikes, 276, 304. Strong, General, 230. William L., 279, 280, 283, 291, 312. Stuyvesant, Peter, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 62, 321. Suffolk county, 37, 77. Sullivan, General, 84. Expedition, 94, 95, 106, 110, 259. Sumner, General, 230. Syracuse, 101, 148, 151, 152. 162, 191, 196, 204, 213, 223, 236, 250, 254, 276, 281, 290, 298, 299, 301, 315, 316. Syracuse University, 313. Talcott, Samuel A., 139. Tallmadge, General James, 136, 141. Samuel J., 187. Tammany Hall, 135, 136, 156, 157, 173, 246-248, 252, 260, 279, 286, 294, 295. Tariff, Protective, 160, 168, 172, 218, 249, 309. Tarry town, 97. Taxes, 21, 33, 34, 71, 73, 75, 76, 104, 155, 176, 185, 186, 224, 230, 247, 266, 278, 285, 292, 293, 300, 318. Taylor, Bavard, 202. Teachers, 59, 62, 199, 200, 212, 242, 311, 312. Teachers' College, 313. Telegraph, 145, 193, 194, 235, 242, 260, 305. Submarine, 193, 194, 309. Temperance, 214, 242, 250, 278, 318. Thompson, Smith, 161. Throop, Enos T., 161. Ticonderoga, 58, 86, 89. Tilden, Samuel J., 185, 187, 250-252, 265, 266, 322. Tioga county, 105. Tolls, 110, 271, 307. Tompkins county, 105. Daniel D., 128, 134, 135, 136, 143, 156, 265, 322. Tonawanda, 151. TowTisend, General, 230. Samuel, 88. Tracy, 172, 173, 282. Benjamin F., 230, 286. Trade, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 35, 145-148, 219, 224, 235, 268, 269, 298, 299, 300, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310. Transportation, 145, 146, 239-305, 310. Travel, 149, 203, 310. Treaties, 11, 14, 21, 35, 58, 59, 109, 128. Trenton, 113. Trespass Act, 100. Troy, 100, 106, 152, 162, 191, 197, 236, 298, 299, 300. Trumansburg, 107. Trusts, 17, 173, 246, 293, 294, 303. 304. Tr3'on county, 75, 90, 105. William, 75, 79, 81, 82, 104. Tuscaroras, 8, 93, 131. Tweed Ring, 201, 245-248, 251, 265. Twelve Select Men, 18. Twiller, Walter van, 16. Tyler, Colonel Comfort, 301. Moses Coit, 316. Ullman, Daniel, 216. Ulster county, 37, 78, 184, 238. Unadilla, 94. Underbill, Captain John, 19. Union College, 154, 245, 313. United States, 101, 103, 128, 134, 170, 171, 176, 188, 234, 236, 267, 269, 277, 285, 288, 297, 300, 313. University of the City of New York, 250. Urv, John, 50. Utica, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 151, 159, 168, 172, 180. 190, 191, 196, 200, 204, 216, 217, 223, 236, 245, 298, 299. Van Buren, Martin, 134, 135, 136, 139, 160, 161, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 180, 188, 189, 191, 211, 250, 253, 321. Van Dam, Rip, 48, 49. Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah, 104. Killian, 15. Manor, 183. General Stephen, 129, 136, 145, 177, 183, 190. Van Rensselaers, 100. Vassar College, 313. Van Twiller, Walter, 16. Van Wert, 47. Van Wyck, Augustus, 290. Robert A.. 286, 289, 294. Verhulst, William, 13. Verplanck's Point, 95. INDEX 407 Villages, 148, 151, 152, 175, 193, 196, 236, 240, 269, 275, 283, 289, 298, 307. Villard, Henry, 232. Visitors, famous, 162, 163. Vries, Pietersen de, 18. Wabingos, 6. Wadsworth, General James S., 225, 230. Walloomsac River, 91. Walloons, 13. War, Civil, 194, 212, 222, 223-230, 233, 234, 242, 243, 254, 312, 313, 315, 316, 321. French and Indian, 52-59. King George's War, 51. King William's War, 43. Mexican, 188, 189, 211, 214, 309. Patriot, 176-178. of 1812, 128-133, 174, 292. Queen Anne's War, 45. Spanish-American, 287-289, 321. Warner, Seth, 79, 104. Warren, Sir Peter, 51. Warsaw, 218. Washington, George, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 115, 116, 124, 151, 162, 167, 201, 206. Washington county, 105, 170. Washington, D. C, 193, 222, 229, 292, 297, 310. Wassenaer, 62. Waterloo, 106, 151, 259. Watertown, 177, 300. Watervliet, 170, 300. Watkins, 106. Watson, Elkanah, 124. Wa^Tie, 107. County, 108, 302. General, 95, 96. Wealth, 148, 153, 176, 196, 203, 269, 274, 285. 286, 287, 300, 319, 322. Webb, Colonel Daniel, 57. Webb, General, 230. Webster, Daniel, 192. Ephraim, 106. Noah, 156. Weed, Thurlow, 114, 145, 156, 157, 167, 178, 179, 221. Wellesley, Island, 177. Wells College, 313. West Cayuga, 106. West India Company, 12, 25. West Point, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 190, 230. Westchester county, 37, 44, 64, 77, 238, 298. Westfield, 107, 111, 162. Western New York, 100, 101, 105-107, 110-114, 124, 136, 145, 148, 151, 167, 168. Wheeler, William A., 231, 252, 260. Whigs, 76, 77, 78, 172, 173, 175, 177. 178, 179, 180, 185, 187, 188, 211, 212, 213, 214, 218, 219. White Hall, 89, 191. Hugh, 106. Plains, 83, 86. Richard Grant, 316. Whitestown, 106, 110, 149. Whitman, Walt, 315. Whitney, William C, 280. Wiley, William, 72. Wilkins, 180. Wilkinson, Jemima, 113. General James, 130, 132. Willet, Thomas, 34. Willett, Marinus, 90. Williams, David, 97, 259. Colonel Ephraim, 54. Wilson, Alexander, 162. General James Grant, 316. General James M., 230. Winsor, 15. Winthrop, Governor, 14. Wisner, Henry, 58. Woodford, Stewart L., 245. Woodruff, Timothy L., 290-294. Woodworth, Samuel, 202. Wool, General John E.,^188, 227. Workingmen's Party, 172. Worth, General, 188. Wright, Judge Benjamin, 125. Silas, 180, 185, 187, 188, 189, 211. Yankees, 106, 114. Yates, Abraham, 88. County, 113. Joseph C, 139, 140, 141, 156. Peter, 102. Robert, 88, 101, 102, 115. Yonkers, 236, 298, 299. Young, Colonel, 140. John, 180, 185, 186, 187, 189. Samuel, 134. Youngstown, 131. Zenger, Peter, 48, -^^. H 99 78 M V '^^^^ ^mM' ^^ ''"^^^^ "^^^ -f ^' /\. '^^' ..^'•^^ .^ii^/ /\ '4. :V % 1. :^: IVIN era ^o ^"-^^^ .^^ V- , o " <= ^ <^ >» •> ^ -is . /^.', -^Z ,^, -.^^.^ ; !^ *^ . ♦^^^^'- -\/ .^Sfe', %,.- .- FSB 78 ^W' N. 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